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Rational pictorial C&ttton., "mitt) Supplement. 

A 

DICTIONARY 

OP THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, 

AND SYNONYMOUS, 

WITH A COPIOUS APPENDIX. 

MAINLY ABRIDGED PROM THE QUARTO DICTIONARY 

OP 

NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D. 

AS REVISED BY 

CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D. D. 

AND 

NOAH PORTER, D. D. 
By WILLIAM A. WHEELER. 



WITH SUPPLEMENT 

OF NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND NEW WORDS AND MEANINGS. 

ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN 

Jnv Htwtotr enarabt'ng* on WtaBXt. 




SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO., 

1893 






Copyright, 1884, 
G. & C. Merriam & Co. 

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 

George, Charles, and Homer Merriam, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



The Riverside Press, Cambridge: 
Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Oo. 



PREFACE 



This volume is designed as in some sort a revision and enlargement of the Octavo 
Abridgment of Webster's " American Dictionary " known as the " University edition," 
which was prepared by the late Professor Goodrich of Yale College, and was first issued in 
1856. But as the " American Dictionary " was itself thoroughly revised in all its departments, 
and greatly augmented and improved, as recently as 1864, it was found that the original 
Abridgment could only in part be taken as the basis of reconstruction. The present work 
must therefore be considered as in the main an abstract from the last edition of the larger 
Dictionary, while the general plan is the same as that of its predecessor. Like that, it is 
intended to meet the wants of that large class of persons who wish to obtain in a single 
volume of moderate size and cost as complete a presentation as possible of the meaning 
pronunciation, and orthography of the words which make up the main body of our modern 
English tongue. Like that, too, it has a specific end and object, having been "framed 
expressly for the benefit of those who are cultivating English composition on a broad scale, 
and are desirous to gain an exact knowledge of our language, and a ready command of its 
varied forms of expression." How far the work will answer these purposes may appear from 
a more detailed statement of its chief features, and of the principles on which it has been 
constructed. 

1. Introduction. — Instead of the " Principles of Pronunciation" and the "Remarks 
on Orthography " contained in the former edition, the fuller and more elaborate articles on 
these subjects in the Quarto Dictionary have been substituted. The orthoepic notation is 
also the remodeled and simplified notation of the Quarto, which contains a few characters 
additional to those of the one previously employed. A " List of Words Spelled in Two or More 
Ways " is subjoined to the " Principles of Orthography," and will be found to be an addition 
of much practical usefulness. An explanatory list of the more common Prefixes and Suffixes, 
with illustrative examples, forms a new feature of the work, and one which adds not a little 
to its value. As these formative syllables enter into the composition of multitudes of words, a 
knowledge of their signification is very important, and the preliminary information which is 
furnished renders it unnecessary to explain them in each particular instance in the body 
of the Dictionary. 

II. Dictionary Proper. — 1. The Vocabulary contains a wide and careful selection 
of those words in regard to which miscellaneous readers may be presumed to need information. 
It comprises, or is meant to comprise, all English words in actual use at the present day, 
including many terms in the various departments of Science and Art, especially such as 
pertain to those departments with which all well-educated persons are supposed to have some 
acquaintance. Obsolete words have for the most part been omitted, as their insertion would 
increase the bulk and enhance the price of the volume to too great a degree. Rare words 
and self-explaining compounds have been omitted for similar reasons. Important phrases, 
however, are given, accompanied with explanations, which, though necessarily concise, will be 
found to be clear and exact. 

2. Definitions. Most Dictionaries designed for popular use are distinguished by an 
imprecision and unsatisfactoriness of definition resulting from the fact that the meanings of the 
words are to a great extent expressed by a mere array of other words of similar signification. 
This fault, it is hoped, has been avoided here, an attempt having been made to fix and exhibit — 
after the manner of the larger work — the various shades of meaning of all the more important 
words by means of formal, discriminative definition, conveyed in brief descriptive sentences 
or clauses. 

3. To words thus defined, Synonyms are often subjoined, printed in a separate paragraph, 
and in smaller type. The object is, after giving a clear conception of the peculiar import of 
a word, to bring others into view which have the same general signification, thus opening a 
wide range to a writer for selecting the most appropriate terms, and aiding him to acquire a 
varied and expressive diction. With the same end in view, synonymous words are carefully 
discriminated in numerous instances, the distinctive meaning of each being carefully drawn 
out, and a comparison made between them, showing the points of difference. 

4. Etymology. A leading and novel feature of this Abridgment is the introduction, in a 
reduced form, of the etymologies of the new edition of the Quarto Dictionary, which work has 
been declared by eminent philological authorities to be " the best general etymologicon we yet 

(iii) 



iy PREFACE. 

possess of the English language." The value of this portion of the volume to those who desire 
to gain a thorough knowledge of their mother-tongue does not need to be enlarged upon. 

5. The Pronunciation is that of the Quarto, upon which great care was bestowed, 
distinguished orthdepists both in England and America having been consulted on doubtful 
points. The system of referring from the words in the vocabulary to the preliminary 
" Principles " is one which the consulter of the work will find exceedingly useful. 

6. The Orthography, in disputed cases, — ■ and these embrace only a few limited classes 
of words, — is to a great extent given both ways, though with a clear indication of the form 
to be preferred on the principles of Dr. Webster. In every instance, the form preferred has 
been sanctioned by distinguished English grammarians and orthoepists, as Lowth, Walker, 
&c. Their claims to general adoption are based upon the fact that they are conformed to 
the acknowledged analogies of the language, and are designed merely to repress irregularities 
and remove petty exceptions. With both forms before him, every one can decide for himself 
which to adopt. 

7. The Illustrative Engravings on wood, about six hundred in number, have been selected 
and engraved expressly for this work. They are intended, not for mere ornament, but to 
elucidate the meaning of words which cannot be satisfactorily explained without pictorial aid. 
" There is no knowledge of things," says Locke, " conveyed by men's words, when their ideas 
agree not to the reality of things. . . . The shape of a horse, or cassowary, will be but rudely 
and imperfectly imprinted on the mind by words ; the sight of the animals doth it a thousand 
times better. . . . Such things as these, which the eye distinguishes by their shapes, would 
be best let into the mind by draughts made of them, and more determine the signification of 
such words than any other words set for them, or made use of to define them." 

III. Appendix. — The range of the Dictionary has been much extended by the 
addition to it of various useful vocabularies appropriate to the work as a manual of popular 
reference, as will be seen by an inspection of the Table of Contents on the ensuing page. 
Most of these vocabularies are abridged from those given in the larger work, but they 
will be found sufficiently comprehensive for all the ordinary wants of the general reader. 
The " Etymological Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names" has been very carefully 
revised and somewhat enlarged by the aid of recent works of great value, and in its present 
state possesses increased accuracy and usefulness. The " Concise Account of the Chief 
Deities, Heroes, etc., in the Greek and Roman Mythology " was given in the previous edition 
of this work, but has now received numerous additions and emendations which render it more 
worthy of the public favor. The " Vocabulary of Perfect and Allowable Rhymes " — a 
peculiar feature of this edition — is based upon the corresponding "Index" in Walker's 
" Rhyming Dictionary " ; but it is more copious and far more correct. Walker calls attention 
to the fact that " this collection of words," besides its designed and most obvious application, 
" is in some measure a dictionary of pronunciation, and may answer very useful purposes to 
foreigners and provincials, who, by understanding the sound of one word, may become ac- 
quainted with the pronunciation of a whole class." The " Glossary of Scottish Words and 
Phrases," with preliminary remarks on the peculiarities of Scottish pronunciation and orthog- 
raphy, — which is also a new and peculiar feature of this work, — has been prepared under 
the supervision of a native of Scotland, Mr. William Russell, who is well-known as an elocu- 
tionist and scholar. The evident superiority of this Glossary to all others of a similar kind, 
will doubtless cause it to be warmly welcomed by lovers of Scottish literature. 

As a whole, it is hoped that this volume may fairly lay claim to the character of a 
" National Dictionary," fully suited to meet the requirements of all who are seeking a 
standard reference-book of this nature. 

In conclusion, it is due to Mr. William G. Webster to state that the editor has had the 
benefit of his co-operation in some portions of the work. 

Dorchester, Massachusetts, August 10, 1867. 

P. S. Since the publication of the edition of 1867, so many words have been introduced 
into the language, and the signification of so many words previously in use has been modi- 
fied or enlarged, that it has seemed desirable to complete this work by copious additions. 
These find place in a Supplement which contains about 3,600 words with their definitions. 
For the most part they have been taken from the latest Supplement to "Webster's Una- 
bridged Dictionary; " but other and still more recent publications have been freely consulted. 
There are also added full tables of the Metric System of Weights and Measures, with ex- 
planatory illustrations. 

New Haven, September, 1884. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION, vi 

PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, vii to xx 

Vowels, » vii 

VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES, ...... vii 

REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS, ...... X 

VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES, ............ xi 

SILENT VOWELS, XU 

Consonants, siii 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS, Xvii 

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS, Xviii 

Accent, • xviii 

DIVIDED USAGE, XViii 

DISSYLLABLES, XV1U 

TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES, ............ xix 

Syllabication, xx 

PRINCIPLES OE ORTHOGRAPHY, xxitoxxxiii 

OBSERVATIONS, XXI 

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, Xxiij 

LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS, XXvii 

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES, xxxiv to xxxviii 

LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH, xxxviii 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK, xl 

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ... i to 834 

METRIC SYSTEM, 835, 836 

APPENDIX. 

A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES, 839 to 856 

A VOCABULARY OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES, . . 857 to 870 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, . 871 to 880 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER 

NAMES, • 881 to 894 

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES, , 895 to 910 

Explanatory Index of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Formative Sylla- 
bles, 895 

A Brief Alphabetical List of Geographical Names, with their 

Derivation and Signification, 902 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND 

BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 911 to 942 

prefatory remarks, 911 

elements of pronunciation of the principal modern languages 

of continental europe, 911 

explanation of abbreviations and signs, 914 

observations necessary to be borne in mind, 915 

Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names, 916 

Vocabulary of Modern Biographical Names, 93? 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 

WITH THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, &c, 943 to 948 

NAMES OF MEN, 943 

NAMES OF WOMEN, 946 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, Etc., FROM THE 

GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, . 949 to 956 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, 957 to 959 

ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, .... 960 to 962 
A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, Etc, IN 

THE GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, 963 to 969 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER, 969 to 970 

A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS, . . 971 to 1000 

SUPPLEMENT OF NEW WORDS 1001 to 106 ° 



KEY 

TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 



VOWELS. 



REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. 



A, a, long, as in 
A, a, short, as in 
E, e, long, as in 
E, e, short, as in 
1, 1, long, as in . 
I, I, short, as in . 



Ale, Fate, Chamber, Gray. 
Add, Fat, Have, Random 
Eve, Mete, Peace, Seizure. 
End, Met, Check, Leopard. 
Ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. 
Ill, Fin, Admit, Tribute. 



O, o, long, as in . 
0,6, short, as in 
U, u, long, as in . 
IJ, ii, short, as in 
Y, y, long, as in . 
Y, y, short, as in 



A, 
A, 

A, 
A, 
A, 

E,e 
E, e 

E,i 



t, as in Air, Share, Pair, Bear. 

1,, Italian, as in . . Arm, Father, Far, Palm. 
i, as in .... Ask, Grass, Dance, Branch 
b, broad, as in . . All, Talk, Haul, Swarm. 
l, like short o,as in "What, "Wander, "Wallow. 



OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 

O, 6, like short u, as 
O, o, like long 00, as 
O,o, like short 00, as 
O, 6, like broad a, as 
OO, 00, as in . . 
OO, do, as in . . 



like a, as in . . Ere, Th6re, Heir, Where. 
, like long a, as in Eight, Prey, Obey. 
, as in .... Ermine, Verge, Prefer. 



like long e, 1 
like e, as in 



Pique, Machine, Police. 
Irksome, Virgin, Thirsty. 



TJ, u, preceded by r , ai 
U , u, like short 00, as 
tr, u, as in . . . 

e, i, o, (Italic) mark 
a letter as silent 



Old, Note, Loaf, Depose. 
Odd, Not, Torrid, Resolve. 
Use, Tube. Lute, Feudal. 
tTs, Tub, But, Study. 
Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. 
Cyst, Nymph, Lyric, Abyss. 



in Other, Done, S6n,W6n. 
in Prove, Do, Move, Tomb- 
in Bosom, Wolf, "Woman. 
in Order, Form, Stork. 

. Moon, Food, Booty. 

. "Wool, Frfbt, Good. 

i in Bude, Rumor, Rural. 
in Bull, Put, Push, Pull. 
. Urge, Burn, Furl, Concur. 

1 Fallen, Token, Cousin, 
1 Mason. 



REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 

Oi, oi, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster, Toy. 

Ou, ou, or Ow, ow (unmarked), as in Out, Hound, Owl, Vowel. 



CONSONANTS. 



C, c, soft, like 5 sharp, as in 

C, e, hard, like k, as in . 

Ch, ch (unmarked), as in 

Ch, ch, soft, like sh, as in 

Ch, ch, hard, like k, as in 

G, g, hard, as in ... 

G, g, soft, likey, as in 

S, s, sharp (unmarked), ask 

§, §,soft or vocal, like z, as in Hag, Amuse, Roseate. 



Cede, Cite, Accept. 
Call, Concur, Success. 
Child, Much, Touch. 
Chaise, Marchioness. 
Chorus, Echo, Distich. 
Get, Tiger, Begin. 
Gem, Engine, Elegy. 
Same, Yes, Rest. 



Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as 
Th, th,fat or vocal, as in . 
Ng, ng (unmarked), as in . 
N,n (See §82), as in . . . 
3C, 5, likeg-z,as in . . . . 
Ph, ph,like/ (unmarked), as 
Qu, qu, like kw (unmarked), 
Wh, wh, like hw (unmk'd) 
Zh, zh, as in ... . 



Thing, Breath. 
Thine, Smooth. 
. Sing, Single. 
. Linger, Link, 
Ejist, Auxiliary. 
3 in Phantom, Sylpr\. 
as in Queen, Conquest. 
as in What, Awhile . 
Vision (vizh'un.) 



sound%f^he?ombina«on J£ %*???* dl P h £ong, u . r ° f a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the 
clTpeovle roZ s^ ToCnaJ ^l!^ or ^ tters *£«* «™ not m ^ked are to be regarded as silent ; as in aim, clean, 
SblefmrnStelv o^^hCT^ ^ c °^ med letters ce > ci > sc h »«, »\ or ti, occurring before a vowel in a 

SgiSan susp i'cion Infill an acc< P ted s y Ua ble, are generally equivalent to sh ; as in o'cean, ceta/ceous, so'cial, 
SuchTvliablel fare not ZS con'saenoe, nauseous, controversial, dissen'sion, Initial, oration, fictitious, &c 

r B s e ^pUS^sskm.ss? 1 ' ^ ey ^ na -r lly K? vonou * c f correctiy by a » Engiish «*«*- 

„ _ , ' uuuutIUi > or difficult cases, the appropriate respelling is used. 

%JiTr e T X l an ^ n I?" 8 " S ° UndS ° Ccurrin S * *he Dictionary, see pp. 911-15. 



be pronounced l^U^S^^Z^}^ In ^1^^ the French ow ' «"' ^ &C "' the letterS «* are not to 
nosVand the mouth at the samftim^ % \ $l J *° m ^ the TOwel as nasal > that is ' as P r0n0Ullce <i trough both the 
all of them down to Mmeoff^wwSLi^! 1 ^ of a word when a number of related words follow, applies to 



some other word which is respelled. 
»ctt5SS^^ certain words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding 

IntendS ~to tfif ai^r^fwnS^ * 64 ,^ heavy mark '> the «^ondary, by a lighter mark ; as in Su'per- 
Pl-e^hyphL^^^ ***» P««imlng tLir proper office, supply\he 

(▼i) 



transfer 
U&ltaval Academy 
April 16,1931 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, 

WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. 



VOWELS. 
§1. The vowel sounds in monosyllables and accented 
»yllables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- 
ters according to the Key. Each of the vowels will now be 
considered under three heads; viz., its regular long , and 
short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables 
and in accented and unaccented syllables. 

I. VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED 
SYLLABLES. 

A. 

§ 2. Regular long sound, marked A, a, as in ale ; heard 
also in pain, day, gaol, gauge, aye, break, veil, whey, &c. 

NOTE. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in e annexed to its " radical " or 
initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as 
representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the 
nature of the radical part, some considering it to be the 
sound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, 
though very similar, element, being like the other long 
Towels as compared with their true corresponding short 
sounds, of a slightly less open quality. — See § 11, and § 8, 
Note. 

§3. Regular short sound, marked A, a, as in add; 
heard also in plaid, bade, &c. 

Note. — This is a distinct element from the long a. 
Like the other shut or stopped vowels (e, I, o, u, 6"b), its 
sound is exceedingly sbort, and has a certain abrupt, 
explosive character, which is hardly found in any language 
but our own. With respect to its position in the scale of 
sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between d and 8, 
the tongue being raised higher than for a, and not so high 
as for 2. 

Occasional Sounds of A. 

§ 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care, fare, 
bear , prayer, parent, marked A, a. The letter e has tbe same 
sound in a few words, such as there, where, their, heir, &c. 

Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided : 
1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar ; bear, 
bar ; careful, earful, &c. ; 2. That of some among the 
educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c, as if 
sjelt pay'er, pay'rent, &c. 

Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element ; 
this, however is not admitted by Smart, who maintains 
that it is our long a in/ate, and owes all its peculiarity to 
the subsequent r. Such , also, is the statement of Dr. Web- 
ster and most English orthoepists. The sound of r in these 
words is what Smart calls a "guttural vibration," — a 
sound which he represents by ur, and Dr. Webster by er. 
In care we touch lightly on the ct sound (the radical alone, 
without the vanish; see §2), and then pass fully and 
strongly into the guttural vibration (ca'ur or ca'er), draw- 
ing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable — 
bo closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- 
ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous 
Vowel . In like manner, parent is sounded pd'ur-ent, or p&'- 
tr~ent; and fairy has the sound of fa'er-y., as the word was 



actually spelt by Spenser in his " Faery Queen." Smart 
refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identify •> 
ing the sound in question ; viz., that of prolonging our 
short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in thSn), drawn 
out into long quantity, gives us there (th&r) ; and er (the 
first syllable in Srror) gives us ere or e'er (sir). Thus, in the 
view here presented, the initial sound should always be that 
of a in fate (the radical without the vanish; see §2), 
though the final impression upon the ear is that of an 
open or broad sound, in consequence of the " opening 
power " of the r. In primitive words like fare, lair, pair, 
and the others mentioned above, it is very important not to 
dwell so long on the a as to make it diphthongal ; for, if 
the close vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is 
impossible for the open r to blend with it in the same syl- 
lable. But in derivative words likefayer, layer, payer, it 
is essential to preserve the terminational sound of the a, in 
order to keep up a distinction between the two classes. 

Some, however, especially in New England, give these 
words a slightly different sound; viz., that of our short a 
before the r, in air, pronounced aer, with a somewhat 
lengthened sound of the a. So harry, with the first sylla- 
ble protracted, gives us hairy. This sound is rather more 
open than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the 
mouths of our common people, to become too broad and 
coarse. If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all in- 
ferior to the other in smoothness and grace. It is fre- 
quently heard among the well-educated in England ; there 
is a tendency in many to intermingle the two, and it often 
requires a nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Web- 
ster, who adopted the former in his own practice, once 
remarked to the writer that he regarded the difference as 
unimportant, provided the New England sound be given 
without coarseness or undue breadth. 

§ 5. Sound of the Italian a, marked A, a, as in arm, 
father, far ; heard also in ah, hearth, Hunt, guard, tire, &c 

Note. — This sound occurs in monosyllables and in the 
accented syllable of many words, before r final or r fol- 
lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, 
de-barf, de-part'), and in the derivatives of such words (as 
in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, debarring). But 
when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed by 
a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has 
its regular short sound, as in arable, barrow, tarry, to 
delay. 

The Italian a is the most open of all the vowel sounds, 
and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other 
extremes being e, and 6b. In its formation the mouth and 
throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its nat- 
ural position of rest. It was formerly much more common 
in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to 
so great an extent has been an injury to our language, and 
any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. 

§ 6. Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) 
ending Inff, ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nee, and nt. 
marked A, a, as in staff, graft, pas$,last, ask, gasp , chance, 
chant, &c. 

Note. Down to the close of the last century, words of 
tvii) 



etmjL 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



this class were universally pronounced with the full Italian 
a. Some, especially among tne vulgar, gave this too broad- 
ly or with a kind of drawl (as pass like pahss, fast like 
fahst), so that talker, disgusted with this abuse, and 
having a prejudice against intermediate sounds, marked 
all such words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, 
giving the vowel in past, staff, &c, the sound of that in 
pat, Stuffa (the island), &c. It will not be surprising — 
if we bear in mind the remark in § 3 on the extreme short- 
ness and abruptness of this sound— that this change was 
strongly condemned by the orthoepists. Jones declared it 
to be°"a mincing affectation;" and Mitford said, "No 
English tongue fails to express, no English ear to perceive, 
the difference between the sound of a in passing and in 
passive. No colloquial familiarity will substitute the one 
for the other." Still, the high character of Walker, and the 
increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl in speaking, 
gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and 
in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung 
up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a 
" new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The 
extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still 
objected to ; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published 
in 1838, censured Walker on this account, saying, u He 
allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with 
which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- 
rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an affected 
speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a 
" medium sound " of the a in words of this class, saying, 
" We are apt, even in London, to give a slight prolongation 
to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite rus- 
tic." This prolongation has passed into America, and is 
now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in 
this country. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words 
as last, past, fast, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent 
letter, that in England this prolongation is now wholly 
laid aside. "Custom with us," he remarks, "is much 
changed. It is no longer affectation to say ass; and grant, 
graft, &c. , at present indicate the pronunciation of well- 
educated London people under sixty-five or sixty years of 
age." In other words, Walker's extreme short sound of 
staff, like Staffa, and pass like passive, is now adopted by 
many Londoners as the true and only proper sound. 

The change introduced by Walker never had any great 
currency in this country, except in a few large cities and 
in places immediately affected by their influence. Our 
leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared 
against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have 
since laid it aside ; and there is an increasing disposition 
among our teachers and literary men to unite on some in- 
termediate sound between the extreme broadness, or length, 
of the a in father, and the extreme narrowness, or short- 
ness of the a in fat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now 
disused) was intermediate in quantity; and so also is an- 
other, which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their 
Dictionary, viz., a shortened sound of the Italian a. They 
give the word ii lard ,J as an example of the long Italian 
sound (as in father, &c), and " last " of their short Italian 
sound ; and mark with the latter the entire class of words 
now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, 
ask, gasp, and a few words in nee and nt, as dance and 
chant. In this way they guard against that undue prolon- 
gation of the a which offended Walker, and still retain in 
use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the 
sound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. 
Some might possibly prefer one a little less open , verging 
Slightly more towards that of a in an ; and there is cer- 
tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among 
those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme 
shortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, 
to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between 
the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be 
considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry on 
the subject, that., although he can exemplify such a sound 
he is not aware that any thing of the kind is used among 
the educated classes in England. The only alternative 
there seems to be between the Italian a and the extreme 
short sound of Walker ; and it is natural and desirable 
that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the 
same sound with those who led the way in that rejection 
upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who heard 
the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his visit to this coun- 
try in 1855-6. and noticed his pronunciation with reference 
to this subject, must have been struck with the definite 
sound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this 
class. He even gave that sound in the word answer, which 
though common in England, is comparatively rare in Amer- 
ica. A gentleman who held for many years a high diplo- 
matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer 
tliat, except among Londoners, he almost uniformly heard 



the Italian a in such cases, especially among the officers of 
government, and the nobility and gentry with whom he 
was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of 
Oxford aud Cambridge to be the case now at those univer- 
sities ; and some of tne most eminent preachers of the king' 
dom, such as the Bishop of Oxford ( Wilberforce), have been 
mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such 
reasons that the words in question are here marked with a 
shortened or brief sound of the Italian a, in accordance 
with the views and practice of Dr. Webster. 

§ 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, haul, 
swarm; heard also in sauce, awe, georgic,fork, groat, 
bought, &c. 

Note. — This has sometimes been called the German a, 
but is a broader and more guttural sound, being formed by 
a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of 
the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste- 
riorly. 

§ 8. Short sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in what, 
wander, wallow, &c. ; heard also in knowledge. 

Note. — This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and 
coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, 
in quality as well as quantity from broad a, being a more' 
open sound ; that is to say, the aperture of the lips and 
the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape 
in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than 
for the latter (a), while the position of the tongue remains 
unaltered throughout. Nor is this difference peculiar to a 
and a, ; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel sounds 
that have essentially the same organic formation , but differ 
in length or duration: in each case, that which is the 
briefer in quantity is the more open in quality of the two. 

There is a sound of a, as heard in salt, although, &c, 
which is intermediate between that in awe and that in 
ivhat. No distinctive mark is used to indicate this inter- 
mediate sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section 
from all words in the vocabulary in which the sound oc- 
curs. — See § 21, Note. 

§ 9. An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any, 
many. It is as if they were spelled en'y, men'y, being the 
regular short sound of e. 

E. 

§ 10. Regular long sound, marked £ , e , as in eve , mete, 
&c. ; heard also in Csesar, beard, feet, leisure, people, key, 
machine, field, oesophagus, quay, &c. 

Note. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is 
raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing 
against its sides, and leaving only the smallest possible pas- 
sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is 
therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of 
the extremes of the natural vowel scale, a and oo being 
the other extremes. 

§ 11. Regular short sound, marked E. 6, as in end, me~t ; 
heard also in many, aphxresis, said, says, feather, hSifer, 
leopard, friend, asafatida, bury, guSss. 

Note. — This is not a short sound of the long e. It has 
usually been considered as the shut or extreme short sound 
of the a in fate ; but most orthoepists at the present day, 
while allowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as 
distinct, being slightly more open than the radical part of 
a, and lacking the vanish : both are intermediate between 
a and c, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the 
former, nor raised so high toward the palate as for the 
latter. — See § 2, and § 3, Note. 

Occasional Sounds of E. 

§ 12. Sound of e like a (as in care, fair, bear, &c.,) 
marked E, 6, as in ere, thSre, hSir, Per, &c. This, as is 
stated in § 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. — 
See § 4. 

§ 13. Sound of e like a, marked E, e, as in eh, eight, 
prey, vein, &c. — See § 2. 

Note. — This is essentially the sound which this letter 
generally has in the leading modern languages of Continen- 
tal Europe. 

§ 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of 
u in urge, marked E, e, as in ermine, verge, prefer; heard 
also in earnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



Note.— The case here contemplate i is that of e before r, in 
a monosyllable or in an iccented syllable in which the r is 
not followed by a vowel or by another r, or in derivatives of 
such words, when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, 
defer, deferring, err, erring, term, "-lercy, maternal. When 
e occurs before r, followe vo wel or by another r, in a 

word not derived as abov , it either has the short sound, as 
in ferry, peril, perilous, heritage, ferule, or the long sound, 
as in period, hero, material. 

The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers 
both in England and America, give the e in such words the 
full sound of u in urge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for term, 
&c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the 
organs are placed in a position intermediate between that 
requisite for sounding u and that for sounding e, thus 
making (as Smart observes) "a compromise between the 
two." In other words, this element is radically distinct 
from both u and e~, being less guttural than the former 
and less palatal than the latter, from which it was doubt- 
less originally evolved. 

I. 

§ 15. Regular long sound, marked I, I, as in Ice ; heard 
also in aisle, height, eying, eye, vie, guile, buy, thy, rye, 
&c. ; in pint, in child, mild, wild; and in monosyllables 
ending with nd, as bind, find, hind, &c, except wind, 
meaning air in motion, and wind, to scent, to cause to lose 
or to recover wind or breath. 

Note. — This sound, though represented by a single 
character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is 
composed of a and c as extremes, with the a accented, but 
made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes 
the precise character of the sound. 

§ 16. Regular short sound, marked I, 1, as in ill ; heard 
also in English, beaufin, been, sieve, women, busy, guinea, 
nymph, &c. 

Note. — This is not a short sound of long i. Many have 
considered it as the shut or extreme short sound of long e ; 
but it is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, 
and is so regarded by the best orthoepists at the present 
time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from 
the position assumed for producing e ; this is the only dif- 
ference between the two sounds. — See § 3, Note, and § 8, 
Note. 

Occasional Sounds of I. 
§ 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked 1, I, as in 
pique, machine, caprice, &c. — See § 10. 

Note. — This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- 
eign languages. Most of the English words in which this 
sound is represented by this letter are from the French. 

§ 18. Sound of i before r, verging toward u in urge, 
marked I, I, as in irksome, virgin, thirsty, &c, identical 
with that of e in ermine. 

Note. — J in this case is sounded by many speakers like 
ft, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under § 14 
as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c, apply fully 
to this sound of the i. 



§19. Regular long sound, marked O, o, as in old; 
heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, sew, roam, hoe, door, 
shoulder, grow, owe, &c. 

Note. — This sound of o is in most cases diphthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the " radical " 
or initial sound, as in below, where the w ma; be regarded 
as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound 
is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode 
of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less 
depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than 
for oo. It is essentially the same element as that described 
in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The 
vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in 
o-phVion, to-bae'eo, &c, but ought not to be omitted else- 
where. This remark is important as bearing on a very 
prevalent error, which will be mentioned in the next sec- 
tion. 

§20. It is exceedingly common, in some parts of the 
Ifaited States, to'.<,hortcn the long o of certain words, as 
holt, most, only, &c, by dropping the vanishing element 



IX 

which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical por- 
tion a somewhat more open quality ; but this practice is 
wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism here 
pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the 
following words, viz. : boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, 
broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, 
comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, 
hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, 
polka, poultice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, 
sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note Gr of the musi- 
cal scale), spoke, v., spoken, stone, story, swollen (or swoln), 
throat, toad, xipholsterer, upholstery, whole, wholly, whole- 
some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most 
persons in New England sound the o in a part or all of 
these words without the vanish, while some among the 
vulgar go farther, and give to a number of them almost 
the sound of short u, as, hum for home, &c. They should 
all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac- 
cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the 
same prolongation of the sound. Thus the full o of dome 
should be given to home ; of hole to whole ; of slope to 
hope ; of poach to coach; of moat to coat; of joke to spoke, 
cloak, smoke, and broke ; of hone to bone and stone ; and 
similarly in the other cases. Still the theoretic phonolo> 
gist can not but regard the true short o described in this 
section as an important and legitimate member of the fam- 
ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the 
established orthoepy of our language as a defect and an 
anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the 
popular speech are interesting facts, and its final preva- 
lence and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels 
is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. 

§ 21. Regular short sound, marked 6, o, as in 8dd, 
not; heard also in wander, knowledge, &c. — See §3, 
Note, and § 9. 

Note. — This is the shut or extreme short sound of broad 
a, and coincides with the sound of a in what. There is a 
medium sound of this letter which is neither so short as in 
not, nor so long as in naught. This medium sound is usu- 
ally given to the short o when directly followed by ss, st, 
and tli, as in cross, cost, broth; also in gone, cough, trough, 
off, and some other words. To give the extreme short 
sound to such words is affectation : to give them the full 
sound of broad a is vulgar. 

Occasional, Sounds of O. 

§ 22. Sound of o like short u, marked O, 6, as in other, 
dove, &c. ; heard also in does, gun, flood, double, &c. — 
See § 31. 

§ 23. Sound of o like 6b long, marked O, o, as in prove, 
do, move, tomb, &c. — See § 26. 

§ 24. Sound of o like do short, marked O, o, as in 
bosom, wolf, woman, &c. — See § 8, Note, and § 27. 

NOTE. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, 
which is also used for oo short. — See § 33. 

§ 25. Sound of o like a (broad a), marked 6, 6, as in 
drder,fOrm, stGrk, &c — See § 7. 

Note. — The letter o generally has this sound when it 
occurs before r in a monosyllable (as in for, form, lord, 
north) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a 
vowel or by another r, as in fur'mer, dr'chard, abhor', and 
also in the derivatives of such words, as in formed, north- 
ern, abhor'ring. But when o occurs, in an accented syllable, 
before r followed by a vowel or by another r in a word not 
a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in for'eign, 
or'ange, tor'rid. These two sounds of o, viz., the broad, 
like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, 
have been confounded by some orthoepists ; but there is 
an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, 
but also in quality, the short vowel being more open than, 
the broad. — See § 8, Note. 

OO. 

§ 26. Regular long or open sound, marked OO, ob, as 
in moon, food; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, man- 
ozuvre, group, rude, rue, recruit, &c. 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



NOTE . — This sound is the same element with the u of 
the Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with 
the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel ; that 
is to say, in forming it, the lips are more nearly closed than 
for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact 
with each other so as to leave only a small central aperture 
for the escape of the voice. 

§ 27. Regular short sound of oo, marked OO, &b, as 
in wool, foot ; heard also in wolf, should, bull, &c. — See § 
8, Note. 

§ 28. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, 
and soon, have properly the long sound of oo, as in food 
(see § 26) ; but many pronounce them with the short sound, 
as in foot (see § 27). New Englanders especially are often 
recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, 
rdbm ; root, rcTot ; roof, rdbf ; ro~bd, rdbd; broom, bro"bm, 
and soon, sdbn. 

U. 

§ 29. Regular long sound, marked U, -G, as in mute, 
Unit, &c. ; heard also in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, 
lieu, view, cue, suit, yeiv, you, yule, &c. 

Note . — This is a compound sound, formed of the vowel 
oo, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel 
£ or t before it. When the u begins a syllable, or is pre- 
ceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g,p, b, 
f, v, m, the sound of y is clearly perceived, as in the words 
usage, cube, gules, puny, burin, futile, mule. 

§ 30. When the long u is preceded, in the same syllable, 
by any one of the consonants d, t, I, n, s, and th, it is 
peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y ; and hence 
negligent speakers omit it entirely, pronouncing duty, 
dooty ; tune, toon; lute, loot; nuisance, noosance; suit, 
soot ; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form- 
ing these consonants, the organs are in a position to pass 
with perfect ease to the sound of oo, while it is very difficult 
in doing so to touch the intermediate y ; hence the y in 
such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart 
remarks, " To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with the 
u as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to oo] 
as in cube, cubic, mute, &c, is either northern or laboriously 
pedantic," — a description which applies to the vulgar in 
our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at the 
South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink 
into a very brief sound of long e or of short i, both of 
which have a very close organic relationship to consonant 
y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound 
as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable 
with the oo. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over- 
doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and, 
on the other hand, of sounding only the oo after the man- 
ner of careless speakers. 

It ought to be added that wherever the sound of sh or of 
zh precedes the u, the y is omitted, as in sure, sounded 
Bhoor ; sugar, shdbgar, azure, azh'oor, &c. 

§ 31. Regular short sound, marked tj, ii, as in but; 
heard also in sun, does, blood, touch, &c. 

Note. —This is not the short sound of long u. It is a 
distinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- 
tural character from the influence of the pharynx and back 
part of the mouth In its organic formation, it is essen- 
tially the same sound as u in urge, but is shorter in quan- 
tity, and of a rather more open quality. — See § 3, Note, 

2U1CI § Oj .NOTE. 



Occasional Sounds of U. 

§ 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl- 
lable, marked U, u, as in rude, rumor, rural, &c. 

Note —All the English orthoepists agree that the u in 
this case drops the y or I which is generally an element of 
its compound sound when preceded, in the same syllable 
by any other consonant than r, and becomes simply ~o so 
that rue is pronounced ro~o ; rule, ro"ol ; ruby, robby &c. 

§ 33. Sound of « like that of short oo (6t>), marked U 



u, as in bull, put, pus,',.. puU, sc. — See § 8, NOTE, and 
§27. 

§ 34. Sound of u before r in such words as urge, burn, 
furl, concur, &c, marked tl, H ; heard also in worm, jour- 
ney, &c. 

NOTE. — This is often called the natural vowel, because 
it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being 
slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon- 
strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly un- 
modified form. But the name is scarcely appropriate ; for 
the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and — 
with the single exception of the English — it occupies a 
comparatively subordinate place in the vowel systems of 
the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more 
aptly termed the neutral vowel, with reference to its want 
of any strongly-marked distinctive character ; and this 
name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any 
other. The sound differs from that of short u (with which 
it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat 
greater degree of closeness. (See § 8, Note.) It occurs, 
in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in 
cur, fur, furl, hurt, burst, purr) ; in accented syllables, be- 
fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different 
from itself (as in recur 1 , cur'few, fur'long, disbursed').; and 
in derivatives from any such words (as currish, furry, pur- 
ring, recurring). Except in the cases here specified, the 
letter u before r has its short sound, as in cur'ry, hur'ry. 

Y. 

§ 35. Regular long sound, marked Y, y, as in fly, style, 
sky, edify, &c. 

Note. — This is the same sound as long i. — See § 15. 

§ 36. Regular short sound, marked Y, y, as in cyst, 
nymph, lyric, abyss, coinciding with the sound of short i. — 
See § 16. 

Occasional Sound of Y. 

§ 37. Yhas only one occasional sound; viz., in such 
words as myrrh, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in 
similar circumstances (see § 14 and § 18), very nearly the 
sound of u in urge. This is indicated in the Dictionary by 
respelling, the words in which y has this sound being very 
few in number. 



II. 



REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
OI or OY. 



§ 38. The sound of oi or oy (unmarked), as heard in oil, 
join, oyster, &c. 

Note. — The elements of this diphthong are o as in cord 
(the same as broad a), and i as in fin (short i), with the 
accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English 
words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases ; 
viz. , avoirdupois (av-wr-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-f's-soor'), 
shamois (sham'wy), choir (kivire), tortoise [tov'tis), tur- 
quois (sometimes pronounced txxv-keez*). 

Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was 
extensively pronounced like long i, as jine for join, rile for 
roil, &c. ; but this pronunciation is now confined ex- 
clusively to the lowest classes. 

OW. 

§ 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard In owl, 
vowel, flower, &c. 

Note. — This diphthong is compounded of the elements 
a and oo. the former of which is accented, but made ex- 
tremely brief. In a considerable number of words, ow 
represents the sound of long o ; in the single word knowl- 
edge and in its derivatives, it has the sound of short o. 
These are accordingly distinguished by the proper mark, 
as, blow, slow, know, knowledge, &c. 

OU. 

§ 40. This diphthong has two leading sounds. 

(1.) That of ow in words derived from the Anglo-Saxon, 
as in out, hound, &c. 

(2.) That of oo in words derived from the French, as in 
soup, group, &c. 

§ 41. The diphthong ou has also, In a number of words, 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



XI 



the sound of long o, as in sdul ; vi a few cases, the sound 
of the broad a, as in bougkt (bawt) •; sometimes that of 
short u, as in couple ; sometimes that of u in urge, as in 
adjourn (adjurn) ; and, in the three words could, would, 
should, that of 6b as in fool. These peculiarities are indi- 
cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the 
significant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. 

III. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 

§ 42. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, 
its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short 
or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or 
with a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, 
as in os-sign', con'duct, con'Jtict, &c. In many words of 
this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or 
corruption of its distinctive quality, passing over into some 
sound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in the 
unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, 
tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of the 
second « in sulphur. As a general rule, a and o, in unac- 
cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, or 
fall into, the sound of short u, particularly in colloquial 
discourse, as in h&Vlad, bar'racfc, yer'bal, he&'lam, capstan, 
l&Vap, Was, bal'last, hav'oc, meih'od, yis'tol, \en'om, cnm- 
pel', flag'on, bish/op, fA'lot, prov'os*. In such words, it 
would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation to 
give the vowel its regular short sound. 

The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a con- 
sonant, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short i 
(as in barrel), and, in others, like short u (as in silent) ; but 
these changes are usually avoided by good speakers. 

It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs 
are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus at, 
which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded like long 
a (as in corn-plain'), sinks into £ or i in an unaccented 
syllable, as in mountain, pronounced moun'tSn or moun / - 
tin. So ei, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation 
into 1 (as in sur'feit, hon'eij, car'fied), and ou is sounded as 
U (as in griev'ous). 

It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- 
bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, 
though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in 
cantharides ; but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the 
Dictionary, placed over the vowel. 

§ 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a 
consonant, two cases arise ; viz. , — 

(1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, 
as in the words a-bound', di'-rect', e-vent', rao-lest', &c. 

(2.) The syllable may end in a consonant with final e 
mute at the close of words, as in xd'ti-mate, fi'nite, rep'- 
tile, &c. 

The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, be called 
No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be considered un- 
der each of the vowels. 

A. 

§ 44. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the a has properly a 
brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu'ba, a-muse', .4-mer'i- 
ca; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted 
and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral 
vowel, or u in urge, murmur, &c. In some words, like 
fi-e'ri-al, cAa-ot'ic, &c, the a has its regular long or name 
sound, somewhat shortened by the omission of the " van- 
ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, 
which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a 
before it without the intervention of one or more con- 
sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same 
brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an 
initial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an 
accented syllable, as in a-bound', fa-tal'i-ty ; but this prac- 
tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- 
minations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same 



sound as short « unaccented, as in mis'cel-la-ny, mo'ment- 
a-ry, &c. 

§ 45. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here the a has sometimes its 
long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, dedi- 
cate, ed'u-cfite, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound 
of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ulti- 
mate, night'in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it is 
apt to verge toward short i, as in vil'lage. 



§ 46. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the e has its long sound, 
slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent', e-mo'tion, so- 
ci'e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink the e into 
an indefinite sound of short u, as, soci'uty for society, &c. 

§ 47. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here, also, the e has usually 
its long sound a little shortened and slighted, as in obso- 
lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short t, as in 
college. 

I. 

There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Hence 
it is difficult to lay down general rules ; and, as Smart 
remarks, " The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to 
learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." 

§ 48. (No. 1. See § 43.) 1, when final in a syllable, 
has more commonly its short sound, as in phl-los'o-phy, 
dl-rect', &c. But the i is usually long in the initial sylla- 
bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, as in z-de'a, bi-ol'o-gy, crl- 
te'ri-on, prl-me'val, &c. 

§ 49. (No. 2. See § 43.) In these terminations, usage 
is greatly divided. On the whole, the i is more generally 
short, as in ac-com'pllce, in'fi-nzte, fer'tzle, mar^-time, 
ad-a-man'tme, an'lse, pos'i-ttve, &c. ; but there are some 
important exceptions, as, cock / a-trzce,ex / zle,gen / tIle, con'- 
cu-bme, archive, &c. ; also all names of minerals ending 
in lite or ite; as, chrys'o-lzte, ste'a-tite, &c. Here the Dic- 
tionary must be consulted for the several words. Accord- 
ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as 
bromide, chloride, &c.) should be pronounced with the i 
long ; but all other orthoepists are unanimous in making 
the vowel short ; and the propriety of the latter mode of 
pronunciation is established by the fact that this whole 
class of words is not unfrequently spelt without the final e, 
thus, bromid, chlorid. 

o. 

§ 50. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the o has usually its long 
sound slightly abbreviated, and without its " vanish " 
(see § 19), as in o-pin'ion, croc'o-dile, to-bac'co, &c. Care 
should here be taken not to sink the o into short u, as care- 
less speakers often do, pronouncing o-phVion, wp-pin'ion, 
&c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the 
case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, according 
to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like short 
u unaccented, as in mat'ri-mo-ny, prom'is-so-ry, &c. Yet 
most speakers in this country give the o in such words its 
long sound, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented 
syllables. The practice — too common among us — of lay- 
ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be 
sedulously avoided. — See § 110. 

§ 51. (No. 2. See § 43.) The o in these terminations 
has usually its regular long sound, as in tel'e-scope, ep'ode, 
&c. Sometimes it has the sound of short o, as in di'a-logue : 
in other cases, it verges toward short u, as in purpose. 

TJ. 

§ 52. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the « gencrallyhas its 
long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'ctt-rate, e-mol'w- 
ment, man-tt-mit', an'nw-al, dep'w-tize, w-til'i-ty. But 
when the u is preceded by d, t, or s, these combinations, du, 
tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed 
into joQt) choo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed'* 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



K-cate (ej'oo-kate), ha-bit'n-al (ha-blch'oo-al), sen'sw-ous 
(sen'shoo-us), vis'n-al (vizh'oo-ai). (See §§ 66, 77, 92, 93, 
95 and 107.) In the notation of words of this class in the 
Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given 
instead of the irregular, in conformity with the views of Dr. 
Webster ; but, in many instances, reference is made to the 
remarks contained in the present section. When the u is 
preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, and is pro- 
nounced oo, as in er-u-di'tion (er-oo-dish/un). (See § 32.) 

§ 53. (No. 2. See § 43.) The u in these terminations 
should generally retain its regular long sound (see §§ 29, 
30) slightly abridged, as in graVi-tftde, in'sti-tute, rid'i- 
cf/le, trib'wte, im-post'hnme, sub'ter-fnge, &c. There are 
a few exceptions, as minute (mhVit), n., and let'twce (lef- 
tis). If the letter r precedes the u, the initial element of 
the vowel is dropped, as in ce'rase (se'roos), peruke (per'- 
ook), &c. (See § 32.) On the other hand, when the wis 
immediately preceded by the letter t, it should never be 
changed into mere oo, as grat'i-tood for grat'i-tude, in'sti- 
toot for in'sti-twte — a practice which prevails among the 
vulgar. 

The terminations dure, ture, and sure, though sometimes 
pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more 
commonly pronounced joor, ckoor, and shoor or zhoor, re- 
spectively, as in the words tem'per-a-ture (tero/per-a-choor), 
ver'dwre (ver'joor), cy'no-swre (si'no-shoor), ex-po'swre (eks- 
po'zhoor). (See §§ 66,77,92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these 
terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- 
lable, many speakers change them still further into chur, 
jur, and shur, or zhur, as in na'twre (na'chur), ver'dz^re 
(ver'jur), cen'snre (sen'shur), ex-po'swre (eks-po'zhur). The 
Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to 
dure and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- 
ing v erd ure, vSrd'yoor, creature, kreet'yoor, &c), while sure 
is respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. 
This, it is true, is an inconsistency ; but it is one of little 
moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and 
as reference is in most cases made to the present section. 

Y. 

§ 54. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here y has usually its short 
sound, as in h#-poc / ri-s?/, my-thol'o-gy, van'i-t?/, iner'ri-h/, 
proph'e-cy, &c. ; but verbs ending in fy have the y long, 
as in jxxs'tiiy, m&g'm-iy, &c. also the three verbs, oc'- 
cu-py, mul'ti-pli/, proph / e-sy. 

§ 55. (No. 2. See § 43.) The y in these terminations 
(which are few in number) is generally long, as in an'o- 
dyne, per'i-sti/le, ne'o-phyte, pros'e-li/te, &c. 

IV. SILENT VOWELS. 
§ 56. Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to be 
sounded, as the e in used, burden, the i in cousm, &c. 
Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, 
and will now be mentioned. 

E final. 
§ 57. The letter e is always mute when final, except in 
monosyllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, 
and in some words from modern foreign languages ; but, in 
a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though 
silent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a 
preceding single vowel followed by a single consonant, a con- 
sonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has its reg- 
ular long sound, as in plane, hope, cube, inscribe, paste 
change. When a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, 
it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft 
and not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, huge, oblige. 
In a number of monosyllables (as bade, come, give were 
done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- 
rived from them (as forbade' , become', forgive'), the e does 
not have its usual effect of lengthening the sound of the 



preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometime* 
keeps the vowel in its. l#ng sound, as in gen'tlle, su'pine, 
finite, ar' chive ; but in a great many instances it exercises 
no such influence, as in jus'tice, hos'ttle, mar'i-time, dod- 
trine, an'tse, gran'tte, plain 1 'Ave 

EN with B silent. 
§ 58. Most words ending in en drop the e in pronuncia- 
tion, as, often (of'n), heaven (heav'n), even (ev'n), &c. One 
of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially 
among our clergy (for the laity have fallen into it much 
less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evwn, 
heaven (heav'n) heavnn or heaven, often (of'n) often, &c. 
Walker remarks with great keenness on this error, declar- 
ing it to be a "puerile and false pronunciation." If the 
writer is correctly informed, it is never heard among good 
speakers in England. The following are nearly all the 
words in which thee should be sounded: aspen, chicken, 
hyphen, kitchen, jerken, latten, lichen, marten, mynchen, 
paten, patten, platen, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e 
is also sounded when preceded by the liquids I, ?n, n, r, as 
in wooden, omen, linen, siren, &c, though fallen, stolen, 
and swollen omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to 
Eden, bounden, heathen, mitten, sudden, and sloven, there 
is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, 
some suppressing, and some sounding, the e. 

ON with O silent. 
§ 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, ck, s, and 

t, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reck'n), bacon 
(bak'n), treason (treas'n), mutton (mutt'n), &c. 

ED with E silent. 
§ 60. The termination ed is usually shortened in pro- 
nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved 
(lov'd), aimed (aim'd), diffused (diffus'd), &c), unless this 
letter is preceded by d or t (as in amended, contented, &c), 
when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs 
formed by adding ly, and in nouns formed by adding ness 
to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly 
sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, renewedly, amazed- 
ness, composedness, &c. There are also some participial 
adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in 
which the eis commonly sounded, as, aged, beloved, blessed, 
crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutched, cursed, cusped, deuced, 
dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, 
picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, wicked, winged, 
wretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives 
formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness; but 
is generally omitted in the compounds, as, full-aged (-ajd), 
sheath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires 
us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not 
be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should 
properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vul- 
garity. 

Note. — In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-book, 
some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice 
to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases 
in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, re- 
vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did pre- 
destinate, them he also call-erf ,• and whom he call-erf, them, 
he also justifierf ; and whom he justifierf, them he also glo- 
rifierf." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, 
but at the present time it is much more limited, and is 
commonly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an old- 
school education. 

EL with E silent. 
§ 61. As a general rule, the e is sounded in these ter- 
minations, as in graveZ, leveZ, vessel, chapeZ, &c. To omit 
the e in such cases, pronouncing level lev'l, chapel chap'l, 
&c, is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following 
are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the 
e is properly omitted ; viz., barbel, betel, chattel, drazeL 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xm 



drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel-wurzel, mantel, mis- 
pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, 
shovel, shrivel, snivel, swingel, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsel, 
weasel, and, according to a few orthoepists, model. 



CONSONANTS. 

B. 

§ 62. The sound represented by this letter (which is un- 
marked) is heard in the words barn, rob, labor, table, &c. 

Note. — This sound is formed by the compression of 
vocalized breath, or voice, within the mouth, while the 
Kps are shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering 
them with the soft palate. When preceded by m, or fol- 
lowed by t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in 
bomb, climb, tomb, debt, doubt, subt'le, &c. Accumb, dith- 
yramb, iamb, succumb, rhomb, /humb, are said to be excep- 
tions ; yet, in this country, the first and the fourth of these 
words are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. 
B is also silent in bdellium. 

C. 

§ 63. C marked thus, £, 9, (soft c), has the sound of s, 
as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. 

Note. — It takes this sound whenever it occurs before e 
(even if silent), i, or y. — See S, § 90. 

When the letters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an 
accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next 
syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to 
form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, saponaceous, &c. In 
some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or i is 
used twice, first combining with the c to represent the 
sound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on its 
customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-aVi-ty. — See SH, § 95. 

§ 64. C marked thus, -€, -e (hard c), has the sound of k 
when it comes before a, 0, u, I, or r, before k, s, or t final, 
and when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, 
dot, crown, black, act, zinc, traffic, pic' ture,flac'cid, eth'ics. 
— SeeK, §78. 

§ 65. Chas the sound of z in the. words sacrifice, sice, 
suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in 
the words czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and 
also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corpuscle, &c. 

CH. 

§ 66. Ch unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the 
sound of tsh, as in child, much, richer, speechless, &c. 

Note. — The compound sound signified by this digraph 
is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The 
ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue 
pressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first 
element of ch is uttered with the upper flat surface of the 
tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher 
up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the 
configuration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- 
uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely 
blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong, or com- 
pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or 
beat upon the ear. 

When the letter t comes before u (= yoo) in an unac- 
cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- 
cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by s or 
x in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia 
(== ya) or io (= yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- 
tian, question, admixtion), both this letter and the y vir- 
tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their 
usual and appropriate sounds; thus, nature (nat'yoor) 
Christian (krist'yan), question (kwest'yun), admixtion (ad- 
mikst'yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink 
into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in church; 
thus, nature (na-choor), Christian (kris'chan), question 
(kwes'chun), admixtion (ad-miks'chun), &c. In regard to 
the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- 
mination is not under, but is immediately preceded by, the 
accent (as in boun'teous), usage is far from being uniform, 
Borne calling it t-yus (as bount'yus), others reducing it to 
chas (as boun'chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as 
boun'cheus) ; but that mode which keeps both the t and 
the e in their customary sounds (as bounJte-us), is the most 



common, except in the single word righteous, which is 
properly pronounced rlt'yus, or rl'chus. 

§ 67. Ch marked thus, £h, qh. (French ch), has the 
sound of sh, as in chaise, marchioness, machine, &c. — See 
SH, § 95. Most words of this kind are derived from the 
French. 

§ 68. Ch marked thus, -Ch, -eh (Latin ch), has the 
sound of k, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the us- 
ual sound in words derived from the ancient languages ; but 
cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are exceptions. 
Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlorine, 
chrism. 

Note. — The prefix arch, denoting chief, is pronounced 
ark in archangel and its derivatives, and in words from 
foreign languages in which the other component part is not 
separately current in English, as, architecture, arcAipelago, 
architrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, 
as in arcA-bishop, arcA-enemy, arcA-fiend, &c. 

§ 69. Ch is silent in the word drachm (though not in 
drachma, drak^ma), and also in scMsm, yacAt (yot), and 
their derivatives. 



§ 70 . The sound of d (unmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, 
tradesman, &c. 

Note. — The sound of this letter is formed by pressing 
the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then 
forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the 
soft palate being raised to prevent its escape through the 
nose. 

This is the regular and usual sound of d ; but when this 
letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the 
same syllable, it uniformly takes the sound of t, as in hissed 
(hist). (See § 108.) B is silent only in the words Wednes- 
day and handkerchief. 

F. 

§ 71. The sound of /"(unmarked), as in fame, leaf, def- 
inite, softly, &c. 

Note. — This letter, which is never silent, is uttered by 
applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit- 
ting the breath. F has only this one sound, except in the 
single word of, in which it has the power of v. In the 
compounds hereof, thereof, and whereof, many speakers 
preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but 
good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. 

G. 

§ 72. G marked thus, G, g (g hard), has the sound of 
that letter in the word go ; as in get, gave, give, begun, 
keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. 

Note. — This sound is produced by a compression of in- 
tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a 
contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part 
of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently 
to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx 
into the nose. 

G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its 
derivatives), o, u, h, I, and r, as in gate, gore, gum, ghastly, 
glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard 
before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibbous, muggy. This 
occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very 
few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the 
end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even 
when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, 
drug, fog, cragged, druggist, foggy. 

When a, 1, or %, is preceded in the same syllable by the 
sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in 
England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, 
garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect 
the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or 
of consonant y, in such cases ; saying kee-ard or k-yard, 
kee-lnd or k-yJnd, ske-y or sk-yl,Scc. The practice of a 
very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers 
in the United States, and also of many educated persons in 
England, is to join the sound of the g or k to that of the a 
or I, without suffering any other sound to slip in between 
them. 

§ 73. G marked thus, G, g (g soft), has the compound 
sound of j, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, &c. — See § 77- 






XIV 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



Note. — The letter g generally takes this sound when it 
comes before e, i, or y ; but there are some exceptions. (See 
the preceding section.) G has also its soft sound before a 
in the single word gaol (now commonly spelt jail), and in 
its derivatives and compounds. 

§ 74. In a few words from the French, g retains the 
sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that language, 
as in rouge (roozh), mirage (lni-rizh'), &c. 

G is silent before m and n final, and also when initial be- 
fore n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. 

For the office which g performs in such words as longer, 
stronger, &c, see § 82. 

GH. 
§ 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at 
the beginning of a word, like g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, 
gherkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel i, as in high, sigh, 
weigh ; and it is generally silent before t, as in bought, 
fraught, taught, &c. The words draught and laughter, 
where it has the sound of/, are exceptions. In other 
cases, gh is generally pronounced like/, as in chough , cough, 
rough, tough, trough, enough, &c. ; but it sometimes has 
the sound of h, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word 
hiecough, it is usually pronounced like j>. 

H. 

§ 76. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira- 
tion or breathing, and represents no fixed configuration of 
the vocal organs. 

Note. — It is an emission of unvocalized breath through 
whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the 
succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form 
the next following letter before the h is pronounced. Thus , 
in he the tongue is put in a position to sound the e before 
the h is uttered ; and similarly in hall, hard, home, &c. It 
differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an 
expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in 
whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- 
. proximation of the vocal cords. 

In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, 
honor, honorable, hour, with their derivatives, and also in 
hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also 
marked as silent by most orthoepists in hospital, humor, and 
humble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- 
creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is 
silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin, &c. ; after r, as in 
rhyme, myrrh, &c. ; and also when preceded by a vowel in 
the same syllable, as in ah, eh, oh, buhl, Jehovah, &c. In 
many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost 
always omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered 
where it ought to be omitted ; as ^ouse for house, happle for 
apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, if 
ever, heard among natives of the United States. 

J. 

§77. This letter (which is unmarked) has very nearly 
the sound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g 
soft, as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. — See § 73. 

Note. — The sound of j, though almost identical with 
that of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chin dif- 
fers from that of tsh. (See § 66, Note.) J" is never silent. 
In the word hallelujah, it has the sound of consonant y. 

In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly 
the sound ofy, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as 
in modulate (mod'u-late), soldier (sold'yer), the sound of j 
is very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d 
and y (thus, mbj'oo-late, sol'jer) ; —just as the sound of ch 
is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y, in na- 
ture, question, righteous, &c. (See § 66, Note.) Smart 
remarks, " It is possible to preserve the pure sound of the 
t and d in nature and verdure ; yet nothing is more certain 
than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most 
careful speakers." 



§ 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform 
sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c.,and is precisely 
equivalent to c hard. — See § 64. 

Note. — The sound represented by this letter differs from 
that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not 



a vocal utterance ; the organs are placed in the same posi- 
tion for forming both sounds. Before n, in the same sylla- 
ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is 
also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the 
pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, 
&c, see § 72, Note. 

L. 

§ 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard in left, bell, 
chalice, melting, &c. 

Note. — This letter has only one sound, which consists 
of an efflux of vocalized breath, or voice, over the sides of 
the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the 
upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially 
before a final consonant, as in almond , malmsey , palmer, 
alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. 

M. 

§80. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, 
aim, clamor, armed, &c. 

Note. — This letter has one uniform sound, produced by 
closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the 
nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, 
as in mnemonics. 

N. 
§ 81. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, 
panel, entry, &c. 

Note. — In the production of this sound, the tip of the 
tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for d; but the 
voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suf- 
fered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal 
passages being uncovered for that purpose. 

When final after / or m, n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, 
condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, &c. ; but it is generally 
sounded in the derivatives formed from such words by add- 
ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in 
condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the 
present participles of verbs ending in mn, as contemn, 
hymn, &c.,the n, though often unpronounced, is more 
properly sounded, as, contemning, hymning, &c. 

§ 82. The sound of n as heard in linger, link, uncle, 
&c. (marked N, n). 

Note. — This is essentially the same sound as that repre- 
sented by ng ; but its length varies greatly according as it 
is followed by a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it 
is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k, as in link, 
it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure 
of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost 
nothing to the length of the syllable. It is therefore undc 
sirable to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng ; and, 
in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being 
placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the 
true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this 
sound of n is followed by that of g in a separate syllable, 
as in the primitive words anger, finger, conger, hunger, it is 
long and sonorous, and increases the duration of the syl- 
labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the 
change of n into n takes place only before g and k (or before 
the equivalents of k, namely, c, q, andcc = ks). It takes place 
before k or its equivalents when any one of these letters fol- 
lows n in the same syllable, as in \ink, cingue, mina;, be- 
think, adunyue', phar'ynx; and before g or k, or an equiv- 
alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unac- 
cented syllable and the n ends a preceding accented one, 
as in con/cord, congress, un'cle, &c. Penguin and a few 
other words are exceptions ; also words beginning with the 
prefixes in, non, quinque, and un ; as, in'come, non'con- 
form'ity, qmVguevalve, un'compound'ed, &c. It is to be 
observed that, if the n ends an unaccented syllable, and the 
g or k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its 
regular sound ; as in con-cord'ant, con-gres'sional, &c. 

It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, 
like hanger, singer, wronger (from hang, sing, and wrong), 
the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent 
the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented 
by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative de- 
grees of the three following words, viz., long, strong, and 
young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal 
(from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though 
very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in 
go ; thus, lon'ger, stron'ger, &c. It is further to be ob- 
served that there is a small class of words in which the n 
has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the S its soft sound} 



kM«k 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- 
ger, and plunger are examples. 

§ 83. The sound of ng (unmarked), as in sing, singer, 
singly, &c. 

Note. — This is a simple, elementary sound, and is not 
(as might be supposed) a compound sound made up of the 
sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, 
the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g; 
the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so 
much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- 
ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any 
length, as in sing, bring, &c. — See § 82. 



§ 84. The sound of p (unmarked), as heard in pay, ape, 
paper, aptly, &c. 

Note. — The position of the organs necessary for forming 
this sound is the same as for b, but the sound itself differs 
from that of b in being an utterance of the breath instead 
of the voice. 

P has but one sound ; it is silent when initial before n,s, 
And t, as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is 
also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and 
t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, &c. ; but when 
preceded by m in the same syllable and followed by t or by 
k in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded ; as in 
temp-ta'tion, exemp'tion, redemption, consumptive, sump'- 
tuous, bump' kin, pump 1 kin, &c, though, in colloquial ut- 
terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class. 
It is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- 
tives : viz., raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and 
corps. 

PH. 

§ 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly 
in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound 
of/, as in phantom, sylph, philosophy , &c. In Stephen it 
has the sound of v ; and, according to most orthoepists, it 
has the same sound in nephew (nev'ew), though in this 
country it has commonly its regular sound of f in that 
word. 

Before th initial, ph is silent, as in £>Athisis ; it is also si- 
lent in apophz/zegm. In diphthong , triphthong, ophthalmy, 
naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- 
atives, the ph is often sounded as p, or the h may be re- 
garded as silent. 

Q. 

§ 86. Q is followed in all cases by u, and these two let- 
ters, taken together, have usually the sound of kw, as in 
queen (kween), conquest (konk'west), &c. In a few words 
derived from the French, qu is sounded like k, as in co- 
quette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- 
mon termination que, as in antique, oblique,. burlesque, &c. 

R. 

§ 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed 
under three aspects : — 

(1.) R as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called rough, 
trilled, dental, or initial r). 

In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the 
same position as for d; but the voice, instead of being con- 
fined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the 
tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and 
peculiarly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the 
mode of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- 
ing quality ; the difference between the two sounds, in this 
respect, resulting from the fact that the tip of the tongue 
is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than 
for r. R is sometimes strongly trilled or rolled by a forcible 
expulsion of the voice ; but in customary speech, it is very 
gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue 
should be carefully avoided as a pedantic affectation. The 
sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- 
ing cases: 1. When r is not preceded by a vowel, as in ream, 
dream, prompt, spring ; 2. When it stands between two 
vowels of which the first is short, as in baron, merit, spirit, 



florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as in 
barren, merry, torrid; but, in these cases, only one r is 
heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel 
is short. — See § 109. 

(2.) R as in far, form, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called 
smooth, palatal, guttural, obscure, or final r). 

By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when 
it occurs before any consonant, or when final, is regarded 
as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a 
slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue 
against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, 
however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound 
of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from 
the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in 
all situations. 

(3.) R, connected with a guttural vowel sound, as heard 
in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, &c. 
Here the character r represents two sounds : viz., an obscure 
vowel sound resembling that of u in urge, and a smooth or 
palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced faur (see 
§ 4), meur, lur, &c. 

§ 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is 
never silent ; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a 
dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fur, murmur, 
our, mire, &c, it is commonly and entirely suppressed, 
both in the United States and the south of England. In 
the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Ire- 
land, with equal impropriety, it is, when so situated, always 
trilled. ■ 

§ 89. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in 
an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and ii 
followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly repre- 
sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, 
sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced 
her/ro, lr'ris, glor'ry, lur'rid. In the United States, this 
double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invari- 
ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or 
re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer 
(poor'rer), from poor; boring (bor'ring), from bore ; airy(W- 
ry), from air ; peerage (peer/rage), from />fier, wiry (wlr'ry), 
from wire ; securing (securing), from secure ; but, on the 
other hand, we say he'ro, i'ris, glo'ry, lu'rid, &c, because 
these words are not derived from any other words in the 
language. In Scotland, however, the universal practice is 
to join the r in all cases to the following vowel ; or, in other 
words, to give it only its dental or trilled sound; thus, 
pee' rage and he'ro, wi'ry&nd I'ris, bo'ring and glo'ry, secu- 
ring and lu'rid, &c. 

It is to be observed that those orthoepists who maintain 
that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecu- 
liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as hero, 
iris, &c, and in the English and American pronunciation 
of such words as poorer, boring, &c, consists in the inter- 
position between the r and the preceding vowel of an ob- 
scure vowel sound like that of u in urge, which obscure 
sound is omitted by the Scotch. 



§ 90. S unmarked has its regular Bharp or hissing 
sound, as in same, yes, massy, resting, &c. 

Note. — This sound is an utterance of unvocal breath 
forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, 
the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding 
t and d. S always has this sound at the beginning, and 
frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. — See 
§108. 

§ 91. S, when marked thus, §, §, has the buzzing 
sound of z in zeal, as in has, amuse, rosy, &c. — See § 108. 

Note. — There has been much diversity among orthoe- 
pists as to the sound of 5 in words commencing in dis, as 
disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule : — "It 
[s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented 
and followed by an accented flat mute [b, d, g hard, v], a 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xvi 

liquid [I, m, n, r], or a vowel." Hence he gave pronuncia- 
tions like the following : disbud, dizbud ; disedify, diz- 
edify ; disjoin, de'zjoin ; dislike, cfelike ; dislodge, dzzlodge, 
&c. Scarcely any subsequent orthoepist has gone so far. 
Webster's Dictionary gives s the sound of z in the following 
words only : viz., disarm, disaster, discern, disease, disheir, 
dishonest, dishonor, dismal, disown, dissolve. 

There are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as 
nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the s is 
vocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or adjec- 
tive ; as close, a., and close, v. ; house, n., and house, y. ; 
use, n., and use, v. ; diffuse, a., and diffuse, v. 

§ 92. When the letter s, having regularly its sharp or 
hissing sound, follows a liquid or another s, and precedes a 
letter having the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, 
mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes u 
(=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- 
resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- 
ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- 
amples just given are actually pronounced re-ver'shun, man'- 
shun,pash'un, shoor, shoog'ar, cen'shoor, sen'shoo-al, though 
the theoretical pronunciation would be re-vers'yun, mans'- 
yun, pass'yun, s-yoor, s-yoog'ar, cens'yoor, sens'yooal. 

In a few words, s alone takes the sound of sh, as in nau- 
sea, Asiatic ; or rather the e or i, in such cases, does double 
duty, uniting with the s to signify the sound of sh, and at 
the same time retaining its usual vowel character. 

§ 93. When 5 is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- 
lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo- 
retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are 
commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revision, ex- 
plosion, confusion, pleasure, visual, usury, &c. (See § 107.) 
So also in scission, abscission, rescission, though the s is 
not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable. 

§ 94. 5 is silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, 
puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words 
adopted into English, as chamois, corps, vis-a-vis, &c. 



Sh. 

§ 95. This digraph (which is unmarked) represents the 
simple sound \eard in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. 

Note. — This element is formed by a partial contact of 
the upper surface of the tongue, near the tip, with that 
side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above 
the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of unvocal 
breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- 
ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between 
those of s and consonant y ; genetically considered, it has 
been evolved from the combination of these two sounds, 
which, in rapid utterance, do not easily maintain their dis- 
tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special 
in three syllables, spec'i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, 
we shall find that it is difficult to articulate the c (= s) and 
the i (=y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that 
the intermediate sh is naturally substituted as an easier and 
a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. 
In motion, and. other words ending in tion not preceded by 
5 or by x, we may suppose the t to have been originally 
sounded like s, as in words of the same class in French ; or 
the process of development may have been, first, mo'ti-on 
(with the t kept pure) ; then mot'yun ; next mdt'shun or 
mo'chun (see § 66); and finally, by sinking the t, mo' shun. 
Sh is never silent. It is expressed : 1. By c, as in o-ce- 
an'ic, e-ma-ci-a'tion ; 2. By s, as in nau'se-ate, A-si-at'ic ; 
3. By t, as in ne-go-ri-a'tion ; 4. By ce, as in o'cean ; 5 By 
», as in so'cial ; 6. By se, as in nau'seous ; 7. By si, as in 
tendon ; 8. By ti, as in captious ; 9. By the si implied in 
xi (=ksi), as m noxious ; 10. By the sy implied in su ( = 
6yoo), as m men-su -ration (men-s/ioo-ra'shun) ; 11. By the 
sy implied in xu (=ksyoo), as in lux'u-ry (luk's/ioo-ry ; 12. 
By ch, as in cAaise, cAar'la-tan, ma-cAine' ; 13. By chs, as in 
fu'cAsi-a ; 14. By sc, as in con-sc?-en'tious ; 15. By sch, as 
Q7 SC n2 rl ' By *"'» ^ in con/s « ence - — See §§ 63, 92, 

In some words, particularly those ending in date and 
tiate, some orthoepists and speakers pronounce the vowel 
distinctly after the c or t sounded as sh; as, enunciate 
(e-nun'shi-ate), expatiate (eks-pa'shi-ate), &c. ; others pro- 
nounce it with a slight sound, as of a very brief or half- 
euppressed e, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and 



Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-nun'sh'ate), 
expatiate (eks-pa/sh'ate), &c. ; others, again, as Sheridan, 
Perry, and Dr. Webster, considering it an error to use the 
vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like 
them, in one syllable ; as, enunciate (e-nun'shate), expa- 
tiate (eks-pa/shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however, 
these terminations are given in two syllables (-shl-ate), in 
accordance with what is believed to be the best and most 
general usage ; but a reference to the present section is 
generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer 
may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want 
of uniformity in their pronunciation. 



T. 

§ 96. The sound off (unmarked) as heard in tone, note, 
noted, assets, &c. 

Note. — This sound differs from that of d (see § 70) only 
in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; that is to 
say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs 
is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined 
within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the 
tongue with the upper gum, is vocalized and rendered audi- 
ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, 
while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore 
be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. 

Tis silent in the terminations ten and tie after s, as in 
fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also 
silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, hostler or ostler, 
mistletoe, and mortgage. 

§ 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ie, 
and io, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable 
not ending in s or x, it assumes, in some words, the sound 
of sh, as in negotiation ; but, in most cases, the compound 
sound resulting from the coalescence oft and i is exchanged 
for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. When s 
or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either 
preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the 
sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes'- 
chun), mixtion (miksVyun or miks'chun), &c. — See § 66, 
Note, and § 95. 

Th. 

§ 98. Th unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, 
as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. 

Note. — This is the sound made in lisping. It is pro- 
duced by putting the point of the tongue between the 
teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper front 
teeth, and forcing out unintonated breath. 

Th has this sound generally at the beginning and at the 
end of words ; but there are some exceptions. 

§ 99. Th marked thus, Th, til, has its soft, flat, or vo- 
cal sound, as in thine, then, with, mother, writhed, &c. 

Note. — This sound differs from the foregoing only in 
being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It 
occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, 
as in leather, wither, heathen; also at the end of the verbs 
mouth, bequeath, and smooth ; and when followed by a final 
e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c. 

Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually 
preserve the same sound in the plural, as death, deaths ; 
sabbath, sabbatfis, &c. ; but in the plurals of the following 
seven words the th is vocal; viz., bath, cloth, lath, mouth, 
oath, path, and wreath, as, baths, cloths, laths, paths, &c. 
Some pronounce truths, in the plural, with the vocal sound 
(truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoepist. 

Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the com- 
pounds herewith, therewith, and wherewith, it is, according 
to the orthoepists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered 
sound. Good, usage, however, allows it to retain in the 
compound the same sound that it has in the simple word. 

§ 100. Th has the sound of t in phthisic (tiz'ik), thyme 
(tlm), and their derivatives ; and also in the proper names 
Thomas (tonkas) and Thames (temz). This is also its sound 
in all modern European languages except the Greek. In 
asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoepists to have 
the same sound ; but the great majority of speakers, in the 
United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronoun- 
cing the former word az'ma or as'ma, and the latter ls'mu* 
or Iz'mus. — See § 108. 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



v. 

§ 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, 
tivil, &c 

Note. — This sound differs from that of f only in being 
an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs 
assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. 

Vis, never silent, except in sevennigkt (sen'nit), which is 
also written sennight, and, according to some orthoepists, 
in the word twelvemonth, colloquially pronounced tweV- 
tnuntk. 

W. 

§ 102. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as 
wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a 
consonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel 
do, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or 
greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this com- 
pression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giv- 
ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and 
purely vocal, character. 

Note. — Some writers, however, maintain that the sound 
is merely that of a brief oo ; in other words, that it is no 
consonant at ah ; but a simple experiment will serve to 
show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as 
oo, the word woo must be equivalent to oo pronounced 
twice in succession ; but db-o~b' is evidently a word of two 
syllables, and woo, as universally pronounced, is confess- 
edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to 
establish the consonantal nature of w. Like the other con- 
sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that 
is, of causing it to assume its regular short sound, as in 
the cockney pronunciation of very as vfi'wy, of marry as 
ma/wy, of horrid as ho'wid, flbc. 

After a vowel in the same syllable, iv is generally silent, 
as in glow, thrown, &c. ; though sometimes significant, as 
in flato. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is 
generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it 
is sounded like o~o, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands 
before it, as in crew, shrew, &c. It is often joined with a 
preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise 
expressed by on, as in brow, cow, toion, &c. — See § 39. 

W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in 
wring (ring), wrote (rot), awry (a-ry 7 ); also in the words 
answer (an'ser), sword (sord), toward (to'ard), two (too). 

It is often represented by u occurring before another 
vowel in the same syllable, as quail, query, languid, as- 
suage, &c. 

Wh. 

§ 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse 
order, viz., hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Saxons ; 
e. g., whet is pronounced hwet. The h is here a free emis- 
sion of breath through the position taken by the lips in the 
formation of w, the vocal cords being all the while com- 
pletely relaxed. (See §76.) Many recent phonologists, how- 
ever, contend that the combination xvh represents a simple 
whisper of the ordinary w, to which it stands in the same 
relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- 
nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly appre- 
hend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- 
look the fact, that, as a closer approximation of the lips in 
pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-et in like 
manner gives rise to whet ; and they forget that all words 
of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- 
tural, as their etymological history clearly shows. Thus 
what is from the A.-S. hwxt, 0. Sax. huat, Icel. hvater, 
&c. Compare also Scot, quhile and English while, Lat. 
quid and English what. In who, whole, ivhoop, whore, 
and then? derivatives, the w is silent. 
X. 

§104. This letter has two sounds; viz., its regular 
sharp sound (unmarked) like hs, as in expect, tax, &c, and 
its soft or flat sound (marked ~%., $) like gz, as in exist, 
example, &c. 

Note. — This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- 
lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- 
cented vowel, as in auxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and 
sometimes also in the derivatives of such words, even 
though the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhala- 
tion, &c. 

In anxious, noxious, luxury, and a few other words, the 
b 



xvu 

5 which is the second element of the x, and the following i 
or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining 
their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for t.ie 
sound of sh; thus, ank'shus, nok'shus, luk'shoo-ry, &c. 

At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z as in 
xanthic (zan'-), xebec (ze'-), xylography (zl-), &c. 

Y. 

§ 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, 
young, beyond, &c. 

Note. — This sound — which is heard in English only at 
the beginning of a word or a syllable — is formed from the 
vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof 
of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. 
As w is often confounded with oo, so y is often confounded 
with c ; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an 
experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was 
shown to be distinct from oo. — See § 102. 

In the middle or at the end of a syllable, y is a vowel, 
and has precisely the sound that i would have in the same 
situation. —See §§ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. 

3f is often represented by ?', when this letter occurs in an 
unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same 
time, follows an accented syllable, as in familiar, minion, 
poniard, &c. 

z. 

§ 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter 
(which is unmarked) is heard in zone, maze, hazy, frozen, 
&c. It is the vocal or sonant form of s. (See § 90.) In a few 
words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (se'zhoor) &c 
(See § 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. 

Zh. 

§ 107. This sound is the vocal correspondent of sh, and 
is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. 

Note. — It has arisen, in all English words, from an at- 
tempt to pronounce the sound of z in maze (see § 106) and 
that of consonant y (see § 105) in immediate succession. 
On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by 
zh and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume 
the position reqtiisite for sounding zh, or nearly so ; and 
hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar 
sound of easier utterance. Thus, fu s ion may be supposed 
to have been originally pronounced fuz'yun, and then fu'- 
zhun; grazier, first graz'yer, and then grazh'er. — See § 95. 

The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to 
indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela- 
tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the 
digraph sh. But the two letters zh never come together in 
the proper orthography of any English word. The sound 
for which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs 
in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and 
the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unac- 
cented syllable, as in glazier) ; by the zy implied in zu ( = 
zyoo), as in azure ; by s in symposium, &c. ; by si in cer- 
tain situations (see § 93) ; by ti in the single word trans- 
ition, as sometimes pronounced; and by g in one or two 
words adopted from the French, as rouge. 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 

§ 108. "When a whispered and a vocal consonant come 
together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, 
in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and 
appropriate sound. Hence it frequently becomes necessary 
to change the character of the one or of the other, in order 
to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is 
generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the 
second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of. 
the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes; 
the sound of its whispered correspondent s, in order to> 
unite with the whispered t. On the other hand, the s in 
wtnds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake 
of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though 
rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to 
that of the second, as in spasm, (spazm). 

This affinity between these two classes of consonants is 
an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly 
known. For there are four very common inflectional ter- 
minations which invariably come under its influence, viz. : 
1. Possessive forms ins, as wzairf's (maidz) ; 2. Plurals in s t 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz) ; 3. -Sin the third person sin- 
gular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smooths (smoothz) ; 4. Pre- 
terits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed 
(dasht), ingulfed (ingulft). 

It is necessary to observe, that there are a few words end- 
ing in dth, as breadth, hundredth, &c, where the aspirate 
th is not assimilated to the vocal d; and also that, after ng, 
and the liquids I, m, n,r, — all of which are vocal conso- 
nants, — a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- 
out difficulty, and actually is pronounced, as in melt, terse, 
tempt (temt), fence, strength, &c. 

DUPLICATION OP CONSONANTS. 

§ 109. In many words, a consonant is doubled between 
two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- 
tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we 
close the organs but once between the first and second syl- 
lables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- 
out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, 
opening the organs, and closing them a second time. 
Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written 
twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- 
ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- 
tion of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the 
consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel 
has its short sound. 

But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in 
fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is 
written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt 
upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- 
ent duplication of the sound. This effect takes place in 
many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins 
with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix 
or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as in 
soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural. 
The same effect takes place in most compound words, in 
which the second part begins with the same sound as that 
with which the first part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, 
half-filled. — See §127. 



ACCENT. 

§ 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice 
upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them 
from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of 
pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in- 
tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- 
ble, and secondary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first 
syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid 
on the second and third syllables, though less than that 
laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary 
or subordinate accents, as in in-com/pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty. 

Note.— (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether 
primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when 
further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, 
neg'essariness, an'atom'ical, person 1 ifica'tion, &c. ; but we 
say lu'bricate, and not lub'ricate ; tru'culency, and not truc'- 
ulency; su'perabun'dant, and not" superabundant, &c 
This tendency generally fails, if the accented syllable is fol- 
lowed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe'ri-od, ma'ni-ac • 
or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented 
as in de'vi-a'tion, o'ri-en'tal. 

(2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain 
cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely 

making," as Walker remarks, " the secondary principal 
and the principal secondary." He specifies violin, referee 
privateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have 
added ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette reverie 
confidante, governante, invalid, n., parachute, and others' 
Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (accord- 
ing to able orthoepists) transferred the primary accent from 
the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c, under the 
operation of a principle which is stated in § 117. 

(3.) Many in this country give a marked secondary accent 
in certain words which properly have but one accent and 
that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-to'ry 



diffi-cul'ty, cir'cum-stSn'ces, in'ter-gst'ing, &c. Thin 
droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syl- 
lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly 
through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American 
custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla- 
ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress 
of voice on both, as in ex'act'ly. gl'gan'tic, i'taVic,po l lit t - 
ical, pre'cise'ly, sal'va'tion, stu'pen'dous. 

DIVIDED USAGE. 

§ 111. In quite a large number of words, there is a di- 
versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of 
the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict be- 
tween certain great principles which' affect the seat of the 
accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view 
to account for this diversity. It is all that can be done in 
a brief sketch like this. 

§ 112. First Principle. — Derivatives take for a time, 
if not permanently, the accent of the original words from 
which they are formed, as resolve 1 , from resol'vo, aspect' 
(Shakespeare, Milton), from aspectus, Hindostan' ee , from 
Hindostan 1 ', &c. So also words derived from other English 
words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning 
or end, as within', from in, improp'er, from prop'er,po'et- 
ess, from po'et, pleas' antly , from pleas'ant, serviceable, 
from ser'vice, re-ad just'ment, from adjust', &c. 

§ 113. Second Principle. — Ease of utterance has some 
influence in deciding the place of the accent. Ac'ceptable, 
receptacle, and u'tensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, 
have now taken the easier accentuation of accept' able, re- 
cept'acle, and uten'sil. Dis' crepant and discrepancy are 
marked discrep'ant and discrepancy by Richardson, Boag, 
Craig, Wright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tern (instead of 
Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, 
Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dys- 
pep'sy has taken the place of dys'pepsy in the marking of 
Webster, Smart, Cull, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c, and is 
now the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, 
ances'tral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, 
Boag, Clarke, and Cull, in conformity with campes'tral 
and other similar words. Confes'sor, like profes'sor, has 
superseded confessor m this country, and has the sup- 
port of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke, Cull, 
Webster, and Worcester. Rem'ediless, from the difficulty 
of the sound, has been changed in this country into re- 
medy Hess, as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and 
Knight, and Webster. Con'sistory has given way to con- 
sist'ory in the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, 
Craig, Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, 
ac'cessary and accessory (as marked in most English Dic- 
tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acces- 
sary and acces'sory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. 
These may serve as instances of the application of this 
principle. It is an important one in its place ; and, though 
it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation 
(since some will cling to that which is older and harder), 
changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will 
finally prevail. 

Dissyllables. 

§ 114. Third Principle. — In words of two syllables, 
there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to 
accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a'gue, bar'^ 
on, com'mon, dis'cord, &c. 

Note. — (1.) This tendency meets with a powerful coun- 
teraction in Principle No. 1, viz., that of derivatives re- 
taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse', deter', 
offend', &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the 
accent on the radical part of the word ; and hence some 
hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, 
have their accent on the last syllable. 

(2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among 
the common people, who are unacquainted with the deriva- 
tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. 
Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of 
accent ; and the common people, being a majority, are, on 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xix 



the whole, slowly gaining upon those who are tenacious of 
Principle No. 1. Hence con'nate and in'nate (instead of 
connate 1 and innate 1 ) are generally prevalent in this coun- 
try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and 
others. AL'cove (for alcove') is more common among us, 
and it is so marked by recent English orthoepists, Boag, 
Craig, Cull, and others. Con'tents (for contents') has be- 
come the general usage of this country, as sanctioned by 
Cull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Re'tail (for retail') 
is now the marking of a majority of the orthoepists. De'- 
tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by 
Smart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro'lix and pre'text (for 
prolix' and pretext') are widely prevalent (especially the for- 
mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. 
Bom'bast (for bombast') is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- 
clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster; it is admitted by 
Worcester, and is extensively used in this country. Bu'- 
reau (for bureau') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very 
generally applied to the article of furniture, while bureau' 
is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- 
ernment. Ac' cess (for access') is authorized by a number 
of orthoepists, and especially, among the later ones, by 
Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. 

(3.) No orthoepist has given any sanction, it is believed, 
to ro'mance and fi> nance (for romance' and finance'), or to 
re' search, and re' source (for research' and resource'), though 
these pronunciations are not infrequently heard in America. 
The two last ought especially to be discountenanced ; for 
search and source are English words, and should therefore 
remain (as they were from the first) the chief objects of 
thought. 

§ 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- 
bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one 
hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- 
guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- 
tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a 
con'vert, to convert' ; a con'tract, to contract', &c. It is 
unnecessary to give the list in full, since the accent of nearly 
all these words has been long settled by general usage. 

Note. — There are a few cases of divided use in nouns, 
which will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- 
eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- 
manently on per' feet for the adjective, and perfect' for the 
verb ; per'mit for the noun, and permit' for the verb ; pro'- 
test for the noun, and protest' for the verb ; per'fume for 
the noun, and perfume' for the verb; pro'ceeds for the 
noun, and proceed' for the verb ; de'tail for the noun, and 
detail' for the verb ; in'crease for the noun, and increase' 
for the verb ; re'tail for the noun, and retail' for the verb : 
sur'vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. 

There is a tendency among many to accent the first sylla- 
ble of the noun ally, allies ; and, although without sanc- 
tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- 
prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated 
above, making the noun al'ly, al'lies, and the verb ally'. 
The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, 
as distinguished from the verb to cement'; but Smart 
thinks this will not finally prevail ; and the tendency does 
certainly now seem to be toward cement' for the noun as 
well as the verb. 

§ 116. We have a few dissyllables which are at once 
nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- 
ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on 
the last. 



NOUNS. 



ADJECTIVES. 



Au'gust, the month. August', noble. 

Com'pact, an engagement. Compact', close. 

Ex'ile, banishment. Exile', small, slender. 

In'stinct, an im pulse. Instinct', animated. 

Min'ute, of time. Minute', very small. 

Su'pine, in grammar. Supine', indolent. 

The word gallant departs from the above rule. When it 
denotes a suitor, or " attentive to ladies," it is accented 
gallant', and is changed into gal'lant when it means high- 
spirited or daring. 

Trisyllables and Polysyllables. 
§ 117. Fourth Principle. — In words of three or more 
Syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- 
nult, or third syllable from the end, as in el'oquent, ac'ci- 
dent, opportunity. 



Note. — This tendency is counteracted by that of deriva- 
tion (Principle No. 1. See § 112) ; and here arises another 
" conflict," which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on 
the one side, and the body of the people on the other. 
Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say 
contem'plate, demon' strate , confiscate, obdu'rate, &c. (for- 
getting that they come from participles, contempla'tus, dem- 
onstra'tus, &c), because by Latin rules their second sylla- 
ble is long ; while the mass of the people, who know noth- 
ing of Latin, and are governed by English analogies, are 
equally bent on saying con' template, demonstrate, ob'du- 
rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively 
heard, and thus we have a " divided usage " in respect to 
these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and 
mineralogical terms ending in phyllous and phyllile (from 
Gr. <f>v\kov, a leaf), as quadriphyllous, anthophyllite , &c, 
in which the same struggle is going on. Words having 
these terminations are differently accented by different au- 
thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. 
Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities 
who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such 
words — Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, 
Gray as uniformly, on the penult, and Worcester giving an 
alternative in every case, the penultimate accentuation 
being his preference. There can be no doubt that that 
mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the an- 
tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lan- 
guage ; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail 
over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for 
the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, bal'cony 
(for bako'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true 
English pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web- 
ster, Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. 

Ele'giac (for elegi'ac) is the general pronunciation of this 
country (in accordance with maniac and most other words 
in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, 
Clarke, Cull, Cooley, and Webster. Qvan'dary (for quan- 
da'ry), in accordance with boundary and nearly every other 
word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunci- 
ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, 
Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to re- 
duce vaga'ry to the same accentuation (va'gary). 

§ 118. It is a just principle, laid down by Walker, that 
" when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, 
the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." 
Hence the following words ought to be accented as here 
marked : viz., Abdo'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, 
muse'um, sono'rous, acu'men, bituhnen, and, on like 
grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency 
of our language to accent the antepenultimate in all words 
of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be 
violated in some cases, as in am'azon, cic'atrix, min'ister, 
or'ator, pleth'ora, &c. 

§ 119. Words of more than two syllables having the 
same orthography are generally distinguished by a differ- 
ence of accent, as at' tribute, n., and attrib'ute, v., miscon'- 
duct, n., and misconduct', v., o'verthrow, n., and over- 
throw' , v. In such cases, the nouns have the accent fur- 
ther from the end. 

§ 120. With a very few exceptions, words of more than 
two syllables having the following terminations take the 
accent on the antepenult, or last syllable but two : — 

-cracy ; as, demoe'racy, theoe'racy ; 

-ferous ; as, somniferous, umbelliferous; 

-fluent ; as, affluent, cir cum' fluent ; 

-fluous; as, mellifluous, superfluous ,* 

-gonal; as, diag'onal, hexag'onal; 

-gony ; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony ; 

-grapher; as, lexicog'rapher, stenog'rapher ; 

-graphy ; as, photog'raphy , typography ; 

-loger ; as, philol'oger, astrol'oger; 

-logist ; as, entomol'ogist, physiol' ogist^; 

-logy ; as, chronol'ogy, mythol'ogy ; 

-loquy ; as, col'loquy, solil'oquy ; 

-machy ; as, logom'achy, theom'achy ; 

-mathy ; as, chrestom'athy , polym'athy ; 

-meter ; as, barom'eter, hygrom'eter ; 

-rnetry ; as, altim'etry, geom'etry ,- 

-nomy ; as, astron'omy, econ'omy ; 

-parous ; as, ovip'arous, vivip'arout ; 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



pathy; as, ap'athy, antip'athy ; 

-phony ; as, antiph'ony, coloph'ony ; 

-scopy ; as, aeros'copy, deuteros' copy ; 

-strophe; as. apos'trophe, catas' trophe ; 

-tomy ; as, anat'omy, lithot'omy ; 

-trophy; as, at'rophy, hypertrophy ; 

-voinous, as, flammiv' omous, igniv' omous ; 

-vorous, as, carniv'orous, graminiv'orous. 
§ 121. Words of more than two syllables, ending in 
-cate, -date, -gate, -fy, -tude, and -ty, preceded by a vowel, 
have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult ; as, 
dep'recate, rus'ticate, recip 1 rotate ; an'tedate, elu'cidate, ac- 
com'modale ; prop'agate, delegate, fu'migate ; rar'efy, 
sanc'tify ; qui'etude, lat'itude ; soci'ety, acid'ity, dep'uty. 
§ 122. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- 
most all words having the sound of sh, of zh, or of conso- 
nant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong, 
except those words in which ch is sounded like 5/1 (as capu- 
chin, kap-yij -sheen 7 ) ; e. g., dona'tion, conces'sion,illu'sion, 
controversial, vermil'ion, opin'ion. 

The Terminations IC and ICS. 
§ 123. Words ending in ic and ics (derivatives from 
words in ikos or icus, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the 
same analogy) have their accent on the penult ; as, epi- 
demic, scientific, Sec. The following words are exceptions, 
having the accent on the antepenult : viz., ag'aric, Ar'abic, 
arith'metic, ar'senic, n., cath'olic, choVeric, ephem'eric, her- 
etic, lu'natic, pleth'oric, pol'itic, rhet'oric, and tur'meric. 
Climacteric has usually the antepenultimate accent, though 
some pronounce it climacter'ic. In like manner, the nouns 
empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- 
netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes 
on the antepenult. 

The Terminations E-AL, E-AN, and E-UM. 
§ 124. A part of the words having these terminations 
follow the English analogy, and take the antepenultimate 
accent; as, ceru'lean, hyperbo'rean, Hercu'lean, Mediterra'- 
nean, subterra'nean, Tarta'rean, marmo'rean ; petro'leum, 
perios'teum, succeda'neum. A part accent the penult; as, 
adamante' an,Atlante'an, colosse' 'an, empyre' an, Epicure' 'an, 
Europe'an, pygme'an ; mausole'um, muse'um. Orphean, 
being derived from Or'pheus (or'fus), is more properly ac- 
cented Or'phean. Most words ending in eal accent the ante- 
penult ; as, lin 1 eal, ethe 1 real, fune 1 real; but hymene'al and 
ide'al take the accent upon the penult. 

The Termination OSE. 
§ 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives 
ending in ose, as animose, comatose, operose, &c, in the 
accentuation of which tbe dictionaries are at variance with 
each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- 
selves. But all words of this class, as Walker remarks, 
ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced 
alike. Walker bimself accents them all upon the last syl- 
lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley ; 
but, in trisyllables having this termination, most recent 
authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, 
as well as the prevailing usage, give only a secondary ac- 
cent to the last syllable, placing the principal accent on the 
antepenult. (See § 110, Note, second paragraph.) As to 
dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose, as jocose, verbose, mo- 
rose, &c, they take the accent on the last syllable, with a 
few exceptions. 

§ 126. In poetry, words are frequently used with an ac- 
centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, 
as in tbe following examples : — 

'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier' ! 
Forever separate, yet forever near. Pope. 



Ye icefalls ! ye that from the mountain's brow 
Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. 

§ 127. When two words of similar formation and the 
same accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ac- 
cent is transferred to the syllable of difference (unless this 
is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent) . and the 
regularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent ; thus, 
undo' is pronounced un'do' when opposed to do or to out'- 
do> , and in'tervene' is pronounced intervene' when used 
antithetically to su'pervene' . So also with am'puta'tion 
and im'puta'tion, pi' en 1 nidi and tri'en'nial, op'pose' and 
sup'pose' ; ex'er'cise and ex'or'cise, al-le'ga'tion and al-li'- 
ga'tion; proph'et' and profit' ; do' nor' and do' nee r , guar- 
antor' and guarantee'. 

§ 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic 
words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if under ac- 
cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of mono- 
syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunc- 
tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and 
their vbwel is liable to the same corruption of qiiality as 
that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used 
antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, receiv- 
ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive 
pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound 
of e; as, " Their (ther) interests, and not yours, are to be 
consulted." But when unemphatic, the sound becomes 
more obscure, verging toward, or falling into, that of the 
neutral vowel (u in urge) ; as, " They will not neglect their 
(thur) interests." So, also, there, when used as an adverb 
of place, is distinctly pronounced with the appropriate 
sound of the vowel ; as, "I shall be there (ther)." When, 
however, it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, 
it takes the obscurer sound ; as, " There (thur) is no diffi- 
culty in the case." In like manner we say a, your, that, 
the, from, fOr, &c, when we pronounce the words by them- 
selves ; but in actual use they become nearly or quite ii, 
yur, thut, thu, frum, fur, &c. The following passage from 
the Spectator, No. 80, well illustrates this tendency to a 
corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosylla- 
bles: — "My lords, with humble submission that that I 
say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is 
not that that he should have proved to your lordships." 



SYLLABICATION. 

§ 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for 
the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (as, 
a-dorn, o-void) ; and sometimes in order to exhibit their 
etymological composition merely, without the least regard 
to their pronunciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary 
cases — as where a word requires to be divided at the end 
of a line — these modes of syllabication are to a certain 
extent combined. In the United States, the etymological 
principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, 
suffixes, and grammatical terminations from the radical 
part of the word, where this can be done without misrepre- 
senting the pronunciation. In English practice, however, 
words are usually divided in such a manner as to show their 
constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, 
hypo-thesis, philosophy, belli-gerent, Sec), and a single 
consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes 
to the latter (as, a-na-to-my, de-li-cate, ma-the -ma-tics, 
Sec). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so 
as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate 
manner ; but very frequently the root of a word may be 
exhibited to the eye without violating the orthoe'pical prin- 
ciple of syllabication, and, where this is possible, it has 
generally been done, more particularly in the case of ac- # 
cented syllables. 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



OBSERVATIONS. 



The English language, as being the offspring of two par- 
ent languages very different in form and spirit, and having 
been, in no inconsiderable degree, modified in its growth by 
influences from various other tongues, contains, as was in- 
evitable, very many anomalies ; and in no particular are 
these anomalies more numerous and striking than in its 
orthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its 
orthoepy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- 
French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, 
though the spelling of words in these two languages was 
far less arbitrary than it is in the modern English. When, 
therefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, widely 
different both in their orthographical structure and their 
phonological character, were combined, the result was a 
language in which the orthography has almost reached the 
extreme of irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have 
the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many 
of the letters are pronounced in several different ways, 
while the letters, or combinations of letters, for a single 
sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is com- 
puted that many words of no more than two syllables may 
be spelled in several thousand different modes, by the use of 
combinations actually employed in other words in the lan- 
guage. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus writ- 
ten, as is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand different 
ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these possible 
forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one 
word ; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above have 
operated so effectually, that the words in respect to which 
even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered 
by thousands, while those in which an orthography con- 
trary to analogy has been universally adopted are equally 
numerous. 

Bad, however, as is the orthography of the present day, it 
is order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. 
It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there 
should be any general correspondence of orthographical 
forms in the works of different authors before the types of 
the printer gave prominence to certain forms, which finally 
became recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclu- 
sively prove that the wildest license prevailed in spelling 
words. Even proper names, which would naturally re- 
ceive more attention, and be written with more care than 
any other class of words, are found recorded in great mul- 
titudes of forms, several variations being sometimes found 
in the same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that 
"Leicester has subscribed his own name eight different 
ways," and that " the name Villers is spelled fourteen dif- 
ferent ways in the deeds of that family." A still more re- 
markable instance is stated by Lower; namely, that the 
family of Mainwaring has the extraordinary number of 
one hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name, 
all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evi- 
dence that, in the midst of all this confusion, there were 
some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of 
words, and who were notable exceptions to the general rule. 
The spelling of the Ormulum, which was written in the 
thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous, is very 
remarkable for its regularity ; and the author strenuously 



urges his copyists to follow hk orthography with the ut- 
most exactness. So also Chaucer, more than a century 
later, carefully revised and corrected his own works; 
and he enjoined upon his scribe to "write more trew" 
that which was intrusted to him, saying that he was 
obliged "it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," be- 
cause of the negligence and haste with which it had been 
copied. 

The invention of printing began a new era, though for a 
long time even this had little effect to fix the exterior form 
of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthog- 
raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be 
attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged 
letters, as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing 
required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works 
of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books 
printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occur- 
ring in several different forms upon the same page. Even 
as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very 
unsettled ; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great 
bard himself was written in more than thirty different ways. 
The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, 
responsible for this confusion ; for it is certain that their 
arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity would 
not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of 
established usage ; and there is abundant evidence to prove 
that writers themselves were careless in the extreme. The 
fact must not be overlooked that in the writings of Wycliffe, 
Chaucer, and other early authors, there were still many 
remnants of the Semi-Saxon inflection, which have since 
utterly disappeared, and which gave to some words a va- 
riety of form to be attributed neither to the carelessness of 
the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. 

The irregularities found in early books, though continu- 
ing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked 
upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have 
numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthog- 
raphy been proposed, but various scholars have advocated, 
with more or less acuteness and learning, changes in re- 
gard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas 
Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, was the first 
who endeavored to introduce a regular system of orthog- 
raphy ; after him, William Bullokar brought forward an- 
other system ; a few years after this, Dr. Gill, Master of St. 
Paul's School, in London, a teacher of considerable emi- 
nence, proposed another scheme ; and, still later, Charles 
Butler devised a new method of spelling, and printed a book 
in which it was employed. These writers agreed essen- 
tially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the 
end proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of 
words to uniform principles and make it practically pho- 
netic, by the use of new characters, by applying various 
diacritical marks to the old letters, and by making the 
letters, or their combinations, represent certain definite 
sounds. It is needless to say, that these projects were never 
carried into practice. 

In the time of Charles I. , many changes were introduced, 
and it was very common, even among eminent scholars, to 
spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting such 
(xxi) 



PEINCIPLES OF OETHOGEAPHY. 



xxn 

letters as were deemed superfluous. These attempts at im- 
provement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- 
ciples, had little or no permanent effect upon the language. 
Another elaborate plan was proposed, in the seventeenth 
century, by Bishop Wilkins, similar in its general charac- 
ter to those of Smith, Bullokar, Gill, and Butler, and 
equally unsuccessful. 

The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first 
published in 1755, has contributed more than any work 
written either before or since, to fix the external form of 
the language and to diminish the number of irregulari- 
ties ; for, though numerous inconsistencies are to be found 
in it, and many oversights, the learning of the author, and 
the sound judgment and practical wisdom which he dis- 
played, gave it at once an authority which it has not even 
yet entirely lost; and the orthography of the present day, 
though it has received some important modifications since 
his time, is substantially the same as that exhibited in his 
dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, intro- 
duced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to 
restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some anom- 
aly ; and perhaps the most important office performed by 
his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor 
of some one of the numerous forms in which many words 
were written, thus removing the cause of much confusion. 
Among the most prominent alterations made by him were 
the restoration of k to many words which had long been 
written without it, as in musick, rhetorick, and the like, 
and the insertion of u in the termination of many words 
which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, authour, er- 
rour, and others. The former of these changes, a revival 
of the " ancient practice," was not received with favor, nor 
was this spelling adopted by subsequent writers ; the latter, 
as it was thought to be justified by the analogy of the cor- 
responding termination eur in the French, through which 
language many, perhaps a majority, of the words affected 
by it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. 
Johnson's practice in this respect, however, was not in har- 
mony with his theory ; for he wrote ODly about half the 
words of this class with the ending our, leaving the rest in 
or, though for no reason that would not equally apply to 
them all. Yet this notable inconsistency was not only 
overlooked, but was perpetuated, and still exists in the 
orthography of English writers. In the United States a 
different practice prevails, as will presently be mentioned. 

The scheme of Pinkerton, who, in 1785, under the name 
of Robert Heron, proposed to render the language more 
euphonious by adding vowels to words ending in conso- 
nants, and by pronouncing the silent final vowels of others, 
in a manner perfectly arbitrarj r , is too ridiculous to deserve 
further mention. About twenty years later another absurd 
plan was published by Elphinstone, who printed a book in 
order to introduce it, but without success. During the last 
century, several English divines, as Lardner, Benson, and 
others, employed in many words methods of spelling pecu- 
liar to themselves, chiefly such as had long been abandoned, 
as in writing ie for final y ; in adding e to words ending in 
55 / and in the use of such forms as prseface, per sue, procede, 
sais (for says), and the like. So also Mitford used many 
singular forms, such a3 Hand, intire, endevor, meer (for 
mere), tho (for though), spred, &c. It is proper to men- 
tion here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the 
present century, who, on the ground of pronunciation, 
etymology, and analogy, employed in his works such forms 
as atchieve, compell, enure, firy (for fiery), forein, invey 
(for inveigh), highth, plouhman, smugler, and the like. He 
also omitted the hyphen in many compound words where 
it is usually inserted, and advocated the omission of the 
apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution of t 
for ed in those preterits in which the latter termination is 
pronounced like t; as in exprest,fixt, publisht, &c, for ex- 
pressed, fixed, published, &c. This substitution of t for ed, 



however, is not peculiar to Hare, since it is merely a return 
to the usage of the early writers. This spelling of the 
preterit is also not unfrequently found in modern poetry. 

Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many 
plans have been devised at different times, for reducing the 
spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest 
simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repre- 
senting the sounds of words by written characters, that is, 
by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands 
for one and only one definite sound, and each sound is rep- 
resented by one and only one character. Such a method 
of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the last cen- 
tury, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely 
used it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. 
The most recent, and in every respect the most comprehen- 
sive and philosophical scheme of this kind, is that of which 
Mr. Alexander John Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has 
been the most prominent advocate and representative, and 
to a large extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system 
contains about forty characters, each of which represents 
but a single sound, so that a word written according to this 
method could be pronounced in only one way. Although 
this system has received great publicity, and has had many 
earnest supporters, it has gained no ground in the public 
favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a 
means of reforming orthography. The schemes ofLepsius, 
M'uller, and others who have endeavored to form philo- 
sophical alphabets of universal application, are hardly to 
be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly related to 
English orthography. 

In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the 
English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated 
by him have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthog- 
raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations 
were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology 
and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the 
words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primi- 
tive forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological 
affinities, and on the other to reduce as much as possible 
the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the 
words whose orthography had been changed for the former 
reason, many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. 
Webster himself in the second edition of his work published 
in 1840, and others still were restored in subsequent edi- 
tions. The alterations of the second class have been re- 
ceived with favor and adopted by a large portion of the 
writers in the United States, and by some authors also in 
England. 

It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations 
from the usage of his time were not innovations, but resto- 
rations of older forms which were once very generally em- 
ployed. The most important points in which his orthography 
differs from that of most other modern lexicographers, and 
in reference to which there is still difference of usage among 
scholars, are stated in the following list, in which the num- 
bers refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling Certain 
Classes ofWords(seep. xxiii.), where the cases arementioned 
particularly. These are, the not doubling the final conso- 
nant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, &c. (§ 8); 
doubling the Mh installment, enrollment, &c. (§ 9) ; doub- 
ling the final letter in such words as fulfill, instill, &c. 
(§ 16) ; retaining the i in derivatives of villain(§ 27): writ- 
ing defense, offense, &c, for defence, offence, &c, and 
practice for practise (§ 27) ; writing the termination er for 
re in words like center, meter, &c. (§ 31) ; writing mold and 
molt without u (§ 34). 

With respect to certain cases, it seems proper to add a 
few words. Dr. Webster wrote the chemical terms ending 
in ide and ine, as chloride, chlorine, &c. (§ 32), without the 
final e in most cases, deeming the letter superfluous, and 
not demanded by usage, which was variable. This letter 
is retained in this volume, in accordance, with the almost 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



universal practice of the present day. The word written 
by Dr. Webster oxyd is now spelled oxide, for reasons 
stated in section 32 and under the word itself in the Dic- 
tionary. It may be remarked further with regard to words 



XX111 

often written with the termination re, but which in this 
book are spelled with the ending er, that this orthography 
is but a restoration of the older spelling ; and the same is 
true of the substitution of the termination or for our. 



RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. 

FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 



§ 1, The letters/ and I, at the end of monosyllables, 
and standing immediately after single vowels, are generally 
doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll, null. 
The words clef, if, of, and sol, are exceptions. 

§ 2. The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, and 
standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case 
or plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; 
as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. The only import- 
ant exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, his, is, thus, and 

MS. 

§ 3. Besides /, I, and s, the only consonants that are 
ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n,p, r, t, 
and z. The following list contains all, or nearly all, the 
words in which these letters are doubled; namely, abb, 
ebb; add, odd, rudd ; bigg, egg, snigg; lamm, scomm, 
mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; xoapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, 
shirr, skirr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; mitt , plitt , smitt, butt ; 
fizz, fuzz, buzz, huzz, muzz. 

Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incor- 
rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett; and some other words 
which should have the final letter single are spelled, by 
some writers, with it doubled. 

§ 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word imme- 
diately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled. 
The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are examples. 
The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u 
does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but serves 
merely to render the g hard. 

§ 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the 
sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have usually 
k added after the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and 
buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, 
ore, and fisc, are exceptions. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, 
which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- 
in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to 
these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written 
without the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. 
The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than 
one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i 
or ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, 
hillock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, 
xebec, manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, lim- 
bec, and havoc, however, are sometimes written with k 
after the c, especially in England. 

§ 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, by 
adding a termination beginning- with e,i,ovy, the letter k 
is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be 
inaccurately pronounced like s before the following vowel : 
as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker; 
talc, talcky ; zinc, zincky. 

§ 7. In derivatives foi-med by adding a termination be- 
ginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented 
on the last syllable, when these words end in a single con- 
sonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, that conso- 



nant is doubled: as, clan, clannish; plan, planned, plan- 
ning, planner; bag, baggage; hot, hotter, hottest; wit, 
witty; cabal', cabal'ler ; abet 1 , abet'ted, abet' ting, abet' tor ; 
begin', begin'ning, begin'ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. 
The consonant is doubled in these words in order to pre- 
serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter 
would be liable to be pronounced long. Thus, planned, 
hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, 
hotest, and abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. 
Words of this class, in which the final consonant is pre- 
ceded by qu, followed by a single vowel, form no exception 
to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant 
w ; as, squab, squabbish, squabby ; squat, squatting, squat- 
ter; quit, quitted, quitting; acquit', acquit'ted, acquit' ting. 

The derivatives of the word gas (except gassing and 
gassy) are written with but one s; as, gaseous, gaseity, 
gasify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, re- 
tains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the 
termination of excel'. Besides these, the only exceptions 
to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the 
primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', 
cab'alism, cab'alist; prefer' , prefl 'erence ; refer', reference; 
defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chan- 
cellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, 
metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written 
with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from 
the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, 
and the Greek Kpu'crnzAAos. So also the word tranquillity 
retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas, 
while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often 
written with two Vs, are more properly written with only 
one, as tranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like. 

§ 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a vowel 
sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, or the ac- 
cent of a word ending in a single consonant falls on any 
other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two 
different consonants, the final consonant is not doubled in 
derivatives formed by the addition of a termination begin- 
ning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber ; need, needy ; 
brief briefer, briefest; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling; trav'el, 
trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, acted, actor; 
perform , performer ; stand, standing. 

The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few 
words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its 
being pronounced like,;', before e or i : as, humbug, hum- 
bugged, humbugging ; periwig, periwigged. The word 
woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, 
with one I ; but in England it is written ivoollen. 

Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a single 
consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the 
last, the final consonants of which are, by very many 
writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, 
unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice ap- 
pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of 
the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccurately 
pronounced long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly 
those ending in I, with also a few of other terminations. The 



XXIV 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes 
the most important of those in regard to which usage 
varies : namely, apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, and its 
compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words ending in 
uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, comprom.it, counsel, cud- 
gel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, 
equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- 
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- 
shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, 
pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, 
rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, 
tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles 
the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- 
ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning 
with vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those end- 
ing in I, that " it better accords with the analogy of the 
language " to spell their derivatives with but one I. Smart 
retains the double consonant in this class of words solely 
on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the 
doable p in worshipped, worshipper, &c, the second I in 
travelling, traveller, &c, are quite unnecessary on any 
6ther score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye." 
Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the deriva- 
tives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in 
many, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, 
gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words 
with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- 
tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular 
rule has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent 
scholars. 

§ 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double 
consonant, by adding one or more syllables, commonly re- 
tain both consonants: as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff, 
stiffness: fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, 
willful, willfulness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also 
the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- 
ment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, 
thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- 
tion they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers 
and lexicographers, especially in England, omit one I in 
these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, 
and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. 

The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, be- 
ing written with only one/; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti- 
ficial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words 
formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 
11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs ; as, ill, 
illy : dull, dully ; full, fully. Words similarly formed \>y 
adding the termination less, however, are written either 
with the three Vs, a hyphen being inserted before the ter- 
mination, or with two Vs, and without the hyphen ; as 
bell-less, or belless, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless. 
§ 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination 
begins with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; hate, hateful; 
incite, incitement ; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, move- 
ment. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by 
another vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the de- 
rivative : as, due, duly; argue, argument; true, truly; 
awe, awful; and the derivatives and compounds of these 
words. 

The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, ac- 
knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of 
some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are 
written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, 
lodgement , judgement. 

§ 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is 
generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the 
next paragraph : as, bride, bridal: guide, guidance ; plume, 
plumage; use, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming; 
shape, shaping; move, movable ; sale, salable ; fleece, 
fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. 

The e is retained in the word hoeing, shoeing, and toeing 
(from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to 
the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. 
It is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- 



ing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, twinge, 
tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, 
swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). 
The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the 
e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled mil- 
age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though appar- 
ently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived 
not directly from fee and pine, but from the Latin linea 
(through the French), linealis, andpinea. The e, standing, 
in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, 
and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to preserve 
the soft sounds of these consonants; as, peace, peaceable; 
notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; change, change- 
able ; advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrageous ; 
mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes very 
improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'ga-jor. 

§ 12. In derivatives formed from words ending in ie, by 
adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and the i 
changed to y, in order to prevent two vs from coming to- 
gether: as, die, dying; hie, hying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying; 
vie, vying. 

§ 13. In derivatives of words ending in y, preceded by a 
consonant, and formed by appending any termination ex- 
cept one beginning with i, the y is usually changed into i: 
as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; mod* 
ify, modifies; foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness ; pity, 
pitiful. 

The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in 2/, 
preceded by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re- 
tain the y : as, shy, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly ; spry, 
spryer, spry est ; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier, 
and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead 
of y. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ship, 
as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also re- 
tain the y, though some authors write them with 7', ac- 
cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are 
likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive 
case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the 
apostrophe ; as, country" 1 s, everybody's. 

§ 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termination to 
words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the 
y unchanged : as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, player, plays ; 
sway, swayed; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful; enjoy, enjoyed; 
buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. 

The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid 
(from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their com- 
pounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes 
written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as 
.colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as 
u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the 
consonant w. 

§ 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syllable begin- 
ning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, gen- 
erally retain the letter or letters representing such sound : 
as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, 
iveighing ; dough, doughy; echo, echoed ; woo, wooes; 
bow, bowed ; beau, beauish. 

Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as 
also those formed from words ending in double e, by adding 
a termination beginning with e, drop the final e : as, hoe, 
hoed; sue, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest; agree, 
agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are 
also exceptions. 

§ 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more sylla- 
bles to words ending in a double consonant commonly re- 
tain both consonants : as, tipstaff, rebuff, befall, inthrall, 
disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss (from 
staff, buff, fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss). 

The word until is an exception, being always written with 
one I. Those words of this class which end in 11 are written 
by some authors, especially in England, with one I : as, be- 
fal, inthral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



XXT 



should be written with the I doubled, though they are often 
written distil and instil, with only one I. 

§ 17o Compound words formed by joining two or more 
words commonly retain all the letters of the simple words ; 
as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, ivide-moutlied. 

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of 
them compounds which by long use have acquired the force 
of single words. They are the following : namely, some 
compounds of all and well; as, abnighty, almost, alone, 
already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, there- 
withal, ivherewithal, welcome, welfare; — compounds of 
mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, 
&c. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective 
full; as, artful, hateful, rueful, ivoeful ; — also, the words 
chilblain, fulfill, namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, 
standish, and wherever. 

§ 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in 
certain classes of words, in es. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
that the sound of s can unite with it, and be pronounced 
without forming a separate syllable, 5 only is added in form- 
ing the plural : as, sea, seas ; tree, trees ; woe, woes ; canto, 
cantos; virtue, virtues ; purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws; cab, 
cabs; panic, panics ; bead, beads ; chief, chiefs ; bag, bags ; 
path, paths ; lock, locks ; bell, bells ; gem, gems ; fan, fans ; 
cup, cups ; ear, ears ; u,ct, acts. A few plurals from nouns 
ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es ; as, echo, 
echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes ; motto, mot- 
toes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- 
ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs 
with regard to some of them. Those in which final o is 
preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The 
plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies ; that of rabbi, 
either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns end- 
ing in i usage differs, though they are more properly writ- 
ten with the termination is. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
(as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not 
unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate 
syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless 
the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves 
to form a separate syllable with s : as, church, churches'; 
rush, rushes ; age, ages ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; case, cases; 
loss, losses ; box, boxes ; maze, mazes. 

To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character 
or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its 
meaning, the letter 5, generally preceded by the apostrophe, 
is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Vs in all ; " " The 
two O's in 400 ; " " Two *'s in Orion ; " " The why's and 
wherefore's of the question." Some writers, however, omit 
the apostrophe in such cases, joining the s immediately to 
the letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The two 
Is in all ; " " Two *s in Orion ; " " The pros and cons." 
Others still write the names of the letters with their proper 
plural endings, instead of the letters themselves ; as, the 
two ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters 
are also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without 
adding any plural sign ; as, the two ee in bee, the two 11 in 
all ; but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, 11, &c, 
are properly read double e, double I, and the like. 

§ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form 
their plural by adding es and changing y into i: as, mercy, 
mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; pity, 
pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, 
being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant ; as col- 
loquy, colloquies. The plural of. proper nouns ending in y 
preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into ies, 
according to the rule ; as, " The three Maries." Many 
writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply 
adding 5 : as, " The three Marys;" but for this practice 
there seems to be no good reason. 

When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a 



vowel (except u having the power of to), the plural Is regu- 
larly formed by adding s only : as, day, days; key, keys; 
money, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, 
guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often inaccu- 
rately written with the termination ies : as, monies, attor- 
nies, and the like. 

Note. — Nouns now ending in y formerly ended in is, 
and formed their plurals regularly by adding s : as, mem- 
orie, memories : mercie, mercies. Ywas finally substituted 
for ie in the singular, but the plural was not changed, and 
still retains its old form. 

§ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in/or/e are 
irregularly formed by changing/or 7% into ves. The fol- 
lowing words, with their compounds, are the principal ex- 
amples: namely, life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; 
leaf, leaves ; sheaf, sheaves ; loaf, loaves ; beef, beeves ; 
thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shelf 
shelves ; self, selves ; wolf wolves. The plural of staff is 
sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, ex- 
cept when it. means a corps of officers, either military or 
civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural 
of wharf is generally written tvliarfs in England ; in the 
United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written 
wharves, as it is also by some recent English writers. The 
plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, 
are now written hoofs and turfs. ' The plurals of other 
nouns ending in/, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the 
addition of 5 only. 

§ 21. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished 
from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel 
sound of the word : namely, man, men; woman, women; 
goose, geese ; foot, feel ; tooth, teeth; brother, brethren; louse, 
lice; mouse, mice. Compounds ending with these words 
form their plurals in the same manner: &s,foeman, foe- 
men; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the sylla- 
ble man, and are not compounds, form then- plurals regu- 
larly, by adding s only: as, cayman, caymans; desman, 
desmans; firman, firmans ; talisman, talismans; Ger- 
man, Germans; Mussulman, Mussulmans. The plurals 
of talisman and Mussulman are sometimes, by a gross 
blunder, written talismen and Mussulmen. 

§ 22. A few plurals end in en : namely, brother, breth- 
ren; child, children; ox, oxen. To these may be added the 
obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, 
cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though 
they have received a slightly different form, end, as pro- 
nounced, with the sound of n. 

§ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each 
two plurals of different forms and with different significa- 
tions: as, brothers, male children of the same parent, also, 
members of the same society, association, class, or profes- 
sion ; brethren, members of the same religious or ecclesiasti- 
cal bod}", the word in this form being rarely used except in 
religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also 
has the same meaning that brother has in ordinary lan- 
guage ; dies, implements for making impressions by stamp- 
ing, or for making screws, also the cubical parts of pedes- 
tals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance; 
peas, seeds of the pea -plant, when a definite number is 
mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collect- 
ively ; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite num- 
ber is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these 
coins. See also these words in the Dictionary. The word 
acquaintance is written, in the plural, either acquaintance 
(supposed to be a corruption of acquaintants) or acquaint- 
ances, the two forms having little or no difference of mean- 
ing. 

§ 24. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the 
same form in the plural as in the singular ; as, deer, sheep, 
trout, and the like. 

§ 25 . Many words adopted from foreign languages re- 
tain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion, 



JXVL 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvte ; crisis, crises; mat- 
rix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 

Many words of this class, while retaining the original 
plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of 
English words of similar termination : as, formula, form- 
ulae or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus ; index, indices, or 
indexes; stratum, strata or stratums ; bandit, banditti or 
bandits ; cherub, cherubim or cherubs ; seraph, seraphim or 
seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes 
incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double 
plural terminations, from ignorance or forge tfulness of the 
fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. 

§ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun 
followed by an adjective or other qualifying expression, the 
plural is commonly formed by making the same change in 
the noun as when it stands alone : as, court-martial, courts- 
martial; cousin-german, cousins-german ; son-in-law, sons- 
in-law. When, however, the adjective is so closely joined 
to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple 
word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed hke 
that of any other word of the same termination: as, cupful, 
cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. 

§ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned 
in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even 
that of the best authors, is variable. The most important 
of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding 
sections. 

The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- 
lainy, &c, though often written villanous, villany, &c, 
properly retain the i, according to the practice of many 
writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ain: 
as, mountainous, from mountain; captaincy , from captain ; 
and the like. 

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- 
tion, follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, 
and reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- 
nexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. See Note under 
Connection, in the Dictionary. 

The word woe, though often written without the final e, 
should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and 
of similar form; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the 
hke. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more 
than one syllable, having a similar termination, omit the 
e ; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. 

The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are 
properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead 
of 5, for the 5 belongs to the words from which they are 
derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. See Note 
under Offense, in the Dictionary. 

The words drought and height were formerly written 
drouth and hight, and are still very often thus written in 
America. 

The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in 
preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- 
ing is used by many writers, especially in England. The 
difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is 
properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as 
are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. See 
Note under Practise, in the Dictionary. 

Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pro- 
nounced hed'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, 
and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e 
of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, 
tetracdron, octacdral, &c, without the h. 

§ 28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in 
able or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- 
tion able- as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- 
ble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending 
in abilis or ibilis ; some are from the French ; and not a 
few are formed by adding the termination to English words. 
Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, 
8ccording as they are derived from words ending in abilis or 



ibilis: as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis); potable (hat. potabilis); 
credible (Lat. credibilis) ; vendible (Lat. vendibilis). Those 
formed from English words generally end in able, ; as, avoid- 
able, eatable, for dable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. 
There are a few words respecting which usage is variable : > 
as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; in'fer- 
able or infer 'rible ; referable, or refer'rible. 

§ 29. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, 
as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, 
and the hke, many of which take either form of the prefix 
indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, 
either directly or through the French, the prefix in belong- 
ing to the former language, and en to the latter. In some 
of these words, en is to be preferred ; in others, in; in 
many of them, either may be used indifferently. See the 
List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways, and the differ- 
ent words of this class in the Dictionary. 

§ 30. There was formerly considerable diversity of 
usage in respect to the terminations ant and ent, both of 
which were in certain cases used almost indifferently ; as in 
the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, 
and the hke. Present usage, however, is definitely settled 
in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every 
word of this class, though not always upon uniform princi- 
ples. In the few words in which both these terminations 
are retained, it is the more general practice to write the 
adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while 
the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the 
adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns con- 
fidant and dependant, and the abstract nouns confidence 
and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, 
the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun ; while 
the abstract noun ends in ance, as in the adjectives attend- 
ant and repentant ; the common nouns attendant and re- 
pentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repent- 
ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and 
ance belong properly to words derived from the French or 
from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; ent and ence to 
words derived from Latin verbs of the other three conjuga- 
tions. Ence and ance were also formerly confounded in 
some words, the one or the other being used indifferently. 

§ 31. There is a class of words ending in er, some of 
which are written by most authors with the termination re ; 
as, center, meter, theater, &c, which are often written cen- 
tre, metre, theatre, &c. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massa- 
cre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve 
the hard sound of the c and g. 

§ 32. There are two classes of chemical words ending 
respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, in 
regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them 
were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the 
almost universal practice to retain it : as, bromide, chloride, 
iodide, sulphide ; chlorine, fluorine, salicine, stearine; and 
the hke. The word tannin is always written without the 
final e. Oxide is now generally written with the termina- 
tion ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the 
supposition that the y of the last syllable represented the v 
of the Greek 6£vs, from which the word is derived ; whereas 
the last syllable is simply the same as the termination of the 
words bromide, sulphide, and the like. See Note under 
Oxide , in the Dictionary. 

§ 33. There is a class of words ending as pronounced, 
with the sound of long i, followed by z, some of which are 
differently written, by different authors, with either ise or 
ize to represent this sound : as, criticize or criticise ; civil- 
ize or civilise ; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or pat- 
ronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly de- 
rived from Greek words ending in i£o, or from French 
words ending in iser or ise. There are a few from other 
sources, but formed in analogy with those derived from 
these languages. Those formed from Greek words have the 
termination ize; as anathematize, characterize, dramatize, 



PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



XXVll 



tantalize. The words catechise and exorcise are exceptions. 
Those formed in an analogous manner from English words 
are likewise written with ize ; as, albumenize, bastardize, 
memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French verb 
prendre (participle pris or prise) end in ise ; as, apprise, 
comprise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed 
from French words other than prendre, or which have cor- 
responding forms in the French, a majority end in ize, 
though in respect to some of them usage is variable ; as, 
civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. The following are 
the principal English verbs ending in ise : namely, adver- 
tise, advise , affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise, circum- 
cise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, 
disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, en- 
franchise , enterprise , exercise, exorcise , franchise , manumise, 
misprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, sur- 
prise. It may be remarked that most of those in respect 
to which usage varies are more frequently written in Eng- 
land with the termination ise, and in the United States with 
the termination ize. 
§ 34. The words mold and molt, and their compounds 



and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o in- 
stead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, 
&c, from which the u has been dropped. Most authors, 
however, write these words mould and moult, and their de- 
rivatives in like manner. 

§ 35. There is a numerous class of words almost uni- 
versally written, in the United States, with the termination 
or, many of which are written, in England, with the termi- 
nation our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. 
English usage, however, is not uniform with respect to 
these words, many of them being written with or in English 
books. See the Observations on Orthography, prefixed to 
these rules. 

§ 36. There is a small class of words ending with the 
syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination 
of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, 
written pede ; as, biped, centiped, milliped, palmiped, quad- 
ruped, soliped, and the like. The words biped and quadru- 
ped are universally written without the final e, and the 
others, according to the best usage, should be written in 
the same manner. 



A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS. 



The design of the following List is, in the first place, to 
present those words in reference to which present usage, in 
the United States or in England, sanctions more than one 
method of spelling the same word ; and, secondly, a consid- 
erable number of words, which, though not differently 
spelled by living reputable writers, yet are to be found in 
the orthography of the second column in the works of 
respectable authors of the last century, or the early part 
of the present century, and are, therefore, often presented 
to the eye of the modern reader. Such a list, it is thought, 
will be found very convenient for consultation. For any 
thing more full, a Glossary would be the appropriate resort. 
The first column, in the following List, presents the orthog- 
raphy recognized in the body of this Dictionary as the 
preferable one, or that in general use ; the second column, 
one less desirable, or the usage of former times. Those 
forms in the second column which a good writer at the 
present day would not probably employ, but which are 
found only in writings of the past, have a dagger prefixed. 
One class of words which might properly have been added, 



is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words 
of more than one syllable ending in ic or ick ; as, music, 
musick, public, publick, &c. It is deemed sufficient to 
mention the class, and to state that the termination in ick 
is wholly disused. A similar remark is applicable to a por- 
tion of the words terminating formerly in our, now in or. 
Those of this class in the following List, in which both 
forms are given, are still sometimes used in both forms, the 
termination in or being that most favored in the United 
States, while our is the form generally preferred in England. 
Words of this class not given in the List are used only in or 
by living writers. Subject to a like remark is a class of 
words terminating in ise or ize ; as, systematise or systema- 
tize, &c, — the latter being the mode in which such words 
are spelled in America, and the former that adopted by 
English printers. When in this List the word in the first 
column is followed by or, as, " Abatis, or Abattis," it is im- 
plied that the second form is nearly, often quite, in as good 
use as the first. 



Abatis, or 

Abettor, 

Abreuvoir, 

Abridgment, 

Accessory, 

A.ccount, -ant, &c. 

Accouter, &c, or 

Acetimeter, or 

Ache, 

Achieve, 

Acknowledgment, 

Addible, 

Adipocere, 

Admittable, 

Adopter (Chem.), 

Adulterer, -ess, 

Adz, or 

iEdile, 

^gis, 

iEolian, or 

Mrie, or Eyrie, 

^Esthetic, -s, or 

Aghast, 

Agriculturist, 

Aid-de-camp, or 

Ajutage, or 

Alcaid, 

Alchemy, 

Alcoran or Koran, 

Alkahest, or 

Allege, 



Abattis. 

Abetter. 

Abbreuvoir. 

Abridgement. 

Accessary. [&c, 
tAccompt, -ant, 

Accoutre, &c. 

Acetometer. 
fAke. 
tAtchieve. [ment. 

Acknowledge- 

Addable. 

Adipocire. 

Admittible. 

Adapter. 
fAdultrer, -ess. 

Adze. 

Edile. 

Egis. 

Eolian. 

Eyry. 

Esthetic, -s. 
fAgast. 

Agriculturalist. 

Aide-de-camp. 

Adjutage. 

Alcade. 
fAlchymy. 

Alkoran. 

Alcahest. 
tAlledge. 



Alleluia, or ) 

Alleluiah, J 

Alloy, 

Alum, 

Almanac, 

Ambassador, or ] 

Embassador, J 

Ambegris, 

Ambs-ace, 

Amend, -ment, 

Amice, 

Ammoniuret, 

Amortize, -ment, 

Amphitheater, 

Anapest, 

Ancient, -ly, 

Andiron, 

Angiotomy, 

Ankle, 

Annotto, 

Antechamber, 

Anterior, 

Anti-emetic, 

Antihypnotic, 

Apostasy, 

Aposteme, or 

Apothegm, or 

Appall, 

Appallment, 



( Allelujah, 
\ Halleluiah. 
fAllay. 

Allum. 

Almanack. 
( Ambassadour, 
( Embassadour. 
( tAmbergrease, 
{ Ambergrise. 

{Ambes-ace, 
Ames-ace. 
fEmend, -ment. 
•jAmess. 

Ammoniaret. 

Amortise, -ment. 

Amphitheatre. 

Anapaest. 
tAntient, -ly. 
fHandiron. 

Angeiotomy. 

Ancle. 
( Anotta, Annatto, 
< Anota, Annotta, 
( Arnotta,Arnotto. 

Antichamber. 
fAnteriour. 

Antemetic. 

Anthypnotic. 

Apostacy. 

Imposthume. 

Apophthegm. 

Appal. 

Appalment. 



Appareled, -ing, 

Appraise, -ed,&c.,o?- 

Apprise (to notify), 

Apricot, 

Arbitrament, 

Arbor, 

Archaeology, 

Ardor, 

Argol, or 

Armor, -er, &c, 

Arquebuse, 

Arrack, 

Artisan, 

Asafetida, ) 

Asafoetida, j 

Asbestus, or 

Ascendant, 

Ascendency, 

Askance, 

Askant, 

Assuage, 

Atheneum, or 

Attar, or 

A.ught, 

Author, &c, 

Autocracy, 

Autoptical, 

Awkward, 

Awm, or 

Ax, or 

Ay, or 



Apparelled, -ling. 

Apprize, -ed, &c. 

Apprize. 
fApricock. 
f Arbitrament. 

Arbour. 

Archaiology. 

Ardour. 

Argal. 

Armour, -er, &c. 

Arquebus, fHar- 
tArack. [quebuse. 

Artizan. 

Assafoetida. 

Asbestos. 

Ascendent. 

Ascendancy. 

Askaunce. 

Askaunt. 
fAsswage. 

Athenaeum. 

Otto. 

Ought. 

Authour, &c. 

Autocrasy. 

Autopsical. 
tAukward. 

Aum. 

Axe. 

Aye. 



xxviii 


PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 




B- 


Butt, or 


But, 


Chine, 


Chime, Chimb. 






Byzantine, 


Bizantine. 


Chintz, 


Chints. 


Backshish, 


Bakshish, Buk- 






Chiseled, -ing, or 


Chiselled, -ling. 
Chuck-full. 


Bade (z.), 


tBad. [sheesh 


c. 


Chock-full, 


Baldric, 


Baldrick, Baw- 






Choir, 


tQuire. 


Balk, 


Baulk. [drick 


Caboose, 


Camboose, Co- 


Chorister, 


tQuirister. 


Balister, or 


Ballister. 


Cacique, 


Cazique. [boose 


Choke, 


tChoak. 


Baluster, 


Banister. 


Caddice, or 


Caddis. 


Choose, 


tChuse. 


Bandana, or 


Bandanna. 


Caesura, 


Cesura. 


Chore, 


Char. 


Bandoleer, 


Bandelier. 


Cag, or 


Keg. 


Cigar, 


Segar. 


Banderole, 


Bannerol, Band 


Caique, or 


Caic. 


Cimeter, ) 
Scimiter, J 


( Scimetar. 
( Scymetar. 


Banyan (Bot.), 


Banian. [rol 


. Caisson, or 


Caissoon. 


Bans, 


Banns. 


Calash, 


Caleche. 


Cipher, 


Cypher. [&e 


Barbacan, 


Barbican. 


Caldron, 


Cauldron. 


Clamor, -ous, &c. 


Clamour, -ous, 


Barbecue, 


Barbacue. 


Calendar, 


tKalendar. 


Clangor, 


Clangour. 


Barberry, 


Berberry. 


Calends, 


{Kalends. 


Clarionet, or 


Clarinet. 


Bark, or 


Barque. 


Caliber, or 


Calibre. 


Clew, or 


Clue. 


Barouche, 


Barouch. 


Calipash, 


Callipash. 


Clinch, 


Clench. 


Barytone, 


Baritone. 


Calipee, 


Callipee. 


Clinique, 


Clinic. 


Basin, 


Bason. 


Calipers, 


' Callipers. 


Clinometer, 


Klinometer. 


Bass, or 


Base. 


Caliph, 


Calif, Kalif. 


Cloak, 


fCloke. 


Bass-viol, or 


Base-viol. 


Calk, or 


Caulk, Caique. 


Clodpoll, 


Clodpole. 


Bas-relief, 


Bass-relief. 


Calligraphy, 


Caligraphy. 


Clothe, -ed, &c, 


fCloathe, -ed, &c 


Bastinade, or 


Bastinado. 


Caloyer, or 


Kaloyer. 


Clough, 


Cloff. 


Baton, or Batoon, 


Baston. 


Caltrap, or 


Caltrop. 


Clyster, 


Glyster. 


Bateau, 


Batteau. 


Calyx, 


Calix. [let 


Cockswain, or 


Coxswain. 


Battledoor, or 


Battledore. 


Camlet, 


Camblet, Cham- 


Coeliac, or 


Celiac. 


Bauble, 


Bawble. 


Camomile, 


Chamomile. 


Cognizor, -zee, 


Cognisor, -see. 


Bazaar, or 


Bazar. 


Camphene, 


( Camphine, 
{ Camphogen. 


Coif, 
Coiffure, 


Quoif. 


Befall, 


Befal. 


tQuoiffure. 


Behavior, 


Behaviour. 


Camphor, 


Camphire. 


Colander, 


Cullender. 


Behoove, 


Behove. 


Candor, 


Candour. [&c 


. Color, 


Colour. 


Beldam, or 


Beldame. 


Canceled, -ing, &c, 


or Cancelled, -hug, 


Comb, Combe, or 


Coombe. 


Belligerent, 


BeUigerant. 


Cannel-coal, 


Canal-coal. 


Comfrey, 


Comfry, Cumfrey 


Benedict, or 


Benedick. 


Cannoneer, or 


Cannonier. 


Complete, 


tCompleat. 


Benumb, 


fBenum. 


Canny, 


Cannie. 


Complexion, 


tComplection. 


Bellfounder, 


fBelfounder, 


Canon ( Sp.), 


Canyon. 


Confectionery, 


fConfectionary. 


and similar 


compounds. 


Cantaloup, or 


Cantaloupe, 


Connection, 


Connexion. 


Bequeath, 


Bequeathe. 


Cantalever, or 


Cantilever. 


Contemporary, or 


Cotemporary. 


Bergamot, 


fBurgamot. 


Carbine, 


Carabine. 


Contra-dance, 


Country-dance. 


Berth (Nav.% 

Betel, 


Birth. 
Betle. 


Carbineer, 


( Carbinier, Carabi- 
( nier,Carabineer 


Controller, -ship, 


( Comptroller, 

( -ship. [troul. 


Beveled, -ing, or 


Bevelled, -ling. 


Carapace, 


Carapax. 


Control, 


tComptrol, Con- 


Bevile (Her.), 


Bevil, or Bevel. 


Caret, 


Caract, Carrat. 


Cony, 


Coney. 


Bezant, 


Byzant. [-ses,&c 


Caravansary, or 


Caravansera. 


Cooly, or 


Coolie. 


Biasing , -ed , -es , & c . 


, Biassing, -sed, 


Carcass, 


Carcase. 


Coomb, or 


Comb. 


Bigoted, 


Bigotted. 


Carnelian, 


Cornelian. [&c 


. Copaiva, or 


Copaiba. 


Bilge, 


Bulge. [ards. Caroled, -ing, &c, 


or Carolled, -ling, 


Copier, 


Copyer. 


Billiards, 


tBalyards, Balli- 


Cartography, 


Chartography. 


Copse, 


Coppice. 


Billingsgate, 


Bilingsgate. 


Cask (a vessel), 


Casque. 


Coquette, n., 


Coquet. 


Bin, 


Binn. 


Casque (helmet), 


Cask. 


Coranach, 


Coronach. 


Binnacle, 


tBinacle, Bittacle 


■ Cassava, 


Cassada,Cassado 


Corbel, 


Corbeil. 


Bister, or 


Bistre. 


Cassimere, or 


Kerseymere. 


Corselet, 


Crosslet. 


Blende (Min.), 


Blend, Blinde. 


Caster, 


Castor. 


Cosy, 


Cosey 


Blessed (a.), or 


Blest. [&c 


. Catchup, or ) 
Ketchup, J 


Catsup. 


Cot, or 


Cote, (a hut). 


Blithesome, -ly,&c. 


, Blithsome, -ly, 


Cot, or 


Cott, (a bed). 


Blomary, 


Bloomary. 


Catechise, -er, or 


Catechize, -er,&c 


Cotillon, or 


Cotilion. 


Blouse, or 


Blowse. 


Cauliflower, 


Colliflower. 


Councilor, or 


Councillor. 


Bodice, 


Boddice. 


Causeway, 


Causey. 


Counselor, or 


Counsellor. 


Boil, n.f 


Bile. 


Caviare, or 


Caviar. 


Count, 


tCompt. 


Bombazet, or 


Bombazette. 


Caviler, -ed, &c, or Caviller, -led, &c 


. Courtesan, 


Courtezan. 


Bombazine, or 


Bombasine. 


Cayman, 


Caiman. 


Courtesy (Law), 


Curtesy, Curtsy. 


Bonnyclabber, 


Bonnyclapper. 


Ceil, -ing, -ed, 


fCiel, -ing, -ed. 


Cozen, -age, 


Cosen, -age. 


Bourgeois, or 


Burgeois. 


Center, 


Centre. 


Craunch, 


Cranch. 


Bourse, 


Burse. 


Centered, 


Centred. 


Cray-fish, or 


Craw -fish. 


Bouse, or 


Boose. 


Centimeter, or 


Centimetre. 


Creak (v.), 


Creek. 


Bousy, or 


Boozy. [&c 


. Centiped, 


Centipede. 


Creosote, ) 
Creasote, ) 


( Kreosote, 
( Kreasote. 


Boweled, -ing, &c, 


or Bowelled, -ling, 


Ceroon, or 


Seroon. 


Bowlder, 


Boulder. 


Cess-pool, or 


Sess-pool. 


Critique, 


Critic (a criti- 


Bowsprit, 


fBoltsprit. 


Chalcedony, 


Calcedony. 


Croup (buttocks), 


Crup. [cism). 


Brahman, ) 
Brahmin, j 


( Brachman, 
{ Bramin. 


Chameleon, 


Cameleon. [my 


. Cruet, 


Crewet. 


Chamois, 


Shamois, Sham 


- Crupper, 


Crouper. 


Brake ( Railways), 


Break. 


Champaign, 


Champain. 


Cruse (bottle), 


fCruise. 


Brazen, 


fBrasen. 


Champagne, 


tChampane. [&c 


. Cucurbit, or 


Cucurbite. 


Brazier, 


fBrasier. 


Channeled,-ing,&c 


or Channelled, -ling 


, Cudgeled, -er, -ing 


, or Cudgelled, -ler, 


Brier, 


Briar. 


Chant, -er, -ed, &c 


, Chaunt, -er, -ed 


, Cue (def. 1), 


Queue. [-ling. 


Brooch, 


Broach, Broche 


Chap, 


Chop. [&c 


. Cuerpo, 


tQuerpo. 


Bryony, 


Briony. 


Chase, 


Chace. 


Cuneiform, or 


Cuniform. 


Buccaneer, 


Bucanier. 


Check (n.), 


Cheque. 


Curb (def. 3), 


tKerb, Kirb. 


Buddhism, or 


Boodhism. 


Checker, -ed, &c, 


Chequer, -ed,&c 


. Cursed (imp.), 


Curst. [lasse. 


Buffet, or 


Beaufet. 


Chemist, 


Chymist,Chimis< 


. Curtal-ax, 


Curtle-axe, Curte- 


Buhrstone, 
Bun, or 


Burrstone. 
Bunn. 


Chemistry, 


| Chymistry, 
( Chimistry. 


Cutlass, or 
Cyclopedia, or 


Cutlas. 
Cyclopaedia. 


Buncombe, 


Bunkum. 


Cherif, 1 
Scherif, ) or 


f Sheriffe, 
( Schereef. 


Cymar, 


Chimere, Simar. 


Bur, or 


Burr. 


Cyst, 


Cist. 


Burden, -some, 


tBurthen, -some 


Chestnut, 


Chesnut. 


Czar, -ina, 


Tzar, -ina. 


Burin, 


Burine. 


Chevron, or 


Cheveron. 






Burned (imp.), 


Burnt. 


Chicory, 


Chiccory. 




D. 


Burganet, or 


Burgonet. 


Chilioliter, 


Kiloliter. 




But-end, or 


Butt-end. 


Chiliometer, 


Kilometer. 


Dactyl, 


Bactyle. 





PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxix 




Damasken, 


Damaskeen. 


Embarkation, 


Embarcation. 


Envenom, 


tlnvenom. 




Damson, 


Damascene. 


Embassador, or \ 
Ambassador, j 


( Embassadour, 
( Ambassadour. 


Eolipile, 


iEolipile. 




Dandruff, 


Dandriff. 


Epaulet, or 


Epaulette (Fr.). 




Danegelt, or 


Danegeld. 


Embassy, 


Ambassy. 


Epauleted, -ing, 


Epauletted,-ting. 




Debarkation, 


Debarcation. [&c 


. Embassage, 


Ambassage. 


Equaled, -ing, or 


Equalled, -ling. 




Debonair, -ly, -ness, Debonnaire, -ly, 


Embed, -ded, &c, 


Imbed, -ded, &c 


Equiangular, 


tEquangular. 




Decrepit, 


Decrepid. 


Embezzle, &c, 


tlmbezzle, &c. 


Equivoque, or 


Equivoke. 




Defense, -less, &c, 


or Defence,-less,&c 


. Emblaze, 


flmblaze. 


Era, 


iEra. 




Deflection, 


Deflexion. 


Emblazon, -ed, &c 


, tlmblazon,-ed,&c 


.Error, &c, 


Errour, &c 




Deflour, 


Deflower. 


Embody, -ied, &c, 


lmbody,-ied,&c 


Escalade, 


tScalade. 




Delf, 


Delft, Delph. 


Embolden, -ed, &c 


, Imbolden,-ed,&c. Escapement, or 


Scapement. 




Delphin, or 


Delphine. 


Emborder, &c, 


flmborder, &c. 


Escarp {Fort.), or 


Scarp. [ote. 




Deltoid, 


fDeltoide. 


Embosom, or 


Imbosom. 


Eschalot, 


Shallot, or Shal- 




Demarkation, 


Demarcation. 


Emboss, -ed, &c, 


•flmboss, -ed, &c. 


Escheat, 


tExcheat. [toir. 




Demeanor, 


Demeanour. 


Embowel, -ed, ) 
-ing, J 


fEmbowellj -ed, 


Escritoire, 


Escritoir, Scru- 




Demesne {Law), 


Demain. 


&c, 


Escutcheon, 


( Escocheon, 
( Scutcheon. 




Dentiroster, 


Dentirostre. 


flmbowel, -ed,&c 




Dependent, 


Dependant. 


Emboweler, ) 
-ment, j 


Emboweller, &c 


Estafet, or 


Estafette. 




Dependence, 


Dependance. 


flmboweller, &c. 


Esthetics, or 


^Esthetics, [pie. 




Deposit, 


tDeposite. 


Embower, -ed, &c, 


tlmbower, -ed,&c 


Estoppel, 


tEstopel, Estop- 




Desert {n.), 


tDesart. 


Embrace, -ed, &c, 


jlmbrace, -ed, &c.Estrich, 


Estridge. 




Deshabille, 


Dishabille. 


Embracer, -ment, 


flmbracer, -ment 


. Etiology, or 


iEtiology. 




Dessert, 


fDesert. 


Embrasure, 


fEmbrazure. 


Etui, or 


Etwee. 




Detecter, 


Detector. 


Embrocation, 


Imbrocation. 


Exactor, 


Exacter. 




Detortion, 


Detorsion. 


Embroil, -ed, &c, 


flmbroil, -ed, &c 


Expense, [&c, 


fExpence. [&c. 




Deuce, 


Deuse, Duse. 


Emerods, or \ 
Emeroids, J 


Emrods. 


Exsiccate, -ed, -ing 


Exiccate,-ed,-ing, 




Develop, -ment, 


Develope, -ment. 


Exsiccation, 


Exiccation. 




Dexterous, 


Dextrous. 


Emir, or 


Emeer. 


Exsuccous. 


Exuccous. 




Diaeresis, or 


Dieresis. 


Empale, -ed, &c, 


Impale, -ed, &c. 


Exudation, 


Exsudation. 




Diarrhea, or 


Diarrhoea. 


( 


Empanelled , & c . 


Exude, &c, 


tExsude, &c- 




Diarrhetic, or 


Diarrhoetic. 


Empaneled, -ing, 


flmpanel,-led,&c 


, Eyrie, or ) 
Eyry, J 


Aerie. 




Dike, 


Dyke. 


&c, 1 


fEmpannel, -led, 




Diocese, 


Diocess. 


1 


&c. 








Disheveled,-ing, or 


Dishevelled,-ling. Emperor, 


Emperour. 


J? 




Disk, or 


Disc. [-ing 


Empoison, 


Impoison. 




• 




Dispatch, -ed, -ing, 


or Despatch, -ed, 


Empower, -ed, &c, 


tlmpower, -ed,&c 


. Faeces, 


Feces, [-ting. 




Disseize, -in, -or, 


Disseise, -in, -or. 


Emprise, 


Emprize. 


Fagot, -ed, -ing, 


Faggot, -ted, 




Distention, or 


Distension. 


Empurple, 


flmpurple. 


Fairy, 


fFaerie, Faery. 




Distill, or 


Distil. 


Emu, 


Emeu. [&c 


Fakir, or 


Faquir. 




Distrainor, 


Distrainer. 


Enameled, -ing, &c. 


or Enamelled, -ling 


, Falchion, 


tFauchion. 




Diversely, 


Diversly. 


Enamor, -ed, -ing, 


( Enamour, -ed, 
1 -ing- 


Falcon, -er, -ry, 


JFaulcon, -er, -ry. 




Divest, -ed, &c, 


Devest, -ed, &c. 


Fantasy, 


tPhantasy. 




Docket {Law), 


fDoquet. 


Encage, -ed, &c, 


Incage, -ed, &c. 


Fantastic, 


fPhantastic. 




Doctress, or 


Doctoress. 


Encamp, -ed, &c. 


flncamp, -ed, &c 


Farthingale, 


Fardingaie. 




Dolor, -ous, 


Dolour, -ous. 


Enchant, 


flnchant. 


Fattener, 


fFatner. [&c. 




Domicile, 


Domicil. 


Enchiseled, -ing, or 


Enchiselled, -ling 


. Favor, -er, -ed, &c. 


, Favour, -er, -ed, 




Doomsday-book, 


Domesday-book. 


Encloister, 


Incloister. 


Fecal, 


Faecal. 




Dory, or 


Doree, Dorey. 


Encounter, &c, 


tlncounter, &c. 


Fecula, 


Faecula. 




Dormer-window, 


Dormar-window. 


Encroach, &c, 


flncroach, &c. 


Feldspar, ) 
Feldspath, j 


( Felspar, 
{ Felspath. 




Dote, 


Doat. 


Encumber, -ed, 


1 tlncumber, -ed, 
\ &c. 




Dotage, 


tDoatage. 


&c. 


Felly, 


Felloe. 




Doubloon, 


tDoublon. 


Encyclopedia, or 


Encyclopaedia. 


Feoffor, or 


Feoffer. 




Dowry, 


fDowery. 


Endear, 


flndear. [&c 


Fervor, 


Fervour. 




Downfall, 


tDownfal. 


Endeavor, -ed, &c. 


Endeavour, -ed, 


Fetal, 


Foetal, 




Dram, and 


Drachm. 


Endow, &c, 


tlndow, &c. 


Feticide, 


Foeticide. 




Draff, 


Draugh. 


Endue, or 


tlndue. 


Fetus, 


Foetus. 




Draft, and 


Draught. 


Endure, -ance, 


flndure, -ance. 


Fetor, 


Foetor. 




Dragoman, 


Drogoman. 


Enforce, -ed, &c, 


flnforce, -ed, &c. 


Feud, -al, -atory, 


fFeod, -al, -atory. 




Dribblet, or 


Driblet. 


Engage, -ed, &c, 


jlngage, -ed, &c. 


Feudalize, -ism, 


tFeodalize, -ism. 




Drier, 


Dryer. [&c 


Engender, 


Ingender. 


Fie, 


ry- 




Driveler, -ing, or 


Driveller, -ling, 


Engorge, -ed, &c, 


flngoi'ge, -ed, &c 


Filbert, 


Filberd. [bustier. 




Drought, 


Drouth. 


Engross, 


flngross. 


Filibuster. 
Filigree, ) 
Fillagree, ) 


Fillibuster, Fli- 




Dryly, 


Drily. 


Enhance, 


flnhance. 


( Filigrane, 
( Filigrain. 




Duchy, 


Dutchy. 


Enigma, 


jiEnigma. 




Duchess, 


Dutchess, [-list. 


Enjoin, &c, 


tlnjoin, &c. 


Fillibeg, or 


Phillibeg. 




Dueler, -ing, -ist, or Dueller, -ling, 


Enkindle, -ed, &c, 


jlnkindle,-ed,&c. 


Finery {a forge), 


Finary. 




Dullness, 


Dulness. [geon. 


Enlarge. &c, 


jlnlarge, &c. 


Firman, 


Firmaun. 




Dungeon, 


Donjon, fDon- 


Enlist, ' 


tlnlist. 


Fishgig, or 


Fizgig. 




Dunghiil, 


fDunghil. 


Enroll, 


Enrol, or Inroll. 


Fives, or 


Vives. 




Duress, 


fDuresse {Fr.) 


Enrollment, 


f fEnrolment, In- 
( rolment. 


Flageolet, 


Flagelet. 




Dye, &c. {color), 


Die, &c. 


Flavor, -ed, &c, 


Flavour, r ed, &c 




Dyke. See 


Dike. 


Enshrine, 


Inshrine. 


Flier, 


Flyer. 








Enshroud, 


Inshroud. 


Floatage {Law), 


Flotage. 






E. 


Ensphere, 


Insphere. 


Flotsam, or 


Flotson- 






Enstamp, 


Instamp. 


Flour {of grain), 


fFlower. 




Eavesdropper, 


tEvesdropper. 


Entail {Arch.), 


Entaile. 


Flower-de-luce, 


j Fleur-de-lis, 
{ Flower-de-lis. 




Eccentric, -al, &c, 


•j\Excentric,-al,&c 


. Entangle, &c, 


flntangle, &c. 




Economy, 


(Economy. 


Enterprise, 


Enterprize. [&c. 


Fluke {Naut.), 


Flook. 




Ecstasy, 


Ecstacy,fExtasy 


Enthrone, -ed, &c. 


, flnthrone, -ed, 


Fluke (Zool.), 


Flowk, Flooc. 




Ecstatic, 


fExtatic. 


Entire, -ly, &c, 


Intire, -ly, &c. 


Fogy, 


Fogie, Fogey- 




Ecumenic, -al, 


(Ecumenic, -al. 


Eti title, -ed, &c, 


flntitle, -ed, &c. 


Font(T^o^.), 


Fount. 




Edematous, or 


(Edematous. 


Entrance, -ed, &c, 


tlntrance,-ed,&c. 


Forbade, 


fForbad. 




Edile, -ship, 


iEdile, -ship. 


Entrap, -ed, &c, 


Intrap, -ped, &c. 


Foray, or 


Forray. 




Eloign, -ment, 


Eloin, -ment. 


Entreat, -ed, &c, 


Intreat, -ed, &c. 


Fosse, 


Foss. 




Emarginate, 


Imarginate. 


Entreaty, 


Jntreaty. 


Founderyj or 


Foundry. 




Embalm, -ed, &c, 


tlmbalm, -ed, &c 


. Entresol, 


Entersole. 


Franc {coin), 


Frank. [etic. 




Embalmer, -ment, 


flmbalmer, -ment 


. Entwine, -ed, &c, 


Intwine, -ed, &c. 


Frantic, 


Frenetic, Phren- 




Embank, -ed, &c, 


Imbank, -ed, &c 


. Envelop {v.), 


Envelope. 


Frenzy, 


tPhrenzy. 




Embargo, 


tlmbargo. 


Envelope («.), or 


Envelop. 


Frieze {Arch.), 


Frize, Freese. 




Embark, -ed,&c. 


tlmbark,-ed, &c 


Envelopment, 


Envelopement. 


Frouzy, 


Frowzy. 











XXX 


PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 




Frumenty, 


Furmenty, Fru 


- Haggess, 


tHaggis, Haggiss. Imbibe, 


tEmbibe. 


Frustum, 


Frustrum. [mety. Ha-ha, 


Haw-haw. Imbitter, 


Embitter. 


Fueled, -ing, or 


Fuelled, -ling. 


Haik, 


Hyke. Imbosom, 


Embosom. 


Fulfill, -ment, 


Fulfil, -ment. 


Hake, 


Haak. Imbrue, 


Embrue. 


Fullness, 


Fulness. 


Halberd, 


Halbert. Imbue, -ed, -ing, 


Embue, -ed, -ing. 


FurtheV, and 


Farther. 


Halibut, 


Holibut. Immarginate, or 


Emarginate. [&c. 


Furtherance, 


Fartherance. 


Hallelujah, 


Halleluiah, -luia. T , , . 
Hollo, Holloa. ^Panel, -ed, -mg, 


| Impannel, -led. 
| Empannel,-led. 


Furthermore, 


Farthermore. 


Halloo, Hallo, or 


Furthest, and 


Farthest. 


Halidom, 


Halhdome. Imparlance, 


Emparlance. [&c. 


Fuse(«.), 


Fuze. 


Halyard, 


Halliard. Impassion, 


Em passion. 


Fusil ( Gun.), 


Fusee. 


Handicraft, 


fHandcraft. Impeach, 


Empeach. [ling. 


Fusileer, or 


Fusilier. 


Handiwork, 


fHandwork. Imperiled, or 


Imperilled, -ing, 






Handsome, 


fHandsom. Implead, 


tEm plead. 




G. 


Handsel, 


fHansel. Imposthume, 


Impostume. 




Handseled, or 


Handselled. Impoverish, 


Empoverish. 


Gabardine, or 


Garberdine. 


Harbor, -ed, &c. 


Harbour,-ed,&c. Imprint, 


fEm print. 


Galiot, 


Galliot. 


Harebell, 


Hairbell. Incase, 


Encase. 


Garish, or 


Gairish. 


Harebrained, 


Hairbrained. Inclasp, 


Enclasp. 


Gallias, or 


Galleas. 


Harem, 


Haram. Inclose, -ure, &c. 


Enclose,-ure,&c. 


Gamboled, -ing, or Gambolled, -ling 


. Haricot, 


Harricot. Increase, 


tEncrease. 


Gamut, 


fGammut. 


Harrier, 


Harier. Incrust, 


Encrust. 


Gang (Min.), 


Gangue. 


Harry, 


Harrow (def. 4). Incumbrance, 


Encumbrance. 


Gantlet, or ) 
Gantlope, J 


t Gauntlet. 


Haslet, 


Harslet. Indefeasible, 


flndefeisible. 


Hasheesh, or 


Hashish. Indelible, 


jlndeleble. 


Gasteropod, 


Gastropod. 


Hatti-sherif, 


Hatti-scherif. Indict (Law.), 


tEndict, Endite. 


Gargoyle (Arch.), 


Gargoil, Gargle. 


Haulm, Halm, 


Haum, Hawm. Indictment 


( fEndictment. 
( fEnditement. 


Gauge, 


Gage. 


Haul, 


■fHale. inuiciiueni, 


Gault, or 


Gait. 


Haunch, 


Hanch. Indite, -er, 


jEndite, -er. 


Gauntlet {Her.), or Gantlet. 


Hautboy, 


fHoboy. Indocile, 


jlndocil. 


Gayety, 


Gaiety. 


Hawser, 


Halser. Indoctrinate, 


JEndoctrinate. 


Gayly, 


Gaily. 


Headache, 


fHeadach. Indorse, -ed, -ing, 


Endorse, -ed, -ing. 


Gazelle, 


Gazel. 


Hearse, 


Herse. Indorser, -ment, 


Endorser, -ment. 


Genet, or 


Jennet. 


Hectoliter, or 


Hectolitre. Induce, -ment, 


tEnduce, -ment. 


Gerfalcon, 


Gyrfalcon. 


Hectometer, or 


Hectometre. Inferior, 


Inferiour. 


Germane, 


Germain, Ger- 


Hegira, 


Hejira. Inferable, or 


Inferrible. 


Germ, 


Germe. [man 


Height, -en, he, or 


Hight, -en, &c. Inflection, 


Inflexion. 


Ghibelline, 


Gibeline. 


Heinous, -ly, -ness, 


tHainous ,-ly , -ness .Infold , 


Enfold. 


Gibe, 


tJibe. 


Hematite, 


Haematite. Infoliate, 


Enfoliate. [-ment. 


Gimbals, 


Gimbols. 


Hematology, 


Haematology. Ingraft, -er, -ment 


Engraft, -er. 


Gimlet, 


tGimblet. 


Hemistich, 


tHemistick. Ingrain, 


Engrain. 


Girasole, or 


Girasol. 


Hemorrhoids, 


fEmerods. Ingulf, 


Engulf. 


Girt, or 


Girth. 


Heretoch, or 


Heretog. Inkle, 


Incle. 


Glair, 


Glare. 


Hermit, -age, 


tEremite, -age. Innuendo, 


Inuendo. [&c. 


Glamour, 


Glamer. 


Herpetolog} 7 , 


Erpetology. Inquire, -er,-y,&c. 


Enquire, -er,-y. 


Glave, 


Glaive. 


Hexahedron, 


fHexaedron. Inscribe, 


tEnscribe. 


Gloze, 


Glose. [ed. 


Hibernate, 


Hybernate. Inscroll, 


Enseroll. 


Gnarled, 


tKnarled, Knurl- 


Hiccough, 


Hiccup, Hickup. Insnare, 


Ensnare. 


Gore, 


fGoar. 


Hinderance, or 


Hindrance. Install, 


flnstal. 


Good-by, or 


Good-bye. 


Hindoo, -ism, or 


Hindu, -ism. Installment, or 


Instalment. 


Good-humor, 


Good-humour. 


Hip (of dog-rose), or Hep. Instate, 


fEnstate. 


Gormand, or 


Gourmand. 


Hipped-roof, 


Hip-roof. Instill, 


Instil. 


Governor, 


Governour. 


Hippogriff, 


Hippogryph. Instructor, 


Instructer. 


Graft, -ed, 


tGraff, -ed. 


Hippocras, 


Hippocrass. Insure, -ed, -ing, 


Ensure, -ed, -ing. 


Grandam, 


Grandame. 


Ho, 


fHoa. Insurer, -ance, 


Ensurer, -ance. 


Granddaughter, 


tGrandaughter. 


Hoarhound, 


Horehound. Intenable, 


Intenible. 


Granite, 


fGranit. 


Hockey, 


Hookey. Intercessor, 


flntercessour. 


Graveled, -ing, 


Gravelled, -ling. 


Hodge-podge, or 


Hotch-potch. Interior, 


tlnteriour. 


Gray, -ish, &c, 


Grey, -ish, &c. 


Hoiden, -ish, 


Hoy den , -ish . Inthrall , 


Inthral, Enthral. 


Grenade, 


Grenado, Gran- 


Holiday, and 


Holyday. Intrench, 


Entrench. 


Grenadier, 


tGranadier. [ade 


Hollo, Holloa, or 


Hollow. Intrust, 


Entrust. 


Greyhound, or 


Grayhound. 


Holster, 


Holdster. [mony. Inure, 


Enure. 


Grewsome, or 


Gruesome. 


Hominy, 


Homony, Horn- Inurement, 


Enurement. 


Griffin, or 


Griffon. 


Homeopathy, or 


Homoeopath y. Inveigle, 


jEnveigle. 


Grisly, or 


Grizzly. 


Homonym, 


Homony me. Inventor, 


Inventer. 


Groats, 


Grits, Grouts. 


Honeyed, 


Honied. Inwheel, 


fEnwheel. 


Grogram, 


Grogran. 


Honor, -ed, &c, 


Honour, -ed, &c. Inwrap, 


Enwrap. 


Grommet, 


Gromet. 


Hoop (v.), or 


Whoop. Inwreathe, 


Enwreathe. 


Grotesque, -ly, &c 


. tGrotesk, -ly, &c 


Hooping-cough, or 


Whooping-cough.Isocheimal, or 


Isochimal. 


Groundsel, or 


Groundsill. 


Hoopoe, or 


Hoopoo. Ixolite, or 


Ixolyte. 


Groveled, -er, -ing 


, or Grovelled, -er, 


Hornblende, 


Hornblend. 




Group, v., 


tGroupe. [-ling. 


Horror, 


fHorrour. 


J. 


Guaranty, or 


Guarantee. 


Hostelry, 


Ostelry. 


Guelder-rose, 


Gelder-rose. 


Hostler, 


Ostler. Jacobin, and 


Jacobine. 


Guelf. or 


Guelph. 


Hough, 


Hock. Jaconet, 


Jacconet. 


Guerrilla, 


Guerilla. 


Housewife, 


tHuswife. Jail,-er, &c. 


Gaol, -er, &c- 


Guilder (coin), 


Gilder. 


Howdah, 


Houdah. Jalap, 


Jalop. 
Jamb. 


Guillotine, 


Guillotin. 


Howlet, 


Houlet. [moc. Jam (Min.), 


Gulf, 


tGulph. 


Hummock, or 


Hommock,Hom- Janizary, 


Janissary. 


Gunwale, or 


JGunnel. 


Humor (def. 1), 


Humour. Jasmine, 


Jasmin. 


Gurnard, or ) 
Gurnet, J 


Gournet. 


Hurra, or 


Hurrah. Jaunt, -y, -ily, 


Jant, -y, -ily. 




Hydrangea, 


Hydrangia. Jean, 


Jane. [ating. 


Gypsy, 


Gipsy, Gypsey. 


Hypaethral, 


Hypethral. Jenneting, 


fJuneting, June- 


Gyrfalcon, 


Gerfalcon. 


Hyperstene, or 


Hypersthene. Jeremiad, or 


Jeremiade. 


Gyves, 


Gives. 


Hypotenuse, 


Hypothenuse. Jetsam, or Jetson, 


Jettison. 






Hyssop, 


Hysop. Jet tee, or Jetty, 


Jutty. 




H. 




Jeweled, -er, or 


Jewelled, -er. 


Hackle, Hatchell, 


or Heckle, Hetchel 


J^ Jewelry, 
Jointress. 


Jewellery. 
Jointuress. 


Hagbut, 
Haggard, 


Hackbut. 


Icicle, 


tlsicle. Jonquil, or 


Jonquille. 


tHagard. 


Illness, 


fllness. Jostle, or 


Justle. 















PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxxi 




Jowl, 


Jole. Mamma, 


Mama. Nombles, 


Numbles. 




Judgment, 


Judgement. Mandatary (ra.), 


Mandatory. Nonesuch, 


Nonsuch. 




J upon, er 


Juppon. Manikin, 


Mannikin. Novitiate, 


Noviciate, [ghau. 




Just, 


Joust. Maneuver, or 
Mantel (Arch.), 


Manoeuvre. Nylghau, 
Mantle. 


Nylgau, Neel- 






-rr Mantel-piece, 
■**■• Marc (coin.), 


Mantle-piece. 


o. 






Mark. 






Kaffer, 


Kaffre, or Kafir. Margaron, or 


Margarone. Oaf, 


Auf, Ouph. 




Kale, 


Kayle. Marquee, 


Markee. Ocher, or Ochre, 


tOker. 




Kayle, 


Keel, Keil. Marque (letter of), 


Mark. Octahedron, 


Octaedron. 




Keelhaul, 


Keelhale. Marquess, or 


Marquis, [eschal. Octostyle, 


Octastyle. 




Keelson, 


Kelson . Marshal , 


tMariscbal, Mar- Odalisque, 


Odalisk. 




Keg, or 


Cag. Marshaled, -ing, or 


Marshalled, -ling. Odor, 


Odour. 




Kenneled, -ing, or Kennelled, -ling. Martin {Ornitk.), 


Marten. Offense, or 


Offence. 




Khan, 


Kaun, Kan. Martinet (Naut.), 


Martnet. Olio, 


tOglio. 




Kiln (n.), 


Kill. [Ohilogram. Martingale, 


fMartingal. [&c. Omber, or 


Ombre. 




Kilogram, or 


Kilogramme, Marveled,-ing,&c, 


or Marvelled, -ling, Omer, 


Homer. 




Kiloliter, or 


Kilolitre. Mark, 


Marque (Fr.). Oolong, 


Oulong. 




Kilometer, or 


Kilometre. ,, ,. 
tKnap(n.,rf C /.2). Mashn ' 


(Meslin, Mislin, Opaque, 
( Mastlin. Opobalsam, 


Opake. 




Knob, 


Opobalsamtma. 




Koran, or Alcoran, Alkoran. Mastic, 


Mastich. Orach, or 


Orache. 




Kyanite, 


Cyanite. Matrice, or 


SaltiL, £T Orang-outang, 


f Orang-utan, 
( Ourang-outang. 






Mattress, 






t Mauger, or 

Maul n.(mallet) & v 


Maugre. Orchestra, 


Orchestre. 






. Mall. Oriel, 


Oriol. 




Labeled, -ing, or 


Labelled, -ling. Mayhem, and 


Maim. Oriflamb, or 


Oriflamme. 




Labor, -ed, -ing, &c, or Labour, -ed, -ing, Meager, -ly, &c, or 


Meagre, -ly, &c. Orison, 


tOraison. 




Lachrymal, 


Lacrymal. [&c. Merchandise, 


fMerchandize. Osier, 


Ozier. 




Lac (coin), 


Lack. Meter, and 


Metre. Osprey, or 


Ospray. 




Lackey, 


Lacquey. Mileage, 


Milage. Otolite, or Otolith 


, Otohtte. 




Lacquer (n.), 


Lacker. Milleped, 


Millepede. Ottar (of roses), 


Otto, Attar. 




Lacquer, -ed, -ing 


, Lacker,-ed,-ing. Milligram, or 


Milligramme ( Fr. ) Outrageous, 


fOutragious. 




Lagoon, 


Lagune. Milliliter, or 


Millilitre. Oxide, 


Oxid, Oxyd, Ox- 




Lambdoidal, or 


Lamdoidal. Millimeter, or 


Millimetre. Oyes, 


Oyez. [yde. 




Landau, 


Landaw. Milrea, Millrea, ) 
fLandskip. Millreis, j 


Milrei. 






Landscape, 


P. 




Lantern, 


tLantkorn. Misbehavior, 


Misbehaviour. 






Lanyard, 


Laniard. Miscall, 


fMiscal. Packet, 


tPacquet. 




Lapsided, 


Lobsided. Misdemeanor, 


Misdemeanour. Painim, 


Paynim. 




Larum, or 


„ Alarum. Misspell, 


fMisspel, fMispel. Palanquin, or 


Palankeen. 




Launch, 


Lanch. Misspend, 


fMispend. Palestra, 


Palaestra- 




Leaven , 


tLeven. Misspent, 


fMispent. Palet, ) 
fMistate. [toe. Palette, j 


Pallet. 




Lecher, -y, -ous, 


-j-Letcher, -y, -ous. Misstate, 




Lecturn, 


Lectern, Lettern. Mistletoe, 


Misseltoe, Misle- Palmiped, 


Palmipede. 




Ledgement, 


( Ledgment, Lege- Miter, -ed, or 
\ ment, Lige- Mizzen, 


Mitre, -d. Panada, Panade, 


Panado. 




Mizen. Pander, 


fPandar. 




Ledger, 


Leger. [ment. Mizzle, 


Misle, Mistle. Pandore, 


Bandore. 




Leger-line, 


Ledger-line. Moccasin, 


Moccason, Mog- Pandour, 


Pandoor. 




Leggin, or 


Legging. Mode ( Gram.), 


Mood. [gason. Panel (Laiv), 


Panuel. 




Lemming, 


Leming. Mocha-stone, 


Mocho-stone. Paneled, -ing, or 


Pannelled, -ling. 




Lettuce, 


Lettice. [-ler. Modeled, -ing, or 


£&£**: i-**-*. 


{ Pantagraph, Pen- 
( tagraph. 




Leveled, -ing, -er, 


or Levelled, -ling, Modillion, 




Libeled, -ing, &c. 


, or Libelled, -ling, ., . , 
Licence.' [&c. Mohammedan, 


i Mahomedan, Ma- Papoose, or 
\ hometan. Paralyze, 


Pappoose. 




License, 


Paralyse. 




Lickerish, 


Lickerous. Mohawk, or 


Mohock. [ses. Parceled, -ing, or 


Parcelled, -ling. 




Licorice, 


Liquorice. Molasses, 


Melasses, fMolos- Parcenary, 


Parcenery. 




Lief, 


Lieve. Mold, or 


Mould. Parlor, 


Parlour. 




Lilac, 


Lilach. Molt, or 


Moult. Parol (a.), or 


Parole. 




Linguiform, 


Linguaform. Moneyed, 


Monied. Parquet, or 


Parquette. 




Linnaean, or 


Linnean. Mongrel, 


tMungrel. Parsnip, or 


Parsnep. [quito. 




Linseed, 


tLintseed. Moresque, 


fMoresk. Parrakeet, 


Paraquet, Para- 




Linstock, or 


Lintstock. Morris, 


Morrice. Partible, 


Partable. 




Liter, or 


Litre. Mortgageor, or ) 
( Lithonthriptic, Mortgager, j 
( Lithonthryptic. Mosque, 


, , , Partisan , 
Mortgagor. Pashaj Pacha( 


fPartizan. 




Lithontriptic, 


Pashaw, Bashaw. 




tMosk. Pashalic, 


Pachalic. 




Llama (Zoo I.), 


Lama. „.. 
Lodestar, -stone. Mosquito, 


( Musketo,Musqui-Pask, or 
\ to, Musketoe. Patrol («.), 


Pasque. 




Loadstar, -stone, 


Patrole. 




Loath (a.), 


Loth. Mustache, 


Moustache. Paver, Pavior, 


Paviour, Pavier. 




Lode (Min.), 


Load. Mullein, 


Mullen. Pawl, 


Paul. 




Lodgment, 


Lodgement. Multiped, 


Multipede. Pean, 


Paean. 




Logogriph, 


Logogryph. Mummery, 


Mommery. Peart, 


Peert. 




Longiroster, 


Longirostre. Murder, &c, 


Murther, &c. Pedicel, 


Pedicle. 




Louver, or 


Louvre, Loover. Murky, 


Mirky. Peddler, 


Pedler, Pedlar. 




Lower, 


Lour. Murrhine, 


Myrrhine. Pedobaptist, 


Paedobaptist. 




Luff, 


fLoof. Muscadel, 


Muscatel. Pemmican, 


Pemican. 




Lunet, and 


Lunette. Muscle (a shellfish), 


Mussel. Penciled, -ing, or 


Pencilled, -ling. 




Lunge, 


Longe. Musket, 


Musquet. Pennant, 


Pennon. 




Lustring, or 


Lutestring. 


Pentahedral, 


Pentaedral. 




Lye, 


Ley. JJ\ Peony, 


Paeony, Piony. 








Periled, -ing, or 


Perilled, -ling. 






]yr Nankeen, 

Narwal, or Narwhal, 


Nankin. Peroxide, 


Peroxid,-yd,-yde. 






Narwhale. Persimmon, 


Persimon. 




Macaw, 


Macao. Naught, 


Nought. [&c Persistence, 


Persistance. 




Maccaboy, 


Maccoboy. Negotiate, -or, &c, 


Negociate, -or, Pewit ( Ornith.), 


Pewet. 




Maggoty, 


Maggotty. Neighbor, -ing, &c, 


Neighbour, -ing, Phantasm, 


tFantasm. 




Maim, and 


Mayhem (Law.), Net (a.), 


Nett, Neat. [&c. Phantom, 


fFantom. 




Mai-, 


Male- (prefix). Neb ( On.), or 


Nib. Phenomenon, 


Phaenomenott. 




Mall, or 


Maul. Niter, or 


Nitre. Phenix, 


Phoenix. 




Malkin, 


Maukin. Nobless, or 


Noblesse. Phial, or 


Vial. 




Mamaluke, or 


Mameluke. Nomads, or 


Nomadea. Philter, -ed, or 


Philtre, -d. 



















xxxii 


PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 






Phthisic, 


fTisic. Rabbi, 


Rabbin. Sciagraphy, or 


Sciography. 




Piaster, or 


Piastre. Raccoon , or Racoon 


, Rackoon. Scion, or 


Cion. 




Picked, or 


Peaked, Piked. Ruddock ( Ornith.), 


or Ruddock. Scirrhosity, 


Skirrosity. 




Picket, 


Piquet. Ramadan 


( Ramazan, Scirrhus, 
{ Rliamadan. [-ly. Scissors, 


Skirrhus. 




Pie, 


tPye. ' 


tScissars. 




Piebald, 


Pyebald. Rancor, -ous, -ly, 


Rancour, -ous. Sconce, 


tSkonce. 




Piepoudre, or 


Piepowder. Ransom , 


tRansoiue. Scot-free, 


Shot-free. 




Pimento, 


Pimenta. Rare {adj. ), 


fRear. Scow, 


Skow. 




Pimpernel, 


Pimpinel. Rarefy, 


Rarify. Scrawny, 


Scrauny, [Scythe. 




Pinchers, or 


Pincers. Raspberry, 


fRasberry. Scythe, 


tSithe, Sythe. 




Pistoled, -ing, or 


Pistolled, -ling. Rattan, 


Ratan. Seamstress, 


tSemstress, Semp- 




Placard, 


fPlacart. Raveled, -ing, or 


Ravelled, -hng. Sear, 


Sere. [stress. 




Plaice (Ichth.), 


Plaise. [senses. Raven (plunder), 


Ravin. Sedlitz, 


Seidlita. 




Plain, 


Plane, in some Raze, -ed, -ing, 


Rase, -ed, -ing. Seine, 


tSean. 




Plane-sailing, 


Plain-sailing. Rasure, 


Razure. Secretaryship, 


Secretariship. 




Plaster, 


fPlaister. Real (coin), 


Rial, Ryal. Seethe, ' 


tSeeth. 




Plait (t\), 


Plat. Rearward, 


tRereward. Seignior, 


Signior, Signor. 




Plat (».), or 


Plot. Recall, 


Recal. Seigniorage, -ory, 


Seignorage, -ory. 




Plethron, or 


Plethrum. Recompense, 


Recompence. Seizin, 


Seisin. 




Pliers, 


fPlyers. Reconnoiter, or 


Reconnoitre. Seleniuret, 


Selenuret. 




Plow, or 


Plough. Redoubt, 


fRedout. Sellender, 


Sellander. 




Plumber, 


fPlummer. Referable, or 


Referrible. Selvage, or 


Selvedge. 




Plumiped, 


Plumipede. Reflection, 


Reflexion. Sentinel, 


tCentinel. 




Pluviometer, 


Pluviameter. Reglet, or 


Riglet. [deer. Sentry, 


fCentry, Sentery. 




Point-device, or 


Point-devise. Reindeer, 


Raindeer, Rane- Sepawn, orSupawr 


, Sepon. 




Poise, 


fPoize. Re-enforce, 


Re-inforce. Sepulcher, or 


Sepulchre. 




Polacca, 


Polacre. Re-install, -ment, 


Re-instal, -ment. Sequin, 


Chequin, Zechin. 




Pole-ax, or 


Pole-axe. Relic, 


fRelique. Sergeant, or 


Serjeant. 




Poltroon, 


fPoltron. Remiped, 


Remipede. Set, (n.), 


Sett. 




Polyhedron, -drous 


, Polyedron,-drous.Renard, or 


Reynard. Sevennight, or 


Se : nnight. 




Polyglot (n.), 


Polyglott. Rencounter, or, 


Rencontre. Shad, 


Chad. 




Polyp, 


Polype. Rennet, or 


Runnet. Shah, 


Schah 




Pommel, 


Pummel. Replier, 


Replyer. Shawm, or 


Shalm. 




Pommeled, -ing, 


Pomelled, -hng. Reposit, 


Reposite. Shampoo, 


Champoo. 




Ponton, or 


Pontoon. Resin, and 


Rosin. Shard (def. 1), 


Sherd. 




Pony, 


Poney. Resistance, &c, 


fResistence. [&c. Sheathe {v.), 


tSheath. [Sheikh. 




Poniard, 


Poignard. Restive, -ly, -ness, 


tRestiff, Resty, Sheik, 


Shaik, Scheik, 




Porgee,Porgy(IcA/A.),Paugie. Retch (to vomit),' 


Reach. [-ler. Sherbet, 


Scherbet, Sarbot. 




Porpoise, 


( Porpus, Porpess, Reveled, -ing, -er, or Revelled, -ling, Sherry, 


tShen-is. 




( Porpesse. Reverie, or 


Revery. Shill-I-Shall-I, or 


Shilly-shafly. 




Portray, 


tPourtray. Ribbon, 


Riband, Ribband. Shore (n.), 


Shoar. 




Porteress, or 


Portress. Reversible, 


Reversable. Shorl, or 


Schorl. [-hrjg. 




Possessor, 


tPossessour. Rigor, -ous, &c, 


Rigour, -ous, &c. Shoveled, -er, -ing 


or Shovelled, -ler. 




Postilion, 


tPostillion. Risk, 


tRisque. Show, 


tShew. 




Potato, 


fPotatoe. [share. Rivaled, -ing, or 


Rivalled, -ling. Shrillness, 


fShrilness. 




Potsherd, 


Potshard, Pot- Riveted, -ing, 


Rivetted, -ting. Shriveled, -ing, or 


Shrivelled, -ling. 




Powter ( Ornith.), 


Pouter. Rcc ( Ornith.), 


Rock, Rukh. Shuttlecock, 


Shittlecock. 




Pozzolana, or 


Pozzuolana. Rodomontade, 


fRhodomontade. Shvly, -ness, 


Shilv, -ness. 




Practice (v.), or 


Practise. Rondeau, 


Rondo. Sibyl, 


Sybil. 




Praemunire, 


Premunire. Rony on , 


Runnion. [quelo. Sidewise, 


Sideways. 




Prsenomen, 


Prenomen. Roquelaure, or 


Roquelaur, Ro- Silicious, or 


Siliceous. 




Predial, 


Praedial. Rotunda, 


Rotundo. Sillabub, or 


Syllabub. 




Premise, 


Premiss. Route, 


Rout. Simoom, or 


Simoon. 




Pretense, or 


Pretence. Ruble (coin), or 


Rouble. Siphon, 


Syphon. 




Pretermit, or 


Praetermit. Ruche, or 


Rouche. Siren, 


fSyren. 




Pretor, 


Praetor. Rummage, 


fRomage. Sirloin, or 


Surloin. 




Profane, 


fProphane. Rumor, &c, 


Rumour, &c. Sirup, or Syrup, 


Sir op. 




Protector, 


Protecter. Rye, 


fRie. Sizar, 


Sizer. 




Programme, 


Program, [-yde. 


Skein, 


fSkain, Skean. 




Protoxide, 


Protoxid, -yd, c! Skeptic, 


Sceptic. 




Prunella, or 


Prunello. [ion. ' 


Skillful, -ly, -ness, 


or Skilful, -ly, -ness 




Pumpkin, 


Pompion, Pump- Sabian, 


Sabean, Sabaean. Skill-less, 


Skilless. 




Puppet, 


fPoppet. Saber, -ed, &c, or 


Sabre, -d, &c. Skull (cranium), 


fScull. 




Purblind, or 


Poreblind. Sackbut, 


Sacbut. Slabber, 


Slobber. 




Jb-urr, 


Pur. Sainfoin, 


Saintfbin. Sleight, 


Slight (def. 2), 




Purslane, 


Purslain. Salam, 


Salaam. Slyly, -ness, 


Slily, -ness. 




Putrefy, 


fPutrify. Salep, Saleb, 


Salop, Saloop. Smallness, 


fSmalness. 




Pygmy, 


Pigmy. Salic, 


Salique. Smolder, or 


Smoulder. 




Pyx, 


Pix. Saltpeter, or 


Saltpetre. Smooth, 


fSmoothe. 






Samester, 


Samestre. Snapped, (imp.), 


Snapt. [-ling. 




O Sandaled^ or 


Sandalled. Sniveled, -er, -ing, 


or Snivelled, -er, 




M 


"" Sandarac, or 


Sandarach. Socage, 


Scccage. 




Quadroon, 


Quateron. Sandever, or 


Sandiver. Socle, 


liocle. 




Quarantine, 


( Quarantain. Sanskrit, or 
\ Quarantaine. Sapajo, 


sSajSf: [dilla. Solan-goose („.,, 


'. Soland-goose, and 
\ Solund-goose. 




Quarrel, or 


Can-el (an arrow). Sapodilla, 


- Sapadillo, Sappo- Solder, &c, or 


Soder, &c 




Quarreled, -ing, or 


Quarrelled, -hng. Sarcenet, or 


Sarsenet. Soliped, 


Sohpede. 




Quartet, Quartette, 


Quartett. Sat, 


Sate. Solvable, 


Solvible. 




Quaterfoil, ) 
Quaterfeuille, j 


Quatrefofl. Satchel, 
Satinet, 


Sachel. Somber, o" 


Sombre. 




Satinett. [krout. Somers? -..it, ) 
Sour-crout, Sour- Somerset, j 


( Summersault, 
\ Summerset. 




Quay, -age, 


Key, -age. Sauer-kraut, or 




Questor, 


Quaestor. Savanna, 


Savannah. Sonneteer, 


Sonnetteer. 




Quinsy, 


Quinzy, Quinsey. Savior, or 


Saviour. Soothe (v.), 


tSooth. 




Quintain, 


Quintin, [tetto. Savor, 


Savour. Sorrel, and 


Sorel. 




Quintette, Quintet, 


Quintett, Quin- Scallop, -ed, -ing, 


Scollop, -ed,-ing. Souchong, 


Soochong. 




Quoin, 


Coin. Scath, or 


Scathe. Spa, 


tSpaw, fSpaa. 






Scepter, -ed, or 


Sceptre, -tred. Spelt, 


Spalt. 




P„ Scherif, Cherif, 


Shereef, Sherif. Specter, or 


Spectre. 






Schist, 


Shist. Spew, 


Spue. 




Rabbet <* Carp.), or 


Rebate, &c. Schorl, or 


Shorl. Spinach, or 


Spinage. 













PRINCIPLES OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxxiii 


Spinel, 


Spinelle. 


Tetrahedron , 


Tetraedron. Verderer, or 


Verderor. 


Spite, 


tSpight. 


Tetrastich, 


Tetrastic. Verdigris, 


Verdegris 


Splendor, 


Splendour. 


Theater, or 


Theatre. Vermin, 


tVermine. 


Sponge, 


tSpunge. 


Thole, 


Thowl, Thowle. Verst, 


Werst. 


Sprite, 


Spright. 


Thorp, 


Thorpe. Vertebra, Vertebei 


, Vertebre. 


Spirt, or 


Spurt. 


Thralldom, or 


Thraldom. Vervain, 


Vervine. 


Spunk, 


Sponk. 


Thrash, or 


Thresh. Vial, 


Phial. 


Staddle, 


Stadle. 


Threshold, 


Threshhold. Vicious, -ly, -ness, 


tVitious, -ly,-ness. 


Stanch, or 


Staunch. 


Throe («.), 


Throw (def. 6.). Victualed, -er, 


( Victualled, -ler, 
( -ling. 


Stationery, 


tStationary. 


Ticking (n.), 


Ticken. -iug, or 


Steadfast, 


tStedfast. 


Tidbit, 


Titbit. Vigor, -ous, &c, 


Vigour, -ous, otc. 


Steelyard, 


fStilyard. 


Tie (n. & v.), 


tTye. Villain (def. 1.), 


Villein. 


Stillness, 


fStilness. 


Tier, 


Tire (n., def. 1). Villainy, -ous, or 


Villany, -ous. 


Stockade. 


Stoccade. 


Tierce, 


Terce. Vise, 


Vice. 


Story (a floor), 


Storey. 


Tiger, 


-f-Tyger. Visitor, 


Visiter. 


Strait (n., def. 2). 


Straight. 


Tincal, 


Tinkal. "Visor, 


Vizor. 


Strengthened 


Strengthner. 


Tithe, 


Tythe. Vitiate, 


Viciate. 


Strew, 


fStraw. 


Toll (v.t., def. 2), 


Tole. Vizier, 


Visier, Vizir. 


Strop, n. 


Strap. 


Tollbooth, 


Tolbooth. Volcano, 


fVulcano. 


Stupefy, 


Stupify. 


Ton, and 


Tun. 




Sty, 


Stye. 


Tonnage, and 


Tunnage. 


w. 


Style, 


tStile. 


Tormentor, 


Tormenter. 


Styptic, 
Subpoena, 


Stiptic. 
Subpena. 


Tourmaline, 


j Tourmalin, Tur- Wadsett, 
\ maline. Wagon, 


Wadset. 
Waggon. 


Subtile (thin), 


Subtle. 


Toweling, or 


Towelling. Waive, 


Wave (v. t.). 


Subtle (artful), 


Subtile. 


Trameled, -ing, or 


Tramelled, -ling. Wale, (n., def. 2), 


Weal. 


Successor, 


tSuccessour. 


Tranquilize, or 


Tranquillize. Walrus, 


Walruss. 


Succor, 


Succour. 


Transferable, 


Transferable. Warranter, and 


Warrantor ( Law\ 


Suite, 


Suit(».), 


Transference, 


Transference. Warrior, 


tWarriour. 


Suitor, 


tSuiter. 


Transship, -ment, 


Tranship, -ment. Warwhoop, 


tWarhoop. 


Sulphureted, 


Sulphuretted. 


Trapan (a snare), 


Trepan. [-ling. Waucht, 


Waught. 


Sumac, or Sumach 


Shumac. 


Traveler, -ed, -ing, 


or Traveller, -led, Waywode, 


Waiwode. 


Superior, 


fSuperiour. 


Traverse, 


Travers. Waul (as a cat), 


Wawl. 


Suretyship, 


Suretiship. 


Travesty, 


Travestie. Wear (v., Naut.), 


Ware, Veer. 


Surname, 


Sirname. 


Treadle, 


Treddle. Wear, (n.), 


Weir, Wier. 


Surprise, &c, 


Surprize, &c. 


Trebuchet, or 


Trebucket. Weasand, 


Wezand. 


Survivor, -ship, 


Surviver, -ship. 


Treenail, 


Trenail, Trennei. Welsh, 


Welch. 


Swainmote, 


1 Sweinmote, 
{ Swanimote. 


Trestle, Tressel, 


Trussel. Whang, 


Wang. 


Trigger, 


Tricker. Whelk («.), 


Welk, Weal. 


Swale (v.), or 


Sweal. 


Trevet, or 


Trivet. Whippletree, 


Whiffletree. 


Swap, 

Swart (adj.), or 


Swop. 
Swarth. 


Tricolor. 
Trihedral, 


%££• ™ P po„nni,, 


( Whippowill. 
} Whipperwill. 


Swathe (band- ) 
age,) or j 


Swath. 


Trod, 


Trode. Whisky, or 


Whiskey. 


Trousers, or 


Trowsers. Whoop, 


fHoop. 


Swiple, 


Swipel, Swipple. 


Troweled, or 


Trowelled. Whooping-cough, 


fHooping-cough. 


Swob, -ber, &c.,or 


Swab, -ber, &c. 


Truckle-bed, 


Trundle-bed. Whortleberry, 


Huckleberry. 


Swollen, 


Swoln. 


Tryst, 


Trist. Widgeon, 


Wigeon. 


Syenite, 


Sienite. 


Tumbrel, or 


Tumbril. Willful, -ly, -ness 


or Wilful, -ly, -ness. 


Sylvan, 


Silvan. 


Tumor, 


Tumour. Windlass, 


Windlas, Wind- 


Symploce, 


Simploce. 


Tunneled, -ing, or 


Tunnelled, -ling. Wintery, 


Wintry, [laca 


Synonym, 


Synonyme. 


Turquois, 


Turkois, Turcois. Wiry, 


fWiery. 


Syphilis, 


Siphihs. 


Turnip, 


Turnep. Witch-elm, 


Wych-elm. 






Turnsole, 


Turnsol. Witch-hazel, 


Wych -hazel. 


m 


Tutenag, 


Tutenague. Withe, 


With (n.). 




* • 


Tweedle, 


Twiddle. Wivern, or 


Wyvern. 


Tabard, Tabert, 


Taberd. 


Twibil, 


Twibill. Wizard, 


fWisard. 


Tabbinet, 


Tabinet. 


Tymbal, 


Timbal. Wizen, 


Wizzen, Weazen. 


Tabor, &c, 


Tabour, &c. 


Tyro, 


tTiro. Woe, 


Wo. 


Taffeta, or 


Taffety. 




Woful, or 


Woeful. 


Taffrail, 


Tafferel. 


•wj Wondrous, 


tWonderous. 


Tailage, Talliage, 


Taillage, Tallage 




* Woodbine, 


tWoodbind. 


Talc, 


Talk, Talck. 


Umber, 


Umbre. Woolen, -ette, or 


Woollen, -ette. 


Tallness, 


fTalness. 


Unbiased, 


Unbiassed. Worshiper ,-ed, &c 


., or Worshipper, -ped. 


Tambour, 


Tambor. 


Unboweled, or 


Unbowelled. Wrack, 


Wreck (rfe/. 4). 




( Tambourin, Tarn- and others of the same class. Wye, or 


Y. 


Tambourine, 


X borine, Tam- 


Unroll, 


Unrol. 






( barine. 


Until, 


Untill. 


Y. 


Tarantula. 


Tarentula. 








Tarpaulin, 


{ Tarpauling, 
( Tarpawling. 


tt Yataghan, 
v * Yaup, 


Ataghan. 
Yaulp. 


Tasseled, -ing, or 


Tasselled, -ling. 


Vaivode, or 


Waiwode. lawl(w.), 


tYaul. 


Tasses, Tassets, 


Tasces. 


Valise, 


Vallise. [-ously.Yelk, or 


Yolk. 


Taut (IVav.), 


Taught. 


Valor, -ous, -ously 


Valour, -ous. Yttria, -urn, 


Ittria, -um. 


Tawny, 


Tawney. 


Vantbrace, 


Vantbrass, Vam- 




Tease, 


Teaze. 


Vapor, 


Vapour. [brace. 


z. 


Teasel, 


Teasle, Teazle. 


Vat, 


fFat. 




Teetotal, 


Teatotal. 


Veil, 


Vail. Zaffer, Zaffar, 


Zaffir, Zafifre. 


Tenable, 


Tenible. 


Vedette, 


Vidette. Zinc, 


Zinck. 


Tenor, 


Tenour. 


Vender, or 


Vendor. Zinciferous, or 


Zinkiferous. 


Tenuirosters, 


Tenuirostres. 


Venomous, 


•jVenemous. Zonnar, 


Zonar. 


Terror, 


tTerrour. 
C 


Veranda, 


Verandah. Zymometer, 


Zumometer. 





PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



PREFIXES. 



A. 

Aj a prefix to many English words, is in some cases a 
contraction of the prepositions on, in, at, of, to, for ; as 
in ttsleep for in sleep or on sleep, ablaze for in a blaze, 
aboard for on board, afoot for on foot, aground for on the 
ground, adays for on days, ado for to do, await for wait 
for. In other cases, it is contracted from the A.-S. in- 
separable particle ge- (in Gothic ga-), which forms verbs 
from verbs, substantives, adjectives, and is a sort of aug- 
ment to the past participle. Jn some cases, it only in- 
creases the force of the word, without any essential addi- 
tion of meaning, as in afar. — In some words of Greek 
origin, a is privative, giving to them a negative sense ; as 
in apathetic : before a vowel it becomes an ; as in an- 
onymous, from ovofia, name. In a few words of Latin 
origin, it is another form of the prefix ab (q. v.) ; as in 
avert. 

Ab, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin preposi- 
tion, as in abduct, is the same as the Greek oltto, Skr. 
apa, Goth, af, A.-S. and Eng. of. It denotes from, sep- 
aration, or departure. Before c and t, it is generally 
changed into abs, as in abscess, abscond, abstain, abs- 
temious. See A. 

Ad. [Cf. W. at, to, toward, Goth., Icel., and Eng. at.] 
A Latin preposition, signifying to, as in adhere. — In 
composition, the last letter is usually changed into the 
first letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus for 
adclamare, the Romans wrote acclamare ; for adgrediere, 
ag-grediere ; for adfirmare, a/firmare ; for adlegere, al- 
legere ; for adponere, apponere ; for adripere, ampere ; 
for adseribere, ascribere ; for adtinere, aftinere. 

Al. 1. In Arabic, an article or inseparable prefix, an- 
swering to the Italian il, and the Sp. el. Its use is to 
render nouns definite, like the English the; as. Alk.oran, 
the Koran, or the Book, by eminence ; alcove, alchemy, 
alembic, almanac, &c. 

2. A form of the Latin prefix ad. See Ad. 

Amb. [Lat. ambi, amb, am, an (as in an?bidens, am- 
bages, araicire, anhelare), Gr. ajui^t, A.-S. emb, ymb, N. 
H. Ger. um.] About; around; — a prefix used in com- 
position in words derived from the Latin ; as in ambient, 
ambition, &c. 

Am'phi, n. [Gr. a\x^>C. See supra.] A prefix in words 
of Greek origin, signifying about, around, on both sides, 

_on all sides, &c. ; as in amphibious, amphitheater. 

A'na. [Gr. avd.] A prefix in words from the Greek, 
denoting on, upon, upward, up to, throughout, backward, 
back to, again, previously, or against; as in analogy, 
analytic, anatomy. 

Ant-, I [Gr. avTL, against.] A prefix in many words 

An'ti-. ) from the Greek, meaning against, over against, 
or opposed to ; as in antarctic, antidote, antipathy, an- 
tithesis. 

An'te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. avri, A.-S. & Goth. 
and (cf. Answer) ; much used in the composition of 
English words, especially in words from the Latin and 
Greek languages. It signifies before in place, in front; 
and figuratively, before in time. Examples are ante- 
_chamber, antecedent, antediluvian. 

A'po. [Gr. ano. See Ab.] A Greek preposition used in 
composition, and signifying from, away from, off, or 
asunder; as in apoplexy, apothecary, apologue. 

B. 

Be prefix, a3 in because, before, beset, bedeck, become, is 
originally the same word as by; A.-S. be and b\ or big, 
Goth. bi. It denotes nearness, closeness, about, on, at, 
and generally has an intensive force, though it is some- 
times apparently insignificant. 

Bl. [From Lat. bis, twice, which in composition drops 
the 5.] 1. In most branches of science, bi in composi- | 



tion denotes two, twice, doubly ; as, bi dentate, two- 
toothed ; biternate, doubly ternate, &c. 

2. (Chem.) Bi in composition denotes that the com- 
pound contains two parts or equivalents of the first- 
mentioned ingredient to one of the other; thus, a bi- 
chromate of potash contains two parts of chromic acid to 
one of potash. 
Bis, adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for duis, from duo, two, like 
bellum from duellum.] Twice. See Bi. 



Cat/a. [Gr. Kara..] The Latin and English form of a 
Greek preposition used in composition to signify down,' 
downward , down upon, downright, completely , &c. ; as 
in cataclysm, catacomb, catalogue, cataract. It some- 
times drops the final vowel, as in catoptric ; and is some- 
times changed to cath, as in cataartic, cataolic. 

Qir'-eum« [Accusative of circus, a circle, Gr. /ctp/cos.] A 
Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English 
words ; as in circumscribe, circumsnect, circumvent. In 
circuit, circuitous, &c, the m is dropped. 

•Com- or -Con-. [The same as cum, which is akin to Gr. 
o-uv, old Attic £vv.] A Latin preposition signifying with 
or against, used in composition as an inseparable prefix. 
The form com is used before the labials b, p, and on, and 
con before the other consonants. Before I, however, con 
or com is changed into col, as in collect, from colligere; 
before r into cor, as in corrupt, from corrumpere, cor- 
ruptum ; while before a vowel or h, the n or m is dropped, 
as in co-operate, coalesce, cohabit, &c. 

Con'tra. A Latin preposition, signifying against, in op- 
position, entering into the composition of some English 
words : as, contradict, contravene, &c. It is properly 
the ablative of an adjective, conterus (formed from con, 
with), which is not in use. In old English, it took the 
form counter ; as in counteract. 

Co. See Con. 

Coun'ter. See Contra. 



D. 



De. A Latin prefix denoting a moving from, separation ; 
as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. Hence, 
it often expresses a negative, as in arrange. Sometimes 
it augments the sense, as in deprave, despoil. It coin- 
cides nearly in sense with the French des and Latin clis. 

Di. 1. [Gr. Sis, twice.] In chemistry, a prefix denoting 
two equivalents of the substance indicated by the noun 
following that of which the prefix forms a part ; as, bi- 
chloride of mercury ; i. e., a compound formed of two 
equivalents of mercury and one of chlorine. 
2. See DIS. 

Dl'a. [Gr. did, akin to Lat. dis.] A prefix denoting 
through, right through; as in diameter, diagram, dia- 
logue. 

Dis (91). A prefix or inseparable preposition, from the 
Latin (whence Fr. des), denoting separation, a parting 
from, as in distribute, disconnect ; hence it generally has 
the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, dis- 
oblige, disagree. It sometimes passes into the forms di 
and dif; as in divert, differ, diffuse. 

Dys-. An inseparable prefix, from the Greek 8v<r-, hard, 
ill, and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, unlucky, 
dangerous, and the like ; as in dysentery, dysnensy. 



E. 



See Ex. 



E. A Latin prefix ; the same as Ex. 
Em. See En. 

En. A prefix to many English words, chiefly borrowed 
from the French ; as in enchant, enamor, encore, &c • It 



PREFIXES. 



coincides -with the Latin in, Gr. ev ; and some Euglish 
words are written indifferently with en or in. For ease 
of pronunciation, it is changed to em, particularly be- 

^fore a labial, as in employ, empower. 

Ep, I [Gr. int. See OB.] A prefix, signifying on, above, 

fip'I. J toward, by, to, among, near, &c. ; as in epi- 
logue, epithet, &c. 

Eu. A prefix from the Gr. ev, well, used very frequently 
in composition, signifying well, easy, advantageous, 

^good, and the like ; as in ewlogy, ewphony, &c. 

Ex. A Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. e£ or e/c, signifying 
out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in composition, it 
signifies sometimes out of, as in exhale, exclude ; some- 
times off, from, or out, as in exscind ; sometimes beyond, 
as in excess, exceed, excel. In some words; it intensifies 
the meaning ; in others, it has little effect on the signi- 
fication. The x regularly remains only before the vowels 
and before c, A, p, q, s, t (example, exert, excel, exhaust, 
expend, exquisite, exsiccant, extort) ; it is assimilated to 
a following /(e/fusion), and drops away altogether before 
the other consonants (elect, event, edition, &c.) In a few 
words it changes into ec (eccentric). Prefixed to names of 
office, it denotes that a person has held that office, but 
has resigned it, or been left out, or dismissed ; as, ex- 

w chancellor, ex-president, and the like. 

Ex'tra. [Contracted from extern (parte), from exter, be- 
ing on the outside, from ex, out of, from. J A Latin 
preposition, denoting beyond or excess, often used in 
composition as a prefix signifying outside of, or beyond 
the limits or jurisdiction of that denoted by the word to 
which it is joined ; as in extradition, extravagant. 

F. 

For. [A.-S. for, fore, Goth. faur,faura, allied to Lat.pro, 
Gr. irpo, Skr. pra-.] As a prefix to verbs, for has usually 
the force of a negative or privative, denoting before, that 
is, against, or away, aside ; as in forhid, forsake, for- 
swear, forego. In a few cases, it is merely intensive, as 
in/orbathe. 

Fore. [A.-S. fore. See For.] An adjt ive much used 
in composition, to denote advancement in place or time ; 
as in/brebode, forefather, /breshorten. 

H. 

Hy'per. [Gr. vire'p, allied to Lat. super, Skr. vpare, Ger. 
iiber, Eng. over.] A prefix used in composition to denote 
excess, or something over or beyond ; as in %perbolical, 
hypertrophy. Sometimes it is used in the composition 
of chemical terms, instead of super, to denote excess, or 
that the substance first mentioned in the name of the 
compound enters in a greater proportion than the other ; 
as, hyper-oxide, one containing an excess of oxygen. 

Hy'po. A prefix from the Greek preposition vw6 [allied 
to Lat. sub, Skr. upar], under, beneath, and frequently 
used in composition to signify a less quantity, or a low 
state or degree of that denoted by the word with which it 
is joined, position unutr or beneath it, and the like ; as 
in A^pochondriac, hypostatic, hypothesis. In chemical 
language, prefixed to the name of a compound contain- 
ing oxygen, it designates another compound containing 
less oxygen ; as, hypo-nitrous acid, which coutains less 
oxygen than nitrous acid. 



II. A prefix, the form of in when used before words be- 
ginning with I. See In. 

Im. A prefix from the Lat. in, n being changed to m, for 
the sake of easy utterance, before a labial, as in imbibe, 
immense, impartial. The same prefix is sometimes used 
in compounds not of Latin origin, as in imbank, imbit- 
ter. For im, the French write em, which is used in 
words introduced into the English from the French 
language. See Em. 

tn. 1.. [Allied to Gr. iv, Skr. ina.] A prefix from the 
Latin in, often used in composition, and signifying with- 
in, into, or among, as in -inbred, mease, or serving to 
render emphatic the sense of the word to which it is 
prefixed, as in inclose, increase. — In, before I, is changed 
into il, as in illusion ; before r } into ir, as in irregular ; 
before a labial, into im, as in imbitter, immaterial, im- 
patient. 

ti. [Allied to Eng. un. See UN.] A Latin particle of 
negation ; as in inactive, incapable. Before b and p, it 
becomes im; before I, m, r, the n assimilates itself to 



XXXV 

these consonants. In a few words in is changed into ig,- 

„ as in ignoble, ignorant. 

In'ter. [From in, with an adverbial ending.] A Latin 
preposition, signifying among or between; — used as a 

w prefix ; as in intercept, interfere, interrupt. 

In'tro. [Lat., contr. from intero (loco)]. A prefix signi- 
fying within, into, in, and the like ; as in introduce, in- 
tromission. 

M. 

Met/a. [Gr. ^era, allied to jueVos. Lat. medius, Eng. 
mid, middle.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signi- 
fying in the midst of; also, beyond, over, after, behind 
ivith, between, reversely; as in metaphor, metaphysics' 
metamorphose. 

Mis. [A.-S., Icel., and Goth, missa-, having the same ori- 
gin with the verb to miss.] A prefix denoting error, 
wrong, defect, unlikeness, and the like j as in mistake, 
mismanage, mispronounce, mistrust. 



N6n, adv. [Lat. non, 0. Lat. ncenu, nenu, ncenum, nen- 
um, from ne-anum, or ne-vnum, not one.] Not ; — used 
in English as a prefix, generally and properly to sub- 
stantives and verbs only, giving them a negative sense, 
ordering and varying their meaning, as do the prefixes 
un and in those of adjectives; as, non-residence, non- 
performance ; also, in some cases, prefixed to adjectives ; 
as, non-acid, non-electric. 

O. 

Ob. [Kindred with Gr. int.] A Latin preposition, signi- 
fying, primarily, in front, before, and hence against, 
toward ; as in oojicere, to object, i. e., to throw against. 
In composition, the letter 6 is often changed into the 
first letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; as in oc- 
casion, offer, oppose. It means reversed or back in obo- 
vate, occiput, &c, and often on or in. 



Par'a. [Gr., prob. akin to Lat. prse and prseter.] A prep- 
osition, used in composition, and signifying beside, to 
the side of, to, amiss, wrong (like for in /erswear, &c), 
beyond, contrary to, &c. ; as in paradox, paragon, paral- 
ysis, parasite. It is sometimes contracted into par; as 
in parody, paroxysm, &c. 

Per. A Latin preposition often used in composition as a 
prefix denoting through, passing, or over the whole ex- 
tent; as in perambulate, perfunctory, persecute. It is 
used, in chemistry, with the signification very, fully, or 
to the utmost extent ; as in peroxide, a substance oxidated 
to the utmost degree. 

Per'i. [Gr. wept, Skr. pari.] A prefix used in many 
words derived from the Greek, and signifying with, 
around, about, near, and the like ; as in pericarp, period, 
periphrase. 

Post. A Latin preposition, much used in composition as 
a prefix, signifying after ; as in postpone, postscript. 

Pre. An English form of the Latin prefix prse, before, 
originally dat. f., answering to pro, as dat. m., of per, 
through. It expresses priority of time, place, or rank ; 
as in preclude, predict, prefer, preponderate. It some- 
times signifies beyond, and may be rendered very, as in 
prepotent. 

Pre'ter. A prefix, from the Lat. prseter (from prrn, with 
the adverbial termination ter), used in the composition 
of some English words, and having the signification of 
past, beyond ; hence, beside, more ; as, preterit, pretermit, 
preternatural. 

Pro. [Originally neuter dative for proi, Gr. npo.] A 
Latin preposition, used in composition as a prefix, and 
denoting fore, forth, Jorward ; as in produce, project, 
profess, promise, protract. 

Pros. [Gr. 7rpo9, Cf. Skr. prati.] A Greek preposition, 
used in composition, and signifying motion towards, a, 
being on, at, by, or beside, a remaining beside, and hence 
connection and engagement with any thing ; as in pros- 
elyte, prosody, &c. 

Pseu'clo (su'do). [From Gr. \pev$rj<;, lying, false, from 
^/evSeLv, to belie.] A prefix used in words from the Greek, 
and signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, or spurious ; 
as, pseitao-martyr, psewdo-philosophy, pseudonym. 



< 



SUFFIXES. 



E. 

Ba. See RE. 

Ee. A prefix or inseparable particle in the composition 
of words, denoting return, repetition, iteration; as in 
recur, reduce, refrain. It is abbreviated from red, which 
the Latins retained in words beginning with a vowel, as 
in reeftmere, redlre, reolntegrare. From the Latin the 
Italians, Spanish, and French have also the prefix ra, 
which is found in some English words derived from these 
languages. 

Ke'tro. [Lat., from re and the adverbial termination 
ter.] A prefix in words from the Latin, signifying back 
or backward; as in retrocede, retrospect. 

S. 

So. [Orig. form of sine.] An inseparable preposition used 
in some words from the Latin, and signifying without, 
aside, by itself; as in secure, seduce, seclude, &c. 

Si'ne. A Latin preposition, signifying without:, and used 
in composition; as, sinecure. It drops the final e in 
sincere, and also changes the n into m in simple. 

Step. [A.-S. steop, from steopan, stepan, 0. H. Ger. 
stiufan, to bereave.] A prefix used in composition be- 
fore father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, 
&c, to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a 
blood-relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a 
parent. 

Sub. [Allied to Gr. vno.] A Latin preposition, denoting 
under or below, used in English as a prefix, to express an 
inferior position or intention, and also a subordinate de- 
gree, or imperfect state of a quality. Before c, f, g, p, r, 
and m, the b is changed into those letters, as in succeed, 
suffer, suggest, suppose, surrogate, and summon. 

iKf- When prefixed to the name of a chemical compound, 
stib denotes that this, if an oxysalt, contains a less number of 
equivalents of the acid than of the base, or that the base is a 
sub-oxide; or, if it is a haloid suit, or analogous compound, 
that the electro-negative is in a smaller proportion than the 
electro-positive constituent, or is combined with it in the 
smallest proportion possible; as in SM&-bromide, s«6-iodide, &c. 

Sub'ter. [From sub and the adverbial termination ter.] 
A Latin preposition, signifying under, used as a prefix in 
English with the same meaning as sub ; but it is less 
general in its application ; as in subterfuge. 

Su'per. A Latin preposition (same as Greek virep), used 
as a prefix, and signifying above, over, or in excess; as in 
superfine, superintend, supervise. 



Sii'pra. [Orig. supera, from super.] A Latin preposition, 
signifying above, over, or beyond; used in composition ; 
as in supr alapsarian. 

Sur. A prefix, from the French, contracted from the 
Latin super, supra, and signifying over, above, beyond, 
upon ; as in surcharge, surmount, surprise. 

Syn. A prefix from the Greek preposition trdv ( the Lat. 
cum, akin to Lat. simul, Skr. sa-, sam), with, along 
with, together with, at the same time ; as in synonym, 
syntax, synthesis. Before b, m, p, ph, it changes into 
sym (symbol, symmetry, sympathy, symphony); before 
I into syl (sytlogism) ; and sometimes the n is dropped, 
as in system. 

T. 

Tran§. A Latin preposition, used in English as a prefix, 
signifying over, beyond, through, on the other side ; as in 
transalpine, beyond the Alps. Hence, in a moral sense, 
it denotes a complete change ; as, to transform. It some- 
times drops the two last consonants ; as in traduce. 

TrI. A prefix, signifying three, thrice, from Gr. Tpi'?, 
thrice, rpets, rpia, Lat. tres, tria, three ; as in triangle, 
trident, triennial. 

TJ. 

Ul'tra. [Lat., orig. fem. of ulter, being beyond, from uls t 
beyond.] A prefix from the Latin, having in composition 
the signification beyond, on the other side, chiefly when 
joined with words expressing relations of place ; as, ultra- 
marine, ultra-m on tane, &c. In other relations, it has 
the sense of excessively, exceedingly , beyond what is com- 
mon, natural, right, or proper ; as, uttra-conservative, 
uZtra-despotic, &c. 

ttn. [A.-S. un, and sometimes on, Goth, tin, Icel. d, allied 
to Gr. av, a, Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] A negative prefix at- 
tached at will to almost any English adjective, or parti- 
ciple used adjectively, and to less numerous classes of 
nouns and verbs. See UN in the Dictionary. 



W. 



With. [See in Dictionary.] An English preposition, 
sometimes used in composition, and signifying opposition, 
privation, separation, or departure ; as in wuf/idraw, 
withstand, withhold. 



SUFFIXES. 



A«. [Gr. -0x6?.] A suffix signifying of or pertaining to ; 
as in demoniac, hypochondriac. 

Age. [Fr.] A termination of nouns having a collective 
or abstract meaning; as, advantage, average, herbage, 
foliage, pillage. 

Al. [Lat. -alls.] A termination of words from the Latin 
denoting of or pertaining to ; as, annual, cordial, final, 
legal, martiat. See CAL. 

An. [Lat. -anus.] A termination of some nouns and ad- 
jectives from the Latin, denoting office, profession, or 
character, as, Christian, commedian, tragedian, elysian, 
tertian. 

Ance, ) [Lat. -antia.] Terminations of nouns having 

An-cy. J an abstract signification ; as, elegance, abund- 
ance, brilliancy, vacancy. 

Ant. [Lat. -ans, -antis.] A termination of adjectives 
from the Latin, as, vagrant ; and of nouns denoting the 
doer of a thing ; as, assistant, commandant. 

Ar. [Lat. -aris. ] A termination of adjectives derived from 
the Latin, and denoting of or pertaining to ; as, angular, 
Jocular, perpendicular, similar. 

Ard, the termination of many English words, is taken 
from the Goth, hardus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, 
and appears in proper names ; as, Renard, strong in 
counsel: Goddard, strong in, or through, God ; Bernard, 
strong like a bear, &c. We find it also in appellatives, 



usually with a bad signification ; as in drunkaro", dotara*, 
bastard, niggard, braggart, &c. 

A-ry. [Lat. -arius.] A termination of adjectives from 
the Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as, auxiliary, 
military, &c. ; and of nouns, denoting the doer of a 
thing ; as, adversary, mercenary, &c. 

Ate. [Lat. -atus.] A termination, 1. Of verbs, as, de- 
liberate, initiate ; 2. Of adjectives, as, moderate, ulti- 
mate ; 3. Of nouns, denoting (a.) office or dignity, as, 
pontificate; (b.) the possessor of such office or dignity, 
as, magistrate, delegate/ (c.) salts containing more than 
one degree of oxygen, as, sulphate, phosphate. 

B. 

Ble. [Lat. bilis.] A termination of adjectives derived 
from the Latin, or formed on the same model, and signi- 
fying capable of being or worthy to be ; as, flexiWe, mu- 
t&ble, sensiWe, warrantao/e. 

C. 

-€al. [Lat. -cus.] A termination of adjectives derived 
from the Latin or following the analogy of such, and sig- 
nifying of or pertaining to ; as, anatomicat, comical, mag- 
ical, practical, technical. 



SUFFIXES. 



XXXVll 



D. 



Dom. A termination denoting jurisdiction, or property 
and jurisdiction. It was originally doom (q. v.), judg- 
ment ; as in kingdom, earldom. Hence it is used to de- 
note state, condition, or quality ; as in wisdom, freedom. 

E. 

E-an. [Gr. -aios, or -eios, Lat. -seus, -eus.] A termina- 
tion of adjectives derived from Greek adjectives, or formed 
on the pattern of such adjectives ; as, cerulean, hercule- 
an, hyperborean. 

Ee. A termination of nouns, denoting one on or to ivhom 
something is done ; as, appellee, donee, referee, trustee. 

Eer. See Ier. 

En. A plural termination of nouns and of verbs formerly 
in use, as, iu housen, escapen; and retained in oxen 
and children. It is also stiil used as the termination of 
some verbs, as in hearken, from the Saxon infinitive. It 
is also used to form from nouns adjectives expressing the 
material of which a thing is made; as, leaden, wooden, 
golden. 

£nce, 1 [Lat. -entia.] A termination of abstract nouns 

En-cy. .1 from the Latin, or of nouns that follow the 
analogy of nouns so derived; as, abstinence, circumfer- 
ence, reticence, agency, contingency. 

Ent. [Lat. -ens, -entis.] A termination of nouns from 
the Latin, denoting the dotr of a thing ; as, dependent, 
recipient, student; or of participial adjectives ; as, ferv- 
ent, ardent. 

Er. A termination of many English words, and the 
Teutonic form. of the Latin cr. It denotes an agent, and 
was originally of the masculine gender, but is now ap- 
plied to men or things indifferently ; as in hater, farmer, 
heater, grater. At the end of names of places, er signi- 
fies a man of the place ; thus, Londoner is the same as 

w London man. 

Es'cent. [Lat. -escens, -escentis.] A termination of par- 
ticipial adjectives from the Latin, denoting jirogression, 
growing, or becoming ; as convalescent, putrescent, qui- 

^escent. 

Ess. [Fr., from Lat. ix.] A termination of nouns fem- 
inine, distinguishing them from correspondent nouns 
masculine ; as, authoress, lioness, negress, shepherdess. 

F. 

Eul. [The same as full.] A termination of adjectives 
denoting plenitude, and generally formed from substan- 
tives; as, artful, beautiful, -peaceful. 

Ey. [Lat. facere, fieri, i'r.Jier.] A termination of verbs, 
denoting to make, to become ; as, amplify, deify, grati/i/, 
liquefy, rarefy. 



H. 



Hood. [A.-S. had, from had, state, sex, order, degree, 
person, form, manner, Goth, haiitus.] A termination 
denoting state or fixedness, condition, quality, character, 
totality ; as in manhood, childhood, knighthood , brother- 
hood. Sometimes it is written head; as in maiden/ieac/, 
god/iead. 



te. [Gr. -i/co?, Lat. -icus.] A termination of adjectives 

denoting of or pertaining to; as, authentic, concentric, 
^ magnetic, seraphic, 
les. A termination of nouns, plural in form but singular 

in signification, applied to certain arts or sciences; as, 

optics, mathematics. 
Id. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of adjectives denoting 

quality ; as, acid, liquid, rigid, sordid. 
Ier, ) [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A termination of nouns denoting 
Eer. ) men from their occupations or employment ; as, 

brigadier, cavalier, mountaineer, volunteer. 
lie. [Lat. -His.] A termination of adjectives from the 

Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as agi7e, dociVe, 

fragile, versatile. 
Ine. [Lat. -inus ] A termination of adjectives from the 

Latin, denoting of or pertaining to ; as, adamantine, fem- 

inine, pristine. 
Ion. [Lat. -io, gen. -ionis.] A termination of abstract 



nouns derived from the Latin, or formed after the same 
apology ; as in ambition, conception, probation, eva- 

w sion, version, crucifixion. 

Ish. [A.-S. isc, Goth, isk, N.II. Ger. isch.] A termination 
of English words denoting diminution, or a small degree 
of the quality ; as, -whitish, from white; jellowis/i, from 
yellow. Ish annexed to proper names forms a possessive 
adjective, as in Swedish, Banish, huglish. Annexed to 
common nouns, it forms an adjective denoting a partici- 
pation of the qualities expressed by the noun ; as foolisn, 

w from fool; roguish, from rogue; hrutish, from brute. 

I§m. [Gr. -io-/ao5.] A termination of nouns from the 
Greek, or of nouns formed on the same model as these, 
denoting action or an active faculty, biing, or a slate of 
being, viewed abstractly; as, atheism, catechism, hero 

w ism, mechanism, sophism. 

1st. [Gr. -icrrrjs.] A termination of nouns denoting men 
from their occupations, pursuits, or principles ; as, bap- 
tist, chemist, eulogist, theist. 

Ite. [Lat. -itus.] A termination of nouns and adjectives ; 
as, appetite, exquisite, favorite. It is often used to form 
collective or gentile names ; as, bedlamite, Jacobite. In 
names of minerals it is derived from the Gr. At'tfos, a 
stone ; as, steatite. 

T-ty. See Ty. 

Ive. -[Lat. -it'MS.] A termination, denoting ability , pow- 
er cr activity, of nouns and adjectives from the Latin ; as, 

_ authoritative, incentive, persuasive, vindictive. 

Ize, I [Gr. -i£eii>.] A termination of verbs from the Greek, 

Ise. ) or of verbs formed on the same model, and de- 
moting to make, to cause to be, to become ; as, agonize, 
characterize, tantalize, criticise, exorcise. 

K. 

Kin. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, offspring, race ; Goth. 
kuni, Icel. kyn, aliied to Lat. genus, Gr. ■y e '" s> yovog.] 
A diminutive termination of English words, denoting 
small, from the sense of child ; as in lamb&in, manmirin, 
napkin, pipkin. 



L. 



Ee. A diminutive termination; as in crumbZe, bundle, 
girdie, joggle, fondle, dinip/e, throttle. 

Less. A terminating syllable of many nouns and some 
adjectives. It is the A.-S. leas, Goth. Idus, allied to Eng. 
loose, fr. A.-S. leosan, Goth, liusan, Eug. lose. Hence 
it is a privative word, denoting destitution ; as, a witZess 
man, a man destitute of wit ; childless, without children ; 
fatherless,' faithless ; penniless; lawless. 

Eet. [French dim. termination et, as in islet, eaglet, cir- 
clet, goblet, floweret, baronet, with I inserted, as in stream- 
let, branchlet, ringlet.] A termination of diminutives ; as, 
hamlet, a little house ; rivulet, a small stream. 

Eing. [A.-S.] A termination denoting state, condition, 
offspring, or progeny ; as iu hire^in^-, earthling, world- 
Zing-, foundling, darling, firstling, underling, starling, 
ground-ling, gosling, sapling. 

Ey . [0. Eng. lich, being an abbreviation of A. Sax. lie, like, 
Goth, leiks, Icel. ligr, I'kr.] A termination of adjectives ; 
as in lovely, manly, that is, loxe-like, man-like. It is 
also a termination of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. lice, 
Goth. Itiko, Icel. liga]. 



M. 



Ment. A termination of nouns (formed often from verbs) j 
as, engagement, management, impediment. 

Mo-ny. [Lat. -monium, -monia.] A termination of 
nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active fac- 
ulty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly ; as, ali- 
mony, matrimony, testimony. 



N. 



Ness. [A.-S. ness, niss, Goth, nassus.] A termination of 
abstract names, denoting state or quality ; as in blindness, 
goodness, greatness, sweetness. 



O. 



Oek. [A.-S. ca or -uca.] A diminutive termination of 
nouns ; as in bullock, hillock, mattock, paddock. 

Or. A termination of Latin nouns, denoting an agent; 
as in actor, creditor. It is annexed to many words of 



XXXV111 



LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 



English origin ; as in lessor. In general, or is annexed 

to words of Latin, and er to chose of English, origin. See 

Er. 
O-ry. [Lat. -onus.] A termination of words from the 

Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to; as, amatory, conso- 
latory, promissory, satisfactory. 

Ose, I [Lat. -o.sus, -us.] A' termination of English adjec- 
Ous. ) tives, many of which are derived directly from 

the Latin ; as, dubious, conscious, atrocious, operose, 

verbose. 

R. 

Ki-e. [Goth, reiki, dominion, A.-S. rice, or ric ; from the 
same root as Lat. regere, to rule, and region.] A termi- 
nation signifying jurisdiction, or a district over which 
government is exercised ; as, bishopric. 



S. 



Ship. [A.-S. scipe, scype, from scyppan, sceppan, to 
mold, form, shape.] A termination denoting state, office, 
dignity, profession, or art ; as in lordship, friendship, 
chancellors/*//*, stewards/*?/), horsemans/n/>. 

Some. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sama, like, the same.] A ter- 
mination of certain adjectives. It indicates a considera- 
ble degree of the thing or quantity ; as, mettlesome, full 
of mettle or spirit ; gladsome, very glad or joyous. 

Ster. [A.-S. estre, istre.] A termination, as in drugs^er, 
gamesfer, songster, spinster, denoting skill or occupation. 
It was originally applied to denote the female agent in 
an action. Thus, songster signified, at first, a female 
who sings; but the ending ster having at length, in a 
measure, lost its peculiar force, the feminine termination 



ess was appended to it ; thus, songster became songs*re« 
with a double ending. 



T, ) [A.-S.] A termination of abstract nouns of Anglo- 

Tli. ) Saxon origin ; as, depth, growth, strength, weaftA, 
drift, gift, theft. 

Tion. See ION. 

Tu.de. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination of abstract nouns 
from the Latin, signifying action or an active faculty, 
being, or a state of being; as, amplitude, fortftutfe, grati- 
tude, solitude. 

Ty. [Lat. -tas, -tatis, Fr. te.] A termination of words 
denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of 
being, viewed abstractly; as, antiquity, difficulty, hu- 
mility, necessity. 

U. 

Ure. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of words derived from 
the Latin (often through the Italian or French), and 
denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of 
being, viewed abstractly ; as, creature, fracture, legis- 
lature, nature, superstructure. 



W. 

"Ward, or Wardg. [A-S. -weard, -weardes ; Goth. 
v'airlhs, allied to Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.] 
A suffix used in the composition of a large class of words, 
and denoting direction, or tendency to, motion toward, 
and the like ; as, in upward, onwards. 



LANGUAGES KINDEED TO THE ENGLISH. 



§ 1. Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Indo-European. The 
English language is the descendant and representative of 
the Anglo-Saxon. It has lost very much of the inflection, 
and very many of the words, which belonged to the parent 
language ; and, on the other hand, it has borrowed words 
very largely, to the extent even of half its vocabulary, 
from other languages, especially the French and the Latin. 
Yet all the inflections that remain in it, and most of its 
formative endings, the pronouns and particles, and, in gen- 
eral, the words which are in most freauent and familiar 
use, have come to it from the Anglo-Saxon. With all its 
mixture of foreign elements, it is still a Teutonic language, 
like the German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and others. 
These again make one branch in that great family of lan- 
guages, which, as it extends from India westward, and cov- 
ers nearly the entire area of Europe, is called Indo-Euro- 
pean. Among all families of kindred tongues, the Indo- 
European is pre-eminent, both for the perfection of its or- 
ganic structure, and for the value of its literary monuments. 
The parent of the whole family, the one primitive Indo- 
European language, has left no such monument of itself; 
but its forms and roots may be made out, to a great ex- 
tent, by the scientific comparison of the languages which 
are descended from it. The main branches of the Indo- 
European family are the following : — 

§ 2. I. The Indian. The Sanskrit of the four Vedas, 
the sacred books of the Brahman religion, is more ancient 
than the common or classical Sanskrit. Even the latter 
had ceased to be the language of common life as early as 
the third century before Christ. It was succeeded by the 
Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Pali, is the sacred lan- 
guage of the Buddhists in Ceylon and Further India. 
These, in their turn, were succeeded by the modern idioms 
of Northern Hindustan, the Bengali, Marat hi, Guzerathi, 
and others. The Hindustani (or Urdu), formed in the 
camps and courts of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, 
is largely intermixed with Persian and Arabic. The widely- 
scattered Gypsies speak, with great diversity of dialect, a 
language which is clearly of Indian stock. 

§ 3. II. The Iranian. To this branch belong, 1. The 
Zend, which is believed to have been the language of an- 
cient Bactria, and is preserved in the Avesta, or sacred 
writings of the Parsis. 2. The Old Persian, which is seen 
in the cuneiform (or arrow-headed) inscriptions of Darius 



and Xerxes. The modern Persian has lost nearly all the 
ancient inflection, and with the Mohammedan religion has 
adopted a multitude of words from the Arabic. Other lan- 
guages belonging to this branch are those of the Kurds, the 
Afghans, the Ossetes (in the Caucasus), and the ancient and 
modern Armenians. The Indian and Iranian are often 
classed together as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan 
branch of our family. 

§ 4. III. The Greek. Of its numerous dialects, the 
first to receive literary culture was the Old Ionic or Epic, 
followed by the JEolic, the Doric, the New Ionic, and finally 
the Attic, which became at length, though with some change 
of form, the common language of literature and society. 
It is represented now by the Romaic or Modern Greek. 
The Albanian, spoken in a large part of modern Greece, is 
supposed to be a descendant of the ancient Illyrian. 

§ 5. IV. The Latin. This is often joined with the 
preceding, as the Greco-Latin, or Classical branch. Closely 
akin to Latin were the other Italian languages — the Os- 
can, Umbrian, etc. — in Central Italy. The modern de- 
scendants of the Latin are called the Romance languages. 
They are the Italian, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Pro- 
vencal (of Southern France, used in the middle ages as a 
literary language), and the French (originally the popular 
dialect of Northern France). All these contain a small 
proportion of Teutonic words, brought in by the barbarian 
conquerors of the Western Roman Empire. But another 
Romance language — that of the Wallac/iians, the descend- 
ants of the Romanized Dacians — is largely intermixed 
with borrowed words, taken chiefly from the neighboring 
Slavonic tribes. 

§6. V. The CELTIC. This branch is divided by strong- 
ly-marked differences into two sections: 1. The Gaelic, 
including the Irish (or native language of Ireland), the 
.Erse (or Highland Scotch), and the Manx (the corrupt id- 
iom of the Isle of Man). The last two are little more than 
dialects of the Irish. 2. The Cymric, including the Welsh 
(or native language of Wales), the Cornish (which was 
spoken in Cornwall, but went out of use in the last cent 
ury), and the Armorican (spoken in the French province 
of Britanny, the ancient Armorica). The oldest manuscript 
specimens of the Gaelic belong to the close of the eighth 
century : for the Cymric , the oldest which are at all copi- 
ous, aiv "Miree or four centuries later. 



LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 



XXXIX 



§ 7. VI. The Slavonic. The earliest monument is the 
version of the Bible, made in the ninth century, by the 
Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, into the Old 
Slavonic, the idiom spoken by the Bulgarians of that time. 
This widely-diffused class of languages divides itself into 
two principal sections : 1. The eastern and southern Sla- 
vonic, including the Russian, the Bulgarian, and the three 
lllyrian idioms, Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic. 2. The 
western Slavonic, including the Polish, the Bohemian ( with 
the Moravian and Slovack dialects), the Lusatian or Wen- 
dish, and the extinct Polabian. 

§ 8. VII. The Lithuanian. The language of Lithu- 
ania has no monuments older than the middle of the six- 
teenth century ; but it has preserved in a surprising degree 
the ancient inflection and structure. To the same stock 
belong the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, which is much 
less ancient in its form, and the Old Prussian, which was 
once spoken on the coast of the Baltic east of the Vistula, 
but became extinct in the seventeenth century. The con- 
nection between this and the preceding branch is such 
that they are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic 
languages. 

§9. VIII. The Teutonic. Here again the earliest 
monument is a version of the Bible, made by Ulfilas, an 
Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his native Gothic 
(or Mceso- Gothic), the language spoken at that time by ttie 
Goths on the Lower Danube. This work is preserved only 
in fragments, but these are of considerable extent, and are 
of inestimable value to the philologist. Among the Teu- 
tonic languages we distinguish, — 

§ 10. 1. The High Germanic, in upper or Southern 
Germany. The Old High German is seen in Otfrid's Krist. 
Notker's Translation of the Psalms, and other monuments, 
most of them in verse, from the eighth century to the end 
of the eleventh. The Middle High German, from the 
twelfth to the fifteenth century, has a rich poetical litera- 
ture, including the Nibelungen Not with its attendant 
epics, and the lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. The Nero 
High German is the language of Luther's Bible-version 
and of all German literature since the Reformation. 

§ 11. 2. The Low Germanic, in Northern Germany and 
the Netherlands. Here belong, (a.) The Friesic, which was 
once spoken along the whole northern coast of Germany, 
from the Elbe westward. Its early monuments consist 
almost wholly of laws, beginning with the fourteenth cen- 
tury. For a long time it has existed only as a popular 
idiom, and is now confined to a few small and scattered 
localities, (b.) The Anglo-Saxon (sometimes called simply 
Saxon), which in the fifth and sixth centuries was trans- 
planted from North-eastern Germany to Britain, and has 
had its subsequent development and history in that island, 
(c.) The Old Saxon, which was spoken in Northern Germany 
between the Rhine and the Elbe, south of the narrow sea- 
coast region, which was occupied by the Friesic. It is known 
almost solely from the Heliand (i. e., Savior), a metrical 
narration of the gospel history, preserved in manuscripts of 
the ninth century. The language of the Netherlands in 
the same period can not have differed much from the Old 
Saxon, which may be regarded as the common parent of 
the two following idioms, (d.) The Dutch, or Low Dutch, j 
spoken in Holland, and used in literature since the last 



part of the thirteenth century. The Flemish, spoken in 
Flanders, is a dialect of the Dutch, (e.) The Low German, 
strictly so called (or Plattdeutsch), the idiom of the com- 
mon people in Northern Germany. In the fourteenth and 
fifteenth centuries, it was used as a literary language ; but 
political circumstances, giving ascendency to the High Ger- 
man, have reduced it to the inferior position of a popular 
dialect. 

§ 12. 3. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse 
is also called Old Icelandic, as most of its abundant litera- 
ture (Eddas, Sagas, etc.) was composed in Iceland. Ihe 
oldest manuscripts in which it is preserved are of the thir- 
teenth century ; but many of its productions are of earlier 
origin, going back even to the heathen tines of Scandina- 
via. The modern Icelandic has adhered with rtmaikable 
fidelity to the forms of the ancient language. But the 
modern idioms of the Scandinavian mainland, the Kurdish, 
and, still more, the Danish (of which the Norwegian is 
only a dialect), have undergone extensive changes. 

§ 13. Languages not kindred to the English. The 
Indo-European family has no isolated domain, but comes 
in contact with various other families of languages. It is 
bounded along its v\hole northern frontier by the Tartaric 
(or Tataric) family (called also the Turanian, or the Altaic), 
which includes the numerous and widely-different languages 
of the Manchoos, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and 
Europe), the Magyars (in Hungary), the Finns, and a 
multitude of other tribes. To the south-east, it touches on 
the so-called Dravidian family, the Tamil and its sister 
idioms in Ceylon and Southern India. In South-western 
Asia it is in contact with a more remarkable family, — the 
Semitic, — including the Hebrew, fcyriac, Arabic, and 
Ethiopic, with their ancient and important literatures. 
Even in Scuth-western Europe, it is doubtful whether the 
ancient Etruscan belonged to our family. It is perfectly 
clear that the ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which 
was once the prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, 
and which still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in 
the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, or Euscarra). 
Whether the Indo-European has a primitive connection 
with any of the adjacent families, is a question which has 
not been, and perhaps never will be, decided by philologi- 
cal evidence. At all events, it is certain that between 
Welsh and Sanskrit, distant as they are in space and time, 
there is an infinitely closer connection than between the 
neighboring pairs of Russian and Finnish, German and 
Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true that some 
languages of our family have borrowed particular words 
from languages pf other families. The English, for ex- 
ample, has taken from the Hebrew such words as shekel, 
cherub, seraph, jubilee, pharisee, cabala, etc. ; and from 
some of them has formed derivatives, such as seraphic, 
jubilant, pharisaical, pharisaism, cabalist, cabalistical, etc. 
But this borrowing can only occur where there are histori- 
cal conditions that favor it: even then it has its limits and 
its distinctive marks, and must not be confounded with a 
radical affinity between two languages. All etymologizing 
which assumes or implies a radical affinity between English 
°.nd Hebrew, English and Finnish, or the like, is, in the 
present state of philology, unscientific and illusory. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. 



a. . stands for adjective. 

abbrev abbreviated. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adv adverb. 

Agric Agriculture. 

Am., Amer. . . .America, American. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Antiq Antiquities. 

aor aorist. 

Ar Arabic. 

Arch Architecture. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

Armor Armorican. 

A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Astron Astronomy. 

aug augmentative. 

Bib Biblical. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Carp Carpentry. 

Catal Catalan. 

Celt Celtic. 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Chald Chaldee. 

Cliem Chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

Ckron Chronology. 

Civ Civil. 

Colloq., coll. . .Colloquial, colloquially. 

Com Commerce, Common. 

comp compound, compound- 

compar comparative. [ed. 

Conch Conchology . 

conj conjunction. 

conlr contracted, contraction. 

Corn Cornish. 

corrupt corrupted, corruption. 

Copt Coptic. 

J> .....Butch. 

Dan Banish. 

dat dative. 

def. definition. 

dim diminutive. 

Eccl. . . . .Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl. Hist. . . .Ecclesiastical History. 

e. g exempli gratia (for ex- 

Elec Electricity. [ample). 

Eng England, English. 

Engin Engineering. 

Entom Entomology. 

equiv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

etym etymology. 

f. feminine. 

Fig Figurative, figuratively. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

Fr French. 

freq frequentative. 

fut future. 

Gael Gaelic. 

Galv Galvanism. 

gen generally, genitive. 

Geog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Ger German. 

Goth Gothic. 

Gr Greek. 

Gram Grammar. 

rxl) 



H. stands for High. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Her Heraldry. 

Hist History. 

Hort Horticulture. 

Hung Hungarian. 

hypoth hypothetical. 

Ichth Ichthyology. 

Icel Icelandic. 

i. e id est (that is). 

imp 4 m P ei, f ec *- 

inf. infinitive. 

intens intensive. 

inter j interjection. 

Ir Irish. 

It Italian. 

Join Joinery. 

L Low. 

hat Latin. 

Lit. , lit Literally, literally. 

Lit Literature. 

M. Middle. 

m masculine. 

Mach Machinery. 

Malay Malayan. 

Math Mathematics. 

Mech ■ Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Metal Metallurgy. 

Metaph Metaphysics. 

Meteor Meteorology. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

Mus .Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

N. New. 

n noun. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Naut Nautical. 

neut neuter. 

Norm. Fr. ...Norman French. 
Numis Numismatics. 

O Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

Opt Optics. 

orig original, originally. 

Ornith Ornithology. 

p participle. 

p. a participial adjective. 

Paint Painting. 

Paleon Paleontology. 

pass passive. 

Pathol Pathology. 

Per Persian. 

perh perhaps. 

pers person. 

Pg Portuguese. 

Philos Philosophy. 

Photog Photography. 

Phren Phrenology. 

Physiol Physiology. 

pi plural. 

Poet Poetry, poetical. 

Pol Polish. 

Polit. Econ. . .Political Economy. 

p. p participle past. 

p.pr participle present. 

Pr Provencal. 

pref. prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pret preterit. 



prin. stands for principally. 

Print Printing. 

priv privative. 

Prob., prob. ..probably. 
Pron.,pron... \ Pronunciation, pro- 
'•* I nounced; pronoun 

prop properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

q. v quod vide (which see). 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Rom. . Roman. 

Rom. Cath. . B.oman Catholic. 
Russ Russian. 

Sax Saxon. [stood) 

sc scilicet (being under- 

Scot Scotland, Scottish. 

Script Scripture, scriptural. 

Sculp Sculpture. 

sing singular. 

Skr „... Sanskrit. 

Slav Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

superl superlative. 

Surg Surgery. 

Surv Surveying. 

Sw Swedish. 

Syn S3 nonyms. 

Syr Syriac. 

term termination. 

Theol Theology. ' 

Trans Translation. 

Turk Turkish. 

Typog Typography. 

U.S United States. 

v verb. 

vb. n verbal noun. 

v.i verb intransitive. 

v. t .verb transitive. 

W. Welsh. 

Zo'dl Zoology. 

*#* In this Bictionary, words from 
foreign languages, both ancient and 
modern, are usually printed in Italics, 
though many of them are not ordi- 
narily so printed in other works ; as, 
Addendum, Alguazil, Alibi. 

%* Compound words, which in or- 
dinary writing and printing have their 
constituent parts separated by a hy- 
phen, are here distinguished from those 
which are usually and properly written 
and printed without one, by the use 
of a heavier hyphen than that em- 
ployed for the mere division of words 
into syllables ; as, Able-bodied. Words 
having prefixes or initial syllables which 
are commonly separated from the other 
syllables by a hjphen, are distinguished 
in the same way ; as, Re-enforce, 
Electro-magnetic. 

%* For the " KEY TO THE PRO- 
NUNCIATION ," see page vi. It is de- 
sirable that those who use this Bic- 
tionary should make themselves famil- 
iar with the Key, as they will then find 
it easy to understand the notation by 
which the pronunciation of every word 
is expressed. 



DICTIONAKY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



Al. The first letter of the alphabet in most of the 
• known languages of the earth. It is naturally the 
first letter, because it represents the first Tocal sound 
naturally formed by the organs of speech ; namely, that 
heard in far, mast, &c. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 2-8, 44, 
45. 2. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite 
article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. 
It is placed before nouns of the singular number denot- 
ing an individual object, before collective nouns, and also 
before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase 
great many is interposed. It is a contraction of the 
Anglo-Saxon an, or ane, one, and is substituted for an, 
for the sake of euphony, before all words beginning 
with a consonant sound, except words beginning with 
the sound of k and having the accent on any other 
syllable than the first ; as, a table, a woman, a year, a 
unit, a eulogy, a oneness, &c. Formerly, an was used 
before both vowel and consonant sounds. 3. (Mus.) The 
nominal of the sixth tone in the model major scale ( that in 
C), or of the first tone of the minor scale, which is named 
after it the scale in A minor. A sharp (A {), the name 
of a musical tone intermediate between A and B.— A fat 
(A \y), the name of a tone intermediate between A and G-. 

Aa-ron'i«, \ a. Pertaining to Aaron or to his priestly 

Aa-ron'ie-al, j office. 

A-baclt', adv. ( Naut. ) Backward, against the mast ; — 
said of the sails when pressed by the wind. 
Taken aback, taken by surprise ; unexpectedly baffled. 

Ab'a~eus, n. "[Lat.] (Arch.) 
1. The upper plate upon the 
capital of a column, support- 
ing the architrave. 2. An in- 
strument for performing arith- 



metical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters. 

A-baft' (6), prep. (Naut.) Towards the stern from; 
back of ; farther back than. 

Ab-al'ien-ate (-al'yen-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABAEIEN- 
ATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABALIENATING.] [Lat. abalie- 
nare ; ah and alienus, foreign. See Alienate.] (Law.) 
To_transfer the title of from one to another. 

Ab-aFien-a'tion, n. (Laio.) Act of abalienating. 

A-ban'don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abandoned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ABANDONING.] [Fr. abandonner, fr. Lat. ad, and 
Low Lat. bandum, proclamation, interdiction.] To give 
up wholly and finally, or with a view never to resume. 

Syn. — To relinquish ; forsake ; desert ; surrender ; leave ; 
forego. — We leave what we may again resume, as an employ- 
ment; we abandon what we give up finally, as vice; we relin- 
quish what we have prized or sought, as a claim or hopes; we 
desert what we ought to adhere to, as duty ; we surrender (usu- 
ally under a necessity) what we have held as our own or in 
trust, as a fortress ; we renounce a thing publicly or as a duty, 
as allegiance or the world; we forego an enjoyment; we/or- 
sake what we have frequented, as society. 

A-ban'doned, p. a. Given up entirely, as to a vice. 

Syn. — Forsaken; deserted; profligate; depraved; corrupt; 
reprobate. — A reprobate is one so utterly abandoned as to 
leave no hope of his recovery; a profligate is one who is 
openly and shamelessly wicked; a man may be corrupt or de- 



ABB 



id in heart without showing it in his outward life, and 
ience he may not be forsaken or deserted by the virtuous. 

A-ban'don-ee', n. (Law.) One to whom a thing is 
abandoned. 

A-ban'don-er, n. One who abandons. 

A-ban'don-ment, n. Act of abandoning, or state of 
being abandoned ; entire desertion or relinquishment. 

A-base', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abased (a-basf) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ABASING.] [Fr. abaisser, from Lat. basis, base.] 
To bring low, as to the ground ; to cast down. 

Syn.— To depress; degrade; reduce; humiliate; humble. 

A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing, or bringing very low. 

Syn. — Humiliation ; depression; degradation. — Abasement 

is a humbling, as of the proud ; debasement is a corrupting; as 

of coin ; depression is a sinking down, as of spirits; degradation 

is a bringing down from a higher rank or grade, as of a peer. 

A-bash', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abashed (a-bash t') ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ABASHING.] [Fr. abaisser. See ABASE.] T» 
destroy the self-possession of, as by exciting suddenly a 
consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority, or the like ; 
to strike with sudden shame or fear. 

Syn. — To confuse; confound. — We are confused when we 
lose our self-possession ; we are confounded when our faculties 
are overwhelmed and brought to a stand. 

A-bash'ment, n. Confusion from shame, fear, or the 

A-bat'a-ble, a. Capable of being abated. [like. 

A-bate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ABATING.] [Fr. abattre, from Lat. ab and batuere, to 
strike.] Literally, to beat or batter down ; hence, to 
bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, 
number, degree, or the like ; to diminish ; to lessen ; 
specifically (Law), (a.) to cause to fail, as a writ ; (b.) 
to destroy, as a nuisance ; (c.) to enter into a freehold 
after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir 
or devisee takes possession. 

A-bate', v.i. 1. To decrease ; to become less in strength 
or violence. 2. To be defeated ; to fail, as a writ. 

Syn.— To decline; subside; diminish. — Lessen, decrease, 
diminish, refer to quantity or size; decline is to fall off; abate 
supposes previous violence, as the storm abates; subside previ- 
ous commotion, as the tumult subsides. 

A-bate'ment, n. Act of abating, or state of being 
abated; decrease; specifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a 
tax ; (b.) failure, as of a writ ; (c. ) removal, as of a nui* 
sance ; (d.) entry of a stranger into a freehold after the 
death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. 

Syn. — Lessening; decline; deduction; reduction; mitiga- 
tion; diminution; discount. 

Ab'a-tis, \n. [Fr. See Abate.] (Fort.) A row of 

Ab'at-tis, J sharpened branches of trees turned outward 
for defense. 

A-bat'or, n. One who, without right, enters into a free- 
hold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir 
or devisee ; one who prostrates or removes a nuisance. 

Abattoir (a'batfwor'), n. [Fr.] A public slaughter- 
house in a city. 

Abb, n. [A.-S. ab, ob.] Among weavers, yarn for the 
warp. Hence, abb-wool is wool for the abb. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 
food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise", -eall, e"eho ; gem, get; a§; ejist ; linger, link"; this- 

1 



ABBA 



ABLE 



Ab'bd, n. A Syriac word meaning father, used to denote 
a religious superior. 

AbHoa-cy, n. The condition or privileges of an abbot. 

Ab-ba/tial, a. Pertaining to an abbey. 

AJbbd (ab'ba), n. [Fr.] Originally, an abbot ; but now 
an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted to teaching, liter- 
ature, &c. 

AbHbess, n. The governess of a nunnery. 

AbHbey, n. ; pi. AB'BEYg. 1. A residence of monks or 
nuns. 2. The dwelling of an abbot. 3. A church at- 
tached to a monastery, as Westminster Abbey. 

Syn.— Monastery; cloister; convent; nunnery; priory.— 
The distinctions will be found under the several words. 

AbHbot, n. [Lat. abba, gen. abbatis. See ABBA.] Head 
of a society of monks ; superior or governor of an 
abbey. 
AbHbot-sliip, n. The state or office of an abbot. 
Ab-bre'vi-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abbreviated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ABBREVIATING.] [Lat. ab and breviare, to 
shorten.] To bring within less space ; to make briefer ; 
to reduce by contraction or omission. 
Syn.— To abridge; contract; curtail; compress; condense. 
Ab-bre'vi-a'tion, n. 1. The act of abbreviating. 2. 
The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by con- 
traction or omission; as Gen. for Genesis. 3. (Mus.) 
One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, di- p 
viding it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or ^J 
demisemiquavers. ^ 

Ab-bre'vi-a/tor, n. One who abbreviates or reduces to 

a smaller compass. 
Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry, a. Abbreviating ; shortening. 
Ab-bre'vi-a-tftre (53), n. 1. An abbreviation, 2. An 

abridgment or compend. 
A, B, C. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for 

the whole alphabet. 
Ab'di-eant, n. One who abdicates. 
Ab'di-eate, v. t. [imp. &p.p. abdicated ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. ABDICATING.] [Lat. abdicare, from ab and dicare, 
intensive form of dicer e, to say.] To give up right or 
claim to ; to withdraw from (as an office) with or with- 
out formal resignation. 

Syn. — To relinquish; renounce; forsake; quit. 
Ab'di-eate, v. i. To relinquish an office, right, power, 

trust, or the like, with or without resigning. 
Ab'di-ea'tion, n. The abandonment of a public office 
or of a right or trust, with or without a formal surrender. 
Ab'di-ea'tive, a. Causing, or implying, abdication. 
Ab'di-to-ry, n. [Low Lat. abditorium.] A place for 

secreting or preserving goods. 
Ab-do'men, n. [Lat.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or the 
upper part of the belly. 2. (Entom.) The most pos- 
terior of the sections into which the body is divided. 
[The Lat. pi. Abdom'ina is sometimes used.] 
Ab-dom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to the abdomen. 
Ab-dom/i-mal, n. A kind of fish, like salmon, &c, 

with ventral fins back of the pectoral. 
Ab-dom'i-nous, a. Having a big belly ; pursy. 
Ab-duce', v. t. [imp. Ikp.p. abduced ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
ABDUCING.j [Lat. abducere, from ab and ducere, to 
lead.] To draw away ; to draw to a different part. 
Ab-diiet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ABDUCTING.] [Lat. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See 
ABDUCE .] To take away by stealth or by unlawful force. 
Ab-diie'tion, n. The act of abducing or abducting ; a 
drawing or carrying away, especially of a person, by 
fraud, or stealth, or force. 
Ab-tTiie'tor, n. 1. A person guilty of abduction. 2. 
{Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out or 
from the median line of the body. 
A-beam', adv. (Naut.) On the beam ; at right angles 

to the ship's keel. 
A-bear'ance, n. (Law.) Behavior ; demeanor. 
A'be-ce-da'ri-an, n. One who teaches or who learns 
the a, b, c, or letters of the alphabet ; an alphabetarian. 
A -bed', adv._ In bed ; on the bed. 
A-bele', or A'bel-tree, n. The white poplar. 
AHbel-mosk, n. The musk-mallow, or Syrian mallow. 
Ab-er'rance, n. [Lat. aberrare, aberrans, from ab and 

errare, to wander.] Deviation from rectitude. 
Ab-er'rant, a. 1. Straying from the right way. 2. 

Exceptional; abnormal. 
Ab'er-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of wandering ; deviation, es- 
pecially from truth or moral rectitude, or from the 
natural state. 2. [Med.) Alienation of mind. 3. 
(Astron.) A small periodical change of position in a 
star or other heavenly body. 



A-bet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abetted ; p. pr. & vb. n 
ABETTING.] [0. Fr. abeter, from the root of bait. See 
Bait.] 1. To encourage or incite by aid or counte- 
nance; — used chiefly in a bad sense. 2. (Law.) To 
encourage to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act. 

Syn. — To aid; support; sustain; help; assist; favor; fur- 
ther; succor; promote. 

A-bet'ment, n. Act of abetting or encouraging; support. 
A-bet'ter, I n. One who abets, aids, or encourages ; an 
A-bet'tor, j instigator. 

Syn. — Accomplice; accessary. — An abettor incites to a 

crime; an accomplice takes part in it; an accessary is involved 

in it by giving countenance or aid. 

A-bey'ance, n. [Fr. bayer, Old Fr. baer, beer, to gape, 
tarry.] 1. A state of suspension or temporary extinc- 
tion with the expectation of a revival. 2. (Law.) Ex- 
pectation or contemplation of law. 

Ab-hor', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abhorred ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
abhorring.] [Lat. abhorrere, from ab and horrere, to 
bristle, shiver.] 1. To regard with horror or detesta- 
tion. 2. To dislike or hate extremely. 
Syn.— To detest; loathe; abominate; shudder at. 

Ab-h.5r'rence, n. Detestation ; great hatred. 

Ab-hor'rent, a. 1. Abhorring, detesting ; hating ; 
struck with abhorrence. 2. Contrary ; repugnant ; in- 
consistent ; — with to. 

Ab-hor'rer, n. One who abhors or detests. 

A'bib, n. The first month of the Jewish year. 

A-bide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABODE ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

abiding.] [See Bide.] 1. To continue in a place. 

2. To continue firm or stable, as to abide by a contract. 

Syn.— To sojourn; reside; dwell; stay; tarry; remain; 

hold to; persist. 

A-bide', v.t. 1. To stand firm under ; to endure or bear 
without shrinking, or patiently. 2. To await firmly. 

A-bid'er, n. One who abides, dwells, or continues. 

Ab'i-gail (42), n. A lady's waiting-maid. 

A-bll'i-ty, n. [Lat. habilitas, from habere, to have, to 
hold.] Quality, state, or condition of being able ; power 
to act, whether bodily, moral, inteUectual, conventional, 
or legal ; — in the plural, inteUectual capacity. 

Syn. — Force; might; potency; capability; faculty; talent; 
skill; dexterity; efficiency; address. — As to mental powers, 
ability is the generic term; capacity is the power of easily gain- 
ing or retaining knowledge; talent is the power of executing; 
dexterity, skill, and address relate to ease of execution. 

Ab'in-tes'tate, a. (Law.) Inheriting the estate of one 
dying without a will. [ity. 

Ab'ir-ri-ta'tion, n. (Med.) Want of strength ; debil- 

Ab'jeet, a. [Lat. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere, to throw 
away, from ab and jacere, to throw.] Sunk to a low 
condition ; hence, low in estimation ; despicable. 
Syn. — Mean; worthless; base; groveling; debased. 

Ab'jeet, n. One in a miserable state. 

Ab-jee'tion, n. Meanness of spirit ; baseness. 

Ab'jeet-ly, adv. -Meanly ; wretchedly ; basely. 

Ab'jeet-ness, n. State of being abject ; baseness. 

Ab-ju'di-eate, v.t. To give away in judgment. 

Ab-ju'di-ea'tion, n. Act of abjudicating. 

Ab'ju-ra'tion, n. The act of renouncing under oath, 
or solemnly. [tion. 

Ab-jil/ra-to-ry, a. Containing, or relating to, abjura- 

Ab-jiire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ABJURING.] [Lat. abjurare, from ab and jurare, to 
swear.] To renounce under oath, or with great solemnity. 

Ab-jur'er, n. One who abjures or renounces. 

Ab'lae-ta'tion, n. [Lat. ab and lac, milk.] 1. A wean- 
ing of a child from the breast. 2. A method of grafting 
by approach or inarching. [of a tree. 

Ab-la'que-ate, v. t. To lay bare or expose, as the roots 

Ab-la'que-a'tion, n. [Lat. ablaqueatio.] The act or 
process of laying bare the roots of trees. 

Ab'la-tive, a. [Lat. ablativus, fr. ablatus, p. p. of avferre, 
to carry away, fr. ab and ferre.] Taking away or remov- 
ing ; — applied to the sixth case of Latin nouns, in which 
case are used words when the actions of carrying away 
or taking from are signified. 

Ab'la-tive, n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. 

A-blaze', adv. 1. On fire ; in a blaze. 2. In a state of 

_ ardent desire ; highly excited. 

A'ble (a'bl), a. [comp. abler ; superl. ABLEST.] [Lat. 
habilis. See Ability.] Having ability or competency 
of any or every kind ; possessing sufficient physical or 
mental power for the accomplishment of some object ; 
having property, means, skill, or the like, rendering 
competent for some end. 



a,e,&c.,fongv a, 6, kc, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ^re, veil, term ; pique,firm; s6n, 6r,dft,w9lf, 



ABLE-BODIED 



3 



ABSCISSA 



Syn.— Strong; powerful; efficient; effective; mighty; skill- 
ful; dexterous. 

A'ble-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Having a sound, strong 
body; robust. 

Ab'lep-sy, n. [Gr. a/3Aei//ia.] Want of sight ; blindness. 

Ab'lu-ent, a. Washing clean ; cleansing ; purifying. 

Ab'lu-ent, n. ( Med. ) Something reputed to have the 
power of purifying the blood ; a detergent. 

Ab-lu'tion, n. [Lat. ablutio, fr. abluere, to wash away.] 
1. Act of cleansing or washing. 2. Religious purifica- 
tion. 3. Water used in cleansing. 

A'bly, adv. In an able manner ; with ability or skill. 

Ab'ne-gate, v. t. [Lat. abnegare.] To deny and reject. 

Ab'ne-ga'tion, n. Denial and renunciation. 

Ab-ndrm'al, a. [Lat. ab and norma, rule.] Contrary 
to rule, law, or system ; irregular. 

Ab-norm'i-ty, n. State or quality of being abnormal 
or irregular. [board of. 

A-board', adv. In a vessel ; on board. — prep. On 

A-bode', imp. & p. p. of abide. See Abide. 

A-bode', n. [From abide.] State or place of residence. 
Syn. — Dwelling ; continuance ; habitation ; domicile. 

A-bol'ish, v, t. [Lat. abolescere, abolere, fr. ab and oles- 
cere, olere, to grow.] To do away with utterly ; to put 
an end to ; hence, to annul or destroy ; to make void. 

Syn. — To subvert ; overturn ; destroy ; nullify ; abrogate ; 
annul ; repeal. — Abolish, subvert, overturn, and destroy, ex- 
press under different images the same idea, that of doing 
wholly away with. We abrogate and annul by an authorita- 
tive act, as customs or a treaty, &c. ; we repeal by a legislative 
act, as laws ; we nullify when we set laws, &c, aside, without 
their being repea'.ed. 

A-b51'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of being abolished. 

A-bol'ish-er, n. One who abolishes. 

A-bol'ish-ment, n. Act of abolishing ; abolition. 

Ab'o-H'tion, (-lish'un), n. Act of abolishing, or state 
of being abolished ; a doing away with finally and for 

w ever ; — applied particularly to slavery. 

Ab'o-li'tion-igm (-lish'un-izm), n. The principles or 
measures of an abolitionist. 

Ab'o-li'tion-ist, n. One who favors abolition, especially 
the abolition of slavery. [abolitionism. 

Ab'o-li'tion-ize, v. t. To imbue with the principles of 

Ab'o-ma'sum, I n. [Lat.] The fourth stomach of a 

Ab'o-ma'sus, j ruminant animal. 

A-bom'i-na-ble, a. Worthy of, or causing, impreca- 
tion or abhorrence ; odious in the highest degree. 

Syn.— Execrable; detestable; loathsome; hateful; shocking. 

A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. In an abominable manner ; de- 
testably ; execrably. 

A-bom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abominated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ABOMINATING-.] [Lat. abuminare, abomi- 
nari, from ab and otnen, foreboding.] To turn from as 
ominous of evil ; to hate in the highest degree, as if with 
religious dread. 

Syn. — To hate ; detest ; loathe ; abhor. 

A-bSm/i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of abominating ; strong 
aversion or loathing. 2. An object of hatred and dis- 
gust. 

Ab'o-rig'i-nal, a. First, original, or primitive. 

Ab'o-rig'i-nal, n. A first or original inhabitant. 

Ab'o-rig'i-ne§, n. pi. [Lat., from ab and origo, origin.] 
The original inhabitants of a country. 

A-bor'tion, n. [Lat. abortio, from ab and oriri, to rise, 
to be born.] 1. The act of miscarrying ; expulsion of 
an immature product of conception. 2. The immature 
product of an untimely birth. 3. Any thing which fails 
to come to maturity. 

A-b6r'tive, a. 1. Immature ; rudimentary ; failing in 
its effect. 2. Pertaining to abortion. 3. Causing or 
procuring abortion. 

A-bound', v. i. [imp. & p. p. abounded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ABOUNDING-.] [Lat. abundare, from ab and unda, 
wave, stream, crowd.] 1. To be in great plenty ; to be 
prevalent. 2. To be copiously supplied; to possess in 
abundance ; — usually with in or with. 

A-bout', prep. [A.-S. abutan, from butan, without, com- 
pounded of prefix be and u tan, outward.] 1. On every 
side of; all over or around. 2. Over or upon different 
parts of; through or over in various directions. 3. In 
contiguity or proximity to ; in connection with ; near, in 
place, time, quantity, or the like. 4. In concern with ; 
occupied upon ; hence, ready to ; on the point of; also, 
relating to ; touching. 

A-bout', adv. 1. On all sides ; around. 2. In circuit ; 
around the outside. 3. T ere and there ; in one place 



A B K A 

ABB 

A B 



and another. 4. Nearly ; approximately. 5. To a re- 
versed position ; in the opposite direction. 

A-bove' (a-buv'J^re^. [A.-S. abufan, from bufan, above, 
compounded of prefix be, and ufan.] 1. Higher in place 
than. 2. Surpassing or superior to in any respect ; more 
in number, quantity, or degree than. 

A-bove', adv. 1. Overhead ; in a higher place. 2. Be- 
fore in order of place. 3. Higher in rank or power. 

A-bove'-board, adv. Above the board or table ; not 

^ concealed ; without trick or deception. 

Ab'ra-ea-dab'ra, n. Aabracadabka 
combination of letters with- abracadabb 
out sense , formerly used as \ \ \ \ c c A A \ \ B 
a charm against fevers, and a b b a c a d 

arranged as in the margin ; a b b a c a 

hence, unmeaning babble. a b e a c 

Ab-rade', v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. abraded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ABRADING.] [Lat. abrad- a 

ere, from ab and radere, to scrape, shave.] To rub or 
wear off. 

Ab-ra'§ion, n. 1. A rubbing or scraping off. 2. Sub- 
stance worn off by attrition. 

A -breast', adv. Side by side ; on a line. 

AJbreuvoir (a'broo'vwor'), n. [Fr.] A joint between 
stones in a wall. 

A-bridge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abridged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. abridging.] [Fr. abreger. See Abbreviate.] 1. 
To bring within less space ; to make shorter, especially 
by using fewer words. 2. To deprive ; to cut off ; — with 
of. 3. (Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression, 
as a compound quantity or expression. 

Syn. — To contract ; shorten ; condense ; compress ; cur- 
tail ; lessen; reduce; diminish. 

A-bridg'ment, n. 1. A cutting off, curtailing, or short- 
ening ; contraction or diminution. 2. A work abridged 
or epitomized. 

Syn. — Reduction ; restriction ; restraint ; compend ; com- 
pendium ; epitome ; summary ; abstract ; synopsis. — A com- 
pendium or epitome is a condensed abridgment ; an abstract or 
summary is a brief statement of a thing in its main points ; a 
synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject or work in its several 
parts. 

A-broach', adv. 1. Broached ; letting out liquor, or 
in a condition to do so. 2. In a state to be diffused or 
propagated. 

A-broad', adv. 1. At large ; without confinement, within 
narrow limits ; over a wide space. 2. Beyond or out of 
a house, camp, or other inclosure. 3. Beyond the bounds 
of a country ; in foreign countries. 4. Before the public 

w at large ; extensively. 

Ab'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abrogated ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ABROGATING.] [Lat. abrogare, from ab and 
rogare, to ask, propose.] To annul by an authoritative 
act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his 
successor; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordi- 
nances, the abolition of established customs, &c. 

Syn. — To abolish; repeal; revoke; rescind; cancel; annul. 

Ab'ro-ga'tion, n. The act of abrogating, annulling, or 
setting aside. 

Ab-ru.pt', a. [Lat. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere, to 
break off, from ab and rumpere, to break.] 1. Broken, 
steep, craggy, as rocks, precipices, and the like ; precipi- 
tous. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the 
event; sudden. 3. Having sudden transitions from one 
subject to another ; unconnected. 

Syn. — Sudden; bold; broken; unconnected; unceremo- 
nious. 

Ab-riip'tioii, n. A sudden breaking off; a violent sep- 
aration of bodies. i 

Ab-rupt'ly, adv. In an abrupt manner ; suddenly. 

Ab-riipt'ness, n. S-tate of being abrupt; steepness; 

w suddenness ; great haste. 

Ab'scess, n. [Lat. abscessvs, from abscedere, to depart, 
separate.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in an 
accidental cavity of the body. 

Ab-sclnd', v. t. [Lat. abscindere, from ab and scindere, 
to rend, cut.] To cut off. 

Ab'sciss, n. ; pi. AB-scis'SEg. See ABSCISSA. 

Ab-s^Is'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. AB-spls's^E, Eng. 
AB-scls'SAg. [Lat. abscissas, p. p. of ab- 
scindere.] ( Geom.) One of the elements of 
reference by which a point, as of a curve, 
is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal s ~ 
coordinate axes. 

In the diagram, OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of 
the curve, O Y or PX its ordinate, ihe intersecting lines OX and 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



ABSCISSION 



ABSTRUSELY 



OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and 
the point O their origin. 

Ab-scis/gion (-sizbyun), n. [Lat. abscissio. See Ab- 
scind.] 1. Act or process of cutting off. 2. The 
state of being cut off. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, 
when, having begun to say a thing, a speaker stops ab- 
ruptly, as supposing the matter sufficiently understood. 

Ab-s«6nd', v. i. [imp. & pp. absconded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ABSCONDING.] [Lat. abscondere, from ab, abs, 
and condere, to lay up.] To secrete one"s self; — used 
especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal proc- 

Ab-seond'er, n. One who absconds. [ess. 

Ab'sence, n. [Lat. absentia, from absum, abesse, to be 
away from.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn 
from a place or from companionship. 2. Want ; destitu- 
tion. 3. Inattertion to things present ; heedlessness. 

Ab'sent, a. 1. Withdrawn from, or not present in, a 
place. 2. Inattentive to what is passing ; heedless. 

Ab-sent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. absented; p.pr. & vb. 
n. absenting.] To take or withdraw to such a dis- 
tance as to prevent intercourse ; — used with the recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

Ab'sen-tee', n. One who absents himself from his coun- 
try, office, post, or duty, and the like ; especially a land- 
holder who fives at a distance from his estate ; as, an 
Irish absentee. 

Ab'seii-tee'igm, n. State or habit of an absentee; the 
practice of living at a distance from one's estate. 

Ab-sSnt'er, n. One who absents himself. 

Ab-sintbe', n. [Pr., from Lat. absinthium, Gr. av|/tv- 
6iov, wormwood.] A cordial of brandy tinctured with 
wormwood. 

Ab-siu'thi-an, a. Of the nature of wormwood. 

Ab-sin'tbi-ate, v. t. To impregnate with wormwood. 

Ab'so-lute, a. [Lat. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. See 
Absolve.] 1. Freed or loosed from any limitation or 
condition ; uncontrolled ; unconditional. 2. Completed, 
or regarded as complete ; finished; perfect ; total. 3. Pos- 
itive ; clear ; certain ; authoritative ; peremptory. [Rare.] 
4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any 
other being ; self-existent ; self-sufficing. In this sense 
God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also 
applied by the Pantheist to the universe. 5. (Philos.) 
Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone ; 
unconditioned ; unrelated. 6. ( Chem.) Pure ; unmixed. 
7. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other 
parts of the sentence in government. 

Syn. — Unlimited; arbitrary; despotic; tyrannical; uncondi- 
tional; positive; peremptory; certain; unerring; infallible. 

Ab'so-lute-ly, adv. In an absolute manner ; positively ; 
arbitrarily. 

Ab'so-lute-ness, n. Quality of being absolute ; com- 
pleteness ; arbitrary power. 

Ab'so-lu'tion, n. 1. (Civ. Law.) An acquittal, or 
sentence of a judge declaring an accused person innocent. 
2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A remission of sin pronounced 
in favor of one who makes due confession thereof. 

Ab'so-Lu/tism, n. Absolute government or its princi- 
ples. 

Ab'so-lu-tist'i-e, a. Belonging to absolutism. 

Ab-sol'u.-to-ry, a. Absolving ; that absolves. 

Ab-solv'a-ble, a. Capable of being absolved. 

Ab-solv'a-to-ry, a. Containing absolution, pardon, or 
release ; having power to absolve. 

Ab-§olve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABSOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ABSOLVING.] [Lat. absolvere , from ab and solvere, 
to loose.] To set free or release from, as from some obli- 
gation, debt, or responsibility, or from that which sub- 
jects a person to a burden or penalty. 

Syn. — To release; set free; exonerate; acquit. — We speak 
of a man as absolved from something that binds conscience, as 
guilt or its consequences; exonerated from some load, as an 
imputation or debt ; acquitted with reference to a trial and 
a decision thereon. 

Ab-§olv'er, n. One who absolves. 

Ab-sorb', v. t. [imp. & p.p. absorbed; p.pr. & vb. 
n. ABSORBING.] [Lat. absorbere, from ab and sorbere, 
to suck in.] 1. To drink in ; to suck up ; to imbibe as 
a sponge. 2. Hence, to swallow up, or overwhelm ; to 
engross or engage wholly. 

Ab-sorb'a-bil'i-ty, n. Capacity of being absorbed ; 
quality of being absorbable. 

Ab-sorb'a-ble, a. Capable of being absorbed. 

Ab-sorb'ent, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. 

Ab-sorb'ent, n. A substance or a bodily organ which 
absorbs. 

Ab-sorp'tion (-sorp/shun), n. 1. Act or process of be- 
ing absorbed and made to disappear by mechanical 



means. 2. Process or act of being made passively to dis- 
appear in some other substance, through molecular or 
other invisible means ; as, the absorption of light, heat 
electricity, &c. Also, in living organisms, through the 
vital processes of nutrition and growth ; specifically , (a.) 
The imbibition by the tissues of nutritive material ; (b.) 
the removal from them of excrementitious substances by 
the blood-vessels and lymphatics; (c.) the passage from 
without into the blood-vessels or lymphatics of any 
liquid whatever. 3. Entire engrossment or occupation 
of mind. 

Ab-sorp'tive, a. Having power to absorb. 

Ab sorp-tiv'i-ty, n. Power or capacity of absorption. 

Ab-stain', v. i. [imp. & p.p. ABSTAINED \p.pr. Scvb. n. 
ABSTAINING.] [Lat. abstinere, from ab, abs, and tenere, 
to hold.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily, and espe- 
cially_from an indulgence of the passions or appetites. 

Ab-ste'mi-ou.s, a. [Lat. abstemius, from ab, abs, and 
temetum, strong wine.] 1. Sparing in diet ; refraining 
from a free use of food and strong drinks ; temperate ; 
abstinent. 2. Sparingly used, or used with temperance. 
3. Devoted to, or spent in, abstinence. 

Ab-ste'mi-oiis-ly, adv. Temperately ; sparingly. 

Ab-ste'mi-oils-ness, n. Quality of being abstemious ; 
a sparing use of food or strong drink. 

Ab-sterge' (14), v. t. [Lat. abstergere, from ab, abs, and 
tergere, to wipe.] To make clean by wiping ; to cleanse 
by lotions or similar applications. [Rare.] 

Ab-ster'gent, a. Serving to cleanse ; detergent. 

Ab-sterse', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. 

Ab-ster'sion, n. Act of wiping clean, or a cleansing by 
lotions or similar applications. 

Ab-ster'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. 

Ab'sti-nence, n. [See ABSTAIN.] The act or practice 
of abstaining ; voluntary forbearance of any action, es- 
pecially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or 
from customary gratifications of animal propensities. 

Syn. — Temperance. —Abstinence is shown in refraining, 
. temperance in a moderate and guarded use. 

Ab'sti-nent, a. Refraining from indulgence, especially 
in the use of food and drink ; temperate. 

Ab-stra«t', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. abstracted ;p.pr. &vb. 
n. ABSTRACTING.] [Lat. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere , 
to draw from or separate, from ab, abs, and trahere, to 
draw.] 1. To draw from or separate. 2. To draw off 
in respect to interest or attention. 3. To separate, as 
ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by it- 
self; to contemplate separately. 4. To epitomize or re- 
duce. 5. To take secretly for one"s own use from the 

w property of another ; to purloin. 

Ab'straet, a. 1. Distinct from something else ; sepa- 
rate. 2. Withdrawn from the concrete, or from particu- 
lars ; separate ; hence, difficult ; abstruse ; refined. 

Abstract idea, the idea of some quality as distinct from the 
object in which it inheres, as whiteness. — Abstract term, one 
expressing an abstract idea, as beauty, roundness. 

Ab'stra-et, n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates 
in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing, or of sev- 
eral things ; specifically, an inventory, summary, or epit- 
ome. 2. A state of separation from other things ; as, 
to consider a subject in the abstract. 

Ab'itra«t'r*" ly ' } adv - By itself > ^ a ^Parat 6 state . 

Ab-straet'ed-ness, n. The state of being abstracted. 

Ab-strac'tion, n. 1. Act of abstracting or separating, 
or the state of being separated. 2. (Metaph.) Act or 
process of leaving out of consideration one or more prop- 
erties of a complex object, so as to attend to others; 
analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a 
tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from 
their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, 
when it considers ivhiteness. softness, virtue, existence, as 
separate from any particular objects. 3. An idea or no- 
tion of an abstract or theoretical nature. 4. A sepa- 
ration from worldly objects ; a recluse life. 5. Absence 
of mind ; inattention to present objects ; heedlessness. 
6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part 

_of the property of another. [Recent usage.] 

Ab'strae-ti'tioiis (-tlsh'us), a. Drawn from other sub- 
stances, particularly from vegetables, without fermenta- 
tion. 

Ab-straet'ive, a. Having the power of abstracting. 

Ab'stra-et-ness, n. State of being abstract. 

Ab-strii.se' (32), a. [Lat. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere, 
to thrust away.] Literally, thrust away ; hidden ; hence, 
hard to be understood. 

Ab-striise'ly, adv. Not plainly ; darkly. 



H,e,8tc.,long: a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, ve.il, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, dt>, wolf, 



ABSTRUSENESS 



ACCEPTANCE 



Ab-struse'ness, n. State or quality of being abstruse. 

Ab-surd/, a. [Lat. absurdus, proceeding from one tbat 
is deaf, or from that which is dull-sounding ; hence, in- 
congruous ; from ah and surdus, deaf.] Opposed to 
manifest truth ; inconsistent with reason, or tne plain 
dictates of common sense ; logically contradictory. 

Syn, — Foolish ; irrational; preposterous; ridiculous. — .46- 
surcl is stronger than foolish or irrational, but not so strong as 
preposterous, which supposes a total inversion of the order of 
things. 

Ab-siird'i-ty, n. 1. The quality of being absurd, or 
inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- 
ment. 2. That which is absurd. 
Syn. — Folly; unreasonableness; preposterousness. 

Ab-siird'ly , adv. In an absurd manner ; preposterously. 

Ab-siird'ness, n. Absurdity ; inconsistency. 

A-bmi'dance, n. [Lat. abundantia. See ABOUND.] 
An overflowing fullness ; ample sufficiency ; great plenty ; 
— strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes 
used of number. 

Syn. — Exuberance; plenteousness ; riches; wealth; afflu- 
ence. — We have a. plenty when we have enough ; but abundance 
is more than enough, it is an overflowing. Exuberance is still 
stronger, it is a bursting forth. 

A-biui'dant, a. Fully sufficient ; being in great quan- 
tity. 

Syn.— Plentiful; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; co- 
pious; ample. 

A-bun'dant-ly, auv. Plentifully ; amply. 

A-biige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. abused; p.pr. & vb. n. 
ABUSING.] [Lat. abiisus, p. p. of abuti, from ab and 
uti, to use.] 1. To make an ill or improper use of; to 
use ill ; to misuse ; to use with bad motives, to wrong 
purposes, or in a wrong way. 2. To treat rudely, or with 
reproachful language ; to maltreat ; to revile. 3. To 
deceive or impose on. 

A-buse', n. 1. Ill use ; improper treatment or employ- 
ment ; application to a wrong purpose. 2. A corrupt 
practice or custom. 3. Rude or reproachful language 
addressed to a person ; contumely. 

Syn. —Misuse; maltreatment; reproach; derision; insult. 

A-bu'sive, a. 1. Practicing abuse ; offering harsh words 
or ill treatment. 2. Containing abuse, or being the in- 
strument of abuse. 3. Perverted; misapplied ; improper. 
Syn. — Scurrilous; insulting; reproachful; opprobrious; 
insolent; rude. 

A-bu/sive-ly, adv. In an abusive manner. 

A-bu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being abusive ; ill usage. 

A-biit', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ABUTTING.] [Fr. aboutir, from bout, end^ extremity. 
See But, n.] To terminate or border ; to be contiguous ; 
to meet. 

A-but'ment, n. That on which a thing abuts, or that 
which meets or abuts on any thing; hence, the solid 
part of a pier or wall, &c, which receives the thrust or 
lateral pressure of an arch, or from which it immediately 
springs. 

A-bu.t'tal, n. The butting or boundary of land. 

A-by§'mal, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss ; 
bottomless; unending. 

A-byss', n. [Gr. a^vcrcros, bottomless, from a priv. and 
/3i>a-cr6?, depth, bottom.] A bottomless depth; a gulf; 
hence, any deep, immeasurable space, and, specifically, 
hell, or the bottomless pit. 

A-byss'al, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. 

A-ea'ci-a (a-ka'shl-a), n. [Gr. anania, from a*??, point, 
originally the name of a thorny tree, found in Egypt.] 
1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, usu- 
ally with thorns and pinnate leaves, and of an airy, ele- 
gant appearance. 2. ( Med.) The inspissated juice of the 
unripe fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica. 

A-e'a-dem'i-e, \a. 1. Belonging to the school or 

Ae'a-dem'ic-al, ) philosophy of Plato. 2. Belonging 
to an academy or other institution of learning. 

le'a-dem'ie, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of 
Socrates and Plato. 2. A student in a college or uni- 
versity. 

Ae'a-dem'ic-al-ly, adv. In an academical manner. 

A-e'a-de-mi'cian (-mlsh'an), n. A member of an acad- 
emy, or society for promoting arts and sciences ; partic- 
ularly, a member of the French Academy. 

A-ead'e-my, n. 1. A garden or grove near Athens, be- 
longing originally to a person named Academus, where 
Plato and his followers held their philosophical confer- 
ences ; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato 
was the head. 2. A school, or seminary, holding a rank 



between a university, or college, and a common school 

3. A place of education of high rank ; a college or uni- 
versity. 4. A society of men united for the promotion 
of arts and sciences in general, or of some particular art 
or science ; as, the French Academy. 5. An institution 
for the cultivation and promotion of the fine arts, or some 
branch of science. 

A-e'a-leph, \n.; pi. Xc'a-lephs, a€'a-le'ph&, 

Ae'a-le'pha, S and AC'A-LE'PHANg. [Gr. a/caArj^ij, 

Ac'a-le'phan, ) a nettle.] (Zool.) A radiate animal 
of the class Medusae, or jelly-fishes ; — so called from the 

^ stinging or nettling power they possess and exercise. 

Ac'an-tha'ceou.s (-tha/shus), a. Armed with prickles, 
as a plant. 

A-ean'tlius, n. ; pi. Eng. A-CAN'THUS-Eg, Lat. a-€aN'- 
THI. [Gr- UKavflos, from a-KYj, point, and ai>0os, flower.] 
1. (Arc/i.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves 
of the acanthus ; — used in the capitals of the Corinthian 
and Composite orders. 2. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous 
prickly plants. 

A-eat'a-lee'tie, n. [Gr. d/caTaArj/cro?, not defective at 
the end.] (Pros.) A verse which has the complete num- 
ber of syllables without defect or superfluity. 

A-eat/a-lec'ti-e, a. (Pros.) Not defective ; complete. 

A-eat/a-lep'tie, a. [Gr. dKa.Ta\r)irTo<; , from a priv. and 
KaTaXaixfiaveiv , to seize, comprehend.] Incapable of 
being certainly comprehended or discovered. 

A -can/line, 1 a. [Gr. a/cauAo?, from a. priv. and KavAd?, 

A-cau/loiis , j stalk.] Having no stem, but flowers rest- 
ing" on the ground. 

A-e-cede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACCEDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ACCEDING.] [Lat. accedere, from ad and cedere, to 
move.] To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or to 
terms proposed by another ; hence, to become a party, by 
agreeing to the terms of a treaty or convention. 

A-e-cel'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accelerated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ACCELERATING.] [Lat. accelerare, from 
ad and celerare, to hasten.] 1. To cause to move faster ; 
to quicken the motion or action of. 2. To add to the 
natural or ordinary progression of. 

Syn. To hasten; expedite; further; dispatch. 

A-e-cel/er-a'tion, n. The act of accelerating, or the 
state of being accelerated ; increase of motion or action. 

A-e-cel'er-a-tive, ) a. Accelerating; quickening mo- 

A-e-cel'er-a-to-ry, j tion. 

A-e-^el'er-a'tor, n. One who, or that which, acceler- 
ates ; specifically, in English usage, a light van for car- 

w rying mails between the post-office and railway stations. 

A-e'cent, n. [Lat. accentus, from ad and cantus, song.] 
1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon 
some particular syllable of a word, distinguishing it from 
the others. (See Prin. of Pron. § 110.) 2. A mark used 
in writing to regulate the pronunciation. 3. A peculiar 
or characteristic modulation or modification of the voice. 

4. Words , language, or expressions in general. 5 . ( Mus. ) 
A slight stress upon a tone to mark its position in the 
measure. 6. (Math.) A mark placed at the "right hand 
of a letter or number and a little above it, to distinguish 
magnitudes of a similar kind, but differing in value. 

A«-cent', v . t. [imp. & p. p. accented; p.pr. & vb. 
n. accenting.] To express or note the accent of; to 
pronounce, utter, or mark with accent. 

A-e-ceiit'n-al, a. Relating to accent. 

A«-cent'u-ate, v. t. To mark or pronounce with an 
accent or accents. 

A-e-cent/u.-a/tion, n. Act of placing accents in writing, 
or of pronouncing them in speaking. 

A-e-cept', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accepted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ACCEPTING.] [Lat. acceptare, from ad and capere, 
to take.] 1. To take or receive with a consenting mind, 
as an offer or present. 2. To receive or admit and agree 
to. 3. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to 
pay ; as, to accept a bill of exchange. 

A-e-cept'a-ble, a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being ac- 
cepted or received with pleasure ; hence, pleasing to a 
receiver. 
Syn. — Agreeable; welcome; gratifying. 

A-e-£ept'a-ble-ness, j n. The quality of being accept- 

A-e-^gpt'a-bll'i-ty, j able or agreeable. 

A«-cept'a-bly, adv. In an acceptable manner. 

A-e-cept/ance, n. 1. The act of accepting ; favorable 
reception. 2. (Com.) (a.) An assent and engagement 
by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to 
pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. 
(b.) The bill itself when accepted. 3. An agreeing to 
terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and 



food, foot; urn, rude, pxill . ; cell, chaise, -eall; echo; gem, get; ag; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



ACCEPTATION 



ACCORDING 



the parties bound ; the receipt or taking of a thing bought 
as that for which it was purchased, or as that agreed to 
be sent or delivered, or as owner. 4. (Law.) An agree- 
ing to the act or contract of another, by some act which 
binds the person in law. 5. Signification ; meaning ; 
acceptation. [ Obs.] 

Ae'cep-ta'tion, n. 1. Kind reception ; acceptance. 
[ Obs.] 2. Meaning or sense. 

Ae-cept'er, n. A person who accepts ; specifically, who 
accepts or receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- 
self to pay it. See Acceptance. 

Ae-cess f ,or A-e'cess,w. [Lat. accessus. SeeAccEDE.] 
1. A coming to, or near approach ; admittance ; admis- 
sion. 2. The means or way by which a thing may be 
approached. 3. Increase by something added ; addition. 

Ae-ces'sa-ry, a. 1. Additional ; accessory. 2. (Law.) 
Uniting in, or contributing to, a crime. 

Ae-ces'sa-ry, n. (Law.) He who is not the chief actor 
in the perpetration of an offense, nor present at its per- 
formance, but in some way accedes to or becomes con- 
cerned therein, either before or after the deed is com- 
mitted. 

Ae-ces'si-Dil'i-ty, n. Quality of being approachable. 

Ae-ces'si-lble, a. Easy of access or approach; ap- 
proachable. 

Ae-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of acceding and be- 
coming joined. 2. Increase by something added ; that 
which is added. 3. (Law.) A mode of acquiring prop- 
erty, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which 
receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right 
to the part or thing added, or the improvement, provided 
the thing is not changed into a different species. 4. 
Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. 5. 
(Med.) The commencement of a disease. 
Syii. — Addition; augmentation. 

A«-ces'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Additional. [Rare.] 

Ae'ces-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to an accessory. 

Ae-ces'so-ri-ly, adv. In the manner of an accessory. 

Ae-ces'so-ri-ness, « • State of being accessory. 

Ae-ces'so-ry , a. 1. Aiding in producing some effect, or 
acting in subordination to the principal agent ; contrib- 
uting ; — used in a bad sense. 2. Additional ; accompa- 
nying. 

Ae-ces'so-ry, «. [See Accessary.] 1. (Law.) One 
who is guilty of a felonious offense, though not present 
at its perpetration. 2. That which belongs to some- 

_ thing else as its principal ; an accompaniment. 

Ae'ci-dence, n. A small book containing the accidents 
or rudiments of grammar. 

Ae'ei-dent, n. 1. An event which proceeds from an 
unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known 
cause, and therefore not expected ; chance ; casualty ; 
contingency. 2. pi. ( Gram.) The properties and quali- 
ties of the parts of speech, as gender, number, and case. 
3. (Log.) A property or quality of a being which is not 
essential to it, as whiteness in paper. 

Ae'ci-dent'al, a. 1. Happening by chance, or unex- 
pectedly. 2. Non-essential; not necessarily belonging. 

Syn.— Casual; fortuitous; contingent; incidental.— A thing 
is accidental when it comes without being planned or sought, 
as a meeting; it is incidental when it comes in as secondary or 
out of the general course, as a remark; it is casual orfortwtous 
as opposed to what is constant and regular, as an occurrence ; 
it is contingent as opposed to what is settled and fixed, as an 
event. 

Ae'ci-dent'al, n. 1. Any thing happening accident- 
ally ; a casualty. 2. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, 
occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music 
as the signature, but before a particular note. 

Ae'ci-dent'al-ly, adv. By chance ; unexpectedly. 

A-e-elaim', v. t. [Lat. acclamare, from ad and clamare, 
to cry aloud.] 1. To honor or meet with applause. 2. 
To declare by acclamation ; to salute. 

Ae-elaim% ) n. A shout, expressive of assent, 

Ae'ela-ma'tion, ) choice, or approbation. 

Ae-elam^a-to-ry, a. Expressing applause. 

Ae-eli'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. acclimating-.] To habituate to a climate 
not native 

Ae'eli-ma'tion, n. The process of becoming, or the 
state of being, acclimated. 

Ae-eli'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimatized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ACCLIMATIZING.] To acclimate. 

Ae-eli'ma-ture, n, Act of acclimating. 

Ae-eliv'i-ty, n. [Lat. acclivitas, from ad and clivus, as- 
cent.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side <^f 
a hill, considered as ascending ; — opposed to declivt.y ; 
rising ground ; ascent 



Ae-eli'voiis, a. Rising with a slope, as a hill. 

Ae'eo-lade', n. [Lat. ad and co Hum, neck.] A cere- 
mony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting 
of an embrace and a blow on both shoulders, with a form 
of words. 

Ae-eom'mo-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accommo- 
dated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOMMODATING.] [Lat. ac- 
commodare, from ad and commodare , to make fit.] 1. 
To render fit, suitable, or correspondent ; to adapt ; to 
conform. 2. To furnish with something desired, needed, 
or convenient. 3. To bring into agreement or harmony ; 
to reconcile. 4. To apply by way of analogy. 

Syn. — To suit ; conform ; harmonize ; compose ; adjust ; 
furnish. 

Ae-eom'mo-dat-ing, a. Affording, or disposed to af- 
ford, accommodation ; kind ; helpful. 

Ae-eom/mo-da'tion, n. 1. The act of fitting, or the 
state of being fitted; — followed by to. 2. Whatever 
supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or conven- 
ience ; — chiefly in the plural. 3. An adjustment of dif- 
ferences ; reconciliation. 4. Application of a writer's 
language, on the ground of analogy, to something not 
originally referred to or intended. 5. (Com.) (a.) A 
loan of money which is often a great convenience, (b.) 
A note or a fictitious bill drawn and accepted to raise 
money on, not bona fide given in payment of a debt, but 
lent merely to accommodate the borrower. 

An accommodation coach, or train, one running at such 
times, and making such stoppages, as best to accommodate 
igers. — An accommodation ladder, a light ladder hung 



over the side of a ship at the gangway. — An accommodation 
bill, or note, one to which a party has put his name without 
consideration, for the purpose of benefiting or accommodating 
some other person who is to provide for the bill or note when 
due. 

Ae-eom'uio-da'tor, n. One who accommodates. 

Ae-eom'pa-iii-meiit, n. That which accompanies; 
something that attends as a circumstance, or which is 
added by way of ornament to the principal thing, or for 
the sake of symmetry; specifically (Mus.), a part per- 
formed by instruments, accompanying another part or 
parts performed by voices ; also, the harmony of a fig- 
ured bass. 

Ae-eom'pa-nist, n. The performer in music who takes 
the accompanying part. 

Ae-eom'pa-ny (-kum'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. accompa- 
nied; p. pr. & vb. n. accompanying.] [See Com- 
pany.] To go with or attend as a companion or asso- 
ciate ; to keep company with. 

Ae-eom'plice, n. 1. A co-operator or associate in gen- 
eral. 2. (Law.) An associate in a crime. 

Ae-eoni'plish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accomplished ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOMPLISHING.] [Fr. accomplir, from 
Lat. ad and complere, to fill up.] 1. To finish entirely 
in time ; to complete. 2. To bring to pass ; to perform. 
3. To furnish with whatever may serve to render a per- 
son or thing complete, &c. 

Syn.— To execute; fulfill; effect; realize. 

Ae-eom'plislied (-kom'plisht), p. a. Complete and 
perfected ; specifically, complete in acquirements, as the 
result usually of training. 

Ae-eom'plisli-ment, n. 1. Act of accomplishing. 
2. That which constitutes excellence of mind, or ele- 
gance of manners, acquired by education ; acquirement ; 
attainment. 

Ae-eompt'ant (-komnV-), n. See Accountant. 

Ae-eord', n. [From Lat. cor, cordis, heart, after the an- 
alogy of concordia, discordia, &c] 1. Agreement or 
concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent. 2. 
Harmony of sounds; concord; chord. 3. Agreement; 
just correspondence of things. 4. Voluntary or sponta- 

- neous motion ; — preceded by own. 5. (Laiv.) An agree- 
ment between parties in controversy, by which satisfac- 
tion for an injury is stipulated, and which, when execut- 
ed, bars a suit. 

Ae-eord', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accorded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ACCORDING.] 1. To make to agree or correspond. 
2. To bring to an agreement, as persons, or to settle, ad- 
just, harmonize, or compose, as things. 3. To grant as 
suitable or proper ; to concede. 

Ae-eord', v. i. 1. To be in accordance; to agree. 2. 
To agree in pitch and tone. 

Ae-e6rd'ance, n. Agreement ; conformity. 

A-e-eord'ant, a. Corresponding ; consonant ; agreeing ; 
agreeable. 

Ae-eord'ant-ly , adv. In accordance .or agreement. 

Ae-e6rd'ing, p. a. In accordance or harmony with ; 
agreeable ; suitable. 



!, &c.,long; a,6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ACCORDINGLY 

Kf- According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but 
seems rather to have the participial sense of agreeing, followed 
by to, as in the line, " Hath honored me according to his will." 
— According as is an adverbial phrase, of which, the propriety 
has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. 

Ae-eord'ing-ly, adv. In accordance with. 

A-e-eor'di-on, n. A small keyed wind-instrument, 
whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon 
metallic reeds. 

A«~eost' (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOSTED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. accosting.] [Lat. ad and costa, rib, side.] To 
address ; to speak first to. 

Ae-e6st'a-»le, a. Easy of access ; affable. 

jLccouchement (ak'koosh'mong'), n. [Fr.] Delivery in 
child-bed. 

A.ccoucheur (ak'koosh'ur'), n. [Fr.] A man who as- 
sists women in childbirth ; a man-midwife. 

Ae-eount', n. 1. A reckoning, enumeration, or record 
of some reckoning. 2. A detached written or printed 
statement of debts and credits in pecuniary transactions, 
and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or re- 
view. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, 
grounds, &c, explanatory of some event. Hence, the 
word is often used simply for reason, ground, considera- 
tion, &c. ; as, on no account, on every account, on all 
accounts. 4. A statement of facts or transactions ; a 
relation, narrative, or description. 5. A statement and 
explanation or vindication of one's conduct with refer - 
enca to judgment thereon. 6. An estimate or estima- 
tion. 7. Importance ; value ; advantage ; profit ; that 
is, a result worthy of estimation. 

Syn.— Narrative; narration; recital; description; detail.— In 
giving an account of a thing, if we make it a continuous story, 
it is a narrative or narration; if we dwell on minute particu- 
lars, it is a. recital or detail; if we picture a thing out, it is a 
description. 

Ae-eount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accounted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ACCOUNTING.] [Lat. ac, ad, and computare, to 
reckon. See Count.] 1. To recKon or compute. 

2. To hold in opinion ; to estimate. 
Syn.— To consider; regard; estimate; esteem. 

Ae-eount', v. i. 1. To render an account or relation 
of particulars. 2. To constitute a reason ; — with for. 

3. To render reasons or answer for in a reckoning or 
judgment. 

A-e-eount'a-lbil'i-ty, n. The state of being accounta- 
ble, or liable to give account, and to suffer punishment 
or pay damages for wrong or injury done. 

Ae-eount'a-ble, a. Liable to be caUed to account, and 
to suffer punishment or pay damages for wrong or injury 
done. 

Syn. — Amenable; responsible. 

A-e-eount'a-lble-ness, n. Accountability. 

Ae-eount'ant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- 
counts. 

A-e-eoiip'le (-kfip'l), v. t. [See Couple.] To join 
together ; to unite ; to couple. 

A-e-eou'ter, ) v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOUTERED, or 

A-e-equ'tre, j accoutred ; p. pr. & vb. n. accou- 
TEr'Ing or ACCOUTRING.] [Fr. accoutrer, from Lat. 
ac, ad, and consuere, to sew together.] To furnish with 
dress, equipage, or equipments, especially those of a sol- 
dier. 

A-e-eou'ter-ments, ) n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trap- 

Ae-eou'tre-ments, ) pings ; specifically, military 
dress and arms ; equipage for military service. 

Ae-ered'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accredited; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ACCREDITING.] [Lat. accreditus, p. p. of ac- 
credere, to assent to, from ad and credere to believe.] 
1. To give trust or confidence to ; to credit. 2. To 
receive, as an envoy, in his pub he character, and give 
him credit and rank accordingly. 3. To send with cre- 
dentials, as an envoy. 

Ae-eres'cence, n. Gradual growth or increase. 

Ae-eres'cent, a. [See infra!] Growing, increasing. 

Ae-ere'tion, n. [Lat. accretio, Fr. accretion, from Lat. 
accrescere, to increase (Eng. accrue), from ad and crescere, 
to grow.] 1. An increase by natural growth, especially 
the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession 
of parts. 2. An increase by an accession of parts ex- 
ternally. 3. A growing together of parts naturally 
separate, as of the fingers or toes. 

A-e-eroaeh', v. i. [Fr. accrocher, from croc, crochet, 
hook, Eng. crook.] To hook, or draw to one's self as 
with a hook. ; 

Ae-erue' (32), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACCRUED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n.'ACCRUlNG.] [Fr. accrue, increase ; acerb, p. p. 



ACEPHALOUS 

of accroitre. See Accretion.] To increase; to aug- 
ment ; to arise, proceed, or spring ; to be added, as in- 
crease, profit, or damage. 

Syn. — To spring up; follow ; arise. 

Ae-eru'ment, n. Addition ; increase ; augmentation. 

A-e'-eu-ba'tion, n. A lying or reclining on a couch, as 
practiced by the ancients at their meals, with the head 
resting on a pillow or on the elbow, and the feet of one 
extended behind the back of another. 

Ae-eum'Den-cy, n. State of being accumbent. 

Ae-eum'bent, a. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients 
did at their meals. 

A-e-cu/mu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accumulated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ACCUMULATING.] [Lat. accumulatus, 
p. p. of accumulare, from ad and cumulare, to heap.] 
To heap up in a mass; to collect or bring together. 
Syn. — To pile up ; amass; gather; collect. 

A-e-eu/mu-late, v. i. To grow to a great size, number, 
or quantity ; to increase greatly. 

A-e-eu. / m.u-la'tion, n. Act of accumulating, state of 
being accumulated, or that which is accumulated. 
Syn. —Pile; mass; heap. 

A-e-eu/mu-la-tive, a. Causing accumulation; accu- 
mulating ; cumulative. 

A«-eu'mu-la / tor, n. One who accumulates. 

Ae'eu-ra-cy, In. State of being accurate; pre- 

A-e'-eu-rate-ness, J cision which results from care ; 
exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model ; exact- 
ness ; correctness. 

Ae'eu-rate, a. [Lat. accuratus, p. p. and adj., from 
accurare, from ad and curare, to take care, from cura, 
care.] In careful conformity to truth, or to a standard, 
rule, or model; free from failure, error, or defect. 

Syn. — Correct; precise; just; nice. — A man is accurate or 
correct when he avoids faults; exact when he attends to all the 
minutise, leaving nothing neglected; i»'ecise when he does 
any thing according to a certain rule or measure. 

Ae'eu-rate-ly, adv. Ln an accurate manner. 

Ae-eurse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accursed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. accursing.] To devote to destruction; to im- 
precate evil or misery upon ; to curse. 

A-e-eurs'ed,p..p. or a. (part, pronounced ak-kfirst', a. 
ak-kurs'ed). 1. Doomed to destruction or misery. 
2. Worthy of a curse ; detestable ; execrable. 

Ae^eu-ga'tion, «. 1. Act of accusing. 2. That of 
which one is accused. 

A«-eu'ga-tive, a. 1. Producing or containing accusa- 
tions. 2. ( Gram.) Applied to the fourth case of Greek 
and Latin nouns, being that on which the action of a 
verb terminates or falls. 

Ae-eu'ga-tive, n. ( Gram.) The fourth case of Greek 
and Latin nouns, corresponding to the objective case in 



Ae-eu'ga-tive-ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner 
2. In relation to the accusative case. 

Ae-eu'ga-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or containing, an ac- 
cusation. 

Ae-eiige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. accused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ACCUSING.] [Lat. accusare, from ad and causa, cause, 
lawsuit.] To charge with, or declare to have committed 
a crime, offense, or fault ; in law, to charge with an of- 
fense, judicially or by a public process. 

Syn. — To arraign; censure; impeach. — We censure^ or ac- 
cuse a man for what is wrong; we arraign him for trial; we 
impeach him for maladministration or impropriety. 

A-e-eug'er, n. One who accuses, or brings a charge. 

A-e-eus'tom, v. t. [imp. & p.p. accustomed; p.pr. 
& vb. n. accustoming.] To make familiar by use ; to 
habituate or inure. 

Ac-cus'tom-a-ry, a. Usual ; customary. 

Ace, n. [Lat. as, unity, unit, pound ; Gr. Doric as, ais, 
equiv. to eh, one.] 1. A single point on a card or die ; 
or the card or die so marked. 2. Hence, a very small 
quantity or degree ; a particle ; an atom. 

A-cel'da-ma, n. [Chald. khakel, Heb. khelek, field, and 
Chald. & Heb. dam, blood.] A field said to have lain 
south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which 
Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called 
the field of Mood; — sometimes used in a figurative 
sense. 

A-cepli'a-lan, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the sub-king- 
dom Mollusca. SeeMOLLUSK. 

A-ceph'a-loiis, a. [Gr. axe^aAo? , from a priv. and 
K€<j)a\ri, head.] 1. Without a head ; headless ; as certain 
fetuses ; — applied specifically to animals of the class or di- 



f ood, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, cliaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this 



ACE-POINT 



8 



ACQUIREMENT 



vision Acephala .<2.(Bot.) Having the style spring from the 
base, instead of the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. 
3. Without a leader or chief. 4. Wanting something 
pre-eminently essential to completeness. 5. (Pros.) De- 

_ficient at the beginning, as a line of poetry. 

Ace'-point, n. The side of a die which has but one spot. 

Acerb' (14), a. [Lat. acerbus.] Sour with bitterness. 

A-cerlb/i-ty, n. 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness 
and astringency, like that of unripe fruit. 2. Hence, 
harshness, bitterness, or severity ; — applied to persons 
or things. 

A-fer'i-e, a. [Lat. acer, a maple-tree.] Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. 

A-ces'cem-cy, n. The sourness created by spontaneous 
decomposition; hence, a moderate degree of sourness, or 
a tendency to sourness. 

A-ces'cent, a. [Lat. acescens, p. pr. of acescere, to turn 
sour.] Turning sour ; readily becoming tart or acid. 

Ac'e-tate, n. A salt formed by acetic acid united to a 
base. 

A-c£t'i-e, or A-ce'tie, a. [N. Lat. aceticus, from acetum, 
vinegar.] (Chem.) (a.) Composed, as a certain acid, of 
four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, (b.) 
Relating to such an acid ; as, acetic ether. 

A-cet'i-n-ca'tioii, n. The act of making acetous or 
sour ; or the operation of making vinegar. 

A-cet'i-fy, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. ACETIFIED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ACETIFYING.] [Lat. acetum, vinegar, and 
facere, to make.] To turn into acid or vinegar. 

Ac'e-tlm'e-ter, n. [Lat. acetum, vinegar, and metrum, 
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength 
of vinegar or other acids. 

Ac'e-tim'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining the strength 
of vinegar or other acids. 

A-ce'tous, a. 1. Sour. 2. Causing acetification. 

Ache (ak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ached ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
ACHING.] [A.-S. acan, Gr. axelv ; Skr. aka, pain.] To 
suffer pain ; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain ; 

_to be distressed. 

Ache (ak), n. Continued pain, in opposition to sudden 
twinges, or spasmodic pain. 

A-chieVa-ble , a. Capable of being achieved. 

A-chieve' v. t. [imp. & p. p. achieved ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. ACHIEVING.] [Fr. achever, from Lat. caput, Fr. 

chef, head, end. See Chief.] To carry on to a final 

close ; to bring out into a perfected state ; to accomplish. 

Syn. — To complete; accomplish; fulfill; realize. 

A-chieve'ment, n. 1. Act of achieving or perform- 
ing ; accomplishment. 2. A great or heroic deed ; some- 
thing accomplished by valor or boldness. 3. (Her.) An 
escutcheon or ensign armorial, granted for the perform- 
ance of a great or honorable action. 
Syn.— Feat; deed; completion. 

A-chiev'er, n. One who accomplishes a purpose. 

A.'-ehor,n. [Lat., from Gr. ax^P, dandruff.] A cutaneous 
disease on the head ; scald-head. 

Ach^o-mat'lc , a. [Gr. axpufj-aTos, from a priv. and 
XpufJiOL, color.] ( Opt.) Free from color ; not showing 
color, from the decomposition of light. 

Ach/ro-ma-tic'i-ty, ) n. The state of being achro- 

A-chro'ma-ti§m, ) matic. 

A-eic'u.-lar, a. Slender, like a needle ; needle-shaped. 

■^"S-^'^'lt+f 'vj \ a - In the form of a needle ; acicular. 

X3L~C^-"^ 1X~JLEIX ©Clj ) 

Ac'id, a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste ; tart ; hav- 
ing the taste of vinegar. 

Ac'id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) (a.) An 
electro-negative substance having the properties of com- 
bining with alkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening 
most blue vegetable colors, and usually with a strong, 
sharp taste, (b.) That substance which in the decompo- 
sition of a given compound is relatively electro -negative 
is borne to the positive pole, and in its compounds ex 
changes hydrogen for a metal. 

A-cid'i-fi'aJble, a. Capable of being acidified. 

A-pid'i-n-ea'tion, n. The act of acidifying. 

A-fid'i-fi-er, n. (Chem.) A simple or compound prin- 
ciple, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as 
oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, &c. 

A- cid'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acidified ; p. pr. & vb 
n. ACIDIFYING.] To make acid; specifically, to con 
vert into an acid, chemically so called, by combination 
with any substance. 

Ac'-i-dim'e-ter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the 
strength of acids. 



A-cid'i-ty, \ n. Quality of being acid or sour ; sharp- 
Ac 'id-ness, ] ness ; sourness. 
A-cid'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACIDULATED ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. acidulating.] To make slightly acid. 
A-cid'u-loiis,a. [Lat. acidulus, dim. of acidus.] Slightly 

sour ; sub-acid ; sourish. 
A-cin/i-f6rm, a. [N. Lat. aciniformis, from acinus, 
grape, grape-stone, and forma, shape.] Having the form 
of a cluster of grapes or of a grape-stone ; full of small 
kernels. 
A-e-fcnowl'edge (-noFej),i>. t. [imp. 8cp.p. acknowl- 
edged ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACKNOWLEDGING.] [0. Eng. 
aknowledge , from prefix a and knowledge.'] 1. To own, 
avow, admit, or confess a knowledge of; to recognize as a 
fact or truth. 2. To own or recognize with particular 
regard or in a particular character. 3. To own with 
gratitude; to own as a benefit. 4. To own, avow, or 
assent to in a legal form, to give validity. 

Syn. — To concede; confess; allow; recognize. — We ac- 
knowledge what we feel bound to make known, as a fault or a 
favor; we concede and allow what is claimed or asked; we 
recognize when at first we were doubtful; we confess what is 
wrong or may appear so. 

A-e-fcnowl/edg-ment (-nop-), n. 1. Act of acknowl- 
edging. 2. Something given or done in return for a 
favor. 3. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to 
give it legal validity. 

A-elin'k, a. [Gr. a priv. and /cAtVeiv, to incline.] With- 
out inclination ; — said of the magnetic equator, or the 
fine near the earth's equator on which the magnetic needle 
is exactly horizontal, and has no dip. 

A-e'me, n. [Gr. a/c/j.17.] The height, top, or highest 
point, of a thing ; crisis. 

Ae'o-lyte, ) n. [Gr. clk6\ov9o<;, from dKo\ov0etv, to fol- 

A-e'o-lytli, ) low.] 1. A companion ; an associate. 
2. (Astron.) An attendant or companion star. 3. (Eccl. 

^ Hist.) An inferior church servant. 

A-e'o-nlte , n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. 

A'-eorn, n. [A.-S. secern, from mc, oak, and corn, corn, 
grain.] The seed or fruit of an oak. 

A-eot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. <i priv. and kotv\yi8u)v, hollow 
knob or button.] A plant in which the seed-lobes, or 
cotyledons, are not present. 

A-eSt/y-led'o-noiis, a. Having either no seed-lobes, 
or such as are indistinct, like the ferns, lichens, &c. 

A-eous'ti-e (-kow'stik), a. [Gr. (xkovo-tikos, from aKoveiv, 
to hear.] Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, 
or to the doctrine of sounds. 

A-eous'ties, n. sing. The science of sounds, teaching 
their nature, phenomena, and laws. 

A-e-quaint', v. t. [imp. & p.p. acquainted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ACQUAINTING.] [O.Fr. accointer, from L. Lat. 
accognitare , adcognitare, to make known.] 1. To make 
fully or intimately known ; to make familiar. 2. To 
communicate notice to. 

Syn. — To apprise; to inform. 

A-e-quaint/aii£e, n. 1. A state of being acquainted, 
or of having intimate or more than slight or superficial 
knowledge ; familiar knowledge. 2. A person or persons 
well known. [In this sense the word admits a plural : ac- 
quaintance and acquaintances are both in use.] 

Syn. — Familiarity; fellowship; intimacy. — Intimacy is the 
result of close connection, and hence is the stronger word; 
familiarity springs from frequent intercourse. 

A-e/quI-esce' (ak'kwi-es'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. acqui- 
esced ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACQUIESCING.] [Lat. acqui- 
escere, from ad and quiescere, to be quiet ; quies, rest.] 1. 
To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest with- 
out opposition and discontent. 2. To concur upon con- 
viction. 

Acquiesced in, in a passive sense, complied with; submitted 
to, without opposition. 
Syn. — To accede; assent; consent; comply 

A-e'qui-es'pence, n. A silent assent or submission, or 
a submission with apparent content. 

A-e'qui-es'ceirt, a. Submitting : disposed to submit. 

A«-quir'a4>le, a. Capable of being acquired. 

Acquire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACQUIRED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ACQUIRING.] [Lat. acquirere, from ad and quarere, 
to seek for.] To gain, usually by one's own labor or ex- 
ertions. 

Syn. — To attain; obtain; procure; earn; win; secure. 

A-e-quTre'ment, n. The act of acquiring, or that which 
is acquired. 

Syn.— Attainment; gain; acquisition. 



5,e,&c, long; &,8,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; e^re, veil, term; p5£que,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



ACQUISITION 



ACqui-gi'tion, rc. 1. Act of acquiring. 2. The thing 

acquired, or gained ; acquirement. 
A-e-quig'i-tive,a. 1. Acquired. [Rare.] 2. Disposed 

to make acquisitions. 
Ae-quig'i-tive-ly, adv. In the way of acquisition. 
A-e-quIg'i-tive-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being 

acquisitive. 2. (Phren.) The organ which is supposed 

to give rise to this desire. 
Ac-quit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. acquitted ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. ACQUITTING.] [Fr. acguitter, from ac, for ad, and 

quitter, to forsake, from Lat. quietus, quiet. See QUIT.] 

1. To set free ; to release or discharge, especially from 
an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or 
whatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty. 2. 
Reflexively, to bear or conduct one's self. 

Syn.-- To clear; absolve. 

Ac-quit'ment, n. Act of acquitting, or state of being 

I acquitted; acquittal. 

[Ac-quit'tal, n. (Law.) Deliverance from the charge 
of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. 

Ac-quit'tance, n. 1. The act of acquitting or dis- 
charging from a debt, or other engagement or obligation. 

2. A. writing which is evidence of a discharge ; a receipt 
in full, which bars a further demand. 

A-erage^, I v f< rp ma k e craZ y ; to impair ; to destroy. 

A'-ere (a/ker), n. [A.-S. acer, aster, Lat. ager, Gr. aypos. 
The primitive sense is an open, plowed, or sowed field.] A 
piece of land containing 160 square rods or perches, or 

_4840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. 

A'-ere-age (a/ker-), n. A sum total of acres. 

Ac 'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; pungent ; harsh. 

Ae'rid-ness, n. A sharp, harsh quality ; pungency. 

Ac'ri-nio'ni-ous, a. 1. Abounding with acrimony. 
2. Sarcastic. 

Syn. — Sharp; severe; bitter; corrosive; caustic. 

Ae'ri-mo'iii-oiis-ly , adv. With sharpness or bitterness. 

Ae'ri-mo-ny, n. 1„ A quality of bodies which cor- 
rodes, dissolves, or destroys others. 2. Sharpness or 
severity, as of language or temper. 

Syn.— Asperity; harshness; tartness. —Acrimony springs 
from an embittered spirit; tartness from an irritable temper; 
asperity and harshness from disregard for the feelings of others. 

Ac'ri-tude (53), n. [Lat. acritudo, from acer, sharp.] 
An acrid quality ; biting heat ; acrimony. 

Ac'ro-a-mat'ic, ) a. [Gr. aKpoa/xanKo?, from a/cpo- 

A-e'i-o-a-mat'ic-al, J aaOai, to hear.] Designed only to 
be heard ; oral ; — applied to the esoteric teachings of 
Aristotle, which were confined to his immediate hearers 
or disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, 
which were taught by means of books. 

A-e'ro-at'i-e, a. [Gr. d/cpoanKos. See supra.] The same 
as ACROAMATIC. 

A-e'ro-bat, n. [Gr. a*po?, on high, and /3atvetv, to go.] 
One who practices high vaulting, rope-dancing, &c. 

Ac'ro-bat'ic, a. Belonging to an acrobat or to his ex- 
ercises. 

Ac'ro-gen, n. [Gr. a/cpo?, extreme, and yiyvea-6ai, to be 
born.] (Hot.) A plant of the highest tribe of Crypto- 
gams, including the ferns, &c. See CRYPTOGAMA. 

A-erog'e-iioiis. a. (Hot.) Increasing in growth from 
the extremity. 

A-cron'yc-al, «• [Gr. a.Kp6wKro<;, d/cpovvKno?, from 
aicpos, extreme, and vv£, night.] (Astron. ) Rising at sun- 
set and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opposed to cos- 
mical. 

A-crop'o-lis, n. The upper or higher part of a Grecian 
city ; hence, the citadel or castle, and especially the cita- 
del of Athens. [at the end of a. seed. 

Ac'ro-spire, n. [Gr. a/cpo? and cnreipa, spire.] A sprout 

A-eross' (21), prep. From side to side of; athwart ; quite 
over; crosswise of, or in a direction opposed to the 
length of. 

A-eross', adv. From side to side ; crosswise. 

A-eros'tie, n. [Gr. a/cpooTixov, from a«po?, extreme, 
and (TTt'xo?, order, line, verse.] A composition , usually in 
verse, in which the first or the last letter of every line, or 
of every word, read collectively, forma name or sentence. 

A-eros'tic-al-ly, adv. In the manner of an acrostic. 

Aet, v. i. [Lat. actus, p. p. of agere, to drive, lead, do.] 
1. To exert power. 2. To be in action or motion ; to 
perform an action or actions. 3. To behave or conduct, 
as in morals, private duties, or public offices ; to demean 
one's self. 



ACULEATE 

A-et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACT- 
ING.] 1. To perform, especially upon the stage. 2. 
Hence, to feign or counterfeit. 3. To perform the part 
^of ; to assume the office or character of; to play. 

A-et, n. 1. That which is done or doing; performance; 
deed. Hence, in specific uses, (a.) The result of public 
deliberation, or the decision of a prince, legislative body, 
council, court of justice, or magistrate ; a decree, edict, 
law, judgment, resolve, award, determination, (b.) A 
book, record, or writing, containing laws and determina- 
tions ; any instrument in writing to verify facts, (c.) 
One of the larger or principal divisions of a play, (d.) 
A thesis maintained in pub he, in some English universi- 
ties, (e.) The time when masters and doctors complet* 
their degrees, at the university of Oxford, Eng. 2. A 
state of reality, or real existence, as opposed to a possi- 
bility, or possible existence. 3. A state of preparation, 
readiness, or incipient action. 

Ac-tin'ic, a. Belonging to actinism. 

Ac-tln'i-f orm, a. [Gr. d/crt'?, ray, and Lat. forma, 
^ form.] Having a radiated form. 

Ae'tin-igm, n. A property in the solar rays which pro- 
duces chemical changes, as in photography. 

A-e'ti-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. clktCs, ray, and /xeVpov, meas- 
ure.] ( Opt.) An instrument for measuring the intensity 
w of the sun's actinic rays. 

A-e'tion, n. X» Exertion of power or force, as when one 
body acts on another ; or the effect of power exerted on 
one body by another ; motion produced ; agency. 2. An 
act or thing done ; a deed ; especially, the result of an 
exercise of volition ; hence, conduct ; behavior ; demean- 
or. 3. The event or series of events, either real or im- 
aginary, forming the subject of a play, narrative, poem, 
or other composition. 4. (Orat.) Gesture or gesticula- 
tion. 5. (Law.) (a.) A suit or process, by which a de- 
mand is made of a right in a court of justice ; a claim 
made before a tribunal, (b.) A right of action. 6. 
( Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock com- 
pany, or in the public funds ; in the pi., stocks. [A Gal- 
licism.] 7. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position 
of the several parts of the body. 8. An engagement be- 
w tween troops in war. 

Ac'tion-a-ble, a. Admitting a suit, or the bringing of 
an action at law which will he ; as, to call a man a thief 
^is actionable. 

Ae'tion-a-hry. adv. In an actionable manner. 

Ae'tion-a-ry, \n. (Com.) A proprietor of stock in a 

A-e'tion-ist, ) joint-stock company ; one who owns 

^ actions or shares of stock. 

Act'ive, a. 1. Having the power or quality of acting ; 
communicating action or motion ; — opposed to passive. 
2. Constantly engaged in action ; hence, energetic ; dili- 
gent ; busy. 3. Requiring or implying action or exer- 
tion ; practical ; operative ; producing real effects ; — op- 
posed to speculative. 4. (Gram.) Expressing the transi- 
tion or passing of an action from an agent to an object, 
as certain verbs do ; transitive. 

Syn. — Brisk; alert; agile; nimble; sprightly; prompt; 
quick. — Agile and nimble relate to bodily movements, the 
others may apply either to the body or the mind. 

Aet'ive-ly, adv. In an active manner ; nimbly. 

A-et'ive-ness, \ n. Quality of being active; nimble- 

Ae-tiv'i-ty, j ness ; agility. 

A-et'or, n. One who acts ; especially, one who plays on 
' the stage. 

Act'ress, n. A female who acts or plays. 

Act'u-al, a. [Lat. actualis.] 1. Existing in act, and 
truly and absolutely so ; really acted or acting ; carried 
out ; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual, or theoret- 
ical. 2. Existing at the present time ; present. 

A-et'u-al'i-ty, n. The state of being actual. 

A-efu-al-i-za'tion, n. A making actual or really exist- 

Aet'u.-al-ize, v. t. To make actual. [ent. 

Aet'iz-al-ly, adv. In act or fact ; really ; verily ; truly. 

A-et'u-al-ness, n. State or quality of being actual; 
actuality. 

A-et'u-a-ry, n. X. A registrar or clerk. 2. The man- 
ager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an insur- 
ance company. 

A-et'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. actuated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. actuating.] To put into action ; to move or 
incite to action. 

Syn.— To move; impel; instigate; induce; rouse; animate. 

A-eii'le-ate, a. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points ; 
pointed ; — used chiefly to denote prickles fixed in the 
bark, in distinction from thorns, which grow from the 
wood. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, linfc ; this- 



ACUMEN 



10 



ADIPOCERE 



A-eu'men, n. Quickness of perception or discernment ; 
penetration of mind ; the faculty of nice discrimination. 
Syn. — Acuteness; astuteness; shrewdness; perspicuity; 
discernment. 

A-eu'mi-nate, v. t. To render sharp or keen. 

A-eu'mi-nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp 
point. 

A-eu'mi-nate, a. Having a long, tapering point. 

A-eu/mi-na/tion, n. A sharpening ; termination in a 
sharp point. 

Ae'u-puuet'ure , n. The introduction of needles into 
the living tissues for remedial purposes. 

A-eute', a. 1. Sharp at the end ; ending in a sharp 
point ; pointed ; — opposed to blunt or obtuse. 2. Hav- 
ing nice discernment ; perceiving or using minute dis- 
tinctions ; penetrating ; shrewd ; — opposed to dull or 
stupid. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility ; susceptible 
of slight impressions. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to 
some other sound ; — opposed to grave or low. 5. (Med.) 
Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and 
coming speedily to a crisis ; — opposed to chronic. 
Syn. — Penetrating; piercing; pointed; shrewd; subtle. 

A-eute'ly, adv. Sharply ; shrewdly ; keenly. 

Ad'age, n. [Lat. adagium, from adigere, to adduce ; ad 
and agere, to lead, do.] An old saying, which has ob- 
tained credit by long use. 

Syn.— Maxim; proverb; aphorism; axiom; saw. 

A.-da'gio (-jo), a. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; moving slowly, lei- 
surely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, 
it directs the movement to be very slow. 

A-dd'glo, n. A piece of music in adagio time. 

Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. aSdfiag, -<xvto?, the hardest iron, 
steel, diamond, prop, untamable, infrangible, from a 
priv. and Sa/xav, to tame, subdue.] 1. A stone imag- 
ined by some to be of impenetrable hardness ; — a name 
given to the diamond and other substances of extreme 

. hardness. 2. Lodestone. [Obs.] 

Ad'a-man-te'an, a. Hard as adamant. 

Ad'a-mant 'ine, a. Made of, or having the qualities of, 



Adamantine spar, a very hard variety of corundum. 

Ad'am'g-ap'ple, n. 1. A species of citron. 2. The 
projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck ; 
— so called from a notion that it was caused by the apple 

w sticking in the throat of our first parent. 

Ad'an-so'ni-a, n. The African calabash -tree, one of 
the largest of trees. 

A-dapt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADAPTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ADAPTING.] [Lat. adaptare, from ad and aptare, to fit.] 
To make fit or suitable. 

Syn.— To suit; accommodate; adjust; apply; attune. 

A-dapt'a-Ml'ity, ) n. Quality of being adaptable ; 

A-dapt'a-ble-ness, ) suitableness. 

A-dapt'a-lble, a. Capable of being adapted. 

Ad'ap-ta'tion, n. The act of adapting, or fitting; or 
the state of being adapted or fitted ; fitness. 

A-dapt'er, n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chem.) A re- 
ceiver with two necks ; an adopter. 

Add, v. t. [imp. & p. p. added ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADD- 
ING.] [Lat. addere, from ad and dare, to give.] To join 
or unite, as one thing or sum to another, so as to increase 
the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magni- 
tude, or so as to form into one aggregate. 

Syn.— To subjoin; to annex. — We add numbers, &c; we 
subjoin an after-thought; we annex some adjunct, as territory. 

Ad'da-lble, a. See Addible. 

Ad-den f du<m,n.;pl. ad-den' da. [Lat.] A thing to be 
added ; an appendix. 

Ad'der, n. [A.-S. setter, nmdre, Goth, nadrs, Lat. natrix, 
from nare, to swim.] A venomous serpent ; a viper. 

Ad'di-Ml'i-ty, n. State or quality of being addible. 

Ad'di-ble, a. [See Add.] Capable of being added. 

Ad-dl-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. addicted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ADDICTING.] [Lat. addictus, p. p. of addicere, to 
adjudge, devote ; from ad and dicer e, to say.] To apply 
habitually ; to devote ; to accustom ; to habituate. 

Syn. — To devote ; to dedicate to. — Addict is commonly 
used in a bad sense, the other two in a good one; addicted to 
vice; devoted to literature; dedicated to religion. 

Ad-dl-et'ed-ness, n. Devoteduess. 

Ad-di'tion (-dish'un), n. 1. The act of adding two or 
more things together. 2. Any thing added; increase. 
3. (Math.) The branch of arithmetic which treats of 
adding numbers. 4. (Mus.) A dot at the right side of 
a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened 



one half. 5. (Law.) A title annexed to a man's name, 
to show his rank, occupation, or place of residence. 
Syn. — Increase ; accession ; augmentation. 

Ad-dl'tion-al (-dish'un-), a. Added; adscititious. 

Ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. By way of addition. 

Ad'dle, a. [A.-S. adl, sick, diseased ; adlian, aidlian, to 
be sick.] Having lost the power of development, by be- 
coming diseased, as eggs ; putrid ; corrupt ; hence, pro- 

_ ducing nothing ; unfruitful or barren, as brains. 

Ad'dle, v. t. To make addle ; to make corrupt or morbid. 

Ad-dress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. addressed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADDRESSING.] [Lat. directus, -p. p. of dirigere, to 
direct.] 1. To prepare or make ready. 2. To direct 
words or discourse to ; to apply to by words, as by a 
speech, address, petition, or the like. 3. To direct in 
writing, as a letter ; to superscribe. 4. To court ; to 
woo. 5. (Coon.) To consign or intrust to the care of 
another, as agent or factor. 

Ad-dress', n. 1. A formal application, speech, discourse, 
petition, or the like, either written or verbal. 2. Man- 
ner of speaking to another. 3. Attention in the way 
of courtship ; — usually in the plural. 4. Skill ; dex- 
terity. 5. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the 
name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 
Syn. — Adroitness; tact. 

Ad-duce' (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADDUCED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADDUCING.] [Lat. adducere, to lead or bring to ; 
ad and ducere, to lead.] To bring forward, present, or 
offer ; to bring forward by way of proof. 
Syn. — To allege; cite; quote; advance; introduce. 

Ad-du'cent, a. Bringing forward or together. 

Ad-du'fi-ble, a. Capable of being adduced. 

Ad-due'tion, n. Act of adducing or bringing forward. 

Ad-du-e'-tlve, a. Adducive ; bringing forward. 

Ad-due'tor, n. (Anat.) A muscle which draws one part 
of the body toward another. 

Ad'e-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. aSrjv, gland, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] (Anat.) The doctrine of the glands, their na- 
ture and their uses. 

A-dept', n. One well skilled in any art. 

A-dept', a. [Lat. adeptus, obtained (sc. artem), he who 
has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci, to arrive at, to 
obtain.] Well skilled ; skillful ; completely versed or ac- 
quainted. 

Ad'e-qua-cy, n. The state or quality of being adequate. 

Ad'e-quate, a. [Lat. adsequatus, p. p. of ad&quare, to 
make equal to.] Equal, proportionate, or correspondent ; 
fully sufficient. 

Syn. — Enough; competent; requisite; commensurate. 

Ad'e-quate-ly, adv. In proportion ; sufficiently ; fitly. 

Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Adequacy ; sufficiency. 

Ad-here', v. i. [imp. & p.p. adhered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ADHERING.] [Lat. adhserere, from ad and haerere, to 
stick.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous sub- 
stance does ; to become joined or united. 2. To hold, 
be attached, or devoted. 

Syn. — To cling; hold fast; abide by. 

Ad-her'ence ) (89), n. 1. Quality or state of adhering. 

Ad-her'en-cy ) 2. State of being fixed in attach- 
ment ; steady attachment ; adhesion. 

Ad-her'ent, a. United with or to ; sticking. 

Ad-her'ent, n. One who adheres ; one who cleaves to 
or supports some person or cause. 
Syn. — Partisan; follower; supporter; advocate. 

Ad-her'ent-ly, adv. In an adherent manner. 

Ad-he'§ion, n. The act or state of sticking, or being 
attached ; the force with which distinct bodies adhere 
when their surfaces are brought in contact. Gluti- 
nous bodies unite by adhesion ; the particles of a homo- 
geneous body by cohesion. [stances. 

Ad-he'sive, a. Sticky ; tenacious, as glutinous sub- 

Ad-he'sive-ly, adv. In an adhesive manner. [ing. 

Ad-he'sive-ness, n. The quality of sticking, or adher- 

Ad-hor'ta-to-ry, a. Containing counsel or warning; 
advisory. 

A-dieii' (a-du', 30), adv. Good-by ; farewell. 

A-dieu.', n. A farewell ; commendation to the care of God. 

Ad/i-p5c'e-rate, v. t. To convert into adipocere. 

Ad'i-poc'e-ra'tion, n. Act or process of being changed 
into adipocere. 

Ad'i-po-cere', n. [Fr. adipocire, from Lat. adeps, soft 
fat, and cera, wax.] A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, 
into which the fat and muscular fiber of dead animal 
bodies are changed by long immersion in water or spirit, 
or sometimes by burial in moist places. 



a,e, Sec, long; a, 6, 8cc, short; care, far, ask, all, what; §re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dQ,W9lf, 



ADIPOSE 



11 



ADMIXTURE 



Ad'i-pose', a. [N. Lat. adiposus, from adeps, fat.] Per- 
taining to, or consisting of, animal fat ; fatty. 
Ad'it, n. [Lat. aditus, entrance, from adire, to go to.] 

1. A horizontal or inclined entrance into a mine ; a drift. 

2. Passage ; approach ; access. 

Ad-ja'cen-cy, n. State of being adjacent or contiguous. 

Ad-ja'cent, a. Lying near, close, or contiguous, but 
not actually touching. 

Ad'je-e-ti'val, or Ad'je-e-tiv-al, a. Pertaining to an 
adjective. 

Ad'je-e-tlve, n. [Lat. adjectivum, from adjicere, to add 
to, from ad and jacere, to throw.] (Gram.) A word used 
with a noun or substantive, to describe, specify, limit, 
or define it, or to denote some property of it. 

Adjective color, one which requires the addition of a mor- 
dant to give it permanency. 

Ad'jec-tlve-ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective. 

Ad-join', v. t. To join or unite to. 

Ad-join', v. i. [imp. & p. p. adjoined ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. adjoining.] To be contiguous or next ; to be in 
contact or very near. 

Syn. — Adjacent; contiguous; neighboring.— Things are 
adjacent or neighboring when they are near to each other; 
adjoining and contiguous when they are close by or in contact. 

Ad-journ', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adjourned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADJOURNING.] [Fr. ajoumer, from jour, day ; 
Lat. diurnus, belonging to the day.] To put off or defer 
to another day, or indefinitely. 

Syn. — To postpone; defer; delay; prorogue. — A court, legis- 
lature, or meeting is adjourned ; parliament is prorogued at the 
end of a session; we delay or defer a thing to a future time; we 
postpone it when we make it give way to soAiething else. 

Ad-journ', v. i. To suspend business for a time ; to 
close the session of a public body. 

Ad-journ'ment, n. 1. The act of adjourning ; the 
putting off to some specified day, or without day. 2. 
The interval during which a public body defers business. 

Ad-judge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adjudged; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADJUDGING.] [Fr. adjuger, Lat. adjudicare, from 
ad anxdjudicare, to judge.] 1. To award or decree judi- 
cially or by authority. 2. To sentence ; to condemn. 

Ad-ju/di~eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. adjudicated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. adjudicating.] To try and determine, 
as a court ; to adjudge. 

Ad-ju'di-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of adjudicating. 2. A 
judicial sentence, judgment, or decision. 

Ad'junet, n. 1. Something joined to another thing, but 
not an essential part of it ; an appendage. 2. A colleague . 

Ad'junet, a. Added or united. 

Ad-june'tion, n. The act of joining ; the thing joined. 

Ad-jixii-et'ive, a. Having the quality of joining. 

Ad-jtinet'ive, n. One who, or that which, is joined. 

Ad-jiinct'ly, adv. In connection with ; consequently. 

Ad'ju-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of adjuring ; a solemn charg- 
ing on oath, or under penalty of a curse. 2. The form 
of oath. 

Adjure', v. t. [imp. &p. p. adjured ; p. pr. & vb n. 
ADJURING.] [Lat. adjurare, to swear to, from ad and ju- 
rare, to swear.] To charge, bind, command, or entreat 
solemnly and earnestly, as if under oath, or under the 
penalty of a curse. 

Ad-just', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADJUSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ADJUSTING.] [L. Lat. adjustare, from ad and Justus, 
just, right.] 1. To make exact or conformable. 2. To 
reduce to order. 3. To set right. 

Syn. — To fit; adapt; suit; regulate; accommodate. 

Ad-just'a-ble, a. Capable of being adjusted. 

Ad-jtist'er, n. One who, or 
that which, adjusts. 

Ad-just'ment, n. Act of 
adjusting ; reducing to order 
or due conformity ; arrange- 
ment ; disposition ; settlement. 

Ad'ju-tage. See Ajutage. 

Ad'ju-tan-cy, n. The office 
of an adjutant. 

Ad'ju-tant, n. 1. An officer 
who assists the superior offi- 
cers in the execution of orders, 
conducting correspondence, 
placing guards, &c. 2. A very __ 
large species of stork, a native 
of India. 

Adjutant-general, an officer ""^ 
who assists the general of an Adjutant, 

army. 

Ad'ju-vant, a. Helping ; assisting. 




Ad-meas/ure (-mezh/ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. admeas- 
ured ; p. pr. & vb. n. admeasuring.] 1. To take 
the dimensions, size, or capacity of. 2. To apportion. 

Ad-meag'ure-ment, n. 1. Act or process of ascer- 
taining tUe dimensions of any thing. 2. The dimensions 
ascertained. 

Ad-meas/ur-er, n. One who admeasures. 

Ad-men'su-ra'tion, n. Admeasurement. 

Ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. administered ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. administering.] 1. To manage or 
conduct, as public affairs. 2. To supply ; to dispense, 
as justice. 3. To give or tender, as an oath. 4. (Law.) 
To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or 
whose will fails of an executor. 
Syn.— To manage; conduct; minister; contribute; supply. 

Ad-min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid 
or supplies. 2. (Law.) To perform the office of admin- 
istrator. 

Ad-minls-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to administration, 
or to the executive part of government. 

Ad-min'is-tra-ble, a. Capable of being administered. 

Ad-mua/is-tra'tion, n. 1. The act of administering. 
2. The executive part of the government. 3. Dispensa- 
tion ; distribution. 4. The persons collectively who are 
intrusted with the execution of laws and the superin- 
tendence of public affairs. 5. (Law.) (a.) Management 
and disposal, under legal authority , of the estate of an in- 
testate, or of a testator having no competent executor. 
(b.) Management of an estate of a deceased person by an 
executor. 

Ad-min'is-tra/tive, a. Administering. 

Ad-min'is-tra'tor, n. 1. One who administers, or 
who directs, manages, or dispenses laws and rites. 2. 
( Law.) One to whom the right of administration has been 
committed by competent authority. 

Ad-min/is-tra'tor-ship, n. Office of administrator. 

Ad-min'is-tra'trix, n. A woman who administers, 
especially one to whom letters of administration have 
been granted. 

Ad'mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of admiration. 

Syn. — Wonderful; rare; excellent; surprising. 

Ad'mi-ra-bly, adv. In an admirable manner. 

Ad'mi-ral, n. [Ar. amir-al-ba.hr, commander of the sea, 
the terminating syllable or word having been omitted.] 
1. A naval officer of the highest rank. 2. The ship 

w which carries the admiral. 

Ad'mi-ral-ship, n. The office of an admiral. 

Ad'mi-ral-ty (112), n. 1. The body of officers appointed 
for the management of naval affairs. 2. The building 
where the lords of the admiralty transact business. 

Courts of admiralty, courts having cognizance of questions 
arising out of maritime affairs, and of crimes committed on the 
high seas. 

Ad'mi-ra'tion, n. Wonder ; especially, in present usage, 
wonder mingled with pleasing emotions, as approbation, 
esteem, love, or veneration. 

Ad-mire', v. t. [imp. & p.p. admired \p.pr. & vb.n. 
ADMIRING.] [Lat. admirari, from ad and mirari, to 
wonder.] 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, espe- 
cially wonder mingled with approbation, esteem, rever- 
ence, or affection. 2. To estimate or prize highly. 

egjf- It is an error to follow this verb with an infinitive; as, I 
admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. 

Ad-mire', v. i. To wonder ; to marvel. 

Ad-mir'er, n. One who admires ; a lover. 

Ad-mis'si-bll'i-ty, n. The quality of being admissible^. 

Ad-mis'si-l>le, a. Capable or worthy of being admitted 

Ad-mls'sion (-mlsh / un), n. 1. Act or practice of ad 
mitting. 2. Power or permission to enter ; access. 3, 
The granting of an argument or position not fully proved 

Ad-mlt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADMITTED ; p. pr. & vb 
n. ADMITTING.] [Lat. admittere, from ad and mittere 
to send.] 1. To grant entrance to, whether into a place 
or into the mind. 2. To give evidence of a right of en 
trance. 3. To receive as true. 4. To be capable of. 

Syn. — To concede; grant; permit; allow. — Admit has the 
widest sense. We grant or concede what is claimed; we allow 
what we suffer to take place or yield ; we permit what we con- 
sent to. 

Ad-mit'tan^e, n. 1. Act of admitting. 2. Permis- 
sion to enter. 3. (Law.) Act of giving possession of a 
copyhold estate. 

Ad-mix', v. t. To mingle with something else. 

Ad-mix'tioii (-mlksVyun, 97), n. [Lat. admiztio.] A 
mingling of bodies ; a union by mixing different sub- 
stances together. 

Ad-mlxt'u.re, n. 1. A mixing. 2. What is mixed. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



ADMONISH 



12 



ADVENTURE 



Ad-mon'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. admonished ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ADMONISHING-.] [Lat. admonere,admonitum, 
from ad and monere, to remind, warn.] 1. To reprove 
gently, or with mildness. 2. To counsel against wrong 
practices. 3. To instruct or direct ; to inform. 

Syn. — To reprove; caution; rebuke; reprimand; warn; ad- 
vise. — We advise as to future conduct; we warn of danger or 
by way of threat; we actinonish with a view to one's improve- 
ment; we reprove, reprimand, and rebuke by way of punish- 
ment. 

Ad-mon'isli-er, n. A reprover; an adviser. 

Ad rno-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. Gentle or friendly re- 
proof or counsel ; advice. 

Ad-naon'i-tive, a. Containing admonition. 

Ad-mon'i-tor, n. One who admonishes- 

Ad-«ion'i-to-ry, a. Containing admonition ; admon- 
ishing. 

Ad-nas'cent, a. [Lat. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci, ad- 
nalus, to grow to or on.] Growing to or on something else. 

Ad'nate, a. [See supra.] (Bot.) Growing close to astern. 

A-do' (23), n. [Prefix a, for to, and do.] Bustle ; trouble ; 
labor ; difficulty. 

Adobe (a-do'ba), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the 
sun. 

Ad'o-les'cence, n. Youth ; the years between the 
ages of 14 and 25 in man, and of 12 and 21 in woman. 

Ad'o-les'cent, a. [Lat. adolescens, p.pr. of adolescere, 
to grow up to.] Growing ; advancing from childhood to 
manhood. 

A-dopt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adopted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ADOPTING.] [Lat. adoptare, from ad and optare, to 
choose.] To select and take as one's own when not so 
before. 

A-dopt'er, n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A re- 
ceiver with two necks. 

A-dop'tion, n. 1. The act of adopting, or state of be- 
ing adopted. 2. The receiving as one's own what is 
new or not natural. 

A-dopt'ive, a. 1. Adopted ; as, an adoptive son. 2. 
Adopting ; as, an adoptive father. 

A-dor'a-hle, a. Worthy of adoration. 

A-dor'a-lble-ness, n. The quality of being adorable. 

A-dor'a-bly, adv. With adoration or worship. 

Ad'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Worship paid to a divine being. 
2. Homage paid to one in high esteem. 

A-dore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ADORING.] [Lat. adorare, from ad and orare, to speak, 
pray, from os. oris, mouth.] 1. To worship with pro- 
found reverence. 2. To love in the highest degree. 

A-dor'ei*, n. A worshiper ; a lover. 

A-dorn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADORNED ; p. pr. & vb, 
n. adorning.] [Lat. adomare, from ad and ornare, to 
furnish, embellish.] To render beautiful ; to decorate. 

Syn.— To deck; embellish; set off; beautify; ornament. — 
We decorate and ornament for the sake of show; we embellish 
and adorn to heighten beauty. 
A-dorn'ment, n. Ornament ; embellishment. 
Ad-os'eu-la/tion, n. 1. The impregnation of plants 
by the falling of the farina on the pistil. 2. A species 
of budding or ingrafting. 3. (Physiol.) An impregna- 
tion by mere external contact, without intromission, as 
in fishes. [ward. 

A-down', prep. Down ; toward the ground. — adv. down- 
A-drift', a. or adv. [Prefix a and drift.] Floating at 

random ; at large. 
A-droit', a. [Fr. d droit, to the right, from Lat. directus, 
p. p. of dirigere, to direct.] Possessing or exercising skill 
or dexterity ; ready in invention or execution. 
Syn. — Skillful; expert; clever; dexterous; ingenious. 
A-droit'ly, adv. In an adroit manner. 
A-droit'ness, n. Dexterity ; readiness of body or mind. 
A-dry', a. Thirsty ; in want of drink. 
Ad'sci-ti'tioiis (-tlsh'us), a. [From Lat. adsciscere, as- 
ciscere, to take knowingly.] Taken as supplemental; 
^ added; additional. 

Ad'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. adulatio, from adulari, to flat- 
ter.] Servile flattery ; sycophancy. 

Syn. — Flattery; compliment.— A man who respects himself 
may use the language of compliment, and perhaps of flattery 
but never of adulation. 
Ad'u-la/tor, n. A servile flatterer ; sycophant. 
Ad'u-la/to-ry, a. Flattering to excess. 
A-diilt', a. [Lat. adultus, p. p. of adolescere. See Ado- 
lescent.] Having arrived at mature years, or to full 
size and strength. 
A-du.lt', n. A person or thing grown to maturity. 
A-dul'ter-ant, n. A person or thing that adulterates. 



A-dul'ter-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. adulterated; 

p. pr. & vb. n. ADULTERATING.] [Lat. adulterare, 
from adulter, adulterer, unchaste ; ad and alter, other, 
properly one who approaches another on account of un- 
lawful love.] t To debase or corrupt or make impure by 
admixture of baser materials. 
Syn.— To contaminate; corrrupt. 

A-dul'ter-ate, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. De- 
based ; corrupted. 

A-diU/ter-a'tion, n. Act of adulterating, or state of 
being adulterated. 

A-diil'ter-er, n. [Lat. adulter, with an additional Eng. 
termination.] A man who is guilty of adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, a. Proceeding from 
adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, n. A child bom in 
adultery. 

A-diU'ter-ous, a. Pertaining to, or guilty of, adultery. 

A-dul'ter-y, n. 1. A violation of the marriage-bed. 
2. [Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant. 

A-dult'ness, n. The state of being an adult. 

Ad-um'forant, a. Giving a faint shadow. 

Ad-umlbrate, v. t. [Lat. adumbrare, from ad and um- 

__ bra, shade.] To shadow faintly forth ; to typify. 

Ad'um-bra'tion, n. 1. The act of shadowing forth. 
2. A faint resemblance. 

A-dun'ci-ty, n. [Lat. aduncitas, fr. aduncus, hooked.] 
Hookedness, or a bending in form of a hook. 

A-dust', a. [Lat. adustus, p. p. of adurere.] 1. Burnt 
or scorched ; hot and fiery. 2. Looking as if burnt or 
scorched. 

Ad-vance', v. t. [imp. & p. p. advanced ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADVANCING.] [0. Fr. advancer, from Lat. ab 
ante, fit. from before.] 1. To bring forward. 2. To 
raise to a higher rank. 3. To accelerate the growth or 
progress of; to forward ; to help on. 4. To offer or pro- 
pose. 5. To supply beforehand ; to pay for others, in 
expectation of re-imbursement. 

Syn. — To adduce; allege; proceed; heighten. 

Ad-vance', v. i. 1. To move or go forward. 2. To im- 
prove. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence. 

Ad-vance' (6), n. 1. Act of advancing or moving for- 
ward ; approach. 2. Improvement or progression, phys- 
ically, mentally, morally, or socially. 3. (Com.) Addi- 
tional price or profit. 4. A tender ; an offer ; a gift ; — 
specifically , a furnishing of something before an equiva- 
lent is received (as money or goods), toward a capital or 
stock, or on loan ; hence, the money or goods thus fur- 
nished. 

In advance, in front ; before ; also, beforehand; before an 
equivalent is received. 

Ad-vance', a. Before in place, or beforehand in time ; 
— used for advanced ; as, an advan ce-guard. 

Ad-vance'ment, n. 1. Act of advancing or state of 
being advanced ; progression ; improvement ; promotion. 
2. That which a person has received from a parent liv- 
ing, in anticipation of what he might receive by inherit- 
ance. 3. Payment of money in advance. 

Ad-vanc'er, n. One who advances ; a promoter. 

Ad-van'tage (6), n. [See Advance.] 1. Any state, 
condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means particu- 
larly favorable to some desired end. 2. Superiority of 
state, or that which gives it ; benefit ; gain ; profit. 

Ad-van'tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. advantaged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ADVANTAGING.] To benefit ; to promote. 

Ad-van'tage-ground, n. Ground that gives advan- 
tage or superiority ; vantage-ground. 

Ad'van-ta'geous (-ta/jus), a. Being of advanfege ; 
furnishing advantage, convenience, or opportunity to 
gain benefit ; gainful ; profitable ; useful ; beneficial. 

Ad'van-ta'geoiis-ly, adv. In an advantageous man- 
ner, [advantageous ; profitableness. 

Ad^an-ta'geoiis-ness, n. Quality or state of being 

Ad'vent, n. 1. A coming ; approach ; specifically, the 
first or the second coming of Christ. 2. A season of 
devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. 

Ad/ven-tl'tious (-tish/us), a. 1. Added extrinsically ; 
not essentially inherent ; accidental ; casual. 2. (Bot.) 
Out of the proper or usual place. 

Ad'ven-tl'tious-ly, adv. In an adventitious manner. 

Ad-vent'ive, a. Accidental ; adventitious. 

Ad-vent'u-al, a. Pertaining to the season of advent. 

Ad-vent'ure, n. [L. Lat. adventura, from Lat. adve- 
nire, future p. adventurus, to arrive.] 1. That of which 
one has no direction ; hazard ; risk ; chance. 2. An en- 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dcj, wolf 



ADVENTURE 



13 



AERONAUTISM 



terprise of hazard ; a bold undertaking. 3. A remark- 
able occurrence ; a striking event. 4. A thing sent to 
sea at the risk of the person sending it. 
Syn. — Incident; occurrence; contingency. 

Ad-v6nt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVENTURED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ADVENTURING-.] 1. To put at hazard; to 
risk; to jeopard. 2. To run the risk of attempting. 

Ad-vent'ure, v. i. To try the chances ; to dare. 

Ad-vent'ur-er, n. One who adventures ; one who relies 
for success on his boldness or good fortune. 

Ad-vent'ure-some, a. Incurring hazard ; bold ; vent- 



Ad -vent 'ur-ous, a. 1. Inclined to adventure ; bold to 
encounter danger ; daring ; courageous ; enterprising. 2. 
Full of hazard : attended with risk. 

Ad-vent'iir-ous-ly, adv. Boldly ; daringly. 

Ad'verto (14), n. [Lat. adverbium, from ad and verbum, 
word, verb.] ( Gram.) A word used to modify the sense 
of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and 
usually placed near it. 

Ad-verb'i-al, a. Relating to or like an adverb. 

Ad-verb'i-al-ly, adv. In manner of an adverb. 

Ad'ver-sa-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius, turned toward. See 
Adverse .] One who is hostile or opposed. 

Syn. — Opponent; antagonist; enemy; foe. — Unfriendly feel- 
ings mark the enemy ; habitual hostility the adversary ; active 
hostility the foe. Opponents are those who are pitted against 
each other; antagonists, those who struggle in the contest with 
all their might. 

Ad'ver-sa-ry, a. Adverse ; opposed ; antagonistic. 

Ad-ver'sa-tive, a. Expressing contrariety, opposition, 
or antithesis between two connected propositions ; — ap- 
plied to the conjunctions but, however, yet, &c. 

Ad-ver'sa-tive , n. A word denoting contrariety or op- 
position ; an adversative word. 

Ad'verse (14), a. [Lat. adversus, p. p. of advertere. See 
Advert.] 1. Acting in a contrary direction ; conflict- 
ing. 2. Opposing desire ; contrary to the wishes, or to 
supposed good ; hence, unfortunate ; calamitous. 
Syn. — Hostile; conflicting; unfortunate; calamitous. 

Ad'verse-ly, adv. With opposition ; unfortunately. 

Ad'verse-ness, n. Opposition ; unprosperousness. 

Ad-ver'si-ty, n. Adverse circumstances; an event or 
series of events attended with severe trials or misfortunes. 
Syn. — Calamity ; affliction ; distress; misery. 

Ad-vert' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. adverted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ADVERTING.] [Lat. advertere', from ad and ver- 
ier e, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention. 
Syn. — To attend; regard; observe. 

Ad-vert'ence, In. Attention; notice; regard; eon- 

Ad-vert'en-cy, ) sideration. 

Ad-vert'ent, a. Attentive; heedful. 

Ad'ver-tige', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. advertised ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ADVERTISING.] [From Lat. advertere. 
See Advert.] 1. To give notice, advice, or intelligence 
to ; to inform or apprise. 2. To make known through 
the press. 

Ad-ver'tige-ment, or Ad'ver-tige'ment, n. 1. 
Information. 2. Public notice through the press. 

Ad'ver-tis/er, n. One who advertises. 

Ad-vice', n. 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as 
worthy to be followed ; counsel ; suggestion. 2. Infor- 
mation as to the state of an affair or affairs ; notice ; in- 
telligence ; — commonly in the pi. 

Syn. — Information ; notice; admonition. 

Ad-vlce'-boat, n. A boat employed to convey dis- 
patches or information. [dient. 

Ad-vx§'a-hle, a. Fit to be advised or to be done ; expe- 

Ad-vlg'a-ble-ness, n. Fitness to be done; meetness ; 
propriety ; expediency. 

Ad-vige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. advised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ADVISING.] [Low Lat. advisare. See ADVICE.] 1. To 
give advice to ; to counsel. 2. To give information to ; 
to apprise ; to inform. 
Syn. — To apprise; acquaint; consult; consider. 

Ad-vige', v. i. To deliberate ; to weigh well, or consider. 

Ad-vig'ed-ly, adv. With full knowledge ; purposely. 

Ad-vlg'ed-ness, n. Deliberate consideration. 

Ad-vlge'ment, n. 1. Counsel. 2. Consultation ; de- 
liberation ; consideration. 

Ad-vig'er, n. One who gives advice ; a counselor. 

Ad-vl'go-ry, a. 1. Having power to advise. 2. Con- 
taining advice. 

Ad'vo-ca-cy, n. Act of pleading for or supporting ; vin- 
dication ; defense ; intercession. 




Ad'vo-eate, n. One who pleads any cause ; hence, spe- 
cifically, one who pleads the cause of another before any 

tribunal_or judicial court. 
Ad'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. advocated ; p.pr. 

& vb. n. ADVOCATING.] [Lat. advocatus, p. p. of advo- 

care, to call to, from ad and vocare, to call.] To plead in 

favor of; to maintain by argument. 
Syn. — To defend; support; vindicate. 
Ad'vo-ea'tion, n. Act of advocating or pleading. 
Ad'vow-ee', n. [Ft. advoue, avoue, fr. Lat. advocatus.] 

One who has the right of presenting to a benefice. 
Ad-vow'gon, n. (Eng. Law.) The right of presenting 

or nominating to a vacant benefice or living in the 
_ church. 

A'dy-nam'te, a. (Med.) Pertaining to debility of the 
^vital powers.; weak ; feeble. 
Ad'y-tum, n. ; pi. AD'Y-TA. [Lat.] (Arch.) A secret 

apartment, especially a secret place in ancient temples 

from whence oracles were given. 
Adz, In. A carpenter's tool 
Adze, I for chipping, formed 

with a thin arching blade, and 

its edge at right angles to the 

handle. 
iE'dlle, n. [Lat. xdilis, from 

cedes, temple.] An officer in 

ancient Rome who had the care 

of the public buildings, streets, public spectacles, &c. 
^Eg'i-lops, n. [Gr. atyi'Atoi//, properly goat's eye, from 

cu£, goat, and i»ty, eye-] An abscess in the corner of the 

eye. 
iE'gis, n. [Gr. aiyi's-] A shield or defensive armor; 

hence, any thing that protects. 
iE-o'li-an, a. 1. Pertaining to iEolia or JSolis, in Asia 

Minor. 2. Pertaining to JMus, the god of the winds ; 

hence, pertaining to, or produced by, the wind. 

jEolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a piano- 
forte, by means of which it is converted into a wind-instru- 
ment at the pleasure of the performer. — jEollan harp, a musi- 
cal instrument consisting of a box, on or within which are 
stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; 
— usually placed at an open window. 

^E-ol'ie, a. Pertaining to JEolia. 

A'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
aerating.] [See Air.] 1. To combine with carbonic 

_acid. 2. To supply with common air. 3. To arterialize. 

A'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of combining with carbonic 
acid. 2. The process of respiration ; arterialization. 3. 
Exposure of soil to the free action of the air. 

A-e'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the air, or atmosphere. 
2. Consisting of air. 3. Produced by air. 4. Inhabit- 
ing or frequenting the air. 5. Having its place in the 
air ; high ; lofty. 6. Growing, forming, or existing in 
the air. 

Ae'rie (e'ry or a'ry),^. [L. Lat. a'cria, from Lat. area, an 
open space, a fowling floor ; for birds of prey like to buiid 
their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high 
rocks.] The nest of an eagle, hawk, or other bird of prey. 

A/er-i-f i-ea'tion, n. The act of aerifying. 

A'ei--i-f6rm, a. Having the form of air, as gas. 

A'er-i-fy, v. t. [Lat. a'cr, air, and facere, to make.] To 
change'into an aeriform state. 

A/er-og'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. dbjp, air, and ypa^eiv, to write.] 
A description of the air. 

A'er-o-Hte, n. [Gr. ar/p, air, and At0os, stone.] A stone 

_ falling from the air or upper regions ; a meteoric stone. 

A'ei'-ol'o-glst, n. One who is versed in aerology. 

A/er-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
That science which treats of the air and its phenomena. 

A'er-o-man'cy, n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and ixavreta, prophe- 
sying.] Divination by means of the air and winds, or o/ 
substances found in the atmosphere. 

A'er-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and /u.eVpov, measure.] 
An instrument for measuring the weight or density of air 

_and gases. 

A/er-o-met'rie, a. Pertaining to aerometry. 

A'er-om'e-try, n. The art or science of ascertaining 
the mean bulk of gases. 

A'er-o-naut/, n. [Gr. o.-qp, air, and vaimjs, sailor.] An 
aerial navigator ; a balloonist. 

A/er-o-naut'ie , a. Pertaining to aeronautics. 

A'er-o-naut'ics, n. sing. The science or art of sailing 
in the air by means of a balloon. 

^/er-o-naut'igm, «• Tne practice of ascending and 
floating in the atmosphere in balloons. 



food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, «all, echo ; sera., get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link; this- 



AEROPHYTE 



14 



AFFLICTIVELY 



5/er-o-phyte', n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and $vtov, plant.] A 
plant deriving its support from the air alone. 

A/er-6s'eo-py 5 n. [Gr. aepoa-icoivia, from arjp, air, and 
<rKonCa, a looking out, aicoireiv, to look out, spy.] The 
observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. 

A'er-o-stat', n. [Gr. arjp, air, and o-tcitos, standing, from 
io-Tavoa, to stand.] A machine or vessel sustaining 
weights in the air ; — a name given to air balloons. 

A/er-o-stat'ie, a. Pertaining to aerostatics, or the art 
of aerial navigation. 

A/er-o-stat'ies, n. sing. The science that treats of the 
equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained 

_in them ; hence, the science of aerial navigation. 

A'er-os-ta'tion, n. Aerial navigation. 

JE-rii'gi-iioiis, a. [Lat. servginosus, from sertigo, cop- 
per-mst.] Pertaining to, or partaking cf, copper-rust. 

JEs-thet'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to aesthetics, or the percep- 

Es-thet'ie, J tion of the beautiful. 

.^Es-thet'ies, ) n. sing. [Gr. cucrflijTiKds, perceptive, 

Es-thet'i-es, i from alo-6aveo-6ai, to perceive.] The 
theory or philosophy of taste ; the science of the beauti- 
ful in nature and art. 

iE'ti-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. amoAoyia, from alria, cause, and 
Aoyos, description.] That department of philosophy, or 
of any branch of science, which is concerned with the 
causes or reasons of phenomena. 

A-f ar', adv. At a great distance ; remote. 

Af 'f a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being affable ; readi- 
ness to converse ; ease of access. 

Syn. — Courtesy; complaisance; urbanity; civility. 

Af' fa-Tble, a. [Lat. affabilis, from affari, to speak to ; ad 
and fari, to speak.] Ready to converse ; easy of access. 

Syn. — Courteous; civil; complaisant; condescending; ac- 
cessible. 

Af 'f a-foly. adv. In an affable manner. 

Af-f air' (4), n. [From Lat. ad and facere, to make, do. 
See Ado.] 1. Business of any kind ; especially public 
business. 2. (Mil.) An engagement of troops, usually 
partial or of minor importance. 

Af-feet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. affected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
AFFECTING.] [Lat. affectare, to strive after, from ad 
and facere, to make.] 1. To act upon ; to produce a 
change in. 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or pas- 
sions ; to touch. 3. To dispose or incline. 4. To aim 
at ; to desire ; to covet. 5. To tend to by affinity or dis- 
position. 6. To attempt to imitate in a manner not 
natural ; to put on a pretense of. 

Syn. — To influence; act on; concern; melt; subdue; as- 
sume. 

Af 'fe-e-ta'tion, n. Assumption of what is not natural 
or real ; artificial appearance ; false pretense. 

Af-feet'ed,_p. a. 1. Assuming or pretending to possess 
what is not natural or real. 2. Assumed artificially ; 
not natural. 

Af-f eet'ed-ly, adv. In an affected manner. 

Af-f eet'ed-ness, n. The quality of being affected ; af- 
fectation, [fectation. 

Af -f e-et'er, n. One that affects ; one that practices af- 

Af-f eet'ing, p. a. Having power to excite, or move the 
passions ; tending to move the affections ; pathetic. 

Af-f eet'ing-ly, adv. In an affecting manner. 

Af-f e-e'tion, n. 1„ An attribute, quality, or property, 
which is inseparable from its subject. 2. A state of the 
mind in which it is bent toward a particular object. 3. 
A settled good- will ; love ; zealous or tender attachment. 
4. (Med.) Disease; as, a pulmonary affection. 

Af-fee'tion-ate, a 1. Having great love or affection. 
2. Proceeding from affection. 
Syn. — Loving; tender; fond; devoted; warm-hearted. 

Af-f e-e'tion-ate-ly, adv. With affection ; tenderly. 

Af -f e-e'tioned, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected. 

Af-feet'ive, a. Affecting, or exciting emotion. 

■Af-fet-tw-o'qo. [It.] In music, a direction to render 
notes soft or affecting. 

Af-f i'aii£e, n. [0. Fr., from h&t.fdes, trust, faith, fiden- 
tia, confidence.] 1. Plighted faith ; the marriage con- 
tract or promise. 2. Trust ; reliance ; confidence. 

Af-fi'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. affianced ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AFFIANCING.] 1. To betroth ; to pledge one's 
faith or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage to. 
2. To give confidence to ; to trust. 

Af -f I'an-cer , n. One who makes a contract of marriage 
between parties. 

Af-fi'ant, n. (Law.) One who makes an affidavit. 



Af'fi-da'vit, n. [Lat. 2 he made oath.] (Law.) A dec- 
laration or statement in writing, signed and made upon 
oath before an authorized magistrate. See Deposition 
for the distinction between the two 

Af-fil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. affiliated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. AFFILIATING.] [Low Lat. affiliare, from Lat. 
ad andfilius, son.] 1. To adopt as a son ; hence, to re- 
ceive into fellowship; to ally. 2. To receive into a so- 
ciety as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, &c. 

Affiliated societies, local auxiliary societies, connected with a 
central society, or with each other. 

Af-fiFi-a/tion, n. Adoption ; association in the same 

^ family or society. 

Af 'fin-age, n. A refining of metals. 

Af-fin'i-ty, n. [Lat. ajjnitas, from affinis.] 1. Rela- 
tionship by marriage. 2. Close agreement ; conformity ; 
connection. 3. (them.) That attraction which takes 
place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogene- 
ous particles of bodies, and forms compounds. 4. (Nat. 
Hist.) A relation dependent on resemblance in the whole 
plan of structure , and making a kinship of species or group. 

Syn. — Agreement; conformity; resemblance; alliance; rela- 
tionship. 

Affirm' (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFIRMED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. AFFIRMING.] [Lat. affirmare, from ad and firmare, 
to make firm.] 1. To confirm, establish, or ratify. 2. 
To assert positively ; to aver ; to maintain as true. 

Syn. — To aver; protest; assert. — We affirm a thing with 
confidence; we assert it against all denial; we aver its truth 
with solemnity; we protest it, as what ought not to be called in 
question. 

Af-firm', v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively. 2. 
(Law.) To make a solemn promise, before an authorized 
magistrate or tribunal, to tell the truth, under the pains 
and penalties of perjury. 

Af-firm'a-lble, a. Capable of being affirmed. 

Af-firm'ance, n. Confirmation ; ratification. 

Af-f Irm'aiit, n. One who affirms or asserts ; specifically 

^(Law), one who solemnly affirms instead of taking oath. 

Af'fir-ma'tioii, n. 1. Act of affirming or declaring. 
2. That which is asserted. 3. Confirmation; ratifica- 
tion. 4. (Law.) A solemn declaration made under the 
penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously de- 
cline taking an oath. 

Af -f Irm'a-tive , a. 1. Affirming or asserting; — op- 
posed to negative. 2. Confirmative ; ratifying. 

Af-firm'a-tlve, n. 1. A word expressing affirmation 
or assent, as yes. 2. An affirmative proposition. 3. 
That side of a question which affirms or maintains ; — 
opposed to negative. 

Af-f irm'a-tlve-ly, adv. In an affirmative manner ; 
positively ; — the opposite of negatively. 

Af-f irm'er, n. One who affirms or declares. 

Af-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. affixed (af-fikst/) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. AFFIXING.] [Lat. affixus, p. p. of affigere, 
to fasten to.] 1. To add at the close or end. 2. To 
attach, unite, or connect. 3. To fix or fasten in any 
manner. 

Syn.— To subjoin; connect; annex; unite. 

Affix, n. A syllable or letter joined to the end of a 
word ; a suffix ; a postfix. 

Af-fix'ion, n. Act of affixing; annexation; addition. 

Af-flxt'ure, n. That which is affixed or annexed. 

Af-fla/tion, n. A blowing or breathing on. 

Af-fla'tus, n. [Lat. J 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. 
Communication of divine knowledge. 3. The inspiration 
of a poet. 

Af-fllet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFLICTED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. AFFLICTING.] [Lat. afftictare, to disquiet, trouble ; 
afftictus, p. p. of afrligere, to cast down, deject.] 1. 
To strike down ; to overthrow. 2. To give continued 
pain ; to cause to suffer dejection, grief, or distress. 
Syn. — To trouble ; distress; harass; torment; grieve. 

Af-illet/er, n. One who afflicts or distresses. 

Af-fli-et/ing, p. a. Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. 

Af -fli-e'tion., n. 1. Cause of continued pain of body or 
mind, as sickness, losses, &c. 2. The state of being 
afflicted ; a state of pain, distress, or grief. 

Syn. — Trouble; distress; sorrow; adversity; misfortune.— 
Affliction is the strongest of these terms, being a state of pro- 
longed suffering; adversity and misfortune are general states; 
distress is particular, being the case of one under the stress or 
pressure of severe pain, bodily or mental; the other two words 
are less strong. 

Af-fllet'ive, a. Giving pain ; causing affliction. 

Af-fli-et'ive-ly, adv. In a manner to give pain. 



a,e, &c.,long; a, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



AFFLUENCE 



15 



AGENTSHIP 



Af'flu-ence, n. Abundance of any thing, esp. riches. 
Syn.— Opulence; wealth; plenty. 

Af 'flu-ent, a. Wealthy ; plentiful ; abundant. 

Af 'flu-ent, n. A stream flowing into a river or lake. 

Af'fiu-ent-ly, adv. In abundance ; abundantly. 

Afflux, ) n. 1. The act of flowing to. 2. That 

Af-fliix'ion, j which flows to. 

Af-ford', v. l. [imp. Sep. p. afforded ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
AFFORDING.] [Orig., the Eng. p. p. of Fr. afforer, L. 
Lat. afforare, aforare, to estimate, value, to make laws, 
judge ; ad and forum, court.] 1. To yield or produce as 
the natural result, fruit, or issue. 2. To give, grant, or 
confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural 
result. 3. To grant, sell, or expend, with profit or with- 
out loss, owing to one's circumstances. 
Syn. — To give; impart; confer; supply. 

Af-for'est, v. t. To turn into forest. 

Af-fran'chige, v. t. To make free ; to enfranchise. 

Af-fray', n. 1. {Law.) The fighting of two or more per- 
sons, in a public place, to the terror of others. 2. A 
tumultuous assault or quarrel. 

Syn.— Quarrel; scuffle; encounter; brawl. 

Af-freiglit' (-fraf), v. t. To hire, as a ship, for the 

transportation of goods or freight. 
Affright' (-frit'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. affrighted ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. AFFRIGHTING.] [A.-S. afyrhtan, 
aforhtian, frihtan.] To impress with sudden fear. 
Syn. — To terrify; appall; dismay; shock; alarm. 

Af -fright' (-frit'), n. Sudden and great fear ; terror. 

Af -front' (-frunf), n. Any reproachful or contemptu- 
ous action or conduct exciting or justifying resentment. 
Syn. — Insult; offense; ill treatment. 

Af-front' (-friint'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFRONTED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. AFFRONTING.] [From Lat. ad and frons, 
forehead, front.] To offend by some manifestation of 
disrespect, as would be done by crossing a person's path 
in front, or seeking to oppose his progress. 
Syn. — To insult; provoke; abuse; outrage. 

Af-frdnt'er, n. One who affronts or insults. 

Af-f ront'ive, a. Giving offense ; abusive ; insulting. 

Af-f u§e', v. t. To pour out ; to sprinkle. 

Af-fu/§ion, n. Act of pouring upon, or of sprinkling 
with, a liquid substance, as upon a child in baptism ; 
specifically, {Med.) the act of pouring water on the body, 
as a remedy in disease. 

A-field', adv. To, in, or on, the field. 

A-fire', a. or adv. On fire. 

A-float', adv. 1. In a floating state. 2. Moving ; pass- 
ing from place to place. 3. Unfixed ; without guide or 
control. 

A-fobt', adv. 1. On foot; borne by the feet. 2. In 

* action ; in a condition for action, or in a state of being 
planned for action. 

A-f ore', adv. or prep. Before. 

A-f ore'go-ing, a. Going before ; foregoing ; previous. 

A-fore'hand, adv. Beforehand ; before. 

A-f ore'men-tioned, ) adv. Spoken of or named be- 

A-fore'said (-sed), J fore. 

A-fore'tli6ught (-thawt), a. Premeditated. 

A-f ore'time, adv. In time past ; formerly ; of old. 

A-foul', a. or adv. Not free ; entangled. 

A-fraid', a. [p. p. of affray, to frighten.] Struck with 
fear or apprehension. 

Syn. — Fearful; apprehensive; timid; timorous; frightened; 
alarmed; appalled. 

A -fresh', adv. Anew ; over again. 

A-f rout' (-frunf ), adv. In front. [abaft. 

Aft, adv. or a. {Naut.) Astern, or toward the stern; 
Fore and aft, from one end of the vessel to the other. 

Aft'er, a. 1. Later in time; subsequent. 2. {Naut.) 
More aft, or toward the stern of the ship. 

BS'-In the first sense the word is often combined with the 
following noun, as after-ages. 

G@- After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, 
but retaining its genuine signification. Some of the following 
words are of this kind; but in some of them after seems rather 
to be a separate word. 

Aft'er, prep. [A.-S. asfter. It seems to be the compara- 
tive degree of aft.] 1. Behind in place. 2. Later in 
time. 3. Moving toward from behind ; in search or pur- 
suit of. 4. In imitation of. 5. According to the direc- 

. tion and influence of. 6. Concerning ; in relation to. 

Aft'er, adv. Subsequently in time or place. 



Aft'er-birth, «. The placenta or membrane inclosing 
, the fetus, and coming away after delivery. 

Aft'er— elap, n. An unexpected subsequent event. 

Aft'er— crop, n. A second or subsequent crop. 

Af t'er-math, n. A second or subsequent crop of grass 
. in the same year ; rowen. 

Aft'er-nobn', n. Time from noon to evening. 

Af t'er-paing, n. pi. Pains attending the delivery of the 
. after -birth. 

Aft'er-piece, n. A piece performed after a play. 

Aft'er- thdught (aft'er-thawt), n. Something'thought 
. of after an act ; later thought or expedient. 

Af t'er-ward, ) adv. In later or succeeding time ; sub- 

Aft'er-wardg, ) sequently. [officer. 

A-'ga, n. [Turk, agha.] A Turkish commander or chief 

A-gain' (a-gen'), adv. [A.-S. agen, ongen ; gdn, against.] 
1. Another time ; once more. 2. In return ; back. 
Again and again, often ; frequently; repeatedly. 

A-gainst'(a-genst'),_prep. [A.-S. agen.] 1. Abreast of; 
opposite to. 2. In opposition to. 3. In provision or 
preparation for. 

Ag f a-pe, n. ; pi. X&A-PJE. [Gr. aYa7rrj,from ayanav, to 
love.] A love -feast, or feast of charity, among the prim- 
itive Christians. 

A-gape', adv. [Prefix a and gape.] Gaping, as with 
wonder or expectation ; having the mouth wide open. 

Ag'a-ri-e, n. [Gr. ayaputov, from Agara, a town in Sar- 
matia.] (Hot.) {a.) A large family of fungi, including 
the common mushrooms, (b.) An excrescence growing 
on the trunks of trees, used for tinder, and in dyeing, 
and in medicine as a cathartic and a styptic ; touchwood. 
Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime. 

Ag'ate, n. [Gr. axarrj? ; so called, because first found 
near the river Achates, in Sicily.] 1. A precious stone, 
a semi-pellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, varie- 
gated with coloring matter. 2. ( Print.) A kind of type, 
larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil ; — in Eng- 
land called ruby. 
^r* This line is printed in the type called agate. 

Ag'a-tine, a. Pertaining to, or re- 

^sembling, agate. 

Ag'a-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGA- 
TIZED; p. pr. & vb. n. AGATIZ- 

w ing.] To convert into agate. 

Ag'a-ty, a. Of the nature of agate. 

A-ga've, n. [Gr. ayavrj, f. of ayavo'?, 
illustrious , noble . ] {Bot.) A genus 
of plants ; the American aloe, or 
century plant. It is from ten to 
seventy years, according to climate, 
in attaining maturity, when it pro- 
duces a gigantic flower-stern, forty 

_feet in height, and perishes. 

Age ? n. [Lat. setas, contracted from 
SRmtas, from xvvm, age.] 1. Whole 
duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other 
kind. 2. That part of the duration of a being which is 
between its beginning and any given time. 3. The 
latter part of life. 4. A certain period of human life, 
marked by a difference of state. 5. Mature years ; pe- 
riod when a person is enabled by law to do certain acts 
for himself, or when he ceases to be controlled by par- 
ents or guardians. 6. The time of life for conceiving 
children. 7. A particular period of time in history, as 
distinguished from others. 8. The people who live at 
a particular period; hence, a generation. 9. A century. 
Syn. — Epoch; date; era; maturity. 

Age, v. i. To grow old ; to become aged. 

A'ged(a'jed), a. 1. Advanced in age or years ; old; an- 

_cient. 2. Having a certain age ; having lived. 

A'ged-ly, adv. Like an aged person. 

A'gen-cy, n. [Low Lat. agentia, from Lat. agens. See 
Agent.] 1. Quality of acting or of exerting power ; the 
state of being in action ; instrumentality. 2. Office or 
duties of an agent, or factor. 3. Bureau of an agent. 
Syn. — Action; operation; efficiency. 

JL-ffen'dttm , n. ; pi. a-gen' da. [Lat.] Something to 
be done ; hence, that which reminds of this ; a memoran- 

_dum-book ; a ritual or liturgy. 

A'gent, n. 1. A person or thing that exerts power, or 
has the power to act ; an actor. 2. One intrusted with 
the business of another ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a fac- 

_tor. 3. An active power or cause. 

A'gent-sMp, n. The office of an agent ; agency. 




Agave. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull ; cell, c liaise, call, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist; linger, link; this- 



AGGLOMERATE 



16 



AGRESTICAL 



Ag-giom'er-ate,«>. t. [imp. & p.p. agglomerated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. AGGLOMERATING.] [Lat. agglomerare, 
from ad and glomerare, to form into a glomus, a ball of 
yarn.] To wind, or collect into a ball; hence, ito gather 
into a mass. 

Ag-glom'er-ate, v. i. To collect into a ball or mass. 

Ag-glom'er-a'tion, n. Act of gathering, or state of 
being gathered, into a ball or mass. 

Ag-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting, as glue. 

Ag-glu'ti-nant, n. Any viscous adhesive substance. 

Ag-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. agglutinated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. AGGLUTINATING.] [Lat. agglutinare, 
to glue to, from ad and glutinare, to glue.] To unite, or 
cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance ; 
to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. 

Ag-glu'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of uniting, or state of 
being united, as by glue. 2. Union of several words in 
one compound vocable, as in the aboriginal languages of 
America. 

Ag-glu'ti-na/tive, a. Tending to unite. 

Ag'gran-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGRANDIZED ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. AGGRANDIZING.] [Lat. ad and grandis, 

large, great.] 1. To enlarge ; — applied to things. 2. 

To make great or greater in power, rank, or honor. 

Syn.— To augment; exalt; promote; advance; increase. 

Ag-gran'dize-ment, or Ag'gran-dize'ment, n. 
The act of aggrandizing or state of beiDg aggrandized. 

Ag'gran-diz'er, n. One who aggrandizes. 

Ag'gra-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggravated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. AGGRAVATING.] [Lat. aggravare, from ad 
and gravis, heavy.] 1. To make worse, more severe, 
more enormous ; to enhance. 2. To give coloring to in 
description ; to give an exaggerated representation of. 
3. To provoke or irritate ; to tease. 

S3f- The last sense has been recently introduced, and though 
not uncommon, is of questionable propriety. 
Syn. — To heighten ; raise; increase; magnify. 

Ag'gra-va'tion, n. 1. Act of aggravating, or making 
worse. 2. That which aggravates. 3. Exaggerated 
representation. 4. Provocation ; irritation. [Modern 

_ and not legitimate.} 

Ag'gre-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGREGATED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. AGGREGATING.] [Lat. aggregare, to lead to a 
herd or flock, from ad. and grex, flock, herd.] To bring 
together ; to collect into a sum or mass. 
Syn. — To accumulate ; pile. 

Ag'gre-gate, a. 1. Formed by a collection of particu- 
lars into a whole mass or sum. 2. Formed into clusters. 
3. {Laiv.) United in one body corporate, with a capac- 

w ity of succession and perpetuity. 

Ag'gre-gate, n. A sum, or assemblage of particulars. 
Syn. — Mass; assemblage; collection; sum total; lump. 

Ag'gre-ga'tion, n. Act of aggregating, or state of 
being aggregated ; collection into a sum or mass ; a 

w collection_pf particulars ; an aggregate. 

Ag'gre-ga/tive, a. Causing aggregation ; collective. 

Ag'gre-ga'tor, n. One who collects into a mass. 

Ag-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. [Lat. aggressio, from ag- 
gredi, to go to, approach.] First attack, or act of hos- 
tility or injury ; first act leading to a war or controversy. 
Syn.— Attack; assault; invasion; encroachment. 

Ag-gres'slve, a. Tending to aggress ; making the first 
attack or encroachment. [sive. 

Ag-gress'Ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being aggres- 

Ag-gress'or, n. The one who first makes an aggression. 

Syn. — Assaulter; invader. — An aggressor is one who begins 

a quarrel or encroachment; an assaulter is one who makes a 

violent onset: an invader is one who enters by force into the 

possessions of another. 

Ag-griev'ance, n. Injury; grievance. 

Ag-grieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggrieved; p. pr. 
& vb. n AGGRIEVING.] [Lat. ad and gravis, heavy.] 
To give pain or sorrow to ; to afflict ; hence, to oppress 
or injure ; to vex ; to harass. 

Ag-group', v. t. To bring together ; to group. 

A-ghast' {-gist'), a. or adv. [A contraction of agazed, 
p. p. of agaze.] Struck with amazement ; stupefied with 
sudden fright or horror. [motion. 

Ag'ile, a. [Lat. agilis, from agere, to act.] Quick of 
Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. 

Ag'ile-ness, ) n. Quality of being agile ; power to move 

A-^il'i-ty, )_ quickly ; quickness of motion. 

A'gi-o, n.;pl. a'gi-o§. [It. aggio, agio, same as agia, 
ease, comfort.] 1. {Com.) Difference in value between 
metallic and paper money, or between one sort of metal- 



lic money and another. 2. Premium ; sum given above 

_ the nominal value. 

A'gi-o-tage, n. The maneuvers of speculators to raise 
or depress the funds ; stock-jobbing. 

A-gist'ment, n. [L. Lat. agistamentum, from gistum, 
abode, lodging, from Lat. jacere, to lie.] (Law.){a.) The 
taking and feeding of other men's cattle, (b.) Price paid 
for such feeding. 

Ag'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. agitated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AGITATING.] [Lat. agitare, to put in motion, 
to drive, intens. of agere.] 1. To move with a violent 
irregular action. 2. To disturb or excite. 3. To dis- 
cuss with great earnestness. 4. To consider on all sides •, 
to revolve in the mind, or view in all aspects. 

Syn. — To shake; excite; rouse; perturb; revolve; debate, 

Ag'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of agitating, or state of being 
agitated. 2. Perturbation of mind. 3. Discussion. 
Syn. — Disturbance; excitement; debate; deliberation. 

A^'i-ta'tive, a. Having power or tendency to agitate. 

Ag'i-ta'tor, n. One who agitates ; a disturber. 

Ag'nail, n. An inflammation round the nail ; a whitlow. 

Ag'nate, a. Related on the father's side. 

Ag'nate, n. Any male relation by the father's side. 

Ag-na'tion, n. Relation by the father's side. 

Ag-no'm,en,n. [Lat.] Among the Romans, a fourth name 
given on account of some exploit, as Scipio Africanus. 

jlff f nus--€as'ttis, n. [Gr. ay^o?, a willow-like tree, associ- 
ated with the notion of chastity from the similarity of its 
name to ayvos, chaste.] The chaste-tree, a kind of tree 
w so called from its imaginary power to preserve chastity. 

JLg'nus-De't, n. [Lat., lamb of God.] {Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A cake of wax bearing the figure of a lamb ; 
also a prayer beginning with these words. 

A-go', adv. or a. [Old Eng. agone.] Past ; gone. 

A-gog', a. or adv. [Corrupted and contracted from a-go- 
ing.] Highly excited by eagerness after an object. 

A-go'ing, p. pr. In motion ; going ; ready to go. 

Ag'o-nigm, n. Contention for a prize. 

Ag'o-nlst, n. [Gr. ayan/io-T^s. See Agonize.] One 

_ who contends for the prize in public games. 

Ag'o-nist'ie , 1 a. Relating to prize-fighting, or to any 

Ag'o-nist'ie-al, J violent contest bodily or mental. 

Ag'o-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. agonized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. AGONIZING.] [Gr. <xyu>vi£eo-0ai, ayu>vl£et.v .] To 

^ writhe with agony ; to suffer violent anguish. 

Ag'o-nize, v. t. To distress with great pain ; to torture. 

Ag'o-niz-ing-ly, adv. With extreme anguish. 

Ag'o-ny, n. [Gr. aywia.] Pain that causes writhing 
or contortions of the body, like those in athletic con- 
tests ; hence, extreme pain of body or mind. 

Syn. — Anguish; pang. — Agony and pang denote a severe 
paroxysm of pain (agony being the greatest); anguish is pro- 
Ion ced suffering; the anguish of remorse, the pangs or agonies 
of dissolution. 

A-gra'ri-an (89), a. Relating or tending to equal divis- 
ion of lands. [property. 

A-gra'ri-an, n. One who favors an equal division of 

A-gra'ri-an-i§m, n. Equal division of land or property, 
or the principles of those who favor such a division. 

A-gree', v. i. [imp. & p.p. agreed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
AGREEING.] [Lat. ad and grains, pleasing, agreeable.] 

1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action. 2. 
To yield assent. 3. To come to terms. 4. To resem- 
ble. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects. 6. (Gram.) 
To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. 

Syn. — To accede; assent; consent. 
A-gree'a-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being agreeable. 
A-gree'a-ble, a. 1. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable. 

2. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance. 3. Pleas- 
ing, either .to the mind or senses. 4. Willing or ready 
to agree or consent. 

A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being agreeable 
or suitable ; conformity. 

A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner ; pleas- 
ingly. 2. In accordance ; conformably. 

A-gree'ment, n. 1. A state of agreeing, or being in 
harmony or resemblance. 2. {Gram.) Concord or 
correspondence of one word with another in gender, 
number, case, or person. 3. {Law.) Union of two or 
more minds in a thing done or to be done ; hence, a bar- 
gain, compact, or contract. 
Syn. — Union; concurrence; accordance; contract. 

A-gres'ti-e, \a. [From Lat. agrestis; ager, fieldj 

A-gres'tie-al, J Pertaining to the fields ; rural ; un- 
polished ; rustic. 



a,e,kc,,long; a, 6, &>c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



AGRICULTOR 



17 



ALATED 



Ag'ri-eiilt'or, n. A farmer ; a husbandman. 
Ag'ri-eult'ur-al, a. Relating to agriculture. 
Ag'ri-eiilt'ure, n. [Lat. agricultural, ager, field, and 

cultura, cultivation.] The art or science of cultivating 

the ground, especially in fields or in large quantities ; till 

age ; husbandry ; farming. 
Ag'ri-ciilt'ur-ist, n. One skilled in agriculture ; i 

husbandman ; farmer. 
Ag'ri-mo-ny, n. [Lat. agrimonia, from Gr. apye/xa^ a 

disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.' 

A genus of plants ; liverwort. 
A-gron'o-my, n. [Gr. aypos, field, and ve>eiv, to as 

sign.] Husbandry ; agriculture. 
A-ground', adv. On the ground ; stranded. 
A'gue, n. 1. Chilliness ; a state of shaking with cold, 

though in ordinary health. 2. (Med.) An intermittent 
_fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 
A'gu-ish, a. Having the qualities of an ague ; chilly. 
All, inter j. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, 

complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation, &c, accord- 
ing to the manner of utterance. 

A-ha', interj. An exclamation expressing triumph, con- 
tempt, or simple surprise ; but the senses are distinguished 

by very different modes of utterance. 
A-head', adv. Farther forward; farther in front or in 

advance ; onward. 
A-hull', adv. With the sails furled and the helm lashed. 
Aid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AIDED ;p.pr. & vb. n. AIDING.] 

[Lat. adjutare , to help, freq. of adjuvare, to help, from ad 

audjuvare, to help.] To support, by furnishing strength 

or means to effect a purpose, or to prevent or remove 

evil. 

Syn. — To assist; help; succor; support; relieve; sustain. 

Aid, n. 1. Help. 2. The person or thing that aids ; a 
helper. 3. An aid-de-camp. 

Syn. — Support; succor; assistance; relief. 

Aid'ance, n. Aid ; assistance ; help. _ 

Aid'-de-camp (Id'de-kong), n.; pi. AIDE s-de -GAMP. 
[B'r.] {Mil-) An officer selected by a general officer to 

_ assist him in his military duties. 

Aid'less, a. Helpless; unsupported; friendless.. 

Ai'gret, \n. [Fr.] 1. The small white heron. 2. A 

Ai'grette, ) tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. 

Ail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AILING.] 
[A.-S. eglan, to feel pain, egle, sharp, troublesome.] To 
affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental ; 

_to trouble ; to be the matter with. 

Ail, v. i. To feel pain ; to be troubled. 

Ail, n. Disorder; indisposition; pain. 

Ai-lan'tus, n. [From ailanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the 
name of the tree in the Moluccas.] A genus of beautiful 
trees, natives of the East. One species has an offensive 

_odor. [Commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthus.] 

Ail'ment, n. Morbid affection of the body ; disease. 

Aim, v. i. [Lat. cestimare, to estimate.] ^ 1. To point with 

_a missive weapon. 2. To direct the inte*ntion or purpose. 

Aim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AIMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AIM- 
ING.] To direct or point, as a weapon ; to direct to a 

_particular object. 

Aim, n. 1. The pointing or direction of any thing, esp. 
a missile weapon, to a particular point or object, with 
a view to strike or affect it, as of a spear, a blow, a dis- 
course, or remark. 2. The point intended to be hit, or 
object intended to be affected. 3. Purpose; intention. 
Syn. — Direction; end; scope; scheme. 

Aim/less, a. Without aim or purpose ; purposeless. 

Air(4),n. [Lat. a'cr, Gr. arjp, air.] 1. The fluid which 
we breathe, and which surrounds the earth ; the atmos- 
phere. 2. A particular state of the atmosphere, as re- 
spects heat, cold, moisture, and the like, or as affecting 
the sensations. 3. Any aeriform body ; a gas. 4. Air 
in motion; a light breeze. 5. Publicity. 6. (Mus.) A 
musical thought expressed in a pleasing and symmetrical 
succession of single tones ; a melody ; a tune ; an aria. 
7. Peculiar look, appearance, manner, mien, or carriage 
of a person. 8. pi. An artificial or affected manner ; 

A show of pride. 

Air, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aired ; p. pr. & vb. n. airing.] 
1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, re- 
freshing, exhibiting, or purifying ; to ventilate. 2. To 

A expose to heat, for the purpose of drying or warming. 

Air'-bath, n. An arrangement for drying substances in 

A air of any desired temperature. 

Air'-b6d, n. A case of india-rubber cloth, or other ma- 




Air-pump. 



terial, made air-tight, and inflated through tubes closed 
A by stop-cocks. 

Air'-bl&d'der, n. A peculiar organ in some kinds of 
fishes, containing air, by which they are enabled to main- 
A tain their equilibrium in the water. 
Air'-cell§, n. pi. Cells containing air. 
i^ir'-gun, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. 
Air'-hole, n. 1. An opening to admit or discharge air. 
„ 2. A hole produced by a bubble of air. 
Air'i-ly, adv. In an airy manner; gayly ; merrily. 
Air'i-ness,n. 1. Openness to the air. 2. Levity ; gayety. 
Air'ing, n. 1. A short excursion in the open air. 2. 
A Exposure to air and warmth. 
Air '-pipe, n. A pipe for drawing off foul air. 
Air'-plant, n. A plant nourished by air only. 
Air'-pump, n. A machine, vari- 
ously constructed, for exhausting 
the air from a closed vessel. 

©2f* In the figure, a syringe, ABC, 
communicates, by means of a small 
pipe, E, with a receiver, or vessel, D. 
from which the air is to be exhausted 

Air'- shaft, n. A passage for air 

A into a mine. 

Air'-tight (-tit), a. So tight as not to admit air. 

Air'-ves'sel, n. A vessel in plants or animals which con- 
A tains air. 

Air'y, a. 1 . Having the nature or properties of air. 2. 
Belonging to air; high in air. 3. Exposed to the air. 
4. Resembling air ; unsubstantial. 5. Without reality ; 
having no solid foundation. 6. Full of vivacity and 
levity. 7. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints 
true to nature. 

Aisle (II), n. (Arch.) (a.) The wing of a building, (b.) 
One of the lateral divisions of a Gothic church, separated 
from the middle of the nave by two rows of piers, (c.) 
A passage in a church into which the pews or seats open. 

A -jar', adv. Partly open ; as a door. 

Aj'u-tage, ) n. [Fr. ajoutage, a thing added ; Lat. ad 

Ad'ju-tage, j and juxta, near to, nigh.] A discharge- 
tube, as of a fountain. 

A-kim'bo, a. With a crook ; bent. 

A -kin', a. 1. Related by blood. 2. Allied by nature ; 

_ partaking of the same properties. 

Al'a-bas'ter, n. (Min.) (a.) A compact variety of sul- 
phate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually 
white and semi-pellucid, (b.) A hard, compact variety 
of carbonate of lime. 

A-lack.', interj. [Corrupted from alas.] An exclamation 
expressive of sorrow. [gret or sadness. 

A-lack/a-day, interj. An exclamation expressive of re- 

A-la-e'ri-ty, n. [Lat. alacritas, from alacer, or alacris, 
lively, eager.] Cheerful readiness. 

Syn. — Briskness; liveliness; glee; hilarity; joy ousness. 

Al'a-mode', adv. According to the mode or fashion. 

Al'a-mode', n. A thin, glossy, black silk. 

A-lan'tus. See Ailantus. 

A-larm', n. [It. allarme from alV arme, to arms!] 
1. A summons to arms. 2. Any sound or information 
intended to give notice of approaching danger. 3. Sud- 
den surprise with fear or terror, excited by apprehension 
of danger. 4. A mechanical contrivance for awaking 
persons from sleep, or rousing their attention. 

Syn. — Fright; terror; consternation; apprehension.— 
Alarm is the dread of impending danger; apprehension, fear 
that it may be approaching; terror is agitating and excessive 
fear; consternation is terror which overpowers the faculties. 

A-larm', v. t. [imp. & p.p. alarmed; p. pr. & vb. n. 

ALARMING.] 1. To call to arms for defense. 2. To 

fill with apprehension ; to disturb. 
A-larm'-bell, n. A bell that gives notice of danger. 
A-larm'-elock, n. A clock made to ring loudly at a 

particular hour. 
A-larm'ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. 
A-larm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarm. 
A-larm'-post, n. A. place to which troops are required 

to repair in case of alarm. 
A-larm'- watch, n. A watch that can be so set as to 

strike frequently at a particular hour. 
A-la'rum, n. Same as Alarm ; — applied chiefly to a 

contrivance attached to a clock for sounding an alarm or 

calling attention. 
A-las', interj. [From Lat. lassies, weary, languid.] An 

exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern, or 

apprehension of evil. 
A-late', ) a. [Lat. alatus, from ala, wing.] Winged ; 
A-lat'ed, j having expansions like wings. 



food, fdbt 



ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get 
2 



as. ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



ALB 



18 



ALIENATE 




Albatross. 



Alb, n. [Lat. albus, white.] An ecclesiastical vestment 
of white linen, reaching to the. feet, and enveloping the 
entire person. 

Al-ba/ta, n. German silver. 

Al'ba-trdss,w. [Corrupt- 
ed from Sp. & Pg. alca- 
traz.] A very large, web- 
footed sea - bird, found 
chiefly in the Southern 
Ocean. 

Al-be'it, conj. or adv. 
"Although ; be it so ; not- 
withstanding. 

Al-bes'cent, a. [Lat. 
albescere, to grow white.] 
. Becoming white ; whitish. 

Al'bi-fi-ea/tion,^. [Lat. 
albus, white, and facere, to make.] Act of whitening, or 
making white. 

Al'bi-gen/seg, ) n.pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A party of reform- 

AFbi-geois', J ers, who separated from the church 
of Rome in the 12th century ; — so called from Albi, in 
Languedoc. 

Al'bi-nigm, n. The state or condition of an albino. 

Al-bi'no, n. ; pi. AL-Bl'NOg, n. [From Lat. albus, white.] 
Any person of a preternatural whiteness of the skin and 
hair, and a peculiar redness of the iris and pupil of the 
eye. 

Aj/bu-gin'e-ous, a. [Lat. albugo, whiteness, from albus, 
white.] Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to 
the white of the eye. 

Al'bum, n. [Lat. albus, white.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A 
white table or register, on which any thing was inscribed. 
2. A blank book in which to insert autographs or lit- 
erary memorials. 3. A book at public places, in which 
visitors enter their names. 

Al-bu/men, n. [Lat., from albus, white.] 1. (Bot.) 
Nourishing matter stored up between the embryo and 
integuments of the seed in many plants, ti. (Physiol.) 
A thick, viscous substance, which forms a constituent 
part of both animal fluids and solids, and which exists 
nearly pure in the white of an egg. 

Al-bii/men-ize, v. t. (Photog.) To cover or impreg- 
nate with albumen. 

Al-bu'mi-iious, a. Pertaining to albumen. 

Al-bur'num, n. [Lat. , fr . albus, white.] The white and 

w softer part of wood next to the bark, called sap-wood. 

Al'-ea-liest, I n. A pretended universal solvent or men- 

Al'ita-liest, ) struum of the ancient alchemists. 

Al~eaid', n. 1. In Spain, the governor of a castle, fort, 
or the like. l Z. A jailer or warden. 

Al-eal'de, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. 

Al-eliem'i-e-al, a. Relating to alchemy. 

Al~eliem'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy. 

Al'-ehe-mist, n. One skilled in alchemy. [to it. 

AF-eSie-mist'i-e-al, a. Practicing alchemy, or relating 

Al'-ehe-my, n. [Ar. al-Mmia, which is taken from the 
Or. xif«' a ) which stands for x v M eta , from x u M°?7 juice, 
liquid, especially as extracted from plants.] Occult 
chemistry ; an ancient science which aimed to transmute 
the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or grand 
catholicon, the universal solvent, &c. 

Al'-eo-hol, n. [Ar. al-hohl, a powder of antimony to 
paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterward ap- 
plied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly 
rectified spirits.] Pure or highly rectified spirits ; more 
loosely applied to ardent spirits in general. 

AF-eo-hol'i-e, a. Relating to alcohol. 

Al'-eo-hol-ize, v. t. To convert into alcohol. 

AF-eo-hol'me-ter, n. [Alcohol and Gr. /aerpov.] An 
instrument for determining the strength of spirits. 

Al'-eo-ran, n. See Koran and Alkoran. 

Al'-eove, or Al-eove' (114), n. [Ar. al-gubba, arch, vault, 
from gabba, to arch.] A recess, or part of a room, 
separated from the rest by a partition, and containing 
shelves for books, a bed of state, or seats for company. 

Al'der, n. [A.-S. aler, Lat. alnus.] A tree of several 
varieties. 

Al'der-man, n. ; pi. al'der-men. [A.-S. ealdorman, 
aldorman, from ealdor, aldor, eald, aid, old, and man.] 
A magistrate or officer of a city or town corporation, 

_next in rank below the mayor. 

Ale, n. [A.-S. eale, from alan, to nourish, Lat. alere.] 
1 . A liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermenta- 
tion. 2. A festival o English country places, so called 
from the liquor drank- [measures. 

Ale'-eon'ner, n. An officer who inspected ale-house 



Divination by means of a 




A woman who keeps an 



A-lec 'try-o-man/cy , 

cock. 

A-lee', adv. [Prefix a and lee, q. v.] (Naut.) On the 
_side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes. 
Ale'-hoof, n. Ground-ivy ; — formerly used in making 
_ale. 

Ale'-house, n. A house or place where ale is retailed. 
A-lem'bi-e, n. [Ar. al-ambiq, which 

was introduced into Ar. from Gr. aju./3i£ , 

cup, the cup of a still.] A chemical 

vessel, usually of glass or metal, used 

in distillation. 
A-lert' (14), a. [From It. alP erta, upon | 

one's guard ; erta, from Lat. ex, e, from, 

out of, and regere, to lead straight.] 1. 

Watchful ; vigilant ; active in vigilance ; 

hence, upon the alert, upon the watch, Alembic. 

guarding against surprise or danger. 2. Moving with 

celerity. 
Syn. —Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. 
A-lert'ly, adv. Quickly ; nimbly ; briskly. 
A-lert'ness, n. Watchful activity or readiness. 

Syn. — Briskness ; watchfulness; promptitude. 
Ale'wife, n. ; pi. ALE'wivEg. 
_ ale-house. 
Ale'wif e, n. ; pi. ale/wTves. [Ind. Aloof.] An Amer- 

ican fish resembling a herring. 
AFex-an'drine, n. A verse of twelve syllables, or six 

Iambic feet ; — so called from a poem written in French 

on the life of Alexander. 
A-lex'i-pliar'mie , n. [Gr. dAe£(.$<xp|u.aKo?, fr. dAefeij/, 

to keep off, and $ap^a/cov, drug, poison.] What expels 

or resists poison. 
A-lex'i-pliar'mie, a. Expelling poison or infection. 
A-lex'i-ter'i-e, ) a. [Gr. aAe^tTTjpios ; aXe^eiv, to keep 
A-lex'i-ter'ie-al, J off.] Resisting poison ; obviating 

the effects of venom. 
A-lex'i-ter'ie, n. [See supra.] A medicine to resist the 
^effects of poison, or the bite of venomous animals. 
Al'fjd,n. ; pi. al'gje. [Lat.] (Bot.) A grand division 

of cryptogamic plants, embracing sea-weeds or water- 
-plants. 
Al'ge-bra, n. [Ar. al-gabr, al-jabr, reduction of parts 

to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from gabara 

or jabara, to bind together, to consolidate.] (Math.) 

That branch of analysis whose object is to investigate 

the relations and properties of numbers by means of let- 
^ ters and other symbols. 

AFge-bra/ve, {a. Pertaining to, or performed by, al- 
AFge-bra'i-e-al, J gebra. 
AJ/ge-bra'Le-al-ly, adv. By means of algebra. 
AJ/ge-bra'ist, n. One who is skilled in algebra. 
Al'go-rigm, ) n. [Sp. algoritmo, Old Sp. alguarismo, 
Al'go-rltlim, ) taken by the Arabs from Gr. apifl^os, 

number, and transformed by the Spaniards by inserting 

the letter g between the article al and the vowel a.] 
^(Math.) The art of computing in any particular way. 
Al'goiis, a. Pertaining to sea-weed. 
Alguazil (al-ga-zeeP), n. A Spanish officer of justice. 
A-'li-as, adv. [Lat.] Otherwise ; otherwise called ; — a 

term used in legal proceedings to connect the different 

names of a party who has gone by two or several, and 

whose true name is for any cause doubtful ; as, Smith, 
_alias Simpson. 
A.'li-as, n. [Lat.] (Law.) (a.) A second or further writ 

issued after a first writ has expired without effect, (b.) 
^Another name ; an assumed name. 
Al'i-ln, n. [Lat., elsewhere, in another place.] (Law.) 

When a person, on trial for a crime, shows that he was 

in another place at the time when the act was committed, 

he is said to prove an alibi ; hence, the plea, allegation, 
_or defense under which this proof is made. 
Al'ien (aPyen), a. [Lat. alienus, from alius, another.] 

1. Not belonging to the same country, or government, 

or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign. 2. Wholly 
_ different in nature. 
Al'ien, n. A foreigner ; a foreign-born resident of a coun- 

trv, in which he does not possess the privileges of a 
_ citizen. 

AFien-a-bll'i-ty, n. The capacity of being alienated. 
Al'ien-a-ble, a. Capable of being alienated. 
Al'ien-age, n. The state of being an alien, or foreigner. 
Al'ien-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. alienated ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. ALIENATING.] [Lat. alienare.] 1. To convey 

or transfer to another, as title, property, or right. 2. 

To make indifferent or averse ; to estrange. 



a,e,&c. ,long; a,e,&c. short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ALIENATE 



19 



ALLEVIATIVE 



Al'ien-ate, a. Estranged; stranger to- 
AFien-a'tion, n. 1. (Law.) A transfer of title, or a 

legal conveyance of property to another. i Z. State of 
being alienated or transferred. 3. Withdrawing or es- 
trangement, as of the aifections. 4. Derangement, as 

_of the mental faculties ; insanity. 

Al'ien-a/tor, n. One who alienates or transfers property. 

Al-iene', v. t. 1. To convey or transfer, as property. 

_2. To estrange. 

Al'ien-ee', n. One to whom a thing is sold. 

Al'ien-igm, n. The state of being an alien. 

Al'i-f orm, a. [Lat. ala, wing, and forma, shape.] Hav- 
ing the shape of a wing. 

A-Hght' {-Xit'),v. i. [imp. & p. p. ALIGHTED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ALIGHTING-.] [A.-S. alihtan, gelihtan.} 1. To 
get down or descend, as from on horseback ; to dismount. 
2. To fall, or descend and settle, or lodge. 

A-Hgn' (a-lin'), v. t. [Lat. ad and linea, line.] To adjust 
or form by a line, as troops. 

A-lign' (a-lin / ), v. i. 1. To form in line, as troops. 5$. 
(Engin.) To lay out the ground-plan, as of a road. 

A-lIgn'ment, (-lln 7 -), n. [Fr. alignement, Pr. aligna- 
men.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line ; the state of 
being so adjusted ; the line of adjustment. 2. (Engin.) 
The ground-plan of a railway or other road. 

A-like', a. [Prefix a and like.] Having resemblance or 
similitude ; similar ; without difference. 

A-like', adv. In the same manner, form, or degree. 

Al'i-ment, n. [Lat. alimentum, from alere, to feed, 
nourish.] That which feeds or supports. 

Syn.— Food; nourishment; support; nutriment. 

Al'i-ment'al, ) a. Pertaining to food or aliment ; sup- 

Al'i-ment/a-ry, ) plying food ; nutritive. 

Al'i-men-ta'tion, n. The act or power of affording nu- 
triment ; state of being nourished. 

Al'i-ment'ive-ness, n. The phrenological organ of 
appetite for food or drink. 

Al/i-mo'iii-oiis, a. Affording food ; nourishing. 

Al'i-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. alimonia, alimonium, from 
alere, to feed.] An allowance made to a wife out of her 
husband's estate or income for her support, upon her 
divorce or separation from him, or during a suit for the 
same. 

Al'i-ped, a. Wing-footed. 

Al'i-ped, n. An animal whose toes are connected by a 
membrane which serves as wings, as the bat. 

Al'i-quant, a. [Lat. aliquantus, some, moderate, from 
alius, other j and quantus, how great.] Not dividing an- 
other number without a remainder. 

Al'i-quot, a. [Lat. aliquot, some, several, aliquoties, 
several times.] Dividing exactly, or without remainder. 

A-live', a. Having life ; not dead ; active ; susceptible. 

Al'lta-hest, n. A pretended universal solvent. 

Al'ka-les'cent, a. Tending to the properties of an alkali. 

Al'ka-H, or Al'ka-li, n. ; pi. al'ka-lisj, or al'ka-lis. 
[Ar. al-qali, ashes of glasswort, from qalaj, to roast in"a 
pan, fry.] ( Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, soda, 
potash, ammonia, and lithia, distinguished by their solu- 
bility in water and alcohol, their uniting with oils and 
fats to form soap, their neutralizing and forming salts 
with acids^and their changing reddened litmus to blue. 

Al-kal'i-fy, or Al'ka-li-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AL- 
KALIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALKALIFYING.] To form 
or convert into an alkali. 

Al-kal'i-fy, or Al'ka-li-fy, v. i. To become changed 
into an alkali. 

AFka-lig'e-noils, a. Producing alkali. 

Al'ka-lim/e-ter, n. [Eng. alkali and meter, Gr. /xerpov, 
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength 
or purity of alkalies. 

Al'ka-lim/e-try, n. The art of ascertaining the strength 
of alkalies, or the quantity present in any mixture. 

Al'ka-line (or -Hn), a. Having the qualities of alkali. 

AFka-lin'i-ty, n. Quality which constitutes an alkali. 

AFka-li-za'tion, n. The act of rendering alkaline by 
impregnating with an alkali. 

Al'ka-llze, v. t. To make alkaline ; to alkalify. 

Al'ka-loid, n. (Chem.) A salifiable base existing in 
some vegetables as a proximate principle. 

Al-ker'me§, n. [Ar. al-qirmiz, alqermez, the coccus in- 
sect.] A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, 
made chiefly of kermes berries. 

Al'ko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bible. See KORAN. 

All, a. [A.-S. eall, al.] Every one, or the whole number 
of; the whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, qual- 
ity, or degree of. It always precedes the article the, and 
the definitive adjectives my, thy, his, our, your, their. 



All, adv. Wholly ; completely ; altogether ; entirely. 

All, n. The whole number, quantity, or amount _; ths 
aggregate ; the whole ; the total ; totality ; as, all m all, 
a phrase which signifies every thing desired. 

At all, a phrase much used by way of enforcement or empha- 
sis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signify- 
ing in the least degree or to the least extent ; in the least ; under 
any circumstances. 

I8®~ All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, 
or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely in- 
corporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in 
almighty, already, always ; but in most instances, it is an ad- 
verb prefixed to other words, but separated by a hyphen, as, 
all-bountiful, all-glorious, all-important, all-surrounding, &c. 
Such compounds usually explain themselves, and therefore 
but few will be here given. 

Al'lah, n. The Arabic name of the Supreme Being. 

Al'lan-to'ie, a. Pertaining to the allantois. 

Al-lan'toid, or Al'lan-toid, \ n. [Gr. dAAavroeiS/js, 

Al-lan'tois, or Al'lan-tois, > gut-shaped ; dAAas, 
gut, and elSos, shape.] A thin membrane, situated be- 
tween the chorion and amnios in animals. 

Al-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. allayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

- ALLAYING.] [Partly from A.-S. alecgan, to lay down, 
confine, diminish, depress ; partly from Fr. oilier, to ally, 
to mix, as metals, Lat. alligare, to bind to something.] 
1 . To make quiet or put at rest ; to pacify or appease. 
H. To abate, mitigate, repress, or subdue. 
Syn. — To check; appease; calm; Boothe; pacify; assuage. 

Al-lay', n. See Alloy. 

Al-lay'er, n. He who, or that which, allays. 

Al-lay 'ment, n. 1. Act of allaying or state of bein- 
allayed. t£. That which allays. 

AFle-ga'tion, n. 1. Positive assertion or declaration; 
affirmation, ii. That which is alleged, affirmed, or as- 



Al-lege' (al-lejO, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ALLEGED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ALLEGING.] [Lat. allegare, from ad and legare, 
to send, dispatch.] 1. To bring forward with positive- 
ness. 52. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse. 

Syn.— To declare; affirm; assert; urge; adduce; advance; 
cite; quote. 

Al-lege'a-Tble, n. Capable of being alleged. 

Al-le'gi-ara^e, n. [L. Lat. allegiantia, from Lat. alligare, 
to bind to, from ad and ligare, to bind.] The tie or ob- 
ligation which a subject owes to his prince or government ; 
w loyalty. 

AFle-gor'i-e, ) a. In the manner of allegory ; figura- 

Al'le-gor'i-e-al, ) tive ; describing by resemblances. 

AFle-gor'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an allegorical manner. 

Al'le-gor'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being allegorical. 

AFle-go-rist, n. One who teaches by allegory. 

Al'le-go-rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. allegorized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ALLEGORIZING.] 1. To form or turn into 
allegory. 2. To understand in an allegorical sense. 

Al'le-go-rize , v. i. To use allegory. 

Al'le-go-ry (50), n. [Gr. a\\y]yopia; aAAos, other, and 
ayopeveiv, to harangue, from ayopd, assembly.] A story 
or figurative discourse, in which the direct and literal 
meaning is not the real or principal one, but is designed 
to image forth some important truth with greater vivid- 
ness and force ; a figurative manner of speech or descrip- 
tion. 

Al-le-greVto, a. [It.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, 
but not so quick as allegro. 

Al-le'yro, a. [It., merry, gay.] (Mus.) Quick, brisk, 
lively. — As a noun, a quick, sprightly strain or piece. 

AFle-Lu'iali, n. Praise to Jehovah. See HALLELUIAH. 

A.l~le-mdnde f , n. [Fr., German (dance).] A German 
waltz ; formerly a German dance in -|- or -^ measure, of a 
moderate movement. 

Al-le'vi-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLEVIATED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ALLEVIATING.] [L. Lat. alleviare, from Lat- 
levis, light.] 1 . To make light or easy to be borne, in a 
literal sense, ti. To make light, in a figurative sense; 
hence, to remove in part ; to make easier to be endured. 

Syn. — To lessen; diminish; mitigate; assuage; allay.-' 
These words are all figurative. Alleviate supposes a load, as 
of care, which is lightened; mitigate, something fierce, which 
is made mild, as suffering; assuage, something violent, which is 
quieted, as sorrow ; allay, something excited, but now brought 
down, as grief; lessen and diminish refer to amount or degree. 

Al-le'vi-a/tion, n. 1 . Act of alleviating, or making more 
fight ; a lessening or mitigation. 2. That which miti- 
gates or makes more tolerable. 

Syn. — Mitigation ; diminution ; relief. 

Al-lev'i-a-tive, n. Something mitigating. 



food, fdbt ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; tnish 



ALLEY 



20 



ALLY 



Al'ley n. ; pi. AL'LEYg. [Fr. allee, from alter, to go.] | Al-lot'ment, « 
1. A walk in a garden. 2. A narrow passage, as dis- * 
tinct from a public street. 

Al'ley, n. [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was 
originally made.] A choice taw or large marble. 

All-fobl§'-day, n. The first of April, when it is a popu- 

" lar custom to play off tricks or make fools. 

All-fours/, n. pi. [From all and four.} A game at cards, 

' ' which derives its name from the four chances of which it 
consists, for each of which a point is scored. The player 
who has all these is said to have all-fours. 

To go on all fours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and 
two arms or hands. 

All-hail', inter j. All health ; — a phrase of salutation, 

"expressing a wish of perfect health, or safety, to the per- 
son addressed. 

All-hal'low, ) n. All-Saints'-day, the first day 

All-hal'low§, > of November ; a feast in honor 

All-hal'low-nias, ) of all the saints. 

All-hal'low-tide, n. The time near All-Saints'. 

Al'li-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. a Ilium, alium, garlic] Pertain- 
ing to garlic ; having the smell or properties of garlic. 

Al-11'aiice, n. [Fr. alliance, from allier, to unite ; Lat. 
alligare, to bind to something.] 1. State of being allied ; 
a union or connection of interests, especially between 
families by marriage, and states by compact, treaty, or 
league. 2. The compact or treaty which is the instru- 
ment of allying. 3. The persons or parties allied. 
Syii. — League; confederacy; affinity; coalition. 

Al'li-gate, v. t. To tie together ; to unite. 

Al'li-ga'tioiijrc. [Lat. alligatio, fr. alligare, to bind to, 
fr. ad and ligare, to bind.] (Arith.) A rule relating to the 
solution of questions concerning the compounding or mix- 
ing together of different ingredients, or ingredients of dif- 
ferent qualities or values. 

B3T" The rule is named from the method of connecting to- 
gether the terms by certain ligature-like signs. 

Al'li-ga'tor, n. [Corrupted ^^Mi$L{6 
from Sp. el lagarto, the liz- ^|8fe^Mlli§5^ 
ard, from Lat. lacert us, equiv. gBgV 
to lacerta, lizard.] (Zobl.) A -=aeag H -r^ 

large carnivorous amphibi- ** }gk- E .---*, 

ous reptile, of the Saurian ,2 ■■■■'■ -;->; ■ 

family, peculiar to America. 

Al-li§'ioii(-Iizh / un),7i. [Lat. 
attisio, from alii d ere, to strike 
or dash against, from ad and Alligator. 

Ixdere, to dash against, to hurt by striking.] A striking 
against. 

Al-lit'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. ad and litem.] The repetition 
of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words 
immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. 

Al-lit'er-a-tive, a. Pertaining to alliteration. 

Al'lo-ea'tion, n. [L. Lat. allocatio, from Lat. ad and 
locare, to place.] Act of putting one thing to another ; 
hence, the admission of an article of account, or an al- 
lowance made upon an account ; — a term used in the 
^English exchequer. 

JLl'lo-ea r tur,n. [Low Lat., P. is allowed.] (Law.) The 
allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court, judge, or 
judicial officer. [of the pope to his clergy. 

APlo-eii'tioii, n. An address ; particularly an address 

Al-lo'di-al, a. (Law.) Pertaining to allodium; free- 
hold ; free of rent or service ; — opposed to feudal. 

Al-lo'di-um, n. [L. Lat., from 0. Ger. al, all, all, and 
&d, Ot, A.-S. ead, possession, property. It means, there- 
fore, all-property, or whole estate.] ( Law.) Freehold es- 
tate ; land which is the absolute property of the owner ; 
— opposed to feud. 

Al-16ii£je' (-ltinj/), n. [Fr., from allonger, to lengthen, 
strike ; Lat. longus, long.] A pass or thrust with a 
rapier or sword, as iu fencing. 
Al'lo-path'i-e, a. Pertaining to allopathy. 
Al-lop'a-thlst, n. One who practices medicine accord- 
ing to the rules of allopathy. 
Al-Iop'a-thy, n. [Gr. aAAo?, other, and 7rd0o?, suffer- 
ing, from Tracrxeu', ira9e~u>, to suffer.] Employment of 
medicines in order to produce effects different from those 
resulting from disease;— a term invented to designate 
the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. 
Al-lot', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOTTED ; p. pr". & vb. n. 
allotting.] [Old Fr. allotir, alloter, from lot, share, 
Goth, hlants, A.-S. Mot.] 1. To divide or distribute, as 
by lot. 2. To distribute in parts or portions ; hence, to 
grant, as a portion ; to give, assign, or appoint in general. 
Syn.— To divide; assign; apportion. 



^ : 



1. Act of allotting. 2. Part allotted. 

Al'lo-trSp'i-e, a. Pertaining to allotropism. 

Al-16t'ro-pi§m, \ n. [Gr. aAAos, other, and rpono?, 

Al-16t'ro-py, ' way; fr. Tpeneiv, to turn.] (Chem.) 
The property of existing in two or more conditions which 
are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. 

Al-low', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ALLOWING.] [Lat. ad and locare, to place.] 1. To give, 
afford, or yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. To abate 
or deduct. 4. To grant license to ; to permit. 
Syii. — To grant; yield; admit; consent. 

Al-low', v.i. To make abatement or deduction. 

Al-low'a-hle, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, al- 
lowed, or permitted as lawful. 

Al-low'a-hly, adv. In an allowable manner. 

Al-low'ance , n. 1. Act of allowing, granting, or ad- 
mitting. 2. Permission or license ; usually slight appro- 
bation. 3. That which is allowed; a stated quantity, 
as of food or drink; hence, (Nant.) a limited quantity 
of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. 4. Abate- 
ment; deduction. 5. (Com.) A deduction from the 
gross weight of goods. 

Al-low'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. allowanced; p. 
pr. & vb. n. allowancing.] To put upon allowance. 

Al-loy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. alloyed ; p. pr. & vb. ». 
alloying.] [Fr. aloi, loi, good alloy, fixed standard 
of gold and silver, from Lat. lex, law, ad legem, accord- 
ing to law. This word has been confounded with allay, 
q. v., and the signification of the latter attributed to it.] 

1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valua- 
ble metal. 2. To abate, impair, or corrupt. 

Al-loy', n. 1. Any compound of two or more metals, 
as of copper and zinc to form brass. 2. A baser metai 
mixed with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. 

Al-loy 'age, n. 1. The act of alio} ing or mixing metals. 

2. A mixture of different metals. 
All-saint§"-day,n. The first day of November ; a feast 
"in honor of all the saints. 

All-sdul§"-day, n. The second day of November ; a 
"Koman Catholic solemnity held to pray for the souls of 

the faithful. 

AU'spice, n. The berry of the pimento, an aromatic 
tree of the West Indies. It has been supposed to com- 
bine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves ; hence 
the name. 

All-suf-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. Sufficient to every thing. 

Al-lude', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ALLUDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ALLUDING.] [Lat. allud ere, from ad and ludere, to play.] 
To refer to something not directly mentioned ; to hint 
by remote suggestions ; to have reference. 

Syn. — To suggest; intimate; glance at; advert to. 

Al-lu/mi-nor, n. [Lat. illuminator, from illuminare y 
to illuminate, from lumen, fight.] One who colors or 
paints upon paper or parchment, giving light and orna- 
ment to letters and figures ; a limner. 

Al-liire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. allured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ALLURING.] [From ad and lure, q. v.] To attempt to 
draw to ; to tempt by the offer of some good, real or ap- 
parent. 

Syn.— To entice; decoy; seduce. — We are allured to evil 
by some promised good; we are enticed into it through our pas- 
sions; we are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rec- 
titude. 

Al-lure'ment, n. That which allures or entices. 

Al-lur'er, n. One who allures or decoys ; a tempter. 

Al-lu'gion, n. Indirect reference ; in rhetoric, a figure 
by which something is applied to, or understood of, an- 
other, on account of some similitude between them. 

Al-lii'srve, a. Hinting at ; referring to indirectly. 

Al-lu'sive-ly, adv. In an allusive manner. 

Al-Lu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. 

Al-lu'vi-al, a. X. Pertaining to, contained in, or com- 
posed of, alluvium. 2. Washed ashore or down a 
stream ; of fresh-water origin. 

Al-lu'vi-on, n. Same as Alluvium. 

AHu'vi-um, n. ; pi. AL-LU'vi-A. (Geol.) Deposits of 
earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made 
by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not perma- 
nently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. 

All-wige', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. 

Al-ly', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLIED \p.pr. & vb. n. ALLY- 
ING.] [Lat. alligare, from ad and ligare, to bind.] X. To 
unite, or form a connection between, as between families 
by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, 
league, or confederacy. 2. To connect or form a rela- 
tion between by similitude, resemblance, or friendship. 

Al-ly' (115), n. ; pi. AL-LIE§/. X. One who is united by 



a,e, Sec, long; &,&,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dft, wolf, 



ALMAGEST 



21 



ALTILOQUENCE 



2. One related 



compact, marriage, &c; a confederate 
to another by any tie. 

AFma-gest, n. [Gr. /u.eyi<rTos, superl. of ^.eyas, great, 
and the Ar. article al, the ; so called by the Arabs, be- 
cause this book of Ptolemy was considered as the great- 
est or largest on its subject.] A book of problems in 
astronomy and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. 

Al'md Ma'ter,n. [Lat., fostering mother.] A college 
or seminary where one is educated. 

AFina-nae, n. [Ar. manak/i, from manaha, to give as 

"a present ; manay. to define, determine ; maud, measure, 
time.] A book or' table, containing a calendar of days, 
weeks, and months, to which astronomical data and va- 
rious statistics are often added. 

Ai'man-dine, n. [Lat. alabandina, named after Ala- 
oanda, a town in Caria, where it was found.] (Min.) 
The red variety of garnet, translucent or transparent. 

Al-might'i-ness (-mlt/-), n. A power to do all things ; 

"omnipotence. 

Al-might'y (-nut'-), a. All-powerful; of unlimited 

"power; omnipotent. 

Al-might'y, n. God ; the Supreme Being. 

AFinond (a/mund), n. [Low Lat. amandola, corrupted 
from Lat. amygdala, Gr. djUvySoATj.] 1. The fruit of the 
almond-tree. 2. One of the two glands called tonsils, 
near the base of the throat. [for another. 

Al'mon-er, n. [See Alms.] One who distributes alms 

AFmon-ry, n. A place for distributing alms, or where 
they are stored for distribution. 

Al-most', adv. Nearly ; well-nigh ; for the greatest part. 

Alm§ j'amz), n. pi. [A.-S. almes, celmesse, from Gr. eAerj- 
/aoo-wt), from eAeetv, to have pity or mercy.] Any thing 
gratuitously given to relieve the poor, as money, food, or 
t clothing; a charitable donation. 

Alm§'-house, n. A house appropriated for the use of 

_ the poor ; a poor-house. 

AFmug-tree, \n. (Script.) A tree supposed to be the 

Al'gum-tree, j red sandal-wood. 

AFnage (45), n. [Prom 0. Pr. alne, N. Fr. aune, from 
Lat. ulna, Gr. wAeVj), elbow.] A measuring by the ell. 

Al'oe (aPo), n. ; pi. al'oes. [Lat. aloe', Gr. a\6y, Heb. 
ahalim, pi. of ahal.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of evergreen 
herbaceous plants, from some of which are prepared ar- 
ticles for medicine and the arts. 2. pi. (Med.) The in- 
spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purga- 
tive. 
American or Century aloe, the agave. See Agave. 

AFo-et'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, obtained from, or par- 

AFo-et'ie-al, ) taking of the qualities of, aloes. 

A-16ft' (21), adv. [Prefix a and loft.] 1. On high. 2. 
(Naut.) In the top ; at the mast-head ; above the deck. 

A-lone', a. [From all and one.] 1. Apart from, or ex- 
clusive of, others ; single ; solitary ; — applied to a per- 
son or thing. 2. Sole ; only. [Rare.] 

A-long' (21), adv. [A.-S. andlang, ondlong, from prefix 
and, ond, against, toward, and lang, long, long.] 1. In 
a fine with the length ; lengthwise. 2. In a line, or 
with a progressive motion; onward; forward. 3. In 
company ; together. 
Along of, owing to, or on account of. 

A-long' (21), prep. By the length of, as distinguished 
from across. 

A-long'side, adv. By the side of a ship. 

A-lobf ' (26), adv. [Either for all off, that is, quite off, or 
of the same origin with aloft, q. v.] At or from a dis- 
tance, but within view, or at a small distance ; apart. 

A-lobf, prep. At or to a distance from ; away from. 

A-loud', adv. With a loud voice, or great noise ; loudly. 

Alp, n. [Of Celtic origin.] A 
very high mountain ; — specific- 
ally, in the plural, the elevated 
mountain ranges of Switzerland. 

Al-pa«'a, n. [The orig. Peruv. 
name.] 1. (Zobl.) An animal 
of Peru, having long, fine, 
woolly hair; a species of the 
llama. 2. A thin kind of cloth 
made of the wool of the alpaca, 
mixed with silk or with cotton. 

Al'pha, n. The first letter of 
the Greek alphabet, used to 
denote first. 

Al'pha-bet, n. [Gr. dA^a/SrjTo?, from a\(f>a and jSrjra, 
the first two Greek letters.] The letters of a language ar- 
ranged in the customary order. 





Alpaca. 



Al'pha-bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. alphabeted ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. alphabeting.] To arrange in the order of an 
w alphabet. [abecedarian. 

AFpha-bet-a/ri-an, n. A learner of the alphabet ; an 
AFpha-bet'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, furnished with, 
AFpha-bet'ie-al, J expressed by, or in tne order of, 
_ the letters of the alphabet. 

AFpha-bet'ie-al-ly, adv. According to the alphabet. 
Al'pine (-pin or -pin), a. Pertaining to the Alps, or to 

any lofty mountain. 
AFread'y, adv. [All and ready.] Before this time ; now. 
Al'so, adv. or conj. [From all and so.] In like manner ; 
" likewise ; too ; further ; in addition to. 
Alt, a. or n. [From Lat. altus, high, fit. grown great by 

nourishing, p. p. of alere, to nourish.] (Mus.) The 

higher part of the scale. See ALTO. 
Al'tar, n. [Lat. altare, altar, 
"from the same root as altus, 

high.] 1. A table or elevated 

place on which gifts and sacri- 
fices are offered to some deity. 

2. In Christian churches, the 

communion table. 
Al'tar-piece, n. 1. A paint-, 
"ing placed over the altar. 2. 

Entire decoration of an altar. 
Al'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. al- 
"tered; p. pr. & vb. n. AL- _= 

tering.] [Low Lat. alter are, - 

from Lat. alter, another.] 1. To m± 

make some change in ; to vary in 

some degree, without an entire 

change. 2. To change entirely Altar. 

or materially. 
Al'ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to 

vary ; to change. 
Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capable of being altered. 
Al'ter-a-ble-ness, ) n. Quality of being susceptible of 
AFter-a-bil'i-ty, ) change. 
AFter-a-bly, adv. In an alterable manner. 
Al'ter-ant, a. Producing a gradual change ; alterative. 
Al'ter-ant, n. A medicine which gradually corrects the 
" state of the body ; an alterative. 

AFter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of altering or state of being 
"altered; change. 2. The change made. 
Al'ter-a-tive, a. (Med.) Having power to restore the 
"healthy functions of the body without sensible evacua- 
tions. 
Al'ter-a-tive, n. A medicine which gradually induces 
"a change in the habit or constitution, and restores healthy 
w functions without sensible evacuations. 
AFter-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. altercated ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. ALTERCATING.] [Lat. altercare, altercari, from 
^alter, another.] To contend in words ; to wrangle. 
AFter-ea/tion, n. Warm contention in words ; con- 
troversy ; dispute carried on with heat or anger. 

Syn. — Wrangle; dispute. — An altercation is an angry dis- 
pute between two parties ; a wrangle is a noisy altercation. 

Al-ter'nate (14), a. [Lat. alternants, p. p. of alternare.] 
Being by turns ; one following the other in succession of 
time or place ; hence, reciprocal. 

Al-ter'nate (14), n. That which happens by turns ; vi- 

^ cissitude ; a substitute. 

AFter-nate , or Al-ter'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. al- 
ternated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALTERNATING.] To per- 
form by turns, or in succession ; to cause to succeed by 

^ turns ; to change reciprocally. 

AFter-nate, or Al-ter'nate, v. i. To happen or to 
act by turns. 

Al-ter'nate-ly, adv. In reciprocal succession ; by turns. 

AFter-na/tion, n. 1. Reciprocal succession of things 
in time or place. 2. (Math.) The different changes or 
alterations of orders in numbers ; permutation. 

Al-ter'na-tive, a. Offering a choice of two things. 

Al-ter'na-tive, n. That which may be chosen or 
omitted ; a choice of two things. 

Al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. In an alternative manner. 

Al-ter'na-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being al- 
ternative. 

Al-the'a, n. [Gr. akdaia, from a\9etv, a\9aivei.v, to make 
to grow, to heal.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including 
the common marsh-mallow and the garden hollyhocks. 

Al-tnough'^awl-thoO, conj. [From all and though, q. v.] 
Grant all this ; be it so ; allow all ; suppose that ; admit 
all that ; notwithstanding. 

Al-til'o-quence, n. [Lat. altus, high, and loquentia, a 
speaking.] Lofty speech ; pompous language. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; ag; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



ALTIMETER 



22 



AMBITION 



Al-tlm'e-ter, n. [Lat. altus, high, and metrum, meas- 
ure.] An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical 
principles. 

Al-tim'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining altitudes by 
means of a proper instrument. 

Al-tis'o-nant, I a. [Lat. altus, high, and sonans, sound- 

Al-tis'o-noiis, j ing.] High-sounding ; lofty or pomp- 
ous. 

Al'ti-tude (53), n. [Lat. altitudo; altus, high, and a 
common termination, denoting state, condition, or man- 
ner.] 1. Space extended upward ; height ; the perpen- 
dicular elevation of an object above the ground, or above 
a given level, 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a star, or 
other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by 
the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such 
point and the horizon. 3. Height of degree; highest 
point. 

Al'to, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest female 
voices, between the tenor and soprano. In instrumental 
music, the tenor. 

Al'to-getii'erjarff. [From all and together.] 1. With 
united action ; conjointly. 2. Without exception ; 
wholly ; completely. 

Al'to-re-lie'vo, n. [It. alto rilievo.] (Sculp.) High re- 
lief; the figure standing out nearly detached from the 
background. 

Al'u-del, n. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] A chemical pot 
open at each end, used in sublimation. 

Al'um, n. [Lat. alumen.] A double sulphate of alu- 
mina and potassa. It is white, transparent, and very 
astringent. 

A-lu'mi-na, ) n. (Min.) One of the earths, consisting 

Al'u-mine, ) of two parts of aluminum and three of 
oxygen. 

A-lu'mi-nif'er-oiis, a. Producing or containing alum. 

Al'u-miii'i-um, ) n. [N. Lat. See Alum.] The metal- 

A-lu'nii-num, j he base of alumina ; a very light, 
white metal, with a bluish tinge, and not easily oxidized. 

A-Lu'mi-nous, a. Pertaining to, or containing, alum, 
or alumina. 

Al'um -isli, n. Having the nature of alum. 

jL-lum f nus, n. ; pi. A-JLUM'NI. A pupil ; a graduate of 
a college, or other seminary of learning. 

Al've-a-ry, n. [Lat. alvearium, alveare, from alveus, 
hollow vessel, bee-hive ; from alvus, belly, bee-hive.] 

1. A bee-hive, or something resembling one. 2. The 
hollow of the external ear. 

Al've-o-lar, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 

Al've-o-la-ry, j sockets of the teeth. 

Al've-o-late, a. Pitted, like a honey -comb. 

Al^ve'o-lus, n. ; pi. al-ve' o-li. [Lat., a small hollow 
or cavity, dim. of alveus, a hollow, deep vessel, from al- 
vus, belly.] 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 2. The socket 
in the jaw, in which a tooth is fixed. 

Al'vine, a. [Lat. alvus, belly.] Pertaining to the lower 
belly or intestines. 

Al'way, ) adv. [From all and way, pi. ways.] 1. Per- 

Al'wayg, J petually ; throughout all time ; continually. 

2. Constantly during a certain period, or regularly at 
stated intervals ; invariably. 

133*- Alway is seldom used, except in poetry. 

Am. The first person singular of the verb to be, in the 
indicative mode, present tense. See Be. 

im'a-dou, b. [Fr., tinder, prop, lure, bait, sc. of the 
fire.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from 
a species of agaric which grows on old trees. 

A-main', adv. [Prefix a and main, q. v.] 1. Violently 
and suddenly. 2. (Naut.) Suddenly, or at once. 

A-mal'gam, n. [Lat. malagma, Gr. pakayixa, any 
emollient; nakdo-aeiv, to make soft.] 1. A compound 
of mercury, or quicksilver, with another metal. 2. A 
mixture or compound of different things. 

A-mal'gam-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. amalgamated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. amalgamating.] 1. To compound or 
mix, as quicksilver, with another metal. 2. To mix, so 
as to make a compound. 

A-nial 'gam-ate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam. 
2. To coalesce, as a result of growth. 

A-mal'ga-ma'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of com- 
pounding mercury with another metal ; especially the 
process of separating gold and silver from their ores by 
mixing them with mercury. 2. The mixing or blending 
of different things or races. 

A-man'u-Sn'sis, n. ; pi. a-mXn'u-en'ser. [Lat., from 
prefix ab and manus, hand.] A person whose employ- 
ment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what 
another has written ; a copyist. 



Am'a-ranth, n. [Gr. andpavTos, from d priv. and 
fjiapaiveiv, to wither, decay ; so called because its flowers, 
when cropped, do not soon wither.] 1. (JSot.) A genus 
of ornamental annual plants of many species, with green, 
purplish, or crimson flowers in large spiked clusters. 

2. An imaginary flower that never fades or perishes. 

3. A color inclining to purple. 
Am'a-ranth'Ine, a. 1. Belonging to, consisting of, 

or resembling, amaranth. 2. Not fading or decaying, 
like the fabled amaranth of the poets. 3. Of a purplish 
color - 

Am, 1 a-ryVlis , n. [Name of a country girl in Theocritus 
and Virgil.] (JBot.) A family of beautiful plants, in- 
cluding the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, and others. 

A-mass' (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. amassed (a-masf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. AMASSING.] [L. Lat. amassare, amascere, 
from Lat. massa, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap ; 
to gather a great quantity of. 

Syn. — To heap up ; accumulate ; pile up ; gather. 

A-mass'ment, n. A heap ; accumulation. 

Am'a-teur' (am'a-tur'), n. [Fr., from Lat. amator, 
lover.] One who cultivates any study or art from taste 
or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. 

Am'a-tive, a. Full of love; amorous ; amatory. 

Am'a-tive-ness, n. [Lat. amare, to love, as if from 
amativus.] (Phren.) An organ supposed to influence 
se&ual desire ; propensity to love. 

Am/a-to'ri-al, ) a. Relating to, induced by, or express- 

Am'a-to-ry, j ive of, love. 

Am'au-ro'sis, n. [Gr. d/xaupcjai?, from d/xavpd?, dark, 
dim ; ju.aupos,dark, with a intens.] (Sled.) A loss or de- 
cay of sight, without any visible defect in the eye, usually 
from loss of power in the optic nerve. 

A-maze', v. t. [imp. & p.p. amazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
AMAZING.] [Prefix a and maze, q. v.] To confound 
with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder ; to confuse with 
terror and astonishment ; to astonish. 

A-maze', n. Astonishment ; perplexity ; amazement. 

A-maz'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. 

A-maz'ed-ness, n. Astonishment ; great wonder. 

A-maze'ment, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder ; 
perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder. 

Syn. — Astonishment; admiration; perplexity; confusion. 

A-maz'ing-ly, adv. In an amazing degree. 

Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. d/ua£ujv, from d priv. and M a <>°s, the 
breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut off their 
right breast, so that they might more easily hurl the 
javelin.] One of a fabulous race of female warriors, who 
founded an empire on the coast of the Euxine ; — hence, 

^a warlike or masculine woman ; a virago. 

Am'a-zo'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an 
Amazon. 2. Belonging to the River Amazon, or to the 
country through which it flows. 

Am-bas'sa-dor, n. An envoy of the highest rank sent 
to a foreign government. See EMBASSADOR. 

Am-bas'sa-dress, n. A female ambassador ; the wife 

^ of an ambassador. 

Am'ber, n. [From Ar. ''anbar, anbarum, a kind of per- 
fume ; orig. a fish, from which, it was believed, the gray 
amber, or ambergris, came ; afterward applied to the 
yellow amber.] (Min.) A yellowish resin found as a 

^ fossil. By friction, it readily becomes electric. 

Am'ber, a. Consisting of, or resembling, amber ; of the 
color of amber. 

Am'ber-gris (-grees), n. [See Amber.] A fragrant 
substance used in perfumery, &c. It is a morbid secre- 

^ tion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. 

Am/bi-dex'ter,«. [Lat. ambo, both, and dexter, right, 
dextra (sc. manus), the right hand.] One who uses both 

^ hands with equal facility ; hence, a double-dealer. 

Am/bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. The power of using both 
hands with equal ease. 2. Double-dealing. 

Am'bi-dex'troiis , a. 1. Having the faculty of using 
both hands with equal ease. 2. Practicing duplicity. 

ArnHbi-ent, a. [Lat. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go 
around. ] Encompassing ; surrounding. 

Am/bi-gu'i-ty , n. Quality or state of being ambiguous ; 
doubtfulness or uncertainty , particularly of signification. 

Am-big'u-oiis, a. [Lat. ambiguus, from ambigere, to 
wander about with irresolute mind.] Doubtful or un- 
certain, particularly in respect to signification. 

Am-big'u-oiis-ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner. 

Am-big'u-oiis-ness, n. Ambiguity. 

Am/bit, n. [Lat. ambitus.] Circuit or compass. 

Am-bl'-tion (-bish'un), n. [Lat. ambitio, a going around, 
especially of candidates for office to solicit votes ; hence, 



a, e, &c, long; a,e\ &c, short ; care, far.ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



AMBITIOUS 



23 



AMIANTHUS 



desire for office or honor; from ambire, to go around.] 
An eager and sometimes an inordinate desire of prefer- 
ment, honor, superiority, or power. 

Syn.— Eagerness; avidity; aspiration; greediness. 

Am-bi'tious, a. 1. Possessing, or controlled by, am- 
bition. 2. Springing from, or indicating, ambition. 

Am-bi'tious-ly, adv. In an ambitious manner. 

Am-bi'tious-ness, n. The quality of being ambitious. 

Am'ble, v. i. [Lat. ambulare, to walk, in L. Lat. to am- 
ble.] 1. To move, as a horse, by lifting together the 
two legs on one side ; to pace. 2. In a ludicrous sense, 
. to move affectedly. 

Am'ble, n. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both 
w legs on one side are moved at the same time. 

Am/bler, n. A horse which ambles ; a pacer. 

Artx'bo, \n. [Gr. a^mv, any rising, a raised stage, 

JLm'bon, ) pulpit.] An oblong pulpit, in the early 
Christian churches. 

Am-bro'§ia (-bro'zha), n. [Gr. djujSpocna, prop. f. of 
dju.j8p6(rto?, d/a/Spo-ros, immortal, from d priv. and /3poTos, 
mortal, because it was supposed to confer immortality on 
those who partook of it.] 1. (Myth.) The food of the 
gods, which conferred upon those who partook of it eter- 
nal youth. 2. (Bot.) A genus of plants , including some 
coarse and worthless weeds, called rag-weed. 

Am-bro'gial, a. Partaking of the nature or qualities 
of ambrosia ; delighting the taste or smell ; delicious. 

Am-bro'§ian, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. 

Am/bro-type, n. [Gr. dp.£poTos, immortal, and rvno<;, 
impression.] (Pkotog.) A picture taken on a prepared 
glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and 
the shades are produced by a dark background visible 

w through the unsilvered portions of the glass. 

Am1)ry, n. 1. An almonry. 2. A pantry. 

Ambg'-ace (amz'as), n. [0. Fr. ambes, ambs, Lat. ambo, 
both, and ace, q. v.] A double ace. 

Am'bu-lance, n. [From 
Lat. ambulare, to walk.] 
(Mil.) A flying hospital, so 
organized as to follow an ar- 
my in its movements, and in- 
tended to succor the wound- 
ed as soon as possible. 

Ambulance cart, a two- 
wheeled or four-wheeled vehi- 
cle, designed forthe conveyance 
of the wounded from a field of 
battle. 

Am'bu-lant, a. Walking; moving from place to place. 

Am'bu-la/tion, n. The act of walking ; walking about. 

Am/bu-la-to-ry, a. 1. Able or accustomed to move 
from place to place ; walking. 2. (Law.) r\ot fixed in 
its legal character, but capable of being altered, as a will. 

AmHbu-la-to-ry, n. Any part of a building intended 
for walking in, as the aisles of a church ; — specifically, 
a place inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as a portico. 

Am'bu-ry, I n. [A.-S. ampre, a crooked swelling vein.] 

AnHbu-ry , j A soft swelling on a horse, full of blood. 

Am1)us-«ade', »i. [It. imboscata ; imboscar, to set in 
bushes, to place in ambush, from pref. in, itn, and bosco, 
L. Lat. boscus, buscus, a wood ; Eng. busk.] 1. A lying 
concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by sur- 
prise ; 2. A concealed place in which troops lie hid, in 
order to attack an enemy unexpectedly ; ambush. 

Am/bus-eade', v. t. [imp. kp.p. ambuscaded; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ambuscading.] To lie in wait ; to attack 

^ from a concealed position. 

Am'bush, n. [See Ambuscade.] 1 . Act of attacking 
an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. 2. A 
concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to 
attack by surprise ; an ambuscade. 3 . Troops posted in 
a concealed place, for attacking by surprise. 

Am'bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ambushed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n' ambushing ] To he in wait for ; to surprise ; to 
place in ambush. 

A-rnel'io-rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. ameliorated ; p 
pr. & vb. n. AMELIORATING.] [Lat. ad and meliorate. 
to make better.] To make better ; to improve. 

A-mel'io-rate, v. i. To grow better ; to meliorate. 

A-mel'io-ra/tion, n. Act of ameliorating, or state of 
being ameliorated ; improvement ; melioration. 

A-mel'io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration or im 

_provement. 

A'men' (in singing, pron. 'a'men'). [Heb., from amen 
firm, true ; Gr. d/A-qv.] An expression used at the end of 
prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed 




Ambulance. 



it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces 
a declaration, it has the force of an adv., and is equiva- 
lent to truly, verily. It is used also as a noun, to denote 
Christ as being one who is true and faithful ; and as an 
adjective, to signify made true, verified, or fulfilled. 

A-me'na-bil'i-ty, ) 4 . . > , . , . 

A-me'na-ble-ness, I *" A state of bein ^ amenable - 

A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to bring, esp. to bring to 
account, from a, for ad, and mener, to lead, from Lat. 
minare, to drive a n imals (properly by threatening cries) ; 
minari, to threaten ; minx, threats.] 1. Liable to be 
brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; respon- . 
sible. 2. Willing to yield or submit ; submissive. 

A-mend', v. t. [imp. & p.p. amended ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. AMENDING.] [From Lat. emendate, from e, ex, and 
mendum, menda, fault.] To change in any way for the 
better, as, (a.) By simply removing what is erroneous, 
corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the hke; (b.) By sup- 
plying deficiencies ; (c.) By substituting something else in 
the place of what is removed. 

Syn. — To correct; reform; rectify. — To amend is literally 
to take away blots, and hence to remove faults; to reform is to 
form over again for the better; to correct is to make straight or 
right; to rectify is to set right. We rectify abuses, mistakes, 
&c; we correct errors; we reform or amend our fives. 

A-mend', v. i. To grow better ; to improve morally. 
A-mend'a-ble , a. Capable of being amended. [ive. 
A-mend'a-to-ry, a. Containing amendment ; correct- 
A/mende (a'mongd'), n. [Fr.] A pecuniary fine or pun- 
ishment ; reparation ; retraction. 

Amende honorable, formerly in France an infamous punish- 
ment, now a public recantation or apology for injury done. 

A-m&nd'er, n. One who amends ; a corrector. 

A-mend'ment, n. 1. An alteration or change for the 
better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of 
life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies, any altera- 
tion in a bill or motion by adding, changing, or omitting. 
3. (Law.) The correction of an error in a writ or process. 

A-mends/, n. sing. & pi. Compensation for. a loss or 
injury ; recompense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. 

A-men'i-ty, n. [Lat. amcenitas, from amcenvs, pleas- 
ant.] Quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in 
^respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition. 

Am/exit, n. [Lat. amentum, thong or strap.] (Bot.) A 
species of inflorescence, consisting of a scaly sort of 
spike, as in the alder, birch, &c. ; a catkin. 

A-mer£ e' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. abierced ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AMERCING.] [L. Lat. amerciate, from Lat. mer- 
ces, wages, penalty.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary pen- 
alty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to 
the discretion of the court. 2. To punish, in general. 

A-merce'a-ble, a. Liable to amercement. 

A-merce'ment, n. (Law.) A pecuniary penalty in- 
flicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. 

A-mer'cer, n. One who amerces or fines. 

A-mer'i-ean, a. Pertaining to America: — in a re- 
stricted sense, pertaining to the United States. 

A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America ; — formerly ap- 
plied to the aboriginal inhabitants ; but now to the de- 
scendants of Europeans bom in America, especially to 
the inhabitants of the United States. 

A-mer'i-eaii-Igm, n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom pe- 
culiar to America. 2. The love which Americans have 
for their own country, or the preference of its interests. 

A-mer'i-ean-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. AMERICANIZING.] To render American. 

Am'e-tbyst, n. [Gr. ap.e'0uo-To?, a remedy for drunken- 
ness, also the precious stone amethyst, supposed to have 
this power.] A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet 
color, of different degrees of intensity. 

Am'e-tliyst'Ine, a. Pertaining to, composed of, orre- 

_sembling, amethyst. 

A'mi-a-bil'i-ty, n. Amiableness ; loveliness. 

A'mi-a-ble, a. [Lat. amicabilis, friendly, with a mixtur* 
of the sense of amabilis, lovely.] Worthy of love ; de- 
serving of affection. 

Syn.— Lovely; charming; delightful; lovable. 

A'mi-a-ble-ness, n. The quality of deserving love ; 

_ loveliness ; agreeableness. 

A'mi-a-bly, adv. In an amiable manner. 

Am'i-an'tlms, n. [Gr. dixiavros \i8os (lit. unsoiled 
stone) ; from d priv. and fjuaiveiv, to stain, to defile ; so 
called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) A mineralsub- 
stance somewhat resembling flax. It is composed of deli- 
cate filaments, often long, and resembling threads of silk. 



food, ftfbt ; fxrn, rude, pull ; peU, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



AMICABILITY 



24 



AMPLY 



It is incombustible, and bas sometimes been wrought 
into cloth and paper. 

Am/i-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being amicable ; friend- 
liness ; amicableness. 

Am'i-ea-ble , a. [Lat. amicabilis, from amicus, friend, fr. 
amare, to love.] Harmonious in mutuai intercourse. 

Syn. — Friendly; peaceable; fraternal. — Amicable always 
supposes two parties, as an amicable arrangement. We cannot 
say of a single individual that he was amicable, though we can 
say he -wasfriendly. 

Am'i-ea-ble-ness, n. Quality of being amicable; 
friendliness ; kindness. 

Am'i-ea-bly, adv. In an amicable manner. 

Am'ice (am'is), n. [Lat. a7nictus, from amicire, to wrap 
about . ] 1 . A loose flowing garment like a cloak ; formerly 
worn by pilgrims, 2. ( Eccl.) An oblong piece of embroid- 
ered linen, made to wear on the bead, covering it like a 
hood, or to rest on the shoulders like a cape. 

A-mld', \prep. [Prefix a and mid, midst.] In the 

A-midst', ) midst or middle ; surrounded or encom- 
passed by ; among. [stern. 

A-mid'sliips, adv. Half-way between the stem and the 

A-miss', a. [Prefix a and miss.] Wrong; faulty; out 
of order ; improper. 

A-miss', adv. Wrongly; improperly; in a faulty manner. 

Am'i-ty, n. [Fr. amitic, from ami, Lat. amicus.] Friend- 
ship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or 
nations ; harmony ; good understanding. 

Am-mo'ni-a, n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first 
obtained near the temple of Jupiter Amnion, by burning 
camels' dung.] A volatile alkali of a pungent smell ; 
spirit of hartshorn. 

Am-mo'ni-ae, ) a. Pertaining to ammonia, or pos- 

Am'mo-nl'a-c-al, J sessing its qualities. 

Am-mo'ni-a-e , or Gum-am-mo'iii-ae, n. [Gr. afx.- 
fj.uivt.aK6v, a gum, said to distill from a tree near the tem- 
ple of Jupiter Ammon.] (Med.) The concrete juice of 
w an umbelliferous plant, brought from Persia. 

Am'mu-iii'tion, (-nlsh'un), 11. [Low Lat. admunitio, 
from ad and munire, to defend, fortify.] Military stores 
or provisions for attack or defense ; the articles which are 
used in charging fire-arms and ordnance of all kinds ; as 
powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. 

Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. dju-vrjo-rta, a forgetting, from d priv. 
and ixm.vr)<TKeLv, to remember.] A general pardon of 
offenses against government. 

Am'ce-bae'an, a. [Gr. dp-oi/Baios, alternate, from a.p.01- 
flri. change ; d/xet/3eii', to change.] Alternately answering. 

A-mong', \prep. [A.-S. amang, onmang, from ge- 

A-mongst', J mang, mixture; mengan, to mix.] 1. 
Mixed or mingled with. 2. Conjoined, or associated 
with, or making part of the number of. 

A-mon'til-la'do^i. [Sp.] A dry kind of sherry. 

Am'o-roxis, a. [Low Lat. amorosus, from Lat. amor, 
love.] 1. Inclined to love ; having a propensity to sex- 
ual enjoyment. 2. In love ; enamored. 3. Relating to, 
or produced by, love. 

Am'o-rous-ly, adv. In an amorous manner ; lovingly. 

Am'o-rous-ness, n. Quality of being amorous. 

A-m6r'plii§m, n. [Gr. d priv. and j"-op0jj, form.] A 
state of being without crystallization even in the minutest 
particles, as in glass, opal, &c. 

A-mor'plioiis, a. [Gr. ap.op<£os, from d priv. and pop^r/, 
form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular 
shape. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate text- 
ure of a solid substance. 3. Of no particular kind or 
character ; anomalous. 

A-mor'ti-za'tion, )n. 1. (Law.) Act or right of 

A-mort'Ize-meiit, i alienating lands to a corpora- 
tion, which was considered formerly as transferring them 
to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. Extinction of debt, 
particularly by means of a sinking fund. 
A-mor'tize, v. t. [L. Lat. amortisare, from Lat. mors, 
death.] (Laiv.) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to 
convey to a corporation. See Mortmain. 
A-moimt',i'. i. [imp. & p.p. amounted ; p.pr. & vb.] 
n. AMOUNTING-.] [L. Lat. admontare, from Lat. ad and 
mons, mountain.] 1. To rise or reach by an accumu 
lation of particular sums or quantities ; to come in the 
aggregate or whole. 2. To rise, reach, or extend in effect 
substance, or influence ; to be equivalent. 
A-mount', n. 1. The sum total. 2. The effect, sub- 
stance, or result. 
A-mour', n. [Fr., from Lat. amor, love.] A love intrigue. 
Am-plub'i-a, n.pl. [Gr. dy.(\>lpio<; , living a double life, 



from dix<j)i, on both sides, and j3to?, life.] (Zo'dl.) The 
class of reptiles which includes the saurians, crocodiles, 
lizards, serpents, frogs, turtles, and salamanders. 

Am-phib'i-an, n. An amphibious animal. 

Am-phib'i-ous, a. 1. Having the power of living m 
air and water. 2. Adapted for living on land or water. 
3. Of a mixed nature ; partaking of two natures. 

Am-phib'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of being amphibi- 
ous ; ability to five in two elements. 

Am-phib'o-log'ie-al, a. Of doubtful meaning ; am- 
biguous. 

Am/phi-bol'o-gy, n. [Gr. a.p.$i$o\oyia, from a/uwpi- 
/3oAos, ambiguous, and Aoyos, speech.] A phrase, proposi- 
tion, or discourse susceptible of two interpretations. 

Am'phi-braeli, n. [Gr. dju.</>i0paxus. short at both ends, 
from djix<£i', on both sides, and 0paxus, short.] (Anc. 
Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the 
first and last short ; as, habere. 

Am-plii-e / ty-on'i-e, a. Pertaining to the council of the 
Amphictyons in Greece. 

Am-phie'ty-on§, n. pi. [Gr. 'A^iK-ru'oves. Prob. the 
word was orig. dju.$ucTioves, dwellers around, neighbors.] 
( Gr. Hist.) An assembly or council of deputies from the 
different states of Greece. 

Am-phle'ty-o-ny, n. [See supra.] ( Gr. Hist.) An as- 
sociation of several neighboring states for the promotion 
of common interests. 

Am-phim'a-cer, n. [Gr. d^Va/cpos, long on both 
sides, from djiupi, on both sides, and fj.o.Kpos, long.] (Anc. 
Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and 
the others long, as in castitas. 

Am-phip'ro-style, n. [Gr. d/A0t7rp6o-ri>Ao?, from d^t, 
on both sides, 'and irpoo-rv Acs, with pillars in front.] 
(Arch.) A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in 
front and behind, but not on the sides. 

Am-pJiis'ci-I (-fish'i-I), \n. pi. [Gr. d/x^tV/cios, 

Am-pliis'ci-angt-ilsh'i-anz), j throwing a shadow 
both ways, from d/u.<fu, on both sides, and ovad, shadow.] 
(Geog.) The inhabitants between the tropics, whose 
shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, 
and in the other to the south, according as the sun is 
south or north of their zenith. 

Am/plii-the'a-ter, ) n. [Gr. afx^iOearpov, from dfufri, 

Am/plii-the'a-tre, J about, and Oearpov, theater, from 
OeaarOai, to see.] An oval or circular edifice having rows 
of seats one above another, around an open space, called 
the arena, and used for combats of gladiators and of wild 

^beasts, and other public sports. 

Am/phi- tlie-at'rie-al, a. Pertaining to, or exhibited 
in, an amphitheater. 

Am'ple, a. [Lat. amplus.] 1. Of large dimensions; 
great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk. 2. Fully suf- 
ficient. 3. Not contracted or brief ; extended; diffusive. 

Syn. — Spacious; capacious; extensive; abundant; plente- 
ous. — When we mean by ample large in extent, we say spa- 
cious or extensive ; large in size, capacious ; large in quantity, 
abundant or plenteous. 

Am-plex'i-eaul, a. [N. Lat. amplexicaidis, fr. amplex- 
are, amplexari, intens. of amplecti, to encircle.] (Bot.) 

w Nearly surrounding the stem, as the base of a leaf. 

Am/pli-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of amplifying ; enlarge- 
ment. 2. Exaggerated description or diffuse narration. 

Am'pli-f i-ea/tive, ) a. Serving or tending to amplify 

Am'pli-f i-ea'to-ry, j or enlarge. 

Am'pli-fl / er, n. One who amplifies. 

Am'pli-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. amplified ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. amplifying.] [Lat. amplificare, from amplus, am- 
ple, arxd/acere, to make.] 1. To render larger, more ex- 
tended, or more intense, and the like. 2. (Rhet.) To 

^ treat copiously. 

Am'pli-f y, v.i. 1. To grow or become large. 2. To 

^be diffuse ; to dilate. 

Am'pli-tude (53), n. 1. State of being ample ; large- 
ness of dimensions. 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense. 
(a.) Extent of capacity or intellectual powers, (b.) Ex- 
tent of means or resources. 3. (Astron.) An arc of the 
horizon intercepted between the true east or west point 
and the center of the sun or a star at its rising or set- 
ting. 4. ( Gun.) The horizontal line subtending the 
path of a body thrown; the range. 5. (Magnetism.) 
The arc of the horizon between the sun or a star, at its 
rising or setting, and the east or west point of the hori- 
_zon, by the compass. 

Am'ply, adv. Largely, liberally ; fully. 



a,e, Sec, long; a,6,&c.,sAo«; care, far, ask. all, what; &re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



AMPUTATE 



25 



ANALYST 



Am'pu-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. amputated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. AMPUTATING.] [Lat. amputate, from amb, 
about, and putare, to prune.] To cut off, as a limb. 

Am'pu-ta/tion, n. Act or operation of cutting off a 
limb or other part. 

A-muck', n. [Malay.] Act of killing ; slaughter. 

To run amuck, to rush out frantically, attacking all that come 
in the way, as is done by fanatics in the East. 

Am'u-let, n. [At. hamalat, himalat, any thing worn, 
from hamala, to bear, to wear.] Something worn to pre- 
vent evil ; a kind of charm inscribed with mystic forms 
or characters. 

A-mu§e', v. I. [imp. & p.p. amused; p. pr. & vb. n. 
AMUSING.] [Fr. amitser, from 0. H. Ger. mozon, muo- 
zon, to be at leisure.] 1. To occupy or engage wholly. 
[Obs.] 2. To entertain agreeably ; to occupy in a pleas- 
ant manner. 3. To keep in expectation ; to delude. 

Syn. — To divert ; entertain. — We are amused by that 
which occupies us lightly and pleasantly ; entertained by that 
which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as 
conversation or a book ; diverted by that which draws off our 
thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sport- 
ive nature, as a humorous stor;/ or a laughable incident. 

A-mu§e'ment, n. 1. Deep thought ; muse. [065.] 2. 
That which amuses. 

Syn. — Diversion ; pastime ; entertainment ; sport. 

A-mu§'er, n. One who amuses. 

A-mu'sive, a. Capable of amusing ; entertaining ; di- 
verting ; pleasing. 

A-myg'da-late, a. Made of almonds. 

A-myg'da-late, n. [From Gr. a/xvySaXov, almond.] An 
emulsion made of almonds. 

A-myg'da-line, a. Pertaining to almonds. 

A-myg'da-line, n. A crystalline principle obtained from 
bitter almonds. 

A-myg'da-loid, n. [Gr. d^vyhaXov , almond, and eldos, 
form.] A variety of trap-rock, with embedded almond- 
shaped minerals. 

A-myg'da-loid'al, a. Resembling amygdaloid. 

Am/y-la'ceous, a. [Gr. dfxv\ov, starch.] Pertaining 
to starch. 

An, a. [A.-S. an, ane, Goth, ains, Lat. unns.] This word 
is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the in- 
definite article. It is used before nouns of the singular 
number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat 
less emphatically. In such expressions as " twice an 
hour," " a shilling an ounce," it has a distributive force, 
and is equivalent to each, every. 

GST" An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; 
as, an enemy, an hour. It is also used before h sounded, when 
the accent of the word falls on any syllable except the first ; 
as, an historian, an horticulturist, an humanitarian. It was 
anciently used before all consonants. 

An, conj. [Imperative of A.-S. unnan, root ann, to grant, 
_to give.] If; — a word used by old English authors. 

AJnd, n. [Gr.] (Med.) An equal quantity of each. 

A'na. [The term, in the neut. pi. of Lat. nouns in -anus.] 
A suffix to names of persons or places , used to denote a 
collection of memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is 
a book containing the sayings of Scaliger. The termina- 
tion is sometimes used alone, as a noun. 

An'a-lbap'tist, n. [Gr. dva(ZaTTTi£ei.v, to baptize again, 
from dvd, again, and |3a7rTt'£eiv, to baptize.] (Bed. Hist.) 
One who denies the validity of infant baptism, and there- 
fore maintains that those who have been baptized in 
their infancy ought to be baptized again. 

An-aeh'o-ret, n. A hermit. See Anchoret. 

An-a«h'ro-ni§m, n. [Gr. dvaxpovLo-/j.6s, from dvd, up, 
against, and XP° V0, >, time.] An error in chronology, by 
which events are misplaced in regard to each other. 

An-aeh'ro-nist'ie , a. Involving an anachronism. 

An'a-elas'ties, n. sing. That part of optics which 
treats of the refraction of light ; — commonly called di- 

^ op tries. 

An'a-eon'da, n. ( Herp.) A large snake of the Boa fam- 
ily, which lives in South America. 

A-nae're-on'tie, a. Pertaining to, or after the manner 
of, the Greek poet Anacreon ; amatory ; convivial. 

A-nae're-on'tie , n. A poem in the style of Anacreon ; 
a little poem in praise of love and wine. 

An'a-dem, n. [Gr. dvdSr)fj.a, from dvaSeiv, to tie up, to 
wreathe.] A garland or fillet ; a chaplet or wreath. 

JLn'a-di-plo'sis, n. [Gr. dvaSiTrAcocrt?, from dvd, again, 
and Sltt\ovv, to double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last 



word or words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning 
of the next, with an adjunct idea. 

A.n'ses-the'sis, n. [Gr. dv priv. and alerdrjo-i?, feeling.] 
(Med.) A state of insensibility produced by the inhala- 
tion of chloroform and other agents. 

An'nes-thet'i-e, a. (Med.) (a.) Capable of rendering 
insensible by being inhaled, (b.) Characterized by in- 
^ sensibility. 

An'aes-thet'ie, n. (Med.) That which produces insen- 
sibility, as chloroform, &c. 

An'a-glyph, n. [Gr. dvdy\v<j>ov, from dvd, up, and 
ykvQeiv, to engrave.] An embossed or chased ornament, 

^ usuaUy of metal and worked in relief, as a cameo. 

An'a-glyph'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the art of chasing 

Au'a-glyph'ie-al, ) or embossing in relief. 

An'a-glyp'tie, a. [Gr. dvdy\vnTog. See Anaglyph.] 
Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or 
embossing plate. 

An'a-gog'ie-al, a. [From Gr. dvayayri, from dvd, up, 
and dyu,yri, a leading, from dyeiv, to lead.] Mysterious ; 
mystical ; spiritual. 

An'a-gog'ies, n. pi. Mystical interpretations, espe- 
cially of the Scriptures. 

An'a-gram, n. [Gr. avdypa/xfia, from dvd, back, again, 
and ypdfxfxa, letter.] A transposition of the letters of a 
name, by which a new word is formed. Thus, astrono- 

^mers may be turned into moon-starers. 

An'a-gram-mat'ie, a. Pertaining to, or making, an 

w anagram. 

An'a-gram'ma-tigm, n. Act or practice of making 

w anagrams. 

An/a-gram'ma-tist, n. A maker of anagrams. 

An/a-gram'ma-tize , v. t. To transpose, as the letters 

^ of a word, so as to form an anagram. 

An'a-gram'ma-tize, v. i. To make anagrams. 

A'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or opening at 

the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. 

An'a-le-e'ti-e, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of 
selections. 

An'a-le-ets, )n. pi. [Gr. dvaketcra, from dvd, up, and Ae- 

JLn' a-le-e'td , ) yeiv, to gather.] A collection of literary 
fragments. 

JLn'a-lem'md, n. [Gr. dvaXri^/xa, a support, or thing 
supported, from dva\afx[idveiv, to take up.] 1. ( Geom.) 
A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, 
orthographically made by straight lines, circles, and 
ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, 
and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An in- 
strument of wood or brass, on which this projection of 
the sphere is made, and having a horizon fitted to it. 3. 
A tabular mark, usually in the shape of the figure 8, de- 
picted across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial 
globe, to notify the sun's declination on any day in the 

^year. 

An'a-lep'ti-e, a. [Gr. dvaArjn-TiKo?, from dvaXaix^dveiv, 
to take up.] Corroborating ; invigorating ; giving 

^ strength after disease. 

An / a-lep'ti«, n. Restorative medicine. 

An'a-ldg'i-c-al, a. According to, or founded on, analogy. 

An'a-log'i-e-al-ly, adv. By way of analogy. 

An'a-log'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being analogical. 

A-nal'o-gigm, n. 1. An argument from cause to effect 
2. Investigation by analogy. 

A-nal'o-gize, v. t. To explain or consider by analogy, 

A-nal'o-goiis, a. Having analogy ; correspondent. 

An'a-logue, n. A thing analogous to some other thing. 

A-nal'o-gy, n. 1. An agreement or likeness between 
things in some circumstances or effects, when the things 
are otherwise entirely different. 2. (Geom.) Equality, 
proportion, or similarity of ratios. 

A-nal'y-sis, n. ; pi. a-NAI/Y-ses. [Gr. dvaAucrt?, from 
dvakveiv, to unloose, from dvd, again, and Avetv, to 
loose.] 1. A resolution of any thing, whether an object 
of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or 
original elements ; — opposed to synthesis. 2. Hence, (a.) 
A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a continued 
discourse, disposed in their natural order, (b.) A brief, 
methodical illustration of the principles of a science, (c.) 
(Chem.) Separation of a compound by chemical proc- 
esses into its constituents, (d.) (Logic.) The tracing 
of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge 
into its original principles, (e.) (Math.) The resolving 
of problems by reducing them to equations. 

An'a-lyst, n. One who analyzes any thing. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 




ANALYTIC 

An'a-lyt'ie, ) a. Pertaining to 
An'a-lyt'ie-al, j analysis ; resolv- 
ing into component parts or first prin- 
ciples ; fond of analysis. 
An'a-lyt'ie-al-ly, adv. By way of 
analysis ; in an analytical manner. 

An'a-lyt'ies, n. pi. The science of 
analysis. 

An a-lyz'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
analyzed. 

An'a-lyze, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. ana- 
lyzed ; p.pr. & vb. n. ANALYZING.] 
[See Analysis.] To separate into the 
component parts ; to resolve into first 
principles or elements. 

Aii'a-lyz'er, n. One who, or that 
jtvhich , analyzes. j \\\ \ j \ 

jLn'a-indr'pho-sis, or jLn'a-mor- Ulj; 

pho'sis, n. [Gr. dvap-opfyuois, from \ 

dva.fjLop(j)ovv, to form anew.] 1. ( Persp. ) f \ 

A distorted representation of an im- . v 

age on a plane or curved surface, Anamorphosis. 
which, viewed from a certain point, or by reflection from 
a plane or curved mirror, appears regular and in pro- 
portion. 2. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, 
or change of form, or degeneration. 

A^id'nas,n. [Malay, nanas, ananas.] The pine-apple. 

An'a-psest, n. [Gr. dvdnaio-TOs, struck back, an ana- 
paest, i. e., a dactyl reversed, or as it were struck back ; 
from dvanaLeiv, to strike back.] (Pros.) In Greek 
and Latin versification, a foot consisting of three sylla- 
bles, the first two short, the last long ; as, de-i-tas. In 
English versification, a foot containing two unaccented 
syllables, followed by an accented one ; as, in-ter-vene' ; 

^ — the reverse of the dactyl. 

An'a-psest'ie, \a. Pertaining to an anapaest ; con- 

An'a-paest'te-al, j sisting of anapaests. 

JL-naph'o-t'ti, n. [Gr. dva(/>opd, fr. d^a^epetv, to carry up 
or back.] ( Rhet. ) Repetition of a word or of words at the 
beginning of two or more successive clauses of a sentence. 

An'areh, n. [Gr. avapxos, without head or chief, from 
dv priv. and apx 7 ?) beginning.] The author of anarchy. 

A-nareh'Le , ) a. Being without government ; law- 

A-nar-eli'i-e-al, j less ; confused. 

An'areh-Ist, n. One who promotes disorder ; an an- 

^ arch. 

An'areh-y, n. 1. "Want of government in society ; law- 
lessness. 2. Confusion. 

An'a-sar'^d, n. [Gr. dvd, throughout, and o"dp£, gen. 

^aapKos. flesh.] [Med.) Dropsy of the cellular tissue. 

An'a-sare'oiis, a. Dropsical. 

A-nas'to-mo§e, v. i. [imp. & p. p. anastomosed; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ANASTOMOSING.] (Anat. & Bot.) To in- 
osculate ; to communicate with each other, as the arte- 
ries and veins ; to unite as by anastomosis. 

A.-mas'to-mo'sis, n. ; pi. a-nXs'to-mo'ses. [Gr. dva- 
o-TOjuajcris, from dva.o-Top.ovv, to furnish with a mouth or 
opening.] (Anat. & Bot.) Inosculation of vessels, or the 
opening of one vessel into another, as an artery into 
another artery, or a vein into a vein. 

A-nds'tro-phc, n. [Gr. avao-rpo^ij, from dvao-Tpe^eiv, 
to turn back.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the natural or- 
der of words ; as, echoed the hills, for the hills echoed. 

A-nath'e-ma, n. ; pi. a-nath'e-mA!-;. [Gr. dvddep.a, 
any thing devoted, esp. to evil, dva07)p.a, a votive offering 
set up in temples, from dvo.Ti0evai, to dedicate, from dvd, 
up, and Tiflevai, to set.] 1. (Antiq.) An offering or 
present made to some deity, and hung up in a temple. 
2. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity 
by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excom- 
munication. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. 

A-nath'e-ma-ti-za'tion, n. Act of anathematizing. 

Anath'e-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anathema- 
tized; p. pr. & vb. n. ANATHEMATIZING.] To de- 
nounce with curses. 

An'a-tom'ie, ) a. Belonging to anatomy or dissec- 

An'a-tSm'ie-al, J tion. 

An'a-tom'ie-al-ly, adv. By means of dissection. 

A-n&t'o-mist, n. One who dissects bodies, or is skilled 
in anatomy. 

A-nat'o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of anatomizing. 

A-nat'o-mlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anatomized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. anatomizing.] 1. To dissect. 2. To 
lay open the interior structure of; to analyze. 




Anchor. 



ANDROIDES 



A-n&t'o-my, n. [Gr. avarop-iq, dissection, from dvd, up, 
and re/Avetv, to cut.] 1. Art of dissection. 2. Science 
of the structure of animal bodies. 3. Act of dividing 
any thing, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of 
examining its parts. 4. Any thing dissected, or hav- 
ing the appearance of being so ; hence, a skeleton. 

An'ces-tor, n. One from whom a person is descended 
at any distance of time. 

Syn. — Forefather; progenitor. 

An-ces'tral, a. Relating to, or 

_ descending from, ancestors. 

An'ces-try , n. 1 . A series of an- 
cestors or progenitors ; lineage. 
2. Hence, birth or honorable de- 

w scent. 

Aneli'or, n. 1. An iron instru- 
ment for holding a vessel at rest ««- stock; 6. shank; c<r, 
in water ; any firm support. 2. ; ' arm8 ' 

Hence, any contrivance or instrument designed to hold 
fast, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast. 

w 3. (Fig.) That which gives stability or security. 

Aneli'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anchored ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. anchoring.] 1. (Naut.) To place at anchor. 2. 

^(Fig.) To fasten ; to fix in a stable condition. 

An-eli'or, v. i. 1. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor. 
2. (Fig.) To stop ; to fix or rest. 

Aneli'or-age, ». 1. A place where a ship can anchor. 

2. The anchor and all necessary tackle for anchoring. 

3 . A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a harbor. 
Aneh'or-ess, n. A female hermit. 

Aneh'or-et, } n. [Gr. di/axtoprynjs. from dvax<»peiv, to 
Aneh'or-Ite, ' retire, from dvd, up, back, and x^peiv, 

w to retire ; x<*>P s> place.] A hermit ; a recluse ; a monk. 

Aneh'or-Ice, n. Ice formed at the bottom of running 
streams, and thus anchored to the ground; ground-ice. 

An-cho'vy, n. [A word of Iberian origin, lit. a dried 
or pickled fish, from Bisc. antzua, anchua, anchuva, dry.] 
A small sea-fish of the herring family. 

An'chy-lose, v. t. [Gr. dyKuAocris, crookedness, d^/cvAoCv, 
to crook, stiffen.] [imp. & p. p. anchylosed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. anchylosing.] To unite or fix immovably ; 

_to stiffen ; to make fast. 

An'cient (an'shent), a. [L. Lat. antianus, anteanvs, from 
Lat. antea, ante, before.] 1. Old; that happened or ex- 
isted in former times, usually at a great distance of time. 
2. Of great age ; advanced in years. 

Syn.— Primitive; pristine: antiquated; obsolete. — A thing 
is ancient when it is old; it is antiquated, antique, and obsolete, 
when it is gone out of use or fashion. 

An'cient, n. 1. pi. Those who lived in former ages, as 
opposed to the moderns. 2. pi. Yery old men ; hence, 
governors. 3. The bearer of a flag; — now called an 

_ensign. 

Au'cient-ly, adv. In old times ; formerly. 

An'cient-ry, n. The honor of ancient lineage. 

An'cil-la-ry, a. [Lat. ancillaris, from ancilla, a female 
servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. 

An-cip'i-tal, a. [Lat. anccps, gen. ancipitis, two-headed, | 
double, from am, for amb, on both sides, and caput, 
head.] (Bot.) Compressed, and forming two opposite 
angles, as a stem of blue-grass. 

An'eo-ny, n. [Prob. from Gr. dy<wv, from its resem- 
blance to the arm.] (Iron Works.) A piece of half- 
wrought iron, in the shape of a bar in the middle, but 

w rude and unwrought at the ends. 

And, conj. [A.-S.] A particle which expresses the relation 
of addition. It may connect words merely, as, three and 
four are seven ; or full sentences, as, the sun shines, and 
the air is mild. 

An-dan'te, a. [It. p. pr. of andare, to go.] (Mus.) 
Rather slow; less slow than largo, more slow than alle- 
gretto, [time, 

A-n-dan'te, n. (Mus.) A movement or piece in andantt 

And'i-ron (-I-urn), n. [A corrupt, of brand-iron, or of 
hand-iron, or of end-iron.] A utensil for supporting 
wood in a fire-place ; a fire-dog. 

An-drog'y-nal, ) a. [Lat. androgynus, Gr. dvSpoyu- 

An-drog'y-nous, > vos, fr. av-qp, <xv8pds,man, and yvvq, 
woman.] 1. Having both sexes ; hermaphroditical. 
2. Hence, having the mental characteristics of both 



An'droid, 
A.n-droi'des, 



. [Gr. dvrjp, dv&pS';, man, and eiSos, 
form.] A machine in the human form, 



*,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique,firm; son, or, d ft , wolf, 



ANECDOTAL 



27 



ANGULARLY 



which, by certain contrivances, performs some of the 
natural motions of a living man. 

An'ee-do'tal, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. 

An/ee-dote, ft. [Gr. dVe/cSoro?, not published, from dv 
priv. and e/cSoros, given out, from eKSiSovcu, to give out, 
to publish.] A particular or detached incident or fact 
of an interesting nature ; a biographical incident. 
Syn.— Story; tale; memoir. 

An/e-e-dot'ie-al, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. 

Aii'e-mog'ra-phy, ft- [Gr. dve/Aos, wind, and YP*<H> 
description] A description of the winds. 

An'e-mol'o-gy, ft. [Gr dve/u.os, wind, Xo-yos, discourse.] 
The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. 

An'e-mom'e-ter, ft. [Gr. aj/e/aos, wind, and p.erpov, 
measure.] An instrument or machine for measuring the 
force and velocity of the wind. 

Aii'e-mom/e-try, ft. Measurement of the force and 
velocity of wind, by means of an anemometer. 

A-nem'o-ne, ft. [Gr. dveixuvt), from 6.vep.os, wind, — 
because easily stripped of its leaves by the wind.] (Bot.) 
A genus of plants of the crowfoot family ; wind-flower. 

A-nem'o-s-eope, ft. [Gr. ave/u.os, wind, and 0-k.ottsi.v , 
to view.] A weather-cock ; — usually applied to con- 
trivances for bringing down the indications of a wind- 
vane to a dial below, for accuracy and ease of inspection. 

An'e-roid, a. [Gr. d priv., vqpos, wet, moist, and elSos, 
form.] Dispensing with the use of quicksilver, as a 

w kind of portable barometer, shaped like a watch. 

An'e-roid, n. A portable barometer, shaped like a 
watch, which dispenses with the use of quicksilver. 

An'eu-rigm, n. [Gr. dvevpva/xa, a widening, an open- 
ing, from dvevpvveiv, to widen.] ( Anat.) A soft, pul- 
sating tumor, arising from the preternatural dilatation 
or rupture of the coats of an artery. 

A-new' (a-nu'), arft). Newly; over again ; afresh. 

An-fra€t / u.-os'i-ty, ft. State of being anfractuous, or 
full of windings and turnings. 

An-f raet'ii-ous , a. [Lat. anfractus,a, turning, a wind- 
ing, from an, for amb, and frangere, to break, p. p./rac- 

_tus, broken.] Winding ; full of windings and turnings. 

An'gel, ft. TGr. ayyeA.09, messenger, from dyyeWetv, 
to bear a message.] 1. A messenger. [Rare.] 2. A 
spirit, or a spiritual being, employed by God to commu- 
nicate his will to man ; a ministering spirit. 3. An evil 
spirit. 4. An ancient gold coin of England, worth about 

_ten shillings, and bearing the figure of an angel. 

An'gel, a. Resembling, or belonging to, angels, or par- 

_ taking of their nature or dignity. 

An'gel-et, ft. A small gold coin formerly current in 

_ England; a half-angel. 

An'gel-fish, w. A species of 
shark, taking its name from 
its pectoral fins, which are 
very large, and extend hori- 
zontally, like wings when ( 
spread. 

An-gel'i-e, ) a. Belonging 

An-geFi-e-al, J to,orresem- Angel-fish, 

bling, angels. 

An-|jel'i-e-al-ly, adv. Like an angel. 

An-gel'ie-al-ness, ft. Quality of being angelic. 

An'gel-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ayyeAo? and Aoyos, discourse.] 

w A discourse on angels, or the doctrine of angelic beings. 

An'ger (82), h. [From Lat. angor, strangling.] 1. Pain 
of a sore or swelling. [Obs.] 2. A strong passion or 
emotion of the mind excited by a real or supposed injury 
to, or intent to injure, one's self or others. 

Syn. — Indignation; resentment; wrath; fury; rage. — An- 
ger is a stronger term than resentment, but not so strong as in- 
dignation, which is awakened by what is flagitious in character 
or conduct; nor as wrath, fury, rage, in which anger is wrought 
up to a still higher point in the order of these words. 

An'ger (ang'ger), v.t. [imp. & p. p. angered ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. angering.] 1. To cause to smart. [Obs.] 
2. To excite to anger ; to rouse to resentment. 
Syn. — To provoke; vex; displease; fret. 
Ans-gl'na, ft. [Lat.] Inflammation of the throat. 
Angina pectoris, a distressing affection of the chest. 

An'gi-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and ypa(j)rj, 
description.] (Med.) A description of the vessels in the 
human body. 

An/gi-31'o-gy, ft. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and Aoyos, dis- 




course-] (Med.) A treatise or discourse on the vessels of 

the human body. 
An'gi-ot'o-my, ft. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and tojujj, cut- 
„ting.] (Anat.) A dissection of the vessels of the body. 
An'gle (ang'gl), u. [La,t..angu- 

lus, from Gr. dy/cuAo?, bent, 

crooked, angular: a-y/co?, a 

bend or hollow.] 1. A corner. 

2. (Geom.) The difference of,B 

direction of two lines in the 

same plane that meet in a point, 

or that would meet if sufficiently c A E ri ht an ^ e . c A D 

extended ; or the difference of acute angle ; B A E, ob- 

direction of two planes intersect- tuse angle. 

ing, or tending to intersect, each other. 3. Fishing 

tackle ; a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. 




Angle of incidence (Opt.), the angle which a ray of light 

akes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any 

Angle of refraction, the angle 



makes with a perpe: 
medium on which it falls 



which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular~to 
that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it 
falls. — A right angle, one formed by a right line falling on 
another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°, making the quar- 
ter of a circle. — An obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, 
or more than 90°. — An acute angle, one less than a right an- 
gle, or less than 90°. — A rectilineal or right-lined angle, one 
formed by two right fines. — A curvilinear angle, one formed 
by two curved lines. — A mixed angle, one formed by a right 
line with a curved line. — Adjacent or contiguous angles, such 
as have one leg common to both angles, and are together equal 
to two right angles. — External angles, angles of any right-lined 
figure without it, when the sides are produced or lengthened. 
— Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined fig- 
ure. — Oblique angles, angles that are either acute or obtuse, 
in opposition to right angles. — A solid angle, the angle pro- 
duced by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one 
point. — A spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two 
arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the 
surface of the globe or sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed 
by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the ex- 
treme points of an object to the center of the eye. 

An'gle (ang'gl), v. i. [imp. & p.p. ANGLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. ANGLING.] 1. To fish with fine and hook. 2. 
Hence, to use some bait or artifice ; to intrigue. 

An'gle-toar, ) ft. A rolled bar of iron of an angular 

An'gle-i-ron, ) shape, for the edges of iron safes, &c. ; 
or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, &c. 

An/gler, n. 1. One who fishes with a hook. 2. (Ichth.) 

w A kind of fish ; — called also fishing-frog. 

An/gll-eaii, a. [From Lat. Angli, the Angles, a Ger- 
manic tribe in Lower Germany. ] English ; pertaining to 

^ England or the English nation. 

An'gK-ean, ft. A member of the church of England. 

An'gli-ean-i§m, ft. 1. Attachment to England or 
English institutions ; especially, strong partiality to the 
principles and rites of the English church. 2. The prin- 
ciples of the established church in England. [ner. 

A-n'cjli-q&, adv. [Lat.] In English ; in the English man- 

An'gli-fi§m, ft. An English idiom or expression. 

Aii'gli-cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANGLICIZED ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. ANGLICIZING.] To render conformable to the 

^English idiom, or to English analogies. 

An'glo-. [From N. Lat. Anglus, English.] A prefix 
meaning the same as English ; — ■ used in composition. 

Anglo-American, a descendant from English ancestors, born 
in America, or the United States, or pertaining to the descend- 
ants of Englishmen in America. — Anglo-mania-, an excessive 
or undue attachment to, or reverence for, England or English 
institutions. — Anglo-Norman, pertaining to the English Nor- 
mans, or an English Norman. — Anglo-Saxon, pertaining to 
the Saxons who settled in England; also, an English Saxon, 
or the language of the English Saxons. 

An'gor, ft. Intense bodily pain. 

An'gri-ly, adv. In an angry manner. 

Aii'gry, a. [See Anger.] 1. Inflamed, as a sore. _ 2. 
Touched with anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. Stimu- 
lated ; roused; vigorous. 

Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; indignant; pro- 
voked; hot; raging; furious; tumultuous; wrathful; choleric; 
inflamed; infuriated. 

An-gull'li-form, a. [Lat. anguilla, eel, and forma, 
form.] In the form of an eel ; resembling an eel. 

An/guish, ft. [Lat. angustia, from angustns, narrow, 
difficult, from anger e, to press together.] Extreme pain, 
either of body or mind. 

Syn. — Agony; torture; torment; grief; pang; throe. 

An'gu-lar, a. 1. Having an angle or angles ; pointed. 
2. Consisting of an angle ; forming an angle. 3. (Fig.} 
Sharp and stiff in character. 

An'gu-lar'i-ty, ft. The qualitv of being angular. 

An'gu-lar-ly, adv. With angles ; in the direction of 
the angles. 



food, fdt>t ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; tnis- 



ANGULARNESS 



28 



ANNUITY 



An'gu-lar-ness, n. Quality of being angular. 

An'gu-lat-ed (ang'gu-), a. Formed with angles. 

An/lie-la/tion, n. [Lat. anhelatio, from anhelare, to 
breathe with great difficulty.] Shortness of breath ; dif- 
ficult respiration. 

An-hy'droiis, a. [Gr. avvSpog, wanting water, from av 
priv. and v&up, water.] Destitute of water. 

An'il, n. [Ar. an-nil, for al-nil, the indigo-plant, from 
Skx.nila, dark-blue, indigo, nili, indigo -plant.] (Bot.) 
A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. 

Aii'Ile, a. [Lat. anilis, from anus, old woman.] Old- 
womanish ; imbecile. 

A-nil'i-ty, ) n. State of being an old woman ; old age 

An'Ile-ness, ) of a woman ; dotage. 

An'i-mad-ver'sion, n. Remarks by way of criticism, 
censure, or reproof. 

Syn. — Strictures; comment; blame. 

In'i-mad-ver'sive, a. Having the power of perceiving. 

An'i-mad-vert' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. animad- 
verted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANIMADVERTING.] [Lat. 
animadvertere, from animus, mind, and advertere, to 
turn to, from ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn 
the mind with intent to notice. 2. To consider or re- 
mark by way of criticism or censure. 
Syn. — To remark; comment. 

An'i-mad-vert' er, n. One who animadverts. 

An'i-mal, n. [Lat., fr. anima, breath, soul, animus, 
soul, mind ; Gr. a^e^os, wind, Skr. an, to breathe, five.] 
1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and 
the power of voluntary motion. 2. An irrational being, 
as distinguished from man. 

An'i-mal, a. 1. Of, or relating to, animals. 2. Pertaining 
to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished 
from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part. 3. 
Consisting of the flesh of animals. 

-? J1 '!" m $l!" eu "i? ,r ' } a. Pertaining to animalcules. 
An'i-mal'-eu-line, j 6 

An'i-mal'-cule, n. [Dim. of animal, q. v.] A little 
animal, especially one that is invisible, or nearly so, to 
the naked eye. [animalcules. 

An'i-mal'-cu-list, n. One versed in the knowledge of 

An'i-mdV-eu-lwm, n. ; pi. an'i-mal'cu-la. [See An- 
imalcule.] An animalcule. 

JS3» Animalculse, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, is a 
gross barbarism. 

An'i-mal-flow'er, n. A name applied to several species 
of zoophytes. [ness. 

An'i-mal -i§m, n. The state of mere animals ; brutish- 

An-i-mal'i-ty , n. The state of animal existence. 

An'i-mal-i-za'tion, n. The act of giving animal life, 
or of converting into animal matter. 

An'i -mal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. animalized ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ANIMALIZING.] 1. To give animal life or 
properties to. 2. To convert into animal matter by the 
processes of assimilation. 3. To render or regard as 
merely animal or sentient. 

An'i-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANIMATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ANIMATING-.] [Lat. animate, from anima, breath, 
soul.] 1. To give natural life to. 2. To give powers to, 
or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit 
or vigor to. 

Syn. — To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; 
instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken ; glad- 
den. 

An'i-mate, a. Alive ; possessing animal life. 

An'i-mat-ed,y.a. 1. Endowed with animal life. 2. 
Full of life; enlivened; spirited; lively. [animated. 

An/i-ma'tion, n. Act of animating, or state of being 
Syn. — Vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; sprightliness ; liveli- 
ness; promptness. 

An'i-mos'i-ty, n. [Lat. animositas.] Violent hatred 
leading to active opposition ; active enmity. 

Syn. — Rancor; malevolence; malignity; rage; wrath. 

JLn f i-mus,n. [Lat., mind.] Intention; purpose; spirit; 
temper. 

An'ise, n. [Gr. avurov, avr^Qov, Ar. anisun,janisun.] A 
plant bearing aromatic seeds. 

Ank'er (82), n. [D.] A Dutch liquid measure, formerly 
used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. 

An'kle, n. [A.-S. ancleow, dim. of anke, bent, neck.] 
The joint which connects the foot with the leg. 

An'lace (45), n. [Either from Lat. anellus, annidus, ring 
(as hanging from one attached to the hilt), or from 0. 
H. Ger. laz, Lat. latus, side.] A short dagger worn in 

An'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals. [the 14th century. 



An'mx-al , n. 1 . A thing happening or returning yearly ; 

— especially, a literary work published once a year. 2. 

A thing, especially a plant, that lasts or lives but on© 

year or season. 
An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year. 
An-nu'i-tant, n. A person who has an annuity. 
An-nu/i-ty, n. [L. Lat. annuitas, from annus, year.] A 



An'nalg, n. pi. [Lat. annalis (sc. liber), from annus, 
year.] 1. A history of events in chronological order, 
each event being recorded under the year in which it 
happened ; also the title of such a history. 2. A series 
of historical events. 3. An annual publication, contain- 
ing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, &c. 

An'nats, n. pi. [From Lat. annus, year.] (Eng. Bed. 
Law.) The first year's whole profits of a spiritual pre- 
ferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope, but in 
the reign of Henry VIII. transferred to the crown ; first- 
fruits. 

An-neal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. annealed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ANNEALING.] [A.-S. anselan, onselan, to kindle, to 
inflame, from the prefix an, on, and xlan, to kindle.] 1. 
To heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool slowly, for the 
purpose of rendering less brittle. 2. To heat, as glass or 
tiles, in order to fix colors. 

An-nex', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNEXED (an-nekst'); ' 
p. pr. & vb. n. ANNEXING.] [Lat. annectere, annexum^ 
to tie or bind to, from ad, to, and nectere, to tie, to 
fasten together.] 1. To unite at the end; to subjoin; 
to affix. 2. To add, as a smaller thing to a greater. 3. 
To connect, especially as a consequence. 

An'nex-a/tion, I n. 1. Act of annexing, uniting, or 

An-nex'ion, ) connecting; addition, union. 2. 
(Law.) Union of property with a freehold so as to be- 
come a fixture. 

An-nex'ment, n. 1. The act of annexing, or the state 
of being annexed. 2. The thing annexed. 

An-ni'hi-la-lble, a. Capable of being annihilated. 

An-nl'hi-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. annihilated; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ANNIHILATING.] [Lat. annihilare, from 
ad and nihilum, nihil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to noth- 
ing ; to cause to cease to be. 2. To destroy the form or 
peculiar distinctive properties of. 

An-ni'ni-la'tion, n. Act of reducing to nothing, or 
state of being reduced to nothing ; destruction. 

An'iii-ver'sa-ry (14), a. Returning with the year, at a 
^ stated time, [each year. 

An'ni-ver'sa-ry, n. A day celebrated as it returns 

An-nom'i-na'tion, n. [Lat. annominatio, from ad 
and nomen, a name.] 1. A pun ; a paronomasia. 2. 
Alliteration. 

JLn-no'nd, n. [Lat., from annus, year.] A year's pro- 
eduction or increase; hence, provisions for a year's use. 

An'no-tate, v. i. [Lat. annotare, from ad and notare, 
to mark, from nota, mark.] To make annotations, com- 
^ments, or remarks. 

An'no-ta'tion, n. A remark, note, or commentary on 
some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its mean- 
ing ; — generally used in the plural. 

An'no-ta'tor, n. A writer of notes ; a commentator. 

An-not'to, n. A species of red or yellowish-red djeing 
material, prepared from the seeds of a tropical tree. 

An-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. announced ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ANNOUNCING.] [Lat. annunciare , from ad and 
nunciare, to report, from nuncius, messenger.] To give 
public notice, or first notice of; to make known. 

Syn. — To proclaim; publish; advertise. — To publish is to 
make publicly known; to announce is to make known for 
the first time; to proclaim (literally, to cry aloud) is to give the 
widest publicity; to advertise is to make known through the 
public prints. 

An-noun^e'ment, n. Act of announcing or giving 
public notice ; proclamation ; declaration. 

An-nounc'er, n. One who, or that which, announces. 

An-noy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. annoyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ANNOYING.] [Fr. ennuyer, 0. Fr: anoier, from Lat. in 
odio, in hatred.] To injure or disturb by continued or 
repeated acts. 

Syn. — To incommode; vex; disturb; pester; molest; teas*; 
bore; bother; plague. 

An-noy', n. Annoyance. [Poetical.'] 

An-noy'ance, n. 1. Act of annoying, or the state of 
being annoyed. 2. That which annoys. 
Syn. — Vexation; disturbance; injury; bore. 

An-noy'er, n. One who annoys or disturbs. 

An'nu-al (an/yu-al), a. 1. Returning or happening 
every year ; yearly. 2. Performed in a year ; reckoned 
by the year. 3 . Lasting or continuing only one year or 



a, e,&c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 



ANNUL 



29 



ANTECEDENCY 



sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given 
number of years, for life, or forever. 

An-niil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNULLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ANNULLING.] [Low Lat. annullare, from Lat. ad, to, 
and nullum, nothing.] To make void or of no effect ; — 
used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of 
courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, &c. 
Syn. — To repeal ; nullify ; abolish; abrogate; revoke; can- 
cel; set aside. 

An'nu-lar, la. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form 

An'nu-la-ry, J of, a ring. 2. Banded or marked with 
circles, dots, &c. 

An'nu-lat'ed, a. Having rings or belts. 

An'nu-let, n. [From Lat. annulus, ring, with a dim. 
termination.] 1. A little ring. 2. (Arch.) A small, 
flat fillet, encircling a column, &c. 3. (Her.) A little 
circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. 

An-niii'ment, n. The act of annulling. 

An'nu-lose', a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. 

An-nu'mer-ate (39), v. t. [Lat. annumerare, from ad 
and numerare, to number, from numerus, number.] To 
add to a number. 

An-nvi'naerji'tion, n. Addition to a former number. 

An-niin'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. annun- 
ciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. annunciating.] [Lat. an- 
nunciare. See Announce.] To announce. 

An-nxin'ci-a'tion (-shl-a/shun), n. 1. Act of an- 
nouncing. 2. Name of a festival celebrated by the 
church (March 25th,) in memory of the angel's announce- 
ment, on that day, to the Virgin Mary, that she should 
bear the Messiah. 

An-niin'ci-a/tor (-shi-aVtur), n. One who, or that 
which, announces ; specifically, a machine, connected by 
wires with the rooms in a hotel, to ring a bell, and desig- 
w nate the number of the room from which it was rung. 

An'o-dyne, n. Any medicine which allays pain, as an 
opiate or narcotic. 

An'o-dyne, a. [Gr. dycoSwos, from dv priv. and bSvvr), 
pain.]' Serving to assuage pain. 

A-noint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. anointed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ANOINTING.] [Lat. inungere, to anoint, from in 
and unguere, to smear.] 1. To pour oil upon ; to smear 
or rub over with oil or unctuous substances ; also to 
spread over, as oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction, or 
the use of oil. 3. To smear or daub. 

A-noint'ed, n. The Messiah. 

A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. [being anointed. 

A-noint'ment, n. The act of anointing ; the state of 

A-n6m'a-li§m, n. A deviation from rule ; anomaly. 

A-nom/a-list'ie, ) a. 1. Irregular ; departing from 

A-nom/a-list'ie -al, ) common or established rules. 
2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the angular distance of a 
planet from its perihelion. 

A-n5m'a-lou.s, a. [Gr. dvu>i*a\o<;, from dv priv. and 
6/iaAd?, even, from 6^i6?, same.] Deviating from a gen- 
eral rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; irregular. 

A-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. Irregularly ; unequally. 

A-nom'a-ly, n. 1. Deviation from the common rule or 
analogy; irregularity. 2. (Astron.) (a.) Angular dis- 
tance of a planet from i L s perihelion, as seen from the 
sun. (b.) Angle measuring apparent irregularities in 
the motion of a planet. 

A-non', adv. [0. Eng. anoon, anon, onane, lit., in one 
(moment).] 1. Quickly; immediately. 2. At another 
time ; again. 
Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. 

A-non'y-moiis, a. [Gr. dvuivvjaos, from dv priv. and 
ovu/ia, for ovo/xa, name.] Wanting a name ; without 
the real name of the author ; nameless. 

A-non'y-mous-ly, adv. Without a name. 

An-6th'er, a. [From an, a. one, and other, q. v.] 1. 
Not the same ; different. 2. One more, in addition to a 
former number. 3. Any other; any different person, 
indefinitely ; any one else. 

eg- This word is often used without a noun, becoming a 
substitute for the name of a person or thing. It is also much 
used in opposition to one. It is frequently used with one, in a 
reciprocal sense; as, "love one another" that is, let one love 
another. 

A-not'ta, n. See Annotto. [ing a handle. 

An'sat-ed, a. [Lat. ansatus, from ansa, a handle.] Hav- 

An'ser-ine, a. [Lat. anserinus, from anser, a goose.] 
Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or its skin. 

An'swer (an'ser), v. t. [imp. & p. p. answered; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ANSWERING.] [A.-S. andswarjan, from and, 
against, and swarjan, to affirm.] 1. To speak or write 
in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a 



speech, declaration, argument, &c. 2. In an intensive 
use, to respond to satisfactorily ; to refute. 3. To be 
or act in return to. Hence, (a.) To be or act in compli- 
ance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, 
obligation, demand, &c. (b.) To be or act in opposition 
to. (c.) To be opposite to ; to face, (d.) To be or act in 
accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to. 

An'swer (iin'ser), v. i. 1. To make response. 2. To 
make a satisfactory response ; hence, to be accountable, 
liable, or responsible. 3. To be or act in return. Hence, 
(a.) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, re- 
ciprocation, or satisfaction, (b.) To be opposite, or to 
act in opposition, (c.) To be or act as an equivalent, or 
as adequate or sufficient, (d.) To be or act in conform- 
ity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, rela- 
tion, or proportion ; to conform ; to suit. 

An'swer (an'ser), n. 1. Something said or written in 
return to a call, a question, an argument, an allegation, 
an address, or the like. 2. Something done in return 
for, or in consequence of, something else. 3. A solution, 
the result of a mathematical operation. 

An'swer-a-hle (an'ser-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
answered ; — usually implying that the answer may be 
satisfactory. 2. Obliged to answer; liable to pay, in- 
demnify, or make good ; amenable ; responsible. 3. 
Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. 4. 
Suitable ; suited ; proportionate. 5. Equal ; correspond- 
ent; equivalent. [swerable. 

An'swer-a-ble-ness (an'ser-), n. Quality of being an- 

Aii'swer-a-toly (an'ser-), adv. Suitably ; agreeably. 

An'swer-er (an'ser-), n. One who answers or replies. 

An't. A colloquial contraction of am not or are not ; as 
in the phrases I anH, we anH, you an't, &c. He an't 
either follows the analogy of the others, or is a corrup- 
. tion of he is not. 

Ant, n. [Standing for amt, and a contraction of Eng. 
emmet.] An emmet ; a pismire. 

Ant-ac'id, n. ( Med. ) A remedy for acidity of the stom» 
ach, as an alkali or absorbent. 

An-tag'o-ni§m, n. [From Gr. avTaycavl^ecrOai, to strug< 
gle against, from dvri, against, and dyu>v, contest.] Op. 
position of action ; counteraction or contrariety of thinga 
or principles. 

An-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with another, es- 
pecially in combat. 

Syn. — Enemy; adversary; opponent; foe. 

An-tag'o-nist'ie, a. Opposing ; acting in opposition. 

An-tag'o-nize, v. i. To act in opposition ; to contend. 

An-tal'gie, a. [Gr. dyri, against, and «Ayo?, pain.] AL 
leviating pain. 

An-tan'a-ela'sis, n. [Gr. avravaKXao-Ls, from olvti^ 
against, and dva.n\ao-i<;, a bending back and breaking.] 
(Rhet.) (a.) A play upon words ; as, whilst we live, let 
us live, (b.) A repetition of words, beginning a sentence, 
after a parenthesis. 

Ant/aph-ro-dig'i-a-e, a. [From Gr. dvri, against, and 
d^pofiicriaKog, belonging to venery, from 'A^poSirrj, the 
goddess of love, Venus.] (Med.) Having the quality of 

w extinguishing or lessening venereal desire ; antivenereal. 

Ant/aph-ro-dig'i-a-e, n. A medicine that lessens oi 

_ extinguishes the venereal appetite. 

Ant/aph-ro-dit'ie , a. Abating the venereal appetite, 

_ or efficacious against the venereal disease ; antivenereal. 

Aiit/aph-ro-dTt'ie, n. A medicine which abates the 
venereal appetite, or is good against the venereal disease, 

Ant-are'tie, a. [Gr. dvrapKTc/cd?, from dvri, against 
opposite, and «p/cros, bear.] Opposite to the northern or 
arctic pole ; relating to the southern pole or to the region 
near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from 
the pole 23° 28'. 

Ant'ar-thrit'ie , a. 
[Gr. dvri, against, and 
dpOplri.'; (sc. vocro?), 
gout.] Counteracting 

w the gout. 

Anl/ar-thrlt'ie , n. 
A remedy against the 

. gout. 

Ant'-toear, } n. An 

Ant'-eat-er, ) ani- 
mal that feeds upon 

_ants. 

An'te-ced'ence, ) 

An'te-fed'en-cy, ) 




n. Act or state of preceding in 
time ; precedence. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



ANTECEDENT 



30 



ANTICONTAGIOUS 




Au'te-ced'ent, a. [Lat. antecedens, p. pr. of antetedere, 
fr. ante, before, aud cedere, to go.] Going before in time. 
Syn. — Prior; preceding; foregoing; previous. — Antecedent 
is specific, referring to something consequent ; foregoing, pre- 
ceding, and previous, are more general, being opposed to subse- 
quent ; prior, like priority, impbes a preference if there is com- 
petition, as, aprior claim. 

Au'te-ced'ent, n. 1. That which goes before in time. 
2. pi. The earlier events of one's life. 3. ( Gram.) The 
noun to which a relative refers. 4. (Logic.) (a.) The 
first of two propositions in an enthymeme. (b.) The first 
and conditional part of a conditional or hypothetical 
proposition. 5. (Math.) The first of two terms of a 
ratio, or that which is compared with the other. 

An'te-ced'ent-ly, adv. Before in time ; previously. 

Aji'te-ees'sor, n. 1. One who goes before; a leader. 
2. One who possessed land before the present possessor. 

An'te-cham'ber, n. A chamber leading to the chief 
apartment. 

An'te-chap'el, n. The part of the chapel through 
which is the passage to the choir or the body of it. 

An'te-eiir'sor, n. A forerunner. 

An'te-date, n. A date before the true time. 

An'te-date, v. t. [imp. and p. p. ANTEDATED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ANTEDATING.] [From ante, before, and date.] 
1. To date before the true time. 2. To anticipate ; to 
take before the true time. 

Au'te-di-lii'vi-an, a. Before the deluge ; pertaining to 
the times before the flood. 

An'te-di-lu'vi-an, n. One who 
lived before the flood. 

An'te-lope, n. [Or. avOaXoxp.] 
One of a group of ruminant 
quadrupeds , intermediate between 
the deer and goat. 

An'te-lu'eau, a. [Lat. antelu- 
canns, from ante, before, and lux, 
light.] Being before light;— a 
word applied to assemblies of 
Christians, jn ancient times of 
persecution, held before light in 
the morning. 

An'te-me-rid^i-an, a. Being before noon. 

An'te-mun'dane , a. Being before the creation of the 
world. 

JLn-teti'nd n. ; pi. an-ten'N&. 
[Lat. antenna, sail-yard.] (Zobl.) 
A movable, articulated organ of sen- 
sation, attached to the heads of i: 
sects and Crustacea. 

An / te-niip'tial(-nup / shal), a. Be- 
ing before marriage. a a, Antennas. 

An'te-pas'-ehal (-paVkal), a. Being before Easter. 

An'te-past, n. [Lat. ante, before, and pastus, pasture, 
food, from pascere, pastum,to pasture, feed.] A foretaste. 

An'te-pe-nult', ) n. [Lat. antepxnultimus, from 

An'te-pe-nult'i-tnd,) ante, before, pssne, almost, and 
ultimus, last.] ( Pros. ) The last syllable but two of a word. 

An'te-pe-niilt'i-mate , a. Of the last syllable but two . 

Au'te-pe-milt'i-mate, n. The third syllable from the 
end of a word ; the antepenult. 

An-te'ri-or, a. [Lat., compar. of ante, before.] 1. Be- 
fore in time ; prior ; antecedent. 2. Before in place. 

Syn.— Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; for- 
mer; foregoing. — Anterior is opposed to, and implies posterior ; 
the other words are opposed to subsequent. 

An-te'ri-or 'i-ty, n. State of being anterior ; precedence. 

An'te-room, n. A room forming the passage to another. 

An'thel-min'tie, a. [Gr. <zvti, against, and e'Ajatvs, 
-i.j/00?, worm.] (Med.) Destroying or expelling worms. 
[Written also antihelminthic] 

An'thel-min'tie , n. A medicine which destroys or ex- 
pels worms ; a vermifuge. 

An'them, n. [Gr. dvTi<buva, antiphon,or anthem, from 
dvri, against, and (fxavrj, sound, voice.] Formerly, a 
hymn sung in alternate parts, but, in present usage, any 
church music adapted to passages from the Scriptures ; a 
motet. 

An'ther, n. [Gr. dvBripos, -a, flowery, from* 
dvOelv, to bloom, av6o<;, flower.] (Bot.) That 
part of the stamen containing the pollen, or 
fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted 
for the impregnation of the ovary. 

An'ther-al, a. Pertaining to anthers. 

An'ther-If 'er-ous, a. [From anther, and Lat. 
ferre, to bear.] Producing anthers. a 




An'tho-lSg'ie-al, a. Consisting of beautiful extracts 
from different authors, especially the poets. 

An-th51'o-gy, n. [Gr. dvOokoyia, from aV0os, flower, 
and Ae'-yeiv, to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. 2. 
A collection of flowers ; a garland. 3. A collection of 

w beautiful passages from authors. 

An'tho-ny'§ Fire (iin'to-niz), n. The erysipelas. 

An'thra-cite, n. [Gr. dv9paicLTr)<;, from avdpa^ coal or 
charcoal.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal. 

An'thra-cit'ie, a. Pertaining to anthracite. 

An'thro-pog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. avOpunos, man, and 
•ypa^r?, description.] That branch of physical geography 
which treats of the actual distribution of tbe human race, 
as distinguished by physical character, language, institu- 
tions, and customs. 

An'thro-poid, a. [Gr. avOpumos, man, and elSos, ap- 

^pearance.] Besembling man. 

Au/thro-po-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to anthropology; 
according to human manner of speaking. 

An'thro-pol'o-gy, n. [Gr. av6p<ono<;, man, and A6yo?, 
discourse.] 1. The natural history of the human species. 

^2. The science of man, considered in his entire nature. 

An'thro-po-mor'phi-e , a. Pertaining to anthropo- 
morphism. 

An'thro-po-mdr'phigm, n. [Gr. dvOp^nop-op^os, of 
human form, fr. avdpuiros man, and p-opcfrrj, form.] Rep- 
resentation of the Deity as having a human form or at- 
tributes. 

An'thro-po-mor-phite, n. One who believes that the 
Supreme Being exists in a human form. 

An'thro-po-mdr'phous, «• Having the figure of, or 
resemblance to , a man. 

An'thro-po-pi&th'ie-al. a. Subject to human passions. 

An'thro-pop'a-thlgm, I n. [Gr. av9pu)TroTrd6ei.a, from 

An'thro-pop'a-thy, ' avQpwiro^, man, and tr6£o<;, 
affection, passion.] Ascription of human passions to the 
Supreme Being. 

JLn'thro-poph'a-gi, n. pi. [Gr. dyflpcoTro^a-yo?, eating 
men, from av0po>7ros, man, and $ayetv, to eat.] Man- 

w eaters ; cannibals. 

An'thro-poph'a-gy, n. The eating of human flesh, 
or the practice of eating it ; cannibalism. 

An'ti-ac'id. See Antacid. 

An'tie, a. [Derived from antique, in allusion to the gro- 
tesque figures of antiques.] Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; lu- 

^ dicrously wild. 

An'tie, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew. 2. Odd ap 

^ pearance or device. 

An'ti-ehrist, n. A great adversary of Christ ; the man 

__, of sin, described 1 John ii. 18. [tianity. 

An'ti-ehris'tian (-krlst'yan), n. An opposer of Chris- 

An'ti-ehrls'tian, a. Opposing Christianity. 

An-tlc'i-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anticipated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ANTICIPATING.] [Lat. anticipare, from 
ante, before, and caper e, to take.] 1. To take or do 
before another, so as to prevent him. 2. To take up 
beforehand, or before the proper time. 3. To foretaste 
or foresee. 

Syn. — Expect. — Expect is stronger than anticipate. We 
may anticipate difficulties when we do not really expect them. 

An-tic'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of anticipating. 2. Pre- 
vious view or impression of what is to happen afterward. 
3. Preconceived opinion, produced in the mind before 
the truth is known. 4. (Phil.) A conception generalized 
from experience and used to suggest the future. 5. 
(Mus.) The beginning of one or more tones of a chord 
with or during the chord preceding, forming a momen- 
tary discord. 

Syn. — Preoccupation ; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation ; 
antepast; pregustation ; preconception; expectation; foresight; 
forethought. 

An-tic'i-pa/tlve, a. Anticipating ; or containing antici- 
pation. 

An-tic'i -pa/tor, n. One who anticipates. 

An-tic'i-pa-to-ry (50), a. Taking before time. 

An'ti-eli'max, n. A sentence or expression in which 
the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at 
the close ; — the opposite of climax. 

Aii'ti-cli'nai, a. [Gr. aim, against, opposite, andKAiVeiv, 
_ to incline.] Marking inclination in opposite directions. 

An'ti-ell'nal, n. The crest-line from which strata dip 
_in opposite directions, often called the anticlinal axis- 

An'tie-ly, adv. In an antic manner. 

An'ti-eon-ta'gious, a. Opposing contagion. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, dg, wolf, 



ANTICOSMETIC 



31 



ANY 



An'ti-eog-met'ie, a. Injurious to beauty. 
An'ti-do'tal, a. Efficacious against poison or other 

evil. • r 

An'ti-dote, n. [Gr. avriborov (sc. 4>apixa.Kov), from dv- 
Tt'fioTo?, given against, from dvri, against, and SiSovcu, to 
give.] That which tends to counteract poison or other 
evil. 

An-ti-feb'rile, or An'ti-fe'brile, a. That has the 
quality of abating fever. 

An-ti-f gb'rile, or An'ti-f e'brlle, n. A medicine hav- 
ing a tendency to cure fever. 

An'ti-ma'son, n. One opposed to freemasonry. 

An'ti-ma'son-ry, n. Opposition to freemasonry. 

An / ti-mo-nar«h'ie-al, a. Opposed to monarchy. 

An'ti-mo'ni-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, antimony. 

An/ti-mo'ni-al, n. A preparation of antimony. 

An'ti-mo-ny, n. [Prob. corrupted from Ar. al-ithmi- 
dun, or al-uthmudun, antimony.] 1. A whitish, brittle 
metal used in medicine and the arts. 2. An ore of an- 
timony, consisting of sulphur and antimony. 

An'ti-no'mi-an, n. [Lat. Antinomi, pi. See ANTI- 
NOMY.] (JEccl. Hist.) One of a sect (originating about 
1538) who were charged with maintaining, that, under 
the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or 
obligation. 

An/ti-no'mi-an, a. Pertaining to the Antinomians. 

An'tl-no'mi-an-Igm, n. The tenets of Antinomians. 

An'ti-no-my, or An-tln'o-my, n. [Gr. avTivo^ia, 
from dvri, against, and to^os, law.] 1. Opposition of 
one law or rule to another. 2. A law or other thing op- 
posite or contrary. 3. (Metaph.) According to Kant, 
that natural contradiction which results from the law of 
reason, when, passing the limits of experience, we seek 
to know the absolute. 

An'tl-pa'pal, a. Opposing popery ; antipapistic. 

An'ti-pa-pist'ie , ) a. Opposing the papacy or pop- 

An'ti-pa-pist'ie-al, j ery ; antipapal. 

An'tl-par'a-ly t'ie , a. Opposing, or good against, 
palsy. 

An/ti-pa-tliet'i-e, )a. Having a natural contrariety 

An/ti-pa-tliet'ie-al, j or aversion. 

An-tip'a-thy, n. [Gr. dvTLirdOeia., from dvri, against, 
and ndOos, suffering, passion, affection, from Tra9elv : 
7rd<rxetv, to suffer.] 1. An aversion felt at the presence, 
real or ideal, of a particular object. 2. (Nat. Phil.) A 
contrariety in the properties or affections of matter. 
Syn. — Dislike; contrariety; repugnance; disgust; distaste. 

An/ti-pes'ti-len'tial, a. Counteracting infection. 

An/ti-plilo-gis'ti-e, a. 1. ( Chem. ) Opposed to the doc- 
trine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Counteracting inflamma- 
tion. 

An'ti-phlo-gis'tie, n. Any medicine or diet which 

^ tends to check inflammation. 

An'ti-plion, n. An antiphony See Antiphony. 

An'tTMiiiftn'iV \ a - Pertamin g to antiphonies, or 

i£/«-Sw£'{Sai I i alternate singi ^- 

An-tiph'o-nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. 

An-tipli'o-ny, n. [From Gr. olvtl^kdvo?, returning a 
sound, fr. dvri, against, and 4>o)vrj, sound, voice.] ( Mus. ) 
An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or con- 
gregation divided into two parts ; a response. 

A.n-ttpJi'ra-sis, n. [Gr. dn-i^pao-is , from dim, against, 
and $pdC,eLv, to speak.] (Rhet.) Use of words in a sense 
opposite to their proper meaning. 

An'ti-pliras'tie , ) a. Involving or relating to an- 

An'ti-phras'tie-al, J tiphrasis. 

An-tip'o-dal, a. Pertaining to the antipodes ; diamet- 

_ rically opposed. 

An'ti-pode, n. ; pi. AN'Tl-PODEg, or an-txp'o-de§i. 
[Gr. djmVovSj with the feet opposite, pi. ol di/ruroSes, 
from dvri, against, opposite, and iroi)?, 7rooos, foot.] One 
of those who live on opposite sides of the globe, and 
whose feet are, of course, directly opposite. 

An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the popedom. 

An/ti-pre-lat'ie-al, a. Adverse to prelacy. 

An'ti-qua/ri-an, a. Pertaining to antiquity. 

An'ti-qua'ri-an, n. An antiquary. 

An'ti-qua'ri-an-igm, n. Love of antiquity. 

An'ti-qua-ry (44), n. One versed in antiquities. 

An'ti-quate , v. t. [Lat. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, 
from antiquus, old.] To make obsolete, old, or void. 

An'tT-quat-ed, p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion ; ob- 
solete ; out of use. 



An-tique' a. [Lat. antiquus, equiv. to anticus from 
ante, before.] _ 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity. 
2. Of old fashion. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity. 

An-tique', n. In general, any thing very old ; in a 
more limited sense, a remnant of antiquity ; relic. 

An-tique'ness, n. Quality or appearance of being an- 
tique. 

An-tiq'ui-ty(-tlk'wi-),w. [See Antique.] 1. Ancient 
times ; former ages. 2. The people of ancient times. 
«S. Great age ; quality of being ancient. 4. Any or all 
of the remains of ancient times. 

An-tls'ci-ang (an-tlsh'i-anz), ) n. pi. [Gr. dvri, against, 

An-tls'ci-% (an-tish'i-1), j opposite, and oma, 

shadow.] ( Geog.) The inhabitants of the earth living 
on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon 
_are cast in contrary directions. 

An'ti-seor-bu'tie, ) a. (Med.) Counteracting the 

An'tl-s-cor-bu/tie-al, j scurvy. 

An'ti-seript'ur-al, a. Not accordant with Scripture. 

An/tl-sep'ti-e, a. Opposing putrefaction. 

An'ti-sep'tie, n. 1. A substance which resists or cor- 
rects putrefaction. 2. ( Med. ) A remedy which coun- 
teracts a putrescent tendency in the system. 

An'ti-slav'er-y, n. Opposition to slavery. 

An'ti-so'cial, a. Averse to society or hostile to its ex- 
istence. 

An'tl-spag-mSd'ie, a. Opposing spasm. 

An'tl-spas'tie , a. [Gr. avTicnraaTiKo^ , fr. dv-riWao-i?, a 
drawing back.] (Med.) (a.) Causing a revulsion of fluids 
or humors, (b.) Counteracting spasm; antispasmodic. 

An'tl-sple-net'ie, a. Counteracting diseases of the 
spleen. 

An-tts'tro-pJie, n. [Gr. dvTicrTpo^, from dvri, against, 
and o-rpdcpeii/, to turn; crTpo^ij, a turning.] 1. (Rhet.) 
(a.) Repetition of words in an inverse order, (b.) The 
turning of an adversary's plea against him. 2. (Anc. 
Lyric Poetry.) That part of a song or dance, around the 
altar, which was performed by turning from the left to 
the right, in opposition to the strophe, which was per- 

_ formed by turning from the right to the left. 

An/tl-stroph'ie, a. Pertaining to the antistrophe. 

An-tlth'e-sis, n. ; pi. AN-TiTH'E-SEg. [Gr. dvu0eo-i5, 
from dvri, against, and fle'cri?, a setting, from TifleVai, to 
set.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition of words or sentiments 
occurring in the same sentence ; contrast. 2. Hence, 

w any thing directly opposed to another. 

An'ti-tbefi* , \a. Pertaining to, or containing, an- 

An/ti-thet'i-e-al, ) tithesis. 

An/ti-trii^i-ta'ri-an, a. Opposing the doctrine of the 

^Trinity. 

An / ti-trin / i-ta'ri-an-I§m, n. Opposition to the doc- 

w trine of the Trinity. 

An'tx-type, n. That which is prefigured by the type ; 
thus the paschal lamb was a type of which Christ is the 

^ antitype. 

An / ti-typ'i<:-al, a. Relating to an antitype ; explain- 
ing a type. 

Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. antoillier, and oilier, endouiller, prob. 
from Lat. ante, before.] A start or branch of a horn of 
a cervine animal, as of the stag or moose. 

A.n'to-no-tnii'qi-a, n. [Gr. avTovo^aaCa, fr. dvri, in- 
stead, and 6vofj.d£etv, to name.] Use of a proper name 
for an appellative, as " a Cicero'" for a great orator; 
or conversely , the use of a name denoting rank , office , &c . , 

_for him who holds it, as " his majesty " for the king. 

An'vil, n. [A.-S. anfilt, senfilt, onfilt.] An iron block, 
usually with a steel face, upon which metals are ham. 
mered and shaped. 

An-xi'e-ty (ang-zl'e-ty), n. [Lat. anxietas, from anxius, 
anxious.] Solicitude about some future or uncertain 

^ event. 

Anx'ious (auk'shus, 82), a. [Lat. anxius, from angere, 
to cause pain, to torture.] 1. Greatly concerned or 
solicitous, especially respecting something future or un- 
known. 2. Accompanied with anxiety. 
Syn. — Disturbed; distressed; disquieted; uneasy. 

Anx'ious-ly, adv. With anxiety or solicitude. 

Anx'ious-ness, n. Great solicitude ; anxiety. 

A'ny (en'ny), a. [A.-S. anig, senig^ from an, ein, one, 
and the termination ig, ic] 1. One out of many, in- 
definitely. 2. Some; an indefinite number or quantity. 
E@*- This word was originally pronounced a'ny, which differs 
but little from the present pronunciation. (See §§ 2, 11.) It is 
often used as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood. 

A'ny, adv. To any extent ; at all. 



food, foot ; i\rn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



AONIAN 



32 



APOPLECTICAL 



Pertaining to the Muses, or to Aonia in 




jL-o'ni-an, a 

Bceotia. 

A'o-rlst, n. [Gr. dopia-rog, from d priv. and opos, bound- 
ary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, 
which expresses an action as completed in past time, but 
leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate. 

A'o-rist'i-e, a. Pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite 
tense ; indefinite. 

A-6r'ta, n. [Gr. doprr?, from deipeiv, to lift, heave.] The 

_ great artery from the heart. 

t"~~ rt ' al > I a. Pertaining to the aorta or great artery. 

A-ort'i*, ) 

A-pace', adv. Quickly ; hastily ; speedily ; fast. 

Ap'a-go'ge, n. [Gr. diray^yn, a leading away, from 
dwdyeiv, to lead away.] [Logic.) An indirect argument 
which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or ab- 
surdity of the contrary thing. — It corresponds to the 
^reductio ad absurdum. 

Ap'a-gog'i-e-al, a. Proving indirectly by showing the 
absurdity of the contrary. 

A-part, adv. [Either from prefix a and part, or fromFr. 
dpart.] 1. Separately , in regard to space or company ; 
aside. 2. In a state of separation, exclusion, or of dis- 
tinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter 
of thought. 3. In two or more parts ; asunder. 

A-part'ment, n. [From Lat. ab, or a, from, and pars, 

^partis, part.] A room in a building or house. 

Ap'a-thet'i-e, a. Void of feeling ; insensible ; indifferent. 

Ap'a-thist, n. One destitute of feeling. 

Ap'a-thy, n. [Gr. dndOeia, from d priv. and ttoJo?, 
suffering.] Want, or alow degree, of feeling ; privation 
of passion, or insensibility to pain ; — applied either to 
the body or the mind. 

Syn. —Insensibility; indifference; unconcern. 

Ape, n. [A.-S. apa, Skr. kapi. 
Gr. k^-05, KeiTroc.] X. (Zo'o'l. 
A quadrumanous mammal 
having teeth of the same num- 
ber and form as in man, and 
possessing neither a tail nor „_ 
cheek pouches. 2. One who 
imitates servilely, in allusion** 

_to the manners of the ape. ^^§|i§ 

Ape, v.*. [imp. & p. p. aped ; ^ 
p. pr. & vb. n. APING.] To " Ape".' 

imitate servilely ; to mimic. 

A-pealt', adv. On the point ; in a posture to pierce. 

A-pep'sy, n. [Gr. anemia,, from dneirTo?, uncooked, un- 
digested.] (Med.) Defective digestion; indigestion. 

A-pe'ri-ent (89), a. [Lat. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire, to 
open.] (Med.) Having the quality of opening; laxative. 

A-pe'ri-ent, n. (Med.) A laxative medicine. 

A-per'i-tive, a. Deobstruent ; aperient. 

Ap'er-ture (53), n. [Lat. apertura. See Aperient.] 

_An opening through some solid substance ; a hole. 

Ap'er-y, n. The practice of aping. 

A-pet'al-oiis, a. [Gr. ajreVaAo?, an-eTrjAo?, from a priv. 

_and niraXov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having no petals. 

A'pex, n. ; pi. A'PEX-Eg ; Lat. pi. AP'l-CEg. The top, 
tip, or summit of any thing. 

A-phaer'e-sis ) n. [Gr. dc/xupeo-is, from 6.<}>aipeiv, to take 

A-pher'e-sis ' awav,from d-rvo, from, and dipelv, to 
take.] ( Gram.) The taking of a letter or syllable from 
the beginning of a word. 

A-phel'ion (-Kl'yun), n. ; pi. a-phe-Li-a. [Gr. ds-d, 
from, and ijAios, sun.] (Astron.) Thatpoint of aplanet's 
or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the 
..opposite point being called the perihelion. 

A/phls, n.; pi. aph't-dez. [N. Lat.] (Entom.) The 
vme-fretter, or plant-louse ; a genu3 of hemipterous in- 
sects. 

Apli'o-ny, n. [Gr. d^wvi'a, from «(£covos, voiceless, from 
a priv. and <pu>vrj, voice.] (Met!.) A loss of voice. 

Aph'o-rigm, n. [Gr. a</>op<.a>6s, from dtpopi^eiv, to de- 
fine.] A precept or principle expressed in a few words ; 
a short sentence containing some important truth. 

Syn. — Axiom ; maxim; adage.— An axiom is a self-evident 
proposition of high importance; a maxim expresses some great 

Practical truth; an adage is a saying which has gained credit 
y long use. 

Aph'o-rist, n. A writer of aphorisms. 
Aph'o-rist'i-e, ) a. Having the form of an apho- 
Aph'o-rist'ioal, j rism. 



%* 



Apli'o-rist'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the form of aphorisms. 

Aph'tliong (afthong or ap'thong, 85), n. A letter or 
combination of letters having no sound. 

Aph'yl-loiis, or A-phyl'loiis, (117), a. [Gr. d^v'AAos, 

_from a priv. and <pv\\ov, leaf.] ( Bot. ) Destitute of leaves. 

A'pi-a-i*Ist, n. One who keeps an apiary. 

A'pi-a-ry, n. [Lat. apiarivm, from apis, a bee.] A place 
_where bees are kept ; a bee-house. 

Ap'i-ges, n. pi. See Apex. 

Apiece', adv. 1. To each; to the share of each. 2. 

_Lach by itself. 

Ap'ish, a. [See Ape.] HaviDg the qualities of an ape; 
inclined to imitate in a servile manner ; hence, foolish; 

_ foppish ; silly ; affected ; trifling ; insignificant. 

Ap'ish-ness, n. Mimicry ; foolery ; foppery. 

A-po-e'a-lj'pse, n. [Gr. dTro/cdAvi/zis, from inroKaXvineiv, 
to disclose.] Revelation ; discovery ; disclosure ; — specif- 
ically applied as the name of the last book in the Eible. 

A-poc'a-lyp'tic, ) a. Containing or pertaining to 

A-po-e'a-lyp'ti-e-al, ) revelation, or, specifically, to 
the Revelation of St. John. 

Apocalyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 
18. It has been variously interpreted. 

A-po-e'o-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. apocopated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. APOCOPATING.] (Gram.) To cut off or 
drop the last letter or s,) liable of. 

A-po^'o-pe, n. [Gr. dnoKon-q, from dvo, from, and 
Koirreiv, to cut.] The cutting off or omission of the last 
letter or syllable of a word ; as, yond for yonder. 

A-po-e'ry-pha, n. pi. [Gr. dir6Kpv<pos, hidden, spurious, 
from dno, from, and Kpvnreiv, to hide.] Pooks whose au- 
thenticity, as inspired writings, is not admitted, and which 
are therefore not considered a part of the sacred canon of 
the Scripture. 

A-po-e'ry-phal, a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 
2. Not canonical; of uncertain authority or credits- 
false ; fictitious ; spurious. 

Ap'ode, n. [Gr. fcTrovs, a7rofio?, from d priv. and 7rov?, 
7ro6o<r, foot.] An animal that has no feet. 

Ap'o-dei-e'ti-e, } a. Demonstrative ; evident beyond 

Ap'o-delc'tic-al, j contradiction. 
GSf- This spelling is better than apodictic. 

Ap'o-dic'tic, ) a. [Gr. dn-oSeucTucd?, from dno, from, 

Ap'o-dic'tic-al, ) and Seacvvvai, to show.] Evident 
beyond contradiction. 

A-pdd f o-sis, n. [Gr. dnoSocn.^, from ano, from, back 
again, and SiSdvcu, to give.] (Gram.) The consequent 
clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing 
the result. 

Ap'o-gee, n. [Gr. d-n-dyaios, from the earth, from a7rd 
from, and yala, yf;, earth.] (Astron.) That point in the 
orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from 
the earth. 

A-poFo-get'ic, \a. [Gr. dnoXoyriTiKos , from d-n-6, 

A-poFo-get'ic-al, j from, and Adycs, speech.] Ex- 
cusatory or defensive. 

A-poPo-get'i-es, n. sing. That branch of theology 
which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evi- 
dence of their divine authority. 

A-pol'o-gist, n. One who makes an apology. 

A-p6Fo-gize, v. i. [fmp. & p. p. apologized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. apologizing.] To make an apology. 

Ap'o-logne (-log), n. [Gr. d7rdAoyos. See infra.] A 
moral fable. 

A-pol-o-gy, n. [Gr. otTroAoyia, from a7rd, from, and 
Aoyos, speech.] 1. Something said or written in defense 
or justification of what appears to others wrong or un- 
justifiable, or of what may be liable to disapprobation. 
2. An acknowledgment intended as an extenuation of 
some improper or injurious remark or act. 

Syn. — Excuse. — "We make an apology for something rude, 
unbecoming, or the like; we offer an excuse for some failure or 
neglect of duty. 

Ap'o-phleg-mat'i-e, a. [Gr. a.7rd, from, and <f>\eyixar- 
tKo? full of phlegm; <£Ae'yp.a, flame, phlegm.] (Med.) 
Having the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or 

w mucus from the mouth or nostrils. 

ip'oph-thegm ) (ap/o-them),??. A short, sententious, 

Ap'o-thegm \ instructive remark. 

Ap'o-ple-e'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. d.7ro7rAi7KTtKds, from dno, 

Ap'o-ple-e'ti-e-al, J from, away, and nhrjo-o-ziv, to 



a,e,&c, long; a,e\ &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do,wol* 



APOPLEXY 



33 



APPELLEE 



strike.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting in, apoplexy. 2. 
Predisposed to apoplexy. 

Ap'o-plSx'y, n. [Gr. a.TTonkt}i-La. See supra.] A dis- 
ease characterized by sudden loss of sense and voluntary 
motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. 

A-pos'ta-sy, n- [Gr. diroaTaaia , from airo, from, and 
o-rrjj/ai, to stand.] An abandonment of what one has 
voluntarily professed ; a total desertion or departure from 
one's faith, principles, or party. 

A-pos'tate, n. One who has forsaken the faith, princi- 
ples, or party, to which he before adhered. 

A-pos'tate , a. Falling from the faith ; false ; renegade. 

A-pos'ta-tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. apostatized;^. 
pr. & vb. n. APOSTATIZING.] To abandon one's faith, 
party, church, or profession. [with pus. 

A-pos'te-mate , v. i. To form into an abscess, and fill 

Ap'os-tem'a-tous, a. Pertaining to, or partaking of 
the nature of, an aposteme. 

Ap'os-teme, n. [Gr. a.-aoo-r-f\\xa, fr. anoa-rrniat , to stand 
off.] An abscess ; a sore filled with purulent matter. 

A-pos'tle (-poVsl), n. [Gr. awoaroKos , sent forth or 
away, from d7rocrTe'AAeiv, to send off or away.] 1. A 
person sent forth or deputed to execute some important 
business ; specifically, one of the twelve disciples of Christ 
sent forth to preach the gospel. 2. ( Civ. and Admiralty 
Law.) A brief letter dismissory sent by a court appealed 
from to the superior court, stating the case, &c. ; a paper 
sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. 

A-pos'tle-ship (-pos'sl-), n. The office of an apostle. 

A-pos'to-late, n. Mission; apostleship. 

Ap'os-toFic, ) a. 1. Pertaining or relating to an 

Ap'os-tol'ie-al, j apostle, or to the apostles, their 
times, or their peculiar spirit. 2. According to the doc- 
trines of the apostles. 

Ap'os-tol'i-cigm, ) n. State or quality of being apos- 

A-pos'to-lic'i-ty, j tolical. 

A-pos'tro-phe, n. [Gr. anocrrpo^ , from ano, from, and 
a-Tpo(j)-q, a turning.] 1. (Rhet.) A turning away from 
the real auditory, and addressing an absent or imaginary 
one. 2. ( Gram.) (a.) The contraction of a word by the 
omission of a letter or letters, which omission is noted 
by a mark like a comma placed above the line ; as, calPd 
for called, (b.) The mark used to denote that a word is 
contracted. 

Ap'o-stroph'ic, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe. 

A-pos'tro-phize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. apostro- 
phized ; p.pr. & vb. n. apostrophizing.] 1. To 
address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a 
letter or letters. 

A-poth'e-ea-ry, n. [From Gr. anoO^Krj, repository, 
from dwo, from, and riflei'ai, to put ; 0-qK-q, box, chest.] 
One who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes. 
In England, apothecaries also prescribe for diseases, act- 
ing as sub-physicians. 

Ap'o-thegm ) (ap'o-them), n. [Gr. airo^Qeyixa, from 

Ap'oph-thegm j dno, from, and ^Oey^a, saying, 
word.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a senten- 
tious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the preva- 
lent spelling.] 

Ap'o-theg-mat'ic, ) a. In the manner of an 

Ap'o-theg-mat'le-al, j apothegm. [thegms. 

Ap'o-theg'ma-tist, n. A collector or maker of apo- 

Ap'o-the'o-sis, n. [Gr. a7ro0eWis, from dno, from, and 
0e6?, god.] Act of elevating a mortal to the rank, and 
placing him among the number, of the gods ; deification. 

Ap'o-the'o-size, v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a 
deity ; to deify. 

Ap'o-zem, n. [Gr. ano^efxa, from airo^hv, to extract by 
boiling.] (Med.) A decoction. 

Ap-pall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appalled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
APPALLING.] [Fr. appalir, from ad and palir t to grow 
or make pale.] To depress or discourage with fear. 
Syn. — To dismay ; daunt ; terrify ; scare ; intimidate. 

Ap-pall', v. i. To occasion fear or dismay. 

Ap'pan-age, n. [Low Lat. appanagium, from apanare, 
to furnish with bread, from Lat. ad and panis, bread.] 
1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince 
for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. Means of 
nourishing ; sustenance. 

Ap'pa-ra/tus, n. ; pi. Xp'pa-ra'tus or ap'pa-ra'tus- 
E§. [Lat., fr. apparare, to prepare, fr. ad and parare , to 
make ready.] Things provided as means to some end ; 
especially, a full collection or set of implements, or uten- 
•ils, for performing scientific experiments or operations. 



Ap-par'el, n. [Fr. appareil, from pareil, like, equal, 
match, from Low Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, equal, 
a pair.] Covering for the body. 

Syn. — Clothing ; clothes; dress; raiment; vesture; vest- 
ment.— The first three words are those familiarly used; an' 
parel and the rest are more formal. 

Ap-par'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPARELED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. appareling.] 1. To dress or clothe ; to attire. 
2. To cover with something ornamental; to cover, as 
with^garments ; to adorn ; to embellish. 

Ap-par'ent (4), a. [Lat. apparens, p. pr. of apparere, to 
appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen. 2. 
Beyond question or doubt. 3. Appearing to the eye, 
but not true or real. 

Syn. — Visible ; distinct ; plain ; obvious ; clear ; certain ; 
evident ; manifest ; indubitable ; notorious. What is obvious 
{literally, lying in our way) is certain beyond doubt or dispute; 
what is plain, clear, or evident, has ample proof or illustration. 
Apparent is sometimes used for clear, and sometimes for seem- 
ing, as, the difficulty was more apparent than real. 

Ap-par'ent-ly, adv. Visibly; evidently; in appearance 
only. 

Ap'pa-ri'tion (-rlsh'un), n. [See Appear.] 1. Ap- 
pearance ; visibility. 2. The thing appearing ; a visible 
object ; specifically, a preternatural appearance ; a ghost ; 
a specter. 

Ap-par'i-tor, n. [See Appear.] 1. An officer who 
attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. 

2. ( Law.) A messenger or officer who serves the process 
of a spiritual court. 

Ap-peal', n. [See infra.] 1. (Law.) (a.) Removal of 
a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or 
court for re-examination or review, (b.) The mode of 
proceeding by which such removal is effected, (c.) The 
right of appeal. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. 

3. A call upon a person for proof or decision, or to grant 
a favor. 4. Resort ; recourse. 

Ap-peal', v. i. [Lat. appellare, from ad and pellere, to 
drive.] 1. (Law.) To remove a cause from an inferior 
to a superior judge or court for the purpose of re-exam- 
ination or for decision. 2. To refer to another for the 
decision of a question controverted, or the counteraction 
of testimony or facts ; hence, to call on for aid. 

Ap-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appealed ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. appealing.] (Law.) (a.) To remove, as a cause, 
from an inferior to a superior judge or court, (b.) To 
charge with a crime ; to accuse. 

Ap-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being appealed, or called 
to answer by appeal. 

Ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p.p. appeared; p.pr. & vb. 
n. APPEARING.] [Lat. apparere, to appear, from ad and 
parere, to come forth.] 1. To come or be in sight. 2. 
To stand in presence of some superior. 3. To be- 
come visible to the apprehension of the mind ; to be ob- 
vious or manifest. 4. To seem, in opposition to reality. 

Ap-pear'ance, ». 1. Act of coming into sight. 2. A 
thing seen ; a phenomenon. 3. Semblance, or apparent 
likeness. 4. Personal presence ; exhibition of the person. 
5. Introduction of a person to the public in a particular 
character. 6. ( Laiv.) The act or proceeding by which a 
party proceeded against places himself before the court, 
and submits to its jurisdiction. 

_ Syn. — Coming ; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; 
air; look; manner; mien ; figure; aspect. 

Ap-pear'er, n. One who appears. 

Ap-pea§'a-lble, a. Capable of being appeased or quieted- 

Ap-pea§'a-lble-ness, n. Quality of being appeasable. 

Ap-pea§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appeased ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. APPEASING.] [Fr. appaiser, from Lat. ad and .pax, 
peace.] To make quiet. 

Syn. — To pacify; allay; assuage; compose; calm. 

Ap-pea§e'ment, n. Act of appeasing, or state of being 



Ap-pea§'er, n. One who appeases or pacifies. 
Ap-pea'slve, a. Having the power to appease. 
Ap-pel'lant, n. A person who makes an appeal. 
Ap-pel'late, n. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, 

appeals. 
Ap^el-la'tion, n. The name by which a person or 

thing is called ; title : address. 
Ap-pel'la-tive, a. [Lat. appellativus , from appellare, to 

name, to call.] Pertaining to a common name. 
Ap-pel'la-tive, n. A common, as distinguished from a 

proper name. 
Ap-p61'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. 
Ap'pel-lee', n. ( Law.) (a.) The defendant in an appeal 

(b.) The person who is appealed, or prosecuted, by a 

private man for a crime. 



food, fdt>t ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



APPELLOR 



34 



APPRENTICE 



Ap'pel-lSr', n. (Law.) The person who institutes an 
appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. 

Append', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appended ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. appendix^.] [Lat. appendere , to hang to, from ad 
and pendere, to weigh, to hang.] 1. To hang or attach, 
as by a string, so that the thing is suspended. 2. To 
add, as an accessory to the principal thing ; to annex. 

Ap-pend'age, n. Something added as subordinate or 
incidental. 

Ap-pend'aut, n. Any thing appended to or connected 
with another as incidental. 

Ap-pend'ant, a. 1. Hanging; annexed. 2. (Laic.) 
Appended by prescription ; — said of a thing of inherit- 
ance belonging to another inheritance which is superior 
or more worthy. 

Ap-pend'ix, n. ; pi. AP-PEND'lx-Eg ; Lat. pi. ap-pen 1 
DI-CE£. 1. Something appended ; an adjunct, or con- 
comitant. 2. Specifically , any literary matter added to 
a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness. 

Ap'per-cep'tion, n. [From ad and perception.] 
(Metaph.) Perception that reflects upon itself; self-con- 
sciousness. 

Ap'per-tain', v. i. [imp. & p. p. appertained ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. appertaining.] [Lat. appertinere, from ad 
and perti mere, to pertain.] To belong, whether by nature, 
right, appointment, or custom ; to relate. 

Ap'pe-tence, In. 1. Strong natural desire; sensual 

Ap'pe-ten-py, ) appetite. 2. Tendency to seek or 
select. 

Ap'pe-tent, a. Desiring ; very desirous. [Rare.] 

Ap'pe-tlte, n. [Lat. appetitas, from appetere, to seek.] 
1. Desire of gratification, either of the body or of the 
mind. 2. Specifically, a desire of food or drink. 

Ap'pe-tize, v. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. 

Ap'pe-tiz'er, n. Something which creates, increases, 
or whets, an appetite. 

Ap-plaud', v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. APPLAUDED ; p.pr. 
& vb'.'n. APPLAUDING.] [Lat. applaudere, from ad and 
plaudere, to ciap the hands.] 1. To praise by clapping 
the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. 2. 
To praise by words ; to commend. 
Syn. — To extol; cry up; magnify. 

Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. 

Ap-plauge', n. [Lat. applaudere, p. p. applausus.] Act 
of applauding ; approbation and praise publicly ex- 
pressed by clapping the hands, beating with the feet, 
acclamation, huzzas, or other means ; commendation. 

Ap-plau'sive, a. Applauding ; containing applause. 

Ap'ple (57), n. [A.-S. ssppel, sepl.] 1. A well-known tree 
and its fruit. 2. The pupil of the eye. 

Ap-pK'a-ble, a. Capable of being applied; applicable. 

Ap-pli'ance, n. Act of applying, or thing applied ; in- 
strument or means. 

Ap'pli-ea-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being applicable 

Ap'pli-ea-ble-ness, ) or suitable. 

Ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, ap- 
plied ; suitable ; fit ; adapted . 

Ap'pli-eant, n. One who applies ; a petitioner. 

Ap'pli-eate, n. [Lat. applicata (sc. linea), from appli- 
care, to apply.] (Math.) A right line drawn across a 
curve, so as to be bisected by the diameter ; an ordinate. 

Ap'pli-eate, a. Applied or put to some use. 

Ap'pli-ea'tion, n. [See Apply.] 1. Act of applying 
or laying on, in a literal sense. 2. The thing applied. 
3. Act of making request or soliciting. 4. Employment 
of means. 5. Act of fixing the mind ; intenseness of 
thought. 6. Act of directing or referring something to 
a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or 
disagreement, fitness, or correspondence. 

Ap'pli-ea-tive, a. Applying ; applicatory. 

Ap'pli-ea-to-ry (50), a. Including the act of applying. 

Ap'pli^ea-to-ry, n. That which applies. 

Ap-ply', v. t. [imp. & p.p. APPLIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
APPLYING.] [Lat. applicare, from ad and plicare, to 
fold.] 1. To lay or place ; to put, bring, or carry. 2. 
To use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a par- 
ticular case. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, 
as suitable, fitting, or relative. 4. To engage and employ 
diligently, or with attention. [course. 

Ap-ply', v. i. 1. To suit or to agree. 2. To have re- 

Ap-pog'gia-tu'ra (-pod'ja-), n. [It., from apposspare, 
to lean, to rest.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an 
essential tone or an accented part of a measure, —gen- 
erally indicated by a note of smaller size. 

Ap-point', v. t. [imp. & p.p. appointed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. APPOINTING.] [L. Lat. appunctare, to bring back 
to the point, restore, from Lat. ad and punctum, a 



point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness ; to establish. 
2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, 
or mutual agreement ; to constitute ; to ordain ; to pre- 
scribe. 3. To allot, assign, designate, or set apart. 4. 
To provide with every necessary ; to equip. 

Ap-point', v. i. To determine ; to ordain. 

Ap-point'a-ble, a. Capable of being appointed. 

Ap'point-ee', n. A person appointed. 

Ap-point'er, n. One who appoints. 

Ap-point'ment, n. 1. Act of appointing or state of 
being appointed. 2. Stipulation; arrangement. 3. 
Decree ; established order or constitution. 4. Whatever 
is appointed for use and management ; — used in the 
plural. 

Ap-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p.p. APPORTIONED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. APPORTIONING.] [L. Lat. apportionare, from 
Lat. ad and portio, portion.] To divide and assign in 
just proportion ; to divide or part out ; to assign in due 
proportion. 

Ap-por'tion-er, n. One who apportions. 

Ap-por'tion-ment, n. Act of apportioning ; a divid- 
ing into just proportions or shares. 

Ap-po§'er,n. An examiner ; an officer in the English 

_ Court of Exchequer. 

Ap'po-gite, a. [Lat. appositus, p. p. of apponere, to set 
or put to, from ad and ponere, to put, place.] Very 

w applicable ; well adapted ; suitable or fit ; relevant ; pat. 

Ap'po-glte-ly, adv. Properly ; fitly ; suitably. 

Ap'po-gite-ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness. 

Ap'po-gl'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act of adding ; accre- 
tion. 2. ( Gram.) The state of two nouns (one of which 
explains the other) put in the same case, without a con- 
necting word between them. [ment. 

Ap-praig'al, n. A valuation by authority ; anappraise- 

Ap-praige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appraised ; p. pr. Ik, 
vb. n. APPRAISING.] [Lat. appretiare, from ad and 
pretiare, to prize, from pretium, value, price.] To set a 
value on ; to estimate the worth of, particularly by per- 
sons appointed for the purpose. 

eg- In America, this word is often pronounced, and some- 
times written, apprize. 

Ap-praige'ment, n. Act of appraising ; valuation. 

Ap-praig'er, n. One who appraises ; specifically, one 
appointed and sworn to fix the value of goods and estates. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-pre'shi-), a. Capable of being esti- 
mated or appreciated. 

Ap-pre'ci-ate (ap-pre'shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

APPRECIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPRECIATING.] [Lat. 
appretiare. See APPRAISE.] 1. To set a price or value 
on ; to estimate justly or truly. 2. To raise the value 
of. [An Americanism.] 

Syn. — To esteem; estimate; value. — "We estimate things 
when we learn by calculation their real amount, as profits, &c. ; 
we appreciate when we prize them according to their true value 
or worth, as a man's services; we esteem when we regard them 
with moral approbation. 

Ap-pre'ci-ate, v. i. .To rise in value. 

Ap-pre'ci-a'tion (-pre-shi-), n. 1. A just valuation 
or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. 
2. Increase of worth or value. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-tive (-sM-a-tiv), ) a. Having or implying a 

Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), j just appreciation. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-tive-ly, adv. With just appreciation. 

Ap'pre-hend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprehended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. APPREHENDING.] [Lat. apprehendere, 
from ad and prehendere, to lay hold of, to seize, from prze, 
before, and root nend.] 1. To seize or lay hold of. 2. 
To understand. 3. To entertain suspicion or fear of. 

Syn. — To catch; arrest; conceive; imagine; believe; fear j 
dread. 

Ap'pre-hend', v. i To be of opinion ; to believe. 

Ap'pre-hend'er, n One who apprehends. 

Ap'pre-hen'si-ble, a. Capable of being apprehended. 

Ap'pre-hen'sion, n. 1. Act of seizing or taking hold of. 
2. Act of taking by legal process. 3. The mere contem- 
plation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing 
any judgment. 4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiment ; 
idea. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived. 
w 6. Distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. 

Ap'pre-hen'slve, a. Fearful ; suspicious ; perceptive. 

Ap/pre-lien'sive-ly, adv. In an apprehensive man- 
ner: fearfully. 

Ap/pre-hen'sive-ness, n. The quality of being appre- 
hensive : fearfulness. 

Ap-pren'tice, n. [L. Lat. apprentices, from Lat. ap- 
prendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to comprehend.] One 
bound to another to learn a trade or art. 

Ap-pren'tice, v. t. [imp. Sop. p. apprenticed (ap- 



S, e, &c, long; a,g,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, wglf, 



APPRENTICESHIP 



35 



ARANEOUS 



pren'tist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. apprenticing.] To bind 
out as an apprentice. 

Ap-pren'tice-ship, n. The condition of an appren- 
tice ; the time for which he serves. 

Ap-prl§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprised ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. APPRISING.] [Ft. apprise, ordinance by which the 
sentence of a superior judge is declared to an inferior, 
from apprendre, to learn, to teach. See APPREHEND.] 
To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written. 

Syn. — To acquaint; make known; communicate. 

Ap-prize', v. t. To seta value on. See Appraise. 

Ap-prize'ment, n. Same as Appraisement. 

Ap-priz'er, re. An appraiser. See Appraiser. 

Ap-proach', v. i. [imp. & p. p. approached ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. APPROACHING.] [Lat. ad and propiare, to 
draw near, from propius, comp. of prope, near.] 1. To 
come or go near, in place or time. 2. To draw near, in 
a figurative sense ; to approximate. 

Ap-proach.', v. t. 1. To cause to draw near. [Rare.] 
2. To come near to ; to approximate. 

Ap-proach.', n. 1. Act of drawing near. 2. Access, 
or opportunity of drawing near. 3. A passage or avenue 
by which buildings are approached. 4. pi. (Fort.) The 
works thrown up by besiegers, to protect them in their 
advances toward a fortress. 

Ap-proach'a-ble, a. Capable of being approached ; ac- 
cessible, [able. 

Ap-proach'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being approach- 

Ap'pro-bate, v. t. [See Approve.] To express or 

_ manifest approbation of. [Rare.] 

Ap'pro-ba'tion, re. The act of approving ; consent to 
a tning on the ground of its propriety ; approval. 

Syn. — License; liking; attestation. 

Ap'pro-ba'to-ry, ) a. Approving ; containing appro- 

Ap'pro-ba'tive, j bation. 

Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. Capable of being appropriated. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. appropriated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. APPROPRIATING.] [Lat. appropriare, 
appropriation, from ad and proprim, one's own.] 1. 
To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one*s self, 
to assign. 2. (Law.) To alienate, as an ecclesiastical 
benefice, and annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or 
aggregate, being the patron of the living. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate (45), a. Set apart for a particular use 
or person; hence, belonging peculiarly. 

Syn. — Fit ; suitable ; proper ; adapted ; pertinent ; well- 
timed ; peculiar. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an appropriate manner. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, re. Suitableness ; fitness. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tion, n. 1. Act of appropriating or set- 
ting apart for a purpose. 2. Any thing, especially 
money, thus set apart. 3. (Law.) (a.) The sequester- 
ing of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual cor- 
poration, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. 

Ap-pro'pri- a/tor, re. 1. One who appropriates. 2. 
(Law.) One who is possessed of an appropriated benefice. 

Ap-prov'a-ble , a. Worthy of approbation. 

Ap-prov'al, n. Act of approving ; approbation. 

Ap-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. approved ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. APPROVING.] [Lat. approbare, from ad andpro- 
bare, to approve, from probus, good.] 1. To be pleased 
with ; to think well of. 2. To prove. 3. To make or 
show to be worthy of approbation ; to commend. 4. 
(Law.) To improve by increasing the value or profits of. 
5. To sanction officially. 

Ap-prov'er, n. 1. One who approves. 2. (Law.) One 
who confesses a crime and brings out his accomplices. 

Ap-prox'i-mate (45), a. 1. Near to. 2. (Chem. & 
Math.) Nearly approaching correctness. 

Approximate, v. t. [i??ip. & p. p. approximated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. approximating.] [Lat. approximare, 
from ad amdproximare, to come near.] To carry or ad- 
vance near ; to cause to approach. 

Ap-prox'i-mate, v. i. To come near ; to approach. 

Ap-prox'i-ma'tion, n. An approach ; a coming near. 

Ap-prox'i-ma-tive, a. Approximating ; approaching. 

Ap'pulse, or Ap-piilse', n. [Lat. appulsus, from ad 
and pellere, pulsum, to drive.] 1. Act of striking 
against. 2. A touching, or very near approach. 

Ap-pixl'sion, n. A striking against by a moving body. 

Ap-pur'te-nance, n. That which appertains to some- 
thing else ; an adjunct ; an appendage. 

Ap-pur'te-nant, a. Belonging to by right. 

A'pri-cot, n. [From Lat. prxcoquus or prsecox, early 
ripe, through the Ar. al-birq&q and Sp. albarcoque.] A 
fine fruit, allied to the plum. 



A'pril, n. [Lat. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the 
month in which the earth opens for new fruit.] The 

_ fourth month of the year. 

A'pril-fobl, n. One sportively imposed upon on the 

_ first day of April. 

A'pron (a/purn or a'prun), n. 1. A cloth, or piece of 
leather, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the 
clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 2. A piece 
of leather, or other thing, to be spread before a person 
riding in a carriage, to defend him from the rain, snow, 

w or dust ; a boot. 

ip'ro-pos' (ap'ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1. Opportunely ; 
w seasonably. 'Z. By the way ; to the purpose. 

Ap'sis, n.; pi. AP'si-DEg. [Gr.] 1. 
(Astron.) One of the two points in an 
elliptical orbit which are at the greatest < 




and least distance from the central \^ 
body. 2. (Arch.) The domed part of a 
church, where the altar is placed. 
Apt, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to fasten, fit ; Gr. air- 
■reu/.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 2. Having a tendency ; liable. 
S. Disposed customarily. 4. Ready ; quick ; prompt. 

Syn. — Appropriate; suitable: qualified; inclined; disposed; 
dexterous; fitted. — One who is disposed or inclined to any 
thing is apt to do it. He who is apt at anv emplovment is 
qualified or dexterous. An apt quotation is one which "is appro- 
priate, suitable, or fitted to the case. 

Ap'ter-al, a. [Gr. anrepos, from a priv. and nrepov, 
wing.] 1. Destitute of wings. 2. Having no columns 
_ along the sides, but only in front. 

Ap'ter-ous, a. (Entom.) Destitute of wings ; apteral. 

Apt'i-tude (53), n. 1. Natural or acquired disposition 
w or tendency. 2. Readiness in learning ; docility ; aptness. 

Apt'ly, adv. Properly : fitly ; readily ; wittily. 

Apt'ness, n. Quality of being apt ; fitness ; readiness. 

Ap'tote, re. [Gr. airroirog, from a priv. and tttuto?, 
fallen, declined, from ninTeiv, to fall.] (Gram.) An 
_in declinable noun. 

A.'qtid,n. [Lat., akin to Skr. ap, water.] "Water; — a 
word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in 
various significations, determined by the word or words 
annexed. 

Aquafortis (Chem.), same as nitric acid. — Aqua-marine, or 
aqua-marina, a fine variety of beryl; — formerly so called by 
jewelers on account of its color, resembling the green of sea- 
water.— Aqua regia (Chem.), the same as nitro-chloro-hydric 
acid. 

JL-qud'ri-um,n. ; pi. a-Q.tta'ri-1. [Lat.] 1. An arti- 
ficial pond for rearing aquatic plants. 2. A globe or 
tank of glass for keeping alive aquatic animals. 

A-qiiat'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, inhabiting, or frequent- 

A-quat'i-e-al, j ing, water. 

A'qua-tint, I n. [It. acqua tinla, dyed water.] A 

A'qiia-tlnt'a, J method of etching on copper by means 

^ of aqua fortis. 

Aq'ue-dnet (ak/we-dukt), n. [Lat. aquxduclus, from 
aqua, water, and ductus, a leading, from ducere, to lead.] 

_ An artificial conduit for water. 

A'qne-oiis (5/kwe-us), a. 1. Partaking of the nature of 
water, or abounding with it ; watery. 2. Made by means 
of water. 
Aqueous humor, a transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. 

A'qui-form, a. [Lat. aqua, water, and forma, form.] 
^ In the form of water. 

Aq'ui-liiie (-lln or -lln), a. [Lat. aquilinus, from aquila, 

eagle.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving ; hooked ; 

^prominent, like the beak of an eagle. 

Ar'afo, n. A native of Arabia. 

Ar'a-besque (ar'a-besk), re. A species of or- 
namentation after the Arabian manner, often 
intricate and fantastic from the intermingling 
of foliage, fruits, &c, with other objects, 
_real or imaginary. 

Ar'a-besque, a. In the manner of the 
Arabians ; relating to the style of ornament 
called arabesque. 

A-raTri-an, ) a. Pertaining to Arabia, or to S 

Ar'a-bi-e, i its inhabitants. 

Ar'a-bie, n. The language of the Arabians. 

Ar'a-bxst ? n. One versed in Arabic literature. 

Ar'a-ble, a. [Lat. arabilis, from arare, to 
plow.] Fit for tillage or plowing ; plowed. Arabesque. 

A-ra'ne-ou.s, a. [Lat. araneosus, from ara- 

nea, spider, spider's web.] 1. Resembling a cobweb. 2. 
Extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb. 




food, foot ; ftrn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



ARBALEST 



36 



ARCHLY 



Arlbal-est, I n. [Abbrev. of arcubalist, q. v.] A cross- 
Ar'bal-ist, j bow. 

Ar'bi-ter.n. [Lat.] {Law.) 1. A person appointed or 
chosen, by parties in controversy, to decide their differ- 
ences [In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical 
word.] 2. Any person who has the power of judging 
and determining, without control. 
Ar'bi-tra-ble, a. 1. Arbitrary. 2. Determinable. 
Ar-bit'ra-ment, n. \L.~LaX.arbitramentum.] 1. Will; 

determination ; decision. 2. Award of arbitrators. 
Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. By will only ; absolutely. 
Ar'bi-tra-ry, a. [Lat. arbitrarius, from arbitran, to 
hear, decide, from arbiter, q. v.] 1. Depending on will 
or discretion. 2. Founded not on the nature of things, 
but on mere will or choice. 3. Despotic ; absolute in 
power ; bound by no law. 

Svn. — Tyrannical; imperious; unlimited; capricious.— 
When a ruler has absolute, unlimited, or arbitrary power, he is 
apt to be capricious, if not imperious, tyrannical, and des- 
potic. 
ArHbi-trate, v. t. 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. 

2. To decide, or determine generally. 
Ar'bi-trate, v. i. {imp. & p. p. arbitrated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. arbitrating.] 1. To decide ; to determine. 
2. To judge or act as arbitrator. 
Ar'bi-tra/tion, n. The hearing and determination of a 
cause between parties in controversy, by a person or per- 
sons chosen by the parties. 
Ar'bi-tr a/tor, n. 1. A person chosen by parties who 
have a controversy, to determine their differences. 
2. The person chosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, 
when the parties do not agree. 3. One who has the 
power of deciding or prescribing without control. 
Ar'bi-tra/trix, n. A female who arbitrates or judges. 
Ar'bi-tress, n. A female arbiter ; an arbitratrix. 
Ar'bor, n. [Lat., a tree.] 1. A bower ; a seat shaded by 

trees. 2. A spindle or axis. 
Ar-bo're-oiis, ) a. Belonging to, growing on, or having 
ArHbor-al, ) the nature of, trees. 
Ar'bo-res'cence, n. The resemblance of a tree. 
Ar'bo-res'cent, a. [Lat. arborescens, p. p. of arbores- 
cere, to become a tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming 
tree-like. 
Ar 'bo-ret, n. A small tree ; a shrub. 
Ar'bor-i-eult'ure (-kfilt'yur), n. [Lat. arbor, tree, and 
cultura, culture. See Culture.] The art of cultivating 
trees and shrubs. 
ArHbor-ist, n. One who makes trees his study. 
Ar'bor-i-za'tion, n. A tree-like appearance, especially 

in minerals. 
Ar'bor-ize, v.t. To form tree-like appearances in. 
Ai'Tbor-oiis, a. Formed by trees. 
Ar'bus-cle ('ir'bus-sl), n. [Lat. arbuscula, dim. of arbor, 

tree.] A dwarf tree. 
Ar'bute, )n. [Lat. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.] The 
jLr-bii'tiis, j strawberry-tree, a genus of evergreen 
shrubs, of the heath family, which has a berry resem- 
..bling the strawberry. 
Arc, n. [Lat. arcus, bow, arch.] Part 
of the circumference of a circle or 
#< curve. Arc. 

Ar-cade', n. [L. Lat. areata, from Lat. arcus, bow, 
arch.] 1. A series of arches. ?. A walk arched above ; 
& range of shops along an arched passage. 
Ar-ed'num, n. ; pi. ar-ca'na. [Lat.] A secret. 
Arch, a. [Properly chief, eminent, viz., in art and 
roguery ; from the following.] Cunning or sly ; mis- 
chievous in sport ; roguish. 
Arch (68), a. [From Gr. prefix apxL-, from the same root 
as apxeiv, to be first, to begin.] Chief; of the first class ; 
principal ; — much used as a prefix in many compounded 
words, most of which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apos- 
% tle, arch-builder, arch-conspirator, &c. 
Arch, n. 1. A curve line or ««„,..~ ^H^l 

part of a circle. 2. Any 
work in that form, or cov- 
ered by an arch. 
Arch, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. 
p. arched (archt, 108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. ARCHING.] To 
#t form an arch. 

Ar'ehae-o-log'ie-al, a. Re- 
flating to archaeology. 
Ar'-ehae-oFo-gist, n. One 
## versed in archaeology. 
Ar'ehse-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Arch. 

apxatoAoyia, fr. apxalos, ancient, and A.6yos, discourse.] 



treatise on antiquities or 




The science of antiquities ; «■ 
ancient usages, customs, &c. 

Ar-eha'le, I a. Characterized by antiquity or obso- 

Ar-eha'i-c-al, I leteness ; ancient ; antiquated. 

Ar'eha-i§m, n. [From Gr. dpxaio?, ancient, ap\r), be- 
ginning.] 1. An ancient or obsolete word, expression, 
or idiom. 2. Antiquity of style or use. 

Areh-an'gel, n. An angel of the highest order. 

Areh'an-gel're, a. Belonging to archangels. 

Arch-bish'op, n. A chief bishop ; a metropolitan. 

Arch-bish'op-ri-e, n. The jurisdiction, place, or dio- 
cese of an archbishop. 

Arch-dea'-eon (-de / kn), n. An ecclesiastical dignitary 
.next in rank below a bishop. 

Arch-dea'-eon-ry, )n. The office and jurisdiction of 

Arch-dea/eon-ship, ] an archdeacon. 

Arch-du/eal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. 

Arch-du.ch'ess, n. A princess of the house of Austria. 

Arch-diich'y, n. The territory or jurisdiction of an 
archduke or archduchess. 

j> rch-duJke', w. A grand duke; a chief prince; now, 
strictly, a son of an Emperor of Austria. 

Arch-duke'dom, n. The jurisdiction of an archduke 
or archduchess. 

Arch'er, n. One who shoots with a bow ; a bowman. 

Arch'er-y, n. 4.rt of shooting with a bow and arrow. 

Arch'eg-court, n. An English ecclesiastical court of 
appeal. 

j Lr'ehe-typ / al, a. Constituting, or pertaining to, a model 
or pattern ; original. 

Ar'-ehe-type, n. [Gr. apxervizov, from dpxv, beginning, 
and TU7ro?, stamp, figure, pattern.] The original pattern 
or model of a work ; the model from which a thing is 
made. 

Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. 

Areh'i-di-ae'o-nal, a. Pertaining to an archdeacon. 

Ar-eh'I-e-pis'-eo-pa-cy, n. Estate of an archbishop. 

Ar-eh'i-e-pis'eo-pal, a. Belonging to an archbishop. 

Ar'ehil, n. [Fr. orcheil, roccelle, N. Lat. (lichen) roccella, 
from Fr. roc, m., roche, f., Sp. roca, It. rocca, roccia, 
rock ; because it grows on rocks.] A violet dye obtained 
.from several species of lichen. 
Ar-ehim'e-de'an, a. Per- 
taining to Archimedes. 

Archimedean screw, or Ar- 
chimedes' screw, an instru- 
ment for raising water, formed 
by winding a flexible tube 
round a cylinder in the form 
of a screw. 

Ar'ehi-pel'a-go, n. [Gr. 

prefix dpxL-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and ne\ayo<;, sea.] 
Any body of water interspersed with many isles, or a 
group of isles. 

Areh'I-teet, n. [Gr. apxt-reKTuv , from prefix <xpx t_ » 
equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and tektiov, -workman.] 1. 
One who plans and superintends the construction of a 

#- building. 2. One who contrives or builds up. 

Ar'ehl-teet'fve, a. Adapted to use in architecture. 

Ar'ehi-tee-ton'ie, ) a. [Gr. apxi-reKroviKos.] Per- 

Ar'ehi-tee-ton'ie-al, ) taining to, or skilled in, ar- 
chitecture ; evincing skill in designing or construction. 

Ar'-ehi-teet'ress, n. A female architect. 

Ar'chi-tect'ur-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, architecture. 

Ar'ehi-tect'ure, n. 1. The art or science of building ; 
especially, the art of constructing houses, bridges, and 
# other buildings. 2. Frame or structure ; workmanship. 

Ar'chi-trave, n. [From Gr. and Lat. prefix archi-, 
equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. trave, Lat. trabs, 
beam.] (Arch.) (a.) The lower division of an entabla- 
ture, or that part which rests immediately on the column. 
(b.) The ornamental molding running round the exterior 
curve of an arch, (c.) A molding above a door, or win- 
dow, and the like. 

Ar'ehive,n.; pi. archives (-klvz). [Lat. archivum, 

archium, Gr. apxeiov, government -house, from «px*?, the 

first place, government. See ARCH.] 1. Place in which 

public records are kept. 2. Public records and papers 

#- which are preserved as evidence of facts. 

Ar'ehi-vist, n. The keeper of archives. 

Ar'ehi-volt, n. [It. archivolto, from Gr. & Lat. prefix 

archi-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. volto, vault, 

arch.] (Arch.) The inner contour of an arch, or a band 

adorned with moldings running over the faces of the 

., arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. 

Arch'ly, adv. With sly humor ; shrewdly. 




a,e,&c.,Zong-; a, 6, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ARCHNESS 



37 



ARISTOCRATICAL 



Arch'ness, n. Sly humor ; shrewdness ; cunning. 

Ar'chon, n. [Gr. apx<»v, from ap^eiv, to rule.] A chief 
magistrate in ancient Athens. 

Arch'way, n. A passage under an arch. 

Are'o-graph, n. [Lat. arcus, equiv. to Eng. arc, q. v., 
and Gr. ypd^etv, to write.] An instrument for drawing 
arcs of circles without the use of a central point 

Are'tie, a. [Gr. dpnTLKos, from up/cros, a bear, and the 
constellation so called.] Pertaining to, or situated under, 
the northern constellation called the Bear ; northern ; 
lying far north. 
Arctic circle, a lesser circle 23^° from the north pole. 

Are'u-ate, } a. [Lat. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare, to 

Are'u-a/ted, j make in form of a bow, from arcus, 
bow] Bent hke a bow. 

Ar«'u-a/tion, n. A bending ; convexity ; incurvation. 

Ar'eu-ba-list, n. [Lat. arcuballista, from arcus, bow, 
and ballista, balista, a military engine for projectiles, 
from Gr. /3aAAe<.v, to throw.] A cross-bow, of different 
_ kinds, sometimes used for discharging stones or bullets. 

Ar'cu-bal'ist-er, or Ar'eu-ba-list'er, n. A cross- 

Ar'den-cy, n. Ardor ; eagerness ; zeal ; heat, [bowman. 

Ar'dent, a. [Lat. ardens, p. pr. of ardere, to burn.] 1. 
Hot or burning. 2. Having the appearance or quality 
of fire. 3. Much engaged ; passionate ; affectionate. 

Syn.— Fiery; intense ; fierce ; vehement; eager; zealous; 
keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate. 

Ar'dent-ly, adv. With ardor ; zealously ; affectionately. 

Ar'dor, n. [Lat., from ardere, to burn.] 1. Heat, in a 
literal sense. 2. Warmth, or heat of passion or affec- 

^tion; eagerness. 

Ard'u-oiis (29, 52), a. [Lat. arduus, akin to Ir. ard, 
high, height.] 1. High or lofty, in a literal sense. 2. 
Attended with great labor, hke the ascending of acclivi- 
ties ; difficult. 

Syn. — Difficult ; hard. — Arduous is stronger than hard, 
and hard stronger than difficult. 

Ard'u-ous-ness, n. Great difficulty ; laboriousness. 

Are (ar). Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb ; but 

_etymologicaUy a different word from be, am, or ivas. 

A're-a, n. ; pi. A'RE-Ag. [Lat., a broad piece of level 
ground.] 1. Any plane surface, as the floor of a room, 
of a church or other building, or of the ground. 2. 
The inclosed space or site on which a building stands ; a 
sunken space around the basement of a building. 3. 
( Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure. 

Ar'e-fae'tion, n. [Lat. arefacere, to make dry, from 
arere, to be dry, and facere, to make.] The act of dry- 
ing ; dryness. 

A-re'na, n.; pi. a-RE'nas ; Lat. pi. a-re'nas. [Lat., 
sand, a sandy place.] 1. ( Rom. Antiq.) The area in the 
central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators 
fought and other shows were exhibited ; — so called be- 
cause it was covered with sand. Hence, 2. {Fig.) Any 
place of public contest or exertion. 

Ar'e-na'ceoiis, a. [Lat. arenaceus, from arena, sand.] 
Having the properties of sand ; easily disintegrating into 
sand; friable. 

A-^re'o-ld, n. ; pi. a-re 1 o-lm. [Lat., dim. of area, q. 
v.] 1. An interstice or small space. 2. The colored 
ring around the nipple, and also around certain vesicles. 

A-re'o-lar, a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola ; filled 
with interstices or areolae. 

Areolar tissue (Anat.), a loose mixture of the white, fibrous, 
and yellow elastic tissues, as the loose texture which connects 
the skin with subjacent parts;— so called from its interspaces. 

-5/re-Sm'e-ter (110), n. [Gr. dpcuos, thin, rare, and 
fjierpov, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 

_ specific gravity of fluids. 

A're-om'e-try, n. Act of measuring the specific gravity 

w of fluids. 

Ar'e-op'a-glte, n. A member of the Areopagus. 

Ar'e-op'a-gus, n. [Gr. Apeion-ayos, hill of Ares; irayos, 
rocky hill.] A sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for 
the justice and impartiality of its decisions ; — so called 
from having been originally held on a hill named in honor 
.of Ares, or Mars. 

Ar'gal, n. [See Argol.] Unrefined or crude tartar. 

Ar'gand Lamp. A lamp invented by Aime Argand, 
in which a hollow wick is surrounded by a glass chimney, 
thus producing a strong and clear fight. 

Argand burner, a gas burner in the form of a ring or hollow 
cylinder, admitting a current of air through the center to fa- 
cilitate combustion. 



Ar'gent, a. [Lat. argenturn, silver, fr. Gr. dpyds, white.? 

. Silvery ; bright like silver. 

Ar'gent, n. The white color on a coat of arms, designed 

to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity. 
Ar-^ent'al, ) a. Pertaining to, consisting of, resem- 
Ar-gent'ie, j bling, or containing, silver. 
Ar'gen-tif'er-ous, a. Containing silver. 
Ar 'gen-tine, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver or 

sounding like it ; silvery. 

^f^i" 1 .?.'."- [From Lat - argenturn, silver.] 1. 

(Mm.) A sihcious variety of carbonate of lime, having a 
^silvery-white luster. 2. White metal coated with silver. 
Ar'gil, n. [Gr. apyOAos or ap-yrAos, from dpyr??, dpyiArjs, 

white.] {-Mm.) Clay or potter's earth; sometimes pure 
_ clay, or alumina. See CLAY. 

Ar'gil-la'ceous, a. Partaking of the properties of clay. 
Ar'gil-Hf' er-oiis, a. [Lat. argilla, white clay, and 

ferre, to bear.] Producing clay. 
Ar-|jil'lous, a. Clayey. 
Ar'give (ar'jlv), a. Pertaining to Argos, the capital of 

Argolis in Greece, or to its inhabitants. 

8®- The Argive tribe, during the Trojan war, was the mart 
powerful of any in Greece; and hence Argive is often used as 
a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. 

Ar'gol, n. [Cf. Argil.] Crude tartar. 

Ar'go-naut, n. [Gr. Apyoi/avrr?;, from 'Apyci and 
vauTTj?., sailor, from vav?, ship.] 1. One of the persons 
who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of 
the golden fleece. 2. ( Zool. ) The nautilus. 

Ar'go-nant'i-e, a. Pertaining to the Argonauts, or to 
_ their voyage to Colchis. 

Ar'go-sy, n. [So called from Argo. See Argonaut.] A 

-g large ship, either for merchandise or war. 

Ar'gixe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ARGUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ARGUING.] [Lat. arguere.] 1. To use arguments ; to 

_ reason. 2. To contend in argument ; to dispute. 

Ar'gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss. 2. To prove or 
evince. 3. To persuade by reasons. 

Syn. — To discuss ; debate ; dispute ; prove. — To discuss, 
debate, or dispute, is the act of parties interchanging arguments 
between themselves. To prove is the strongest term, imply- 
ing decisive evidence ; to evince is next in strength, implying 
evidence sufficient to remove doubt; to argue is the weakest. 

Ar'gu-er, n. A disputer ; reasoner. 

Ar'gu-ment, n. [Lat. argumentum.] 1. A proof or 
means of proving ; a reason offered in proof, to induce 
belief, or convince the mind. 2. A process of reasoning 
or a controversy made up of such proofs. 3. The sub- 
ject-matter, or an abstract of the subject-matter, of a 
discourse, writing, picture, or the like. 

Ar'gn-men-ta'tion, n. Process or act of reasoning. 

Ar'gu-men'ta-tive, a. 1. Containing argument. 2. 
Addicted to argument. 

JC'ri-d, n. [It. from Lat. a'cr, the air.] {Mus.) An air or 

_song ; a tune. 

A'ri-an, a. Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church 

_of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to his doctrines. 

A'ri-an, n. One who adheres to the doctrines of Arius, 

_ who held Christ to be only a superangelic being. 

A'ri-an-i§m, n. The doctrine of the Arians. 

Ar'id, a. [Lat. aridus, from arere, to be dry.] Dry; 
parched up with heat. 

S "*r% 1 " t ^' | n. Absence of moisture ; dryness. 

x%.r ici-ness, ) 

jLr'x-et'ta,, \ n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria, q. v.] {Mus.) 

Ar'i-gtte', j A little aria, or air. 

A-right' (a-rit 7 ), adv. In due order; rightly; duly; 
without mistake. 

Ar'i-ose', a. [It. arioso, from aria, q. v.] Characterized 
by melody, as distinguished from harmony. 

A-ri§e', v. i. [imp. arose ; p. pr. & vb. n. arising ; 
p.p. arisen.] [A.-S. arisan. See Rise.] 1. To come 
or get up from a lower to a higher position ; to mount ; 
to ascend ; to rise. 2. To come into action, being, or 
notice. 3. To proceed ; to issue ; to spring. 

Ar'is-to-e'ra-cy, »• [Gr. apio-roKparia, from apicrro?, 
best, and Kparelv, to rule.] 1. A form of government, 
in which the supreme power is vested in the principal 
persons of a state, or in a privileged order. 2. The no- 
bility or chief persons in a state. 

A-ris'to-erat, or Ar'is-to-erat, n. 1. One who 
favors an aristocracy in principle or practice. 2. A 
proud or haughty person. 

Ar/is-to-erat'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, consisting in, 

Arls-to-erat'ie-al, ) or partaking of, aristocracy. 



food, ftfbt : ton, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tins. 



ARISTOTELIAN 



38 



ARRANGE 



Ar'is-to-te'li-an, a. Pertaining to Aristotle, a cele- 1 and potens, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Pow- 
^brated Greek philosopher. | ..erful in arms ; mighty in battle. 

AiVis-to-te'li-an, n. A follower of Aristotle, who ; Ar'mis-tice, n. [.Lat. arma, arms, and stare, statum, to 



founded the sect of Peripatetics. See Peripatetic 

Ar'ith-man/cy, or A-rith'man-cy, n. [Gr. dpi0p.6s, 
number, and ixavreia, divination.] The foretelling of 
future events, by the use or observation of numbers. 

A-rith'me-tie , n. The science of numbers ; the art of 
computation by figures. 

Ar'ith-met'ie-al, a. According to arithmetic, [metic. 

A-rith'me-ti'cian (-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in arith- 

Ark, n. [Lat. area, from arcere, to inclose, A.-S. ark, eark, 
erk, Goth, arka.] 1. A small, close chest, such as that 
which contained the tables of the covenant among the 
Jews. 2. The vessel in which Noah and his family were 
preserved during the deluge. 3. A large boat used on 
American rivers to transport produce to market. 

Arleg, n. pi. [A.-N. earles, yearles, Scotch airles.] Money 
paid to bind a bargain ; an earnest. 

Arm, n. [A.-S. arm, earm, Lat. armus, Gr. app:6s, shoul- 
der, from the root ap, to join, to fit together. Cf. Slav. 
ramo, shoulder, Lat. ramus, branch.] 1. The limb of 



stand still.] A temporary cessation of arms ; a truce. 

Arm'let, n. 1. A small arm, as of the sea. 2. A kind 
.of bracelet. 

Arm'or, n. [0. Eng. armure, from Lat. armatura.] 1. 
Defensive arms for the body ; any clothing or covering 
worn to protect one's person in battle. 2. The steel or 

..iron covering of ships of war. 

Arm'or-bear'er, n. One who carries the armor or 
arms of another ; an esquire. 

Ar'mor-er, n. 1. A maker of armor or arms. 2. One 
who has care of the arms of another, and who dresses 
him in armor. 

Ar-mo'ri-al, a. Belonging to armor, or to the escutch- 
eon of a family. 

Ar'mo-ry, n. 1. A place where arms and instruments 
of war are deposited for safe-keeping. 2. Armor; de- 
fensive and offensive arms. 3. That branch of heraldry 
which treats of coat-armor. 4. A place or building in 

..which arms are manufactured. [American.] 

Arm 'pit, n. The hollow under the shoulder. 




the human body which extends frorn the shoulder tojthe , Armg, n. pi. [Lat. arma. See Arm.] 1. Instruments 

or weapons of offense or defense ; instruments for fight- 
ing, whether offensive or defensive. 2. The deeds or ex- 
ploits of war. 3. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family. 

Syn. — Originally aims were for attack, weapons for defense. 
— Hence we say fire-arms, not fire-weapons, because fire is not 
used for defense. At present the word weapon is applied to in- 
struments of attack as well as defense. 

Arm/strong Gun. (Mil.) A breech -loading, wrought- 

..iron, rifled cannon, named from its inventor. 

Ar'my, n. [From Lat. armatus, f. armata, p. p. of ar- 
mare, to arm.] 1. A collection or body of men armed 
for war, and organized in companies, battalions, regi- 
ments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 
.2. A great number ; a host. 

Ir'my-worm (-wurm), n. A voracious caterpillar (the 

..larva of a moth) appearing in large hosts. 

Ar'ni-ea, n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) 
A plant used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. 

Ar-not'to, n. See Annotto. 

A_^t'o'ind,n. [Gr.] The fragrant quality in plants. 

Ar'o-mat'k, 1 a. Pertaining to, or containing, aro- 

Ar'o-mat'ie-al, ) ma ; fragrant ; spicy. 

Ar'o-mat'k, n. A plant, drug, or medicine, having a 
fragrant smell, and usually a warm, pungent taste. 

A-ro'ma-tlze, or Ar'o-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

AROMATIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AROMATIZING.] To 

impregnate with aroma. 
A-ro'ma-tous, a. Containing aroma. 
A-ro§e'. The past or preterit tense of the verb arise, q. v. 
A-round', prep. [Prefix a and round, q. v.] X. On all 

sides of; about. 2. From one part to another of. 
A-round', adv. 1. In a circle; on every side. 2. At 

random ; here and there. See Round. 
A-rouge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. aroused ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. AROUSING.] [Prefix a and rouse, a secondary form of 

raise.] To awaken suddenly. 
Syn. — To excite ; animate; rouse. 

A-roynt', adv. [Cf. A.-S. ryman,^. rymde, to make room 
J _or way.] Begone; away. [Obs.] 
Jtr-peg'gio (ar-ped'jo), n. [It. from arpa, harp.] (Mus.) 
The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succes- 
sion, and not simultaneously. 

Ar'que-lbuse (ar/kwe-bus), n. [From D. haak-bus, Ger. 
hakenbuchse , a gun with a hook, the hook being the forked 
rest on which it is supported.] A sort of hand-gun, sup- 
sported upon a forked rest when in use. [buse. 
Ar'que-hus-ier', n. A soldier armed with an arque- 
Ar-rack', n. [Ar. araq, from araqa, to sweat.] A kind 
of spirit obtained in the East Indies from rice or the 
cocoa-nut-tree, &c\ 
Ar-raign' (ar-ran'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ARRAIGNED; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ARRAIGNED.] [From Lat. ad and ratio, 
reason, reasoning, L. Lat. cause, judgment.] 1. (Law.) 
To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court, to an- 
swer to the matter charged in an indictment or com- 
plaint. 2. To call in question, or accuse, before the bar 
of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. 
Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure. 
Ar-raign'ment (-ran'-), n. The act of arraigning. 
Ar-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arranged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ARRANGING.] [Fr. arranger, from ad and ranger, 
from rang, Eng. rank, from 0. H. Ger. hring, ring, cir- 



hand. 2. Any thing resembling an arm ; as, (a.) The 
branch of a tree, (b.) A slender part of an instrument j 
or machine, projecting from a trunk, or axis, or fulcrum. 
(c.) (Naut.) The end of a yard; also, the part of an ( 
anchor which ends in the fluke, (d.) An inlet of water J 
from the sea. 3. (Fig.) Power; might. 4. (Mil.) (a.)' 
A branch of the military service, (b.) An instrument , 
.of warfare ; — commonly in the pi. See Arms. 

Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. armed ; p. pr & vb. n. arm- 
ing.] 1. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense 
or defense. 2. To cover or furnish with whatever will j 
add strength, force, security, or efficiency ; — hence, 
specifically , to fit with an armature, as a loadstone. 3. 

..(i*7g\) To furnish with means of defense. 

Arm, v. i. To be provided with arms, weapons, or means 
of attack or resistance ; to take arms. 

Ar-ma'da, n. [Sp., from Lat. armatus, p. p. of armare, 
to arm.] A fleet of armed ships ; specifically, the Span- 
ish fleet intended to act against England, A. D. 1588. 

Ar'ma^dillo, n.; pi. AR-MA- 
DII/LOS.. [Sp. dim. of arma- 
do, armed.] (Zool.) An an- 
imal peculiar to South Amer- 
ica, and having the body en- 
cased in an armor composed of 
.small bony plates. 

Ar'ma-ment, n. [Lat. arma- Armadillo. 

■menta.] 1. A body of land or naval forces equipped 
for war. 2. ( Mil. ) AU arrangements made for the de- 
fense of a fortification with musketry and artillery. 3. 
( Naut. ) The guns and other munitions of war with which 
.a ship is armed. 

Ar'ma-ture (53), n. [Lat. armatura, from armare, to 
arm.] 1. Armor. 2. (Magnetism.) A piece of iron 
used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro- 
magnet, in order to complete the circuit, and receive the 

..magnetic^ force. [elbows. 

Arm'-chair, n. A chair with arms to support the 

Arm'ful, n. ; pi. arm^uls.. As much as the arms can 

..hold. 

Arm'hole, n. 1. The cavity under the shoulder ; arm- 

..pit. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment. 

Ar'mil-la-ry, a. [L. Lat. armilla- 
rius, from Lat. armilla, bracelet, 
from armus, arm.] Pertaining to, 
or resembling, a bracelet or ring ; 
consisting of rings or circles. 

^Armillary sphere, an instrument con- 
sisting of several brass rings, all circles 
of the same sphere, designed to repre- 
sent the position which belongs to the 
important circles of the celestial sphere. 

Ar'mil-late, ) a. [Lat. armilla- 

Ar'mil-la'ted, ) tus, p. p. of 
ar miliar e, from armilla, bracelet. 

..Furnished with bracelets. 

Ar-min'i-an, n. A follower of Ar- 

minius, who denied predestination and the kindred doc- 

..trines. 

Ar-mln'ian (-yan), a. Pertaining to Arminius, or desig- 
nating his principles. 

Ar-min'i-an-i§m, n. The tenets of the Arminians. 

Ar-mlp'o-tent, a. [Lat. armipotens, from arma, arms, 




Axmillary sphere. 



%,e,&,c.,long; a,e, he, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere,veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ARRANGEMENT 



ARTFUL 



cle, circular row.] 1. To put, place, or dispose, in proper 
order. 2. To adjust or settle. 

Ar-range'ment, n. 1. Act of arranging or putting in 
proper order; the state of being arranged. 2. Result of 
arranging; regular and systematic classification. 3. 
Preparatory measure ; preparation. 4. Settlement ; 
adjustment by agreement. 5. (Mus.) (a.) The adapta- 
tion of a composition to voices or instruments for which 
it was not originally written. (6.) A piece so adapted. 

Ar'rant, a. [From Eng. errant, wandering, which was 
first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant 
thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and 
w worse sense.] Very bad ; notorious. 

Ar'ras, n. Tapestry ; hangings of tapestry, made first 
at Arras in the French Netherlands. 

Ar-ray', n. [0. Fr., arraij from ad and 0. Fr. rai, order, 
arrangement, from Goth, raidjan, to arrange, prepare.] 
1. Order ; disposition in regular lines ; hence, a posture 
for fighting. 2. An orderly collection. 3. Dress; rai- 
ment. 4. (Law.) (a.) A ranking or setting forth in 
order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a 
cause, (b.) The panel itself, (c.) The whole body of 
jurors summoned to attend the court. 

Ar-ray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ARRAYING-.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops 
for battle. 2. To deck or dress ; to adorn with dress. 
3. (Law.) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a 
cause ; that is, to call them man by man. 
Syn. — To dispose ; draw out; arrange; envelop. 

Ar-rear', n. sing. ) That which is behind in payment, or 

Ar-rear§', n. pi. J remains unpaid, though due. 

Ar-rear'age, n. The part of a debt unpaid. 

Ar-reet', ) a. [Lat. arrectus, p.p. of arrigere, to raise, 

Ar-rect'ed, ) erect.] Lifted up ; raised ; erect. 

Ar-rest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arrested; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ARRESTING.] [From Lat. ad and restare, to remain. 
See Rest.] 1. To check or hinder the motion or action 
of. 2. (Law.) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority 
of law. 3. To seize on and fix ; to engage. 

Syn.— To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; 
apprehend; seize; lay hold of. — To arrest, like seize, denotes 
a forcible and usually a sudden act, by which we check, stop, 
or detain. When we arrest a criminal, we seize and detain 
him; when we apprehend, we lay hold of, for the same pur- 
pose. 

Ar-rest', n. 1. Hindrance, or restraint. [Obs.] 2. 
(Law.) The taking or apprehending of a person by 
authority of law. 3. Any seizure, or taking by power, 
physical or moral. 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back 
part of the hind leg of a horse. 

Ar'res-ta'tion, n. Act of arresting ; arrest or seizure. 

A.r-ret' (ar-ref or ar-ra/), n. [See Arrest.] (Fr. Law.) 
(a.) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or of par- 
liament, (b.) An edict of a sovereign prince, (c.) An 
arrest or seizure of persons, or a seizure of goods. 

Ar-riere'-ban, n. [Fr. , from 0. H. Ger. hariban, heriban, 
the calling together of an army, from heri, an army, and 
ban, a public call or order. The French have misunder- 
stood their old word, and have corrupted it into arriere- 
ban.] 1. A proclamation of the French kings, calling 
not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of 
these feudatories, to take the field for war. 2. The as- 
sembly of such vassals . 

Ar'ris, n. [Lat. arista, beard of an ear of grain, bone of 
a fish.] (Arch.) The edge formed by two surfaces meet- 
ing each other, whether plane or curved. 

Ar-ri'val, n. [From arrive, q. v.] 1. Act of arriving ; 
act of reaching a place, from a distance, whether by 
water (as in its original sense) or by land. 2. Attain- 
ment or gaining of any object, by effort, agreement, prac- 
tice, or study. 3. The person or thing arriving. 

Ar-rlve', v. i. [imp. & p. p. arrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ARRIVING.] [Low Lat. arrivare, arripare, adripare, to 
come to shore, from Lat. ad and ripa, the shore or slop- 
ing bank of a river.] 1. Lit., to come to the shore, or 
bank; but, in present usage, to come in progress by 
water, or by traveling on land. 2. To gain or compass 
an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, 
or experiment. 

Ar'ro-gance, n. [Lat. arrogantia, from an-ogans, p. pr. 
of arrogare, to claim as one's own, from ad and rogare, 
to ask, request.] Undue assumption of importance. 

Syn. — Haughtiness; lordliness. —Arrogance disgusts by its 
assumption, haughtiness and lordliness by their contemptuous 
claims to superiority. 

Ar'ro-gant, a. 1. Assuming undue importance. 2. 
Containing, or characterized by, such assumption. 



Syn.— Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing} 
presumptuous; haughty. 

Ar'ro-gant-ly, adv. Haughtily ; very proudly. 

Ar'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. arrogated ; p.pr. & vb. 

w n. ARROGATING.] To claim unduly; to assume. 

Ar'ro-ga/tion, n. The act of arrogating. 

Ar'ro-ga'tive, a. Making undue pretension ; arrogant. 

Ar'row,«, [0. Eng. arwe, A.-S. arewe, are wa, of Celt, ori- 
gin, fr. Welsh aro, arf, weapon, Arm. & Gael, arm, equiv. 
to Lat. arma.] A pointed weapon to be shot from a bow. 

Ar'row-head'ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow. 
Arrow-headed characters, characters the elements of which 
consist of strokes resembling arrow-heads, nail-heads, or wedges ; 
— hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or 
cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the 
country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in 
Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nine- 
veh, and Babylon. 

Ar'row-robt, n. A tropical plant, and the starch which' 
it yields, being highly nutritious ; so called because the 
Indians are said to use the roots to extract the poison of 

__ arrows. 

Ar'row-y, a. 1. Consisting of arrows. 2. Formed like, 

..or in any respect resembling, an arrow. 

Ar'se-nal, n. [Ar. darcinah, house of industry or fabri- 
cation, from dar, house, and ginaat,gindah,a,rt, industry.] 
A public establishment for the storage, or for the man- 
ufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, 
whether for land or naval service. 

Ar'se-ni-e (123), n. [Gr. dpo-evatov, appevLtcov, from 
df'pej/t/cds, masculine, app-qv, male, on account of its 
strength.] 1. (Min.) A metal of a steel gray color, and 
brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. 2. 
(Com.) Arsenious acid; — a virulent poison, called also 
oxide of arsenic, white arsenic, and ratsbane. 

Ar-sen'i-e, ) a. Belonging to, composed of, or contain- 

Ar-sen'i-e-al, ) ing, arsenic. 

Ar-se'ni-oiis, a. Composed of or containing arsenic. 

JLr'sis, n. [Gr. apcris, from a'ipeiv, to raise. Its ordinary 
use is the result of an early misapprehension ; orig. and 
prop, it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, 
and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] (Pros.) 
That part of a foot which is distinguished from the 

..rest of the foot by a greater stress of voice. 

Ar'son, n. [From Lat. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law.) 

..Malicious and voluntary burning of buildings and ships. 

Art. Second person, indie, mode, pres. tense, of the sub- 
stantive verb to be ; but from were, Sw. vara, Dan. vsere. 

Art, n. [Lat. ars, artis, from Gr. apeiv, to join, to fit to- 
gether.] 1. Employment of means to accomplish some 
desired end ; application of knowledge or power to prac- 
tical purposes. 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate 
the performance of certain actions ; — opposed to science. 
3. Power of performing certain actions, acquired by ex- 
perience, study, or observation. 4. Cunning; artifice. 

133?" Arts are divided into useful, mechanic, or industrial, and 
liberal, polite, or fine. The mechanic arts are those in which 
the hands and body are more concerned than the mind, as in 
making clothes and utensils. The liberal or polite arts are 
those in which the mind or imagination is chiefly concerned, 
as poetry, music, and painting. Formerlv the term liberal arts 
was used to denote the sciences and philosophy ; hence, de- 
grees in the arts. 

Syn. — Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dex- 
terity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; 
calling; cunning; artifice; deceit; duplicity. 

Ar-te'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to an artery, or the artoir 

,.ies. 2. Contained in an artery. 

Ar-te'ri-al-i-za'tion, n. The process of arterializing. 

Ar-te'ri-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. arterialized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ARTERIALIZING.] To communicate the 
qualities of arterial blood to. 

Ar-te'ri-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. dprqpioTO/xia, from dpTnpla. 
and TOfxri, a cutting.] (Anat.) (a.) The opening of an 
artery by a lancet, or other instrument, for the purpose 
of letting blood, (b.) That part of anatomy which treats 
of the dissection of the arteries. 

Ar'ter-y, n. [Gr. dprrfpia, from cupeiv, to raise, to lift. 
Cf. Aorta.] 1. One of the vessels which convey the 
blood from the heart to all parts of the body. 2. 
Hence, any continuous or ramified channel of communi- 
cation. 

Ar-te'§ian, a. Pertaining to Artois (anciently called 
Artesium), in France. 

Artesian welte, wells made by boring into the earth till the 
instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows 
spontaneously like a fountain. 

Art'ful, a. 1. Made, performed with, or characterized 



food, fo'bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho , gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



ARTFULLY 



40 



ASCIANS 



by, art or skill. 2. Using or exhibiting art or skill. 3. 

Practicing art or stratagem. [The most usual sense.] 
Syn. — Cunning; crafty; dexterous. 
Art'ful-ly, adv. With art ; cunni n gly ; dexterously. 
Art'fixl-ness, n. Art ; cunning ; dexterity . 
Ar-thrit'le, ) a. Pertaining to the joints ; affecting 
Ar-thrlt'i-e-al, } the joints. 
JLr-tJiri'tis, n. [Gr. dpfyHTts, from apOpov, a joint.] 

(Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, esp. the gout. 
Ar'ti-choke, n. [Ar. ardi schaukl, i. e., earth -thorn.] 

(Bot.) Aa esculent plant somewhat resembling a thistle. 

Jerusalem artichoke, a species of sunflower, bearing a tuber 
like that of the potato. The term Jerusalem is a corruption of 
the It. girasole, sunflower. 

.Ar'ti-ele (ar'ti-kl), n. [Lat. articulus, dim. of artus, a 
joint.] 1. A distinct portion of any writing, consisting 
of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics ; 
hence, a clause in a contract, account, treaty, or the like ; 
a concise statement. 2. A distinct part. 3. A partic- 
ular commodity or substance. 4. ( Gram ) One of the 
three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or 
define their application. 

Ar'ti-«le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. articled; p.pr. & vb. 
n. ARTICLING.] 1. To set forth in distinct articles or 
particulars, 2. To accuse by an exhibition of articles. 
.3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation. 

Ar'ti-ele, v.i. To agree by articles ; to stipulate. 

Ar-ti-e'u-lar, a. Of or belonging to joints. 

Ar-ti-e'u-late, a. 1. ( Nat. Hist.) Formed with joints. 
2. Distinctly uttered ; clear ; especially, formed, charac- 
terized, or modified, by a jointing or articulation of the 

-t organs of speech, with proper inflection and accent. 

Ar-ti-e'u-late, n. (Zo'61.) An animal of the second sub- 
kingdom, whicb includes invertebrates, having the body 
and members jointed. 

Ar-tte'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. articulated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ARTICULATING.] 1. To joint; to unite by 
means of a joint. 2. To form into elementary sounds ; 

..to form into distinct syllables or words. 

Ar-tl-e'u-late, v.i. [Lat. articular e, articulatum, from 
artus, a joint.] To utter articulate sounds ; to utter the 
elementary sounds of a language ; to enunciate. 

Ar-ti-e'u.-late-ly, adv. Distinctly ; clearly. 

Ar-tle'n-la'tion, n. 1. (Anat.) Junction of the bones 
of a skeleton. 2. (Bot.) (a.) Connection of the parts 
of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b. ) One of the joints, as 
in cane and maize, (c.) One of the parts intercepted be- 
tween the joints. 3. Utterance of the elementary sounds 
of a language by means of closing and opening the or- 
gans. 4. A consonant ; a letter representing a sound 
requiring a jointing or closing of the organs for its utter- 
ance. 

Ar'ti-fice, n. [Lat. artificium, from artifex, artificer, 
from ars, artis, art, and _/acere, to make.] Artful or skill- 
ful contrivance ; device. 

Syn.— Stratagem; finesse; deception; cheat; fraud. 

Ar-tif 'i-cer, n. 1. A skillful workman in some art. 2. 

..One who constructs and contrives. 

Ar'ti-fl'cial (-flsh / al), a. 1. Made or contrived by 
art; factitious. 2. Hence, feigned ; fictitious. 3. Cul- 

^tivated; not indigenous. 

.Xr'ti-f i'cial-ly, adv. By art ; not naturally. 

Ar'ti-fi'cial-ness, ) n. The quality of being artificial 

Ar'ti-f I'ci-al'i-ty, j or factitious. 

Ar-til'ler-Ist, n. One skilled in gunnery. 

Ar-til'ler-y , n. [Low Lat. artillaria, artilleria, from Lat. 
ars, artis, art.] 1. Offensive weapons of war. 2. Can- 
non ; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, 
howitzers, &c, with their furniture of carriages, balls, 
bombs, and shot of ah kinds, and also rockets and 
grenades. 3. The men who manage cannon and mor- 

..tars. 4. The science of artillery and gunnery. 

Art'i-§an, n. A person skilled in any mechanical art ; a 
handicraftsman . 

Art'ist, n. One who professes and practices one of the 
liberal arts, in which science and taste preside over the 
manual execution. 

Artiste (ar-teest'), n. [Pr.] One who is peculiarly dex- 
terous and tasteful in almost any art, as an opera dancer, 

..and even a hair-dresser or a cook. 

Ar-tist'i-e , ) a. Pertaining to , or characterized by , art ; 

Ar-tist'i-e-al, J made in the manner of an artist. 

Artless, a. 1. Free from art, craft, or stratagem; in- 
genuous. 2. Contrived without skill or art ; inartificial. 

Artless-ly, adv. Without art ; naturally. 



Art'less-ness, n. The quality of being artless. 

Art'-CLn/ion, n. An association for encouraging artists 
by the purchase of their works, which are usually dis- 
tributed by lot to the members. 

A-run'di-na'ceoiis, a. [Lat. arundinaceus , from arun- 

^do, reed.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a reed or cane. 

Ar'un-din'e-ous, a. Abounding in reeds. 

A-riis'pice, ft. [Lat amspex, prob. from harvga, harviga, 
harvix or arvix, a ram for offering, and spicere, specere, 
to look.] A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business it 
was to inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, 
and by them to foretell future events or interpret the will 

_of the gods. [Written also haruspice.] 

A-riis'pi-cy, »•• Prognostication or divination by inspec- 

_ tion of the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. 

A§ (az), adv. [A.-S. ase, 0. Eng. als, 0. H. Ger. alsd, from 
al, all, and s3, so.] 1. Like; similar to; of the same 
kind with ; in the manner in which. 2. While ; during, 
or at the same time that. 3. In the idea, character, 
nature, or condition of, — the adverb limiting the view 
to certain attributes or relations, often to the relation of 
identity, in which case it is nearly equivalent to the cop- 
ula to be. 4. For instance ; by way of example ; thus ; 
— used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or 
citations. 

As if, or as though, of the same kind, or in the same manner, 
that it would be if. —As for, or as to, in regard to, with respect 
to. — As it were, a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to 
relieve some expression which might he regarded as inappro- 
priate or incongruous, — .4s well, also; too; besides; — a phrase 
which has of late years come much into use. — As yet, until 
now ; up to the present time. 

As'a-fet'i-da, ) ft. [N. Lat. asa, of oriental origin (Cf. 

As'a-foet'i-da, ) Per. aza, mastic, Ar. asa, healing, isa, 
remedy) and La,t.fcetidus, fetid.] A fetid inspissated sap 
from the East Indies, much used in medicine. 

As-bes'ti-f 6rm, a. Having the structure of asbestus. 

As-bes'tine , a. Pertaining to asbestus. 

As-bes'tus, 1 n. [Lat. asbestus, Gr. ao-fieo-ros, from a 

As-bes'tos, | priv. and crfievvvvai, to extinguish.] 
(Min.) A fibrous variety of hornblende and pyroxene. 
The finer kinds are sometimes wrought into cloth, which 
is incombustible. 

As-cend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ascended ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. ASCENDING.] [Lat. ascendere, from ad and scandere, 
to climb, mount.] 1. To move upward ; to mount; to 
go up ; to rise. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense. 

As-cend/, v. t. To go or move upward upon; to climb. 

As-cend'a-ble, a. Capable of being ascended. 

As-cend'ant, a. 1. Above the horizon. 2. Superior ; 
predominant ; surpassing. 

As-cend'ant, n. 1. Superior or commanding influence. 
2. An ancestor. 3. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that de- 
gree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the 
time of one's birth ; supposed to have a commanding in- 
fluence on a person's life and fortune. Hence the phrases 
to be in the ascendant, and lord of the ascendant. 

As-cend'en-cy, n. Superior or controlling influence. 
Syn.— Authority; sway; control. 

As-cen'sion, n. The act of ascending or rising ; spe- 
cifically, the visible elevation of our Savior to heaven. 

Eight ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, 
counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, 
or other celestial body, in a right sphere ; or the arc of the equa- 
tor intercepted betwe'en the first point of Aries and that point 
of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star. 



As-cen'sion-al, a. Relating to ascension ; ascensive. 

As-cen'sion-day, n. The day on which our Savior's 
ascension is commemorated. 

As-cent', n. 1. The act of rising ; a mounting upward. 
2. The way by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, 
hill, or high place. 4. The angle which an object makes 
with a horizontal line ; inclination. 

As'cer-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ascertained ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ascertaining.] [Lat. ad and cerium, 
sure. See Certain.] 1. To make certain ; to establish 
with certainty or precision. 2. To find out or learn for 

^a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment. 

As'cer-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being ascertained. 

As'cer-tain'ment, n. A making or gaining certainty. 

As-cet'i-e, n. One who practices undue rigor or self-denial 
in religious things. 

As-cet'i-e, a. [Gr. cio-ktjtiko?, from do-»cetv, to exercise.] 
Unduly rigid or self-denying in religious things. 

As-cet'i-cis_m, n. The practice of ascetics. 

As' ci-Z (ash/M), )n. pi. [Lat. ascii, pi. of ascius, 

As'ciang (ash/yanz), j Gr. acrxio?, without shadow, 



L,e,&c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dft, wolf, 



ASCITIC 



41 



ASSAULT 



from a priv. and cr/aa, shadow.] ( Geog.) Inhabitants of 
the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun, 
and hence no shadow at noon. 

As-Cit'ie, ) a- [Gr. do-KiTTj? (sc. vocro?, disease), from 

As-cit'le-al } aaxos, belly.] Tending to dropsy of the 
abdomen. 

As-erlfo'a-ble, a. Capable of being ascribed. 

As-erlbe', v. t. [imp. & p.p. ascribed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ASCRIBING.] [Lat. ascribere, to ascribe, from ad and 
scribere, to write.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality ; 
to impute ; to assign. [thing ascribed. 

As-crip'tion, n. 1. The act of ascribing. 2. The 

Ash,ra. [A.-S. sesc.] 1. A genus of forest trees. 2. The 
wood of the ash-tree. 

A-sh.am.ed', a. [A p. of the obs. v. ashame.] Affected 
by shame ; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction 
or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety . 

Ash'en, a. 1. Made or formed of ash-wood. 2. Of the 
color of ashes ; ashy. 

Ash'er-y, n. 1. A place for putting ashes. 2. A place 
where potash is made. [Amer.] 

Ash'eg, n. pi. [A.-S. asca, Goth, azgo.] 1. The earthy 
or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining 
after combustion, as of wood or coal ; — among chemists, 
and in composition, used in the singular, as, bone-ask, 
pearlash. 2. The remains of what is burnt ; the remains 
of a dead body. 

Ash/lar, ) n. 1. Free -stones as they come from the quar- 

Ash'ler, ) ry. 2. Hewn stones for the facing of walls. 

Ash'ler-ing, n. 1. The setting of ashlar facing. 
2. Partition timbers in garrets reaching from floor to 
rafters. 

A-shore', adv. On or to shore ; on the land. 

Ash-Wedneg'day (-wenz/dy), n. The first day of Lent, 
so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church 
of sprinkling ashes, that day, on the heads of penitents, 
then admitted to penance. 

Ash'y, a. Ash -colored ; like ashes. 

A-side', adv. On, or to, one side ; out of the way ; apart. 

As'i-nine, a. [Lat. asininus, from asinus, ass.] Belong- 
ing to, or having the qualities of, an ass, as stupidity and 

. obstinacy. 

Ask: (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. asked (askt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASKING..] [0. Bng. asche, axe, A.-S. ascian,acsi- 
an; Skr. ish, to desire.] To request ; to seek to obtain 

. by words ; to petition. 

Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition. 2. To inquire, or 
seek by request. 

Syn.— To request; solicit; petition; beg; entreat; claim; 
demand; require; interrogate. 

As-kance', ) adv. [D. schuin, schuins, sidewise, from 

As-kant', ) schuiven, to shove, schuinte, slope.] Ob- 
. liquely ; sideways ; toward one corner of the eye. 

Ask'er, n. 1. An inquirer. 2. Water-newt ; eft. 

A-skew' (a-skii'), adv. [Prefix a and stew.] Sideways; 
askant ; with a wry or a contemptuous look. 

A-slant', adv. In a slanting manner ; obliquely. 

A-sleep', adv. 1. In a state of sleep ; at rest. Hence, 
2. In the sleep of the grave ; dead. 

A-slope', adv. With a slope or descent. 

A-so'ma-toiis, a. [Gr. do-co/aa-ros, from a priv. and 

cwjua, body.] Without a material body ; 
. incorporeal. 

Asp, n. [Catal. aspit, Sp. & Pg. aspid, 
It. aspide, Lat. aspis, Gr. dcr7ri5.] A 
small, hooded, and poisonous serpent 
of Egypt and Libya, whose bite is fatal. 

As-par'a-gus, n. [Gr. a<nrdpayo<;, 
from a (equiv. to av for avd, up), and 
anapyav, to swell with sap.] A culi- 
nary plant cultivated in gardens. 

As'peet, n. [Lat. aspectus, from as- 
picere, aspectum, to look at, from ad 
and spicere, specere, to look ] 1. Act of seeing ; vision. 
[Rare.] 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face ; 
countenance : mien ; air. 3. Appearance to the eye or 
the mind. 4. Position or situation with regard to see- 
ing; in a more general sense, position in relation to the 
points of the compass. 5. (Astrol.) The situation of 
one planet or star with respect to another. 

As'pen, n. [A.-S. xspe, xsp, 0. H. Ger. aspa.] (Bot.) 
One of several species of poplar bearing this name, espe- 
cially a species with trembling leaves. 

As'pen, a. Pertaining to the aspen. 

As-p6r'i-ty, n. [Lat. asperitas, from asper, rough.] 1. 




Asp. 



Roughness of surface, taste, or sound. 2. Harshnasa 
of spirit and language. 

Syn. — Acrimony ; bitterness ; roughness ; sourness; tart- 
ness; crabbedness; moroseness. 



priv. and 



A-sper'mous, a. [Gr. dcm-ep^os, from 

o-Trepjua, seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds. 
As-perse' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. aspersed ; p.pr. 

& vb. n. ASPERSING.] [Lat. aspergere, aspersum, from 

ad and sparger e, to strow, scatter.] To bespatter with 

foul reports or false and injurious charges. 

Syn. — To calumniate; slander; defame. — To slander and 

calumniate ave to charge with a crime falsely and knowingly; 

to asperse is to cast blots upon the character of some one; to 

defame is to assail reputation by falsehood. 

As-per'sion (as-pSr/shun), n. 1. A sprinkling, as of 
water or dust, in a literal sense. 2. The spreading of 
calumnious reports or charges ; calumny ; censure. 

As-phalt', )n. [Gr. acr</)aA.Tos, of Phenician origin.] 

As-phal'tum, ) Mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, or com- 
pact native bitumen. 

As-phalt'ie , a. Pertaining to, or containing, asphalt. 

As'pho-del, n. [Gr. dcr^oSeAo?. Cf. Skr. sphut, to 
open, as flowers.] (Bot.) A perennial plant cultivated for 
the beauty of its flowers. 

As-phyx'i-a, ) n. [Gr. aa4>v$ia, from d priv. and o-$v£i?, 

As-phyx'y, ) throbbing pulse.] (Med.) Apparent 
death, or suspended animation. 

Asp'i-e,rc. [See Asp.] The asp. 

As-pir'ant, a. Aspiring ; ardently desirous of rising. 

As-pir'ant, n. One who aspires or seeks eagerly. 

As'pi-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aspirated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASPIRATING.] [Lat. aspirare, from ad and spirare, 
to breathe, to blow.] To pronounce with a breathing or 

^full emission of breath. 

As'pi-rate (45), n. 1. A letter marked with a note of 
breathing. 2. A mark of aspiration (■) used in Greek; 
the rough breathing. 3. An elementary sound produced 
by the breath alone, without the voice ; a whispered, un- 

J, intonated, surd, or non-vocal consonant. 

As'pi-rate, a. Pronounced with a rough breathing. 

As'pi-ra'tion, n. [Lat. aspiratio, from aspirare.] 1. 
The pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emis- 
sion of breath. 2. Act of aspiring or ardently desiring ; 
strong wish or desire. 

As-pire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ASPIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
aspiring.] [See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with 
eagerness ; to pant ; to long. 2. To rise ; to ascend. 

As-pir'er, n. One who aspires or seeks earnestly. 

A-squint', adv. [Prefix a and squint, q. v. Cf. ASKANT.] 

To the corner of the eye ; obliquely ; not in the straight 

# fine of vision. 

Ass ? n. [A.-S. assa, Lat. 
asinus.] 1. ( Zobl. ) A quad- 
ruped of the horse family, 
having a peculiarly harsh { 
bray, and long, slouching 
ears. The domestic ass is pa- 
tient to stupidity, and slow, 
but sure-footed. Hence, 2. 
A dull, heavy, stupid fel- 
low ; a dolt. 

As ; sa-f oet'i-da, n. See As- 

AFCETIDA. 

As-sail', v. t. [imp. & p.p. 
ASSAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ASSATLING.] [Lat. ad and salire, to leap, spring; assil- 
ire, to leap or spring upon.] 1. To attack with vio- 
lence, or in a hostile manner. 2. To attack morally, or 
with a view to produce changes in the feelings, conduct, 
existing usages, &c. 
Syn.— To assault; beset; fall upon. 

As-sail'a-ble, a. Capable of being assailed. 

As-sail'ant, n. One who attacks or assaults. 

As-sail'ant, a. Assaulting ; attacking ; assailing. 

As-sail'er, n. One who assails or attacks. 

As-sas'sin, n. [Ar. 'haskishin, one who has drunk of the 
hashish, q. v.] One who kins or attempts to kill by 
treachery or secret assault. 

As-sas'sin-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assassinated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. assassinating.] To murder by secret 
assault or by sudden violence. 

As-sas'sin-a'tion, n. The act of assassinating. 

As-sas'sin-a/tor, n. An assassin. 

As-sault', n [From Lat. ad and saltus, a leaping. Seo 
Assail.] 1. A violent attack with physical means, as 
blows, weapons, &c. 2. A violent attack with moral 




food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



ASSAULT 



42 



means, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like. 3. 
(Law.) An attempt or offer to beat another, accom- 
panied by a degree of violence, but without touching his 
person. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. 

Syn. — Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; on- 
slaught; charge; storm. 

Assault', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assaulted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASSAULTING.] 1. To attack with great physical 
violence. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a 
view of producing moral effects. 

Syn. — Assault is the strongest term, being literally to leap 
upon; to attack is to commence an onset; to invade is to enter 
upon forcibly or by arms; to assail is nearly the same as assault. 

As-sault'a-ble, a. Capable of being assaulted. 

As-sault'er, n. One who assaults or storms. 

As-say', n. [Lat. exagium, a weighing, a balance, from 
ex and agere, to put in motion, to lead, to drive. Cf. 
Gr. egdyiov, weighing, e£ay(.d£eiv, to examine.] 1. Trial; 
attempt. [Obs.] 2. (Chem.) Determination of the quan- 
tity of any particular metal, especially gold or silver, in an 
ore, or other metallic compound alloy. 3. The substance 
to be assayed. 4. A trial of weights and measures. 

As-say', v. t. [imp. kp.p. assayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
assaying.] [See supra.] To subject, as an ore or alloy, 
to chemical examination , in order to determine the amount 
of a particular metal contained in it. 

As-say', v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. 

As-say'er, n. One who tries or examines metals. 

As-sem'blage, n. 1. Act of assembling, or state of 
being assembled. 2. A collection of individuals, or of 
particular things. 

As-sem'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assembled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. assembling.] [Low Lat. assimulare, from Lat. 
ad and simul, together.] To bring or call together; 
to convene ; to congregate. 

As-sem'ble, v. i. To meet or come together ; to convene. 

As-sem'bly, n. A company of persons collected to- 
gether in one place, and usually for some common purpose. 
Syn.— Assemblage; company; meeting; collection ; group. 

As-sent', n. [See infra.] The act of assenting, admit- 
ting, or agreeing to any thing. 

Syn. — Consent. — Assent is an act of the understanding, 
consent of the will or feelings. We assent to a statement or a 
proposition ; we consent to a proposal. Assent, however, may 
apply to a case involving but little interest or feeling; a lady 
may assent to a gentleman's opening the window, but she must 
consent to marry him. 

As-sent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. assented ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
ASSENTING.] [Lat. assentire, assentiri, from ad and 
sentire, to feel, think.] To admit a thing as true ; to 
express an agreement, concurrence, or concession. 

As'sen-ta'tion, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- 
simulation ; adulation. 

As'sen-ta'tor, n. A flatterer or dissembler. 

As-sent'er, n. One who assents. 

As-sert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSERTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASSERTING.] [Lat. asserere, assertum, to join to 
one's self, to maintain, fr. ad and serere, to join together.] 

1. To affirm positively ; to declare with assurance. 2. 
To maintain or defend by words or measures ; to vindi- 
cate. 

Syn. — To maintain; aver; affirm.— We assert against de- 
nial, as a right or claim ; we maintain against opposition, as the 
ground we have taken ; we affirm with a great confidence or 
firmness; we aver in a peremptory manner. 
As-ser'tion, n. 1. The act of asserting; affirmation. 

2. Maintenance ; vindication. 
As-sert'ive, a. Positive ; affirming confidently. 
As-sert'or, n. An affirmer ; a maintainer. 
As-sert'o-ry (50), a. Affirming ; maintaining. 
As-sess', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assessed ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. assessing.] [Low Lat. assessare, from Lat. assi- 
dere, to sit by, in Low Lat. to assess, to tax. Cf. As- 
size.] 1. To charge a certain sum to, as a tax. 2. 
To fix the value or profits of, for the purpose of taxa- 
tion. 3. To determine, fix, or ascertain; to estimate. 

As-sess'a-ble, a. Liable to be assessed or taxed. 

As-s£ss'ment, n. 1. Act of assessing. 2. A valuation 
of property or profits of business, for the purpose of tax- 
ation. 3. The specific sum charged. 

As-s6ss'or, n. 1. One who sits by another, as next in 
dignity, or as an assistant and adviser. 2. One appointed 
to assess_persons or property for the purpose of taxation. 

As'ses-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to assessors. 

As'sets, n. pi. [From Lat. ad and sat or satis, enough.] 
Property in possession or money due, as opposed to lia- 
bilities. 



ASSOCIATE 

As-sev'er-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. asseverated \p.pr. 
& vb. n. asseverating.] [Lat. asseverate, to assert 
seriously or earnestly, from ad and severus, severe, seri- 
ous.] To affirm with solemnity ; to aver. [ment. 
As-sev'er-a'tion, n. Positive affirmation ; solemn aver- 
As'si-dii'i-ty, n. Constant or close application or at- 

w tention, particularly to some business or enterprise. 
As-sid'vi-ou.s, a. [Lat. assiduus, from ad and sedere, to 
sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention. 2. Per- 
formed with constant diligence or attention. 
Syn. — Unwearied; sedulous; persevering; indefatigable. 

As-sid'-u-ous-ly, adv. Diligently ; closely ; attentively. 

As-sid'u.-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being assiduous. 

As' si-en' to, n. [Sp. assiento, asiento, from asentar, to 
make an agreement.] A contract or convention between 
the king of Spain and other powers for furnishing slaves 
for the Spanish dominions in America. 

As-slgn' (-sin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSIGNED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASSIGNING.] [Lat. assignare, from ad and sig- 
nare, to mark, from signum, mark.] 1. To appoint ; to 
allot; to apportion. 2. To fix, specify, select, designate, 
or point out. 3. ( Law. ) (a. ) To transfer, or make over 
to another, (b.) To transfer to, and vest in, certain per- 
sons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. 

As-slgn' (-sin'), n. ( Law. ) A person to whom property or 
an interest is transferred. 

As-sign'a-ble ( -sln'a-bl), a. Capable of being assigned. 

As 1 sig-nat' (asln'ya', or aVig-nat'), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] Paper currency, is- 
sued by the revolutionary government of France, based 

w on the security of the lands of the state. 

As'sig-na'tion, n. 1. Act of assigning or allotting. 
2. An appointment of time and place for meeting ; — 

w used chiefly of love meetings. [assigned. 

As'sign-ee' (as'sl-ne'), n. One to whom something is 

As-sign'er, (as-sln'er), n. One who assigns. 

As-sign'ment (-sln'ment), n. 1. An allotting to a par- 
ticular person or use. 2. (Laiv.) (a.) A transfer of 
title or interest by writing, as of a lease, bond, note, or 
bill of exchange, (b.) The writing by which an interest 
is transferred, (c.) The transfer of the property of a 
bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it 
is vested for the benefit of creditors. 

As-sign-6r' (-sl-nor'), n. (Laxo.) A person who assigns 
or transfers an interest. 

As-sim'i-la-ble, a. Capable of being assimilated. 

As-sim'i-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assimilated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ASSIMILATING.] [Lat. assimilare, from 
ad and similare, to make like; similis, like.] 1. To 
cause to resemble. 2. To convert into a like substance. 

As-sim'i-late, v. i. To become similar ; to be converted 
into the substance of the body. 

As-sim/i-la'tion, n. 1. Act of assimilating or bring- 
ing to a resemblance, or identity ; or a state of resem- 
blance or identity. 2. Conversion of nutriment into the 
substance of the body, whether in plants or animals. 

As-sim'i-la-tive, a. Having power of assimilating. 

As-sist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assisted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ASSISTING.] [Lat. assistere, from ad and sistere, to 
cause to stand, to stand.] To give support to in some 
undertaking or effort, or in time of distress ; to succor. 

As-sist', v. i. 1. To lend aid ; to help. 2. To be pres- 
ent ; to attend. 

As-sist'ance, n. Help ; aid ; furtherance ; succor ; relief. 

As-sist'ant, a. Helping ; lending aid or support ; aux- 
iliary. 

As-sist'ant, n. One who assists or aids ; an auxiliary. 

As-slze', n. [From Lat. assidere, to sit by, from ad and 
sedere, to sit.] 1. Lit., a sitting. 2. An order or regu- 
lation, particularly about the weight of bread, &c. 3. 
(Law.) (a.) The periodical sessions of the judges of the 
superior courts in the counties of England ; — usually in 
the pi. (b.) Time or place of holding the court of assize ; 
— generally in the pi. 

As-size', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assized ; p pr. & vb. n. 
assizing.] To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by 
an ordinance or regulation of authority. 

As-slz'er, n. One who assizes, or fixes weights, rates, 
&c, by authority. . 

As-so'cia-bil'i-ty (-sha-), \n. The quality of being 

As-so'cia-ble-ness ( -sha-), } capable of association. 

As-so'cia-ble (-sha-), a. 1. Capable of being associated 
or joined. 2. Sociable ; companionable. 3. Liable to be 
affected by sympathy. 

As-so'ci-ate (as-s5'shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSO- 
CIATED ; p. pr. &,vb. n. ASSOCIATING.] [Lat. associare, 
from ad and sociare, to join or unite ; socius, companion.] 



a,,e,&c.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6rde,wolf, 



ASSOCIATE 



43 



ASYLUM 



1. To join in company as a friend, companion, partner, 
or confederate. 2. To unite in the same mass. 

As-so'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. i. To unite in company. 

As-so'ci-ate (-shi-), a. 1. Closely connected or joined 
with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or 
office. 2. (Med.) Connected by habit or sympathy. 

As-so'ci-ate, n. 1. A companion; a mate; a fellow. 

2. A partner in interest, as in business. 3. Any thing 
closely connected with another. 

As-so'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 1. Act of associating, 
or state of being associated ; union ; connection. 2. 
Union of persons in a company or society for some partic- 
ular purpose. [ation. 

As-so'ci-a'tion-al (-shi-), a. Pertaining to an associ- 

As-so'ci-a-tive (-shi-), a. Tending or pertaining to 
association. [kind of imperfect rhyme. 

As'so-nance, n. 1. Resemblance of sounds. 2. A 

As'so-nant, a. [Lat. assonans, p. pr. of assonare, to 
correspond to in sound, from ad and sonar e, to sound.] 
1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Per- 
taining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance ; 
not consonant. 

As-sort', v. t. [imp. & p.p. assorted; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ASSORTING.] [Lat. ad and sortiri, to cast or draw 
lots, from sors, sort is, lot.] 1. To separate and distrib- 
ute into classes. 2. To furnish with all sorts. 

As-s6rt 'merit, n. 1. Act of selecting and arranging 
things. 2. A number or quantity of things assorted. 

3. A variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, 
demands, or purposes. 

As-suage' (-swaj / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assuaged; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ASSUAGING.] [From Lat. ad and suavis, 
sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense ; to allay or les- 
sen, as pain or grief; to appease, as passion or tumult. 

Syn. — To relieve; soothe; mitigate; alleviate; pacify. 

As-suage'ment (-swaj'-), n. Abatement; mitigation. 

As-suag'er, n. He who, or that which, assuages. 

As-sua'slve (-swa/siv), a. Mitigating ; softening ; easing. 

As-sume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assumed; p.pr. & vb. 
ii. ASSUMING.] [Lat. assumere, from ad and sumere, to 
take.] 1. To take, or take upon one's self. 2. To take 
for granted, or without proof. 3. To pretend to possess. 

As-sume'| v. i. To be arrogant ; to claim unduly. 

As-sum'er, n. An assuming or arrogant person. 

As-sump'sit (as-sump / sit), n. [Pret. of Lat. assumere. 
See Assume.] (Law.) (a.) A promise or undertaking, 
founded on a consideration, (b.) An action to recover 
damages for a breach or non-performance of a contract 
or promise. 

As-sump'tion (84), n. 1. Act of taking to or upon 
one's self. 2. Act of taking for granted; supposition. 
3. The thing supposed ; a postulate, or proposition as- 
sumed. 4. (Logic.) The minor proposition in a categor- 
ical syllogism. 5. The taking a person up into heaven. 
Hence (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches), a festival in 
honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. 

As-sump'tive, a. That is or may be assumed. 

As-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. 1. Act of assuring; a dec- 
laration or pledge tending to inspire credit. 2. The state 
of being assured ; freedom from doubt. 3. Firmness of 
mind ; intrepidity. 4. Excess of boldness ; impudence. 
5. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on 
occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. 6. (Law.) 
Legal evidence of the conveyance of property. 

As-sure' (a-shur', 30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assured ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ASSURING.] [L. Lat. assecurare, from Lat. 
ad and securus, secure, sure.] 1. To make sure or cer- 
tain ; to render confident. 2. To confirm. 3. (Law.) 
To covenant to indemnify for loss. 

Syn. — To assert; declare; avouch; protest; insure. 

As-sur'ed-ly (-shur'-), adv. Certainly ; without doubt. 

As-sur'ed-ness, n. State of being assured ; certainty. 

As-sur'er, n. One who assures. 

As-sur'gent, a. [Lat. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere, to 
rise up.] (Bot.) Rising upward obliquely. 

A-stat'i-e, a. [Gr. a priv. and icr-ravac, to stand.] (Elec- 
tro-Magnetism.) Having little or no tendency to take a 
fixed or definite position or direction. 

As'ter, n. [Gr. aar-qp, star.] (Bot.) A genus of plants 
with radiated compound flowers. 

As'ter-isk, n. [Gr. do-Tepiovcds , dim. of do-Trjp i star.] The 
mark [*] in printing and writing. 

As'ter-igm, n. [Gr. ao-repio-p-os , from da-rrip, star.^ 1. 
(Astron.) (a.) A constellation. [Obs.] (b.) A small clus- 
ter of stars, whether included in a constellation or not. 



2. (Printing.) Three asterisks placed in this manner 

[***] to direct attention to a particular passage. 
A-stern', adv. 1. In, at, or toward, the hinder part of 

a ship. 2. Behind a ship, at any indefinite distance. 
As'ter-oid, n. [Gr. do-repotS^?, star-like, from do-r^p, 

star, and etSos, form.] (Astron.) One of the small planets 
w revolving between Mars and Jupiter. 
As'ter-oid'al, a. Pertaining to the asteroids. 
As-then'ie, a. [Gr. dcrBeviKos, from d priv. and crfleVo?, 

strength.] Characterized by debility. 
Asth'ma (ast'ma, as'ina, or az/ma, 100), n. [Gr. fr. aeiv, 

to blow.] A disorder of respiration, commonly attended 

with cough and difficulty of breathing. 
Asth-mat'ie , ) (ast-, as-, or az-), a. Pertaining to, or 
Asth-mat'ie-al, J affected by, asthma. 
As-ton'isli, v. t. [0. Eng. astone, astony, Latin atto- 

nare, from ad and tonare, to thunder. Cf. A.-S. stunian, 

Eng. stun.] To strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, 

surprise, or wonder ;. to amaze. 
As-tdn'isli-ing, a. Of a nature to excite astonishment. 

Syn. — Amazing; surprising; wonderful; admirable; mar- 
velous. 

As-toii'isli-ment, n. Confusion of mind from fear or 
surprise, at an extraordinary or unexpected event. 
Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise; admiration. 

As-tovuid', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astounded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASTOUNDING.] [From 0. Eng. astouned, astound, 
astoned, p. p. of astone, to astonish.] To astonish ; to 
strike dumb with amazement. 

A-strad'dle, adv. With the legs across a thing, or on 
different sides of it. 

As'tra-gal, n. [Gr. acrrpayaAos.] A little round mold- 
ing which surrounds the top or bottom of a column or 
a cannon. 

As'tral, a. Belonging to the stars ; starry. 

As'tral Lamp, n. An Argand lamp having the oil in 
a flattened ring surmounted by a ground glass shade. 

A-stray', adv. Out of, or from the right way ; wrong. 

As-triet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astricted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ASTRICTING.] To constrict ; to contract. 

A-stride', adv. With one leg on each side; with the 




Astrolabe. 



As-tringe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astringed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ASTRINGING.] [Lat. astringere, from ad and 
stringere, to draw tight, to strain. See Strain.] To 
bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract. 

As-trin'gen-cy, n. Quality of being astringent. 

As-triii'gent, a. Binding ; contracting ; strengthening ; 

„ — opposed to laxative. 

As-trin'gent, n. A medicine that has the property of 
causing vital contraction in the organic textures. 

As'tr o-la.be, n. [Gr. d<rTpoAa/3o?, 
from aaTpov, star, and Aaju.|3aveiv, 
kafieiv, to take.] An instrument 
formerly used for taking the alti- 
tude of the sun or stars at sea. 

As-trol'o-ger, n. [Gr. do-rpo\6yog, 
from aarpov, star, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] One who pretends to fore- 
tell events by the aspects of the 

w stars. 

As'tr o-log'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

As'tro-ldg'ie-al, j to astrology. 

As-trol'o-gy, n. The science of predicting events by 
the aspects or situation of the stars. 

@3f Judicial astrology pretended to foretell the fate and acts 
of nations and individuals; natural astrology predicted events 
of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, &c. 

As-tron'o-mer, n. [Gr. dcrTpovojuos, from aarpov, star, 
and ovop.o<;, law or rule.] One versed in astronomy. 

As'tro-nom'k , 

As'tro-nom'ie-al, 

As'tro-nom'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of astron- 
omy. 

As-tron'o-my, n. The science that teaches the knowl- 
edge of the heavenly bodies. 

As-tute' (29), a. [Lat. astutus, astus, shrewd; astu$, 
craft, cunning.] Critically examining or discerning. 
Syn. — Shrewd; discerning; subtle; cunning; sagacious. 

As-tu.te'ness, n. Shrewdness ; cunning. 
A-siin'der, adv. Apart; separately; into two parts. 
A-sy'lum, n. ; pi. Eng. a-sy'lums, Lat. a-sy'la. [Gr. 



Pertaining to astronomy. 



food, foot ; -ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, flxaise, eall, eelxo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



ASYMMETRY 



44 



ATTACK 



dav\ov, from acrvAos, inviolable, from d priv. and crv\ov, 
spoil.] 1. A place of refuge, where criminals and debtors 
found shelter, and from which they could not be taken 
without sacrilege. 2. Any place of retreat and security. 
3. Specifically, an institution for the protection or relief 
of the unfortunate, as the deaf and dumb, or the insane. 

A-sym'me-try, n. [Gr. dcrv^eTpia, from d priv. and 
avixfxeTpta, symmetry, q. v.] The want of proportion 
between the parts of a thing. 

As'ymp-tote (as'im-tot, sometimes pron. a-sym/tot, 84) 
n. [Gr. dcrvju.7TTtoTos, from a priv., <rCv, with, and ttLtt- 
reiv, to fall, 7ttu>t6s, falling.] (Math.) A line which ap- 
proaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but, though 
infinitely extended, would never meet it. 

As'ymp-tot'ie, \a. Pertaining to, or partaking of 

As'ymp-tot'ie-al, j the nature of, an asymptote. 

A--syri'de-ton, n. [Gr., from d priv. and o-vvSeros, bound 
together.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective, 
as, veni, vidi, vici (I came, saw, conquered). 

At, prep. [A.-S. set, Goth, at, Lat. ad.] Primarily, this 
word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in 
place or time, or direction toward. From this origi- 
nal import are derived all the various uses of at, which 
denotes, — 1. The relation of an external or outward 
situation, or of attendant circumstances or appendages. 

2. The relation of some state or condition. 3. The re- 
lation of some employment or action. 4. A relation of 
degree. 5. The relations of occasion, reason, conse- 
quence, or effect. [tabor. 

At'a-bal, n. [Ar. l at- tail, drum.] A kettle-drum; a 

At'a-glian (-gan), n. A long Turkish dagger. See Yat- 

Ate, pret._of Eat. See Eat. [aghan. 

Ath/a-na'sian (-zhan), a. Pertaining to Athanasius, 

_ bishop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. 

A'the-igm, n. A disbelief in the being of a God. 

A'the-Ist, n. [From Gr. aOeos, without god, from d priv. 
and 0e6?, god.] One who denies or disbelieves the exist- 

_ ence of a Supreme Being. 

A'the-ist'ie, i a. Pertaining to atheism ; denying a 

A'tlie-Ist'ie-al, j God ; impious. 

A'tlie-Ist're-al-ly, adv. In an atheisticaljnanner. 

Ath/e-ne'um ) n - ! Pi- Eng. ATH'E-NE'UMg, Lat. 

Atli'e-nae'um, j ath'e-N&'a. [Gr. 'AO^vaiov, a 
temple of 'A^Tjva, or Minerva, at Athens.] 1. In ancient 
Athens, a place where philosophers and poets declaimed 
and repeated their compositions. 2. An association of 
persons of literary or scientific tastes, for the purpose of 
mutual improvement. 3. A building where a library, 
periodicals, and newspapers are kept ibr public use. 

A-the'ni-an, a: Pertaining to Athens, in Greece. 

A-ther'ma-noiis, a. [Gr. d priv. and Oepfxaiveiv , to 
heat, from Oep/xa, heat.] ( Chem.) Not transmitting heat. 

A-thirst' (18), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. Having a keen desire. 

Ath/lete, n. [Gr. d^A^Tr??, from d6\elv, to contend for a 
prize, a0Ao?, aOKov, prize.] A contender for victory in 
wrestling or other games. 

Ath-let'ie , a. 1. Belonging to wrestling, boxing, and 
other manly exercises, which were practiced by the an- 
cients. Hence, 2. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. 

A-thwart', prep. Across ; from side to side of. 

A-thwart', atft\ 1. Sidewise; obliquely. 2. In a man- 
ner to cross and perplex. 

A-tilt', adv. 1. In the position, or with the action, of a 
man making a thrust. 2. In the manner of a cask 
j tilted, or_ with one end raised. 

At/lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to or resembling Atlas, who 
was represented as bearing the world on his shoulders. 

At-lan'te§, n. pi. [See Atlantean.] Figures or half- 
figures of men, used instead of columns to support an 
entablature. 

At-lan'tLe, a. 1. ( Geog.) Pertaining to that division of 
the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the 
east and America on the west. 2. Pertaining to the isle 
of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. 

At'las, n. ; pi. AT'LAS-Eg. 1. A collection of maps in a 
volume ; — supposed to be so called from a picture of 
Atlas supporting the heavens, prefixed to some collec- 
tions. 2. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 

3. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular 
form. 4. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of 
maps. 5. A kind of silk-satin. 6. A kind of large draw- 
ing paper. 7. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck. 

At'mos-phere, n. [Gr. dr^os, vapor, and o-Qalpa, 
sphere.] 1. (Physics.) (a.) The whole mass of aeriform 
fluid surrounding the earth, (b.) Any gaseous envelope 



or medium. 2. (Elect.) A supposed medium around an 
electrical body. 3. Pressure of the air on a unit of sur- 
w face. 

At'mos-pher'i-e, ) a. Relating to, existing in, or de- 
At'mos-pher'ie-al, j pendent on, the atmosphere. 
A -toll', n. [Malay. ; ator, order, rank.] A coral island, 
w consisting of a ring of coral reef surrounding a lagoon. 
At'om, «. 1. (Physics.) (a.) An ultimate indivisible 
particle of matter, (b.) An ultimate particle of matter 
not necessarily indivisible ; a molecule, (c.) A constit- 
uent particle of matter. 2. Any thing extremely small. 

A-t6m'i«-al I a ' Relatm S to > or consisting of, atoms. 

At'om-Igm, n. The doctrine of atoms. [losophy. 

At'om-ist, n. One who holds to the atomical phi- 

At'om-Ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms. 

A-tone', v. i. [imp. & p. p. atoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
atoning.] [From at one, i. e.. to be, or cause to be. at 
one.] 1. To agree ; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To stand as an 
equivalent ; to make reparation, compensation, amends, 
or satisfaction for an offense or a crime ; to expiate. 

A-tone', v. t. 1. To reconcile. 2. To expiate ; to an- 
swer or make satisfaction for. 

A'tone'ment, n. 1. Reconciliation after enmity or con- 
troversy. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving 
an equivalent for an injury ; specifically, in theology, the 
expiation of sin made by the obedience and personal 
sufferings of Christ. 

A-ton'er, n. One who makes an atonement. 

A-ton'ie, a. 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony. 2. 
(Gram.) Unaccented. 3. Destitute of vocality ; surd. 

A-ton'ie, n. 1. ( Gram.) A word that has no accent. 
2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, 
or produced by the breath alone ; a whispered, surd, or 
voiceless consonant ; a breathing. 3. (Med.) A remedy 
for organic excitement or irritation. 

At'o-ny, n. [Gr. drovia, from a priv. and to^o?, tone, 
strength.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of every 
organ, particularly such as are contractile. 

A -top', adv. At or on the top ; above. 

At'ra-bi-la'ri-an, ) a. [Lat. atra bilis, black bile.] 

At'ra-foi-la'ri-ous, j Affected with melancholy. 

At/ra-bil'ioiis, a. Atrabilarious. [Rare.] 

At/ra-men'tal, ) a. [Lat. atramentum, ink, fr. ater, 

At'ra-men'tous, ) black.] Black, like ink ; inky. 

A-tro'cious, a. [Lat. atrox, cruel, fierce.] 1. Ex- 
tremely heinous ; full of enormous wickedness. 2. 
Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity. 

Syn. — Flagitious; flagrant. — Flagitious points to an act as 
grossly wicked or vile; flagrant {literally, naming) marks the 
vivid impression made upon us by some great crime; atrocious 
represents it as springing from a violent and cruel spirit. If 
Lord Chatham, instead of saying, " The atrocious crime of 
being a young man," had used either of the other two words, 
his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply 
to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. 

A-tro'cioiis-ly, adv. Outrageously ; enormously. 

A-tro'cious-ness, ) n. Extreme heinousness ; enor- 

A-troc'i-ty, j mity, as of guilt. 

At'ro-phy, n. [Gr. drpo<f)ia, fr. d priv. and rpe^eiv, to 
nourish.] A wasting away from lack of nourishment. 

At-tach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. attached ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ATTACHING.] [Fr. attacher ; Eng. tack, a small nail, 
to tack, to fasten.] 1. To bind, fasten, or tie. 2. To 
take by legal authority. 3. To take,. ?eize, and lay hold 
on, by force ; hence, figuratively, to fasten or bind by 
moral influence. 4. To connect, in a figurative sense. 
Syn. — To fasten ; affix ; gain over; win. 

At-tadi'a-Tble , a. Capable of being attached. 

Attache (at'ta'sha'), n. [Fr.] One attached to the suite 
of an embassador. 

At-tacli'meiit, n. 1. Act of attaching, or state of 
being attached ; especially, any passion or affection that 
binds a person. 2. That by which one thing is attached 
to another. 3. Some adjunct attached to an instru- 
ment, machine, or other object. 4. (Civ. Laiv.) (a.) 
A seizure or taking by virtue of a legal process, (b.) 
The writ or precept commanding such seizure or taking. 

At-tack', v. t. [imp. & p. p. attacked ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. attacking.] [See Attach.] 1. To fall upon 
with force ; to assail ; to assault. 2. To fall upon with 
unfriendly words or writing ; to begin a controversy 
with. 3. ( Chem.) To begin to dissolve, or decompose, 
by chemical agents. 

Syn. — To attack is to commence the contest; to assail 
(literally, spring at) is to attack suddenly; to assault (literally, 
leap upon) is to attack violently; to invade is to enter by force 
on what belongs to another. 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,^ort, care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



ATTACK 



45 



ATTRACTIVE 



At-t3.de', n. A falling on -with force or violence, or with 
calumny, satire, or criticism. 
Syn.— Assault; onset; inroad; charge. 

At-tain', v. i. [According to its form, from Lat. attinere, 
to hold to, from ad and tenere, to hold, but with the 
sense of Fr. atteindre, Lat. attingere, from ad and tan- 
gere, to touch, reach.] 1. To come or arrive, by motion, 
bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place or object; to 
reach. 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. 

At -tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTAINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ATTAINING.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to 
reach by efforts ; to gain ; to compass. 2. To reach in 
excellence or degree ; to equal. 

Syn. — Obtain; acquire. — To obtain is generic, viz., to get 
possession of; to attain, is to arrive at or reach something 
aimed at and thus obtained, as knowledge, or one's object; to 
acquire is to make one's own by progressive advances, as prop- 
erty or a language. 

At-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being attained. 

E@- From an inattention to the true sense of this word, as 
explained under Attain, authors have very improperly used 
this word for obtainable, procurable. 

At-tain'der, n. [Fr. atteindre, to reach or come to ; 
Lat. attingere. See Attain.] 1. (Com. Law.) The 
stain, forfeiture, and corruption of blood which followed 
on being condemned for certain crimes. 2. The act of 
attainting. 

At-tain'ment, n. 1. Act of attaining, arriving at, or 
reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts. 2. 
That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion. 

At-taint', v. t. [imp. & p.p. attainted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. attainting.] [See Attainder.] 1. To stain ; 
hence, to disgrace. 2. (Law.) (a.) To taint or corrupt, 
as blood, (b.) To taint, as the credit of jurors convicted 
of giving a false verdict. 

At-taint', n. 1. A stain, spot, or taint. 2. (Law.) A 
writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury 
has given a false verdict in any court of record. 3 . ( Far. ) 
A wound on the leg of a horse, made by over-reaching. 

At-taint 'ment, n. State of being attainted. 

At-tem'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. attempered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ATTEMPERING.] [Lat. attemperare, from ad&nd 
temperare, to soften, temper.] 1. To reduce, modify, or 
moderate, by mixture. 2. To soften, mollify, or mod- 
erate. 3. To mix in just proportion. 4. To accommo- 
date ; to make suitable ; to adapt. 

At-tempt^-temt', 84), v. t. [imp. kp.p. ATTEMPTED ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ATTEMPTING.] [Lat. attentare, to at- 
tempt, from ad and tentare, temptare, to try, intens. form 
of tendere, to stretch.] X. To make trial or experiment 
of. 2. To make an attack upon. 

At -tempt', v. i. To make an effort, or an attack. 

At -tempt', n. An essay, trial, or endeavor ; an effort to 
gain a point. 

Syn. — Trial is the generic term; attempt is specific, being 
directed to some definite object; an endeavor is a continued or 
repeated attempt; an effort and exertion is a straining of the 
faculties, the latter being the stronger term. 

At-tempt'a-ble, a. Capable of being attempted. 

At-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTENDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ATTENDING.] [Lat. attendere, to stretch (sc. animum, 
to apply the mind to), from ad and tendere, to stretch.] 
1. To go or stay with, as a companion, minister, or ser- 
vant ; to wait on ; to serve. 2. To be present with ; to 
accompany ; to be united or consequent to. 

At-tend', v. i. 1. To pay attention, with a view to per 
ceive, understand, or comply ; to heed. 2. To wait or 
be in waiting. 

Syn. — To listen ; hearken . — We attend with a view to hear 
or learn; we listen with a view to hear correctly or to consider. 
Hearken is to hear with interest, and with reference to obeying. 

At-tend'ance, n. 1. Act of attending or being in 
waiting. 2. The persons attending ; a train ; a retinue. 

At-tend'ant, a. 1. Being present, or in the train. 2. 
Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, 
as consequential. 3. (Law.) Depending on, or owing 
duty or service to. 

At-tend'ant, n. One who, or that which, attends or 
accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, com- 
panion, servant, agent, or suitor. 

At-tent', a. [Lat. attentus. See ATTEND.] Attentive. 

At-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of attending or heeding. 2. 
Act of civility. 

Syn.— Care; heed; consideration; respect; regard; notice. 

At-tent'ive, a. Full of attention; regarding with care. 
Syn.— Heedful; intent; regardful; mindful; civil; polite. 



Cheerfully ; needfully ; diligently. 
The state of being attentive ; at- 



At-tentlve-ly, adv. 
At-tent'ive-ness, n. 

tention ; carefulness. 

At-ten'u-ant, a. Making less viscid ; thinning. 

At-ten'u-ant, n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or di» 
lutes the fluids ; a diluent. 

At-ten'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. attenuated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ATTENUATING.] [Lat. attenuatns, p. p. of 
attenuare, from ad and tenuare, to make thin, tenuis, 
thin.] 1. To make thin, or less viscid ; specifically, to 
subtilize, as the humors of the body. 2. To break or 
wear into finer or very minute parts ; to comminute. 3. 
To make slender. 4. To draw out or extend in length. 

At-ten'u-ate (45), v. i. To become thin, slender, or 
fine ; to grow less ; to lessen. 

At-ten'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of attenuating, or making 
thin, as fluids. 2. Act of making fine ; pulverization. 
3. Act or process of making slender. 

At -t6st', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTESTED ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
ATTESTING.] [Lat. attestari, from ad and testari, to 
bear witness, from testis, witness.] 1. To bear witness 
to ; to affirm, to be true or genuine. 2. To give proof of. 
3. To call to witness ; to invoke as conscious. 

At'test-a'tion, n. Testimony ; esp., official testimony. 

At-test'or, n. One who attests. 

At'ti-e, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Attica, in 
Greece, or to its principal city, Athens. Thus, Attic wit, 
Attic salt, a poignant, delicate wit ; an Attic style, a style 
pure, classical, and elegant ; Attic faith, inviolable faith ; 

w Attic purity, special purity of language. 

At'ti-e, n. [From Attica. See supra.] (Arch.) (a.) A 
story in the upper part of a house; also, frequently 

w applied to the garret. 

At'ti-cigm, n. Peculiar style or idiom of the Greek lan- 
guage used by the Athenians ; elegant Greek. 

At-tire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ATTIRING.] [0. Fr. attirer. See TlRE.] To dress ; to 
array ; to adorn, especially with elegant or splendid 
garments. 

At-tire', n. 1. Clothes ; apparel ; dress, especially orna- 

^ mental dress. 2. Horns of a buck. 

At-ti-tiide (53), n. [For aptitude. L. Lat. aptitudo, 
from Lat. aptus, suited, fitted.] 1. Posture or position 
of a person. 2. Posture or position of things, in a cor- 
responding relation. 

Syn. —Posture. — An attitude, like a gesture, is suited, and 
usually designed to express, some mental state, as an attitude 
of wonder, &c. ; a posture is either not expressive, as a reclining 
posture, or is less dignified and artistic. 

At'ti-ttt'di-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. attitudinized ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. attitudinizing.] To assume affected 
attitudes. 

At-tol'lent, a. [Lat. attollens, p. pr. of attollere, from 
ad and tollere, to lift.] Lifting up ; raising. 

At-tor'ney (-tur'ny) n.; pi. at-tor'ney§. [0. Fr. 
attorne, atorne, atourne, p. p. of attorner, atorner, L. 
Lat. attornare, atturnare, to commit business to another, 
from ad and tornare, to turn. See TURN.] (Law.) 
One who is legally appointed by another to transact any 
business for him. 

Power of attorney, a letter or document by which a person 
authorizes another to transact business for hirii. 

At-tor'ney-ship (at-tur-ny-), n. Office of an attorney. 

At-torn'ment (-turn'-), n. (Law). Act of a feudatory, 
vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the aliena- 
tion of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and 
transfers to him his homage and service ; the agreement 
of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate 
as his landlord. 

At-tract', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTRACTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ATTRACTING.] [L. Lat. attractare, from Lat. at- 
trahere, from ad and trahere, to draw.] To draw or cause 
to tend toward ; to draw to, or cause to adhere or com' 
bine. 

Syn.— To allure; to invite; to engage. 

At-traet'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being attractable. 

At-traet'a-ble, a. Capable of being attracted. 

At-traet'ile, a. Having power to attract. 

At-tra-e'tion, n. 1. (Physics.) An invisible power in 
a body by which it draws any thing to itself ; the power 
in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate 
particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce 
their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting 
separation. 2. Act of attracting. 3. Power or act of 
alluring, inviting, or engaging. 

At-tra-et'Ive, a. 1. Having the power of attracting. 
2. Drawing by moral influences. 



food, f<Tot ; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; tnis. 



ATTRACTIVE 



46 



AUROCHS 



Syn. — Alluring; enticing; inviting. 

At-traetlve, n. That which attracts or incites. 

At-traet'rve-ly, adv. With the power of attracting. 

At-traet'Ive-ness, n. The quality of being attractive. 

At-traet'or, n. One who attracts ; one who draws. 

At'tra-hent, n. That which attracts. 

At-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of being attributed. 

At-trib'ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. attributed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ATTRIBUTING.] [Lat. attribuere, attributum, 
from ad and tribuere, to bestow.] To consider as belong- 
ing to ; to ascribe to, as an effect to a cause. 
Syn.— To impute; refer; charge. 

At'tri-bute (119), n. 1. A thing that may be attributed ; 
inherent quality ; characteristic disposition ; essential or 
necessary property. 2. ( Gram.) Particular quality or 
6tate of a noun as modified by an adjective or a phrase. 

At'tri-bu'tion, n. 1. The act of attributing. 2. The 
quality attributed. [bute ; attributing. 

At'trib'u-tive, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attri- 

At-trlb'u-tive, n. A word which denotes an attribute 
or quality. 

At-trite', a. [Lat. altritus, p. p. of atterere, from ad and 
terere, to rub.] Worn by rubbing or friction. 

At-trite'ness, n. State of being worn. 

At-trl'tion ( -trlsh'un ) , n . 1 . Act of wearing by friction ; 
abrasion. 2. State of being worn. 

At-tune', v. t. [imp. & p. p. attuned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ATTUNING.] [From ad and tune, q. v.] 1. To tune or 
put in tune. 2. To arrange fitly ; to make accordant. 

AuTburn, a. [Equiv. to alburn, from Low Lat. albur- 

"nus.] Reddish brown. 

Aue'tion, n. [Lat. audio, from Lat. augere, auctum, to 
increase.] A public sale of property to the highest bid- 
der, and regularly, by a person licensed and authorized 
for the purpose ; a vendue. 

eg** The English say, to sell by auction (auctio?ie, by an in- 
crease of bids). In America, the more prevalent expression is, 
to sell at auction. 

Aue'tion-a-ry, a. Belonging to an auction. 

Aue'tion-eer', n. The person who sells by auction. 

Aue'tion-eer', v. t. To sell by auction. 

Au-da'cioiis, a. [Lat. audax, from audere, to dare.] 

"1. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or deco- 
rum; bold in wickedness. 2. Committed with, or pro- 
ceeding from, daring effrontery or contempt of law. 

Au-da'cioiis-ly, adv. Boldly ; impudently. 

Au-da'cioiis-ness, ) n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, 

Au-dac'i-ty, j or confidence ; venturesomeness. 

2. Presumptuous impudence ; implying a contempt of 
law or moral restraint. 

Syn. — Hardihood; boldness; impudence. Hardihood and 
boldness may be used either in a good or bad sense, the former 
indicating a disregard of consequences, the latter more of spirit 
and enterprise. Effrontery is stronger than impudence, and 
audacity than either, when used in a bad sense. 

Au'di-ble, a. [Low Lat. audibilis, from audire, to hear.] 
Capable of being heard. 

Au'di-ble-ness, n. The quality of being audible. 

Au'di-bly, adv. In a manner to be heard. 

Au'di-ence, n. 1. The act of hearing. 2. Admittance 
to a hearing. 3. An auditory, or assembly of hearers. 

Au'dit, n. [Lat., from audire, to hear.] An examination 
in general; but specifically, an examination of an ac- 
count or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties con- 
cerned, by proper officers. 

Au'dit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AUDITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
auditing.] To examine and adjust, as accounts 

Au'dit-or, n. 1. A hearer or listener. 2. A 
authorized to examine and adjust accounts. 

Au'dit-or-ship, n. The office of auditor. 

Au'dit-o-ry, a. Pertaining to the sense of hearing. 

Au'dit-o-ry, n. An assembly of hearers ; an audience. 

Au'dit -r ess, n. A female hearer. 

Au-ge'an, a. Belonging to Augeas or his stable, which 
contained 3000 oxen, and was not cleaned for thirty 
years ; hence filthy ; dirty. 

Au'ger, n. [A.-S. nafegar, from nafa, nafu, the nave of 
a wheel, and gar, a dart or javelin, prop, and orig. a nave- 
borer.] 1. A carpenter's tool to bore holes with. 2. An 
instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks. 

Aught (awt), n. [A.-S. auht, awiht, owiht, wiht, Goth 



person 



Aug-mgnt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. augmented ; p. pr. & 

" vb. n. AUGMENTING.] [Lat. augmentare, from augere, to 
increase, kindred with Gr. aiigeiv, Eng. wax.] To enlarge 
or increase in size or extent, amount, degree, or magni- 
tude ; to swell ; to make bigger. 

Aug-ment', v. i. To increase ; to grow larger. 

Aug'ment, n. 1. Enlargement by addition; increase. 

'"2. ( Gr. Gram.) A sign of past time: it is either a 
syllable prefixed to a word, or an increase of the quantity 
of the initial vowel, called, in the former case, the syl- 
labic augment, and in the latter, the temporal augment. 

Aug-ment'a-ble, a. Capable of augmentation. 

Aug'men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of augmenting, or the state 

"of being augmented. 2. The thing added by way of en- 
largement. 3. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a 
repetition of the subject in tones of twice their original 
length. [ing. 

Aug-ment'a-tive, a. Having the quality of augment- 

Au'gur, n. [Lat. ; most prob. a Tuscan word. The first 

"part is equiv. to Lat. avis, bird ; the last syllable, gur, 
to the Celt. giXr, man.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who 
pretended to foretell future events by the singing, flight, 
and feeding of birds, or by other signs. 2. One who pre- 
tends to foretell future events by omens ; a soothsayer. 

Au'gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. AUGURED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

"auguring.] To conjecture by signs or omens ; to prog- 
nosticate ; to guess. 

Au'gur, v. t. To predict or foretell ; to betoken. 

Au'gu-ral, a. Pertaining to augurs or augury. 

Au'gu-ra'tion, n. Act or practice of augury. 

Au-gu'ri-al, a. Of or relating to augury. 

Au'gu-ry, n. 1. Art or practice of foretelling events by 

"observing the actions of birds, or other phenomena. 2. 
An omen ; prediction ; prognostication. 

Au-giist', a. [Lat. augustus, from augere, to increase ; 

"to honor by offerings.] Creating extraordinary respect, 
mingled with the veneration inspired by grand and sub- 
lime objects. 

Syn. — Grand; imposing; majestic. 

Au'gust, n. [Lat. Augustus. Cf. the preceding word.] 
The eighth month of the year. 

Au-gus'tan, a. Pertaining to Augustus or to his times. 
BST" The Augustan age of any national literature is the sup- 
posed period of its highest state of purity and refinement. 

Au-gust'me, ~in.pl. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order 
Au'gus-tin'i-an, j of monks, so called from St. Au- 
"gustine ; — popularly called Austin friars, and also White 

friars. 
Au'gus-trn'i-an, n. One of a class of divines, who, fol- 
lowing St. Augustine, maintain that grace is effectual 
from its nature, absolutely and morally, not relatively 
and gradually. 
Au-gust'uess, n. Dignity ; majesty ; grandeur. 
Au-let'i-e, a. [Gr. atiATj-nxos, from avAos, flute.] Per- 
" taming to pipes, or to a pipe. [Rare.] 
Au'li-e, a. [Gr. avAi/co?, from auArJ, hall, court.] Per- 
" taining to a royal court. 
Au'lie, n. In some European universities, the ceremony 

observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity. 
Aunt (ant), n. [0. Er. ante, Lat. amita.] A father's 

or mother's sister. 
Am'tA, n. ; pi. av'rje. . [Lat., air.] Any subtile, invisible 
"fluid, supposed to flow from a body. [to an aura. 

Au'ral, a. [From aura, q. v.] Pertaining to the air, or 
Au'ral, a. [From Lat. auris, ear.] Belonging to the 
Au'ra-ted, a. [Lat. auratus.] Resembling gold. [ear. 
'Au^re'o-ld, \ n. [Lat. aureolus, of gold, a dim. of aureus, 
Au're-ole, j golden.] The circle of rays, with which 
"painters surround the body of Christ, saints, and others 

held in special reverence. 
Au'ri-ele, n. [Lat. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] 
"1. (Anat.) (a.) The external ear. (b.) One of two mus- 
cular sacs situated at the base of the heart ; — so called 
from their resemblance to the external ear of some quad- 
rupeds. 2. A kind of ear-trumpet. 
Au-rle'u-lar, a. [See Auricle.] 1. Pertaining to the 
"ear, or to the sense of hearing. 2. Told in the ear. 3. 
Recognized by the ear. 4. Received or traditional. 5. 
(Med.) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. 
Au-ri-e'u-late, a. Shaped like an ear. 



S a thin S^ Cf - WIGHT, WHlT.'and OUGHT.] "Any i Au-rlf 'er-'oul' a. [La! aurifer, from aurum, gold, and 
mmg, any part. > ^ j " f&ne to bear-] yielding or producing gold. 

Au gite, n. [Gr. auyirr;?, from avyr,, brightness.] A ' Au'ri-form, a. [Lat. auris, ear, and forma, form./ 
greenish mineral (called by Haiiy pyroxene), consisting ; "Ear-shaped. 

chiefly of silica, magnesia, and lime, and occurring as a i Au'rist, n. One skilled in disorders of the ear. 
constituent of lavas, trap, basalt, and many other rocks, i Au'ro-ebs, n. [Ger. aurochs, from ftr, ftre, Lat. urus. Gr. 



,&c. 



, long; a, g, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



AURORA 



47 



AVAILABLE 



ovpos, a wild ox, and ochs, ox.] ( Zo'dl.) The Bos urus, or 
bison, of Poland. 
Au-ro'ra, n. ; pi. au-ro / b.A2. [Lat., from aurea hora, 
golden hour, or Gr. avpio? aipa, morning hour, or from 
Skr. us/iasa, aurora.] 1. The dawn of day ; the redness 
of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. A species of 
crowfoot. 

Auro'ra borea'lis, (i. e., northern daybreak), a luminous 
meteoric phenomenon, witnessed only at night, and supposed 
to be of electrical origin ; popularly called northern lights. 
Au-ro'ral, a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora, 
"or northern lights. 

Aus'etil-ta'tion, n. [Lat. auscidtatio , from ausicula, 
"for auricula, dim. of auris, ear ] 1. Act of listening, 
2. (Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, particu- 
larly in the thorax, by obseiwing the sounds in the part, 
generally by means of a stethoscope. 
Au'spi-eate, v. t. [Lat. auspicare, auspicari, from aus- 
" pex, a bird seer, a contraction of avispex, from avis, bird, 
and specere, spicere, to view.] To give a favorable turn 
to in commencing. 
Au'spice, n.; pi. AU'spi-ces. [Lat. auspicium, from 
auspex. See supra.] 1. The omens of an undertaking, 
drawn from birds ; augury. 2. Protection extended ; 
favor shown ; patronage ; — generally in the pi. 
Au-spi'cial (-splsh'al), a. Pertaining to auspices. [Rare.] 
Au-spi'cioiis (-splsh / us), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Hav- 
"ing omens of success or favorable appearances. 2. 
Prosperous ; fortunate ; lucky. 3. Favorable ; propitious. 
Au-spi'cioiis-ly (-spish'us-), adv. With favorable to- 
"kens; prosperously; happily. 

Au-stere', a. [Gr. avo-T-qpog.] 1. Sour with astrin- 
"gency; having acerbity. 2. Severe in modes of judg- 
ing, or living, or acting. 

Syn. — Severe; rigid; harsh; rough; stern. 
Au-stere'ly, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; sternly. 
Au-stere'ness, ) n. Severity of manners or living ; 
Au-ster'i-ty, j strictness ; roughness. 
Au'stral, a. [From Lat. auster, the south wind.] Of or 
"tending to the south ; southern : being in the south. 
Au-tlien'ti-c, ) a. [Gr. avQevTucos , from av9ivrin<;, 
Au-then'tie-al, j contr. for avroOewnis, suicide, real 
author of any act, from aurds, self, and deivetv, Oevelv, 
to kill.] 1. Of approved authority ; to be relied on. 2. 
(Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic, in 
distinction from plagal, having a correspondent relation 
to the dominant below the tonic. 

Syn.— True; certain; faithful; credible; reliable; genuine. 
Authentic and genuine were once used as convertible terms, 
but a distinction is now made between them, the former being 
opposed to false, and the latter to spurious, as an authentic his- 
tory, a genuine manuscript. 

Au-thcn'tie-al-ly, adv. "With marks of credibility. 

Au-tlien'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authenti- 
cated; p. pr. & vb. n. AUTHENTICATING.] To es- 
tablish by proof; to render authentic ; to prove to be 
genuine. 

Au-then'ti-ea/tion, n. Act of authenticating. 

Au'then-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being authentic ; re- 
liability; genuineness. 

Au/tlior, n. [Lat. auctor, (sometimes erroneously, autor 
or author,) fr. augere, to increase, to produce.] 1. The 
beginner, former, or first mover of any thing ; hence, 
the efficient cause of a thing ; creator ; originator. 2. 
Specifically, one who composes or writes a book. 

Au'tlior-ess, n. A female author or writer. 

Au-thor'i-ta-tive , a. 1. Having authority. 2. Hav- 
ing an air of authority ; positive. 

Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly,arfi\ With authority ; positively. 

-4n-thor'i-ty, n. 1. Legal or rightful power ; right to 
command or to act ; dominion. 2. The persons or the 
body exercising power or command, — chiefly in the pi. 
3. Influence of character, office, or station, or mental or 
moral superiority, and the like. 4. Testimony ; witness ; 
or the person who testifies. 5. A precedent, a decision 
of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, 
or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent ; also, a 
book that contains them, or the name of its author. 

Syn. — Force; rule; sway,- command; dominion; control; 
influence; warrant. 

Au'thor-i-za/tion, n. Establishment by authority. 

Avi'thor-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authorized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. AUTHORIZING.] 1. To clothewith authority, 
warrant, or legal power ; to empower. 2. To legalize. 
3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public 
opinion. 4. To give authority, credit, or support to. 



Au'thor-ship, n. The state of being an author. 

Au'to-bl-og'ra-pher, n. One who writes a lite of 
himself. [ing, autobiography. 

Au'to-bi'o-graph'ie-al, a. Pertaining to, or contain- 

Au'to-bi-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. civtos, self, and Eng. biog- 
raphy, q. v.] A memoir or biography of a person writ- 
ten by himself. 

Au-to-eh'thon n. [Gr. avroxOojv, from the land itself, 
from avro?, self, and x&oi/, gen. x 9oi, o<r, earth, land.] 

1. One who is supposed to spring from the same ground 
or soil he inhabits ; hence, an aboriginal or native. 2. 
That which is original to a particular country. 

Au'toeh-thon'ie, \a. Indigenous; aboriginal ; na- 

Au-to€h'tho-nous, j tive. 

Au-toe'ra-cy , n. 1. Independent or self-derived power ; 
autonomy. 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited au- 
thority, or right of governing in a single person, as of 
an autocrat. 3. Sole right of self-government in a state. 

Au'to-erat, n. [Gr. auTo/cpai-Ty?, avTOKpartop, from euros, 
self, and Kparo?, strength.] 1. An absolute prince or 
sovereign ; — a title assumed by the emperors of Russia. 

2. A person invested with absolute, independent power 
by which he is rendered unaccountable for his actions. 

Au/to-erat'i-e, ) „ ,, , , . , ... 

Au'to-erat'ie-al, j a ' Absolute ! independent m power. 

JLu'to-da-fe' (au-to-da-fa/), n. ; pi. au'toijs-da-FE'. 
[Pg., act of faith.] 1. The punishment of a heretic 
by burning, in conformity with a judgment of the In- 
quisition. 2. The sentence then read. 

Au'to-graph, n. [Gr. avroypafyos, from avro's, self, and 
ypa^eiv, to write.] A person's own handwriting; an 
original manuscript. 

Au/to-grapli'i-e, \a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, 

Au/to-graph/i-e-al, ) or one's own handwriting. 2. 
Pertaining to, or used in, autography. 

Au-tog'ra-phy, n. 1. A person's own writing. 2. 
Science of autographs. 3. A process in lithography for 
transferring writing. 

Aii/to-mat ; i-e, \a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed 

Au/to-mat'i-e-al, ) by, an automaton ; self-acting ; — 
"especially applied to' machinery, in which certain move- 
ments commonly made by hand are made by the ma- 
chine itself. 2. Not depending on the will ; ~ applied 
to animal motions. 3. Belonging to an automaton, 
self-moving ; acting involuntarily. 

Au-tom'a-ton, n.; pi. au-tomXA-tons ; Lat. pi. AV^ 
tom'a-ta. [Gr. avroixaTov, from civto?, self, and /u-aetv, 
to strive after, to move.] A machine moved by interior 
machinery which imitates the actions of men or animals ; 
any self-moving machine. 

Au-tom'o-lite, n. [Gr. avTo^oAo?, a deserter, from 
avros, self, and p.oAetv, to go ; so called from the large 
portion of oxide of zinc it contains, though it has nc 
resemblance to an ore.] (Min.) A kind of spinel. 

Au-ton'o-my, n. [Gr. avrovofj-Ca, fr. avros, self, and 

"v6(nos, law.] 1. Power or right of self-government. 2. 
Man's power, as possessed of reason , to give law to himself. 

Au'top-sy, n. [Gr. avro\f/Ca, from avros, self, and 07rro9, 
seen ; 6»/us, sight.] 1. Personal observation or exami- 
nation. 2. (Med.) Post-mortem examination. 

Au'tumn (aw'tum), n. [Lat. auctumnus, autumnus, 

"from auctus, p. p. of augere, to increase, to furnish abun- 
dantly.] The third season of the year; the season be- 
tween summer and winter ; fall. 

An-tiim'Jial, a. Of or belonging to autumn. 

Auj-il'iar, ) a. [Lat. auxiliaris, -Has, from auxilium, 

Auj-il'ia-ry, ) help, from augere, to increase.] Help- 

"ing; assisting; aiding; subsidiary. 

Au$-il'ia-ry,n. 1. A helper ; an assistant ; specifically, 
in the pi. , foreign troops in the service of a nation at 
war. 2. ( Gram.) A verb helping to form the moods and 
tenses of other verbs ; as, have, be, can, &c. 3. (Math.) 
A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or 
facilitating some operation. 

A-vail', v. t. [imp., p. p., & p. a. availed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. AVAILING.] [Lat. ad and valere, to be strong, to be 
worth.] To turn to the advantage of ; to profit; to as- 
sist ; to promote. [purpose. 

A-vail, v. i. To be of use or advantage ; to answer the 

A- vail', n. Advantage; use; benefit; — pi., profits or 
proceeds. 

A-vaiFa-lbfl'i-ty, ) n. State of being available ; power 

A-vail'a-ble-ness, ) of promoting the end in view. 

A-vail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being availed of, or used 



food, foot ; tirn, rude, piill ; pell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



AVAILABLY 



48 



AWARD 



to advantage ; profitable ; able to effect the object. 2. 
Having sufficient power or efficacy for the object ; valid. 

A-vail'a-bly, adv. With success or effect. 

Av'a-laonclie', n. [Ft., from Lat. ad, to, and vallis, 
valley.] A snow-slip ; vast body of snow, ice, or earth 
sliding down a mountain. 

Avant-courier (a-vong'kob'reer), n. [Fr. See infra, 
and Courier.] A person dispatched before another 
person or company, to give notice of his or their ap- 
proach. 

A-vant'-gnard, n. [Fa avant, before (Lat. ab, from, 
and ante, before), and Eng.guard.] The van or advanced 
body of an army ; vanguard. 

Av'a-rlce, n. [Lat. avaritia, from avere, to covet.] Ex- 
cessive love of money or gain. 
Syn.— Cupidity; greediness; covetousness. 

Av/a-rl'cious (-rlsh'us), a. Actuated by avarice ; greedy 
after wealth or gain. 

Syn.— Covetous; parsimonious; penurious; miserly; nig- 
gardly.— The covetous eagerly desire wealth, even at the ex- 
pense of others ; the avancious hoard it; the penurious, parsi- 
monious, &n& miserly save it by disgraceful self-denial; and the 
niggardly, by meanness in their dealings. 

Av'a-ri'cioiis-ly (-rlsh'us), adv. Covetously ; greedily. 

Av'a-ri'ciou.s-ness, n. Undue love of money. 

A-vast', interj. [Corrupted from D. haudjast, hold fast.] 
(Naut.) Cease; hold; stop. 

Av'a-tar', n. [Skr. avatara, descent.] An incarnation 
or metamorphosis of a deity among the Hindoos. 

A-vaunt', interj. [See AVANT-GUARD.] Begone. 

A've-Ma'ry, n. A prayer to the Virgin Mary, beginning 
Ave Maria [Hail, Mary]. 

Av'e-na'ceoiis, a. [Lat. avena, oats.] Relating to oats. 

A-venge', v. t. [0. Fr. avengier, from Lat. vindicare, to 
revenge, to avenge.] [imp., p. p., & p. a. AVENGED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. avenging.] To vindicate by inflicting 
pain or evil on the wrong-doer. 

Syn. — Revenge. —It may be right to avenge injuries, but 
never to indulge revenge, which is a spirit of malicious resent- 
ment. 

A-veng'er, n. One who avenges, or takes vengeance. 

Av'e-nue, n. [Fr., from Lat. advenire, to come to.] 1. 
An entrance to any place ; way ; passage. 2. An alley 
or walk in a path or garden, usually planted on each side 
with trees. 3. A wide street. [An Americanism.'] 

A-ver' (14), v. t. [irnp. & p. p. AVERRED ;p.pr. Scvb.n. 
AVERRING.] [Low Lat. averare, from Lat. ad, to, and 
verus, true.] To declare positively ; to assert with confi- 
dence ; to asseverate. 
Syn. — To affirm; protest; avouch. — See Affirm, Assert. 

Av'er-age (45), a. 1. Medial ; containing a mean pro- 
portion. 2. According to the laws of average. 

Av'er-age, n. [0. Fr. See Aver.] 1. A contribution 
to a general loss. 2. A mean proportion ; medial sum 
or quantity. 3. A medial estimate or general statement 
derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases. 4. 
A small duty payable to shipmasters on goods. 

Av'er-age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. averaged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. AVERAGING.] To reduce to a mean ; to proportion. 

Av'er-age, v. i. To be or form a medial sum or quantity. 

A-ver'ment, n. 1. Act of averring : affirmation; posi- 
tive assertion. 2. Verification ; establishment by evi- 
dence. 3. (Law.) Offer of either party to justify or 
prove what he alleges. 

A-verse' (14), a. [See Avert.] 1. Turned away. 2. 
Having a repugnance or opposition of mind. 

Syn. — Disinclined; backward; reluctant. — Averse is strong- 
er than disinclined and backward, but not so strong as reluc- 
tant (struggling against). 

A-verse'ly, adv. 1. Backwardly. 2. Unwillingly. 
A-verse'ness, n. Quality or state of being averse. 
A-yer'sion, n. 1. Opposition or repugnance of mind ; 

dislike ; moderate hatred. 2. Opposition or contrariety 

of nature. 3. The cause of repugnance. 

Syn. — Disgust ; reluctance ; repugnance ; antipathy. — 
Aversion is not so strong as reluctance (lit., struggling against) ; 
nor reluctance as repugnance (lit., fighting against). t)isgust is 
a repugnance of feeling or taste: antipathy is properly a consti- 
tutional disgust, though sometimes an acquired one. 

A-vert', v. t. [imp., p. p.,&, p. a. averted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. AVERTING.] [Lat. avertere, from ab, a, from, and ver- 
ier e, to turn.] To turn or cause to turn off, aside, or 
away. 

A-vert', v. i. To turn away. 

A-vert'er, n. One who averts or turns away. 

A'vi-a-ry , n. [Lat. aviarium , from avis, a bird.] A house 
or inclosure for keeping birds confined. 



A-vid'i-ty, n. [Lat. aviditas, fr. avidus, eager, avere, 
to long.] An intense desire ; strong appetite. 
Syn. — Greediness; hankering; longing; eagerness. 

Av'o-ea'tion, n. [Lat. avocatio, from ab, a, from, and 
vocare, to call.] 1. Act of calling aside, or diverting 
from some employment. 2. The business that calls off. 
e=r" Sometimes improperly used for vocation. 

Av'o-cet, n. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird. 

A-void', v. t. [imp., p. p., & p. a. AVOIDED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. avoiding.] [Prefix a and void.] 1. To keep at a 
distance from. 2. To make void ; to annul or vacate. 
3. (Pleading.) To defeat or evade, as a plea. 

Syn.— To shun. — Avoid is negative ; it is simply to keep 
away from. Shun is positive ; it is to turn from. Prudence 
may induce us to avoid, fear or dislike lead us to shun. We 
avoid bad habits ; we ought to shun vices. 

A-void', v. i. (Law.) To become void, vacant, or empty, 
as a benefice. 

A-void' a-lble, a. Capable of being avoided. 

A-void' ance, n. 1. The act of avoiding or shunning. 
2. The act of annulling. 3. The act of becoming va- 
cant, or the state of being vacant, as a benefice. 

A-void'er, n. 1. One who avoids ; one who shuns. 2< 
One who carries any thing away, or a vessel in which 
things are carried away. [ble. 

A-void'less, a. Incapable of being avoided ; unavoida- 

Av'oir-du-pois' (av'er-du-poiz'),?!. or a. [Fr. avoir du 
poids, to have (a fixed) weight, from Fr. avoir (Lat. 
habere), to have, and poids (0. Fr. poix, pois), portion 
weighed, from Lat. pensum, portion weighed] A weight 
for ordinary commodities, in which a pound contains 16 
ounces, or 7000 Troy grains. 

A-vouch', v. t. [imp., p. p., &jd. a. AVOUCHED ;p.pr. 
& vb. n. AVOUCHING.] [Lat. advocare, to call to, from 
ad and vocare, to call.] To declare positively ; to main- 
tain. 
Syn. — To vouch ; to affirm ; to assert ; to support. 

A-vouch'a-lble, a. Capable of being avouched. 

A-voucli'er, n. One who avouches or affirms. 

A-vow', v. t. [imp. k,p.p. avowed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
AVOWING.] [Fr.avoiter; a for ad, and vouer (Lat. vovere), 
to vow.] 1. To declare openly ; to own ; to acknowledge ; 
to confess. 2. (Law.) To acknowledge and justify, as 
an act done. 
Syn. — See Confess. 

A-vow'a-ble, a. Capable of being avowed or confessed. 

A-vow'al, n. An open or frank declaration. 

A-vow'ed-ly, adv. In an avowed manner ; openly. 

A-vow-ee', n. See Advowee. 

A-vow'er, n. One who avows. 

A-vow'ry, n. (Law.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, 
in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking 
in his own right. 

A-vul'sion, n. [Lat. avvlsio, from avellere, avulsus, to 
tear off, from a for ab, from off, and vellere, to pluck.] 

1. A tearing asunder. 2. A fragment torn off. 3. 
(Laio.) Sudden removal of land from the estate of one 
man to that of another by an inundation, current, or 
the like. 

A-vun'eu-lar, a. [From Lat. avunculus, uncle.] Of or 

pertaining to an uncle. 
A-wait', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AWAITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

awaiting.] 1. To wait or look out for; to expect. 

2. To be in store for ; to be ready for. 

A-wake', v. t. [imp. awoke, awaked ; p. p. 
awaked; p. pr. & vb. n. awaking.] 1. To rouse 
from sleep. 2. To arouse from a state resembling sleep, 
as from death, stupidity, or inaction. 

A-wake', v. i. To cease to sieep ; to come out of a state 
of natural sleep ; and, figuratively, out of a state re- 
sembling sleep. 

A-wake', a. Not sleeping ; in a state of wakefulness. 

A-wak'en (a-wak'n), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. awak- 
ENED;y.pr. & vb. n. AWAKENING.] [Awake, with 
its A.-S. infinitive.] To rouse from sleep or torpor. 

Syn. — To arouse ? excite ; stir up ; call forth ; awake ; 
wake. 

A-wak'en -er, n. He who, or that which, awakens. 

A-ward', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AWARDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
AWARDING.] [0. Fr. awarder, from a, equiv. to Lat. 
ad, and warder, garder, guarder, to observe, keep. See 
Guard.] To give by judicial determination ; to assign 
by sentence ; to adjudge. 

A-ward', v.i. To determine ; to make an award. 

A-ward', n. 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decis- 
ion'; specifically, the decision of arbitrators in a case 
submitted. 2. The paper containing such decision. 



si,e,&c.,long; a-,6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



AWARDER 



49 



BABEL 



A-ward'er, n. One who awards ; a judge 
A-ware', a. Watchful ; vigilant ; hence, apprised ; cog- 
nizant. 
A- way', adv. Absent ; at a distance. 

©3™ Away with has sometimes a peculiar signification in the 
phrase, " 1 can not away with it." (Isa. i. 13), i. e. " I can not 
bear or endure it." — To make away with, to kill or destroy. 

Awe, n. [A.-S. oga, ege, aige, fr. Goth, agan, ogan, to 
"fear.] Profound fear mingled with admiration or rev- 
erence. 

Syn. — Dread; veneration.— Reverence is a strong sentiment 
of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear. 
Dread is strong personal fear; as, dread of punishment. Ven- 
eration is reverence in its strongest manifestation; it is the 
highest emotion we can exercise toward human beings. 

Awe, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. awed ; p.pr. & vb. n. AWING.] 

"To strike with fear and reverence. 

A-weatn'er, adv. (Naut.) On the weather side, or 

toward the wind ; opposed to alee. 
A-weigh' (-iva'j, adv. (Naut.) Just drawn out of the 

ground, and hanging perpendicularly ; atrip ; — said of 

the anchor. [miration. 

Aw'ful, a. Striking with awe ; filling with fear and ad- 
Aw'f ul-ly, adv. In an awful manner. 
^Lw'ful-ness, n. The quality of striking with awe. 
A-while', adv. A space of time ; for some time ; for a 

short time. 
Awk'ward, a. [From 0. Eng. awk, left (Fr. gauche), 
"and ward, q. v.] 1. Wanting dexterity ; without skill ; 

bungling. 2. Ungraceful in manner. 
Syn. — Clumsy ; uncouth. — One who is Clvmty (from 

clump) is heavy, and, of course, ungraceful in everything ; 

one who is awkward wants grace of movement; one who is 

uncouth is so for want of training. 

Awk/ward-ly, adv. In an awkward manner. 
Awk'ward-ness, n . The quality of being awkward. 
Awl, n. [A.-S. eel, al.] A pointed instrument for mak- 
ing small holes. 
Awn, n. [Goth, ahana, Gr. "x^*] The bristle or beard 
"of barley, oats, grasses, &c. 

Awn'ing, n. [Of. A.-S. helan. helian, to cover.] 1. A 
"cover of canvas, to shelter from the sun's rays. 2. 

That part of the poop -deck which is continued forward 

beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. 
Awn'less, a. Without awn or beard. 
A-woke', imp. & p. p. of awake. See Awake. 
A-wry' (a-ri'), a. or adv. 1. Turned or twisted toward 

one side ; asquint. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or 

right reason. 
Ax, I n. [A.-S. eax, sex, acas, Gr. dglvr), Lat. ascia.] 
Axe, > An instrument, usually of iron, with a steel edge 

or blade, for hewing timber, chopping wood, &c. [axis. 
Ax'i-al, a. Pertaining, or having resemblance, to an 
Ax-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. axis and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) 

Consisting of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. 
Ax'il, \n. [Lat.] 1. The armpit. 2. (Bot.) The angle 
Anc-Wla, ) between the upper side of a branch or leaf, 

and a stem or branch. 
Ax'il-lar, ) a. [See Axil.] 1. Pertaining to the 
Ax'il-la-ry, j armpit. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising 

from, the axilla. 
Ax'i-om, n. [Gr. d£iw^a, from a£ toi)v, to think worthy, 




a£ios, worthy.] 1. A self-evident and necessary truth 
or proposition. 2. An established principle in some art 
or science. 

Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism ; adage. — Axioms are the founda- 
tions of science ; maxims are guiding principles in our prac- 
tical concerns. An aphorism is a detached sentence express- 
ing a weighty sentiment ; an adage is a saying of long-estab- 
lished authority. 

Ax'i-o-mat'ic, ) a. Pertaining to an axiom ; having 

Ax'i-o-mat'ie-al^ j the nature of an axiom. 

Ax'is, n. ; pi. ax'es. [Lat.] 1. The straight line, real 
or imaginary, on which a body revolves, or may be sup- 
posed to revolve. 2. (Anat.) (a.) The second vertebra 
of the neck ; (b.) A tooth-like process, on its upper sur- 
face, serving as a pivot on which the second vertebra 
turns. 3. (Bot.) The central part or column of a plant, 
around which the other parts are disposed. 4. A cen- 
tral or medial line between corresponding parts. 

Ax'le (aks'l), n. [A.-S. sex, eax. 
Cf. Axis.] 1. A transverse bar 
connecting the naves of the op- 
posite wheels of a carriage. 2. 
An axis. 

Ax'le-tree, n. An axle. 

Ay, ) (33), adv. Yes ; yea ; — a word 

Aye, j expressing assent, or an 

#< affirmative answer to a question. 

Aye('ai),rc. 1. An affirmative vote. 

_2. A voter in the affirmative. 

Aye (a), adv. [A.-S. a, aa, awa, 
Gr. aiei, del.] Always ; ever ; con- 
tinually ; for an indefinite time. B » Axle. 

Aye'-aye, n. (Zool.) A singular nocturnal quadruped 
found in Madagascar ; so called from its cry. 

A-za'le-a, n. ; pi. A-ZA/LE-As.. [Gr. d£a\eo<;, dry, so 
called because growing best in dry ground ] A genus of 
flowering plants. 

Az'i-mutli, n. [Ar. as-samt, pi. as-sumttt, a way or 
path.] An arc of the horizon intercepted between the 
meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through 
the center of any object. 

Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's 
compass, but with a more accurate graduation of the card, and 
vertical sights.— llagnetical azimuth, an arc of the horizon, in- 
tercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object 
and the magnetic meridian. 

Az'i-muth-al, a. Pertaining to the azimuth. 

A-zo'ie, a. [Gr. d prfv. and &rj, life.] Destitute of any 
vestige of animal life. 

A-zote', n. [Gr. d priv. and &y, life.] ( Chem.) A kind 
of gas unfit for respiration ; nitrogen. 

A-zot'ic, a. Pertaining to ; formed or consisting of azote. 

Az'o-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. azotized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AZOTIZING.] To impregnate with azote, or nitro- 
gen ; to nitrogenize. 

A-zo'tous, a. Nitrous ; as, azotous acid. 

Az'ure (azh'ur or a/zhur), a. [Per. lajawardov lajuward,. 
a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, the initial I 
having been dropped.] Of a sky-blue ; cerulean. 

Az'ure (azh'ur or a/zhur), n. 1. The fine blue color of 
the sky. 2. The blue vault above. 3. (Her.) A blue 
color, represented in engraving by horizontal lines. 



B. 



B(be), is the second letter, and the first consonant, in the 
English alphabet. (See Prin. of Pron., § 62.) It is 
etymologically convertible with m,p,f, v, and w, letters 
representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its 
own. In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in 
the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the 
second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor.) 
B[j stands for B flat, the tone or half-step, or semitone 
lower than B. 

Baa, n. The cry or bleating of sheep. 

Baa, v. i. To cry or bleat as sheep. 

Bab'foitt-met/al, n. A soft alloy of copper, zinc, and 
tin, named from the inventor. 

Bab'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. babbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BABBLING.] [D. babbelen, H. Ger. bappeln, bappern, Fr. 
babiller, It. babbolare.] 1. To utter words imperfectly 



or unintelligibly. 2. To prate ; to chatter: 3. To make 

a constant murmuring noise, as a small stream running 

over rocks. 
Bablble, v. t. To prate ; to utter. 

Bab'ble, \n. Idle talk; senseless prate; un- 

B&b'ble-ment, ) meaning words. 
BabTbler, n. 1. An idle talker ; a tell-tale. 2. One of 

a group of long-tailed, thrush-like birds, remarkable for 

their singular chattering notes. 
Babe, n. [W. baban, maban.] An infant ; a young child 

of either sex ; a baby. 
Ba'bel, n. [Heb. Babel, capital of Shinar, or Babylonia ; 

confusion, fr. balal, to confound, according to Scripture, 

but more prob. a contr. from Mth-bel, house of Belus, 

or Baal. See Gen. xi.] A confused combination of 

sounds ; confusion ; disorder. 



food, t&bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eelio ; gem, get : 



ag ; exist ; linger, link ; tni*. 



BABOON 



50 BADGE 




{Bot. 



Bab-dbn', ft. [0- En S- babion, bab- 
ian, prob. akin to babe.] A kind of 
monkey , having a long face, a broad, 
high muzzle, cheek pouches, dog- 
like tusks, or canine teeth, and 
naked callosities on the buttocks. 

Ba'by, n. [See Babe.] 1. An in- 
fant ; a babe. 2. A doll. 

Ba'by, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, an infant. 

Ba'by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BABIED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BABYING.] To treat 
like a young child. [baby. 

Banby-liobd, n- State of being a 

Ba'by-liouse, n. A place for chil- 
dren's dolls and babies. 

Ba'by -ish, a. Like a baby ; childish. 

Ba'by-jiimp'er, n. A suspensory Baboon, 

support for a child, attached to the ceiling of a room by 
a strap of vulcanized india-rubber, and used for exercise. 

Bab'y-lo'ni-an, I a. Pertaining to Babylon, or the an- 

Bab'y-lo'nish, ) cient kingdom of Babylonia. 

Bab'y-lo'ni-an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia. 
2. An astrologer ; — so called because the Chaldeans 
were remarkable for the study of astrology. 

Bae, ) n. [Fr. bac, a ferry-boat, Arm. bag, bak, a bark, 

Back, ) D. bak, tray, bowl.] I. (Brewing & Distil- 
ling.) A large tub or vessel into which the wort, &c, is 
drawn for the purpose of cooling, straining, mixing, &c. 
It has different names, according to its position and use. 
2. A broad, flat boat, for carrying carriages, cattle, &c, 
over ferries, by means of a rope stretched across. 

Ba^oa-lau 're-ate, n. [N. Lat. baccalaureatus , from 
baccalaureiis, a bachelor of arts, from Lat. bacca lauri, 
bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a 
garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] The degree 
of bachelor of arts. 

Ba-e'-ea-lau're-ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. 

Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a farewell 
discourse delivered to a graduating class. 

Bae'-eate, a. [Lat. baccatvs, fr. bacca, berry 
Having a pulpy nature, like a berry. 

Bae'ea-ted, a. Having many berries. 

Ba-e'-eha-nal, ) n. [See infra.] A devotee of Bac- 

Bae'elia-na'li-an, j chus ; one who indulges in 
drunken revels. 

Bae'elia-nal, ) a. Beveling, or pertaining to revel- 

Bae'eha-na'li-an. } ing, in intemperate drinking. 

Ba-e'eha-nal§, \ n. pi. [Lat. Bacchanal, a place de- 

Hd^'-eha-na'li-d, j voted to Bacchus, Bacchanalia, a 
feast of Bacchus, the god of wine.] (Myth.) Feasts in 
honor of Bacchus ; hence, drunken feasts or revels. 

Bae-ehant',n. ; ~L&t.pl. BAC-CHAN'TEg. [Lat. baccans, 
p.pr. of bac.chari, to celebrate the feast of Bacchus.] 1. 
A priest of Bacchus- 2. A bacchanal ; a reveler. 

Ba-c-chaiite', n. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A 
female bacchanal. 

Ba-e'-elii-e, i a. Relating to Bacchus ; hence, jovial 

Bae'ehie-al, 1 with intoxication ; drunken. 

Bae-clf'er-ous, a- [Lat. baccifer, from bacca, berry, 
em&ferre, to bear.] Producing berries. 

Bae-crv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. bacca, berry, and vorare, to 
devour.] Subsisting on berries. 

B&ch'e-lor, n. [L. Lat. baccalarius, afterward changed 
to baccalaureus. See BACCALAUREATE. The orig. 
sense of the word is little, small, young, from W. bach, 
Ir. beag, beg.] 1. A man of any age who has not been 
married. 2. One who has taken the first degree in the 
liberal arts, at a college or university. 3. A young 
knight. 

B&cli'e-lor's-but'ton, n. An herbaceous perennial 
plant, the flower of which was formerly carried by coun- 
try fellows in their pockets to know whether they should 
succeed with their sweethearts. 

B&ch'e-lor-ship, n. State of being a bachelor. 

Back, n. [A.-S. bsec, bac. Cf. Sw. backe, hill.] 1. The 
upper or hinder part of an animal, from the neck to the 
loins. 2. The part opposed to the front ; the rear. 3. 
The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the 
inner or lower part. 4. The part opposite to or most 
remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or 
the part out of sight. 

Back, adv. 1. To the place from which one came. 2. 
To or toward a former state, condition, station, or time. 
3. Away from the front. 4. In a state of restraint or 
hindrance. 5. Again ; in return- 
Back, v. t. [imp. & p. p. backed ; p. pr. & vb, 



BACKING.] 1. To get upon the back of. 2. To sup- 
port, second or strengthen by aid. 3. To drive or force 
backward. 4. To furnish with a back. 

To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead 
of a large one, to which it is fastened.— To back astern, in row- 
ing, to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual 
method. — To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. — 
To back the sails, to arrange them so as to take out the wind, 
and thus to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, to sup- 
port or sustain. 

Back, v. i. To move or go back. 

To back out, or back down, to withdraw from an engage- 
ment or pledge. 

Back, a. In the rear ; remote. 

BackHbite, v. t. To speak evil of, in the absence of the 

person traduced. 
Back'bite, v. i. To censure or revile the absent. 
BackHbit/er, n. A secret calumniator or detractor. 
BackHbone, n. 1. The spine. 2. Firmness ; moral 

principle. 
B&ck'er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports 

another. 
Back-gam'mon, n. [W. bach, little, and cammawn, 

cammon, combat.] A game played by two persons, upon 

a table, with box and dice. 
Back'ground, n. 1. Ground in the rear or behind. 

2. A place of obscurity or shade. 
Back'hand'ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward. 

2. Indirect ; oblique. 3. Inclining to the left. 
Back'hand'ed, adv. With the hand directed back* 

ward. 
Back'Jiouse, n. A building behind the main or front 

building ; specifically, a privy or necessary. 

"Rark'liillte' I n ' ■*■ P* ece of armor for covering the back. 

Sack' sliisJi, ) n. [Pers. bakhshish, from bakhshidan, 

HacTt'sheesh, } to give.] In India, a present or gra- 
tuity of money. 

Back'side, n. Back or hinder part of any thing ; the 
rear. 

Back'sight (-sit), n. The first reading of the leveling 
staff, taken from any position of the leveling instrument. 

Back-slide', v. i. [imp. backslid ; p. p. backslid- 
den, BACKSLID ; p. pr. & vb. n. BACKSLIDING.] To 
fall back or off ; to apostatize. 

Back-slid'er, n. One who backslides ; a renegade. 

Back'staff, n. [So called from its being used with the 
observer's back toward the sun.] An instrument for- 
merly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies. 

Back'-stayg, n. pi. (Naut.) Long ropes extending from 
the top -mast heads to both sides of a ship, to assist the 
shrouds in supporting the mast. 

Back'sword (-sord), n. A sword with one sharp edge. 

Back'ward, ) adv. [back and ward. See WARD.] 1. 

Back'wardg, J With the back in advance. 2. To- 
ward the back. 3. On the back, or with the back down- 
ward. 4. Toward or in past time. 5. By way of re- 
flection. 6. From a better to a worse state. 7. In a 
contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction ; contrarily. 

Back'ward, a. 1. Unwilling; averse; reluctant. 2. 
Dull ; not quick of apprehension. 3. Late or behind- 
hand in time. 4. Already past or gone. [ner. 

Back'ward-ly, adv. In a reluctant or unwilling man- 

Back'ward-ness, n. State or quality of being back- 
ward ; aversion ; reluctance. 

Back'wa-ter, n. 1. Water held back, as in a stream, 
by some"obstruction, as a dam. 2. Water thrown back 
by the turning of a water-wheel. 

Back -woods/man, n. An inhabitant of the forest in 
new settlements, especially on the western frontier ef the 
United States. 

Ba'-eon (ba'kn), n. [0. H. Ger. bacho, back, 0. D. baec, 
ham. Cf. Ger. bache, a wild sow, and bacher, a wild boar.] 
Hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 
To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm. 

Ba-eo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his 

system of philosophy. 
Bad, a. [comp. worse ; superl. worst.] [Cf. Per. bad, 

Ger. bbse, 0. H. Ger. busi,posi, bad, Goth, bauths, deaf, 

dumb, dull.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical 

or moral ; evil ; ill ; vicious. 

**§■* | (bad, 57). The past tense of bid. See BID. 

Badge, n. [A.-S. beag, beah, bracelet, collar, crown, 
from beogan, bugan, to bow, bend.] 1. A distinctive 
mark, token, or sign worn on the person. 2. Some- 
thing that gives prominence or distinctiveness. 



,. v. ^iiijj. ix/ p. p. aji.^a.s^u , p. pr. o& vo. n. ming mat gives prominence or uisuiiici/iv caeca. 

,long; a,e,&c. ,short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil term, pique, firm; son, ordo, wolf, 



a,e,&c 



BADGER 



51 



BALIZE 




Bad'ger, n. [Corrupted 

from L. Lat. bladarius, 

bladerius, from bladum, 

bladus, blada, corn, of 

Celtic origin ; the badger 

was so called because be 

carried away bis store of 

corn from tbe fields of 

the peasants.] 1. A 

burrowing quadruped re- 
lated to tbe bear. It is a Indian Badger. 

clumsy animal, witb sbort, thick legs, and long claws on 

tbe fore feet. 2. (Eng. Law.) A person licensed to buy 

corn in one place and seU it in another 
Bad'ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. badgered; p. pr. & vb. 

n. badgering.] To follow up with great eagerness, as 

the badger is hunted ; to pester or worry. 
Ba-dig'eon (ba-dlj'un), n. [Fr.] 1. A mixture of 

plaster and freestone, used to fill small boles in statues. 

2. A mixture of saw-dust and glue, used by joiners to 

fill up defects in their work. 
Badinage (bad'e-niizh'), n. [Fr., from badiner, to joke.] 

Light or playful discourse. 
Bad'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; not well. 
Bad'ness, a. State of being bad ; want of good qualities, 

natural or moral. 
Baffle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. baffled : p. pr. & vb. n. 

BAFFLING.] [From Prov. Ger. baffen, baffen, to bark, 

chide.] 1. To treat with insult or mockery. 2. To 

check by shifts and turns. 3. To check by perplexing. 

Syn. — To balk; frustrate; disappoint; confound; defeat; 
elude; foil. 

Baffler, n. One who baffles. 

Bag, n. [Low Lat. baga, A.-S. bselg, bselig, bag, budget, 
belly, Goth, balgs, pouch, Ger. balg, case, skin.] A sack 
or pouch, used to hold, preserve, or convey any thing. 

Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAG- 
GING.] 1. To put into a bag. 2. To seize or intrap. 

Bag, v. i. 1. To swell hke a full bag. 

Bagatelle (bag/a-tel'), n. [From 0. Fr. bague, bundle. 
Cf. Bag.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. 2. A 
game played with balls and a rod on a board having holes 
at one end. 

Bag'gage, n. [See Bag.] 1. The tents, clothing, uten- 
sils, and other necessaries of an army. 2. Trunks, car- 
pet-bags, &c, containing tbe clothing, &c, which one 
carries with him on a journey ; luggage. 

Bag'gage, n. [Cf. Fr. bagasse, Sp. bagasa, It. bagascin, 
prostitute, from baga, bagua, bundle.] 1. A strumpet. 
2. A playful, saucy young woman. 

Bag'ging, n. The cloth or materials for bags. 

Bagn'io (ban-yo), n. [It., from Lat. balneum, bath.] 1. 
A bath-house. 2. A brothel. 

Bag'pipe, n. A musical instru- 
ment, used in Scotland. 

I3SF" It consists of a leathern bag, 
which receives the air by a tube, 
which is stopped by a valve ; and of 
pipes, into which the air is pressed 
by the performer. 

Bag'pip'er, n. One who plays 
on a bagpipe. 

Bah, interj. An exclamation 
expressive of disgust or con- 
tempt; pah. 

Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BAILED 

ING.] [Lat. bajulare, to bear a burden, bajulus, he who 
bears burdens.] 1. (Law.) (a.) To set free from arrest, 
or custody, and deliver to the keeping of other persons, 
on their undertaking to be responsible for the appearance 
at a certain day and place of the person bailed. (b.) To 
deliver, for some special object or purpose, upon a con- 
tract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faith- 
fully executed. 2. To free from water. 

Bail, n. 1. (Law.) (a.) The person or persons who pro- 
cure the release of a prisoner, by becoming surety for bis 
appearance in court. (6.) The security given. 2. The 
handle of a kettle or similar vessel. 

Bail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being admitted to bail. 2. 
Admitting of bail. 

Bail'-bond, n. ( Law.) (a.) A bond or obligation given 
by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's ap- 
pearance in court, at the return of the writ, (b.) Special 
bail in court to abide the judgment. [mitted in trust. 

Bail-ee', n. (Law.) The person to whom goods are com- 

Bail'er, ) (126), n. (Law.) One who delivers goods to 

Bail'or, ) another in trust, for some particular purpose. 




Bagpipe. 
p. pr. & vb. n. BAIL- 



Bail'iff, n. [See Bail, v. t.] A sheriff's deputy, ap- 
pointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, &c. 

Bail'i-wick, n. [0. Fr. baillie, jurisdiction of a baiUff, 
and A.-S. wic, a termination signifying station, residence.] 
(Law. ) Tbe precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction. 

Bail'ment, n. (Law.) A delivery of goods hi trust. 

Bait, n. [See infra.] 1. Any substance used to catch 
fish, &c ; a lure. 2. Any thing serving to allure ; entice- 
ment; temptation. 3. Refreshment taken on a journey. 

Bait, v. t. [imp. & p p. baited ; p.pr. & vb. n. bait- 
ing.] [A.-S. batan, from bitan, to bite.] 1. To put on c: 
in, as on a hook or in an inclosure, to allure fish, fowls, 
&c. 2. To give food and drink to, upon the road. 

Bait, v. i. To stop to take refreshment on a journey. 

Bait, v. t. [See supra.] To provoke and harass. 

Baize, n. [Perhaps from Eng. base, of little comparativ* 
value.] A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap. 

Bake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. baked (bakt, 108) ; p. pr. &| 
vb. n. BAKING.] [A.-S. bacan, Skr. patsk.] 1. To heat. 1 
dry, and harden, by natural or artificial means ; specifi- 
cally, to prepare for food, in a close place heated, [baked. 

Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking. 2. To be 

Bake'house, n. A house or building for baking. 

Bak'er, n. 1. One whose occupation is to bake bread, 
biscuit, &c. 2. A small portable tin oven. [Amer.] 
Baker's dozen, thirteen in number. 

Bak'er-y, n. . 1. The trade of a baker. 2. A place used 
for baking ; a bakehouse. 

Bak'ing, n. The quantity baked at once. 

Bak'shish, n. See Backshish. 

Bal'ance, n. [Lat. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales, 
from bis, twice, and lanz, plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus 
for weighing bodies. 2. That which is necessary to 
make two quantities or sums equal. 3. Act of com- 
paring or weighing ; estimate. 4. An equipoise or just 
proportion. 5. A wheel in a watch serving to regulate 
the motion of the other wheels. 6. (Astron.) A sign in 
the zodiac, called Libra. 

Bal'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. balanced ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BALANCING.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, or 
equilibrium ; to weigh in a balance. 2. To render equal 
in importance, force, proportion, &c. 3. To compare 
in relative force, importance, value, &c. ; to estimate. 
4. To settle and adjust, as an account. 5. (Dancing.) 
To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally. 

Bal'ance, v. i. 1. To be in equipoise. 2. To hesitate. 
3. (Dancing.) To move toward a person opposite, and 
then back. 

Bal'an-cer, n. One who balances, or uses a balance. 

Bal'ance-sheet, n. (Book-keeping.) A paper giving a 
summation and balance of accounts. 

Bal'eo-ny, n. [From 0. H. Ger. balcho ,palcho , Eng. balk, 
beam.] A kind of gallery on the outside of a building. 

Bald, a. [Perhaps the p. p. of to ball, to reduce to the 
roundness or smoothness of a ball, by clearing away the 
hair. But cf. also Sp. baldo, baldio, bare; W. moel, 
Gael. & Ir. maol, bald.] 1. Destitute of the natural or 
common covering, as of hah, feathers, foliage, &c. 2. 
Destitute of suitable ornament ; unadorned. 

Bal'da-ehin (baPda-kin), n. [From Bald ach, for Bag- 
dad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia whence came 
rich silks such as were used in canopies.] (Arch.) (a.) 
A structure in form of a canopy, (b.) A canopy or orna- 
ment over doors, thrones, &c. 

Bal'der-dash, n. [Prob. in its primary sense, the froth 
or foam made by barbers in dashing their balls backward 
and forward in hot water. But cf. W. baldorduss, a prat- 
tling.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially bad mixed 
liquor. 2. A senseless jargon of words ; ribaldry. 

Bald'ness, n. State of being bald. 

Bald'pate, n. A pate without hair ; a bald person. 

Bal'drie, n. [0. H. Ger. balderich,A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus, 
girdle.] A girdle, or belt, worn pendent from one shoulder 
across the breast, and under the opposite arm. 

Bale, n. [0. H. Ger. balla, Icel. bollr, ball, round pack.] 
A bundle of goods corded for transportation. 

Bale, v. t. [imp. & p.p. baled ; p.pr. & vb. n. BAL- 
ING.] To make up in a bale. 

Bale, n. [A.-S. beal, balo, Goth, balos.] Misery ; calam- 
ity ; misfortune ; sorrow. 

Bale'-fire, n. A signal-fire ; an alarm-fire. 

Bale'ful, a. 1. Full of bale or misery ; calamitous. 2. 
Full of grief or sorrow ; woful ; sad. 

5- Jrl- *f *' \ n. [Lat. balista, ballista.] A cross-bow. . 

Ba-lize' (-leez'), n. [Fr., from pal, stake, pale, Lat. pa- 
lus.] A pole raised on a bank. 



food, fo"bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; thi». 



BALK 



52 



BANDORE 



Balk (bawk), n. [A.-S. bale, Ger. balken, beam.] 1. An 
iinpiowed ridge or strip. 2. A great beam, or rafter, or 
timber. 3. (Mil.) One of tbe beams connecting the suc- 
cessive supports of a trestle-bridge or bateau-bridge. 4. 
A hindrance or disappointment. 

Balk (bawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BALKED (bawkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BALKING.] [From balk, beam ; orig. to put a 
beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder.] 1. To 
leave untouched in plowing. 2. To disappoint ; to frus- 
trate. 

Balk (bawk), v. i. To stop abruptly in one's course. 

Balk'er (bawk'er), n. One who balks. 

Balk'y (bawk'y), a. Apt to turn aside or stop abruptly. 

Ball, n. [0. H. Ger. balla,palla. Cf. Bale.] 1. Any 
round body, or one nearly so. 2. Any part of the body 
that is round or protuberant. 3. (Print.) A cushion 
formerly used to put ink on the types in the forms. 4. 
A well-known and familiar game. 

' Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a 
socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction. 

Ball, n. [Fr. bal, Ger. ball, a dancing ; from Gr. fiaWeiv, 
to toss or throw, or 7rdAAeiv, ndWeaOai, to leap, bound.] 
A social assembly for the purpose of dancing. 

Ball, v. i. [imp. & p.p. balled ; p. pr. & vb. n. ball- 
ing.] To form, as snow, into balls, as on horses' hoofs, 
or on the feet. 

Bal'lad, n. [It. ballata, a dancing song, from ballare, to 
dance. See Ball.] A popular song, narrative or senti- 
mental, in simple, homely verses. 

Bal'last, n. [Either from A.-S. bat, boat, and hlsest, load ; 
or of Celt, origin, lit. sand -load, the first syllable having 
been taken from Ir. beal, sand. Cf. W. balasam, ballast.] 

1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, &c, placed in the hold 
of a vessel, to steady it. 2. Gravel, broken stone, &c, 
laid on the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 

Bal'last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ballasted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BALLASTING.] To load or furnish with ballast. 

Ball'-cock, n. A contrivance which allows water to 
enter a cistern, but shuts of itself by means of a float- 
ing ball, when the cistern is full. 

Bal'let, n. [Fr., from bal. See BALL, dancing-party]. A 
theatrical exhibition with music, dancing, decorations, &c. 

JBal-lis'td,n. ;pl. bal-lis'T^. [Lat. from Gr. fidWetv, 
to throw.] A machine or engine, in the form of a cross- 
bow, used by the ancients in war for throwing stones. 

Bal'lis-ter, or Bal-lis'ter, n. [Lat. ballista.] A cross- 
bow. 

Bal-lis'li-e, a. [See supra.] Pertaining to the ballista. 

Bal-lxs'tles, n. sing. The science of projectiles. 

Bal-loon', n. [Augm. of Fr. 
balle, Sp. bala, It. balla. See 
Bale and Ball.] 1. A bag, 
made of silk or other light ma- 
terial, and filled with hydrogen ^ 
gas or heated air, so as to rise 
and float in the atmosphere. 

2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on 
the top of a pillar. 3 . ( Chem. ) 
A spherical glass receiver. 

Bal-ldon'ist, n. An aeronaut. 
Bal'lot,7i. [Fr. ballote, Sp. ba- 

lota, a little ball. See Ball.] 

1. Originally, a ball used in 

voting ; hence, a written or 

printed vote. 2. Act of voting 

by balls or tickets. 3. Whole 

amount of votes cast. 
Ballot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BALLOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n, 

BALLOTING.] To vote or decide by ballot. 
Bal'lot-oox, n. A box for receiving ballots. 
Ball'-valve, n. (Mach.) A ball, placed in a circular cup 

with a hole in its bottom, and operating as a valve. 
BaU'-vein (-van), n. (Mining.) A sort of iron ore, 

found in loose masses of a circular form. 
Balm, (bam) n. [Lat. balsamum, Gr. fi6.kcra.tJ.ov balsam 
1. A kind of aromatic plant. 2. The 'resinous 




Balloon. 



q. v.j 



and odoriferous sap or juice of certain trees. 3. Any 
fragrant or valuable ointment. 4. Any thing which 
heals, or which soothes or mitigates pain. 

Balm of Gilead a plant of the terebinthine family, and the 
balsam obtained from it. 

Balm, i\ «. 1. To anoint with balm. 2. To assuage 
Balm'y (bam/y), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; 

odoriferous; aromatic; soothing. 2. Producing balm. 
Bal'sam, n. [Lat. balsamum, Gr. fidKo-a/jiov.] 1. An 

aromatic resinous substance, containing an essential or 



volatile oil. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A species of tree, (b.) A pop. 
ular annual garden plant ; balsamine. 3. (Med.) A 
mixture composed of natural balsams and other articles. 

Bal-sam'i-e, I a. Having the qualities of balsam ; con- 

Bal-sam'i-e-al, j taming, or resembling, balsam. 

Bal-sam'i-e, n. That which has the properties of a bal- 
sam. 

Bal'sa-mxf'er-oiis, a. [Lat. balsamum andferre, to 
bear.] Producing balsam. 

Bal'sa-mliie, n. [Gr. /SaAo-d^uvos, of balsam, q. v.] 
(Bot.) The touch-me-not, or garden -balsam. 

Bal'sa-mous, a. Having the quality of balsam. 

Bal'us-ter, n. [From Lat. balaustium, Gr. PaAavo-Tiov, 
flower of the wild pomegranate, on account of the simi- 
larity of form.] (Arch.) (a.) A small column or pilaster, 
used as a support to the rail of a staircase, &c. (b.) The 
lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. 

Bal'u.s -trade, n. [See Baluster.] A row of balus- 
ters, joined by a rail. 

Bal'za-rine', n. [Fr.] A fight mixed material of worsted 
and cotton, for ladies' dresses. 

Bam, n. [Probably a contraction of bamboozle.] An im- 
position ; a cheat. [ Vulgar.] 

Bam, v.J. To cheat ; to wheedle. [ Vulgar.] 

Bam-too', «. [Malay.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of 
grasses, growing in tropical countries. 

Bam-bdo'zle, v. t. [Said to be of Gypsy origin.] To 
play tricks upon. [Low.] 

Ban, n. [Fr. ban, L. Lat. bannus,bannum,bandum,0, 
H. Ger. ban. Cf. ABANDON.] 1. A public proclamation 
or edict. 2. (pi.) Public notice of a marriage proposed, 
or of a matrimonial contract. 3. Interdiction ; prohi- 
bition. 4. A curse. 5. A pecuniary penalty for offend- 
ing against a ban, or for the commission of some crime, 

Ban, n. [Serb, ban, Buss. & Pol. pan, a master, lord.] 
A title given to the viceroy of Croatia. 

Ban, v. t. [See Ban, n.] To curse; to 
execrate. 

Ba-na'na, n. [Sp. banana, banano, 
bananas, Fr. banane.] (Bot.) A spe- 
cies of the plantain-tree, and its fruit. 

Band, n. [A.-S. banda, from bindan, 
to bind. See Bind.] 1. Any liga- 
ment or belt with which a thing is 
bound, tied, or fastened, or by which 
a number of things are confined to- 
gether. 2. (Arch.) (a.) Any broad, 
flat, low molding, (b. ) Any continuous 
tablet or series of ornaments, &c, on 
a building, (c). In Gothic architec- 
ture, the molding which encircles pil- Banana, 
lars and small shafts. 3. Means of union or connection 
between persons. 4. A linen ornament worn about the 
neck by clergymen. 5. A company of persons united in 
any common design, especially a body of armed men. 

Band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BANDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
banding.] 1. To bind, tie, or mark with a band. 2. To 
unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. 

Band, v. i. To confederate for some common purpose. 

Band'age, n. [See Band.] 1. A fillet, roller, or swathe, 
used in dressing and binding up wounds, &c. 2. Some- 
thing resembling such a fillet. 

Band'age, v. t. [imp. k-p.p. bandaged; .p. .pr. Scvb.n. 
BANDAGING.] To bind T.ith a bandage. 

Ban-dan'a, ) n. [Sp. bandana, from bandano, a neck- 

Ban-dan'na, } erchief made of bast.] A species of silk 
or cotton handkerchief. 

BandTjox, n. A slight paper box for bands, caps, bon- 
nets, or other light articles. 

Bandeau (biin'do), n. ; pi. BANDEAUX (ban'd5z). [Fr.] 
A narrowband or fillet ; a head-dress. 

Ban'de-role, n. [Fr., from bandiere, banner.] A small 
flag, carried on the masts of vessels, or on military 
weapons. 

B&n'dit, n. ; pi. BANDITS or BAN-DIT'Ti. [It. bandito, 
p. p. of bandire, to proclaim, to banish. See ABANDON.] 
A lawless or desperate fellow ; a robber ; a brigand. 

Band-let, \ n. [See Band.] (Arch.) Any little band 

Band'e-let, ) or flat molding. 

Ban'dog, n. [band and dog, i. e., bound dog.] A large, 
fierce kind of dog, kept chained. 

Ban'do-leer', n. [Fr. bandouliere, from bande, band.] 
1. A large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, 
and hanging under the left arm, worn by ancient mus- 
keteers for sustaining their fire-arms. 2. A small leath' 
er case for powder. 

Ban'dore, or Ban-dore', n. [Gr. iravSovpa, a musi- 




,e,hc.,long; a,6,&c.,sAo«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BANDROL 



53 



BAR 



cal instrument, invented by Pan.] A musical stringed 
instrument, very similar in form to a guitar. 

Band'rol, j See Banderole. 
Ban'ner-ol, J 

Ban'dy, n. [Fr. bande, p. p. of bander, to bind, to bandy, 
from bande. See Band] 1. A club bent at the lower 
part for striking a ball. 2. The play with such a club. 

Ban'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bandied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BANDYING.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in play- 
ing at bandy. 2. To give and receive reciprocally ; to 
exchange. 3. To toss about ; to agitate. 

Ban'dy-16g, n. [bandy and leg.] A crooked leg. 

Ban'dy-legged (-legd), a. Having crooked legs. 

Bane, n. [A.-S. bana, Goth, banga, stroke, wound, Gr. 
</>eVeiv, to slay.] 1. A deadly poison ; hence, any fatal 
cause of injury or destruction. 2. Ruin ; destruction. 

Bane'f ul. a. Having poisonous qualities ; noxious. 

Bane'f ul-ly, adv. In a baneful manner. 

Bane'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being baneful. 

Bang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. banged; p.pr. & vb. n. 
BANGING.] [Icel. banga, to beat, Goth, banja, stroke.] 
To beat, as with a club or cudgel ; to handle roughly. 

Bang, n. A blow, as with a club ; a heavy blow. 

Ban'ian (or ban-yan'), n: [Skr. pan, to sell, panya, 
salable, banik, merchant. Cf. punya, holy, the banian- 
tree being held sacred.] 1. A Hindoo merchant. 2. A 
morning gown. 3. The Indian fig-tree. See Banyan. 
Banian days (Naut.), days in which sailors have no flesh meat. 

Ban'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. banished ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BANISHING.] [Low Lat. bannire, bannisare, bannizare. 
See Ban.] 1. To condemn to exile ; to compel to leave 
one's country. 2. To drive away ; to compel to depart. 

Syn. — To exile, expel. — A man is banished when forced to 
depart; exiled when sent from his own into a foreign country; 
expelled when forcibly ejected, usually with disgrace. 

Ban'ish-er, n. One who banishes. [banished. 

Ban'ish- ment, n. Act of banishing, or state of being 

Ban'is-ter, n. [A corrupt, of baluster.] A baluster. 

Ban'jo, n. [Corrupt, of bandore.] A stringed musical in- 
strument, resembling both the guitar and tamborine. 

Bank (82), n. [A.-S. banc. See Bench.] 1. A ridge 
of earth. 2. Any steep acclivity. 3. An elevation in 
the sea ; a fiat ; a shoal. 4. A bench, or a bench of 
rowers, in a galley. 5. {Com.) A collection of money 
deposited by a number of persons for a particular use. 

6. Place where such a collection of money is deposited. 

7. A company of persons concerned in a bank, whether 
a private association or an incorporated company. 

Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. banked (bankt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. banking.] To raise a mound or dike about ; to 
inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank. [banking. 

Bank, v. i. To deposit money in a bank; to carry on 

Bank'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank, as bills; or dis- 
countable, as notes. 

Bank'-bill, n. 1. In America, a promissory note of a 
bank payable to the bearer on demand, and forming 
part of the currency ; a bank-note. 2. In England, a 
note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, 
and usually at some future specified time. Such bills 
are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, 
no part of the currency. 

Bank'-bobk, n. A book in which a person's bank ac- 
counts are entered. 

Bank'er, n. One who keeps a bank ; one who receives 
and remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, &c. 

Bank'ing, n. The business of a banker. 

Bank'-note, n. A promissory note issued by a bank 
or banking company, payable to bearer on demand, and 
intended to circulate as money. 

S3- Such notes, in America, are popularly termed bank-bills. 

Bank'rupt, n. [Fr. banqueroute, It. banco rotto, bank- 
ruptcy, from Fr. banque, It. banco, bank, and Norm. Fr. 
roupt, It. rotto, Lat. ruptus, broken, p. p. of rumpere, to 
break.] 1. A trader who breaks or fails, or becomes 
unable to pay his debts ; an insolvent trader. 2. Any 
individual unable to pay his debts. 

Bank'rupt, a. Unable to pay debts ; insolvent. 

Bank'rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bankrupted; p.pr. 
& vb. n. bankrupting.] To break in trade ; to make 
insolvent. 

Bank'rupt-cy, n. 1. State of being bankrupt; insol- 
vency. 2. Act of becoming a bankrupt ; failure in trade. 

Bank'-stock, n. A share or shares in the capital stock 
of a bank. 

Ban'ner, n. [Fr. banniere, bandiere, from bande, band. 



Cf. Goth, bandva, bandvo, a sign.] A military i 
principal standard of a prince or state ; a pennon ; a 
streamer. 

Ban'ner-et, n. [From Low Lat. banneretus. See Ban- 
ner.] Orig. a military rank conferred only on such as 
were able to bring a certain number of vassals into the 
field ; hence, a rank corresponding to this. 

Ban'nock, n. [Gael, bonnach.] A cake made of oat, 
rye, pease, or barley meal. 

Ban'quet (bank/wet), n. [Fr. banquet, feast, banquette, 
a Utile seat. Banquet is originally a sitting, and hence 
& feast.] A feast ; a rich entertainment. 

Ban'quet. v. t. [imp. & p. p. banqueted; p. pr. 
& vb. n. banqueting.] To treat with a feast or rich 
entertainment. 

Ban'quet, v . i. To regale one's self with good eating 
and drinking ; to feast. 

Ban'quet-ei- (bank'wet-er), n. One who banquets. 

Banquette (ban-ket'), n. [Fr., from banc, bench, seat. 
See Bank.] (Fort.) A little raised way, running along 
the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to 
fire upon the enemy in the ditch or in front of it. 

Ban'sliee, ) n. [Gael, bean-shith, fairy, from Gael. & 

Ben'shie, j Ir. bean, woman, and sith, fairy.] An 
Irish fairy that warns of impending death. 

Ban'tam, n. A very small variety of fowl, with feath- 
ered legs, brought, probably, from Bantam, in Java. 

Ban'ter, v. t. [imp. Szp.p. bantered; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BANTERING.] [Prob. corrupted from the Fr. badi- 
ner, to joke.] To play upon in words and in good humor. 

Syn. — To rally; joke; jest; sport; ridicule; deride. — We 
banter in good humor, turning the laugh upon a person for 
something he has done or neglected to do. We rally when we 
attack a person with ridicule, raillery, or sarcasm. This is 
always more pungent, and often ill-natured. 

Ban'ter, n . Humorous raillery ; pleasantry. 

Ban'ter-er, n. One who banters 
or rallies. 

Bant'ling, n. [Corrupt, from the 
Ger. bankling, bastard, from bank, 
bench, prop, a child begotten on 
a bench, and not in the marriage- 
bed. Cf. Bastard.] A young or 
small child ; an infant. 

Ban'yan, or Ban-yan', n. A 
kind of fig-tree, whose branches 
drop shoots to the ground, which 
take root and form new stocks, till they cover a space 
of many hundred feet in circumference. 

Ba/o-bab, n. [Ethiopic] The 
largest known tree in the world, 
a native of tropical Africa. 
The trunk is from 20 to 30 
feet in thickness, while the 
branches are often 70 feet long, 
and form a hemispherical head , 
of 150 feet in diameter. 

Bap'tigm, n. [Gr. /?a7TT<.o-|u.a, Baobab. 

from (3a.TTTL<seLv, to baptize, Pdnreiv, to dip in water.] Act 
of baptizing ; the application of water to a person, as a re- 
ligious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible 
church of Christ. 

Bap-tls/mal, a. Pertaining to baptism. 

Bap'tist, n. 1. One who administers baptism, specifi- 
cally applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. 2. As 
a contraction of Anabaptist, one who rejects infant bap- 
tism, and holds to immersion as the only proper mode 
of administering this rite. [tcred. 

Bap'tis-ter-y, n. A place where baptism is adminis- 

Bap-tist/ie, j a pertaining t baptism ; baptismal. 

Bap-tize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. baptized; p. pr. & 
vb. n. baptizing.] [See Baptism.] To administer 
the sacrament of baptism to ; to christen. 

Bap-tlz'er, n. One who baptizes. 

Bar, n. [Fr. barre, It. & Sp. barra, from W. bar, branch 
of a tree, bar, bolt.] 1. A long piece of wood, metal, or 
other solid matter, used for various purposes, but espe- 
cially for a hindrance or obstruction. 2. Any obstacle 
which obstructs, hinders, or defends; a barrier. 3. A 
bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, at the mouth of 
a river or harbor. 4. (Law.) (a.) The railing that in- 
closes the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. 
(b.) The place in court where prisoners are stationed, (c.) 
The legal profession, (d.) A special plea constituting a 
sufficient answer to the plaintiff's action. 5. Any tribu- 
nal. 6. The inclosed place of a tavern, where liquors 




Banyan Tree. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, prill ; pell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link; this. 



BAR 



54 



BARNACLE 



are kept for sale. 7. (Her.) 
A horizontal mark across the 
escutcheon. 8. (Mus.) A line 
drawn perpendicularly across 



Measure. Measure. 



I 



Bar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bar. Bar. Double bar. 
barred ; p. pr. & vb. n BARRING.] 1. To fasten 
with a bar. 2. To hinder ; to obstruct ; to prevent. _ 3. 
To except. 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. 

Barb, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] 1. Beard, or that which 
resembles it. 2. The point that stands backward in an 
arrow, fish-hook, &c. 3. Defensive armor anciently 
worn by horses, made of leather, set with iron spikes, 
4. A horse of the Barbary stock, noted for speed. 5. 
A pigeon of a black or dun color, from Barbary. 

Barb, v.t. 1. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, fish- 
hook, or the like. 2. To clothe, as a horse, with armor. 

Bar'ba-ean, ) n. [Fr., of Arabic origin. Ar. barbakhun, 

BarHbi-ean, J aqueduct, sewer.] 1. (Fort.) An ad- 
vanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city. 
2. An opening in the wall of a fortress for guns. 

Bar-ba'ri-an (89), n. [Gr. fidpfiapos.] 1. A foreigner. 
[Obs.] 2. A man in his rude, uncivilized state. 3. A 
cruel, savage, brutal man. 

Bar-ba'ri-an, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, savages ; 
rude ; uncivilized ; cruel ; inhuman. 

Bar-bar'i-e, a. 1. Foreign. 2. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, an uncivilized person or people ; barbarous. 

Bar'ba-rigm, n. 1. An uncivilized state or condibion. 
2. Any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a 
particular language. 

Syn. — A solecism is a violation of syntax, or of the neces- 
sary laws of thought. 

Bar-bar'i-ty, n. Manners of a barbarian ; savageness ; 
cruelty ; inhumanity. 

Bar'ba-rize, v. i. 1. To become barbarous. 2. To 
use or adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. 

Bar'ba-rize, v. t. To make barbarous. 

Bar'ba-roiis, a. 1. Uncivilized or savage. 2. Cruel ; 
ferocious. 3. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. 

Bar'ba-roiis-ly, adv. In a barbarous manner. 

Bar'ba-rous-ness, n. Quality or state of being barba- 
rous ; barbarity ; barbarism. 

BarTbate, a. [Lat. barbatus, from barba, beard.] (Bot.) 
Bearing fines, spots, or tufts of hair ; bearded. 

Bar'ba-ted, a. Having barbed points. 

Bar'be-eue, n. [Supposed by some to be corrupted from 
the Fr. barbe-a-queue , i. e., from snout to tail. Cf. CAP- 
A-PIE.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted 
whole. 2. A large social entertainment, in the open air, 
at which animals are roasted whole. 

Bar'be-eue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. barbecued ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BARBECUING.] To dress and roast whole. 

Bai*'bel, n. [Dim. of Lat. barbus, from barba, beard.] 

1. A small process appended to the mouth of certain 
fishes. 2. (Ichth.) A large fresh -water fish, found in 
many European rivers. 3. Superfluous flesh growing in 
a horse's mouth. 

Bar'ber, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] One who shaves the 

beard, and cuts and dresses the hair, of others. 
Bar'ber, v. t. To shave and dress the hair of. 
Bar'ber-ry, n. [Ar. barbaris, N. Lat. berberis.] (Bot.) 

A shrubby plant, common in hedges. Its berries are 

used for preserves. 
Bar'bet, n. [Fr.,from barbe, beard, long hair.] 1. A 

variety of dog having long curly hair. 2. (Ornith.) A 

kind of bird having five bunches of stiff bristles at the 

base of the beak. 3. A species of worm. 
Bar-bette', n. [Fr.] (Fort.) A mound of earth on which 

guns are mounted to fire over the top of the parapet. 
GOT" Guns are en barbette when they are elevated so as to fire 

over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. 
BarHbi-ean, n. See Barbacan. 
Bard, n. [W. bardd.] A minstrel among the ancient 

Celts ; hence, in modern usage, a poet. 
Bard'ie, a. Pertaining to bards, or their poetry 
Bare, a. [A.-S. bar, bser.~\ 1. Without covering 

2. With the head uncovered. 3. Destitute; empty; 
unfurnished. 4. Mere ; simple. 

Under bare poles {Naut.), having no sail set. 

Baro, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bared ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAR- 
ING.] To strip off the covering of; to make naked. 

Bare. _The old preterit of bear; now bore. See Bear. 

Bare'fa£ed(-fast-), a. 1. With the face uncovered. 2. 
Without concealment ; hence, shameless ; impudent. 

Bare'faced-ly (fast-), adv. Without disguise or reserve ; 
impudently. 



Bare'faced-ness, n. Quality of being barefaced; ef- 
frontery ; assurance. 

Bare'f dot, a. & adv. With the feet bare. 

Bare'fddt-ed, a. Having the feet bare. 

Barege (ba-raj'), n. [Fr., from Bareges, a town In the 
Pyrennees.] A thin stuff for ladies' dresses, vails, &c. 

Bare'-head-ed, a. Having the head uncovered, either 
from respect or other cause. 

Bare'-legged, a. Having the legs bare. 

Bare'ly, adv. Only ; merely ; nakedly. 

Bare'ness, n. The state of being bare ; nakedness. 

Bar'gain (42), n. [Low Lat. bargania, barcaniare, from 
barca, a boat for merchandise ; hence, to traffic to and 
fro. See Bark, n.] 1. An agreement between parties 
concerning the sale of property. 2. An agreement or 
stipulation of any kind. 3. A gainful or satisfactory 
transaction. 

To strike a bargain, to ratify an agreement, originally by 

striking or shaking hands. 
Syn. — Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement. 
Bar'gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bargained ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. BARGAINING.] To transfer for a consideration. 
Bar'gain, v. i. To make a contract ; to agree. 
Bar'gain-ee', n. (Law.) The party in a contract who 

agrees to receive the property sold. 
Bar'gain-er, n. The party in a contract who stipulates 

to sell and convey property to another. 
Bar'gain-dr'^G), n. (Law.) One who makes a bargain, 

or contracts with another. 
Barge, n. [L. Lat. barga, bargia. See Bark.] 1. An 

elegant pleasure-boat. 2. A large boat for the convey- 
ance of passengers or goods. 
Barge'-board, «. [A corruption of verge-board.] (Arch.) 

A board placed at the gable of a building to hide the hor- 
izontal timbers of the roof. 
Barge'-man, n. ; pi. barge '-men. The man who man- 
ages a barge. 
Barge'-mas'ter, n. The proprietor of a barge. 
Ba-ril'la, n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) A sea-shore plant 

from which soda is made. 2. (Com.) (a.) The alkali 

produced from the plant, (b ) Impure soda obtained 

from the ashes of any sea-shore plant. 
Bar'i-tone, a. & n. See Barytone. [of baryta. 

Ba'ri-um, n. [Gr. Papv<; heavy.] The metallic basis 
Bark, n. [Icel. bbrkr, L. & H. Ger. borke.] The exterior 

covering of a tree ; the rind. 
Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. barked (barkt, 108) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. BARKING.] 1. To strip the bark from ; to 

peel. 2. To cover or inclose with bark. 
Bark, n. The noise made by a dog. 
Bark, v. i. [A.-S beorcan. Cf. Icel. barki, throat.] 1. 

To make the noise of dogs. 2. To clamor. 
Bark, ) n. [Ger. barke, 
Barque, J L. Lat. barca, 

Icel. barkr, skiff, barki, 

prow, Lat. baris, Gr. /3apt?, 

a small and flat Egyptian 

row-boat.] 1. (Naut.) A 

three-masted vessel, having 

her fore and main masts 

rigged as a ship, and her 

mizzen as a schooner. 2. 

Any small vessel. 
Bark'-bound, a. Having the bark too firm or close. 
Bark'er, n. 1. One who barks or clamors. 2. One 

who strips trees of their bark. 
Bark'y, a. Consisting of, or containing, bark. 
Bar'ley, n. [A.-S. bere, Goth, baris, W. barlys.] (Bot.) 

A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, used chiefly 

for making malt. 
Bar 'ley-brake, ) n. An ancient game, commonly played 
Bar'ley-break, ) round stacks of barley , or other grain. 
Bar'ley-eorn, n. [See Corn.] A grain of barley, 

about the third part of an inch in length. 
Bar'ley-sug'ar (-shoog/ar), n. Sugar boiled till brittle 

(formerly with a decoction of barley), and candied. 
Bar'ley-wa/ter, n. A decoction of barley. 
Barm, n. [A.-S. beorma, from beoran, beran, to bear.] 

The foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when 

fermenting, and used as leaven in bread to make it swell. 
Barm'y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 
Barn, n. [A.-S. berern, bern, from bere, barley, and em, 

sern, a secret or close place.] A building for storing 

grain, hay, &c. ; also for stabling cattle and horses. 
Bar'na-ele (bar'na-kl), n. [Low Lat. bernacula, berni- 

cla, probably for lepas or anas hibernica, or hibernicula, 

because they were found in Hibernia, or Ireland.] 1. 




Bark. 



a, e, &c. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, or, do, wolf, 



BAEOMETER 



55 



BASE 



The whole body of barons or peers. 
i. baron. 3. The land which gives 



(Conch.) A shell -fish, common along sea -shores, where 
they are found adhering to rocks, timber, vessels, &c. 2. 
( Ornith.) A species of goose found in the northern seas ; 
i — formerly thought to grow out of the barnacles at- 
tached to wood in the sea. 3. (pi.) (Far.) An instru- 
ment to put upon a horse's nose, to confine him. 4. 
(pi. ) A pair of spectacles ; — so called from their re- 
semblance to farriers' barnacles. [Cant. Eng.] 

Ba-rom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. /3<xpo?, weight, and fxerpov, 
measure.] An instrument for determining the weight or 
pressure of the atmosphere, and hence the changes of 
weather, or height of any ascent. 

Bar'o-met'rie, (a. Pertaining to the barometer; 

Bar'o-met'rie-al, J made by a barometer. 

Bar'on, n. [Prob. of Ger. origin, from Goth, vair, A.-S. 
ver, Lat. vir, man.] 1. In Eng. the lowest title of nobil- 
ity ; one who holds rank between a viscount and bar- 
onet. 2. (Law.) A husband. 

Baron of beef, two surloins not cut asunder. 

Bar 'on-age, n. 1 

2. The dignity of 

title to a baron. 
Bar'on-ess, n. A baron's wife or lady. 
Bar'on-et, n. [Dim. of baron.] A dignity or degree of 

honor next below a baron and above a knight. 
Bar'on-et-age, n. 1. The collective body of baronets. 

2. The state of a baron. 
Bar'on-et-cy, n. The rank of a baronet. 
Ba-ro'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a baron. 
Bar'o-ny, n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron. 
Bar'o-scope, n. [Gr. /3apo9, weight, and o-Korrelv, to 

view.] Any instrument showing the changes in the 
weight of the atmosphere. 

Bar'o-seop-ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or determined 

Bar'o-seop-ie-al^ { by, the baroscope. 

Ba-rouche' (ba-roosh / ), n. [From Lat. birotus, two- 
wheeled, from bis, twice, and rota, wheel.] A four- 
wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the out- 
side for the driver, and two seats on the inside. 

Bar'ra-ean, n. [Ar. barrakan, barkan, a kind of black 
gown. Cf. Per. barak, a garment made of camel's hair, 
Ar. bark, a troop of camels, barik, camel.] A thick, 
strong stuff, somewhat like camlet. 

Bar'rack, n. [Sp. barraca, from barra, bar.] (Mil.) 
A hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison. 

Bar'ra~edbn / , n. [From barrack, q. v.] A slave ware- 
house, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered. 

Bar'ra-tor, n. [L. Lat. baratare, most prob. from Gr. 
7rpaTTetv, to do, to use practices or tricks.] 1. An en- 

- courager of litigation. 2. The master of a ship who 
commits any fraud in the management of it. 

Bar'ra-troiis, a. (Law.) Tainted with barratry. 

Bar'ra-try, n. 1. (Law.) Practice of encouraging law- 
suits. 2. (Com.) A fraudulent breach of duty on the 
part of a master of a ship, or of the mariners. 

Bar'rel, n. [Gael, baraill, from barra, bar. Cf. Fr. bar- 
rique, cask ; Sp. barrica.] 1. A round, bulgy vessel or 
cask. 2. The quantity which such a vessel contains, 
varying from 31£ to 36 gallons. 3. Any hollow cylin- 
der or tube. 

Bar'rel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. barreled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BARRELING.] To put or pack in a barrel. 

Bar'rel-or'gan, n. The common hand-organ. 

Bar'ren, a. [Norm. Fr. barein, 0. Fr. baraigne ; Arm. 
brekhan, markhan.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring, 
whether animal or vegetable. 2. Producing nothing. 

Syn. — Unfruitful ; sterile ; scanty ; unproductive ; dull, 
uninventive ; empty. 

Bar'ren, n. ; pi. bar'ren§. Elevated lands or plains 
on which grow small trees, but not timber. [Amer.] 

Bar'ren-ly, adv. Unfruitfully. 

Bar'ren-ness(109), n. Quality of being barren ; sterility. 

Bar'ri-eade', n. [Orig. a barring up with casks, from 
Fr. barrique, Sp. & Pg. barrica, cask.] 1. (Mil.) A de- 
fensive fortification, made in haste, of any thing that 
will obstruct the progress of an enemy. 2. Any bar, 
obstruction, or means of defense. 

Bar'ri-eade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. barricaded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BARRICADING.] To fortify with any slight 
work that prevents the approach of an enemy. 

Bar'ri-er, n. [Fr. barricre, from barre, bar, q. v.] 1. 
(Fort.) A kind of fence made to stop an enemy. 2. A 
fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country. 

3. Any obstruction. 4. Any limit or boundary. 
Bar'ring-out, n. Act of fastening the doors of a school- 
room against a schoolmaster. 



Bar'rls-ter, n. [From bar.] A counselor learned in 
the laws, qualified and admitted to plead at the bar. 

Bar'row, n. [A.-S. berewe, bser, from beran, beoran, to 
bear.]_ A light, small carriage, borne by hand. 

Bar-row, n. [A.-S. bearg, Skr. baralia, waraha, hog.] 
A hog, especially a male hog castrated. 

Bar'row, n. [A.-S. beorg, beorh, hill, mound, from be- 
organ, to project, shelter]. A hillock or mound of earth, 
intended as a repository of the dead. 

Bar'-shot, n. Shot, consisting 
of a bar, with a half ball or round 
head at each end. 

Bar'ter, v. i. [0. Fr. borate-,, 
bareter, to exchange. See BAR- 
RATOR.] To traffic by exchanging one commodity for 
another. 

Bar'ter, v. t. \ir.*p. & p.p. bartered ; p. pr. & vb. 
bartering .] To exchange, or give in exchange. 

Bar'ter, n. 1. Act or practice of exchanging commodi- 
ties. 2. The thing given in exchange. 
Syn. — Exchange; dealing; traffic; truck; interchange. 

Bar'ter-er, n. One who barters. 

Bar'ti-zan', n. A small overhanging turret, projecting 
from the angles of towers or the parapet and other parts 
of the building. 

Bar'tram, n. [Corrupted from Gr. nvpeOpov, a spicy 
plant, from nip, fire, from its acrid quality.] A plant ; 
pellitory. 

Ba-ry'ta, n. [Gr. 0aptS?, heavy.] (Min.) The heaviest 
of the earths ; an oxide, the basis of which is a metal- 
lic substance called barium or barytum. 

Ba-ry'te§, n. (Min.) Sulphate of baryta, generally 
called heavy-spar. [containing, it. 

Ba-ryt'i«, a. Pertaining to baryta, or formed of, or 

Bar'y-tone, a. [Gr. (JapvTovos, from fiapvs, heavy, and 
twos, tone.] [Sometimes written baritone.] 1. (Mus.) 
Grave, and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. ( Greek 
Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, 
the grave accent being understood. 

Bar'y-tone, n. 1. (Mus.) A male voice, the compass 
of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor. 
2. ( Greek Gra?n. ) A word which has no accent marked 
on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. 

Ba-ry'tum, n. (Min.) A metal, the base of baryta. 

Ba'sal, a. Pertaining to, or constituting, the base. 

Ba-salt' (ba-sawlt') n. [Lat. basaltes, a dark and very 
hard species of marble in Ethiopia, an African wood.] 
1. (Min.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting chiefly of 
augite and feldspar. It is usually of a greenish-black 
color. 2. A kind of black porcelain. 

Ba-salt'ie (-sawhVik), a. Pertaining to basalt, or formed 
of, or containing, basalt. 

Eas-bleu (ba/blu' or D'a-bloo'), n. [Fr. bas, abridged 
from bas-de-chausse, stocking, and bleu,, blue.] A lite- 
rary lady ; a blue-stocking. 

Bas'eule Bridge. A land of drawbridge, with a 
counterpoise, swinging up and down. 

Base, a. [Fr. bas, L. Latin bassus, thick, fat, short, 
humble. Cf. W. bas, shallow.] 1. Of humble birth and 
low degree. 2. Illegitimate by birth. 3. Low in value 
or estimation. 4. Morally low ; hence, unworthy ; 
mean. 5. Not classical or refined. 6. Deep or grave 
in sound. [In this sense, written also bass.] 7. (Law.) 
Not held by honorable service. 

Syn. — "Vile, mean. — Base is a stronger term than vile, 
and vile than mean. The two first denote what is wicked as 
well as low, the latter what is disgraceful or dishonorable. 

Base, n. [Gr. /?aa-ig, step, base, pedestal, from Paiveiv, 
to step.] 1. The bottom ; the part of a thing on which 
it stands or rests. 2. (Arch.) (a.) The part of a col- 
umn between the top of the pedestal and bottom of the 
shaft, (b.) The lower projecting part of the wall of a 
room. 3. That extremity of any thing, as a leaf, fruit, 
&c, by which it is attached to its support, or to some 
more important part. 4. (Chem.) The principal ele- 
ment of a compound, usually electro-positive in quality. 
See Radical. 5. (Dyeing.) A substance used as a 
mordant. 6. [Fr. basse, boss, base, f. of bas, low. See 
supra.] (Mus.) The lowest part ; the gravest male voice. 
[Also written bass.] 7. ( Mil. ) A tract of country protected 
by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which 
the operations of an army proceed. 8. (Surv.) A line 
which serves as the origin from which to compute the 
distances and positions of any points or objects con- 
nected with it by a system of triangles. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, link ; this. 



BASE 



56 



BATCH 



Base, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BASED (bast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BASING.] To put on a base or basis ; to found. 

Base'-lball, n. A game of ball, so called from tbe bases 
or bounds (usually four in number) whicb designate 
the circuit each player must make after striking the ball. 

Base'-born, a. Born of low parentage. 

Base'less, a. Having no foundation or support. 

Base'-llne, n. 1. A main line taken as a base of oper- 
ations. 2. A line round a cannon at rear of the vent. 

Base'ly, adv. 1. In a base manner. 2. Illegitimately. 

Base'ment, n. [See Base.] (Arch.) The lower story 
of a building, whether above or below the ground. 

Base-uess, n. The quality of being base. 

Base'-plate, n. The foundation-plate of heavy ma- 
chinery. 

Base'- ring, n. (Mil.) A projecting band of metal ad- 
joining the base of a breech engine. 

Ba-shaw', n. A title of honor in the Turkish domin- 
ions. "[Now usually written pasha.] 

Basli'f ul, a. [See Abash.] Having a down-cast look ; 
hence, Very modest. 

B&sh-f ul-ly, adv. In a bashful manner. 

Basli'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being bashful. 

Syn. — Modesty, diffidence. — Modesty arises from a 
low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agi- 
tation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffi- 
dence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust. 

Ba'si-e, a. (Chem.) 1. Relating to, or performing the 
office of, a base. 2. Having the base in excess. 

Ba'si-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, base, and facere, to make.] 
( Chem.) To convert into a salifiable base. 

Bas/il, n. [From base, q. v.] The angle to which the cut- 
ting edge of a tool is ground. 

Bas/il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. basiled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BASILING-.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. 

Bas/il, n. [From Gr. /3<xo-iAik<5?, royal, from pacn\ev<;, 
king.] A fragrant aromatic plant, one species of which 
is much used in cookery. 

Bas/il, n. [Corrupt, from Low Lat. basanium, bazan.] 
Tiie skin of a sheep tanned. 

Bas/i-lar, ) a. [See Base, n.] Relating to, or situated 

Bas/i-la-ry, J at, the base. 

Ba-gil'i-e, ) n. [Gr. /3aa-tAuc>j (sc. olicia, or a-rod), fr. 

Jia-siVi-ea, ( /BacaAiKos, royal, from fia.o-i\ev<;, king.] 
1. Orig. the palace of a king ; afterward, and hence, any 
large hall or court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, or 
cathedral. 

Ba-gil'i-e, ) a. 1. In the manner of a public edifice 

Ba-gil'i-e-al, j or cathedral. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining 
to the middle vein of the right arm. 

JSa-sll'i-edn, n. [See supra.] ( Med. ) An ointment com- 
posed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive-oil. 

Bag'i-lisk, n. [Gr. /WcAio-ko?, dim. of /SacriAev?, a king ; 
so named from some prominences on the head resembling 
a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice, 
and said to be produced from a cock's egg brooded by a 
serpent. Its breath, and even its look, were thought to 
be fatal. 2. (Nat. Hist.) A genus of lizards. 3. (Mil.) 
A large piece of ordnance. 

Ba'sin (bd/sn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, from bacca, a water 
vessel. Cf. D. bah, trough, bowl, and Ger. bach, brook, 
orig. a cavity where the water flows, 0. Eng. beck.] 1. 
A hollow vessel, to hold water for washing, and for vari- 
ous other uses. 2. Any hollow place containing water. 
3. A hollow vessel of different kinds used in the arts or 
manufactures. 4. ( Geol. ) A formation-, where the strata 
dip inward, on all sides, toward the center. 5. ( Physical 
Geog.) (a.) A circular or oval valley, (b.) The entire 
tract of country drained by a river. 

Ba'sis, ii.; pi. BA/ser. [Gr. jSao-ij. See Base.] 1. 
That on which a thing rests. 2. Groundwork or first 
principle. 

Bask (6), v. i. [imp. & p. p. basked (baskt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. basking.] [Cf. D. bakeren, Ger. bdehern, Eng. 
bake.] To lie in warmth ; to be exposed to genial 'heat. 

Bask, v. t. To warm with genial heat. 

Bas'ket, n. [W. basgawd, basged, bascod, basg, plait- 
ing.] 1. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or other flexible 
things, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. 

Bas'ket-fish, n. A kind of star -fish. [basket-work. 

Bas'ket-hilt, n. A hilt having a covering wrought like 

Ba'son (ba'sn), n. See Basin. 

Basque (bask), n. [Prob. so called because this fashion 

of dress came from the Basques.] A part of a lady's 

dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt. 

Bas-relief ' (bd-re-leef ), n. See Bass-relief. 



Bass, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bears, baers, Lat. perca, Gr. 
irepicT).] A fish of several species, much esteemed for food. 

Bass, n. [A corruption or modification of bast, q. v.' 
The tiel-tree, or its bark, which is used for mats, &c. 

Bass, n. (Mus.) The lowest part in a musical composi- 
tion. [Written also base.] 

Bas'set, or Bas-set', n. [See Base, n.] A game at 
cards, resembling the modern faro. [outcrop. 

Bfts'set, n. ( Geol. ) Emergence of strata at the surface ; 

Bas'set, v. i. [Cf. 0. Fr. basset, somewhat low, dim. of 
bas, low, and basil.] (Geol.) To crop out. 

Bas'set, a. Inclined upward. 

Bas'set-ing, n. Upward direction of a vein or stratum. 

Bas'so,n. [It. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a.) The bass or 
lowest part, (b.) One who sings this part. 

Bas'so-r'i'Vi-e'vo. [It.] See Bass-relief. 

Bas-soon', n. [It. bassone, augm. of basso, low. See 
Base , a.] ( Mus. ) A wind instrument with eleven holes, 
which are stopped by the fingers, as in flutes. 

Bas-sdon'ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. 

Bass'-re-lief (bas're-leeP), n. [Fr., from bas, low, and 
relief, raised work. See Relief.] Sculpture, whose 
figures do not stand out far from the ground on which 
they are formed. 

Bass'- vi'ol, n. (Mus.) A stringed instrument used for 
playing the bass or gravest part ; the violoncello. 

Bast, ii. [A.-S. biest, 0. H. Ger. bast, past.] Inner bark 
of the lime-tree, and hence matting, cordage, &c, made 
of the bark. 

Bas'tard, n. [From 0. Fr. bast , N. Fr. bat, a pack-saddle 
used as beds by the muleteers, and the term, ard, art. 
0. Yv.fils de bast, son of the pack-saddle.] 1. Anillegit- 
imate or spurious child. 2. (a.) An inferior qimlity of 
soft brown sugar, (b.) A large size of mold, in which 
sugar is drained. 

Bas'tard, a. 1. Illegitimate. 2. Lacking in genuine- 
ness ; spurious ; adulterate. 

Bas'tard-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bastardized; p. 
pr. & vb. 11. bastardizing.] To make or prove to be 
a bastard. 

Bas'tar-dy, n. State of being a bastard ; illegitimacy. 

Baste, v. t. [Cf. Icel. beysta, to strike, powder.] 1. To 
beat ; to cudgel. 2. To sprinkle flour and salt and drip 
butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 

Baste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. basted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
basting.] [From 0. H. Ger. bestan, to sew.] To sew 
slightly, or with long stitches. 

Bas-t'ile' (bas-teeP or bas'teel), n. [0. Fr. bastille, for- 
tress, from bastir, to build.] Orig., a temporary wooden 
tower used in warfare ; hence, any tower or fortification. 

133*- The name has been specifically applied to an old fortifi- 
cation in Paris, long used as a state prison, but demolished ia 
1789. 

Bas'ti-nade', ) n. [From 0. Fr. baston, now baton, a 
Bas'ti-na'do, } stick or staff. Cf. Baste.] A sound 

beating or cudgeling ; specifically , a punishment among 

the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an 

offender on the soles of his feet. 
Bas^i-nade', ) v. t. To beat with a cudgel, especially 
Bas'ti-iia'do, ) on the soles of the feet. 
Bas'tion (bast'yun), n. [From 

0. Fr. & Sp. bastir, It. bast ire, to 

build.] (Fort.) A part of the 

main inclosure which projects to- 
ward the exterior, consisting of 

the faces and the flanks. 
Bas'yle, n. [Gr. /3acr<.?, base, and " A, Bastion. 

{,'Atj, wood, a base.] ( Chem.) An electro-positive ingredient 

of a compound. 
Bat, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to beatan, to beat.] 1. A heavy 

club, used in playing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton prepared 

for filling quilts or comfortables. 3. A piece of a brick. 
Bat, v. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. 
Bat, ii. [Corrupt, from 0. 

Eng. back, backe, Scot, back, 

backie, bird.] {Nat. Hist.)' 

One of a class of mammals 

having a body resembling that 

of a mouse, and a kind of 

wings made by a membranous 

expansion stretching from the 

fore extremities to the tail. 
Batch, n. [From bake, A.-S. bacan.] 1. The quantity 

of bread baked at one time- 2. Any business dispatched 

at once, or any quantity of things so united as to have 

like qualities. 





Bat. 



a,e,&c.,Zong7 &,e,8tc, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sou, or, do, wolf , 



/ 



BATE 



57 



BAY 



Bate, v t. [imp. kp.p. bated ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAT- 
ING.) [Abbreviated from abate, q. v.] 1. To lessen; to 
abate. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. 

Bateau (bat-o'), n. ; pi. bateaux (bat-oz')- [Fr.] A 
ligbt boat, long in proportion to its breadtb, and wider 
in the middle tnan at the ends. 

Bateau-bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. 

Bat'-fowl'ing, n. A mode of catching birds at night, 
by torch-light. 

Bath, n.; pi. BATH§. [A.-S. baeth, Skr. bad, vad, to 
bathe.] 1. A place to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the 
body, for purposes of cleanliness, health, &c, to water or 
vapor. 3. ( Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, through 
which heat is applied to a body. 4. A Hebrew measure 
containing 7 gallons and 4 pints, as a measure for liquids ; 
and 3 pecks and 3 pints, as a dry measure. 

Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood. 

Bath'-brielc, n. A brick made of calcareous earth for 
cleaning knives. 

Bathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bathed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bathing.] 1. To wash by immersion. 2. To moisten 
with a liquid. 

Bathe, v. i. 1. To be, or lie, in a bath. 2. To immerse, 
as in a bath. 

Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water ; bath. 

Bath'er, n. One who bathes. 

Bath'ing-tulb), n. A vessel for bathing. 

Ba/thos, n. [Gr. /3a0o?, from jSaflu's, deep.] (Rhet.) A 
ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean. 

Bat'ing, prep., or, more properly, & participle. With the 
exception of; excepting. 

Bat'let, n. [From bat.] A small bat for beating linen 
when taken out of the buck. 

Jidtoti (bti-tong/), \ n. [Fr. baton.] A staff or trun- 

Ba-tdbn' (ba-toon'), j cheon, used for various pur- 
poses^ 

Ba-tra'elxi-an, a. (Zool.) Pertaining to animals of the 
order Batrachia, which includes the frog and related 
animals. 

Ba-tra'ehi-an, n. (Zool.) An animal of the order Ba- 
trachia. 

Bat's'-wlng, n. A gas-burner, the flame from which is 
shaped like a bafs wing. 

Bat-tal'ia (bat-taFya), n. [Lat., battle, combat. See 
BATTLE.] Disposition or arrangement of troops, brig- 
ades, regiments, battalions, &c, as for action. 

Bat-tal'ion (-tal'yun), n. [Fr. bataillon. See BAT- 
TALIA.] (Mil.) A body of infantry ; in the British army 
about eight hundred men, under the command of a 
lieutenant-colonel. In the United States service, an ag- 
gregation of from two to ten or twelve companies. 

Bat'tel (bat'tl), n. [See Battle.] (Law.) A species 
of trial in which a person accused of felony was allowed 
to fight with his accuser, and make proof thereby of his 
guilt or innocence. 

Bat'tel, v. i. 1. To stand indebted, at the buttery, at 
Oxford, Eng., for provisions and drink. 2. To reside at 
the university. 

Bat'tel, n. [From 0. Eng. bat, increase, and A.-S. dssl, 
deal.] Provisions taken by Oxford students from the 
buttery, and also the charges thereon. 

Bat'tel-er, ) n. [See Battel, n.] 1. A student at 

Bat'tler, j Oxford who stands indebted at the buttery 
for provisions and drink. 2. One who resides at the 
university. 

Bat'ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. battened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. battening] [See Battel.] 1. To fatten. 2. 
To fertilize, as land. 

Bat'ten, v. i. To grow fat ; to live in luxury. 

Bat'ten, n. [From Fr. baton, stick.] 1. A narrow piece 

of board, or scantling. 2. The movable bar of a loom. 
Bat'ten, v. t. To form or fasten with battens. [to. 

Bat'ten-ing, n. Battens fixed to walls for nailing laths 
Bat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BATTERED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BATTERING.] [Lat. batnere, to strike, beat.] 1. 
To beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, 
shake, or demolish ; specifically, to attack with artillery. 
2. To wear or impair with beating or by use. 
Bat'ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward. 
Bat'ter, n. (Arch.) A backward slope in the face of a 

wall. 
Bat'ter, n. [From batter, v. t.] A mixture of several in- 
gredients, beaten up with some liquid, used in cookery. 
BS,t'ter ) 
BSts'fp' \ n ' One who holds the bat in cricket. 

Bat'ter-er, n. One who batters or beats. 




Bat'ter-ing-ram, n. 1. 

(Mil.) An engine used to beat 
down the walls of besieged 
places. 2. A blacksmith's 
hammer, suspended, and 
worked horizontally. 

Bat'ter-y, n. [Fr. batttrie, 
from buvore. See Batter. j- 
1. Act of battering. 2. (Mil.f 
(a.) Any place where cannon "Battering-ram. 

are mounted, for battering a fortification or attacking an 
enemy, (b.) A body of cannon taken collectively. 3. 
(Elec.) A number of coated jars, so connected that they 
may be charged and discharged simultaneously. 4. 
(Galv.) An apparatus for generating galvanic electric- 
ity. 5. (Law.) The unlawful beating of another. 

Bat'ting, n. Cotton or wool in sheets ; bat. 

Bat'tle, n. [Lat. battalia, battualia, fighting and fenc- 
ing exercises, from batuere, to strike, to beat.] A fight 
or encounter between enemies or opposing forces. 

A drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. 
— A pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously 
drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. 

Syn. — Combat; fight; engagement. — Combat is a close en- 
counter, and may be (like fight) between single individuals; a 
battle is more general and prolonged; engagement supposes 
large numbers on each side engaged or intermingled in the 
conflict. 

Bat'tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. battled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

BATTLING. ]_ To contend in fight. 
Bat'tle-ar-ray', n. Order of battle. 
Bat'tle-ax, )n. (Mil.) A kind of ax for- j 

Bat'tle-axe, j merly used as an offensive 1 

weapon. /f9 

Bat'tle-door (bat'tl-dor),n. [Corrupted from [l|ff|>- 

Sp. battallador , a great combatant, from batal- 

lar, to combat.] An instrument of play, with 

a handle and a fiat board, used to strike a 

shuttlecock. 
Bat'tle-ment, n. [Either from battle, or 

fr. Low Lat. bastilla, bastillus, tower, fortifica- 
tion.] (Arch.) An indented parapet, originally 

used only on fortifications. 
Bdt'tue, n. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] 1. Act 

of beating woods, &c, for game. 2. The 

game itself. 
Bau'ble, n. [Fr. babiole, It. 

babbola, a child's plaything ; 

Lat. babulus, foolish.] A trifling 

piece of finery ; a gew-gaw. 

[Written also bawble.] 
U@** A fool's bauble was a short 

stick with a head ornamented with 

ass's ears fantastically carved on it. 

Bawd, n. [From Goth, balths, 

Eng. bold.] A person who keeps a brothel, and con- 
ducts criminal intrigues ; — usually applied to females. 

Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. 

Bawd'i-ly, adv. Obscenely ; lewdly. 

Bawd'i-ness, n. Obscenity ; lewdness. 

Bawd'ry, n. 1. Practice of procuring women for the 
gratification of lust. 2. Obscenity. 3. Illicit intercourse- 

Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; filthy ; unchaste. 

Bawd'y-liouse, n. A house of prostitution. 

Bawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BAWLED ; p. pr. k vb. n- 
BAWLING.] [Icel. baula, to low, A.-S. bellan, Ger. 
belle.n, to bark ; Lat. balare, to bleat.] To cry with ve- 
hemence, as in calling or exultation, or as a child from 
pain or vexation. 

Bawl, v. t. To proclaim by outcry ; to cry. 

Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry. 

Bawl'er, n. One who bawls. 

Bay, a. [Lat. badius.] Red or reddish, inclining to a 
chestnut color ; — applied to the color of horses. 

Bay, n. [Low Lat. baia, Ir. & Gael, badh or bas;h.] 1. 
An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of 
the same general character. 2. (Arch.) A principal 
compartment or division in the architectural arrange- 
ment of a building. 3. A low inclosed place in a barn 
for depositing hay. 

Bay, n. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] The laurel-tree ; hence, 
in the pi., an honorary garland or crown, anciently made 
of branches of the laurel. 

Bay, n. [See infra.] A state of being obliged to face an 
antagonist when escape has become impossible. 

Bay, v. i. [0. Fr. abayer, fr. Lat. ad and baubari, to 
bark moderately.] To bark, as a dog at his game. 

Bay, v.t. To bark at. 



Battle-ax. 




Battlement. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link; this. 



BAYADERE 



58 



BEARING 




Sword bayonet. I 
bayonet. 



Common 



Ba'ya-dere', n. [Pg. bailadeira, from bailar, to dance.] 

A 'female dancer in the East Indies. 
Bay'ard, n. [From bay, and the termination ard. See 

Bay, a.] Properly a bay horse, but often any horse. 
BayHber-ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The fruit of the bay-tree. 

(b.) The fruit of the wax myrtle, and the plant itself. 
Bay'o-net,«. [So called, 

it is said, because first 

made at Bayonne.] 

(Mil.) A short, pointed 

instrument of iron, fitted 

to a gun. 
Bay'o-net, v. t. [imp. 

& p. p. BAYONETED ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. BAYONETING.] 1. To stab with a 

bayonet. 2. To drive by the bayonet. 

Bay'ou, (bl'oo), n. [Fr., from Lat. botellus, a small sau- 
sage".'] The outlet of a lake ; a channel for water. [ South- 
ern States.] 

Bay'-rum, n. A fragrant liquor obtained by distilling 
the leaves of the bay-tree. 

Bay'-salt, n. Salt obtained from sea-water, by evapora- 
tion by the heat of the sun. 

Bay'-tree, n. A species of laurel. 

Bay'- will 7 do w, n. (Arch.) A projecting window form- 
ing a bay or recess in a room. 

Ba-zaar', \ n. [Per. bazar, market.] 1. In the East, a 

Ba-zar', J market-place, or assemblage of shops, for 
the sale of goods. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms 
for the same purpose. 

Bdell'ium (dtPyum), n . [Gr. 6Se'AA.iov,Heb. Vdolakh.] 
A gummy, resinous exudation from an Oriental tree. 

Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [imp WAS ; p. p. BEEN ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BEING.] [A.-S. beon, beonne, Skr. bhu, to be, 
Lat. fui, I have been. This verb is defective, and its 
defects are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, 
which have no radical connection with be.] 1. To exist 
logically, or in thought. 2. To exist actually, or in the 
world of fact. 3. To exist in some particular state, or 
in some relation. 4. To pass from one state or relation 
to another ; to become. 
Let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. 

Beach, n. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. bakke, hill, margin.] A sandy 
or pebbly shore ; strand. 

Beach, v. t. To run upon a beach. 

Bea'-eon, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen.] 1. A signal-fire to 
notify the approach of an enemy. 2. (Naut.) A signal 
or conspicuous mark on an eminence near the shore, or 
in shoal water, as' a guide to mariners. 3. That which 
gives notice of danger. 

Bea'-eon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beaconed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. beaconing.] To give light to, as a beacon. 

Bea 'con-age, n. Money paid to maintain a beacon. 

Bead, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer, from biddan, to pray.] 1. 
A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and 
worn for ornament ; or used to count prayers, as by Ro- 
man Catholics. 2. Any small globular body. 

Bead, v. t. To ornament or distinguish with beads. 

Bead'ing, n. (Arch.) A molding in imitation of beads. 

Bea'dle (bS'dl), n. [A.-S. bydel, bsedel, from beodan, to 
command, bid.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court. 2. 
An officer in a university, who precedes pub he proces- 
sions. 3. (Church o/Eng.) An inferior parish officer 
having a variety of duties. 

Bea'dle-ship, n. The office of a beadle. 

Bead'-roll, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A catalogue of 
deceased persons, for whom prayers are to be counted oft 
on the beads of a chaplet ; hence, a catalogue in general. 

Beads/-man, n. ; pi. beads'-men. A man employed in 
praying, who drops a bead at each prayer. 

Bea'gle, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin, and so named from 
littleness ; Ir. & Gael, beag, small, little, W. bach.] A 
small hound, formerly used in hunting hares. 

Beak, n. [Ir. & Gael, bee, TV. pig; D. bek,It. becco, Sp. 
pico.] 1. (Nat. Hist.) The bill or nib of a bird, tur- 
tle, &c. 2. Any thing ending in a point, or projecting 
like a beak. 

Beaked (beekt), a. Having a beak; ending in a point, 
or having a process, like a beak. 

Beak'er, n. [Lat. bacar, bacrio, wine-glass.] A large 
drinking-cup or vessel. 

Beam, n. [A.-S. beam, beam, post, tree, ray of light, 
Goth, bagms, N. H. Ger. baum, tree.] 1. Any large 
piece of timber, long in proportion to its thickness. 2. 
A main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, or other 
structure. 3. The part of a balance, from which the 
Bcales hang. 4. The pole of a carriage. 5. The straight 



part or shank of an anchor. 6. A collection of parallel 
rays from any luminous body. 

Beam, v. t. To send forth ; to emit. 

Beam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. beamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BEAMING.] To emit rays of light ; to shine. 

Beam'-en/gliie, n. A steam-engine having a working- 
beam to transmit power. 

Beam'y, a. 1. Emitting rays of light ; radiant. 2. 
Resembling a beam in size and weight ; massy. 

Bean, n. [A.-S. bean. Cf. Gr. nvavos, TV. ffaen.] A well- 
known leguminous plant, and its seed, of many varieties. 

Bean'-fly, n. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, 
found on bean flowers. 

Bean'- goose, n. A species of goose, probably so called 
from its fondness for beans. 

Bear, v. t. [imp. BORE (formerly BAKE) ; p.p. BORN, 
BORNE ; p.pr. & vb. n. bearing.] [A.-S. beran, beo- 
ran, geberan, Goth, bairan, gabairan, Lat. ferre, Gr. 
4>epeiv, Skr. bhri.] 1. To support or sustain. 2. To 
support and remove ; to convey. 3. To possess and use, 
as power. 4. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority 
or distinction ; to wear. 5. To' possess mentally ; to en- 
tertain. 6. To endure ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 7. To 
sustain, or be answerable for. S. To show or exhibit; 
to relate. 9. To carry on, or maintain. 10. To admit 
or be capable of. 11. To behave ; to act. 12. To af- 
ford; to supply with. 13 . To bring forth; to give birth. 
to. 

Ggf- In the passive form of this verb, usage restricts the p. p . 
born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the 
other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is 
used as the past participle. 

To bear a hand (Xaut.), to assist ; to make haste, be quick. 

— To bear date, to be dated. — To bear the bell. See Bell. — 
To bear down, to overthrow or crush by force. — To bear out, 
to maintain and support to the end. 

Bear, v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruitful. 
2. To press. 3. To take effect ; to succeed. 4. To be 
situated, as. to the point of compass, with respect to 
something else. 5. To relate or refer to. 

To bear away, or vp (Navt.,) to change the course of a ship, 
and make her run before the wind. — To tear back, to retreat. 

— To bear down upon (Aauf.), to drive or tend to. — To bear off 
(Naut.), to steer away from land or from another vessel. — To 
bear up, to be supported; to stand firm.— To bear upon, to act 
upon or be in position to act upon. — To bear with, to endure; 
to be indulgent to. 

Bear, n. [A.-S. bera.] 1. 
( Zool. ) A wild quadruped of , 
the genus Ursus. 

E3=- Among the species are the 
brown bear of Europe, the white 
polar bear, the grisly bear of the 
Rocky Mountains, the black 
bear of North America. 

2. ( Astron . ) One of two con- 
stellations in the northern Black Bear, 
hemisphere, called respectively the Greater and Lesser 
Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 

Bears and bulls, in cant language, gamblers in stocks. A 
bear is one who contracts to deliver, at a specified future time, 
stocks which he does not own; a bull is one who contracts to 
take them. 

Bear'a-hle, a. Capable of being borne ; tolerable. 
Beard, n. [A.-S. beard, Ger. bart, Lat. barba,W. barf.] 

1. The hair that grows on the chin, Ups, and adjacent 
parts of the face. 2. Any thing that resembles the 
beard of the human face ; particularly, the long stiff 
hairs on a plant ; the awn. 

Beard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEARDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BEARDING.] 1. To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. 

2. To set at defiance. 
Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. 
Beard'less, a. Without a beard ; youthful. 
Bear'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, 

or carries. 2. Specifically, one who assists in earning 
a body to the grave. 3. ( Com.) One who holds a check, 
note, draft, or other order for the payment of a sum of 
money. 

Bear'-gar'den, n. 1. A place where bears are kept for 
sport. 2. A rude, turbulent assembly. 

Beftr'ing, n. 1. The manner in which a person bears 
himself. 2. The situation of an object, with respect to 
another object ; hence, relation. 3. Act of producing 
or giving birth. 4. (Arch.) Span of a beam, rafter, or 
other piece of timber. 5. (Her.) Any single emblem or 
charge in an escutcheon. 6. (Mach.) (a.) The part in 
contact with which a journal moves, (b. ) That part of 
a shaft or axle which is in contact with the supports. 




a,,e,kc.,long; a.,e\&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , 



BEARISH 



59 



BED 



Syn. — Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; direction; 
relation; tendency; influence. 

Bear'ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear. 

Bear'§'-fobt, n. ( Bot.) A species of hellebore. 

Bear'-skln, n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, 
shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 

Bear'- ward, n. A keeper of bears. 

Beast, n." [0. Fr. beste, beeste, now bete, Lat. bestia, H. 
Ger. bestie.] Any four-footed animal, which may be used 
for labor, food, or sport; as opposed to man, any irra- 
tional animal. 

Syn. — Brute. — They are called beasts, as mere animals 
governed by animal appetite, and brutes, as destitute of reason 
and moral feeling. Hence we say, figuratively, a drunkard 
makes himself a beast, and then treats his family like a brute. 

Beast'li-ness, ». The state or quality of being beastly ; 

brutality ; filthiness. 
Beast'ly, a. Pertaining to, having the form and nature 

of, or resembling, a beast ; brutal ; filthy. 
Beat, v. t. [imp. beat ; p. p. beat, beaten ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. BEATING.] [A.-S. beatan, Lat. batuere.] 1. 

To strike repeatedly. 2. To break, bruise, or pulverize 

by beating. 3. To form by beating. 4. To scour or 

range over. 5. To overcome in contest. 6. To indicate 

by the signal of beating a drum. 

To be beat out, to be extremely fatigued. — To beat time, to 
measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand 
or foot. — To beat up, to attack suddenly. 

Syn. — To strike ; pound ; bang ; buffet ; maul ; drub ; 
thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; break; bruise; bray; 
conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. 

Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb ; to 
pulsate. 3. To come or act with violence. 4. To be 
in agitation or doubt. 5. (Naut.) To make progress 
against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag 
line or traverse. 

To beat about, to try to find. —To beat up for, to go about to 
enlist men for the army. 

Beat, n. 1. A stroke, or the manner of giving one ; a 
blow. 2. A recurring stroke; a pulsation. 3. (Mus.) 
(a.) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating 
the divisions of time, (b.) A transient grace -tone, 
struck immediately before the one it is intended to orna- 
ment. 4. A round or course, which is frequently gone 
over. 5. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 

Beat, a. Weary ; tired ; fatigued. 

Beat'en, p. a. Made smooth by beating or worn by use. 

Beat'er, n. 1. One who beats, cr strikes. 2. An in- 
strument for pounding. 

Be'a-tlf'ie, ) a. [See Beatify.] Imparting or com- 

Be'a-tif 'ie-al, ) pleting blissful enjoyment. 

Be'a-tif 'ic-al-ly, adv. In a beatific manner. 

Be-at'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of beatifying. 2. (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) An act of the pope declaring a person 
beatified after death ; the first step toward canonization. 

Be-at'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beatified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BEATIFYING.] [Lat. beatificare, from beatus, 
happy, and face re, to make.] 1. To pronounce or re- 
gard as happy, or as conferring happiness. 2. To bless 
with the completion of celestial enjoyment. 3. (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) To declare, by a decree or public act, that 
a person is received into heaven. 

Beat'ing. n. 1. Act of giving blows; punishment by 
blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing. 3. (Naut.) Process 
of sailing against the wind by tacks in a zigzag direction. 

Be-at'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. beatitudo, from beatus, 
happy.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind. 2. The dec- 
laration of blessedness made by our Savior in regard to 
particular virtues. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Beatifica- 
tion. 

Beau (bo), n. ; pi. Fr. BEAUX, Eng. BEATJS (boz). [Fr., 
from Latin belius, pretty, fine.] A man of dress ; a fine, 
gay man ; a lady's attendant or suitor. 

Beau I-de'al (bo I-dS'al). [Fr., beautiful ideal.] A 
conception of perfect or consummate beauty. 

Beau'isli (bo / ish). a. Like a beau ; foppish ; fine. 

Beau 3Ionde (bo niond). [Fr., fine world.] The fashion- 
able world. 

Beau'te-oiis (bu'te-us), a. [From beauty, q. v.] Yery 
fair, or very handsome ; beautiful. 

Beau'te-ous-ly (bu'te-us-ly), adv. In a beauteous 
manner. 

Beau'te-oiis-ness (bu'te-us-nes), n. State or quality 
of being beauteous ; beauty. 

Beau'ti-fl-er, n. One who, or that which, beautifies. 

Beau. 'ti-f \\\ (bu'ti-ful), a. Having the qualities which 
constitute" beauty. 



Syn. — Handsome; pretty 
paratively small, which please by their 



Pretty applies to things com- 
delicacy and grace, as 





pretty girl, flower, cottage. Handsome is more striking and 
the pleasure greater, as a handsome woman, tree, villa; it im- 
plies suitableness, and hence we speak of a handsome fortune 
or ofier. Beautiful implies all the higher qualities which de- 
light the taste and imagination. 

Beau'ti-fiil-ly(bu / ti-fal-ly), adv. In a beautiful manner. 

Beau'ti-f ul-ness (bii'ti-ful-nes), n. The quality of be- 
ing beautiful ; beauty. 

Beau'ti-fy (bu'ti-fy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beautified ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. beautifying.] [Eng. beauty and Lat. 
facere, to make.] To make or render beautiful. 

Syn. — To adorn; grace; ornament; embellish ; deck. 

Beau'ti-fy (bQ'ti-fy), v. i. To become beautiful. 

Beau'ty (bu'ty,) n. [Fr. be aute, from beau. See Beau.] 

1. An assemblage of graces or of properties which 
pleases the sight or any of the other senses, or the mind. 

2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence. 

3. A beautiful person, especially a beautiful woman. 
Beau'ty-spot, n. A patch or spot placed on the face 

to heighten beauty. 

Bea'ver (b5'ver), n. [A.-S. 
beofer, befer, Lat. fiber.] 1. 
(Zool.) An amphibious, ro- 
dent quadruped. 2. The fur 
of the beaver. 3. A hat made 
of the fur. 4. A cloth, some- 
times felted, used for making 
overcoats, hats, &c. 

Bea'ver, n. [Fr. baviere, It. 

baviera, from Fr. bave, It. ba- ' Beaver. 

va, slaver; hence, lit., that part of the helmet which 

catches the drops or dribblings.] Part of a helmet in 

front, so constructed that the wearer 

could raise or lower it to eat and drink. 

Bec'a^fi'co (-nVko), n. ; pi. bec'ca- 
Fl'cOEg. [It. beccafico, from beccare, 
to peck, and fico, a fig.] ( Ornith.) A 
small bird which feeds on figs, grapes, 
&c, and is highly prized for the deli- 
cacy of its flesh. 

Be-ealni' (be-k'am'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
BECALMED; p.pr. & vb.n. BECALM- 
ING.] 1. To render calm; to appease. 2. To keep from 
motion by want of wind. 

Be-eame', imp. of become.- See Become. 

Be-eau§e', conj. [0. Eng. bycause, from by and cause, 
q. v'.] By or for the cause that ; on this account that ; 
for the reason that. 

Be-chauce', v. t. To befall ; to happen to ; to occur to. 

Be-cliarm', v. t. To charm; to captivate ; to enchant. 

Beck, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign, beacnian, becnian, 
to beckon. Perhaps beck is only a contr. of beckon.] A 
significant nod, or motion of the head or hand. 

Beck, v. i. To nod, or make a sign with the head or 
hand. 

Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of 
the head or hand ; to intimate a command to. 

Beck'on (bek'n), v. i. [See Beck.] To make a sign to 
another, by nodding, or with hand or finger, &c. 

Beck'on (bek'n),!'. t. [imp. & p.p. BECKONED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. BECKONING.] To make a significant sign to ; 
hence, to summon. 

Be-eloud', v. t. [imp. & p. p. beclouded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness 
to ; to make dark or gloomy ; to overshadow. 

Be-eome' (-kum 7 ), v. i. [imp. became ; p. p. be- 
come ; p. pr. & i-6. n. becoming.] [Prefix be and 
come, q. v. ; A.-S. becuman, to come to, to happen ; 
Goth, begviman.] To pass from one state or condition 
to another ; to enter into some new state. 
To become of, to be the fate of; to be the end of. 

Be-come' (-kum/), v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; to be 
congruous with ; to befit. 

Be-eom'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; congruous ; suit- 
able ; graceful ; befitting. 

Be-eom'ing-ly, adv. After a becoming manner. 

Be-eom'iiig-iiess, n. State or quality of being be- 
coming ; suitableness. 

Bed, n. [A.-S. bed, bedd, Goth, badi.] 1. An article 
of furniture to sleep or take rest on. 2. Matrimonial 
connection ; marriage. 3. A plat of ground in a gar- 
den, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. 
4. Bottom of a stream, or of any body of water. 5. 
( Geol.) A layer, seam, or stratum. 6. Place on which 
any thing rests. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link j this. 



BED 



60 



BEFRIEND 



Bed of justice ( Fr. Hist.), a visit of the king to a refractory 
parliament for the purpose of causing his decrees to be regis- 
tered;— so called from his occupying the throne (called lit, 
bed) on such occasions.— To be brought to bed, to be delivered 
of a child. — To make the bed, to put it in order. — From bed 
and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial 
divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bands of 
matrimony. 
Bed, v. t. [imp. &p. p. bedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. bed- 
ding.] 1. To place in a bed. 2. To plant and inclose 
or cover. 3. To lay or put in place of rest and security, 
surrounded or inclosed. 
Bed, v. i. To go to bed ; to cobabit. 

Be-dab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedabbled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BEDABBLING.] To sprinkle or wet with moisture. 

Be-dag'gle, v. t. To soil with mud or dirty water. 

Bedash', v. t. [i?np. & p. p. bedashed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BEDASHING.] To wet by dashing or throwing 
water or other liquor upon. 

Be-daub', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedaubed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bedaubing.] To besmear or soil with any thing 
thick and dirty ; to daub over. 

Be-daz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedazzled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. bedazzling.] To dazzle or make dim by too 
strong a light. 
Bed'-biig, n. An offensive bug which infests beds. 

Bed'-cham / ber, n. A chamber for a bed. 

Bed'clotheg, n. pi. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, &c., for 
a bed. 

Bed'ding, n. 1. Materials of a bed, whether for man or 
beast. 2. ( Geol.) State or position of beds and layers. 

Be-deck', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedecked ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn. 

Be-dev'il, (-deVl), v. t. To throw into utter confu- 
sion, as if by the agency of evil spirits. 

Be-dew' (-du'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedewed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with 
dew. [bed. 

Bed'f el-low, n. One who lies with another in the same 

Be-dight' (be-dif), v. t. [be and dight.] To deck with 
ornaments ; to set off. [Rare.] 

Be-dim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedimmed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. bedimming.] To make dim ; to obscure or darken. 

Be-di'zen, or Be-diz'en, v. t. [be and dizen.] To 
dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. 

Bed'lam, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehem, a religious 
house in London, afterward a hospital for lunatics.] 1. 
A mad-house. 2. An insane person. 

Bed'lam-ite, n. An inhabitant of a mad-house ; a 
madman. 

Bed'ou-'in (bed'oo-een), n. [At. bedawi, rural, living 
in the desert, from badw, desert, from bada, to live in the 
desert.] One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs living in tents, 
and scattered over Arabia, and parts of Africa. 

Bed'-piece, ) n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or 

B6d'=plate, ) piece, by which the other parts are held 
in place ; — called also base-plate and sole-plate. 

Be-drag'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedraggled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BEDRAGGLING.] To soil, by dragging in 
dirt, mud, &c. ; to bedaggle. 

Be-drench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedrenched ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. bedrenching.] To drench ; to soak ; to wet 
through ; to saturate. 

Bed'rid, ) a. [bed and ride, p. p. rid, ridden.] Con- 

Bed'rid-den, j fined to the bed by age or infirmity. 

Bed'room, n. An apartment for a bed. 

Be-drop', v. t. To sprinkle, or cover as with drops. 

Bed'side, n. The side of the bed. 

Bedstead, n. A frame for supporting a bed. 

Bed'-tick, n. A case of cloth, for inclosing the mate- 
rials of a bed. 

Bed'-time, n. Usual hour of going to bed. 

Be-diick', v. t. To duck ; to immerse in water. 

Be-dung', v. t. To cover with dung. 

Be-dust', v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. 

Be-dwarf', v. t. To make a dwarf of; to stunt. 

Be-dye', v. t. To dye or stain. 

Bee, n. [A.-S. beo.] 1. (Entom.) A well-known four- 
winged insect of many genera and species. 2. An as- 
semblage of persons who meet to labor for the benefit of 
an individual or family. [Amer.] 3. pi, (Naut.) Pieces 
of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit. 

Bee'=bread, n. A brown, bitter substance, the pollen 
of flowers, collected by bees, as food for their young. 

Beech, n. [A.-S. bece, boc, Latin fagus, Gr. 4>r)y6<;, 
W. ffawydd. ] ( Bot. ) A tree of the genus Fagus. 

Beech'en (bech'n), a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, 
the wood or bark of the beech. 

Bee'-eat'er, n. ( Ornith. ) A bird that feeds on bees. 



Beef, n. [Fr. 
bazuf, ox, beef 
(flesh), fr. Lat. 
bos, bovis, ox, 
Gr. /3ovs, gen. 
/3oos ; Pr. bou, 
J.bue,8p.buey, 
Pg. boy, boi.\ 
1. An animal 
of the genus 
Bos, including 
the bull, cow, 
and ox, in their 
full-grown state. 
[In this, which 
is the original 
sense, the word 
has a pi. , beeves.] 




1, neck ; 2, shaking-piece : 

ribs; 5, clod ; 6, Drisket ; 7, flank 



loin, sirloin ; 9, rump; 10, round; 11, 

leg; 12, foot; 13, udder; 14, shin; 15, 

cheek. 

2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, 
or of bovine animals generally, when killed. [In this 
sense, the word has no plural.] 
Beef, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of the flesh of, the 

ox, or bovine animals. 
Beef'-eat'er, n. [beef and eater. Corrupted, in its 
second meaning, from bvffetier, a keeper of the buffet.] 

1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, well-fed person. 

2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. 
( Ornith.) A South African bird, that feeds on the mag- 
gots hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, &c. 

Beef 'steak, n. A slice of beef broiled, or for broiling. 
Bee'-glue, n. A soft, unctuous matter, with which bees 
cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells ; — 
called also propolis. 
Bee'-lilve, n. A case or box used as a habitation for 

bees. 
Bee'- line, n. The shortest line from one place to an- 
other, like that of a bee through the air. 
Bee'-moth, n. (Entom.) A moth whose eggs produce 

larves which occasion great mischief in bee-hives. 
Been (bin). The past participle of be. See Be. 
Beer, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior, D. & Ger. bier.] 1. 
A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, with 
hops and other bitter flavoring matters. 2. A fermented 
extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, 
as spruce, ginger, sassafras, &c. 
Beer'y, a. Of, or resembling, beer ; affected by beer. 
Bee§'-wax, n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which 

their cells are constructed. 
Beet, n. [A.-S. beta, bete, Lat. beta.] (Bot.) A plant, 
having a succulent root much used for food, and also for 
making sugar. 
Bee'tle (be'tl), n. [A.-S. bytl, bitl, biotul, mallet ; beatan, 
to beat ; bitel, the insect beetle, from bitan, to bite.] 
1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer. 2. ( Zool.) Any 
coleopterous insect characterized by having four wings, 
the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others 
when they are folded up. 3. A machine used to pro- 
duce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. 
Bee'tle (be'tl), v. t. To produce ornamental figures on, 

by the use of the instrument called a beetle. 
Bee'tle (be'tl), v. i. [Cf. A.-S. beotan, beotjan, to 

threaten.] To hang or extend out ; to jut. 
Bee'tle-browed (-broud), a. Having prominent brows. 
Bee'tle-head'ed, a. Having a head like a beetle; 

dull, stupid. 
Beeve, «. [See Beef.] A bull, ox, or cow. 

IS3P - Rarely used in the singular. See Beef, n., No. 1. 
Be-fall', v. t. [imp. befell ; p.p. befallen ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. befalling.] To happen to ; to occur to. 
Be'fall', v. i. To come to pass ; to happen. 
Be-fi't', v. t. To be suitable to ; to suit ; to become. 
Be-fogged' (-fogdO, a. Involved in a fog. 
Be-fobl'^. t. [imp. & p.p. befooled; p.pr. & vb. 

n. BEFOOLING.] To fool ; to infatuate; to deceive. 
Be-fore', prep, [be and fore. A.-S. beforan .] 1. In front 
of; preceding in space. 2. Preceding in time. 3. Pre- 
ceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth. 4. In 
presence or sight of; facing. 5. In the power of. 
Be-fore', adv. 1. On the fore part ; in front. 2. In 

time preceding ; already. 
Be-fore'band, adv. 1. In a state of anticipation or 
pre-occupation. 2. By way of preparation or prelimi- 
nary. 
Be-f5re'hand, a. In comfortable circumstances as 

regards property ; forehanded. 
Be-fore'time, adv. Of old time ; formerly. 
Be-foul', v. t. To make foul ; to soil ; to dirty. 
Be-friend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. befriended ; p. pr. & 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,sAorJ/ care, i»r, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BEFRINGE 



61 



BELIE 



vb. n. befriending,] To act a3 a Mend to ; to favor ; 
to aid, benefit, or countenance. 

Be-fringe', v.t. To furnish with a fringe. 

Beg [or ba), n. [Turk, beg, which is pron. bay.] The 
governor of a town, city, or district in Turkey and some 
other parts of the East ; a bey. 

Beg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEG- 
GING.] [Cf. A.-S. biddan, 0. S. biddian, Goth, bidjan, 
the letter d having perhaps been dropped, and i or j 
changed into g. But it is much more probable that beg 
is only a modification of to bag, since mendicants carry 
with them bags, into which they put the provisions given 
to them.] 1. To ask earnestly, with humility or in char- 
ity. 2. To take for granted. 

Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; beseech; supplicate. 

Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice begging. 

Be-gan', pret. of begin. See BEGIN. 

Be-get', v. t. [imp. begot, begat; p. p. begot, 
BEGOTTEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEGETTING.] [be and 
get] To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ; to 
get ; to produce. 

Be-get'ter, n. One who begets. 

Beg'gar, n. [0- Bng. more prop, begger, from beg.] 
One who begs or entreats earnestly, or with humility : 
specifically , one who lives by begging ; a mendicant. 

Beg'gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beggared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
"BEGGARING.] 1. To reduce to beggary ; to impoverish. 
2. To make destitute ; to exhaust. 

Beg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being beggarly. 

Beg'gar-ly, a. In, or partaking of, or resembling, the 
condition of a beggar ; extremely indigent ; mean ; poor. 

Beg'gar-y, n. A state of extreme poverty or indigence. 

Be-gild', v. t. To cover or overlay with gold. 

Begin', v. i. [imp. began ; p. p. BEGUN ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BEGINNING.] [A.-S. beginnan, ginnan, Goth, du- 
ginnan. The orig. sense of ginnan is to cut, split.] 1. 
To have an original or first existence ; to take rise ; to 
commence. 2. To do the first act ; to take the first step. 

Be-gln', v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. 2. To 
trace from as the first ground. 

Be-gin'iier, n. One who begins ; specifically, a young 
or inexperienced practitioner ; a tyro. 

Be-gln'ning, n. 1. The first cause ; origin ; source. 2. 
That which is first ; first state ; commencement. 3. 
The rudiments, first ground, or materials. 

Be-gird', v. t. [imp. begirt, BEGIRDED ; p. p. BE 
GIRT ; p. pr. & vb. n. begirding.] 1. To bind with a 
band or girdle ; to gird. 2. To surround, as with a 
band ; to encompass or inclose. 

Be-gnaw' (be-naw'), v. t. To bite or gnaw. 

Be-goiie' (21), inter j. Go away ; depart. 



Begot', 



p. p. of beget. See Beget. 



Be-got'ten, 

Be-grea§e', or Be-grease', v. t. To daub with grease. 

Be-grime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. begrimed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt. 

Be-grudge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEGRUDGED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. begrudging.] To envy the possession of. 

Be-gulle' (-gil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beguiled ; p. pr 
& vb. n. beguiling.] 1. To delude by artifice; to im- 
pose on. 2. To evade by craft. 3. To cause to pass 
without notice. 

Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; amuse. 

Be-gulle'ment, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. 

Be-gull'er, n. One who, or that which, beguiles. 

Be-gun', p.p. of begin. See Begin. 

Be-half (-hatf), n. [Perh. from pref. be and half, in- 
terpreted for my half that is, for my part ; but more 
prob. a corrup. of the A.-S. beliefs, profit, benefit, con- 
venience. See Behoof.] Advantage; convenience; 
benefit ; interest ; profit ; support ; defense. 

Be-have', v. t. [imp. & p. p. behaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BEHAVING.] [Prefix be and have ; A.-S. behabban, to 
restrain, to detain.] To carry ; to conduct ; to manage ; 
to bear ; — used reflexively. 

Be-have', v. i. To act ; to bear or carry one's self. 

Be-hav'ior, (-haVyur), n. [See Behave.] Manner of 
behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; deportment. 

Syn. — Conduct, deportment. — Behavior is the mode in 
which we have or bear ourselves toward others ; conduct is the 
mode of our conducting or leading ourselves forward, and in- 
volves the general tenor of our actions. The former, like de- 
portment, is shaped chiefly by circumstances; the latter is a 
development of the man. Behavior in society; conduct of life. 

Be-head', v. t. [imp. & p. p. beheaded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. beheading.] To sever the head from; to take off 
the head of ; to decapitate. 



Be-held', imp. & p. p. of behold. See Behold. 

Be'he-moth, n. [Heb. behemoth, beasts, animals, par- 
ticularly of the larger kind, pi. of Vhemah, beast. Cf. 
Egypt, p-ehe-moout, i. e., water-bull.] An animal de- 
scribed in the book of Job, xl. 15-24, and variously sup- 
posed to be the ox, the elephant, the crocodile, the mas- 
todon, and the hippopotamus. 

Behest', n. [be and hest ; A.-S. behses.] That which ia 
willed or ordered ; command : mandate ; injunction. 

Behind', jorej?. [be and hind; A.-S. behind an.] 1. On 
the side opposite the front or nearest part ; at the back 
of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a 
hill or rock. 2. Left after the departure of another. 3. 
Left at a distance by, in progress of improvement ; hence, 
inferior to. 

Be-hind', adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. 2. 
Toward the back part or rear ; backward. 3. Not yet 
brought forward or exhibited to view ; remaining. 4. 
Backward in time or order of succession ; past. 

Be-hind'hand, a. 1. In arrear ; in a state where ex- 
penditures have preceded the receipt of funds, or are in- 
adequate to the supply of wants. 2. In a state of back- 
wardness, in seasonableness or appropriateness. 

Be-hold', v. t. [imp. &p.p. beheld (p. p. formerly 
beholden, now used only as a p. a.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BEHOLDING.] [A.-S. behealdan, to behold, to hold in 
sight, from pref. be and bealdan, gehealdan, to hold, 
keep.] To fix the eyes upon ; to look at ; to see with at- 
tention. 

Be-hold', v. i. To direct the eyes to an object ; to look. 

Be-hold'en (be-hold'n), p. a. [The p. p. of behold, used 
in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged ; 
bound in gratitude ; indebted. 

Be-hold'er, n. One who beholds ; a spectator. 

Be-liold'ing, a. Obliged; under obligation. [Improp- 
erly used for beholden.] 

Behoof, n. [See Behoove.] That which is advan- 
tageous ; advantage ; profit ; benefit. 

Be-hdove', v. t. [A.-S. behofian, from 0. Sax. biheffian, 

0. H. Ger. biheffan, to take, contain.] To be necessary 
for ; to be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, 
or convenience. 

Be-hove', and its derivatives. See Behoove. 

Be'in'g, p. pr. of be. See Be. 

Be'ing, n. 1. Existence in fact or in thought. 2. 
That which exists in any way. 

Be-la'foor, v. t. 1. To work diligently upon. 2. To 
beat soundly ; to cudgel. 

Be-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. belated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
belATING.] To retard or make too late. 

Be-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. belayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
belaying.] (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking 
several turns with it round a pin or cleat. 

Be-lay'ing-pin, n. (Naut.) A strong pin round which 
ropes are wound when they are belayed. 

Belch (66), u. t. [imp. & p. p. BELCHED (belcht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. belching.] [A.-S. bealcjan. Cf. belcan, 
to inflate.] 1. To throw up from the stomach with vio- 
lence ; to eruct. 2. To eject violently from within. 

Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach. 2. 
To issue with violence. 

Belch, n. Act of belching ; eructation. 

Bel'dam, ) n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine or handsome lady; 

Bel'dame, J — a term of respectful address, therefore 
used to elderly people ; hence the meaning was corrupted.] 

1. Grandmother. 2. An old woman in general, espe- 
cially an ugly old woman ; a hag. 

Be-lea'guer (-le'ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELEA- 
GUERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. beleaguering.] [be and 
leaguer, n. ; Ger. belagern, fr. pref. be, and lagern, to en- 
camp.] To surround with an army so as to preclude 
escape ; to besiege ; to blockade. 

Syn. — To block up; besiege; environ; invest; encompass. 

Be-lem'nite, n. [Gr. /3e\etxviTns, from fiiXefxvov, dart, 
from /3aAAeii/, to throw.] (Paleon.) A small calcareous 
fossil, cylindrical and hollow, tapering to a point ; the 
thunderstone. 

Bel-esprit (bel'es-pree'), n. ; pi. BE AUX-E SPRITS 
(boz'es-pree'). [Fr.] A fine genius, or man of wit. 

Bel'fry, n. [M. H. Ger. bervrit, bercvrit, N. H. Ger. 
bergfriede, burgfriede, from Ger. berg, mountain, or burg, 
castle, citadel, and friede, peace, security.] 1. A mova- 
ble tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense. 

2. A bell-tower. 3. A cupola or turret, or a room in a 
tower, in which a bell is hung. 

Be-lle', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BELYING.] 1. To give the he to ; to show to be false. 



food, foot ; firn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this 



BELIEF 



62 



BENEATH 



2. To give a false representation or account of. 3. To 
tell lies concerning ; to slander. 4. To counterfeit. 
Be-lief, n. [From believe, q. v.] 1. An assent of m i n d 
to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged fact, 
on the ground of evidence, of internal impressions, or 
of arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds. 
2. The thing believed ; a tenet, or body of tenets. 
Syn. — Credence; trust; faith; credit; confidence. 

Be-liev'a-ble, a. Capable or -worthy of being believed. 

Be-lieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. believed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BELIEVING-.] [Prefix be and A.-S. lefan, lyfan, to al- 
low, permit.] To be persuaded of the truth of; to regard 
as true ; to place confidence in ; to credit. 

Be-lieve', v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, which 
often approaches to certainty. 2. To think ; to suppose. 

Be-liev'er, n. One who believes or credits; esp., one 
who believes in the Scriptures as a revelation from God. 

Be-like', adv. It is likely ; probably ; perhaps. 

Be-Kt'tle, v. t. To make little or less in a moral sense ; 
to lower in character. [American. Rare.] 

Bell, n. [A.-S. belle, bellan, to bellow, to make a loud 
noise.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel which gives forth a 
clear, ringing sound on being struck. 2. Any thing in 
the form of a bell, as the cup or calyx of a flower. 

To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the 
prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. — To bear 
the bell, to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wether 
of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove that wears 
bells on his collar. — To bell the cat, to encounter and cripple 
one of a greatly superior force;— a phrase derived from the 
fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat, to guard 
them against his attack. 

Bel'la-don'na, n. [It., prop, fine lady.] Deadly night- 
shade, formerly employed as a cosmetic. 

Belle, n. [Fr., from Lat. bellus.] A young lady of supe- 
rior beauty and much admired. 

JBelles-lettres (bel-let'ter), n. pi. [Fr.] Polite or ele- 
gant literature ; the humanities. 

Bell'-f low-er, n. A genus of plants ; — so named from 
the shape of the flower, which resembles a little bell. 

Bell'-f ound'er, n. One who founds or casts bells. 

Bell'-f ound'er-y , ) n. A place where bells are founded 

Bell'-f ouiid'ry, ) or cast. 

Bei'li-eose', a. [Lat. bellicosus.] Disposed to conten- 
tion; pugnacious. 

Bel-Kg'er-ent, a. [Lat. bellum, war, and gerens, p. pr. 
of gerere, to wage.] 1. Waging war. 2. Tending to, 
or disposed for, war. [on war. 

Bel-lig'er-ent, n. A nation, power, or state, carrying 

Bel-lip'o-tent, a. [Lat. bellipotens, from bellum, war, 
andpotens, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Pow- 
erful or mighty in war. 

Bell'man, n. ; pi. bell'men. A man who rings a bell, 
especially to give notice of any thing in the streets ; — 
formerly a watchman. 

Bell'-met'al (-nieMi or -me^al), n. An alloy of copper 
and tin ; — used for making bells, &c. 

Bel'low, v. i. [A.-S. bellan.'] 1. To make a hollow, 
loud noise, as a bull. 2. To bawl ; to vociferate ; to 
clamor ; to roar. 

Bel'low, n. A loud outcry ; roar ; vociferation. 

Bel'lows (bel'lus), n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bselg, bag, belly, 
bellows, blast-belg, a blast-bag, bellows ; Goth, balgs, a 
leather bag or bottle. It is allied to Lat. follis. The 
root is contained in 0. H. Ger. and A.-S. belgan, to swell.] 
An instrument for propelling air through a tube, for vari- 
ous purposes. 

Bel'lows-fish, n. {Ichth.) A kind offish distinguished 
by a long, tubular snout, like the pipe of a beUows ; — 
called also trumpet-Jish. 

BeU'-rlng'er, n. One whose business is to ring a bell. 

Bei'lu-ine, a. [Lat. belluinus, from bellua, beast.] Per- 
taining to, or like, a beast ; brutal. 

Bell'-weth'er, n. A wether or sheep which leads the 
flock, with a bell on his neck. 

Bel'ly, n. [A.-S. bsrlg, bsclig. See Bellows.] 1. 
That part of the body which contains the bowels, or 
intestines; the abdomen. 2. The part of any thing 
which resembles the belly in protuberance or cavity. 

Bel'ly, v. i. To swell and become protuberant. 

Bel'ly-band, n. A band that encompasses the belly of 
a horse ; a girth. 

Be-long' (21), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BELONGED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BELONGING.] [Prefix be and 0. Eng. long, 
v. i., to belong.] 1. To be the property of; to be the 
concern or proper business of; to appertain. 2. To 
be a part of, or connected with. 3. To be native to, or 
to have a legal residence. 



Be-long'ing, n. That which pertains to one, as a qual- 
ity or endowment. 

Be-16ved' (be-lQvd' as a p., be-luv'ed as an a., %0),p.p. 
or a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. 

Be-low', prep, [be and low.] 1. Under in place; be- 
neath ; not so high. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, 
or dignity. 3. Unworthy of ; unbefitting. 

Be -low', adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any 
object ; beneath. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the 
heavens. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. 4. In 
a court of inferior jurisdiction. 

Syn. — Beneath. — Below is opposed to on high; beneath 
is opposed to above. A person who is below us at table is not 
beneath us. Below has not, therefore, like beneath, the sense of 
unbecoming or unworthy of. We say, beneath (not below) the 
character of a gentleman, beneath contempt, &c. This dis- 
tinction 6hould not be overlooked. 

Belt, n. [A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus.] 1. That which en- 
girdles a person or thing ; a band or girdle. 2. That 
which restrains or confines like a girdle, or which resem- 
bles a girdle. 

Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELT- 
ING.] To encircle as with a belt ; to encompass. 

Belt'ing, n. 1. The material of which belts are made. 
2. Belts taken collectively. 

Be-lu'ga, n. [Russ. bieluga, prop, signifying white fish, 
from bielyi, white.] {Ichth.) A fish of the cetaceous 
order and dolphin family, from 12 to 18 feet in length. 

Bei/ve-dere', n. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, from bello, 
bel, beautiful, and vedere, to see.] 1. (It. Arch.) A small 
structure on the top of an edifice, open to the air on one 
or more of its sides. 2. A summer-house on an eminence 
in a park or garden. 

Be-maze', v. t. To bewilder ; to confuse. 

Be-mire' v. t. To drag, encumber, or soil, in the mire. 

Be-moan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bemoaned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bemoaning.] To express deep grief for by moan- 
ing ; to lament ; to bewail. 

Be-mock', v. t. To treat with mockery ; to ridicule. 

Ben, or Ben'-nut. [Per. & Ar. bahmen, behman, an 
herb with leaves like ears of corn ; a medicine of two-fold 
nature; Per. & Ar. baihan, the flower rosa canina.] 
(Sol.) The seed or fruit of a species of Moringa, from 
which a valuable oil is extracted. 

Bench (66), n. [A.-S. bene, Icel. beckr, W. bank.] 1. 
A long seat. 2. A long table at which mechanics and 
others work. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. 4. 
The persons who sit as judges ; the court. 

Bench'er, n. 1. One of the senior members of a society 
who have the government of one of the inns of court. 
2. An alderman of a corporation. 

Bench'-mark, n. (Leveling.) One of a number of 
marks along a line of survey indicating a series of levels 
at different elevations. 

Bench'- war'rant, n. (Laiv.) A process issued by a 
court against a person guilty of some contempt, or in- 
dicted for some crime. 

Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bended or bent ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BENDING.] [A.-S. bendan, a modification of 
bindan, to bind.] 1. To crook by straining; to curve. 

2. To turn out of the direct course to some certain point. 

3. Hence, to incline or exercise closely or with interest; 
to exert ; to apply. 4. To render submissive ; to sub- 
due. 5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another; or 
as a sail to its yard. 

To bend the brow, to knit the brow; to scowl; to frown. 

Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight 
line ; to bow. 2. To be inclined with interest, or closely ; 
to be directed. 3. To bow in prayer, or in submission. 

Bend, n. 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or 
direction; a curve ; an incurvation. 2. (Naut.) A knot 
by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor. 
3. (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, made by* two 
lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister 
base point. 4. ( Leather- Busin ess.) A butt. 

Bend'a-ble, a. Capable of being bent. 

Bend'er, n. One who, or that which, bends. 

Be-neath', or Be-neath', prep. [A.-S. beneodh, bene- 
odhan, from prefix be and neodhan, downward.] 1. Lower 
in place, with something directly over or on ; under. 2. 
(Fig.) Under, as from the effect of pressure. 3. Lower 
in rank, dignity, or excellence than ; hence, unworthy 
of; unbecoming. 

Be-neath', or Be-neath', adv. 1. In a lower place. 2. 
Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region. 

Syn. — Below. — Beneath is opposed to above ; below to 
higher in place or state, as beneath (not below) notice. See 
Below. 



5,e,&c.,ton£, a,«, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,dr,do, woli 



BENEDICT 



63 



BERNARDINE 



B&n'e-diet, | n. [From Benedick, one of the characters 

Ben'e-dick, J in Shakespeare's play of " Much Ado 

About Nothing."] A married man, or a man newly 

married. [of St. Benedict. 

Ben'e-di-et'ine, a. Pertaining to the order of monks 

BSn'e-dlet'Ine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of 

monks, known from the color of their dress as Black 

Friars, established by St. Benedict in the 6th century. 

Ben/e-dle'tion, n. [Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, 

benedictus, to speak well of, to bless, from bene, well, and 

dicer e, to speak.] 1. Act of blessing. 2. Blessing, 

prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor of any person or 

thing ; specifically, the short prayer which closes public 

worship. 

Ben'e-fae'tion, n. [Lat. bene/actio, from benefacerc, 

to do good to one, from bene, well, and facer e, to do.] 

1. Act of conferring a benefit. 2. A benefit conferred, 
especially a charitable donation. 

Bgn'e-f ae'tor, n. One who confers a benefit. 

Ben'e-f ae'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. 

Ben'e-fice, n. [Lat. beneficium, from beneficus, benefi- 
cent, from bene, well, and facere, to do.] 1. Lit., a 
benefit, advantage, or kindness. 2. (Church of Eng.) 
An ecclesiastical living; — usually confined to parson* 
ages, vicarages, and donatives. [preferment. 

Ben'e-ficed (-fist), a. Possessed of a benefice or church 

Be-nef 'i-cence, n. The practice of doing good ; active 
goodness, kindness, or charity. 

Syn. — Benevolence. — Benevolence is literally well- willing, 
beneficence is literally well-doing. The former may exist with- 
out the latter, but beneficence always supposes benevolence. 

Be-nef i-cent, a. Doing good ; performing acts of kind- 
ness and charity ; characterized by beneficence. 
Syn. — Bountiful; liberal; generous; munificent. 

Be-nef i-cent-ly, adv. In a beneficent manner. 

Ben'e-fi'cial (-i'lsh'al), a. 1. Conferring benefits ; use- 
ful; profitable. t£. (Law.) Receiving, or entitled to re- 
ceive, advantage, use, or benefit. 

Ben'e-fi'cial-ly (-flsh'al-), adv. In a beneficial or ad- 
vantageous manner. 

Ben'e-fi'ci-a-ry (-fish.' i-), a. [L&t.beneficiariics.] Hold- 
ing some office or valuable possession, in subordination 
to another. 

Ben'e-f I'ci-a-ry ( -flshl-), n. 1 . A feudatory or vassal ; 
hence, one who holds a benefice, and uses its proceeds. 

2. One who receives any thing as a gift, or is maintained 
by charity. 

Ben'e-fit, n. [Lat. benefactum, from benefacere; See 
Benefaction.] 1. An act of kindness ; a favor 
conferred. 2. Whatever contributes to promote pros- 
perity and personal happiness, or adds value to property. 

3. A performance at a theater or elsewhere, the proceeds 
of which are given to a particular person or object. 4. 
(Law;.) Benefit of clergy. See Clergy. 

Syn. — Advantage ; profit; service; use; avail. 

Ben'e-fit, v. %. [imp. & p. p. benefited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. benefiting.] To do good to ; to advantage ; to ad- 
vance in health or prosperity ; to be useful to. 

Ben'e-fit, v. i. To gain advantage. 

He'ne-plaq'i-to. [It., pleasure.] (Mus.) At pleasure. 

Be-nev'o-lence, n. [Lat. benevolentia.] 1. Disposition 
to do good; good will; charitableness. 2. An act of 
kindness. 3. A species of contribution or tax, illegally 
exacted by arbitrary kings of England. 

Syn. — Kindness ; benignity ; tenderness. — Kindness and 
tenderness lean to the side of natural feeling; benevolence is 
considerate kindness, and often overrules mere impulse; be- 
nignity is condescending kindness, as the benignity of God. 

Be-nev'o-lent, a. [Lat. benevolens, from bene, well, 
and volens, p. pr. of volo, I will, I wish.] Having a dis- 
position to do good ; possessing love to mankind, and a 
desire to promote their prosperity and happiness. 

Syn. — Beneficent ; munificent. — Originally, benevolent 
meant well-wishing, and beneficent -well-doing ; but now (with 
a slight tinge of the original sense) they differ in their outward 
exercise chiefly in degree; a beneficent act being one on a 
larger scale than a benevolent one, while a munificent act is 
greater and more imposing than either. 

Be-nev'o-lent-ly, adv. In a benevolent manner. 

Ben-gal'- Light (-lTt),n. A kind of firework, producing 
a steady and vivid blue-colored fire. [gal. 

Ben-gal'ee, n. The language or dialect spoken in Ben- 

Be-nlght' (-nit'), v. t. 1. To involve in night or dark- 
ness. 2. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance. 

Be-nign' (be-nin'), a. [Lat. benignus, contr. from benig- 
enus, from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 1. Of a kind 



or gentle disposition. 2. Exhibiting or manifesting 
kindness, gentleness, favor, &c. 3. Having salutary 
qualities. 

Syn. — Kind ; propitious ; favorable ; salutary ; gracious ; 
wholesome; liberal; generous. 

Be-nig'nant, a. Kind, gracious ; favorable. 

Be-nlg'nant-ly, adv. With benignity ; graciously. 

Be-nig'ni-ty, n. [Lat. benignitas7] 1. Quality of being 
benign ; condescending kindness ; graciousness. 2. Sa- 
lubrity ; wholesome quality. 

Be-nign'ly (-nin'-), adv. Favorably; graciously. 

Ben'i-gon (bena-zn), n. Blessing; benediction. 

Ben'shee, n. See Banshee. 

Bent, imp. & p.p. of bend. See Bend. 

Bent, n. 1. State of being inclined from a straight line ; 
flexure ; curvity. 2. Leaning or bias ; propensity ; in- 
clination ; disposition. 3. Particular direction or ten- 
dency. 

Bent, )n. [A.-S. beonet, Ger. binse.] 1. (Bot.) 

Bent'-grass, j A grass of the genus Agrostis. 2. A 
stalk of coarse, withered grass. 

Be-niimb' (-num'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. benumbed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BENUMBING.] [Pref. be and numb, q. v. ; 
A.-S. benmman, p. benumen, to take away, to stupefy.] 
To deprive of sensation or sensibility. 

Ben'zine, n. Same as Benzole. 

Ben-zo'k, a. [See Benzoin.] Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, benzoin. 

Ben-zoin', n. [Cf. Per. banast, binasat, banasab, bana- 
sib, terebinth resin, from ban, wan, terebinth grain, and 
isab, an excrescence on the body.] A fragrant resinous 
substance, obtained from a tree of Sumatra, Java, &c. 

Ben'z51e,n. [Eng. benzoin and Lat. oleum, oil.] (Chem.) 
An oily substance obtained from bituminous coal, and 
possessing great solvent powers. 

Ben'zo-Hne, n. Same as Benzole. 

Ben'zoyl, J n. [N. Lat. and Ger. benzol, and Gr. vArj, 

Ben'zule, ) wood, matter.] (Chem.) A compound rad- 
ical, consisting of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen ; the 
base of benzoic acid. 

Be-plas'ter, v. t. To plaster over ; to bedaub. 

Be-pow'der, v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder. 

Be-praige', v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. 

Be-queath', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEQUEATHED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BEQUEATHING.] [A.-S. becvedhan, from pref. 
be and cvedhan, to say, to speak ; Goth, qvithan, Eng. 
quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will ; — said of personal 
property. 2. To hand down ; to transmit. 

Syn. — To devise. — Devise is properly used to denote a 
gift by will of real property. Bequeath is properly applied to 
a gift by will of a legacy; i. e., of personal property. In popular 
usage, bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise ; 
and it is sometimes so construed by courts. 

Be-queath'er, n. One who bequeaths. 

Be-quest', n. [From bequeath.] (Law.) Something left 
by will, appropriately personal property ; a legacy. 

Be-rate', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently ; to scold. 

Be-reave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEREAVED, bereft ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BEREAVING.] [be and reave, q. v. ; A.-S. 
bereaftan.] 1. To make destitute ; to deprive. 2. To 
take away from. [tion. 

Be-reave'ment, «. State of being bereaved ; depriva- 

Be-reav'er, n. One who bereaves. 

Be-reft', p. p. of bereave. See Bereave. 

Berg, n. [See Burgh and Borough.] A large mass 
or mountain of ice. 

Ber'ga-mot, n. [From the town of Bergamo, in Italy.] 
1. (Bot.) A species of orange-tree, having a fruit of fine 
taste and odor, from the rind of which an essential oil of 
delicious odor is extracted. 2. The essence or perfume 
itself. 3. A delicious variety of pear. 4. A variety of 
snuff perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry. 

Ber'gan-der, n. [From berg, for burroiv, and gander, 
a male goose.] (Ornith.) A species of duck said to bur- 
row and breed in holes under cliffs ; shell-drake. 

Berg'mas-ter, n. [A.-S. beorg, hill, and Eng. master.] 
The chief officer among the Derbyshire miners. 

Berg'meal, n. [Ger. berg, mountain, and mehl, meal.] 
(Min.) An earthy substance resembling fine flour ; it is 
composed of the shells of infusoria. 

Be-rhyme' (-rim'), v. t. To mention in rhyme or verse ; 
— used in contempt. 

Ber'Kn, or Ber-lin'. A four-wheeled carriage, like a 
chariot, invented at Berlin, Prussia. 

Ber'nar-dme, a. Pertaining to St. Bernard, and the 
monks of the order. 

Ber'nar-dine, n. (Eccl.) One of an order of monks 
named after St. Bernard. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



BERRY 



64 



BETAKE 



Ber'ry, n. [A.-S. beria, berie, Goth, basi.] 1. (Bot.) A 
small pulpy fruit containing seeds scattered throughout 
it, as the strawberry, currant, &c. 2. One of the eggs 
of a fish. 

Ber'ry, v. i. To bear or produce berries. 

Ber'ry, v. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. 

Bertli (14), »■ [From the root of btar, like birth, nativ- 
ity. See Birth.] 1. [Naut.) The place where a ship 
lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf. 2. A place 
in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official situation, position, or 
employment. 

GeT" To give the land or any object a wide berth, is to keep at 
a distance from it. 

Bertli, v. t. 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to 
he at. 2. To allot or furnish berths to. [plant. 

Ber'tram, n. [See Bartram.] Bastard pelhtory, a 

Ber'yl, n. [Gr. pripvWos, Ar. ballawr, or bilawr, beryl, 
crystal, Per. bullur, buliir, crystal.] (Ma.) A green or 
bluish-green mineral of great hardness. It is identical 
with the emerald, except in color. 

Ber'"y 1-line, a. Like a beryl. 

Be-s-erib'ble, v. t. To scribble over. 

Be-seech/, v. t. [imp. & p. p. besought ,• p. pr. &. 
vb. n. BESEECHING.] [Pref. be and seek, q. v.] 1. To 
ask or entreat with urgency. 2. To ask earnestly for. 

Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; supplicate. — Beg sup- 
poses simply a state of want; to beseech, entreat, and solicit, a 
state of urgent necessity; to implore and supplicate, a state of 
overwhelming distress. 

Be-seecli'er, n. One who beseeches. 

Be-seecli'ing-ly, adv. In a beseeching manner. 

Be-seem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to become ; 
to befit. 

Be-set', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BESET; p. pr. & vb. n. be- 
setting.] [be and set; A.-S. besettan.] 1. To put or 
place, on, in, or around. 2. To stop up, as a road ; to 
waylay ; to blockade. 3. To hem in or press on all sides, 
so that escape is difficult. 

Syn.— To surround; inclose; environ; besiege; encircle; 
encompass; embarrass; urge; press. 

Be-set'ment, n. The state of being beset, as in ice. 

Be-set'ting, p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. 

Be-shrew' (-shru 7 ), v. t. To wish a curse to ; to exe- 
crate. 

Be-side', prep, [be and side, by the side.] 1. At the 
side of. 2. Aside from ; out of the regular course or 
order ; out of. 3. Over and above ; distinct from. [In 
this use besides is now more common.] 

To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. 

Be-side§', j adv. More than that; over and above! 

Be-side', j moreover ; in addition. 

tgjf It is now considered an error to use beside as an adverb 
for besides. 

Be-side§', prep. Over and above ; separate or distinct 
from ; in addition to. See Beside, prep. 

&3~ This word, though radically the same as beside, and a 
corruption of it, ought not to bo confounded with it; for it is 
rarely used in the senses explained under beside, except in the 
third sense. 

Be-siege', v. t. [imp. & p. p. besieged ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
besieging.] To beset or surround with armed forces, 
for the purpose of compelling to surrender. 

Syn.— To beleaguer; beset; environ; hem in; invest; block 
tip; encompass. 

Be-sieg'er, n. One who, or the party that, besieges. 
Be-slab'ber (collog. be-slob'ber), v. t. To beslaver. 
Be-slav'er, v. t. To defile with slaver ; to beslabber. 
Be-slob'ber, } v. t. To soil or smear with snittle run- 
Be-slub'ber , j ning from the mouth. [ Vulgar.] 
Be-smear', v. t. [imp. & p.p. besmeared; p. pr. & 

vb. n. besmearing.] To smear with any viscous, glu- 
tinous matter. 
Be-smoke' (20), v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To 

harden or dry in smoke. [soot. 

Be-smut', v. t. To blacken with smut; to foul with 
Be'gom, n. [A.-S. besma,0. H. Ger. pesamo.] A brush 

of twigs for sweeping ; a broom. 
Be-s6rt', v. t. To sort out or arrange in different classes 

or kinds ; hence, to suit, fit, or become. 
Be'sot', v. t. To make sottish by drink ; hence, to make 

dull or stupid. 
Be-sdt'ted-ly, adv. In a besotted manner. [tion. 

Be-sot'ted-ness, n. State of being besotted; infatua- 
Be-s6ught' (be-sawt/), p.p. of beseech. See Beseech. 
Be-span'gle (-spang'gl), v. t. To adorn with spangles, or 

with brilliant particles. 



Be-spat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bespattered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BESPATTERING.] 1. To soil by spattering ; 
to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 2. To 
asperse with calumnj' or reproach. 

Be-speak', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke, be- 
spoken; p.pr. & vb. n. BESPEAKING.] 1. To speak 
for, order, or engage, beforehand. 2. To indicate or 
show beforehand. 3. To speak to ; to address. [Poet.] 
4. To betoken ; to show. 

Be-spew' (-spu'), v. I. To soil or daub with spew. 

Be-spit', v. t. [imp. bespit ; p. p. BESPIT, BESPIT- 
ten ; p. pr. & vb. n. bespitting.] To daub or soil 
with spittle. 

Be-spoke', imp. & p. p. of bespeak. See Bespeak. 

Be-spot', v. t. To mark with spots. 

Be-spread',1'. t. [imp. & p. p. bespread; p.pr. & 
vb. n. BESPREADING.] To spread or cover over. 

Be-sprink'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. besprinkled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BESPRINKLING.] To sprinkle over; to 
scatter over. 

Best, a. superl. [A.-S. besta, best, contracted from betest, 
betst, Goth, batista. This word has no connection in 
origin with good. See BETTER.] 1. Having good qual- 
ities in the highest degree; most good. 2. Most ad- 
vanced ; most correct or complete. 

Best, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor. 

At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the 
case. — To make the best of, to permit the least possible in- 
convenience. 

Best, adv. 1. In the highest degree ; beyond all other. 
2. To the most advantage ; with the most success, profit, 
ease, benefit, or propriety. 3. Most intimately or par- 
ticularly ; most correctly. 

Be-stain', v. t. To mark with stains ; to discolor. 

Be-stead', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestead.] To be in 
the stead or place of; hence, to place, dispose, or cir- 
cumstance, as to condition, convenience, benefit, and the 
like ; to assist ; to serve. 

Bes'tial(btst / yal), a. [Lat. bestialis, from bestia, beast.] 
1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. 2. 
Having the qualities of a beast ; below the dignity of 
reason or humanity. 

Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; 
sensual. 

Bes-tial'i-ty (best-yaP-), n. 1. The quality of a beast ; 
brutism. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. 

Bes'tial-Ize, v. t. To make bestial, or like a beast. 

Bes'tial-ly, adv. In a bestial manner. 

Be-stick', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestuck ; p.pr. k, vb. 
n. besticking.J To stick over, as with sharp points. 

Be-stir', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestirred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BESTIRRING.] To put into brisk or vigorous action. 

Be-stow', v. t. [imp. & p.p. BESTOWED ;p.pr. & vb. 
n. bestowing.] [be and stow, a place. See Stow.] 

1. To lay up in store ; to deposit for safe keeping. 2. 
To make use of ; to apply. 3. To give, confer, or impart. 

Be-stow'al, n. Act of bestowing; disposal. 

Be-stow'er, n. One who bestows. 

Be-stow'ment, «. 1. The act of bestowing; bestowal. 

2. That which is bestowed ; donation. 
Be-strad'dle, v. t. To bestride. 
Be-strauglit' (-strawf), a. [Prefix be and slravght, 

prop. p. p. of stretch; but stravght is used here for dis- 
traught, distracted, so that bestravght is equiv. to bedis- 
traught, bedistracted.] Out of one's senses; distracted; 
mad ; crazy ; demented. 

Be-strew' (-stru 7 or -stro'), v. t. [imp. BESTREWED ; 
p. p. BESTREWED, BESTROWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BE- 
STREWING.] To scatter over ; to besprinkle ; to strow. 

Be-strlde', v. t. [imp. bestrid or bestrode ; p.p. 

BESTRID, BESTRIDDEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESTRID- 
ING.] To stride over; to stand or sit with anything 
between the legs, or with the legs extended across. 

Be-strode', imp. of bestride. See Bestride. 

Be-strown', p. pr. of bestrew. See Bestrew. 

Be-stuck', imp. & p. p. of bestick. See BESTICK. 

Be-stild', v. t. To set or adorn with studs. 

Bet, n. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake, badian, to pledge, 
pawn, wed, pledge, weddian, to promise ; Goth, vidan, 
to bind.] That which is staked, or pledged, in a contest, 
to be won either by the victorious party himself or by 
another person in consequence of his victory ; a wager. 

Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. betted ; p pr. & vb. n. BET- 
TING.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contest; 
to wager. 

Be-take', v. t. [imp. betook ; p. p. betaken (be- 
tak'n); p. pr. & vb. n. betaking.] To have recouree 
to ; to apply ; to resort. 



a.ej&c.jfongv a, 6, &c. lS hort; c 4re, f iir, ask. all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm, son, or, do wolf, 



BETEEM 



65 



BIAS 



Be-teem', t». i. To allow ; to permit ; to suffer. [Obs.] 

Be'tel (bS'tl), n. [Malabar, beetla-codi, Skr. & Malay, 
patra, Malabar leaf, from its growing in Malabar.] 
(Bot.) A species of pepper, the leaves of which are 
chewed by the inhabitants of the East Indies. 

Be'tel-mit (bS'tl-), n. The nut of the areca palm, 
chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) 
and lime. 

BStli'el, n. [Ileb. beth-el, house of God.] 1. A chapel 
for dissenters. [Eng.] 'Z. A house of worship for sea- 
men. [Amer.] 

Be-think', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bethought ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. bethinking.] To call to mind ; to recall. 
Syn. — To recollect; remember; reflect. 

Be-thought' (-thawt'), imp. & p.p. of bethink, q. v. 

Be-tlcle', v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. BETID ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BETIDING.] [be and tide; A.-S. tidan, 
to happen.] To happen to ; to befall ; to come to. 

Be-tide', v. i. To come to pass ; to happen. 

Be-tlme', \adv. [be and time; that is, by the proper 

Be-time§', j time.] 1. In good season or time ; sea- 
sonably. 2. In a short time ; soon. 

Be-to'ken (-to'kn), v. t. [imp. &>p.p. betokened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BETOKENING.] 1. To signify by some 
visible object. 2. To foreshow by present signs. 
Syn. — To presage ; portend; indicate; mark; note. 

Bet'o-ny, ft. [Lat. betonica, vettonica.] A plant used to 
dye wool of a fine dark-yellow color. 

Be-tobiv', imp. of betake. See Betake. 

Be-tray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. betrayed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BETRAYING.] [From be and 0. Fr. tra'ir, trahir, 
from Lat. tradere, to give up, from trans, over, and dare, 
to give.] 1. To give up treacherously or faithlessly. 2. 
To violate the confidence of; to deceive by treachery. 
3. To disclose or discover, as something intended to be 
kept secret, or which prudence would conceal. 4. To 
mislead, or expose to inconvenience not foreseen. 5. 
To show or to indicate. 6. To fail in respect to reliance 
placed in or upon. 

Be-tray'al (be-trn'al), n. Act of betraying. 

Be-tray'er, n. One who betrays ; a traitor. 

Be-troth', v. t. [be and troth, i. e., truth, q. v.] 1. To 
contract to any one, in order to a future marriage ; to af- 
fiance. 2. To contract with for a future spouse ; to es- 
pouse. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- 
cration. 

Be-troih'al, ft. Act of betrothing; betrothment. 

Be-trotli'meiit, ft. A mutual engagement between two 
parties for a future marriage between the persons be- 
trothed ; espousals ; betrothal. 

Bet'ter, a.; compar. of good. [A.-S., bett, bet, betera, 
betre ; Goth, baiiza, from bats, good, akin to Skr. bhadra, 
glad.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than 
another. 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, 
fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. 
3. Improved in health. 

To be better off, to be in a better condition. 

Bet'ter, ft. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory. 2. 

Improvement ; greater excellence. 3. One who has a 

claim to precedence ; a superior ; — usually in the pi. 
Bet'ter, adv. ; compar. of -well. 1. In a superior or more 

excellent manner. 2. More correctly. 3. In a higher 

or greater degree ; more. 
Bet'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. BETTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

bettering.] To increase the good qualities of. 

Syn.— To improve; meliorate; mend; amend; correct; 

emend; reform; rectify; advance; promote. 

Bet'ter, n. One who bets ; a bettor. 

Bet'ter-ment, n. 1. A making better; improvement. 
2. (Law.) An improvement of an estate which renders 
it better than mere repairing ; — generally in the pi. 

Bet'tor, ft. One who bets. 

B5t'ty, n. [Probably a cant word, from Betty, for Eliza- 
beth.] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. 

Be-tween', prep. [From pref. be, equiv. to Eng. by, and 
twain, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of, without 
regard to distance ; betwixt. 2. From one to another 
of. 3. Belonging in common, or in partnership to two 
of; shared by two or both of. 4. With relation to two, 
as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the 
agent or subject. 5. In intermediate relation to, in re- 
spect to time, quantity, or degree. 

Syn. — Among. — Between applies properly to only two 
parties; as, a quarrel between two men, two nations. Among 
always supposes more than two. It is, therefore, a gross blunder 
to bpeak of dividing a thing among two persons. 




Be-tween'-deeks, ft. (Naut.) The open space between 

two decks of a ship. 
~Be-twix.t f ,prep. [From pref. be and twyg, twy, tweo, 

twe, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of; 

2. From one to another of. 
Bev'el, ft. [Fr. beveau, Sp. baivel.] 1. 

A slant of a surface at an angle greater 

or less than a right angle. 2. An instru- 
ment for adjusting the surfaces of work 

to the same inclination. 
Bev'el, a. Having the form of a bevel -,^= 

slanting. Bevel. 

A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 45° or 00°. 

Bev'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beveled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

BEVELING.] To cut to a bevel angle. 
Bev'el, v. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or 

from a direct line. 
Bev'er-age, n. [From Lat. bibere, to drink, Low Lat. 

beveragium. See Beaver.] Liquor for drinking. 
Bev'y, ft. [Prob. from Arm. beva, life, to five, to be alive, 

bev, living, W. bywyd, life, byw, to live, alive, so that 

the orig. meaning is life, a life, living, lively beings.] 

1. A nock of birds, especially quails. 2. A company; 

an assembly or collection of persons, especially ladies. 
Be-wail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewailed; p. pr. & 

vb. ft. BEWAILING.] To express deep sorrow for, as by 

wailing ; to grieve for ; to mourn ; to iament. 
Be-wail', v.i. To express grief or sorrow. 
Be-ware', v. i. [be and ware. See Ware, Wary.] 

To restrain or guard one's self; hence, to be cautious; 

to take care ; to take heed. 

H@~ This wc, d is now never used except in the imperative 
mode. 

Be-wil'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewildered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BEWILDERING.] [be and wild.] To lead into 
perplexity or confusion ; to confound for want of a plain 
road. 

Syn. — To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; lead astray. 

Be-wil'der-ment, ft. State of being bewildered. 

Be-witch' , v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewitched (108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. BEWITCHING.] 1. To gain an ascendency 
over by charms or incantation ; to affect by witchcraft or 
sorcery. 2. To charm or fascinate ; to please to such a 
degree as to take away the power of resistance. 

Be-wltcli'er-y, n. The resistless power of any thing that 
pleases ; charm ; fascination. 

Be-witch/ing-ly, adv. In a manner to bewitch. 

Be-witch'ing-ness, n. Quality of being bewitching. 

Be-witch'ment, n. Power of charming ; fascination. 

Be-wray' (-ra/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewrayed ; p.pr. 
& vb. ft. BEWRAYING.] [Pref. be and A.-S. ivregean, wre- 
gan, to accuse, to betray.] To disclose perfidiously; to 
betray. 

Bey (ba), n. A governor of a town or particular district 
of country in the Turkish dominions ; also, in some 
places, a prince ; — the same as beg. See Beg. 

Be-yond', prep. [A.-S. begeond, from pref. be and ge- 
ond, yond, yonder, Goth, jaind.] 1. On the further 
side of. 2. Before, in place, or time. 3. Out of reach 
of ; further than ; past. 4. In a degree exceeding or 
surpassing; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality 
of any kind. 

Be-yond', adv. At a distance ; yonder. 

Be-zant'ler, ft. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. antler.] 
The second antler of a stag. 

Bez'el, ft. [Cf. Chald. bezal, limits, confines.] The part 
of a ring which encompasses and fastens the stone. 

Be'zoar, ft. [Per. bad-zahr, from bad, wind, and zahr 
poison; i.e., that which, like the wind, drives away 
poison.] A calculous concretion found in the stomach 
of certain ruminant animals. 
Bezoar mineral, an oxide of antimony. 

Bi'as, ft. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan, biax, slope. Cf. Arm. 
bihais, bihays, beskel, oblique fine, bias.] 1. A weight 
on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight 
line. 2. A leaning of the mind ; propensity toward an 
object. 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of 
a garment to diminish its circumference. 

Syn. — Bent; prejudice: prepossession; inclination. 

Bi'as, adv. In a slanting manner ; crosswise ; athwart : 
diagonally. 

Bi'as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIASED (bl'ast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. biasing.] To incline to one side ; to give a particu- 
lar direction to ; to prejudice ; to prepossess. 



food, foot 



urn, rude, pull 

5 



cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link •, tids. 



BIAXAL 



66 



BIG 



Bi-ax'al, \ a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and axis.] ( Opt.) 

Bi-ax'i-al, j Having two axes. 

Bib, n. [Frorn Lat. fci&ere, to drink, because it receives 
the drink that tne child slavers from the mouth.] A 
small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast. 

Bi-ba/cious, a. [Lat. bibax, from bibere, to drink.] 
Addicted to drinking. 

Bi-ba'fei-e, a- (Chem.) Capable of combining with two 
parts or equivalents of a base; or containing two equiv- 
alents of a base to one equivalent of acid. 

Bib'ber, n. A. man given to drinking ; a tippler. 

Bi'ble, n. [Lat. biblia, Gr. j8t/?Aia, pi. of /?i/?Ai'ov, 
dimin. of Pifikos, book.] The Book, by way of emi- 
nence ; the volume that contains the Scriptures of the 
Old and New Testaments, [writings. 

Bib'li-eal, a. Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sacred 

Bib liog'ra-pher, n. [Gr. fitfkLoypafas, fr. /?i/?Aiov, 
book, and ypa ety, to write.] One who is versed in bib- 
liography, or literary history. 

Bib'li-o-gr&ph'ie, { a. Pertaining to bibliography, 

Blb'li-o-graph'i-e-al, ) or the history of books. 

Bib li-o-graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In a bibliographical 
manner. 

BiVli-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 0tpki.oypa<f>La.'] A history 
or description of books and manuscripts. 

Bib li-61'a-try, n. [Gr. (itpkiov and karpeia, service, 
worship.] Homage paid to books, especially to the 
Bible ; or a belief in the verbal inspiration of the Bible. 

Bib'Ii-o-mancy, n. [Gr. (ii0kiov and navreia, divin- 
ation.] Divination performed by selecting passages of 
Scripture at hazard. 

Blb'li-o-ma/ni-a, n. [Gr. Qi&klov and p-avia., mad- 
ness.] A rage for possessing rare and curious books. 

Bib'li-o-ma'ni-a-e, n. One who has a rage for books. 

Bib'li-o-ma-nl'a-e-al, a. Pertaining to a passion for 
books, especially such as are curious and rare. 

Bib'li-o-pliile, n. [From Gr. ^i^kiov and (fikelv, to 
love.] One who loves books. 

Bib'li-o-plio'bi-a, n. [From Gr. pt-Pkiou and <£>o/?ei- 
o-Qai, to fear.] A dread of books. 

Bib'li-op'o-list, ) n. [Gr. /ji^AiottqSA?}?, from fiifikiov 

Blb'li-o-pole', J and n-coAeiV, to sell.] A bookseller. 

Bib'li-o-the'-eal, a. [Lat. bibliother.alis,fc.Gx.pi^kio- 
Orjicyi, library, from ftt.(3kiov, book, and 0*?k?j, case, box.] 
Belonging to a library. 

BIb'list, n. [See Bible.] 1. One who makes the 
Scriptures the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar. 

Bib'li-loiis, a. [Lat. bibulus, from bibere, to drink.] 
Having the quality of imbibing fluids or moisture ; 
spongy ; porous. 

Bl-eap'sn-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. capsular, 
q. v.] (Bot.) Having two capsules, containing seeds, to 
each flower. 

Bi-earTbo-nate, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. carbo- 
nate, q. v.] ( Chem.) A carbonate containing two equiva- 
lents of carbonic acid to one of base. 

Bice, ) n. [Fr. & Pr. 6/5, It. bigio, light-gray, tawny.] 

Blse, j (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from the 
native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. 

BI-ceph'a-loiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Gr. /cecf>aAr? 
head.] Having two heads. 

Bi-eliro'mate, a. [See Chromate.] (Chem.) Hav- 
ing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other in- 
gredients. 

Bi-cip'i-tal, )a. [Lat. bicers bicipitis ; bis, twice, and 

Bi-fip'i-tous, j caput, heau.J 1. Having two heads ; 
double-headed. 2. (Anat.) Having two heads or ori- 
gins, as a muscle. 3. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts. 

Biek'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BICKERED ; p. pr. & cib. 
n. BICKERING.] [W. bicra; bicre, conflict, skirmish.] 
2. To skirmish. [Obs.] 2. Especially, to contend in 
words or petulant altercation. 3. To move quickly ; to 
be tremulous, like flame or water. 

Syn. — To quarrel; scold; wrangle; contend; quiver. 

Bick'er-er, n. One who bickers. 

BI~eol'or, ) a. [Lat. bi color ; bis, twice, and color, 
Bi-eol'ored, i color.] Of two colors. 
Bi'-eorn, ~\ a. [Lat. bicornis, from bis, twice, and 

Bi'-cdrnrd, > cornu, horn.] Having two horns or 
Bi-e6r'nous, ) antlers ; crescent-like. 
Bl-cdr'po-ral, a. Having two bodies. 
Bi-eor'po-rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and corpus, body.] 
(Her.) Double-bodied. 



Bl-crii/ral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. crural, q. v 
Having two legs. 

Bi-eus'pid, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and cuspis, point, 

Bl-eiis'pid-ate, ) cuspidatus, pointed.] Having two 
points. 

Bid, v. t. [imp. bib or bade; p. p. bid, bidden; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BIDDING.] [A.-S. biddan, Ger. bitten, 
to pray, ask, request; A.-S. beodan, to offer, to com- 
mand, Goth, biuaan, Ger. bieten, to command, bid.] 1. 
To offer ; specifically, to offer to pay, as for a thing put 
up at auction. 2. To declare, as a wish, a greeting, 
a threat, or defiance, and the like. 3. To order; to di- 
rect ; to command. 4. To invite ; to request to come. 
To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise. 

Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions. 

Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. 

Bid'der-y=ware, n. A kind of metallic ware made at 
Biddery in Hindostan, composed of copper, lead, tin, and 
spelter. 

Bid'dy, n. 1. A domestic fowl; a chicken. [Colloq.] 
Si. [A diminutive form of Bridget.] A domestic, or ser- 
vant-girl. [ Colloq.] 

Bide, v. i. [A.-S. bidan, Goth, beidan.] To dwell per- 
manently ; to inhabit. 

Bide, v. t. 1. To endure ; to suffer. Si. To wait for. 

Bi-den'tal, a. Having two teeth. 

Bi-den'tate, a. Having two teeth or tooth -like processes. 

Bi-det' (bl-det/ or bl-da/), n. [Cf. Gael, bideach, very 
little, diminutive, bidein^a, diminutive animal, W. bidan, 
a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse. Si. An 
article of bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. 

Bl-en/ni-al, a. [Lat. biennalis and biennis; biennium, 
a space of two years ; bis, twice, and annus, year.] 1. 
Happening, or taking place, once in two years. Si. (Bot.) 
Continuing for two jears, and then perishing, as certain 
plants. 

Bi-en'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, 
and then perishes. 

Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in two years ; at the return 
of two years. 

Bier, n. [From the same root as to bear.] A frame of 
wood for conveying the dead to the grave. 

Biest'ingg, n. pi. [A.-S. beost, byst, or bysting.] The 
first milk given by a cow after calving. [Written also 
beestings.] 

Bi-fa'cial, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and fades, face.] Hav- 
ing the opposite surfaces alike. 

Bi-f a'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. bifarius, from bis, twice, and/an, 
to speak or say.] 1. Twofold; in two rows. 2. (Bot.) 
Pointing two ways. 

Bi-f a/ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a bifarious manner. 

Blf'er-oiis, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, twice, and/erre to 
bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year. 

Biffin, n. 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. 
[Sometimes called beaufin ; but properly beefin (it is 
said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] 2. A baked 
apple crushed down into a flat, round cake. 

Bi'fid, \ a. [Lat. bifidus, fr. bis, twice, and findere, 

Bif 'id-ate, j perf. tense fidi, to cleave or split.] (Bot.) 
Two-cleft ; opening with a cleft. 

Bif'i-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, snadfilum, thread.] Two- 
threaded ; involving the use of two threads. 

Bi-flo'rate, la. [Lat. bis, twice, and ftos, flower, fio- 

Bi-flo'roiis, ) rere, to bloom.] (Bot.) Bearing two 
flowers. 

Bi-fo'li-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. foliate.] 
(Bot.) Having two leaves. 

Bl-fo'li-o-late, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and folium, leaf.] 
(Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves. 

Bi-fo'rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and foratus, p. p. of fo- 
rare, to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations. 

Bi'f 6rm, ) a. [Lat. biformis, from bis, twice, and 

Bl'fdrmed, ! forma, shape.] Having two forms, bod- 
ies, or shapes. 

Bi-f 6rm/i-ty, n. A double form. 

Bi-front'ed (-fr unfed), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
fronted.] Having two fronts. 

Bi-ffir'eate, la. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. furcate, 

Bi-fi\r'-ea-ted, j furcated.] Forked ; divided into two 
branches. [branches. 

Bi-fur-ea'tion, n. A forking, or division into two 

Bi'fur'-etmr, a. [Lat. bifurcus, from bis, twice, and 
furca, fork.] (Bot.) Two-forked. 

Big, a. [Oontr. from W. beichiog, beichiaivg, burdened, 
with child, from baich, burden.] 1. Having largeness of 
size, bulk, or magnitude. 2. Great with young; preg- 
nant; hence, figuratively, pregnant as with something 



a,,e,&,c.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,6r,do,W9lf, 



BIGAMIST 



67 



BILLOW 



portentous; ready to produce. 3. Having greatness, 
fullness, importance, inflation, distension, &c, whether 
in a good or bad sense. 

Syn. — Bulky; large; great; proud; arrogant. 

Big'a-mist, n. One who has committed bigamy, or has 
two wives or husbands at once. 

BIg'a-my, n. (Law.) The crime of having two wives 
or husbands at once. 

Bi-gem'i-nate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and geminatus, p. 
p. of geminare, to double.] (Bot.) Having a forked 
petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division ; 
— said of a decompound leaf. 

Big'gin, n. 1. [Fr. bcguin, probably from the cap 
worn by the nuns called Beguines.] A child's cap or 
hood, or something worn about the head. 2. [0. Eng. 
bigging, from big, to build.] A building. [Obs.] 3. 
[See Pig-gin.] A small wooden vessel. 4. A contriv- 
ance for holding coffee-grounds (being a small bag or 
a metallic vessel minutely perforated at the bottom) 
through which boiling water is poured. 

Bight (bit), n. [From Goth, biugan, to bend, A.-S. bugan, 
Cf. A-S. byge, bige, a bending, corner, bay.] 1. ( Geog.) 
A bend in the sea-coast forming an open bay. 2. 
(Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded ; a round, 
bend, or coil any where except at the ends. 

Big'ness, n. Quality of being big, esp. in the literal sense. 

Big'ot, n. [Fr. bigot, a bigot or hypocrite, a name origi- 
nally given to the Normans in France. From the ex- 
clamation, " Ne se, Bigot : ' (Not so, by God) made 
use of by the Norman Duke Rollo, on a certain oc- 
casion. Cf. Sp. bigote, a whisker ; hombre de bigote, a 
man of spirit and vigor ; It. s-bigottire, to terrify, appall. 
Wedgwood suggests that bigot is from Beghard, or Be- 
guard, one of a class of monks, noted for the strictness 
of their principles.] One obstinately and unreasonably 
wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, practice, 
or ritual. 

Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and unreasonably devoted to 
a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of 
others. [ciously. 

BIg'ot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot ; pertina- 

Big'ot-ry, n. 1. Perverse or blind attachment to a 
particular creed, or to certain tenets ; excessive preju- 
dice. 2. The practice or tenet of a bigot. 

Big'- wig, n. A person of consequence. [Cant.] 

Hijou (be'zhJb'), n. ; pi. BIJOUX (be'zhob'.) [Fr., prob- 
ably from Arm. bizou, ring, from biz, finger.] A trinket, 
or a little box ; a jewel. 

Bi-jou'try (be-zhob'try), n. [Fr. bijouterie.] Small 
articles of vertu, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. 

Bl-ju'gate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and jugatus, p. p. of ju- 
gare, to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. 

BIj'u-gous, or Bi-ju'gous, a. (Bot.) Bijugate. 

Bi-la'M-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. labiate, q. v.] 
(Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. 

Bi-lam'el-late, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 

Bi-l&m'el-la'ted, J lamellate, q. v.] (Bot.) Formed 
of two plates. 

Bi-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lateral.] 
Having two sides ; pertaining to the two sides of a central 
organ or axis. 

Bi-lat'er-al'i-ty, n. State or quality of being bilateral. 

Bil1>er-ry, n. [Corrupted from blueberry.] (Bot.) (a.) 
A shrub of the whortleberry family, (b.) The fruit or 
berry, which has a bluecolor. 

Bil1>o, n. ; pi. bil/boe§. [From Bilboa, in Spain, 
where they were fabricated.] 1. A long bar or bolt of iron 
with a shackle sliding on it, and a lock at the end ; used 
to confine the feet of prisoners, 2. A rapier. 

Bile, n. [Lat. bills.] A j'ellow, greenish, bitter, viscid, 
nauseous fluid secreted by the liver. 

Bilge, n. [A different orthography of bulge, q. v.] 1. 
The protuberant part of a cask. 2. (Naut.) The 
broadest and flattest part of a ship's bottom. 

Bilge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BILGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BILGING.] (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge ; 
to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. 

B51ge'- wa/ter, n. (Naut.) Water which enters a ship, 
and lies upon her bilge or bottom. 

Bilg'y, a. Having the smell, &c, of bilge-water. 

Bil'ia-ry (bihya-ry), a. (Med.) Pertaining to the bile : 
conveying the bile. 

Bi-lixi'gual, ) a. [Lat. bilinguis, from 5/5, twice, and 

Bi-lin'guar, ) lingua, tongue, language.] Containing 
two languages. [languages. 

Bi-lira/guoiis, a. Having two tongues, or speaking two 

Bil'ioiis (bihyus), a. [Lat. biliosus, from bilis, the bile.] 



Pertaining to the bile ; disordered in respect to the bile] 
dependent on an excess of bile. 

Bi-Kt'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and litera, letter.J 
Consisting of two letters. 

Bilk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bilked ; p. pr. & vb. n. bilk- 
ing.] [Cf. Goth, bilaikan, to mock or deride ; pref. bi, 
equiv. to be, q. v., and laikan, to leap or exult. Bilk in 
0. Eng. signifies nothing.] To disappoint, deceive, or 
defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. 

Bill, n. [A.-S. bile, beak, proboscis, Ir. & Gael, bil, bile, 
mouth, lip, bird's bill.] 1. The beak of a fowl. 2. The 
note of a bird. 

Bill, n. [A.-S. bill, bil; Skr. bhil, to split, 0. H. Ger. 
billon.] 1. A hook-shaped cutting instrument, fitted 
with a handle, like a hatchet. 2. An ancient kind 
of battle-ax, consisting of a broad, hook-shaped blade, 
having a short pike at the beak and another at the 
summit, and attached to the end of a long staff. 3. A 
pickax, or mattock. 4. (Naut.) The point of the fluke 
of an anchor. 

Bill, n. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded, L. Lat., seal, 
stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. (Law) (a.) A written 
declaration of some wrong suffered, or of some fault 
committed by another against a law. (b.) In England 
an obligation given for money under the hand, and 
sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condition or 
forfeiture for non-payment. 

EgT" In the United Stales, it is usually called a note, a note 
of hand, or a. promissory note. 

(c.) A proposed or projected law. 2. An advertisement 
posted in some public place. 3. An account of goods 
sold or delivered, or services rendered, with the price an- 
nexed to each article. 4. Any paper, containing a 
statement of particulars. 

Bill of credit, (a.) within the constitution of the United 
States, a paper issued by a state, on the mere faith and credit 
of the state, and designed to circulate as money. (6.) Among 
merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a mer- 
chant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for soods or 
money. — Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at 
the custom-house. -B ill of exchange {Com.), a written order or 
request from one person to another, desiring the latter to pay 
to some person designated a specified sum of money. It is 
frequently called a draft. — Bill of health, a certificate from 
the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's 
company, at the time ot her leaving port. — Bill of lading. 
a written account of goods shipped, signed by the master 
of the vessel. — Bills oj pains awl penulties, a legislative act 
inflicting a punishment less than death on persons supposed 
to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction 
in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. — Bill of 
sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of 
goods and chattels. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the cus- 
tom-house, by which good's may be provisionally landed for 
examination. 

Bill, v. i. [From bill, a beak.] To join bills, as doves ; to 
caress in fondness. 

Bill'-lbobk, n. A book in which a person keeps an 
account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, and the 
like. [bills. 

BHl'-1bro / ker, n. One who negotiates the discount of 

Bil'let, n. [Fr. billet, dim. of Fr. & Norm. Fr. bille. 
See BILL, a writing.] 1. A small paper or note in 
writing, or a short letter. 2. A ticket from a public 
officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge. 

Bil'let, n. [Fr. billot, block, from bille, log, a ball 
made of bone. Cf. Bill, a writing.] 1. A small stick 
of wood. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, re- 
sembling a billet of wood. 

Bil'let, v. t. limp. &,p. p. billeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BILLETING.] [From b illet, a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, 
by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, to quarter, 
as soldiers in private houses. 

Billet-doux (MMe-dob'), n. [Fr. billet, note, anddoux, 
sweet.] A love-note or letter. 

Bill'-hobk:, n. A small hatchet with curved edge. 

Bill'iard (-yard), a. Pertaining to the game of billiards. 

Bill'iard§, n. pi. [Fr. billard, from bille, ball.] A game 
played withjvory balls, on a rectangular table. 

Bil'iingg-gate, n. [From a fish-market of this name in 
London, celebrated for foul language.] Foul or profane 
language ; ribaldry. 

Bill'ion (bihyun), n. [From Lat. bis, twice, and L. Lat. 
millis,'FY. million, a million.] According to the French 
method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,- 
000,000 ; according to the English method, a million of 
millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration. 

Bill'man, n. ; pi. BILL'MEN. One who uses a bill or 
hooked ax. 

Bil'low, n. [Ger. bulge, from the root belgen, to swell.] 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link; this. 



BILLOWY 



68 



BIRTH 



A great wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usually by 

violent wind. 
Bil'low-y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large waves. 
Bill'- stick' er, n. One who posts up bills, or placards, 

in public places. 
Bil'ly, n. A watchman's club. [ Cant.] 
Bi'lobed, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lobed, lobate, 
Bl-lo'bate,} q. v.] (Bot.) Divided into two lobes. 
Bl-lde'n-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and locvlus, a little 

place, dim. of locus, place.] (Bot.) Divided into, or 

containing, two cells. 
Bi-ma/noiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and manus, hand.] 

( Zobl. ) Having two hands. 
Bi-me'di-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. medial, q. 

v.] (Geom.) When two lines commensurable only in 

power (as the side and diagonal of a square) are added 

together, and the sum is incommensurable in respect to 

either, the sum is called by Euclid a bimedial line. 
Bi-men'sal, J a [Lat M ^ twice> and Eng- menm l, 
J5i-mes t"" al - \ q. v.] Occurring once in two months. 

Bin, n. [A.-S. binn, manger, crib, W. benn, men, wain, 
cart.] A box or inclosed place, used as a repository of 
any commodity. 
Bi'na-ry, a. [Lat. binarius, from bini, two by two, two 
and two.] Compounded of two ; double. 

Binary arithmetic, that in which two figures only, and 1, 
are used, in lieu of ten. — Binary compound (Chem.), a com- 
pound of two elements. 
Bi'nate, a. [N. Lat. binatus, from Lat. bini, two and 
two.] (Bot.) Being double or in couples; growing in 
pairs. 
Bind, v. t. [imp. BOUND ; p. p. BOUND, formerly 
BOUNDEN; p. pr. & vb. n. BINDING.] [A.-S. bindan, 
Goth, bindan, Skr. bandh.] 1. To tie together, or con- 
fine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, &c. 2. In a 
more general sense, to confine, restrain, or hold by 
physical force or influence of any kind. 3. To prevent 
or restrain from customary or natural action. 4. To 
protect or strengthen by a band or border. 5. To sew 
or fasten together, and inclose in a cover. 6. To place 
under legal obligation to serve. 

To bind over, to oblige by bond to appear at a court. — To 

bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with. 

Bind, v. i. 1. To contract ; to grow hard or stiff. 2. 

To be restrained from motion, or from customary or 

natural action. 3. To be obligatory. 

Bind, n. A stalk of hops, so called from its winding 

round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. 
Bind'er, n. 1. A person who binds; one whose trade 
is to bind, as books. 2. Any thing that binds ; abandage. 
Bind'er-y, n. A place where books or other articles are 

bound. [An Americanism] 
Bind'ing, a. Having power to bind or 

oblige ; obligatory. 
Bind'ing, n. 1. Act of fastening with 
a band. 2. Any thing that binds, as a 
bandage, the cover of a book, or something 
used to secure the edge of cloth from rav- 
eling. 
BInd'-weed, n. (Bot.) A plant of differ- 
ent species, of the genus Convolvulus. 
Bin'na-ele, n. [For bittacle, corrupt, from 
Fr. habitacle, habitation ; Lat. habitacu- 
lum, from habitare, to dwell.] (Naut.) A 
box containing the compass of a ship, and 
a light to show it at night. 
Bin'o-ele (bln'o-kl), n. [Lat. bini, two and two, and 
oculus, eye.] (Opt.) A telescope, fitted with two tubes 
joining. 
Bi-noe'u-lar, a. 1. naving two eyes. 2. With, or per- 
taining to, both eyes. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes. 
Bi-no-e'u-late, a. Having two eyes. 
Bi-no'mi-al, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and nomen, name.] 
(Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected 
by the sign plus or minus ; as, a -\- b, or 7 — 3. 
Bi-no'mi-al, a. Consisting of two terms ; — pertaining 

to binomials. 
Bi-og'ra-pher, n. [See Biography.] One who writes 

the life of a particular person. 
Bi'0-gra.ph'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or containing 
Bi'o-graph'ie al, i biography. [laphy. 

Bi'o-graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a biog- 
BI 6g'ra phy, n. [Gr. / <.'os, life, and ypd^eiv, to write.] 
J . The history of the life and character of a particular 
person. 2. Biographical writings in general. 
Bi'o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to biology. 




Binnacle. 



BI-51'o-gy, n. [Gr. /?i'o?, life, and Adyos, discourse.] The 
science of life ; — often applied to a theory based on the 
assumption that there is a life-force, which obeys laws 
analogous to those of magnetism , and through which one 
individual may, under certain conditions, control the 
mental states and actions of another. 

Bi-pa'rous, or Bip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
par ere, to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth. 

Bi-par'ti-ble, I a. [Lat. bis, twice, and parti bi 'lis, par- 

BI -par 'tile, j tilts, divisible.] Capable of being di- 
vided into two parts. 

Bi-par'tite, or Bip'ar-tlte, a. [Lat. bipartitvs, p. p. 
of bipartite, from bis, twice, and partire, to divide.] 1. 
Having two correspondent parts, as a legai contract, one 
for each party. 2. Divided into two parts, as a leaf. 

Bi'par-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. Act of dividing into two 
parts. 

Bi'ped, n. [Lat. bipes, from bis, twice, and pes, pedis, 
foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. 

Bi-pe'dal, \ a. Having two feet, or the length of two 

Bi'ped, j feet. 

Bi-pen'nate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pen- 

Bi-pen'na-ted, j nate, q. v.] Having two wings. 

Bi-pet'al-oiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. petalous, 
q. v.] (Bot.) Having two fiower-leaves or petals. 

Bi-pin'nate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnate, 

Bi-pin'na-ted, j pinnated.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate. 

Bi'pin-nat'i-f id, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnat- 
ifid.] (Bot.) Doubly pinnatifid. 

Bi-pli'eate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and plicare, to fold.] 
Twice folded together. 

Bi'pont, I a. Relating to books printed at Deux- 

Bi-pont'ine, j ponts, or Bipontium, in Holland. 

Bl-quad'rate, ) n. [Lat- bis, twice, and Eng. quadrate, 

Bi'quad-rat'ie, j q. v.] (Math.) The fourth power, 
arising from the multiplication of a square number or 
quantity by itself. 

Bl'quad-rat'ie, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic, or 
fourtn power. 

Bl-ra'di-ate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and EDg. radiate, 

Bi-ra'di-a'ted, J radiated, q. v.] Having two rays. 

Birch (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. bivrk ; 0. H. Ger. piri- 
cha ; Russ. bereza.] A tree of several species. The smaller 
branches of the common European birch, being tough 
and slender, were formerly much used for rods, especially 
in schools. 

Birch, 1 a. Made of birch ; consisting of birch ; per- 

Birch'^n, ) taining to birch. 

Bird (18), n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, j"onng of any animal, 
brood. Cf. Eng. breed and brood.] Properly, a chicken ; 
the young of a fowl ;. and hence, in modern use, a two- 
legged, feathered, flying animal, oviparous and verte- 
bra ted. 

Bird, v. i. To catch or shoot birds. 

BIrd'-eage, n. A cage for keeping birds confined. 

BIrd'-eall, n. 1. A little stick cleft at one end, in 
which is put a leaf of some plant, for imitating the cry 
of birds. 2. A very short metal cy Under, having a cir- 
cular plate with a small aperture in the center fastened 
to each end ; — used to decoy birds. 

Bird'-fan'ci-er, n. One who rears or collects rare or 
curious birds, or keeps them for sale. 

Bird'-lime, n. A viscous substance used to catch birds. 

Bird-of-par'a-dise, n. A 
perching bird of several spe- 
cie? , found in New Guinea. 

Bird'g'-eye, a. Seen from 
above, as if by a flying bird ; 
hence, general ; not entering 
into details. 

Bird'§'-eye Ma/ple. Wood 
of the sugar -maple, full of 
little knotty spots somewhat 
resembling birds' eyes. 

Bird'g'nest, n. The nest in 
which a bird lays eggs. 

Bl'reme, n. [Lat. biremis; 
bis, twice, and remus, oar.] A 
r vessel with two tiers of oars. 

Birth (18), n. [A.-S. beordh, 

byrd, from beran, be or an, to Bird-of-paradise. 

bear, bring forth; Goth, gabaurths.] 1. Act of com- 
ing into life, or of being born. 2. Lineage ; extrac- 
tion ; sometimes noble extraction. 3. Natural state or 
position. 4. Act of bringing forth. 5. That which is 
born, or produced, whether animal or vegetable. 6. 
Origin ; beginning. 




a,e,&c.,Zong7 a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ^re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do,w9lf, 



BIRTHDAY 



69 



BITUMINIZE 



New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a 
religious life. 

Birth'day, n. 1. The day in which any person is born. 
2. The anniversary of one's birth. 

Birtli'-mark, n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on 
the body at birth. [of origin. 

Birth'place, n. The place where a person is born ; place 

BIrth'right (-rlt), n. Any right or privilege to which a 
person is entitled by birth. 

Bis'euit (bls'kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, and coctus, p. p. of 
coquere, to cook, bake.] 1. A kind of unferniented bread 
baked hard. 2. A kind of small, baked cake, usually 
fermented, made of flour, milk, &c. 3. Earthen ware 
or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, be- 
fore it is subjected to the process of glazing. 

Meat biscuit, matters extracted from meat by boiling, com- 
bined with flour. 

Bi-se-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bisected ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. BISECTING.] [Lat. bis, twice, and secure, sectum, 
to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. ( Geom.) 
To divide into two equal parts. 

Bi-sec'tion, n. Act of bisecting. 

BI-seg'ment, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. segment, 
q. v.] One of the parts of a line, or other magnitude, 
divided into two equal parts. 

Bi-sex'u-al (-sek'shu-al), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
sexual" q. v.] (Bat.) Being of both sexes. 

BIsli'op, n. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, Goth. aipiskaupus,fr. 
Gr. €7T(.'<r/co7ros, Irri, over, and aKonog, inspector, from 
(nconelv, <7Ke'7TT6cr0ai, to view.] 1. An overseer ; a spir- 
itual superintendent, or director. 2. In Episcopal usage, 
the highest of the three orders of the Christian ministry. 

BIsli'op, n. 1. A mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar. 
2. An article of a lady's dress ; a bustle ; a tournure. 

BIsli'op, v. t. To confirm ; to admit solemnly into the 
church ; hence, to receive formally to favor. 

Blsh'op-rie, ii. [bishop and ric; A.-S. b : sceoprice.] 1. 
A diocese ; the district over which the jurisdiction of a 
bishop extends. 2. Office of bishop. 

Big'muth, n. [Ger. bismuth, wismuth,0. Ger. ivesemot.] 
A metal of a reddish-white color, crystallizing in rhom- 
bohedrons, which look nearly like cubes. It is somewhat 
harder than lead, and rather brittle. Specific gravity, 8. 

Bis/muth-al, a. Consisting of bismuth, or containing it. 

Big-muth/i-e, a. Pertaining to bismuth. 

Bi'son (orbl'sn), n. [Gr. 
Pia-ojv, 0. H.Ger. ivisunt, 
A.-S. ivesend, Ic.el. vis- 
undr.] (Zo'dl.) A quadru- 
ped inhabiting the inte- 
rior of North America, es- 
pecially about the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Egf- It is popularly called 
the buffalo; but the true 
buffalo belongs to the east- 
ern continent, and to a dif- 
ferent subdivision of the American Bison. 
6ame genus. 

Bis-sex'tile (-seks'til), n. [Lat. bissextilis, fr. bissextus 
(bis and sextus), the sixth of the calends of March, or 
twenty -fourth day of February, which was reckoned 
twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] 
Leap year ; every fourth year, in which a day is added to 
the month of February. 

Bis-s£x'tile, a. Pertaining to leap year. 

BIs'ter, I n. [Fr. bistre, perhaps fr. bis, brown, swarthy. 

BIs'tre, J Cf., however, L. Ger. biester, frowning, dark, 
ugly. See also Boisterous.] ( Paint.) A dark -brown 
pigment extracted from the soot of wood. 

Bis'tort, n. [Fr. bistorte, It. & N. Lat. bistorta; Lat. 
bis, twice, and tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist.] (Bot.) 
A plant, in popular language called snake-weed. 

Bis'to.u-ry (bls'tij-ry), n. [From Pistoria, now Pistoja, 
in Tuscany, where it was first manufactured.] A surgi- 
cal instrument for making incisions. 

Bi-sul'eate, a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. sulcate, 
q. v.] l.^Two-furrowed. 2. (Zodl.) Cloven-footed. 

Bi-sul'eoiis, a. [Lat. bisulcus.fr. bis, twice, and sulcus, 
furrow.] Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen ; bisulcate. 

Bl-sill'pliate (45), n. [Lat. bis and Eng. sulphate.] 
( Chem.) A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric 
acid to one of the base. 

Bl-sul'phu-ret, n. [From Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
sulphuret, q. v.] (Chem.) A sulphuret with two atoms 
of sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. 




Bit, n. [A.-S. bsete, from bitan, to bite.] The iron mouth- 
piece of a bridle, to which the reins are fastened. 

Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. BIT- 
TING.] To put a bit in the mouth of. 

Bit, imp. & p. p. of bite. See Bite. 

Bit, n. [A.-S. bit, bite, from bitan, to bite.] 1. A mouth- 
ful ; a morsel ; a bite ; hence, a small piece of any thing ; 
a little ; a mite. 2. A small coin of the West Indies, 
worth about ten cents ; also applied in the Southern 
States to a silver coin, the eighth of a dollar. 3. A small 
instrument, of various forms and sizes, for boring. 

Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce.] 1. The female of the canine 
kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. A name of re- 
proach for a woman. 

Bite,-u. t. [imp. 8c p.p. BIT, BITTEN \p.pr. Ikvb.n BIT- 
ING.] [A.-S. bitan, Goth, beitan.] 1. To cut, crush, 
or seize with the teeth. 2. To cause sharp pain, or 
smarting to, in a literal or a figurative sense. 3. To 
cheat ; to trick. 4. To take hold of; to adhere to 

To bite in (Etchinn), to eat into metallic plates t>v means of 
an acid. — To bite the dust, or the ground, to fall in the agonies 
of death. 

Bite, v. i. 1. To seize or wound with the teeth or mouth. 
2. To cause hurt, pain, or injury of any sort. 

Bite, n. 1. Act of seizing with the teeth or mouth. 2. 
The wound made by the teeth, or by something analo- 
gous. 3. A morsel ; a mouthful. 4. The hold or pur- 
chase of a tool. 5. A cheat, a trick. 6. A sharper; 
one who cheats. 

Bit'er, n. One who, or that which, bites. 

Bit'ing, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; caustic. 

Bit'ing-in, n. (Etching.) The process of corroding me- 
tallic plates, by means of an acid. 

BItt, v. t. (Naui.) To put round the bitts. 

Blt'ta-ele (blt'ta-kl), n. [See Binnacle.] The box 
for the compass on board a ship. 

Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter, Goth, baitrs ; from bite, v. t.] 1. 
Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood. 
2. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feeling. 3. 
Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind. 
4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty. 5. 
Mournful ; distressing ; pitiable. 

Syn. — Sharp; severe; cruel; calamitous; poignant; re- 
proachful. 

Bit'ter, n. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) A turn of the cable 

which is round the bitts. 
Bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. 

Bit'ter-ish-ness, n. Quality of being moderately bitter. 
Blt'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner. 
Blt'tern, n. [Eng. bittor, bittour, 

L..Lat. butio, butor, butorius, for 

N. Lat. botaurus,bostaurus, Lat. 

taurus.} (Ornith.) A wading- 

bird of Europe, related to the 

herons. It makes a singular 

noise, which has been thought 

to resemble the lowing of a bull. 
Blt'tern, n. [From bitter.] 1. 

The brine which remains in salt 

works after the salt is concreted. 

2. A very bitter compound of 

quassia, cocculus indicus, &c. 
Bit'ter-ness, n. 1. State or qual- 
ity of being bitter, either in a fit- Bittern. 

eral or figurative sense. 2. A state of extreme impiety. 
Bit'terg, n. pi. A liquor, generally spirituous, in which 

bitter herbs or roots are steeped. 
Bit'ter-spar, n. A sparry mineral, consisting of car- 
bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. 

W3?~ It is itself tasteless ; and is called bitter-spar because ft. 
contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. 

Bit'ter- sweet, n. (Bot.) A slender, climbing plant, 
whose root, when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a 
sweet taste. 

Bitts, n. pi. [From the same root as bite. Cf. BIT, n.] 
(Naut.) A frame of two strong pieces of timber on which 
to fasten the cables. 

Bi-tu/men, n. [Lat. bitumen.] Mineral pitch, a sub- 
stance having a pitch-like odor, and burning readily 
with a bright flame, without any residue. 

Bi-tu'mi-nate, v. t. [imp. k,p. p. bituminated _; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BITUMINATING.] To impregnate with bitu- 
men. 

Bi-tu.'mi-nize, v. t. [imp. &>p. p. bituminized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BITUMINIZING.] To form into or impreg- 
nate with bitumen. 




food, foot; firn, rude > pull; cell, chaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



BITUMINOUS 



70 



BLAMELESS 



BI-tu'mi-nous, a. Haying the qualities of bitumen ; 
compounded with bitumen ; containing bitumen. 

BI'valve, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and valva, valve.] 1. 
(Zo'dl.) A molluscous animal, having a shell consisting 
of two parts or valves ; or a shell consisting of two parts, 
which open and shut. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which 
the seed-case opens or splits into two parts or valves. 

BI' valve, ) a. Having two valves which open and 

Bi'valved, I shut, as the oyster, or which open at 

Bl-valv'oiis, f maturity, as the seed-vessels of cer- 

Bi-valv'u-lar, J tain plants. 

Bi'ven'tral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. ventral, q. v.] 
Having two bellies. 

Biv'i-oiis, or Bi'vi-ous, a. [Lat. bivius ; bis, twice, 
and via, way.] Having, or leading, two ways. 

Hlv'oua-e (biv'wak), n. [Fr., from H. Ger. beiwache ; 
bei, by, near, and wache, watch, guard.] [Mil.) (a.) 
The guard or watch of a whole army, (b.) An encamp- 
ment without tents or covering. 

Hlv'oua^ (-wak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIVOUACKED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BIVOUACKING-.] To watch or be on guard, 
as a whole army ; to encamp without tents or covering. 

Bl'-week'ly, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. 

JBizarre (be-z'ar'), a. [Fr., of Basque-Iberian origin.] 
Odd in manner or appearance ; fantastical ; whimsical. 

Blab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLABBING.] [Ger. blappen , blappern , plappern , 0. Eng. 
blabber, to talk idly.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or 
indiscreetly. [to tattle. 

Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion ; 

Blab, n. One who blabs ; a babbler ; a telltale. 

Blab'ber, n. A tattler ; a telltale. 

Black, a. [A.-S. blxc, blac, black. This word ought not 
to be confounded with A.-S. blac, Eng. bleak. See Bleak.] 
1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it ; of the 
color of soot or coal. 2. In a less literal sense, very- 
dark or gloomy. 3. (Fig.) Dismal, gloomy, or forbid- 
ding, like darkness ; destitute of moral light or goodness. 

Black, n. 1. The darkest color, or rather a destitution 
of all color. 2. A negro ; a person whose skin is black. 
3. A black dress, or mourning. 
In black and white, in writing or print. 

Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKED (blakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb n. BLACKING.] To make black; to blacken. 

Black'-art, n. Conjuration ; magic. 

ragf This name was given in the middle ages to necromancy, 
under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger, 
black, instead of ve/cpos, a dead person, and /xajreta, divina- 
tion. 

Black'a-mo~or,w. [blark and moor.] A negro : a black. 
Black'ball, n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, 

boots, &c. 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative 

in voting. 
Black'ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKBALLED ; p. pr. 

& vb. n/BLACKBALLlNG] To reject by putting black- 
balls into a ballot-box. 
BlackOjer-ry, n. The berry of the bramble ; a popular 

name applied to different species of the genus Rubus. and 

their fruit. 
Black'bird, n. (Ornith.) In 

England, a species of thrush, a 

singing-bird with a fine note, but 

very loud. In America, this 

name is given to different birds, 

as to the Quisculus versicolor, or 

crow blackbird, and to the Argc- 

laius phctniceus, or red 

blackbird. 
Blackboard, n. A board 

to write or draw on with chalk. Blackbird. 

Black'-bobk (27), n. 1. One of several books of a po- 
litical character, published at different times and for 

different purposes ; — so called either from the color of 

the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. 

A book kept at a university for the purpose of registering 

crimes and misdemeanors. 3. Any book which treats 

of necromancy. 
Black'-eat'tle, n. Cattle of the bovine genus reared 

for slaughter, whatever their color may be. [Eng.] 
Black'eock, n. ( Ornith.) A large bird, called also black- 

grouse and black-game. 
Black'-eur'rant, n. (Bot.) A garden fruit, used for 

jellies, jams, &c, of a black color. 
Black'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blackened; p pr. & 

vb. n. blackening.] [See Black, v. t.] 1. To make 

or render black. 2. To make dark ; to darken. 3. To 

sully, as reputation ; to make infamous. 




Black'en, v. i. To grow black or dark. 

Black'flsh, n. 1. A fish caught on the rocky shores of 

New England ; the tautog. 2. A small kind of whale. 

Black'-f liix, n. A mixture of carbonate of potash and 

charcoal. [der. 

Black'-frFar, n. (Eccl.) A friar of the Dominican or- 

Black'- grass, n. A kind of coarse grass. 

Black'guard (blag'g'ard), n. [Orig. the guard of the 
devil ; thence, a fit attendant on the devil, and then a 
dirty fellow of the meanest kind.] 1. The scullions and 
lower menials of a court. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a person 
of low character, accustomed to use scurrilous language. 

Black'guard (blag'gard), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. black- 
guarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLACKGUARDING.] To re- 
vile in scurrilous language. [guard. 

Black'guard-i§m, n. Conduct or language of a black- 

Black'tng, n. A preparation used for blacking shces, 
boots, &c, variously 7 made. [dark. 

Black'ish, a. Somewhat black; moderately black or 

Black'-jack, n. 1. A mineral ore, called also false 
galena. It is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc-blende. 2. 
A species of oak, called also barren oak. 

Black-lead', n. [From its color, and from making 
a mark on paper like lead.] A mineral composed of car- 
bon ; plumbago ; graphite. 

Black'leg, n. A notorious gambler and cheat. 

Black'-let'ter, n. The old English or modern Gothic 
letter, in which early manuscripts were written, and the 
first books were printed. 

Black'-let/ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black-let- 
ter. 2. Studious of books in black-letter ; that is, of 
old bocks. 

Blaek'ly, adv. Darkly ; gloomily ; atrociously. 

Black'- mail, n. 1. A certain rate of money", cattle, or 
other thing, anciently paid to certain lawless men, for 
protection from pillage. 2. Extortion of money from a 
person by threats. [Amer.] 

Black'-mar'tin, n. A bird belonging to a sub-family 
of the swallows. 

Black'ness, n. The quality of being black, in a literal 
or a figurative sense. [suet, &c. 

Black'-pud'ding, n. A kind of sausage made of blood, 

Black'-rod, n. The usher belonging to the order of the 
Garter ; so called from the black rod he carries. [Eng.] 

Black'riist, n. A disease of wheat. 

Black'smith, n. A smith who works in iron, and makes 
iron utensils ; an iron-smith. 

Black'-snake, n. A serpent of a black color; two 
species are found in America. [molasses. 

Black'- strap, n. A mixture of spirituous liquor and 

Black'tail, n. A kind of perch. 

Black'thorn, n. (Bot.) A spiny plant bearing a small 
black fruit. It is much used for hedges. 

Black'- vom'it, n. A vomiting of dark-colored matter ; 
or the substance so discharged ; one of the most fatal 
symptoms in yellow fever. 

Black TVal'nut- A well-known American tree, the 
wood of wtiich is of a dark color. 

Blad'der, n. [A.-S. blsedre, bladdre. The root is A.-S. 
blawan, to blow, flare.] (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, 
which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid. 

Blade, n. [A.-S. Used, that which springs forth, as a 
shoot, branch, leaf, fruit.] 1. Properly , the leaf, or flat 
part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous 
plants. 2. The cutting part cf an instrument. 3. The 
broad part of an oar. 4. (Avat.) The scapula, or scap- 
ular bone. 5. A bright, sharp-witted, dashing fellow; 
a_rake. [shoulder. 

Blade'-bone, n. The scapula, or upper bone in the 

Blad'ed, p. p. 1. Having a blade or blades. 2. (Min.) 
Composed of long, narrow plates. 

Blain, n. [A.-S. blegen , from blawan, to blow, flare.] An 
inflammatory swelling or sore ; a pustule ; a blister. 

Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving of censure ; faulty ; culpable ; 
reprehensible ; blameworthy. 

Blam'a-ble-ness, n. State of being blamable. 

Blam'a-bly, adv. In a manner deserving of censure. 

Blame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLAMING.] [Fr. blamer, from Gr. pkao-^^elv, to speak 
ill. See Blaspheme.] To censure; to express disap- 
probation of; to find fault with. 

Blame, n. 1. Expression of disapprobation. 2. That 
which is deserving of censure or disapprobation. 

Syn.— Censure; reprehension ; condemnation; reproach; 
fault; sin; crime; wrong-doing. 

Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame ; reprehensible. 
Blame'less, a. Without fault ; not meriting censure. 



a,e,&c.,Zon^, aje^c.s/torf/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere .veil, term; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



BLAMELESSLY 



71 



BLEAR-EYEDNESS. 



Syn.— Spotless; faultless ; stainless ; irreproachable; inno- 
cent; guiltless. 

Blame'less-ly, adv. Innocently; without fault. 

Blame'less-ness, n. Freedom from fault or blame. 

Blam'er, n. One who blames, or censures. [censure. 

Blame'wor'thi-ness, (-wur-), n. Quality of deserving 

Blame'wor-thy (-wiir-), a. Deserving blame ; censur- 
able ; culpable ; reprehensible. 

Blanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blanched (blancht); p. 
pr. & vb. n. BLANCHING.] [Fr. blanckir, from blanc, 
white. Cf. Blank.] 1. To take out the color, and 
make white ; to whiten. 2. To make white by stripping 
off the peel. 3. (Fig.) To give a favorable appearance. 

Blanch, v. i. To grow or become white. 

Blanch/er, n. 1. One who blanches or whitens. 2. 
One who anneals and cleanses money. 

JBlanc-niange ) (blo-monj'), n. [Fr., lit. white food, 

J&lanc-rnanger ) from blanc, white, and manger, to 
eat.] A preparation of dissolved isinglass, or sea-moss, 
milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c, boiled till thick. 

Bland, a. [Lat. blandus.] Producing a pleasing impres- 
sion by soft or soothing qualities. 
Syn. — Mild; soft; gentle; courteous. 

Blan-dil'o-quence, n. [Lat. blandiloquentia ; blandus, 
mild, and loqui, to' speak.] Fan, mild, flattering speech. 

Bland'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. blandished ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BLANDISHING.] [0. Eng. blandise, Lat. blandiri, 
from blandus, mild, flattering.] To flatter by kind words 
or affectionate actions ; to soften ; to caress. [ressingly. 

Bland'ish, v. i. To act or speak affectionately, or ca- 

Blaiid'ish-er, n. One who flatters with soft words. 

Blaiid'ish-ment, n. Words or actions expressive of 
affection or kindness ; artful caresses. 

Bland'ness, n. State or quality of being bland. 

Blank, a. [Ger. blank, shining, bright, white, Icel. 
blankr, allied to Ger. blinken, to shine, glitter.] 1. Of a 
white or pale color. 2. Hence, pale from fear or terror ; 
dispirited ; dejected. 3. Lacking something ; void ; 
empty. 4. Without mixture with any thing else ; pure. 
Blank cartridge, a cartridge filled with powder, but without 
ball. — Blank indorsement (Law), one which omits the name 
of the person in -whose favor it is made. — Blank verse, verse or 
poetry without rhyme; particularly the heroic verse of five feet 
without rhyme. 

Blank, n. 1. Any void space; a void space in any 
written or printed instrument. 2. A ticket in a lottery 
on which no prize is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten; 
a blank ballot. 4. A paper containing the substance of 
a legal instrument, with vacant spaces left to be filled 
with names, date, &c. 5. The point of a target at which 
aim is taken, marked with a white spot. 6. (Meek.) A 
piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a 
farther operation, as a coin, a woodscrew, nuts, &c. 

Blaiik'et, n. [Fr. blanchet, from blanc, white. See 
Blank.] 1. A coarse, loosely woven cover, to protect 
from cold. 2. (Print.) Woolen cloth, or white baize, to 
lay between the tympans. 3. A kind of pear. 

Blaiik'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blanketed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BLANKETING.] 1. To cover with a blanket. 2. 
To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. 

Blank'et-ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The pun- 
ishment of tossing in a blanket. 

Blank'ly, adv. In a blank manner ; with paleness. 

Blank'ness, n. State of being blank ; confusion. 

Blare, v. i. [Ger. blarren, bldrren, D. blaren, to bleat, to 
cry, weep.] To sound loudly ; to roar. 

Blare, n. Noise; loud sound. 

Blar'ney, n. [Cf. Ir. bladar, bladaireacht , flattery.] 
Smooth, deceitful talk ; flattery. [Irish.] 

Blar'ney, v t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. 

Blaspheme' v. t. [imp. &>p.p. blasphemed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BLASPHEMING.] [Gr. /5Aao-;irj/j.eiV. The first 
syllable, /?Aacr, stands for Bkd-pt., from Bkd\bi<;, damage, 
injury, from PkaTrreiv, to damage ; the last syllable is 
the Gr. <pr\i*.L, I say, I speak.] 1. To speak reproachfully 
or impiously of, as of God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit. 
2o To utter abuse or calumny against. 

Blas-pheme', v. i. To utter blasphemy. 

Blas-phem'er, n. One who blasphemes. 

Blfts'phe-moiis, a. Containing blasphemy ; impiously 
irreverent or reproachful toward God. 

Blas'phe-moiis-ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner. 

Blas'phe-my, n. [Gr. Bka^'vila.] An indignity of- 
fered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, or irreverent 
words or writing. 

Blast, n. [A.-S. blsest, a puff, from blsesan, to blow.] 1. 



A destructive or pernicious wind. 2. A forcible stream 
of air from an orifice ; hence, the blowing necessary to 
melt the supply of ore in a furnace. 3. Exhaust steam 
from an engine, used to create an intense draught through 
the fire; also, any draught produced by the blast. 4. 
The sound made by blowing a wind instrument. 5. The 
rending of rocks, &c, by the explosion of gunpowder, or 
the charge used for this purpose. 6. A sudden, perni- 
cious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals 
and plants ; a blight. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. 

Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLASTING.] 1. To injure, as bv a noxious wind ; to 
wither ; to blight. 2. Hence, to affect with some sudden 
violence, or destructive influence. 3. To confound, or 
strike with force, by a loud blast or din. 4. To split, as 
by an explosion of gunpowder. 

Blast'ed, a. Confounded ; accursed ; detestable ; — a vul- 
gar term of imprecation. 

Blast'er, n. One who blasts or destroys. 

Blast '-fur'nace, n. (Mech.) A furnace for smelting, in 
which the supply of air is fv_nhshed by a powerful bel- 
lows, or other pneumatic apparatus. 

Blast'-pipe, n. The exhaust pipe of a steam-engine. 

Bla'tant, a. [Prov. Eng. Mate, to bellow.] Bellowing, 
as a calf ; noisy ; bawling ; brawling. 

Blat'ter, v. i. [Ger. blattern, Lat. blaterare, to babble.] 
To patter ; hence, to make a senseless noise, to rail. 

Blaze, n. [A.-S. blsese, from M&san, to blow, flare.] 1. 
The stream of light and heat from any body when burn- 
ing; flame. 2. Light, as from flame. 3. A white spot 
on the forehead or face of a horse. 4. A spot made on 
trees by chipping off a piece of the bark. [Amer.] 5. 
Wide and sudden diffusion and display. 

Syn. — Flame. — A blaze and a flame are both produced by 
burning gas, but the former gives light and the latter heat, — the 
one shines and the other burns. 

Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLAZED: p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLAZING.] 1. To shine with flame. 2. To send forth 
ajbright and expanded light. 3. To be conspicuous. 

Blaze, v. t. 1. To make public far and wide. 2. To 
mark, as a tree, by chipping off a piece of the bark. 3. 
To designate by blazing. 

Blaz'er, n. One who publishes and spreads reports. 

Blaz'ing-star, n. A comet. 

Bla/zon (bLVzn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. blazoned; p. pr. 
& vb. ?i. BLAZONING. [See infra. 1. To display; to 
exhibit conspicuously. 2. To deck ; to embellish ; to 
adorn. 3. To explain in proper terms, as the figures on 
armorial ensigns. 

Bla'zon, n. [Fr. & Sp. Mason, from A.-S. blzse, Eng. 
blaze, torch, i. e., splendor. See Elaze.] 1. Art of 
drawing, describing, or explaining coats of arms. 2. The 
representation on coats of arms. 3. Ostentatious dis- 
play ; publication ; show. 

Bla'zon-er, n. One who blazons. 

Bla'zon-ry, n. 1. Art of describing or explaining coats 
of arms in proper terms. 2. Exhibition of coats of arms. 

Blea'toer-ry, n. [Corrupted from blueberry, like bilberry, 
q. v.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit, having small leaves 
like those of box, and little purple berries. 

Bleach, v.t. [imp. & p. p. bleached (108); p.pr.&vb. 
n. bleaching.] [A.-S. blscan, Ms:cean, from blican, 
to shine, glitter. See Bleak.] To make white, orwhiter, 
by removing the original color ; to blanch ; to whiten. 

Bleach, v. i. To grow white in any manner. 

Bleach'er, n. One who bleaches. 

Bleach'er-y, n. A place or establishment for bleaching. 

Bleach'ing, n. Act or art of whitening, especially of 
whitening fabrics by chemical agents, &c. 

Bleak, a. [A.-S. blac, blaec, pale, wan, from blican, to 
shine. See Bleach.] 1. Without color; pale. [Obs.] 
2. Desolate and exposed. 3. Cold; cheerless. 

Bleak, n. [See Blay.] (Ichth.) A small river fish, so 
named from its whiteness. 

Bleak'ly, adv. Openly as to cold and wind ; desolate!/. 

Bleak'ness, n. Quality of being bleak. 

Blear, a. [See infra.] 1. Dim or sore with rheum; — 
applied to the eyes. 2. Causing dimness of sight. 

Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bleared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLEARING.] [Cf. Sw. blira, plira, to twinkle. It may, 
however, be the same as blare, so that the orig. sense 
would be, having the eyes dimmed with blaring, or cry- 
ing.] 1. To affect with soreness of eyes, or a watery hu- 
mor. Hence, 2. To make dim, as the sight. 

Blear'-eye, \n. (M<>d.) A chronic inflammation 

Blear'-eyed-ness, ) of the margins of the eyelids, with 
a gummy secretion of the sebaceous humor. 



food, foot ; urn, rtjde, piull ; cell, chaise, -eaBi, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



BLEAK-EYED 



72 



BLOCKADER 



Blear-eyed (-Id), a. Having sore eyes ; dim sighted. 

Bleat, v. i. [A.-S. Ma-tan.] To cry as a sheep. 

Bleat , n. The cry or noise of a sheep. 

Bled, imp. & p. p. of bleed. See BLEED. 

Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bled ; p. pr. & vb. n. bleed- 
ing.] [A.-S. bledan. See Blood.] 1. To lose blood, 
by whatever means. 2. To die a violent death, or by 
slaughter. 3. To drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose 
sap, gum, or juice. 4. To pay or lose money. [Colloq.] 
The heart bleeds, a phrase denoting great sympathy or pity. 

Bleed, v. t. 1. To take blood from by opening a vein. 

2. To lose, as blood ; to let drop, as juice, sap, or gum. 

3. To draw money from one. [Colloq.] [rhage. 
Bleed'ing, n. A running or issuing of blood ; a hemor- 
Blem'ish,r. t. [imp. & p. p. blemished (108) ; p.pr. 

& vb. n. BLEMISHING.] [0. Fr. blemir, blesmir ; bleme, 
blesme, pale, wan, from Icel. blami, a bluish color, from 
bla, blue, so that 0. Fr. blemir properly signifies to beat 
one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.] 1. 

' To mark with deformity ; to mar, or make defective, either 
the body or mind. 2. To tarnish, as reputation or char- 
acter ; to defame. [or moral. 

Blem'ish, n. Any mark of deformity, whether physical 
Syn. — Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; 
taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; turpitude; disgrace. 

Blench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blenched (108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blenching.] [SeeBLANCH.] To shrink; to start 
back, from lack of courage or resolution ; to flinch. 
Blench, v. t. To baffle ; to disconcert ; to break. 
Blend, v . t. [imp. Ik, p. p. blended ; p. ^r. & vb. n. 
BLENDING.] [A.-S. Man dan and blendan, to blend, blin- 
dan, bhndjan, to blind, Goth, Mandan, to mix, Ger. blen- 
den, to blind.] To mix together ; hence, to confound, so 
that the separate things mixed can not be distinguished. 
Blend, v. i. To be mixed; to be united. 
Blende, n. [Ger. , because it dazzles, from Menden, to 
blind, dazzle. See supra.] (Min.) An ore of zinc, consist- 
ing of zinc and sulphur. 
Blend'er, n. One who blends. 

Blen'ny, n. [Gr. PXevvos, PeXewos, from fi^ivva, slime.] 
(Icht'i.) A fish of different species, usually of small size, 
— so called from the shining mucus covering their skin. 
Blent, p. p. of blend. See Blend. 

Bless? v - ?• [imp. & p. p. BLESSED or BLEST ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blessing.] [A.-S. bletsjan,blessjan ; Midhs, bliss, 
joy, from Midhe, blithe.] 1. To make happy, blithesome, 
or joyous. 2. To invoke a blessing upon. 3. [Bib.) 
To prai?e, or glorify, for benefits. 
Bless'ed(30),a. 1. Enjoying happiness or bliss ; favored 
with blessings ; happy. 2. Imparting happiness or bliss. 
3. Enjo;. ing, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness. 4. 
Halloaed by associations ; heavenly. 
Bless'ed-ness, n. State of being blessed ; heavenly joys. 
Single blessedness, the unmarried state. 
Syn. — Happiness ; beatitude; felicity; bliss; joy. 
Bless'er, n. One who blesses. 

Bless'ing, n. 1. A means of happiness; that which 
promotes prosperity and welfare. 2. A wish of happiness 
pronounced ; a benediction. 
Blest, a. 1. Made happy. 2. Making happy ; cheering. 
Blet, n. [Fr. blette.] A decayed spot on fruit. 
Ble'ton-ism, n. The supposed faculty of perceiving and 
indicating subterraneous springs and currents by sensa- 
tion ; — so called from one Bleton. 
Blet'ting, n. The spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit 

from incipient decomposition. 
Blew (blu), imp. of blow. See Blow. 
Blight (blit), n. [See infra.] 1. Mildew ; decay ; — applied 
as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, 
causing the whole or a part to wither. 2. (Fig.) That 
which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. 3. 
A species of plant-louse, destructive to fruit-trees. 
Blight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
blighting.] [Prob. contr. from a hypoth. A.-S. be- 
h/itan, to alight, fall upon, blast, fr. A.-S. lihtan,alihtan, 
to alight, descend. Cf. Eng. to light upon, to fall on, 
strike.] To affect with blight ; to blast: to frustrate. 
Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth, blinds; allied to Mend, to 
mix, because obscurity arises from mixture. See Blend.] 
1. Destitute of the sense of seeing. 2. Not having the 
faculty of discernment ; unable to understand or judge. 
3. Morally depraved. 4. Having such a condition as a 
thing would have to a blind person : indiscernible ; out 
of public view ; private, hidden; unseen. 5. Undiscern- 
ing; undiscriminating ; inconsiderate. 
Blind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blinded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



blinding.] 1. To deprive of sight or discernment. 2. 
To obscure to the eye or understanding ; to deceive. 

Blind, n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out 
light ; a screen. 2. Something to mislead the eye or 
the understanding. 

Blind'er,w. 1. One who blinds. 2. One of the broad 
pieces of leather on a bridle near the eyes of a horse, to 
hinder him from seeing on the side. 

Bllnd'fold, a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded; hav- 
ing the mental eye darkened. 

Bllnd'fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blindfolded ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. blindfolding.] To cover the eyes of; to 
hinder from seeing. 

BHnd'ly, adv. 1. Without sight or understanding. 2. 
Without discernment or examination. 

Blind'-man'g-bulF, n. A play in which one person is 
blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the company. 

BKnd'ness, n. State or quality of being blind. 

Blind'- side, n. Side on which one is most easily assailed. 

Blind'- worm (warm), v. A small reptile without feet, 
like a snake; — called also slow-worm. Its eyes being 
very minute, it has often been supposed to be blind 

Blink, v. i. [Ger. blinken,blicken, to glance ; A.-S. Mican, 
to shine.] 1. To wink ; to see with the eyes half shut, 
or with frequent winking. 2. To glimmer, as a lamp. 

Blink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blinked (blinkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. blinking.] To shut out of sight ; to avoid, or 
purposely evade. 

Blink, n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. (Navt.) The 
dazzhng whiteness about the horizon occasioned by the 
reflection of light from fields of ice at sea. 

Blink'ard, n. [From Mink and termination ard.] 1. 
One who blinks. 2. That which twinkles, as a dim star. 

Blink'er,^. 1. One who blinks. 2. A blind for horses ; 
hence, whatever checks or obstructs sight or discernment. 

Bliss, n. [See Bless.] The highest degree of happiness. 
Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy. 

Bliss'f ill, a. Full of joy and felicity ; supremely happy. 

Blass'fiil-ly, adv. In a blissful manner. 

Bliss'ful'iiess?. n. Exalted happiness : bliss. 

Blis'ter, n. [A corruption and modification of plaister, 
plaster, q. v.] 1. A thin, watery bladder on the skin. 
2. Any tumor made by the separation cf the film or 
skin, as on plants ; or by the swelling of the substance 
at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory ; a plaster 
applied to raise a blister. 

BHs'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLISTERED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
blistering.] 1. To rake blisters upon. 2. To give 
pain to, as if by a blister. 

Blis'ter, v. i. To rise in blisters. 

Blithe, a. [A.-S. Midhe, Goth, bleiths.] Gay ; merry, 
joyous ; sprightly : mirthful. 

Blithe'iy , adv. In a blithe, or gay, joyful manner. 

Blitiie'ness, n. Quality of being blithe. 

Blltke'fome, a. Gay ; merry ; cheerful ; blithe. 

Blitne'some-ness, n. Quality of leing blithesome. 

Bloat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bloated.; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLOATING.] [Perh. from p. p. of blow, to swell ; bloiced, 
blowt, bloat.] 1. To cause to swell or become turgid, 
as with water, air, &c. 2. To puff up ; to make vain. 

Bloat, v. i. To grow turgid, as by effusion of liquid in 
the cellular membrane ; to puff out ; to swell. 

B16to'ber-Hp, n. A thick lip. 

Block, n. [Ger. Mock, Icel. MUkkr. Fr. bloc] 1. A solid 
mass of wood, stone, &c. 2. The mass of wood on 
which criminals are beheaded. 3. The wooden mold on 
which hats, bonnets, &c, are shaped. 4. A connected 
mass or row of buildings. [Amer.] 5. A square, or 
portion of a city inclosed by streets. [Amer.] 
6. A system of one or mere pulleys or 
sheaves, arranged in a frame. 7. Any 
obstruction, or cause of obstruction. 

Block, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOCKED 
(blokt); p.pr. & vb. n. BLOCKING.] 1. 
To hinder egress or passage from or into : 
to stop ; to obstruct. 2. To secure or 
support by means of blocks. 

To block out, to begin to reduce to shape. 

Blockade', «. [It. Moccata. See Tlock.] 

The shutting up of a place by troops or ■ B10CK w- 
ships, with a view to compel a surrender from hunger 
and want, without regular attacks. 

Block-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. blockaded; p. pr. 
& vb n. BLOCKADING.] To shut up, as a town or for- 
tress, by troops or ships, so as to compel a surrender from 
hunger and want ; to confine. 

i Block-ad'er, n. One who blockades. 




a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BLOCKHEAD 



73 



BLOWER 




Block-house. 



8. The juice of any 



B15ck'h6ad, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. 

Block'-house, n. ( Mil. ) A kind 
of edifice of heavy timber or logs 
for military defense, having its 
sides loop-holed for musketry. 

Block'ish, a. Like a block ; de- 
ficient in understanding ; stupid ; 
dull. [manner. 

Blo«k'ish-ly, adv. In a stupidjj 

Bloek'ish-ness, n. Stupidity. ~~ 

Block'- tin, n. Tin in blocks or 
ingots. 

Blom'a-ry (bloom'-), n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron.] 
(Manuf.) The first forge through which iron passes after 
it is melted from the ore. 

Blonde, n. [Fr. blond, blonde. Cf. A.-S. blonden-feax, 
fair-haired, prop, blended-haired. See Blend.] A per- 
son with fair complexion, light hair, and light blue eyes. 

Blonde, _ In. [Fr. blonde, from its color. See supra.] 

Blond'-lace, J A fine kind of lace made of silk. 

Blonde, a. Of a fair color or complexion ; fair. 

Blood (blud), n. [A.-S. blOd, Goth. blOth, Icel. blodh. 
Cf. Lat. flutare, for fuitare, to flow.] 1. The fluid 
which circulates through the arteries and veins of men 
and animals. 2. Hence, relation by natural descent ; 
kindred; consanguinity. 3. Descent ; lineage ; especial- 
ly, honorable birth. 4. The shedding of blood ; murder ; 
destruction. 5. Temper of mind ; disposition ; state of 
the passions. 6. Excited feeling ; passion. 

©3F* Often, in this sense, accompanied with cold or warm, or 
other qualifying word. Cold blood denotes deliberation, or 
an absence of sudden passion. Warm blood denotes a temper 
inflamed or irritated. 
7. A man of fire or spirit ; a rake 
thing, especially if red. 

Blood (blud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. blooded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blooding.] 1. To let blood from; to bleed. 
2. To stain with blood. 3. To inure to blood, as a 
hound. [blood. 

Blood'-guilt'i-ness, n. The guilt or crime of shedding 

Blood'- gullt'y (blSd'yJU/y), a. Guilty of murder. 

B16 od'-lieat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood, 
or about 93° Fahr. 

Blood'-horse, n. A horse whose blood is derived from 
the purest stock. [perature. 

B16od'=liot, a. As warm as blood in its natural tem- 

Blood'-hound, n. A fero- 
cious, bloodthirsty variety of 
dog, remarkable for the acute- 
ness of its smell , and employed 
to pursue men or animals by 
tracing them by the scent of 
their tracks. [manner. 

B16od'i-ly, adv. In a bloody 

Blood'i-ness, n. 1. State of 
being bloody. 2. Disposition 
to shed blood ; blood-thirsti- 
ness. "Blood-hound. 

Blood'less, a. 1. Without blood ; dead. 2. Without 
shedding of blood. 3. Without spirit or activity. 

B16od'less-ly, adv. Without bloodshed. 

Blood'-let'ter, n. One who lets blood, as in diseases ; 
a phlebotomist. 

Blood'-let'ting, n. {Med.) Act of letting blood by 
opening a vein ; venesection ; phlebotomy. [descent. 

Blood'-re-la'tion, n. One connected by blood or 

Blood'root, n.. A plant so named from the color of 
its root. 

Blood'shgd, n. The shedding or spilling of blood ; 
slaughter ; waste of life. [derer. 

Blood'^hed'der, n. One who sheds blood ; a mur- 

Blood'shed'ding, n. The crime of shedding blood. 

Bio od'-shot, i a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state 

Blood'-shot'ten, j of the blood-vessels, as in diseases 
of the eye. 

Blood'-spav'in, n. (Far.) A dilatation of the vein that 
runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming a 
soft swelling. 

Bloo 3 '-stone, n. (Min.) (a.) A green silicious stone 
sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood ; hence the 
name. ib.) Hematite; a brown ore of iron. 

Blood'-siick'er, n. Any animal that sucks blood ; 
specifically applied* to the leech. 

Blood'-thirst'i-ness, n. Thirst for shedding blood ; 
a murderous disposition. 

Blood'- thlrst'y, a. Desirous to shed blood ; murderous. 

Blood'- ves'sel, n. Any vessel in which blood circulates 
in an animal body ; an artery or a vein. 




Blood'- warm, a. Warm as blood ; lukewarm. 
Blood'y (b'iud'-j, a. 1. Stained with or containing blood. 

2. Given to the shedding of blood ; murderous. 3. At- 
tended with bloodshed. 

Blood'y, v. t. To stain with blood ; to make bloody. 

Blood'y-fliix, n. The dysentery. [position. 

Blood'y-mind'ed, a. Having a cruel, ferocious dis- 

Bldbm, n. [Goth, bloma. The root is A.-S. blovan, to 
blow, blossom. Cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom ; the 
flower of a plant. 2. The opening of flowers in general. 

3. An opening to higher perfection, analogous to that 
of buds into blossoms. 4. The delicate, powdery coat- 
ing upon certain newly -gathered fruits. 5. [A.-S.Wuwia, 
a mass or lump, isenes bloma, a lump or wedge of iron.] 
Ajnass of crude iron undergoing the first hammering. 

Bloom, v. i. [hup. & p. p. bloomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLOOMING.] 1. To produce blossoms ; to flower. 2. 
To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor ; 
to_show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. 

Bloom'er, n. [So called from the introducer, Mrs. 
Bloomer.] 1. A costume for ladies, consisting of a very 
short dress, with long, loose drawers gathered round the 
ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who 
wears such a costume. [beauty, and vigor- 

Blobm'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. Thriving in health, 

Blobm'ing, n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of making 
blooms, as of iron. 2. A clouded appearance which var- 
nish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a picture. 

Blbbm'y, a. Full of bloom ; flowery ; flourishing with 
the vigor of youth. 

Blos'som, n. [A.-S. blosma and blostma. Cf. BLOOM.] 
The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of repro- 
duction, with their appendages. 

Blos'som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blossomed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blossoming.] 1. To put forth blossoms; to 
bloom ; to blow ; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. 

Blot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLOTTING.] [Icel. bletta.] 1. To spot, stain, or be- 
spatter. 2. To stain with infamy ; to disgrace ; to dis- 
figure. 3. To obliterate so as to render invisible; to 
obscure. 4. To cause to be unseen or forgotten. 

Syn.— To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; destroy; can- 
cel; tarnish; disgrace. 

Blot, n. 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper ; blur. 
2. An obliteration of something written or printed. 3. 
A spot in reputation ; disgrace ; reproach ; blemish. 

Blotch, n. [Cf. Blot and Bloat.] A pustule or 
eruption upon the skin. 

Blot'ter,n. 1. One who, or that which, blots. 2. (Coot.) 
A waste-book, in which are registered all accounts or 
transactions in the order in which they take place. 

Blot'ting-pa/per, n. A kind of unsized paper, serving 
to imbibe wet ink. 

Blouge ) (blouz), n. [Fr. blouse; — of Oriental origin: 

Blowge j Pers. baljad, a garment, or simple cloth.] 
A light, loose over-garment. 

Blow, n. [0. II. Ger. pluohl.] 1. A blossom ; a flower. 

2. A mass, or bed of flowers. 

Blow, n. [Goth, bliggvan.] 1. Act of striking; more 
generally, the stroke. 2. A sudden or severe calamity. 

3. An egg deposited by a fly in flesh, or the act of de- 
positing it. 4. (Naut.) A violent wind ; a gale. 

A blow or blow-out, a drunken frolic— At a blow, suddenly) 
at one effort. — To come to blows, to engage in combat. 
Blow, v. i. [A.-S. blovan, to blossom, 0. II. Gcv.pluohan.] 

1. To flower ; to blossom ; to bloom. 2. To sustain, 
produce, or cause to blossom. 

Blow, v. i. [imp. BLEW ; p. p. BLOWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLOWING.] [A.-S. bldvan.] 1. To produce a current 
of air with the mouth ; hence, to move, as air. 2. To 
breathe hard or quick ; to pant: to puff. 3. To sound 
on being blown into. 4. To brag. [Amer. Low.] 

To blow over, to pass away without effect. — To blow up, to 
be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. 

Blow, v. t. 1. To throw or drive a current of air upon. 

2. To drive by a current of air. 3. To sound, as a wind 
instrument. 4. To spread by report ; to publish. 5. 
To deposit, as eggs by flies. 6. To form by inflation ; 
to swell by injecting air. 7. To put out of breath. 

To blow hoi and cold, to favor a thing at one time and treat it 
coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and oppose. — To 
bloio off', to suffer to escape. — To blow up, (a.) To fill with air. 
(b.) To puff up. (c.) To kindle, (d.) To burst, or scatter, by 
the explosion of gunpowder, (e.) To abuse or scold violently. 
[Colloq.] — To blow upon, to bring into disfavor or discredit. 
Blow'er, n. 1. One who blows; a smelter. 2. (Mech.) 
A contrivance for driving a current of air into something. 

3. A steam -jet to exhaust partially a chimney and create 



food, i&bt ; urn, rude, pull ; sell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



BLOW-PIPE 



74 



BOARD 



a blast-draught. 4. A plate of metal used to increase 
the current of air in a chimney or through a fire, by 
closing the upper part of the fireplace. 

Blow'-pipe, n. An instrument by which a current of 
air is driven through the flame of a lamp, so as to direct 
the flame and concentrate the heat on some object. 

Blowge (blouz), n. See Blouse. 

Blow'y, a. [From blow.] Windy. 

Blowze (blouz), n. [From the same root as blush, q. v.] 
A ruddy, fat-faced woman. 

Blowzt-d (blouzd), a. Ruddy-faced ; blowzy. [ruddy 

Blow'zy (blou'zy), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat and 

Bliib'foer, n. [See BLEB.] The fat of whales and other 
large sea animals, from which oil is obtained. 

Bluo'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUBBERED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blubbering.] To weep noisily, or so as to dis- 
figure the face. peg- 

Blub'foer, v. t. To swell or disfigure the face with weep- 

Bliid'geon, n. [Cf. Blow, n.] A short stick, with 
one end loaded, or thicker and heavier than the other. 

Blue, n. [A.-S. bleoh, bled, Icel. Mar, D. blaauw, 0. H. 
Ger. blao,plao.] 1. The color of the clear sky; one of 
the seven primary colors. 2. (pi.) [Contracted from 
blue devils.] Low spirits ; melancholy. [Colloq.] 

Blue, a. 1. Of the color called blue. 2. Low in spirits; 
melancholy. 3. Severe or over-strict in morals. 

Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blued ; p. pr. & vb. BLUING.] 
To make blue ; to dye of a blue color. [flowers. 

Blvie'toell, n. A plant which bears blue bell-shaped 

Blue'her-ry, n. (Bot.) A kind of whortleberry com- 
mon in America. 

Blue'Mrd, n. ( Ornitk.) A small bird, very common in 
the United States. The upper part of the body is blue. 

Blue'-lbobli:, n. 1. A parliamentary publication, so 
called from its blue paper covers, — such being commonly 
used ; also a book containing a list of fashionable ad- 
dresses. [Eng.] 2. A book containing the names of 
all the persons in the employment of the government, 
with the amount of their pay. [Amer.] 

Blvie'-foot/tle, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant which grows among 
corn. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped 
flowers. 2. A fly, with a large blue belly. 

Blue'-breast, n. A small species of European bird. 

Blue'-dev'ilg (-deVlz), n. pi. Lowness of spirits; hy- 
pochondria. [ Colloq.] 

Blue'-fish, n. 1. (Ichth.) A fish, often called dolphin, 
found in the Atlantic. 2. A fish allied to the mackerel, 
but larger, common off the Atlantic States ; —called also 
horse-mackerel. 

Blue'-Kght (-lit), n. A composition, burning with a 
blue flame, used as a night signal in ships, &c. 

Blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. 

Blue'ness, n. Quality of being blue. 

Blue'=pe ; ter, n. [A corruption of blue repeater, one of 
the British signal flags.] (British Marine.) A blue flag 
with a white square in the center, used as a signal. 

Blue'-pill, n. (Med.) A pill of prepared mercury, used 
as an aperient, &c. 

Blue'-stock'ing, n. A literary lady ; a female pedant. 
US* This term is derived from the name given to a certain 
literary association in Dr. Johnson's time, consisting of ladies 
as well as gentlemen. One of the leading members was a Mr. 
Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. Hence these 
meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the 
ladies who attended them, bluestockings. 

Blue'-vit'ri-ol, n. ( Chem.) Sulphate of copper. 

Bluff, a. [Cf. 0. Eng. bloughty, swelled, puffed.] 1. 
Rude or coarse in manner or appearance ; blustering. 2. 
Roughly frank ; outspoken. 3. Steep ; bold ; like a bluff. 

Bluff , n. 1. A high bank presenting a steep or precipi- 
tous front. 2. A game of cards. 

Bluff , v. t. To frighten or deter from accomplishing one's 
ends. [Amer. Loiv.] 

Bluff 'ness, n. Quality of being bluff. [land. 

Bluffy, a. Having bluffs, or bold, projecting points of 

Blu'ing, n. 1. Act of rendering blue. 2. Something to 
giyc a bluish tint, as indigo. 

Blu'ieh, a. Blue in a small degree. 

Blun'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blundered ; p. pr. & 
vb. it. blundering ] [Allied to blend, q. v.] To mis- 
take grossly ; to err through want of care or deliberation. 

Blun'der, n. A gross mistake. 

^ Syn.— Error; mistake; bull. —An error is a wandering from 
the right; a mistake is the m ^-taking of one thing for another, 
through haste, &c.; a blunder is something more gross, a 
blending ox confusion of things through carelessness, ignorance 
or stupidity. An error may be corrected; a mistake may be 
rectified ; a blunder is always blamed or laughed at. A bull is 
a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas 



Blun'der-lbuss, n. [Probably corrupted from D. don- 
derbus, Ger. donnerbuchse , thunder-tube or box, gun, 
musket.] 1. A short gun, with a large bore, capable of 
holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution 
without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. 

Bluii'der-er, n. One who is apt to blunder. [ders. 

Blun'der-head, n. A stupid fellow ; one who blun- 

Blunt, a. [Cf. Prov. Ger. bludde, a dull knife, Sw. & 
Icel. blunda, to sleep.] 1. Having a thick edge or point ; 
dull. 2. Dull in understanding. 3. Abrupt in address ; 
unceremonious. 

Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of. 2. To 
repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of 
the mind. 

Blunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner ; unceremoniously. 

Blunt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness. 

2. Abruptness or coarseness of address. 

Blur, 11. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a 
stain ; a blot. 2. A dim, confused appearance or vision. 

3. A blot, stain, or injury, as to character, &c. 
Blur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLUR- 
RING.] [Probably contracted from Scot, bludder, bluther, 
to blot, disfigure ; Sw. pluttra, plottra, to scrawl, scrib- 
ble.] 1. To obscure without quite effacing. 2. To 
cause imperfection of vision in ; to dim. 3. To blemish. 

Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; disgrace; stain; sully. 

Blurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BLURTING.] [Scot, bluiler, to make a rumbling noise, 
to blurt.] To utter suddenly or unadvisedly ; to divulge 
inconsiderately. 

Blush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSHED (blusht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BLUSHING.] [A.-S. ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch, 
blysige, little torch.] 1. To have a red or rosy color. 2. 
To redden in the cheeks or face, as from a sense of shame, 
confusion, or modesty. 

Blus:h, n. 1. A red or rosy tint. 2. A red color suffus- 
ing the cheeks or the face. 3. Sudden appearance ; 
glance ; view. 

Bliis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSTERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. blustering.] [Allied to blast, q. v.] 1. To 
blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind. 2. To 
talk with noisy violence ; to swagger. 

Bliis'ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm. 
2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk. 

Syn. — Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confu- 
sion; boasting; swaggering; bullying. 

Blus'ter-er, n. A swaggerer ; a bully. 

Bo'a, 11. [Lat. boa, bova, a kind of water-serpent, which 
was supposed to suck cows, from bos, bovis,ox, cow ; but 
probably so called from its size.] 1. (Zool.) A genus of 
serpents. It includes the largest species of serpent, the 
Boa-constrictor. 2. A round fur tippet ; — so called 
from its resemblance to the boa-constrictor. 

Bo'a-eon-strle'tor,?!. [N. Lat. 
constrictor, from Lat. conslrin- 
gere, to draw or bind together.] 
{Zool. ) A large and powerful ser- 
pent, sometimes thirty or forty 
feet long, found in the tropical 
parts of America, which crushes I 
its prey to death in its coils. 

Boar, n. [A.-S. bar.] The male 
of swine not castrated ; specifi- 
cally, the wild hog. Boa-constrictor. 

Board, n. [A.-S. bord, Goth, baurd. Cf. A.-S. bred, 
board, plank, table, from the root of brad, broad.] 1. 
A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length 
and breadth compared with the thickness. 2. A table 
to put food upon. 3. Hence, food ; entertainment ; — us- 
ually as furnished for pay. 4. A council, or any author- 
ized assembly or meeting. 5. (Naut.) (a.) The deck of 
a vessel, (b.) The interior of a vessel, (c.) The side of a 
ship, (d.) The line over which a ship runs between tack 
and tack. 6. A table or frame for a game. 7. Paper 
made thick and stiff like a board. 8. (pi.) The stage in 
a theater. 

Board and board (.Naut.^, side by side. — By the board, over 
the side. Hence {Fig.), to go by the board, to suffer complete 
destruction. 

Board, v. t. [imp. & p.p. boarded; p.pr. & vb. n. 
boarding.] 1. To lay, spread, or cover with boards. 
2. To go on board of, or enter. 3. To furnish with 
food, for compensation. 4. To place at board, for com- 
pensation. 

Board, v. i. To obtain food or diet statedly for compen- 
sation. 




L, e, &.c,long; a, 6, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



BOARDER 



75 



BOISTEROUS 



Board'er, n. 1. One who takes his meals at another's 
table for pay. 2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship. 

Board'ing-house , n. A house for boarders. 

Boar d'ing- school (-skdbl), n. A school in which the 
scholars receive board and lodging as well as instruction. 

Board'-wa'geg, n. pi. Wages allowed to servants to 
keep themselves in victuals. 

Boar'ish, a. [From boar.} Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 

Boast, v. i. [imp. & p.p. BOASTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOASTING.] [0. Eng. host. Cf. Ger. bausen, bauschen, 
bausten, to swell.] To vaunt one's self; to exalt, or ex- 
travagantly praise one's self. 

Syn.— To brag; vaunt; vapor; glory. 

Boast, v. t. 1. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exul- 
tation. 2. Iieflexively , to magnify or exalt one's self. 
Boast, n. 1. Expression of ostentation, pride, or vanity. 

2. The cause or occasion of boasting. 

Boast'ex*, n. One who boasts ; a braggart ; braggadocio. 

Boast'f ill, a. Given to boasting. 

Boast'f ul-ly, adv. In a boastful manner. 

Boast'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being boastful. 

Boat (20), n. [A.-S. bat, Icel. batr.) 1. A small open 
vessel, usually moved by oars, or rowing, but often by a 
sail. 2. Hence, any vessel ; usually with some epithet 
descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion. 

Boat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOATING.] To transport in a boat. 

Boat, v. i. To go in a boat. 

Boat'a-ble, a. Navigable for boats, or small craft. 

Boat'-bill, n. A species of wading bird, a native of the 
tropical parts of South America. It has a bill four inches 
long, not unlike a boat with the keel uppermost. 

Boat'-hobk, n. {Naut.) An iron hook with a point on 
the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat. 

BSat'^nan \ n ' A man who mana S es a boat - 
Boat'swain (colloquially, bo'sn), n. [A.-S. batswan; 
bat, boat, and swan, swain, servant.] (Naut.) An officer 
who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, colors, 
&c, and who also performs various other duties. 
Bob, n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. Any thing that 
plays loosely, or with a short, abrupt motion, as at the 
end of a string. 2. Bait used in angling, as for eels. 

3. The ball or weight at the end of a pendulum or a 
plumb-line. 4. A short, jerking action. 

Bob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bob- 
bing.] 1. To move in a short, jerking manner. 2. To 
strike with a quick, light blow. 3. To gain by fraud. 

4. To delude. 5. To have the hair cut short. 

Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion. 2. To 
angle with a bob, or with a jerking motion of the bait. 

Bob'bin, n. [Lat. bombus, a humming, because it makes 
a humming noise.] A small cylindrical piece of wood, 
with a border at one or both ends, on which thread is 
wound ; a kind of spool. 

Bob bin-et', or Bob'bin-6t' 
of lace wrought by machines. 

Bob-lin'-eoln(-kun), ) n. (Or- 

Bob'olink, j nith.) 

The rice-bird, rice-bunting, or 
reed-bird ; an American sing- 
ing-bird. 

Bob'stayg, n. pi. (Naut 
Ropes or chains to confine the 
bowsprit of a ship downward 
to the stem or cutwater. 

Bob'tail, n. 1. A short tail, 
or a tail cut short. 2. The 
rabble ; used in contempt. 

Bock'ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget ; — so called 
from the town of Booking, Eng. 

Bode, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boded ; p. pr. & vb. n. bod- 
ing.] [A.-S. bodian, bod, command. See Bid, v. t.] 
To indicate by signs, as future events ; to portend ; to 
presage ; to foreshow. 

Bods, v. i. To foreshow ; to presage. 

Bod'ice, )n. [Properly the plural of body.] Stays; a 

Bod'diee, ) corset. 

Bod'ied (bod'id), a. Having a body ; — usually in com- 
position, [poreal. 

Bod'i-less, a. Having no body or material form ; incor- 

Bod'i-ly, a. 1. Having or containing a body ; corpo- 
real. 2. Pertaining to the body. [pletely. 

Bod'i-ly, adv. 1. Corporeally. 2. Entirely; com- 

Bod'kin, n. [W. bidogyn, a dim. of bidog, bidaiog, 
hanger, short sword.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] 2. _ A 
pointed instrument for making holes, &c. 3. An in- 



[See supra.] A kind 




Bobolink. 



strument with an eye, for drawing tape or ribbon through 
a loop. 

Bod'y, n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1. The material substance of 
an animal, whether living or dead. 2. The principal 
part, as of an animal, tree, army, country, &c, in dis- 
tinction from parts subordinate or less important. 3. A 
person ; a human being. 4. A collective mass of indi- 
viduals ; a corporation. 5. A number of things or par- 
ticulars taken together ; a system. 6„ Any mass or por- 
tion of matter. 7. (Paint.) Consistency; thickness. 
8. Strength, or characteristic quality. 

Bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bodied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BODYING.] To produce in definite shape ; to embody. 

Bod'y— elotiieg, n. pi. Clothing or covering for the 
body, as for a horse. 

Bod'y— eoat, n. A gentleman's dress-coat. 

Bod'y-eoFor, n. (Paint.) Color that has body, or con- 
sistence, in distinction from a tint or wash. 

Bod'y-guard, n. A guard to protect or defend the per- 
son ; a life-guard. 

Bod'y- snatch/er, n. One who robs graves of dead 
bodies for the purposes of dissection. 

Boe-o'tian, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Boeotia, which was 
noted for its moist, thick atmosphere; or to its inhabi- 
tants, who were noted for dullness and stupidity. 

Bog, n. [Ir. & Gael, bog, soft, moist.] A quagmire cov- 
ered with grass or other plants ; a marsh ; a morass. 

Bog, v. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. 

Bo'gey, "j n. [See Bug.] A hobgoblin ; a bugbear; a 

Bo'gy, I specter ; a frightful apparition ; a nursery 

Bo'gle, f ghost or demon, whose name was formerly 

Bog'gle, J used to frighten children. 

Bog'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. boggled ; p. pr. & vb. n 
boggling.] [See Bogle, n.} To exhibit hesitancy. 
Syn.— To doubt; hesitate; waver; vacillate; shrink. 

Bog'gler, n. One who boggles. 

Bog'gyi a - Containing bogs ; full of bogs ; swampy. 

Bog'-ore, n. (Min.) (a.) An ore of iron found in boggy 
or swampy land, (b.) Bog manganese. 

Bog'-spav'in, n. (Far.) An encysted tumor on the in- 
side of the hough. 

Bog'- trotter, n. One who lives in a boggy country ; — 
formerly applied in derision to Irish robbers. 

Bo'gus, a. [A corruption of Borghese, the name of a 
noted swindler.] Spurious; — a cant term originally 
applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting any 
thing counterfeit. [Amer.] 

Bo-hea', n. [From Wu-'i, pronounced by the Chinese 
bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is 
grown.] An inferior kind of black or green tea, especially 
the former. 
B3r*- The name is sometimes applied to black tea in general. 

Bo-lie'mi-aii, a. 1. Pertaining to Bohemia or its in- 
habitants. 2. Pertaining to the gypsies. 3» Pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, hack-writers for the press. 

Bo-he'mi-an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Bohe- 
mia. 2. A gypsy. 3. A needy writer for the press ; a 
hack-author ; — sometimes applied to politicians, artists, 
dancers, &c, who lead a sort of nomadic life, like the 
gypsies, and five by their wits. 

Boil, v. i. [Lat. bullire, allied to A.-S. weallan, Goth, bu- 
lan, to ferment, boil.] 1. To be agitated by the action 
of heat; — used of liquids. 2. To be similarly agitated 
by any other cause ; to bubble ; to effervesce. 3. To be 
hot or fervid ; to be moved or excited. 4. To suffer boil- 
ing in water or other liquid. 

To boil away, to evaporate by boiling. — Boiling point, the 
temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the 
phenomena of ebullition. 

Boil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOIL- 
ING.] 1. To cause to bubble or be agitated by the appli- 
cation of heat. 2. To form by boiling. 3. To subject 
to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. 

Boil, n. [A.-S. byle, bile, sore.] A hard, painful, inflamed 
tumor, which commonly suppurates. 

83p- Formerly written bile, which conforms to the Anglo- 
Saxon orthography. 

Boil'er, n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which 
any thing is boiled. 3. (Mech.) A strong metallic ves- 
sel, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or 
other purposes. 

Boil'er-y, n. A place and apparatus for boiling, as salt. 

Boil'ing, n. Act or state of agitation by heat ; ebullition ; 
act of subjecting to the action of heat, as a liquid. 

Bois'ter-oiis, a. [0. Eng. boistous, Icel. bistr, stormy, 
furious, Scot, boist and boast, to threaten. Cf. W. bwyst, 



food, foot; ftrn, r|ide, pull ; yell, ylxaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 



BOISTEROUSLY 



76 



BONFIRE 



■wild, savage. See Boast and Bister.] 1. Exhibiting 
tumultuous violence. 2. Involving, threatening, indi- 
cating, or possessing might. [Obs.] 3. Noisy; turbu- 
lent. 

Syn. — Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; furious; tumultu- 
ous; impetuous; vehement. 
Bois'ter-oiis-ly, adv. In a boisterous manner, [terous 
Bois'ter-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being bois- 
Bold, a. [A.-S. bald, bold, Goth, balths.] 1. Forward 
to meet danger. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and 
contempt of danger. 3. In a bad sense, too forward ; 
over-assuming or confident ; lacking proper modesty or 
restraint; rude. 4. Taking liberties in composition or 
expression. 5. Markedly conspicuous. 
To make bold, to take liberties; to use freedom. 
Sj T n.— Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; daunt- 
less; valiant; manful; audacious; stout-hearted; high-spirited; 
adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent. 

Bold'ly, adv. In a bold manner. 

Bold'ness, n. The quality of being bold. 

Syn. — Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness ; hard- 
ihood; assurance. 

Bole, n. [Sw. bed. Dan. bid. Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] 1. 
The body or stem of a tree. 2. A measure. See Boll,. 

Bole, 11. [Gr. /3d)Aos, clod.] A kind of fine, compact, or 
earthy clay. 

Boll, n. [Cf. Bowl, n.] 1. The pod or capsule of a 
plant, as of flax ; a pericarp. 2. A Scotch measure, for- 
merly in use, containing two, four, or six bushels. 

Boll, v. i. To form into a pericarp or seed-vessel. 

Bo-Iogn'a Sau'sage (bo-lon'ya). [From Bologna, in 
Italy.] A large sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork- 
suet, chopped fine. 

Bol'ster (20), n. [A.-S. bolster. Cf. bolla, a round ves- 
sel.] 1. A long cushion ; — generally laid under the pil- 
lows. 2. A pad used as a support, or to hinder pressure, 
or the like ; a compress. 3. Any cushion, pad, bag, or 
support. 

Bol'ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster. 2. 
To hold up ; to maintain. 

Bolt (20),??. [A.-S. bolt, Icel.bolti.] 1. An arrow; a dart. 
2. A strong pin, used to fasten or hold something in 
place. 3. A thunder-bolt. 4. A shackle. 5. Twenty- 
eight ells of canvas. 

Bolt, v. t. 1. To fasten or secure with a bolt. 2. To 
fasten ; to restrain. 3. To blurt out ; to utter or throw 
out. 4. To swallow without chewing. 

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOLTING.] [0. Fr. bulter, L. Lat. buletare, M. H. Ger. 
biuteln.] 1. To sift; to separate, assort, or purify br- 
other means. 2. To examine as by sifting. 

Bolt, r.i. 1. To start forth like a bolt ; hence, to move 
abruptly. 2. To spring suddenly aside. 3. To desert, 
as a party or organization. [Amer.] 

Bolt, adv. With sudden meeting or collision. 

Bolt'er, ii. One who, or that which, bolts. 

Bolt'-head, n. ( Chem.) A long glass vessel for distilla- 
tions ; — called also a matrass or receiver. 

Bolt'-rope, n. (Naut.) A rope to which the edges of 
sails are sewed to strengthen them. 

Bolt'sprit, n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) 
See Bowsprit. 

Bolus, n. [Lat., bit, morsel.] (Med.) A rounded mass of 
any thing ; a large pill. 

Bomb (Mm), n. [Gr. /?6ju/?o9, a humming or buzzing 
noise, a hollow, deep sound.] (Mil.) A hollow ball or 
shell of cast iron filled with explosive materials, to be 
discharged from a mortar. 

Bom-bard' (bum-b'ard / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bom- 
barded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOMBARDING.] To attack 
with bombs. 

Bom'bar-dier', n. (Mil.) A person employed in throw- 
ing bombs : an artillery -man. 

Bom-bard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. 

Bom'bast (bum'bast, 114), n. [L. Lat. bombax, cotton, 
bombasium, a doublet of cotton.] 1. Cotton, or any 
soft, fibrous material, used as a padding. [Obs.] 2. 
(Fig.) An inflated style ; fustian. 

BomTbast. o. High-sounding; inflated: turgid. 

Bom-hast'ie, a. Characterized by bombast; high- 
sounding; inflated. 

Bdm bast'ie-al-ly, adv. With inflation of style. 

Bom'ba-zei', ) n. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin 

Bom'ba-zette', i woolen cloth. 

Bom'ba-zine' I (bum'ba-zeen'), n. [Lat. bombycinum, a 

Bom'ba-s/ine' ) silk or cotton texture, from bombyx, 



Gr. /36>0u£, silk, cotton.] A twilled fabric, with a silk 

warp, and a worsted weft. [Sometimes spelt bombasin.] 

Bom'bie, a. [Lat. bombyx, silk-worm.] Pertaining to, 

or obtained from, the silk- worm. 
Bomb'-ketch I (bum'-), n. (Naut.) A strong vessel, 
Bomb'-ves'sel ) carrying mortars to be used in bom- 
bardments at sea. [bombs. 
Bomb'-probf (bum'-), a. Secure against the force of 
B6mb'-shell (bum'-), n. A bomb, or hollow globe of 

irou, filled with powder. See Bomb. 
Bom-byc'i-noils, a. [Lat. bombycinus, from bombyx, 



transparent 



Fig. 1. {Arch.) 




Flemish Bond. 



silk.] Being of the color of the silk-worm ; 
with a yellow tint. 

Bo'na-part'e-an, a. Pertaining to Bonaparte. 

Bo'na-part'igm, n. The policy or manners of Bona- 
parte, [parte. 

Bo'na-part'ist, n. One attached to the policy of Bona- 

JBon'bon (or bong'bong), n. [Fr., from bon, good.] Sugar 
confectionery ; a sugar-plum. 

Bond, 11. [A.-S. bond, bound, for- 
bunden, p. p. of bindan, to bind.] 
1. That which binds, fastens, or 
confines, as a cord, chain, &c. ; a 
band ; a ligament. 2. (pi.) State 
of being bound. 3. A binding 
force or influence. 4. An obliga- 
tion imposing a moral duty. 5. 
(Laiv.) A writing under seal by 
which a person binds himself, his 
heirs, executors, and administra- 
tors, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day 
appointed. 6. (Arcli.) Union or tie of the several stones 
or bricks forming a wall. 
Syn. — Chains ; fetters ; captivity } imprisonment. 

Bond, a. [See supra.] In a state of servitude or captivity. 

Bond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BONDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BONDING.] To secure payment of, by giving a bond. 

Bonded goods, goods left in charge of the officers of customs, 
for the duties on which bonds are given at the custom-house. 

Bond'age, n. 1. State of being bound, or under re- 
straint. 2. Binding power or influence ; obligation. 3. 
(Old Eng. Law.) Yillenage. 

Syn. — Thralldom ; captivity ; bond-service ; slavery ; 
servitude ; imprisonment. 

Bond'ed-ware'house, n. A warehouse in which 
bonded goods are stored. 

Bond'maid, n. A female slave. 

Bond'man, n. ; pi. bond'men. 1. A man slave. 2. 
(Old Eng. Laiv.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. 

Bond'-serv'ant, n. A slave ; a bondman. [slavery. 

Btmd'-serv'ice, n. Condition of a bond-servant; 

Bond'-slave,'». A person in a state of slavery. 

Bonds/man, n. ; pi. bonds'men. 1. A slave ; a bond- 
man. [Obs.] 2. (Law.) A surety ; one who is bound, 
or who gives security for another. 

Bond'- stone, n. (Masonry.) A stone running through 
a wall from one face to another, to bind it together. 

Bonds/wom'an, ) n. [bond and woman.] A woman 

Bond'wom'an, j slave. 

Bond'-tim/ber, n. Timber worked into a wall to tie or 
strengthen it longitudinally. See Bond. 

Bone (20), n. [A.-S. ban, Goth, bain.] 1. (Anat.) A 
firm, hard, whitish substance, composing the skeleton in 
the higher orders of animals. 2. An integral portion of 
the skeleton. 3. Any thing made cf bone, as castanets. 
A bone of contention, subject of dispute. — A bone to pick, or 
gnaw, something to occupy or divert. — To make no bones, to 
make no scruple. [Low.] 

Bone,r. t. [imp. Sep. p. boned \p.pr. & vb. n. BON- 
ING.] 1. To take out bones from. 2. To put whale- 
bone into. 

Bone'-black, n. (Chem.) A black, carbonaceous sub- 
stance into which bones are converted by calcination in 
close vessels. [fertilizer. 

Bone'-du.st, n. Ground or pulverized bones, used as a 

Bone'- earth, n. (Chem.) The earthy residuum after 
the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate 
of lime. 

Bone'set, n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant ; thoroughwort. 

Bone'-set'ter, n. One who sets broken and dislocated 
bones. 

Bone'-spav'in, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the 
inside of the hock of a horse's leg. 

Bon'fire, ». [0. Eng. bone/ire, either from Fr. bon, 
good, and jSre, or related to Dan. baun, beacon.] A fire 
made to express public joy and exultation, or for amuse- 
ment. 



a., e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do,, wolf, 



BONITO 



77 



BORAX 



Bo-ni'to, n. [Sp., from Ar. bainit and baintth.] (Ichth.) 
A fish of the Tunny kind, growing to the length of 3 feet. 

Bon-mot (bong'rno'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, word.] 
A witty repartee ; a jest. 

Bdn'net, n. [Fr. bonnet, Sp. & Pg. bonete. Originally 
the name of a stuff.] 1. A cap or covering for the head, 
in common use before the introduction of hats, and still 
used by the Scotch. 2. A covering for the head, worn 
by women. 3. {Fort.) A part of a parapet considerably 
elevated to screen the otner part and its terre-pleine, 
usually from enfilade fire. 4. (Naut.) An addition to a 
sail. 5. A plate or a dome-shaped casing, tt. A frame 
of wire netting over a locomotive chimney. 

Bon'net-ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. 2. (Fort.) 
Protected by a bonnet. [plum ply. 

Bmi'ni-ly, adv. [See Bonny.] Gayly ; handsomely; 

Bon'iiy, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good. Of., however, Gael. & 
Ir. bain, baine, white, fair.] 1. Handsome ; beautiful. 
2. Gay; merry; blithe. 3. Plump; well-formed. 

BoJi'iiy-'Claiyber, n. [From Ir. bainne, baine, milk, 
and clabar, mud, mire.] 1. Sour buttermilk. [Irish.] 
2. The thick part of milk that has become sour. 

Bon Ton (bong tong). [Fr., good tone, manner.] The 
height of the fashion ; fashionable society. 

Bo'nus, n. [Lat.,good.] 1. (Law.) A premium given 
for a loan, charter, or other privilege. 2. An extra 
dividend paid out of accumulated profits. 3. A sum of 
money paid to an agent, iu addition to a share in profits, 
or to stated compensation. 

Bon-vlvant (bong'vG-vong'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and 
vivant, p. pr. of vivre, to five.] A good fellow ; a jovial 
companion. 

Bon'y, a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones ; full of 
bones ; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prom- 
inent bones. 

Boa'ze (bon'ze), n. [Corrupted from Japan, busso, a 
pious man.] A priest of many different Oriental sects. 

Boo'by, ii. [Fr. boubie ; Sp. bobo, Russ. bdba. Several 
birds of this species are looked upon as very stupid.] 
1. (Ornith.) (a.) A water-fov/1 allied to the pelican. 
It is found among the Bahama Isles, and on various 
coasts of the Atlantic, (b.) The brown gannet. 2. A 
dunce ; a stupid fellow. 

Bdb'by-liiit, n. A kind of sleigh, with a covered top. 
[Local, Amer.} 

Bob'by-hutch, n. A clumsy, covered carriage. 

Bobdh/igm, n. See Buddhism. 

Boole (27), n. [A.-S. bde, from bdee, beoce, beech, Ger. 
buche, because the ancient Saxons and Germans in gen- 
eral wrote on beechen boards.] 1. A collection of sheets 
of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, 
bound together, 2. A literary composition, written or 
printed. 3. A subdivision of a literary work. 4. (Mer.) 
A volume in which accounts are kept. 

Without book, (a.) By memory; without notes. (6.) "With- 
out authority. 

Book, v. t. [imp. & p.p. booked (bdbkt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. booking.] To enter, write, or register in a book. 

Bobk'-bind'er, n. One who binds books. 

Bdbk'-bind'er-y, n. A place for binding books. 

Bdbk'-btiid'ing, ii. Art or practice of binding books. 

Bbbk'-ease, «. A case with shelves for holding books. 

Bdbk'ish, a. Given to reading ; fond of study. 

Bdbk'ish-ness, n. Addictedness to books. 

Bobk'-keep'er (109), n. One who keeps accounts. 

Bdbk'-keep'ing, n. The art of recording mercantile 
transactions in a regular and systematic manner ; the 
art of keeping accounts. 

Bobk'land, I n. ( Old Eng. Laws. ) Charter land held 

Bock'land, j by deed under certain rents and free 
services. 

Bbbk'-learned (60), a. Versed in books ; ignorant of 
men, or of the common concerns of life. 

Bobk'-learn'ing, n. Learning acquired by reading ; 
usually as_distinguished from practical knowledge. 

Bobk'-mak'er, n. One who writes and publishes 
books ; particularly a compiler. 

Bdbk'-mak'ing, n. The practice of writing and pub- 
lishing books ; compilation. 

Bobk'-mark, n. Something placed in a book to assist 
in finding a particular page or place. 

Bdbk'-sell'er, n. One whose occupation is to sell books. 

Boj>k'-shelf , n. A shelf to hold books. 

Bbbk'-shop, n. A shop where books are sold. 

Bojjk'-stall, n. A stand or stall, for retailing books 

Book' stand, n. 1. A stand or place for the sale of 
books in the streets ; a book -stall. 2. A stand or sup- 
port to hold books. 



Booh'store, n. [Amer.] A shop where books are kept 
for Hule. 

Book' worm (-warm), n. 1. A worm or mite that eate 
holes in books. 2. A student addicted to books. 

Boom, n. [See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar 
used for extending the bottom of sails. 2. A chain 
cable, or connected line of spars extended across a river 
or other water. 3. A pole set up in shallow water, to 
mark out the channel. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves or 
cannon; the hollow cry of the bittern. 5. (pi.) That 
space on the upper deck of a ship, where the boats, spare 
spars, &c, are stowed. 

Boom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOOMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
booming.] 1. [From the n.] To rush with violence, 
as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To make a hollow 
sound or roar, as of waves or cannon. 3. [W. bwmp, 
a hollow sound. Cf. D. bommen, to drum, to sound as 
an empty barrel, A.-S. bymian, to blow or sound a 
trumpet.] To cry with a hollow note, as the bittern. 

Boom'er-ang, n. A missile 
weapon used by the natives of 
Australia. When thrown for- 
ward from the hand with a quick 
rotatory motion, it describes very 
remarkable curves, and finally Boomerang, 

takes a retrograde direction , so as to fall near or in the 
rear of the one who threw it. 

Boon, n. 1. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift ; benefaction ; 
grant ; present. 2. [A.-S. ben, Icel. bun, baen.] A 
prayer or petition. 

Boon, a. [Fr. bon. See supra.] 1. Gay ; merry ; jovial- 
2. Kind ; bountiful. 

Boor, n. [A.-S. geb&r, D. boer, N. H. Ger. bauer ; from 
A.-S. bHan, to inhabit, cultivate ; Skr. bhu, pres. bhavami, 
to be, Gr. poi, Lat./w/.] A countryman; a peasant; a 
clown ; hence, a rude and illiterate person. [illiterate. 

Bobr'ish, a. Like a boor ; clownish ; rustic ; awkward ; 

Boor'ish-ly, adv. In a boorish or clownish manner. 

Boor'ish-ness, n. Clownishness ; rusticity. 

Bob§e, 1 v. i. [From D. buis, Ger. buclise, box, cup, jar.] 

Booze,) To drink excessively. [Vulgar.] 

Bdbs/er, n. One who drinks to excess ; a tippler. 

Boost, v. t. [Cf. Boast, v. ?'.] To lift or push from 
behind ; to push up. [Low.] 

Boo'gy, ) a. [See Boose, v. ?.] A little intoxicated; 

Bdb'zy, J fuddled. [Colloq.] 

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOOTING.] [A.-S. but, compensation, betan, to improve, 
amend, Goth, blta, advantage, profit, bZtan, bOtjan, to 
profit. See Better.] To profit ; to advantage. 

Boot, n. That which i.3 given to make an exchange equal ; 
profit ; gain ; advantage. 

Boot, n. [Fr. botte, Ger. botte, butte, butte, tub, cask, 
A.-S. butte, bytte, byden, Eng. butt, Gr. /3o0ti;, /3ims, 
/BuTtvTj, flask.] 1. A covering for the foot and leg. 2. 
A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to torture 
criminals. 3. A receptacle covered with leather at either 
end of a coach. 4. An apron or cover for a gig or other 
carriage, to defend from rain and mud. 5. (pi.) A ser- 
vant at hotels who blacks the boots. [ Colloq.] 

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. booted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOOTING.] To put boots on. 

Bobt'-erlmp, n. A frame or last used by boot-makers 
for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. 

Bdbt-ee', n. A half or short boot. 

Bdbtn, n. [Icel. bUdli, Pol. buda, W. bwth.] A tem- 
porary shelter of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight 
materials. 

Bdbt'-jack, n. An instrument for drawing off boots. 

Bbbt'less, a. [From boot, advantage.] Unavailing ; un- 
profitable ; useless. 

Bdbt'-tree, I n. An instrument to stretch and widen 

Bdbt'-last, ) the leg of a boot. 

Bbbt'y, ii. [Icel. byti, Ger. beute, Fr. butin, from Icel. 
byta, to distribute, exchange, Ger. beuten, to barter, cap- 
ture.] Spoil taken in war, or by violence ; plunder. 

Bo-peep', n. A play to amuse children, by peeping from 
behind any object, and crying out bo ! 

Bo-rac'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or produced from, borax. 

Bo'ra-eoiis, a. (Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, 
borax. 

Bor'age (bur'rej), n. [Low Lat. borago, from borra, hair 
of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] A 
plant, formerly esteemed as a cordial. 

Bo'rate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination 
of boracic acid with a base. 

Bo'rax, n. [Ar. buraq, niter, saltpeter, from baraqa, to 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo j gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 



BORDER 



78 



BOUGIE 



shine.] (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt formed by a 
combination of boracic acid with soda. 

Bor'der, n. [A.-S. bord, Fr. bord. See Board.] The 
outer part or edge of any thing. 

Syn. — Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary. ■ 

Bor'der, v. i. 1. To touch at the edge ; to be contigu- 
ous or adjacent. 2. To come near to. 

Bor'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bordered; p.pr. & vb. \ 
n. bordering.] 1. To make a border for ; to adorn 
with a border. 2. To touch at the edge or boundary. 

Bor'der-er, n. One who dwells on a border. 

Bore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BORING.] [A.-S. borian, allied to Lat. forare.] 1. To 
perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning au 
auger, gimlet, or other instrument. Hence, to form a 
round hole in. 2. To weary by tedious iteration or by 
dullness ; to trouble ; to vex. 

Bore, t'. ?'• 1. To pierce or enter by boring. 2. To be 
pierced or penetrated by an instrument that turns. 3. 
To carry the nose to the ground ; — said of a horse. 

Bore, n. 1. The hole made by boring ; hence the cavity 
or hollow of any fire-arm ; the caliber. 2. One who, or 
that which, wearies by ceaseless repetition or dullness. 

Bore, n. [Ger. bor, 0. H. Ger. por, height, top, from 0. 
H. Ger. burjan, pur j an, poran, to erect, ascend. Cf. Icel. 
byrja, to begin, A.-S. byrjan, to touch ; allied to A.-S. 
beran, beoran, Eng. to bear.] (Physical Geog.) (a.) A 
tidal flood of great height and force formed at the mouths 
of some rivers, (b.) Avery high and rapid tidal flow, 
when not so abrupt. 

Bore, imp. of bear. See BEAR. 

Bo're-al, a. [Lat. borealis, from Boreas, the north wind.] 
Northern ; pertaining to the north, or the north wind. 

Bor'er, ». 1. One who bores ; an instrument for boring. 
2. (Zool.) (a.) A genus of sea-worms that pierce wood, (b.) 
One of several species of worms, or the insects producing 
them, which penetrate trees. 

Born and Borne, p. p. of bear. See Bear. 

Bo'ron, n. [See Borax.] ( Chem.) An elementary sub- 
stance, nearly related to carbon. 

Bor'ough (bur'ro), n. [A.-S. buruh, burh, burg, Icel. borg, 
Ger. burg, Lat. burgus, Gr. Trvpyo?, Goth, baurgs, from 
bairgan, A.-S. beorgan, to hide, save, defend, to be prom- 
inent.] An incorporated town that is not a city ; in 
England, a town or village that sends members to par- 
liament ; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the 
inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, 
with a certain jurisdiction ; in America, an incorporated 
town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 

B6r'ougli-En / glisli(bur'ro-mg / glish), n. (Eng. Law.) 
A customary descent of estates to the youngest son, in- 
stead of the eldest ; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the 
youngest brother. 

Bor'row (bor'ro), v. t. [imp. So p. p. BORROWED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BORROWING.] [A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, 
bork, pledge ; from the same root as Borough.] 1. 
To take from another on trust, with the intention of 
returning or giving an equivalent for. 2. To take from 
another for one's own use ; to appropriate. 

Bor'row-er, n. One who borrows. 

Bort, n. Minute fragments of diamonds used to make 
powder for lapidary work. 

Bose'age, n. [From Ger. busch, bosch, 0. Eng. busk, 
Eng. bush.] 1. Wood; underwood; a thicket. 2. 
(Paint.) A landscape representing thickets of wood. 

Bosh, n. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, show. Cf. Ger. bosse, 
joke, trifle.] Mere show ; hence, empty talk ; nonsense; 
folly. [Colloq.] 

Bosk, n. [See BOSCAGE.] A thicket or small forest. 

Bosk'y, a. Woody ; bushy ; covered with boscage. 

Bog'om, )i. [A.-S. busum, bosem.] 1. The breast of a 
human being. 2. The breast, as the seat of the pas- 
sions, affections, and operations of the mind. 3. Em- 
brace; affectionate inclosure. 4. Any inclosed place; 
the interior. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the 
breast. 

US" In composition, intimate; confidential; familiar; dear; 
as, bosom-friend, 6oso/«-lover, oosom-secret, &c. 

Bog'om, v. l. [imp. & p. p. bosomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bosoming.] . 1. To inclose in the bosom ; to keep with 
care. 2. To hide from view ; to embosom. 
Boss, n. [From Ger. butz, butzen, something cloddy or 
stumpy, point, tip ; boszen, to beat.] 1. A protuber- 
ant ornament on any work; a stud, a knob. 2. Any 
protuberant part. 3. (Mech.) (a.) The enlarged part 
of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, 
where it is coupled to another. (6.)" A swage or die used 
for shaping metals. 



Boss, n. [D. baas, master.] A master workman or su- 
perintendent. [Amer.] 

Boss, v. t. 1. To cover or ornament with bosses ; to stud. 
2. To direct or superintend. [Low.] 

Boss'y, a. Containing, or ornamented with bosses ; stud- 
ded, [called. 

Boss'y, n. [Cf. Lat. 60s, cow.] A calf ; — familiarly so 

Bo-tan'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to botany ; relating to, or 

Bo-tan'i-e-al, J containing, plants. 

Bo-tan'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a botanical manner. 

B6t'an-ist, n. One skilled in botany. 

Bot'a-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. botanized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. botanizing.] To seek for plants for the pur- 
pose of botanical investigation. 

B6t'a-ny, n. [Gr. fioraviq, herb, plant, from poa-Ketv, to 
feed, graze.] The science which treats of the structure 
of plants, their classification, &c. 

Botch, n. [Cf. Fr. bosse, It. bozza, a swelling. Cf. Boss 
and Patch.] 1. A large ulcerous affection. 2. A 
patch of a garment. 3. Work done in a bungling man- 
ner ; a clumsy performance. 

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. botched (bfitcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BOTCHING.] 1. To mend or patch in a clumsy 
manner. 2. To express or perform in a bungling man- 
ner. 3. To mark with botches. 

Botch'er,n. A clumsy workman at mending ; a bungler. 

Bdt'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect of many different 
species, some of which are particularly troublesome to 
domestic animals, on which they deposit their eggs. 

Both (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. bit; bulb, btitvu, for batva, 
both the two.] The one and the other ; the two. 

CO*- It is generally used adjectively with nouns: but with 
pronouns, and often with nouns, it is treated substantively, 
and followed by of. It frequently stands as a pronoun. 

Both, conj. It precedes the first of two co-ordinate worda 
or phrases, and is followed by and before the other. 

Both'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bothering.] To tease or perplex. See Pother. 

Both'er, n. One who, or that which, bothers : state of 
perplexity or annoyance. [Colloq.] [bothered. [Loio.] 

Both'er-a'tion, n. Act of bothering, or state of being 

Bot'ry-oid, ) a. [Gr. jSoTpo?, a cluster of grapes, and 

Bot'ry-old'al, ) etoos, form.] Having the form of a 
bunch of grapes. 

Bots, ) n. pi. [Prob. from bite, because they bite and 

Botts, ) gnaw the intestines of horses.] (Entom.) Small 
worms, larves of the bot-fly, found in the intestines 
of horses. 

Bot'tle, n. [Fr. bouteille, Low Lat. buticula, pvtida, 
botilia, from Fr. botte, cask. See Boot, n., a covering 
for the leg.] 1. A hollow vessel with a narrow mouth, 
for holding liquors. 2. The contents of a bottle. 

Bot'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bottled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOTTLING.] To inclose in bottles. 

Bot'tle-green, n. A dark shade of green, like that of 
a green glass-bottle. 

Bot'tle-hold'er, n. One who aids a boxer, by giving 
him refreshment and attention between the rcurds. 

Bot'tom, n. [A.-S. botm, Ger. boden, D. bodcm, Icel. 
botn. Cf. Gr. nvOfji-qv, bottom, allied to PaOvs, deep.] 1. 
The lowest part of any thing. 2. That upon which any 
thing rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense ; 
foundation ; base. 3. Low land formed by alluvial de- 
posits along a river ; a dale; a valley. 4. (Naut.) The 
keel of a vessel, and hence, the vessel itself. 5. Power 
of endurance; stamina. 6. Dregs or grounds. 

Bot'tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bottomed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bottoming.] 1. To found or build. 2. To fur- 
nish with a seat or bottom. 

Bot'tom, v. i. To be based. 

Bot'tom- glade, n. A low glade ; a valley ; a dale. 

Bot'tom-land, n. See Bottom, No. 3. 

Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom ; hence, fathomless. 

Bot'tom-ry, n. [From bottom.] (Mar. Law.) A con- 
tract by which a ship is hypothecated and bound as se- 
curity for the repayment of money advanced or lent for 
the use of the ship. 

Boudoir (bob'dwor), n. [Fr., from bouder, to pout, to 
be sulky.] A lady's private room. 

Bough (bon), n. [A.-S. boga, from beogan, bugan, to bow, 
bend. Cf. Bow.] An arm or large branch of a tree. 

Bdught (bawt), imp. & p. p. of buy. See Buy. 

Boufjie (bob-zhe'), n. [Fr., wax-candle, bougie, from 
Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles 
were first imported into Europe.] (Surg.) A long, flexi- 
ble instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esoph- 
agus, &c, to remove obstructions, or for other purposes. 



a, e,8cc.,long; a,e,&c.,sW*; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, d£,wol$ 



BOUILLON 



79 



BOWSPRIT 



Bouillon (bobPyong), n. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. 
See BoiL.j Broth ; soup. 

Boul'der, n. See Bowlder. 

Boulevard (bocPle-var'), n. [Fr., from Ger. bollwerh, 
Eng. bulwark, q. v.] Originally, a bulwark ; now applied 
to the public walks or streets occupying the site of de- 
molished fortifications. 

Bounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bounced (bounst); p. pr. 
& vb. n. BOUNCING-.] [D. bonzen, bons, blow, bounce, 
Low Lat. bombizare, to crackle, from Lat. bombus, Gr. 
|36|U.)3os, a hollow, deep sound. See Bomb.] 1. To leap 
or spring suddenly. 2. To beat or thump. [violently. 

Bounce, v. t. To drive against any thing suddenly and 

Bounce, n. 1. A sudden leap or bound. St. A heavy, 
sudden blow or thump. 3. A bold lie. 

Baim'cer, n. 1. One who bounces. St. A bold lie. 
3. A liar. 4. Something big. 

Boun'cing, a. Stout ; plump and healthy ; lusty. 

Bound, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin. Of. Arm. bonn, 
boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of 
trees, W. bbn, stem, stock.] External or limiting line of 
any object or space; limit; confine; extent; boundary. 

Bound ; n. A leap ; a spring ; a jump. 

Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BOUNDING.] 1. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the 
furthest point of extension of; to restrain ; to confine ; 
to circumscribe. 2. To mention the boundaries of. 

Bound, v. i. [Fr. bondir, from Lat. bombitare, to buzz, 
hum, from Lat. bombus, Gr. /36m/3o?, a hollow, deep 
sound.] 1. To move forward by leaps ; to leap ; to 
jump ; to spring. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. 

Bound, imp. & p. p. of bind. Made fast ; confined ; 
restrained; — often used in composition. [go, &c. 

Bound, a. Destined ; tending ; going, or intending to 

Bound'a-ry, n. [See Bounder and Bound.] That 
which indicates or fixes a limit ; especially, a visible mark. 

Bound'en^boumPn), a. [From bind.] Made obligatory ; 
imposed as a duty ; obligatory ; binding. 

Bound'less, a. Without bounds or confines ; infinite. 

Syn. — Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable ; illimitable. 

Boun'te-oiis (66), a. [See Bounty.] Disposed to give 
freely ; generous ; munificent. 

Boun'te-ous-ly, adv. Liberally ; generously. 

Boun'te-ous-ness, n. Liberality ; munificence. 

Boun'ti-ful, a. Free in giving ; munificent ; generous. 

Boun'ti-f ul-ly, adv. In a bountiful manner. 

Boun'ti-f ul-ness, n. Quality of being bountiful. 

Boun'ty, n. [Fr. bonte, Lat. bonitas, from bonus, good.] 
1. Goodness. [Obs.] ti. Liberality; generosity; mu- 
nificence. 3. That which is given liberally. 4. A pre- 
mium offered or given to encourage some object. 

Bou-quet' (bcTo'ka/ or bdcPka), n. [Fr. for bousquet ; 
bosquet, thicket.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 
ti. An agreeable perfume or aromatic odor. 

Bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. [Prob. from a type-founder 
of that name, who invented this type.] (Print.) A small 
kind of type, in size between long primer and brevier. 

IHT* This line is printed in bourgeois type. 

Hoxirgeois (bobr-zhwaw'), n. [Fr. See Borough.] 
A man of middle rank in society ; a citizen. [France.] 

Houryeoisie (bdbr'zhwaw'zee'), n. [Fr.] The middle 
classes of a country, particularly those concerned in trade. 

Bour'geon (bur'jun), v. i. [Fr. bourgeonner, of Celtic 
origin.] To put forth buds ; to shoot forth, as a branch. 

Bourn, ) n. [Fr. borne. See Bound, n. In the sense 

Bourne,) of stream, A.-S. burna, brunna,fr. beornan, 
bi/rnan, brinnan, to burn, because the source of a stream 
seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth.] 
1. A bound ; a limit ; hence, goal. ti. A stream or riv- 
ulet ; a burn. 

Hourse (bobrss), n. [Fr., from Gr. Pvpara, skin, because a 
purse was made of skin or leather.] A French exchange. 

Bout, n. [Same as 0. Eng bought, bend, of which it is 
only a different spelling and application. See Bight.] 
1. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial. 2. As much 
of an action as is performed at one time ; a turn. 

J&outs-rim6s (bob're'ma'), n. pi. [Fr. bout, end, and 
rime, rhymed.] Words that rhyme, given to be formed 
into verse. 

Bo'vlne, a. [Low Lat. bovinus, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, 
cow.] Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. 

Bow, (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. bowing.] [A.-S. b^gan, beogan, Goth, bivgan, Skr. 
bhudj, to be ber.t.] 1. To bend; to inflect; to make 
crooked or curved. 2. To cause to deviate from a natu- 



ral condition ; to turn ; to incline. 3. To bend, as the 

head or body, in respect, homage, or condescension. 4. 

To cause to bend down ; to depress ; to subdue. 
Bow (bou), v. i. To bend, in token of reverence, respect, 

or civility. 
Bow (bou), n. 1. An inclination of the head, or the body, 

in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. 

2. (Naut.) The rounded part of a ship forward; the 
stem or prow. 

Bow (b5), n. [See supra, and cf. BOUGH. See Bow, 
to bend.] 1. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve. 
ti. A weapon, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 

3. One of several different kinds of instruments or things 
having a curved form, as a fiddle-stick. 

Bow'--e6m/pass-e§, n. pi. 1. A pair of compasses, 
with an arched plate of metal riveted to one of the legs, 
upon which the other leg slides. '2. A small pair of 
compasses furnished with a bow-pen. 

Bow-drill, n. A drill worked by a bow and string. 

Bow'el (hou'el), n. [Lat. botellus, a small satisage, dim. 
of botulus, sausage, orig. intestine.] 1. One of the intes- 
tines of an animal ; an entrail ; a gut ; — chiefly in the pi. 
'<£. Hence, fig., the interior part of any thing. 3. The 
seat of pity ; hence, tenderness, compassion. 

Bow'el, v. t. To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate. 

Bow'er (bou'er), n. [From bow.] 1. One who bows or 
bends. St. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a 
ship. 3. [Ger. bauer,a, peasant, from the figure some- 
times used for the knave in cards.] One of the two 
highest cards in the game of euchre. 

Bight bower, the knave of the trump suit v the highest card 
in the game. — Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the 
same color as the trump, being the next to the highest in value. 

Bow'er, n. [A.-S. bixr, from Goth, bauan, to dwell, A.-S. 

bUan. See Boor.] 1. Anciently, a chamber. 2. A 

country-seat; a cottage. 3. A shelter or covered place 

in a garden ; an arbor. 
Bow'er-y, a. Covering, as a bower ; containing bowers. 
Bow'- hand, n. 1. (Archery.) The hand that holds the 

bow; the left hand. Si. (Mus.) The hand that draws 

the bow, i. e., the right hand. 
Bow'ie-knif e (-nlf), n. A peculiar kind of knife, worn 

as a weapon ; — named from its inventor, Col. Boivie. 
Bow'-knot (bo'not), n. A knot in which a portion of 

the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, 

so as to be readily untied. 
Bowl, n. [A.-S. bolla, any round vessel. Cf. W. bdl, belly, 

bwl, rotundity.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liquors. 55. 

The hollow part of any thing. 
Bowl, n. [From Lat. bulla, any thing rounded by art. 

Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] A ball used for rolling on a level 

surface in play ; a ball. 
Bowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl. 2. To pelt with 

any thing rolled. 

To bowl out, in cricket, to knock down one's wicket by bowl- 
ing. 

Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. St» To roll the ball on 
a level plane. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a 
ball. 

Bowl'der (boPder), n. [See Bowl, ball.] 1. A large 
pebble. St. ( Geol.) Amass of any rock, whether rounded 
or not, that has been transported by natural agencies 
from its native bed. [Written also boulder.] 

Bow'-legged (bo'legd), a. Having crooked legs. 

Bowl'er (\>oV~), n. One who plays at bowls. 

Bow'line, n. [Prop, the line of the bow or bend, a slant- 
ing sail to receive a side wind.] (Naut.) A rope used to 
keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the 
ship is close-hauled. [bowls. 

Bowl'ing-alley, n. A covered place for playing at 

Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece of ground kept 
smooth for bowling. 

Bow'man (bo'man), n.; pi. bow'men. A man who 
uses a bow ; an archer. [crawfish. 

Bow'-net, n. A contrivance for catching lobsters and 

Bow'-oar (bou / -), n. 1. The oar used by the bowman 
in a boat. St. One who rows at the bow of a boat. 

Bow'-pfin, n. A metallic ruling-pen, having the part 
which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle. 

Bow'-saw, n. A saw with a narrow blade set in a strong 
frame, and used for cutting curved forms from wood. 

Bow'-shot, n. The space which an arrow may pass 
when shot from a bow;. 

Bow'sprit (bS'sprit or bou'sprit), n. [bow (of a ship) 
and sprit, q. v.] (Naut.) A large spar, which projects 
over the stem of a vessel , to carry sail forward. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



BOWSTRING 



80 



BRAKE 



Bow'strlng, n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string 
used by the Turks for strangling offenders. 

Bow'strlng, v. t. To strangle with a bowstring. 

Box, n. [A.-S. box, from L. Lat. buxis, Lat. puxis, pyxis, 
Gr. 7n>£is, a box, esp. of box-wood.] 1. A case or recep- 
tacle of any size. 2. The quantity that a box contains. 

3. An inclosed space with seats in a place of public 
amusement. 4. A money-chest. 5. A small house. 
6. (Mach.) (a.) A cylindrical, hollow iron, used in 
wheels, in which the axle-tree runs. (b.) A hollow tube 
in a pump, closed with a valve ; the bucket of a lifting 
pump. 7. The driver's seat on a carriage. 8. A present. 

In a box, in an embarrassing position; in difficulty. 

Box, n. [A.-S. box, Lat. buxus, Gr. wi;£os.] A tree or 
a shrub flourishing in different parts of the globe. The 
dwarf box is much used for borders in gardens. 

Box, n. [Cf. Gr. ttv£, with clinched fist.] A blow on the 
head or ear with the hand. 

B5x, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boxed (bokst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with 
boxes. 3. To strike with the hand or fist. 

To box the comjjass, to name the points of the compass in 
their order. 

Box, v. i. To fight with the fist. 

Box'er, n. One who fights with his fist. 

Box'liaul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boxhauled ; p. pr. & 
vb. jj.'boxhauling.] (Naut.) To wear, as a ship, in a 
particular manner, when close-hauled, short round on to 
the other tack ; — so called from the circumstance of 
bracing the headyards aback. 

Box'- tree, n. The tree variety of the plant called box. 

Box'-wobd, n. The wood of the box-tree, very hard 
and smooth, and much used by engravers, turners, &c. 

Boy, n. [Prov. Ger. bua, bue, N. H. Ger. bube, D. boef. 
Cf. Lat. pupus, Dan. pog, Sw. pojke, Arm. bagel, bugul, 
child, boy, girl, Per batch, child, boy, servant ; A.-S. & 
Dan. p'ige, Sw. piga, Icel. pika, a little girl.] A male 
child, from birth to the age of puberty ; a lad. Some- 
times it is used in contempt or familiarity for a man. 

Boy'hobd (27), n. State of a boy, or of immature age. 

Boy'isli, a. Resembling a boy in manners or opinions ; 
childish ; puerile. 

Boy'ish-ly, adv. In a boyish manner. 

Boy'ish-ness, n. Manners or behavior of a boy. 

Brae'-eate, a. [Lat. braccatus, wearing breeches, from 
braccx, breeches, q. v.] ( Ornitli.) Furnished with feath- 
ers which conceal the feet. 

Brace, n. [From Lat. brachia, the arms (stretched out), 
pi. of bracliium, arm.] 1. A prop or support; espe- 
cially ( Carp.), a piece of timber extending across a cor- 
ner from one piece of timber to another. 2. That which 
holds any thing tightly or firmly. 3. (Print.) A verti- 
cal curved line connecting two or more words or lines, 
thus boll > I 4, A pair; a C0U P le - 5. A thick strap, 
' bowl. ) which supports a carriage on wheels. 6. 
(Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a 
yard, by which it is turned about. 7. (pi.) Straps that 
sustain pantaloons, &c. ; suspenders ; gallowses. 8. 
A bit-stock. 9. State of being braced or tight. 

Brace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. braced (brast); p. pr. & 
vb. n. BRACING.] 1. To furnish with braces ; to sup- 
port ; to prop. 2. To tighten ; to put in a state of ten- 
sion. 3. To place in a position for bracing. 4. (Naut.) 
To move around by means of braces. 

Brace'let, n. [Fr., from Lat. brachium, arm. Cf. 
Brace. ]_ 1. An ornament for the wrist. 2. Apiece 
of defensive armor for the arm. 

Bra'cer, n. That which braces ; a band or bandage. 

Braeh'i-al, or Bra'-elii-al, a. [Lat. brachialis ; bra- 
chium, arm.] 1. Belonging to the arm. 2. Of the 
nature of an arm ; resembling an arm. 

Braelx'y-eal/a-lee'tie, n. [Gr. /SpaxvKaTaXrj/mKos; 
/3paxvs, short, and /caTaA-qK-riKos, incomplete, from Kara- 
Ajjyctv, to leave off.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse want- 
ing two syllables at its termination. 

Bra-ehyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. (3pa X v<;, short, and ypd<j>eiv, 
to write.] Art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- 
nography. 

Brack'en, n. Fern. See Brake. 

Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. braguet, dim. of brache, Lat. bra- 
chmm, arm.] 1. (Arch. & Engirt.) A small projecting 
support, fastened to a wall or other surface. 2. (pi.) 
(Naut.) Short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. 3. 
(Mil.) Cheek of a mortar carriage, made of strong plank. 

4. (Print.) One of two hooks [ ],used to inclose a refer- 
ence, explanation, note, &c. ; —called also crotchets. 



Brack'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRACKETED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bracketing.] To place within brackets; to 
connect by brackets. 

Brack'et-ing, n. (Arch.) A series of ribs, or brackets, 
for supporting cornices, &c. [wall. 

Brack'et-Hglit, n. A gas-light projecting from a side- 

Br&ck'ish, a. [D. & L. Ger. brak, brackish. Cf. Ger. 
brack, refuse, trash.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate de- 
gree, as water. 

Brack'isli-ness, n. Quality of being brackish. 

Bra-et, n. [Lat. bractea, a thin plate.] (Bot.) A small 
leaf or scale, from the axil of which a flower proceeds. 

Brte'te-ate ) a ' (Bot ^ Furnisned with bract s j bracted. 

Braet'ed, a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts. 

Brad, n. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, sting, Icel. broddr, any 
pointed piece of iron or steel, brydda, to prick.] A kind 
of nail, with a slight projection at the top on one side in- 
stead of a head. [of brads. 

Brad'-awl, n. An awl to make holes for the insertion 

Brag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bragged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRAGGING.] [Cf. Icel. bragga, to adorn, Ger. prachen, 
to make a show, boast, pracht, bracht, breaking, show, 
splendor, Fr. braguer, flaunt, boast, W. bra grata, to swell 
out.] To praise one's self, or what belongs to one's self, 
in an ostentatious manner. 

Syn.— To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish. 

Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting. 2. The thing boasted 
of. 3. A game at cards. 

Brag'ga-do'ci-o (-do'shi-o), n. [From Braggadocchio, 
a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A 
braggart ; a boaster. 2. Empty boasting ; mere brag. 

Brag'gart, n. [0. Fr. bragard, flaunting, vain, brag- 
ging. See supra.) A boaster ; a vain fellow. 

Brag'gart, a. Boastful ; vainly ostentatious. 

Brag'ger, n. One who brags : a, boaster. 

Brah'ma, n. [See infra.] '(Myth.) The first person in 
the trinity of the Hindoos ; the creator. 

Brah'man, ) n. [Skr. Brahman, Bramin, and the first 

Brah'min, J deity of the Hindoo triad, Bruhmd.} A 
person of the upper or sacerdotal caste among the Hin- 
doos. [Written also Brachman, Bramin.] 

Brah-man'i-e, 

Brali-man'ie-al, 

Brah-min'ie, 

Brah-min'ie-al, 

Brah'man-i§m, ) n. The religion or system of doc- 

Brah'miii-i§m, ) trines of the Brahmans. 

Braid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRAIDING.] [A.-S. bredan.] 1. To weave or entwine 
together ; to plat. 2. To mingle by rubbing in some 
fluid or soft substance. 

Braid, n. A string, cord, or other texture, formed by 
weaving together different strands. 

Brail, n. [From Lat. braca, bracpp, breeches, a Gallic 
word. See Breeches.] 1. (Falconry.) A piece of 
leather to bind up a hawk's wing. 2. (pi.) (Naut.) 
Ropes employed to haul up, or truss up, sails, for the 
more ready furling of them . 

Brail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRAILING.] (Naut.) To haul up into the brails, or to 
truss up with the brails. 

Brain, n. [A.-S. bragen. Cf. Gr. Ppey/xa, upper part of 
the head.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The whitish, soft mass which 
occupies the upper cavity of the skull, and is considered 
to be the center of sensation and perception, (b.) The 
anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other inverte- 
brates. 2. The understanding. 
E3f- In the latter sense, often used in the plural. 

Brain, v. t. To dash out the brains of; to destroy. 

Brain'-f e'ver, n. An inflammation of the brain. 

Brain'less, a. Without understanding ; witless. 

Brain'-pan, n. The bones which inclose the brain; 
the skull ; the cranium. 

Brain'-slck, a. Disordered in the understanding. 

Brake, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood, Dan. br'dgne, 
bregne, fern, W. brwg, wood, brake.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of 
different genera. 2. A place overgrown with brakes. 3. 
A_thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles. 

Brake, n. [From the root of break.] 1. An instrument 
to break flax or hemp. 2. The handle by which a pump 
or fire-engine is worked. 3. A contrivance for confining 
refractory horses while the smith is shoeing them ; also, 
an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, &c. 4. (Mil.) (a.) 
That part of the carriage of a movable battery, or engine, 
which enables it to turn, (b.) An ancient engine of war 



Pertaining to the Brahmans, or 
their doctrines and worship ; re- 
lating to the religion of Brahma. 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, d<>, wolf, 



BRAKEMAN 



81 



BRAZEN 



analogous to the cross-bow. 5. (Agric.) A large, heavy 
harrow for breaking clods after plowing. 6. A piece of 
mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by means of 
friction, as of a railway carriage. 7. A cart or carriage 
without a body, used in breaking horses. 

Brake'man, n. ; pi. brake'men. One whose business 
is to manage a brake. 

Bralt'y, a. Full of brakes or brambles ; rough ; thorny. 

Bram'fole, n. [A.-S. brembel, brember.] (Bot.) One of 
several different species of the genus Rubus, includ- 
ing the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, 
prickly shrub. 

Bram'lbly, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of 
brambles. 

Bra'min, n. See Brahman. 

Bran, n. [Fr. bran , excrement, dirt, 0. Fr. & 0. Sp. 
bren, bran, W. bran, brann, Ir. & Gael, bran.] The 
proper coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other farina- 
ceous grain, separated from the flour by bolting ; — often 
applied to all refuse sifted out of flour or meal. 

Branch, n. [Fr. branche, Ger. bran/ce, claw, Ir. & Gael. 
brae, W. braich, arm.] 1. A limb; a bough growing 
from a stem, or from another branch or bough. 2. Any 
arm or part shooting or extended from the main body of" 
a thing, as a smaller stream running into a larger one ; a 
ramification. 3. Any member or part of a body or sys- 
tem ; a section or subdivision ; a department. 4. A line 
of family descent, in distinction from some other line or 
lines from the same stock ; any descendant in such a line. 
5. (Law.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot. 

Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BRANCHED (brancht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in 
branches ; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts 
or subdivisions. 
To branch out, to speak diffusively, or with many words. 

Branch, v . t. To divide as into branches. 

Bran'ehi-al, a. [From Gr. fipdyxiov, gill.] Pertaining 
to, or performed by means of, gills, as of fishes. 

Branch'i-ness, n. Fullness of branches. 

Bran'-ehi-o-podg, n. pi. [Gr. Pp6.yxi.ov, gill, and wou?, 
7ro56s, foot.] (Zool.) An order of Crustacea, generally 
very small or minute ; — so named from their feet having 
been supposed to perform the function of gills. 

Branch/let, n. A little branch ; a twig. 

Branch'y, a. Full of branches. 

Brand, n. [A.-S. brand, brond, brand, sword, from brin- 
nan, byrnan, beornan, to burn.] 1. A burning or partly 
burnt stick or piece of wood. 2. A sword, so called 
from its glittering brightness. [Poet.] 3. An iron used 
for burning a mark on something, as a cask, or a crimi- 
nal. 4. A distinctive mark made by burning with a hot 
iron ; hence, figuratively, quality ; kind ; also, any mark 
of infamy ; a stigma. 

Brand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. branded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRANDING.] 1. To burn or impress a mark with a hot 
iron. 2. To stigmatize as infamous. 

Brand'- goose, n. [See Brant.] (Ornith.) A species 
of wild goose, usually called, in America, brant. 

Bran'died, a. Mingled, flavored, or treated with brandy. 

Brand'ing-i'ron (-I'urn), ) n. An iron used to brand 

Brand'-T'ron (-l'urn), ) with. 

Bran'dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brandished (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BRANDISHING.] [From brand, a sword, q. 
v.] To wave, as a weapon ; to shake or flourish. 

Bran'dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, &c. 

Bran'dish-er, n. One who brandishes. 

Brand'ling, n. [So called from its color. See Brand.] 
( Zool.) A small red worm, used as bait for small fish. 

Brand'-new, a. [See Brand.] Quite new, as if fresh 
from the fire. 

Bran'dy, n. [Contracted from 0. Eng brandwine, Ger. 
brantwein, brantewein, i. e., burned wine.] An ardent 
spirit distilled from wine or other liquors. 

Bran'gle, n. [Scot, brangle, to shake, menace ; prob. a 
modification of wrangle, q. v.] A wrangle ; a squabble. 

Bran'gle, v.i. To wrangle; to dispute; to squabble. 

Brank, n. [Probably of Celtic origin.] 1. Buckwheat. 
[Eng.] 2. [Cf. Branch.] A bridle for scolds. 

Bran'lin, n. [From brand, q. v., probably on account 
of the dark-colored marks on the sides of this fish, re- 
sembling those burned by a brand-iron.] (Ichth.) A 
species of fish of the salmon kind. 

Bran'-new (109), a. See Brand-neW. 

Bran'ny, a. Consisting of, or resembling bran. 

Brant, n. [It. branta, brenta, D. & Ger. brentgans. Prob. 
It. branta is for branca, branch, so that it signifies a 
branch goose, same as 0. & Prov. Eng. tree-goose, Ger. 



baumgans.] ( Ornith.) A species of wild goose ; — called 
also brent and brand-goose. See Brand-GOOSE. 

Brash, a. [Cf. Ger. barsch, harsh, sharp, tart, impetu- 
ous.] 1. Hasty in temper. 2. [Arm. breslc, brush, frag- 
ile.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Local, Amer.] 

Brash, n. [See Brash, a., 2.] 1. A rash or eruption. 
2. Refuse boughs of trees ; truck. 3. (Geol.) Broken 
and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial de- 
posits. 4. Broken fragments of ice. 

Bra'gier (bra/zher), n. [From brass.] 1. An artificer 
who works in brass. 2. [Fr. brasier, braisier, from 
braise, embers, live coals.] A pan for holding coals. 

Brass, n. [A.-S. bras, W. pres. Cf. Icel. bras, cement, 
solder, Lith. waras, brass.] 1. A yellow alloy of cop- 
per and zinc. 2. Impudence ; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 3. 
pi. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles made of brass. 

Brass'-foand, n. A company of musicians who per- 
form on instruments of brass. 

Brasse, n. [A.-S. bears, baers. Cf. L. Ger. brasse.] The 
pale, spotted perch. 

Brass'i-ness, n. Quality or appearance of brass. 

Brass'-leaf , n. Brass made into very thin sheets. 

Brass'y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass ; hard as brass ; the 
color of brass. 2. Impudent ; impudently bold. [Colloq.] 

Brat, n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag, W. brat, bratt, clout, 
rag, Ir. & Gael, brat, cloak, veil, apron, rag.] A child, 
so called in contempt. 

Bra-va'do, n. [Sp. bravada,bravata. See Brave.] 1. 
An arrogant menace ; a boast or brag ; boastful or 
threatening behavior. 2. A boasting fellow. 

Brave, a. [Fr. brave, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo, courageous. 
This word seems to be of Celtic origin.] 1. Of noble or 
admirable courage ; uniting boldness with generosity and 
dignity. 2. Excellent ; beautiful. 

Syn. — Courageous ; gallant ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; 
bold; heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; dauntless ; high-spirited. 

Brave, n. 1. A brave person ; specifically, an Indian 
warrior. 2. A hector ; a bully. 

Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRAVING.] To encounter with courage and fortitude ; 
to_set at defiance ; to defy ; to challenge ; to dare. 

Brave'ly, adv. In a brave manner. 

Brav'er-y, n. 1. Quality of being brave; fearlessness 
of danger ; undaunted spirit. 2. Showy appearance ; 
ostentation. 

Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; intrepidity ; gallantry ; valor; 
fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manf'ulness.— Courage 
(from cor, heart) is that firmness of spirit which meets danger 
without fear; bravery defies or braves it, and shows itself in 
outward acts; audacity is bravery running out into rashness. 

Bra'vo, n. ; pi. bra/voe§. [It. See Brave.] A daring 
villain ; a bandit ; an assassin or murderer. 

Bra'vo, interj. Well done ! expressive of applause. 

Brawl, v. i. [Fr. brailler, W. bragal, to vociferate, brag ; 
broliaw, to brag, boast, brawl, boast. Cf. Broil..] 1. 
To quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To complain 
loudly ; to scold. 3. To roar ; as water. 
Syn.— To wrangle; squabble; contend. 

Brawl, n. A noisy quarrel ; loud, angry contention. 
Syn. — Noise; quarrel; scurrility; uproar. 

Brawl'er, n. A noisy fellow ; a wrangler. 

Brawn, n. [From 0. H. Ger. brato, ace. bratun, braton, 
fatness.] 1. The flesh of a boar. 2. Full, strong mus- 
cles ; muscular strength ; hence, the arm. 

Brawn'i-ness, n. Quality of being brawny. 

Brawn'y, a. Having large, strong muscles. 

Syn. — Muse ulous; muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky. 

Bray, v. t. [imp. & p.p. brayed ;£>. pr. k,vb. n. BRAY- 
ING.] 1. [0. Fr. brayer; Icel. bralca, to break, bralca, 
to crack, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To pound, beat, or 
grind small. 2. [See BRAY, v. i.] To make or utter 
with a harsh, grating sound. 

Bray, v. i. [Fr. braire, to bray. Cf. BRAG.] 1. To ut- 
ter a harsh cry, as an ass. 2. To make a harsh, grating 
noise. [sound. 

Bray, n. The harsh sound of an ass ; any harsh, grating 

Bray'er, n. One who brays like an ass. 

Bray'er, n. [From bray, to grind. See Bray, v. t. 1.] 
(Print.) An instrument for mixing or spreading ink. 

Braze, v. t. [From brass, q. v.] 1. To solder with an al- 
loy of brass and zinc. 2. To cover or ornament with 
brass. 3. To harden to impudence. 

Bra'zen (bra/zn), a. 1. Pertaining to, proceeding from, 
or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. 

Brazen age (Myth-), the age which succeeded the silver age, 
when men had degenerated from primitive purity. — Brazen 
sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large vessel of brass, cast on the plain of 
Jordan, and placed in Solomon's temple. 



food, f dot ; urn, r\jde, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; 
6 



gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



BRAZEN 



82 



BREATHE 



Bra'zen (bra'zn,) V. i. To be impudent ; to bully. 

Bra'zen-f aced, (bra'zn-i'ast), a. Impudent ; bold to ex- 
cess ; shameless. 

Bra'zen-ly, adv. In a bold, impudent manner. 

Bra'zier (bra/zher), n. [See Brasier.] 1. An artificer 
who works in brass. 2. A pan to hold coals. 

Bra-zil'-wdod, n. [Pg. braza, a live coal, or glowing 
fire. This name was given to the wood from its color.] 
A very heavy wood, of a red color, growing in other 
tropical countries, and used for dyeing red. 

Breach, n. [A.-S. brice, bryce, Fr. breche,Ger. brecke. 
See Break.] 1. Act of breaking, or state of being 
broken. 2. The gap or opening made by breaking. 3. 
A breaking or infraction, as of a law, or any obligation 
or tie. 4. A breaking up of amicable relations. 

Syn.— Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; disruption; fracture; aper- 
ture; gap; break; infraction; infringement; violation; quar- 
rel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding. 

Breach, v. t. (Mil.) To make a breach or opening in the 

walls of, by means of artillery. [cattle. 

Breach'y, a. Apt to break fences ; — applied to unruly 
Bread, n. [A.-S. bread, breod. The root is either A.-S. 

breovan, imp. bredv, to brew, bake, or, better, A.-S. 

breotan, imp bredt, to break, for an older breodan, imp. 

bread.] 1. Food made of flour or meal. 2. Provisions 

in general. 
Bread'-corn, n. Corn or grain of which bread is made, 

as wheat, rye, &c. 
Bread'- fruit (32), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree, found 

in the isles of the Pacific. When baked, it somewhat 

resembles bread, and is eaten as food. The name is also 

applied to the tree. 
Bread'stuff , n. Bread-corn ; meal ; flour. [Amer.] 
Breadth (108), n. [A.-S. brado, braed, from brad, broad. 

See Broad.] 1. Distance from side to side ; width. 

2. (Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows broad 

and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to 

produce an impression of largeness and simple grandeur. 
Break, v. t. [imp. broke (brake, obs.); p. p. broke 

or broken ; p. pr. & vb. n. breaking.] [A.-S. & Goth. 

brikan, Icel. braka, allied to Lat. frangere, for fragere, 

Skr. bhandj, in which the letter r has been dropped, Gr. 

priyi/vvat, where the initial consonant has been omitted.] 

1. (a.) To strain apart ; to part by. Hence, to lay open 
by breaking. And (Fig.) to lay open, as a purpose ; to 
disclose or divulge, (b.) To infringe or violate, (c.) To 
interrupt ; to terminate, (d.) To destroy the completeness 
of. 2. To dash or shatter to pieces. 3. Hence, (a.) To 
shatter or crush, without separation of parts ; to bruise. 
(b.) To weaken, impair, or subdue, (c.) To diminish the 
force of. And (Fig.) to impart cautiously, (d.) To tame ; 
to make tractable, (e.) To make bankrupt. (/.) To de- 
stroy the official character of ; to cashier. 

With prepositions or adverbs : — 

To break down, to crush; to overwhelm. — To break in, to 
force in; also, to train; to discipline.— To break of, to cause 
to reform, or abandon.— To break off, to separate by breaking; 
to interrupt ; to put an end to. — To break open, to open by- 
breaking. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking. — 
To break over, to transgress ; to disregard. — lo break up, to 
separate into parts; to put an end to. 

With an object : — 

To break the back, neck, &c, to dislocate the same. — To 
break bulk, to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as 
from boats to cars. — To break cover, to burst forth from a pro- 
tecting concealment. — To breakfast, to partake of food after 
abstinence, especially in the morning. — To break ground, to 
open the earth as for planting ; to commence excavation. 
Hence (Fig.), to begin to execute any plan ; (Xaut.), to release 
the anchor from the bottom.— To break the heart, to crush or 
overwhelm with grief. — To break a house, (Law), to remove 
any part of the house or of its fastenings, with violence and 
a felonious intent. — To break the ice, to overcome obstacles 
and make a beginning.— To break jail, to escape from con- 
finement in jail. — To break a jest, to utter a jest.— To break 
joints, to lay bricks, shingles, &c, so that the ioints in one 
course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course.— 
To break a path, road, or the like ; to open a way through 
obstacles by force. — To break upon a wheel, to execute or pun- 
ish, as a criminal, by stretching him out upon a cart-wheel 
or frame, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar. 

Syn.— To dispart; rend; tear; crash; shatter ; batter ; vio- 
late; infringe; demolish; destroy. 

Break, v. i. 1. To come to pieces ; to burst asunder. 

2. To open spontaneously, or by force from within. 3. 
To come to view ; to appear ; to dawn. 4. To burst 
forth violently. 5. To become weakened ; to lose health 
or strength. 6. To fail in business. 7. To change the 
gait. 8. To exceed the natural compass or power, as the 
voice. 9. To fall out ; to terminate friendship. 

With prepositions or adverbs : — 



To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; also, to be- 
come dissipated, as the clouds. — To break down, to come down 
by breaking ; to fail in any undertaking. — To break forth, 
to issue suddenly, as sound, light, &o. ; — with in or unto ; to 
give vent to. — To break in, or in upon, to enter violently or 
unexpectedly. —To break loose, to extricate one's self forcibly. 

— To break off, to become separated with suddenness and vio- 
lence; to desist. — To break out, to burst forth ; to appear sud- 
denly;— also, to show itself in cutaneous eruptions,— said of 
certain diseases; to become covered with cutaneous eruptions, 

— said of a patient. — To break up, to become separated into 
parts or fragments. Hence, to be dissolved; to disperse.— To 
break with, to fall out; to part friendship. 

Break, n. [A.-S. brzec. See supra.] 1. An opening 
made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption ; 
a pause. 3. In writing or printing, a dash, or a blank 
or unfinished fine. 4. The first appearing of light in the 
morning; the dawn. 5. An interruption of continuity. 
6. A kind of large, four-wheel carriage. 

Break'a-ble, a. Capable of being broken. 

Break'age (45), n. 1. A breaking. 2. An allowance 
for things broken in transportation. 

Break'down, n. 1. Act of breaking down, as of a car- 
riage. 2. A riotous dance, terminating a ball. [ Colloq.] 

Break'er, n. 1. One who, or that which , breaks. 2. 
(Naut.) A small, flat water-cask, used in boats for bal- 
last and for emergencies. 3. pi. Waves breaking into 
foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a sunken rock. 

Break'fast (brek/fast), n. The first meal in the day. 

Break'fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. breakfasting.] To break one's fast in the 
morning. [morning. 

Break'fast, v. t. To furnish with the first meal in the 

Break'-neck, n. A steep place, endangering the neck. 

Break'-neck, a. Producing danger of a broken neck. 

Break'wa-ter, n. Any structure or contrivance, to 
break the"force of waves. 

Bream, n. [Fr. brcme, brame, from 0. H. Ger. brahsema, 
brahsina, brach.se.] (Ichth.) A certain fish inhabiting 
lakes and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued 

Bream, v. t. [Cf. Broom, and Ger. ein schiff brennen.) 
(Naut.) To burn filth, as grass, seaweed, &c, off from. 

Breast, n. [A.-S. breost, Icel. briost, Goth, brusts, Ger. 
brust. The root is 0. H. Ger. brestan, A.-S. berstan, Eng. 
burst, so that the word properly signifies a thing bursting 
beyond the adjacent surface.] 1. The fore part of the 
body, between the neck and the belly. 2. The pro- 
tuberant glands, in females, in which milk is secreted. 
3. The seat of consciousness, and of the affections and 
passions ; the heart. 

To make a clean breast, to make full confession. 

Breast, v. t. To meet with the breast, or manfully. 

Breast'-bone, n. The bone of the breast to which most 
of the ribs are attached ; the sternum. 

Breast'-hobk, n. (Naut.) A piece of timber in the form 
of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship. 

Breast'ing, n. (Engin.) The curved channel in which 
a breast-wheel turns. [breast. 

Breasfknot (-not), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the 

Breast'pin, n. A pin worn for a fastening, or for orna- 
ment, on the breast ; a brooch. 

Breast'plate, n. 1. Defensive armor worn upon the 
breast. 2. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. 

3. (Jeivish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high 
priest, consisting of a folded piece of rich, embroidered 
stuff set with twelve precious stones, on which were en- 
graved the names of the twelve tribes. 

Breast'-plow, I n. A kind of plow, driven by the 

Breast'-plough, ) breast, used to cut or pare turf. 

Breast'rail, n. The upper rail of a balcony or of the 
breastwork on a quarter-deck. 

Breast'- wheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the 
stream of water at about half its height. 

Breast'work ( -wurk), n. 1. ( Fort. ) A defensive earth- 
work breast-high. 2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter- 
deck and forecastle. 

Breath, n. [A.-S. brsedh.] 1. Air respired. 2. Act or 
power of breathing naturally or freely. 3. Power of 
respiration; hence, life. 4. Time to breathe; respite; 
pause. 5. A single respiration, or the time of making 
it ; a single act ; an instant. 6. A very slight breeze. 

Breath'a-ble, a. Capable of being breathed. 

Breathe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breathed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BREATHING.] [From breath, q. v.] 1. To re- 
spire ; hence, to live. 2. To take breath ; to rest. 3. 
To pass, as air ; to exhale ; to emanate. 

Breathe, v. t. 1. To respire. 2. To inject or infuse 
by breathing. 3. To emit by the breath ; to utter softly. 

4. To exhale ; to emit, as breath. 5. To cause to sound 



a, e, S.c. , long , a , e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BREATHER i 

by breathing. 6. To promote free respiration in; to 
exercise. 7. To suffer to take breath, or recover the 
natural breathing. S. To put out of breath. 9. [W. 
brathu, to pierce.] To give air or vent to ; to open. 

Breatn'er, n. One who breathes. 

Breatii'ing, n. 1. Respiration. 2. Air in gentle mo- 
tion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation. 4. Aspira- 
tion; secret prayer. 5. Exercise. 6. Utterance. 7. 
Breathing-place; vent. 8. (a.) (Gram.) Aspiration; 
the sound expressed by the letter h. (b.) ( Gr. Gram.) 
A mark placed over the initial vowel of a word to indicate 
aspiration. — Rough breathing ( spiritus asper), a mark ['], 
signifying that the letter over which it is placed is to be 
pronounced as if preceded by h, as livax (hl-e-nai). 
Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). a mark ['], indicating 
the absence of the sound of h, as teVai (I-e-nai). 

Breath'Iess, a. 1. Out of breath. 2. Dead ; expired. 

Breath'less-ness, n. State of being breathless, or ex- 
hausted with exercise. 

Breccia (bret'cha), n. [It. See Breach.] (Geol.) A 
rock composed of angular fragments, united by a cement, 
and presenting a variety of colors. 

Bree'ci-a/ted (brek'shl-), a. Consisting of angular 
fragments cemented together. 

Breecli, n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of 
the body behind. 2. The hinder part of any thing, esp. 
the part of a fire-arm, behind the bottom of the bore. 

Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. breeched ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BREECHING.] 1. To put into breeches. 2. To fit 
or furnish with a breech. 3. To fasten with breeching. 

Breech'eg (brlch'ez), n. pi. [A.-S. broc, pi. brec, breec, 
Ir. brog, D. broek, Lat. braca, bracse, braces;.] A garment 
worn by men, covering the hips and thighs ; — sometimes, 
but less properly, used in the sense of pantaloons. 

To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; 
— said of a wife. [Colloq.] 

Breech'ing (brlch'ing), n. 1. That part of a harness 
which comes round the breech of a horse. 2. (Naut.) 
A strong rope fastened to a cannon, to prevent it from 
recoiling too much in battle. 

Breech'-load'ing, a. (Mil.) Receiving the charge at 
the breech instead of the muzzle. 

Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BREEDING-.] [A.-S. bredan. Cf. W. brwd, hot, warm, 
brydiaio, to heat. See Brood.] 1„ To procreate ; to 
generate ; to beget ; to hatch. 2. To bring up ; to nurse 
and foster. 3. To instruct ; to form by education. 4. 
l'o occasion ; to produce. 5. To give birth to. 

Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young. 2. To be 
generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3. To 
have birth ; to be produced. 4. To raise a breed. 

To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock 
that are closely related. 

Breed, n. 1. A race or progeny from the same parents 
or stock. 2. A race of men or other animals, which 
have an alliance by nativity, or some distinctive qualities 
in common. 3. Progeny; offspring ; — applied toother 
things than animals. 

Breed'er, n. One who, or that which, breeds. 

Breed'ing, n. 1. Formation of manners. 2. Deport- 
ment or behavior ; manners. 

Syn. — Education ; instruction; nurture; training. 

Breeze, ) n. [A.-S. briosa, brimse. Cf. Ger. brausen, 

Breeze'-fly, ) Icel. brtisa, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to 
hum, buzz, murmur.] ( Entom.) A kind of fly of vari- 
ous species, noted for buzzing about animals, and tor- 
menting them by sucking their blood . The name is also 
given to different species of bot-flies. [Written also 
breese and brize.] 

Breeze, n. [Fr. brise, It. brezza, Sp. briza, brisa. a 
breeze from north-east. Cf. Fr. bise, 0. H. Ger. bisa, 
north wind ] 1. A light wind ; a gentle gale. 2. (Fig.) 
An excited state of feeling ; a quarrel. ( Colloq. ) 

Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. 

Breez'y, a. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes. 

Brent, n. A brant, or brand-goose. See Brant. 

Breast'-sum'mer, n. (Arch.) A summer or beam 
placed breast-wise to support a superincumbent wall. 

Breth'ren, n. ; pi. of brother. It is used almost exclu- 
sively, in solemn and scriptural language, in the place of 
brothers. See BROTHER. 

Brett, n. A long, four-wheel pleasure-carriage, with a 
calash top, and seats for four, besides a driver's seat. 

Breve, n. [Lat. brevis, short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.; A 
note, equivalent to two semibreves, or four minims. , ^ I 
2. (Law.) A brief. See Brief. 3. (Print.) A ' 



3 BRIDE-CAKE 

curved mark [~] used to indicate the short quantity 
of a vowel, or some particular quality of its sound. 

- Br ( e " v t 6t '> n - [ Fr -> from Lat. brevis, short. See Brief.] 
1. A royal or imperial warrant, granting a favor, privi- 
lege, title, or dignity. 2. (Mil.) A commission in the 
army at large, in distinction from a commission in a 
particular regiment or corps. [brevet 

Bre-vgt', v. t. (Mil.) To confer rank or title upon by 

Bre-vet', a. (Mil.) Taking rank by brevet. 

Bre'-vi-a-ry, n. [Lat. breviarium, from brevis, short.] 
1. An abridgment; a compend ; an epitome; a brief 
account or summary. 2. A book containing the daily 
service_of the Roman Catholic or Greek church. 

Bre-vier', n. [Probably so called from being originally 
used in printing a breviary.] (Print.) A small kind of 
printing type, in size between bourgeois and minion. 
pp" This line is printed in brevier type. 

Brev'i-ped, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and pes, pedis, foot] 
( Ornith.) Having short legs, as certain birds. 

Brev'i-pen'nate, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and penna- 
tus, winged, feathered, from penna, feather, wing.] ( Or- 
nith.) Short- winged ; — applied to a division of birds, 
including the ostrich, cassowary, swan, &c. 

Brev'i-ty, n. [Lat. brevitas, from brevis, short.] 1. 
Shortness of duration. 2. Contraction into few words ; 
shortness ; conciseness. 

Brew (brjj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BREWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BREWING.] [A.-S. breovan, Icel. brugga, allied to 
Lat. frigere, Gr. 4>pvyeiv, to roast, fry, broil.] 1. To 
boil or seethe. 2. To prepare, as a liquor, from malt 
and hops, or other materials, by steeping, boiling, and 
fermentation. 3. To prepare by boiling, mingling, &c. 
4. To contrive ; to plot. 

Brew(brii), v. i. 1. To perform the business of brew- 
ing. 2. To be in a state of preparation ; to be forming, 
or gathering. 

Brew'age (bru'-), n. Malt liquor ; drink brewed. 

Brew'er (bru/er), n. One who brews. 

Brew'er-y, / (brn'-), n. A house where brewing is 

Brew'-house, \ carried on. 

Brew'ing (bribing), n. 1. The act or process of pre- 
paring liquors from malt and hops, &c. 2. The quantity 
brewed at once. 

Brew'is (bru'is), n. [A.-S. briw, es, broth, frumenty, 
from breova?i, Eng. brew.] 1. Broth ; pottage. [Obs.] 2. 
Bre_ad soaked in gravy, or prepared in water and butter. 

BrI-a're-an, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, 
a giant with a hundred hands ; hence, hundred-handed. 

Bribe, n. [Fr. bribe, a hunch of bread, scrap, leaving3 
of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), 0. Fr. 
briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg ; Cf. W. briw, 
fragment, bara briw, broken bread.] 1. A gift bestowed 
or promised with a view to pervert the judgment or cor- 
rupt the conduct. 2. That which seduces ; allurement. 

Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRIBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bribing.] 1. To influence or corrupt by gifts. 2. To 
gain by a bribe. 

Bribe, v.i. To give a bribe to a person. 

Brib'er, n. One who, or that which, bribes. 

Brlb'er-y, n. Act or practice of bribing. 

Brick, n. [Either from A.-S. brice,&. breaking, fragment, 
or, better, from Armor, priek, clayey, ^r^clay.] 1. Clay 
and sand, tempered with water, molded into regular 
forms, dried in the sun, and usually burnt. 2. Bricks 
collectively. 3. A good fellow; a merry person. [Low] 
A brick in his hat, used of a person intoxicated. 

Brick, v. t. [imp. & p.p. bricked (brlkt) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. BRICKING.] To lay or pave with bricks. 
Brick'bat, n. A piece or fragment of a brick. See 

Bat, No. 4. [baked or burnt- 

Brick'-kiln (-kll), n. A kiln, in which bricks are 
Brlck'-lay'er, n. One who builds with bricks. 
Brick'-laylng, n. The art of building with bricks. 
Brick'-nog^ing, n. Brick-work carried up and filled 

in between timber framing. 
Brick'-tea, n. Fresh tea-leaves saturated with fat, or 

with an alkaline solution, and pressed into large cakes. 
Brick'- work (-wiirk), n. A structure of bricks. 
Brid'al. a. [From bride, q. v.] Belonging to a bride, or 

to a wedding ; nuptial ; connubial. 
Brid'al, n. The nuptial festival ; marriage. 
Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Goth, bruths, Icel. brildhr, W. 

priawd, a married person, Skr. praudha, bride. Cf. Skr. 

pri, to love.] 1. A woman recently married. 2. A 

woman espoused, or contracted to be married. [ding. 

Brlde'-eake, n. Cake made for the guests at a wed- 



food, foot; urn, riide, pull ; cell, fkaise, -eall, e-eho ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; this- 



BRIDE-CHAMBER 



84 



BRISKNESS 



Bride'-cham'ber, n. The nuptial apartment. 
Bride'grobm, n. [Orig. and prop, bndegoom, from 

A.-S. brydguma, from bryd, bride, and gvma, man.] A 
man newly married, or about to be married. 

Bride'-maid, 1 n. A woman who attends on a bride 

Bride§'-maid, } at her wedding. 

Bride'-man, n. ; pi. bride'-men. 1 A man who at- 

Bride§'-man, n.; pi. BRIDES-MEN. J tends upon a 
bridegroom and bride at their marriage. 

Brlde'well, n. A house of correction ; — so called from 
a hospital near St. Bride's or Bridget's well, in London, 
which was subsequently turned into a work-house. 

Bridge, n. [A.-S. brycg, bryc, brig, Icel. bryggja.] 1. 
A structure erected to make a continuous roadway over 
a watercourse, ravine, railroad, or the like. 2. Some- 
thing analogous to a bridge, as a support for the strings 
of a violin, the upper, bony part of the nose, &c. 

Bridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bridging.] To build a bridge or bridges over. 

Bridge'-board, n. {Arch.) A board on which the ends 
of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 

Bridg'ing-joist, n. (Arch.) (a.) A joist sustained by 
transverse beams below; — called also a binding-joist. 
(b.) A joist nailed or fixed to the flooring boards. 

Bri'dle, n. [A.-S. bridel.] 1. An instrument with which 
a horse is governed and restrained. 2. A restraint ; a 
curb; a check. 3. (Chin.) Part of a gun-lock. 4. 
(Naut.) A short piece of cable, intended to enable a ship, 
when moored, to veer with the wind and tide. 

Bri'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. bridled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bridling.] 1. To put a bridle upon. 2. To restrain, 
guide, or govern ; to check, curb, or control. 

Bri'dle, v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, 
as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. 

Bri'dle-path, \ n. A path or way for travelers on 

Bri'dle-way, J horse-back. 

Bri'dler, n. One who bridles. 

Bri-ddbn', n. [Fr. bridon, from bride. See BRIDLE.] 
[Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which 
acts independently of the bit. 

Brief, a. [Fr. brief, bref, Lat. brevis, short.] 1. Short 
in duration. 2. Short" in expression ; using few words. 
Syn.— Short; limited; concise; succinct; summary; com- 
pendious; laconic. 

Brief,?!. 1. An epitome ; a short or concise writing ; a 
statement in few words. 2. (Law.) (a.) An abridg- 
ment of a client's case, (b.) A writ summoning a man 
to answer to any action. 
Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope relating to public affairs. 

Briefless, a. Having no brief; without clients. 

Briefly, adv. Concisely ; in few words. [writing. 

Briefness, n. Shortness; conciseness in discourse or 

Bri'er, n. [A.-S. brier, brer, Ir. briar, Gael, preas, W. 
prys, prysg.]. [Written also briar.] 1. A prickly plant 
or shrub. 2. (Bot.) The sweet-brier and the wild- 
brier, species of the rose. 

Bri'er-y, a. Full of briers ; rough ; thorny. 

Brig, n. [Abbreviation of brig- 
antine, q. v.] A vessel with 
two masts , square-rigged. 

Hermaphrodite brig, a two 
masted vessel, square-rigged for- 
ward and schooner-rigged aft. 

Bri-gade', n. [Fr. brigade, 
Sp. brigada, It. brigata, troop, 
crew, brigade, prop, and orig. 
a contending troop, from 0. _ 
Fr. brigue, It. briga, trouble, ^ 
quarrel.] (Mil.) A division of 
troops, commanded by a gen- 
eral officer, or brigadier, and consisting of an indeter- 
minate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. 
Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade 
to assist the brigadier in his duties. 

Bri-gade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. brigaded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into 
brigades. 

Brig/a-dier'-gen'er-al, n. [Fr.,fcombrigade.] (Mil.) 
The general officer who commands a brigade, in rank 
next below a major-general. 

Brig'and, n. [L. Lat. brigans, alight-armed soldier, W. 
brigant, summit, highlander, plunderer, brigantiad, high- 
lander, depredator, from brig, top, summit, hill.] A law- 
less fellow who lives by plunder ; a robber ; a freebooter. 

Brig'and-age, n. Theft ; robbery ; plunder. 

Brig'an-tine, n. [Fr. brigantin, originally a piratical 
vessel. See Brigand.] A kind of small brig. 




Bright (brit), a. [A.-S. beorht, byrht, briht, Goth, bairhts, 
Icel. biartr ; Skr. bhrctdsh, to shine, Goth, bairhtjan, ga- 
bairhtjan.] 1. Shedding much light. 2. Transmitting 
light. 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or 
attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye. 

4. Having a clear, quick intellect ; sparkling with wit. 

5. Manifest to the mind, as light to the eyes. 

Syn.— Shining ; splendid ; luminous ; brilliant ; resplen- 
dent ; effulgent ; refulgent ; radiant ; sparkling ; glittering ; 
lucid ; beamy ; clear ; transparent ; translucent ; limpid. 

Brighton (brit'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. brightened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. brightening.] 1. To make bright or 
brighter ; to increase the luster of, 2. To make illustri- 
ous, or more distinguished. 3. To shed light upon ; to 
make cheerful. 4. To make acute or witty. 

Bright'en (bri^n), v. i. To grow bright, or more bright. 

Briglit'ly (brit'-), adv. Splendidly ; with luster. 

Bright'ness (brlt'-),n. 1. The quality of being bright. 
2. Acuteness, applied to the faculties. 

Syn. — Splendor ; luster ; radiance ; resplendence ; bril- 
liancy ; effulgence ; glory ; clearness ; transparency. 

Bright's' Di§-ea§e'. (Med.) A granular disease of the 
cortical part of the kidneys ; — so called from being first 
described by Dr. Bright, of London. 

Brill'iance, ) n. Great brightness, whether in a literal 

Brill'ian-cy, I or tropical sense ; splendor. 

Brlll'iaiit't'brll'yant), a. [Fr. brillant, p. pr. of briller, 
to shine or sparkle, from Lat. beryllus, a precious stone. 
See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering. 2. 
Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; 
splendid ; shining. 

Brill'iant, n. A diamond of the finest cut, formed so as 
to reflect and refract the light. 

Brill'iant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner ; splendidly. 

Brim, n. [A.-S. brymme, bremme.] Rim, or border, of 
any thing ; the edge or margin. 

Brim, v. i. To be full to the brim. 

Brim'f ill, a. Full to the top ; completely full. 

Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. 

Brim'ming, a. Full to the top or brim ; brimful. 

Brim'stone, n. [From A.-S. bryne, a burning, fire, and 
stone.] A hard, brittle, inflammable substance, of a 
lemon-yellow color ; sulphur. 

Brin'ded, a. [Equiv. to branded. Cf. brand and A.-S. 
brinnan, byrnan, beornan, to burn.] Having different 
colors ; variegated ; streaked. 

Brin'dle, n. [A diminutive form of brind, the root of 
brinded.] The state of being brinded ; spottedness. 

Brin'dled (brln/dld), a. Spotted ; variegated ; brinded. 

Brine, n. [A.-S. bryne, a burning, salt liquor, from brin- 
nan, byrnan, to burn.] 1. Water impregnated with salt. 
2. The ocean or sea. 3. Tears, so called from their salt- 
ness. [evaporation. 

Brine'-pan, n. A pit of salt water, for forming salt by 

Bring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brought ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BRINGING.] [A.-S. bringan, Goth, briggan, bringgan.] 
1. To convey to a person or thing ; to fetch. 2. To 
make to come; to procure ; to draw in. 3. To induce ; 
to prevail on ; to influence. 4. To convey ; to carry. 

To bring about, to effect ; to accomplish. — To bring back, to 
recall.— To bring clown, to humble or abase. — To bring forth, 
to produce ; to make manifest. — To bring in, to introduce ; to 
produce, as income ; to induce to join. — To bring off, to bear 
or convey away ; to procure to be acquitted. — To bring on, to 
cause to begin ; to cause to exist. — To bring out, to expose ; 
to detect. — To bring over, to bear across. Also, to convert ; to 
draw to a new party; to cause to change sides, or an opinion. — 
To bring to, to resuscitate.— To bring under, to subdue; to re- 
press. — To bring up, to nurse; to educate.— To bring to (Naut.), 
to check the course of, as a ship, by arranging the sails in a 
certain manner. — To bring by the lee, to incline rapidly to lee- 
ward of the course. 

Bring'er, n. One who brings or conveys. 

Brin'ish, a. Like brine ; salt ; somewhat salt ; saltish. 

Brin'ish-ness, n. Saltness ; the quality of being saltish. 

Brink (82), n. [Dan. & Sw. brink, declivity, hill, Icel. 
bringr, hillock, W. bryn, hill, bryncyn, hillock.] Edge, 
margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice ; verge. 

Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine, or to the sea ; salt. 

Brisk, a. [W. brysg, from brys, haste, quick, hasty.] 
1. Full of liveliness and activity. 2. Full of spirit or 
life; effervescing, as liquors. 

Syn. — Active ; lively ; agile ; alert ; nimble ; quick ; 
sprightly; prompt; vivacious; gay. 

Brisk'et, n. [W. brysced, Armor, brusk, bruched; Fr. 
brichet, brechet, breast-bone.] The breast of an animal; 
or that part of the breast that lies next to the ribs. 

Brisk'ly, adv. In a brisk manner. 

I Brisk'ness, n. Quality of being brisk. 



a.,e,8c.c.,long, •&, e\ &c.,sAo?^c&r6^far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,dQ,W9lf, 



BRISTLE 



85 



BRONCHOCELE 



Bris'tle (bris'l), n. [A.-S. hristl and byrst.] 1. A short, 
stiff, coarse hair, as of swine. 2. (Bot.) A species of 
pubescence on plants, in form of a stiff, roundish hair. 

Bris'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bristled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
bristling.] 1. To erect the bristles of. 2. To fix a 
bristle to. 

Bris'tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. 2. 
To have standing thick and erect, like bristles. 
To bristle up, to show anger or defiance. 

Bris'tly (brls'ly), a. Thick set with bristles, or with 
hairs resembling bristles ; rough. 

Bris'tol-board, n. A kind of fine pasteboard, made 
with a smooth and sometimes glazed surface. 

Bris'tol-brick, n. A sort of brick used for cleaning 
steel ; — so called because originally manufactured at 
Bristol, England. 

Bris'tol-dra-mond, 1 n. (Min.) Rock crystal, or crys- 

Bris'tol-stone, J tals of quartz, found in a rock 

near the city of Bristol, England. 

Bri-tan'ni-a, n. A metallic compound or alloy, consist- 
ing of 100 parts of block-tin, with 8 of antimony, 2 of bis- 
muth, and 2 of copper. 

Brit'ish, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its inhabi- 
tants ; — sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants. 

Brit'ish-giim, n. A substance of a brownish color, and 
very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch 
at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. 

Brit'tle (brlt-'tl), a. [From A.-S. bryttan, breotan, to 
break.] Easily broken ; apt to break ; fragile. 

Brit'tle-ness, n. Aptness to break ; fragility. 

Britz'ska (bris'ka), n. [Russ. britshka, Pol. bryczka, 
dim. of bryka, freight-wagon.] A kind of long carriage, 
with a calash top. 

Broach, n. [Fr. broche, spit, Sp. broca, It. & L. Lat. 
brocca, It. brocco. Cf. Lat. brochus,brocchus, a projecting 
tooth, and W. proc, thrust, stab.] 1. (Mech.) A tool of 
steel, generally tapering, for smoothing or enlarging holes 
in_metal. 2. A brooch. See Brooch. 

Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broached; p.pr. & vb. 
n. broaching-.] 1. To pierce, as with a spit. 2. To 
tap ; to pierce, as a cask, iu order to draw the liquor ; 
hence, to let out. 3. To open for the first time, as stores. 
4. To make public ; to give out ; to put forth. 

Broa-eh'er, n. 1. A spit; a broach. 2. One who 
broaches. 

Broad (brawd), a. [compar. broader ; superl. broad- 
est.] [A.-S. brad, Icel. breidhr, Goth, braids.] 1. 
Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side. 2. 
Extended, in the sense of diffused. 3. (Fig.) Having a 
large measure of any thing or quality ; — applied to any 
subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, 
the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. 
As broad as long, the same one way as another. 

Syn.— "Wide; large ; ample; extensive ; vast; comprehen- 
sive; vulgar; coarse; gross; obscene. 

Broad'- ax, ) n. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing 

Broad'- axe,) timber. 

Broad'-brim, n. 1. A kind of hat like those worn by 
the"Friends or Quakers. 2. A Quaker. [Colloq.] 

Broad'east, n. (Agric.) A casting or throwing seed 
from the hand for dispersion in sowing. 

Broad'east, adv. By scattering or throwing at large 
from the hand. 

Broadcast, a. 1. Dispersed upon the ground with the 
hand, as seed in sowing. 2. Widely spread or diffused. 

Broad Church. (Eccl.) A body of men holding liberal 
or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellow- 
ship ; — applied esp. to a portion of the church of Eng. 

Broad'eloth, n. A fine kind of woolen cloth for men's 
garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. 

Broad'en, v. i. To grow broad. [prehensive. 

Broad'en L t\ a. To make broad ; to render more com- 

Broad'-gauge, n. A wide distance (usually 6 or 7 feet) 
between the rails on a railway, in contradistinction from 
the narrow gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. 

Broad'ish, a. Rather broad ; moderately broad. 

Broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. 

Broad'ness, n. Quality of being broad ; breadth. 

Broad'-pen'nant, n. (Naut.) A square piece of bunt- 
ing carriedjat the mast-head of a commodore's vessel. 

Broad'-piece, n. A piece of gold coin broader than a 
guinea ; applied, in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
to a 205. piece. 

Broad'- seal, n. The public seal of a country or state. 

B'oad'side, n. 1. A discharge of all the guns on one 
side of a ship at the same time. 2. {Naut.) The side of 



a ship above the water, frem the bow to the quarter. 

3. {Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, 

or printed on one side only. 
Broad'sword (brawd'sord), n. A sword with a broad 

bladejrad a cutting edge. 
Bro-eade', n. [From It. broccare, L. Lat. brocare, Fr. 

brocher, to prick, to figure, to stitch. See Broach.] 

Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or enriched 

with flowers, &c. ; — also applied to other stuffs wrought 

and enriched in like manner. 
Bro-cad'ed, a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade. 2. 

Dressed in brocade. 

BrS'kage', } n ' [See Broke > Broker.] Brokerage. 

Broe'ard, n. [Perhaps from Brocardica, a collection of 
ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, 
called by the Italians and French Brocard.] An elemen- 
tary principle or maxim ; a canon. 

Brd'-ea-tel', ) n. [Sp. brocatel, Fr. brocatelle, It. bro- 

Bro'^a-tel'lo, ) catello.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, 
commonly made of silk and cotton, used chiefly for tapes- 
try, linings for carriages, &c. 2. A marble, clouded 
and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red colors. 

Broe'co-li, n. [It., pi. of broccolo, sprout, cabbage 
sprout, dim. of brocco, splinter. See Broach.] A vari- 
ety of the common cabbage, resembling the cauliflower. 

Brochure (bro-shur'), n. [Fr., from brocher, to stitch.] 
A printed and stitched work containing only a few leaves ; 
a pamphlet. 

Brock, n. [A.-S. broc, W., Corn., & Armor, broch, Ir. broc, 
brochd, brech, Gael, broc] A badger. See Badger. 

Bro'gan, or Bro-gan.', n. A stout, coarse shoe. 

Brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog, shoe, hoof. Cf. 
Breeche§.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe. 2. A corrupt 
dialect or manner of pronunciation. 

Broi'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broidered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BROIDERING.] [Fr. broder, W. brodiaw, to em- 
broider.] To embroider. [Obs.] 

Broil, n. [Of Celtic origin : W. brwg, covering, growth, 
brake, wood, brog, a swelling out, Armor. brilg, brilk, 
brake, heath, heather. Cf. Brake.] A noisy quarrel, 
either between individuals or in the state. 

Syn. — Feud; contention; fray; affray; tumult; alterca- 
tion; dissension; discord. 

Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BROILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BROILING.] [See supra.] To dress or cook over coals 
or on a gridiron. [greatly heated. 

Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat ; to be 

Broil'er, n. 1. One who excites broils. 2. A gridiron. 

Bro'kage, n. The same as Brocage ; brokerage. 

Broke', v. i. [See Broker.] 1. To transact business 
for another. [Rare.] 2. To act as go-between in love 
matters. 

Broke (20), imp. & p. p. of break. See BREAK. 

Brok'en (brok'n, 20), p. a. [From break.] 1. Parted 
by violence. 2. Made weak; infirm. 3. Subdued; 
humbled; contrite. 

Brok'en-heart'ed, a. Crushed by grief or despair. 

Brok'en-ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner. 

Brok'en-wliid'ed, a. Having short breath or disor- 
dered respiration, as a horse. 

Bro'ker, n. [0. Eng. brocour, Norm. Fr. broggour, Fr. 
brocanteur. Probably derived from brock in the same 
manner as badger, which means brock and broker.] One 
who transacts business for another ; an agent employed 
to effect bargains and contracts between other persons, 
for a certain compensation. 

Bro'ker-age, n. 1. The business or employment of a 
broker ; brocage. 2. The fee or commission given or 
charged for transacting business as a broker ; brocage. 

Bro'ma, n. [Gr. /3paj/xa, food, from /?i/?pu>cr/ceiv, to eat.] 
1. Aliment. 2. A chocolate preparation from the seeds 
or beans of the cocoa. [gen. 

Bro'mic, a. ( Chem.) Compounded of bromine and oxy- 

Bro'mlde (49), n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine 
with a metallic or combustible base. 

Bro'mine, n. [From Gr. Ppu/xos, bad smell, stink, so 
called from its odor.] (Chem.) One of the elements, 
related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. 

JBron'-ehi, } n. pi. [Gr. /Spoyxta, fipoyxos, windpipe.] 

Bron'^lii-d, [ (Anat.) The ramifications of the wind- 

Hr&n'-ehi-se, ) pipe in the lungs. 

Broii'ehi-al 1 (82), a. (Anat.) Belonging to the bron- 

Bron'ehie, J chiae, or ramifications of the windpipe. 

Bron-^hl'tis, n. [See Bronchi.] (Med.) An inflam- 
mation of any part of the bronchial membrane. 

BrSn'eho-cele, n. [Gr. fipoyxos, windpipe, and k*?A.tj, 



food, fd*bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist -, linger, link ; this- 



BRONCHOTOMY 



86 



BRUTE 



tumor.] (Med.) A morbid enlargement of the thyroid 

gland ; — called also goiter. 
Bron-ehot'o-my, n. [Gr. £pdyx°s> windpipe, and to/xij, 

a cutting.] ( Surg. ) An incision into the windpipe or 

larynx ; — called also tracheotomy, or Laryngotomy. 
Bronze (bronz or bronz), n. [Prob. fr. It. bruno, brown.] 

1. An alloy of copper with tin, to which other metals are 
sometimes added, especially zinc. 2. A statue, medal, 
or other work of art cast in bronze. 3. A brown color ; 
the color of bronze. 

Bronze (bronz or bronz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bronzed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. BRONZING.] 1. To give the appearance 
of bronze; to make brown, or of the color of bronze. 

2. To make hard or unfeeling ; to brazen. 
Brooch, n. [See Broach.] 1. An ornament, in various 

forms, with a pin or loop, for attaching it to a garment ; 
usually worn on the breast ; a bosom-pin. 2. (Paint.) 
A painting all of one color. 

Brood, v. i. [imp. & p. p. brooded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
brooding.] [A.-S. brod. See Breed.] 1. To sit on 
and cover eggs or young, as a fowl ; hence, to sit quietly. 
2. To remain a long time in anxious thought ; to muse. 

Brood, v. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. 

Brood, n. 1. Offspring; progeny. 2. That which is 
bred or produced. 

Brook (27), n. [A.-S. broc. The root is A.-S. bracan or 
brecan, Eng. to break, so that it signifies water breaking 
through the earth.] A small natural stream of water. 

Brook, v. t. [A.-S. brucan, to eat, enjoy, use, bear, Goth. 
brukjan, allied to A.-S. brecan, Eng. to break, q. v.] To 
bear ; to endure ; to be contented with. 

Brook'let, n. A small brook. 

Broom (28), n. [A.-S. brdm. Cf. Bramble.] 1. A 
genus of leguminous plants. 2. A besom, or brush with 
a long handle, for sweeping floors, &c. ; — so called from 
being originally made of the broom plant. 

Brdbm'-eorn, n. (Bot.) A species of Sorghum, or 
Guinea-corn, bearing a head of which brooms are made. 

Br dbm' stick, n. The handle of a broom. 

Brdbm'y, a. Full of broom ; consisting of broom. 

Broth (21), n. [A.-S. brodh, from breovan, to brew.] 
Liquor in which flesh or any thing else is boiled. 

Broth'el, n. [A form of bordel, orig. a little hut, from 
Goth, bawrd, Icel. bord, Eng- board.] A house of ill-fame. 

Br 6th'er(bruth / er ),n.; pi. brOth-'ers or brethren. 
[A.-S. brodhor, brodhur, Goth, brothar ,%rodhir , Lat. /ra- 
ter, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pi. broder, brodyr, Slav. & 
Buss. braV, Pol. & Serb, brat, Bohem. bratr, Ski-, bhra- 
tar, bhratri, 0. Pers. brata, Gr. ^panjp, ^parcop, a clans- 
man. The common plural is brothers; in the solemn 
style, brethren is used.] 1. He who is born of the same 
father and mother with another, or of one of them only. 
2. One closely united to another by some common tie or 
interest. 3. One who resembles another in manners or 
traits of character. 

IE®" In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by 
bipod more remote than a son of the same parents. 

Broth'er-hobd (27), n. 1. State of being a brother. 
2. An association for any purpose ; a fraternity. 3. A 
class of individuals of the same profession or occupation. 

Broth'er-in-law, n. The brother of a husband or 
wife ; also, a sister's husband. 

Broth'er-li-ness, n. State of being brotherly. 

Broth'er-ly (bruth'er-ly), a. Pertaining to brothers ; 
becoming brothers ; kind ; affectionate. 

Brougham (bro<yam or broom), n. A kind of two- 
wheeled or four-wheeled carriage. 

Brow, n. [A,-S. brdv, bruva, Goth, brahv, Gr. 64>pv<;, 
Skr. bhru.] 1. The ridge over the eye, with the hair that 
covers it. 2. The forehead. 3. General air of the 
countenance. 4. The edge of a steep place. 



To hn.it the J 



to frown ; to scowl. 



BrowHbeat, v. t. [imp. browbeat; p. p. brow- 
beaten; p. pr. & vb. n. browbeating.] To bear 
down with haughty, stern looks or arrogant assertions. 

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, re- 
sulting from the mixture of red, black, and yellow. 

Brown, a. [compar. browner ; superl. brownest.] 
[A.-S . brun, Icel. brunn, 0. H. Ger.prun,¥r. & Pr. brun, 
It., Sp., & Pg. bruno. The root is A.-S. beornan, byrnan, 
Eng. burn.] Of a dark or dusky color, of various shades, 
inclining to red or yellow. 

Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. browned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BROWNING.] To make brown ; to give a brown color to. 

Brown'-brgad, n. 1. A coarse wheaten bread made of 



unbolted meal. 2. A dark-colored bread made of wheat 
or rye, mixed with Indian meal. [Amer.] 

Brown'-coal, n. "Wood coal, or lignite. 

Brown'Ie, n. [So called from his supposed tawny or 
swarthy color.] A good-natured spirit, supposed to per- 
form important domestic services by night. [Scot.] 

Brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown ; inclined to brown. 

Brown'ness (109), n. Quality of being brown. 

Brown'-stout, n. A superior kind of porter. 

Brown'-stiidy, n. Mental abstraction ; serious reverie. 

Browge, v. t. [See infra.] To eat or nibble off, as the 
ends of branches of trees, shrubs, &c. 

Browge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. browsed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
browsing.] To feed on the tender branches or shoots 
of shrubs or trees. 

Browse (browss), n. [0. Fr. brost, broust, 0. H. Ger. 
broz, prozzen, to sprout, Armor, brous, brons, sprout, bud, 
broust, brousta, to eat, graze.] The tender branches or 
twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and 
other animals. 

Browg'er, n. An animal that browses. 

Bru'in, n. [D. bruin, brown, from his color.] A bear. 

Briiige (bruz, 32), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bruised ; p. pr. 
&"vb. n. BRUISING.] [0. Fr. bruiser, bruser, to break, 
shiver, A.-S. brysan, to bruise ; Ir. & Gael, bris, to break.] 

1. To injure or crush, as by collision of, or against, a 
solid body ; as used of animals or vegetables, to injure a 
part of, as by a blow, without laceration ; to contuse ; as 
applied to minerals, drugs, &c, to crush, or reduce to 
fragments. 2. To fight with the fists ; to box. 

Bruige, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, to plants, 

or'other bodies ; a contusion. 
Briiig'er (bryiz'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 

bruises. 2. A boxer. [Low.] 
Bruit (brut), n. [Fr. bruit, It. bruito, Low Lat. brugitus, 

W. brud, brivth, Fr. & It. bruire, L. Lat. brugire, to rustle, 

roar, rattle.] Beport ; rumor ; fame. 
Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRUITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

bruiting.] To report ; to noise abroad. 
Bru'mal (32), a. [Lat. brumalis, from bruma, winter.] 

Belonging to the winter. 
Bru-nette', n. [Fr., brownish, dim. of brun, brune, 

brown, q. v.] A girl or woman with a brown or dark 

complexion. 
Brunt, n. [A.-S. bront, boiling, foaming, raging. Cf. 

Burn.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset. 

2. The force of a blow ; shock. 3. A sudden effort, con- 
tact, or engagement. 

Brush, n. [0. Fr. brosse, broce, broche, Sp. broza, bruza, 
It. brusca, 0. H. Ger. brusta, bursta, burst, borst, bristle, 
from 0. H. Ger. bursta, bristle.] 1. An instrument of 
bristles, &c, used for various purposes, as removing 
dust, laying on colors, &c. 2. Branches of trees lopped 
off; brushwood. 3. A thicket of shrubs or small trees. 
4. A skirmish ; a slight encounter. 5. Any thing re- 
sembling a brush. 

Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRUSHED (brusht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BRUSHING.] 1. To apply a brush to, according 
to its particular use. 2. To pass lightly over, as a brush. 

3. To remove or gather by brushing, or some like act. 
To brush up, to make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse. 

Brush, v. i. 1. To move nimbly in haste. 2. To move 
or skim over with a slight contact. 

Briish'er, n. One who, or that which, brushes, [ness. 

Brush'i-ness, n. Quality of resembling a brush ; shaggi- 

Brush'- wheel, n. A wheel without teeth, sometimes 
used in light machinery to turn another wheel, by means 
of bristles, or something brush-like, or soft, as cloth or 
buff-leather, attached to the circumference ; — also used 
for polishing metals, &c. 

Brush'- wood, n. 1. A thicket or coppice of small trees 
and shrubs. 2. Small branches cut from trees. 

Brush'y, a. Besembling a brush ; rough ; shaggy. 

Brus'tle (brus'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BRUSTLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BRUSTLING.] [A.-S. brastlian, fr. brastl, a crack- 
ing, breaking, fr. berstan, to burst.] To make a small, 
crackling noise ; to rustle ; to vapor, as a bully. [ Obs.] 

Bru'tal (32), a. [See Brute .] 1. Pertaining to a brute. 
2"." Like a brute ; savage ; cruel ; inhuman. 

Bru-tal'i-ty, n. Quality of being brutal ; inhumanity ; 
savageness ; cruelty. 

Bru'tal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brutalized; p. pr. 
&."vb. n. brutalizing.] To make brutal. 

Bru'tal-ly, adv. In a brutal manner ; cruelly. 

Br iite (32), a, [Lat. brutus.] 1. Not having sensation; 
senseless; unconscious. 2. Not possessing reason ; irra- 
tional. 3. Not connected with intelligence ; unintelli- 



a,e,8cc.,long; a,e, &c.,short; cave, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique,flrm; son, or, do, wolf , 



BRUTE 



87 



BUFFALO 



gent; animal. 4. Characteristic of beasts ; bestial. 5. 
Destitute of sentiment and sensibility ; rough. 

Brute, n. [See supra.] 1. A beast ; any animal destitute 
of "reason. 2. A low-bred, xmfeeling person. 
• Bru'ti-fy, v. t. [Lat. brutus, brute, and facere, to make.] 
[imp. & p.p. brutified; p. pr. & vb. n. brutify- 
ing.] To make a brute of ; to brutalize. 

Bru/tish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute ; hav- 
ing some of the qualities or characteristics of brutes. 

Syn. — Ignorant; untaught; insensible; stupid; unfeeling; 
savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; 
carnal; sensual; bestial. 

Bru'tish-ly, adv. In the manner of a brute. 

Bryi'tisli-ness, n. Quality of being brutish ; stupidity ; 
insensibility ; brutality. [actions of a brute 

Bru'tigm, n. The nature or characteristic qualities or 

Bry'o-ny, n. [Gr. ,8pviovia, (Spvwvr), fr. ffpvetv, to swell.] 
(Bat.) A genus of climbing plants of different species. 

Bub,«. A brother. [Colloq. or low.] See BuBBY. 

Bub'ble, n. [D. bobbel. Cf. Lat. bulla.] 1. A small 
vesicle of water or other fluid inflated with air. 2. Any 
thing that wants firmness or solidity ; a delusive scheme ; 
a dishonest speculation. 

Bub'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BUBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BUBBLING.] 1. To rise in bubbles. 2. To run with a 
gurgling noise. 3. To make a bubbling or gurgling 
sound. [Rare.] 

Bub'ble, v. t. To cheat ; to deceive, or impose on. 

Buh'bler, n. 1. One who cheats. 2. A kind of fish so 
called from the singular grunting noise which it makes. 

Biib'bly, a. Abounding in bubbles ; bubbling. 

BubHoy, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. biibi, It. poppa, 0. Fr. poupe, 
a woman's breast, teat.] A woman's breast. [Low.] 

Biib'by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Brother; — a 
word applied to small boys. [ Colloq.] 

Bii'bo, n.; pi. bu'bSes. [Gr. 0o '/Jiiv, the groin, a swell- 
ing in the groin.] 1. (Anat.) The groin. 2. {Med.) 
An inflammation , with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, 
particularly in the groin. 

Bu-bon'o-cele , n. [Gr. /3ov,3wv, groin, and Ky^y, tumor.] 
(Med.) A tumor in the groin ; inguinal rupture, [cheek. 

Bue'eal, a. [Lat. bucca, cheek.] Pertaining to the 

Bue'ea-neer', ) n. [Fr. boucanier, from boucaner, to 

Bue'a-nier', j smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt 
wild beasts for their skins, boucan, a smoking-place for 
meat or fish, gridiron for smoking ; a word of Amer. ori- 
gin.] A pirate ; a freebooter ; — applied esp. to the pirat- 
ical adventurers who formerly infested the West Indies. 

B3= The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or 
Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine. 

Bue-ci'nal, a. [Lat. buccina, a crooked horn or trum- 
pet.] Trumpet-shaped. 

Bu-cen'taur, n. [Gr. fiovs, ox, and Kevravpos centaur, 
q. v.] 1. ( Myth.) A fabulous monster, half ox and half 
man. 2. [Ital. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, 
used in going to the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. 

Bu'-ehu., n. (Bot. ) A plant used for diseases of the bladder. 

Buck, n. [L. Ger. buke, probably from bake, book, beech, 
because formerly lye was usually made of the ashes of 
this tree.] 1. Lye in which cloth is soaked in the oper- 
ation of bleaching ; also the liquor in which clothes are 
washed. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. 

Buck, v. t. [See supra.] 1. To soak or steep in lye ; to 
wash or steep in lye or suds. 2. (Mining.) To break up 
or pulverize, as ores. 

Buck,n. [A.-S. bucca, buc, Ger. 
bock, Fr. bouc, W. bwch. The 
root is perh. contained in Ger. 
bochen, to beat.] 1. The male 
of the fallow deer, of the goat, 
the sheep, the rabbit, and hare. 
2. A gay, dashing young fellow. 

Biick'-bas'ket, n. A basket 
in which clothes are carried to 
the wash. 

Buek/board, \n. A rude four-wheeled vehicle, con- 

Buck'wag'on, j sisting of a long board resting on the 
two axletrees, and carrying a seat or seats placed trans- 
Tersely upon it. 

Buck'et, n. [A.-S. buc. Cf. Fr. baquet, tub, bucket, 
from bac, bale. See Bac, n.] 1. A vessel for drawing 
or carrying water or other liquids. 2. (Mach.) One of 
the cavities on the rim of a water-wheel, int© which the 
water rushes, causing it to revolve. 3. The float of a 
paddle-wheel. [States. 

Biick'eye, n. (Bot.) A tree, indigenous in the Western 




Buck. 



Biick'ish, a. Pertaining to a buck, or to gay young fel- 
lows ; foppish. 

Buck'le (buk'l), n. [Lat. buccula. a little cheek or mouth, 
dim. of bucca, cheek.] 1. An instrument attached to a 
belt or strap, and used for fastening things together. 2. 
A curl, or a state of being curled or crisped, as hair. 

Buck'le (bQk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buckled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. buckling.] 1. To fasten with a buckle. 2. 
To prepare for action ; to set stoutly at work. 

Buck'le (b&k'l), v. i. 1. To bend; to bow. 2. To 
struggle ; to contend. 

To buckle to, to bend to; to apply with vigor to. 

Biick'ler, n. [See Buckle.] A kind of shield, anciently 
used in war. 

Buck'-mast, n. [For beech-mast, q. v., from Scot. buck. 
beech, and mast.] The mast or fruit of the beech- tree. 

Buek'ra, n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, 
buckra means " demon, a powerful and superior being."] 
A white man;— a term used by the blacks of the Afri- 
can coast, the West Indies, and the Southern States. 

Biick'ra, a. [See supra.] White ; as, buckra yam. 

Biick'ram, n. [Fr. bougran, 0. Fr. boucaran, from Fr. 
bouracan, barracan, &c, by transposing the letter r. See 
Barracan.] A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. 

Buck'ram, a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff; precise. 

Biick'skin, n. 1. The skin or leather of a buck ; a 
kind of leather. 2. pi. Breeches made of buckskin. 

Biick'stall, n. A toil or net to take deer. [species. 

Buck'ttibrn, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, of many 

Buck'wheat, n. [From Scot, buck, beech, and wheat.] 
( Bot .) A plant, the seed of which is used as a grain. 

Bu-col'ic, ) a , [Q r . (jovk.o\ik6<;, from )3ou/c6Aos, cow- 

Bu-eol'ie-al, j herd, herdsman.] Relating to the life 
and occupation of a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic. 

Bu-eol'i-e, n. A pastoral poem', representing rural affairs, 
and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds. 

Bu-^ra'ni-d, n. pi. [Lat.] (Arch.) Sculptured orna- 
ments, representing ox-skulls adorned with wreaths, &c. 

Bud, n. [D. bot, H. Ger. butze , butz , core of a fruit, bud.] 
1. An undeveloped branch or flower. 2. A prominence 
on certain animals of inferior grades, which grows into an 
animal, precisely as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. 

Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. budded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUD- 
DING.] 1. To put forth buds. 2. To begin to grow, 
or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 
3. To be in bloom, or growing like a young plant. 

Bud, v. t. To insert, as the bud of a plant, under the 
bark of another tree, for the purpose of raising, on any 
stock, a species of fruit different from that of the stock. 

Bud'dhi§m (bdbd'izm), n. The doctrine originally 
taught by the Hindu sage, surnamed Buddha, in the 6th 
century B. C, and adopted as a religion by the greater 
part of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. 

Bud'dhist (bobd'ist), n. A votary of Buddhism. 

Bud'dhist, \ a. Relating to, or connected with, Bud- 

Bud-dhist'i-e, ( dhism, or its founder. 

Bude'- light (-lit), n. [From Bude, the residence of the in- 
ventor.] An intense white light, produced by burning a 
purified coal-gas in a compound Argand lamp of a pecu- 
liar construction. 

Budge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BUDGING.] [Fr. bouger, to stir, move ; It. bulicare, to 
boil, bubble, from bulire, bollire, to boil, bubble up.] To 
move off; to stir ; to wag. 

Budge, n. [From Lat. bulga, a leathern bag or knap- 
sack, a Gallic word.] Lamb-skin fur, used formerly as 
an edging and ornament, especially of scholastic habits. 

Budge, a. [From budge, n.] 1. Lined with budge : 
hence, scholastic. 2. Austere or stiff. 3. [From budge, 
to move or stir.] Brisk; stirring. [Obs.] 

Biidg'er, n. One who budges. 

Budg'et, n. [See Budge, n.] 1. A bag or sack, with 
its contents ; hence, a stock or store. 2. The annual 
financial statement made in the House of Commons. 

Biid'let, n. A little bud or shoot. 

Buff, n. [Fr. bceuf, beef, 0. Eng. buff, buffe, buffah \ 
1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buf- 
falo, and also of oxen, elks, and other animals, di'essed 
in oil. 2. A military coat, made of buff-skin or similar 
leather. 3. A color between light pink and light yellow. 
4. (Med.) A grayish, viscid coat or crust observed on 
blood. 5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, 
and used in polishing. 6. The bare skin. 
Buff , a. 1. Made of buff leather. 2. Of the color of 

buff leather ; between light pink and light yellow. 
Buf'fa-lo, n. ; pi. BUF-'FALOEg. [Lat. bubalus, Gr. 
fiovPaXoq, a kind of African stag ; also, a wild ox.] 1. 



food, f tfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link j this. 



BUFFALO-ROBE 



BULL-HEAD 




(Zool.) A kind of wild ox found in most of the warmer 
countries of the eastern con- 
tinent. 2. A buffalo -robe. 

OQf- The name is erroneously 
applied to the bison of North 
America. See Bison. 

Biiffa-lo-robe, n. The 

skin of the bison, or so-called 
buffalo, of North America, 
prepared with the hair on. 

Buffer, ?i. (Mech.) A cush- 
ion, or apparatus to deaden 
the concussion between a moving body and one on which 
it strikes, as at the ends of a railway carriage. 

Buffet, n. [Fr. buffet, It. bu-fetto, L. Lat. bufetum. 
Cf. Sp. bufia,& leather bag to carry wine, wineskin. Prob. 
buffet, bufete, orig. meant a wineskin, and then a board 
or table where wine in skins was placed and sold.] A cup- 
board, sideboard, or closet, at one side of a room, for the 
display of plate, china, and other like articles. 

Buffet, n. [0. Fr., from buffe, blow, It. buffetto, fillip ; 
0. Fr. bufeter. to beat.] 1. A blow with the hand ; a cuff. 
2. Tiolent force or resistance, as of winds and waves. 

Buffet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUFFETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
buffeting.] 1. To box ; to beat; to cuff; to slap. 
2. To contend against. [way by buffeting. 

Buffet, v. i. 1. To play at boxing. 2. To make one's 

Buf fet-er, n. One who buffets ; a boxer. 

Huffo,n. [It. Seeinfra.] The comic actor in an opera. 

Buf-fdbn', it. [Fr. bouffon, Sp. buf one, It. buffone, 
buffo, either from Fr. bouffer, to puff out, to blow, to 
puff, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the 
amusement of the spectators ; or from buff, to strike, be- 
cause they amused them by buffing or cuffing each other ; 
or from It. buffa, Sp. bufa, joke, trifle, nonsense.] A 
man who amuses others by low tricks, antic gestures, 
jokes, and other vulgar pleasantries ; a droll ; a mimic ; 
a harlequin ; a mountebank ; a clown. 

Buf-fobn'er-y, n. The arts and practices of a buffoon ; 
low jests ; ridiculous pranks ; vulgar tricks and postures. 

Buf-f oou'ieli, a. Like a buffoon. 

Buffy, a. Resembling buff; having the appearance of 
the blood known as the buff. 

Bug, n. [Perhaps from W. bivg, hobgoblin, scare-crow ; or 
allied to Armor, pouch, dirty, ugly. See infra.] An in- 
sect of many species ; esp., an hemipterous insect of the ge- 
nus, or family , Cimex, having a beaked or sucking mouth. 

Bug, ) n. [W. bwg, bwgan, from bw, a terrifying 

Biig'bear, [ object.] Something frightful, as a spec- 

Bug'a-boo, ) ter ; any thing imaginary that frightens. 

Bug'gi-ness, n. State of being infested with bugs. 

Bug'gy, a. Abounding with bugs. 

Bug'gy, n. 1. A light one-horse chaise. [Eng.] 2. 
A light one-horse, four-wheel vehicle, usually with one 
seat, and with or without a calash top. [Amer.] 

Bu'gle, I n. [From bugle, 

Bu'gle-h6rii, j (Lat. buculus, a 
young bullock, steer, dim. of bos, 
ox,) a sort of wild ox, buffalo.] A 
musical wind instrument used in 
hunting or for military music. 

Bu'gle (bu'gl), n. [L. Lat. bugulus, 
a female ornament, Ger. bvgel, a 
bent piece of metal or wood.] An 
elongated glass bead. 

Bu'gle, n. [Ft. bugle, It. bugola, Lat. bugillo.] (Bot.) 
A deciduous, herbaceous plant, a native of Europe. It is 
used in medicine. 

Bu'gler, n. One who plays on a bugle. 

Bu'gloss, n. [Gr. povyKuxrcros, ox-tongue, (3ovs, ox, 
and y\£>o-<ra, tongue ; — from its long, rough leaves.] 
(Bot.) A plant used in dyeing and coloring ; ox- tongue. 

Buhl (bul), n. [So called from A. Ch. Boule (1642-1732), 
a French carver in wood.] A light and complicated fig- 
ure of brass, unburnished gold, &c, set into surfaces of 
ebony or other dark wood, or of tortoise-shell. 

Bulir'-stone (bihVston), n. [0. Eng. bur, a whetstone 
for scythes.] (Mm.) A variety of flinty quartz, valuable 
for mill-stones. [Often written burr-stone.] 

Build, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUILT ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUILD- 
ING. The regular imp. & p. ,p.,BUlLDED, is antiquated.] 
[A.-S. byldan, to build, from bold, house, hall.] 1. To 
frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice or fabric of any 
kind ; to fabricate ; to construct. 2. To raise on any 
support or foundation. 3. To increase and strengthen. 

Build, v. i. 1. To practice building. 2. To construct, 
rest, or depend, as on a foundation. 




Bugle-horn. 



Build, n. Form or mode of construction. 

Build'er, n. One who builds. 

Build'iug, n. 1. Act of constructing, erecting, or eetalv 
lishing. 2. Art of constructing edifices ; practice of civil 
architecture. 3. A thing built, as a house, church, &c. 

Bulb, n. [Lat. bulbus, Gr. /ioA/3o s .] 1. (Bot.) A bud 
or cluster of partially developed leaves, growing from a 
plant (usually below the ground), and producing a stem 
above, and roots below, as in the onion. 2. (Anat.) A 
part resembling in shape certain bulbous roots. 3. An 
expansion or protuberance on a stem, as the bulb of a 
thermometer. 

Bulb-if er-oiis, a. [Lat. bulbus, andferre, to bear.] 
(Bot.) Producing bulbs. 

Bulb'ous, a. (Bot.) Having or containing bulbs, or a 
bulb ; growing from bulbs ; bulb-like in shape. 

Bulge, n. [Cf. A.-S. balg, bdlig, Eng. belly, W. bwlg, a 
bulky round body.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask ; 
protuberance. 2. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. 

Bulge, v. i. 1. To swell or jut out ; to be protuberant. 
2. To bilge, as a ship. 

Bulk, n. [Icel. bulka, to swell, W. bivlg, bulk, bwl, a 
round, hollow body, rotundity.] 1. Magnitude of mate- 
rial substance ; dimensions ; size ; mass. 2. The ma- 
jority ; the largest or principal portion. 3. (Naut.) The 
whole cargo of a ship when stowed. 

In bull', in a mass, or solid state. — Laden, or stowed in bulk, 
having the cargo loose in the hold. — Sale by bulk, a sale of 
goods as they are, without weight or measure. — To break bulk 
(JVaut.), to b'egin to unload. 

Bulk'er, n. (Naut.) A person employed to ascertain the 
capacity of goods, so as to fix the amount of freight or 
shore-dues to which they are liable. 

Bulk'-head, n. (Naut.) A partition in a ship, made 
with boards, &c, to form separate apartments. 

Bulk'i-ness, n. Greatness in bulk, size, or stature. 

Bulk'y, a. Of great bulk or dimensions ; large. 

Bull, n. [The root is in A.-S. bellan, to bellow, roar.] 1. 
The male of any bovine quadruped ; hence, the male of 
any large quadruped, as the elephant. 2. (Astron.) Tau- 
rus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 3. (Stock 
Exchange.) One who nominally buys stock on time, 
agreeing with the seller (called a bear) to take a certain 
amount at a future day at a stated price, paying or re- 
ceiving the difference in case of an alteration of price in 
the intervening time. See BEAR. 

Bull, n. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded by art, L. Lat. a 
seal or stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. The seal appended 
to the edicts and briefs of the pope. See BILL. 2. An 
edict, or rescript of the pope, containing some decree, 
order, or decision. 3. An apparent congruity, but real 
incongruity, of ideas, suddenly discovered ; — so called, 
perhaps, from the striking contrast between the humble 
professions of the pope, as, for example, his styling him- 
self a " servant of servants," and the absolute and des' 
potic nature of the commands, or bulls, issued by him. 

Bull'-baifing, n. The prac- 
tice of baiting or exciting bulls 
with dogs. 

Biill'-ealf (-kaf), n. A male 
calf; a stupid fellow. , 

Bull'- dog, n. A variety of ' 
dog, of remarkable ferocity and 
courage ; — so named, prob- 
ably, from being employed in 
baiting bulls, or from the size 
of the head. 

Btil'let, n. [Fr. boulet, dim. of boule, ball.] A small 
tiall ; esp. one of lead, to be discharged from small-arms. 

Bul'le-tin, n. [Fr. bulletin, It. bulletino, bolletino, dim. 
o'f bulletta, bolletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the 
pope. See Bull.] 1. A brief statement of facts re- 
specting some passing event, issued by authority for the 
information of the public. 2. Any public notice or an- 
nouncement, especially of news recently received. 

Bul'le-tin-board, n. A board on which announce- 
ments of news are put up. 

Bull'-figlit (-fit), n. A combat with a bull. 

Bull'-fiiich. (66), n. (Ornith.) A 
s'inging-bird allied to the grosbeak, 
having the breast, cheeks, and throat 
of a crimson color. 

Bull'-frog, n. (Zool.) A large ( 
species of frog, found in North" 
America. It makes a loud, croaking 
noise, whence, probably, its name. 

Bull'-liead, n. 1. (Ichth.) (a.) A 




Bull-dog. 




Bullfinch, 
fish of the genns 



BULLION 



89 



BUOYANCY 



Cottus. (b.) In America, a kind of fish, called also cat- 
fish and horned-pout. 2. A stupid fellow ; a lubber. 

Bull/ion (bul'yun), n. [Lat. bulla, any object swelling 
up and thus becoming round, any thing rounded by art.] 
Uncoined gold or silver iu the mass. 

©3= The word is often used to denote gold and silver, both 
coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, 
including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin. 

Bull'ock,'«. [A.-S. bulluca, a young bull. See Bull,.] 
i. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. 2. An 
ox, or castrated bull. 

Buir§'-eye, n. 1. (Naut.) An oval wooden block with- 
out sheaves, having a groove around it, and a hole 
through it. 2. A thick piece of glass inserted in a deck, 
roof, &c, to let in light. 3. Any circular opening for 
air or light. 4. A policeman's lantern, with a thick 
glass reflector on one side. 5. The center of a target. 

6. A thick knob or protuberance left on a sheet of plate- 
glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown. 

7. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Amer.] 
Bull'- trout, n. (Ichth.) A large species of trout, stouter 

than the common kind, and, like the salmon, ascending 
rivers periodically to spawn. 

Bull'y, n. [Perh. fr. bull, the pope's letter, in which he 
threatened and blustered, or corrupted fr. burly, boister- 
ous. Cf. 0. Eng. bully, to boil.] A noisy, blustering fel- 
low, more insolent than courageous ; a quarrelsome person. 

Bul'ly, a. Jovial; merry. [Low.] 

Bull'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bullied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BULLYING.] To insult with noise and blustering 
menaces ; to treat with insolence. 

Bull'y, v. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome. 

Syn.— To bluster; swagger; vapor; crow; domineer. 

Bul'rush, n. [From bull, in the sense of large, and rush.] 
(Bot.) A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water. 

Bul'wark, n. [Either from Ger. bohle, plank, or bolen, 
]&. H. Ger. boln, 0. H. Ger. polon, to roll, hurl, and Ger. 
werk, work, defense.] 1. (Fort.) An outwork for de- 
fense ; a bastion. 2. Any means of defense ; a screen or 
shelter. 3. pi. (Naut.) The sides of a ship above the 
upper deck. 

Bul'wark, v. t. To fortify with a rampart ; to protect. 

Bum, n. [Contracted from bottom, which has the same 
signification.] The buttocks. [Low.] 

Biim/foail'iff, n. [A corruption of bound-bailiff".] An 
under bailiff. [Eng. Low.] 

Biim'Me-bee, n. [0. Eng. bumble, to make a hum- 
ming noise, and bee.] A large bee, sometimes called 
humble-bee ; so named from its sound. 

Bu.m'fooat, n. [From bum, the buttocks, on account of 
its clumsy form.] (Naut.) A clumsy boat, used for con- 
veying provisions, fruit, &c, for sale, to vessels lying in 
port or off shore. 

Bum/kin, n. [From boom, and the dim. term, kin.] 
(Naut.) (a.) Piecesof timber projecting from each bow of 
a vessel, to haul the foretack to ; also, from each quarter, 
for the standing part of the main brace, (b.) A small out- 
rigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. 

Bum'mer, n. 1. A houseless vagrant. 2. A forager; a 
soldier who wanders about in search of food and plunder. 

Bump, ?i. [From bump, to strike, thump ; it signifies a 
swelling or tumor, as the effect of a stroke or fall. Cf. 
W.pwmp, a round mass, pwmpiaw, to form a round 
mass, to thump, to bang.] 1. A thump ; a heavy blow. 
2. A swelling or protuberance. 

Biimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bumped (burnt, 84) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. bumping.] [An onomatopoeia. Cf. L. Ger. 
bumsen, bamsen, to strike or fall on with a hollow noise.] 
To strike, as with or against any thing large or solid. 

Biimp, v. i. [See Boom, v. i., 3.] To make a loud, 
heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. 

Bum/per, n. [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a 
large drinking vessel.] A cup or glass filled to the brim. 

Bump'kiu (buin'kin, 84), n. [Either from bump, a swell- 
ing, \V. pwrnp, a round mass, or the same word as bum- 
kin. Cf. W. pwmp o ddyn, a large, heavy man.] An 
awkward, heavy rustic ; a clown, or country lout. 

Bun, ) n. [Scot, bun, bunn. Cf. 0. Fr. bum, bugne, 

Bunn, ) buigne, beugne, tumor, boss, N. Fr. beignet, 
Sp. bunuelo, bunn, a sort of sweet-bread. Cf. 0. H. Ger. 
bungo, bulb, M. H. Ger. bunge, Icel. bunga, tumor.] A 
small sweet-cake. 

Bunch, n. [0. Sw. & Dan. bunke, heap, Icel. bunki, 
heap, pile, bunga, tumor, W. pwng, cluster.] 1. A 
protuberance ; a hunch ; a knob or lump. 2. A collec- 
tion, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, 
growing or fastened together. 



Bunch, v. i. To swell out, as into a bunch or protuber- 
ance. 

Bunch , v. t. To form or tie in a bunch or bunches. 

Bunch'i-ness, n. Quality of being bunchy. 

Biinch'y, a. 1. Swelling out in bunches or protuber- 
ances. _ 2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch. 

Biin'combe I (biink'um), n. [Buncombe, a county of 

Bun'kum j North Carolina, represented in the 16th 
Congress by an old mountaineer, who near the close of 
the debate on the " Missouri Question," when the house 
were impatient to come to a vote, insisted on making a 
speech because the people of his district expected it.] 1. 
A body of constituents. 2. Speech-making for mere 
show, or for the gratification of constituents. [Amer.] 

Bun'dle, n. [A.-S. byndel, from the root of bind, A.-S. 
bindan. See Bind.] A number of things bound together, 
especially into a package convenient for handling or con- 
veyance ; a parcel ; a roll. 

Bun'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bundled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. bundling.] To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 
To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or pet. 

Bun'dle, v. i. To set off in a hurry. 
Bun'dle-pil'lar, n. A column or pier, with others of 

small dimensions attached to it. 
Bung, n. [Cf. W. bwng, Ger. spund, 0. Eng. bung, 

pocket, purse, A.-S. pung, Icel. pungr, Sw. & Dan. pung, 

0. H. Ger. phung, Goth, pugg.] 1. The stopper of the 
orifice in the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice itself. 

Bung, v. t. To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, 
with a bung. 

Biin'ga-low, n. [Bengalee bangla.] A house or cottage, 
of a single floor. [India.] [which it is filled. 

Biing'-hole, n. The hole in the bilge of a cask through 

Bun'gle (bung'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. bungled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BUNGLING.] [Bungle may be a diminutive 
form of Prov. Ger. bungen, to beat, bang.] To act or 
work in a clumsy , awkward manner. 

Bun'gle, v. t. To make or mend clumsily ; to botch. 

Biin'gler, n. A clumsy, awkward workman. 

Bun'gling, a. 1. Unskillful; awkward; clumsy. 2. 
Clumsily or unskillfully done. 

Biin'gling-ly, adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. 

Bun/ion (bun'yun), n. (Med.) An enlargement and in- 
flammation of the joint of the great toe. See BuNYON. 

Biink, n. [Sw. bunke, a wooden vessel, tub, coop, 0. 
Eng. bung, pocket, purse, A.-S. bune, a sort of cup. See 
Bung.] A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat 
in the day-time and for a bed at night ; one of a series 
of berths or bed-places arranged in vertical tiers. [Amer.] 

Bunk, v. i. To retire to bed in a bunk. [Amer.] 

Biin'yon, I n. [Scot, bunyan, 0. Eng. bunny, a small 

Bun'ion, \ swelling. Cf. BUN.] (Med.) An enlarge- 
ment and inflammation of the small membranous sac at 
the inside of the ball of the great toe. 

Bunt, n. [Either from Sw. bunt, bundle, Dan. bundt, Ger. 
bund, because it is formed into a sort of bag, that it may 
receive the more wind, or from 0. Eng. bunt, the puff- 
ball.] (Naut.) The middle part or belly of a sail. 

Bunt, v. ?. [See supra.] 1. (Naut.) To swell out. 2. 
To push with the horns ; to butt. See POINT. 

Bunt'ing, n. [Perh. fr. Ger. bunt, variegated, motley, as 
it is covered with a great many small black spots.] ( Or- 
nith.) A bird of different species, of the genus Emberiza. 

Bunt'ing, \ n. [Probably from Ger. bunt, variegated, 

Biint'ine, ) streaked.] A thin woolen stuff, of which 
the colors or flags and signals of ships are made. 

Bunt'line, n. (Naut.) One of the ropes fastened to 
cringles in the foot-rope of a sail, used to haul up the 
body of the sail when taking it in. 

Buoy (bwoy or bwoy), n. [D. boey, 
boei, buoy, fetter; L. Ger. boie,boje ; 
M. H. Ger. boije ; 0. Fr. boye, N. Fr. 
bouee, a buoy ; Sp. botja; 0. Fr. buie, 
a fetter, Lat. boja.] A float ; especially 
a floating mark to point out the posi- 
tion of objects beneath the water. 

Buoy (bwoy or bwoy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUOYED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BUOYING.] 1. To keep afloat. 2. To 
keep from sinking into ruin or despondency. 3. To fix 
buoys to ; to mark by buoys. [lightness. 

Buoy (bwoy or bwoy), v. i. To float ; to rise by specific 

Buoy'age (bwoy/- or bwoy'-), n. Buoys taken collec- 
tively ; the providing of buoys. 

Buoy'an-cy (bwoy'- or bwoy'-), n. [From buoyant.] 

1. The quality of floating ; specific lightness. 2. 
( Physics. ) The weight just sufficient to submerge a float- 
ing body by. 3. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. 




Buoy. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



BUOYANT 



90 



BURNISH 



Buoy'ant (buoy'- or bwoy/-), a. [From buoy, v. i.] 1. 
Having tne quality of ribing or floatiug in a fluid, 2. 
Bearing up, as a nuid. 3. Vivacious ; cheerful. 

Buoy'ant-ly, adv. In a buoyant manner. 

Bur, I n. [D. burre, 0. Sw. borra, burdock, thistle, Ger. 

Burr, ) burre, cud-weed, hair, feathers, straw, Fr. 
bourre, hair, wool, stuff.] 1. Any prickly envelope of 
the seeds of plants. 2. The rough edge left by a tool in 
cutting or dressing metal. 3. A guttural mispronuncia- 
tion of the letter r. 

Bur'bot, n. [Fr. barbote, from barbe, beard.] (Ichth.) 
A fish shaped like an eel, but shorter and thicker, with a 
flat head, having on the nose two small beards, and an- 
other on the chin. 

Bur'den (bur'dn), n. [Written also burthen.] [A.-S. 
byrdhen, Goth, baurthei, from the root of bear, A.-S. 
beran, Goth, bairan.] 1. That which is borne or car- 
ried. 2. Hence, that which is grievous, wearisome, or 
oppressive. 3. The contents or capacity of a ship. 

Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens.— 
Burden of proof [Lat. onus proband i] (Law), the necessity or 
duty of proving a fact or facts in dispute on an issue raised be- 
tween the parties in a cause. 

Syn. — Load; encumbrance; oppression. —Burden is ge- 
neric; a load is something laid upon us, as a load of care. The 
other words explain themselves. 

Bur'den, n. [Fr. bourdon, great bell, drone, humble- 
bee, Sp. bordon, It. bordone, L. Lat. burdo, drone, Fr. 
bourdonner, to hum, buzz, drone.] The verse repeated 
in a song ; the chorus ; refrain. Hence, that which is 
often repeated ; the main topic. 

Bur'den (biuVdn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. burdened; 
p.pr. & vb. n. BURDENING.] 1. To lay a heavy load 
upon. 2. To oppress with any thing grievous or trying. 

Bur'den-oiis, a. Heavy to be borne ; burdensome. 

Bur'den-some, a. Grievous to be borne ; oppressive. 

Bur'den-some-ly, adv. In a burdensome manner. 

Bur'den-some-ness, n. Quality of being burden- 
some, [bristly fruit. 

Bur'dock, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants having a rough, 

Bu'reau (bu'ro, 114), n. ; pi. bureaux (bu'roz) or bu'- 
REAU§ (bu'roz). [Fr. bureau, a writing table, desk, of- 
fice, 0. Fr. equivalent to bure, drugget, with which orig. 
a writing table was covered.] 1. Orig., a desk or writing 
table, with drawers for papers. 2. The place where a 
bureau is used, or the office where business is transacted. 

3. A department for the transaction of business by a 
public functionary ; the body of subordinate officers in a 
department who labor under the direction of a chief. 

4. A chest of drawers for clothes, &c. [Amer.] 
Bu-reau'-era-cy (bu-ro'kra-sy), n. [Fr. bureaucratie, 

from bureau and Gr. Kparelv, to govern.] A system in 
which the business of government is carried on in depart- 
ments, each under the control of a chief. [Recent.] 

Bu'reau-erat'ie, a. Relating to, or having the form 
of, a bureaucracy. 

Burg, n. [A.-S. form of borough, q. v.] 1. A fortified 
town. [Obs.] 2. A borough. See BOROUGH. 

Burg'age, n. [From burg, L. Lat. burgagium.] (Eng. 
Law.) A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the 
king or other lord of a borough or city, at a certain yearly 
rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. 

Bur'ga-mSt', n. 1. A variety of pear. 2. A kind of 
perfume. See Bergamot. 

Bur-geois' (bur-jois'), n. See Bourgeois. 

Bur'geon, d. «. To bud. See Bourgeon. 

Bur'gess, n. [Fr. bourgeois, from bourg, borough. See 
Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant, citizen, or freeman of 
a borough. 2. A representative of a borough. 3. A 
magistrate of a borough. 

Burg'grave, n . [Ger. burggraf, from burg, fortress, 
and graf, count.] ( Germany.) Originally, one appointed 
to the command of a burg; but the title afterward be- 
came hereditary, with a domain attached. 

Burgh (burg), n. See Burg and Borough. 

Burgh'al (bQrg'al), a. Belonging to a burgh. 

Burgh'er (b.lrg/er), n. [From burgh.] An inhabitant 
or freeman of a burgh or borough. 

Burg'lar, n. [Written also burglarer or burglerer, and 
burglayer, from burgh, borough, town, and 0. Fr. laire, 
thief, from Lat. latro.] (Law.) One who breaks and en- 
ters a mansion or dwelling-house, in the night-time, with 
intent to commit a felony. 

Bur-gla'ri-oiis, a. Pertaining to burglary ; constitut- 
ing the_crime of burglary. 

Bur-gla'ri-ous-ly, adv. With an intent to commit 
burglary ; in the manner of a burglar. 

Burg'la-ry, n. (Law.) The breaking and entering the 



dwelling-house of another, in the night-time, with intent 
to commit a felony therein. 

©3 s - In American law, the crime includes offenses committed 
by day as well as by night, and in other buildings than dwell- 
ing-houses. 

Burg'o-mas'ter, n. [From Lat. burgus (equiy. to burg, 
burgh) and Eng. master, D. burgemeester ] 1. A chief 
magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and 
Germany. 2. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird; the glaucous 
gull, common in arctic regions. 

Bur'grave, n. [Fr. burgrave.] See BURGGRAVE. 

Bur'gun-dy, n. _ A superior kind of wine; — so called 
from Burgundy , in France, where it is made. 

Bur'gun-dy-pitch, n. Turpentine from which the 
essential oil has been distilled oft ; — so called from Bur- 
gundy, in France, where it was first prepared. 

Bu/ri-al (beVI-al), n. [From burg.] Act of burying; 
funeral solemnity ; sepulture ; interment. 

BtL'rin, n. [Prob. from 0. H. Ger. bora, borer, bordn, 
borjan, to bore.] 1. An engraver's tool, made to produce 
a sharp cutting point ; a graver. 2. Manner or stj le of 
execution of an engraver. 

Burke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burked (bOikt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. BURKING.] [From the name of an Irishman 
who first committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder, 
so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose 
of obtaining a body for dissection. [Rare.] 2. To dis- 
pose of quietly or indirectly. 

Burl, v. t. [Cf. Fr. bourlet, bourrelet, pad, dim. of bourre ; 
Sp. borla, tassel, bunch of silk, gold, or silver. See BUR, 
n.] 1. (Manuf.) To dress, as cloth, by fulling. 2. To 
pick knots, loose threads, &c.,from, as in finishing cloth. 

Burl, n. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 

Bur'lap, n. A kind of coarse linen fabric. 

Burl'er, n. A dresser of cloth. 

Bur-lesque' (-lesk'), a. [Fr. ; It. burlesco, from burlare, 
to ridicule, sneer, mock, burla, sneer, mockery.] Tending 
to excite laughter by ludicrous images ; jocular, ironical. 

Bur-lesque' (-lesk'), n. 1. Ludicrous representation; 
exaggerated parody ; satire. 2. An ironical or satirical 
composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule 
any thing. 3. A ludicrous imitation ; a caricature. 

Bur-lesque', v. t. [imp. & p. p. burlesqued (bur- 
leskt'); p.pr. & vb. n. BURLESQUING.] To turn into 
ridicule ; to make ludicrous. 

Hur-let'td,n. [It., diminutive of burla, mockery. See 
Burlesque.] (Mus.) A comic opera ; a musical farce. 

Bur'li-ness, n. State or quality of being burly. 

Bur'ly, a. [0. Eng. also boorely, equivalent to boorlike, 
clownish.] 1. Of great bulk, especially with the idea of 
strength and coarseness of appearance ; stout ; lusty. 
2. Coarse and rough ; tumid. 

Burn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burned or burnt ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BURNING.] [A.-S. beornan, byrnan, Goth. 
brinnan, Icel. brenna.] 1. To consume with fire. 2. To 
injure by fire or heat ; to change some property or prop- 
erties of, by exposure to fire or heat. 3. To affect by, 
or submit to the action of, fire or heat for some useful 
or economic purpose. 4. To produce a sensation or effect 
akin to that of heat or fire. 5. ( Surg.) To cauterize. 6. 
( Chem.) To combine with oxygen. 

To burn one's fingers, to get into unexpected trouble, as by in- 
terfering in the concerns of others. — To be burnt out of house 
and home, to drive out, as from a dwelling, by burning it. 

Burn, v. i. 1. To be on fire. 2. To be injured by an 
excess of heat. 3. To have the appearance of flame or 
fire. 4. To be hot or in a passion. 5. To act with de- 
structive violence. 6. To be affected with a sensation of 
heat. 7. To be akin to fire in the effect produced. 
To burn out, to burn till the fuel is gone and the fire ceases. 

Burn, n. 1. A hurt or injury of any thing caused by 
the action of fire. 2. The operation of burning or baking. 

Burn'er, n. 1. One who burns or sets on fire. 2. An 
appendage to a lamp or gas-fixture designed to promote 
combustion. 

Bur'nett-ize, v. t. (Manuf.) To preserve, as timber, 
by a solution of chloride of zinc. 

Burn'ing- glass, n. A convex lens used for producing 
an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. 

Bur'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burnished ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. BURNISHING.] [Fr. brunir, It. brunire, D. bruin- 
eren, to make brown, bright, or glossy, to polish, from 
Fr. brun, It. bruno,D. bruin. SeeBROWN.] 1. Topolish 
by rubbing with something hard and smooth. 2. To 
render bright or resplendent. [and glossy. 

Bur'nish, v. i. To grow or become smooth, or smooth 

Bur'nish, n. The effect of burnishing ; gloss ; luster. 



H,e,8tc.,long; &, e, kc, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wolf, 



BURNISHER 



91 



BUSTLER 



Bur'nish-er, n. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A tool used 
in burnishing books. 

Burnt'-off'er-ing, n. Something offered and burnt 
on an altar, as an atonement for sin. 

Burr, n. See Bur. 

Burr, v. i. To pronounce with a bur; to talk or whis- 
per hoarsely. See BUR. 

Biir'rel-shot, n. [Prob. from annoying the enemy 
like a burrel-fly, or gad-bee.] ( Gun.) Small shot, nails, 
stones, pieces of old iron, &c, put into cases to be dis- 
charged among enemies. [Rare.] 

Bur-'row, n. [A.-S. be.org, beorh, hill, defense, burrow, 
barrow, from beorgan, to be prominent, to protect. Cf. 

* Barrow and Bury.] 1. A hole in the ground made 
by certain animals, as rabbits, &c, for shelter and hab- 
itation. 2. (Mining.) A heap or heaps of rubbish. 

Biir'row, v . i. [imp. & p. p. BURROWED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge 
in, as in the earth ; to lodge in a hole excavated in the 
earth, as conies or rabbits. 2. To take refuge in any 
deep or concealed place ; to hide. 

Bur'ry (34), a. Abounding in burs, or resembling burs. 

Bur'sar, n. [L. Lat. bursarius, from bursa, byrsa. See 
Burse.] 1. A treasurer, or cash-keeper; a purser. 
2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse 
or fund appropriated for that purpose. 

Biir'sa-ry, n. 1. The treasury of a college or monas- 
tery. 2. A charitable foundation in a university. 

Burse, n. [L. Lat. bursa, Fr. bourse, Ger. borse, D. bears, 
purse, an exchange. See Bourse.] 1. A purse. ( Obs.) 

2. A fund for the maintenance of poor scholars. [France.] 

3. {Middle Ages.) A little college, or a hallin a university. 

4. A public edifice in the cities of continental Europe, 
for the meeting of merchants to consult on matters of 
trade and money ; an exchange. [Also written bourse.] 

Burst, v. i. [imp. & p. p. burst ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BURSTING.] [A.-S. berstan, 0. H. Ger. brestan, Sax. 
brestan, Icel. bresta.] 1. To fly or break open with 
force, 'or with sudden violence; — often used figura- 
tively. 2. To make any sudden change from restraint, 
invisibility, inaction, absence, or the like, to an opposite 
or different sta'te ; to issue or escape by a sudden or violent 
removal of obstacles ; — usually with some qualifying 
adverb or preposition. 

Syn.— To crack; break; split; rend; sever. 

Burst, v. t. To break or rend by violence; to open 
suddenly. 

Burst, n. A sudden breaking forth ; a disruption ; a 
-violent rending ; a sudden explosion. 

Burst'er, n. One that bursts or opens suddenly. 

Burt, n. A flat fish of the turbot kind. 

Bur 'then, n. & v. See Burden. 

Bur'y (beVy), n. [A.-S. buruh, buhr.] A borough; a 
manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's ; — often used as 
a termination of names of places ; as, Canterbury. 

Bur'y (ber'y), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buried ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. BURYING.] [A.-S. byrigan, allied to beorgan, Goth. 
bairgan, Icel. biarga, Ger. bergen, to keep, cover, hide. 
Cf. Burrow.] 1. To conceal by covering. 2. Sptcifi- 
cally, to cover out of sight, as in a grave, a tomb, or the 
ocean. 3. To hide in oblivion. 

To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war; a 
phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the Ameri- 
can Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a 
peace. 

Syn. — To entomb ; inter; inhume; cover; conceal; over- 
whelm; repress; keep down. 

Bur'y-ing- ground ) (ber'y-), n. A grave-yard ; a 

Bur'y-ing-place j church-yard. 

Bits, n. [Abbrev. fr. omnibus.] An omnibus. [Low.] 

Bug'by, n. (Mil.) A military cap of bear-skin. 

Bush, n. [D. bosch, bos, 0. H. Ger. busc, N. H. Ger. busch, 
Icel. bfiskr, buski, Fr. bois, 0. Fr. bos. Cf. Boscage .] 1. 
A thicket, or a place abounding in trees or shrubs. 2. 
A shrub ; particularly a thick shrub ; also, a cluster of 
shrubs. 3. A branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus) 
hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign ; hence, 
a tavern sign, or the tavern itself. 4. (Mach.) A ring, 
or fining of metal, let into an orifice. 

Bush, v. i. To grow thick or bushy. 

Bush, v. t. 1. To set bushes for. 2. To use a bush- 
liarrow on, or for covering. 3. To furnish with a bush, 
or to line, as a hole, with metal. 

Bush'-lbean, n. The common, low garden-bean, called 
in England kidney-bean and French bean 

Bush'el, n. [Norm. Fr. bussel, 0. Fr. boissel, Low Lat. 
ioissel, boissellus, from Low Lat. bustia, buxida, buxis, 
equiv. to Lat. puxis, pyxis, Gr. 7rv£is, box. Cf. Box.] 



1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, 
or thirty-two quarts. 2. A vessel of the capacity of a 
bushel, used in measuring. 3. The circle of iron in the 
nave of a wheel. [Eng.] 

Bush'el-age, n. A duty payable on commodities by the 

bushel. [Eng.] 
Bush'el-er, ) n. A tailor's assistant for repairs. 
Bush'el-man, j [Local, Amer.] 
Bush'-har'row, n. (Agric.) A sort of harrow made of 

bushes, for harrowing grass lands or covering seeds. 
Bush'i-ness, n. Quality of being bushy. 
Bush'ing, n. 1. (Mech.) A ring, tube, or lining placed 

in a hole, and sometimes acting as a journal-box. 2. 

A thimble ; — sometimes called a bush. 
Bush'-man, n. ; pi. bush'men. [D. bosch-man, bosch- 

jes-man. See Bush.] 1. A settler in the backwoods of 

Australia. 2. (Geog.) One of a tribe of savages near 

the Cape of Good Hope ; — so named by the Dutch. 
Bush'-whack'er, n. 1. One accustomed to beat 

about, or travel through, bushes ; a raw countryman. 

2. A stout scythe or other instrument for cutting 
brush or bushes. 3. One who is engaged in predatory 
excursions against an enemy. [Amer.] 

Bush'-whaclt/ingjM. 1. Traveling, or working a way, 
through bushes ; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a 
boat along the bushy margin of a stream. 2. The carry- 
ing on of an irregular or predatory warfare. [Amer.] 

Bush'y,a. [From bush.] 1. Full of bushes ; overgrown 
with shrubs. 2. Thick and spreading, like a bush. 

Bu§'i-ly (blz'i-ly), adv. In a busy manner. 

Bu§'i-ness (blz'nes), n. 1. That which busies one ; 
employment; occupation. 2. Any particular occupa- 
tion or employment for a livelihood or gain. 3. Traffic 
in general. 4. Concern ; right or occasion of making 
one's self busy. 5. Affair; transaction; — used in an 
indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words. 

Syn. — Affairs; concern; matter; engagement; employ- 
ment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; office; duty. 

Busk, n. [Fr. busc, busque, from bois, bos, wood, be- 
cause first made of wood. See BUSH.] A long, thin 
piece of metal, whalebone, or wood, worn in the front 
of women's corsets. 

Bu.sk, v. t. or v. i. [0. Fr. busquer, Sp. buscar, to seek, 
search, It. buscare, to catch, capture, from L. Lat. bus- 
cus, boscus ; originally to go through a bush ; hence, to 
hunt, trace, track. See BUSH.] 1. To go. [Obs.] 2. 
To prepare, make ready, array. 

Biis'kin, n. [Contr. from 0. Fr. brossequin, or D. brose- 
kin ; prob. from Gr. jSvpo-a, skin, hide.] 1. A covering 
for the foot and leg, formerly worn by hunters, and also 
by actors in tragedy. 2. Tragedy, or the tragic drama, 
as distinguished from comedy. 

Bus'kined, a. 1. Dressed in buskins. 2. Of, or per- 
taining to, tragedy ; tragic. 

Biisk'y, a. Bushy ; wooded ; shaded or overgrown with 
trees or shrubs. [Generally written bosky.] 

Biiss, n. 1. [Ger. bus (Luther), allied to Lat. basium, 
kiss, basiare, to kiss.] A kiss ; more strictly, a rude, or 
playful kiss. 2. [0. Fr. busse , L. Lat. bussa, busa, Ger. 
biise, D. buis.] (Naut.) A small two-masted vessel, used 
in the herring fishery. 

Biiss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bussed (108); p.pr. & vb. n. 
bussing.] To kiss. 

Bust, n. [From Ger. brust, breast, Goth, brusts, by drop- 
ping the r.] 1. A piece of statuary representing the 
upper part of the human figure, including the head, 
shoulders, and breast. 2. The portion of the human 
figure included between the head and waist ; the trunk 
of the body. 

Bus'tard, n. [0. Fr. bistarde, 
bostarde, boustarde, N. Fr. ou- 
tarde, Sp. avutarda, It. ottar- 
da, from Lat. avis tarda.] ( Or- 
nith.) A bird of the Ostrich 
family. 

B£i*- The great bustard is the I 
largest land bird in Europe. It in- 
habits the temperate regions of Eu- 
rope and parts of Asia and Africa. 

Biis'tle (biis'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. bustled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BUSTLING.] [0. Eng. buskle, most probably 
from A.-S. bysig, busy , by sg-ian, to busy, and the verbal 
termination le.] To stir quickly ; to be very active. 

Biis'tle, n. Great stir ; hurried activity ; tumult from 
stirring or excitement. 

Biis'tle. n. A kind of cushion worn by ladies for the 
purpose of expanding the skirts behind ; a bishop. 

Biis'tler (buVler), n. An active, stirring person. 




Great Bustard. 
p. p. BUSTLED ; p. 



food, fo*t ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «aU, eeho j gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link; this- 



BUSY 



92 



BUZZ 



Bus'y (biz'y), a. [A.-S. bysig, biseg. Cf. Icel. bisa, to 
•work with great effort ; Goth. ana-busns, precept, order, 
commission.] 1. Engaged in business ; occupied with 
employment. 2. Constantly active or in motion ; rest- 
less. 3. Active in what does not concern one; officious; 
pragmatical. 

Bug'y (biz'y), v. t. [imp. & p.p. BUSIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. busying-.] To make or keep busy ; to employ ; to 
occupy. 

Bug'y-bod'y, n. One who officiously concerns himself 
with the affairs of others ; a meddling person. 

But, prep. & conj. [A.-S. butan, buton, from prefix be 
and utan, uton, outward, without, from ut, iite, out, 
without, abroad. Cf. About.] 1. Except ; besides ; 
unless ; save. 2. Save that ; were it not that ; — ellip- 
tical, for but that, which is now more usual. 3. Other- 
wise than that ; that not ; — having, properly, after a 
negative, that. '4. Only ; solely ; merely. 

G@p" This use of but is a modern innovation, but one too 
firmly established to be corrected. In all such phrases, a nega- 
tive is omitted. " Our light affliction, which is but for a mo- 
ment; " that is, which is not, except for a moment. 

5. On the contrary ; on the other hand ; yet ; still ; 
however ; nevertheless ; — as connective of sentences or 
clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive 
or adversative. 

But, n. See Butt. 

Butch'er, n. [Fr. boucher, properly and originally, killer 
of buck-goats, from Fr. bouc,, a buck-goat.] 1. One who 
slaughters animals for food. 2. One who kills in a 
bloody manner ; one given to slaughter. 

Butch'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. butchered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. butchering.] 1. To kill or slaughter, as ani- 
mals, for food, or for market. 2. To murder, especially 
in a bloody or barbarous manner. 

Butch'er-bird (18), n. A bird of different species. 

Butch'er-ly, a. Grossly cruel and barbarous ; bloody ; 
murderous. 

Butch'er-y, n. 1. The business of a butcher. 2. Great 
slaughter ; carnage ; massacre. 

Butt'-Ind } n > The lar S est or Dlunt end of a tnin S- 
But'ler, n. [Fr. bouteillier, boutillier, a bottle-bearer. 
See Bottle.] A servant whose principal business is to 
take charge of the liquors, &c. 
Bilt'ler-age, n. ( Old Eng. Law.) A duty on wine im- 
ported by foreigners or merchant strangers ; — so called 
because originally paid to the king's butler for the king. 
But'ler-ship, n. The office of a butler. 
Biit'ment, n. [Abbreviation of abutment, q. v.] {Arch.) 

A buttress of an arch. See Abutment. 
Butt, ) n. [Fr. but, butt, aim, butte, knoll, bout, 0. Fr. 
But, ) bot, end, extremity. Cf. Gael, buta, butt, mark, 
bot, mound, W. bot, any round body, pwt, any short 
thing.] 1. The larger end of a thing, as of a piece of 
timber ; an end ; a limit ; a bound. 2. A mark to be 
shot at; an object of aim. 3. One at whom ridicule, 
jests, or contempt is directed. 4. A push or thrust given 
in fencing or by the head of an animal. 5. [See Boot, 
n.] A large cask or vessel, also called a pipe. 6. The 
thickest and stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. 7, ( Carp.) 
A kind of hinge ; — used in hanging doors, &c, and so 
named because screwed to the edge of the door, or the 
part which butts against the casing, and not, like other 
hinges, on the face of it. 8. A short piece of land left 
unplowed at the end of a field. 9. The metal ring at 
the ends of the hose of a fire-engine. 
Butt, | v. i. [Fr. bouter to push, butt. See BOUTADE.] 
But, J 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extrem- 
ity ; to be bounded ; to abut. 2. To thrust the head 
forward. [ra m . 

Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against, as a 
Butte (but or bit), n. [Fr.] An isolated peak or abrupt 

elevation of land. 
Biit'ter, n. [A.-S. buter, Lat. butyrum, Gr. fiovropov, 
from /36vs, ox, cow, and rvpos, cheese.] 1. An oily, 
unctuous substance obtained from cream by churning. 
2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consist- 
ence, or other qualities. 
Biit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. buttered ; p. pr. & vb 

n. buttering.] To cover or spread with butter. 
Biit'ter-eup, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranun 

cuius, or crowfoot, having bright yellow flowers. 
Biit'ter-fly, n. [So named from the color of a yellow 
species.] (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect of different 
species, especially one of the family Papilio. 
Biit'ter-fly- valve, n. (Mech.) A species of valve, con- 



sisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a 
cross rib. 

Biit'ter-is, n. [Same as buttress , in a different application.] 
( Far. ) An instrument used for paring the hoof of a horse. 

But'ter-miLk, n. The milk that remains after the but- 
ter is separated from it. 

Biit'ter-nut, n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree and its 
fruit, so called from the oil contained in the latter. 2. 
The nut of a tree found in South America ; — called also 
the Savuari nut. 

Biit'ter- tree, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree, the seeds of 
which yield a substance very closely resembling butter. 

But'ter-y, a. Having the qualities, consistence, or ap- 
pearance, of butter. 

But'ter-y, n. 1. An apartment where butter, milk, pro- 
visions, &c. , are kept. 2. A room in some colleges where 
liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the 
students. 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. 

Biitt'-hinge, n. See Butt. 

Butt'-joint, \n. (Carp.) A joint between two 

Biit'ting-joint, j pieces of timber or wood, at the end 
of one or both. 

Biit'tock, n. [From butt, end, q. v.] 1. The rump, or 
protuberant part of the body behind. 2. (Naut.) Th« 
convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. 

Biit'ton (but'n), n. [Fv.bouton, from bout, end, extrem- 
ity.] 1. A small ball; a knob. 2. A catch, used to 
fasten together the different parts of dress. 3. A bud ; a 
germ of a plant. 4. A piece of wood or metal turning 
on a nail or screw, to fasten doors, &c. 5. (Assaying.) A. 
round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after fusion. 
To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness ; 
to bore ; to button-hole. 

Biit'tou (bfiVn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUTTONED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. buttoning.] To fasten with a 
button or buttons. [or buttons. 

Bilt'ton, v.i. To be fastened by a button 

But'ton-hole, n. The hole in which a 
button is caught. 

Bilt'ton- hole, v. t. To hold by the but- 
ton or button-hole ; to detain in conver- 
sation to weariness ; to bore. 

Biit'ton-mold, i n. A disk of bone, 

Bilt'ton- mould ,) wood , or other ma- 
terial , which is made into a button by cov- 
ering it with cloth of some kind. 

Bilt'ton- wood (27), n. (Bot.) The west- 
ern plane-tree, a large tree growing in. 
North America, producing rough balls, 
from which it is named. 

Bilt'tress, n. [From Fr. bouter, to push, 
butt, put. See Butt.] (Arch.) A projecting support to 
the exterior of a wall ; a prop ; a support. 

Bilt'tress, v. t. To support by a buttress ; to prop. 

Butt'- weld, n. (Mech.) A weld formed by forcing to- 
gether the flattened ends of two pieces of iron or steel, 
at a welding heat. 

Bu'ty-ra'ceous, ) a. [From Lat. butyrum. See But- 

Bu'ty-roiis. J TER.] Having the qualities of but- 

ter ; resembling butter. [butter. 

Bu-tyr'i-e, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 

Biix'om, o. [A.-S. bocsum, from bedgan, biigan, to bow, 
bend, and the adj. term, sum, equiv. to Eng. some.} 1. 
Yielding; pliable. [Obs.] 2. Brisk; jolly; frolicsome. 

Biix'om-ly, adv. In a buxom manner ; briskly. 

Biix'om-ness, n. Quality of being buxom ; jollity. 

Buy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bought (bawt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
BUYING.] [A.-S. bycgan, bygan, to buy, Goth, bugjan, to 
buy, to sell.] 1. To purchase ; to acquire by paying a 
price for. 2. To procure by a consideration given, or 
by something deemed worth the thing bought. 

To buy off, (a.) To influence to compliance, (b.) To detach 
by a consideration given. — To buy out, to purchase the in- 
terest of in a stock or partnership, by which the seller is sepa- 
rated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place. 
— To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise to make payment 
at a future day. — To buy the refusal, to give money for the right 
of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time. 

Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase. 

Buy'er, n. One who buys ; a purchaser. 

Buzz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. buzzed; p. pr. & vb. n 
buzzing.] [An onomatopoeia.] To make a low, con- 
tinuous, humming sound, as bees ; hence, to speak with 
a low, humming voice. 

Buzz, v. t. 1. To make known by buzzing. 2. To 
spread, as report, by whispers. 

Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees. 
2. A whisper ; a report spread secretly or cautiously. 




Buttress. 



si, e,&c, long; &,8,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



BUZZARD 



93 CACHEXY 



Buz'zard, n. [From. Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or 
hawk.] 1. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the Falcon fam- 
ily. 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. 

Biizz'er, n. One who buzzes ; a whisperer. 

By (35), prep. [A.-S. be, bi, big, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. bi, 
N. H. Ger. bei. Cf. Be, a prefix.] 1. In the neighbor- 
hood of; near or next to ; close to. 2. Near to in motion, 
without contact or without stopping ; hence, from one to 
tbe other side of; past. 3. With, as instrument, means, 
way , and the like; through means of ; with aid of ; through. 

rag- To the meaning of by, as denoting means or instrument, 
belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the 
word: (a.) It jpoints out the author or producer. (&.) In an 
oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to. 
(c.) According to; by direction^ authority, or example of. (rf.) 
At the rate of (e.) In comparison, it denotes the measure of 
excess or inferiority ; in change, the measure of increase or 
diminution, &c. (f.) It expresses continuance or duration. 
($r.) As soon as; not later than. 



&c, by itself singly or separately. — To come by, to get posses- 
sion of; to obtain. — To do by, to treat, to behave toward. — To 
set by, to value, to esteem. — To stand by, to aid, to support. — 
By the head (JVaut.), having the bows lower than the stern.— 
By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has 
fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to 
take her sails aback on the other side. — By the run, all together. 

'Ry, adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present. 2. 
Passing near ; going or gone past. 



By. ) n. A thing not directly aimed at ; an object by 
Bye, j the way, and the like. 

By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the 
matter m hand. 

By, a. Out of the co mm on path ; aside ; — used in com- 
position, giving the meaning of something aside or inci- 
dental, a collateral matter, a thing private. 

Bye, n. [A.-S. by, bye, dwelling, from byan, buan, to 
dwell.] 1. A dwelling. 2. In certain games, the station 
of an individual player. 

By'-end, n. Private end or interest ; secret purpose. 

By'-gone (21), a. Past ; gone by. 

By'.gone, n. Something gone by or past ; a past event. 

By'-law, n. [A.-S. bilage, a private law, from bi, by, and 
lagu, law.] A local or subordinate law ; a private law or 

Bv'-name,w. A nickname ; a sobriquet. [regulation. 

By/-path, n. A private path ; an obscure way. 

By '-play , n. A scene which is carried on aside, and com- 
monly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds, 
with a view, ordinarily, to enhance the sport. 

By'-stand'er, n. [by and stander, equivalent to slander- 
by.] A looker-on ; a spectator. 

By'- word (bi'wurd), n. A common saying; a proverb. 

Byz'ant, )n. [From Lat. Byzantius, Byzantinus; 

Byz'an-tine, ) from Byzantium.'] (Numis.) A gold 
coin of the value of fifteen pounds sterling, so called from 
being coined at Byzantium. 

By-zan'tine, or Byz'an-tine, a. Of or pertaining to 
Byzantium. 



c. 



C(ce), the third letter in the English alphabet, and the 
second consonant, has two sounds, one close, like K ; 
the other a sibilantr, precisely like S. The digraph ch has 
three sounds, the first equivalent to tsh, as in church; 
the second equivalent to sh, as in chaise ; the third equiv- 
alent to k, as in chorus. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 63-69. 
(Mus.) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in 
which each measure is a semibreve, corresponding to -^. 
C is also the name of a note in the scale ; the key note 
major, and the third minor, of the natural scale. 

■Cab, n. [An abbreviation of cabriolet, q. v.] A kind of 
covered carriage, drawn by one horse. 

■Cab, n. [Heb. gab, from gabab, to hollow.] A Hebrew 
dry measure, containing two and five sixths pints. 

Ca-bal', n. [Heb. gabbalah, reception, tradition, myste- 
rious doctrine, from gabal, to take or receive.] 1. A 
number of persons united to promote their private views 
in church or state by intrigue ; a junto. 2. Secret arti- 
fices of such a junto ; intrigue. 

Syn. — Party ; faction. — Cabal and faction differ from 
party, being always used in a bad sense. A cabal intrigues se- 
cretly to gam power; a faction labors more or less openly to 
change or break down the existing order of things. 

Ca-bal', ) n. [See supra.] 1. Secret tradition, or a 

Cab'a-la, ) mysterious kind of science among Jewish 
rabbins. 2. Secret science in general ; mystery. 

Ca-bal', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CABALLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CABALLING.] To unite in secret artifices. 
Syn. — To plot; intrigue; conspire. 

Cab'a-ligm, n. Secret science of the cabalists. [cabala. 

Cab'a-list, n. A Jewish doctor conversant with the 

Cab'a-list'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the cabala ; con- 
Cab 7 a-list'ie-al, j taining an occult meaning. [lists. 

Cab'a-list'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of the caba- 

Ca-bal'ler, n. One who cabals. 

Cab'al-liine, a. [Lat. cabaltinus, from caballus, nag, Gr. 
KajSaAArj?.] Pertaining to a horse. 

Cab'bage, n. [0. Eng. cabbish, from Lat. capitatus, hav- 
ing a head, from caput, capitis, head..] 1. A genus of 
plants of different varieties, common as a garden vegeta- 
ble. 2. Cloth purloined by one who cuts out garments. 

Cab'bage, v. i. To form a head in growing. 

Cab'bage, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. CABBAGED ; p.pr.&vb. 
n. CABBAGING.] [From the noun; prop, and orig., to 
cut off the heads of cabbages, and occasionally also such 
as are not our own, but belong to others.] To purloin, 
as pieces of cloth, after cutting out a garment. 

Cab'bage-roge, n. A species of rose having a thick, 
compacted form, like a cabbage. 

Cab'in, n. [W. caban, dim. of cab, cot, tent.] 1. A 



small room. 2. A cottage ; a hut or small house. 3. 
An apartment in a ship for officers and passengers. 

Cab'in, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cabined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CABINING.] To five in a cabin ; to lodge. 

Cab'in, v. t. To confine in a cabin. 

Cab'in-boy, n. A boy whose duty is to wait on the 
officers and passengers in a ship. 

Cab'in-et, n. [Dim. of cabin. See Cabin.] 1. A small 
room ; a closet. 2. A private room in which consulta- 
tions are held. 3. The select or secret council of a 
prince or executive government. 4. A piece of furni- 
ture, consisting of a chest or box, with drawers and 
doors. 5. A safe place for valuables. 

Cab'in-et-coun'cil, n. Confidential council of a 
prince or executive magistrate. 

Ca'ble (ka'bl), n. [L. Lat. capulum, caplum, a rope, from 
capere, to take, D., Dan., Sw., & Ger. kabel.] A large, 
strong rope or chain, used to retain a vessel at anchor, 
and for. other purposes. 

Ca'ble, v. t. To fasten with a cable. 

Ca-b5b', n. [Per. cobbob, meat roasted.] 1. A small 
piece of meat roasted on a skewer. 2. A leg of mutton 
stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. 

Ca-bdose', n. [The first part seems to be allied to W. 
cab, cabin, booth, and the second part to Eng. booth, or 
Ger. buse, a kind of ship, or Ger. buchse, Eng. box; or it 
may be a mere termination.] [Written also camboose.] 
(Naut.) {a.) A house on deck, where the cooking is 
done ; commonly called the galley, (b. ) A box that cov- 
ers the chimney in a ship. 

Cab'ri-o-let' (kab^io-la/) n. [Fr. cabriolet, dim. of cab- 
riole, a goat-leap, caper, from Lat. capreolus, wild goat. 
It is so called from its skipping lightness.] A one-horse 
pleasure-carriage with two seats, having a calash top, 
and a covering for the legs and lap. 

Ca-ea'o {or ka'ko),^. [Mexican cacauatl.] The choco- 
late tree, found in South America and the West Indies. 

Cach'a-lot, n. [Ger. kaschalot, Greenland kigutilik.] 
(Zoo I.) The sperm whale. 

Cache (kash), n. [Fr., from cacher, to hide.] A hiding- 
place for concealing and preserving provisions which it is 
inconvenient to carry. 

Ca-ehS«'tie, )a. Having, or pertaining to, a bad 

Ca-ehec'tie-al, j state of body. 

Cachet (kash^), n. [Fr., from cache, cacher. See Cache.] 
A seal, as of a letter. 

Lettre de cachet, a sealed letter, formerly much used as an 
instrument of imprisoning those who gave offense to the king 
of France or his chief ministers. 

Ca-ehex'y, n. [Gr. Ka\e^Ca, from Kait6s, bad, ill, and 
eft?, state.] A depraved condition of the system 



fo~od, foot ; urn rude, pull ■ cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag j exist ; linger, link ; this 



CACHINNATTON 



94 



CALAMITOUS 




Ca-cli'in-na'tion »■ [Lat. cachinnatio, from cachinnare, 
to laugh aloud.] Loud or immoderate laughter. 

€a-cique',n. SeeCAZiQUE. 

C&ck'le (kak'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. cackled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CACKLING.] [L. Ger. kakein,T>. gagelen, gag- 
gelen, H. Ger. gackeln, gackern.] 1. To make a noise 
like a goose or hen. 2. To laugh with a broken noise, 
like the cackling of a goose ; to giggle. 3. To talk in a 
silly manner ; to prattle. 

Cack'le (kak'l), n. 1. The broken noise of a goose or 
hen. 2. Idle talk ; silly prattle. 

C&ck'ler, ft. 1. A fowl that cackles. 2. A tattler. 

Ca-e'o-ehym'y, ft. [Gr. KaKoxvjxia., from kclkos, bad, 
and x^iu-os, juice.] {Med.) A vitiated state of the humors 
of the body, especially of the blood. 

Ca«'o-de'mcn, n. [Gr. ko.ko8oliij.iov, from kokos, bad, 
and Sai>cov, demon.] 1. An evil spirit. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) 
The nightmare. 

■€&■€' o-e'the$, ft. [Lat., from Gr. to KaKo-qOes, from kokos, 
bad, and t^os, custom, habit.] 1. A bad custom or 
habit ; a bad disposition. 2. (Med.) An incurable ulcer. 

Ca-eog'ra-phy, ft- [Gr. kclkos, bad, and ypa<f>rj, writ- 
ing.] Bad spelling or writing. 

Ca-eopli'o-noiis, a. Harsh sounding. 

Ca-eopli'o-ny, ft. [Gr. KaKofyiovia., from kclkos, bad, and 
<£cov77, sound.] 1. (Rhet.) A disagreeable sound of words. 

2. (Merf.) A bad voice; an altered state of the voice. 

3. (Mus.) A combination of discordant sounds. 
Ca-e'tus, ft. ; pi. cac'tus-es, or 

VA-e'Ti. [Gr. Ka/cTos, a prickly 
plant.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical 
American plants, remarkable for 
having thick, fleshy stems, gener- 
e.lly without leaves, and often armed 
with spines. 

<Jad, ft. [Abbrev. of cadet, q. v.] 
J.. One who stands at the door of 
an omnibus to open and shut it, 
to receive the fares of passengers, 
&c. [Eng.] 2. An errand-boy. 

Ca-daVer-oiis, a. [Lat. cadaver- 

osus, from cadaver, a corpse.] Hav- Cactus. 

ing the appearance or color of, or otherwise resembling, 

a corpse ; pale ; wan ; ghastly. 

"Cad/dice , I ft. [Allied to Ger. kb'der, bait.] (Entom.) 

Cad'dis, ) The larva of the caddice-fly. It is a favor- 
ite bait with_anglers. 

Cad'di^e-fly, n. (Entom.) A species of insect, fre- 
quenting marshy places. 

Cad'dis, ft. [Ir. & Gael, cadas, cadan, cotton, fustian, 
W. cadas, a kind of stuff or cloth.] A kind of worsted 
lace or ribbon. 

Cad'dow, ft. [Gael, cadhag, cathag.] A chough ; a 
jackdaw. 

Cad'dy, ft. [Dim. of cade, cask.] A small box for keep- 
ing tea. 

Cade, ft. [Gr. KaSo?, jar.] A barrel or cask. 

■Ca'dence, ft. [L. Lat. cadentia, from Lat. cadere, to fall.] 
1. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking. 2. A reg- 
ular fall or modulation of sound. 3. (Mil.) A uniform 
time and pace in marching. 4. {Mus.) (a.) A pause at 
the end of an air. (b.) A closing embellishment. 

Ca/den^e, v. t. To regulate by musical measure. 

Ca'den-cy, ft. The same as Cadence. 

Ca'dent, a. [Lat. cadens, cadentis, p. pr. of cadere, to 
fell.] Falling. 

Ca-det', ft. [Fr. cadet, the younger or youngest son or 
brother, 0. Fr. capdet, as if from a N. Lat. capitettum, 
dim. of caput, head, top, extremity.] (Mil.) (a.) A gen- 
tleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a private, to 
acquire military skill, and obtain a commission. [Eng.] 
(b.) A young man in a military school. 

Ca-dew' (ka-da'), ) a „ 

Cade'- worm (-warm), } n ' See Caddis. 

Cadge, v. t. [Scot, cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, 0. 
Eng. catch, to drive.] To live on another meanly. 

Cad'ger (kaj'er), ft. 1, One who brings butter, eggs, 
poultry, and the like, to market from the country ; a 
huckster; a packman. [Prov. Eng.] 2. One who gets 
his living out of others by trickery or by begging. 

Cad'gy (kaj/y), a. Cheerful or mirthful, as after good 
e_ating or drinking. [ Vulgar.] 

■Ca'dl, ft.; pi. ca'dJ$. [Turk. See Alcalde.] The 
judge of a town or village among the Turks. 

Cad-me'an, ) a. Relating to Cadmus, a reputed prince 

Cad'mi-an, ) of Thebes, who is said to have introduced 
into Greece sixteen letters of the alphabet. 

Cad'mi-a, ft. [Gr. KaSjxla, <caS/xeia, (sc. yrj), calamine.] 



(b.) Formerly, the ore of 



It is 




(Min.) (a.) An oxide of zinc, 
zinc called calamine. 

Cad'mi-iun, n. ( Chem.) A metal related to zinc, 
white, and both ductile and malleable. 

■€a-du f ge-us, ft. [Lat.] (Myth.) Mercury's 
rod; a wand entwined by two serpents, and 
surmounted by two wings. 

Ca-du'£i-ty , ft. [L. Lat. caducitas, fr . Lat. ca- 
ducus.] Tendency to fall ; feebleness of old age. 

Ca-du'eoiis, a. [Lat. caducus, from cadere, 
to fall.] (Bot.) Falling off quickly, as com- 
pared with other parts. 

Cae-gii/ra, or Cae-s-u'ra, ft.; Eng. pi. (}JE- 
su'-ras_; L&t.' pi. p^s-su'R^. [Lat., from 
cadere, csesum, to cut off.] (Pros.) A pause 
or division in a verse ; a separation, by the 
ending of a word, or by a pause in the sense, 
of syllables rhythmically connected. 

^se-gu/ral, or Cae-su'ral, a. Pertaining to Caduceus. 
the caesura. 

-Cafe (kaFa), n. [Fr. cafe. See Coffee.] A coffee- 
house. 

Caf-fe'i-e, a. [See Coffee.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, coffee. 

Caf-fe'Ine, ft. (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystallizable 
substance, obtained from coffee. 

-Gdf'tan, or -Caf-tdn', n. [Turk, qaftan.] A Persian or 
Turkish garment. [or barrel ; a keg. 

Cag, ft. [Dan. & Sw. kagge, Tcel. kaggi.] A small cask, 

Cage, ft. [From Lat. cavea, cavity, from cavus, hollow.] 
1. A box or inclosure, for confining birds or other ani- 
mals. 2. A place of confinement for criminals. 

Cage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caged ; p. pr. & vb. n. cag- 
ing.] To confine in a cage. 

Cai'man, n. See Cayman. 

Ca'iique, or Ca-ique', ft. [Turk, qaiq, boat.] A Turk- 
ish skiff or light boat. 

CaMrn, ft. [Ir., Gael., & W. earn, heap.] A rounded or 
conical pile of stones. 

Cais'son, n. [Fr., from caisse, case, chest. See Case.] 
1. (Mil.) (a.) A chest containing ammunition; also the 
wagon or tumbril in which military stores are conveyed. 
(b.) A chest filled with explosive materials to be laid in 
the way of an enemy. 2. (Arch.) (a.) A wooden box or 
frame used for laying the foundations of a bridge, (b.) A 
panel sunk below the surface. 

CaFtiff, ft. [Lat. captivus, captive, from capere, to take.] 
1. A captive. [Obs.] 2. A mean, despicable person. 

Cai'tiff, a. Belonging to a caitiff; base; vile. 

Caj'e-put, ft. [Of Malayan origin, from kayb, tree, and 
putih, white.] An essential oil from the East Indies. 

Ca-jole', v. t. [imp. & p. p. cajoled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

CAJOLING.] [Fr. cajoler, to flatter, originally to allure 

one into a cage like a bird, from 0. Fr. gaole, jaiole, N. 

Fr. gedle, dim. of cage.] To deceive or delude by flattery. 

Syn.— To flatter; wheedle; deceive; delude; coax; entrap. 

Ca-jol'er, ft. A flatterer ; a wheedler. 

Ca-jol'er-y,ft. A wheedling ; coaxing language ; flattery . 

Cake, ft. [From Lat. coquere, to cook, bake.] 1. A com- 
position of flour, butter, sugar, &c, baked in a small 
mass. 2. A mass of matter concreted in a form rather 
flat than high. 

Cake, v. t. To form into a cake, or mass. 

Cake, t\ i. [imp. & p. p. caked (kakt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CAKING.] To concrete or form into a hard mass. 

Cal/a-basli, ft. [From Ar. garah, f., a kind of gourd, and 
aibas,f. aibasah, dry, i. e., a dry gourd, scooped out.] 

1. The fruit of the calabash- tree. 2. A vessel made 
from the gourd , or the gourd itself. 

Cal'a-bash-tree, n. (Bot.) A tree of tropical America, 
producing a large melon-like fruit, with a hard shell. 

Cal/a-bdbse', ft. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo, dun- 
geon, prob. from Ar. gal' ah, castle, and bbs, hidden.] A 
prison ; a jail. [Amer.] 

€al'a-man'«o (82), n. [L. Lat. calamancus, calamau- 
cus, camelaucus, N. Gr. Ko,fj.eKavKtov, a head covering 
made of camel's hair, whence the name.] A woolen 
stuff, of a fine gloss, and either ribbed or plain. 

Cal/a-mif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. calamus, reed, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing reeds ; reedy. > 

Cal'a-mlne, n. [From Lat. cadmia, d having been, as 
it often is, changed into I. See Cadmia.] (Min.) The 
silicate of zinc ; — formerly the carbonate of zinc. 

Ca-lam/i-toiis, a. 1. Suffering calamity ; miserable. 

2. Producing calamity ; making wretched. 

Syn.— Deplorable ; distressful ; afflictive; wretched ; sad; 
grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe. 



a,e,&c., long; a, 6, bc.^hort; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique .firm; son, 6r, do. wolf. 



CALAMITOUSLY 



95 



CALK 



Ca-lam'i-toiis-ly, adv. In a calamitous manner. 
•Ca-l&m'i-toiis-iiess, n. Quality of producing misery ; 

wretchedness ; distress. 

■€a-lam'i-ty, n. [Lat. calamitas, orig. injury of crops, 
from calamus, reed, straw of grain, stalk, blade.] Any 
great misfortune or cause of misery . 

gyn. — Disaster ; misfortune ; mishap ; mischance. — Ca- 
lamity is either private or public, and is a somewhat continuous 
state ; disaster (lit., ill-starred) is a sudden and distressing 
event or stroke, as if from some hostile planet. Misfortune, 
mishap, mischance, are words which diminish in force accord- 
ing to the order in which they stand. 

■€aVa-mus, n.,-pl. cal'a-mi. [Lat. calamus, reed, Gr. 
ccaAa/xo?.] 1. (Bot.) The Indian cane, a plant of the 
palm family. 2. (Bot.) A plant, commonly called sweet 
flag. 3. Any thing made of the stalk of reeds or reed- 
like plants. 

-€a-lash', n. [Fr. caleche, of Slavonic origin ; most prob. 
from Serbian kolitsa, n. pi., dim. of kola, n. pi., carriage, 
prop. pi. of kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low 
wheels, having a top that can be raised or lowered, seats 
for four inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a 
movable front, so that it can be used either as an open or 
close carriage. 2. A hood or top of a carriage which can 
be thrown back at pleasure. 3. A covering for the head, 
in the form of a hood or carriage-top, worn by ladies. 

Cal'-ear, n. [Lat. calcaria, lime-kiln, from calx, lime.] 
1. ( Glass Manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory fur- 
nace. 2. (Bot.) A hollow tube into which a petal is 
lengthened at the base ; a spur. 

Cal-ea/re-oiis, a. Partaking of the nature of lime-stone, 
consisting of, or containing, carbonate of lime. 

■Cal'ce-a'ted, a. [Lat. calceatus, p. p. of calceare, to shoe, 
fr. calceus, shoe.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes ; shod. 

■€al-cif er-oiis, a. [Lat. calx, gen. calcis, lime, and/erre, 
to bear.] Containing carbonate of lime. 

-€aFci-form, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and forma, 
form.] _In the form of chalk or lime. 

•CaFei-fy, v. i. [From Lat. calx, lime, and facere, to 
make.] To change into a stony condition, in which lime 
is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth. 

-€al-ciii'a-lble , a. Capable of being calcined. 

-€al'£i-iiate, v. t. To calcine. See Calcine. 

-GaFfi-na'tion, n. The operation of calcining. 

•Cal-pln'a-to-ry, n. A vessel used in calcination. 

-€al-cliie', or GaFcine, v. t. [imp. &/>. p. CALCINED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CALCINING.] [From Lat. calx, lime.] 

1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the 
action of heat. 2. To oxidize, as a metal. 

Cal-clne', or -€aFcme, v. i. To be converted into a 
powder or friable substance. 

Cal-cln/er, n. One who, or that which, calcines. 

CaFpite, n. [Lat. calx, lime.] (Min.) Carbonate of lime. 

CaFci-um, n. [Frorn Lat. calx, lime.] (Ciiem.) The 
metallic basis of lime. 

■Cal-e'-slii/ter, n. [From Ger. kalk, lime, and sinter.] A 
loose and porous variety of calcite. 

■€al/-eu-la-ble, a. Capable of being calculated, or ascer- 
tained by calculation. 

•€al'-eu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calculated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. calculating.] [Lat. calculatus, p. p. of 
calculate , fr. calculus, pebble, counter.] 1. To ascertain 
or determine by arithmetical or mathematical processes. 

2. To ascertain by reckoning the peculiarities or attend- 
ant circumstances of. 3. To fit or prepare by the adap- 
tation of the means to the end. 

Syn. — To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate.— Cal- 
culate is generic, referring to the operation as a whole; compute 
relates to the obtaining of a gross sum or amount; reckon and 
count to the details in so doing. — In calculating an eclipse, we 
go through many computations which require us to reckon and 
* count. 

Cal'-eu-late , v. i. To make a calculation. 

133" In the XL S., calculate is often improperly used for intend 
or purpose; as, a man calculates to go a journey. 

CaFeu-la'tion, n. The art, act, or result of calculating ; 
computation ; reckoning. 

Cal'-eu-la'tive, a. Pertaining to calculation. 

CaF-eu-la'tor, n. One who computes or reckons. 

•€aF-cu-lous, a. [Lat. calculosus.] 1. Like stone ; hard ; 
gritty. 2. Affected with the gravel or stone. 

■CM'-eu-lus,, n. ; pi. eXz'ev-z.1. [Lat. See Calculate.] 
1. (Med.) Any hard, solid Concretion, formed in any 
part of the body, usually in the organs that act as reser- 
voirs, and in the excretory canals. 2. (Math.) A method 
of computation ; one of the branches of mathematics. 

Cal/droii (kawPdrun), n. [Lat. caldartum, a vessel of 
'warm water for bathing, from caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] 
A large kettle or boiler, of copper or other metal. 



GaFe-fa'cient, a. [Lat. calefaciens, p. pr. of calefacere, 
to make warm or hot.] Making warm ; heating. 

GaFe-fa'cient, n. (Med.) A substance that excites 
warmth in the parts to which it is applied. 

-€aFe-f a-e'tion, n. 1. Act of warming or heating. 2. 
State of being heated. 

-€aFe-fae'tive, a, Same as Calefactory. 

■CaFe-f a-e'tor , n. A small kind of stove. 

GaFe-f Jie'to-ry, a. Making warm or hot. 

CaFe-fy, v. i. [Lat. calefteri, from calefacere.] To grow 
hot or warm. 

GaFe-fy, v. t. To make warm or hot. 

•GaFen-dar, n. [Lat. calendarium, an interest or ac- 
count book. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrange- 
ment of the divisions of time, as days, weeks, months, 
&c, forming part of an almanac. 2. An almanac. 3. 
An enumeration of persons or things. 

Calendar month, a solar month, as it stands in almanace. 

GaFen-dar, v. t. To enter or write in a calendar. 

GaFen-der, n. [A modification of cylinder, q. v.] 1. 
A machine or hot press, used to make cloths, paper, &c, 
smooth, even, and glossy, or to give them a wavy ap- 
pearance. 2. One who pursues the business of calender- 
ing. 3. One of a sect of dervises in the East, so named 
from the founder of the order. 

GaFen-der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calendered; p.pr. 
& vb. n. calendering.] To press between rollers for 
the purpose of making smooth, glossy, and wavy. 

-CaFendg, n. pi. [Lat. calendx, from calare, to call, pro- 
claim ; Gr. Ka\e.lv, Eng. to call, q. v.] The first day of 
each month among the Romans. 

•Cal'en-ture (53), n. [Sp. calentura, heat, fever, from 
calentar, to heat, caliente, hot, from Lat. calere, to be 
warm.] (Med.) A furious delirium caused by the heat 
of the tropical sun at sea. 

Ga-les'cence, n. [Lat. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, to 
grow warm.] Growing warmth ; increasing heat. 

Galf (kaf), n. ; pi. cXLVES. (kavz). [A.-S. cealf, Icel. kalfr, 
Goth, kalbd, f., heifer, Ir. colpa, colpach, heifer, bullock.] 
1, The young of the cow. 2. An ignorant, stupid per- 
son. 3. The thick, fleshy part of the leg behind, below 
the knee. 

GaFi-ber, \ n. [From Lat. qua libra, of what pound, of 

GaFi-tore, J what weight.] 1. Weight of a bullet, or 
other projectile. [Obs.] 2. Diameter of a round body, 
as of a bullet or column. 3. Diameter of the bore, as 
of a cannon, or of any tube. 4. (Fig.) Mental capacity. 

-€&Fice, n. See CHALICE^ 

•Cal'i-eo, n.; pi. cal'i-coer. [So called because first 
imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 1. Plain 
white cloth made from cotton. [Eng.] 2. Printed cotton 
cloth, coarser than muslin. [Amer.] 

-CaFi-du-et, n. [Lat. color, heat, and ductus, from du- 
cere, to lead.] A pipe used to convey heat. 

Ga'lif , n. See Caliph. 

Ga-llg'i-notis, a. [Lat. caliginosus, from caligo, mist, 
darkness.] Affected with darkness or dimness ; dark. 

Ga-Kg'ra-phy, n. See Calligraphy. 

CaFi-pash', n. [Fr. carapace. Cf. Sp. galapago, fresh- 
water tortoise.] That part of a turtle which belongs to 
the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a 
dull greenish tinge. 

•CaFi-pee', n. [See Calipash.] That part of a turtle 
which belongs to the lower shell, containing a gelatinous 
substance of a light yellowish color. 

•€aFi-per§ (kaPI-perz), )n.p>. Compas 

-€al'iper--e6m'pass-e§, ) with curved legs, | 
for measuring the caliber, or diameter, of 
round bodies. 

■Ca'lipli, n. [Ar. khalifah, from khalafa, to 
succeed.] Successor or vicar ; — a title given | 
to the acknowledged successors of Moham- 
med. [Written also calif] 

CaFipli-ate , ) n. Office or dignity of a caliph ; c 

■CaFif-ate, ( government of a caliph. 

■€aFis-tlien/i-e, a. Pertaining to calisthenics. 

■€aFis-tlien.'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. KaAos, beautiful, and 
trtfeVos, strength.] Art, science, or practice of healthful 
exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and 
graceful movement. 

•€a'Iix, n. A cup. See CALYX. 

-Calk: (kawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. calked ; p. pr. & vb, 
n. CALKING.] 1. [Prob. corrupted from Fr. calfater, 
calfeutrer, Sp. calafetear, from Ar. galafa, to fill up crev- 
ices with the fibers of palm-trees , or with moss .] To drive 
oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, or other vessel, to 
prevent their leaking. 2. [See infra.] To furnish the 




food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, cliaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnls. 

I 



CALK 



96 



CAM 



shoes of with sharp points of iron, to prevent their slip- 
ping on ice ; — said of a horse or ox. 

Calk (kawk), n. [Cf. A.-S. calc, shoe, hoof, Lat. calx, 
heel, calcar, spur.] 1. A sharp -pointed piece of iron on 
a shoe for a horse or an ox, used to prevent the animal 
from slipping. 2. An instrument with sharp points, 
worn on the sole of the shoe or boot to prevent slipping 
on the ice. [Amer.] [Written also calker, calkin, cork.] 

Calk'er (kawk'er), n. One who calks. See Calk. 

Calk'in (kal'kin or kawMn), n. See Calk. 

Calk'ing-i'ron (kawk'-ing-l/urn), n. An instrument 
like a chisel, used in calking ships. 

-Call, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CALLING.] [Icel. kalla, Lat. calare, Gr. Ka\eiv, /ce'Aecrflai, 
D. kallen, to talk, prate.] 1. To invite or command to 
come or he present, 2. To give a name to ; to name. 
3. To name or designate, as for an office, duty, or em- 
ployment. 4. To utter in a loud voice. 

Syn.— To convoke; to summon; to bid.— Call is generic; 
summon and convoke imply some right or authority, as to sum- 
mon a witness or convoke an assembly ; to bid supposes superior- 
ity, as to call a servant and bid him do something. 

Call, v.i. 1. To speak in a loud voice; to cry out. 2. 
To make a brief stay or visit. 

Call, n. 1. A vocal address, of summons or invitation. 
2. A public claim or demand; a requisition. 3. A 
divine summons that is, or seems, supernatural. 4. A 
short visit. 5. (Hunting.) A note blown on a horn. 
6. (Naut.) A whistle or pipe, used to summon the sailors 
to their duty. 7. (Fowling.) A noise or cry in imitation 
of a bird, or a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. 

Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the 
names of the members, to discover who is absent. 

Call'er, n. One who calls. 

Cal'lid, a. [Lat. callidus, from callere, to be thick- 
skinned, from callum, callus, hardened, thick skin, trop. 
hardness, callousness.] Crafty ; cunning. [Rare.] 

CaFli-graph/i-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, callig- 

CaFli-grapli'ie-al, J raphy. 

Cal-lig'ra-pliist, n. An elegant penman. 

Cal-lig'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. KaAAiypa<£ia, fr. /eaAo?, beauti- 
ful, and ypafyeiv, to write.] Fair or elegant penmanship. 

Call'ing, n. 1. A summons, or invitation. 2. Usual 
'occupation, or employment ; vocation ; business. 

Cal-K'o-pe, n. 1. (Myth.) The muse that presides over 
eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. A kind of steam -organ, 
in which the tones are produced by steam instead of wind. 

Itl'li-pK'f ' } n - See Calipash, Calipee. 
Cal'li-per§, n. pi. See Calipers. 
CaFlis-then'i-es, n. See Calisthenics. 
Cal-16s'i-ty, n. A horny hardness of skin. 
Cal'lous, a. [Lat. callosus, callous, from callum, callus.] 
1. Hardened ; indurated. 2. Hardened in mind. 

Syn.— Obdurate ; hard; hardened ; indurated; insensible; 
unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdukate. 

Cal'lous-ly, adv. In a callous or hardened manner. 

Cal'lous-mess, n. State or quality of being callous. 

C&l'low, a. [A.-S. calo, calu, allied to Lat. calvus, bald.] 
Destitute of feathers ; naked; unfledged. 

■€dVlus, n. [Lat.] (Med.) (a.) Any preternatural hard- 
ness in the body, particularly of the skin, (b.) The new 
growth of osseous matter between the extremities of frac- 
tured bones, serving to unite them. 

Calm (kam), a. [compar. CALMER ; superl. CALMEST.] 
1. Not stormy. 2. Undisturbed by passion ; not excited. 
Syn.— Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; 
composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid. 

Calm (kam), n. [Prob. from Gr. /cav/ua, burning heat, from 
jcaietv, to burn ; either because during a great heat there 
is generally also a calm, or because the hot time of the 
day obliges us to seek for shade and quiet.] Freedom 
from motion, agitation, or disturbance. 
^ Syn. — Tranquillity; stillness; quiet ; serenity; placidity. 

Calm (kam) v. t. [imp. & p. p. calmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
calming.] 1. To render still or quiet, as the elements. 
Z. To deliver from agitation or excitement. 
^ Syn.- To appease; allay; tranquillize; compose; assuage. 

Calm'ly (kam/-), adv. In a calm or quiet manner. 

Calm'ness (kam/-), n. State or quality of being calm. 

-tai'o-mgl, n. [Gr. *aAos, beautiful, and (ue'W black, in 
allusion to its properties and color. Cf. Ethiops Min- 
eral. The last syllable was afterward interpreted as 
being derived from Gr. ^At, Lat. mel, honey.] ( Chem.) 
A mild chloride of mercury, much used as a medicine. 

Ca-lor'ie, n. [From Lat. color, heat.] (Physics.) The 




Caltrop. 
A kind of pipe, 



principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena 
of heat and combustion are ascribed. 

CaFo-rif'ie, a. [Lat. calorificus, from color, heat, and 
facere, to make.] Possessing the quality of producing 
heat ; causing heat ; heating. 

Calorific rays, the invisible heating rays which emanate from 
the sun, and from burning and heated bodies. 

Ca-lor'i-fi-ea/tion, n. The production of heat, espe- 
cially animal heat. 

Cal'o-rim'e-ter, n. [Lat. color, heat, and Gr. fierpov, 
measure.] An apparatus for measuring the amount ol 
heat contained in bodies. 

CaFo-rim'e-try, n. (Chem.) The measurement of 
quantities of heat contained in bodies. 

Ca-lor'i-mo'tor, n. [Lat. color, heat, and motor, a 
mover, from mover e, to move.] A kind of galvanic bat- 
tery, producing powerful effects. 

-Ga-lotte', I n. [Fr. calotte, dim. of 0. Fr. cole, a flat cap, 

Ca-lote', j prob. from Lat. galea, helmet.] 1. A skull- 
cap. 2. The cap of a sword-hilt. 

CaPo-type, n. [Gr. /caAos, beautiful, and twos, stamp, 
type.] ( Photog. ) A method of taking photographic pict- 
ures on prepared paper. 

Ca-loy'er, n. [Gr. /caAos, beautiful, good, and yepuv, an 
old man.] One of a sect of monks of the Greek church. 

C&l'trap, ) n. [A.-S. coltrseppe ; It. 

Cal'trop, ) calcatreppo, calcatrep- 
polo, star -thistle, from calcare, to 
tread, and tribolo, star-thistle, steel- 
trap, from Lat. tribulus, caltrop, 
a kind of thorn or thistle.] 1. A 
genus of plants, having a prickly 
fruit composed of five nuts united in 
a whorl. 2. (Mil.) An instrument 
with four iron points, so arranged 
that, three of them being on the 
ground, the other projects upward. 

Cal'u-met, n. [Lat. calamus, reed, 
used by the American Indians for smoking tobacco, and 
also as a symbol or instrument of peace and war. 

Ca-liim'iii-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calumniated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CALUMNIATING.] [Lat. calumniari.] 
To accuse falsely and knowingly. 

Syn. — To asperse ; slander; defame; vilify; traduce ; belie; 
bespatter ; blacken ; backbite ; libel; lampoon. 

Cal-iim/ni-a/tion, n. False accusation of a crime or 
offense ; slander. [slanders. 

Ca-lum'ni-a'tor, n. [Lat.] One who calumniates, or 

Ca-liim'xii-ous, a. Containing or implying calumny ; 
slanderous ; defamatory. 

Ca-lum'iii-oiis-ly, adv. Slanderously. 

Cal'um-ny, n. [Lat. calumnia.] False accusation of a 
crime or offense, knowingly or maliciously made or re- 
ported; defamation. 

Syn.— Slander; defamation; libel. —Calumny properly de- 
notes the originating or first uttering of such a charge; the re- 
maining words apply to this, and also to the circulation of the 
charge when originated by others. 

Cal'va-ry, n. [Lat. calvarium, calvaria, skull, from cal- 
vus, bald.] 1, A place of skulls ; particularly the place 
of Christ's crucifixion. 2. (Rom. Cath. Countries.) A 
kind of chapel, often on a hill, wherein are represented 
the mysteries of Christ's passion and death. 

Calve (kav), v.i. [From calf.] To bring forth a calf. 

Cal'vin-igm, n. The tenets or doctrines of Calvin and 
his followers. 

Cal'vin-Ist, n. 
trines of Calvin. 

CaFvin-Isfie, ) a. Pertaining to Calvin, or to his 

Cal'vin-ist'i-e-al, J opinions in theology. 

Calx, n. ; Eng. pi. calx'e§ ; Lat. pi. CAL'- 
fE§. [Lat. calx, limestone, A.-S. calc, 
cealc, allied to Gr. x«^ 1 £j -'"os> small stone, 
gravel. See Chalk.] (Chem.) The earthy 
residuum which remains after the calci- 
nation of a metal or mineral. 

Cal'y--ele (kal/i-kl), n. [Lat. caly cuius, dim. 
of calyx .] (Bot.) (a.) A row of small leaf- 
lets, at the base of the calyx, (b.) The 
outer covering or crown_of a seed. 

Ca'lyx, n. : Eng. pi. ca'lyx-es ; L&t. pi. 
CAZ'Y-pE§. [Lat. calyx, Gr. *dAv£, from 
KaAvirreiv, to cover.] (Bot.) The outer 
covering, or leaf -like envelope of a flower. 

Cam, n. [W. cam, crooked, bent.] (Mach.) A projecting 
part of a wheel or other moving piece, so shaped as to 
give an alternating or variable motion to another piece 
pressing against it. 



One, who embraces the theological doc- 




Calyx. 



e,&c.,Jott£; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil,t§rm; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do, W9lf t 



CAMAIEU 



97 



CANDELABRUM 




Camel. 



Ca-ma'ieu (ka-ma/yoo), n. A stone engraved in relief. 
See Cameo. 

Cam'ber, n. [Lat. camera, vault, arch. See Chamber.] 
(Arch.) An arch or convexity on the top of a beam, or of 
an aperture. 

Cam'bist, re. [Lat. cambire, to exchange.] A banker ; 
one who deals in exchange, or is skilled in the science. 

CamHbist-ry, n. The science of exchange, weights, 

C&m/blet, n. See Camlet. [measures, &c. 

Cam-bqge', n. See Gamboge. 

Cam-bdose', n. (Naut.) A ship's cook-room or kitchen. 
See Caboose. 

Cam'brel, re. See Gambrel. 

CamTbrte, n. [From Cambray, in Flanders, where it 
was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric of 
flax or linen. 2. A fabric, made of cotton, of various 
colors, in imitation of linen cambric. 

Came, imp. of come. See Come. 

Cam'el, re. [Lat. camelus, Gr. 
Kaju.ijA.os, Hebrew gamal, Ar. 
gamal, jamal,jemel.] 1. (Zob'l.) 
A large ruminant quadruped, 
used in Asia and Africa for car- 
rying burdens and for riding. 
2. (Naut.) A contrivance for 
lifting ships over shoals or bars. 

■€a-mel'li-d, n. [From the 
Jesuit Camelli, who is said to 
have brought it from the East.] 
(Bot .) A genus of beautiful plants, of which the species 
Japonica is most cultivated for ornamental purposes. 

Ca-mel'o-pard, or Cam'el-o-pard, re. [Lat. camel- 
opardalus, camelopardalis, Gr. /cap-TjAoTrcipSaAis, from 
jca/xrjAos, a camel, and 7rap5aA.i?, pard, leopard ; so named 
because he has a neck and head like a camel, and is spot- 
ted like a pard.] ( Zool. ) A ruminant quadruped, inhab- 
iting the deserts of Africa ; remarkable for its long neck ; 
the giraffe. It is the tallest of animals, its head being 
often eighteen feet above the ground. 

Cam'e-o, re. ; pi. cam'e-os. [It. cameo, cammeo, from 
Lat. gemma, gem, jewel.] A precious stone, or a shell 
carved in relief. 

Cam'e-ra, n. [Lat.] 1. (Arch.) An arched or vaulted 
roof, covering, or ceiling, 2. The form of the camera 
obscura used by photographers. 

Cam'e-ra-lis'tics, re. sing. [Lat. camera, vault, arch, 
Low Lat. chamber, conclave, treasury.] The science of 
finance or public revenue. 

■Cdm'e-rd Lii'ei-dd. [Lit., lucid chamber, from Lat. 
camera, chamber, and lucidus, lucid, light.] (Opt.) An 
instrument which gives by reflection a picture that may 
be thrown down on paper or canvas so as to be conven- 
iently traced. 

■Cdtn'e-rd Ob-s-eii'rd. [Lat., literally dark shamber.] 
(Optics.) An apparatus in which the images of external 
objects, received through a double convex glass, are 
thrown upon a white surface placed on the focus of the 
glass within a darkened chamber or box. 

Cam/i-sade' In. [Fr. camisade, from 0. Fr. camise, 

Cam'i-sa'do, ) shirt.] [•Obs.] (Mil.) (a.) A shirt worn 
by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to 
recognize one another in a night attack, (b.) An attack 
by surprice at night. 

Cam'let, re. [From Lat. camelus, Eng. camel; Gr. 
Ka/m-rjAcor?) (sc. Sopa), a camel's skin, or garment made of 
it.] A stuff originally made of camel's hair, now fre- 
quently of hair and silk, or of wool and thread. 

Cam'o-mile, re. [From Gr. xa^at-M-TiAoi/, strictly earth- 
apple, so called from the smell of its flower.] (Bot.) A 
bitter plant of different species, used in medicine. 

Camp, n. [Lat. campus.] 1. Ground on which tents, 
huts, &c, are erected for shelter. 2. Arrangement of 
tents, huts, &c, for shelter. 3. Whole company or body 
of persons encamped in the same spot. 

Camp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. camped ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
CAMPING.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army, or 
travelers. [camp. 

Camp,_r. i. To rest or lodge ; to pitch tents, &c. ; to en- 

Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), re. [From Lat. Campania, the 
country about Naples, so called from its being plane and 
level (campestris).] 1. A large, open plain ; an extensive 
tract of ground without considerable hills. 2. (Mil.) 
The time that an army keeps the field. 

Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), v. i. To serve in a campaign. 

Cam-paign'er (-pan'-), n. One who has served in an 
army several campaigns ; an old soldier ; a veteran. 

Cam-pan'i-f orm, a. [Low Lat. campana, bell, and Lat. 
forma, form.] (Bot.) In the shape of a bell. 



Cam'pa-nol'o-gy, re. [Low Lat. ca?npana, bell, and 
Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] Art of ringing bells, or a treatise 
on the art. 

Cam-pan'u-late (45), a. [From Low Lat. campanula, 
dim. of campana, bell.] (Bot.) Bell-shaped. 

Camp'-bed' stead, n. A bedstead made to fold up with- 
in a narrow space, as used in war. 

Cam-pes'tral, 1 a. [From Lat. campester, campestris, 

Cam-pes'tri-an, j from campus, field.] Pertaining to, 
or growing in, a field, or open ground. 

Cam-pbene',re. [A contraction of camphogen.] (Chem.) 
Pure oil of turpentine. [Sometimes written camphine.] 

C&m'phire, n. An old mode of speUing camphor. 

Cam'plior, n. [Gr. Ka(f>ovpd, Kap-mov, from Ar. & Per. 
kafru, Hind, kapura, Malay, kapur, Skr. karpura.] The 
solidified sap of different species of an East Indian tree. 

Cam'plior- ate, v. t. To impregnate with camphor. 

Cam-ph6r'i« , a. Pertaining to camphor, or partaking 
of its qualities. 

Cam'pi-on, n. [Probably from Lat. campus, field.] 
(Bot.) A plant bearing poisonous berries. 
Rose-campion, a handsome garden flower. 

Camp'-meet'ing, n. A religious meeting, held chiefly 
by Methodists, in some retired spot, where they encamp 
for continuous devotion during some days. 

Camp'- stool, n. A stool with cross-legs to fold up. 

Cam'- wheel, n. ( Mach.) A wheel, or a part of a wheel, 
of irregular outline, employed to produce a variable or 
alternating motion in machinery. 

Cam'- wood (27), n. [Perh. an abbrev. of Campeachy 
wood.] A hard red dye-wood, from Sierra Leone. 

Can, n. [A.-S. canne, from Lat. canna, reed, a small ves- 
sel, Gr. Kavva, or koWti.] A cup or vessel for liquors, in 
modem times made of metal. 

Can, v. i. [imp. could.] [A.-S. cunnan, Goth, kunnan, 
Icel. kunna, 0. H. Ger. kunnan, N. H. Ger. konnen. Cf. 
Cunning.] To be able ; to have power, either physical 
or moral. It is an auxiliary verb which modifies the 
meaning of another. 

Syn. — Can but ; can not but. — " lean but perish if T try," 
means it is the utmost that can befall me; "7 can not out 
think," &c, means, "I can not (morally) but do it" — that is, 
can not help it. This latter idea of constraint is a very com- 
mon one, and should always be expressed by the words can not 
but. Can but is properly used (as above; only where we refer 
to the worst that can happen. American writers sometimes 
overlook this distinction. 

Canaille (ka-naP or ka'na'y'), re. [Fr., properly and 
originally a pack of dogs, from Lat. canis, dog.] The 
lowest class of people ; the rabble ; the vulgar. 

Ca-nal', n. [Lat. canalis, originally adj. from canna, reed, 
pipe.] 1. An artificial water-course, particularly one con- 
structed for the passage of boats or vessels. 2. (Anat.) 
A duct for the passage of liquids or solids. 

Can'al-<:oal, re. See Cannel-coal. 

Canard (ka-nar' or ka-n'ard'), n. [Fr.] An extravagant 
and ridiculous fabrication. 

Ca-na'ry, n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. 

Ca-na'ry-bfrd (18), n. ( Ornith.) A small, singing-bird 
of the Finch family, a native in the Canary Islands. 

Can'cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. canceled : p. pr. & vb. n. 
CANCELING.] [Lat. cancellare, to make like a lattice, 
to cross out, from cancelli, dim. of cancer, lattice.] 1. 
To cross and deface the fines of; to blot out. 2. To 
annul, or destroy. 3. (Print.) To suppress and reprint, 
for the sake of substituting other matter. 

Syn.— To obliterate; deface: erase; efface; expunge; abol- 
ish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; do away; set aside. 

Can'cel, n. (Print.) (a.) The suppression and reprinting 
of a page or more of a work. (b. ) The part -thus altered. 

Can'^el-la'ted, a. Marked with cross lines. 

Can'cel-la'tion, n. 1. Act of canceling or defacing by 
cross fines. 2. (Math.) The operation of striking out 
common factors, as in both the dividend and divisor. 

€an'cer,«. [Lat.] 1. Thecrab. [See Crab.] 2. (Astron.) 
A sign in the zodiac, somewhat resembling a crab in form, 
and°denoting the northern limit of the sun"s course in 
summer. 3. (Med.) A livid, scirrhous tumor, usually 
terminating in an ulcer, and very rarely cured. 

Can'fer-ate, v. i. To grow into a cancer. [cancer. 

Can'cer-a'tion, re. A growing cancerous, or into a 

Can'^er-oiis, a. Like, or consisting of, a cancer; af- 
fected with cancer. 

Can'-eri-f 6rm (82), a. [Lat. cancer and forma, form.] 
1. Having the form of a crab. 2. Like a cancer ; can- 
cerous, [ties of a crab. 

Can'-erine, a. [From cancer, q. v.] Having the quali- 

Can'de-lanbrum, re. ; Lat. pi. cAn' DE-LA' BRA; Eng. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pnll ; cell, cnaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis. 

7 



CANDENT 



98 



CANON-LAW 



pi. cXn/DE-la'BRUMS. [Lat. from candela, candle.] 
1. (Antiq.) (a.) A tall candlestick, (b.) A stand by 
which lamps were supported. 2. A branched, highly 
ornamented candlestick ; a chandelier. 

Can'dent, a. [Lat. candens,-entis, p. pr. of candere, to 
be of a glittering whiteness.] Heated to whiteness ; glow- 
ing with heat. 

Can'did, a. [Lat. candidus, from candere, to be of a 
glowing white.] I.White. [Obs.] 2. Free from undue 
bias ; characterized by an impartial spirit. 

Syn.— Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank: art- 
less; unbiased; equitable. — A man ist fair when he puts things 
on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when he looks 
impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially 
to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and 
fran k when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is 
inyenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. 

Can'di-da-cy, n. The position of a candidate. 

Can'di-date, n. [Lat. candidatus, clothed in white, a 
candidate, fr. candidus, white, because those who sought 
offices in Home were clothed in a white toga.] One who 
seeks, or who is selected for some office or preferment. 

Can'did-ly, adv. "Without trick or disguise; ingenu- 
ously ; openly ; frankly. 

•Can'did-ness, n. Openness of mind ; frankness. 

Can'dle, n. [A.-S. candel, fr. Lat. candela, fr. candere, 
to be white.] A cylinder of tallow, wax, spermaceti, 
paraffine, or other combustible substance, inclosing a 
wick, and used to furnish light. 

Can'dle-eoal, n. See Cannel-COAL. 

Can'dle-llght ( -lit), n . The light of a candle. 

Can'dle-mas, n. [ Candle and mass, A.-S. candelmsesse.] 
A festival on the second day of February, in honor of the 
purification of the "Virgin Mary ; — so called from the 
great number of lights used on that occasion. 

Can'dle-stick, n. A utensil to hold a candle ; original- 
ly it was a stick or piece of wood. 

Can'dor,rc. [Lat., from candere, to be white.] Openness 
of heart ; freedom from prejudice or disguise. 
Syn. — Fairness; impartiality; ingenuousness; sincerity. 

Can'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. candied; p. pr. & v. b. n. 
candying.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar. 2. To 
form into congelations or crystals, as sugar. 

■Can'dy, v. i. 1. To change into sugar, or become im- 
pregnated or covered with sugar. 2. To be formed into 
congelations or crystals. 

Can'dy, n. [Ar. & Per. gand, sugar, sugar-candy, from 
Skr. khanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, sugar- 
cane, treacle, from khand, khad, to break.] A prepara- 
tion of sugar or sirup ; a conserve, or confection of sugar. 

■Can'dy- tuft, n. [From being first discovered in Candia.] 
(Bot.) An annual plant, cultivated in gardens. 

Cane,n. [Lat. canna. See Can, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant 
of several species belonging to different genera. Among 
these are the reeds, as the bamboo, rattan, &c. ; also the 
sugar-cane. 2. A reed, or light, slender piece of wood 
or other material, used as a walking-stick ; a staff. 3. 
A lance or dart made of cane. 

Cane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAN- 
ING.] 1. To beat with a cane. 2. To make or furnish 
with cane or rattan. 

Cane-brake, n. A thicket of canes. 

Ca-nt-e'u-ld, ) n. [Lat. canicula, a little dog, dim. of 

Can'i-eule, I canis, dog.] (Astron.) A star in the con- 
stellation of Canis Major ; the Dog-star, or Sirius. 

Ca-nl-c'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or measured by, the 
rising of the Dog-star. 

Ca-nine', a. [Lat. caninus, from canis, dog.] Pertain- 
ing to dogs ; having the properties or qualities of a dog. 

Canine teeth, the sharp, pointed teeth, on each side, between 
the incisors and grinders; — so named from their resemblance 
to a dog's teeth. 

Can'is-ter, n. [Lat. canistrum, Gr. Kavatrrpov, from 
Kdi>T), Kawa., reed.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, 
or willow twigs, &c. 2. A small box or case for holding 
tea, coffee, &c. 

Can'is-ter-phot, n. (Mil.) A number of small iron 
balls in layers inclosed in a case fitting a gun. 

Can'lter (82), n. [Lat. cancer, which was orig. pron. 
like the Eng. canker.} 1. An ulcer or a collection of 
ulcers in the mouth. 2. Any thing which corrodes, 
corrupts or destroys. 3. (Hnrt.) A disease incident to 
trees. 4. (Far.) A disease of the horse's foot. 5. A 
kind of wild, worthless rose ; dog-rose. 6. A caterpillar. 

Can'ker, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cankered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cankering.] 1. To eat; corrode; corrupt; 
consume. 2. To infect rr pollute. 




CanTker, v. i. 1. To be or become venomous or malig. 
nant. 2. To waste away or grow rusty. 

Can'kered, a. Having a crabbed, unkind, venomous, 
or malignant temper. 

Can'ker-ous, a. Corroding like a canker. 

C&n'ker-rash, n. (Med.) A variety of the scarlet 
fever, in which the throat becomes ulcerated. 

Can'ker-worm (-warm), n. A worm or larve destruc- 
tive to certain trees and plants ; — called also span- 
worm, green looper, &c. 

Can'nel-eoal, n. [A corruption of candle-coal.] (31in.) 
A kind of hard black coal. It burns readily, with a clear, 
yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a 
substitute for candles. 

Can'ni-bal, n. [A corruption of Sp. Caribales (equiv. to 
Eng. Caribbees), which was afterward changed into N. 
Lat. Canibales, in order to express their canine or rabid 
appetite for human flesh.] A human being that eats 
human flesh ; a man-eater. 

Can'ni-bal-igm, n. Act or practice of eating human 
flesh by mankind ; hence, murderous cruelty ; barbarity. 

Can'non, n. [From Lat. can- 
na, reed, pipe, tube.] 1. A 
large hollow metal cylinder 
closed at one end, and va- 
riously mounted, used for 
throwing balls by the force Cannon, 

of gunpowder. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece 
through which a revolving shaft passes. 

Can'non-ade'. n. The act of discharging cannon and 
throwing balls, by way of hostile attack. 

Can'non-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. cannonaded ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CANNONADING.] To attack with heavy 

Can'non-ade', v. i. To discharge cannon. [artillery. 

Can'non-luall, n. A ball, usually made of cast iron, to 
be thrown from cannon. 

Can'non-eer', ) n. A man who manages cannon; an 

Can'non-ier', J artillery-man. 

Can'non-ry, n. Cannon collectively ; artillery. 

Can'non- g'not, n. 1. A ball for cannon. 2. The dis- 
tance a cannon will throw balls. 

Can'not. [can and not.] To be unable. 

i%3~ These words are usually united in writing and printing, 
because they are commonly pronounced as a single word, the 
twon's not being sounded separately, or dwelt upon by the 
articulating organs. Sec Prin. of Pron., § 109. 

Can'nu-lar (kan'u-lar), a. [From Lat. cannula, dim. 
of canna, reed, tube.] Having the form of a tube; 
tubular. 

Ca-noe' (lea-nob'), n. [From canaoa, in the language of 
the "Caribbees.] A boat formed of the trunk of a tree, 
excavated, or of bark or skins. 

Can'on, n. [Lat. canon, a measuring line, rule, model, 
list, roll, Gr. navwv.] 1. A law or rule, especially an 
ecclesiastical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline. 2. 
The genuine books of the Scriptures. 3. A catalogue of 
saints. 4. (Mus.) A continued fugue ; around. 5. A 
person who possesses a prebend or revenue allotted for 
the performance of divine ser- 
vice in a cathedral or collegiate 
church. 6. (Print.) The lar- 
gest size of type having a specific 
name; — so called from having 
been used for printing the can- 
ons of the church. Canon Type. 

-€andn, ) (kan'yun), n. [Sp. canon, a tube or hollow.] 

Can'yon, J A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, worn by 
water-courses. [Local, Amcr.} 

Can'on-ess, n. A woman who enjoys a prebend. 

Ca-non'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to a canon ; according to 

Ca-non'ie-al, ) the canon or rule. 

Ca-non'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a canonical manner. 

Ca-non'i-e-al-ness, n. The quality of being canon- 
ical; canonicity. 

Ca-non'i-e-alg," n. pi. The full official dress of the clergy. 

Ca-non'i-e-ate, n. The office of a canon ; canonry. 

Can'on-ic'i-ty, n. State of belonging to the canon, or 
genuine books of Scripture ; canonicalness. 

Cau'on-ist, n. A professor of canon law. 

Can'on-istl-e, a. Of, or relating to, a canonist. 

Can'on-i-za'tion, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 1. Cere- 
mony or act of placing the name of a deceased person 
in the catalogue of saints. 2. The state of being canon- 
ized or sainted. 

Can'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CANONIZED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CANONIZING.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) To place 
upon the catalogue of saints. [church of Rome. 

Can'on -law, n. (Eccl.) The law sanctioned by the 



or revenue allotted for 

Aa 



a, e, &c. , long; a, e, &c, sliort; care, far, ask, alL what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, d<j, wolf> 



CAiNONRY 



99 



CAP-A-PIE 




Canopy. 




Can'on-ry, ) n. An ecclesiastical benefice, in a cathe- 
Can'on-ship, J dral or collegiate church, which has 

a prebend annexed to it. 
Can'o-py, n. [Gr. nuivtanelov, a net over 

a bed to keep off gnats, fr. Ktavuty, gnat.] 

1. A covering over a throne, or over a 
bed'; more generally, a covering over the 
head. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- 
jection, in the Gothic style, over doors, 
windows, arches, niches, and the like. 

Can'o-py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cano- 
pied ; p. pr. & vb. n. CANOPYING.] To 
cover with a canopy. 

Cant, v. t. 1. To incline, or place upon 
the edge, as a cask. 2. To give a sud- 
den turn or impulse to, as to any thing 
resting upon its edge. 3. To cut off an angle from. 

Cant, n. [Ger. kante, Icel. Jcantr, It. & Sp. canto, edge, 
angle, W. cant, circle, Lat. cantkus, iron ring round a 
carriage-wheel, a wheel, Gr. Kavdog, corner of the eye. 
felly of a wheel.] 1. An angle; edge. [Obs.] 2. An 
inclination from a horizontal line. 3. A thrust, push, 
or other impulse, with a sudden jerk. 

■Cant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. canted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
canting.] 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an 
affected, singing tone. 2. To make whining pretensions 
to goodness. 

Cant, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. cantus, chant.] 1. An affected, 
sing-song mode of speaking. 2. A word or phrase 
hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some profession ; re- 
ligious phraseology. 3. The secret language spoken by 
gypsies, thieves, tramps, and beggars. [language. 

Cant, a. Affected, inelegant, or vulgar ; — applied to 

Can't. A colloquial contraction for can not. 

Can'ta-leup, ) n. [So called from the castle of Canta- 

Can'ta-loiipe, j lupo, in Italy, where they are said to 
have been imported from Armenia.] A small, round, 
ribbed variety of muskmelon, of a very delicate flavor. 

Can'ta-lev'er, \n. [From cancan ex- 

Can'ti-lev'er, f ternal angle, and 
lever, a supporter of the roof-timber 
of a house.] (Arch.) A bracket for 
supporting a balcony, the eaves of a 
house, &c. Cantalever. 

Can-tan 'ker-oiis, a. Very vile or bitter; perverse; 
malicious; contentious. [Colloq.] 

■€an-ta'td, or ^an-ta'td, n. [It., from cantare, to sing, 
equiv. to Lat. cantare, intens. form of canere, to sing.] 
(Mus.) A poem set to music. 

Can-teen', n. [Sp. cantina, cellar, bottle-case, either fr. 
contr. It. canovsttina, dim. of canova, cellar, or fr. canto, 
corner.] A vessel used by soldiers for carrying liquor for 
drink. [Written also cantine.] 

Can'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cantered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CANTERING.] To move, as a horse, in a moder- 
ate gallop, raising the two fore feet nearly at the same 
time, with a leap or spring. 

Can'ter, v. t. To ride upon a canter. 

Can'ter, n. [An abbrev. of Canterbury-gallop , said to be 
derived from pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this pace.] 
A moderate gallop. 

Cant'er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar. 

2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness. 
Can'ter-lbur'y (-ber'ry), n. A receptacle for music, 

portfolios, &c, being a stand with divisions in it. 

-Can'ter-four'y-tale, n. A fabulous story ; — so called 
from the tales of Chaucer. 

■€an/tha-rls,n.; pi. can-thar'i-des. [Lat. & Gr.] 
(Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for blis- 
tering; Spanish-fly. 

Cant'-hdblc (27), n. A wooden lever with an iron hook at 
the end, for canting or turning over heavy logs. [Amer.] 

Can'ti-cle (kan / tl-kl), n.; pi. can'ti-cles,. [Lat. can- 
ticulum, dim. of canticum, song, from canere, to sing.] 
1. A little song. 2. pi. The Song of Songs, or Song 
of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 

Can'ti-ley'er, n. See Cantalever. 

Can'til-late, v. t. [Lat. cantillare, dim. of cantare, 
intens. form of canere, to sing.] To chant. 

Can'til-la'tion, n. A chanting ; recitation with musi- 
c.iT modulations. 

Can-fine', n. See Canteen. 

Can'tle (kan'tl), n. [Dim. of cant, n.] 1. A fragment, 
corner, or edge of any thing. 2. The hind-bow, or pro- 
tuberance of a saddle. 

Cant'let, n. [Dim. of cantle, q. v.] Apiece. 

Can'to, n.; pi. can'tos. [It. canto, from Lat. cantus, 
singing, song, from canere, to sing.] 1. One of the chief 




Canvas-back. 



to 



divisions of a poem of some length ; a book. 2. (Mus.) 
The soprano, or highest part. 

Can'ton, n. [Fr., from L. Lat. cantonus, corner, corner- 
stone, district, aug. of 0. Fr. cant, It. & Sp. canto, edge, 
corner. See Cant, n.\ 1. A small portion or district 
of territory, constituting a distinct state or govern- 
ment ; as, the cantons of Switzerland. 2. A distinct 
part, or division. 

Can'ton, v. I. [imp. & p. p. cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cantoning.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts, 
as territory ; to divide into distinct portions. 2. To allot 
separate qtiarters to, as to troops. [tons. 

Can'ton-al, a. Pertaining to a canton ; divided into can- 

Can'ton-ize, v. t. To divide into cantons. 

Can'ton-ment, n. A part or division of a town or vil- 
lage, assigned to a particular regiment of troops. 

Can-toon', n. A kind of strong stuff or fustian. 

Can'vas, n. [From Lat. cannabis, cannabus, Gr. Kavva- 
/3i?, Kavva/3os, hemp.] 1. A coarse cloth made of hemp 
or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, painting, &c. 2. 
The sails of a vessel. 

Can'vas-lbaek, n. ( Ornith.) A spe- 
cies of sea-duck, highly esteemed for 
the delicacy of its flesh. It derives 
its name from the color of the plu- 
mage on its back. 

Can'vass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. can- 
vassed (kan/vast); p. pr. & vb. n. 
CANVASSING.] [From canvas, sig- 
nifying in 0. Eng. a sieve, a strain- 
ing cloth.] 1. To sift; to strain; to 
examine thoroughly. 2. To take up for discussion 
debate. 3. To go through in the way of solicitation 

Can'vass ; v. i. To solicit votes or interest. 

Can'vass, n. 1. Close inspection to know the state of. 
2. Examination in the way of discussion. 3. A seek- 
ing, solicitation, or effort to obtain some thing. 

Can'vass-er, n. 1. One who solicits votes, or subscrip- 
tions. 2. One who examines the returns of votes. 

Can'y, a. [See Cane.] Consisting of cane, or abound- 
ing with canes. 

Can'yon, n. See Canon. 

■Can-zo'ne, n. [It., a song, from Lat. canere, to sing.] 
(Mus.) A song or air in two or three parts, with passages 
of fugue and imitation. [Rare.] 

Can'zo-net', n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone, q. v.] 
(Mus.) A little or short song, in one, two, or three parts. 

Caout'chqu-e (koiychook), w. [A South American 
word.] An elastic substance, obtained from the milky 
juice of several tropical plants ; — also called India rubber 
and gum elastic. 

Cap, n. [A.-S. cappe.] 1. A covering for the head. 2. 
Any thing resembling a cap in form, position, or use. 

To set one's cap for, to take measures to gain the affections or 
favor of a man with a view to being married to him. 

Cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. capped (kapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CAPPING.] 1. To cover the top or end of. 2. To render 
complete ; to consummate. 3. To provide with a cap. 

To cap verses, to name alternately verses beginning with a 
particular letter. 

Ca/pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being capable ; capacity. 

Ca'pa-ble, a. [L. Lat. capabilis, fr. Lat. capere, to take.] 
1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility ; 
having capacity. 2. Possessing intellectual power. 

Syn.— Adapted; suited; able; competent; qualified; fitted; 
efficient; effective; skillful. 

Ca'pa-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being capable ; 
capacity ; capability. 

Ca-pa'cious, a. [Lat. capax.] 1. Having capacity ; abl« 
to contain. 2. Having ability or qualification to take 
large views of things. 

Syn. — Large ; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; compre- 
hensive; liberal. 

Ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree. 

Ca-pa'cious-ness, n. Quality of being capacious. 

Ca-p&c'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. capacitated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CAPACITATING.] To render capable; to 
qualify. 

Ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Lat. capacitas, from capax.] 1. Power 
of receiving or containing ; extent of room or space. 2. 
Power of the mind to receive ideas, knowledge, &c. 3. 
Ability ; element of power. 4. Outward condition or 
circumstances; character. 5. (Law.) Aptitude or qual- 
ification, as of age, residence, &c, necessary for certain 
purposes. 6. ( Geom.) The solid contents of a body. 
Syn. — Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency. 

Cap-a-pie (kap'a-pee'). [0. Fr.] From head to foot. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; this 



CAPAEISON 



100 



CAPSULE 



Ca-par'i-son, n. [Sp. caparazon, coTer for a saddle, 
coach, &c, from capa, cloak, cover, and arzon, the bows 
of a saddle, or from L. Lat. caparo, Fr. chaperon, hood, and 
the Sp. term, azon.] 1. A covering laid over the saddle 
or harness of a horse ; trappings. 2. Gay or rich clothing. 

Ca-par'i-son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caparisoned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CAPARISONING.] 1. To cover v* ith a caparison 
or decorated cloth, as a horse. 2. To adorn with rich 
dress ; to dress. 

Cape, n. 1. [Lat. caput, head, top, extremity.] A neck 
of land extending into the sea ; a headland. 2. [Fr. cape.] 
Part of a garment hanging from the neck behind and over 
the shoulders. 

Cap'el-let, n. [Fr. capelet.~\ ( Far. ) A wen-like swelling 
on the point of the elbow of a horse. 

Ca'per, v. i. [From Lat. caper, a he-goat.] To leap or 
jump about in a sprightly manner ; to spring ; to dance. 

Ca'per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring ; a skip ; a jump. 

Ca'per, n. [Lat. capparis, cappari Gr. K<xTnra.pi.<;, Kamrapi , 
Ar. & Per. al-kabar. The Skr. kaphari is dried ginger, 
from kapha, phlegm, and art, enemy, a remedy against 
phlegm.] (Bot.) The flower -bud or unexpanded flower 
of the caper-bush, much used for pickling. 

Ca'per-Tbush, \ n. (Bot.) A genus of low shrubs, some of 

Ca'per- tree, ) of which produce berries, and others pods. 

-€a'pi-as, n. [Lat. , thou mayst take, from capere, to take.] 
(Law.) A writ or process commanding the officer to arrest 
the person named in it ; — also called writ of capias. 

Cap'il-la'ceoiis, a. [Lat. capillaceus, hairy, from capil- 
lus, hair.] Having long filaments ; resembling a hair. 

Ca-pil'la-ment, n. [Lat. capillamentum , from capillus, 
hair.] A filament or fine hair-like thread or fiber. 

Cap'il-lar'i-ty, n. State or condition of being capillary. 

Cap'il-la-ry,oi Ca-pil'la-ry, a. [Lat. capillaris, from 
capillus, hair.] 1. Resembling a hair ; long and very 
slender. 2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels. 

Capillary attraction and repulsion, the cause which deter- 
mines the ascent or descent of a fluid in a capillary tube above 
or below the level of the surrounding fluid, when the tube is 
dipped in that fluid. 

Cap'il-la-ry (44), n. A fine vessel or canal ; especially, 
one of the minute vessels connecting the arteries and 
veins. 

Cap'i-tal, a. [Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.] 1. Per- 
taining to the head. 2. Pertaining to, or involving, the 
forfeiture of the head or life. 3. First in importance. 

Capital letter (Print.), a letter usually distinguished by its 
form and greater size from those in which the body of a page 
is printed ;— so called be- 
cause used at the head of * T» /"IT^w I MA 
a word or sentence.- Cap- AJiCDiL^ ABCDEF 
ital stock, the fund of a _ ., , „,,„.., 

trading company or cor- Capitals. Small Capitals, 

poration. 
Syn.— Chief; principal; leading; controlling; prominent. 

Cap'i-tal, n. [Lat. capitellum and capitulum, dim. of 
caput, head.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost part of a 
column, pilaster, &c. 2. The chief city or town in a 
country ; a metropolis. 3. A stock employed in trade, 
manufactures, &c. 4. Means of increasing one's power; 
influence. 5. (Print.) A letter distinguished by its form 
or greater size from those ordinarily used in the body oi 
the page. 6. (Fort.) The line which bisects the salient 
angle of a ravelin. See Ravelin. 

Cap'i-tal-ist, n. [Fr. capitaliste.] A man of large prop- 
erty, which is_or may be employed in business. 

Cap'i-tal-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of converting money or 
stock into capital. 2. Use of capital letters. 

Cap'i-tal-ize, v. t. 1. To convert into capital, as money 
or stock. 2. To print in capital letters. 

Cap'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital manner. 

Cap'i-ta'tion, n. [Lat. capitatio, from caput, head.] 1. 
A numbering of persons. 2. A tax upon each head ; a 
poll-tax ; — usually called capitation-tax. 

■€ap'i-te, n. [Lat. capite, ablative case of caput, head.] 
( O. Eng. Law.) A tenure of land. 

Cap'i-tol, n. [Lat. capitolium, from caput, head.] 1. 
The temple of Jupiter, in Rome, on the Mons Capitolinus. 
2. The edifice occupied by a national or state legisla- 
ture ; a government-house. 

Ca-pit-u-lar, a. 1. Belonging to a chapter ; capitulary. 
2. (Bot.) Growing in small heads ; as the dandelion . 

Ca-pit'u-lar , )n. [From Lat . capitulum , dim . of caput. 

Ca-pit'u-la-ry,) head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in 
a chapter of knights, canons, or other fraternity. 2. A 
collection of laws or statutes;— so called as being in 
chapters or sections. 3. The member of a chapter. 

Ca-pit'u-la-ry (44), a. Relating to the chapter of a ca- 
thedral. 



Ca-pit'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. capitulated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. capitulating.] To surrender on stipulated 
terms, as an army or garrison. 

Ca-pit'u-la'tion, n. 1. A reducing to heads or arti- 
cles. 2. Act of surrendering to an enemy upon stipu- 
lated terms. 3. The instrument containing the terms 
of an agreement or surrender. 

Ca-pit'u-la'tor, n. One who capitulates. 

Ca-pi'vi (-pe've), n. [See Copaiba.] A balsam of the 
Spanish West Indies. 

Cap'iio-man/cy, n. [Gr. kclitvos, smoke, and /xavreia, 
power of divination.] Divination by means of the ascent 
or motion of smoke. 

Ca-poch' (ka-po-otsh'), n. [L. Lat. capucium, caputium, 
from" capa, cappa, cape, cloak.] A monk's hood ; also, the 
hood of a cloak. [wink or blind. 

Ca-pocli', y. t. To cover with a hood; hence, to hood- 

Ca'pon (ka'pn or ka'pun), n. [Lat. capo, Gr. Kairuv, 
A.-S. capun.] A cock gelded for the purpose of improv- 
ing his flesh for the table. 

Cap'o-niere', n. [Fr. caponniere, prob. allied to capon- 
ner, to dissimulate in order to succeed, capon, a cun- 
ning player.] (Fort.) A work placed in a ditch for its 
defense by fire-arms. It often serves as a covered pas- 
sage-way across the ditch. 

Ca-pot', n. [Either abbrev. fr. caput mortuum, q. v., or 
confer, fr. Heb. kappCreth, expiatory sacrifice, a sort of 
curse : afterward applied in a more general way.] A 'win' 
ning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet. 

Ca-pote', n. [Fr. See Cap.] 1. A long cloak worn by 
women. 2. A coat with a hood, worn by soldiers, sail' 
ors, and others. 

Ca-poiicli', n. Same as Capoch. 

Cap'-pa'per, n. 1. A coarse brown paper, used to 
make caps to hold commodities. 2. A kind of writing- 
paper in large sheets, usually called foolscap. 

Cap're-o-late, a. [From Lat. capreolus, wild goat, ten- 
dril, from capra, she-goat, caper, he-goat.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing tendrils, or spiral claspers. 

Capriccio (ka-pret'cho), n. [It., freak, caprice, q. v.] 
(Mus.) A loose, irregular species of composition. 

Ca-price' (ka-prees'), n. [Fr.,from Lat. caper, capra, 
goat ; orig. a fantastical goat-leap.] Sudden or unrea- 
sonable change of mind or humor ; fickleness. 
Syn.— Freak; whim; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey. 

Ca-pri'cioiis (ka-prlsh / us), a. Governed by caprice. 
Syn. — Arbitrary ; freakish; whimsical; unsteady; captious. 

Ca-pri'cioiis-ly, adv. In a capricious manner [cious. 

Ca-pri'cioiis-ness, n. State or quality of being capri- 

Cap'ri-eorn (25), n. [Lat. capricornus, from caper, goat, 
and cornv, horn.] (Astron.) The tenth sign of the zodiac, 
into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about 
the 21st of December. 

Cap'ri-f i-ea'tion, n. [Lat. caprificatio, from caprificare, 
to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, from capri- 
fcus, the wild fig, from caper, capra, goat, and ficus, 
fig.] A process of accelerating the ripening of fruit, 
practiced in the Levant, particularly with the fig. 

Cap'ri-f6rm, a. [Frcm Lat. caper, capra, goat, and 
forma, form.] Having the form of a goat. 

Ca-prig'e-ncus, a. [Lat. caprigenus, fr. caper, capra, 
goat, and genere, gignere, to produce.] Produced by a goat. 

Cap'ri-ole, n. [From Lat. caper, capra, goat. Cf. CA- 
PER, v. ?'.] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes in the 
same place without advancing. 2. A leap or caper, as 
in dancing. 3. A kind cf head-dress worn by ladies. 

Cap'-sheaf , n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain. 

Cap'si-ciiie, n. [Emm capsicum.] ( Chem.) The active 
principle found in the capsules of Cayenne pepper. 

Cap'si-eum, n. [N. Lat. capsicum, fr. capsa, box, be- 
cause it is contained in pods.] (Bot.) A genus of plants 
producing the red or Cayenne pepper of domestic use. 

Cap-size', v. t. [imp. & p. p. capsized; p.pr. & vb. 
n. capsizing.] [Probably from cap, top, head, and 
seize, because it is properly to move a hogshead or other 
vessel forward by turning it alternately on the heads.] 
To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. 

Cap'size, n. An upset or overturn. 

Cap'stan, n. [From Lat. capistrum, halter.] (Naut.) A 
machine used for weighing anchors, or drawing up any 
great weight, operating with a cable wound round it, in 
the manner of a wheel and axle. 

Cap'sn-lar, ) a. Hollow, like a capsule ; pertaining to 

Cap'su-la-ry, ) a capsule. 

Cap'su-late, ) a. Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a 

Cap'sm-la'ted, ( chest or box. 

Cap'sule, n. [Lat. capsula, a little box, fr. capsa, chest, 



a,e,&c.,/ong- ; a,6,&c.,5Ao^;care,far,ask;,all,whu+; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dc^wijlf, 



CAPTAIN 



101 



CARD 



case, fr. capere, to take, contain.] 1. (Bot.) A seed- 
pod or pericarp, opening, when mature, by the separation 
of its valves. 2. (Chem.) (a.) A small saucer of clay 
for roasting or melting samples of ores, &c. (b.) A small, 
shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain. 3. 
(Physiol.) A small membranous sac. 4. A metallic seal 
or cover for closing a bottle. 5. A percussion cap. 
-Cap'tain (42), n. [From Lat. caput, the head.] 1. The 
military officer who commands a company or troop ; — ■ 
also the commander of a ship , the foreman of a body of 
workmen, and the like. 2. A military leader ; a warrior. 

Captain-general (3EI.), a commander-in-chief. — Captain- 
lieutenant, an officer, who, with the rank of a captain, and pay 
of lieutenant, commands a company or troop. 

Cap'tain-cy, n. Rank, post, or commission of a captain. 
Gap'tain-ry, n. Chieftainship ; captainship. 
Gap'tain-sliip, n. 1. Condition, rank, post, or author- 
ity of a captain. 2. Skill in military affairs. 
Cap'tion, n. [Lat. captio, from capere, to take, seize.] 

1. (Law.) That part of a legal instrument, as a com- 
mission, indictment, &c, which shows where, when, and 
by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. 2. 
The heading of a chapter, section, or page. 

i&I"- In the latter sense, the word is an Americanism ; but it 
is not used by our best writers. 
Cap'tioils, a. [Lat. captiosus. See supra.] 1. Apt to 
find fault or to cavil. 2. Fitted to catch, or perplex. 

Syn.— Caviling; petulant; fretful. — One who is captious 
is ready to catch at the slightest faults; one who is caviling 
does it on trivial or imaginary grounds; one who is petulant 
is apt, from irritability, to make hasty but slight attacks; fret- 
fulness is complaining impatience. 

-€ap'tioiis-ly, adv. In a captious manner. 

-eap'tioiis-ness, n. Disposition to find fault. 

-Cap'ti-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. captivated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CAPTIVATING-.] [Lat. captivare, from captivus, 
captive, from capere, to take.] 1. To capture. [Rare.] 

2. To overpower with excellence or beauty. 

Syn. — To enslave; subdue; charm; enchant; fascinate. 

Cap'ti-va'tioii, n. Act of taking a prisoner. 

•Cap'tive, n. [Lafc. captivus, from capere, to take.] 1. 
A prisoner taken in war, by an enemy. 2. One charmed 
or subdued by beauty, excellence, or affection. 

Cap'tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; kept 
in bondage or confinement. 2. Serving to confine ; re- 
lating to bondage or confinement. 

■€ap-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. State of being a prisoner. 2. A state 
of being under control. 
Syn. — Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection. 

Cap'tor, n. [Lat., from capere, to take.] One who takes, 
as a prisoner or a prize. 

Capt'ure (kapt'j-ur, 53), n. [Lat. captura, from capere, 
to take.] 1. Act of taking or seizing by force ; seizure. 
2. The thing taken. [stratagem. 

Capt'ure, v. t. To take or seize by force, surprise, or 

Cap'u-clirn/, n. [Fr. capucin, from capuce, capuchon, 
hood, cowl. See Capoch.] 1. (Eccl.) One of the monks 
of the order of St. Francis ; — so called from the hood 
or cowl which they wear. 2. A garment for women, 
consisting of a cloak and hood. 3. A pigeon whose head 
is covered with feathers. 

Ca'put Mdr'tu-unt. [Lat., deadhead.] Residuum or re- 
mainder of distillation, or sublimation ; worthless residue. 

Car, n. [Lat. carrus, a four-wheeled wagon, a Celtic 
word in Lat., W. car, allied to Ger. karre, harren.] 1. A 
small vehicle moved on wheels. 2. A carriage for running 
on the rails of a railway. [Amer.] 3. A chariot of war. 

-Gar'a-brne, n. See Carbine. 

■€ar'ack,tt. [Low Lat. caraca, from carrus, wagon, be- 
cause it carries much, as if it were a carries marinus.] 
(Naut.) A large ship of burden, such as the Portuguese 
formerly used in trading to the East Indies. 

Car'a-eole, n. [Prob. of Iberian origin ; Bisc. baracul- 
loa, bare curacillua, snail, barea, slug, and culloa, contr. 
fr. curacillua, a winding hole.] 1. A half turn, which 
a horseman makes, either to the right or left. 2. (Arch.) 
A staircase in a spiral form. 

Car'a-eole, v. i. To move in a caracole ; to wheel. 

Gar'a-gheeii, n. See Carrageen. 

Car'a-mel, n. [From Lat. carina, reed, and mel, mellis, 
honey.] (Chem.) Burnt sugar; a black, porous sub- 
stance obtained by heating sugar to about 400°. 

Car'a-pace, ) n. [Of uncertain derivation.] A thick 

Car'a-pax, J shell or shield, which covers the back of 
the tortoise or turtle ; the upper shell of the crab, or 
other crustaceous animal. 

■Car'at, n. [Ar. qirrat, qlrat, a bean or pea shell, a weight 



of four grains, carat, which word the Arabians borrowed 
from Gr. KepdTtov, a little horn, fruit of the carob-tree, a 
weight, carat.] 1. The weight of four grains, used by 
jewelers in weighing precious stones and pearls. 2. A 
twenty -fourth part;— a denomination used in deter- 
mining the proportionate fineness of gold, which is sup- 
posed to be divided into twenty-four equal parts. 
Car'a-van/, or €ar'a-van', n. [Ar. qairawan, from 
Per. karwan, qirwan, caravan, giVwan, traveling through 
many regions.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or 
merchants, traveling together for greater security. 2. 
A large, close carriage on springs, or a train of such car- 
riages, for conveying wild beasts, &c, for exhibition. 
Car'a-van'sa-ry, \n. [Per. karwan-sarai, fr:. karwan, 
■ear'a-van'se-rai, ) caravan, and sarai, palace, large 
house, inn.] A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans 
rest at night, being a large, square building, with a spa- 
cious court in the middle. 
Car'a-vel, n. [From Lat. carabus, Gr. KapajSo?, a kind 
of light ship.] [Written also carvel.] (Naut.) (a.) A kind 
of fight, round, old-fashioned ship. (6.) A small boat 
used for_the herring-fishery, on the coast of France. 
Car'a-way, n. [Ar. karwiya, karawiya, from Gr. ndpov, 
kclpo?, Lat. careum.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial aromatic plant 
of the parsley family, and its seed. 2. A kind of sweet- 
meat containing caraway seeds. 
■ear'bine, n. [From L. Lat. carabaga, chadabula, cabulus, 
for cadabulus, engine of war, cadabulum, prostration to 
the ground, from Gr. /carajSoAr?, a throwing down, Kara- 
/3aAAeti/, to throw down.] (Mil.) A fire-arm intermediate 
between the pistol and musket in length and weight, 
used by mounted troops. 
-ear'bi-neer', n. (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine. 
Car'boii, n. [Lat. carbo, coal.] (Chem.) An elementary 
substance, forming the base of charcoal, and entering 
largely into mineral coals and graphite or black-lead. In 
its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond. 
-Car'bo-na'ceou.s, a. Pertaining, relating to, contain- 
ing, or composed of, carbon. 
Car'bo-nci'r'i,n. pi. [It. carbonaro, a coal-man.] Mem- 
bers of a secret political association in Italy, formed in 
the early part of the nineteenth century. 
CarTbon-ate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union 
of carbonic acid with a base. [bonic acid. 

Car'bon-a'ted, a. Combined or impregnated with car- 
-Car-bon'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, carbon. 

Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid composed of one part of car- 
bon and two parts of oxygen. In its ordinary condition it is a 
heavy gas, and is totally unfit for respiration. 
Car'bon-if'er-ous, a. [From carbon, Lat. carbo, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing, or containing, carbon or coal. 
Ciir'bon-i-za'tion, n. The act or process of carbonizing. 
Car'bon-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carbonized ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. CARBONIZING.] To convert into carbon. 
■CarHboy, n. [Cf. Gael, carb, basket.] A large, globular 

glass bottle, inclosed in basket-work for protection. 
■GarHbun-ele (k'ar'bunk-1, 82), n. [Lat. carbunculus, 
dim. of carbo, coal.] 1. (Min.) A beautiful gem, of a 
deep red color, with a mixture of scarlet, found in the 
East Indies. 2. (Med.) A malignant boil, differing from 
a common boil in having no central core, and being of 
longer continuance. 
Car'bun-eled, a. 1. Set with the stone called carbun- 
cle. 2. Having a malignant boil called carbuncle; 
hence, having red or inflamed spots. 
Gar-bun/cu-lar, a. Belonging to a carbuncle ; resem- 
bling a carbuncle ; red ; inflamed. 
-GarTbu-ret, n. ( Cliem.) A combination of carbon with 
some other substance, the resulting compound not being 
an acid or base. [ner of a carburet. 

Ca.r'bu.-ret-ed, a. Combined with carbon in the man- 
■Car'-ea-net, n. [Armor, kerchen, bosom, neck, kelchen, 
collar, cravat, fr. kelch, circle, round, allied to Icel. qverk, 
0. H. Ger. querca, throat.] A chain or collar of jewels. 
Car'-eass, n. [From Lat. caro, flesh, and capsa, chest, 
box, case.] [Written also carcase.] 1. The dead body 
of an animal ; a corpse. 2. The body, in contempt or 
ridicule. 3. The decaying remains of a thing, as of a 
ship. 4. The frame or main parts of a thing, unfinished 
or without ornament. 5. (Mil.) A hollow, oval vessel, 
filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar. 
Car'cel Lamp. A lamp in which the oil is raised 

through tubes by clock-work. 
•Card, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. xap 1 ")?, a leaf of paper.] jL 
A piece of pasteboard or thick paper, prepared for various 
uses. 2. A published note, containing a brief statement, 
explanation, request, &c. 3. A paper on which the 
points of the compass are marked. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



CARD 



102 



CARJSTVORA 



Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. carded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
carding.] To play at cards ; to game. 

Card, n. [From Lat. carciuus, cardus, thistle, carere, to 
card.] An instrument for combing wool or flax, or for 
cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals. 

Card, v. t. To comb with a card. 

Car'da-mine, n. [Lat. cardamina, Gr. KapSajuu'vij.] 
(Bot.) A genus of plants, containing the lady's-smock, 
cuckoo-flower, meadow-cress, &c. 

Car'da-mom, n. [Gr. KapSap.uip.ov, from ap.<ap.ov, an 
Indian spice-plant, and /capS, for crKapS, from Skr. tshhard, 
to vomit; tshhard ikaripu, cardamom, literally enemy to 
vomiting.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant, indigenous to the 
East Indies. Its seeds have a warm, aromatic flavor, 
and are used in medicine. 

Card'-fooard, n. A stiff paper or pasteboard for making 
cards, &c. 

Card'-ease, n. A case for visiting cards. 

Card'er, n. One who cards wool. 

Car'di-a«, ) a. [Gr. KapSioxos, from icapSia, heart.] 

Car-di'ae-al, J 1. (Anat.) (a.) Pertaining to or re- 
sembling the heart; as, the cardiac arteries, (b.) Per- 
taining to the upper orifice of the stomach. 2. Exciting 
action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach. 

Car'di-ac, n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action 
in the stomach, and animates the spirits ; a cordial. 

CarMi-al'gy, n. [Gr. KapStaXyCa, from KapSuz, heart, 
and &A-yo?, pain.] ( Med. ) Heartburn. 

Car'di-nal, a. [Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, the hinge 
of a door, that about which a thing revolves, or on which 
it depends.] Of fundamental importance ; pre-eminent ; 
superior; chief; principal. 

Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, &c, in dis- 
tinction from first, second, third, &c, which are called ordinal 
numbers. — Cardinal points (Geoy.), north and south, east and 
west— Cardinal virtues (Antiq.), prudence, justice, temper- 
ance, and fortitude. 

Car'di-nal, n. 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of the 
seventy ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's 
council. 2. A woman's short cloak. 

Car'di-nal-ate, ) n. The office, rank, or dignity of a 

Car'di-nal-ship, J cardinal. 

Car'di-nal -loir d, n. (Ornith.) A bird having a fine 
scarlet plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. 

Car'di-nal-floWer, n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant, 
bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. 

Card'ing-en'gine, ) n. A machine for combing, 

Card'ing-ma-chine', ) breaking, and cleansing wool 
or cotton, and forming it into a roll. 

Car'di-oid, n. [From Gr. KapSio-eiS^s, heart-shaped, 
from /capSta, heart, and elSos, shape.] (Math.) An alge- 
braic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart. 

Car'di-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. napUa, heart, and Ao-yos, speech.] 
(Anat.Ji A discourse or treatise on the heart. 

Car-doon', n. [From Lat. carduus, cardus, thistle.] 
( Bot.) A plant, resembling the artichoke, used as salad. 

Card'-ta'lble, n. A table having a leaf which folds over 
upon the other, used for playing cards on. 

Care (4), n. [A.-S. cam, cearu, Goth. Icara, Ir. & Gael. 
car, W. cur, allied to Lat. cura, care.] 1. Charge or over- 
sight, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. 
2. Attention or heed ; caution ; regard ; needfulness ; 
watchfulness. 3. A burdensome sense of responsibility. 
4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. 

Syn. — Anxiety; solicitude; concern ; trouble.— Care be- 
longs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from 
overburdening thought; anxiety is a state of painful uneasi- 
ness from the dread of evil; solicitude and concern express the 
same feelmg in diminished degrees. 

Care, v. i. {imp. & p. p. cared ; p. pr. & vb. n. car- 
ing.] 1. To be anxious or solicitous ; to be concerned. 

2. To be inclined or disposed. 

Ca-reen', v. t. [imp. & p. p. careened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CAREENING.] [0. Eng. carine, from Lat. carina, the 
keel.] (Naut.) To heave on one side, as a ship, for the 
purpose of calking, repairing, cleansing, &c. 

Ca-reen', v. i. To incline to one side, as a ship. 

Ca-reer', n. [From Lat. carrns, wagon. See Car.] 1. 
A race-course. 2. Rapidity of motion ; a race ; a course. 

3. General course of proceeding ; procedure. 
Ca-reer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. careered ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. careering.] To move or run rapidly. 

C&re'ful (4), a. 1. Attentive to support and protect. 
2. Giving good heed. 3. Full of care or solicitude. 

Syn. — Anxious ; solicitous ; provident ; thoughtful ; cau- 
tious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. 

Care'f ul-ly, adv. With care, anxiety, or solicitude. 

Care'f ul-ness, n. The quality or state of being careful. 



Care'less, a. [From care and the termination less.] 1. 
Having no care ; inattentive ; unmindful. 2. Free from 
care or anxiety. 3. Done, or said without care. 

Syn. — Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; in- 
cautious; remiss; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless. 

Care'less-ly, adv. In a careless manner. . 

€are'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being careless. 

Ca-r6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. caressed (ka-rest') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CARESSING.] [From L. Lat. caritia, ca- 
ress, fr. Lat. cams, dear.] To treat with fondness, affec- 
tion, or kindness ; to fondle. 

Ca-ress', n. An act of endearment. 

Ca'ret, n. [Lat., there is wanting, from carere, to want.] 
(Print.) Amark [AJ which shows that something omitted 
in the line is interlined jabove, or inserted in the margin. 

Car'-go, n. ; pi. CAR/GOE§. [Sp. cargo and carga, bur- 
den, load, from cargar, to load, charge, q. v.] The 
lading or freight of a ship. 

Car'i-bou, n. [A Canadian name.] (Zool.) A quadru- 
ped of the reindeer kind. [Written also carribou?\ 

Car'i-ea-ture' (53), n. [Fr.; It. caricatura, from caricare, 
to charge, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. The ex- 
aggeration, in a representation, pictorial or otherwise, of 
that which is characteristic. 2. A figure or description 
in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so ex- 
aggerated as to appear ridiculous. 

Car'i-ea-ture / ,r.£. [imp. Sep. p. CARICATURED ;/>..pr. 
& vb. n. caricaturing.] To make a caricature of. 

Car'i-ea-tur'ist, n. One who makes caricatures. 

■€a'ri-es, n. [Lat. , rottenness, allied to Skr. en, to break.] 
( Med. ) An ulceration of bone. 

Car'i-nate, I a. [Lat. carinatvs, from carina, keel.] 

Car'i-na/ted, j (Bot.) Shaped like the keel of a ship. 

Car'i-ole, n. [It. carriuola, dim. of car, carro, Lat. car- 
rus. See Car.] A small, open carriage, somewhat re- 
sembling a calash. See Carry-aix. 

Ca'ri-os'i-ty, n. Ulceration of a bone ; caries. 

Ca'ri-oiis, a. Affected with caries. 

Carl, n. [A.-S. carl, Icel. karl, man, Ger. Icerl, fellow.] 
1. A rude, rustic, rough man. 2. A kind of hemp. 

Car'liiie, ) n. [Fr. carlingue, escarlingue, Sp.,Pg., & It. 

Car'ling, j carlinga.] (Naut.) A timber, ranging fore 
and aft, from one deck beam to another, directly over the 
keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the ship. 

Car'man, n. ; pi. car'men. A man who drives a cart. 

Car'mel-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of an order estab- 
lished on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century. 

Car-min'a-tive, a. [N.Lat. carminativus (anno 1622), 
from carminare, to card, hence to cleanse.] Expelling 
wind from the body ; warming. 

Car-min'a-tive , n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to 
expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulencies. 

Car'mine, n. [Contr. from L. Lat. carmesbius, purple 
color, Eng. crimson, q. v.] A beautiful pigment, of a 
rich red or crimson color, prepared from cochineal. 

Car'nage (45), n. [From Lat. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
The flesh of slain animals. 2. Slaughter ; massacre ; 
murder ; havoc. 

Carnal, a. [Lat. carnalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
Pertaining to flesh ; fleshly ; sensual. 2. Given to sen- 
sual indulgence ; lustful ; lecherous ; libidinous. 

Car'nal-ist, n- One given to sensuality. 

Car-nal'i-ty, n. State of being carnal ; sensuality. 

Car'nal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carnalized ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. carnalizing.] To make carnal. 

Car'nal-ly, adv. According to the flesh. 

Car'nal-mind'ed, a. Worldly-minded. 

Car-na'tioii, n. [Lat. carnatio, fleshiness, from caro, 
carnis, flesh.] 1. Flesh-color. 2. (Paint.) That part 
of a picture which represents the flesh without drapery. 
3. (Bot.) A species of clove- pink. 

Car-nel'ian (-yan), n. [N. Lat. carneolus, fr. carneus, 
fleshy; — from its flesh-red color.] (Mm.) A variety of 
chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, or a reddish -white color. 

Car'ne-oils, a. [Lat. carneus, from caro, carnis, fi.esh.] 
Consisting of, or like, flesh. 

Car'ney, n. [From Lat. carneus, fleshy.] (Far.) A dis- 
ease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that they 
can not eat. 

Car'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. A turning to flesh. 

Car'ni-fy, v. i. [L. Lat. carnificare, from caro, carnis, 
flesh, and facere, to make.] To form flesh. 

Car'ni-val, n. [It. carnevale, farewell to meat, from Lat. 
caro, carnis, flesh, and vale, farewell.] A festival cele- 
brated with merriment and revelry in Roman Catholic 
countries for a number of days before Lent. 

-Car-niv'o-rd, n. pi. [Lat. (sc. animalia), neut. pi. of car- 
nivorus, from caro, carnis, flesh, and vorare, to devour.] 



CARNIVOROUS 



103 



CARVING 




(Nat. Hist.) An order of animals which subsist on flesh, 
as the hyena. 

Car-nlv'o-roils, a. [See supra.] Feeding on flesh. 

Car-nos'i-ty, n. 1. A fleshy excrescence. 2. Fleshiness. 

Car'ob, «. [Av. kharriib.] (Bot.) A leguminous evergreen 
tree, a native of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. 

Car'ol, n. [L. Lat. carola, dim. of Lat. chorus, a choral 
dance, Gr. x°P°?-] 1» -A- son o of joy and exultation, or 
of mirth ; a lay. 2. A devotional song. 

■Car'ol, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. caroled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
caroling.] To praise or celebrate in song. 

Car'ol, v. i. To sing in joy or festivity ; to warble. 

Ca-rot'id, n. [Gr. pi. /capamSes, from /capos, heavy sleep, 
Kapa, head.] ( Anat.) A large artery conveying the blood 
from the neck to the head. There are two, one on each 
Eide. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be caused by 
an increased flow of blood through them. 

Ca-rot'id, I a. Pertaining to the tsvo great arteries 

-Ca-roi'id-al, ) of the neck that carry blood to the head. 

Ca-rou§'al, n. A jovial feast or festival ; merrymaking. 
Syn.— Feast; banquet. — Feast is generic; a banquet is a 
sumptuous feast; a carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 
frolic and wine. 

Ca-rou§e', v. i. {imp. & p. p. caroused; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CAROUSING.] [From Ger. garaus, end, entire 
emptying of the cup in drinking one's health.] To drink 
abundantly ; to drink in a jovial manner. 

Ca-rouge' v. t. To drink freely or jovially. 

Ca-rouse', n. A drinking match or season of carousal. 

Ca-rous/er, n. One who carouses. 

Carp, v . i. [Lat. carpere, to seize.] To censure, cavil, or 
find fault, particularly without reason, or petulantly. 

■Carp, ii. [L. Lat. carpio, carpo, 
carpa, prob. from carpere, to 
seize.] (Ichth.) A family of soft- 
finned, fresh-water fishes. 

Car'pal, a. [From N. Lat. car- 
pus, wrist.] (Anat.) Pertaining 
to the carpus, or wrist. Carp. 

Car'pel, n. [N. Lat., dim. fromGr. Kaptro?, fruit.] (Bot.) 
A simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. 

Car'pen-ter, n. [L. Lat. carpentarius, from Lat. carpen- 
tum, wagon, carriage.] An artiScer who works in tim- 
ber ; a framer and builder of houses and of ships. 

Car'pen-try, n. 1. Art of cutting, framing, and join- 
ing timber, in the construction of buildings. 2. Pieces 
of timber connected by being framed together, &c. 

Carp'er, n. One who carps ; a caviler. 

Car'pet, n. [Low Lat. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, 
from Lat. carpere, to pluck.] A heavy fabric, used as a 
covering for floors. 

Carpet knight, a knight who has not known the hardships of 
the field. — To be on the carpet, under consideration; to be the 
subject of deliberation. 

Car'pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carpeted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CARPETING.] To cover with a carpet or carpets. 

Car'pet-foag, n. A traveling -bag ; — so called because 
originally made of carpet. [in general. 

Car'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materials for carpets ; carpets 

Car-phol'o-gy, n. [Gr. /cap^os, a small dry body, and 
KiyeLv, to pluck.] (Med.) Same as Floccillation. 

Car'po-Kte, n. [Gr. Kaphas, fruit, and \C6os, stone.] A 
petrified fruit. 

Car-pol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kapn-6?, fruit, and Aoyog, dis- 
course.] Tnat branch of botany which relates to the 
structure of seeds and fruit. 

Car'rack, n. See Carack. 

Car'ra-geen', ) n. A kind of sea-weed, the Irish moss 

Car'ri-geen', j of the shops, used for jellies, &c. 

Car'riage (kar'rij), n. [See Carry.] 1 . Act of carry- 
ing ; conveyance. 2. That which carries ; a vehicle, 
espeeixlly for pleasure or for passengers. 3. Manner 
of carrying one's self ; personal manners. 

Syn. — Conveyance ; demeanor ; behavior ; conduct 

Car'riage-a-ble, a. Passable by carriages. 

Car'ri-er, n. One who, or that which, carries. 

Car'ri-on, n. [Low Lat. caronia, from Lat. caro, flesh.] 
The dead and putrefying body or flesh of animals. 

Car'ri-on, a. Relating to dead and putrefying carcasses ; 
feeding on carrion. 

Car'rom, n. (Billiards.) The act of hitting two balls at 
once with the ball struck by the cue. 

Car'ron-ade', n. [From Carron, in Scotland, where it 
was first made.] (Mil.) A kind of short cannon, for- 
merly in use. 

Car'rot, n. [Lat. carota.] (Bot.) A plant having an 
esculent root, usually of a reddish -yellow color. 

Car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot in color ; reddish-yellow. 



Car'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
carrying.] [Fr. charrier, to cart, from car, char, car, 
q. v.] 1. To convey or transport ; to bear. 2. To 
cause to move forward ; to urge ; to impel. 3. To 
transfer, as from one column, page, or book to another, 
or from one country to another. 4. To effect or accom- 
plish. 5. To obtain possession of by force. 6. To bear 
the aspect of; to exhibit; to imply. 7. To behave, to 
conduct or demean ; — with the reflexive pronoun. 

To cany coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where 
they already abound; to lose one's labor.— To cam/ off, to kill. 
— lo canyon, (a.) To promote, advance, or help forward, (b.) 
To manage, or prosecute. —To carry out, to put into execution; 
to bring to a successful issue. 

Car'ry, v. i. To convey or propel ; to bear. 

To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude manner. [Colloq.] — 
Carrying trade, freighting. 

Car'ry-all,n. [Corrupt, fr. cariole.] A light four-wheeled] 

one horse vehicle, to carry a number of persons. 
Cart, n. [L. Lat. carreta, carretta, fr. Lat. carrus, car, q. 

v.] A two-wheeled carriage, for heavy commodities. 
Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carted; p. pr. & vb. n. 

carting.] To carry or convey on a cart. 
Cart'age, n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2. The 

price paid for carting. 
Carte-blanche (k'art'blonsh'), n. [Fr.] 1. A blank 

paper, signed at the bottom with a person's name, to be 

filled up as another pleases. Hence, 2. Unconditional 

terms ; unlimited authority. 
Carte-de-visite (kdrt'da-ve'zeet'), n. [Fr.] A small 

photographic picture fastened upon a card; — so called 

from its original use as a visiting card. 
Car-tel', or Car'tel, n. [Fr. & Sp., from Lat. charta, 

dim. chartula.] (Mil.) A writing or agreement, between 

states at war, as for the exchange of prisoners. 

Cartel, or cartel-ship, a ship employed in the exchange of 
prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy. 

Cart'er, n. The man who drives a cart ; a teamster. 
Car-te'§iaii, a. Pertaining to the French philosopher 

Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. [Cartes. 

Car-te'§ian, n. One who adopts the philosophy of Des 
Car-tliu/gian, n. One of a religious order named from 

Chartreux, the place of their institution, in France. 
Car-tliu/§ian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian monks. 
Car'ti-lage, n. [Lat. cartilago.] (Anat.) A smooth, 

whitish, elastic substance; gristle. [gristly. 

Car / ti-lag'i-nou.s, a. Pertaining to, or like a cartilage ; 
Car-tog'ra-phy , n. [Gr. xaprr), a leaf of paper, and ypa.- 

<f)etv, to write.] Art or practice of forming charts or maps. 
Car'ton, n. [Fr. See Cartoon.] 1„ Pasteboard ; 

cardboard. 2. A pasteboard box. 
Car-toon', n. [Fr. carton, from Lat. charta, paper.] 

1. (Paint.) A design drawn on strong paper, to be 

painted in fresco. 2. A design colored for working in 

mosaic, tapestry, &c. 
Car-touch' (kar-to~otch / ), n. [Fr., from carte, paper.] 

1. (Arch.) A tablet in the form of a roll or scroll; a 
modillion. 2. ( Mil.) (a.) A case of paper, &c, holding 
a charge for a fire-arm. (b.) The box containing the 
charge, (c.) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot 
from a cannon, (d.) A ticket of leave or dismission 
given to a soldier. 

Car'tridge, n. [Formerly cartrage, as if fr. N. Lat. char- 
taragium, from Lat. charta, paper] ( Mil. ) A case of pa- 
per, pasteboard, &c, containing a charge for a fire-arm- 
Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a ball. 

Car'tridge-taox, n. (Mil.) A case for cartridges. 

Cart'-wright (-rlt), n. A maker of carts. 

Car'uii-ele (kar'unk-1, 82), n. [Lat. caruncula, a little 
piece of flesh, dim. of caro, flesh.] 1„ (Anat.) A small, 
fleshy excrescence. 2. (Bot.) An excrescence or append- 
age at the hilum or scar of a seed. 3. (ZoiJl.) A naked, 
fleshy excrescence on the head of a bird. 

Ca-run'-eu-lar, ) a. Pertaining to, or having the form 

Ca-run'-eu-late, ) of, a caruncle. 

Carve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CARVING.] [A.-S. ceorfan.] 1. To cut, as wood, stone, 
or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner. 

2. To make or shape by cutting. 3. To cut into small 
pieces or slices. 4. To distribute or apportion to. 

Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a carver. 2. 

To cut up meat. [avel. 

Car'vel, n. [Contr. fr. caravel.] A small ship. See Car- 
Carv'er, n. One who carves. 
Carv'ing, n. 1. Act or art of cutting wood, stone, &c. 

2. Device or figure carved. 3. Act or art of cutting 

up meat at table. 



food, foot; urn, r vide, pull ; pell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



CARYATES 



104 



CASTE 




■Ca'ry-a'tes. \ n. pi. [Lat.; Gr. KapvanSeg, the priest- 

•eWry-at'i<le§, j esses of Caryse serving in the temple 
of Diana.] {Arch.) Figures of women, serving 'to support 
entablatures. 

Ca/ry-at'i-e, ) a f, or pertaining to, a caryatid. 

Ca'ry-at'id, J ' 

Ca/ry-at'id, n. ( Arch.) A female figure sup- 
porting an entablature. 

Cas'ea-bel, n. [From Lat. scabillum, sea- 
helium, an instrument of the nature of the 
castanet.] That part of a cannon in rear 
of the base-ring. 

Cas~eade', n. [From Lat. casare, to be 
ready to fall, from cadere, to fall.] A water- 
fall less than a cataract. 

Cas'-ea-ril'la, n. [Sp., dim. of cascara, peel, 
bark. See supra.] (Bot.) A plant — a na- 
tive of Jamaica — which furnishes a bark 
used in medicine as a tonic. 

Case, n. [Lat. capsa.] 1. A covering, box, 
or sheath ; that which incloses or contains. 
2. A box and its contents ; the quantity 
contained in a box. 3. {Print.) A frame 
containing boxes for holding type. 

Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cased (kast) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CASING-.] To cover with or put 
in a case. 

•Case, n. [Lat. casus, fr. cadere, to fail, to happen.] 1. 
That which falls, comes, or happens ; an event ; a cir- 
cumstance. 2. An individual occurrence, or particular 
instance. 3. A state of facts involving a question for 
discussion or decision ; especially a cause or suit in court. 
4. {Gram.) The form of nouns, by which their relations 
to the other parts of the sentence are indicated. 

Syn. — Situation ; condition; state; plight; predicament. 

Case'nardVn (-hSr/dn), v. t. To harden, as iron, by 

converting the surface into steel. 
Ca/se-Ine, n. [From Lat. caseus, cheese.] ( Chem.) The 

curd or coagulablc part of milk ; the basis of cheese. 
Case'-kiilfe (-nlf), n. A large table knife; — so called 

because_ formerly kept in a case. 
Case'jsiate, n. [It. casamatta, 

from casa, house, and matto, 

matta, mad, weak, feeble, 

dim. fr.Per. mat, conquered.] 

{Fort.) A bomb-proof cham- 
ber, in which cannon may be 

placed, to be fired through.! 

embrasures ; — also capable of' Casemate. 

being used as a magazine, or a B, Casemate. A gun at B 



Caryatid. 




would fire through the em- 
brasure in the wall; a gun 
at C would fire en barbette, 
or over the parapet. D, a 
parapet; E, scarp-wall, the 
outer face of which i3 the 
scarp ; a b, terre-plein. 



for quartering troops. 
Case'ma'ted, a. Furnished 

with, or built like, a casemate. 
Case'ment, n. [Formed from 

case, frame.] A glazed frame 

or sash, opening on hinges, 

which are affixed to the upright sides of the frame into 

which it is fitted. 
Ca'se-oiis, a. [Lat. caseus, cheese.] Pertaining to, or 

like, cheese. 
Ca'gern, n. [Lat. casa, shed, house.] A lodging for 

soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; 

barracks. 
Case'-sliot, n. {Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, 

inclosed in a case or envelope. 
Case'~wcrm (-wurin), n. A worm or grub that makes 

itself a case. See Caddis. 
Cash, n. [Fr. caisse, It. cassa. See Case , a box.] ( Com.) 

Coin or specie ; — sometimes also applied to bank-notes, 

drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. 
Casli, n. A Chinese copper coin, perforated and strung 

on a thread, worth about one tenth of a cent. 
Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cashed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

cashing.] To turn into cash ; to exchange fcr money. 
Cash'=bobk (27), n. A book in which is kept a register 

or account of money received or paid. 
€a-shew' (ka-sho-o'), n. [A corruption of acajou, the 

Fr. orthography of the native Brazilian name, acajaiba.] 

{Bot.) A tree of the West Indies and South America, of 

the same family with the sumac. 
Cash-ier' (kash-eer'), n. [See Cash.] One who has 

charge_of money in a bank, &c. ; a cash-keeper. 
Cash-ier', v. t. [imp. & p. p. cashiered ,• p. pr. & vb. 

n. cashiering.] [Lat. cassare, equiv. to cassum red- 

dere, to annul.] 1. To dismiss from an office or place of 

trust, by annulling the commission of. 2. To dismiss 

or discard from service or from society. 



Cash/mere, n. 1. A rich and costly kind of shawl: — 
named from the country where first made. 2. A fine 
woolen stuff imitating the true cashmere. 

Ca-shob', n. Same as Catechu. 

Cas'ing, n. 1. Act of covering any body with another 
thin substance. 2. An outside covering. 

Casino (ka-sS'no), n. [It., dim. of casa, house.] 1. A 
small country house. 2. A kind of club-house. 

Cask, n. [Sp. casco, skull, helmet, cask, Fr. casque, It. 
casco, helmet.] 1. A close vessel for containing liquors, 
made of staves, headings, and hoops. 2. The quantity 
contained in a cask. 

Cask'et, n. [Dim. of cask.] A small chest or box, for 
jewels or other small articles. 

Casque, ) n. [See Cask, n., supra.] A piece of defensive 

Cask, J armor, for the head and neck ; a helmet. 

Cas'sa-da, n. Same as Cassava. 

Cas-sa'tion, n. [L. Lat. cassatio, fr. cassare, to annul, 
fr. cassus, hollow.] The act of annulling. 

Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France. 

C&s'sa-va,n. [From Haytian kasabi.] {Bot.) A species 
of the manihot, from which tapioca is obtained. 

Cas'se-pa'per, «. [Fr. papier casse.] Broken paper; 
the two outside quires of a ream. 

Cas'sia (kash'a), n. [Heb. qeslah, from qasa -1 , to cut off, 
to peel off, Ar. qatiiaa.] 1. {Bot.) {a.) A genus of legu- 
minous plants of many species, including the senna, {b.) 
A species of laurel. 2. {Com.) The cheaper kinds of 
cinnamon. 

Cas'-si-do-ny , n. [From Chalcedon, a town in Bithynia.] 
{Bot.) {a.) A species of cottonweed, cudweed, or goldy- 
locks. {b.) A species of French lavender. 

Cas'si-mere, n. [Perh. of the same origin as cashmere, q. 
v.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. 

Cas-si'no, n. [See Casino, a small house.] A game at 
cards, generally played by four persons. 

CSs'si-us (kash'-i-us), n. [From the name of the discov- 
erer.] A beautiful purple pigment, obtained from the 
chloride of gold. 

Cas'sock, n. [From Fr. casaque, from Lat. casa, cot- 
tage.] (Eccl.) A close garment, resembling a long frock 
coat, worn by clergymen of the Roman Catholic and 
Episcopal churches, under the surplice or gown. 

Cas'so-wa-ry, n. [From ^a 

Hindost. kassuwaris.] (Or- d$L 

Kith.) A large bird, resera- ^» 

bling the ostrich, and, next 
to it, the largest living bird. 

Cast (6),t>. t. [imp. & p. 
p. cast ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CASTING.] [Dan. kaste, 
Icel. & Sw. kasta.] 1„ To 
send or drive from by force ; ^ll^c^tsr^^^^^ 

to throw ; to fling ; to hurl ; -s=s?~^^ r ~ '' "^Is^ggg* -^ 
to impel. 2. To direct, rrT- Z .'-*** 

turn, as the sight. 3. To -^R*^**:*^-*^-. 
throw on the ground, as in Cassowary, 

wrestling ; to overcome. 4 „ To throw off, or shed. 5. To 
compute ; to reckon. <S>. To make to preponderate. 7. 
To form , by pouring liquid metal into a mold ; to found. 
8. To distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. 

To cast down, to deject or depress.— To cast off {Naut.), to 
loose, or untie. — To cast one's self on, to resign or yield one's 
self to the disposal of, without reserve. — To cast young, to 
miscarry.— To cast in the teeth, to upbraid; to charge; to twit. 

Cast,t>. i. 1. To turn or revolve in the mind. 2. To re- 
ceive form or shape. 3„ To warp. 4o (Naut.) To fall off, 
or incline, so as to bring the side of a ship to the wind. 

Cast, n. 1. The act of casting ; a throw. 2. The thing 
thrown. 3. The distance through which any thing is 
thrown. 4. A chance or venture. 5o Act of casting in 
a mold. 6. Form or shape into which any thing is cast 
or molded. 7. Whatever is cast in a mold. 8. Manner 
or quality of appearance. 9. An unexpected opportu- 
nity. 10. Assignment of parts in a play to the actors. 
Ho The company of actors to whom the parts in a play 
are assigned. 12. A motion or turn, as of the eye ; di- 
rection ; look ; glance ; squint. 

■Cas-ta'ne-a, n. [Lat., from Gr. Kacrravov, a chestnut.] 
A genus of trees, including the common chestnut-tree. 

Cas'ta-ngt', n. [From Lat. castanea, a chestnut; so named 
from the resemblance to two chestnuts.] An instrument 
composed of small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, 
shaped like spoons, placed together, fastened to the 
thumb, and beat with the middle fmger. 

Cast'a-way, n. An abandoned person ; a reprobate. 

Caste (6), n. [Fr. caste, Sp. & Pg. casta, race, lineage, 



a,e,&c.,long; &,e,&e.,short; care, far, ask, all.wnat; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CASTELLAN 



105 



CATAMENIAL 



from Lat. castus, pure, chaste.] 1. One of the several 
hereditary classes into which society in India is divided. 
2. A separate and fixed order or class of society. 

Cas'tel-lan, n. [Lat. castellanus, an occupant of a cas- 
tle, Ii. Lat., a governor of a castle, from castellum, castle, 
q. v.] A governor or constable of a castle. 

Cas'tel-la-ny (44), n. The lordship belonging to a castle. 

Cas'tel-la/ted, a. [See Castle.] Adorned with turrets 
and battlements, like a castle. 

Cast'er, n. 1. One who casts. 2. A phial or cruet, 
used to contain condiments at the table. 3. A stand to 
contain a number of such phials or cruets. 4.. A small 
wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is rolled. 

Cas'ti-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castigated \p.pr. & 
vb. n. CASTIGATING.] [Lat. castigare, from castus, 
pure, chaste, and agere, to move, drive.] To punish by 
stripes ; to correct ; to chastise. 

Cas'ti-ga/'tion, n. Punishment by whipping ; chastise- 
ment. 

Cas'ti-ga/tor, n. One who castigates or corrects. 

Cas'ti-ga-to-ry (50), a. Tending to correction; cor- 
rective ; punitive. 

Cas't'ile Soap. [From Castile, a province in Spain, 
from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, 
white, or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda. 

Cast'ing, n. 1, The act of one who casts. 2. That 
which is cast in a mold. 3. The warping of a board. 

Cast'ing-net, n. A net which is cast and drawn, in 
distinction from a net that is set and left. 

Cast'ing-voice, ) n. Vote of a presiding officer, which 

Cast'ing- vote, j decides a question, when the votes 
of the assembly or house are equally divided. 

Cas'tle^'as'l), 
[Latin castel- 
lum, dim. of 
castrum, a for- 
tified place.] 
1. A fortified 
residence, es- 
pecially that 
of a prince or 
nobleman ; a 
fortress. 2. A 
piece, made to 
to represent a 
castle, tised in 
the game of 
chess. 

Castle in the 
air, a vision- 
ary project; a 
scheme that has 
no solid foun- 
dation ; —some- 
times called a 
castle in Spain, 
Spain bein; 




Ancient Castle, 
moat; 2, draw-bridge; 3, wicket; 4, sally- 
port; 5, portcullis; 6, outer walls; 7, para- 
pet; 8, rampart; 9, loopholes; 10, escutch- 
eon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 13, maga- 
zine; 14, a cell; 15, donjon or keep; 1G, 
barracks; 17, barbacan; 18, watchman; 
19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry; 22, state 
court; 23, merlons; 24, embrasures. 



region of romance. 

Cas'tie (kas'l), v. t. In chess, to cover with a castle; — 
said of the king, when neither piece has been previously 
moved, and the king has not been in check. 

■Cas'tle, v. i. In chess, to cover the lung with a castle. 

Cas'tle-Hmild'er (kas'l-blkPer), n. One who builds 
castles in the air ; a visionary. 

Cas'tie- guard (72), n. 1. The guard which defends a 
castle. 2. A tax on a dwelling within a certain distance 
of a castle. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to 
perform service within the realm, without limitation of 

Cas'tie- ward, n. Same as Castle -guard. [time. 

■Cast/- off , o. Laid aside ; as, cast-off clothes. 

Cas'tor, n. [Lat. castor, Gr. K&o-Ttap, akin to Skr. kasturi, 
kasturika, musk.] 1. A genus of animals, in which the 
beaver is included. 2. A peculiar substance of a strong, 
penetrating smell and bitter taste, found in the inguinal 
3acs, one in each groin of the beaver. 3. A hat, espe- 
cially one made of the fur of the beaver. [Colloq.] 4. 
A heavy quality of broadcloth. 

Cast'or, n. A small wheel and swivel for supporting fur- 
niture. See Caster. 

Cas'tor and Pol'Iux. (Meteor.) An electrical phenom- 
enon, thought to portend a cessation of a storm. See 
Corposant. 

Cas'tor-oil, n. [A corruption of Castus-oil, the plant 
producing it having formerly been called Agnus castus.] 
The oil of a kind of plant found in the West Indies. It 
is a mild cathartic. 

Cas'tra-me-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. castra metari, to 
measure or survey a camp.] (Mil.) Art or act of en- 
camping ; the marking or laying out of a camp. 



Cas'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castrated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CASTRATING.] "[Lat. castrare.] To deprive of the 
testicles ; to emasculate ; to geld. 

Cas-tra'tion, n. Act of depriving of the testicles. 

Cas'trel, n. (Ornith.) A kind of hawk resembling the 
sparrow-hawk. See Kestrel. 

Cas-tren'sian, a. [Lat. castrensis, from castra, camp.] 
Belonging to a camp. 

Cas/u-al (kazh'u-al,) a. [Lat. casualis, from casus, fall, 
accident, from cadere, to fall.] 1. Happening or coming 
to pass without design , and without being foreseen or 
expected. 2. Coming without regularity. 

Syn. — Accidental ; fortuitous; incidental; occasional.— 
Casual and. fortuitous are substantially the same; a thing is ac- 
cidental when not planned or sought, as a meetinr; ; incidental 
when it falls in as secondary, or out of the regular course of 
things, as a remark ; occasional when it occurs only now and 
then. 

Cag'u-al-ly (kazh/jj-al-ly), adv. By chance ; accident- 
ally ; fortuitously ; occasionally. 

Ca§'u-al-ty (kazh'yi-al-ty), n. 1. That which comes 
without design, or without being foreseen ; an accident. 
2. An accidental injury ; hence, death, misfortune. 

Ca§'u-ist (kazh'yj-ist), n. [From Lat. casus, fall, case.] 
One who studies and resolves cases of conscience. 

Cas/u-ist'ie, 1 a. Relating to cases of conscience, 

Cag'u-ist'i-e-al, j or to cases of doubtful propriety. 

Cas/u-ist-ry (kazh'n-), n. Science of determining the 
right or wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety. 

•Cat, n. [A.-S. cat, Icel. kottr, Fr. chat, Sp. gato, It. gatto, 
W. cath, Late Lat. catus, Bisc. catua, N. Gr. ydra, ydros, 
Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk, kedi, Ar. qitt.] 1. (Zool.) A 
well-known domestic animal. 2. (Naut.) (a.) A. ship 
having a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep 
waist, (b.) A strong tackle to draw an anchor up to the 
cat-head. 3. A double tripod. 4. An old game at ball. 
5. A kind of whip. [anchor. 

Cat, v. t. (Naut.) To bring up to the cat-head, as an 

Cat'a-caus'ti-e, n. [Gr. Kara, against, and /cavern/cos, 
burning, from /caietv, to burn.] A caustic curve formed 
by reflection of light. 

Cat'a-ehre'sis, n. [Gr. /ca/raxpvjo-is, misuse, from icara- 
Xpr\cr6aL, to misuse.] (Rhet.) An abuse of a trope ; a 
harsh or far-fetched metaphor. 

Cat'a-ehres'ti-e, la. Belonging to a catachresis ; 

Cat'a-elires'tre-al, j forced ; far-fetched. 

Cat'a-chres'tie-al-ly , adv. In a catachrestical manner. 

Cat'a~ely§m, n. [Gr. KaraKkver^os, from KaraKkv^eiv, 
to inundate.] An extensive overflow ; a deluge. 

Cat'a-eomb (-kom), n. [Gr. Kara, downward, andKVjajSrj, 
cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place anciently 
used for the burial of the dead. 

Cat'a-eous'ties, n. sing. [From Gr. Kara., against, and 
Eng. acoustics, q. v.] That part of acoustics which treats 
of reflected sounds or echoes. 

Cai/a-dl-op'trie, ) a- [From Gr. Kara, against, and 

Cat'a-dl-op'trie-al, j SiorrrpiKos, belonging to the use 
of the SioiTTpa. a geometrical instrument, from Sid, 
through, and onretv, to see, to look.] Pertaining to, or 
involving, both the reflection and refraction of light. 

-€dPa-fdl r ^o, ) n. [From Pr. & 0. Sp. catar, to see, to 

C&i'a-falque', J view, and It. falco, for palco, scaffold, 
stage.] A temporary structure of carpentry, used in 
funeral solemnities. 

Cat'a-lee'tLe, a. [Gr. KaraA^/criKo?, from naraXriyeiv, 
to leave off.] (Pros. ) Wanting a syllable at the end. 

Cat'a-lep'sy, n. [Gr. KaraArji/zt;, a grasping, from icara- 
\afjLJ3dveLv, to seize upon.] (Med.) A sudden suspension 
of the action of the senses and of volition, the body and 
limbs preserving the position given them. [lepsy. 

Cat'a-lep'ti-e, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, cata- 

Cat'a-logue (-log), n. [Gr. Ka-rdAoyos, from Kara, down, 
completely, and Aeyeii/, to say.] A list or enumeration 
of names, titles, or articles arranged methodically. 

Catalogue raisonne (ra'zo-na') (Bibliography"), a catalogue of 
books classed according to their subjects. 

Cat'a-logue, v. t. To make a list of. 

Ca-tal'pa, n. [Indian.] (Bot.) A large tree of North 

America, having large leaves and white, showy flowers. 
Cat'a-ma-ran', n. [From cdthd-mdrdn, floating trees, 

the native name in Ceylon.] A kind of raft consisting 

of three pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by 

means of a large sail. 
-€dt>a-me'ni-d,n. [Gr.] (Med.) The monthly courses 

of females ; menstrual discharges ; menses. 
Cat'a-me'ni-al, a. [Gr. Kara^vtos, monthly, from 

/card, down, back, again, and fi-qv, month.] Pertaining 

to menstrual discharges. 



food, foot; urn, ru.de, pull; fell, fhaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§; egcist; linger, link ; this- 



CATAMOUNT 



106 



CATHOLIC 



Cat'a-mount, n. [cat and mount, cat of the mountain.] 
The North American tiger ; the cougar, or puma. 

C&t'a-pelt'ic, a. Pertaining to the catapult. 

Cat/a-phoii'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. KaTa, down, against, and 
4>ix)vr), sound.] The doctrine of reflected sounds. 

Cat'a-plira«t, n. [Gr. /cara^pa/cxT)?, from Kara, down, 
quite, and ^pdo-creiv, to inclose.] (Mil. Antiq.) A piece 
of heavy, defensive armor, used by horsemen. 

Cat'a-plagm, n. [Gr. Kardirkaais-a, from Kara, down, 
quite, and Tr\d<T<reLv, to form, mold.] (Med. ) A poultice. 

Cafa-pu.lt, n. [Lat. catapulta, Gr. Ka.Ta.7TeA.Ti7s, proh. 
from Kara, down, and 7raAAeiv, to shake, hurl.] (Mil. 
Antiq.) An engine used by the ancient Greeks and 
Romans for throwing stones, arrows, &c. 

Cat'a-ract, n. [Gr. KaTapaKTrjs, KafappaKnjs, from Kara, 
down, and p-qyvvvai., to break.] 1. A great cascade or 
waterfall. 2. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystalline lens, 
or of its capsule. 

Ga-tarrh' (ka-t'Ar'), n. [Gr. KaTappoos, KaTappovs, from 
Kara., down, and pelv, to flow.] (Med.) Inflammation of 
the mucous membrane of the air passages, attended with 
a discharge of a watery or glairy fluid. 

■Ca-tarrli'al, ) a. Pertaining to, produced by, attend- 

Ca-tarrh'oiis, ) ing, or resembling catarrh. 

Ca-tas'tro-plie , n. [Gr. Karaa-rpo^r}, from KaTa, down, 
and o-Tpe<f>et,v, to turn.] 1. A final event, usually of a 
calamitous or disastrous nature. i Z. The unfolding and 
winding up of the plot of a play ; denouement. 

Cat'-Mrd, n. ( Ornith.) An American bird of the thrush 
family, whose cry at times resembles the mewing of a cat. 

■Cat'-eall, n. A squeaking instrument, used in play- 
houses to condemn plays. 

Catch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caught or catched; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CATCHING. Catched is very rarely used.] 
[0. Eng. cacche, perhaps akiutoA.-S. ceac, fetter, or from 
Lat. captiarc, for captare, intens. form of capere, to take.] 
1. To seize, especially with the hand. 3. To take cap- 
tive, as in a snare or net ; to entangle. 3. To communi- 
cate to ; to fasten upon. 4. To engage and attach to ; 
to charm. 5. To take or receive, especially to take by 
sympathy, contagion, or infection. 6. To come upon 
unexpectedly ; to find. 7. To overtake. 

Catch, v. i. 1. To be held or impeded by entanglement 
or slight obstruction. 2. To spread by infecting. 

■Catch, n. 1. Act. of seizing ; seizure. i 2. That by which 
any thing is caught. 3. Posture of seizing. 4. That 
which is caught or taken ; gain. 5. A passing opportu- 
nity improved. ©. (Mus.) A humorous round, so con- 
trived that the singers catch up each other's sentences. 

■Catcli, ) n. Catechu, so called in commerce. See 

Ciitch, ) Catechu. 

Catch'a-tole, a. Capable of being caught. 

Catch'er, n. One who catches; that which catches. 

Catch'pen-ny, n. Something worthless, esp. a worth- 
less book or pamphlet, intended to gain money in market. 

Catch'peii-ny, a. Made to gain money ; worthless. 

Catch/poll, n. [From catch and poll, the head.] A 
bailiff's assistant. 

Catch/up, ) n. [Chin, kitjap.] A sauce made from 

Cat'sup, ) mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. 

Catcli'- word (-wfird), n. 1. The last word of an actor, 
which reminds one who follows that he is to speak next ; 
cue. 2. (Print.) The first word of every page of a book 
after the first, inserted at the right-hand bottom corner 
of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. 
3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect. 

C&t'e-ehet'ie, 1 a. [From Gr. Karrixn^, an in- 

Gat'e-ehet'i-e-al, , structor.] Relating to, or consist- 
ing in, asking questions and receiving answers. 

Cat'e-ehet'te-al-ly, adv. By question and answer. 

Cat'e-chige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catechised ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. catechising.] [Gr. Kanjx^«v, from Kara, 
down, against, and i)xeZv, to sound.] 1. To instruct by 
asking questions, receiving answers, and offering ex- 
planations and corrections, — particularly in regard to 
points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate. 

Cat'e-ehig'er, n. One who catechises. 

Cat'e-chigm, n. 1. A form of instruction by means of 
questions and answers. 2. An elementary book con- 
taining a summary of principles, especially of religious 
doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. 

Cat'e-chist, n. One who catechises ; a catechiser. 

Cat'e-ehist'ie, )a. Pertaining to a catechist or to 

Cat'e-ehist'ic-al, \ catechism. 

Cat'e-ehufkat'e-kii^n. [Cochin -Chin, cay cau.] (Oiem.) 
A brown ,_astringent, vegetable extract, obtained in India. 

Cat'e-ehu/men, n. [Gr. Ka-rr^ovVei/os, instructed, from 
KaTrjxeti/, to instruct. See Catechise] (Eccl.) One 



who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines 
of Christianity ; a neophyte. 
Cat/e-gSr'i-e-al, a. 1„ Pertaining to a category. 5$. 
Admitting no conditions or exceptions ; absolute ; pos- 
itive ; express. [pressly. 
Cat'e-gor'ic-al-ly, adv. Absolutely ; directly ; ex- 
Cat'e-go-ry (50), n. [Gr. KaTrjyopi'a, from KaTa, down, 
against, and ayopeveiv, to harangue, assert.] 1„ (Logic.) 
One of the higiiest classes to which the objects of knowl- 
edge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can 
be arranged in a system. 2. State, condition. 

&§°- Aristotle made ten categories, viz., substance, quantity, 
quality, relation, action, passion, time, piace, situation, and 
habit. 

Syn. — Predicament. — Category and predicament are both 
popularly used to express the idea of condition or situation, but 
with this difference, that predicament supposes it to be a bad 
or unfortunate one. Hence to say, " I am in the same category 
with you," is not of necessity to say, " I am in the same pre- 
dicament." 

Cat'e-na/ri-an, ) a. [Lat. catenarius ; catena, chain.] 

Cat'e-na-ry (44), ) Relating to, cr resembling a chain. 

Cat'e-iia-ry, n. (Geom.) A curve formed by a cord 
hanging freely between two points not in the same ver- 
tical line. 

Cat'e-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catenated ; p. pr. 
& vb. 71. CATENATING.] [Lat. catenare, from catena, 
chain.] To connect, in a series of links. 

Cat'e-na/tion, n. Union of parts, as in a chain. 

Ca'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. catered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CATERING.] [From Lat. captare, to strive, to lay hold 
of, intens. form of capere, to take.] To provide food j to 
buy or procure provisions ; to purvey. 

Ca'ter-er, n. One who caters ; a provider. 

Ca'ter-ess, n. A woman who caters. 

Cat'er-piFlar, n. [0. Eng. cater -piller , prob. from cate, 
cates, food, and 0. Eng. piller, plunderer, robber, be- 
cause it eats up leaves and fruits.] The larve or larval 
state of a butterfly or any lepidoptercus insect ; some- 
times, but less commonly, the larval state of other injects, 
where the larves have legs for crawling. 

Cat'er-waul, v. i. [From cat and icavl, ivawl, to cry 
as a cat.]" To cry as cats in rutting time. 

Gates, n. pi. [From 0. Fr. acat, buying, purchase.] Food, 
especially luxurious food ; delicacies ; dainties. 

Cat'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) (a.) A large and voracious fish, 
found in the arctic seas, often from six to seven feet in 
length, having a mouth armed with formidable teeth, (b.) 
A North American fresh -water fish of different species. 

Cat'gilt, n. 1. A kind of cord made from the intestines 
of animals, especially of sheep. 2. A sort of linen or 
canvas, with wide interstices. 

Cath/a-rine-wlieel, n. [So called from St. Catharine 
of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion 
to her martyrdom.] 1„ (Goth. Arch.) An ornamented 
window, or compartment cf a window, of a circular form, 
with rosettes or radiating divisions or spokes. "2. (Pyro- 
techny.) A revolving wheel. 

Catli'a-rlst, n. [Gr. na6ap6s, clean, pure.] One who 
pretends to more purity than others possess. 

Cat'-liarp-in, I n. (Naut.) A rope cr iron leg serving 

Cat'-liarp-ing, \ to brace in the shrouds of the lower 
masts behind their. respective j~ards. 

Ca-tliar'ti-e , ) a. [Gr. izaOapriKog, from naOapos, pure.] 

Ca-thar'tic-al, ) Cleansing the bowels ; purgative. 

Ca-tliar'ti-e, n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine 
discharges ; a purgative. 

Cat'-liead, n. (Naut.) A timber projecting from the 
bow of a ship, through which the ropes pass by which 
the anchor is raised. 

■€atJi f e-drd, or -€a-tlie'drd, n. [Lat. cathedra, Gr. 
KaOe&pa, seat, from KaTa, down, and eSpa, seat, chair.] 
A chair ; appropriately, the seat of a person in authority. 

Ca-tlie'dral, n. The principal church in a diocese, so 
called because in it the bishop has his official chair. 

Ca-tlie'dral, a. 1. Pertaining to the head church of a 
diocese. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a 
pope or bishop ; official ; authoritative. 

Catli'e-ter, n. [Gr. KaOeTijp, a thing put in, from Kara, 
down, and ueVai, to send.] ( Surg. ) A tubular instrument 
to be introduced into the bladder to draw off the urine. 

Cat'-hole, n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, 
through which hawsers may be passed. 

Catii'o-li-e (123), a. [Gr. Ka06AiKos, from kol9o\o<;, whole, 
from KaTa, down, throughout, and oA.cs, whole.] 1. 
Universal or general. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, 
or bigoted ; liberal. 3. Pertaining to, or affecting, the 
Roman Catholics. 

Cath/o-li-e, n. A member of the Roman Catholic church. 



a, e, &c. long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask. all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



CATHOLICISM 



107 



CAVALIER 




Ca-thol'i-figm, n. 1. Quality of being catholic or 
universal. '£. The faith of the whole Christian church. 
3. Adherence to the Roman Catholic church ; the 
Roman Catholic faith. 4. Liberality of sentiment. 
Cath'o-llf'i-ty, n. 1. The system of doctrine held by 
all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. The 
doctrines of the church of Rome. 3. Liberality of senti- 
ments ; Catholicism. [Catholic. 
Ca-thol'i-cize, v. i. To become catholic or a Roman 

Ca-thol'i-eSn, n. [Gr. KadoXucov, sc. iajua, remedy, 
medicine.] (Med.) A remedy for all diseases ; a panacea. 
Cat 'kin, n. [Dim. of cat, from its re- 
semblance to a cat's tail.] (Bot.) An 
ament : a kind of inflorescence, con- 
sisting of overlapping scales. 

Cat'ling, n. 1. A little cat. 2. 
(Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- 

j pointed dismembering knife. 3. Mos3 
growing about some trees, resembling 
the hair of a cat. 4. Catgut. 

■Cat 'mint, ) n. (Bot.) A well-known Catkin. 

Cat 'nip , j plant , having a s trong scent , and sometimes 
used in medicine ; — so called because cats have a pecu- 
liar fondness for it. 

Cat'-o'-nlne'-tailg, n. A whip with nine lashes. 

Ca-tSp'tri«, la. [Gr. /caro-TpiKo?, from KaTotrrpov, 

Ca-tdp'trie-al, ) mirror.] Relating to catoptrics, or 
vision by reflection. 

Ca-top'tries, n. sing. That part of optics which ex- 
plains the properties and phenomena of reflected light. 

Cat'-pipe, n. A cat-call. See Cat-call. 

Cat's'-era'dle, n. A familiar game played by children 
with a string twisted on the fingers. See Cratch. 

CatV-eye, n. (Min.) A variety of quartz or chalce- 
dony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent reflections from 
within, somewhat like the eye of a cat. 

Cat's'-paw, n. 1. (Naut.) (a.) A light air, perceived 
in a calm by a rippling of the surface of the water, (b.) 
A particular turn in the bight of a rope, made to hook a 
tackle on. 2. A dupe ; the tool of another ; — so called 
in allusion to the fible of the monkey who used the paws 
of the cat to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire. 

CatV-tail, n. (BjI.) (a.) A tall weed or flag, with long, 
flat leaves, (b.) A kind of grass, often called timothy 
and herd' s-grass. (c.) A catkin. See CATKIN. [cat. 

Cat'-stick, w. A club used in the game of ball called 

Cafc'sup, n. Same as catchup, q. v., or ketchup. 

Cat'tle (kaVtl), n. pi. [From Lat. capitalis, relating to 
the head, chief, because in early ages beasts constituted 
the chief part of a man's property.] Domestic quadru- 
peds collectively, especially those of the bovine genus. 

Cat'tle- guard, n. A trench or hollow place on the line 
of a railway where it crosses a public highway, to prevent 
cattle from getting upon the track. 

Cat'tle-show, n. An exhibition of domestic animals 
for prizes, or the encouragement of agriculture. 

Cau-ea/sian, n. Any one belonging to the Indo-Euro- 
pean race, and the races originating near Mt. Caucasus. 

Cau'eus, n. [A corruption of calkers, alluding to a polit- 
ical association of calkers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 
the time of the American Revolution.] A preparatory 
meeting for electioneering or political purposes. [Ainer.] 

Cau'dal, a: [Lat. cauda, tail.] Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a tail. 

Cau'date, la. [L. Lat. caudatus; Lat. cauda, tail.] 

Cau'da-ted, ) Having a tail, or tail-like appendage. 

Caii'dle (kaw'dl), n. [0. Fr. chaudel, from Lat. calidus, 
warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a 
mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. 

Cau'dle, v. t. To make into caudle. 

Cauf , n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, Lat. cavus, 
hollow, or to Lat. cophinus, Gr. kocjuvos, basket.] 1. A 
chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. 2. A 
vessel for raising coal from the mine to the surface. 

Can'f le, n. A gang or drove of captured negroes ; a coffle. 

Caught (kawfc), imp. & p. p. of catch. See CATCH. 

Caul, n. [Prob. a modification of cowl, q. v.] 1. A net 
or covering for the head. 2. ( Anat. ) A membrane cov- 
ering the greater part of the lower intestines ; the omen- 
tum. 3. A part of the membrane enveloping the fetus. 

Cau-les'cent, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, stem.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing a true or perfect stem. 

Cau-llf'er-ous, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, and ferre, to 
'bear.] (Bot.) Caulescent. 

Cau'li-flow'er, n. [From Lat. caulis, colis, stalk, stem, 
cabbage-stalk, cabbage, and. flower.] (Bot.) A variety of 
cabbage, having edible flower-buds. 

Caug'a-ble, a. Capable of being caused. 



Caug'al, a. [Lat. causalis. See Cause .] Relating to, 
implying, or containing, a cause or causes. 

Cau-gal'i-ty, n. 1. Tne agency of a cause. 2. (Phren.) 
The supposed faculty of tracing eifects to their causes. 

Cau-ga'tion, n. Act of causing or producing ; agency 
by wnich an elfect is produced. 

Caug'a-tive, a. [Lat. causativus, pertaining to a law- 
suit (causa), but in the Eng. sense fr. L. Lat. causare, to 
cause.] 1. Expressing a cause or reason ; causal. 2. Ef- 
fecting, as a cause or agent ; causing. 

Caug'a-tive-ly, adv. In a causative manner. 

Cauge (kawz), n. [Lat. causa.] 1. That which pro- 
duces or effects a result. 2. That which is the occasion 
of an action. 3. (Law.) A suit or action in court ; any 
legal process ; case. 4. The side of a question or con- 
troversy which is espoused and advocated by one. 
Final cause., the end or object for which any thing is done. 
Syn.— Agency; reason; motive; inducement; incitement. 

Cauge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caused; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CAUSING.] To effect by agency, power, or influence; to 
produce ; to be the occasion of. 

Cauge'less, a. 1. Uncaused or uncreated ; original in 
itself. 2. Without just cause, reason, or motive. 

Caug'er, n. One who causes. 

Cauge'way, ) n. [0. Eng. calsey, L. Lat. calceata, calci- 

Cau'gey, ) ata, via calciata, fr. Lat. calceare, calci- 
are, to pave with limestone, fr. calx, limestone. The 
spelling causeway, which is now the common form of the 
word, owes its origin to an erroneous notion of its ety- 
mology.] A raised way over wet or marshy ground. 

Caus'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. /cauori/cos, from tcaLeiv, to burn.] 

Caus'ti-e-al, ) 1. Destructive to the texture of any 
thing ; burning ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; satirical ; sharp. 
Caustic curve (Geom.), a curve to which the rays of light, 
reflected or refracted by another curve, arc tangents. 
Syn. — Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching. 

Caus'ti-e,ra. 1. Any substance which, applied to ani- 
mal substances, burns, or destroys the texture. 2. ( Opt.) 
A caustic curve. 

Caiis'tie-al-ly, adv. In a caustic or severe manner. 

Caus-tic'i-ty, n. 1. The quality or property which 
characterizes caustic bodies ; corrosiveness. 2. Severity 
of language ; sarcasm. 

Cau'ter, n. [Gr. KavrfjpLov, a branding-iron, from KaUiv, 
to burn.] A hot, searing iron. 

Cau'ter-igm, n. Use or application of caustics ; cautery. 

Cau'ter-i-za/tion, n. ( Surg. ) Act of burning or sear- 
ing some morbid part by the application of fire. 

Cau'ter-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cauterized ; p. pr. 
'& vb. n. cauterizing.] To burn or sear with fire or 
a hot iron, as morbid flesh. 

Cau'ter-y, n. [See Cauter.] (Surg.) A burning, as 
of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. 

I53f" The burning by a hot iron is called actual cautery; that 
by caustic medicines, potential cautery. 

Cau'tion, 11. [Lat. cautio, for cavitio, from cavere, to 
take care.] 1. Prudence in regard to danger; provi- 
dent care ; wariness. 2. Exhortation to wariness. 

Syn.— Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; 
watchfulness ; vigilance ; circumspection ; anxiety ; provi- 
dence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition. 

Cau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cautioned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CAUTIONING.] To give notice of danger to ; to warn. 

Cau'tion-a-ry (44), a. 1. Containing caution, or warn- 
ing. 2. Given as a pledge. 

Cau'tion-er, n. One who cautions. 

Cau'tious (kaw'shus), a. [Lat. cautus, from cavere. See 
"CAUTION.] Attentive to examine probable effects and 
consequences of measures, with a view to avoid danger or 
misfortune ; prudent ; watchful. 

Syn. — "Wary; circumspect. — A man is cautious chiefly as 
the result of timidity; one maybe war?/, i. c, watchful in a 
high degree against danger, and yet bold and active; a circum- 
spect man looks around him to weigh and deliberate. 

Cau'tioiis-ly, adv. With caution ; warily. 

Cau'tious-ness, n. The quality of being cautious ; 
watchfulness ; provident care. 

Cav'al-eade', n. [L. Lat. caballicare, to go on horse- 
back, Lat. caballus, Gr. Kaj3aAArj?, an inferior h«rse.] A 
procession of persons on horseback. 

Cav'a-lier', n. [L. Lat. caballarius, from Lat. caballus. 
See supra.} 1. A horseman ; a knight. 2. One of the 
leaders of the court party in the time of King Charles I. ; 
— so called in distinction from the austerity of the adher- 
ents of Parliament, or Roundheads. 

Cav'a-lier', a. 1. Gay; sprightly ; generous. 2. Brave; 
warlike. 3. Supercilious ; haughty ; disdainful. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; agj e^cist ; lijjger, link ; this. 



CAVALIERLY 



103 



CEMENTATION 



Cav'a-lier'ly, adv. In a supercilious or haughty manner. 

-Cav'al-ry, n. [See Cavalier.] (Mil.) Troops that 
serve on horseback, as dragoons, light-horse, &c. 

■Cav'a-t'i'na, n. [It.] (Mus.) An air of one movement, 
with little repetition of the words, and frequently pre- 
ceded by a recitative. 

■Cave, n. [From Lat. cavus, hollow, whence cavea, cav- 
ity.] A hollow place in the earth ; a den. 

Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CAVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CAV- 
ING.] To make hollow. 

■Cave, v. i. To dwell in a cave. 

To cave in. (a.) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the 
side of a well or pit. (6.) To break down ; to yield. [Colloq.] 

■€a've-at,n. [Lat., let him beware.] 1. (Law.) A notice 
given by an interested party to some officer not to do a 
certain act until the party is heard in opposition. 2. 
( U. S. Patent Laws.) A description of some invention, 
lodged in the office before the patent right is taken out, 
operating as a bar to other applications respecting the 
same invention. 3. Intimation of caution ; warning. 

■Cav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and pressed. 

■Cav'ern, n. [Lat. cavema, from cavus, hollow.] A deep, 
hollow place in the earth ; a cave. 

Cav'ern-oiis, a. Full of caverns ; hollow. 

•Ca-viare' (ka-veer 7 ), ) n. [From Turk, haviar.] The roes 

Cav'i-ar (kav'e-ir), ) of certain large fish, prepared 
and salted ; — used as a relish, especially in Russia. 

Cav'il, v. i. [imp. & p. p. caviled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CAVILING-.] [Lat. cavillari, from cavilla, bantering 
jests, sophistry, from cavus, hollow, vain.] To raise cap- 
tious and frivolous objections. 

■Cav'il, ii. A false or frivolous objection. 

•Cav'il-er, n. One who cavils ; a captious disputant. 

•Cav'i-ty, n. [Lat. cavitas, from cavus, hollow.] 1, A 
hollow place ; any inclosed space. 2. Hollowness. 

Caw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. caw- 
ing.] [From the sound.] To cry like a crow, or raven. 

Caw, n. The noise made by the crow, rook, or raven. 

•Cawls'er, n. Same as Calker. 

•Cay-eniie' Psp'per. [From Cayenne, in South Amer- 
ica.] A very pungent pepper, the product of several spe- 
cies of Capsicum. 

Cay'man, n. ; pi. cay'man§. [From the language of 
Guiana.] (Zoiil.) A genus of American reptiles of the 
crocodile family ; the alligator. 

■€a-ziqu.e' (ka-zeek'), n. [Sp. cacique, fr. the language of 
Hayti.] A chief among some tribes of American Indians. 

Cease, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ceased (sest) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
•CEASING.] [Lat. cessare, intens. form of cedere, to with- 
draw.] 1. To come to an end. 2. To be wanting. 
Syn.— To desist; forbear; fail; discontinue; stop. 

Cease, v. t. To put a stop to ; to bring to an end. 

Cease'less, a. Without cessation or end ; incessant. 

£ease'less-ly, adv. Without intermission ; continually 

^e'dar, n. [Lat. cedrus, Gr. 
Ke'<5pos.] (Bot.) An evergreen 
tree of different species. 

Ce'darn, a. Pertaining to, or 
made of, the cedar. 

Cede, v. t. [imp. S&p. p. ceded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ceding.] [Lat. 
cedere.] To yield or surrender; 
to give up. 

Ce-dil'la, n. [It. zediglia, dim. 
of zeta, the Gr. name of the let- 
ter z, because this letter was form- 
erly written after the c, and then 
below it, to give it the pronunciation of s.] A mark 
placed under the letter c [thus, c], to show that it is to 
be sounded like s; as in facade. 

Ce'drme (se'drin), a. [Lat. cedrinus, from cedrus. See 
Cedar.] Belonging to cedar. 

Ceil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ceiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CEIL- 
ING.] [L. Lat. celqre, to cover, arch, caelum, arched 
roof, Lat. ccelum, heaven, vault, arch, covering.] To over- 
lay or cover the inner roof of. 

Ceil'ing, n. 1. (Arch.) The upper, interior surface of 
an apartment, opposite the floor. 2. (Naut.) The inside 
planks of a ship. 

Cel'an-dine, n. [Gr. xeAiSoviov, from xeXiSomo?, from 
XeXiSwi/, the swallow.] (Bot.) A genus of plants belong- 
ing to the poppy family ; —called also swallow-wort, be- 
cause it was formerly supposed to flower when the swal- 
lows appear, and to perish when they depart. 

Cel'e-brant, n. One who performs a public religious rite. 

Cel'e-brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. celebrated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. celebrating.] [Lat. celebratus, p. p. of cel- 




Cedar. 



ebrare, from celeber, famous.] 1. To mention with praise 
or commendation. 2. To honor by solemn rites, or by 
ceremonies of joy and respect ; to solemnize. 

Syn. — To praise; extol; commemorate. — Extol is stronger 
than praise ; we commemorate events which we desire to cher- 
ish in affectionate remembrance by appropriate rites, as the 
death of our Savior; we celebrate by demonstrations of public 
. joy, processions, &c, as the birth-day of our independence. 

9el'e-bra/ted, a. Having celebrity ; well known. 
Syn.— Distinguished; famous; renowned; illustrious. 

CeFe-bra/tion, n. 1. Honor or distinction bestowed ; 
commemoration ; praise- 2. Commemoration or observ- 
ance with appropriate ceremonies. 3. Solemnization. 

Cel'e-bra'tor, n. One who celebrates. 

£e-leb'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being celebrated. 2. 
A person of distinction ; usually in the plural. 
Syn. — Renown ; honor; repute. 

Ce-ler'i-ty, n. [Lat. celeritas, from celer, swift.] Rapid- 
ity of motion ; swiftness ; speed; velocity ; quickness. 

Cel'er-y, n. [Gr. vikivov, parsley, celery.] (Bot.) A 
plant of the parsley family, cultivated for use as a salad. 

Ce-les'tial ( -lest'yal), a. [Lat. ccelestis, cselestis, fr. ccelum, 
cselum, heaven.] 1. Belonging or relating to the spiritual 
heaven ; heavenly. 2. Belonging to the visible heavens. 

Ce-les'tial (-lfist'yal), n. An inhabitant of heaven. 

£e-les'tial-ly (-lest'yal-), adv. In a celestial manner. 

9 el'e s-tine ,n. ( Min . ) Native sulphate of strontian , so 
named from its occasional delicate blue color. 

Cel'es-tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order 
in the Roman Catholic Church, founded by Celestine V. 
in the thirteenth century. 

Ce'li-a-e, a. [Gr. /coiAia/cos, from KoiAia, belly, from koiAos, 
hollow.] Pertaining to the belly. 

Ce-llb'a-ey, or £el'-i-ba-cy, n. [Lat. cselibatus, from 
cselebs, unmarried.] The state of an unmarried man ; 
bachelorship. 

Cel'i-bate, n. 1. Condition or life of an unmarried man ; 
celibacy. 2. An unmarried man, especially a bachelor. 

Cell, n. [Lat. cella, akin to celare, to conceal.] 1. Avery 
small and close apartment, as in a prison or a monastery. 
2. Any small, closed cavity. 3. (Organic Structures.) 
A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, &c, forming, by 
their development and reproduction, the cellular tissue 
composing many parts of animals and plants. 

Cel'lar, n. [Lat. cellarium, a pantry, from cella, store- 
room.] A room under a house or other building. 

Cel'lar-age (45), n. 1. The excavation for a cellar; a 
cellar, or a series of cellars connected. 2. Charge for 
storage in a cellar. 

Cel'lar-er, )n. (Eccl.) An officer who has the care of 

^el'lar-ist, ) the cellar, or the charge of procuring, 
keeping, and distributing the provisions. 

Cell'u-lar (sePyii-lar), a. [From Lat. cellula, a little 
cell.] Consisting of cells, or containing cells. 

Cell'u-la/ted, a. Formed with cells. 

£ell'ule, n. [Lat. cellula, dim. of cella, cell.] A small cell. 

CeU/u.-Hf'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. cellula amdferre, to bear.] 

* Producing little cells. 

Cell'ii-lose', a. Containing cells. 

^ell'u-lose', n. (Bot.) One of the substances constitut- 
ing the cellular tissue of plants. 

Celt;''«. [Lat. Celti, Gr. KeAroi, Ke'Arat, pi., W. Celtiad, 
Celt, from celt, covert, shelter, celu, to hide, akin to Lat. 
celare.] 1. One of an ancient race of people, who for- 
merly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Eu- 
rope, and from whom are descended the Irish, Welsh, and 
Gael. 2. An implament of stone or of metal, found in 
the barrows of the early Celtic nations. 

Celt'i-e, a. Pertaining to the Celts, or to their language. 

^elt'i-e, n. The language of the Celts. 

13®- The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the 
Gaelic, the Erse or Irish, the Manks, and the Welsh and its 
cognate dialects, Cornish and Armorican or Breton. 

Celt'i-cigm, n. A Celtic custom. 

Cem'ent, or Ce-ment' (115), n. [Lat. csementum, chips 
of marble, from which mortar was made,contr. fr. csedi- 
mentum, from ciedere, to cut.] 1. Any substance used 
for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, 
&c. 2. Bond of union. 

Ce-ment', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CEMENTED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CEMENTING.] 1. To unite by the use of cement. 
2. To unite firmly and closely. 

Ce-ment', v. i. To unite and cohere. 

^em/en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of cementing. 2. (Chem.) 
Process of surrounding a solid body with the powder of 
other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not 
sufficient to cause fusion, the properties of the body being 



i Scc.long 



g; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CEMETERY 



109 



CEPHALIC 



changed by chemical combination with the powder ; thus 
iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. 

^em'e-ter'y, n. [Gr. Koip.Tj-nJpioi', from Koifxav, to sleep.] 
A grave-yard ; a church-yard ; a necropolis. ' 

£en'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. ccenatorius, from ccena, dinner, 
supper.] Pertaining, or relating, to supper. 

Qen'o-foite, n, [Lat. ccznobita, from Gr. koivos, common, 
and jSios, life.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a 
convent, or a community, in opposition to a hermit. 

^en'o-foit'le, la. Living in community, as monks; 

^en/o-hit'i-e-al, ) conventual ; monastic. 

£en'o-taph, n. [Gr. Kevorafyiov, from /cevos, empty, and 
rdfios, burial, tomb.] A monument erected to one who 
is buried elsewhere. 

$ense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. censed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
censing.] [Abbrev. from incense, q. v.] To perfume with 
odors from burning substances. 

£ens'er, n. A vase or pan in which incense is burned. 

£en'sor, n. [Lat. from censere, to value, to tax.] 1. (An- 
tiq.) A Roman officer whose business was to register the 
effects of the citizens, to impose taxes upon them equitably, 
and to inspect their manners. 2. One empowered to ex- 
amine manuscripts and books, before publication, and 
to see that they contain nothing which is forbidden. 3. 
One who censures or blames ; a harsh critic. 

£en-so'ri-al )(89), a. Belonging to a censor, or to the 

£en-so'ri-an j correction of public morals. 

£en-so'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Addicted to censure ; apt to 

blame or condemn. 2. Implying or expressing censure. 

Syn.— Fault-finding; carping; caviling ; captious ; severe. 

£en-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a censorious manner. 

£en-so'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of being censorious. 

£en'sor-ship, n. Office or dignity of a censor. 

9en'sur-a-ble (sen'shur-a-bl), a. Worthy of censure ; 
blamable ; culpable ; reprehensible. 

£en'sur-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being censurable ; 
fitness to be censured ; blamableness. 

Qen'sur-a-bly, adv. In a censurable manner. 

£en'sui*e (sen'shiyr), n. [Lat. censura.] Act of blaming 
or finding fault and condemning as wrong. 

Syn.— Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; dis- 
approval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; rep- 
rimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse. 

£en'sure (sen'shur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. censured ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. CENSURING.] To find fault with and 

condemn as wrong ; to express disapprobation of. 

Syn. —To blame; reprove; condemn; reprehend; reprimand. 

^en'sus, n. [Lat. census, from censere. See Censor.] 

1. {Rom. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valu- 
ation of their estates, usually once in five years. 2. An 
official enumeration of the people, and registration of the 
value of their estates, and of other statistics of a country. 

£ent, n. [Lat. centum.] 1. A hundred ; as, 10 per cent. 

2. A coin made of copper, or of copper and nickel,worth 
the 100 th part of a dollar. [Amer.] 

Cent'age, n. Rate by the cent, or hundred ; percentage. 

^en'taur, n. [Gr. KeWavpos, orig. a herdsman, afterward 
a herdsman who fought on horseback ; from Kevrelv, to 
goad, and ravpo?, bull.] (Myth.) A fabulous being, sup- 
posed to be half man and half horse. 

£en'tau-ry, n. ' [Gr. Kevravpiov, because the Centaur 
Chiron discovered first its medicinal power.] (Bot.) A 
plant of several species, some of which are common weeds. 

^en'te-na'i'i-an, n. [From Lat. centenarius, from cen- 
tum, a hundred.] A person a hundred years old. [years. 

9en'te-na'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, a hundred 

£en'te-na-ry (44), n. Aggregate of a hundred single 
things ; specifically, a century ; a hundred years. 

£en'te-na-ry, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a 
hundred. 2. [Perhaps for centennary, from Lat. centum, 
a hundred, and annus, a year.] Occurring once in every 
hundred years. 

9en-ten'ni-al, a. [L. Lat. centennis ; Lat. centum, hun- 
dred, and annus, year.] 1. Belonging to the hundredth 
anniversary. 2. Happening once in a hundred years. 

9en'ter, ) n. [Lat. centrum, from Gr. Kevrpov, from icev- 

£en'tre, J relv, to prick.] 1. The exact middle point 
or place of any thing. 2. The middle portion of any 
thing ; the midst. 3. A point of concentration ; nu- 
cleus. 4. ( Arch. ) A temporary framing on which vaulted 
work is constructed. 

£en'ter, ) v. i. [imp. Sep. p. CENTERED or centred ; 

£en'tre, ) P-pr- & vb. n. centering or centring.] 
1. To be placed in a center ; to be central. 2. To be 
collected to a point ; to be concentrated. 

9&a'ter, ) v. t. 1. To place on a center or central point. 

£6n'tre, j 2. To collect to a point ; to concentrate. 



£en'ter-bit, j n. An instrument turning on a project- 

£en'tre-lbit, ) ing central point, for boring holes. 

$en'ter-ing, n. (Arch.) The temporary framing on 
which any vaulted work is constructed. 

9en-tes'i-mal, a . [Lat. centesimus, from centum, hun- 
dred.] Hundredth ; by the hundred. 

£en-tes'i-mal, n. A hundredth part. 

^en-tes'i-ma'tion, n. (Mil.) A punishment where 
one person in a hundred is selected to receive the penalty. 

^en/ti-fo'li-oiis, a. [Lat. centifolius , from centum 
hundred, and folium, leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 

Cen'ti-grade, a. [Lat. centum, hundred, and gradus, 
degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated 
into a hundred equal parts. 

Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero orO 
at the freezing point, and the distance between that and the 
boihng point of water divided into one hundred degrees. 
gen'ti-gramme, n. [Fr.,from Lat. centum, hundred, 
and gramma.} A measure of weight, being the hun- 
dredth part of a gramme, equal to .16924 of a grain 
avoirdupois. See Gramme. 
£en-tll'i-ter, or Cen'tl-H'ter, 1 n. [Fr.,from Lat. cen- 
Centilitre (song'te'15'tr), } turn, hundred, and 

Fr. litre, a French measure.] A measure of capacity, be- 
ing the hundredth part of a tore, or a little more than 
six-tenths of a cubic inch. 
Qenfime (song/teem'), n. [Fr., from Lat. centesimus, 
hundredth.] (Fr. Coinage.) The 100th part of a franc. 
Cen-tim'e-ter, or Cen'ti-me'ter, ) n. [Fr., from cen- 
Ccntimetre (song'te'ina'tr), J turn, hundred, 

and metrum, measure.] A measure of length, being the 
hundredth part of a meter, or rather more than thirty- 
nine one-hundredths of an inch English measure. 
Cen'ti-nel, n. See Sentinel. 

9en'ti-ped, n. [Lat. centipeda, from centum , hundred, 
and pes, pedis, foot.] (Zool.) A species of land articu- 
lates. They are many -jointed, wingless, somewhat ver- 
miform, and have a great number of feet. [Written also 
centipede (-peed).] 
Cen'to, n.; pi. CEN'TOg. [Lat.; Gr. /ceVrpwv.] 1. A 
composition formed by verses or passages from different 
authors disposed in a new order. 2. (Mus.) A medley 
on a large scale. 
Central, a. [Lat. centralis, from centrum, center.] Re- 
lating to the center ; placed in, or containing, the center ; 
pertaining to the parts near the center. 
Cen-tral'i-ty, n. The state of being central. 
Cen'tral-i-za'tion, n. Act of centralizing. 
9en'tral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. centralized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. centralizing.] To draw to a central 
point ; to bring to a center. 
Cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central manner. 
£en'tre (sen'ter), n. See Center. 
Cen'trie, ) a. Placed in the center or middle; cen- 
Cen'tri-e-al, ) tral. 

9en'tric-al-ly, adv. In a central position. 
9en-tri£'i-ty (-tris'-), n. The state of being centric. 
Cen-trif'u-gal, a. [Lat. centrum, center, and fugere, 

to flee.] Tending to recede from the center. 
Cen-trip'e-tal, a. [Lat. centrum, center, and pelere, to 

move toward.] Tending toward the center. 
Cen'try, n. See Sentry. 

<Qen-twm'vir, n. ; pi. pEN-TU3i'vi-Ri. [Lat., from 

centum, hundred, and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) A 

judge appointed by the pretor to decide common causes 

among the people. 

Cen-tum'vi-ral, a. Pertaining to the centumviri, or 

to a centumvir. [centumviri. 

Cen-tiim'vi-rate, n. Office of a centumvir, or of the 

£en'tu-ple, a. [Lat. centuplex, from centum, hundred, 

and plicare, to fold.] Hundred -fold. 
Cen'tu-ple, v. i. [imp. Scp.p. centupled \p.pr. & vb. 

n. centupling.] To increase a hundred-fold. 
Cen-tu'pli~eate, v. t. [See Centuple, a.] To make 
a hundred-fold. [years. 

Cen-tu'ri-al, a. Relating to a century, or a hundred 
£en-tu'ri-on, n. [Lat. centurio, from centuria. See 
Century.] ( Rom. Antiq.) A military officer who com- 
manded a company of infantry comprising a hundred men. 
Cent'u-ry, n. [Lat. centuria, from centum, hundred.] 
1. A hundred. 2. A period of a hundred years. 

Century plant (Bot.'), the American aloe, or Agave Ameri- 
cana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century. 
9epli'a-lal / gy, n. [Gr. Ke<f)aKa\yCa, from Ke<f>a\rj, head, 

and aAyo;, pain.] Pain in the head ; headache. 
9e-phal'i«,a. [Gr. Ke0aAi/cos, from necjiaXr}, head.] Per= 
taining to the head. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



CEPHALIC 



110 



CHAFF 



Ce-phaPi-e, n. A medicine for headache, or other disor- 
der in the head. 

Ceph'a-Iog'ra-phy , n. [Gr. Ke</>aA7j, head, and ypafciv, 
to describe.] (Anat.) A description of the head. 

Ceph'a-lo-pod', or Ce-phal'o-pod, n. [Gr. Ke(f>a\rj, 
head, and ttous, 770S0S, foot.] (Zool.) A molluscous ani- 
mal, characterized by a distinct head, surrounded by a 
circle of long arms or tentacles. See Mollusk. 

^e-rii'ceous, a. [From Lat. cera, wax.] Partaking of 
the nature of wax. 

Ce-ram'i-e, a. [Gr. KepajuiKos, from Kepa/aos, earthen- 
ware.] Pertaining to pottery. 

£e'rate, n. [Lat. ceratum, from cera, wax.] (JVfecf.) A 
thick kind of ointment, composed of wax, oil. &c. 

Ce'ra-ted, a. [Lat. ceratus, p. p. of cerare, from cera, 
wax.] Covered with wax. 

£ere, n. [From Lat. cera, wax.] The naked wax-like 
skin that covers the base of the bill in some birds. 

$ere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cered; p.pr. & vb. n. CER- 
1NG.] To wax, or cover with wax. 

Ce're-al (89), a. [Lat. Cerealis, pertaining to Ceres, to 
grain.] Pertaining to edible grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 

£e're-al, n. Any edible grain. [lum. 

£er'e-foel, n. The lower part of the brain ; the cerebel- 

^er'e-lbel'lar, ) a. Pertaining to the cerebellum, or 

^er'e-bel'lous, ) its parts. 

Qer'c-Wl'lum, n. ; pi. pER'E-BEL'LA. [Lat., dim. of 
cerebrum, brain.] [Anat.) The hinder and lower division 
of the brain. 

£er'e-foral, a. Pertaining to the cerebrum, or brain. 

£er f e-brum,n. [Lat.] {Anat.) The superior and larger 
division of the brain. 

^ere'-eloth, n. [Lat. cera, wax, and Eng. cloth.] A 
cloth smeared with melted wax. 

^ere'ment, n. [0. Fi\, from cere, Lat. cera, wax.] A 
cloth dipped in melted wax, used for embalming. 

CSr'e-mo'ni-al, a. Relating to ceremony, or external 
rite ; ritual. 

^er'e-mo'ni-al, n. An established system of rules and 
ceremonies. [monies. 

^er'e-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. According to rites and cere- 

^er'e-jjno'mi-oiis, a. 1. Consisting of outward forms 
and rites ; ceremonial. 2. According to prescribed or 
customary rules and forms. 3. Particular in observing 
forms ; precise ; formal. 

^er'e-mo'mi-oiis-Iy, adv. In a ceremonious manner. 

^er'e-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. cserimonia, from Csere, an 
old city of Etruria, which stood in a very ancient relig- 
ious connection with Rome, or from Ceres.} 1„ Outward 
rite ; external form in religion. 2« Forms of civility. 

P'rSXwll'al, } a - Pertaining to cerography. 

£e-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Krjpd;, wax, and ypdfeiv, to 
write.] 1. A writing on wax. 2. The art of engraving 
on wax, spread on a sheet of copper, from which a stereo- 
type plate is taken. 

^e-roon', n. [Sp. seron, augmentative of sera, a large 
pannier or basket.] A bale or package made of skins. 

£er'tnin, (sCr'tin, 14, 42), a. [Lat. certus, orig. p. p. of 
ccrncre, to perceive, decide.] 1„ Assured in mind ; hav- 
ing no' doubts. 2. Not to be doubted or denied. 3. 
Fixed or stated ; determinate. 4. Indeterminate, or not 
specifically named ; one or some; — sometimes used in- 
dependently as a noun. 

Syn. — Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; 
undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontroverti- 
ble; competent; unhesitating; undoubting; regular; constant. 

9er'tain-ly, adv. Without doubt or question ; in truth 

and fact ; without failure. 

£er'tain-ncss (109), n. Certainty ; infallibility. 

£er'tain-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being cer- 
tain ; exemption from doubt or failure. 2. A fact or 
truth unquestionably established. 

Cer-tlfi-cate,«. [See infra.] 1. A written testimony 
to the truth of any fact. 2. A written declaration le- 
gally authenticated. 

Cer-tifi-eate,t'. t. [imp. hp.p. certificated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. CERTIFICATING.] [L. Lat. certificate, p. p. 
certificare, from Lat. certus, certain, and facere, to 
make.] 1. To verify by certificate. 2. To furnish 
with a certificate. 

^er'ti-fi-eii/tion, n. The act of certifying. 

Cer'ti-fFcr. n. One who certifies, or assures. 

$er'ti-iy (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. certified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. certifying.] [See Certificate, v. t.} 1. 
To testify to in writing ; to make known or establish as 
a fict. 2. To give certain information of or to. 



Qer'ti-o-ra'ri (sei"shi-o-ra'ri), n. [From L. Lat. certi- 
orare, to certify, from Lat. cerlior, com par. of certus, 
certain.] (Law.) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a 
superior court, to call up the records of an inferior 
court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that 
the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that 
errors and irregularities may be corrected. 

^er'ti-tiide (53), n. [L. Lat. certiludo, from Lat. certus, 
certain.] Freedom from doubt ; assurance ; certainty. 

£e-ru'le-an (124), a. [Lat. cseruleus.] Sky-blue. 

ye-ru'men, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. cera, wax.] The wax 
or yellow matter secreted by the ear. 

^e'ruse (52), n. [Lat. cerussa.] 1. White lead. 2. 
The" native carbonate of lead. [white lead. 

£e'rused (se'rust), a. Washed with a preparation of 

£er'vi«-al, a. [From Lat. cervix, neck.] (Anat.) Be- 
longing to the neck. ' [taining to the deer. 

£er'yme, a. [Lat. cervinus, from cervus, deer.] Per- 

^e-§a're-an, a. Pertaining to Caesar. 

Cesarean section (Surg.), an incision made through the pari- 
etes of the abdomen and uterus in order to extract the fetus; — 
said to have been done at the birth of Julius Csesar. 

Ces'pi-tose' (125), a. [From Lat. c&spes, turf.] (Bot.) 
Growing in tufts ; turf-like ; cespitous. 

^es'pi-toiis, a. [See supra.] Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, turf ; turfy. 

9es-sa'tion, n. [Lat. cessatio, from cessare.] Act of 
ceasing ; discontinuance of motion or action of any kind. 
Syn.— Stop; rest; pause; intermission.— Stop is generic; 
cessution is a ceasing from action, either temporary or final; 
pause, temporary stopping; rent, stopping for the sake of relief 
or repose; intermission, stopping at intervals to recommence. 

-€es-sd f vit, n. [Lat., he has ceased.] ( O. Eng. Law.) 
A writ to recover lands when the tenant has ceased for 
two years to perform the service which constitutes the 
condition of his tenure. 

C. es'sion (sesh'un), n. [Lat. cessio, from cessum, cedere, 
to give way.] A yielding, or surrender, as of property 
or rights, to another person ; the act of ceding. 

9ess'-pool (26), n. [See Sess-pool.] A cavity sunk in 
the earth, to receive and retain the sediment of water 
conveyed in drains. [Written also sess-pool.] 

^es'tus, n. [Greek /ceo-Tc?, girdle, literally 
stitched, embroidered.] (Antiq.) (a.) A girdle ;* 
particularly the girdle of Venus, on which was 
represented every thing that could awaken 
love, (b.) A loaded leather covering for the 
hands of boxers. 

9e-§ii'ra, n. See C^SURA. 

ye-td'ee-d, n.pl. [From Lat. cetvs, Gr. ktjtos, 
whale.] ( Zool. ) An order of vertebrated mam- 
miferous marine animals, including the whale "^d 
kind. Cestus ' 

£e-ta'cean (-shan), n. (Zool.) An animal of the whale 
kind. 

£e-ta'ceous, a. Pertaining to the whale kind. 

C/e-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ktjtos, and Ao-yos, discourse.] The 
natural history of cetaceous animals. 

Chafe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chafed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHAFING.] [Lat. calefacere, to make warm, from cali- 
duSy caldus, hot, and facere, to make.] 1. To excite 
physical heat or irritation in by means of friction. 2. 
To excite heat or passion in the mind of; to irritate. 3. 
To fret and wear by rubbing. 
Syn. — To rub; fret; gall; vex; provoke; inflame. 

Chafe, v. i. 1. To be excited or heated; to rage; to 
fret. 2. To be fretted and worn by rubbing. 

Chafe, n. 1. Heat or irritation excited by friction. 
2. Violent agitation of the mind. 

Chafer, 11. One who chafes. 

Chafer, n. [A.-S. ceafor.} An insect ; — also called cock- 
chafer or May-bug. 

Chaf er-y, n. (Ironworks.) A forge in which the metal 
is subjected to a welding heat. 

Chaf e'-wax, n. An assistant to the Lord Chancellor, 
who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. [Eng.] 

Chaff (6), n. [A.-S. ceaf, Ger. kaff, from 0. II. Ger. 
cheva, pod, husk.] 1. The glumes, husk, or light, dry 
covering of grains and grasses. 2. (Bot.) Scales or 
bracts on the receptacle which subtend each flower in 
the heads of many composite plants. 3. Worthless 
matter ; refuse. 

Chaff, n. Light, idle talk, by way of making fun or 
turning into ridicule. [ Colloq.] 

Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CHAFFED (108); p. pr. & 
vb. n. chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way 
of fun or ridicule. [ Colloq.] 




a,e,&c.,fcmg-; &,e\ be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r. do, wolf. 



CHAFF 



111 



CHAMFER 



Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by 
addressing in frivolous or ironical language. 

Chaffer, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. chaffered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHAFFERING.] [0. Eng. chaffare, chepefare, 
from A. -S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, to attempt to buy, 
and Eng. fare, to go ; hence, orig. to go to buy, to go to 
market. J 1. To treat about a purchase ; to bargain ; to 
haggle. 2. To talk much or idly. [change. 

Chaffer, v. t. 1. To buy; to purchase. 2. To ex- 

Chaf f er-er, n. One who chaffers. 

Chaffinch, n. (Ornith.) A bird of the finch family, 
said to deligiit in chaff, and having a very sweet note. 

Chaffy, a. 1. Containing, resembling, or consisting 
of, chaff. k Z. Light or worchless as chaff. 

Chafing-dish, n. A dish or vessel to hold coals for 
heating any thing set on it ; a portable grate for coals. 

£ha-green', n. See Shagreen. 

£ha-grln' (sha-grln'), n. [Fr., from chagrin, or chagrain, 
shagreen ; also a rouga fish-skin used for graters and files, 
hence, fig. for a gnawing, corroding grief. See SHA- 
GREEN.] Ill-humor; vexation ; peevishness; fretfulness. 

Syn.— Vexation; mortification.— Vexation springs from 
a sense of loss, disappointment, &c; mortification from 
•wounded pride; chagrin may spring from either, and is not 
usually so keen nor lasting. 

Cha-grin' (sha-grln / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chagrined ; 

p.pr. & vb. n. chagrining.] To excite ill-humor in; 
to vex ; to mortify. 

Chain (68), n. [Lat. catena.] 1. A series of links or 
rings, connected together, used for various purposes. 
'Z. That which confines, fetters, or secures ; a bond. 3. 
A series of things connected and following each other in 
succession. 4. (Sitrv.) An instrument used in meas- 
uring land, consisting cf 103 links, making up the total 
length of four rods, or sixty-six feet. 5. (Naut.) A strong 
plate of iron bolted at the lower end through the side to 
the ship's timbers. 

Chain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chained; p. pr. & vb. n. 
chaining.] 1. To fasten or connect with a chain, or 
with any thing else in the manner of a chain. t£. To en- 
slave. 3- -- fits closely and strongly. 

Chain'-brldgc, n. A bridge suspended on chains; a 
suspension bridge. 

Chain'- gang, n. A gang or number of convicts chained 
together. 

Chain'less, a. Having no chain ; not restrained. 

Chain'- mail, n. A kind of armor made of interlaced 
rings, both flexible and strong. 

Chain'-piimp, n. A pump consisting of an endless 
chain, carrying disks or buckets, passing upward through 
a wooden tube, and moving on two wheels, one above, 
the other below. 

Chain'-shot, n. (Mil.) Two balls, 
&c, connected by a chain, and used 
to cut down masts, &c. 

Chain'- stitch, «.' A kind of stitch ^"™-«mk- 
in sewing, made by interlocking threads, so as to leave 
open spaces, like the links of a chain. 

Chain '-waleg, n. pi. ' (Naut.) Piece3 of plank bolted 
to tne sides of a ship to spread the lower rigging. See 
Channels. 

Chair (4), n. [Contracted from Lat. cathedra, Gr. naQi- 
Spa.] 1. A movable seat with a back, for one person. 
25. An official seat, as of a judge ; hence, the office itself. 
3. The presiding officer of an assembly. 4. A vehicle 
for one person ; either a sedan or a gig. 5. An iron 
block used on railways to support and secure the rails. 

Chair,t'. t. [imp. & p. p. chaired; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHAIRING.] To carry publicly in a chair in triumph ; 
— applied to a candidate for office who has gained his 
election. [Eng.] 

Chair'man, n.; pi. chair'men. 1. (Legislative Bod- 
ies.) The presiding oncer of an assembly, association, 
or committee. i Z. One who carries a chair or sedan. 

ChAir'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 

9hai§e (87), n. [Fr. chaise, for chaire, according to a 
peculiar Parisian pron. See Chair.] A two-wheeled, 
one-horse carriage for two persons, with a calash top. 

Chal-ced'o-ny, or Chal'ce-do-ny, n. [From Chalce- 
don, a town in Asia Minor.] (Mm.) An uncrystallized, 
translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish 
color, and a luster nearly like wax. 

•Chal-eog'ra-pher, I n. An engraver on copper and 

■ehal-eog'ra-phist, j brass. 

Chal-eog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x a ^ K ^> copper, brass, and 
ypd^eiv, to write.] Art of engraving on copper or brass. 

Chal-da'ie, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. 

Chal-da'ic , n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans. 



■Chal'dee, or Chal-dee', a. Pertaining to Chaldea; 
Chaldaic. [Chaldeans. 

Chal'dee, or -€hal-dee', n. Language or dialect of the 

Chal'dron, n. [The same as caldron, q. v.] A dry 
measure for coals, containing at London thirty-six bush- 
els. It varies, however, in usage, as at Newcastle, at 
Pictou, and in the United States. 

Clial'Ice (chaFis), n. [Lat. calix, Gr. kvAi|.] A cup or 
bowl ; especially a communion-cup. 

Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc, from Lat. calx, limestone, 
chalk-stone.] (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, consist- 
ing of carbonate of lime. 

French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. 
— lied chalk, an indurated clayey ocher. 

Chalk (chawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chalked (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CHALKING.] To rub or mark with chalk. 
To chalk out, to lay out, draw out, or describe. 

Chalk'i-ness (chawk'), n. State of being chalky. 

Chalk.'- stone (20), n. (Med.) A concretion in the hands 
and feet of persons violently affected by the gout. 

Chalk'y (chawk'y), a. Consisting of, impregnated with, 
or 'resembling chalk. 

Chal'lenge, ii. [From Lat. calumnia, false accusation.] 
1. An invitation to a contest of any kind. 2. Act of a 
sentry in demanding the countersign from those who ap- 
pear at his post. 3. A summons to engage in single 
combat. 4. A claim or demand made of a right. 5, 
An exception to a juror or a voter. 

Chal'lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. challenged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CHALLENGING.] 1. To call to a contest of 
any kind ; to call to answer ; to defy. 2. To invite, or 
summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. 
3. To claim as due ; to demand as a rignt. 4. To make 
exception or objection to, as to jurors. 5. (Elections.) 
To object to as not qualified to vote. [Amer.] 

Chal'lenge-a-ble, a. Capable of being challenged. 

Chal'len-ger, n. One who challenges. 

Chal'lis (shal'ly), n. [Fr. chaly, a stuff made of goat'a 
hair.] An elegant, twilled, fine woolen fabric, used for 
ladies' dresses. [Written also chatty.] 

Cha-lyb'e-ate, a. [N. Lat. chalybcatus, from chalybo, 
Gr. x^vi//, still.] Impregnated with some salt of iron. 

Cha-lyb'e-ate, n. Any water, liquor, or medicine, into 
which iron enters. 

•Cham (kam), n. The sovereign prince of Tartary; — 
usually written khan. 

Chamade (sh'a'mad'), n. [Fr., from Lat. clamare, to 
call.] ( Mil. ) Beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, in- 
viting an enemy to a parley. 

Cham'ber, 11. [From Lat. camara, camera, vault, 
arched roof, Gr. Kajadpa.] 1. A retired room, especially 
an upper room, used for lodging, privacy, or study. "Z. 
A compartment or hollow, closed space. 3. A place 
where an assembly meets, and the assembly itself. 4. 
(Law.) A private place where a judge sits to hear and 
determine cases, and do such judicial business as may 
be done out of court. 

Cham'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chambered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHAMBERING.] 1. To reside in or occupy as a 
chamber. 2. To be wanton. [Obs.] 

Cham'ber, v. t. To shut up, as in a chamber. 

Cham'ber— eoun'sel, ) n. A counselor who gives 

Cham'ber-eoun'sel-ar, ) his opinion in private, or 
at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. 

Cham'ber-er, n. One who intrigues, or indulges in 
wantonness. [Obs.] 

Cham'ber-lain (-lin, 42), n. [From Ger. hammer, Fr. 
chambre, Lat. camera and the Ger, termination ling.] 1. 
An attendant who has charge of the chambers, as in a 
large house or hotel. 2. An officer having charge of 
the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch ; hence, 
in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 3. A treas- 
urer or receiver of public money. 

Cham'ber-lain-iship, n. Office of a chamberlain. 

Cham'foer-maid, n. A woman who has the care of 
chambers, or who dresses and 
waits upon a lady. £3£&&M&&S^. 

Cham'brel, n. The gambrel. ^H^B^ 
See Gambrel. -W.^ ~ " V 

Cha-me'le-on,n. [Lat. chame- 
leon, Gr. xa^aiAeW, lit. ground _ 

lion, from x<*f.at, on the ground, - - A '^ 

and AeW, lion ] (Zoo I.) A liz- ^^s^^^K^ 

ard-like reptile, whose color % 

changes more or less with the 
color of the objects about it, or Chameleon, 

with its temper when disturbed. 

Chamfer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chamfered ; p. pr. & 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, <:all, eoho; gem. get; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



CHAMFER 



112 



CHAPARRAL 




vb. n. CHAMFERING.] 1. (Carp.) To cut a groove or 
channel in ; to flute. 2. To cut or grind in a sloping 
manner ; to bevel. 

Cham'fer, \n. [From Celt, camm, crooked, and Lat. 

Cham'f ret, j frons, front, or frenum, bridle, bit.] 1. 
( Carp.) A small gutter in wood, or other hard material ; 
a groove, 2. A slope or bevel. 

^ham'ois (sharn'my or sha-moi'), 
n. [From Sp. camuza, gamuza, 
from 0. Ger. gamz.] 1. (Zool.) A 
species of antelope living on the 
loftiest mountain ridges of Europe. 
2. A kind of soft leather, first pre- ^^Hp^a 
pared from the skin of this animal, r ^^ 

Cham'o-mlle, n. See Camo- 
mile. 

Champ, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAM- Chamois. 

PED (champt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAMPING-.] [From Lat. 
campus, field.] 1. To bite -with repeated action of the 
teeth. 2„ To bite into small pieces ; to crush. 

Chanip, v. i. To bite frequently. 

£ham-pagne' (sham-pan'), n. A kind of brisk, spark- 
ling wine, from Champagne, in France. 

Champaign' (sham-pan/), n. [See Campaign.] A 
flat, open country. [try ; level. 

Cham-paign' (sham-pan'), a. Flat or open, as a coun- 

Champ'er, n. One who champs, or bites. 

£ham'per-tor, n. [See infra.] (Law.) One who pur- 
chases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at 
his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain. 

9ham'per-ty, n. [0. Fr. champart, field-rent, Lat. 
campi pars, from champ, Lat. campus, field, and part, 
Lat. pars, share.] Maintenance of a lawsuit, with the 
addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit, in 
case of success. 

Cham'pi-on, «. [Low Lat. campio, from Lat. campus, 
field.] 1. One who engages in any contest; especially 
one who contends in behalf of another in single combat. 
2. One ready to fight all who offer against him. 

Cham'pi-on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. championed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. championing.] To furnish with a champion ; 
to attend as champion. 

Cham'pi-on-ehip, n. State of being a champion. 

Chance, n. [Fr., from cheoir, Lat. cadere, to fall, with 
reference to the falling of the dice.] 1. Absence of any 
defined or recognized cause ; fortuity; casualty. 2. An 
event which happens without any assigned cause. 3. 
The possibility of an occurrence. 
Syn. — Luck; accident; hazard; fortune; opportunity. 

Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chanced (chanst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CHANCING.] To happen, come, or arrive, with- 
out design or expectation. 

Chance, a. Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. 

Chan'cel, n. [From Lat. cancelli, lattices, cross-bars, 
inclosing the place, dim. of cancer, lattice.] That part 
of a church where the altar or communion table is 
placed ; formerly inclosed with lattices. 

Chan'cel-lor, n. A judicial officer of high rank ; the 
president, or chief judge, of a court of chancery. 

Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet 
upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and ex- 
penditure as the highest finance minister of the government. 
— Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the 
court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown. 

Chan'cel-lor-ship, n. The office of a chancellor. 

Chance'-med'ley, n. [See Chance and Medley.] 
(Law.) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sud- 
den and unpremeditated encounter. 

Chan'cer-y, n. [Low Lat. cancellaria, from Lat. cancel- 
larius. See Chancellor.] A high court of equity; 
equity ; proceedings in equity. 

Chan'ere (shank'er, 67), n. [Fr. See Canker and 
CANCER.] An ulcer, especially a venereal sore. 

9han'erous (shank'rus), a. Having the qualities of a 
chancre ; ulcerous. 

Chan'de-lier' (shan'-), n. [From Lat. candela, candle, 
q. v.] A frame with branches to hold a number of lights 
for the purpose of illumination. 

Chand'ler, n. [Fr. chandelier, candlestick, tallow- 
chandler. In ship-chandler, corn-chandler, it is perh. de- 
rived from Ger. handler, dealer, trader, assimilated to 
the Eng. chandler in tallow-chandler.'] 1. A manufac- 
turer of, or dealer in, candles. 2. A dealer in other 
commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed. 

Chand'ler-y, n. The commodities sold by a chandler. 

Change, v. t. [imp. & p. p. changed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHANGING.] [From Lat. cambire, Low Lat. cambiare.] 
1. To alter or make different ; to cause to pass from one 



state to another. 2. To substitute another thing or 
other things for, whether of the same or a different kind ; 
to exchange. 3. To give another kind of money, of the 
same aggregate value, for. 4. To become acid or tainted. 
Syn. — To vary ; innovate ; diversify ; shift ; veer ; turn. 

Change, v. i. 1. To be altered ; to undergo variation. 
2^ To pass from one phase to another. 

Change, n. 1. Any variation or alteration ; a passing 
from one state or form to another. 2. Substitution of 
one thing in the place of another. 3. A passing from 
one phase to another. 4. Alteration in the order of a 
series ; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety. 
6. Small pieces of money, which may be given for larger 
pieces or for bank-notes ; and hence, the balance of 
money paid beyond the price of goods purchased. 7. A 
building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [ Col- 
log, for exchange.] 

_ Syn. — Variety ; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innova- 
tion; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse. 

Chan^e'a-Ml'i-ty, n. Changeableness. 

Change'a-hle, a. 1. Capable of change. 2. Appear- 
. ing different, as in color, under difference of circum- 
stances, as of light. 

Syn. — Mutable ; variable ; fickle ; inconstant ; unstable ; 
unsteady; unsettled; versatile; wavering; erratic; volatile. 

Change'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being changeable ; 
fickleness ; inconstancy ; mutability. 

Change'a-lbly, adv. In a changeable manner. 

Change'ful, a. Full of change ; inconstant ; mutable. 

Change'ful-ly, adv. In a changeful manner. 

Change'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being changeful. 

Change'less, a. Not admitting alteration ; constant. 

Change'ling, n. [From change and the dim. termina- 
tion ling.] 1. A child left or taken in the place of 
another, as by fairies. 2. One apt to change ; a waverer. 

Change'ling, a. Taken or left in place of another. 

Chang'er, n. One who changes. 

Chan'nel, n. [A different spelling, or a modification, of 
canal, q. v.] 1. The bed of a stream of water; esp. the 
deeper part of a river or bay, where the main current 
flows. 2. ( Geog.) A strait or narrow sea between two 
portions of land. 3. That through which any thing 
passes, or is conveyed. 4. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow 
in, as in a column. 5. pi. (Naitt.) Broad pieces of 
plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, and used 
for spreading the lower rigging. 

Chan'nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. channeled ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. channeling.] To form a channel or channels 
in; to groove. 

Chant, v. t. [imp. & p.p. chanted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHANTING.] [From Lat. cantare, v. intens. of canere, to 
sing.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice ; to sing ; to 
warble. 2. To celebrate in song. 3. (Mus.) To sing 
after the manner of a chant. 

Chant, v.i. 1. To make melody with the voice ; to sing. 
2. (Mus.) To sing after the manner of a chant. 

Chant, ii. 1. Song; melody. 2. (Mus.) Words recited 
to musical tones without musical measure. 

Chant'er, n. 1. One who chants. 2. The pipe whicL 
sounds the tenor or treble in a bagpipe. 

Chant'i-eleer, n. [From chant and clear.] A cock, so 
called from the clearness of his voice in crowing. 

Chant'ress, n. A female chanter or singer. 

Chant'ry, n. An endowed chapel where masses for the 
souls of the donors are celebrated. 

•Cha'os (ka/os), n. [Lat. chaos, Gr. x<*°?> fr° m X a <-vew, 
root xa, to gape, to open widely.] 1. An empty, infinite 
space. 2. Unorganized condition of matter before the 
creation of the universe. 3. A confused or disordered 
mass or state of things ; confusion ; disorder. 

-€ha-6t'ie (44), a. Kesembling chaos ; confused. 

Chap, or Chap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chapped (chapt) ; 
p. pr. & vb' n. CHAPPING.] [D. happen, Dan. kappe, 
Sw. kappa, to cut, cut off.] To cleave or open longitu- 
dinally ; to split ; to crack. 

Chap, or Chap, v. i. To crack or open in long slits. 

Chap, or Chap, n. [From chap, v. t. & i. See supra.] 
A longitudinal cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. 

Chap (chop), n. [From chap, to open longitudinally.] 
Tne jaw;— used with reference to beasts, and vulgarly 
to men ; generally in the plural. 

Chap, n. [An abbrev. of chapman, but used m a more 
general sense.] A man or boy ; a youth. [ Colloq.] 

Chap'ar-ral', n. [Sp. , of Iberian origin ; an abbrev. of 
Basque achaparra, from acha, atza, for aitza, rock, stone, 
and abarra, an evergreen oak.] 1. A thicket of low 
evergreen oaks. 2. Thick bramble-bushes entangled 
with thorny shrubs in clumps. 



a.e.&c.^ongv &,e,&c, short; care, far, £sk, all, what, ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CHAP-BOOK 



113 



CHARITABLE 



Chap'-tod<>l£ (27), n. [A.-S. ceapan, to buy, and book.] 
A small book, esp. one carried about for sale by hawkers. 

TJhape, n. [Fr., a cope, cover, chape. See Cape and 
Cap.] 1. The catch of any thing, as of a buckle. 2. 
A plate of metal at the end of a scabbard. 

Vhapeau (shap'o), n. ; pi. CHAPE AVS (shap'oz). [Fr.] 
A hat. 

Chapeau Bras (shap'o bra). A military hat which 
can be flattened and put under the arm. 

Chap'el, n. [L. Lat. capella, orig. a short cloak, hood ; or 
cowl ; hence, chapel, orig., the tent in which St. Martin's 
hat or cowl was preserved.] 1. A place of worship con- 
nected with a church or with some establishment, public 
or private. 2. A place of worship not connected with a 
church. 3. A place of worship used by dissenters from 
the established church in England ; a meeting-house. 
4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the 
court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a.) A print- 
ing-office, so called because printing was first carried on 
in England, in a chapel near Westminster Abbey, (b.) 
An association of workmen in a printing-office. 

Chap'el-la-ny (44), n. [See Chaplain.] A chapel and 
jurisdiction within the precincts of a church, and sub- 
ordinate to it. 

Chap'el-let, n. (Far.) A pair of stirrup leathers, with 
stirrups. [Written also chaplet.] 

Chap'el-ry, n. The bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. 

Chap'er-on (shap'er-on), n. [Fr. See Cape and Cap.] 
1. A hood or cap. 2. A device on the foreheads of 
horses in pompous funerals. 3. A hood or cap, worn by 
knights of the Garter. 4. One who attends a lady in 
public places as a guide and protector. 

£hap'er-on (shap'er-on), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chaper- 
oned ; p. pr. & vb. n. chaperoning.] To attend in 
public places as a guide and protector. 

Chap'-fallen (chop'Tawln), a. Having the lower chap 
depressed; dejected; dispirited. 

Chap'i-ter, n. [Late Lat. capitellum, capitulum, dim. 
of caput, head. Cf. Capital and Chapter.] (Law.) 
A summary in writing of such matters as are to be in- 
quired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices 
of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions, called more 
commonly articles, and delivered orally or in writing by 
the justice to the inquest. 

Chap'laira (-lln, 42), n. [See Chapel.] 1. An eccle- 
siastic who performs service in a chapel. 2. A clergy- 
man officially attached to a ship of war, to an army, to 
some public institution, or to a family. 

Chap'laisi-cy, n. The office or station of a chaplain. 

Chap'lain-ship, n. Office, business, or revenue of a 
chaplain ; chaplaincy. 

Chap'let, n. [Fr. chapelet, dim. of 0. Fr. chapel, gar- 
land.] 1. A garland or wreath for the head. 2. A 
string of beads used by Roman Catholics in counting 
their prayers. 3. (Arch.) A' little molding, carved into 
round beads, pearls, olives, or the like. 4. A chapellet. 
[See Chapellet.] 5. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's 
head. 6. A small chapel or shrine. 

Chap'man, n. ; pi. chap'men. [A.-S. ceapman, from 
ceapan, ceapian, to buy.] One who buys or sells; a 
purchaser ; a merchant. 

Chaps, n. pi. The mouth or jaws. See Chap. 

Chap'ter, n. [From Lat. capitulum, dim. of caput, head.] 
1. A division of a book or treatise. 2. (Eccl.) A cor- 
poration composed of the prebends and other clergymen 
belonging to a cathedral or collegiate church, and pre- 
sided over by the dean. 3. An organized branch of 
some society or fraternity. 4. The meeting of certain 
organized societies. 5. A place where delinquents re- 
ceive discipline and correction. 6. A decretal epistle. 

©hap'trel, n. [From chapiter.] (Arch.) The 
capital of a pier or pilaster which receives an 
arch ; an impost. 

Char, \n. [A.-S. cerr, cyrr, turn, time, oc- 

Chare, j casion business, from cerran, cirran, 
cyrran,^ to turn.] Work done by the day ; a 
single job, or task. See Chore. [Eng.] 

Char, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charred; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CHARRING.] [Cf. Ir. caor, brand, 
flame, spark of fire, gor, heat, goraim, I heat, 
warm.] 1. To reduce to charcoal by expelling 
all volatile matter ; to burn slightly or par- 
tially. 2. To work or hew, as stone. 

Char'ae-ter, n. [Lat. character, Or. x a P aKT VP> fr° m 
Xapewro-eu/, to make sharp, to engrave.] 1. A distinctive 
mark; a letter, figure, or sign. 2. Manner of writing 
or printing. 3. Sum of qualities which distinguish one 
person or thing from another. 4. Good qualities, or 

food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all 

8 




Chaptrel. 



the reputation of possessing them. 5. The qualities 
considered as belonging to an office or institution. 6. 
The estimate put upon a person or thing ; reputation. 
7. Force of will; energy. 8. The possessor of a cer- 
tain character ; a person/- 9. Account; description. 

Char'a-e-ter, v. t. 1. To engrave ; to inscribe. 2c To 
distinguish by particular marks ; to characterize. 

Char'ae-ter-is'tie, I a. Serving to constitute the 

Char'ae-ter-Is'tie-al, j character; peculiar. 

-ehar'ae-ter-Is'tie, n. 1„ That which constitutes a 
character ; that which distinguishes a person or thing 
from another. 2. (Math.) The index or exponent of a 
logarithm. [guish character. 

Char'a-e-ter-Is'tie-al-ly, adv. In a manner to distin- 

Char'ae-ter-i-za'tion, n. Act of characterizing. 

Char'ae-ter-ize 7 , v. t. [imp. & p. p. character- 
ized; p. pr. & vb. n. CHARACTERIZING.] 1. To 
mark with a peculiar stamp or figure. 2. To give a 
character or an account of the personal qualities of. 3. 
To distinguish, mark, or express the character of. 
Syn.— To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; entitle. 

Char'ae-ter-less, a. Having no peculiar character. 

Cha-rade' (sha-rad'), n. [Fr.] A composition in which 
are described enigmatically the objects expressed by each 
syllable of a word, separately, and then by the word as 
a whole. [wood. 

Char'eoal, n. [See Char, v. t.] Coal made by charring 

Chard, n. [Lat. carduus, the thistle.] 1. A variety of 
the white beet. 2. The blanched leaves of the arti- 
choke and some other vegetables. 

Charge, n. [Fr. charge, Pr. & Sp. carga, It. carica, Pg. 
carga, carrega, Fr. & Pr. cart, Pg. cargo, It. carico.] 1. 
The person or thing committed or intrusted to the care, 
custody, or management of another. 2. Exercise of 
custody or care ; office; commission. 3. An earnest or 
impressive command, direction, exhortation, or instruc- 
tion. 4. Whatever constitutes a burden on property ; 
costs; expense; — usually in the pi. 5. The account 
of that which is due from one party to another. 6. Im- 
putation ; accusation. 7. That quantity, as of ammu- 
nition, electricity, &c, which any apparatus, as a gun, 
battery, machine, &c, is intended to receive and fitted 
to hold. 8. Onset ; attack ; hence the signal for attack. 
9. Position of a weapon fitted for attack. 10. (Her.) 
A bearing or emblem on a field. 11. An uncertain 
weight of lead, supposed to be 33 pigs, or 2520 pounds. 

Syn. — Care; custody; trust; management; price; ex- 
pense; assault; injunction; order; mandate. 

Charge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHARGING.] [Fr. charger, from L. Lat. carricare, from 
Lat. carrus, wagon.] 1. To impose, as a load or burden. 

2. To impose, as a task, duty, or trust. 3. To com- 
mand, request, or exhort in an earnest or authoritative 
manner ; to give instructions to, as a judge, a jury. 4. 
To impose as a tax. 5 . To place to the account of, as a 
debt. 6. To accuse of, having as a direct object the 
person or thing. 7 . To place within or upon any piece 
of apparatus or machinery the quantity it is intended 
and fitted to contain ; to load. 8. To bear down upon ; 
to rush upon ; to fall on. 

Syn. — To accuse ; impeach; arraign; attack. 

Charge, v. i. To make an onset. 

Charge'a-hle, a. 1. Capable of being charged, im- 
posed, or imputed. 2. Subject to be charged or accused. . 

3. Serving to create expense ; costly: burdensome. 
Charge'a-hle-ness, n. Quality of being expensive. 
Charge'a-bly, adv. At great cost ; expensively. 
Charge (V Affaires (shar'zha' daf'far'). [From charge, 

p. p. of charger, to load, to charge, and affaire, affair, 
q. v.] An inferior diplomatic representative, at a foreign 
court, to whose care are confided the affairs of his nation ; 
a minister of the fourth grade. 

Char'ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, charges. 2. 
A large dish. [Obs.] 3. A horse used in battle. 

CJiargesJiip (shaVzha'ship), n. The office of a charge 
d'affaires. 

Char'i-ly, adv. In a careful, wary manner. 

Char'i-ness, n. Quality of being chary, or cautious. 

Char'i-ot, n. [Fr. chariot, from char, car, q. v.] 1. 
(Antiq.) A war car or vehicle. 2. A four-wheeled 
pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. 

Char'i-ot, v. t. To convey in a chariot. 

Char'i-ot-ee', n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with 
two seats. [chariot. 

Char'i-ot-eer', n. One who drives or conducts a 

Char'i-ta-fole, a. [See Charity.] 1. Full of love and 



echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



CHARITABLENESS 



114 



CHATOYANT 



good will. 2. Liberal to the poor. 3. Pertaining to, 
or springing from, charity. 4. Dictated by kindness. 

Syn. — Kind ; benevolent ; liberal ; favorable ; indulgent ; 
generous; beneficent. 

Char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being charitable. 

Char'i-ta-lbly, adv. In a charitable manner. 

Char'i-ty (88), n. [Fr. charite, from Lat. caritas, from 
cams, dear, costly, loved.] 1. Disposition to think fa- 
vorably of others, and to do them good. 2. Liberality 
to the poor. 3. Whatever is given to the poor for their 
relief ; alms. 4. Liberality in judging of men and their 
actions. 5. Any act of kindness or benevolence. 6. A 
charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such 
an institution. 

Sisters of Charity (Rom. Cath. Church), communities of 
nuns of various orders engaged in works of mercy ; — a popular 
designation. 

Syn. — Love ; benevolence ; good will ; affection ; tender- 
ness ; liberality ; indulgence ; aims-giving. 

Charivari (sha-re'va-ree'), n. [Fr. ; of uncertain deriva- 
tion.] A mock serenade of discordant music. 

Char'la-tan, n. [From Sp. charlar, It. ciarlare, to chat- 
ter, prate, akin to Sp. ckirlar, to prattle, It. zirlare, to whis- 
tle like a thrush.] A quack ; an empiric ; a mountebank. 

Char'la-tan-i§m, ) n. Undue pretensions to skill ; 

Char'la-tan-ry, ) quackery; empiricism. 

Charleg'g Wain (ch'arlz'ez wan). [A.-S. carles-wsen, or 
ceorles-wsen, the churl's or farmer's wain.] (Astron.) 
The cluster of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, 
in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. 

Char'lotte-Russe, n. [Fr. charlotte, a dish made of 
apple marmalade, covered with crumbs of toasted bread, 
and Russe, Russian.] (Cookery.) A dish composed of 
custard or whipped syllabub , inclosed in a kind of cake. 

Charm, n. [From Lat. carmen, song, verse, incantation, 
for casmen, Skr. gasman, a laudatory song, from gans, to 
praise.] 1. Something possessing, or imagined to pos- 
sess, occult power or influence. 2. That which pleases 
and attracts irresistibly ; fascination. 

Charm,-i>. t. [imp. & p. p. charmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHARMING.] 1. To subdue, control, or summon bv in- 
cantation or occult influence. 2. To attract irresistibly ; 
to delight exceedingly. 3. To fortify with charms or 
supernatural influences. 

Syn. — To fascinate ; enchant; enrapture; captivate; be- 
witch; allure; subdue; delight. 

Charm, v. i. To act as a charm ; to please greatly. 
Charm'er, n. One who charms ; a magician. 
Charm'ful, a. Abounding with charms. 
Charm'iiig, p. a. Pleasing in the highest degree. 

Syn. — Enchanting ; bewitching; captivating; enraptur- 
ing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable. 

Charm/ing-ly, adv. In a charming manner. 

Char'nel, a. [Lat. carnalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 
Containing the remains of dead men or animals. 

Char'nel-house, n. A place under or near a church, 
where the bones of the dead are deposited. 

Char'ry, a. [See Char.] Pertaining to charcoal ; like 
charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. 

Chart, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. xaprrjs, a leaf of paper. Cf. 
Card.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, 
containing information arranged methodically, or in tab- 
ular form. 2. A map on which is represented a portion 
of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it 
is surrounded. 

Chart, v. t. To lay down in a chart ; to map. 

•Char-ta'ceous, a. Resembling paper or parchment. 

Char'ter, n. [From Lat. chartarius, pertaining to paper, 
from charta, paper.] 1. ( O. Eng. Law.) A deed, or con- 
veyance. 2. An instrument in writing, bestowing rights 
and privileges; an act of incorporation. 3. A special 
privilege or immunity. 4. ( Naut.) The letting or hiring 
a vessel by special contract. 

Char'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chartered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. chartering.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. 
To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See infra. 

Charter-party, n. [Fr. chartre partie, or charte par- 
tie, a divided charter, from the practice of cutting the 
instrument in two, and giving one part to each of the con- 
tractors.] ( Com.) A conditional agreement respecting the 
hire of a vessel, between the owner or master and the per- 
son who hires or freights it. 

Chart'ism, n. [From Fr. charte, charter. Cf. Chart.] 
The principle of a political partv in England who desire 
universal suffrage, and other radical reforms, as set forth 
ma document called the PeopWs Charter. 

Chart'ist,n. A supporter or partisan of chartism. [En%.] 



Char-tog'ra-phy, n. See Cartography. 

Char'y, a. [A.-S. cearig, from cear, cearu, care.] Not 
inclined to be free or liberal ; close ; cautious. 

Chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHASED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHASING.] [From Lat. captiare, for captare, to strive to 
seize, to make chase for, intens. form of capere, to take.] 
1. To pursue, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. 2. To 
urge onward ; to drive ; to persecute. 

Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase, q. v.] To en- 
grave, as plate, with decorative figures. 

Chase, n. [Fr. chasse, 0. Fr. chace, Pr. cassa, Sp. & Pg. 
caza, It. caccia. See supra.] 1. Hunting, as of an enemy, 
or game, or some object greatly desired. 2. That which is 
pursued or hunted. 3. An open hunting-ground to 
which game resorts, and which is private property. 4. 
[From Lat. capsa,^ box, case, q. v.] (Print.) An iron 
frame used by printers to confine type, when arranged 
in columns or pages. 5. A wide groove. 

Chase of a gun, the forward part, from the trunnions to the 
swell of the mouth. 

Chas'er, n. 1. One who chases ; a pursuer. 2. (Naut.) 
A gun at the head or stern of a vessel for firing when in 

Chag'i-tole, n. See Chasuble. [chase. 

-€ha§m (kazm), n. [Lat. chasma, Gr. x^cr/aa, fr. xatveii/, to 
gape, to open wide.] 1. A deep opening made by disrup- 
ture; a cleft; a fissure. 2. A void space; a gap or break. 

•Chagm'y, a. Abounding with chasms. 

Chas'sefir (shas'sur), n. [Fr., a huntsman, from chasser, 
to hunt.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of cavalry, light and 
active, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant 
upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and 
sword in the military style. 

Chaste, a. [Lat. castus.] 1. Pure from unlawful sex- 
ual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Pure from obscenity, 
from barbarous words or phrases, or quaint, affected, ex- 
travagant expressions. 

Chaste'ly, adv. In a chaste manner ; with purity. 

Chas'ton (chas'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CHASTENING.] [From Lat. castigare, to 
punish, from castus, pure, and agere, to lead, drive.] 1. 
To correct by punishment ; to inflict pain upon for the 
purpose of reclaiming ; to chastise. 2. To purify from 
errors or faults. 

Chas'ten-er (chas'n-er), n. One who chastens. 

Chaste'ness, n. State or quality of being chaste. 

Chaste'-tree, n. Same as Agnus Castus, q. v. 

Chas-tls/a-fole, a. Deserving of chastisement. 

Chas-tlge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastised ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHASTISING.] [From Lat. castigare. See CHAS- 
TEN.] 1. To inflict pain upon, in any manner, for the 
purpose of punishment or reformation. 2. To correct or 
purify : to free from faults or excesses. 

Syn. — To punish; chasten. — Punish and chastise differ in 
the object aimed at. The former is designed to uphold law by 
the infliction of penalty ; the latter to prevent the repetition of 
faults and reclaim the offender. In a rarer and somewhat 
irregular sense, chastise denotes to disgrace publicly by stripes. 

Chas'ti§e-ment, n. [From chastise.] Pain inflicted for 
punishment and correction. 

Chas-tls/er, n. One who chastises ; a punisher. 

Chas'ti-ty, n. 1. Purity or freedom from all unlawful 
sexual intercourse. 2. Freedom from obscene, corrupt, 
or extravagant thought or expression. 

Cha§'u-ble, n. [L. Lat. casula, casubula, a hooded gar- 
ment, covering the person like a little house ; from Lat. 
casa, house.] (Eccl.) A vestment worn by the priest in 
saying mass, having a large embroidered cross on the 
back, and a pillar in front. 

Chat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chatted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHATTING.] [Cf. A.-S. ciosedan, Goth, gvithan, to 
speak ; and Fr. caqveter, to cackle, prate. See CHATTER.] 
To talk in a light and familiar manner. 

Chat, n. Light, familiar talk ; idle talk ; prate. 

Chateau (sha-to'), n. ; pi. chateaux (sha-toz'). [Fr.] 
1. A castle. [France.] 2. A country-seat. 

Chateaux en Espagne, castles in Spain, Spain being the 
region of romance ; castles in the air. 

Chat'e-let (shaV-), n. [Fr. chatelet, dim. of chateau, 
chastel. See CASTLE.] A little castle. 

Chat'el-la-ny, n. [See Castellany.] The lordship 
or jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. 

Cha-toy'ant, a. [Fr. , p. pr. of chatoyer, from chat, cat.] 
(Min.) Having a changeable, undulating luster, or color, 
like that of a cat's eye in the dark. 

£ha-toy'ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the species of 
chalcedony called cafs eye, which, when cut and pol- 
ished, presents on its surface, and in the interior, an un- 
dulating or wavy light. 



a,e,&c.,ton£; &,e,bc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CHATTEL 



115 



CHEMICAL 



©hat'tel (cMt'tl), n. [0- Fr. chatal, ckaptal, chaptel. See 
CATTLE.] (Law.) Any kind of property except the 
freehold, or the things which are parcel of it ; — a more 
extensive term than goods or effects. 

Chat'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chattered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHATTERING.] [Cf. D. koeteren, to jabber, and 
Icwetteren, to chatter.] 1. To utter sounds which some- 
what resemble language, but are inarticulate and indis- 
tinct. 2. To talk idly, carelessly, or witn undue rapidity; 
to jabber ; to prate. 3. To make a noise by collision. 

Chat'ter, n. Sounds like those of a magpie ; idle talk. 

Chat-ter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of chattering. 2. Loquac- 
ity. [Colloq.] 

Chat'ter-foox, n. One who talks incessantly. [Colloq.] 

Chat'ter-er, n. 1. A prater. 2. (Ornith.) A bird, so 
called from its loud and monotonous note. 

Chat'ty, a. Given to free conversation ; talkative. 

Chaud'-med'ley (shod'med'ly), n. [Fr. chaude melle, 
from chaud, hot, and mesler, meter, to mingle.] (Law.) 
The killing of a person in an affray, while under the in- 
fluence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley, 
killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray, 

Chaul'dron, n. See Chawdron. 

Chaunt, n. & v. See CHANT. 

Chaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAWED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHAWING.] [A.-S. ceowan. See Chew.] 1. To mas- 
ticate, as food ; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 2. 
To revolve and consider. 
8®- A word once in good use, but now regarded as vulgar. 

©haw, n. [See supra.] 1. The jaw. [Obs.] 2. As 
much as is put in the mouth at once ; a chew. [Low.] 

Cheap, a. [An abbrev. of good cheap, a good purchase or 
bargain; A.-S. ceap, bargain, sale, price.] 1. Bearing a 
low price ; of small cost. 2. Being of small value. 

Cheap'en (che'pn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheapened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CHEAPENING.] [A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, 
to buy, sell, Goth, kaupon, Icel. kaupa.] 1. To attempt 
to buy; to chaffer for. 2. To beat down the price of. 

Cheap'en-er, n. One who cheapens or bargains. 

Cheap'ly, adv. At a small price ; at a low rate. 

Cheap'ness, n. Lowness in price, considering the usual' 
price, or real value. 

Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cheating.] To deceive and defraud in any way. 

Syn. — To trick ; cozen ; gull ; chouse ; fool ; outwit ; cir- 
cumvent; beguile; impose on; deceive; bamboozle. 

Cheat, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of escheat, q. v., because 
many fraudulent measures were taken by the lords of 
manors in procuring escheats. But cf. also A.-S. ceat, 
circumvention, cheat.] 1. An act of deception; a fraud; 
a trick ; imposition ; imposture. 2. A person who cheats. 
Syn. —Deception ; imposture ; fraud ; delusion ; artifice ; 
trick; deceit; imposition; guile; finesse; stratagem. 

Cheat, n. [Prob. from Norm. Fr. chete, Fr. achelc, pur- 
chased, bought.] 1. Wheat, or bread made from it. 
2. Chess, or false wheat. 

Cheat'er, n. One who cheats. 

Check, n. [Fr. er.hec, check, in the sense of No. 7, infra. 
See Checkmate and Chess.] 1. A sudden or con- 
tinued restraint, physical or moral ; a stop ; a hindrance ; 
an obstruction. 2. [From the Exchequer Chamber, 
where the king's accounts were settled on a check- 
ered cloth.] A mark put against items, as names, &c, 
in going over a list. 3. A token given to identify a thing 
or person. 4. ( Com.) An order for money, drawn on a 
banker or on the cashier of a bank payable on sight. 
5. Any counter-register used as security, as the corres- 
pondent cipher of a bank-note. 6. A kind of checkered 
cloth, as plaids, &c. 7. ( Chess.) Exposure of the king 
to the attack of an adversary's piece. 

Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checked (chekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHECKING.] [From the n. See supra.) 1. To 
put a sudden or continued restraint upon ; to hinder ; to 
repress ; to curb. 2. To rebuke, chide, or reprove. 3. 
To make a mark against, as against names, &c, in going 
over a list. 4. To compare with a counterpart or author- 
ity, in order to ascertain correctness or authenticity. 

Check, v. i. 1. To make a stop ; to pause. 2. To clash 
or interfere. 

Check'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checkered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. checkering.] [See Check and Chess.] 1. 
To variegate with cross-lines ; to form into little squares. 
2. To diversify with different qualities, scenes, or events. 

Check'er, n. 1. One who checks. 2. A piece in the 
game of draughts or checkers. 

Chgck'er, or Check'er-work (-wurk), n. Work va- 
ried alternately as to its colors or materials. 



Check'er-fcSr'ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The partridge-berry. 
(b.) The wintergreen. [draughts. 

Check'er-board, n. A board for playing checkers, or 

Check'erg, n. pi. A common game, called also draughts* 
played on a board of sixty-four squares of alternate 
colors, usually white and black. 

Check'mate, n. [Fr. echec et mat, Ger. schactmatt, from 
Per. shah mat, checkmate, literally the king is conquered 
or dead, from Ar. mata, he died, is dead ; because, when 
the king is made prisoner, the game is finished See 
Chess.] 1. The movement in chess which stops all fur- 
ther moving, and ends the game. 2, A complete check, 
defeat, or overthrow. 

Check'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checkmated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CHECKMATING ] 1. (Chess.) To put in 
check, as the king of an adversary, so that he can neither 
move it, nor interpose any piece between it and the at- 
tacking piece, nor capture the latter. 2. To arrest or 
defeat completely ; to terminate. 

Check'-roll, n. A list of servants in a household. 

Cheek, n. [A.-S. ceac, m., or ceace, f., from ceowan, to 
chew.] 1. The side of the face below the eyes on either 
side. 2. pi. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine which 
form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in 
pairs. 3. pi. (Founding.) The middle part of a flask 
composed of more than two parts. 

Cheek by jowl, in familiar proximity; close. 

Cheep, v. i. [A modification of chirp, q. v.] To chirp. 

Cheer, n. [Gr. Kapa, head, face, L. Lat. cara.] 1. The 
countenance and its expression. 2. A state of feeling 
or spirits. 3. A state of gayety, mirth, or good spirits. 
4. Provisions prepared for a feast ; entertainment. 5. 
Outward expression of good spirits or gayety, by shout- 
ing or acclamation , &c. ; applause; encouragement. 

Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHEERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHEERING.] [From the n.] 1. To cause to rejoice : to 
render cheerful. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, 
or hope, &c, into. 3. To urge or salute by cheers. 

Syn.— To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; 
— enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; solace. 
"heer, v. i. To grow cheerful ; to become gladsome. 
Cheer'er, n. One who, or that which, cheers. 
Cheer'ftil, a. 1. Having good spirits; calmly joyful. 

2. Promoting good spirits or happiness. 3. Expressing 

good spirits or joy. 

Syn. — Lively; animated; gay: joyful; lightsome; gleeful; 

blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly. 
Cheer'ful-ly, adv. In a cheerful manner. [ety. 

Cheer 'fill -lie ss, n. Good spirits ; moderate joy or gay- 
Syn. — Gayety; mirth; merriment. — Clieerfiilneas is a habit 

of mind; gayetyis an occasional excitement of animal spirits^ 

mirth or merriment are noisy gayety. 
Cheer'i-ly, adv. With cheerfulness ; with spirit. 
Cheer'i-ness, n. Cheerfulness ; good spirits. 
Cheer'ing-ly, adv. In a cheerful manner. 
Cheer'less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort ; 

gloomy ; comfortless ; dreary. 
Cheer'less-ness, n. State of being cheerless. 
Cheer'ly, a. Gay; cheerful; not gloomy. 
Cheer'ly, adv. In a cheerful manner ; heartily. 
Cheer'y, a. 1 . In good spirits ; cheerful ; lively. 2» 

Promoting, or tending to promote, cheerfulness. 
Cheege, n. [A.-S. cese, or cyse, from Lat. caseus.] 1. 

Curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed. 2. 
- A mass of ground apples pressed together. 
Cheege'-eake, n. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, 

and butter. 
Cheege'-mite, n. (Entom.) A minute wingless insect 

with eight legs, found in cheese. [cheese. 

Cheege'-mon'ger (inung'^er, 82), n. One who deals in 
Cheese'-press, n. A press for expelling whey from curd 

in the making of cheese. [of cheese. 

Cheeg'y, a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, or form 
Cheet, i'. i. To chatter or chirrup. 
Chef-d ■ceiivre (sha^oovr'), n.; pi. CHEFS-& (EUvre. 

[Fr.] A master-piece ; a capital work in art, literature, 

&c. 
C^re, } nm gee CHIGOE , 
Cheg'oe, ) 
-eiiel'i-form, a. [Gr. x^*?, claw, and Lat. forma, form.] 

Having a movable joint closing against a preceding joint 

or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used 

for grasping, as in the hand or claw of a crab. 
■Che-lo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to, or designating, animals 

of the tortoise kind. 
-Ghem'i-e, ) a. [See CHEMISTRY.] 1. Pertaining to 
Chem'ie-al, J chemistry. 2. Resulting from the op- 



food, foot ; ti.rn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



CHEMICALLY 



116 



CHIEF 



eration of the forces on which composition and decompo- 
sition, and related phenomena, depend. 

Chem'i«-al-ly, adv. According to chemical principles ; 
by chemical process or operation. [ical effects. 

•€hem'i«-al§, n. pi. Substances used for producing chem- 

Che-m'i§e' (she-meez'), n. [Fr., from Ar. kamis, shirt, 
Mnen under-garment, fr. Skr. kschauma, flaxen, linen.] 
1. A shift, or under-garment, worn by females. 52. A 
wall that lines the face of any work of earth. 

Chem/i-gette' (shern/e-zef), n. [Fr., dim. of chemise.] 
An under-garment worn over the chemise. 

■Chem'ist, n. A person versed in chemistry. 

Chem'is-try (kem'is-try), n. [From chemist; Ar. al- 
kimia. See ALCHEMY.] That branch of science which 
treats of the composition of substances, and of the 
changes which they undergo. 

Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or min- 
eral substances. — Organic chemistry, that which treats of the 
substances which form the structure of organized beings, and 
their products, whether animal or vegetable. 

E@- This word and its derivatives were formerly written with 
y, and sometimes with ;", instead of e, in the first syllable, chym- 
istry, chi/mical, &c, or chimistry, chimical, &c; and the pro- 
nunciation was conformed to the orthography. At the present 
day, most speakers pronounce these words as they are now 
spelt, chem'is-try, chemist, chemHc-al, &c. 

Che-nille'(she-neel), n. [Fr., a caterpillar.] Tufted cord, 
of silk or worsted, used in ladies' dresses. 

Cheque (chek), n. See Check. 

Cheq'uer (chek'er), n. & v. See CHECKER. 

Cher'ish, v. t. {imp. & p. p. cherished; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHERISHING.] [Fr. chcrir, from cher, dear, Lat. 
cams. Cf. Caress.] 1. To treat with tenderness and 
affection. 52. To hold dear ; to indulge. 

Syn. — To nourish ; foster ; nurse ; entertain ; encourage ; 
comfort; support. 

Cher'ish-er, n. One who cherishes ; an encourager. 

Che-root' (che-root'), "• A kind of cigar, highly prized 
for the delicacy of its flavor. 

Clier'ry, n. [Lat. cerasus, Gr. Kepacrds, /eepacrea, Kepacna, 
so named, it is said, from Cerasus, a city in Pontus, 
whence the tree was imported into Italy.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) 
The fruit of a tree of which there are many varieties. 
(b.) The tree which bears the fruit. 52. A cordial com- 
posed of cherry-juice and spirit, sweetened and diluted. 

Clier'ry, a. Like a red cherry in color ; red; ruddy. 

-Cher'so-nese, n. [Gr. xepewrjeros, from ^e'pero?, land, 
and vrjeros, an isle.] A peninsula. 

Chert, n. [Ir. ceirthe, stone, TV. cellt, flintstone.] (Mm.) 
An impure, massive, flint-like quartz or hornstone. 

Ctier'ub (68), n. ; pi. cher'ubs ; but the Hebrew plural 
CHER'y-BIM is also used. CllER'y-Bnis, though of 
frequent occurrence in the Bible, is a barbarism. [Heh. 
keritb, from karab, to grasp, prob. akin to Gr. ypv*j/, Ger. 
greif, Eng. griffin.] 1. (Script.) One of an order of an- 
gels, usually regarded as distinguished by their knowl- 
edge from the seraphs, who are supposed to be ardent 
in love. 52. (Jewish Antiq) A symbolical figure, used 
as part of the embellishments of the tabernacle and tem- 
ple. 3. A beautiful child; — so called because modern 
artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children. 

Che-riv'bie, I a. Of, or pertaining to, cherubs ; an- 

Che-rii/bic-al, ) gelic. 

Cher'u-bim, n. The Hebrew plural of cherub. 

Cher'up, v. i. [Probably from chirp.] To make a short, 
shrill sound ; to chirp. [shrill sound. 

Cher'up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, 

Cher'up, n. A short, sharp noise, as of a cricket. 

Cheg'i-ble, n. See Chasuble. 

Chess, n. [From Per. shah, king, as being the principal 
figure.] A game played by two persons, on a board 
containing sixty-four squares, with two differently colored 
sets of pieces, or men. 

Chess, n. [Cf. Per. khas, bad, evil, weed, thistle, thorn.] 
(Bot.) A kind of grass which grows among wheat, and 
is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed 
wheat. [Amer.] 

Chess'-board, n. The board used in the game of chess. 

Chess'-man, n. ; pi. chess'aien. A piece used in the 
game of chess. 

Chest, n. [A.-S. cest, cist, from Lat. cista, Gr. kiVttj.] 1. 
A box of wood, or other material, in which articles are 
deposited. 52. The part of the body inclosed bv the ribs 
and breast-bone; the thorax. 3. (Com.) A casein 
which tea, opium, &c. are transported ; hence the quan- 
tity such a case contains. 
Chest of drawers, a cape of movable boxes called drawers. 

Chgst'nut (ches'nut), n. [From Lat. castanea, Gr. itdo- 



Tavov, from Katfrava, a city of Pontus, whence chestnut- 
trees were introduced into Europe.] (Bot.) (a.) The 
fruit, seed, or nut of a tree belonging to the genus Casta- 
nea, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur. (b. ) The tree 
itself, or its timber. 

CheVt'nut (ches'nut), a. Being of the color of a chest- 
nut ; of a reddish brown color. 

Che'tah, n. See Cheetah. 

Cheval-de-fi'ise (shvald'-freez'), 
n.; pi. CHEVAUX-JDE-FHISE 
(shev'o-de-freez ; Fr. pron. shvod 7 - 
freez'). [Fr., from cheval, horse, 
and Frise, Friesland.] (Mil.) A Cheval-de-frise. 
A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed 
with iron, used for defense. 

Chev'a-lier' (shev'a-leer'), n. [Fr. , from cheval, horse. 
Cf. Cavalier.] 1. A horseman ; hence, a knight ; a 
gallant 3 oung man. 52. A member of certain orders of 
knighthood. 

Chev'er-il, n. [0. Fr. chevrel, chevral, kid, dim. of 
chevre, goat, Lat. capra.] 1. Soft leather made of kid- 
skin. 52. A yielding disposition. 

Chev'er-il, a. Having pliability, as that of kid-skin. 

Chev'i-gauce (shev'e-z'ans), n. [0. Fr.,from chevir, to 
come to an end, to perform, from chef, head, end, Lat. 
caput.] (Law.) (a.) A making of contracts; a bargain. 
(b.) An unlawful agreement or contract. 

Chev'ron, n. [Fr., rafter, chevron, equiv. to Lat. capri- 
olus, a support of timber, from caper, goat.] 1. (Her. ) 
An honorable ordinary, representing two rafters of a 
house meeting at the top. 52. (Mil.) The distinguishing 
marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers' coats. 
3. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of zigzag work. 

Chev'y, v. t. [Prob. same with the old word cluver (con- 
nected with shiver), as used by Digby and others.] To 
shake or force with a shivering motion. 

Chew (chcTo), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHEWED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. chewing.] [A.-S. ceowan.] 1. To bite and 
grind with the teeth ; to masticate. 52. To ruminate 
mentally ; to meditate. 

Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grind- 
ing with the teeth ; to ruminate ; to meditate. 

Chew, n. That which is chewed ; that which is held in 
the mouth at once ; a cud. [Low.] 

€hi r a/ro-ds-*tf'ro, ) game ag Clare . b S ci;re, q. v. 

Ch'i-bouque'i (che-book'), n. [Turkish.] A Turkish 

Chi-bouk' ) tobacco-pipe. 

Chi-eane' (shi-kan'), n. [Fr., orig. a crumb, a small 
part; hence, fineness, subtilty, either from Lat. ciccus, 
trifle, or from Basque chiki-a, chik-er-ra, little, small.] 
An artful subterfuge, designed to lead away from the 
merits of a case ; — specifically applied to legal proceed- 
ings ; shift ; cavil ; sophistry. 

Chi-eane'. v. i. To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. 

Chi-ean'er, n. One who uses evasions, or undue arti- 

* fices, in litigation or disputes ; a caviler ; an unfair dis- 
putant. 

Chi-ean'er-y (she-kan'er-y), n. Mean or unfair artifice 
to perplex a cause and obscure the truth ; chicane. 
Syn. — Trick; sophistry; quibble; fetch; stratagem. 

Chie'o-ry, n. [Lat. cichorium, Gr. Kix^pioi/.] (Bot.) 
A plant extensively cultivated and used for adulterat- 
ing coffee ; succory ; endive. 

Chich, n. [Lat. cicer.] A dwarf pea; the chick-pea. 

Chick, hi. [A.-S. cicen, D. kieken, kuiken.] 1. The 

Chick'en, I J'oung of fowls, particularly of the domes- 
tic hen. 52. A young person. 

Chick'a-clee', n. (Ornith.) A bird, the black-cap tit- 
mouse, of North America ; — named from its note. 

Chick'a-ree'. n. The American red squirrel. 

Chick'eii-heart'ed., a. Timid ; fearful ; cowardly. 

Chick'en-pox, n. (Med.) A mild, contagious, eruptive 
disease, generally attacking children only. 

Chick'-pea, n. [See Chich.] A species of pea, culti- 
vated in the south of Europe, and used as lentils are. 

Chick'-weed,n. (Bot.) A species of insignificant weeds 
of different genera. 

Chide, v. t. [imp. CHID (chode, obs.)\ p. p. CHID, 
CHIDDEN; p. pr. & vb. n. CHIDING.] [A.-S. cidan, 
chidan.] To rebuke ; to reproach ; to blame. 

Syn. — To reprove; scold; censure; reprehend; reprimand. 

Chide, v. i. 1. To find fault. 52. To make a rough, 
clamorous, roaring noise. 

Chid'er, n. One who chides. 

Chief, a. [0. Fr. chief, chef, from Lat. caput, head.] 1. 
Highest in office or rank ; headmost. 52. Principal or 



a, e,&c, long; a,e, &.c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, w^lf, 



CHIEF 



117 



CHINK 



most eminent in any quality or action ; having most in- 
fluence ; taking the lead ; most important. 

Syn. — Principal ; leading; main; first; paramount; su- 
preme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master. 
Chief , n. 1. Head or leader of any band or community. 
2. Principal or most important person or thing. 3. 
( Her.) The upper part of the escutcheon. 
In chief, (a.) At the head. (6.) {Eng. Law.) From the king. 

Syn. — Chieftain ; commander ; leader. — A chief has the 
pre-eminence or rule in civil matters, as the chief of police or 
of a tribe ; a chieftain and commander occupy high military 
stations; a leader takes the direction of enterprises. 

Chief-baron, n. (Eng. Law.) The presiding judge of 
the court of exchequer. 

Chief -jiis'tice, n. The presiding justice, or principal 
judge, of a court. 

Chief 'ly, adv. 1. In the first place ; principally ; em- 
inently ; above all. 2. For the most part ; mostly. 

Chieftain (42), n. [L. Lat. capitaneus, fr. Lat. caput, 
head. Cf. Captain.] The head of a troop, army, or clan. 

Syn. — Chief; commander; leader; head. 

Chief tain-cy, ) n. Rank, office, or quality of a 

Chieftain- ship, j chieftain. 

Chiffonier (shif-fon-eer' ; Fr. pron. sluVfiyne-a'), n. 
[Fr. , from chiffon, rag, and this from chiffe, weak and bad 
stuff.] 1. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 2. A mova- 
ble closet. 3. A rag-picker. 

Chig'oe,)n. [Perh. fr. Catalan chic, Sp. chico, small; 

Chig're, J or of Peruvian origin.] (Entom.) A small 
insect of the flea family, common in tropical America. 

Chiinblain, n. A blain or sore on the hand or foot, pro- 
duced by cold. 

Chiinblain, v. t. To produce chilblains upon. 

Child, n. ; pi. CHILDREN. [A.-S. cild, pi. cildru, cildra. 
Cf. Goth, kilthei, womb, in-kiltlw, with child.] 1. A son 
or a daughter ; the immediate progeny of human parents. 
2. A young person of either sex ; hence, one who ex- 
hibits the character of a very young person. 3. pi. 
Descendants, however remote. 4. One who, by charac- 
ter or practice, shows signs of relationship to another. 
To be with child, to be pregnant. 

Child'-bear'ing, n. Act of producing children. 

Child'bed, n. The state of a woman bringing forth a 
child, or being in labor ; parturition. [labor. 

Child'folrth, n. Act of bringing forth a child ; travail ; 

Childe (child, in Amer. ; child or child, in Eng.), n. A 
title formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, 
until he succeeded to the titles of his ancestors, or gained 
new honors by his_own prowess. 

Chil'der-mas-day, n. [From child, mass, and day.] 
(Eccl.) An anniversary of the church of England, held 
on the 28th of December, in commemoration of the chil- 
dren of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; Innocents' Day. 

Child'hobd (27), n. The state of a child, or the time in 
which persons are children. 

Child'ish, a. Of, or pertaining to, a child ; puerile. 

Child'ish-ly, adv. In the manner of a child. 

Child'ish-ness, n. State or qualities of a child ; sim- 
plicity ; weakness of intellect. 

Child'less, a. Destitute of children or offspring. 

Child'less-ness, n. State of being without children. 

Child'-llke , a. Like or becoming a child ; submissive ; 
dutiful; docile. 

Chil'dren, n. ; pi. of child. See CHILD. 

■Chil'i-ad (kil'i-ad), n. [Gr. x^<-<*s, from x'^°", thou- 
sand.] A thousand ; especially, a thousand years. 

-Chil'i-areh, n. [Gr. xiAiapX 7 ?*. fr° m x^ 10 "* thousand, 
and apxos, leader, from apxetv, to lead.] The commander 
or chief of a thousand men. 

•Chil'i-agm, n. [Gr. x'-Aiao-juos, from x<Aia?, a thousand.] 
The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth 
during the millennium. 

-Chil'i-ast, n. [Gr. xiXiao-nj?. See supra.] A millenarian. 

Chill, a. [A.-S. cyle, cele, from celan, calan, to be cold. 
Cf. Cool.] 1. Moderately cold ; tending to cause shiv- 
ering; cool. 2. Affected by cold. 3. Characterized by 
coolness of manner, feeling, &c. ; formal; distant. 4. 
Discouraged ; depressed ; dispirited. 

Chill, n. 1. A disagreeable sensation of coolness, accom- 
panied with shivering. 2. A check to enthusiasm or 
warmth of feeling ; discouragement. 

Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chilled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHILLING.] 1. To strike with a chill ; to make chilly ; 
to affect with cold. 2. To check enthusiasm or warmth 
of feeling of; to depress ; to discourage. 3. (Metal.) To 
produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization 



at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness ; — 
said of cast iron. [moderate degree of coldness. 

Chill'i-ness, n. 1. A sensation of coolness. 2. A 

Chill'ness, n. Coolness ; coldness ; a shivering. 

Chill'y, a. Moderately cold, so as to cause shivering. 

Chimb (chlm), n. [L. Ger. kimrn, D. kim.] The edge 
of a cask, &c. See Chine, 3. [Written also chime.] 

Chime, n. [L. Lat. & It. campana, bell, whence It. 
scampanare, to chime.] 1. Harmonious sound of bells, 
or other musical instruments. 2. A set of bells musi- 
cally tuned to one another. 3 . Pleasing correspondence 
of proportion, relation, or sound. 

Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHIMING.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells. 

2. To be in harmony ; to harmonize ; to correspond. 

3. To jingle, as in rhyming. 

Chime, v.t. To move, strike, or cause to sound in har- 
mony, as a set of bells arranged as a chime. 

Chime, n. [See Chimb.] The edge or brim of a cask or 
tub , formed by the ends of the staves. 

Chim'er, n. One who chimes. 

-Chi-me'ra, n. [Lat. chimxra, Gr. x^o-ipa, a she-goat ; 
a fire-spouting monster.] 1. (Myth.) A monster repre- 
sented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a 
lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. 2. A 
vain or foolish fancy. 

-eiii-mer'i-e-al, a. Merely imaginary ; having, or capable 
of having, no existence except in thought. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; fantastic ; wild ; deceitful; delusive. 

Chi-mer'ie-al-ly, adv. Wildly ; vainly ; fancifully. 

Chim/ney, n. ; pi. CHIM'NEYS. [Fr. cheminee, from 
Lat. caminus, furnace, fire-place, Gr. kouaivos, furnace, 
oven.] 1. The passage through which the smoke is car- 
ried off. 2. A tube, usually of glass, placed above a 
flame, to create a draught and promote combustion. 

Chim/ney-pot, n. A cylinder of earthen ware, resem- 
bling in appearance a stone pot, placed at the top of 
chimneys to prevent smoking. 

Chim/ney- swaFlow, n. (Ornith.) A kind of swallow 
which fives in chimneys. 

Chim'ney- sweep, ) n. One who sweeps and scrapes 

Chim'ney-sweep'er, J chimneys. 

Chim-pan'zee, n. (Zool.) The 
African orang-outang, a species 
of monkey which approaches j 
most nearly to man. It is a na- 
tive of Africa, and when full grown 
is from three to four feet high. 

Chin, n. [A.-S. cinne, cin, Icel. 
kinn, Goth, kinnus, cheek, akin to 
Lat. gena, Gr. yew;, Skr. ganda. 
The root is the Goth, keian, lcei- 
nan, to germinate, A.-S. cinan, to 
split, cennan, to bring forth.] The 
lower extremity of the face, below 
the mouth. 

Chi'na, n. A species of earthen ware made in China, or 
in imitation of that made there ; porcelain. 

Chi'na- as'ter, n. (Bot.) A species of the Aster family, 
having large flowers. 

Chinc'a-pin, n. (Bot.) The dwarf chestnut, a tree that 
rises eight or ten feet, with a branching, shrubby stem, 
producing a nut. 

Chinch, n. [Sp. chinche, bug, from Lat. cimez.] 1. (En- 
tom.) The bed-bug. 2. An insect or bug, resembling 
the bed-bug in its disgusting odor, which is very destruc- 
tive to wheat and other grains. _ 

Chin-chil'la, n. [Sp., ac- 
cording to its form a dim. of 
chinche. See supra.] (Zool.) 
A small rodent animal, of the 
size of a large squirrel, chief- 
ly remarkable for its fine fur, 
which is very soft and of a^; 
pearly-gray color. 

Chin'-eough (-kof, 21), n. Chinchilla. 

[Cf. Scot, kink, a violent fit of coughing.] (Med.) Hoop- 
ing-cough. 

Chine, n. [From 0. H. Ger. skina, needle, prickle. Cf. 
Lat. spina, thorn, prickle, back-bone.] 1. The back- 
bone or spine of an animal. 2. A piece of the back- 
bone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for 
cooking. 3. The chimb or chime of a cask. 

Chine, v . t. To cut through the back-bone of. 

Chink, n. [A.-S. cine, fissure, chink, from cinan, to 
gape.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length 
than breadth ; a gap or crack. 




Chimpanzee. 




food, foot j urn, rude, pull ; cell, £haise, -eall, echo ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; this. 



CHINK 



118 



CHOKE 



Chiiilc, v. i. To crack ; to open. 

Chink, v. t. 1. To open or part and form a fissure in. 
2. To fill up the chinks of. 

Chink, n. [Perhaps from the sound of jingling metal. 
See Jingle.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal 
struck with little violence, 2. Money; cash. [Cant.] 

Chink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chinked (chinkt); p. pr. 
& vb. n. CHINKING.] To cause to sound, as any small, 
sonorous bodies, by bringing them into collision with 
each other. [collision of little pieces of money. 

Chink, v. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by the 

Chink'y, a. Full of chinks or fissures ; gaping. 

Chin'qua-pin, n. See Chincapin. 

Chinse, v. t. (Naut.) To thrust oakum into the seams 
or chinks of, with a chisel or the point of a knife, as a 
temporary expedient for calking. 

Chintz (chints, 108), n. [Hind, chhint, spotted cotton 
cloth, chhinta, spot, chhlntna, to sprinkle.] Cotton cloth, 
printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of 
different coiors. 

Chip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHIPPED (chipt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. chipping.] [H. Ger. kippen, to clip, pare.] To cut 
into small pieces. 

Chip, v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces. 

Chip, n. [From the verb. See supra.} 1. A piece of 
wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, 
chisel, or any cutting instrument. 2. A fragment or 
piece broken off. 

Chip'-bon'net, ) n. A bonnet or hat made of wood 

Chip'-hat, j split into thin filaments. 

Chip'munk, n. (Zool.) A squirrel-like animal, some- 
times called the striped squirrel. [Written also chip- 
monk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.] 

Chip'ping-lbird (18), n. ( Ornith.) A kind of sparrow, 
of small size, very common in the United States. 

Chi'ro-graph, n. [Gr. xeipoypac^os, written with the 
hand; x et P> hand, and ypafyetv, to write.] ( Old Law.) 
(a.) A writing requiring a counterpart It answered to. 
what is now called a charter-party, (b.) The last part of 
a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. 

Chi-rog'ra-pher, n. One who exercises or professes 
the art or business of writing. 

CM^SSStalJ «• Pertaining to chirography. 

-Chi -rog'ra-p hist, n. 1. A chirographer. 2. One 
who tells fortunes by examining the hand. 

Chi-rog'ra-phy, n. 1. The art of writing. 2. A 
writing done with one's own hand ; handwriting. 

Chi-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xei'p, hand, and Aoyos, speech.] 
Art or practice of communicating thoughts by signs 
made by the hands and fingers ; dactylology. 

CM'ro-man'cer, n. [See Chiromancy.] One who 
attempts to foretell future events, or to tell the fortunes 
and dispositions of persons, by inspecting the hands. 

CM'ro-man'cy, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, and fj-avreia, divi- 
nation.] Divination by inspection of the hand; palmistry. 

Chi-ron'o-my (kl-), n. [Gr. x et P 0l,0 M' a j fr° m X el P> 
hand, and vo/uos, law, rule.] Gesture. 

Chi-rop'o-dist, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, and novg, ttooo?, 
foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; 
esp. one who removes corns and bunions from the feet. 

Chirp (18), v. i. [imp. & p. p. chirped (cherpt); p. 
pr. & vb. n. CHIRPING.] [Ger. zirpen, tschirpen, schir- 
pen. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, and Cheep.] To make a 
short, sharp sound, as is done by fowls, birds, or crickets. 

Chirp, v. t. To make cheerful ; to enliven. 

Chirp, n. A short, sharp note. 

Chirp'er, n. One who chirps, or is cheerful. 

Chir'rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chirruped (chir'nipt) ; 
p.pr.k, vb. n. chirruping.] [See CHIRP.] To quicken 
or animate by chirping ; to cherup. 

Chir'rup, v.i. To chirp. 

Chir'rup, n. The act of chirping ; chirp. 

Chi-rur'geon (kl-riir'jun, 34), n. [Fr. chirurgien, from 
Gr. xeipovpyos, operating with the hand, from xei'p, hand, 
and epyeii', to work, whence epyov, work.] A surgeon. 

-€hi-rur'ger-y, n. Surgery. 

Chis/el, n- [6. Fr. cisel, Fr. ciseau, fr. Lat. sicilinda, 
a small sickle, dim. of sicilis, sickle, and this from sica, 
dagger, from secare, to cut.] An instrument sharpened 
to a cutting edge at the end, used in carpentry, joinery, 
sculpture, &c, either for paring, hewing, or gouging. 

Chis/el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chiseled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
chiseling.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with 
a chisel. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain, &c. [ Colloq.] 

Chig'ley, a. [A.-S. ceosel, gravel or sand.] Having a 
large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; — said of a 
soil between sand and clay. 



Chit, n. [A.-S. cidh, shoot, sprig, fr. the root dan, to 
germinate, Goth, keian. See CHILD.] 1. The first 
shooting or germination of a plant ; a shoot ; a sprout. 
2. A child or babe. 

Chit'chat, n. [From chat, by way of reduplication.] 
Familiar or trifling talk ; prattle. 

Chi'tine, n. [Gr. x«-oiv, corselet.] ( Chem . ) A peculiar 
principle, containing nitrogen, characteristic of the skin. 
of insects, and found also in the shell of crustaceans. 

Chi'tin-ous, a. Having the nature of chitine. 

Chit'ter-lingg, n. pi. [Cf. A.-S. cwidh and cwidka, 
Goth, qvithus, qvithrs, belly, womb, stomach.] (Cook- 
ery.) The smaller intestines of swine, &c, fried for food. 

Chit'ty, a. Full of chits or sprouts. 

Chiv'al-ri-e (shlv'al-rik), a. [Cf. Fr. chevaleresqm. See 
Chivalry.] Same as Chivalrous. 

Chiv'al-rous (shlv'al-rus), a. [See Chivalry.] Per- 
taining to chivalry or knight-errantry; gallant. 

^hiv'al-rous-ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner ; boldly. 

9hiv'al-ry (shiv'al-ry, 67), n. [Fr. chevalerie, from 
chevalier, knight.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or 
knights serving on horseback ; cavalry. 2. The dignity 
or system of knighthood; the practice of knight- 
errantry. 3. Qualifications or character of knights, 
as valor, dexterity in arms, &c. 4. (Eng. Law.) A ten- 
ure of lands by knight's service ; that is, by the condition 
of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of per- 
forming some noble or military service to his lord. 

Court of Chivah-y, a court formerly held before the lord high 
constable and earl marshal of England, having cognizance of 
contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. 

Chiveg, n.pl. [See Cives.] 1. (Bot.) Slender threads 
or filaments in the blossoms of plants. [See STAMEN.] 
2. (Agric.) A small species of onion growing in tufts. 

Chlo'rate, n. [See Chlorine.] ( Chem.) A salt formed 
by the union of chloric acid with a base. 

Chlo'ri-e, a. Pertaining to chlorine, or obtained from it. 

-Chlo'ride (49), n. [See Chlorine.] (Chem.) A com- 
pound of chlorine with another element. 

-€hlo-rid'i«, a. Pertaining to a chloride. 

-€hlo'rid-ize, v. t. See Chloridate. 

Chlo'rine, n. [From Gr. x^iopos, pale-green, greenish 
yellow, so named from its color.] ( Chem.) A heavy gas of 
greenish color, which forms a constituent of common salt. 

•Chlo'ro-form (25), n. [From chlorine and formyl, it 
being a terchloride of formyl.] (Chem.) An oily, vola- 
tile liquid, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. 
It is an important anaesthetic agent. 

•Chlo'ro-form, v. t. To treat with chloroform, or to 
place under its influence. 

Chlo'ro-phyl, n. [Gr. x^ u P°?, light-green, and <£v\- 
Aov, leaf.] (Bot.) The green coloring matter of the 
leaves and other parts of plants. 

Chlo'roiis, a. [See Chlorine.] (Chem. Physics.) 
Electro-negative. [block, &c. 

Chock, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, or 

Chock, v. i. 1. To fill up, as a cavity. 2. To encoun- 
ter. See Shock. 

Chock, n. 1. Something to confine a cask or other 
body, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 
2. An encounter. See Shock. 

Chock'-full, a. Completely full. 

Choc'o-late, n. [Mexican cacuatl, cacao.] 1. A paste 
composed of the roasted kernel of the Theobroma cacao 
ground and mixed with other ingredients. 2. The bever- 
age made by dissolving chocolate-paste in boiling water. 

Choice (66), n. [From 0. Fr. chois, cois, N. Fr. choix, fr. 
choisir, to choose, fr. Goth, kausjan, to examine, kiusan, 
to choose, to examine.] 1. Act of choosing; election. 
2. The power of choosing; option; preference. 3. 
Care in selecting ; discrimination. 4. The thing chosen. 
5. The best part of any thing ; that which is preferable. 

Choice, a. [compar. choicer ; superl. choicest.] 
1. Worthy of being chosen or preferred. 2. Preserv- 
ing or using with care, as valuable. 3. Selected with 
care ; deliberately chosen. 

Syn. — Select ; precious ; costly ; exquisite ; uncommon ; 
rare; sparing; frugal; chary; careful. 

Choice'ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing. 2. In a 
preferable or excellent manner ; excellently. 

Choice'ness, n. Quality of being choice. 

Choir (kwir) (38), n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°s; A.-S. 
chor. See Chorus.] 1. An organized company of 
singers. [Written also quire.] 2. (Arch.) (a.) That part 
of a church appropriated to the singers, (b.) The chan- 
cel. 3. The corporate body of a cathedral. 

Choke (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. choked (chokt); p. 
pr. & vb. n. choking.] [A.-S. aceocjan, to suffocate, 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do wolf, 



CHOKE 



119 



CHRISTIAN 



cedcjan, to ruminate, ceace, ceac, jaw, cheek.] 1. To 

render unable to breathe ; to stifle ; to suffocate ; to 

strangle. 2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging. 3. 

To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, &c. 
Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped. 2. To 

be checked, as if by choking. 
Choke'-cher'ry, n. (Bot.) A species of wild cherry, 

and its fruit, remarkable for its astringent qualities. 
Choke'-damp, n. Carbonic acid gas accumulated in 

wells, mines, &c. ; — so called because often destructive 

of life by preventing the respiration of air. 
Choke'-full, a. Full as possible; quite full; full to 

choking. * See Chock-full. 
Choke'-pear, n. 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, 

astringent taste. 2. A sarcasm by which a person 

is put to silence. (Low.) 
Chok'er, n. 1. He who, or that which, chokes or puts 

to silence. 2. That which can not be answered. 3. 

A neck-cloth or collar. [ Vulgar.] 
Chok'y, a. Tending to choke ; having power to choke. 
Chol'er (koher), n. [Lat. cholera, Gr. x°^P a > from 

XoAos, x°^>?> bile.] 1. The bile; — formerly supposed 

to be the seat and cause of irascibility. 2. Irritation 

of the passions ; anger ; wrath 
Cliol'er -a, n. [See supra.] (Med.) A disease character- 
ized by vomiting and purging, and also by griping and 

spasms in the legs and arms. 

Cholera morbus, a milder and more common form of the disease. 
Chol'er-ie (123), a. 1. Abounding with choler, or bile. 

2. Easily irritated; irascible. 3. Angry; indicating 
anger ; excited by anger. 

Chol'er-ie-ly, adv. In a choleric manner ; angrily. 
Chol'er-ine, n. (Med.) (a.) The. precursory symptoms 

of cholera, (b.) The first stage of epidemic cholera. 
Cho-les'ter-ie, or Cho'les-ter'ie, a. [Fr. cholester- 

ique.] Pertaining to cholesterine, or obtained from it. 
Clio'mer, n. A Hebrew measure. See Homer. 
Clioo§e(66),t>.£. [imp. chose ; p.p. chosen, chose ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. CHOOSING.] [A.-S. ceosan. Tcel. kiosa, 

Mora, Goth, kiusan. Cf. CHOICE.] To make choice of. 
Syn. — Prefer; elect. — Choose is generic; to prefer is to 

choose one thing as more desirable than another; to elect is to 

choose or take for some purpose, office, &c, usually by suffrage, 

as to elect a president. 

Chdbge, v. i. 1. To make a selection ; to prefer. 2. To 
have the power of choice. 

Chdbg'er, n. One who chooses ; an elector. 

Chop (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chopped (chopt) ; p. pr. 
fkvb.n. CHOPPING.] [From Lat. colaphus, Gr. Ko\a<j)os, 
buffet. Cf. Chap and Chip.] 1. To cut into pieces ; to 
mince. 2. To sever or separate by one or more blows. 

3. To seize or devour greedily. 

Chop, v. i. 1. To come upon or seize suddenly, as if at 

a stroke or blow. 2. (Naut.) To vary or shift suddenly. 
Chop,i>. t. [A.-S. ceapan, Goth, kaupon, to buy, to sell. 

Cf. Chap, v. i., and Cheapen, v. t.) 1. To barter ; to 

exchange. 2. To give back and forth ; to bandy. 
Chop, v. i. To wrangle ; to altercate ; to dispute. 
Chop, v. t. & i. See CHAP. 
Chop, n. 1. Act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece 

chopped off ? a slice or small piece, especially of meat. 

3. See Chap. [clearance. 

Chop, n. [Chin.] 1. Quality ; brand. 2. A permit or 
Chop'-house, n. A house where chops, &c, are sold; 

an eating-house of a lower class. 
Chop'in, n. [From Ger. schoppen, a liquid measure, 

orig. a scoop, from schopfen, to scoop.] A high patten 

formerly worn by ladies. 
Chop'per, n. One who, or that which, chops. 
Chop'ping, a. [Cf. Chubby.] 1. Stout or plump. 

2. Shifting suddenly ; coming from different directions. 
Chop'stick, n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, 

&c, held by the Chinese between the thumb and fingers, 
and used to convey food to the mouth. 

Cho-rag'ie, a. [Gr. x°P a y tK °s> from x°payos, a cho- 
ragus.] Pertaining to, or in honor of, a choragus, or 
Superintendent of a musical or theatrical entertainment. 

Cho'ral, a. [Lat. choralis, from chorus, Gr. xopos.] Be- 
longing to a choir ; sung in chorus. c 

Cho'ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn-tune. 

Cho'ral-ly, adv. In the manner of a 
chorus. 

Chord (kord),rc. [Lat. chorda, , Gr. x°P^V, 
string.] 1. String of a musical instru- 
ment. 2. (Mus.) An harmonious combi- 
nation of tones simultaneously performed. 

3. (Geom.) A right line, uniting the 
extremities of the arc of a circle. 




Chord. (3.) 
AC, AB, chords. 



Ch6rd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. choeDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
chording.] To provide with musical chords or strings- 
Chore, n. [Eng. char.] A small job, either within or 
without doors ; — commonly used in the pi. [Amer.] 

^ho're-d, n. [Gr. x°P^ a , dance.] (Med.) St. Vitus 's 
dance ; a disease attended with constant twitchings and 
irregular movements of the voluntary muscles. 

Cho-ree', n. [Lat. choreus, Gr. ^opeio?, belonging to a 
chorus, q. v. (sc. ttou?, foot).] (Anc. Pros.) (a.) A foot 
of two syllables, the first long and the second short ; the 
trochee, (b.) A tribrach, or foot of three short syllables. 

Cho'ri-amfo, n. [Lat. choriambus, Gr. xopia/x|3os, from 
Xopeio?, trochee, and lafxfios, iambus, q. v.] (Anc. Pros.) 
A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and 
last are long, and the others short ; that is, a choree or 
trochee and an iambus united. 

Cho'ri-am'bie, n. A choriamb. 

Cho'ri-am'bie , a. Pertaining to a choriamb. 

Cho'rist, n. A singer in a choir. 

Chor'is-ter, n. 1. One of a choir; a singer in a con- 
cert. 2. A leader of a choir. 

Cho-rog'ra-pher, n. One who describes, or makes a 
map of, a particular country. 

Cho'ro-graph'ie-al, a. Pertaining to chorography. 

Cho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x^poypa^ta, from x^po?* 
place, and ypafyeiv, to describe.] Art or practice of mak- 
ing a map or description of a particular region or country. 

Cho'roid, n. [Gr. xopoeiSrfc, from x°pl° v > skin, andelSos, 
form.] (Anat.) The second coat of the eye. 

Cho'rus, n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°?-] 1« (Antiq.) A 
band of singers and dancers. 2. ( Gr. Drama.) A com- 
pany of persons who are supposed to behold what passes 
in the acts of a tragedy, and who sing their sentiments 
in couplets or verses between the acts. 3. A company 
of singers singing in concert. 4. What is spoken or 
sung by the chorus in a tragedy ; the part of a song in 
which the company join the singer. 

Qliose (shoz), n. [Fr., from Lat. causa, cause.] (Law.) 

* A thing ; personal property. 

Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or 
actual enjoyment, but only a right to it. 

Choge, imp. & p. p. of choose. See Choose. 

Cho§'en (ch.oz'xi),p. p. of choose. See Choose. 

Chough (chuf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Fr. choucas. Cf. M. H. 
Ger. chouh, owl, D. Jcauw, crow, and W. cawci, jackdaw.] 
(Zool.) A bird of the crow family. 

Chouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. choused (choust) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. chousing.] [From the Turk, chiaous, a mes- 
senger of the Turkish emperor, one of whom, in 1609, 
committed a gross fraud upon the Turkish merchants 
resident in England, by cheating them out of £4,000.] 
To cheat, trick, defraud. [Low.] 

Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated ; a tool ; a sim- 
pleton ; a gull. 2. A trick ; sham ; imposition. 

Chow'chow, a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds 
mingled together ; mixed. 

Chow'chow, n. A kind of mixed pickles. 

Chow'der, w. (Cookery.) A dish made of fresh fish, 
pork, biscuit, onions, &c, stewed together. 

Chow'der, v.t. To make a chowder of. 

Chres-tom'a-thy, 11. [Gr. xPW TO l x ^ € '- a > from xpvo"- 
tos, useful, and fxaBelv, to learn.] A selection of passages, 
with notes, &c, to be used in acquiring a language. 

Chrigm, n. [Gr. xpio>ia., from xP l ' etv > to anoint.] ( Gr. 
& Rom. Cath. Churches.) Oil consecrated by the bishop, 
formerly used in the administration of baptism, confir- 
mation, ordination, and extreme unction. 

Chrig'mal, a. Pertaining to chrism. 

■eiirig-ma'tion, n. Act of applying consecrated oil. 

-Chri§'ma-to-ry (50), n. A vessel to hold the chrism. 

-Christ, n. [Lat. Christus, Gr. xP L °~ T °s> anointed, from 
Xpteiv, to anoint.] The Anointed; — an appellation 
given to the Savior of the world, and synonymous with 
the Hebrew Messiah. 

Christ'-eross-row' (kris'kros-ro / ), n. The alphabet 5 
— formerly so called, either from the cross usually se* 
before it, or from a superstitious custom of writing it in 
the form of a cross, by way of a charm. 

Chris'teu (kris'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. christened ; 
p.pr.&vb.n. CHRISTENING.] [A.-S. cristnian, from 
cristen, cristena, a Christian, q. v.] 1. To baptize. 2. 
To give a name ; to denominate. 

Chris'ten-dom (kris'n-dum), n. [A.-S. cristendom, 
from cristen, a Christian, and the termination dom.] 1 . 
That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, 
in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. 2. 
The whole body of Christians. 

Chris'tian (krist'yan, 66), n. [Lat. christianus, Gr. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, eoho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



CHRISTIAN 



120 



CHURL 



Xpio-Ttavds. See Christ.] 1. One who Relieves, or is 
assumed to believe, in the religion of Christ. Z. One 
born in a Christian country, or of Christian parents. 

Chris'tian (krlst'yan, 66), a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or 
his religion. Z. Professing Christianity. 3. Pertain- 
ing to the church ; ecclesiastical. 

Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from 
the family name, or surname. 

Chris-tian'i-ty (krist-yan'i-ty), n. The religion of 
Christians ; the system of doctrines and precepts taught 
by Christ. [to Christianity. 

■Chris' tian-i-za-'ti on, n. Act or process of converting 

•Cliris'tian-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. christianized; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CHRISTIANIZING.] 1. To make Chris- 
tian ; to convert to Christianity. Z. To imbue with 
Christian principles. 

Chris'tian-ly, adv. In a Christian manner. 

■Clirist'less, a. Having no faith in Christ. 

Christ'mas (krls'mas), n. [Christ and mass, q. v.] 1. 
The festival of Christ's nativity, observed annually on 
the 25th day of December. Z. Christmas-day. 

Christ'mas-box (krls'nias-), n. A box in which pres- 
ents are put at Christmas. 

Chris-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Xpioros, Christ, and Aoyds, dis- 
course.] A discourse or treatise concerning Christ ; doc- 
trine of the Scriptures respecting Christ. 

Chro'mate, n. [See Chrome.] ( Chem.) A salt formed 
by the union of chromic acid with a base. 

Chro-mat'ic. a. [Lat. chromaticus, from Gr. xpwjxart- 
kos, suited for color, from xpio/xa, color.] 1. Relating to 
color, or to colors. Z. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller 
intervals (half-steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of 
the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. 

Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen 
tones, including the eight scale-tones and the five intermediate 
tones; —so called because the intermediate tones were formerly 
written anl jrinted in colors. 

Chro-maf ies, n. sing. The science of colors. 

•Chrome, -,i. Same as Chromium, q. v. 

Chro'ir_ e, a. Pertaining to chrome, or obtained from it. 

Chro'n -um, n. [Gr. xP^P- a J color, from the many 
beautlTul colors of its compounds.] (Metal.) A hard, 
brittle metal of a grayish-white color, very difficult of 
fusion, and related to iron in many of its properties. 

Chro'mo-li-tliog'ra-pliy, n. Lithography adapted 
to printing in oil colors. 

Chron'i-e, ) a. [Lat. chronicus, Gr. xP 0VLK °s> from 

Chron'i-e-al, J XP° V0< >> time.] 1. Relating to time ; 
according to time. Z. Continuing for a long time. 

Chron'i-ele (kron'I-kl), n. [See Chronic] 1. A reg- 
ister of events in the order of time. Z. A history ; a 
record. 3. pi. Two canonical books of the Old Testament. 

Chron'i-ele, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chronicled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHROxNlCLlNG.] To record in history ; to register. 

Chron'i-eler, n. A writer of a chronicle ; an historian. 

Chron'o-gram, ) n. [Gr. XP°"°s> time, and ypap.ju.ci, 

Cliron'o-graph, j writing, character, ypd<f>et.v, to 
write.] An inscription in which a certain date is ex- 
pressed by numeral letters, as in the motto of a medal 
Btruck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 : — 

ChrlstVs DVX; ergo trlVMph.Vs; 
in which the capitals, considered as numerals, give, when 
added, the sum 1632. 

Chro-nog'ra-pher, n. A chronologer. 

Cliro-nol'o-ger, ) n. One skilled in chronology ; a 

Chro-nol'o-gist, J chronologer. 

Chron'o-log'ie, )a. Relating to chronology; ac- 

Chron'o-losj'ie-al, j cording to the order of time. 

Chron'o-log'ie-al-ly , adv. In a chronological manner. 

Chro-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xpovo\oy(a, from xpw°s, time, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] The science which treats of meas- 
uring or computing time by regular divisions or periods, 
and which assigns to events their proper dates. 

Chro-nom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. xp° v °s, time, and /j.4- 
rpov, measure ] 1„ A time-keeper ; especially a portable 
time-keeper of superior construction and accuracy. Z. 
(Mus.) An instrument used to measure or indicate the 
time of a musical movement. 

€hron'o-met'ri«, ) a. Pertaining to, or measured 

Chron'o-met'ric-al, j by, a chronometer. 

Chro-nom'e-try, n. The art of measuring time by 
periods or divisions. 

Chrys'a-lid, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a chrysalis. 

Chrys'a-lid, n. Same as Chrysalis. 

Chrys'a-lis (krls'-), n. ; pi. chry-sal'i-des. [Gr. 
XpvcraWCs, the gold-colored sheath of butterflies, from 
Xpvcros, gold.] (Nat. Hist.) A form into which the cat- 
erpillar or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other 




insects, passes, and from which the perfect insect, after a 
while, emerges. 

Chrys-an'the-miim, n. [Lat., from Gr. xP v ^o-vQeixov, 
from xpvows, gold, and dvOefiov, flower.] (Bot.) A genus of 
composite plants, including the sun-flower, marigold, &c. 

Chrys'o-ber'yl, n. [Lat. clirysoberyllus , from Gr. xpuo-6?, 
gold, and /S^pvAAos, beryl.] (Min.) A yellowish-green 
gem, consisting of alumina and glucina. 

-Glirys'o-lite, n. [Lat. chrysolitlius, Gr. xpvcr6Ai0os,froni 
Xpvcros, gold, and Atflos, stone.] (Min.) A greenish min- 
eral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron. 

-Chrys'o-prage, n. [Gr. xpvcr67rpacros, from xpvo-os, gold, 
and npao-ov, leek.] ( Min.) A kind of massive quartz, of 
a grayish or leek -green color. 

CliiLfo, n. [Cf. A.-S. copp, 
head, Fr. chabot, a chub, Lat. 
capito, a fish with a large 
head, caput, head, Sw. kubb, 
a short and thick piece of 
wood.] (Iclith.) A fresh- 
water fish of the carp family. Chub. 

ChSto'Syf ' } °" Like a chub '■ P lum P> shorfc » and thick. 

Chuck, v. i. [Formed in imitation of the sound.] 1. To 
make a noise like that of a hen calling her chickens ; to 
cluck. Z. To laugh in a broken, convulsive manner, 
by way of mockery or insult. 

Chuck, v. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. 

Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chucked (chfikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CHUCKING.] [Perh. to strike under the chin, so as 
to make a noise from the collision of the teeth, like that 
of the hen when she calls her chickens ; or a modification 
of chock, shock, q. v.] 1. To strike gently ; to give a 
gentle blow to. Z. To throw, with quick motion, a short 
distance; to pitch. [Vulgar.] 3. (Mech.) To place in 
a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning. 

Chiick, n. X. The voice or call of a hen. Z. A sud- 
den, small noise. 3. A word of endearment ; — corrupted 
from chick. 

Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow under the chin. 3. (Mach.) 
A contrivance fixed to the mandrel of a turning-lathe for 
holding the material to be operated upon. 

Chtick'-f ar / thing, n. A play in which a farthing is 
pitched into a hole. 

Chiick'le (chuk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chuckled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CHUCKLING.] [From chuck, q. v.] l c To 
call, as a hen her chickens ; to cluck. Z. To fondle ; to 
cocker. [derision. 

Chiick'le, n. A short, suppressed laugh of exultation or 

Chiick'le, v. i. [From chuck, q. v.] To laugh in a sup- 
pressed or broken manner, as expressing inward exulta- 
tion or derision. 

Chiick'le-head., n. A numskull ; a dunce. [Low.] 

Chuff , n. [Perh. a modification of chub. Cf. W. cyff, 
stock, stump.] A coarse, dull, or surly fellow ; a clown. 

Chuff 'i-ly, adv. In a rough, surly manner. 

Chiiff'y, a. 1. Fat or swelled out, especially in the 
cheeks. Z. Surly ; ill-tempered ; rude ; clownish. 

Chum, n. [Prob. a contr. from comrade. Cf. also A.-S. 
cuma, a comer, guest.] A chamber-fellow, especially in a 
college or university. [another. [Amer.\ 

Chiim, v. i. [From the n.] To occupy a chamber with 

Chiink, a. A short, thick piece of any thing. [Colloq. 
in Amer. and Prov. in Eng.] 

Chuhky, a. Short and thick. [Amer.] 

Church (66), n. [A.-S. circ, Scot, kirk, Icel. kyrkia, Ger. 
kirche , from Gr. icvpicLKrj, Kvpiaicov, the Lord's house, from 
Kvptos, lord.] 1. A building set apart for Christian wor- 
ship. Z. A formally organized body of Christian believers 
worshiping together. 3. A body of Christian believers, 
observing the same rites and acknowledging the same ec- 
clesiastical authority. 4. The collective body of Chris- 
tians. 5. Ecclesiastical influence, authority, &c. 

Church,^.*, [imp. Sep. p. CHURCHED (churcht) ;p.pr. 
& vb. n. CHURCHING.] To unite with in publicly return- 
ing thanks in church, as after childbirth. 

Church'man, n.; pi. church'men. 1. An ecclesiastic 
or clergyman. Z. An Episcopalian, as distinguished from 
a Presbyterian or Congregationalist, &c. 

Church'man-ship, n. State of being a churchman. 

Church'- ward/en, n. An officer whose duties respect 
the temporai'or pecuniary interests of a church or parish. 

Church'-yard, n. The ground adjoining to a church, 
in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. 

Churl (66), n. [A.-S. ceorl, a freeman of the lowest rank, 
man, husband.] 1. A rustic ; a countryman or laborer. 
Z. A rough, surly, ill-bred man. 3. One who is illiberal 
or miserly ; a niggard. 



CHURLISH 



121 



CIRCLE 



Churl'ish, a. 1. Like a churl ; illiberal. 2. "Wanting 
pliancy or softness ; unmanageable ; unyielding. 
Syn. — Narrow-minded; surly; rude; niggardly. 

Churl'ish-ly, adv. In a churlish manner ; rudely. 

Cliurl'ish-ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper ; 
indisposition to kindness or courtesy. 

Churn (68), n. [A.-S. ceren, an earthen vessel, churn. 
See infra.] A vessel in which cream is shaken or beaten 
in order to separate the butter from the other parts. 

Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHURNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CHURNING.] [A.-S. cernan, Icel. kirna, fr. kiarni, mar- 
row, cream.] 1. To stir or agitate, as cream, in order 
to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. 

Churn, v. i. To agitate cream or mil k for the purpose of 
separating the butter. [operation. 

Churn'ing, n. The quantity of butter made at one 

finite (shuot), n. [Fr. chute, from Lat. cadere, to fall.] 
1" A rapid descent in a river. 2. An opening in a river- 
dam for the descent of logs, &c. 

Chyle (kll), n. [Gr. x v ^i J u i ce > from x e ' etl/ ) *° pour.] 
(Physiol.) A milky iluid, derived from cnyme, and con- 
veyed into the circulation by the lacteal vessels. 

Chyl'i f ac'tion, n. [Gr. x v ^°s, and Lat. facere, to make.] 
(Piiysiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed.] 

ChyFi-f ae'trve, a. Forming or changing into chyle. 

Chyl'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Formation of chyle by the digest- 
ive processes. 

Chyl'i-fi-ca/to-ry, a. Chylifactive. [of it. 

-eiiyl'oiis (kll'us), a. Consisting of chyle, or partaking 

Chyme (kim), n. [Lat. chymus, Gr. x u M-°s> juice, like 
\vkos, from xeW, to pour.] ( Piiysiol. ) The pulp formed 
by the food after it has been for some time in the stom- 
ach, mixed with the gastric secretions. 

Chym'is-try, &c. See Chemistry, &c. 

-Chym/i-f i-ea'tion, n. [Lat. chymus, chyme, and facere, 
to make.]_ The process of becoming or of forming chyme. 

■Chym'i-fy, v. t. [Lat. chymus, chyme, and facere, to 
make.] To form into chyme. 

Chym'oiis (klm'us), a. Pertaining to chyme. 

Qi-^a'da, n. ; pi. pi-eA'DM. [Lat.] (Entom.) An 
hemipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, 
grating sound ; — called also locust. 

Cie'a-trlce, n. A scar, seam, or elevation remaining 
after a wouad is healed. [cicatrice. 

Ci~ed'trix,ji.; pi. pic'A-TRppES. [Lat.] A scar ; a 

^le'a-tri-za'tioii, n. Process of forming a cicatrice. 

§te'a-trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cicatrized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cicatrizing.] To heal and induce the formation 
of a cicatrice in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. 

Ci-c'a-trlze, v . i. To heal or be healed. 

Cicerone (chd-che-ro^ne or sls'e-ro'ne), n. [It. Cicerone, 
equiv. to Lat. Cicero, the Roman orator ; so called from 
the talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows stran- 
gers the curiosities of a place. 

Cls'e-ro'ni-an, a. Resembling Cicero in style or action. 

^l^'e-ro'iii-an-igm, n. Imitation or resemblance of the 
style or action of Cicero ; a Ciceronian expression. 

9i-cis'be-i$m, n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo. 

Cicisbeo (cue'chis-bl'o or se-sls'be-o), n. [It.] The 
professed gallant of a married woman. 

Ci'der, n. [Fr. cidre, Lat. sicera, Gr. a-Uepa, of Oriental 
origin. Cf. lleb. shakar, to be intoxicated ; c was changed 
into d, as in Fr. ladre, from Lazarus.] A drink made 
from the juice of apples. 

Ci'der-km, n. A liquor made by adding water to the 
crushed mass of apples remaining after the juice is pressed 
out in the manufacture of cider. 

Ci-devant (sSd'vong'), a. [Fr.] Former ; previous. 

CI-gar', n. [Sp. cigarro ; orig. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] 
A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. 

Cig'ar-ette', a. A little cigar ; a little fine tobacco rolled 
in paper for smoking. 

Cil'ia-ry, a. Belonging to the eyelashes ; pertaining to 
hairs or hair-like appendages in animals or vegetables. 

£U'i-ate, ) a. lo (Bot.) Furnished or surrounded 
^ll'i-a'ted, j with filaments resembling the eyelashes. 
2. (Anat.) Covered with fine filaments, which, during 
fife, are endowed with a vibratory motion. 

9i-li'cioiis (si-lisb/us), a. [Lat. cilicium, a covering, 
orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, from Cilicia, a province 
of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. 
^i'ma, ». (Arch.) A kind of molding. See CYMA. 
^Im'e-ter, n. [From Biscayan cimetarra, with a sharp 
edge ; or corrupted from Per. schimschtr .] A short sword 
with a recurvated point, used by the Persians and Turks. 
[Written also scimetar, scymetar, and scimiter.] 
Cim-me'ri-an (89), a. 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, 




Cinnamon. 



a fabulous people, said to have dwelt in caves, in utter 
darkness. 2. Without any light ; intensely dark. 

9iii-eho'na, n. [So named from the Countess Cinchon, 
in the 17th cent., who by its use was freed from an inter- 
mittent fever.] (Bot.) 1. A genus of trees growing ex- 
clusively on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, 
producing a medicinal bark of great value, known as Peru- 
vian bark, Jesuit's bark, Sec. 2. The bark itself. 

£Inet'ure (slnkt'yiir, 53), n. [Lat. cinctura, from cin- 
gere, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn 
round the body. 2. That which encompasses ; inclosure. 

3. (Arch.) A ring or list at the top and bottom of a col- 
umn, separating the shaft, at one end, from the base, at 
the other, from the capital. 

Cin'der, n. [A.-S. sinder, from syndrian, to separate; 
not from Fr. cendre, Lat. cinis, ashes.] 1. A small par- 
ticle of matter remaining after combustion, in which fire 
is extinct. 2. A small coal, or particle of fire, with ashes ; 
an ember. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 

Cin/e-mat'ies, n. sing. [Gr. Kivecu, to move.] The sci- 

* ence which treats of motions considered in themselves, 
or apart from their causes. 

£in'er-a-ry, a. [Lat. cinerarius, from cinis, ashes.] 
Pertaining to ashes ; containing ashes. 

Cin'er-a/tion, n. [From Lat. cinis, ashes.] The reduc- 
ing of any thing to ashes by combustion. 

Cin'er-I'tious (-Ish / us), a. [Lat. cineritius, from cinis, 
ashes.] Having the color or consistence of ashes. 

Cin'na-bar, Um [Lat. cinnabaris, Gr. /ctwa/3api?, kivvo.- 
j3apt, Per. qinbar, Hind, shangarf; Fr. cinabre.] Red sul- 
phuret of mercury or quicksilver ; vermilion. 

Cin'iia-moii,n. [Gr. Kivva.fj.ov, 
Kivua.fj.oifxov, Lat. cinnamomum, 
cinnamum, from a Phen. word 
equiv. to Heb. /cinnamon.] The 
inner bark of a tree growing in 
Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a 
moderately pungent taste. 

Cinque (sink, 82), n. [From 
Lat. quinque, five.] The num- 
ber five upon dice or in cards. 

£inque'-foil (sink'-), n. [Fr. 
cinque, five, and foil, equiv. to 
Fr. feuille, leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A 
plant of different species, so called because of the resem- 
blance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 2. (Arch. ) 
An ornamental foliation having five points or cusps, used 
in windows, panels, &c. 

Cl'on, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. sectio, a cutting, from secare, 
to cut.] A young shoot, twig, or sprout of a tree or 
plant. [Written also scion.] 

Ci'plier, n. [Ar. sifrun, safrun, empty, cipher, zero, from 
safira, to be empty.] 1„ (Arith.) A character [0] which, 
standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed 
at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value 
tenfold. 2. A person of no worth or character. 3. A 
combination of letters, as the initials of a name ; an enig- 
matical character. 4. A private alphabet or system of 
characters contrived for the safe transmission of secrets. 

Ci'pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ciphered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

' CIPHERING.] To practice arithmetic. 

Ci'plier, vt. 1. To write in occult characters. 2. To 
designate by characters ; to represent. 

Cir-ce'an, a. Pertaining to Circe, a fabled enchantress ; 
magical ; noxious. 

Cir-cen'sial, ) a. Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome, 

£ir-cen'sian, ) where were practised games of various 
kinds, as running, wrestling, combats, &c. 

Circle (sir'kl, 18), n. 
circus, circle, Gr. Kip/cos, 
plane figure, bounded 
called its circumference, 

equally distant from a point within it called the Circle. 
center. 2. The line that bounds such a figure ; a circum- 
ference. 3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, 
the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. 

4. A round body ; a sphere ; an orb. 5. Compass ; cir- 
cuit. 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assem- 
ble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a 
common tie. 7. A series ending where it begins. 8. A 
form of argument in which two or more unproved state- 
ments are used to prove each other. 9. A province or 
principality. 

Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the bound- 
ary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the 
stars never set. —Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given 
place, the boundary of that space around the depressed pole, 
within which the stars never rise. 



jtling, combats, &c. 

[Lat. circulus, dim. of f v 

o?, circle, ring.] 1. A f \ 

by a single curve line I J 

'., every part of which is \^_^s 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; exist; linger, link; this- 



CIRCLE 



122 



CIRCUMSTANCE 



Syn.— Ring; circlet; inclosure; assembly; coterie; set. 

9ir'ele (sTr/kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. circled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ciRCiilNG.] 1. To move or revolve around. 2. 
To encompass, as by a circle ; to surround ; to inclose. 

£Ir'-ele, v. i. To move circularly. 

^Ir'-elet, n. 1. A little circle, as of gold, jewels, &c. 
2. A round body ; an orb. 

£ir'-euit (sir/kit, 18), n. [Lat. circuities, from circum, 
around, and ire, to go.] 1. The act of moving or re- 
volving around. 2. A regular or appointed journeving 
from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of 
a judge, &c. 3. The region or country passed over in 
such a journey, especially that over which the jurisdic- 
tion, as of a judge, &c, extends. 4. That which encir- 
cles any thing, as a ring or crown. 5. The distance 
around any space. 6. The space inclosed within a circle, 
or within certain limits. 

£ir'-euit, v. t. To move or make to go round. 

£ir-eu'i-tous, a. Going round in a circuit ; indirect. 

£ir-eu7i-tou\s-ly, adv. In a circuit. 

£lr'-eu-la-ble, a. Capable of being circulated. 

^Ir'-eu-lar (18), a. [Lat. circularis.] 1. Of, or pertain- 
ing to, a circle ; in the form of a circle ; round, 2. 
Repeating itself ; hence, illogical ; inconclusive. 3. Ad- 
hering to a fixed circle of legends ; cyclic ; hence, mean, 
inferior. 4. Addressed to a number of persons having, 
or supposed to have, a common interest. 

Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in 
the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and G, whose 
squares are 25 and 36. — Circular sailing (A aut.), the method 
of sailing by the arc of a great circle. 

£ir'-eu-lar, n. A circular letter, or paper, often printed, 

copies of which are addressed to various persons. 
^Ir'eu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being circular. 
^Ir'-eu-lar-ly, adv. In a circular manner. 
^ir'-eu-late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. circulated ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. CIRCULATING.] [Lat. circulare, circulari.] 1. 

To move in a circle or circuitously ; to move or pass 

round. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to 

person, or from hand to hand. 
£Ir'-eu-late, v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, 

or from person to person. 

Syn. — To spread; diffuse ; propagate; disseminate. 
^iiV-eu-la'tion, n. 1. The act of circulating; act of 

moving in a circle. 2. Currency ; circulating coin, or 

notes, bills, &c, current for coin. 3. The extent to 

which any thing circulates or is circulated. 
^lr'cix-la'tor, n. One who, or that which, circulates. 
9ir'-eu.-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Circular. 2. Circulating, 

or going round. 
^fr'eum-am'hi-e^t, a. [Lat. circum, around, and 

ambire, to go round.] Surrounding ; inclosing or being 

on all sides : encompassing. 
^ir'-eum-am'bu-late, v. i. [Lat. circumambulare, 

from circum, around, and ambulare, to walk.] To walk 

round about. 
^lr'eum-am'hii-la'tion, n. Act of walking around. 
^lr'eum-lbend'i-lbus, n. A circuitous movement or 

route. [Vulgar.] 
£ir'eum-ci§e (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumcised ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMCISING.] [Lat. circumcidere, 

circumcisum, from circum, around, and czedere, to cut.] 

1. To cut off the foreskin of, in the case of males, or 
the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. (Script.) 
To render spiritual or holy. 

^Ir'eum-cls/er, n. One who performs circumcision. 

<£lr / -eum-$i§'ion (-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of cutting off 
the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia 
of females. 2. (Script.) (a.) Rejection of the sins of the 
flesh ; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Chris- 
tian faith, (b.) The Jews, distinguished as a circumcised 
race from the uncircumcised. 

$ir / -eu.m-elu'§ion, n. [From Lat. circum, around, and 
claudere, to shut.] Act of inclosing on all sides. 

•Clr'-eum-diict', v. t. [Lat. circumducere, from circum, 
around, and ducert > to lead.] 1. To lead about ; to lead 
astray. [Rare.] 2. (Law.) To contravene ; to nulhfy. 

•pir'-eum-du-e'tion, n. 1. A leading about. 2. An 
annulling. [Rare.] 

$ir-«um'fer-ence, n. [Lat. circum ferentia, from cir- 
cum, around, and ferre, to bear.] 1." The line that goes 
round or encompasses a circular figure ; a periphery. 

2. The space included in a circle ; any thing circular. 

3. External surface of a sphere, or any orbicular body. 
£ir-eum/fer-en'tial, a. Pertaining to a circumference. 



£ir'-eum-f 16x, n. [Lat. circumftexus, a bending round 
p. p. of circumjiectere, from circum, around, and flectere] 
to bend ] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise 
and fall on the same syllable. 2. A character, or ac- 
cent, denoting in Greek a rise and fall of the voice on the 
same long syllable, marked thus [~ or n ] ; and in Lf tin 
and some other languages, denoting a long and con- 
tracted syllable, marked [*]. [cumflex. 

£ir'-eum-flex, v. t. To mark or pronounce with a cir- 

^ir-cum'flu-eiit, ) a. [Lat. circumfluens, p. pr. of 

9ir-eiim'f lu-oiis, ) circumfluere , from c ircum , around, 
and Jluere, to flow.] Flowing around ; surrounding in the 
manner of a fluid. 

CJu-'eum-fo-ra'iie-an, ) a. [Lat. circumforaneus , 

^lr'eum-f o-ra'iie-ou.s, j from circum, around, and 
forum, a market-place.] Going about or abroad ; walk- 
ing or wandering from house to house. 

CJbycum-fuge', v. t. [Lat. circumfundere , -fusum , from 
circum, around, and f under e, to pour.] To pour round; 
to spread round. 

^r^-eum-fu'gion, n. Act of pouring or spreading 
around ; state of being poured around. 

^lr'eum-gy-ra'ticn, n. [Lat. circum, around, and 
gyrare, to turn around.] The act of turning, rolling, or 
whirling round. 

^Ir'cum-ja/ceiit, a. [Lat. circumjacenSj p. pr. of cir- 
cumjacere, from circum, around, and jacere, to lie.] 
Lying around ; bordering on every side. 

^Ir'-eum-lo-eu'tion, n. [Lat. circumlocutio, from cir- 
cumloqui, fr. circum, around, and loqui, to speak, locutio, 
a speaking.] A circuit of words ; a periphrase. 

^Ir'-eum-lo-e'u-to-ry, a. Pertaining to a circumlocu- 
tion ; periphrastic. * [around. 

^ir'^um-nav'i-ga-ble , a. Capable of being sailed 

^Ir'-eum-nav'i-gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. circum- 
navigated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMNAVIGATING.] 
[Lat. circumnavigare, from circum , around, and navigare, 
to navigate.] To sail around ; to pass round by water. 

^lr^eum-nav'i-ga'tiori, n. Act of circumnavigating. 

^Ir'cuxn-iiav'i-ga'tor, n. One who sails around. 

^ir'oum-po'lar, a. [Lat. circum, around, and Eng. 
polar, q. v.] About the pole ; situated near the pole. 

^lr'-eum-po-gi'tion, n. [Lat. circumpositio, from cir- 
cum, around, and ponere, to set, put, or place.] Act of 
placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. [round. 

^lr'-eum-ro'ta-ry, a. Turning, rolling, or whirling 

^Ir'-eum-ro-ta'tion, n. [Lat. circumrotare, from cir- 
cum, around, and rotare, to turn round like a wheel, 
from rota, wheel.] Act of rolling or revolving round, as 
a wheel ; state of being whirled round. 

^lr'-eum-ro'ta-to-ry (50), a. Turning, rolling, or whirl- 
ing round. [scribed. 

^lr'eum-s-erib'a-tole, a. Capable of being circum- 

^lr'eum-serlbeV'. t - [imp. &p.p. circumscribed; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMSCRIBING.] [Lat. circumscribere, 
from circum, around, and scribere, to write, to draw.] 
To inclose within a certain limit : to hem in. 



Syn. — To bound; fimit; restrict; 
strain; surround. 



confine; abridge; re- 



^ir-eiim/fer-en'tor, n. An instrument used by sur 
veyors for takin g horizontal angles and bearings. 

a.e.&c.tong-; a,e,&c .,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



^Ir'eum-s^rib'er, n. One who, or that which, cir- 
cumscribes. 

^Ir^eum-s-erip'ti-lble, a. Capable of being circum- 
scribed or limited by bounds. 

9ir / -eum-serip'tion, n. 1. The exterior line which 
determines the form or magnitude of a body. 2. Limi- 
tation by conditions, restraints, &c. ; bound; confine- 
ment ; limit. 

Cir'-eum-s-erip'tive, a. Defining the external form. 

^Ir'-eum-spe-et, a. [Lat. circumspectus , p. p. of circum- 
spicere, from circum, around, and spicere, specere, to 
look.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case ; cau- 
tious ; prudent ; watchful ; wary ; vigilant. 

CJx'-eu.m-spe-e'tioii, n. Attention to all the facts and 
circumstances of a case. 

Syn.— Caution; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtful- 
ness; wariness; forecast. 

^Ir'eum-speet'ive, a. Looking round every way ; cau- 
tious ; careful of consequences ; wary. 

9ir'eum-speet / ly, adv. With circumspection. 

^lr'-eum-speet'ness, n. Caution ; circumspection. 

9ir'-eu.m-stance (113), n. [Lat. circum stantia, from cir- 
cumstans, p. pr. of circumstare, from circum, around, and 
stare, to stand.] 1. The condition of things surround- 
ing or attending an event. 2. Something attending on 
or relative to a fact, though not essential thereto ; a par- 
ticular incident or adjunct. 3. pi. Condition in re- 
gard to worldly estate ; state of property. 



CIRCUMSTANCE 



123 



CIVILITY 



Syn. — Fact; event; incident. — A. fact is a thing done; an 
event 9. thing which turns up or occurs; an incident something 
that falls in to some general course of events. A circumstance 
(literally, a thing standing about or near) is some adjunct 
to an event which more or less affects it. 

Cir'cum-stance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumstanced 
(108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. circumstancing.] To place rela- 
tively, or in a particular situation. 

^Ir'cum-stan'tial, a. 1. Consisting in, or pertaining 
to, circumstances, or particular incidents. 2. Abound- 
ing with circumstances, or exhibiting all the circum- 
stances ; minute ; particular. 

Circumstantial evidence {Law), any evidence not direct and 
positive. 

^Ir'eum-stan'tial, n. Something incidental to the main 
subject, but of less importance ; — generally in the pi. 

9ir / cum-stan / ti-al'i-ty (-stan'shl-al'I-ty), n. 1. The 
state of any thing as modified by circumstances, 2. 
Particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; minuteness. 

^Ir'-eum-stan'ti-al-ly, adv. 1. According to circum- 
stances. 2. In every circumstance or particular. 

^Ir'-eum-staii'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [imp- & p. p. cir- 
cumstantiated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMSTANTIAT- 
ING.] [See Circumstance.] 1. To place in particu- 
lar circumstances. 2. To enter into details concerning. 

^Ir'-eum-val'late, v. t. [Lafc. circumvallare, from cir- 
cum, around, and vallare, to wall, from vallum, ram- 
part.] To surround with a rampart. 

^Ir'eum-val-la'tion, »i. (Mil.) (a.) Act of surround- 
ing with a wall or rampart, (b.) A line of field works 
surrounding the camp of a besieging army. 

^Ir'cum-vent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumvented ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMVENTING.] [Lat. circumvenire , 
from circum, around, and venire, to come.] To gain ad- 
vantage over, by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to de- 
ceive ; to delude. 

^Ir'-eum-veii'tion, n. [Lat. circumventio. See supra.] 
Deception ; fraud ; imposture ; delusion. 

^Ir'-eum-vent'Ive, a. Deceiving by artifices ; deluding. 

^Ir'-eum-vest', v. t. [Lat. circumvestire, from circum, 
around, and vestire, to clothe, from veslis, garment.] 
To cover round, as with a garment. 

yir'-eum-vo-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling round, or 
state of being rolled. 2. A thing rolled round another. 

Clr'eum-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumvoeved ; 

'p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMVOEVING.] [Lat. circumvolvere, 
from circum, around, and volvere, to roll.] To roll 
round ; to cause to revolve. 

^Ir'-eum-volve' v. i. To roll round ; to revolve. 

^Ir'-eus, n. ; pi. CIR'CUS-Eg. [Lat. circus, Gr. Ktp/co?, 
circle, ring, circus.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) An open or 
inclosed space, or the edifice inclosing it, in which games 
and shows were exhibited. 2. A circular inclosure for 
the exhibition of feats of horsemanship. 3. The com- 
pany of performers in a circus, with their equipage. 

^irque (sirk), n. A circus. 

^ir-rif er-ous, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. 

9ir'ri-ped, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock of hair, and pes, pedis, 
foot.] (Zool.) A crustaceous animal having a bivalvular 
shell, from the opening of which it throws out a group 
of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl. 

9ir / ro--eu.'mu-lus, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and cumulus, 
q. v.] ( Meteor. ) A cloud composed of the cumulus broken 
up into small masses, and presenting a fleecy appearance. 

£Ir'rose, gl Same as Cirrous. 

^Ir'ro-stra'tus, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and stratus, q. v.] 
(Meteor.) A cloud having the characters of the stratus in 
its main body, but of the cirrus on its margin. 

^lr'roiis, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl.] (Bot.) Having, 
or terminating in, a curl or tendril. 

gir'rus, n. ; pi. cir'ri. [Lat., a tuft of hair, curl.] 1. 
(Bot.) A tendril. 2. (Meteor.) A form of cloud com- 
posed of thin filaments, the union of which resembles 
sometimes a brush, sometimes masses of woolly hair. 3. 
(Zool.) A slender, fringe-like appendage. 

£is-al'pine, a. [Lat. Cisalpinus, from cis, on this side, 
and Alpinus, Alpine, from Alpes, the Alps.] On the 
hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, 
on the south side of the Alps. 

^Is'at-laii'tie, a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Atlanticus, 
Atlantic, q. v.] Being on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. 

9is-m5n^tane, a. On this side of the mountains. 

Cis'pa-dane', a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Padanus, 
from Padus, the River Po.] On the hither side of the 
Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side ; 

£is'soid, n. [Gr. /ao-o-oeto^s, like ivy, from kmtvos, ivy, 
and eloos, form.] ( Geom.) A curve invented by Diodes, 



for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems ; viz* 
to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical 
means between two given straight lines. 

$ist, n. [Lat. cista,Gr. niar-q, box, chest.] 1. (Arch.) 
A chest or basket. 2. (Antiq.) A tomb of the Celtic 
period, consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs. 

£is-ter'cian (-shan, 63), n. (Eccl.) One of an order of 
Benedictine monks established at Citeaux, in France, by 
Robert, abbot of Moleme. 

Cis'tern, n. [Lat. cisterna; cista, chest.] A reservoir 
or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 

9it, n. [Contracted from citizen.] A citizen ; an inhabi- 
tant of a city ; a pert townsman ; — used contemptuously. 

9it'a-del, n. [It. ciltadella, dim. of cittd, city.] A for- 
tress or castle in or near a fortified city , intended as a 
final point of defense. 

£it'al, n. [From cite.] 1. Summons to appear. 2. Cita- 
tion ; quotation. 

Cl-ta'tion, n. [Low Lat. citatio, from citare, to cite.] 

1. An official call or notice given to a person to appear, 
and the paper containing such notice or call. 2. The 
act of citing a passage from a book, or from another per- 
son, in his own words ; also, the passage or words quoted. 
3. Enumeration ; mention. 

Ci'ta-to-ry, a. Having the power or form of citation. 

9Ite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CITING.] 
[Lat. citare, intens. form of cire, ciere, to put in motion, 
to excite, akin to Goth, haitan, A.-S. hatan, to call, 
to command.] 1, To call upon officially or authorita- 
tively ; to summon. 2. To quote, name, or repeat, as a 
passage, or the words of another. 3. To call or name, 
in support, proof, or confirmation of. 

Qlt'er, n. One who cites, summons, or quotes. 

9ith'ern, n. A musical instrument, like the guitar. 

^lt'i-zen (slVI-zn), n. [From city, q. v. 0. Fr. citeain, 
citaain.] 1. A freeman of a city, as distinguished from 
one not entitled to its franchises. 2. An inhabitant in 
any city, town or place. 3. Any native born or natural- 
ized inhabitant of a country. [Amer.] 

9It'i-zen-ship, n. State of being a citizen. 

Qit'rate, n. [From Lat. citreum, citron, lemon.] ( Chem.) 
A salt formed by the union of citric acid and a base. 

Cit'ri-e, a. ( Chem.) Of, or pertaining to, an acid which 
exists in the juice of the lemon and some allied fruits. 

9it'rine, a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. 

Qit'rine, n. (Min.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. 

^it'ron, n. [Gr. /aVpov, Lat. citreum (sc. malum), a cit- 
ron or lemon ; citrus, the citron- tree.] The fruit of the 
citron- tree, resembling a lemon. 

9Jt'rul, n. [N. Lat. citreolus, from citreum, citron, q. v.] 
(Bot.) The watermelon. 

^lt'y, n. [Lat. civitas, from civis, citizen.] 1»~A large 
town. 2. A corporate town ; — in the U.S., one governed 
by a mayor and aldermen ; in Eng., one which is or has 
been the seat of a bishop. 3. The inhabitants of a city. 

9Iveg (slvz), n. pi. [Lat. cepa, csepa, cxpe, onion.] (Bot.) 
A species of garlic, growing in tufts. [Written also ■chives.] 

Clv'et, n. [L. Gr. gaireTiov, fr. 
Per. zabad, civet, Ar. zubad, 
zabbad, the froth of milk or wa- 
ter, civet.] 1. A substance of 
a strong, musky odor, used as a 
perfume. 2. (Zool.) The ani- 
mal that produces civet ; a car- 
nivorous animal, ranking be- 
tween the weasel and fox. It is a native of North Africa. 

^rv'i-e, a. [Lat. civicus, from civis, citizen.] Relating to, 
or derived from, a city or citizen. 

Civ'il, a. [Lat. civilis, from civis, citizen.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his 
fellow-citizens or to the state ; lawful or political, as op- 
posed to military. 2. Pertaining to an organized com- 
munity ; civilized. 3. Having the manners of one dwel- 
ling in a city ; courteous ; complaisant. 

Civil death (Law), that which cuts off a man from civil so- 
ciety, or its rights and benefits. — Civil engineering, the science 
or art of constructing public works, as canals, railroads, docks, 
&c. — Civil law, in a general sense, the law of a state, city, or 
country; specifically, the municipal law of the Roman empire, 
comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian and 
the Novel Constitutions. — Civil war, a war between citizens 
of the same country. — Civil year, the legal year, or that which 
a government appoints to be used in its own dominions. 

9i-vll'ian, n. 1. One who is skilled in the civil law. 

2. A student of the civil law. 3. One whose pursuits 
are those of civil life, not military or clerical. 

9i-vil'i-ty, n. 1. Courtesy of behavior ; politeness; 
good-breeding. 2. pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. 




Civet. 



food, foot; urn, r^ide.pull; cell, c liaise, call, echo ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link ; tiiis. 



CIVILIZABLE 



124 



CLASH 



Civ'il-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being civilized. 
Civ'il-i-za'tion, n. Act of civilizing, or state of being 

civilized ; refinement ; culture. 
Civ'il-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CIVILIZED ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. civilizing.] To reclaim from a savage state; to 

educate ; to refine. 
£iv'il-ized, a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners ; 

refined ; cultivated. 
Clv'il-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, civilizes. 
Civ'il-ly, adv. 1. In a civil manner, in reference to civil 

society. 2. In a courteous manner ; politely. [ship. 
Civ'igm, n. [From Lat. civis, citizen.] State of citizen- 
Clab'ber, n. [See Bonny-clabber.] Milk turned 

so as to become thick or inspissated. 
Clack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLACKED (klakt) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. CLACKING.] [See infra.] 1. To make a sudden, 

Bharp noise, as b} - striking or cracking ; to clink ; to click. 

2. To talk rapidly and continually. 
-Slack, v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise ; 

to clink. 2. To* utter rapidly and inconsiderately. 
-Clack, n. [Fr. claque, a slap or smack, M. H. Ger. Mac, 

crack, W. dec, crack, gossip.] 1. A sharp, abrupt sound 

made by striking an object. 2. Any thing that causes 

a clacking noise. 3„ Continual talk ; prattle ; prating. 
Clack'er, n. One who clacks ; that which clacks. 
Clack' -valve, n. {Mack.) A valve with a single flap, 

which, when raised, falls with a clacking sound. 
Claim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. claimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

claiming.] [Lat. clamare, to cry out, call.] To call 

for ; to challenge as a right ; to demand as due. 
Claim, v. i. To be entitled to any thing as a right. 
Claim, n. 1. A demand of a right or supposed right. 2. 

A right to claim or demand ; a title to any thing in pos- 
session of another. 3. The thing claimed or demanded ; 

that to which any one has a right. 
Claim'a-ble, a. Capable of being claimed. 
Claim/ant, n. One who claims ; a claimer. 
Clair-voy'ance, n. A power, attributed to mesmerized 

persons, of discerning objects not present to the senses. 
Clair-voy'ant, a. [Fr.,from clair, clear, (Lat. clarus) 

and voyant, p. pr. of voir, to see, Lat. videre.] Pertain- 

taining to clairvoyance ; discerning objects which are not 

present. [to the senses. 

Clair-voy'ant, ft. One who discerns objects not present 
Clam, n. [Another form of clamp, q. v.] 1. ( Conch.) A 

bivalve shell-fish of different genera. 2. pi. {Ship 

Carp.) Strong pincers for drawing nails. 3. pi. {Meek.) 

A kind of vise, usually made of wood. 
Clam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

clamming.] [A.-S. clsemian. Icel. kleima.] To clog, as 

with glutinous or viscous matter. 
Clam, v. i. To be moist or sticky. [Rare.] 
Cla'inant, a. [See Claimant.] Crying earnestly; 

clamorously beseeching. 
Clam'ber, v. i. [imp. & p.p. clambered; p. pr. & 

mb.n. CLAMBERING.] [L. Ger. klempern, 0. H. Ger. 

chlimban, chlimpan, N. H. Ger. klimmen.] To climb with 

difficulty , or with hands and feet. 
Clam'mi-ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous. 
Clam'my, a. [comp. clammier ; superl. clammiest.] 

[See Clam, v. t.] Soft and sticky ; glutinous. 
Clam'or, n. [Lat., from clamare, to cry out.] 1. Loud 

and continued shouting or exclamation. 2. Any loud 

and continued noise. 

Syn.— Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar; vociferation. 

Clam'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMORED ; p. pr. & vb. 

11. clamoring.] 1. To approach or salute with noise. 

2. To stun with noise. [mands. 

Clam'or, v. i. To vociferate ; to make importunate de- 
Clam'or-oils, a. Noisy ; vociferous ; loud ; turbulent. 
Clam'or-ous-ly, adv. With loud noise or words. 
Clam'or-oiis ness, n. State or quality of being noisy. 
Elamp, n. [D. klamp, Dan. klampe, from. 

T>. /dampen, to fasten. Cf. Cramp, 3.] 1. 

A piece of timber or iron, used to fasten 

work together. 2. A mass of bricks heaped 

up to be burned ; or of ore to be smelted ; 

or of coal to be converted to coke. 3. 

(Ship-building.) A thick plank on the 

inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain 

the ends of the beams. 4. One of a pair Clamp. 

of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material to cover 

the jaws of a vise — used to hold objects that would be 

injured by the vise itself. 5. A heavy footstep. 
Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships. 
Clamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMPED (84, 108) ; p. pr. 




& vb. n. clamping.] To unite, secure, or render firm 
by means of a clamp. 

Clamp, v . i. To tread heavily or clumsily ; to clump. 

Clan, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A tribe or collection of 
families, united under a chieftain, and bearing the same 
surname. 2. A clique ; a sect, society, or body of per- 
sons closely united by some common interest or pursuit. 

Clan-des'tine, a. [Lat. clandestinus, from dam, se- 
cretly, for calam, from celare, to hide.] Withdrawn from 
public notice for an evil purpose ; kept secret. 

Syn.— Hidden ; secret ; private ; concealed ; underhand ; 
sly; fraudulent. 

Clan-des'tine-ly, adv. In a secret manner. 
Clan-des'tine-ness, n. A state of concealment. 
Clang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

CLANGING.] [Lat. clangere, Ger. klingen, Gr. /cAd^etv, 

p. KeK\ayya.) To strike together with a ringing metallic 
Clang, v. i. To produce a sharp, shrill sound, [sound. 
Clang, n. A sharp, ringing sound, like that made by 

metallic substances when struck together. 
Clan'gor (klan'gor, 82), n. [Lat., from clangere, to 

clang.] A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. 
Clan'gor-oiis, a. Making a clangor. 
Clank (82), n. [See Clang.] The loud, ringing sound 

made by a collision of sonorous bodies. 
Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clanked ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

CLANKING.] To cause to make a sharp, ringing sound. 
Clank, v. i. To make a sharp, ringing noise, as of pieces 

of metal struck together ; to clang. [unite. 

Clan'nish, a. Closely united, like a clan ; disposed to 
Clan'nisk-ly, adv. In a clannish manner. 
Clan'nisli-ness, 11. Close adherence or disposition to 

unite, as a clan. 
Clan'ship, n. A state of union, as in a family or clan. 
Clap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clapped (klapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. CLAPPING.] [A.-S. clappan.) 1. To strike with a 

quick motion, so as to make a noise by the collision. 2. 

To thrust, drive, or put, in a hasty or abrupt manner. 

3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands to- 
gether. 4. To inlect with a venereal poison. 
Clap, v. i. 1. To come together suddenly with noise. 2. 

To strike the hands together in applause. 3. To enter 

with alacrity and briskness. 
Clap, n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision. 2. A 

stroke ; a thrust. 3. A sudden explosion. 4. A strik- 
ing of hands to express approbation. 5. [Fr. clapoir ; 

D. klapoor.] A venereal infection ; gonorrhea. 
Clap'board (klab / burd), n. 1. A strip of board thicker 

at one edge than at the other ; — used for covering the 

outside of houses. [Amer.] 2. A stave. [Eng.] 
Clap'board, v. t. To cover with clapboards. [Amer.] 
Clap'per, n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which 

strikes, as the tongue of a bell. 
Clap'per-elavv, v. t. [From clap and claw.] 1. To 

fight and scratch. 2. To revile ; to scold. 
Clap '-trap, n. A trick or device to gain applause. 
Clar'ence, n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one 

seat inside, and a driver's seat. 
Clar'en-cerix Uklar/en-shu), n. (Her.) The second 
Clar'en-cieiix j king at arms ; — so called, probably, 

from the duke of Clarence. [Eng.] 
Clare'-ob-scure / , n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and obscurus, 

obscure.] 1. Light and shade in painting. 2. A design 

of two colors. 
Clar'et, n. [Fr. clairet, properly dim. of clair, clear.] 1. 

An inferior French pale wine. 2. A dark-red wine from 

Bordeaux and the Garonne. 
Clar'i-cliord, n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and chorda, string. 

See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in 

form of a spinet. 
Clai^i-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of clearing or fining. 
Clar'i-fl / er, n. 1. That which clarifies or purifies. 2. 

A vessel in which clarification is conducted. 
Clar'i-fy, «■ *■ [imp. & p.p. clarified ; p.pr. & vb. 

n. CLARIFYING.] [Lat. clarificare, from clarus, clear, 

and facere, to make.] 1. To make clear ; to purify from 

feculent matter ; to defecate ; to fine. 2. To brighten 

or illuminate. [Rare.] 
Clar'i-fy, v. i. 1. To become pure, as liquors. 2. To 

grow clear or bright. 
Clar'i-on, n. [L. Lat. clario, claro, fr. Lat. clarus, clear.] 

A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. 
Clar / i-o-net', ) n. [From Lat. clarus. See supra.] (Mus.) 
Clar'i-net/, j A wind instrument, of the reed kind, 

the leading instrument in a military band. 
-Cla'ro-ob-s-eu'ro , n. See Clare-obscure. 
Clash, v. i. [imp. & p.p. CLASHED (klasht); p.pr. & 

vb. n. CLASHING.] [Ger. klatschen, klitschen, D. klet- 



e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care,f ar, ask, all, what ; er*» veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



CLASH 



125 



CLEAR-STARCH 



sen, Pol. klaskac] 1. To dash noisily together. 2. To 
come in collision ; to interfere. 

Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against. 

Clash, n. 1. A meeting of bodies with violence ; collis- 
ion of bodies. 2. Contradiction, as between differing or 
contending interests, views, purposes, &c. 

Clasp (6), n. [See infra.] 1. A catch, for holding to- 
gether the parts of any thing. 2. A close embrace. 

Clasp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. clasped ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
CLASPING.] [0. Eng. elapse, Ger. klappsen, to tap, 
clack, slap, Happen, to clap, flap.] 1. To shut or fasten 
together with a clasp. 2. To embrace ; to grasp, [dril. 

Clasp'er, n. One who, or that which, clasps, as a ten- 

Clasp'-knif e (-nif), n. A large knife, the blade of which 
folds or shuts into the handle. 

Class (6), n. [Lat. classis, from Gr. /cAa<ri?, kAtjctis, the 
people as assembled or called together, from /caAeiv, to 
call.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as pos- 
sessing common characteristics. 2. A number of stu- 
dents, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. 
3. An order or division of animate or inanimate objects. 

Class, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLASSED (klast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. classing.] [Fr. classer. See supra.] To form into 
a class ; to arrange in classes ; to rank together. 

Class, v. i. To be grouped or classed. 

Clas'sie, | a. [Lat. classicus, relating to the classes of 

Clas'si-e-al, J the Roman people, and esp. to the first 
class, from classis, class.] 1. Of the first class or rank, 
esp. in literature or art ; orig. and chiefly used of the best 
Greek and Roman writers, but also applied to the best 
modern authors. 2. Pertaining to the Greeks and Lat- 
ins. 3. Chaste; pure; refined. 4. (Eccl.) Pertaining 
to a classis. 

Clas'sie ,.n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and 
authority. 2. One learned in the classics. 

Clas'sie-al-i§m, n. A classical idiom, style, or expres- 
sion ; a classicism. 

cllSlc-al-nSs, | n - ^ * ualit y of bein S classical - 

Clas'sie-al-ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner. 2. Ac- 
cording to a regular order of classes. 

Clas'si-cigm, n. A classic idiom or expression. 

Clas'si-£ist, n. One skilled in classical learning. 

Clas-sif'ie, a. Constituting a class or classes, [classes. 

Clas'si-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of forming into a class or 

Clas'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. classified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. classifying.] [Lat. classis, class, and facere, to 
make.] To distribute into classes. 
Syn. — To arrange; distribute; classify; rank; systematize. 

Class'mate, n. One who is in the same class. 

Clat'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clattered ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
n. CLATTERING.] [D. klateren, kletteren, A.-S. clatrung, 
cleadur, drum, rattle.] 1. To make rattling sounds. 2. 
To rattle with the tongue ; to prate. 

Clat'ter, v. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. 

Clat'ter, n. A repeated rattling noise. 

Clat'ter-er, n. One who clatters ; a babbler. 

Clauge, n. [L. Lat. clausa, for clausula, from Lat. clau- 
d'ere, to shut, to end.] 1. A separate portion of a writ- 
ten paper, paragraph, or sentence. 2. (Gram.) A por- 
tion of a sentence containing a finite verb and its adjunct. 

Claus'tral, a. [L. Lat. claustralis, from Lat. claustrum, 
lock, bar, inclosure, from claudere, to shut.] Relating 
to a cloister, or religious house. 

Cla'vate, ) a. [From Lat. clava, club.] (Bot. & 

Cla'va-ted, J Zo'ol.) Club-shaped ; growing gradually 
thicker toward the top. 

Clav'i-ehdrd, n. [Lat. clavis, key, and chorda, string.] 
(Mus.) A keyed, stringed instrument, now superseded by 
the piano-forte. 

Clav'i-ele (klav'i-kl), n. [Lat. clavicula, dim. of clavis, 
key.] (Anat.) The collar-bone. 

Cla'vi-er (kla'vi-er or klu've-a'), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
clavis, key.] (Mus.) The key-board of an organ, piano- 
forte, or harmonium. 

Claw, n. [A.-S. clavn, da.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, 
as of a beast or bird. 2. Any thing resembling the claw 
of an animal. 

Claw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAWED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CLAWING.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with daws or 
nails. 2. To get off or escape. 

Clay, n. [A.-S. claeg, W. clai.J 1. A soft earth, con- 
sisting of alumina and silica, with water. 2. (Poetry & 
Script.) Earth in general, as representing the element- 
ary particles of the human body; hence, the human 
body as formed out of such particles. 

Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



claying.] 1. To manure with clay. 2. To purify 
and whiten with clay, as sugar. 

Clay'-eold, a. Cold as clay ; lifeless. 

Clay'ey, a. Consisting of clay ; abounding with clay ; 
partaking of clay ; like clay. 

Clay'-marl, n. A whitish, smooth, chalky clay. 

Clay'more, n. [Contr. from Gael, claid/ieamh-mor, a 
broadsword, from Gael, claidheamh, sword, and mor, 
great, large.] A large two-handed sword used formerly 
by the Scottish Highlanders. 

Clean, a. [compar. CLEANER ; superl. CLEANEST.] 
[A.-S. clsene, of Celtic origin.] 1. Free from dirt or 
filth. 2. Free from that which is injurious ; without 
defects. 3. Free from awkwardness ; adroit ; dexterous. 
4. Free from restraint or limitation ; complete. 5 Free 
from moral defilement ; sinless ; pure. 6. (Script.) Free 
from ceremonial defilement. 

Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder ; quite; 
perfectly ; wholly ; entirely. 2. Dexterously ; adroitly. 

Clean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cleaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cleaning.] To free from dirt ; to purify ; to cleanse. 

Clean'li-ly (klen'li-ly), adv. In a cleanly manner. 

Clean'li-ness (klen'li-nes), n. 1. Freedom from dirt 
2. Neatness of person or dress ; purity. 

Clean'ly (klen'ly), a. [compar. cleanlier ; superl. 
CLEANLIEST.] [From clean.] 1. Habitually clean; 
carefully avoiding defilement. 2. Innocent ; pure. 3. 
Rendering clean ; cleansing. 4. Free from awkward- 
ness ; adroit ; artful. 

Clean'ly (klen'ly), adv. In a clean manner; neatly. 

Clean'ness (109), n. State or quality of being clean. 

Cleang'a-hle, a. Capable of being cleansed. 

Cleange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cleansed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. cleansing.] [A.-S. clsensjan, clxnsnjan, from clsene, 
clean.] To render clean. 

Cleang'er, n. One who, or that which, cleanses ; a deter- 
gent, [limits. 

Clear, n. ( Carp.) Full extent ; distance between extreme 

Clear, a. [compar. clearer ; superl. clearest.] 
[Lat. clarus, clear, bright.] 1. Free from opaqueuess, 
uncertainty, passion, blemish, guilt, obstacle, and the 
like. 2. Able to perceive clearly ; acute ; discriminating ; 
unbiased. 3. Easily or distinctly heard ; audible. 

Syn. — Manifest ; pure ; unmixed ; pellucid ; transparent; 
luminous ; obvious ; visible ; plain ; evident ; apparent ; dis- 
tinct; perspicuous. See Manifest. 

Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner ; plainly. 2. Wholly ; 
q_uite ; entirely. 

Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLEARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
clearing.] 1. To free from obscurity, perplexity, im- 
pediment, and the like. 2. To leap or pass by, or over, 
without touching or failure. 3. To remove so as to leave 
something unobstructed. 

To clear a sliip, to procure a permission to sail, and such 
papers as the law requires. — To clear the land (Xaut.), to gain 
such a distance from shore as to have open sea room. 

Clear, v. i. 1, To become free from clouds or fog. 2. 
To become free or disengaged. 3. (Banking.) To make 
exchanges and settle balances by a method adopted 
among bankers. 

To clear out, to depart. [Colloq.] 

Clear'age, n. Act of removing any thing ; clearance. 

Clear'an^e, n. 1. The act of clearing. 2. A certificate 
that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the custom- 
house. 3. Clear or net profit. 

Clear'er, n. One who, or that which, clears. 

Clear'ing, n. 1. Act or process of making clear. 2. A 
place or tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. 
[Amer.] 3. (Banking.) A method adopted by banks 
and bankers for making exchanges and settling balances. 

Clear'ing-house, n. (Banking.) The place where tho 
business of clearing is carried on. 

Clear'ly, adv. In a clear manner; without obscurity, 
obstruction, or the like. 

Clear'ness, n. The state of being clear ; free from what* 
ever obscures, obstructs, injures, defiles, &c. 

Syn. — Perspicuity ; transparency. — Clearness is either 
physical or mental. In the latter case it is a quality of thought, 
as perspicuity is of language. Clear ideas; a clear arrange- 
ment ; p>erspicuous phraseology. Transparency is both physi- 
cal and moral. The transparency of the heavens; transparent 
integrity ; a transparent style. 

Clear'slght'ed (-slt'ed), a. Having acuteness of sight. 

Clear'- slghfed-ness (-slt / -), n. Acute discernment. 

Clear'-starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clear-starched ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CLEAR-STARCHING.] To stiffen with 
starch, and then clear by clapping with the hands. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; egist; linger, link ; this. 



CLEAR-STORY 



126 



CLINCHER 



Clear'-Sto'ry, n. {Arch.) An upper story, or row of 
windows in a church, tower, or other erection, rising 
clear above the adjoining parts of the building. 

■Clear '-stuff, n. Boards, &c, free from knots. 

Cleat, n. [From Prov. Eng. dead, to clothe, 
Ger. kleiden.] 1. (Carp.) A narrow strip of 
wood nailed to something for the purpose of 
strengthening or fastening it. 2. (Naut.) A 
piece of wood, having different forms according 
to its particular use. 3. A piece of iron fas- 
tened to shoes, to render them more durable. 

Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat. 

Cleav'a-ble, a. Capable of cleaving or being Cleat. (2.) 
divided. 

Cleav'age, n. 1. Act of cleaving. 2. (Crystallog.) 
Quality of splitting or dividing naturally. 

Cleave, v. i. [imp. cleaved (clave, obs.); .p. p. 
CLEAVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CLEAVING.] [A.S. clifan, 
clifjan.] 1. To adhere closely ; to stick ; to hold fast. 
2. To be united closely in interest or affection. 3. To 
be shaped or adapted ; to suit ; to agree. 

Cleave, v. t. [imp. cleft (clave, obs., clove, ob- 
solescent), p. p. cleft or cleaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CLEAVING.] [A.S. cleofan, clifan.] 1. To part or 
divide by force ; to split or rive. 2. To part or open 
naturally ; to divide. 

Cleave, v. i. To part ; to open ; to crack. 

Cleav'er, n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves, 
especially a butcher's instrument for cutting up meat. 

Clef, n. [From Lat. clavis, key, Gr. , , n 

KAat?.] (Mus.) A character used in r^-] C\} -y— 

musical notation to determine the 'Z _ 3^~ /fay 

position and pitch of the scale as Vj/ 

represented on the staff. *? 

Cleft, imp. &p. p. from cleave. See c Clef - FClef - GClef - 
Cleave. 

Cleft, n. [From cleave, to split.] 1. An opening made 
by splitting. 2. A piece made by splitting. 3. (Far.) 
A crack on the bend of the pastern. 

Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny. 

Clem'a-tis, n. [Gr. KA^cn-is, from K^fxa, twig, shoot, 
from K\qv, to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing 
plants, of many species. 

Clem'en-cy> n. [Lat. dementia, from clemens, mild, 
calm.] 1. Disposition to treat with favor and kindness, 
or to forgive and spare, as offenders. 2. Mildness or 
softness iu respect to the elements. 

Syn. — Mildness ; tenderness ; indulgence; lenity; mercy; 
gentleness; compassion; kindness. 

Clem'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposition. 

Syn. — Gentle ; lenient; merciful; kind; tender; compas- 
sionate; indulgent. 

Clem'ent-ine, a. Pertaining to St. Clement, or to his 
compilations ; or to the constitutions of Clement V. 

Clem'ent-ly, adv. With mildness of temper. 

Clench, v. t. See Clinch. 

Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. [Lat. clepsydra^ Gr. 
Kkexjrudpa, from KKenTeiv, to steal, conceal, and vfiwp, 
water.] A contrivance used anciently for measuring time 
by the gradual discharge of water from small apertures, 
as if by stealth. 

Cler'gy (14), n. [L. Lat. clericia, from Lat. clericus, Gr. 
KA-rjpiKo?, priest, from Lat. clerus, Gr. kA.%>o?, the clergy.] 
1. The body of ecclesiastics, in distinction from the laity ; 
in England, usually the ministers of the established 
church. 2. The privilege or benefit of clergy. 

Benefit of clergy {Eng. Law), the exemption of clergymen 
from criminal process before a secular judge — a privilege ex- 
tended at one time to all who could read, but now abolished. 

Cler'gy-a-ble, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit 
of clergy. 

Cler'gy-man, n. ; pi. clergy-men. An ordained 
minister ; one of the clergy. 

Cler'ie, n. [See Clergy.] A clerk, or clergyman. 

Cler'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to the clergy. 2. Per- 

Cler'ie-al, J taining to a clerk or copyist. 

Clerk (14), n. [From Lat. clericus; A.-S. clerc, cleric, 
deroc, clerk, priest. See Clergy.] 1. An educated 
person; a scholar. [Obs.] 2. [Eng.] A parish officer, 
being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the 
Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. 3. 
A scribe ; a penman ; an accountant. 4. An assistant in 
a 6hop or store, who sells goods, keeps accounts, &c. 

0S°- This word is generally pronounced klarJc in England, 
but this pronunciation is very uncommon in the United States. 

Clerk'ly, a. Scholar-like. 




Clevi 



Clgrk'ship, n. Condition, office, or business of a clerk. 

Clev'er, a. [A.-S. gleaw, skillful, wise, gleawferhdh, 
sagacious, Goth, glaggvus.] 1. Possessing skill, dex- 
terity, talent, or adroitness. 2. Showing skill or adroit- 
ness in the doer or former. 3. Having fitness, propriety, 
or suitableness. 4. Well-shaped; handsome. 5. Good- 
natured; kind-hearted. [Amer.] 
Syn.— Expert; dexterous; skillful; adroit; talented. 

Clev'er-ly, adv. In a clever manner ; skillfully. 

Clev'er-ness, n. Quality of being clever. 

Clev'is, t n. [Akin to O. Eng. clewe, Eng. 

Clev'y, j cleave, to fasten.] The U-shaped 
draft-iron on the end of a cart-tongue or 
plow -beam. 

Clew (klu), n. [A.-S. cleow ; akin to Lat. 
globus and glomus.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. 
The thread used to guide a person in a lab- 
yrinth. 3. That which guides one in any thing of a. 
doubtful or intricate nature. 4. (Naut.) The lower 
corner of a square-sail, and the aftmost corner of a fore- 
and-aft sail. [Also written clue.] 

Clew (klu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. clewed (klud) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. clewing.] 1. (Naut.) To draw up to the 
yard, as a sail. 2. To direct, as by a thread. 

Click, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clicked (klikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. clicking.] [An onomatopoetic word.] To make 
a small, sharp noise, as by a gentle striking ; to tick. 

Click, n. 1. A small, sharp sound. 2. A peculiar kind 
of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa. 

Click, n. A small piece of iron, falling into a notched 
wheel ; a detent ; a pawl. 

Cli'ent, n. [Lat. cliens, for cluens, from 0. Lat. cluere, 
Gr. ickveip, to hear.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who 
put himself under the protection of a patron. 2. A de- 
pendent. 3. One who applies to a lawyer or counselor 
for advice, direction, &c, in a question of law. 

Cli-ent'al, a. 1. Dependent. [Rare.] 2. Of, or per- 
taining to, a client. 

Cli'ent-ship, n. The state or condition of a client. 

Cliff, 11. [A.-S. clif, cliof cleof, from cleofan, clifan, to 
cleave, split.] A high, steep rock ; a precipice. 

Cliffy, a. Having cliffs ; broken ; craggy. 

Cli-m&e'ter-i-e, or Clim/ac-ter'ie, a. [Lat. climac- 
tericus, Gr. KAtjua/cT^pt/cos, from KA?jma^, a ladder.] Relat- 
ing to a critical period of human life. 

Cli-m&e'ter-ie, or Clim/ae-ter'ic (123), n. 1. A 
critical period in human life, or a period in which some 
great change is supposed to take place in the human con- 
stitution. 2. Any critical period. 
Grand or great climacteric, the 63d year. 

Clim'ae-ter'ie-al, a. & n. Same as Climacteric. 

CK'mate, n. [Lat. clima, Gr. KkCfxa, gen. kAxju-oitos, a 
region or zone of the earth, from K\Cvetv, to slope, incline.] 
1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones of the 
earth, parallel to the equator. 2. Condition of a place 
in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, 
as temperature, moisture, &c. 

Cli-mat'i-e, ) a- Pertaining to a climate or climates ; 

Cli-mat'i-e-al, j limited by a climate. 

Cli'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. climatized; p.pr. 
& vb. n. climatizing.] To acclimate. 

Cll'ma-tlze, v. i. To become acclimated. 

Cli'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. /cA.t>a and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science of climates, or a treatise on climates. 

CH'm&x, n. [Lat., from Gr. Kklyax^, ladder, from /cAiVeiv, 
to bend, to lean.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure or arrangement 
in which a sentence rises as it were step by step in im- 
portance, force, or dignity. 2. The highest point; the 
greatest degree ; acme. [Illegitimate.] 

Climb (kllm), v. i. or t. [imp. & p.p. CLIMBED (clomb 
(klom), obs. or vulgar) ; p. pr. & vb. n. climbing.] 
[A.-S. climban.] To ascend by means of the hands and 
feet ; to mount laboriously or slowly. 

CHmb'a-l>le (kllm'-), a. Capable of being climbed. 

CHmVer (kllm'er), n. One who, or that which, climbs. 

Clime, n. [See CLIMATE.] A climate; a region. 

Clinch (66,) v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLINCHED (klincht) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CLINCHING.] [Also written clench.] 1. 
To make, or hold, fast ; to grasp ; to gripe. 2. To render 
firm ; to confirm ; to establish. 

Clinch, it. 1. Act or process of holding fast, or that 
which serves to hold fast. 2. A word used in a double 
meaning ; a pun. [Rare.] 3. (Naut.) A kind of knot 
and seizings used to fasten a cable or the breeching of a 
gun to ring-bolts. 

Clinch'er, n. One who, or that which, clinches. 



CLING 



127 



CLOUD 



Cling, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLUNG ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLING- 
ING.] [A.-S. clingan.] 1. To adhere closely ; to hold 
fast, especially by winding round or embracing. 2. To 
adhere closely and firmly in interest or affection. 

Cling, v. t. To cause to adhere to, especially by winding 
round or embracing. [heres closely to the stone. 

Cling'stone (20), n. A variety of peach, whose pulp ad- 

Cllng'y, a. Apt to cling ; adhering closely ; adhesive. 

Clin'ie, ) a. [Gr. kKivucos, from k/UVt), couch, bed.] 

•Clin'i-e-al, j Pertaining to a bed ; confined to a bed by 
illness ; bed-ridden. 

Clin'ie, it. One confined to the bed by sickness. 

Clink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLINKED (kllnkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CLINKING.] [0. H. Ger. klinkan, chlingan, allied 
to Lat. clangere.] To make a small, sharp, ringing sound. 

-Clink:, n. A sharp, ringing sound. 

Cllnk'er,n. [From clink, v. t., because it makes a sharp 
and sonorous sound.] 1. Several bricks united together 
by the action of heat. 2. Scoria, or refuse of a furnace ; 
vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano. 

Clink'stone, n. [clink and stone, from its sonorous- 
ness.] ( Min. ) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition 
like porphyry, but lamellar, of a grayish or bluish color. 

Clip, v. t. [imp. & p.p. CLIPPED (klipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. clipping.] [A.-S.clyppan.] 1. To embrace ; hence, 
to encompass. [Obs.] 2, To cut off, as with a single 
stroke of scissors. 3. To curtail ; to cut short. 

Clip, v. i. To move swiftly ; — usually with it. 

■Clip, n. 1. An embrace. 2. A cutting ; a shearing. 3. 
Product of a single shearing. 4. A blow or stroke with 
the hand. [Colloq., Amer.] 

Clip 'per, n. 1. One who clips ; especially, one who cuts 
off the edges of coin. 2. (Naut.) A kind of vessel built 
for fast sailing, having the bow sharp and long. 

CKp'ping, n. 1. Act of embracing. 2. Act of cutting 
off, or curtailing. 3. That which is clipped off. 

Clique (kleek), n. [Fr. Cf. D. gelijk, 0. H. Ger. gilihho, 
like, equal.] A narrow circle of persons ; a party. 

Cloak (20), n. [L. Lat. cloca, 0. Fr. cloche ; Gael, cleoc] 
1_. A loose, outer garment. 2. A disguise or pretext. 

Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cloaked (klokt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cloaking.] To cover with a cloak; hence, to 
hide or conceal. [are carried ; a portmanteau. 

Cloak'-foag, n. A bag in which a cloak or other clothes 

Clock, n. [A.-S. clucge, 0. H. Ger. glogga, glocca, clocca, 
from cloccon, to strike, beat.] An instrument or machine 
for measuring time. 

Clock'-work (-wiirk), n. Machinery and movements 
of a clock, or resembling those of a clock. 

Clod, n. [A.-S. chid, rock, stone, clot, log.] 1. A lump 
or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. 2. The 
ground ; the earth. 3. The body of man as compared 
with his soul. 4. A dull, stupid fellow ; a dolt. 

Clod, v. i. To collect into concretions ; to clot. 

Clod, v. t. To pelt with clods. 

Clod'dy, a. 1. Full of clods. 2. Earthy; mean; gross. 

Clod'-hop'per, n. A rude, rustic fellow ; a clown ; a 
dolt ; a bumpkin ; a plowman. 

ClSd'pate, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt ; a blockhead. 

Clod'pat'ed, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. 

Clod'poll, n. A dolt ; a blockhead ; a clodpate. 

Cloff , n. See Clough. 

Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CLOGGING.] [Scot, clag ; Icel. kleggi, a compact mass, 
W. cleg, a sonorous mass.] 1. To encumber, or load ; 
especially with something that sticks fast. 2. To ob- 
struct so as to hinder motion in or through ; to choke 
up. 3. To hinder; to embarrass. 

Syn. — Impede ; hamper ; confuse ; burden ; restrain ; restrict. 

C15g, v . i. 1. To become loaded or encumbered, as with 
extraneous matter. 2. To coalesce or adhere. 

Clog, n. 1. That which hinders motion ; an embarrass- 
ment. 2. A heavy shoe, having the upper part of thick 
leather, and the sole of wood ; — hence, a wooden shoe. 
Syn. — Load; weight; hindrance; impediment. 

Clog'gi-ness, n. The state of being clogged. 

Clog'gy, a. Having power to clog ; adhesive. 

Clois'ter, n. [Lat. claustrum,y>\. claustra, from claudere, 
clausum, to close, to shut.] 1. A covered arcade. 2. 
A monastic establishment. 

Syn. — Monastery; nunnery ; convent; abbey; priory.— 
Cloister is generic, being a place of seclusion from the world; 
a monastery is usually for men called monks; a nunnery is 
for women; a comment is a community of recluses; an abbey and 
apriory are named from their heads, an abbot or prior. 

Clois'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cloistered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CLOISTERING.] To confine in a cloister. 



Clois'tral, a. Pertaining to, or confined to, a cloister. 

Cloke, n. See Cloak. 

Cloge, v. t. [imp.. & p. p. closed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
closing.] [See m/ra,] 1. To bring together the parts 
of; to stop; to shut. 2. To bring to an end; to con- 
clude. 3. To inclose ; to encompass ; to confine. 

Cloge, v. i. 1. To come together ; to unite or coalesce. 
2. To end ; to terminate. 



to consent or agree. (6.) To 



To close with, (a.) To accede; 
grapple with ; — said of wrestlers. 

Cloge, n. 1. Union of parts-, junction. 2. Conclusion ; 
termination; end. 3. A grapple in wrestling. _ 

4. ( Mus.) End of a strain of music ; cadence. -J\ 
Cloge, n. [See infra.} 1. An inclosed place; jji 

especially a small inclosed field or piece of land. JJ 
2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a Close, 
court, and the houses within. | Eng.] 
Close (klos, 20), a. [compar. CLOSER; superl. CLOS- 
EST.] [From Lat. clausus, p. p. of claudere, to shut.] 
1. Shut fast; closed; tight. 2. Pent up; confined; 
secret ; retired. 3. Stagnant ; opppressive ; without mo- 
tion or ventilation. 4, Secretive; reticent; taciturn. 

5. Parsimonious ; niggardly ; penurious. 6. Dense ; 
solid ; compact. 7. Adjoining ; near. 8. Intimate ; 
familiar ; confidential. 9. Adhering to a rule or stand- 
ard ; strict. 10» Accurate ; careful ; precise. 11, 
Evenly balanced ; doubtful. 

Close communion, with Baptists, communion in the Lord's 
supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by im- 
mersion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills 
its own vacancies, and is not open to the public. — Close vowel 
(Pron.), one which is pronounced with a diminished aperture 
of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. 

Close, adv. In a close manner or state. 

Close'-tood'ied, a. Fitting the body exactly. 

Close'-f ist/ed, a. Covetous ; niggardly. 

Close'-hauled (-hawld), a. (Naut.) Kept as near as 
possible to the point from which the wind blows. 

Close'ly, adv. In a close manner. 

Close'ness, n. The state of being close. 

Clog'er, n. One who, or that which, closes ; a finisher. 

Close'-stobl, n. A stool or box, in which a chamber 
vessel is placed, for the sick. 

Clog'et, n. [0. Fr. closet, dim. of clos, an inclosure.] 1, 
A small room for retirement or privacy. 2, A small, 
close apartment, in the side of a room, for utensils, arti- 
cles of furniture, &c. 

Clog'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOSETED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
closeting.] 1. To shut up in a closet. 2. To take 
into a private room for consultation. 

Clog'ure (klo'zhur), n. [Lat. clausura, from claudere, to 
shut.] 1. Act of shutting ; a closing. 2, That which 
closes or shuts. 3. That which incloses or confines ; an 
inclosure. 4. End; conclusion. 

Clot, it. [See Clod.] A concretion, especially of a soft, 
slimy character ; a coagulation. 

Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
clotting.] 1, To concrete or coagulate, as soft or 
fluid matter. 2. To he formed into clots or clods. 3 . 
To become gross. 

Cloth (21), n. [A.-S. clcLdh. The pi. is regular, cloths; 
hut when it signifies garments, it is written clothes.] 1, 
A stuff of some fibrous material, formed by weaving. 2, 
A piece of such a fabric appropriated to some particular 
use. 3. A profession, or the members of it, especially 
the clerical profession. 

Clothe, v . t. [imp. & p. p. CLOTHED or CLAD ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CLOTHING.] [A.-S. cladhjan, D. kleeden, Icel. 
klaedha, Dan. klaede, Sw. klae.da, Ger. kleiden. See 
supra.] 1. To put garments upon. 2. To furnish with 
raiment. 3. To cover or invest, as with a garment. 

Clothe, v. i. To wear clothes. 

Clotheg (klothz, colloq. kloz), «. ; pi. of cloth. 1. Cover- 
ing for the human body. 2. Covering of a bed. 

Syn. — Garments ; dress ; apparel ; attire ; vesture ; rai- 
ment ; garb. 

Clotheg'- wring'er (-rmg'er), n. A machine for wring- 
ing or pressing water from clothes after they have been 
washed. 

Cloth'ier (kloth/yer), n. 1. One who makes cloths. 
[Eng.] 2. One who sells cloth. 3. One who dresses or 
fulls cloth. [Amer.] 

Cloth'ing, n. Garments in general ; clothes ; dress ; 
raiment ; covering. 

Clot'ty, a. Full of clots, or small, hard masses. 

Cloud, n. [Prob. from A.-S. clhd, a rock or hillock, as 
clouds frequently resemble rocks or hillocks.] 1. A col- 
lection of visible vapor suspended in the atmosphere. 



food, fdbt •, urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; egist ; linger, link ; this. 



CLOUD 



128 



COADVENTURER 



2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resem- 
bling vapor. 3. A dark vein or spot, as in marble. 
4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening as- 
pect. 5. A great crowd or multitude. 

Cloud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOUDED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
clouding-.] 1. To overspread with clouds. 2. To 
render dark or obscure. 3. To variegate with colors. 

■Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy or obscure. [clouds. 

Cloud'-eapt, a. Capped with clouds ; touching the 

Cloud'-eom-peFling, a. Collecting or driving clouds. 

Cloud'i-ly, adv. With clouds ; darkly ; obscurely. 

Cloud'i-ness, n. The state of being cloudy. 

Cloud'less, a. Being without a cloud ; unclouded. 

Cloud'y, a. [compar. CLOUDIER; superl. cloudiest.] 
1. Overcast or obscured with clouds ; clouded. 2. Con- 
sisting of a cloud or clouds. 3. Lacking clearness, 
brightness, or luster. 4. Not easily understood. 5. 
Having the appearance of gloom ; not open or cheerful. 
6. Marked with veins or spots, as marble. 

Clotigh (kluf ), n. [A.-S.,from cleofan, rib/an, &c. See 
CLEAVE, v. t.] A narrow valley between two hills. 

Clough (klof ), n. 1. An allowance of two pounds in 
every hundred weight, after tare and tret have been de- 
ducted. 2. A kind of sluice for letting off water. 

Clout, n. [A.-S. cliit.] 1, A piece of cloth, leather, 
&c , used for a patch. 2. The center of the butt at 
which archers shoot. 3. An iron plate on an axletree. 
4. [0. Fr. clouet, dim. of clou, from Lat. clavus, nail.] 
A small nail. 5. A blow with the hand. [Low.] 

Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
clouting.] [A.-S. cliit jan, from cliit.] 1. To cover 
with cloth or other material ; to patch •, to mend, 2. 
To join in a clumsy manner. 3. To guard with an iron 
plate. 4. To strike. [Low.] 

Clout'-nail, n. 1. A nail used for securing small 
patches of iron, &c. 2. A nail with a large head for the 
soles of shoes. 

Clove, n. [From Lat. clavus, nail, fr. its likeness to a 
nail.] 1. A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpand- 
ed flower-bud of the clove-tree. 2. [A.-S. clufe, from 
cleofan, cliifan, to cleave, split.] (Bot.) One of the small 
bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. 

Clove'«*gIl'ly-flow-er, n. (Bot.) A species of pink, 
bearing a beautiful flower ; — called also carnation pink 
and clove-pink. 

Clove'-hitch, n. (Naut.) A hitch formed with a rope, 
leaving the ends to reach out in contrary directions. 

Clo'wn (kkVvn), p. p. from cleave. See CLEAVE. 

Clo'ven-f oot'ed } (27, 108), a. Having the foot or hoof 

Clo'ven-hoof ed J divided into two parts, as the ox. 

Clove'- pink, n. The clove-gillyflower or carnation pink. 

Clo'ver, n. [A.-S. clsfer.] (Bot.) A plant of different 
species. 
To live in clover, to live luxuriously, or in abundance. 

Clown, n. [Contracted from Lat. colonics, husbandman, 
from colere, to till.] 1„ A husbandman ; a rustic. 2. One 
who has the manners of a rustic ; an ill-bred man. 3. 
The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, &c. 

Clown, v. i. To act as a clown. 

Clown'ish, a. Of, or relating to, a clown ; like a clown. 
Syn.— Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; 
uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic. 

Clown'ish-ly, adv. In a clownish manner. 

Clown'ish-ness, n. Manners of a clown ; rusticity ; 
incivility ; awkwardness. 

Cloy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CLOYING.] [0. Fr. doer, Fr. doner, to nail up, fr. Lat. 
clavus, nail.] To glut, or satisfy ; to satiate ; to surfeit. 

Club, n. 1. [From 0. H. Ger. chlofon, chlophon, to 
knock.] A heavy staff or piece of wood, to be wielded 
with the hand. 2. One of the four suits of cards, hav- 
ing a figure somewhat like that of the trefoil or clover- 
leaf ;— generally in the pi. 3. [Either akin to Ger. 
Hump, lump, mass, crowd, or from A.-S. cleofan, to 
split, divide, because each one contributes his share to 
defray expenses.] An association of persons for the pro- 
motion of some common object. 4. The share of ex- 
pense in such an association. 

Club, v.i. 1. To combine for the promotion of some 
common object. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a 
common expense. 

Club,t>. t. [imp. & p. p. clubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
clubbing.] 1. To unite for the accomplishment of a 
common end. 2. To raise by a proportional assessment. 

To chib a musket {Mil.), to turn the breech uppermost, so as 
to use it as a club. 



ClubHoish, a. Disposed to associate together. 

Cliib'-f dot (27), n. A short, deformed foot. 

Cliib'-f obt'ed, a. Having deformed or crooked feet. 

Club'-house, n. A house occupied by a club. 

Club'-law, n. Government by clubs, or violence. 

Club'-room, n. Apartment in which a club meets. 

Cluck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clucked ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CLUCKING.] [A.-S. cloccan, W. clocian, dwcian, Lat. 
glocire, Gr. k\u>^siv.] To make the noise of a bi-ooding hen. 

Cluck, v. t. To call as a hen does her chickens. 

Cluck, n. (Pron.) A peculiar kind of articulation used 
by the natives of South Africa ; a click. 

Clue, n. [See Clew.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. Thread 
unwound from a ball, used to guide a person in a laby- 
rinth. 3. Any thing serving to guide or direct. 4. 
(Naut.) One of the two lower comers of a square-sail. 

Clump, n. [Ger. Mump, Icel. klumpr, from the roofe 
klimpa, preserved in M. H. Ger. klimpfen, to press to- 
gether. Cf. CLUB.] 1. A shapeless mass of wood or 
other substance. 2. A cluster of trees or shrubs. 3. 
The compressed clay of coal strata. 

Cliim'gi-ly, adv. In a clumsy manner ; awkwardly. 

Clum'gi-ness, n. Quality of being clumsy. 

Clum'gy, a. [compar. CLUMSIER ; superl. CLUMSIEST.] 
[From clump, q. v.] 1. Without grace off shape, man- 
ners, &c. ; unhandy. 2. Ill-made ; badly constructed. 
Syn. — Awkward; uncouth. See Awkwakd. 

Clung, imp. & p. p. of cling. See Cling. 

Clu'ni-a-e, n. (Bed. Hist.) One of a reformed order of 
Benedictine monks; — so called from Clugni, or Cluny, 
in France. 

Cliis'ter, n. [A.-S. cluster, clyster. Cf. Sw. & Dan. 
klase, a cluster of grapes, and D. klissen, to be entan- 
gled] 1. A number of things of the same kind grow- 
ing, joined, or collected together. 2. A number of sim- 
ilar things collected together, or lying contiguous. 3. 
A crowd. 

Cliis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clustered ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. CLUSTERING.] To grow in clusters ; to gather or 
unite in a bunch or mass. 

Cliis'ter, v. t. To collect into a bunch or close body. 

Cliis'ter-y,a. 1. Growing in clusters. 2. Full of clusters. 

Clutch, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. CLUTCHED (khltcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CLUTCHING.] [Akin to Ger. kluppe, 0. H. Ger. 
chluppa, claw, tongs.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with 
the hand. 2. To close tightly ; to clinch. 

Clutch, v. i. To catch ; to snatch. 

Cliitch, n. 1. A gripe; seizure; grasp. 2. (Mach.) (a.) 
A projecting piece of machinery, for connecting shafts, 
so as to be disengaged at pleasure, (b.) The cross-head of 
a piston-rod. 3. pi. The hands ; hence, power ; ra- 
pacity ; cruelty. 

Cliit'ter, n. [Cf. 0. Sw. klutlra, to quarrel, W. cluder, 
heap, pile, from cludaw, to heap.] A confused collection j 
hence, confusion ; disorder. 

Cliit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cluttered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder ; io 
fill with things in confusion. 

Cliit'ter, v. i. To make a bustle, or fill with confusion. 

Clyp'e-ate, a. [Lat. clypeatus, p. p. of clypeare, to arm 
with a shield, from clypeus, clipeus, shield.] (Bot.) 
Shaped like a round shield ; scutate. 

Clys'ter, n. [Lat. clyster and clyster ium , Gr. nXvarrfip 
and KKvorrjptov, dim. of kAvctt^p, from ic\v£eiv, to wash 
out.] (Med.) A liquid substance injected into the lowez 
intestines by means of a syringe. 

Coach (20), n. [From Lat. conchula, dim. of concha, 
muscle-shell, vessel, Gr. Koyxn, muscle, cockle, Skr. 
gankha.] A large, close, four-wheeled carriage, for pur- 
poses of state, for pleasure, and for traveling. 

Coach, v. t. To convey in a coach. 

Coach'-box, n. Seat or. which the driver of a coach sits. 

Coach'ee, n. A coachman. [Slang.] 

Coach'man, n. The person who drives a coach. 

Co-ae'tion, n. [Lat. coactio, from coactere, to force, 
intens. form of cogere, from con and agere, to drive.] 
Force ; compulsion. 

Co-aet'ive, a. 1. Serving to compel or constrain. 2. 
Acting in concurrence. [ing or operating. 

Co-ad'ju-tant, or Co'ad-ju'tant, a. Mutually assist- 

Co'ad-ju'tor, n. 1. One who aids another. 2. One 
who is empowered or appointed to perform the duties of 
another. 

Syn. — Assistant; ally; fellow-helper; associate; partaerj 
colleague; collaborator; co-worker. 

Co'ad-ju'trix, n. A female assistant. 
Co'ad-vfint'ur-er, n. A fellow -adventurer. 



Cliib'bist, n. One who belongs to a club. [Rare.] 

a,e,&c, long; a,6,&c.,5Aor«/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



COAGENT 



129 



COCK 



Co-a/gent, n. An assistant or associate ; co-worker. 

Co-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of being coagulated. 

Co-ag'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. coagulated ; p. 
pr. & vb. 11. COAGULATING.] [Lat. coagulare, from 
cogere, coactum, to drive together.] To cause to change 
into a curd-like state ; — said of liquids. 

Co-ag'u-late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. 
Syn.— To thicken; concrete; curdle. 

Co-ag'u-la'tion, n. Act of curdling, or changing from 
a liquid to a thickened, semi-solid state. [iation. 

Co-ag'u-la-tlve, a. Having the power to cause coagu- 

Co-ag'u-la/tor, n. That wnich causes coagulation. 

■€o-ay'u-lum,n. [Lat., from cogere, coactum. See Co- 
agulate.] A coagulated mass, as curd. 

Coal, n. [A.-S. col or colt, 0. II. Ger. chol, cholo, akin to 
Lat. calere, to be hot, to glow.] 1. Wood charred, or 
partially burnt; charcoal. 2. (Min.) A black, solid, 
combustible substance, consisting mainly of carbon, 
found embedded in the earth, and used for fuel. 

To carry coals, to submit to degradation or insult. — To carry 
coals to Newcastle, to do something superfluous or unneces- 
sary ; to lose one's labor. — To haul over the coals, to scold or 
call to account. 

Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
coaling.] 1. To burn to coal; to char. 2. To 
mark with charcoal. 3. To supply with coal. 

Coal, v. i. To take in coal ; — said of steam-vessels. 

Coal'er-y, n. A place where coal is dug. 

Co'a-lesce' (ko'a-les'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. coalesced 
(ko'a-lesf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COALESCING.] [Lat. coa- 
lesces, from co, for con, and alescere, to grow up, inchoa- 
tive form of alere, to nourish, akin to olescere, olere, to 
grow.] 1. To grow together; to unite into one body or 
mass. 2. To unite in society, in a more general sense. 

Co'a-les'cence, n. Act of coalescing; union. 

Co'a-les'cent, a. Growing together ; uniting. 

Coal'-field, n. A region where coal abounds. 

Coal'-heav'er, n. One who is employed in discharging 
coal from ships. 

Co'a-ll'tion (-lish'un), n. [L. Lat. coalitio. See Coa- 
lesce.] 1. Union in a body or mass. 2. A temporary 
combination of persons, parties, or states having differ- 
ent interests. 

Syn. — Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; com- 
bination; conjunction; conspiracy. 

Coal'-meas/iire (-mezh'ur), n. 1. The measure used in 
ascertaining the quantity of coal. 2. pi. ( Geol.) Strata 
of coal with the attendant recks. 

Coal'-me / ter, n. One appointed to measure coals. 

Coal' -pit, n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place 
where charcoal is made. [Amer.] 

Coal'- s-eiit' tie, n. A utensil for holding coal. 

Coal'-tar, n. A thick, viscid substance, obtained by 
the distillation of bituminous coal. 

Coal'-whip'per, n. One who raises coal out of the 
hold of a ship. [Eng.] 

Coal'y, a. Pertaining to, i-esembling, or containing coal. 

Coam'ingg, n. pi. (Naut.) The raised borders or 
edges of the hatches. [Written also combings.'] 

Co'ap-ta/tion, n. [Lat. coaptatio, from co, for con, and 
aptare, to adapt.] Adaptation of parts to each other. 

Coarse, a. [compar. coarser; superl. coarsest.] 
[As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it 
may be an abbrev. of of course, in the common man- 
ner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made 
for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 1. 
Large in bulk, or composed of large parts. 2. Not re- 
fined or nice. 

Syn.— Gross; rude; rough; unpolished; indelicate. 

Coarsely, adv. Without fineness or refinement. 

Coarse'ness, n. Quality or state of being coarse. 

Coast, n. [From Lat. costa, rib, side.] 1. The exterior 
line, or border of a country. [ Obs.] 2. Edge or margin 
of the land next to the sea; sea-shore 

Coast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
coasting.] 1. To approach. [Obs.] 2. To sail by or 
near a coast. 3. To sail from port to port in the same 
country. 4. To slide down a hill on a sled, upon snow 
or ice. [Amer.] 

Coasting trade, trade carried on between the different ports 
of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade. 

Coast'er, n. A person or vessel that sails along a coast 
trading from port to port. 

Coast'-line, n. The outline of a coast ; shore-line. 

Coast'wige, adv. By way of, or along, the coast. 

Coat (20), n. [0. Fr. cote, Sp. coin, It. cotta, fr. L. Lat. 
cota, cotta, cottus, tunic, mattress.] 1. An outer gar- 



ment worn by men over the waistcoat. 2. The habit 
or vesture of an order of men. 3. An external cover- 
ing, like a garment, as the fur or hair of a beast. 4. 
A layer of any substance covering another ; a tegument. 

5. That on which ensigns armorial are portra3ed. 

Coat of Arms, {Her.) (a.) A habit formerly worn by knights 
over their armor, (ft.) An armorial device.— Coat of mail, a, 
piece of armor covering the upper portion of the body, con- 
sisting of a net-work of iron rings. 

Coat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coated; p. pr. & vb. n. 

COATING.] To cover with a coat. 

Coat'-ar'mor, n. Coats of arms ; armorial ensigns. 

Coat'-eard, n. A card bearing a coated figure ; viz., 
the king, queen, or knave. 

Coat-ee', n. A coat with short flaps. 

Coat'ing, n. 1. Any substance employed as a cover or 
protection. 2. Cloth for coats. 

Coax (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. coaxed (kokst); p. 
pr. & vb. n. COAXING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. cokes, fool, W. 
coeg, empty, foolish ; Lat. cocio, broker, haggler, coquus. 
cook and thief (Plautus), hence L. Lat.' coquinus, Fr. co- 
quin, knave, rogue.] To persuade by a gentle, insin- 
uating courtesy, flattering, or fondling. 

Syn. — To wheedle ; flatter; soothe; fawn. 

Coax'er, n. A wheedler ; a flatterer. 

Cob, n. [A.-S. cop or copp, Gr. kv^yj, W. cob, cop.] 1. 
The top or head ; hence, that which is large, round, &c. 
2. A person in some way at the top, or distinguished ; a 
rich, covetous person. 3. A lump or piece of any thing, 
as of coal or stone. 4. A spider. 5. A short-legged 
and stout variety of horse. [Eng.] 6. The spike on which 
the grains of maize grow. [Amer.] 

Co'balt, n. [From M. H. Ger. kobolt, goblin, L. Lat. 
cobalus, from Gr. /c6/3aAo?, knave; so called because a 
poisonous metal and troublesome to miners.] (Metal.) 
A metal of a reddish-gray color, brittle, and difficult of 
fusion. Its oxides are used in the manufacture of 
glass, to produce the blue varieties called smalt. 

Co-balt'i«, a. Pertaining to cobalt. 

Cob'ble, n. A kind of fishing-boat. See COBLE. 

Cob'ble )(20), n. [From cob, 3. Also called 

Cob'ble- stone j cobstone.] A rounded fragment, aa 
of stone, coal, &c. ; a cob. 

Cob'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COBBLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
COBBLING.] [From Lat. copu'.are, to couple, join.] 

1. To make or mend coarsely, as shoes. 2. To make 
or do bunglingly. 

Cob'bler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A clumsy 
workman. 3. A beverage composed cf wine, sugar, 
lemon, and ice finely broken up. 

Cob'le (kob'l), n. [A.-S. cuople. Cf. Ger. kobcl, Mibel, 
coop, tub.] A boat used in the herring fishery. 

Cob'niit, n. 1. A large nut. 2. (a.) A child's game 
played with nuts, (b.) The winniDg nut i:i the game. 

■Go'brd de -ea-pel'lo. [Pg., serpent cf the hood.] ( Zool.) 
The hooded snake, a highly venomous reptile inhabit- 
ing the East Indies. 

Cob'stone, n. Same as Cobble. 

Cob'web, ti. [From cob, 4, and iveb, q. v.] 1, A spider's 
web or net. 2. Any snare or device intended to entrap. 

Coe-agne' (kok-an'), n. [From It. cucca, dainties, sweet- 
meats, Prov. Fr. couque, Catal. coca, cake, from Lat. 
coquere, to cook; because it was imagined that tho 
houses in this country were covered with cakes.] 1. 
An imaginary country of idleness, luxury, and delight. 

2. The land of cockneys ; — a term applied to London 
and its suburbs. 

Coe-cifer-oiis, a. [Lat. coccum, Gr. kokkos, a berry, 
and l&t. fcrre, to bear.] Bearing or producing berries- 

Cocli'i-neal, n. [Dim. of Lat. coccum, Gr. kokkos, 
berry, esp. the kermes-berry, used to dye scarlet.] A 
dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of insects, native 
in Mexico, and found on several species of cactus. 

Coeb'le-a-ry, ) a. [Lat. cochlear ium, snail-shell, coch. 

Coeli'le-ate, > lea, snail, screw, Gr. KoxAia?, from 

Cocb'le-a/ted, ) koxAos, a shell-fish with a spiral 
shell; Lat. cochleatus, spiral.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the 
form of a snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. 

Cock, 11. [A.-S. coc, or cocc, Fr. coq.] 1. The male of 
birds, particularly of domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the 
shape of a cock; a weathercock. 3. A chief man; a 
leader. [Humorous.] 4. An instrument to let out 
liquor from a cask, &c. ; a spout. 5. Act of turning 
or of setting up ; also the form produced by such an act. 

6. That part of the lock of a fire-arm which holds the 
flint in a flint-lock, or is the hammer of a percussion- 
lock. 7. Style of a dial. 8. A small conical pile of hay. 



food, foot; 



flrn, rude, pu.ll 
9 



cell, chaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; this. 



COCK 



130 



COEVAL 



Cock-a-hoop, or cock-on-the-hoop, [Fr. huppe, a crest on the 
head of birds.] triumphant; exulting.— Cock and bull, a tedi- 
ous, trifling, or exaggerated story. 

■Cock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cocked (kokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cocking.] 1. To set erect ; to turn up. 2. To turn 
up the brim of, as of a hat. 3. To place upon the head 
in a manner indicating jauntiness or pertness. 4. To 
set up in small conical piles, as hay. 5. To draw back 
the cock, in order to lire. 

Cock-ade', n. [Fr. cocarde, from coq, cock, from its re- 
semblance to the crest of a cock.] A knot of ribbons, or 
something similar, worn on the hat, as a badge or s.> mbol. 

Cock'a-too', n. [From Malayan kakatua.] (Ornith.) 
A bird of the parrot kind, having the head ornamented 
with a tuft of feathers, or crest, which can be raised or 
depressed at pleasure. 

Cock'a-trice , n. [0. Fr. cocatrice, crocodile, from coq, 
cock; L. Lat. cocatrix, basilisk.] The basilisk; a fab- 
ulous serpent, produced from a cock's egg brooded by a 
serpent. Its breath, and even its look, was fatal. 

Cock'bill, n. (Naut.) Position of the anchor, when 
suspended perpendicularly from the cat-head, ready to 
be let go in a moment. 

Cock'-fooat, n. A small boat of a ship. 

Cock'-cliaf'er, n. (Entom.) An insect called also 
may-bug, or dor-beetle. 

Cock'-erow, In. The time at which cocks crow; 

Cock'-crow'ing, j early morning. 

€6ck'er,i-. t. [imp. &,p. p. cockered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
cockering.] [Prov. Eng.,to crow like a cock, to boast ; 
hence, to be wanton and to make wanton.] To treat with 
tenderness ; to fondle ; to indulge ; to pamper. 

Cock'er, n. 1. One who follows cock-fighting. 2. A 
kind of rustic half-boot. 3. A dog of the spaniel kind, 
used for starting up woodcocks and other game. 

Cock'er el, n- A young cock. 

Cock'et, it. 1. (Eng. Law.) A custom-house certifi- 
cate that goods have been duly entered and have paid 
duty. 2. An office in a custom-house, where goods in- 
tended for export arc entered. 

eg?" The* name is thought to be a corruption of quo quietus, 
words which occur in the Latin form of the certificate. 

Cock'-fight(-ilt), ) n. A match or contest of game- 

Cock'-fight'ing, J cocks. 

Cock'-korse, n. A child's rocking-horse. 

Coek'le (kok'l), n. [A. S. cocc.el, cocel, or code, Ir. & Gael. 
cogal, cagal.] 1. (Bot.) (a). A plant or weed that grows 
among corn ; the corn-rose, (b.) The darnel. 2. [From 
Latin conchylium, Gr. Koyx^'Aioi/, a muscle or cockle, from 
KoyxvAi), K-oyxq, a muscle or cockle.] ( Conch.) A kind of 
bivalve shell fish having a corrugated shell. 

CQck'le, v. t. To contract into wrinkles resembling the 
ridges of the cockle-shell. 

Coek'le, v. i. To take the form of wrinkles or ridges. 

Cock'ler, n. One who takes and sells cockles. 

Cock'le-shell, n- The shell cr covering of a cockle. 

Cock'le-stairg (4), n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. 

Cock'-loft (21), ii. The top-loffc ; the upper room. 

Cock'-maicli, n. A match of cocks ; a cock-fight. 

Ctick'ney, n. ; pi. cock'neyr. [0. Eng. cokenay, from 
cockeney, cokaygne. Cf. Cocagne.] 1. An effem- 
inate person. 2. A resident of the city of London. 

Cock'raey, a. Eclated to, or like, cockneys. 

C6ek'ney-igm, n. The condition, qualities, manners, 
or dialect of a cockney. 

Cock'pit, n. 1. An area, where game-cocks fight. 2. 
(Naut.) A room near the after hatchway, under the 
lower gun- deck. 

Cock'roach, n. (Entom.) An insect of several species, 
having a long, flattish body, with large, thin wing-cases. 
It is very troublesome, infesting houses and 

€ocks'comb(-kom),)i. 1. The caruncle 
or comb of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A plant of 
different genera. 3. A fop, or vain, silly 
fellow. See Coxcomb. 

Cock'spur, 11. 1. The spur on the leg 
of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A variety of haw- 
thorn. 

Cock'swain (colloq. kbVsn), n. [See 
Swain.] (Naut.) The person who steers 
or pulls the after oar in a boat. 

■Co'coa (ko'ko), n. [Sp. and Pg. coco, It. 
cocco. Cf. Gr. kovki, cocoa-palm and its 
fruit, Koi'f, k6ikos, an Egyptian kind of 
palm, and kokkcs, kernel, berry.] 1. ( Bot.) 
A palm-tree producing the cocoa-nut. It Cocoa-tree. 
grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height 
of sixty or eighty feet.- 2. [Corrupted from cacao.] A 





Cod. 



beverage made from the crushed kernels of the chocolate 
tree. See Cacao. 

Co-coon', n. [Fr. cocon, dim. of coque, shell of eggs 
and insects, from Lat. concha, muscle-shell.] 1. An ob- 
long case in which the silkworm lies in its chrysalis state. 
t£. The case constructed by any insect to contain its 
larve. [and forming cocoons. 

Co-coon'er-y, n. A place for silk-worms, when feeding 

Coe'tile, a. [Lat. coctiiis, from coquere, to cook, bake.] 
Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick. 

C6«'tion,n. [Lat. coctio. See supra.] 1. Act of boiling. 
2. (Med.) The alteration experienced by morbific matter 
before elimination. 

Cod, n. [A.-S. codd, small bag, W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.] 

1. Any husk or envelope containing seeds ; a pod. 2. 
The scrotum. 

Cod, n. [Ger. gadde.] (Ichth.) 
A species of fish inhabiting 
the northern seas, and especi- ^ 
ally the Banks of Newfound- 
land, in immense quantities. 

Cod'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. 
coddled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CODDLING.] [Probably 
from Lat. coquere, coctum, to cook.] 1. To parboil. 2. 
To treat with tenderness. 

Code, n. [From Lat. codex, or caadex, the stock of a tree, 
a tablet of wood for writing on, hence book, writing.] An 
orderly collection, systern, or digest of laws. 

-Co'deop, n. ; pi. cud'i-pe^. [Lat. See Code.] A man- 
uscript ; a book ; a cede. 

Cod'ger, n. [Either from A.-S. codd, scrip, bag ; hence, 
one who labors to fill his purse ; or a corruption cf cot- 
tager] 1. A covetous or mean person ; a cuimudgeon. 

2. A singular or odd old person. 

Cod'i-cil, n. [Lat. codicillus, dim. of codex. Sec Code.] 
A supplement to a will. 

Co'di-ii-ca'tion, n. [Sec Codify.] Act or process of 
reducing laws to a code or system. 

Co'di-f y, v. t. [imp. & p.p. codified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CODIFYING.] [Lat. codex, code, and facerc, to make.] 
To reduce to a code pr digest, as laws. 

Cod'lin, ) n. An immature apple ; a kind of cocking 

Cod'ling, ) apple. 

Co'-ef-fl'cien-cy, n. Co-operation ; joint efficiency. 

Co'-ef-fl'eient (-iish'ent, C3), a. Co-operating ; acting 
in union to the same end 

Co'-ef-il'cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with 
something elf c to produce the same effect. 2. (Math.) 
A number or known quantity put before letters or quan- 
tities, known cr unknown, to show how many times they 
are to be taken. 

Coe'liorn, n. (Mil.) A small bronze mortar, so named 
from its inventor, Baron L'ochorn. 

Coe'li^ae, I a. [Lat. cceliacus, Gr. /coiAkxkos, from noi\La, 

£e'li-a,-e, ) the belly, from koiAos, hollow.] Pertaining 
to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. 

Co-emp'tion (82), n. [Lat. coemptio, from co, for con, 
and cmere, to buy.] Act of purchasing the whole quan- 
tity of any commodity. 

Co-e'qual, a. Equal with another person or thing ; of 
the same rank, dignity, or power. 

Co-e'qual, ft. One who is equal to another. 

Co 7 -e-quaFi-ty , n. State of being co-equal ; equality in 
rank, dignity, or power. 

Coerce' (14), v. t. [imp. & p.p. coerced; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COERCING.] [Lat. coercere, from co, for con, and 
arcere, to shut up.] To restrain by force ; to constrain; 
to repress. 

Syn. — To compel. — Coerce had at first only the negative 
sense of checking or restraining by force, as, to coerce subjects 
within the bounds cf law; it has now also gained a positive 
sense, that of driving forward or compelling, as, to coerce the 
performance of a contract. 

Co-er'ci-lble, a. Capable of being, or deserving to be, 

coerced. 
Co-er'cion (14, 03), n. Act or process of compelling or 

restraining; restraint. [compulsory. 

Co-er'cive, a. Compelling, or having power to compel; 
Co'-es-een'tial, a. Partaking of the same essence. 
Co'-es-een'ti-SI'i-ty (-shl-aP-), n. Participation of the 

same essence. 
Co'e-ta'ne-cus, a. [Lat. coaetaheus, from co, for con, 

and sctas, age.] Of the same age ; beginning to exist at 

the same time. 
Co'-e-ter'nal (14), a. Equally eternal. 
Co'-e-ter'ni-ty, n. Equal eternity with another. 
Co-e'val, a. [Lat. cosevus, from co, for con, and ,w«m, 

lifetime, age, Gr. aluv ] Of the same age ; of equal age. 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, aH, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, wolf, 



COEVAL 



131 



COIGNE 




Coffee. 



Co-e'val, n. One of the same age. 

Co'-ex-ist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. co-EXISTED ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. co-existing.] To exist at the same time. 

Co'-ex-Ist'ence, n. Existence at the same time with 
another. [other. 

Co'-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing at the same time -with an- 

Co'- ex-tend', i>. t. [imp. & p.p. co-extended: p.pr. 
& vb. n. co-extendin&.] To extend through the same 
space with another. 

Co'-ex-ten'sion, n. Equal extension. [extent. 

€o'-ex ten'slve, a. Equally extensive; having equal 

Coffee, 11. [From Ar. qaliuah, 
or qahoeh, which the Turks pro- 
nounce qahveh, wine, coffee, a 
coffee house.] 1. The berries of 
a tree growing in Arabia, Persia, 
and the warm climates of Asia 
and America. Each berry con- 
tains two kernels of coffee. 2. 
A drink made from the roasted 
berry of the coffee- tree, by decoc- 
tion. 

•Coffee-house, n. A house of 
entertainment, where guests are 
supplied with coffee and other refreshments. 

Coffee-mill, n. A small mill for grinding coffee. 

■Coffee-pot, n. A covered pot in which coffee is boiled, 
or in which it is brought upon the table for drinking. 

Coffer, n. [From Lat. cophinus, Gr. ko^ivos, basket.] 1. 
A chest j especially, one for money. 2. {Arch.) A sunken 
panel. 3. [Fort.) A hollow work across a dry moat, serv- 
ing as a parapet with embrasures. 4. A. lock for re- 
ceiving a barge. 

Coffer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COFFERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
coffering.] To place in a coffer. 

Coffer-dam, n. (Engin.) An inclosure or box of tim- 
ber placed in the bed of a river, or some like position, for 
the purpose of excluding the water during the construc- 
tion of piers and similar works ; the water is pumped 
out of the box, leaving the bottom dry. 

Coffin, n. [From Lat. cophinus. See Coffer.] 1. 
The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for 
burial. 2. (Far.) The hollow part of a horse's hoof. 
3. (Print.) A wooden frame inclosing the stone on which 
forms are imposed. 

C6ffin, v. t. [imp. & p.p. coffined ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
coffining.] To put into, or inclose in, a coffin. 

Coffin-bone, n. ( Far. ) The foot-bone of a horse, which 
is inclosed within the hoof. 

Cof fie (kofil), n. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of 
slaves going to market. 

Cog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COGGUD ; p. pr. & vb. n. COG- 
GING.] [Cf. Coax.] 1. To wheedle; to deceive. 2. To 
thrust in, by deception. 

Cog, v. i. To deceive ; to cheat ; to wheedle. 

Cog, n. [Sw. kugg, kugge. Cf. W. cog, pi. cocos, a short 
piece of wood, the cog of a wheel.] A tooth or pro- 
jection on a wheel, by which it receives or imparts 
motion. 

Cog, v. t. To fix a cog upon ; to furnish with cogs. 

Cog, )n. [Icel. koggr, koggi, W. eweh.] A boat; a 

Cog'gle,/ fishing-boat. [gen' y ; force. 

Co'gen-cy, n. Power of constraining or impelling ; ur- 

Co'gent, a. [Lat. cogens, p. pr. of cogere, to force.] 1. 
Having great force. [Rare.] 2. Pressing on the mind ; 
not easily resisted. 

; Syii. — Forcible ; powerful ; urgent ; convincing ; conclu- 
sive; irresistible ; resistless. 

Co'gent-ly, adv. With urgent force ; forcibly. 

C6g'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being made the subject of 
thought or meditation. 

Cog'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cogitated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COGITATING.] [Lat. cogitare, to think, from co, 
for con, and agitare, to agitate, q. v.] To engage in con- 
tinuous thought ; to reflect. [tion ; contemplation. 

Cog'i-ta'tion, n. Act of thinking ; thought ; medita- 

Cog'i-ta'tlve, a. 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the 
power of thinking or meditation. 2. Given to thought ; 
contemplative. 

Cog'nae (k5n'yak), n. A kind of French brandy, so called 
from a town of that name. [Written also, but improper- 
ly, Cogniac] 

Cog'nate, a. [Lat. cognatus, from co, for con, and 
gnatus, for natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be 
born.] 1. Allied by blood or birth. 2. Kindred in 
origin, formation, &c. 

Cog'nate, n. 1. (Law.) (a.) One connected with an- 
other by ties of kindred, (b.) One related to another on 



the female side. 2. One of a number of things which 
are allied in origin. 
Cog-na'tion, n. 1. Relation by descent from the same 
original ; kindred. 2. Participation of the same nature. 
3. (Law.) Relationship existing between persons de- 
scended from the same father and mother. 

Cdl'ni-lJe'l } n - See Cogn izor, COGNIZEE. 
Cog-ni'tion(-n!sh / un), n. [Lat. cognitio. See COGNIZE.] 

1. Act of knowing, by any means. 2. An object known. 
Cog'ni-tive, a. Knowing, or apprehending by the un- 
derstanding. 

Cog'ni-za-ble (kog'nT-za-bl or k5n'T-za-bl), a. 1. Ca- 
pable of being known, or apprehended. 2. Fitted to be 
a subject of judicial investigation. 

Cog'ni-zance (kog'ni-zans or kon'i-zans), n. 1. Knowl- 
edge or notice ; perception ; observation ; recognition. 

2. Judicial knowledge or jurisdiction. 3. (Law.) An 
acknowledgment or confession. 4. A badge worn by * 
retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to 
which he belongs. [cognizance or knowledge of. 

Cog'ni-zant (kog'nT-zant or kon'I-zant), a. Having 

Cdg'nlze, v. t. [Lat. cognoscere, to know, from co, for 
con, and noscerc, anciently gnoscere, to get a knowledge 
of.] To recognize ; to perceive. 

Cog'ni-zee' (k.^g'ni-zS' or kon'I-ze'), n. (Law.) One to 
whom a fine of land is acknowledged. 

Cog'ni-zor' (kog'ni-zor' or kon'I-zor'), n. (Law.) One 
who acknowledges the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in 
a fine ; the defendant. 

-Cog-no' men, n. [Lat., from co, for con, and nomen, 
name, anciently gnomen, from gnoscere, noscere.] A sur- 
name ; the last of the three names of an individual 
among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. 

Cog-nom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to a surname. 

Cog-nom/i-na'tion, n. [Lat. cognominatio.] A sur- 
name ; a name given from any accident or quality. 

-€orj'nos-cen'te, n. ; pi. COG' NOS-pEN'Ti. [0. It. 
See Cognition.] One who knows; a connoisseur; — 
usually in the pi. 

Cog-nos'ci-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being cognoscible. 

Cog-nos'^i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being known. 2. 
Liable to judicial cognizance. 

-Coff-no'vit, 11. [Lat., he acknowledges, 3 pers. perf., ind. 
act. of cognoscere.] (Law.) An acknowledgment by a de- 
fendant of the justice of a plaintiff's claim. 

Cog'- wheel, n. A wheel with cogs or teeth. 

Co-hab'it, v. i. [imp. & p.p. cohabited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COHABITING.] [Lat. cohabitare, from co, for con, 
and habitare, to dwell.] 1. To dwell with; to inhabit 
or reside in the same place or country. [Obs.] 2. To 
live together as husband and wife. [the same place. 

Co-hab'it-ant, n. One who dwells with another, or in 

Co-hab'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act or state of dwelling to- 
gether. 2. The state of living together as man and wife. 

Co-heir' (ko-ar', 13), n. A joint-heir. 

Co-heir'ess (ko-fir'es), n. A joint heiress. 

Co-here', v. i. [imp. & p. p. cohered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
COHERING.] [Lat. cohxrere, from co, for con, andhierere, 
to stick, adhere.] 1. To stick together. 2. To be well 
connected ; to follow regularly in the natural order. 

Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit. 

Co-her'ence, \n. 1. A sticking or cleaving together. 

Co-her'en-cy , j 2. Suitable connection or dependence ; 
consistency. 

Co-her'ent, a. 1. Sticking together. 2. Connected by 
some relation or agreement of form, order, &c. ; con- 
sistent. 

Co-her'ent-ly, adv. In a coherent manner. 

Co-he'§ion, n. [See Cohere.] 1. Act of sticking to- 
gether ; the attraction by which the particles of homo- 
geneous bodies unite together. 2. A state of connection 
or dependence. 

Co-he'srve, a. Having the power of sticking or cohering. 
| Co-be'sive-ness, n. Quality of being cohesive. 
| Co'horn, 11. See Coehorn. 

Co'hort, n. [Lat. cohors. See Court.] 1. (Rom. 
Antiq.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers. 2. 
Any band or body of warriors. 

Coif, n. [From 0. H. Ger. kuppa, Tcuppha, kuphja, miter, 
akin to Lat. cuppa, rupa, tub.] A kind of covering for 
the head ; a cap. 

Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif. 

Coiffure, n. [Fr. See CoiF.] A head-dress. 

Coigne(koin),7i. [SeeQuoiN.] 1. A corner or external 
angle; a corner-stone. 2. A wedge. [Written also coin 
and quoin.] 



food, f o~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



COIL 



132 



COLLECTOR 



Coil, v. t. Jimp. & p.p. COILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COIL,- j 
ING.] [From Lat. colligere, from con and legere, to 
gather, collect.] To wind in rings, as a rope. 

Coil, n. 1. The ring, or series of rings, into which a 
rope or other like thing is wound. 2. A noise ; tumult. 

Coin, n. [Lat. cuneus, wedge.] 1. A corner or external 
angle. [See CoiGNE.] 2. A wedge for raising, lowering, 
fastening, or leveling any thing, as a cannon or a prin- 
ter's form. 3. A piece of metal on which certain charac- 
ters are stamped, making it legally current as money. 
4. That which serves for payment or recompense. 

Rustic coins, stones jutting from a wall, for new buildings to 
be joined to. 

Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COINED ; p.pr. & vb. n. COIN- 
ING.] 1. To stamp and convert into money, as a piece 
of metal ; to mint. 2. To make or fabricate. 

Coin'age, n. 1. Act or art of coining. 2. Money 
coined. 3. Expense of coining. 4. Act or process of 
forming ; formation ; invention ; fabrication. 

Co'in-cide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. coincided ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COINCIDING.] [L. Lat. coincidere, from Lat. co, 
for con, and i?iciclere, from in and cadere, to fall.] 1. 
To fall together; to agree in position. 2. To corres- 
pond ; to be identical. 

Co-in'ci-dence, n. 1. Act or condition of falling to- 
gether; agreement in position. 2. Agreement or con- 
currence, especially the concurrence of events at the 
same time. [responding. 

Co-in'ci-dent, a. Having coincidence ; agreeing ; cor- 

Co'in-cid'er, n. One who, or that which, coincides. 

Coin'er, n. 1. One who makes coin ; a minter. 2. An 
inventor or maker, as of words. 

Co-I'tion (ko-Ish'un), n. [Lat. coitio. from coire, to come 
together, from co, for con, and ire, to go.] Sexual inter- 
course; copulation. 

Coke, n. [Akin to cook and cake; L. Ger. koke, Catalan 
coca.] Mineral coal charred, or deprived by fire of ex- 
traneous or volatile matter. 

Coke, v. t. To convert into coke. 

C61'an-der, n. [Lat. colum, a strainer.] A vessel with 
a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquors. 

Col'eo-thar, n. [N. Lat. calcothar, a word introduced 
by Paracelsus, perh. of Ar. origin.] ( Chem.) The brown- 
red oxide of iron remaining after the calcination of the 
sulphate of iron ; — used for polishing glass, &c. 

Cold, a. [compar. colder; supert. COLDEST.] [A.-S. 
cald, ceald, Icel. kaidr, Goth, kalds, from Icel. kala, to 
blow cold, akin to Lat. gelu, cold, frost, gelare, to freeze.] 
Destitute of, or deficient in warmth, physical or moral. 

In cold blood, -without excitement, passion, or compunction; 
deliberately. — Cold shoulder, deliberate and marked neg- 
lect or contempt. 

Syn.— Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent ; uncon- 
cerned; spiritless; reserved; coy. 

€old, n. 1. Absence of warmth. 2. The sensation 
produced by the escape of heat ; chilliness or chillness. 
3. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system pro- 
duced by cold ; a catarrh. 

€old'-l>16od'ed (-blud'-), a. 1. Having cold blood. 2. 
Without sensibility or feeling ; hard-hearted. 

€old'-chis/el, n. A kind of chisel of peculiar strength 
and hardness, for cutting cold metal. 

Cold'ly, adv. In a cold manner ; without warmth. 

Cold'ness, n. Quality of being cold, in a physical or 
a moral sense. 

Cold'- short, a. Brittle when cold. 

Cole, n. [From Lat. colis, caulis, Gr. kcwAos, stalk of a 
plant, especially a cabbage-stalk, cabbage.] (Bot.) A 
plant of the cabbage family ; especially the species called 
also rape, which does not head like the cabbage. 

Co'le-op'ter-al, \a. [Gr. KoAeoTrrepo?, sheath-winged, 

Co'le-op'ter'oiifv ) from koAeos, or Kokeov, sheath, and 
Trrepov, wing, from 7reTo/xax, irriaBai, to fly.] Having 
wings covered with a case or sheath, as the beetles. 

Co'le-op'ter-Ist, n. One versed in the study of coleop- 
terous insects. 

Cole'- wort (-wiVrt), n. A cabbage cut young, or before 
the head becomes firm. 

Col'ie, n. [Gr. kWu/oj (sc. Sidtfecris, state, illness), colic, 
from its being seated in the colon and parts adjacent. 
See Colon.] (Med.) An acute pain in the abdomen or 
bowels, growing more severe at intervals. 

Col'ick-y, a. Pertaining to colic. 

Col'i-se'um, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. colosseus, colossal, 
from colossus, Gr. koAoo-ctos, a gigantic statue.] The am- 
phitheatre of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. 
[Written also eolosseum.] 



Col-lab'o-ra/tor, n. [From Lat. collaborate, from con 
and laborare, to labor,] An associate in labor, especially 
literary or scientific ; a co-worker ; an assistant. 

Col-lapse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. collapsed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COLLAPSING.] [Lat. collabi, collapsum, from con 
and labi, to fall, slide.] To fall together suddenly, as the 
two sides of a hollow vessel ; to shrink up. 

Col-lapse', n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the 
sides of a hollow vessel. 2. (Med.) A sudden failing of 
the vital powers. - [i n g up , 

Col-lap'sion, n. A state of falling together, or shrink- 

Col'lar, n. [From Lat. colhrm, neck.] 1. Something 
worn round the neck. 2. (Arch.) A ring or cincture; 
the astragal of a column. 3. (Mech.) A ring-like part of 
a machine, used commonly for holding something to its 
place. 4. (Naut.) Ane;c formed in the bight or bend 
of a shroud, to go over the mast head. 

Col'lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COLLARED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To put a 
collar on. 

Col'lar-ljeam, n. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber 
connecting and bracing two opposite rafters. 

Col'lar-bonc, n. (An at.) The clavicle; a bone shaped 
like the mark ~, joined at one end to the breast-bone, 
and at the other to the shoulder-blade. 

Col-late', v. t. [imp. & p.p. collated ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. collating.] [Lat. conferre, collatum, from con and 
fcrre, latum, to bear.] 1. To compare critically. 2. To 
gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for 
binding. 3. (Eccl.) To present and institute in a bene- 
fice. 4. To bestow or confer. [bishop. 

Col-late', v. i. (Ercl.) To place in a benefice, as by a 

Col-lat'er-al, a. [L. Lat. collaterals, from con and lat- 
eralis, lateral, from latus, side.] 1. On the side of; 
subordinately connected; indirect. 2. (Genealogy.) 
Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not one 
from the other. 

Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, 
or the payment of money, besides the principal security. 

Col-lat'er-al, n. 1. A collateral relation. 2. Security 
given in addition to a principal promise or bond. 

Col-lat'er-al-ly, adv. In collateral manner or relation. 

Col-la'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing together and com- 
paring. 2. Act of conferring or bestowing. 3. (Eccl. 
Law.) Presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a 
bishop. 4. An unceremonious repast or lunch. 

Col-la'tive, a. Passing or held by collation. 

Col-la'tor, n. 1. One who collates or compares manu- 
scripts or copies cf books. 2. (Eccl. Law.) One who 
collates to a benefice. 

Col'league, n. [Lat. collega, one chosen at the same 
time with another, from colligere, to collect, from con and 
legere, to gather.] One who is united with another in the 
discharge of some duty ; a partner or associate. 

Col-league', v. t. or ?'. To unite with in the same office. 

Col-le-ct', v. t. [imp. & p.jj. collected ; p.pr. & vb. 
v. collecting.] [Lat. colligere, collectum. Sec COL- 
LEAGUE.] 1. To gather into one body or place ; to 
bring together. 2. To infer as a consequence. 

To collect, one's self, to recover from surprise, or a disconcerted 
state; to regain one's composure or self-possession. 

Syn. — To gather ; assemble; aggregate ; amass; deduce. 

Col-leet', v. i. 1. To be assembled together; to accu- 
mulate. 2. To infer ; to conclude. 

Col'leet, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. 

■GdVle-e-ta'ne-d, n. pi. [Lat., things collected, from col- 
ligere, to collect. See supra.] Passages selected from 
various authors ; anthology ; chrestomathy. 

Col'lee-ta'ne-ous, a. Gathered ; collected. 

Col-leet'ed, a. Not disconcerted ; telf-possessed ; cool; 
firm ; composed. [of the mind. 

Col-leet'ed-ness, n. A collected or self-possessed state 

Col-leet'i-ble, a. Capable of being collected, gathered, 
or inferred. 

Col-lee^ion, n. 1. Act of collecting or gathering. 2. 
That which is gathered. 3. A contribution. 

Syn.— An assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; meeting; 
mass; heap; compilation; selection. 

Col-leet'Ive. a. 1. Formed by gathering; gathered in- 
to a mass, sum, or body. 2. Deducing consequences. 
.3. ( Grain.) Expressing a collection or aggregate of indi- 
viduals. 4. Tending to collect. 

Col-leet'ive-ly, adv. In a mass, or body ; unitedly. 

Col-leet'or, n. 1. One who collects or gathers. 2. 
(Com.) An officer appointed to collect and receive cus- 
toms, duties, taxes, or toll. 



fi,e,8cc.,long; a, 6, he, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique , firm ; son, or. do, wolf, 



COLLECTORSHIP 
t 

€ol-Ie«t'or-ship, ) re. Office or jurisdiction of a col- 

Col-leet'or-ate, j lector of customs or taxes. 

Col'lege (47), re. [Lat. collegium, from colli gere , to col- 
lect.] 1. A collection or society of men. ii. A society 
of scholars incorporated for purposes of study or instruc- 
tion. 3. An establishment for the use of students who 
are acquiring the languages and sciences. 

Col-le'ei-al, a. Relating or belonging to a college. 

CoI-Ie'gi-an, re. A member of a college. [lege. 

€ol-le'gi-ate, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a col- 

Col-le'gi-ate, re. A member of a college. 

Col'let, re. [From Lat. collum, neck.] The part of a ring 
in which the stone is set. 

Col-llde', v. i. [Lat. collidere, from con and Ixdere, to 
strike.] To strike or dash against each other ; to strike 
or dash. 

Coll'ier (kol'yer), re. [From coal.] 1. A digger of 
coal. 2. A coal merchant, or dealer in coal. 3. A ves- 
sel employed in the coal trade. 

€oll'ier-y (kol'yer-y), re. 1. Place where coal is dug. 2. 
The coal trade. 

Col'li-ma'ting, a. ( Opt.) Pertaining to collimation. 

CoPli-ma/tion, n. [From Lat. collimare, to aim, for 
which the lexicons and editions now write collineare, to 
aim, from con and lineare, from linea, line. See COL- 
lineation.] Act of aiming at a mark ; act of leveling 
or of directing the sight to a fixed object. 

Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an as- 
tronomical or geodetic instrument. 

Col'li-ma'tor, re. A telescope arranged and used to de- 
termine errors of collimation. 

Col-lin'gual (-Ung'gwal, 82), a. [From con and lingual, 
q. v.] Having, or pertaining to, the same language. 

Col-liq'ue-fae'tion, re. [From Lat. colli quefacere, to 
melt, from con and liquere, to be liquid, aud facere, to 
make.] A melting together or reduction of different 
bodies into one mass by fusion. 

Col-li§'ion(kol-lizb/un), ji. [Lat. collisio. See COLLIDE.] 
1. Act of striking together ; a striking together, as of 
two hard bodies. '2. A state of opposition ; interference. 
Syn. — Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition. 

Col'lo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. collocated ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. COLLOCATING.] [Lat. collocare, from con and 
locare, to place, locus, place.] To set or place ; to station. 

CoFlo-ea'tion, re. 1. The act of placing ; disposition in 
place. 2. The state of being placed, or placed with some- 
thing else. 

Col-lo'di-on, re. [From Gr. /coAAa, glue.] (Chem.) A 
strongly adhesive solution of gun-cotton in ether, used 
to close up wounds. 

Col'lop, re. [From Lat. colap>hus, Gr. koA<x<£o9, buffet, 
cuff.] [\V r ritten also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat. 2. 
A part or piece of any thing. [mon conversation. 

Col-lo'qui-al, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, com- 

Col-lo'qui-al-i§m, n. A colloquial form of expression. 

Col-lo'qui-al-ly, adv. By mutual conversation. 

C51'lo-quIst, re. A speaker in a dialogue. 

Col'lo-quy, re. [Lat. colloquium , from colloqui, to con- 
verse, from con and loqui, to speak.] The mutual dis- 
course of two or more ; conference ; dialogue. 
Syn.— Conference; conversation; dialogue. 

Col-lude', v. i. [imp. & p. p. colluded ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. COLLUDING.] [Lat. colludere, from con and ludere, 
to play.] To conspire in a fraud ; to act in concert. 

Col-lud'er, re. One who conspires in a fraud. 

Col-lu'§ion, re. A secret agreement and co-operation for 
a fraudulent purpose ; deceit ; fraud. 

Syn. — Connivance. — In connivance, one overlooks and 
thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent; in collusion, he 
unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent 
purposes. The connivance of public men at what is wrong is 
often the result of the basest collusion. 

Col-lu'sive, a. Fraudulently concerted ; deceitful. 
Col-lu'sive-ly, adv. By means of collusion. 
Col-lii'sive-ness, re. The quality of being collusive. 
Col-lu'so-ry, a. Characterized by collusion ; collusive. 
■€ol-lu'vi-efi, re. sing. & pi. [Lat., from coUuere, from 

con and lucre, to wash.] A mixed mass of refuse matter ; 

filth. 
Col'ly, re. [From coal.] The black grime or soot of coal 

or burnt wood. 
Col'ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COLLIED ; p. pr. & vb. re. 

collying.] To render black, as if with coal smut. 
Col'o-cynth, re. [Lat. colocyntkis, Gr. ko\okw0i<;.] 

(Med.) The coloquintida, or bitter apple of the shops ; 

the spongy part or pith of the fruit of a species of cu- 
cumber. It is a strong cathartic. 



133 



COLOSSUS 



Co-logne' (ko-lon'), n. A perfumed liquid, composed of 
alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet ; — 
originally made hi Cologne. 

Co'lon, re. [Lat. colon, colum, Gr. kwAoi/.] 1. (Anat.) 
The largest of the large intestines, ti. (Gram.) A point 
or character formed thus [:], marking a pause greater 
than a semicolon, and less than a period. 

Colonel (kfir'nel), n. [Fr. colonel, Sp. & Pg. coronel, from 
Lat. columna, column.] (Mil.) The chief commander 
of a regiment of troops. 

-Colonelcy ) (kiir'nel-), n. (Mil. ) Office, rank, or com- 

Colonel-ship j mission of a colonel. 

Co-lo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a colony. 

Col'o-nist^re. A member or inhabitant of a colony. 

Col'o-ni-za'tion, re. The act of colonizing, or the state 
of being colonized. 

CoFo-ni-za'tion-Ist, n. A friend to colonization, par- 
ticularly to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from 
the blacks of the United States. 

Col'o-nize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. COLONIZED ; p.pr. & 
vb. re. colonizing.] To plant or establish a colony 
in ; to people by colonies. [try. 

Col'o-nize, v. i. To remove and settle in a distant coun- 

Col'on-nade', re. [From It. colonna, Lat. columna, col- 
umn.] (Arch.) A series or range of columns placed at 
regular intervals. 

C61'o-ny, re. [Lat colonia, from colonus, farmer, from 
colere, to cultivate.] 1. A company of people trans- 
planted to a remote country , and remaining subject to 
the parent state. 2. The country planted or colonized. 

Col'o-phon, re. [Lat. colophon, Gr. koXo^v, summit, 
top, the finishing stroke.] An inscription on the last 
page of a book, used before title-pages were introduced, 
containing the place or year of its publication, the print- 
er's name, &c. 

Col'o-pho'ny, or Co-loph'o-ny, n. [Gr. r) KoAo^tovi'a 
(sc. prjrtVe, resin, gum), from KoAo^aivios, Colophonian, 
of or from Colophon.] The dark-colored resin obtained 
by the distillation of turpentine. 

CoFo-quin'ti-da, re. [See Colocynth.] (Med.) The 
pith of the fruit of a species of cucumber. 

Col'or (kuFur), re. [Lat.] 1. A property depending on 
the relations of light to the eye, by which the mind dis- 
tinguishes differences in the appearance of objects appre- 
hended in vision. 2. Any hue or tint as distinguished 
from white. 3. That which is used to give color ; paint; 
pigments. 4. False show; pretense; disguise. 5. pi. 
A flag, ensign, or standard. 

Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each 
other that when blended together they produce white light. — 
Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the 
prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, 
which are reduced by some authors to three — red, yellow, and 
blue. 

■Col'or (kuPur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. colored ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. COLORING.] 1. To change the hue or tint of; 
to give color to ; to dye ; to tinge ; to paint ; to stain. 2. 
To give a specious appearance to ; to palliate ; to excuse. 

Col'or, v. i. To turn red ; to blush. 

C61'or-a-ble, a. [From color, q. v.] Designed to cover 
or conceal ; specious ; plausible. 

Col'or-a-ble-ness, re. Speciousness ; plausibleness. 

Col'or-a-bly, adv. With a fair external appearance; 
speciously; plausibly. [of being colored. 

CoFor-a/tion, re. Act or practice of coloring, or state 

C61'or-a-ture (53), re. [L. Lat. coloratura.] (Mus.) A 
variation or shading of notes for the sake of harmony. 

Col'or-follnd'ness, re. An imperfect sensation or ap- 
preciation of colors ; Daltonism. 

Col'ored (kul'urd), a. 1. Having color. 2. Having a 
specious or plausible appearance. 

Colored people, black people, Africans or their descendants, 
mixed or unmixed. 

CoFor-If'i-e (kuPur-), a. [Lat. color, and facere, to 
make.] Communicating or producing color. 

Col'or-ist, re. A painter who excels in giving color to hia 

Col'or-less, a. Destitute of color. [designs. 

Col'or- ser'geant (-s'ar'jent or -serpent), re. (Mil.) A 
non-commissioned military officer, who is the color-bearer 
of a regiment. [Amer.] 

Col-os'sal, ) a. [See Colossus.] Of enormous 

CoFos-se'an (124), ) size ; on a large scale ; gigantic. 

Col'os-se'um, re. [See Coliseum.] The amphitheater 
of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.] 

Co-16s'sus, re. ; Lat. pi. co'los'si; Eng. pi. co-los'- 
SUS-ES. [Lat. colossus, Gr. /coAoo-cros.] A gigantic 
statue ; especially that at Rhodes, which stood at the en- 
trance of the harbor. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, -call, e-cho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



COLPORTAGE 



134 



COMFORT 



Col'port-age, n. [See infra.'] Distribution of religious 

books, tracts, &c., by colporteurs. 

C61'port-eur, I n. [Fr. colporteur, from colporter, to 

C61'port-er, ) carry on one"s neck, from col, Lat. 
coltum, neck, and porter, Lat. portare, to carry.] One 
who peddles religious tracts and books. 

Col'staff (6), n. [Fr. col (Lat. collum), the neck, and 
Eng. staff'.] A staff for carrying burdens by two persons 
on their shoulders. 

Colt (2U), 11. [A.-S. proh. akin to collen, swelling, auda- 
cious, from the root cellan, to swell.] 1. The young of 
the horse kind. 2. A 3 oung, foolish fellow. 

Col'ter ) (20), n. [A.-S. cutter, fr. Lat. cutter, 

Coul'ter ) fr. colere, to cultivate.] The sharp 
fore iron of a plow, to cut the sod. 

Colt'ish, a. Like a colt; wanton ; frisky ; gay. 

Colt's'-f dot (27), 11. (Bot.) A plant whose leaves 
were once much employed in medicine. 

Col'u-brine, a. [Lat. colubrinus, from coluber, 

serpent or adder.] Relating to serpents ; cun- Colter, 
ning ; crafty ; sly ; artful. 

Col'um-ba-ry, n. [Lat. columbarium, from columba, 
dove.] A dove-cot ; a pigeon-house. 

Co-lum'bi-ad, n. [1'rom Columbia, or the United 
States] (Mil.) A species of heavy cannon. 

Col'um-bine, n. [From Lat. columbinus, dove-like, 
from colurnba, dove; — from the beak-like spurs of its 
flowers.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of several species. 

CoFu-mel'la, n. [Lat., dim. of columen, columna, col- 
umn, q. v.] (Bot.) (a.) An axis to which a carpel of a 
compound pistil may be attached, (b.) The stem in 
mosses, which is the axis of the capsule. 

Col'umn (kol'um), n. [Lat. columna, columen, from 
cellere, Gr. neWeiv, to urge, to extend upward.] 1. 
(Arch.) A cylindrical support for a roof, ceiling, &c, 
composed of base, shaft, and capital ; a pillar. "Z. Any 
upright, cylindrical body, resembling in form or position 
a column in architecture. 3. (Mil.) A body of troops 
drawn up in files with a narrow front. 4. (Naut.) A 
body of ships arranged in a line so as to follow in suc- 
cession. 5. (Print.) A perpendicular set of lines. 

Co-lum'nar, a. Formed in columns ; having the form 
of columns, like the shaft_of a column. 

Co-lure', n.; pi. €0-lures'. [Lat. coluri, pi., Gr. 
KoAovpos, dock-tailed, at KoAoupoi, (sc. ypafxfxai, lines), 
the colures, from koAos, docked, and ovpd, tail ; so named 
because a part is always beneath the horizon.] (Astron. 
& Geog. ) One of two great circles intersecting at right 
angles in the poles of the equator. 

Col'za, n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage whose 
seeds afford an oil used in lamps. 

■Co'md, n. [Gr. Kw/xa, lethargy, from Koiptav, to put to 
sleep; to fall asleep.] (Med.) A morbid propensity to 
sleep ; lethargy. 

Co'mate, a. [Lat. comatus, from comare, to clothe 
with hair, from coma, hair.] Encompassed with a bushy 
appearance, like hair ; hairy. 

Co'ma-tose', ) a. [From coma, lethargy, q. v.] (Med.) 

Co'ma-toiis, ) Relating to coma ; drowsy ; lethargic. 

Comb (kom), n. [Probably from A.-S. comb, a valley or 
hollow.] The structure of hexagonal cells of wax, in 
which bees store their honey. 

Comb (kom, 20), n. [A.-S. camb, 0. H. Ger. camp, Icel. 
Icambr. Cf. A.-S. cimbing, joint.] 1. An instrument 
with teeth, for separating, cleansing, and adjusting hair, 
wool, &c. 2. The crest, or red, fleshy tuft, growing ou 
a cock's head. 3. The top, or crest, of a wave. 

Comb (kom), v. t. [imp. 8a p.p. COMBED (komd) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. combing.] To separate, disentangle, cleanse, 
and adjust, or lay smooth and straight. 

Comb (kom ), v. i. [From comb, n. , in the sense of a sharp 
ridge, top.] (Nattt.) To roll over, as the top of a wave, 
or to break with a white foam. 
ComHbat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. combated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. combating.] [Fr. combattre, from com and 
battre, Lat. batuere, to strike, beat. Cf. Beat.] To 
struggle or contend, as with an opposing force. 
Com'bat, v. t. To fight with ; to oppose by force ; to 
contend against. 

Syn. — To fight; contend; contest; resist; oppose. 
Com'bat (22), n. 1. A struggle to resist or conquer. 2. 
(Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude. 
Single combat, a combat with one on either side; a duel. 

Syn. — A battle: engagement; conflict; contest; encoun- 
ter; rencounter; fight; strife. 

ComTbat-ant, a. Contending ; disposed to contend, 



Com/bat-ant, n. One who engages in combat ; a 
fighter ; a champion. 

C6m'bat-er, n. One who combats or contends. 

C6m'bat-Ive, a. Disposed to combat. 

C6m'bat-ive-ness, n. (Phren.) Disposition to contend. 

Comb'er (kom'er), n. 1. One who combs. 2. A long, 
curling wave. 

Com-bin'a-ble, a. Capable of combining. 

Com/bi-na'tioii, n. 1. Close union or connection; 
intimate association. 2. Alliance. 3. (Math.) Varia- 
tions of any number of quantities, in all possible ways. 

Syn. — Cabal; alliance; union; confederacy; coalition; 
conspiracy. See Cabal. 

Com-bine', v. t. [imp. & p.p. combined ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. COMBINING.] [L. Lat. combinare, fr. com, for con, and 
binus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] To unite or join. 

Com-bine', v. i. 1. To form a union; to confeder- 
ate. 2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction. 

Ccm-bin'er, n. One who, or that which, combines. 

Com-biis'ti-ble, a. [From Lat. comburere, combustus, 
from com, for con, and burcre, equiv. to were, to burn.] 

1. Capable of taking fire and burning ; inflammable. 2. 
Easily excited ; quick ; irascible. [burn. 

Com-biis'ti-ble, n. A substance that will take fire and 
Ccm-biis'ti-ble-iiess, ) n. Quality of being combus- 
Com-bus'ti-bil'i-ty, ) tible, or of burning. 
Ccm-biis'tion (kom-busVyun), n. A taking fire and 

burning ; conflagration. 
Come (kum, 57), v. i. [imp. came; p. p. COME; 
p. pr. & vb n. comiing.] [A.-S. cuman, for cviman, 
Goth, qviman, Icel. koma, allied to Skr. gam, to go, to 
march.] 1. To move hitherward ; to draw near; to 
approach. 2. To arrive at some state or condition; to 
occur; to happen. 3. To become manifest or evident; 
to appear. 

To come about, (a.) To come to pass; to arrive, (b.) To 
change. — To come by, to obtain, gain, acquire. — To come 
down with, to pav over; to deposit by way of payment.— To 
come home, (a.) To come close; to press closely; to touch the 
feelings, interest, or reason, (b.) (Navt.) To be loosened from 
the ground;— said of an anchor.— To come in for, to appear 
and claim a share of. — To come into, to join or comply with. — 
To come off, (a.) To depart from; to escape. (6.) To take place. 
— Tocome out, (a.) To become public; to be published. (6.) 
To end.— To come short, to be wanting; to fail.— To come to, 
(o.) To consent or yield, (b.) To amount to. (0.) To recover, as 
from a swoon. — To come up with, to overtake. — To come upon, 
to fall on ; to attack or invade. 

Co-me'di-an, n. 1. An actor or player in comedy. 

2. A writer of comedy. 

Cfim'e-dy, n. [Lat. ccmadia, Gr. KuipoiBia, from «to/u.os, 
I a festal procession, an ode sung at this procession, and 
aei&eiv, to sing.] A dramatic composition of a light and 
amusing character. 

C6me'li-ness (kum'li-), n. Quality of being comely; 
suitableness ; gracefulness. 

Come'ly (kum'ly), a. [compar. comelier; superl. 
COMEL.IEST.] [From come, in the sense of become, to 
suit or be suitable ; A.-S. cymlic, suitable, fit.] Hand- 
some : graceful ; well-proportioned. [manner. 

Come'ly (kum'ly), adv. In a becoming or graceful 

Come-cut'er, n. One who withdraws from a regular 
church, or other organization, under the pretense of its 
being corrupt. [Amer.] 

Com'er, n. One who comes, or who has come. 

Co-mes'ti-bleg,}?..?^. [FromLat. comedere,comesum, or 
comestum, fr. com, for con, and edere, to eat.] Eatables. 

Com'et. n. [Lat. ccmetes, cometa, Gr. koju^ttjs, long- 
haired (sc. aarrjp, star), a comet, from *co/u.aV, to wear 
long hair, from /co>i], hair, Lat. coma.] (Astron.) A 
member of the solar system, usually moving in a very 
eccentric orbit, aDd generally consisting of a nucleus, an 
envelope, and a tail. 

Com'et-a-ry, \ a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 

Co-met'i-e, ) comet. 

Com/et-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ko^ttjs, comet, and ypd- 
4>etv to write.] A description of, or a treatise concerning, 
comets. 

Com/fit, ) n. [From Lat. conficere, to prepare, 

Com'fit-ure (53), j from con andfacere, to make.] A 
dry sweetmeat ; a confect or confection. 

Com'fort (kum'furt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMFORTED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COMFORTING.] [Lat. confortare, from 
con and fortis, strong.] To relieve or cheer under afflic- 
tion or depression. 

Syn. — To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; en- 
liven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; re- 
fresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. 

Com'fort (kunyfurt), n. 1. Strength and relief received 



a,e,&c.,fo}ig7 a,e,&c.,s/iori; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, w©lf 



COMFORTABLE 



135 



COMMINATION 



under affliction ; support. 2. A state of quiet enjoy- 
ment : also, whatever contributes to such enjoyment. 
3. A wadded quilt ; a comfortable or comforter. [Amer.] 
Syn. — Consolation; solace. — Consolation is usually from 
without, and supposes some definite and pretty severe afflic- 
tion, as a friend consoles under bereavement; comfort may 
come from within, and may refer to lighter evils or continuous 
trials, as the comfort of love, the comforts of old age. Solace is 
a tiling which we make or rind for ourselves, as the solace of 
books, society, &c. 

€6m'fort-a-fole (kum'furt-a-bl), a. 1. Affording, im- 
parting, or enjoying comfort. 2. Free from positive 
pain or distress. [Amer.] 

Cdm'fort-a-ble, n. A heavy, quilted coverlet for a 
bed ; a comforter. [Amer.] 

■€6m'fort-a-ble-uess, n. State of being comfortable. 

-€6m'f ort-a-bly, adv. In a manuer to give comfort. 

■€6m'fort-er, n. 1. One who comforts. 2. (Script.) 
The Holy Spirit. 3. A knit woolen tippet. 4. A wadded 
quilt; a comfort. [Amer.] 

Cdm'f ort-less, a. Without comfort ; miserable. 
Syn. —Forlorn; desolate; inconsolable; wretched. 

Com'frey, n. [Lat. conferva, from confervere, to boil 
together, to heal ; so called on account of its healing 
power.] ( Bot.) A genus of plants used in medicine. 

Com'ie, a. [See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy. 

2. Raising mirth ; fitted to excite merriment. 
■Com'ie-al, a. 1. Relating to comedy. 2. Exciting 

mirt'.i ; laughable. 

Syn. — Droll; diverting; sportive; ludicrous; ridiculous. 

■CSm/ie-al'i-ty, n. That which is comical. 

Coin'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a comical manner ; ludicrously. 

•Com'ie-al-ness, n. The quality of being comical. 

-eom'ilig-iii, n. Entrance; arrival. 

■Co-mVti-d (ko-mish/i-a), n. pi. [Lat., from comire, for 
coire, to come together, from com, or co, for con, and ire, 
to go.] (Rom. Antiq.) The assemblies of the people for 
electing officers and passing laws. 

■€o-mTtial (ko-mlsh/al). a. I . Relating to the comitia, 
or popular assemblies of the Romans. 2. Pertaining to 
assemblies of the people. 

Com/i ty, n. [Lat. comitas, from comis, affable, kind.] 
Courtesy of intercour-e ; civility ; good breeding. 

Com'ma, n. [Lat. comma, Gr. ko/a.uo., segment, clause, 
from KOTTeiv, to cut off] (Punct.) A character [,] mark- 
ing the smallest grammatical division of a sentence, and 
usually the shortest pause in reading. 

Command' (8), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMMANDED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COMMANDING.] [From Lat. com, for con, 
and mandare, to commit to, to command.] 1. To order 
with authority. 2. To exercise supreme authority over. 

3. To have within a sphere of influence, control, or 
virion. 4. To exact or enforce by moral influences. 

Syn. — To bid; order; direct; charge; govern; lead; over- 
look; challenge; claim. 

-Gom-maiid', v. i. To have or to exercise supreme au- 
thority : to possess the chief power; to govern. 

Com-mand', n. 1. An authoritative order. 2. Appli- 
cation or exercise of authority. 3. Right or possession 
of authority. 4. Abilifcv to overlook, control, or watch. 
5. A bod/ of troops under a particular officer. 

Syn. — Control; sway; power; authority; mandate; order; 
injunction; charge; direction; behest. 

Com'man-dant', n. [Fr., orig. p. pr. of commander, 
to command.] A commanding officer. 

Com-mand'ev, h. 1. A leader ; the chief officer of an 
army, or of any division of it. 2. (Navy.) An officer 
next above a lieutenant. 3. A heavy wooden mallet. 

Com-mand'er-y, ) n. [Low Lat. commanderia. See 

-€om-mand ; ry, ) Command, v. t.] A manor with 
lands and tenements belonging to an order of knights, 
and controlled by a commander ; a preceptory. 

€om-mand'ing, a. Fitted to impress or control. 
Syn. — Authoritative; imperative; imperious. 

Com-mand'ment, n. 1. An order or injunction given 
by authority; charge; precept. 2. (Script.) One of the 
ten laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 

Com-mga§'ur-a-Me (-mezh'ur-), a. [Lat. com, for 
coji, and Eng. measurable, q. v.] Reducible to the same 
measure ; commensurate. 

■€om-mem'o ra-lble, a. Worthy to be commemorated. 

Com-mem'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commemo- 
rated ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMEMORATING-.] [Lat. 
commemoratiis, p. p. of commemorare, to remember, 
from com, for con, and memorare, to mention, from 
memor, mindful.] To call to remembrance by a solemn 
act ; to celebrate with honor and solemnity. 



1. Act of commending ; dec- 
A message of affection or re- 



Com-m6m'o-ra'tion, n. Act of calling to remem- 
brance by some solemnity ; a public celebration. 
■Com-mena'o-ra-tive, ) a. [Lat. commemoratorius.] 
€om-mem'o-ra-to-ry, ) Serving to commemorate ; 
tending to preserve in remembrance. 
| €om-mence', v. i. [imp. & p. p. commenced ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. commencing.] [From Lat. com, for con, 
and initiare, to begin, from initium, beginning, from 
in and ire, to go.] 1. To begin ; to originate. 2. To 
take the first degree in a university or college. 

0®"*ln the usage of good writers, commence is never followed 
by the infinitive, but by a participle or participial noun instead. 

•€om-m6npe', v. t. 1. To enter upon ; to begin ; to 
originate. 2. To begin to be or to appear. 

€om-mence'ment, n. 1. First existence of any thing ; 
rise ; origin ; beginning. 2. The day when degrees are 
conferred by colleges and universities. j 

-Com-mend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commended: p. pz 
& vb. n. COMMENDING.] [Lat. commendare, from com, 
for con, and mandare, to commit to.] 1. To commit or 
intrust for care or preservation. 2. To present as worthy 
of confidence or regard. 3. To praise. 4. To recom- 
mend to the remembrance or kind reception of. 

-Com-mend'a-Me, a. Capable or worthy of being com- 
mended ; laudable ; praiseworthy. [ble. 

Com-mend'a-ble-ness, n. State of being commenda- 

-€om-mend'a-hly, adv. In a commendable manner. 

-Com-men'dam, n. [Lat., abbrev. fr. in commendam, 
from commendare.] (Eccl. Law.) 1. A vacant benefice 
committed to the care of the holder until a proper pastor 
is supplied. 2. The holding of such a benefice. 

Com-mend'a-ta-ry, n. One who holds a living in com- 
mendam. 

ConVmen-da/tion, n. 
laration of esteem. 2. 
spect ; compliments. 
Syn. — Praise; approbation; applause; laudation. 

Com-mend'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to commend. 
2. Holding a benefice in commendam. 

-Com-mend'er, n. One who commends or praises. 

Com-men/su-ra-Ml'i-ty (-lnen'shi}-), n. Capacity of 
having a common measure. 

-Com-meii/su-ra-Me (-men'shu-), a. [From Lat. com, 
for con, and mensurare, to measure, from mensura, meas- 
ure.] Having a common measure. 

-€om-men'su-ra-ble-ness, n. Commeusurability. 

-Com-meii'su-ra-foly, adv. In a commensurable man- 
ner. 

Com-men'su-rate (-mCn'shu-), a. 1. Having a com- 
mon measure ; commensurable. 2. Equal in measure 
or extent ; proportional. 

Com-men'su-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commensu- 
RATW ; p. pr. & vb. n. commensurating.] [Lat. 
com, for con, and mensuratus, p. p. of mensurare, to 
measure.] To reduce to a common measure. 

-Com-men'su-rate-ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate 
manner. 2. With equal measure or extent. [surate. 

-eom-men/su-ra'tioii, n. The state of being commen- 

-€Sm/ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. commented ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. commenting ] [Lat. commentari, to medi- 
tate upon, to explain, intens. form of comminisci, com- 
mentus, to reflect upon, to invent, from com, for con, and 
minisci, to call to mind, from the root men, whence wens, 
mind.] To explain by means of remarks, observations, 
or criticisms ; to write annotations. 

-Com'ment, n. An explanatory or illustrative remark, 
observation, or criticism ; annotation; observation; stric- 
ture ; explanation. 

€om'men-ta-ry, n. 1. A series, collection, or book 
of comments, annotations, or explanations. 2. A me- 
moir of particular transactions. [tator. 

-Com'men-ta'tor, n. One who comments ; an anno- 

-€6m'ment-er, n. One who comments. 

Com'merce, n. [Lat. commercium, from com and merx f 
mercis, merchandise.] 1. Exchange of merchandise on 
a large scale between different places or communities; 
extended trade or traffic. 2. Social or personal inter- 
course ; familiarity. 

Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealing; intercourse; interchange} 
communion; communication. 

€om-merce' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. commerced; 

p.pr. & vb. n. COMMERCING.] To hold intercourse with. 
Com-mer'cial (14, 63), a. Pertaining to, or engaged 

in commerce ; mercantile. 
Com-mer'cial-ly, adv. In a commercial manner. 
Com'mi-na'tion, n. [Lat. comminatio, fr. comminari, 



food, foot; Urn, rude, pull ; f ell, ^haise, eall, echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, liixk •, tiiis. 



COMMINATORY 



136 



COMMONWEALTH 



fr. com, for con, and minari, to threaten.] A threat or 
threatening ; denunciation of punishment or vengeance. 

Com-miii'a-to-ry, a. Threatening or denouncing pun- 
ishment or divine vengeance. 

Com-min'gle (-ming'gl, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. com- 
mingled; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMINGLING.] [Lat. 
com, for con, and Eug. mingle.] To mingle together in 
one mass, or intimately : to blend. [come blended. 

-€om-min'gle, v. i. To mix or unite together; to be- 

Com'mi-iiiite. v. t. [imp. & p. p. comminuted ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. COMMINUTING.] [Lat. comminuere, comminu- 
tum, from com, for con, and minuere, to lessen, from 
minor, minus, compar. of parvus, small.] To reduce to 
minute particles ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; to grind. 

•CSm'mi-iiu/tioii, n. 1. Act of reducing to small par- 
ticles ; pulverization. 2. Attenuation by the removal 
of small particles. 

•€om-mi§'er-a-ble, a. Deserving of pity. [Rare.] 

-Com-mig'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commiserated ; 

- p.pr. & vb. n. COMMISERATING.] [Lat. commiserari, 

commiseratus, from com, for con, and miserari, to pity, 

from miser, wretched.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret 

for ; to be sorry for. 

Syn.— To pity; compassionate; feel for; lament; condole. 

Com-mig'ejf-a'tioxi, n. Act of commiserating. 
Syii. — Pity; sympathy; compassion; condolence. 

Com-mI§'er-a-tive,a. Feeling or expressing commis- 

-eona-mls'er-a'tor, n. One who pities. [eration. 

CSm'mis-sa'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a commissary. 

Com mis-sa/ri-ai, n. [See infra.] ( Mil. ) (a. ) That de- 
partment of the service which is charged with the supply 
of provisions for the soldiers, (b.) The body of officers 
in that department, (c.) Office of a commissary. 

•Coin'mis-sa-ry, n. [L. Lat. coynmissarius, from com- 
millere, com?nissus, to commit, from com, for con, and 
mittere, to send.] 1. A deputy; a commissioner. 2. 
[Mil.) An officer having charge of a special department, 
especially that of subsistence. 

Com/mis-sa-ry-gen'er-al, n. The head of the com- 
missary department, or department for supplying an ar- 
my with provisions, &c. [commissary. 

Com'inis-sa-ry-ship, n. Office or employment of a 

-Gom-inis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. [Lat commissio. See 
supra.] 1. Act of committing, doing, or performing; 
act of perpetrating. 2. A formal act or warrant of com- 
mitting some charge or trust to a person. 3. A company 
of persons jcinecl in the exercise of some duty. 4. ( Com.) 
(a.) The acting under authority of, or on account of, an- 
other, (b.) The thing to be done as agent for another, 
(c.) Brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent. 

To put a ship into commission (Xaut.), to send it forth on pub- 
lic service after it lias been laid up. — To put the great seal into 
commission, to jslace it in the hands of commissioners, during 
the period that intervenes between the going out of one lord 
keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.~\ 
Syn. — Charge ; warrant; authority; mandate; office. 

■€om-mis'sion (kom-mlsh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. com- 
missioned; p.pr. & vb. n. COMMISSIONING.] To give 
a commission to. 

Ss r n.— To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate. 

-Com-ixiis'sion-er, n. 1. One who has a commission 
to execute some business for the one who employs him. 
2. An officer having charge of some department or bu- 
reau of the public service. 

Com-mls'sioii-mer'cliant, n. A merchant who 
transacts business on commission, as the agent of others, 
receiving a rate per cent, as his reward. 

Com-mis'sure (-mlsh'ur, 95), n. 1. (Arch.) Applica- 
tion of the surface of one stone to that of another. 
2. A joint, seam, or closure; line of junction; point of 
union ; an interstice between parts. 

Com-mTt', v. t. [imp. & p.p. committed ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. committing.] [Lat. committere, to send to, to 

connect, to commit, from com, for con, and mittere, to 

send.] 1. To give in trust. 2. To do ; to perform ; to 

effect or perpetrate. 3. To place beyond one's control ; 

to pledge or bind ; — used reflexively. 

Syn. — To commit; intrust; consign. See Consign. 

•Com-mit'ment, n. Act of committing ; particularly, 

act of committing to prison. [actual or implied- 

■€om-mit'tal,n. 1. Act of committing. 2. A pledge, 

Com-mit'tee, n. [From commit.] A select number of 

persons appointed to attend to any business, either bv a 

legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body 

of men acting together. 

•€om-mit'tee-.ship, n. Office of a committee, [trates. 

Com-mlt'ter, n. One who commits ; one who perpe- 



-€om-mit'ti-lble, a. Capable of being committed. 

€oiL-mix', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. commixed (kom- 
mlkstf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. commixing.] [Lat. commis- 
cere, commixtum, from com, for con, and miscere, to mix, 
q. v.] To mix or mingle ; to blend. 

CoMi-mixt'ion (-mlkst'yun), n. Mixture. 

Com-mixt'ure (-nilkst'ynr), n. 1. Act of mixing, or 
state of being mixed. 2. The mass formed by mingling 
different things ; compound. 

Commode', n. [Lat. commodus, from com, for con, 
and modus, measure, mode.] 1. A kind of head-dress 
formerly worn by ladies. 2. A chest of drawers, often 
with shelves added, and other conveniences. 

Com-mo'di-ous, a. [L. Lat. commodiosus. See supra.] 
Affording ease and convenience. 

Syn. — Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; comfortable. 

■€cm-mo'di-cu.s-ly, adv. In a commodious manner. 

-€om-nio'di-ou.g-iiess, n. Adaptation or suitableness 
for its purpose ; convenience : fitness. 

Com-mod'i-ty, n. [Lat. cemmoditas. See COMMODE.] 
That which affords convenience or advantage, esp. in 
commerce ; hence, goods, wares, merchandise, &c. 

Com/mo-dore', n. [Prob. a contr. or corrupt, of It. 
comandatore , commander, L. Lat. cemmendator. Cf. 
Commend and Command.] 1. The commander of a 
squadron. 2. (Eng. Marine.) A naval officer having 
the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. The senior cap- 
tain, when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- 
pany. 4. The leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 

Com'mon, a. [compar. COMBIONER; svperl. COM- 
MONEST.] [Lat. communis, from com, for con , and mu- 
nis, ready to be of service, from munvs, service, work.] 

1. Eelonging equally to more than one, or to many in- 
definitely : serving for the use of all. 2. Often met 
with. 3. Not distinguished by rank or character. 

Common carrier, one who undertakes, for hire, to transport 
goods from one place to another. — Common chord (Mtts.), a 
chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and 
fifth. — Common coimcU, a representative council for the gov- 
ernment of a city. — Common gender (Gram.), one which is 
either masculine or feminine. — Common laic, the unwritten 
law; the law that receives its binding force from immemorial 
usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written 
or statute law.— Common noun {Gram.), the name of any one 
of a class of objects, as distinguished from a pro] e>: noun, the 
name of a particular person or thing. — Common Picas, a court 
for trying civil actions. In the "United States, it sometimes has 
criminal jurisdiction. — Common prayer, the liturgy of the 
Protestant Episcopal church. — Common sense, sound, practical 
judgment; the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. 
— Common time (JMus.), that variety of time in which the meas- 
ure consists of two or of four equal portions. — Common verb, 
one which is both active r.nd passive. — In common, equally 
with another, or with others. 

Syn.— General: public; popular; national; universal; fre- 
quent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar: habitual; vul- 
gar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. 

Com'mon, n. 1. An unincloscd tract of ground, be- 
longing to the public, or to a number of persons. 2. 
(Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of an- 
other, in common either with the owner or with others. 

-€om'moii, v. i. 1. To have a joint right with others 
in common ground. 2. To board together ; to eat at a 
table in common. [to pasture on common land. 

Com'mon-a-ble, a. 1. Held in common. 2. Allowed 

Com'mon-age, h. Eight of pasturing on a common; 
joint right of using any thing in common with others. 

Com'mcii-al-ty, n. The common people ; the body of 
common citizens : the commons. 

Com'mon-er, n. 1. One under the degree of nobility. 

2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. One who 
has a joint right in common ground. 4. A student of 
the second rank in the university of Oxford, England. 

Com'mon-ly, adv. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; 
frequently ; for the most part. 

Com'mon-ness (109), ?i. Frequent occurrence ; a state 
of being common or usual. 

Com'inon -place, a. Common; trite; hackneyed. 

-Comi'mon-place,??. 1. (Bhet.) A general idea appli- 
cable to different subjects. 2. A trite remark. 

Com'mon-place, v. t. To enter in a commonplace- 
book, or to reduce to general heads. 

Com'mon-place'-bool* (27), n. A book in which 
things to be remembered are recorded. 

Com'mong, n. pi. 1. The mass of the people; the 
commonaltv. 2. The lower house of parliament. [Eng.] 

3. Provisions; food; fare; — from the practice of eat- 
ing at a common table. 4. A club where all eat at a 
common table. 

fom'mon-weal', \n. [See ITeal and Wealth.] 
Com'mon-wealth', J 1. Properly, a free state; a 



a e.&c.,Zo?i£/a,e\&c.,s/jo?-*;care,far,asl£,all,wliat; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf 






COMMOTION 



137 



COMPASS 



popular government ; realm ; republic. 2. The whole 
body of people in a state. 

Com-ino'tion, n. [Lat. commotio. See Commove.] 
1. Violent motion ; agitation. 2. A popular tumult. 
3. Perturbation or disorder of mind. 

Syn. — Excitement ; disturbance ; tumult ; violence. 

Com-move', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commoved ; p. pr. 
& vb. it. COMMOVING.] [Lat. commovere, from com, 
for con, and movere, to move.] To disturb ; to agitate. 

Com-miln'al, a. Pertaining to a commune. 

Commune', v. i. [imp. & p. p. COMMUNED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. communing.] [From Lat. communicate, to 
communicate, r v.] 1. To converse together familiarly ; 
to confer. 2. ) receive the communion ; to partake of 
the Lord"s supp , 

■€dm'milue, n: Fr. See Common.] A small territo- 
rial district in Pi ace. 

Com-ina iii-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commu- 
nicable, [ted. 

Com-mu'ni-ea-Tble, a. Capable of being communica- 

Com-mu'ni-ea-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of 
being communicable. 

Com -mu'ni-cant, n. One who partakes of the Lord's 
supper ; a church-member. 

Com-mu'ni-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. communi- 
cated; p. pi. & vb. n. COMMUNICATING.] [Lat. 
communicatus , p. p. of communicare, from communis, 
common.] 1. To impart for joint or common possession ; 
to bestow ; to confer. 2. To impart, reveal, or give, as 
information. 

Syn. — To impart ; reveal. — To communicate is generic ; 
it is allowing others to enjoy in common with us. Impart is 
more specific; it is giving to otliers apart of what we had held 
as our own, or making them our partners, as, to impart our 
feelings, of our property, &c. Hence there is something more 
intimate in imparting Intelligence than in communicating it. 
To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed, as a 
secret. 

Com-nru'ni-eate, v. i. 1. To share or participate. 2. 
To have intercourse or the means of intercourse. 

Com-uiu/ni-ea'tion, n. 1. The act of communi- 
cating; intercourse by words, letters, or messages. 2. 
The means of passing from place to place. 3. That which 
is communicated or imparted. 

Syn. — Commerce ; correspondence ; conference ; inter- 
course ; intelligence ; news. 

Com-mu'iii-ca-tive, a. Inclined to communicate ; 
ready to impart to others. 

Com-mu'ni-ea-tive-iiess, n. Quality of being com- 
municative ; freedom from reserve. 

Com-anu'ni-ca/tar, n. One who communicates. 

Com-mu'ni-ea-to-ry, a. Imparting knowledge. 

Com-muii'ion, n. 1. Intercourse between two per- 
sons or more. 2. Union in religious faith ; fellowship. 
3. A body of Christians having one common faith and 
discipline. 4. The celebration of the Lord's supper. 

Sy li. — Fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; 
agreement. 

Com'mu-ni§m, n. [Fr. communisme, from commun, 
common, q. v.] The doctrine of a community of prop- 
erty among all the citizens of a state or society ; social- 
ism [tice of communism . 
Com'mu-nist, n. An advocate for the theory or prac- 
Com-mu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. communitas .] 1. Common 
possession or enjoyment. 2. A society of people having 
common rights, privileges, or interests. 3. Society at 
large ; the public, or people in general. 

tS3T" In this sense, the term should not be used absolutely, 
like the word society ; as, the interests of community require 
this ; but the interests of the community, &c. 

Com-mu'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commutable. 

Com-mu'ta-ble, a. Capable of being exchanged or 
given for another. 

Com'mu-ta'tion, n. 1. Change. 2. Barter ; ex- 
change. 3. (Law.) Substitution of one penalty or pun- 
ishment for another. 4. Purchase of a right to go upon 
a certain route during a specified period, for a less amount 
than would be paid in the aggregate for separate trips. 
5. Any outright sum given as an equivalent for a pro 
rata payment. 

Com-mu'ta-tive, a. Relative to exchange ; mutually 
passing from one to another ; interchangeable. 

Commute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commuted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMMUTING.] [Lat. commutare, from com, for 
con, and mutare, to change.] 1. To put one for the other ; 
to exchange ; to substitute, as a greater penalty or pun- 
ishment for a less. 2. To pay less for in the gross than 
would be paid for the separate trips 



Com-mute', v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemp- 
tion. 2. To make an arrangement to pay in gross. 
Com-mut'u-al, a. Mutual ; reciprocal. [Rare.] 
Corn-pact', a. [Lat. compactus, p. p. of co?npingere, 
from com, for con, and pangere, pactum, to fasten, fix.] 
1. Closely and firmly united. 2. Brief; succinct; not 
diffuse or verbose. 

Syn. — Firm ; close ; solid ; dense ; brief ; pithy ; senten- 
tious. 

Com'paet, n. An agreement between parties ; a cove- 
nant or contract ; — either of individuals or of nations. 

Compact', v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMPACTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMPACTING.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press 
closely together ; to consolidate. 2. To unite or connect 
firmly, as in a system. 

Com-pact'ed-ly, adv. In a compact manner. 

Com-paet'ly, adv. With close union of parts ; closely ; 
densely. 

Com-paet'ness, n. Close union of parts ; density. 

Com-pan'ion, n. [From L. Lat. companium, fellow- 
ship, a mess, from com, for con, and panis, bread.] One 
who accompanies, or is associated with, another. 

Companion hatch (Waut.), a wooden porch over the entrance 
or staircase of the cabin. — Companion ladder, that one by 
which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter-deck.— 
Companion way (A««(.), a staircase leading to the cabin. 

Syn. — Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally? 
confederate; coadjutor; accomplice. 

Com-pan'ion-a-ble, a. Agreeable as a companion ; fit 
for good fellowship : sociable. 

Com-pan'ion-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being com- 
panionable ; sociableness. 

Com-pan'ion-a-bly , adv. In a companionable manner- 

Com-pan'ion-ship, n. Fellowship ; association. 

Cdm'pa-ny (ktim'pa-ny), n. [See supra ] 1. State of 
being a companion ; the act of accompanying. 2. An as- 
semblage or association of persons. 3. Guests, in dis- 
tinction from the members of a family . 4. A corporation ; 
a firm. 5. Partners in a firm whose names are uot men- 
tioned in the style or title of the firm. 6. (Mil.) A sub- 
division of a regiment of infantry or artillery. 7. (Naut.) 
The crew of a ship, including the officers. 

To keep company, (a.) To accompany; to attend, (b.) To 
associate frequently or habitually, esp. as a lover or admirer. 

Syn. — Assemblage ; assembly; society; group; circle; 
crowd ; troop ; crew ; gang ; corporation ; association. 

C6m'pa-ny, v. i. To associate. 

C6m'pa-ra-ble, a Capable of being compared ; worthy 
of comparison. [pared. 

C6m'pa-ra-bly, adv. In a manner worthy to be com- 

Com-par'a-trve, a. 1. Estimated by comparison ; pro- 
ceeding from comparison. 2. Having the power of com- 
paring. 3. (Gram.) Expressing a greater or less degree 
of a quantity, or quality, than the positive. 

Com-par'a-tlve-ly, adv. In a comparative manner, or 
by comparison ; relatively. 

Corn-pare' (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. compared ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. COMPARING.] [Lat. comparare , from compar, 
like or equal to another, fr. com, for con, and par, equal.] 
1. To examine the mutual relations of. 2. To represent 
as similar, for the purpose of illustration ; to liken. 3. 
( Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of comparison. 

Corn-pare', v. i. To hold comparison ; to be like or 
equal; to admit of comparison. 

Syn.— Compare to ; compare with.— A thing is compared 

" with another to learn their relative value or excellence ; to 

another, with a view to show their similarity. We compare 

two orators with each other, and the eloquence of one to a 

thunderbolt, and of the other to a conflagration. 

Com-par'er, n. One who compares. 

Com-par'i-son (-sun or -sn), n. 1. Act of compar- 
ing or considering the relations between persons or things; 
a comparative estimate. 2. (Gram.) The inflection of 
an adjective or adverb in its several degrees of significa- 
tion. 3. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. 

Corn-part', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comparted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMPARTING.] [Lat. compartiri , from com, for 
con, andpartiri, partire, to share, from, pars, part is, -part, 
share.] To divide ; to mark out into several parts. 

Com/par-tl'tion (-tlsh'un), n. 1. Act of dividing into 
parts. 2. Part divided ; a separate part. 

Com-part'ment, n. One of the separate parts into 
which any thing is divided. 

Com/pass (kfim'-), n. [L. Lat. compassus, circle, prop, a 
stepping together, fr. Lat. com, for cum, and passus, pace, 
step.] 1. A circuit ; circumference. 2. An inclosing 
limit ; boundary. 3. An inclosed space ; an area ; extent ; 
capacity. 4. (Mus.) Range of notes comprehended by 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; egdst ; linger, link ; this- 



COMPASS 



138 



COMPLETE 



any voice or instrument. 5. A magnetic instrument, 
used to determine the north and other cardinal points. 

Mariner's compass, one which has its 
needle permanently attached to a card, 
so that both move together. The card 
is divided into thirty -two parts, or 
points. — To fetch a compass, to 
round in a circuit. 




€6m'pass (kum'pas), v. t. [imp. & 
p.p. compassed (kunv'past); p. 

pr. & vb. 11. COMPASSING.] 1. To 
go about or around. 2. To inclose 
on all sides. 3. To besiege or in- 
vest. 4. To get within reach, or 
within one's power. 5. To purpose; to intend; to im- 
agine; to plot. 

inclose ; contrive 



Mariner's Compass. 



Syn. — To surround ; environ 
cecure ; obtain ; consummate. 



gam 



-Gosn'pass-a-fole, a. Capable of being compassed. 

-€6m'pass-e§, n. pi. An instrument for describing 
circles, measuring figures, &c. 

Com-pas'sion (-pash'un), n. [Lat. compassio, fr. Lat. 
compati, compassus, from com and pati, passus, to bear, 
suffer] A suffering with another; sorrow excited by the 
distress or misfortunes of another, 

Syn. — Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling. 

•€om-pas'sion-ate (-pash'un-, 45), a. Full of com- 
passion ; inclined to pity. 

Syn. — Sympathizing ; tender ; merciful ; melting; soft ; 
indulgent ; kind. 

■€©m-pas'£ion-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. compassion- 
ated; p.prrk, vb. n. COMPASSIONATING.] To have 
compassion for ; to pity ; to commiserate. 

Ccm-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. In a compassionate man- 
ner ; mercifully. [sionate. 

-Com-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Quality of being compas- 

Com-pat'i-foll'i-ty, n- Quality of being compatible. 

•€om-pat'i-tole, a. [L.Lat. compatibilis, fr. Lat. compati. 
See Compassion.] Capable of existing in harmony. 

Syn. — Consistent ; suitable ; agreeable ; accordant ; con- 
gruous. 

•€om-pat'i-fole-ness, n. Compatibility ; consistency ; 
fitness ; agreement. 

■€cm-pat'i-bly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; consistently. 

•Com-pa'tri-ot, n. A fellow-patriot of the same country. 

-Gom-peer', n. [Lat. compar, from com, for con, and 
par, equal.] One who is an equal ; a companion ; a peer. 

■Corn-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. compelled; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMPELLING.] [Lat. compellere, from com, for 
con, and pelltre, to drive.] 1. To drive or urge irresisti- 
bly ; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. 
2. To take by force or violence. 

Syn. — To force ; constrain ; oblige ; necessitate ; coerce. 
Sec CoEiiCii. 

Com-pel'la-ble, a. Capable of being compelled. 

Com/pel-la'tion, n. [Lat. compellatio, from compellare, 
to accost.] Manner of address or salutation ; appellation. 

Com-pel'la-trve. n. {Gram.) The name by which a 
person is addressed. 

Com-pel'ler, n. One who compels or constrains. 

Com'pend, n. [Lat. compendium, from compendere, 
from com, for con, and pendere, to weigh.] A brief com- 
pilation ; an abridgment ; an epitome ; a summary. 

Com-pend'i-oiis, a. Summed up within narrow limits. 

Com-pend'i-ous-ly, adv. Summarily ; in brief. 

Ccm-pend'i-oiis-ness, n. Comprehension in a narrow 
compass ; shortness ; brevity. 

Com-pen'di-um,n. ; pi. -com-pen-'di-ums. [See Com- 
PEND.] An abridgment or epitome. 

Com'pen-sate,or Com-pen'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

COMPENSATED; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPENSATING.] 
[Lat. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, intens. form of 
compendere, to weigh. See COMPEND.] 1. To make 
equal return to; to give an equivalent to. 2. To be 
equivalent to in value or effect. [See CONTEMPLATE.] 

Syn.— To recompense; remunerate; reward; requite; coun- 
terbalance. 



Com'pen-sate, or Com-pen'sate, 

amends ; to_supply an equivalent. 
Com'pen-sa'tion, n. 1. Act or principle of compen- 
sating. 2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as 
an equivalent. 3. {Law.) Payment of a debt by a 
credit of equal amount. 

Syn. — Recompense ; reward 
amends; satisfaction; set-off. 

Com-pen'sa-tive, a. Affording compensation. 



To make 



remuneration ; requital ; 



Com-pen'sa-to-ry, a. Serving for compensation ; mak- 
ing amends. 

Com-pete', v. i. [imp. & p.p. competed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMPETING.] [Lat. competere, from com, for 
con, and petere, to seek.] To contend, as rivals for a prize ; 
to strive emulously. 

Com'pe-tence, [n. [Lat. competentia.] 1. State of 

Com'pe-ten-cy, ) being competent ; fitness ; power ; 
ability ; adequacy. 2. Sufficiency, especially of property 
or means of subsistence. 3. {Law.) {a.) Legal capacity 
or qualifications, (b.) Right or authority. 

-€6m'pe-tent, a. 1. Answering to all requirements. 
2. Having adequate power or right. 

Syn.— Sufficient; fitted; suitable; qualified; adequate. 

Com'pe-tent-ly, adv. In a competent manner ; ade- 
quately ; suitably. 

Com/pe-ti'tion (kom'pe-tish'un), n. Common strife 
for the same object ; strife for superiority. 

Syn. — Emulation ; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; 
contention; opposition; jealousy. 

Com-pet'i-tive, a. Producing or pertaining to compe- 
tition ; rival ; emulous. [claims ; a rival. 
Com-pet'i-tor, n. [Lat.] One who claims what another 
Com/pi-la'tion, n. 1. Act or process of compiling. 

2. That which is compiled ; especially a book. 
Corn-pile', v. t. [imp. Scp.p. compiled ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. COMPILING.] [Lat. compilare, to scrape together and 
carry off, from com, for con, and pilare, to deprive cf hair, 
to plunder, from pilus, a hair.] To put together or com- 
pose .out of materials from other books or documents. 

Com-pil'er, v. One who makes a compilation. 

Com-pla'cence, )n. 1. A feeling of quiet pleasure. 

Com-pla'^en-cy, ) 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. 

3. Manifestation of pleasure ; kindness of manners. 
Syn. — Pleasure; gratification; satisfaction; civility. 

Com-pla'cent, a. [Lat. complacent, p. pr. of compla- 
cere, from com, for con, and placcre , to please.] Accom- 
panied with pleasure ; gratified ; displaying satisfaction. 

Com-pla'cent-ly, adv. In a complacent manner. 

Corn-plain', v.i. [imp. & p.p. complained; p. pr. 
& vb. n. complaining.] [L. Lat. complawgcre, from 
com, for con, and plangere, to strike, beat the breast, 
bewail.] 1. To express distress, pain, or censure. 2. 
To bring an accusation ; to make a charge. 

Syn.— To murmur; accuse; lament; regret; repine. 

Com-plain'ant, n. 1. One who makes a complaint. 
2. {Law.) A plaintiff. 

Corn-plain'er, n. One who complains or laments. 

Com-plaint', n. 1. Expression cf grief, pain, censure, 

or resentment. 2. Cause or subject of complaining. 3. 

A malady ; a disease ; a disorder. 4. {Laiv.) Allegation 

that some person has been guilty of a designated offense. 

Syn. — Lamentation ; murmuring; sorrow; grief; illness. 

Com'plai-gance-' (kom'pla-zanss'), n. [Fr. Sec Com- 
placent.] Obliging compliance with the wishes of 
others. 

Syn. — Civility ; courtesy ; urbanity ; suavity ; affability ; 
good-breeding. 

Com'plai-gant' (-pla-zant'), a. [Fr. complaisant. See 

supra.] Desirous to please ; kindly attentive ; affable. 

Syn. — Obliging; courteous; civil; polite; well-bred. 

Com'plai-gant'ly (kom'pla-zant'ly), adv. In a com- 
plaisant manner ; with civility. 

Com'pla-nate, v. t. [Lat. complanare, from com, for 
con, and planare, to level, from planus, level, plain, q. v.] 
To make level or even. 

Com'ple-ment, n. [Lat. complemcntum. See Com- 
plete.] 1. That which completes or supplies a de- 
ficiency ; quantity or number required to make a thing 
complete. 2. (Astron.) Distance of a star from the ze- 
nith, as compared with its altitude. 3. ( Trigon.) Dif- 
ference between an arc or angle and 90°. 4. {Arith.) 
Difference between a number and 10, 100, 1000, &c. 5. 
{Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave. 

Com'ple -ment'al, a. Supplj ing, or tending to supply, 
a deficiency ; fully completing. 

Com'ple-ment'a-ry, a. Serving to complete. 

Com-plete', a. 1. Free from deficiency ; perfect ; con- 
summate. 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded. 

Syn. —Whole; entire; total.— Whole has reference to parts, 
as, a whole week; total to parts taken collectively, as, the total 
amount; entire sets aside parts, and regards a thing as an inte- 
ger, i. e., continuous or unhroken, as, an entire year; complete 
supposes progress, i. e., a filling out to some end or object, as, 
a complete victory. 

Com-plete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. completed ; p. pr. 



a,e ; 8cc.,long; &,e,&c.,skort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



COMPLETELY 



139 



COMPREHEND 



& vb. n. completing.] [Lat. complete, completion 
from com, for con, and plere, to fill.] 1. To bring to a 
state in which there is no deficiency. 2. To fulfill ; to 
bring to pass. 

Syn. — To perform ; terminate ; conclude ; finish ; end ; 
achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate. 

Com-plete'ly, adv. In a complete manner ; fully. 

Com-plete'ness, n. State of being complete. 

Com-ple'tion, n. 1. Act or process of completing, or 
state of being complete. 2. fulfillment; accomplish- 
ment ; realization. 

Com-ple'tive, a. Making complete or entire. 

Com'plex, a. [Lat. complexus, p. p of complecti, to com- 
prise, from com, for con, and plectcre, to twist.] 1. Com- 
posed of two or more parts. 2. Involving many parts. 
Syn.— Composite; compounded; complicated; intricate. 

Com'plex, n. Assemblage ; collection. [plex. 

Com-plex'ed-ness, n. State or quality of being com- 

Com-plex'ion (-plek'shun), n. [Lat. complexio.] 1. 
State of being complex ; connection of parts ; frame or 
texture. 2. Color or hue of the skin, particularly of the 
face. 3. General appearance or aspect. 

Com-plex'ion-al, a. Pertaining to the complexion. 

Com-plex'ion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the complexion, 
or to the care of it. 

Com-plex'i-ty, n. State of being complex ; intricacy. 

-€6m'plex-ly, adv. In a complex manner. 

Com'plex-ness, n. State of being complex ; complexity. 

Com-plex'iire, n. Involution or complication of one 
thing with others. [pliant. 

Com-pH'a-lble, a. Inclined to comply or yield; com- 

Com-pll'anpe, n. [See Comply.] 1. Act of comply- 
ing ; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, demand, or 
proposal. 2. A disposition to yield to others. 

Syn. — Concession; submission; consent; obedience; per- 
formance; execution. 

Com-pli'arit, a. 1. Bending; pliant. 2. Inclined to 
comply ; yielding to request or desire. 

Com-pli'ant-ly, adv. In a yielding manner. 

Com'pli-ca-yy, n. [See Cojiplicate.] State of being 
complex orjatricate ; complexity. 

Com'pli-cate, v. t. [imp. &,p. p. complicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. u. COMPLICATING.] [Lat. complicates, p. p. of 
complkare , from com, for con, and plicare, to fold, to 
twist.] 1. To fold or twist together ; to interweave. 2. 
To render complex ; to involve. 

Com'pli-cate (45), a. Composed of two or more parts 
united; complex; complicated. 

Com'pli-c ate-ly , adv. In a complex manner. 

Com'pli-cate-ness, n. State of being complicate. 

Com'pli-ca'tion, n. Intricate or confused blending of 
parts ; entanglement ; complexity. 

Com'pli-ca/tive, a. Tending or adapted to involve. 

Com-plic'i-ty, n. Condition of being an accomplice. 

Com-pli'er, n. One who complies, yields, or obeys. 

Com'pli-ment, n. [Prom Lat. complete, to fill up. See 
Complete.] Manifestation, by word or act, of appro- 
bation, regard, or admiration ; delicate flattery. 
Syn. — See AnuLATiox. 

Com'pli-ment, v. t. To flatter, or gratify with praises. 

■Com'pli-ment, v. i. To use or pass compliments. 

Com/pli-ment'al, a. Expressive of, or implying, com- 
pliments ; complimentary. 

Com'pli-ment'a-ry (44), a. Expressive of civility, 
regard, or praise ; civil. 
Syn. — Gratulatory; congratulatory; flattering. 

Com'plme, ) n. [From L. Lat. complenda, or completa, 

Coin'plui, J a religious exercise which completes and 
closes the service of the day.] ( Eccl.) The closing prayer 
of the Roman Catholic breviary, to be recited after sunset. 

Com'plot, n. [From Lat. complicitum, eqniv. to compli- 
catio, complication.] A confederacy in some evil design ; 
a conspiracy ; a cabal. 

Corn-plot', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. complotted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. COMPLOTTING.] To plot together; to 
conspire ; to join in a secret design. 

Com'plu-ten'sian, a. Pertaining to the polyglot edition 
of the Bible published by Cardinal Ximenes at Complu- 
turn, or Alcala, in Spain, in 1522. 

Com-ply', v. i. [imp. & p. p. complied : p. pr. & vb. 
n. COMPLYING.] [Lat. complkare, to fold up or to- 
gether, to bend ; or from complete, to fill up, to fulfill.] 
To yield assent : to accord, agree, or acquiesce. 

<!om-po'nent, a. [Lat. componens, p. pr. of componere. 
See Compose .] Serving or helping to form ; composing ; 
constituting. 



Composing-stick. 



Com-po'nent, n. A constituent part ; an ingredient. 
Corn-port', v. i. [imp. & p. p. comported; p. pr. 

& vb. n. comporting.] [Lat. comportare, from com, 
for con ± and portare.] To agree ; to accord ; to suit. 

Corn-port', v. t. To behave ; to conduct ; — with a re- 
flexive pronoun. 

Com-port'a-ble, a. Suitable; consistent. 

Com-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p p. composed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. composing.] [Lat. compomre, composition, to 
put together, from com, for con, and ponere, to put.] 1. 
To form by uniting two or more things, parts, or indi- 
viduals ; to put together, 2. To constitute. 3. To 
originate ; to become the author of. 4. To place in 
proper form ; to reduce to order. 5. To free from agita- 
tion or disturbance ; to set at rest. 6. {Print.) To place 
in proper order for printing, as type. 

Syn. — To construct ; adjust; settle; regulate ; tranquilize ; 
quiet; soothe; calm; appease; allay. 

Com-po§ed', p. a. Free from agitation ; calm ; sedate ; 
quiet ; tranquil. 

Com-po§'ed-ly, adv. In a composed manner. [lity. 

Com-pog'ed-ness, n. Calmness ; sedateness ; tranquil- 

Com-po§'er, n. One who composes ; an author ; espe- 
cially, an author of a piece of music. 

Com-pog'ing- stick , n . { Print . ) j,,,,,— „, ., 

ranged into words and lines. 
Com-pog'ite, a [Lat. compos- 
ite, p. p. of componere. See 
Compose.] 1. Made up of 
distinct parts or elements ; com- 
pounded. 2. {Arch.) Belonging 
to an order of architecture made 
up of the Ionic grafted upon the 
Corinthian. 

Composite number (Math.), one 
which can bo measured exactly by 
a number exceeding unity. 

Com/po-gl'tion (-zish'un), n. 

1. Act of composing. In specific 
uses, (a.) Invention or com- 
bination of the parts of any 
literary work, {b.) {Fine Arts.) 
That combination of the several 

parts in which each is presented in its due proportion, 
(c.) Arrangement of type for use in printing. 2. State 
of being composed. 3. That which is formed by com- 
posing. 4. {Laiv.) Adjustment of a debt, or avoidance 
of an obligation, by some form of compensation mutually 
agreed on. 

Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force 
■which shall be equal to two or more given forces when acting 
in given directions. 

Syn. — Work; production; mixture; agreement; combina- 
tion; conjunction; adjustment. 

Com-po§'i-tive, a. Compounded, or having the power 
of compounding. 

Com-po§'i-tor, n. 1. One who composes or sets in 
order. 2. (Print.) One who sets type. 

Com'post, n. [Lat. compositum. See Compose.] {Ag- 
ric.) A mixture for fertilizing land. 

Com'post, v. t. To manure with compost. 

Com-pog'ure (kom-po'zhur), n. [Contr. from Lat. com- 
positura. See Compose.] 1. Act of composing, or 
that which is composed ; a composition. 2. A settled 
state ; sedateness ; calmness ; tranquillity. 

Com-pound', v. t. [imp. & p.p. compounded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. C03IPOUNDING.] [Lat. componere, from com, 
for con, and ponere, to put, set.] 1. To put together, as 
elements, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or unite. 

2. To settle amicably ; to adjust by agreement. 

To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for for- 
bearing to prosecute. 

Com-pound', v. i. To come to terms of agreement ; to 
settle by compromise. 

Com'pound, a. [0. Eng. compoumed , p. p. of com- 
powne, compone, from Lat. componere.] Composed of 
elements, ingredients, or parts. 

Compound motion, that which is the result of two or more 
forces acting in different but not in opposite directions. — Com- 
pound number, one constructed according to a varying scale of 
denomination; as, 3 cwt. 1 qr., 5 lb. 

CSm'pound, n. That which is compounded ; mixture 

of elements, ingredients, or parts. 
Com-pound'er, n. One who compounds. 
CSm'pre-hend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comprehended ; 




Composite Order. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



COMPREHENSIBILITY 



140 



CONCEDE 



p. pr. & vb. n. comprehending.] [Lat. comprehen- 
dere, from com, for con, and prekendere, to grasp, seize, 
from prie, before, and the root hendere, akin to Gr. xavSd- 
veiv, to hold, and A.-S. hentan, Goth, kinthan, to catch, 
seize.] 1. To include by construction or implication. 2. 
To take into the miud ; to apprehend the meaning of. 

Syn. — To apprehend ; contain ; include ; embrace ; com- 
prise; imply; conceive; understand. 

Com/pre-lien'si-bll'i-ty, n. State of being compre- 
hensible. 

Coin/pre-lien'si-ble, a. Capable of being comprehend- 
ed, included, or understood. 

Com pre-hen'si-lble-iiess, n. Quality of being com- 
prehensible ; capability of being understood. 

Coni'iire-lien'sion, n. 1. Act of comprehending. 2. 
That which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow 
limits ; a summary ; an epitome ; a compend. 3. Ca- 
pacity of the mind to perceive and understand : percep- 
tion, [limits. 

Som'pre-hen'sive, a. Including much within narrow 
Syn. — Extensive; wide; large; full. 

Com'pre-hen'slve-ly, adv. In a comprehensive man- 
ner ; with great extent of embrace. [prehensive. 

€6m / pre-hen'slve-ness, n. Quality of being com- 

Com-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. compressed (kom- 
prGst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPRESSING.] [Lat. com- 
primert, compressum, from com, for con, and premere, 
pressurn, to press.] To press together ; to bring within 
narrower limits or space. 

Syn.— To crowd; press; squeeze; condense. 

Com'press, n. ( Surg.) A folded piece of linen, so con- 
trived as, by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure 
on any part. [pressible. 

Coin-press'i-bil'i-ty, n. The .quality of being com- 

Com-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being pressed together 
or forced into a narrower compass. 

Com-press'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being compress- 
ible; compressibility. 

Coin-pres'sion (-prcsh'un), n. The act of compressing, 
or the state of being compressed. 

Com-press'ive, a. Having power to compress. 

Com-press'or, n. Any thing which serves to compress. 

Com-press'ure (-presh'ur), n. The act or force of one 
body pressing against another ; pressure. 

Com-prig'al, n. Act of comprising or comprehending. 

Com-prige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comprised ; p. pr & 
vb. n. comprising.] [Fr. compris, comprise, p. p. of 
comprendre, from Lat. compreliendere. See COMPRE- 
HEND.] To comprehend ; to include. 

Syn.— To embrace ; contain ; encircle ; inclose ; involve ; 
imply. 

Com'pro-mfge, n. [Lat. compromissum, from com- 
pr emitter e, to promise mutually to abide by the decision 
of an arbiter, from com, for con, and promittere, to 
promise.] 1. A mutual promise to refer matters in dis- 
pute to the decision of arbitrators. 2. Adjustment of 
differences by mutual concessions. 

Com'pro-mige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. compromised ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COMPROMISING.] 1. To adjust by 
mutual concessions ; to compound. 2. To commit ; to 
put to hazard ; to compromit. 

-€om'pro-mi§ / er, n. One who compromises. 

Com'pro-mit', r. t. [imp. & p.p. compromitted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. cobipromitting.] [Lat. compromittere. 
See Compromise.] 1. To pledge or engage by some 
act or declaration ; to promise. 2. To put to hazard, 
by some previous act or measure, which can not be re- 
called ; to bring into danger ; to compromise 

Comp-trol'ler (kon-trol'ler), n. A controller ; —a title 
given to certain public officers whose duties are to examine 
and certify accounts. 

Com-pul'sa-tive, a. [From Lat. compulsare, intens. 
form of compellere, compuUum, to compel, q. v.] Corn- 
pulsatory ; constraining. [Rare.] 

Com-piil'sa-to-ry, a. Operating by force ; compelling. 

Com-pul'sion, n. [Lat. compulsio. See COMPEL.] 1. 
Act of compelling ; application of a force that is irresisti- 
ble. 2. State of being compelled. 

Syn. — Constraint ; restraint. — Restraint is a holding back 
irom some act; constraint is a driving one into it by an ur- 
gency which overrules the will; compulsion is the use of over- 
powering force. 

Com-pul'srve, a. Having power to compel ; forcing ; 

constraining ; compulsatory. 
Com-piil'sive-ly, adv. By compulsion ; by force. 
Com-pill'sive-ness, n. The quality of compulsion. 
Com-pul'so-rj-ly, adv. In a compulsory manner. 



Com-piil'so-ry, a. Compelling ; constraining. 
-Com-pun-e'tion, »• [From Lat. compungere, from com, 

for con, and pungere, to prick, sting.] Poignant grief or 

remorse ; the sting of conscience. 

Syn. — Remorse. — Remorse (lit. gnawing) is anguish of 

soul under a sense of guilt ; compunction is pain from a 

wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them imply 

true repentance. 

Com-pune'tioiis, a. Attended with compunction. 

C6m/pur-ga'tion, n. [Lat. compurgare, to purify 
wholly, from com, for con, and purgare, contr. from pu- 
rumagere, to make pure.] (Law.) Act or practice of jus- 
tifying a man's veracity by the oath of others. 

Com'pur-ga'tor, n. One who bears testimony to the 
veracity or innocence of another. 

Com-put'a-ble, a. Capable of being computed. 

Com'pu-ta'tion, n. Act or process of computing. 
Syn. — Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account. 

Com-pute', v. t. [imp. & p.p. computed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COMPUTING.] [Lat. computare, from com, for con, 
and putare, to clean; figuratively, to clear up, set in 
order, reckon.] To determine by calculation ; to cast up. 
Syn.— To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate; 
enumerate; rate. See Calculate. 

Com-put'er, n. One who computes ; a reckoner. 

Com'pu-tist, or Com-put'ist, n. A computer. 

Com'rade (22), n. [0. Eng. camarade, camerade, from 
Lat. camara, camera, chamber.] A mate, companion, or 
associate. 

Con. An abbreviation of the Lat. contra, against. In 
the phrase pro and con, for and against, it denotes the 
negative or contrary side of a question ; used as a sub- 
stantive, it denotes a person who is in the negative. 

Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CON- 
NING.] [A.-S. cunn an, to know, to be able, allied to cen- 
nan, to beget.] 1. To know. [Obs.] 2. To study over; 
to endeavor to fix in the mind : to peruse. 

-€o-na'tion, n. (Phil.) The faculty of voluntary agency. 

Co'na-tive, a. [Lat. conari, conatus, to attempt.] Per- 
taining to an attempt ; endeavoring ; attempting. 

Con-cam'er-ate, v. t. [Lat. concamerare , concamera- 
tum, from con and camerare, to arch, from camera, vault, 
arch.] To arch over ; to vault. 

Coii-cam'er-a'tion, n. An arch or vault. 

Con-eat'e-iiate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concatenated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONCATENATING.] [Lat. concatenate, 
concatenation, from con and catenare, to chain, from 
catena, chain.] To link together; to unite in a succes- 
sive series, as things depending on each other. 

Con-eat'e-na'tion, n. A series of links united ; a suc- 
cessive series of things depending on each other. 

Con'-ca-va'tion, n. The act of making concave. 

Coii'-eave (82), a. [Lat. concavns, from con and caras, 
hollow.] Hollow and curved or rounded ; — said of the 
interior of any thing hemispherical or dome-shaped. 

Con'-eave, n. A hollow ; an arched vault. 

Con'-eave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved; p. pr. & 
vb. n. concaving.] To make hollow. 

•Con'-eave-iiess, n. Hollowness. 

-€on-eav'i-ty, n. The internal surface of a hollow, 
rounded body ; or the space within such body. 

-eon-ea'vo-eon'cave, a. Concave or hollow on both 
surfaces. 

C-on-ea'vo— eon'vex, a. Concave on one side and con- 
vex on the other. 

€on-«a'vous, a. Concave ; hollow. 

■Con-ceal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONCEALED; p.pr. & 
vb. n. CONCEALING.] [Lat. concelare, from con and 
celare, to hide, allied to A.-S. helan, to conceal.] 1. To 
hide or withdraw from observation. 2. To withhold 
from utterance or declaration. 

Syn. — To hide; disguise; dissemble; secrete. — To hide is 
generic; to conceal is simply not to make known what we wish 
to keep secret; disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming 
some false appearance; to secrete is to hide in some place of 
secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, 
dissemble his feelings, or secrete stolen goods. 

-€on-£eal'a-lile, a. Capable of being concealed. 

-eon-ceal'er, n. One who conceals. 

Coii-ceal'ment, n. 1. Act of concealing, or state of 
being concealed. 2. Place of hiding ; a secret place. 
3. (Law.) Suppression of the truth. 

Con-cede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conceded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONCEDING.] [Lat. concedere, from con and cc 
dere, to give way, yield.] 1. To yield or suffer to pass. 
2. To admit to be true. 

Syn. — To grant; allow; admit; yield: give up; surrenden 

Con-cede', v. i. To yield or make concession. 



a,e,&c.,Zo/igv a,e,&c.,jAort; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term: pique, firm; son, or, do, wol$ 



CONCEIT 



141 



CONCOCT 



€on-c§it', n. [Lat. conceptus. See CONCEIVE.] 1. 
That which is conceived, or formed, in the mind ; idea ; 
thought ; image ; conception. 2. A quaint fancy ; an 
unnatural or affected conception. 3. Opinion ; estima- 
tion ; especially, over-estimation of one's self; vanity. 

Conceit' v. t. To conceive ; to imagine. 

Con-ceit', v. i. To form an idea ; to think ; to judge. 

Con-ceit'ed, a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of 
one's self. 

Syn. — Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical. 

Con-eeit'ed-ly, adv. In a conceited manner. 

Con-ceit'ed-ness, n. The state of being conceited. 

Con-ceiv'a-lble, a. Capable of being conceived, imag- 
ined', or understood ; imaginable. 

Con-ceiv'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being conceivable. 

Con-ceiv'a-bly, adv. In a conceivable manner. 

Con-^eive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conceived; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONCEIVING.] [From Lat. concipere, from con 
and capere, to seize or take.] 1. To receive into the 
womb and breed. 2. To form in the mind, as a purpose 
or plan. 3. To picture to the imagination. 

Syn. — To apprehend ; imagine ; suppose ; understand ; 
comprehend ; believe; think. 

Con-ceive',^. i- 1. To become pregnant. 2. To have a 
conception, idea, or opinion ; to think. 

Con-ceiv'er, n. One who conceives. 

Consent', n. [Lat. concentus , from con and canere, can- 
tum, to sing.] Concert of voices ; harmony. 

Con-een'ter, ) v. i. [imp. & p. p. concentered or 

Con-cen'tre, ) CONCENTRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CON- 
CENTERING or concentring.] [Lat. con and cen- 
trare, centratum, to center, from centrum, center, q. v.] 
To come to a point, or to meet in a common center. 

Con-cen'ter, I v. t. To draw or direct to a common cerr- 

Con'cen'tre, ) ter ; to bring to a point. 

Con'cen-trate, or Con-cen'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. CONCENTRATED ; p. pr. & vb. 71. CONCENTRAT- 
ING.] [See Concenter.] To bring to a common cen- 
ter, or to unite more closely ; to combine. [See Note 
under CONTEMPLATE.] 

Con'cen-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of concentrating. 2. 
( Ckem.) The volatilization of part of a liquid, in order 
to increase the strength of the remainder. 

Con-cen'tra-tive, a. Serving to concentrate. 

Con-£en'ti*a-tive-ness, n. (Pkren.) The power of 
concentrating the intellectual force. 

Con-cen'trie, a. Having a common center. 

Con-Qen'tric-al-ly, adv. In a concentric manner. 

Con'cen-tric'i-ty, n. State of being concentric. 

-Concept, n. [Lat. conceptum, neut. p. p. of concipere, 
to conceive, q. v.] An abstract general conception. 

Con-cep'tian, n. 1. Act of conceiving. 2. The state 
of being conceived. 3. The formation in the mind of 
an image, idea, or notion ; apprehension. 4. The im- 
age, idea, or notion formed in the mind ; a notion ; a 
universal ; a rational belief or judgment. 5. Power or 
faculty of forming an idea in the mind. 

Con-eep'tion-al-ist, n. A conceptualist. 

Con-cep'tive, a. Capable of conceiving. [Rare.] 

Con-£ept'u-al, a. Pertaining to conception. 

Con-fept'u-al-Sgm, n. (Metapkys.) A theory that the 
mind has the power of forming for itself general concep- 
tions of individual or single objects. 

Con-cept'u-al-ist, n. (Metaphys.) One who maintains 
the theory of conceptualism. 

Con-cern'(14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. concerned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONCERNING.] [L. Lat. concernere, to mix to- 
gether, as in a sieve, from con and cerwre, to separate, 
to sift, to distinguish, to perceive.] 1. To relate or be- 
long to ; to be of importance to. 2. To take an interest 
in. 3. To disturb ; to make uneasy. 

Con-cern', n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one. 
2. That which affects the welfare or happiness. 3. In- 
terest in, or care for, any person or thing. 4. (Com.) 
Persons connected in business ; a firm and its business. 

Syn. — Care ; anxiety; solicitude ; interest ; moment ; re- 
gard; business; affair. 

Con-cern'ed-ly, adv. In a concerned manner. 

Con-? Srn'ing, prep. Pertaining to ; regarding ; having 
relation to ; with respect to. 

Con-cern'ment, n. 1. A thing in which one is con- 
cerned ; affair ; business ; interest. 2. A particular; im- 
portance ; moment. 3. Interposition ; meddling. 4. 
Solicitude ; anxietv. 

Con-cert', *•. t. [imp. & p. p. CONCERTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONCERTING.] [From Lat. concertare, to con- 



tend, from con and certare, to strive.] 1. To plan to- 
gether. 2. To plan ; to devise. 

Con-cert', v. i. To act in harmony ; to form combined 
plans ; to take counsel. 

Con'cert, n. 1. Agreement in a design or plan; har- 
mony. 2. Musical accordance or harmony. 3. A pub- 
lic musical entertainment. 

Con'cer-ti'na, n. [It. concerto, a concert.] A small 
musical instrument of the accordion species. 

Con'cert-pltch, n. ( Mus.) The pitch generally adopted 
for a given tone, and by which the other tones are gov- 
erned. 

Con-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. concessio, from conce- 
des. See Concede.] 1. Act of granting or yielding 
to a demand, claim, or request. 2. The thing jielded ; 
a granir; a boon. 3. A privilege or right granted by 
government to do certain things. 

Con-ces'sion-Ist, n. One who favors concession. 

Con-pes'sive, a. Implying concession. 

CSneh (konk, 82), n. [Lat. concha, Gr. Koyxv, Skr. gank- 
ha.] 1. A marine shell, especially one of the genua 
Strombus. 2. (Arch.) The domed semicircular or polyg- 
onal termination of the choir or aisle of a church ; apsis. 
See Apsis. 

Coueh'oid (konk/pid), n. [From Gr. KoyxoeiS-q^, from 
Koyxn, shell, and elSos, form.] ( Geo?n.) A curve of the 
fourth order. 

Con-ehoid'al, a. (Min.) Having elevations or depres- 
sions in form like the valve of a bivalve shell. 

Con/cho-log'ic-al, a. Pertaining to conchology. 

Con-ehol'o-gist, n. One versed in the natural history 
of shells ; a student of conchology. 

Con-ehol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koyxv, shell, and A.6yos, dis- 
course, from Kiyeiv, to speak.] Doctrine or science of 
shells and the animals that inhabit them ; malacology. 

Con-cil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. hp. p. conciliated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. conciliating.] [Lat. concilialus, p. p. of 
conciliare, to bring together, from concilium, council, 
q. v.] To win over ; to gain from a state of indifference 
or hostility. 

Con-cIFi-a'tion, n. Act of conciliating ; reconciliation. 

Con-cTl'i-a'tor, n. One who conciliates or reconciles. 

Con-cil'i-a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to conciliate ; pacific. 

Con-£in'ni-ty, n. [Lat. concinnitas, from concinnus, 
skillfully put together, beautiful.] Mutual adaptation of 
parts. [Rare.] 

Con-cin'iious, a. Harmonious ; fit ; neat. [Rare.] 

Con-£ise', a. [Lat. concisus, cut off, short, fr. concidere, 
to cut to pieces, fr. con and csedere, to cut.] Expressing 
much in a few words. 

Syn. — Laconic ; terse ; brief; short ; compendious ; com- 
prehensive; summary; succinct. 

Con-cise'ly, adv. In few words ; comprehensively. 

Con-£ise'ness, n. Brevity in speaking or writing. 

Con-ci§'ion (kon-sizh'un), n. [Lat. concisio. See su- 
pra.] 1. A cutting off; hence, a division ; a faction. 2. 
Circumcision. [Rare.] 

Con'-elave, n. [Lat. conclave, from con and clavis, key.] 
1. A private apartment, particularly that in which the 
cardinals meet for the election of a pope. 2. Assembly 
of the cardinals, shut up for the election of a pope ; hence, 
the bodv of cardinals. 3. A private meeting. 

Con-elude', v. t. [imp. &. p. p. concluded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONCLUDING.] [Lat. concludere, from con and 
cludere, claudere, to shut.] 1. To close, as an argument, 
by inferring. 2. To bring to an end. 3. To make a 
final judgment or determination of. 

Syn.— To infer; decide; determine; close; finish; termi- 
nate; end. 

Con -elude', v. i. 1. To come to an end; to close; to 
end ; to terminate. 2. To form a final judgment. 

Con-eliid'er, n. One who concludes. 

Con--elu'§ion, n. 1. Last part of any thing. 2. Final 
decision; determination. 3. Consequence or deduction 
drawn from premises. 4. An experiment. 5. (Law.) (a.) 
End or close of a pleading, (b.) An estoppel or bar by 
which one is held to a position which he has taken. 

Syn. — Inference ; deduction ; end ; termination ; close j 
decision; determination. 

Con-elu'sive, a. Belonging to a close or termination; 
putting an end to debate or question. 
Syn. — Final; ultimate; decisive; definitive. 

Con-clu'sTve-ly , adv. In the way of conclusion ; ds- 
! cisively ; definitively. 

Con-elu'slve-ness, n. Quality of being conclusive. 

Con-eoet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. concocted ; p. pr. & 
' vb. n. CONCOCTING.] [Lat. concoguere,concoctum, from 



food, foot , urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



CONCOCTER 



142 



CONDITION 



con and coquere, to cook, to digest.] 1. To digest. 2. 
To mature or perfect ; to ripen. 3. To devise; to con- 
trive ; to plan ; to plot. 

Con-eoet'er, n. One who concocts. 

Con-eoe'tion, n. 1. Digestion. 2. Act of bringing to 
perfection or maturity. 3. Act of devising or forming, 
as a scheme ; contrivance. [ripening ; digestive. 

Con-coet'ive, a. Having the power of digesting or 

■eon-eom'i-tance, ) n. State of accompanying ; ac- 

«on-e6m'i-tan-cy, j companiment. 

Con-eorn'i-tant, a. [From Lat. con and comitari, to 
accompany, from comes, companion, from com , for con, 
and eo, ?><>,' to go.] Accompanying, or conjoined ; con- 
current ; attending. 

■€©n-€om'I-tant, n. One who, or that which, accom- 
panies, or is collaterally connected with another ; a com- 
panion; an accompaniment. 

■€on-€om'i-tant-ly, adv. In company with others. 

Con'cord (82), n. [Lat. concord ia, from con and cor, 
cordis, heart.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; 
union. 2. [Gram.) Agreement of words with one an- 
other, in gender, number, person, or case. 3. (Mus.) A 
consonant chord ; consonance; harmony. 

■€on~eord'ance (82), n. 1. Agreement ; accordance. 
2. A minute verbal index to a work, in which all the 
passages that contain the same word are arranged alpha- 
betically, with reference to the places in which they occur. 

Coii-eord'ant, a. [Lat. concordans, p. pr. of concor- 
dat. See Concord.] Agreeing; correspondent; har- 
monious ; consonant. 

■eon-eord'ant-ly, adv. In a concordant manner. 

-€on-«6r'dat, n. [See Concord.] A compact, cov- 
enant, or agreement ; specifically, an agreement mode be- 
tween the pope and a sovereign or government for the 
regulation of ecclesiastical matters. 

€on-e6rd'ist, n. The compiler of a concordance. 

Con-eor'po-rate, v. i. To unite in one mass or body. 

■€on-e6r'po-rate, a. United in one body. 

Con'-eourse (82), n. [Lat. concu.rsus, from concurrere, to 
run together. See CONCUR.] 1. A moving, flowing, or 
running together. 2. An assembly ; a meeting ; a crowd. 

Con'ere-ate', v. t. [Lat. con and .creare, to create.] To 
create at the same time. 

Con'-ere-ment, n. [Lat. concrementvm, fr. concrescere. 
See Concrete.] The collection or mass formed by con- 
cretion, or natural union. 

Con-eres'cence, ri. Act of growing or increasing by 
spontaneous union, or by coalescence. [uniting. 

•€on-«res'cive, a. Growing together, or into union ; 

■Con'-erete, a. [Lat. concretus, p. p. of concrescere, to 
grow together, from con and crescere, to grow, inchoative 
form of creare, to create.] 1. United in growth ; hence, 
formed by coalition of separate particles into one body ; 
united in a solid form. 2. (Logic.) Existing in a sub- 
ject ; not abstract. 

Con'-erete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by con- 
cretion. 2. (Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- 
bles, &c, cemented by mortar. 3. (Logic.) A term 
designating both a quality and the subject in which it 
exists ; a concrete term . 

Con-erete', v. >'. [imp. & p. p. concreted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate 
particles into a mass or solid body. 

Con-erete', v. t. To form into a mass. 

Con-erete'ly, adv. In a concrete manner. 

•Con-erete'iiess, n. State of being concrete. 

■Ccn-ere'tion, n. 1. Act of concreting. 2. The mass 
or solid matter formed by congelation, condensation, co- 
agulation, or other like natural process. 3. ( Geol.) A 
rounded mass, or nodule, produced by an aggregation of 
the material around a center. 
■€on-ere'tion-al, a. Pertaining to concretion. 
Con-ere'tive, a. Promoting concretion. 
Con-cu'bi-nage, n. The cohabiting of a man and 
a woman not legally married ; state of being a concubine. 
Con-eu'fci-nal, ) a. Pertaining to a concubine or to 
Cftn-evi'bi-iia-ry, I concubinage. 
€on'cu-bme (koijk'yu-bln, 82), n. [Lat. conrubina, 
from concubare, to lie together, from con and cubare, to 
lie down.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man with- 
out being his wife. 2. A wife of inferior condition. 
Con-eu'pis-cence, n. Unlawful or irregular desire, 

especially of carnal pleasure ; lust. 
■Con-eu'pis-cent, a. [Lat. concupiscens, p. pr. of con- 
cupiscere, to long for, from con and cupere, to desire.] 
Desirous of unlawful pleasure. 

Syn.— Libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. 



-eon-e-ur', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONCURRED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONCURRING.] [Lat. concurrere, to run together, 
to agree, from con and currere,^ to run.] 1. To meet in 
the same point. 2. To act jointly. 3. To unite in 
opinion ; to assent. 

Syn. To agree ; unite ; join ; combine ; conspire ; coin- 
cide; approve. 

-€on--eu.r'rence, n. 1. A meeting or coming together; 
union ; conjunction, 2. Agreement in opinion ; union in 
design. 3. Joint rights, implying equality in different 
persons or bodies. 

•€on-eu.r'rent, a. 1. Acting in conjunction ; agreeing 
in the same act; co-operating. 2. Conjoined ; associate; 
concomitant. 3. Joint and equal in authority. 

Syn. — Meeting ; uniting ; accompanying ; coincident; 
united. 

-€on-eu.r'reiit, n. Joint or contributory cause. 

-€on-eur'rent-ly, adv. With concurrence ; unitedly. 

Con-eiis'sicn (kon-kush'un), n. [Lat. concussio, from. 
concutere, concussvm, to shake violently, from con and 
cuatere, cuassvm, to shake.] 1. Act of shaking or agi- 
tating, especially by the stroke or impulse of another 
body. 2. The state of being shaken : agitation ; shock. 

-Coii-eiis'srve, a. Having the power or quality of 
shaking or agitating. 

Ccn-demn' (kon-dem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- 
demned; /;. pr. & vb. n. CONDEMNING (kon-dem'- 
ning).] [Lat. condemnare, from con and damnare, to 
condemn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong. 2. To pro- 
nounce a judicial sentence against. 3. To pronounce 
unfit for service. 

Syn.— To blame ; censure ; reprove ; reproach; upbraid; 
reprobate; doom; sentence; adjudge. 

-€on-dem'na-l>le, a. Worthy of condemnation ; blam- 
able ; blameworthy ; culpable. 

Con'dem-na'lion, n. 1. Act of condemning. 2. 
State of being condemned. 3. Cause or reason of a 
sentence of condemnation. 
Syn.— Sentence; judgment; reprobation; blame. 

-Con-dem'iia-to-ry, a. Bearing condemnation or cen- 
sure ; condemning. 

-Coii-dem'ner, n. One who condemns or censures. 

-€on-deii'sa-lile, a. Capable of being condensed. 

-Coii-den'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. condensated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONDENSATING.] [Lat. condensare, 
condensation. See CONDENSE, v. I.] To condense. 

Ccn-den'sate, v. i. To become more dense, close, or 
hard ; to condense ; to consolidate. 

-Con'deii-ga'tion, n. Act of making more dense or 
compact ; consolidation. 

■€on-deii'£a-tive, a. Having a power or tendency to 
condense. 

•€cn-dense', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condensed (kon- 
denst'); P- pr. & vb. n. CONDENSING.] [Lat. con- 
densare, from con and densare, to make thick or dense, 
from densus, thick, dense.] To make more close, com- 
pact, or dense. 
Syn. — To compress; consolidate; contract; crowd; thicken. 

■eon-dense', v. i. To become close or more compact ; to 
grow thick or dense. 

-€on-dens'er, n. One who, or that which, condenses. 

€6n de-scend', v. ?. [imp. & p.p. condescended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONDESCENDING.] [L. Lat. condescen- 
dere, from Lat. con and descendere.] 1. To let one's 
self down ; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character. 
2. To recede from one's rights, in order to do some act 
which strict justice doe's not require. 

Syn. — To yield; submit; stoop: descend; deign; vouch- 
safe. 

■eon'de-gcend'ing-ly, adv. By way of condescension. 

Con'de-scen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Voluntary descent 
from rank, dignity, or just claims to equality with 
another. 

Syn. — Complaisance; courtesy; affability. 

Con-dign' (-din'), a. [Lat. condignus, very worthy, fr. 
con and dignus, worthy.] Deserved ; merited ; suitable. 

•€on-dign'ly (-dln'ly), adv. According to merit. 

-Con-dign'iiess (-dln'nes, 109), n. Quality of being 
condign ; agreeableness to deserts ; suitableness. 

■€6n'di-ment, n. [Lat. condimentum, from condire, 

to preserve, pickle, season.] Something used to give 

relish to food ; seasoning. 

CSn'dis-cI'ple, n. [Lat. condiscipulus, from con and 

discipulus. disciple.] A fellow-disciple ; a school -fellow f 

I a learner in the same school. 

I Con-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. [Lat. conditio, from con- 



a, e, &c. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; fere, vgil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr, d$, wolf , 



CONDITION 



143 



CONFESSEDLY 



dere, to put or join together, to establish, from con and 
dare, to give, put.] 1. State or situation as regards ex- 
ternal circumstances. 2. Quality ; property ; attribute. 
3. That which must exist as the occasion or concom- 
itant of something else. 

Syn. —Circumstances; station; case; plight; predicament; 
stipulation; article; terms; provision; arrangement. 

Con-dl'tion (-dlsh'un), v. i. [imp. & p. p. condi- 
tioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. conditioning.] To make 
terms ; to stipulate. 

Con-dl'tion (-dlsh'un), v. I. 1. To contract; to stipu- 
late. 2. To impose conditions on. 

Con-d~i'tion-al (-dish'un-), a. 1. Containing, imply- 
ing, or depending on, a condition or conditions ; not ab- 
solute. i£. (Gram. & Logic.) Expressing a condition 
or supposition. 

Con-d 1'tion-al'i-ty (-dTsb/un-), n. The quality of being 
conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain terms. 

Con-dl'tion-al-ly (-dish'un-), adv. With certain lim- 
itations ; on particular terms ; not absolutely. 

C6n'di-to-ry, n. [Lat. conditorium, from condere, to 
put together, to hide.] A repository for holding things. 

Con-dole', v. i. [imp. & p. p. condoled; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONDOLING.] [Lat. condolere, from con and 
dolere, to feel pain, to grieve.] To express sorrow, or 
sympathy at the pain or misfortune of another. 

Con-dole'ment, ) n. Expression of grief or sympathy 

Con-do'lence, ) for the sorrov/ of another. 

Con-dol'er. n. One who condoles. 

Con'do-na/tion, n. [Lat. condonatio, from condonare, 
to give, especially a debt, to pardon, from con and 
donare, to present, from donum, gift.] 1. Act of par- 
doning. *Z, (Eccl. Law.) Forgiveness by a husband of 
his wife, or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of 
marital duty. 

Con-done', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condoned; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONDONING.] [Lat. condonare, to forgive. See 
supra.'] (Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a viola- 
tion of the marriage-vow. 

Con'dor, n. [From Peruv. cun- 
tur.] (Ornith.) A large bird 
of the vulture family, found in 
the most elevated parts of the 
Andes. 

Conduce', v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
conduced (108); p. pr. & vb. 
con- 



n. conducing.] [Lat. con- J/i 
ducere, from con and ducere, to \jN f>\ 
lead.] To promote, answer, or / j^/r- 
further an end ; to tend. 



Syn. — To contribute; forward; 
Ivancc; promote. 



Capa- 




Con-du'ci-bil'i-ty, 

bility of being conduced. Condor. 

■Con-du'ci-ble, a. Having a tendency to promote or 
forward ;' conducive. 

Con-du'ei-ble-ness, n. Quality of being conducible. 

Con-du'clve, a. Having a tendency to conduce. 

Con-du/^Tve-ness, n. The quality of conducing. 

Con'duet, n. [See Conduce.] 1. Act or method of 
leading, guiding, managing, or commanding. 2. Skill- 
ful guidance ; generalship. 3. That which leads, 
guides, escorts, or brings safely. 4. Manner of guiding 
or carrying one's self. 

Syn. — Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; man- 
agement; convoy; guard; guidance; warrant. See Behavior. 

Con-duet', v.. t. [imp. & p.p. conducted ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. conducting.] 1. To lead, or guide ; to escort ; 
to attend. 2. To lead as a commander; to direct; to 
control. 3. To manage; to regulate; to carry. 

Con-duct', v. i. To behave ; to act. 

S3*- This word is in common use in some parts of the United 
States, but in England it is not considered to be authorized 
by good usage. 

Con-diiet/i-bil'i-ty, 11. Capability of being conducted. 

Con-cliict'i-ble, a'. Capable of being conducted. 

Con-due'tion, n. (Physics.) Transmission through, 
or by means of, a conductor. [ducting. 

Con-diiet'Ive, a. Having the quality or power of con- 

Con'due-trv'i-ty, n. The quality or power of con- 
ducting or giving passage to some molecular action. 

Con-diict'or, n. 1. One who conducts; a leader; a 
guide ; a manager ; a director. 2. The person who has 
charge of a railroad car or train. [Amer.] 3. (Phijsics.) 
A substance, especially a metallic rod, capable of forming 
a medium for the transmission of some other substance 
or fluid, particularly of heat or electricity. 




Cone, 
to speak, from 



Con-dii-et'ress, n. A woman who conducts or leads. 

-Con'duit (kdn'dit or kun'dit), n. [0. Fr. conduict, L. 
Lat. & Lat. conductus, from conducive, conductum. Se& 
supra.] That which conducts or conveys ; especially, 
a pipe 1 canal, or the like. 

Con-du'pli-cate, a. [Lat. condnplicalus, from condu- 
plicare, to double, from con and duplicate, to double.] 
(Lot.) Doubled or folded over or together. 

■Cone, n. [Lat. conus, Gr. kwi/os, from 
Sk. fo, to bring to a point.] 1. A 
solid body, tapering regularly to a 
point from a circular base, generated 
by the revolution of a triangle about 
one of its sides. !£„ (Bot.) The conical 
fruit of several evergreen trees, as of 
the pine, fir, cedar, &c. 

Con'f afo, 11. [A contraction of confab- 
ulation.] Familiar talk or conversa- 
tion. (Colloq.) 

Con-f ab'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
confabulated; p. pr. & vb.n. con- 
fabulating.] [Lat. confabulatus,p. 
p. of confabulari , from con and fabulari, 
fabula, narration.] To talk familiarly together ; to chat ; 
to prattle. [monious conversation. 

Con-f ab'u-la'tion, n. Familiar talk ; easy, uncere- 

Con'f e-et, n. [From Lat. conficere, confectum, to prepare.] 
A sweetmeat ; a comfit ; a confection. 

Con-fec'tion, ». A preparation of fruit, &c., with 
sugar; a comfit. 

Con-f e«'tion-er, n. One whose occupation is to make 
or sell confections, candies, &c. 

Con-f ec'tion-er-y,n. 1. Sweetmeats in general ; con- 
fections ; candies, ti. A place where candies, sweet- 
meats, &c, are made or sold. 

Con-f ed'er-a-cy, n. [From confederate, a., q. v., N. 
Lat. confeederatia. Cf. aristocracy with aristocrat and 
Lat. aristocratia.] 1. A league or covenant ; union be- 
tween two or more persons, bodies of men, or states. 

2. The persons, bodies, or states, united by a league. 

3. (Law.) An unlawful combination ; a conspiracy. 
Syn.— League ; covenant; compact ; alliance ; combina- 
tion; coalition; confederation. 

Con-fed'er-ate, a. [Lat. confezderatus, p. p. of con- 
federate, to join by a league, from con and fcederarc, 
to establish by treaty, from faidus, foederis, league, com- 
pact.] United in a league ; engaged in a confederacy. 

■Con-f ed'er-ate (45), n. A person or nation engaged in 
a confederacy ; an ally. 

-Con-fed'er-ate, p. t. [imp. & p. p. confederated ; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. CONFEDERATING.] To unite in a 
league ; to ally. 

Con-fed'er-ate, v. i. To unite in a league ; to be allied. 

Con-f ed'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of confederating ; a 
league ; an alliance ; a compact for mutual support. 2. 
Parties to a league. 

Con-f ed'er-a / tlve, a. Pertaining to a confederation. 

Con-f er', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFERRED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. conferring.] To grant a permanent possession ; 
to bestow ; to award. 

Con-f er' (14), v. i. [Lat. conferre, confer o, from con and 
ferre, to bear, carry, bring.] To discourse or converse in 
a serious manner ; to compare views. 

Syn. — To counsel; advise; discourse: converse. 

Con'f er-ence, n. 1. Act of conversing seriously ; in- 
terchange of views. 5$. A meeting for consultation, dis- 
cussion, or instruction ; an interview. 

Con-f er'ra-ble, a. Capable of being conferred. 

Con-f er'rer, n. One who confers. 

Con-f ess', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confessed (-f£st', 108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONFESSING.] [From Lat. conjiteri, 
confessum, from con and fateri , to confess.] 1„ To ac- 
knowledge or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. 2. To 
own or recognize. 3. To admit as true ; to assent to. 

4. (Eccl.) (a.) To make known or acknowledge, as one'a 
sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution, (b.) To 
hear or receive such confession. 5. To disclose or re- 
veal, as an effect its cause. 

Syn. — Admit ; grant ; concede ; avow ; own ; assent ; rec- 
ognize ; prove ; exhibit ; attest. — We acknowledge what wo 
feel must or ought to be made known, as a fault or a favor j 
we avow with solemnity, as against opposition or obloquy, 
as our principles; we confess what we feel to have been wrong, 
as our sins or errors. When we say, " This, / confess, is my 
opinion," we imply that others may think us in the wrong, 
and hence the word confess. 

Con-f ess', v. i. To make confession. 
Con-fess'ed-ly, adv. By confession or acknowledge 
ment ; avowedly ; undeniably. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



CONFESSER 



144 



CONFUSE 



Con-f ess'er, n. One who confesses. 

Con-f es'&ion (kon-fcsh'un), n. 1. Acknowledgment ; 
avowal ; admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. 2. 
{Eccl.) Act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest. 3. A 
formulary in which articles of faith are comprised. 

Con-f es'sion-al, n. The seat where a priest or confessor 
sits to hear confessions. 

Con-fes'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to auricular con- 
fession. 

Con-f ess'or (113), n. 1. One who confesses ; one who ac- 
knowledges his sins or obligations. 2. {Eccl.) One who 
makes a profession of his faith in the Christian religion. 
3. A priest who hears the confessions of others. 

Con'fi-dant', n. m. ) [0. Fr. ; N. Fr. confident, confi- 

Con'fi-dante', n./. J dente.] A confidential friend. 

Con-fide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONFIDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CONFIDING.] [Lat. conjidere, from con andfidere, to 
trust.] To put faith ; to believe. 

Con-f ide', v. t. To intrust ; to give in charge. 

Coii'fi-dence, n. 1. Act of confiding; belief in the 
reality of a fact or the integrity and veracity of another. 

2. That in which faith is put. 3. Feeling of security ; 
self-reliance, whether well founded or in excess. 

Syn.— Trust; affiance; assurance; expectation; hope; bold- 
ness; courage. 

Con'fi-dent, a. [Lat. confidens, p. pr. of conjidere.] 1. 
Having confidence ; secure ; trustful. 2. Exercising self- 
reliance. 3. Having an excess of assurance. 4. Giving 
occasion for confidence. 

Con'fi-den'tial, a. 1. Enjoying, or treated with, con- 
fidence; trustworthy. 2. Communicated in confidence. 

Con'fi-den'tial-ly, adv. In confidence. 

C6n'fi-dent-ly, adv. With confidence ; positively. 

Con-f id'er, n. One who confides. 

Con-f lg'u-ra'tion, n . [Lat. configuratio , fr. configurare, 
to form, from con andfigura, figure, form.] 1. External 
form or figure, as depending on the relative disposition 
of the parts of a thing. 2. (Astrol.) Relative position 
or aspect cf the planets. 

Con-f ig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. configured ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. configuring.] To arrange or dispose in a 
certain form, figure, or shape. 

Con-fin'a-Me, a. Capable of being confined. 

Con'fine, n. [Lat. confinium, from confinis, bordering, 
from con and finis, end, border.] Common boundary; 
border ; limit ; used chiefly in the plural. 

Con-fine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confined ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. confining.] To restrain svithin limits. 
To be confined, to be in child-bed. 
Syn. — To bound; limit; immure; circumscribe; restrict. 

Con r f fne, or Con-fine', v. i. To have a common bound- 
ary ; to border. 

Con-fine'ment, n. 1. Restraint within limits ; im- 
prisonment. 2. Detention within doors by sickness, 
especially that caused by child-birth. 

Con-fln'er, n. One who, or that which, confines. 

C6n'£In-er, n. One who lives on confines ; a borderer. 

Con-firm' (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. confirbied ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. confirming.] [Lat. confirmare. from con and 
firmare, to make firm, from firmus, firm.]' 1. To make 
firm ; to give strength to ; to render fixed or certain. 2. 
To render valid by formal assent. 3. {Eccl.) To adminis- 
ter the rite of confirmation to. 

Syn.— To strengthen ; corroborate ; establish ; fix ; settle; 
verify; assure; ratify. 

€on-fIrm'a-ble, a. Capable of being confirmed. 
Con'fir-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of confirming, or estab- 
lishing. 2. That which confirms ; convincing testimony. 

3. Ratification. 4. {Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churches 
by which a baptized person is admitted to the full 
privileges of the church. 

€on-firm'a-t!ve, a. Having the power of confirming. 

€on-f irm'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to confirm ; cor- 
roborative. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. 

€on-f irm'er, n. One who, or that which, confirms. 

Con-f Is'-ea-Me, a. Capable of being confiscated ; liable 
to forfeiture. 

Con'fis-cate, or Con-fis'eate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. 
P confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. confiscating.] 
[Lat. confiscates, p. p. of confiscare, from con and fisens, 
basket money-bag, state treasury.] To appropriate, as 
a penalty, to the public use. [See note under CONTEM- 
PLATE.] 

Con'f is-eate, or Con-f is'eate, a. Appropriated, as a 
penalty, to the public use. 

Con'f is-«a'tion, n. The act of appropriating, as a pen- 
alty, to the public use. 



Con'fis-ca/tor, n. One who confiscates. [fiscation. 

Con-fis'-ea-to-ry, a. Consigning to or promoting con- 
Con-f la'grant, a. [Lat. covfiagrans, p. pr. of confia^ 

grare, from con snadfiagrare, to blaze.] Burning together 

in a common flame. [Mare.] 
Con'fla-gra'tion, n. A fire on a great scale. 
Con'fli-et, n. 1. Violent collision. 2. A striving to 
or overcome. 3. The last struggle of life. 



Syn. — Contest ; collision ; struggle ; combat ; strife; con- 
tention; battle; fight; pang; agony. See Cohiesi. 

Con-fli-et', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONFLICTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. CONFLICTING.] [Lat. confiigere, confiictum, from 
con and fiigere, to strike.] 1. To strike or dash together ; 
to meet in violent collision. 2. To engage in strife. 

Syn. — To fight ; contend; contest ; resist ; struggle ; com- 
bat; strive; battle. 

Con-f K-et'ive, a. Tending to conflict. 

Con'flu-ence, n. 1. The meeting or junction of two or 
more streams : the place of meeting. 2. The running 
together of people. 
Syn. — A crowd; a concourse; an assemblage; a multitude. 

Con'flu-ent, a. [Lat. confiuens, p. pr. of confine re, from 
con and fiuere, fiuxum, to flow.] 1. Flowing together; 
running one into another ; meeting in a common current 
or basin. 2. (Hot.) United at the base. 

Con'flu-ent, n. 1. A small stream which flows into a 
large one. 2. Place of meeting of streams, &c. 

Con'flux, n. [See Confluence.] 1. A flowing to- 
gether; a meeting of currents. 2. A large assemblage ; 
a crowd ; a concourse. 

Con-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conformed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONFORMING.] [Lat. c onformare, from con and 
formare, to form, from forma, form.] To shape in ac- 
cordance with ; to make like ; to bring into harmony or 
agreement with. 

Con-form', v. i. 1. To conduct in accordance ; to com- 
ply ; to yield ; to render obedience. 2. {Eng. Eccl. Hist.) 
To be a conformist. 

Con-form'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being con- 
formable. 2. ( Geol. ) Parallelism of two sets of strata 
which are in contact. 

Con-f6rm'a-l)le, a. 1. Corresponding in form, shape, 
character, opinions, &c. ; similar ; like. 2. In proper 
or appropriate form. 3„ Disposed to compliance or 
obedience ; submissive. 4. ( Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so. 

Con-f6rm'a-bJe-negs, n. Conformability. 

Con-f 6rm'a-bly, adv. With, or in, conformity; suit- 
ably; agreeably; consistently. 

Con-f orm'ate, a. Having the same form. 

Con'f or-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of conforming, or state 
of being conformed ; agreement ; harmony. 2. The 
structure of a body ; form ; make. 

Con-form'er, n. One who conforms. 

Con-f orm'ist, n. One who complies with the worship 
of the church of England. 

Coii-form'i-ty, n. 1. Correspondence in character or 
manner; resemblance ; agreement; congruity. 2. {Eng. 
Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the estab- 
lished church. 

Con-found', v. t. [imp. & p. p confounded; p. 
pr. & vb, n. CONFOUNDING.] [Lat. confundere, to pour- 
together, from con and fnndere, to pour.] 1. To min- 
gle and blend, so as to be indistinguishable. 2. To throw 
into confusion or disorder. 

Syn. — To abash ; confuse : baffle ; dismay ; astonish ; de- 
feat; discomfit; ruin; overthrow; terrify; mix; blend; inter- 
mingle. See Abash. 

Con-f ound'ed, p. a. 1. Confused; perplexed. 2. 
Very great: enormous; abominable. [Colloq.] 

Con-f ound'ed-ly, adv. Enormously ; greatly. 

Con-f ound'er, n. One who confounds. 

Con'f ra-ter'ni-ty, n. [L. Lat. confraterniias, from Lat. 
con and / rat emit as.] A brotherhood. 

Con'fri-ca'tion, n. [Lat. confricatio, from confiricare, 
to rub vigorously, from con and fii care, to rub.] Act of 
rubbing against or together ; friction. 

Con-front' (kon-frunf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- 
fronted ; p. pr. & vb. n CONFRONTING.] [From 
Lat. con and frons, the forehead or front.] 1. To stand 
facing, or in front of; to face. 2. To stand in direct op- 
position to ; to oppose. 3. To bring or set together for 
comparison ; to compare. 

Con'f ron-ta'tion, n. Act of confronting. 

Con-front'er, n. One who confronts or faces. 

Con-f u§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confused ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONFUSING.] [Lat. confundere, confusnm. See 
Confound.] 1. To jumble together; to render indis- 



a,e,&c, Jong; a,e,&c.,s/ l0 r*; care, far, ask, all .what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



CONFUSEDLY 



145 



CONGRESS 



tinct or obscure. 2. To throw into disorder ; to cause to 
lose self-possession. 

Syn.— To abash; disorder; disconcert; perplex; confound; 
obscure; distract. See Abash. 

Con-fu§'ed-ly, adv. In a confused manner. 

Con-f ug'ed-ness, n. A state cf confusion. 

Con-f u'gion, n. 1. State of being mixed or blended so 
as to produce indistinctness or error. 2. Loss of self- 
possession. 3. Overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. 

Syn. — Disorder; tumult; indistinctness; abashment; per- 
turbation; shame. 

Con-fiit'a-ble, a. Capable of being confuted, [do so. 

•€on-fut'aiit, n. One who confutes or undertakes to 

Con'fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confuting or disproving. 

Confute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFUTED; p. pr. & 
vb.n. CONFUTING.] [Lat. confutare, from con and fu- 
lare, to argue.] 1. To put to silence. 2. To prove to 
be false or defective ; to disprove. 

Syn.— To disprove; overthrow; set aside; refute; oppugn.— 
Wc refute an argument, slander, &c, when wc set it aside; we 
confute when we utterly disprove it and bring evidence to the 
contrary. In refuting, we prove an assertion to be untrue; in 
confuting, we prove it to be positively false, absurd^&c. 

Con-f ut'er, n. One who confutes or disproves. 

Con'ge (kon'jee), n. [Fr. conge, from Lat. commeatns, 
leave of absence, from commeare, to go and come, from 
com, for con, and meare, to go.] 1. Act of taking leave ; 
parting ceremony ; farewell, 2. A bow or a courtesy. 

Con'ge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONGEED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CONGE ing.] To take leave with the customary civil- 
ities ; to bow or courtesy. [round, or a cavetto. 

Con'ge, n. (Arch.) A molding in form of a quarter 

Con-geal', v. t. [imp. & p.p. congealed; p.pr. & 
vb. n. congealing.] [Lat. congelare, from con and 
gelare, to freeze, from gelu, frost.] 1. To freeze ; to stiffen 
with cold. 2. To stiffen, as from the effect of terror. 

Conceal', v. i. To grow hard or stiff from cold. 

Con-geal'a-ble, a. Capable of being congealed. 

Con-geal'ment, n. 1. Act or process of congealing ; 
congelation, 2. That which is formed by congelation ; 
a mass congealed ; concretion. 

Conrje d'eliye (kon'jx-dl-leer' ; Fr. pron. kong / zhad / - 
leer')- [Fr., leave to choose.] ( Eccl.) The king's license 
or permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop. 

Con'ge-la'tion, n. 1. The process or act of congealing ; 
or the state of being congealel ; conglaciation. 2. The 
thing congealed ; congealment. 

Con'ge-ner, n. [Lat., from con and gener, birth, kind, 
race.] A thing of the same genus ; a thing allied in kind 
or nature to something else. 

Con-ge'ni-al, orCon-gen'ial(-yal), a. [From Lat. con 
and genialis, genial, q. v.] 1. Partaking of the same 
nature or feeling ; kindred; sympathetic. 2. Naturally 
adapted or suited. 

Con-ge'ni-al'i-ty, n. Participation of the same genus, 
nature, or disposition ; natural affinity ; suitableness. 

Con-ge'ni-al-ness, n. Congeniality. 

Con-gen'i-tal, { a. [Lat. congenita*, from con and 

Con-gen'ite, ) genitus, born, p. p. of genere, gig- 
nere, to beget, gigni, to be born.] 1. Of the same birth ; 
begotten together. 2. Dating from birth. 

Con'ger \ (kong'gur, 82), n. [Lat. conger, congrm, 

Coii'ger-eel j Gr. yoyypos.] (Ic/itk.) A large species 
of eel, which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet, 
and weighs a hundred pounds. 

Con-ge'ri-eg, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., from congerere, to 
bring together, from con and gerere, to bear, carry.] A 
collection of particles or bodies into one mass ; a heap ; 
a combination. 

Con-gest', v. t. [Lat. congerere, congestum. See supra.] 
To collect into a mass or aggregate. 

Con-ges'tion (-jSst'yun), n. "(Med.) An unnatural ac- 
cumulation of blood in any part of the body. 

Congestive, a. (Med.) Indicating, or attended by, an 
accumulation of blood in some part of the body. 

Con-gla'ci-a'tion (-gla'shi-), n. [From Lat. conglaciare, 
to freeze, from con and glacies, ice.] The act of chang- 
ing 1 into ice ; congelation. 

Con-glo'hate, a. [Lat. conglobatus, p. p. of conglobare , 
to gather into a ball, from con and globare, to make into 
a ball, from globus, a ball, globe, q. v.] Formed or gath- 
ered into a ball. 

Con-glo'bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglobated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. conglobating.] To collect or form into 
aball,_or hard, round substance. 

Con-glo'bate-ly, adv. In a round or roundish form. 



Con'glo-ba'tion, n. Act of forming into a ball ; a 
round body. 

Con-globe', v. t. [imp. & p.p. conglobed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. conglobing.] To gather into a ball. 

Con-glob'u-late, v. i. To gather into a little round 
mass or globule. 

Con-glom'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. conglomerates, p. p. of 
conglomerare, to roll together, from con and glomerare, 
to wind into a ball, from glomus, aball, allied with globus, 
ball.] 1. Gathered together in a mass ; collected. 2. 
(Bot.) Closely crosvded or clustered together. 3. ( Geol.) 
Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, ce- 
mented together. 

Con-glom'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglomer- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. conglomerating.] To gather 
into a ball or round body . 

■Con-glom'er-ate, n. 1. Collection ; accumulation. 2. 
( Geol.) A rock, composed of pebbles, cemented together 
by another mineral substance. 

Con-glom'er-a'tlon, n. A gathering into a mas3 ; col- 
lection ; accumulation. 

Con-glu'ti-nant, a. [Lat. conglutinans, p. pr. of con- 
glutinare.] Serving to unite closely ; healing. 

■Con-glu'ti-nant,??. (Med.) A medicine that promotes 
the healing of wounds by closing them up. 

Con-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congluti- 
nated ; p. pr. & vb. n. conglutinating.] [Lat. 
conglutinatus, p. p. of conglutinare, to glue together, 
from con and gluten, glut inum \, glue.] To glue together ; 
to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance. 

Con-glu'ti-nate, v. i. To coalesce. 

Con-glu'ti-nate (45), a. Glued together in one mass. 

Con-glu'ti-na'tion, n. The act of gluing together - , 
junction ; union. 

Con-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Having the power of uniting by 
glue or other like substance. 

Con'go, ) n. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] A species of 

Coii'gou, ) black tea, a superior quality of Bohea. 

Con-grat'u-lant, a. Rejoicing in participation. 

Con-grat'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congratu- 
lated \p.pr. & vb. n. CONGRATULATING.] [Lat. con- 
gratulari, congratulatus , from con and gratulari, to wish 
joy, from gratus, pleasing.] To wish joy to on account 
of some happy event affecting the person addressed. 

Syn. — To felicitate. — Wc may felicitate a friend on his 
marriage, meaning that wc wish him all joy; but to congratu- 
late, means to unite our joy with his. A man whose mistress 
lias married his rival may felicitate, but can hardly congratu- 
late that rival on such an event. 

Con-grat'u-la'tion, n. Act of congratulating or ex- 
pressing sympathetic pleasure. 

Con-grat'u-la/tor, n. One who offers congratulation. 

Con-grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expressive of sympathetic 
joy at the good fortune of another. 

Con'gre-gate (kong'gre-gat, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

CONGREGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGREGATING.] 
[Lat. congregare, congregatum, from con and gregare , to 
collect into a flock, from grex, flock, herd.] To collect 
into an assembly or assemblage. [meet 

Con'gre-gate, v. i. To come together ; to assemble ; to 

Con/gre-ga'tion. n. 1. Act of congregating, bringing 
together, or assembling. 2. A collection or assemblage 
of separate things. 3. An assembly of persons, espe- 
cially a religious assemblv. 

Con/gre-ga'tion-al (82), a. 1. Pertaining to a con- 
gregation"; 2. Belonging to the system of Congregation- 
alism ; Independent. 

Con/gre-ga'tion-al-ism, n. A system of church gov- 
ernment which vests all ecclesiastical power in the as- 
sembled brotherhood of each local church, as an inde- 
pendent bodv ; Independency. 

Con'gre-ga'tion-al-ist, n. One who belongs to a Con- 
gregational church or society ; an Independent. 

Con'gress (kong'gres, 82), n. [Lat. congressus, from 
congredi, to go or come together, from con and gradi, to 
go or step, gradus, step.] 1. A meeting of two or more 
individuals ; particularly a meeting of two persons of op- 
posite sexes for sexual intercourse. 2. A formal assem- 
bly, as of deputies, representatives, envoys, or commis- 
sioners. 3. The assembly of senators and representatives 
of the people of a nation, especially of a i-epublic. 

j@g~In the Congress of the United States, as the members of 
the House of Representatives are chosen for two years only, 
the united body of senators and representatives for the two 
years during which the representatives hold their seats, is called 
one Congress. 

Syn.— Assembly ; meeting; convention; convocation; 
synod: council; diet. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link ; this 



CONGEESSTONAL 



146 



CONNOTATIVE 



C<m-gr6s'sion-al ( -greWun-), a. Pertaining to a con- 
gress, especially to the Congress of the United States. 

Con-gres'sive, a. Encountering, or coming together. 

Con'gress-man, n. ; pi. congress-men. A member 
of the United States Congress. 

Con'gru-ence, n. [Lat. congruentia, from congruere, to 
agree.] " Suitableness of one thing to another ; agree- 
ment ; consistency. 

Con'gru-ent (82), a. Possessing congruity ; suitable ; 
agreeing ; corresponding ; consistent. 

Con-gru/i-ty, n. Quality of being congruent ; fitness ; 
harmony ; correspondence ; consistency. 

Con'gru-oiis (kong'gru-us, 82), a. Having congruity ; 
being suitable or pertinent. 

Syn. — Accordant ; fit ; appropriate ; harmonious ; corre- 
spondent ; concordant ; consistent. 

CSn'gru-oiis-ly, adv. In a congruous manner ; suit- 
ably ; fitly ; accordantly ; pertinently ; consistently. 

Con'ie, [a. [Gr. kwvikos. See Cone.] 1. Having 

■Con'i-e-al, j the form of, or resembling, a cone. 2. 
Pertaining to a cone. 

Conic section (Geom.), a curve line formed by the intersec- 
tion of a cone and plane. The conic sections are the parabola, 
hyperbola, and ellipse. 

C6n'ie-al-ly, adv. In the form of a cone. 

Con'ie-al-ness, n. State or quality of being conical. 

Con'ies, n. 1. sing. That part of geometry which 
treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its 
sections. 2. pi. The curves formed by the intersection 
of a plane and a cone. 

Co-nif'er-oiis, a. [From Lat. tonus, cone, and ferre, to 
bear.] Bearing cones, as the pine, fir, cypress, &c. 

Co'ni-fdrm, a. [Lat. conus, cone, and forma, shape.] 
In form of a cone ; conical. 

Con-jeet'ur-a-ble, a. Capable of being conjectured. 

Con-jeet'ur-al, a. Depending on conjecture. 

Con-jeet'ur-al-ly, adv. In a conjectural manner ; by 
way of conjecture. 

Con-jeet'ure (53), n. [See infra.] Formation of an 
opinion on defective or presumptive evidence ; surmise. 

Con-jeet'ure (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. conjectured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONJECTURING.] [L. Lat. conjecturare, 
conjecturari, from Lat. conjicere,conjectum, from con and 
jacere, to throw.] To infer on slight evidence ; to sur- 
mise ; to guess ; to suspect. 

Con-jeet'ure, v. i. To surmise ; to guess. 

Con-jeet'iir-er, n. One who conjectures or guesses. 

Con-join',^, t. [imp. & p. p. conjoined; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONJOINING.] [Lat. conjungere, from con and 
jungere, to join, q. v.] 1. To join together. 2. To as- 
sociate or connect. 

■Con-join', v. i. To unite ; to join ; to league. 

■Con-joint', a. [Fr. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre, Lat. 
conjungere.]^ United ; connected ; associated. 

Con-joint'ly, adv. In a conjoint manner. 

Con'ju-gal, a. [Lat. conjugalis, from conjux, husband, 
wife, from conjungere, to unite in marriage.] Belonging, 
suitable, or appropriate, to the marriage state ; matrimo 
nial ; connubial ; nuptial. 

Con'ju-gal-Iy, adv. Connubially ; matrimonially. 

Con'ju-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conjugated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. conjugating.] [Lat. conjugatus, p. p. of 
conjugare, from con and jugare, to yoke, join, from 
jugum , yoke , from jungere , to join. ] ( Gram . ) To inflect , 
as verbs. 

Con'ju-gate, n. A word agreeing in derivation with 
another word, and therefore generally resembling it in 
signification ; one of two or more words of the same 
stock. 

Con'ju-gate, a. 1. United in pairs ; yoked together. 
2. ( Gram.) Agreeing in derivation with other words. 

Conjugate diameter (Geom.), a diameter parallel to a tangent 
at the vertex of the primitive diameter. 

CSn'ju-ga'tion, n. ( Gram.) (a.) Act of inflecting, as 
a verb, (b.) A scheme in which are arranged all the 
parts of a verb, (c.) A class of verbs inflected in the same 
manner through their various forms. 

Con-ju'gi-al, a. [Lat. conjugialis, equiv. to conjugalis. 
See Conjugal.] Conjugal. [Rare.] 

Con-jiinet', a. [Lat conjunctus, p. p. of conjungere.] 
United; conjoined; concurrent. [Rare.] 

Con-june'tion, n. 1. Act of conjoining, or state of 
being conjoined, united, or asssociated. 2. (Astron.) 
Meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same de- 
gree of the zodiac. 3. ( Gram.) A connective or con- 
necting word. 

Con-jun-e'tive a. 1. Closely united. 2. Serving to 



unite. 3. ( Gram.) Following or introduced by a eon- 
junction ; contingent. 

Con-jiine'tive-iy, adv. In conjunction, or union. 

Con-junet'ly, adv. In union ; conjointly ; unitedly. 

Con-junet'ure (53), n. 1. The act of joining, or the 
state of being joined ; union ; connection ; combination. 
2. An occasion or crisis as the effect of the combination 
or concurrence of circumstances. 

Con'ju-ra'tion, n. 1. An earnest or solemn entreaty. 

2. Practice of arts to accomplish supernatural acts ; in- 
cantation ; magic spell. 

Con-jure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conjured; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONJURING.] [Lat. conjurare, to swear together, 
to conspire, from con and jurare, to swear, from jus, 
juris, right, law.] To call on or summon by a sacred 
name or in a solemn manner ; to adjure. 

Con'jure (kun'jur), v. t. To affect, produce, excite, or 
alter as if by magic, or by the aid of supernatural pow- 
ers ; to enchant ; to charm ; to bewitch. 

Con'jure (kfin/jur), v. i. To practice magical acts. 

-Con-jur'er, n. One who conjures, or entreats. 

C6n'jur-er (kun'jur-er), n. One who conjures, or prac- 
tices magic or legerdemain. 

Con-nas'cence, ) n. [Lat con and nascentia, birth, 

Con-nas'pen-ey , j from nascens. p. pr. of nasti, to be 
born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the 
same time. 2. A being born or produced with another. 

3. Act of growing together, or at the same time. 
Con-nas'cent, a. Produced at the same time. 
Con'nate, or Con-nate' (114), a. [Lat. connatus, from 

con and natus, born, p. p. of nasci.] 1. Born with 
another; existing from birth. 2. (Bot.) United in ori- 
gin ; united into one body. 
Con-nat'u-ral, a. [Lat. con and Eng. natural, q. v.] 

1. Connected by nature; inborn; inherent; natural. 

2. Participating of the same nature. 
Con-nat'u-ral 'i-ty, n. Participation of the same na- 
ture ; natural union. 

Con-neet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONNECTED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONNECTING.] [Lat. connectere, connexum, from 
con and nectere, nexum, to bind.] To knit or fasten to- 
gether ; hence, to establish a bond or association between. 

Con-neet', v. i. To become joined, united or coherent ; 
to have a close relation. 

Con-neet'ed-ly, adv. By connection ; unitedly. 

Con-nee'tion, n. [Lat. connexio. See Connect.] 1. 
The act of uniting, or the state of being united. 2. (a.) 
The persons or things connected together, (b.) One who 
is connected by family ties. 

In this connection, in connection with this subject; — a 
phrase much used in the United States, but not often employed 
by the best writers in England. 

EOf This word was formerly spelt with x, connexion, as were 
the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the 
general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, 
reflection, &c. ; and this agrees more truly with their etymolo- 
gies, from Lat. connectere, inflectere, reflectere, &c. 

Syn. — Union; coherence; continuity; junction; associa- 
tion ; dependence ; intercourse; commerce ; communication ; 
affinity; alliance; relationship; correspondence. 

Con-neet'ive, a. Having the power of connecting. 

Con-neet'ive, n. ( Gram.) A word that connects other 
words, or that connects sentences ; a conjunction. 

Con-neet'ive-ly, adv. In union or conjunction. 

Con-neet'or, n. One who, or that which, connects ; 
specifically , a flexible tube for connecting the ends of 
glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. 

Con-nex'ion (-nek'shun), n. Same as Connection. 

Con-nex'ive, a. Having the power to connect. [Rare.] 

Con-niv'ance, n. Intentional failure or forbearance 
to see a fault ; voluntary oversight. 
Syn. — See Collusion. 

Con-nive', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONNIVED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CONNIVING.] [Lat. connivere, to shut the eyes, from 
eon and nivere, to close, akin to nicare and nictare, to 
wink.] To close the eyes upon ; to wink at ; to fail or 
forbear, by intention, to see. 

Con-niv'ent, a. 1. Forbearing to see; designedly in- 
attentive. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Brought close together. 

Con-niv'er, n. One who connives. 

Con'noif-seur' (kon'nis-sijr' or kon'nis-snr', 38), n. 
[Fr., from connoxtre, to know, from Lat. cognoscere, to 
become acquainted with, from co, for con, and noscere, 
gnoscere, to learn to know.] A critical judge or master of 
any art, particularly of painting, music, and sculpture. 

Con-nois-seur'ship (-sur'- or -sur'-), n. Skill of a 
connoisseur. 

Con-not'a-tive, a. 1. Implying something additional; 



5,e,&c.,Zong-; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CONNOTE 



147 



CONSERVATION 




illative. 2. (Log.) Implying an attribute ; attributive. 
See Connote. 

Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies 
an attribute. 

Con-note', v. t. [imp. & p. p. connoted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONNOTING.] [Lat. con and notare, to mark, 
from nota, mark, note.] To make known together with ; 
to imply ; to denote or designate ; to include. 

Con-nu'bi-al, a. [Lat. connubialis, from connubium, 
marriage, from con and nubere, to veil, to marry.] Per- 
taining to marriage, or to the marriage state ; conjugal ; 
nuptial. 

Con-nu'mer-a'tion, n. [Lat connumerare , to number 
with, from numcrare, to number, from numerics, num- 
ber.] A reckoning together. 

Co'noid, n. [Gr. fcwvoeiSTj?, from Ktovo?, cone, 
and elSos, form.] 1. Any thing that has the 
form of a cone. 2. ( Geom.) A solid which is 
formed by the revolution of a conic section 
about its axis. ^^ 

■Co'noid., ) a. Nearly, but not exactly, Conoid. 

Co-noid'al, ) conical. 

Co-noid'ie , ) a. Pertaining to a conoid ; having the 

-Co-noid'ie-al, ) form of a conoid. 

Con'quer (koijk'er, 82 ; formerly pron. konk'wer.) v. t. 
[imp. & p.p. conquered; p. pr. & vb. n. CONQUER- 
ING.] [From Lat. conquirere, to seek for, to bring to- 
gether, from con and quxrere, to seek.] 1. To gain or 
acquire by force. 2. To subdue or overcome by mental 
or moral power. 

Syn. — To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; over- 
throw; defeat ; rout ; discomfit s subjugate ; reduce; humble; 
crush ; surmount ; subject; master.— Conquer is generic ; to 
vanquish is to conquer by fighting, as a foe ; to subdue is to 
bring completely under, as one's enemies ; to subjugate is to 
bring under the yoke of bondage. 

■Con'quer (konk'er), v. i. To gain the victory ; to over- 
come ; to prevail. 

Con'quer-a-ble, a. Capable of being conquered. 

Con'quer-or (konk'er-ur), n. One who conquers. 

Con'quest (konk'west, 82), n. [From Lat. conquisitum, 
conquisita. See CONQUER.] 1. Act of conquering, or 
overcoming opposition by force, whether physical or 

* moral. 2. That which is conquered. 3. ( Feudal Law .) 
Acquisition of property by other means than by inherit- 
ance. 4. Act of gaining or regaining by success. 

Syn. — Victory ; subjugation ; subjection ; triumph ; mas- 
tery; reduction. 

Con'san-guin'e-oiis, a. [Lat. consanguineus , from 
con and sanguineus, of blood, from sanguis, blood.] Of 
the same blood ; related by birth. [blood or birth. 

Con'san-guin'i-ty, n. The relation of persons by 

Con'scien^e (kon'shens), n. [Lat. conscientia, from 
consciens, p. pr. of conscire, to know, from con and scire, 
to know.] 1. Consciousness. [Obs.] 2. The faculty 
which decides on the lawfulness or unlawfulness of our 
actions and affections ; the moral faculty ; the moral 
sense. 3. The estimate or determination of conscience ; 
real sentiment ; truth ; justice ; honesty. 4. Reason or 
reasonableness. [Colloq.] 

Con'scien^e-less, a. Having no conscience. 

Con'sci-en'tious (kOn'shi-), a. 1. Governed by a 
strict regard to the dictates of conscience. 2. Charac- 
terized or regulated by a regard to conscience. 
Syn. — Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright. 

Con'sci-en'tioiis-ly, adv. In accordance with the 
directions of conscience. 

Con'sci-gn'tious-ness, n. A scrupulous regard to the 
decisions of conscience. 

Con'scion-a-ble (kon'shun-a-bl), a. [Irregularly formed 
from conscience, q. v.] Governed by conscience ; accord- 
ing to conscience ; reasonable ; just. 

Con'scioiis (kon'shus, 63), a. [Lat. conscius, from con 
and scire, to know. Cf. CONSCIENCE.] 1. Possessing 
the faculty or power of knowing one's own thoughts or 
mental operations. 2. Possessing knowledge. 3. Made 
the object of consciousness. 
Syn. — Aware; apprised; sensible. 

Con'scioiis-ly, adv. With knowledge of one's own 
mental operations or actions. 

Con'scious-ness, n. 1. The knowledge of what passes 
in one's own mind. 2. Immediate knowledge of any 
object whatever. 

Con'seript, a. [Lat. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere, to 
enroll, from con and scribere, to write.] Enrolled ; writ- 
ten; registered. 

Conscript fathers (Bom Antiq.), the senators of Rome, the 



name having been applied first to certain new senators enrolled 
with the original body, and afterward to all of them. 

Con's-eript, n. One taken by lot, and compelled to serve 
as a soldier or sailor. 

Con-serip'tion, n. 1. An enrolling or registering. 2. 
A compulsory enrollment of individuals liable to be 
drafted for_military or naval service. 

Con'se-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. consecrated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. consecrating.] [Lat. consecratus, p. p. 
of consecrare, from con and sacrare, to consecrate, from 
sacer, sacred, q. v.] 1. To make, or declare to be sa- 
cred ; to appropriate to sacred uses. 2. To enroll among 
the gods or saints ; to apotheosize ; to canonize. 3. To 
render venerable ; to dignify. 

Con'se-erate (45), a. Consecrated; devoted; sacred. 

Con'se-era'tion, n. 1. The act or ceremony of con- 
secrating ; dedication. 2. Act of publicly enrolling among 
the gods or saints ; canonization ; apotheosis, 3. Act of 
rendering venerable or dignified. 

Con'se-era'tor, ?i. One who consecrates. 

Con'se-eu'tion, n. [Lat. consecutio } from consequi, con- 
secutus, to follow, from con and sequi, to follow.] 1. A 
sequel ; train of consequences. 2. A series of things 
that follow one another. 

Con-see'u-tive, a. 1. Following in a train ; uninter- 
rupted in course or succession ; successive. 2. Follow- 
ing as a consequence or result ; consequential ; succeed- 
ing. 3. (Mus.) Following in the same order. 

Con-see'u-trve-ly, adv. By way of consequence, or 
succession ; successively. 

Con-sent', n. 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment. 
2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations. 3. 
Voluntary accordance with what is done, or proposed to 
be done, by another. 

Syn. — Accord; assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agree- 
ment; harmony; coherence; free-will. See Assent. 

Con-sent', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. consented; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONSENTING.] [Lat. consentire, from con and 
sentire, to feel, perceive, think.] 1. To agree in opinion 
or sentiment. 2. To yield to guidance, persuasion, or 
necessity ; to give assent. 

Syn. — To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; 
concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce. 

Con'sen-ta'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. consentaneus. See supra.] 
Consistent; agreeable or accordant ; suitable. 

Con'sen-ta'ne-oiis-ly, adv. Agreeably; consistently. 

Con'sen-ta'ne-oiis-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
sistent ; mutual agreement. 

Con-sent'er, n. One who consents. 

Con-sen'tient (-sSn'shent), a. [Lat. consentiens, p. pr. 
of consentire. See Consent.] Agreeing in mind; ac- 
cordant in opinion. 

Con'se-quence, n. 1. That which flows out of, and 
follows, something on which it depends. 2. ( Log.) A 
conclusion which results from reason or argument ; in- 
ference ; deduction. 3. Connection of cause and effect. 
In consequence, hence; for this cause. — In consequence of, by 
reason of; as the effect of. — Of consequence, possessed of im- 
portance, value, or influence. 

Syn.— Effect; result. — An effect is the most immediate, 
springing directly from some cause; a consequence is more re- 
mote, not being" strictly cause nor yet a mere sequence, but 
flowing out of and following something on which it truly de- 
pends; a result (lit., bounding back) is still more remote and 
variable, like the rebound of an elastic body which falls in 
very different directions. We may foresee the effects of a meas- 
ure, may conjecture its consequences, but can rarely discover 
its final results. 

Con'se-quent, a. [Lat. consequens, p. pr. of consequi. 
See Consecution.] 1. Following as a result or in- 
ference. 2. [Log.) Following by necessary Inference, 
or rational deduction. 

Con'se-quent, n. 1. That which follows, or results 
from, a cause. 2. {Log.) A conclusion or inference. 3. 
(Math.) The second term of a ratio. 

Con'se-quen'tial, a. 1. Following as a consequence 
or result ; consequent. 2. Assuming, or exhibiting, aa 
air of consequence ; pompous. 

Con'se-quen'tial-ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of 
consequences; logically. 2. By consequence. 3. In 
a regular series. 4. With assumed importance. 

Con'se-quent -ly, adv. By consequence ; by natural or 
logical sequence or connection. 

Con-serv'a-ble, a. Capable of being kept or preserved. 

Con-serv'an-cy (14), n. Act of preserving ; preservation. 

Con-serv'ant, a. Having the power or quality of pre- 
serving from decay or destruction. 

Con'ser-va'tion, n. Act of preserving, guarding, or 
protecting ; preservation. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, eall, etho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



CONSERVATISM 



148 



CONSORT 



Con-serv'a-ti§m, ft. [For conservativism, from conser- 
vative] Disposition and tendency to preserve what is 
established ; opposition to change. 

Con-serv'a-tlve, a. 1. Preservative. 2. Disposed to 
maintain existing institutions. 

Con-serv'a-tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, pre- 
serves from ruin, injury, or radical change. 2. One 
who desire_s to maintain existing institutions and customs. 

Con'ser-va'tor, or Con'ser-va'tor, n. One who pre- 
serves from injury, violation, or innovation. 

Con-serv'a-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of pre- 
serving from loss, decay, or injury. 

Con-serv'a-to-ry, ft. 1. A place for preserving things, 
especially, a greenhouse for exotic or tender plants. 2. 
That which preserves from injury. 3. A public place 
of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowl- 
edge of some branch of learning or the fine arts. 

Con-serve' (14), v. t. [imp. Ik, p. p. conserved ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONSERVING.] [Lat. conservare, from con and 
servare, to keep, guard.] 1. To save ; to preserve ; to 
protect. 2. To prepare with sugar, &c, for the pur- 
pose of preservation, as fruits, &c. 

Con'serve, n. Any thing which is conserved ; especially, 
a sweetmeat, made of fruit, &c, prepared with sugar. 

Con-serv'er, n. One who conserves. 

Con-sid'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. considered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONSIDERING.] [Lat considerare, either from 
the root sid, akin to Gr. eiS, 18, to see, or from a hypoth. 
Lat. considere, to sit by, from con and sidere, to sit.] 

1. To think on with care ; to fix the mind on. 2. To 
have regard to ; to take into view or account. 3. To esti- 
mate ; to think ; to view. 

Syn. — To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or medi- 
tate on; con tcm plate; examine. 

Con-sid'cr, v. i. To think seriously, maturely, or care- 
fully ; to reflect ; to deliberate. 

Con-sid'er-a-ble, a. I. Possessing consequence or im- 
portance ; of some distinction ; noteworthy ; respectable. 

2. Of importance or value ; moderately large. 
Con-sid'er-a-ble-ness, n. Some degree of importance, 

moment, or dignity. 
Con-sid'er-a-bly, adv. In a considerable degree. 
Con-sid'er-ate (45), a. Given to consideration or to 

sober reflection ; especially mindful of the rights, claims, 

and feelings of others. 

reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; 



In a considerate manner. 
The quality of exercising con- 



Syn.— Thoughtful; 
deliberate; serious. 

Con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. 
Con-sid'er-ate-ness, n 

sideration ; prudence. 

Con-sid'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of considering ; con- 
tinuous and careful thought ; contemplation ; delibera- 
tion. 2. Appreciative regard. 3. Claim to notice or 
regard ; regard ; some degree of importance or conse- 
quence. 4. Ground of opinion or action ; motive ; rea- 
son; influence. 5. {Law.) The material cause of a con- 
tract ; compensation ; equivalent. 

Con-sid'er-er, n. One who considers. 

Con-sign' (kon-sln'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. consigned; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONSIGNING.] [Lat. consignare. to seal 
or sign, from con and signare, from signum, mark, sign.] 

1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner. 2. 
To commit; to intrust. 3. (Com.) To give into the 
hands of an agent for superintendence, sale, &c. 4. 
To assign ; to appropriate. 

. Syn. — To commit; deliver; intrust; resign.— To commit 
is generic; to intrust is to commit as a trust or deposit; to con- 
sign {lit. sign away) is to deliver over in a formal manner. A 
man may commit a lawsuit to his attorney, may intrust a child 
to his friend, may consign goods to an agent, or his soul at 
death into the hands of his Creator. 

Con'sign-ee' (kon'si-nee'), n. [Fr. consigns, p. p. of 
consigner.] One to whom goods are delivered in trust, 
for sale or superintendence ; a factor. 

Con-sign'er (-sm'er), n. One who consigns. 

Con-sig ni-fi~ea'tion, n. [Lat. con and Eng. signifi- 
cation, q. v.] Joint signification. 

€ o n ?^. Sn ' ment (- 8ln/ -)> n - 1- The act of consigning. 

2. (Com.) The thing consigned; the goods sent or de- 
livered to a factor for sale. 

Con-sign'or (-sin'-), n. One who consigns; especially 
one who consigns goods to another for sale or superin- 
tendence ; one who makes a consignment. 

Consist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. consisted ; p. pr. & vb 
n. consisting.] [Lat. consistere, from con and sistere, 
to stand.] 1. To be in a fixed or permanent state ; to be 
to exist ; to subsist. 2. To be consistent or harmonious! 
To consist in. to be constituted by. - To consist of, to be com- 



posed or made up of. 



Con-sist'ence, ) ft. 1. Condition of standing together, 
Con-sist'en-cy, J or being fixed in union. 2. A degree 
of firmness or density. 3. A combination. 4. Firm- 
ness of constitution or character; substantiality. 5. 
Agreement or harmony ; congruity ; correspondence. 
Con-sist'ent, a. 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness. 
2. Having agreement with itself at different times, or 
harmony among its parts. 

Syn. — Accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; 
uniform. 

Con-sist'ent-ly, adv. In a consistent manner. 

Con'sis-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a consistory. 

Con-sis'to-ry (113), n. [Lat. consistorium, from con- 
sistere. See Consist.] 1. Any solemn assembly or 
council. 2. (Eng. Church.) The spiritual court of a 
diocesan bishop. 3. (lio?n. Cath. Church.) The college 
of cardinals at Rome. 4. A church tribunal. 

Con-so'ci-ate (-so'shi-, 63), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- 
SOCIATED; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSOCIATING.] [Lat. 
consociare, consociatum, from con and sociare, to join or 
unite, from socius, companion.] To associate. [Hare.] 

Con-so'ci-ate, v. i. To form an association. 

Con-so'ei-a'tion (-so'shi-), n. 1. Intimate union; 
alliance ; association. 2. A confederacy or union of 
neighboring churches. [New England.] 

Con-sol'a-fole, a. Capable of receiving consolation. 

C6n/so-la'tion, n. 1. Act of comforting or the state 
of being comforted ; alleviation of misery. 2. That 
which comforts ; the cause of comfort. 
Syn.— Comfort; solace; alleviation. See Comfort. 

Con-sol'a-to-ry (50), a. TendiDg to give consolation oi 
comfort ; pertaining to consolation. 

Con-sole', v. t. [imp. & p. p. consoled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CONSOLING.] [Lat. consolari, from con and solari, 
to console, comfort.] To cheer in distress or depression. 
Syn. — To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encour- 
age; support. See Comfort. 

Con'sole, ft. [Fr . , either from con and Fr. sole, Lat. solea, 
sole, sandal, or contracted from Lat. consolida, from 
consolidus, very firm, from con and solidus, firm, solid.] 
(Arch.) A bracket; or a projecting ornament on the 
keystone of an arch. 

Con-sol'er, ft. One who gives consolation. 

Con'sole- ta/ble, n. A table whose leaf or slab is sup- 
ported by consoles or brackets at the two ends. 

Con-soFi-dant, a. Serving to unite or consolidate. 

Con-sol'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p.p. consolidated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONSOLIDATING.] [Lat. consolidare, 
consolidatum, from con and solid are, to make firm, from 
solidus, firm, solid.] 1. To make solid ; to unite or press 
together into a compact mass. 2. To unite, as various 
particulars, into one mass or body. 

Syn. — To unite; combine; harden; compaet; condense; 
compress. 

Coii-sol'i-date, v. i. To grow firm and hard ; to unite 
and become solid. [solidated. 

Con-sol'i-date (45), a. Formed into a solid mass ; con- 

Con-soFi-da'tion, n. 1. Act of consolidating. 2. 
(Lavj.) Combination of several actions into one. 

Con-sol'i-da/tive, a. Tending to consolidate ; healing. 

Con-s61§', or Con'solg, n. pi. The leading English 
funded government security, formed by the consolidation 
of different annuities, and on which three per cent, ia 
now paid. 

Con'so-nance, ) n. 1. (Mus.) A pleasing accord or 

C6n'so-naii-cy, ) agreement of sounds produced simul- 
taneously. 2. A state of agreement or congruity. 

Syn. — Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; 
congruity; suitableness; agreeableness. 

Con'so-nant, a. [Lat. consonans, p. pr. of consonare, 
to sound at the same time, from con and sonare, to 
sound.] 1. Having agreement ; congruous; consistent. 
2. (Mus.) Harmonizing together ; accordant. 

Con'so-nant, ft. An articulate sound which in utter- 
ance is usually combined and sounded with a more open 
sound called a vowel ; also, a letter or character repre- 
senting such a sound. 

Con'so-nant'al, a. Pertaining to consonants. 

Con'so-nant ly, adv. In a consouant, consistent, or 
congruous manner. 

Con'so-nous, a. Agreeing in sound ; symphonious. 

Con'sdrt, n. [Lat. consors, from con and sors, sortis, lot, 
fate, share.] A companion or partner ; especially, a wife 
or husband ; a spouse. 

Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a 
queen reanant, who rules alone, and from a queen dowager, tho 
widow of a king. 



a,e,&c.,long; a,g,&c,sW«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CONSORT 



149 



CONSTRUCTIONIST 



Ccn-sOrt' (25), V. i. [imp. & p. p. consorted ; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. CONSORTING.] To unite or to keep company ; 
to associate. [mony, company, &c. 

Gon-sort', v. t. To unite or join, as in affection, har- 

<£on-spee r tus, 11. [Lat.] A general sketch or outline of 
a subject ; a synopsis ; an epitome. 

€on-spIe'u-ous, a. [Lat. conspicuus, from conspicere, 
to behold attentively, from con and spicere, to behold.] 
1. Obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; manifest. 2. 
Obvious to the mental eye ; clearly or extensively known, 
perceived, noted. 

Syn.— Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prom- 
inent; celebrated. See Distinguished. 

•Oon-splc'u-ous-ly, adv. In a conspicuous manner. 

<3on-spI«'u-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being 
conspicuous. 

<3on-spIr'a-9y, n. [See Conspiration.] 1. A com- 
bination of two or more persons for an evil purpose. 2. 
A concurrence or general tendency, as of causes or 
circumstances, to one event. 
Syn. — Combination; plot; cabal. 

Con/spi-ra/tion, n. [Lat. conspiratio, Fr. conspiration, 
It. conspirazione.] Agreement or concurrence, as of per- 
sons to commit a crime, or of circumstances, causes, &c, 
to some result. [Rare.] 

Con-splr'a-tor, n. One who conspires ; a plotter. 

Con-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conspired ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONSPIRING.] [Lat. conspirare, from con and 
spirare, to breathe, blow.] 1. To unite or covenant to- 
gether for an evil purpose ; to plot together. 2. To con- 
cur to one end ; to agree. 

Syn. — To unite; concur; combine; complot; confederate; 
league. 

Con-spire', v. t. To plot ; to combine for ; to concur in. 

■eon-spir'er, n. One who conspires or plots. 

Con'sta-ble (ktin'sta-bl), n. [L. Lat. constabulus , &c, 
comestabulus, comes slabuli, originally count of the sta- 
ble, master of the horse, from Lat. comes, companion, 
L. Lat. count, and stabidum, stable.] 1. A high officer 
in the monarchical establishments of the middle ages. 
2. (Law.) An officer of the peace having power as a 
conservator of the public peace, and bound to execute 
the warrants of judicial officers. 

"€6m'sta-fole-sliip, n. The office of a constable. 

■€on-stab'u-la-ry, a. Pertaining to constables ; con- 
sisting of constables. 

-Con'stan-py, n. 1. Quality of being constant or stead- 
fist ; freedom from change. 2. Fixedness or firmness of 
mind, especially under sufferings, in attachments, or in 
enterprise ; steady, unshaken determination. 

Syn. — Fixedness: stability; firmness; steadiness; perma- 
nence; steadfastness; resolution. See Fixedness. 

•€on'stant, a. [Lat. constans, p. pr. of constare, to 
stand firm, from con and stare, to stand.] 1. Not liable, 
or given, to change. 2. (Math. & Physics.) Remaining 
unchanged or invariable. 

Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unal- 
terable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; reso- 
lute; firm; unshaken; determined. 

■Gon'staiit, n. 1. That which is not subject to change. 
2. (Math.) A quantity whose value always remains the 
same in the same expression. 

Con'stant-ly, adv. With constancy ; firmly ; steadily ; 
continually ; perseveringly. 

Con'stel-la'tion, n. [Lat. constellatio, from con, and 
stellare, to set or cover with stars, from ste.lla, a star.] 1. 
A cluster or group of fixed stars. 2. An assemblage of 
splendors or excellencies. 

Con'ster-na'tion, n. [Lat. consternatio , from conster- 
nare, to overcome, perplex, an accessory form of const er- 
nere, to prostrate, from con and stemere, to throw down.] 
Amazement or terror that confounds the faculties, and 
incapacitates for consideration. 

Syn. — Alarm; horror; amazement; astonishment; sur- 
prise; wonder; perturbation. See Alarm. 

■Gon'sti-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. constipated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CONSTIPATING.] [Lat. constipatus, p. p. 
of constipare, from con and stipare, to crowd together.] 
1. To stop, as a passage, by filling it, and preventing 
motion through it. 2. To render costive. 

Con'sti-pa/tion, n. 1. Act of crowding any thing into 
a less compass, or the state of being crowded ; condensa- 
tion. 2. Costiveness. 

Con-stit'u-en-fy, n. A body of constituents. 

Con-stit'ii-ent, a. 1. Serving to form, compose, or 
make up ; component ; elemental. 2. Having the power 
of electing or appointing. 



Con-stit'u-ent, n. 1. The person or thing which es- 
tablishes, determines, or constructs. 2. A component 
part : an element. 3. One who assists to appoint o* 
elect a representative to an office or employment. 

Con'sti-tute (30), v. t. [imp. &p.p. constituted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTITUTING.] [Lat. constituere, 
constitutum, from con and slatuere, to place, set.] 1. To 
cause to stand ; to establish ; to enact. 2. To give for- 
mal existence to ; to compose ; to form. 3. To appoint, 
depute, or elect to an office or employment. 

"Con'sti-tu'ter, n. One who constitutes or appoints. 

-eor^sti-ti-u'tioii, n. 1. Act of constituting ; formation. 

2. The state of being ; natural condition ; conformation. 

3. The principles or fundamental laws which govern a 
state or other organized body of men. 4. An authori- 
tative ordinance, regulation, or enactment. 

Coii/sti-tu/tion-al, a. 1. Belonging to, or inherent 
in, the constitution. 2. In accordance with, or author- 
ized by, the constitution of a government or a society. 
3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitu- 
tion. 4. Relating to a constitution. 5. For the benefit 
of the constitution. 

-Con'sti-tu'tion-al, n. A walk or other exercise taken 
for the benefit of health or the constitution. 

-eon'sti-tu/tion-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of being constb 
tutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 2. State of 
being agreeable to the constitution or frame of govern- 
ment, or of being authorized by its provisions. 

Con'sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. In accordance with the 
constitution. 

-eon'sti-tu/tive, a. 1. Tending or assisting to consti- 
tute. 2. Having power to constitute or enact. 

-eon-strain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constrained; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CONSTRAINING.] [From Lat. constringere , 
from con and stringere, to draw tight, to strain.] 1. To 
secure by bonds. 2. To bring into a narrow compass. 
3. To hold back by force. 4. To urge with irresistible 
power ; to necessitate. 

Syn. — To chain; confine ; compress ; constrict ; restrain; 
repress; compel; force; drive; impel; urge ; press. 

-€on-strain'a-hle, a. Capable of being constrained, 
forced, or repressed; liable to constraint. 

-€oii-straiii'ed-ly, adv. By constraint ; by compulsion. 

■€on-strain'er, n. One who constrains. 

■eon-straint', n. 1. Act of constraining, or the state 
of being constrained. 2. That which constrains. 
Syn. — Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. 

Con-strict', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constricted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONSTRICTING.] [Lat. constringere, constric- 
tum. See Constrain.] To draw together into a nar- 
row compass ; to contract or cause to shrink. 

Con-stri-et'ed, p. a. 1. Drawn together; contracted; 
cramped. 2. (Bot.) Compressed so as to be smaller in 
certain places or parts than in others. 

Con-stri-e'tion, n. The act of constricting, or the state 
of being constricted. 

-€on-str!et'ive, a. Serving to bind or constringe. 

Con-strlet'or, 11. That which constricts, draws together, 
or contracts ; specifically, a serpent which secures its 
prey by surrounding it with its folds and crushing it. 

Coii-stringe',r. t. [imp. & p. p. constringed ; p. 
pr. & vb. 11. CONSTRING1NG.] [Lat. constringere. See 
Constrain.] To draw together ; to contract. 

-Goii-strin'gent, a. Having the quality of contracting. 

-eon-strii-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constructed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUCTING.] [Lat. construere, con- 
structum, from con and struere, to pile up, to set in or- 
der.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of. 2. 
To devise and put in an orderly arrangement. 

Syn.— To build ; erect ; form ; make ; originate ; invent ; 
fabricate; arrange. 

■€on'strii-et, a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, 
interpretation, or inference. 

-Gon-stru-et/er, n. One who constructs or frames. 

-€on-stru.«'tion, n. 1. Act of constructing ; act of 
building, or of devising and forming ; fabrication ; com- 
position. 2. Manner of putting together properly the 
parts of any thing ; structure ; conformation. 3. ( Gram.) 
Syntactical arrangement. 4. The method of construing 
or explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; in- 
terpretation ; sense. 

Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such 
lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities 
in the equation, and their relations to each other. 

Con-strii<;'tion-aI, a. Pertaining to construction. 
Con-striic'tioii-ist, n. One who construes a writing or 
public instrument. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull; fell, f liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get; ag; ejisti linger, link ; this 



CONSTRUCTIVE 



150 



CONTEMPLATIVE 



Con-striifit'ive, a. 1. Having ability to construct or 
form. 2. Derived by interpretation. 

Con-struet'ive-ly, adv. In a constructive manner ; 
by way of construction or interpretation. 

Con-striiet'ive-ness, n. 1. Tendency to construct. 
2. ( Phren.) The faculty which leads to the formation of 
parts into a whole. 

Con'strue (formerly pronounced kon'stur), v. t. {imp. & 
p. p. CONSTRUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUING.] [Lat. 
construere. See CONSTRUCT.] To exhibit or explain the 
construction of, as of a sentence or clause ; to interpret ; 
to translate. 

Con'stu-prate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. constuprated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CONSTUPRATING.] [Lat. constupratus, 
p. p. of constuprare, from con and stuprare, to ravish, 
stuprum, rape.] To violate the person of; to ravish. 

Con'stu-pra'tion, n. The act of ravishing. 

Con'suto-stan'tial, a. [Lat. consubstantialis, from con 
and substantialis.] Having the same substance or es- 
sence, [stantiation. 

Con sub-stan'tial ist, n. One who believes in consub- 

Consub-stan ti-al'i-ty (-shl-al'I-ty), n. Co-existence 
in the same substance. 

Con'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. CON- 
substantiated; p.pr. & vb. n. consubstantiat- 
ING.] [Lat. con and substantia, substance, q. v.] To 
unite in one common substance or nature. 

€6n / sub-stan / ti-a'tion(-shi-a / shun), n . 1. Identity 
or union of substance. 2. ( Theol.) The actual, substan- 
tial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and 
wine of the Lord's supper. 

Con'sul, n. [Lat., from consulere, to deliberate, consult, 
q. v.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates 
of the republic, after the expulsion of the kings. 2. 
(Fr. Hist.) One of the three supreme magistrates of 
France from 1799 to 1804. 3. An officer appointed by a 
government to protect the commercial and other inter- 
ests of its citizens in some foreign country. 

■F~ n 4u-1*' 1 a ' Pertainim I to a consul or to consuls. 
Con'su-late, n. Office, jurisdiction, or residence, of a 

consul ; consulship. 
Con'sul-sbip, n. 1. The office of a consul ; consulate. 

2. The term of office of a consul. 
■Con-su.lt/, v. i. [imp. & p. p. consulted ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. CONSULTING.] [Lat. consulere, consultum.] To 
seek opinion or advice ; to take counsel ; to deliberate. 

Con-suit', v. t. [Lat. consultare, intens. form of consu- 
lere.] 1. To ask advice of ; to seek the opinion of. 2. 
To decide or to act in favor of. 3. To deliberate upon, 

Con'sul-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of consulting or deliberat- 
ing. 2. A meeting of persons, especially of lawyers or of 
doctors, to consult together. 

Con-siilt'er, n. One who consults. 

Con-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being consumed. 

Con-sume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. consumed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONSUMING.] [Lat. consumere, to take, from 
con and sum ere, to take.] To destroy, as by decomposi- 
tion, dissipation, waste, or fire. 

Syn. — To destroy ; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; ex- 
pend; squander; lavish; dissipate. 

Con-sume', v. i. To waste away slowly. 

Con-sum'er, n. One who, or that which, consumes. 

Con'sum-mate, or Con-sum'mate, v. t. [Lat. con- 
summare, consummatum, from con and summa, sum, q. 
v.] To bring to completion ; to raise to the highest 
point or degree ; to perfect ; to achieve. 

Con-sum'mate (45), a. Carried to the utmost extent or 
degree; complete; perfect. [completely. 

Con-sum'mate-ly, adv. In a consummate manner ; 

Cfln'sum-ma'tion, n. Act of carrying to the utmost 
extent or degree ; completion ; termination ; close ; per- 
fection. 

Con-siimp'tion (84), n. [Lat. consumptio. See Con- 
SUME.] 1. Act of consuming. 2. State of being 

\ consumed, wasted or diminished. 3. (Med.) A gradual 
decay or diminution of the body ; esp. a disease seated 
in the lungs, attended with a hectic fever, cough, &c. 
Syn. — Decline ; waste ; destruction ; diminution ; loss. 

Con-sump'tive, a. 1. Having the quality of consum- 
ing or dissipating ; destructive ; wasting. 2. Affected 
with, or inclined to, consumption. [sumption. 

Con-siimp'tive-ly, adv. In a way tending to con- 

Con-siimp'tive-ness, n. A state of being consump- 
tive, or a tendency to a consumption. 

CSn'ta-et, n. [Lat. contactus, from contingere, contac- 
tum, to touch on all sides, from con and t anger e, to 



touch, originally tago.] A close union or junction »f 

bodies ; a touching or meeting. 

Con-ta'gion, n. [Lat. contagio. See Contact.] 1. 
(Med.) Act or process of transmitting a disease from one 
person to another, by direct or indirect contact. 2. That 
which serves as a medium or agency to transmit dis- 
ease ; pestilential influence. 3. Act or means of prop- 
agating influence or effect. 

Con-ta'gioiis, a. 1. (Med.) Communicable by con- 
tact or approach ; catching. 2. Containing or generating 
contagion ; pestilential. 3. Spreading or communicable 
from one to another. 

Syn.— Contagious ; infectious. — These words have been 
used in very diverse senses ; but, in general, a contagious dis- 
ease is one which is caught from another by contact, by the 
breath, by bodily effluvia, &c, while an infectious one supposes 
some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, 
like the miasma of prison-ships, of marshes, &c, infecting the 
system with disease. See Infection. 

Con-ta'gioiis-ly, adv. By contagion. 

Con-ta'gious-ness, n. Quality of being contagious. 

Con-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONTAINING.] [Lat. continere, from con and 
tenere, to hold.] 1. To hold within fixed limits ; to com- 
prehend ; to comprise. 2. To be able to hold ; to inclose. 

Con-tain', v. i. To live in continence or chastity. 

Con-tain'a-bl* 1 , a. Capable of being contained. 

Con-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, contains. 

Con-tam'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being contaminated. 

Con-tam'i-nate, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. contaminated; 
p.pr. & vb.n. CONTAMINATING.] [Lat. contaminatus, 
p. p. of contaminare , fr. con and ancient taminare, to 
violate.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by defiling contact. 
Syn. — To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish. 

Con-tam'i-nate, a. Having contamination or defile- 
ment ; polluted ; corrupt ; tainted. 

Con-tam/i-na'tion, n. Act of contaminating or pol- 
luting ; pollution ; defilement ; taint. 

Con-temn' (-tern'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. contemned ; 
(kon-temd'); P- pr. & vb. n. contemning (kon-tem/- 
ning).] [Lat. contemnere, from con and temnere, to 
slight, despise, perhaps allied with temere, and so to treat 
in a careless manner.] To consider and treat as unworthy 
of regard ; to reject with disdain. 

Syn. — Despise; scorn; disdain.— Contemn is generic; to 
despise (lit., to look down upon ) is to regard or treat as mean, 
unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a 
quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting 
either a generous abhorrence of what is base, or unwarrantable 
pride and haughtiness. 

Con-tem'ner, n. One who contemns; a despiser. 

Con-tem'per, v. t. Lat. contemperare, from con and 
temperare, to temper, q. v.] To temper ; to moderate. 

Con-tem'per-a-ment, n. The condition of being con- 
tempered ; temperament. 

Con-tem'per-a'tion, n. 1. The act of contemper- 
ing or moderating; moderation. 2. Proportionate 
mixture or combination. 

Con'tem-plate, or Con-tem'plate (117), v.t. [imp. 
& p. p. contemplated; p. pr. & vb. n. contem- 
plating.] [Lat. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari, 
to look around carefully, to consider, from con and 
templum, a space for observation marked out by the 
augur with his staff, contracted from tempulum , as a 
dim. of tempus, a piece or portion cut off.] 1. To look 
at on all sides ; to regard with deliberate care ; to medi- 
tate on; to study. 2. To have in view, as contingent 
or probable ; to look forward to. 

rKg*-In the pronunciation of this word and others of similar 
formation (as alternate, compensate, concentrate, confiscate, 
extirpate, &c.) usage is somewhat divided; yet in this country, 
there is a large and increasing number of cultivated speakers 
who give them the antepenultimate accentuation; and the 
practice of most English scholars of the present day is the 
same. See §117. 

Syn. — To study; ponder; muse; meditate on ; dwell on ; 
consider ; intend ; design ; plan ; purpose. — We meditate a 
design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of 
its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are 
at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made; to intend- 
in stronger— we have decided to act when an opportunity 
may offer. 

Con'tem-plate, or Con-tem'plate, v. i. To think 

studiously ; to ponder ; to muse ; to meditate. [tation. 
Con'tem-pla'tion , n. Act of contemplating; medi- 
co have in. contemplation, to intend or purpose, or to hav« 

under consideration. 
Con-tem'pla-tive, a. 1. Pertaining to, or addicted 

to, contemplation; studious; thoughtful. 2. Having 

the power of thought or meditation. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



CONTEMPLATIVELY 



151 



CONTINUANCE 



Con-t6m'pla-tive-ly, adv. With contemplation. 

Con-tem'pla-tive-ness, n. The state of being con- 
templative ; thoughtfulness. 

Con'tem-pla'tor, n. One who contemplates. 

Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. contemporaneus, from 
con and tempus, time.] Living, acting, or transpiring 
at the same time ; contemporary. 

Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. At the same time 
with some other event. 

Con-tem/po-ra/ne-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality 
of being contemporaneous. [time. 

€on-tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. Existence at the same 

Con-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [From Lat. con and tempora- 
rius, of or belonging to time, from tempus, temporis, 
time.] Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time ; 
contemporaneous. [with another. 

€on-tem'pora-ry, n. One who lives at the same time 

Con-tempt' (84), n. [Lat. contemptus, from contemnere. 
See Contemn.] 1. Act of contemning or "despising. 
2. The state of being despised. 3. (Law.) Disobe- 
dience of the rules and orders of a court of justice, or 
of a legislative body. 

Syn. — Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; 
neglect; disregard; slight. 

Con-tempt'i-ble , a. Worthy of contempt. 

Syn. — Contemptuous ; despicable ; abject ; vile ; mean; 
base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurril. — Despicable is 
stronger than contemptible, and pitiful than paltry. A man is 
despicable for what is base or wicked; contemptible for what 
is weak, foolish, &c. A thing is pitiful when it indicates mean- 
ness and timidity, paltry when low and worthless. 

Con-tempt'i-ble-ness, n. State of being contempti- 
ble, or of being despised. 

Con-tempt'i-bly, adv. In a contemptible manner. 

Con-t6mpt'u-ous, a. Manifesting or expressing con- 
tempt or disdain. 

Syn. — Scornful; insolent; haiighty; disdainful; cavalier; 
supercilious; insulting; contumelious; affrontive; abusive; 
fastidious. 

Con-tempfu-oiis-ly, adv. In a contemptuous man- 
ner ; disdainfully. 

Con-tend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. contended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONTENDING.] [Lat. contendere, from con and 
tender?, to stretch, allied to Gr. relvew, to stretch.] 1. 
To strive in opposition. 2. To strive in debate ; to en- 
gage in discussion. 

Syn. — To struggle ; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; 
litigate; dispute; debate. 

Con-tend'er, n. One who contends ; a combatant. 

Con-tent', a. [Lat. contentus, p. p. of continere, to hold 
together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Having the de- 
sires limited by present enjoyment ; satisfied ; at rest. 

Con-tent', v. t. 1. To satisfy the mind of; to appease. 
2. To please or gratify. 

Syn. — To satiate ; satisfy ; delight. 

Con-tent', n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's 
present condition ; satisfaction ; moderate happiness. 
2. That which contents. 

CSn'tent, or Con-tent', n. 1. That which is contained ; 
— usually in the pi. 2. Power of containing ; capacity. 

Table of contents, or the contents, a summary or index of the 
matter treated in a book. 

Con-tent'ed, a. Content ; easy in mind ; satisfied. 

Con-tent'ed-ly, adv. In a contented manner. 

Con-tent'ed-ness, n. Quiet satisfaction of mind. 

Con-ten'tion, n. [Lat. contentio. See Contend.] 1. 
A violent effort to obtain something, or to resist a per- 
son, claim, or injury. 2. Strife in debate. 

Syn. — Struggle; strife; contest; litigation; controversy; 
quarrel; conflict; feud; dissension; variance; disagreement; 
debate; competition; emulation; discord. 

Con-ten'tious, a. 1. Apt to contend; given to angry 
debate. 2. Relating to, or involving, contention. 

Syn. — Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissensious; wrangling; 
litigious; perverse; peevish. 

Con-tfin'tiotis-ly, adv. In a contentious manner. 

Con-t6n'tioiis-ness, n. A disposition to contend. 

Con-tent'ment, n. 1. Satisfaction of mind, without 
disquiet; acquiescence; content. 2. That which affords 
satisfaction; gratification. [TENT, n. 

CSn'tents, or Con-tents' (114), n. pi. See Con- 

Con-ter'mi-na-lble (14), a. Capable of being regarded 
as having the same bounds. 

Con-tSr'mi-nate, a. [Lat. conterminatus , p. of conter- 
minare, to border upon, from conterminus.] Having 
the same bounds ; conterminous. 

Con-ter 'mi-noils , a. [Lat. conterminus, from con and 



terminus, border.] Having the same bounds, or boun- 
daries ; bordering ; contiguous. 
Con-test', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contested; p. pr. 
& vb. n. contesting.] [From Lat. contestari, to call 
to witness, from Lat. con and testari, to be a witness, 
from testis, witness.] 1. To make a subject of dispute. 
2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain. 3. (Law.) 
To resist, as a claim, by course of law. 

Syn. — To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; 
argue; contend. 

Con-test', v. i. To engage in dispute, strife, or emula- 
tion ; to contend ; to vie ; to emulate. 

Con'test, n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument. 
2. Earnest struggle for superiority, defense, or the like; 
strife in arms. 

Syn. — Conflict; combat; battle: encounter; shock: strug- 

fle; dispute; altercation; debate; controversy; difference-; 
isagreement; strife. — Strife is generic; an encounter is a sud- 
den and hostile meeting; a conflict is a violent meeting of 
the parties ; a combat is a deadly conflict of two or more. 

Con-test'a-ble, a. Capable of being contested. 

Con-test'ant, n. One who contests ; an opponent. 

CSn'tes-ta'tion, n. Act of contesting ; strife ; dispute. 

Con'text, n. [Lat. contextus, from conlexere, to knit 
together j The parts of a discourse which precede or fol- 
low a sentence quoted. 

Con-text'ur-al, a. Pertaining to contexture. 

Con-text'ure (53), n. Composition of parts; system; 
constitution ; texture. 

Con'tig-na'tion, n. [Lat. contignatio, fr. contignare, to 
join with beams.] 1. Act of framing together, or unit- 
ing beams in a fabric. 2. A frame of beams ; a story. 

Con'ti-gu'i-ty, n. State of being contiguous. 

Con-tig'u-oiis, a. [Lat. contiguus, from contingere, to 
touch, as it were, on all sides, from con and tangere, to 
touch.] In actual or close contact ; touching ; near. 

Syn.— Adjoining; adjacent. — Things are adjacent when 
they lie near to each other without touching, as, adjacent 
fields; adjoining when they meet or join at some point, as, 
adjoining farms; contiguous when they arc brought more con-, 
tinuously in contact, as, contiguous buildings. 

Con-tig'u-ous-ly, adv. In a manner to touch. 

Con-tig'u-ous-ness, n. State of contact ; close union. 

Con'ti-nence, ) n. Voluntary restraint put on one's 

C6n-ti-nen-cy, ) desires and passions ; self-command; 
specifically, restraint of the passion for sexual enjoy- 
ment; chastity. 

Con'ti-nent, a. [Lat. continens, from continere, to hold 
together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Exercising re- 
straint as to the indulgence of desires or passions, espe- 
cially as to sexual intercourse ; temperate ; chaste. 

Con'ti-nent, n. 1. ( Geog.) One of the larger bodies of 
land on the globe. 2. The main land of Europe, as 
distinguished from the islands, especially from England. 

Con'ti-nent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to a continent. 2. 
Pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction 
from the adjacent islands, especially England. 3. (Amer. 
Hist.) Pertaining to the confederated colonies in the time 
of the Revolutionary war. 

Con'tl-nent-ly, adv. In a continent manner. 

Con-tin'gence, ) n. 1. Quality of being contingent 

Con-tin'gen-cy, ) or casual. 2. An event which 
may occur ; possibility. 

Syn.— Casualty; accident; chance. 

Con-tin'gent, a. [Lat. contingens, p. pr. of contingere, 
to touch on all sides, to happen.] 1. Possible, or liable, 
but not certain, to occur. "Z. Dependent on what is un- 
determined or unknown. 3. (Law.) Dependent for ef- 
fect on something that may or may not occur. 
Syn. — Accidental; incidental; casual; fortuitous. 

Con-tin'gent, n. 1. A contingency. 2. That which 
falls to one in a division or apportionment ; a quota ; 
proportion. [accidentally. 

Con-tin'gent -ly, adv. Without design or foresight 

Con-tin'u-a-lble, a. Capable of being continued. 

Con-tin'u-al, a. 1. Proceeding without interruption -* 
cessation. 2. Yery frequent ; often repeated ; of fre- 
quent recurrence. 

Syn. — Constant ; continuous ; perpetual ; incessant ; un- 
ceasing ; uninterrupted ; uninterrupted. — A thing is contin- 
uous which flows on without interruption through its whole 
course, as, a continuous discourse or train of thought; it is con- 
tinual when, with perhaps brief interruptions, it steadily re- 
curs again, asj continual showers. Perpetual is sometimesused 
for continual in a stronger sense, as, peipetual applications ; 
sometimes for continuous and lasting, as, perpetucd motion. 

Con-tin'u-al-ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceas- 
ingly. 2. Very often ; in repeated succession. 
Con-tin'u-ance, n. 1. Permanence, as of condition, 



food, f o~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; thia. 



CONTINUATE 



152 



CONTRAVENE 



habits, abode, &c. ; perseverance. 2. Uninterrupted 
succession ; continuation ; constant renewal ; propagation. 

Con-tiii'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. continuated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. continuating. See Continue.] 
To join closely together. [Rare.] 

Con-tiii'u-ate, a. 1. Intimately connected. 2. Un- 
interrupted. [Rare.] 

Coii-tiu/u-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of continuing, or the state 
of being continued ; uninterrupted extension or succes- 
sion ; prolongation; protraction. 2. That which ex- 
tends, increases, or supplements, &c. 

Coii-tiii'u-a-tl ve , n . 1. (Witt.) A statement express- 
ing permanence or duration. 2. ( Gram.) A connective ; 
a conjunction. 

Con -tin 'u-a/ tor, n. One who continues ; a continuer. 

Con-tiii'u.e, v. i. [imp. & ;;. p: CONTINUED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONTINUING.] [Lat. continuare, to connect, con- 
tinue, from continuus.] 1. To remain in a given place or 
condition. 2. To be permanent or durable. 3. To be 
steadfast or constant ; to endure ; to last. 
Syn. — To persevere; persist; abide; stay. 

■Con- tin 'ue, v. t. To prolong ; to protract ; to persist in. 

Continued fraction (Jfath.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, 
and whose 'denominator is a whole number plus a fraction 
whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole num- 
ber plus a fraction, and so on.— Continued proportion (Arith. & 
Air/.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in 
wliicn the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with 
the antecedent of the following one; as, 4:8:: 8:1G:: 10:32. 

Con-tin'n-er, n. One who continues ; a continuator. 

Con'ti-nu'i-ty, n. State of being continuous ; uninter- 
rupted connection ; close union of parts ; cohesion. 

CGii-tiii'ii-oiis, a. [Lat. continuus, from conlinere, to 
hold together.] Without break, cessation, or interrup- 
tion ; constantly prolonged ; protracted ; extended. 

Con-tin'u-oiis-ly, adc. In a continuous manner. 

Con-tort', v. t. | Lat. contorquere, contortum, from con 
and torquere, to twist.] To twist together ; to writhe. 

Con-tor'tion, n. A twisting; a writhing ; a twist ; wry 
motion ; partial dislocation of a limb. 

Coii-tor'tive, a. Expressing contortion. 

Con-tonr' (kon-toor'), n. [Fr., from con and tour, Lat. 
tornu's, Gr. ropvos, lathe.] 1. Bounding line; outline; 
periphery. 2. (Mil.) Horizontal outline of ground or 
works of fortification. [bidden. 

Con'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or treaty ; for- 

Con'tra-teand, n. [L. Lat. contrabannum, properly, con- 
trary to public proclamation. Sec Ban.] 1. Prohibited 
merchandise or traffic. 2. A negro slave. [Amer.] 

Coii'tra-lsand'ist, n. A smuggler in time of war. 

Ccn-tract', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contracted; p . pr. 
& vb. n. CONTRACTING.] [Lat. contrahcre, contractual, 
from con and trahere, to draw.] 1 . To draw together or 
nearer ; to reduce to a less compass. 2. To bring on ; 
to be liable to. 3. To make a bargain or covenant for. 
4. To betroth; to affiance. 5. (Gram.) To unite into 
one long vowel or diphthong ; — said of concurrent vowels. 
Syn. — To shorten : abridge ; epitomize; narrow ; lessen; 
condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume. 

Con-traei', v. i. 1. To be drawn together or reduced in 
compass. 2. To make an agreement ; to agree ; to cov- 
enant; to bargain. 

Con'tract, n. 1. An agreement or covenant between 
two or more parties, imposing certain obligations and 
conferring certain rights upon each. 2. A formal writ- 
ing containing such agreement. 3. ( Gram.) A word in 
which concurrent vowels are contracted. 

S5 x n. — Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation ; bar- 
gain : arrangement; obligation.— A covenant is a mutual agree- 
ment; a contract is such an agreement reduced to writing; a 
stipulation is one of the articles or parts of a contract; a com- 
pact is a more solemn and binding contract. 

Con-traet'ed, p. a. Drawn together ; narrow. 

Con-traet'ed-ly, adv. In a contracted manner. 

Con-tract'ed-nes.«, n. The state of being contracted. 

Con-iraei'i-liil'i-ty, n. Capability of being contracted. 

Con-traet'i-hle, a. Capable of contraction. 

Con-traet'i-ble-ne.s!?, n. The quality of being con- 
tractible ; contractibility. 

Con-traet'ile, a. Tending to contract. 

Con'trae-tll'i-ty, n. The inherent quality or force by 
which bodies shrink or contract. 

Con-trae'tion, n. 1. Act of contracting, or state of 
being contracted. 2. (Math.) Process of shortening 
any operation. 3. Any thing in a state of abbreviation 
or contraction. 4. (Gram.) The shortening of a word, 
by the uniting of two concurrent vowels, or, less pre- 
cisely, by the omission of a vowel or syllable. 



Con-tra.et1ve, a. Tending or serving to contract. 
Con-traet'or, n. [Lat.] One who contracts ; specifically, 

one who contracts to perform any work cr service for the 

public, at a certain price or rate. 
Con'tra-dance, n. [contra and dance, q. v.] A dance 

in which the ' partners are arranged in opposite lines. 

[Written also, but corruptly, country-dance.] 
Con'tra-dlet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contradicted; 

p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRADICTING.] [Lat. contradicere, 

contradictum, from contra and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. 

To assert the contrary of; to gainsay ; to deny. 2. To 

be directly contrary to ; to oppose. 
Con'tra-diet'er, n. One who contradicts. 
Con/tra-dic'tion, n. 1. An assertion of the contrary 

to what has been said or affirmed ; a gainsaying ; denial. 

2. Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency ; in- 
congruity ; contrariety. 

Coii'tra-di-e'tioiis, a. 1. Filled with contradictions; 
inconsistent. 2. Inclined to contradict. 

Con'tra-di-et'ive, a. Containing- contradiction; op- 
posed; contradictory. 

Con'tra-di-et'o-ri-ly, adv. In a contradictory manner. 

Con'tra-di-et'o-ri-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
tradictory ; opposition. 

Con'tra-diet'o-ry, a. 1. Affirming the contrary ; im- 
plying a denial. *Z. Inconsistent; contrary ; repugnant. 

3. (Logic.) Opposed in every possible respect. 
Con'tra-dlet'o-ry, n. A proposition or thing which 

denies or opposes another in all its terms ; contrariety ; 

inconsistency. 
Con'tra-dis-tine'tion, n. Distinction by contrast. 
Con'tra-dis-tinet'ive, a. Distinguishing by contrast. 
CSn'tra-dis-tiia'guis li (-tlr.g'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

CONTRADISTINGUISHED; p. pr. & vb. 11. CONTRA- 
DISTINGUISHING.] To distinguish by contrast. 

Con'tra-in'di-ea'tion, n. (Med.) A symptom or indi- 
cation that forbids the method of treatment which the 
nature of the disease might seem to render necessary. 

Con-tral'to, 11. [It., from contra, against, and alto. 
See Alto.] (Mus.) (a.) The part sung by the highest 
male or lowest female voices ; the alto or counter-tenor. 
(b.) The voice or singer performing this part. 

Con-tral'to, a. (Mus.) Belonging or relating to a con- 
tralto, or to the part so called. 

Con'tra-po-gi'ticn (-zlsh'un), n. A placing over 
against ; opposite position. 

C6n'tra-rie§, n. pi. (Logic.) Propositions opposed in 
quality only, but of which the falsehood of one does not 
establish the truth of the other. 

Con'tra-rl'e-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being con- 
trary. 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsist- 
ent with, something else. 

Syn.— Inconsistency ; discrepancy ; repugnance ; opposi- 
tion ; disagreement. 

Con'tra-ri-ly, adv. In a contrary manner ; in opposi- 
tion ; on the other side ; in opposite ways. 

C6n'tra-ri-iiess, n. The quality of being contrary. 

Ccn-tra'ri-ous (89), a. Showing contrariety; repug- 
nant. [Rare.] 

Con-tra'ri-ous-ly, adv. Contrarily ; oppositely. 

C6n'tra-ri-wi§e, adc. 1. On the contrary; on the 
other hand. 2. In a contrary order ; conversely. 

Con'tra-ry, a. [Lat. contrarius, from contra.] 1. Op- 
posite ; opposing ; different ; contradictory. 2. Given 
to opposition. 3. (Logic.) Opposed in quality only. 

Syn. — Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; 
inconsistent; perverse; fioward; wayward. 

Con'tra-ry, n. 1. A thing of contrary or opposite qual- 
ities. 2. A proposition contrary to another. 3. (Logic.) 
See Contraries. 

On the contrarn, in opposition; on the other side. — To the 

contrary, to an opposite purpose or fact. 
Con-tra«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contrasted ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. contrasting.] To set in opposition, with a 

view to show the superiority of one thing over another, 

or to make the one set off the other. 
Con-trast', v. i. [From Lat. contra, against, and stare, 

to stand.] To be or stand in contrast or opposition ; to 

exhibit contrast. 
Con'trast, n. Opposition of things or qualities ; com- 
parison by contrariety of qualities. 
Con'tra-ten'or, n. (Mus.) A middle part between the 

tenor and treble ; counter-tenor ; contralto. 
Con'tra-val-la'tion, n. (Fort.) A trench guarded with 

a parapet, formed by the besiegers between their camp 

and the place besieged. 
Con/tra-vene', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contravened; 



a e, fcc, long; &, c, &c., short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, f lrni ; son, or, do, wolf, 



CONTRAVENER 



15^ 



p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRAVENING.] [L Lat. contra- 
venire, from Lat. contra and venire, to come.] To meet 
in the way of opposition ; to come in conflict with. 

Syn.— To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; ob- 
struct ; oppose. 

•Con'tra-ven'er, n. One who contravenes or opposes. 

Coii'tra-ven'tion, n. Act of contravening ; opposition ; 
obstruction. [antistrophe. 

■Con/tra-ver'sioii, n. A turning to the opposite side ; 

Cont retemps (kon'tr-tong'), n. [Fr., from contre, Lat. 
contra, against, and temps, Lat. Umpus, time.] An \xn- 
cxpected accident, which throws every thing into con- 
fusion ; an awkward mishap or accident. 

Coii-trlb'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of being contributed. 

Con-trlfo'u-ta-ry, a. Paying tribute to the same sov- 
ereign ; contributing aid. 

Con-trlfo'iite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. contributed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CONTRIBUTING ] [Lat. conlribuere, con- 
tribntum, from con and tribuere, to grant, impart.] To 
give to a common stock or for a common purpose. 

Coii-ti-ib'ute , v. i. To give a part; to furnish a por- 
tion ; to lend assistance or aid. 

Ctm'tri-bu/tion, n. 1. Act of contributing, or of lend- 
ing aid. 2. That which is contributed, either by an 
individual or by all collectively. 3. (Mil.) Imposition 
levied on the people of a conquered place. 4. (Law.) 
Payment, by several jointly liable, of their shares of a 
loss suffered by one of the number, or payment by him 
for the benefit of them all, with reference to their com- 
mon liability. [utory. 

Con-trlb'u-ti've, a. Tending to contribute; contrib- 

Con-trifo'u-tor, n. One who contributes. 

Con-trib'ii-to-ry, a. Contributing to the same stock 
or purpose ; promoting the same end. 

Con'trite, a. [Lat. coniritus, p. p. of conterere, to 
grind, to bruise, from con and terere, to rub, to grind.] 
Broken down with grief or penitence. 

Syn. — Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful. 
Con'trite-ly, adv. In a contrite manner ; penitently. 
Con'trile-iiess, n. Contrition ; penitence ; sorrow. 
Con-trl'tion (-trlsb/un), n. [Lat. contritio.] The state 
of being contrite ; deep sorrow for sin. 

Syn. — Repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; 
self-reproach ; remorse. — Contrition (lit. bruising) is a con- 
tinuous state of grief and self-condemnation; repentance is an 
act in which, with sorrow for our sins, we renounce them. 
Contrition has all the pain of repentance, without the relief it 
affords. 

Con-triv'a-ble, a. Capable of being contrived. 
■eoii-triv'an^e, n. 1. Act of contriving. 2. The thing 

contrived; an act of cunning. 

Syn. — Device; plan ; scheme ; invention; project; design; 

machination; artifice ; shift. 

■€oii-trive',r. t. [imp. & p.p. CONTRIVED; p. pr. &vb. 

n. CONTRIVING.] [0. Fr. contreuver,'N. Fr. controuver, 

from con and treuver, trouver, to find, from 0. H. Ger. 

trefan.} To form by an exercise of ingenuity ; to devise. 

Syn. — To invent; discover; plan; concert; project; plot. 

•€on-trive', v. i. To make devices ; to plan. 

■Con-trlv'er, n. One who contrives ; a schemer. 

Con-trol', n. [Fr controle, a counter register, contr. from 
contre-role , from contre, against, and rule, roll, catalogue, 
from Lat. rotulus, equiv. to rotula, little wheel, L. Lat. 
roll, dim. of rota, wheel.] 1. A register kept to correct 
or check another register. [Obs.] 2. That which serves 
to check, restrain, or hinder, 3. Power or authority to 
check ; restraining influence. 

command ; check ; restraint 



Syn. — Stubbornness 
haughtiness. 



Syn. — Direction 
tendence. 



superm- 



Con-trol', v. t. [imp. & p. p. controlled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONTROLLING.] [Formerly written comptrol and 
controul.] To exercise a restraining influence over. 

Syn. — To restrain : rule ; govern ; direct ; check ; curb ; 
overpower; counteract. 

Con-trol'la-ble, a. Capable of being controlled. 

Ccn-trol'ler, n. 1. An officer appointed to keep a 
counter register of accounts, or to oversee, control, or 
veritV the accounts of other officers. [More commonly 
\nitten_co)nptroller.] 2. One who controls or restrains. 

Con-trol'ler-ship, n. The office of a controller. 

-€on-trol'ment, n. Power or act of controlling; the 
state of being controlled. 

■CoiVtro-ver'eia] , a. Relating to disputes or controver- 
sy ; disputatious : polemical. 

Con/tro-ver'eial-zst, n. One who carries on a con- 
troversy ; a disputant ; a polemic. 

Con/tro-ver'sial-ly, adv. In a controversial manner. 



CONVENIENCY 

CSn'tro-ver'sy, n. [Lat. controversia. Sec infra.] Ex- 
pression or maintenance of feelings, opinion, or course 
of action contrary to, or discordant with, those of others. 
Syn.— Dispute ; contest ; debate ; discussion; contention; 
disputation ; wrangle ; strife ; quarrel ; hostility. 

-€6n'tro-vert, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTROVERTED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. controverting.] [Lat. comra, against, 
and vertere, to turn.] To make matter of controversy ; 
to contend against in words or writings ; to contest ; to 
debate ; to deny. 

Con'tro-vert'er, n. One who controverts ; a contro- 
versial writer ; a controversialist. [disputable. 

-Con/tro-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being controverted ; 

Coii'tro-vert'i-bly, adv. In a controvertible manner- 

Con'tro-vert'ist, n. One who controverts. 

Con'tu-ma'cious, a. [See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibit- 
ing contumacy; contemning authority. 2. (Law.) Will- 
fully disobedient to the summons or orders of a court. 

Syn. — Stubborn ; obstinate; perverse; unyielding; inflex- 
ible ; proud; haughty; headstrong. 

Con/tu-ma'cioiis-ly , adv. In a contumacious manner. 

Con'tu-ma'cious-ness, n. State of being contuma- 
cious ; obstinacy ; stubbornness. 

Coii'tu-ma-cy, n. [Lat. contumacia, from contumax, 
insolent, either from con and tumere, to swell, or from 
contemnere, to despise.] 1. Persistent obstinacy ; stub- 
born perverseness. 2. (Laiv.) A willful contempt of, 
and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules 
and orders of court. 

perverseness ; obstinacy ; pride ; 

■€6n / tti-m.e'li-ou.s, a. Exhibiting contumely ; over- 
bearingly contemptuous ; insolent ; reproachful. 

Con'tti-me'li-eiis-ly, adv. In a contumelious man- 
ner ; reproachfully ; rudely ; insolently. 

Con'tti-me'li-ciis-ness, n. State of being contumeli- 
ous ; insolence ; reproach. 

-Coii'tn-me-ly, n. [Lat. contumelia, cither from con and 
tumere, to swell, or from contemnere, to despise.] Rude- 
ness or reproach compounded of haughtiness and con- 
tempt ; contemptuousness. 

Con-tuge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTUSED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CONTUSING.] [Lat. contundere, contusum, from con 
and tundere, to beat, Skr. tied.] 1. To beat, pound, or 
bray together. 2. To bruise or injure by beating. 

-eoii-tu'glon, n. 1. Act of beating anil bruising. 2. 
State of being bruised. 

Co-niin'drmn, n.; pi. co-NUN'drumk. [Cf. 0. Eng. 
conne, cunne, to know, cunning, knowledge, skill, con- 
ning, knowledge.] A sort of riddle in which some odd 
resemblance between things quite unlike is proposed for 
discovery ; a puzzling question, of which the answer is 
or involves a pun. 

<35n/u-saxi£e , n. Cognizance; knowledge; notice. 

Con'u-saiit, a. Having or taking notice ; cognizant. 

Con/va-lesce' (-les')j v. i. [imp. & p. p. conva- 
lesced ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVALESCING.] [Lat. con- 
valescere, from con and valescere, to grow strong, in- 
choative form of valere, to be strong.] To recover health 
and strength after sickness. 

Con'va-les'cen^e, ) n. Recovery of health and strength 

-€6n/va-les'cexi-cy, I after disease ; the state of a body 
renewing its* vigor after sickness. 

-Con' va-les'£e Jit, a. Recovering health and strength. 

-Con/va-les'ceiit, n. One recovering from sickness. 

-Con/va-les'^ent-ly, adv. In the manner of a con- 
valescent ; with increasing strength or vigor. 

Con-vee'tion, n. [Lat. convectio, from convehere, to 
bring together, from con and vehere, to carry.] 1. Act 
or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. (Physics.) 
A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or elec- 
tricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases. 

Cora-ven'a-ble, a. Capable of being convened. 

Con-vene', v. i. [imp. Scp.p. convened ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONVENING.] [Lat. convenire, from con and 
venire, to come.] To come together ; to meet in the 
same place. 
Syn. — To meet; to assemble; to join; to unite. 

Con-vene', v. t. 1. To cause to assemble ; to call to- 
gether ; to convoke. 2. To summon judicially to meet 
or appear. 

■€on-ven'er, n. One who convenes or meets with others . 

Con-ven'ien^e, ) n. 1. State of being convenient; 

-€oii-ven'ien-£y, ) fitness or suitableness, as of place, 
time, &c. ; adaptedness. 2. Freedom from discomfort, 
difficulty, or trouble. 3. That which is convenient ; an 
accommodation. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; this. 



CONVENIENT 



154 



CONVINCE 



Con-ven'ient (-yent), a. [Lat. conveniens, p. pr. of 
convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted to 
an end ; becoming, 2. Promotive of comfort or ad- 
vantage ; affording convenience. 

Syn. — Fit; suitable; adapted; fitted; suited; commodious. 

Con-ven'ient-ly, adv. In a convenient manner. 

Con'vent, n. [Lat. conventus. See Convene.] 1. A 
community of recluses devoted to a religious life ; a body 
of monks or nuns. 2. A house occupied by such a com- 
munity ; an abbey ; a monastery ; a nunnery. 
Syn.— See Cloister. 

Con-vent'i-ele (-vent'I-kl), n. [Lat. conventiculum, 
diminutive of conventus. See CONVENE, n.] An assem- 
bly or gathering ; especially for religious worship , and 
opprobriously, such an assembly held by dissenters from 
the established church of England. [conventicles. 

Con-vent'i-eler, n. One who supports or frequents 

Con-ven'tion, n. [Lat. conventio. See Convene.] 
1. Act of coming together, or assembling. 2. Arbitrary 
custom ; usage ; conventionality ; conFentionalism. 3. 
A formal assembly of delegates or representatives for 
some deliberative purpose. 4. (Eng. Hist.) An extra- 
ordinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held with- 
out the king's writ. 5. An informal or preliminary 
compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to 
suspension of hostilities, or between states. 

Con-ven'tion-al, a. 1. Formed by agreement or com- 
pact ; stipulated. 2. Growing out of, or depending on, 
custom or tacit agreement ; sanctioned by usage. 

Con-ven'tion-al-I§m, n. That which is received or 
established by convention or informal agreement. 

Con-ven'tion-al-Ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a con- 
vention or treaty, 2. One who is governed by conven- 
tionalism. 

Con-ven'tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being conventional. 

Con-ven'tion-al-ly, adv. In a conventional manner. 

Con-ven'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to a convention ; 
acting under contract ; conventional. 

Con-vent'u-al, a. Belonging to a convent; monastic. 

Con-verge', v. i. [imp. & p. p. converged; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CONVERGING.] [N. Lat. convergere, from con 
and verger e, to turn, incline.] To tend to one point ; to 
incline and approach nearer together. 

Con-ver'gence, }n. Quality of converging ; tendency 

Con-ver'gen-cy, j to one point. 

Con-ver'gent, a. Tending to one point ; converging. 

Con-ver'sa-ble, a. Qualified for conversation ; sociable. 

Con-ver'sa-tole-ness, n. Quality of being conversable. 

Con-ver'sa-bly, adv. In a conversable manner. 

Con'ver-sant, a. 1. Having frequent or customary 
intercourse. 2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study ; 
versed. 3. Having concern or relation. 

Con'ver-sa'tion, n. 1. General conduct ; behavior ; 
deportment. [Obs.] 2. Familiar intercourse ; close ac- 
quaintance. 3. Familiar discourse ; unrestrained and 
informal talk ; converse. 

Syn. — Intercourse ; communion; commerce; familiarity; 
discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat: conference.— Talk 
is broken, familiar, and versatile; chat is still more so; conver- 
sation is more continuous and sustained; a conference is held 
for the discussion of some important topic. 

Con'ver-sa/tion-al, a. Pertaining to conversation, or 
familiar and informal talk ; colloquial. 

Con'ver-sa/tion-al-Ist, n. One who excels in conver- 
sation ; a conversationist. 

Con'ver-sa/tion-ist, n. One who is an adept in con- 
versation ; a conversationalist. [men ; social. 

€on-ver'sa-tive, a. Relating to an intercourse with 

Conversazione (kon'ver-s'at / se-o / na), n. ; pi. conver- 
sazioni (kon'ver-s'at-se-o / ne). [It. See Conversa- 
tion.] A meeting of company for conversation, partic- 
ularly on literary subjects. 

■Con-verse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conversed (kon- 
verst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVERSING.] [Lat. conversari, 
from con and versari, to he turned, to live, remain, from 
versare, to turn often, intens. form of vertere, versum, to 
turn.] 1. To keep company, or have familiarity ; to 
commune. 2. To talk familiarly, or in a free, informal 
manner ; to chat. 

Syn. — To associate; commune; discourse; talk; speak. 

Con'verse, n. 1. Familiarity ; acquaintance. 2. Fa- 
miliar discourse or talk; conversation. 3. (Logic.) A 
proposition which arises from interchanging the terms 
of another. 4. (Math.) A proposition in which, after a 
conclusion, from something supposed, has been drawn, 
the order is inverted. [tion ; reciprocal. 

Con'verse, a. Turned about ; reversed in order or rela- 

Con'verse-ly , adv. In a converse manner ; reciprocally. 



Con-vSrs'er, n. One who engages in conversation. 

Con-ver'sion, n. [Lat. conversio. See CONVERT.] 
1. Act of turning or changing from one state or condi- 
tion to another ; transmutation. 2. A change from one 
side, party, or form of religion to another. 3„ (Law.) 
An appropriation of property. 4. (Logic.) The act of 
interchanging the terms of a proposition. 5. (Math.) 
A change or reduction of the form or value of a propo- 
sition. 6. (Mil.) A change of front. 7. (Theol.) A 
radical change of heart or moral character. 

Con-vert', v. t. [imp. & p.p. converted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONVERTING.] [Lat. convertere, conversum, 
from con and vertere, to turn.] To change from one 
form, substance, religion, party, intended use, or the 
like, to another. 
Syn.— To change; turn; transmute; appropriate. 

Con-vert', v. i. To be turned or changed ; to undergo a 
change ; to be transmuted. 

Con'vert, n. A person who is converted from one opin- 
ion or practice to another ; especially one who turns from 
the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. 

Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte; pervert.— Convert is generic, 
and refers to a change of mind or feelings; a proselyte is one 
who, leaving his former sect or system, becomes the adherent 
of another: a. pervert is one who is drawn otfor perverted from 
the true faith. 

Con-vert'er, n. One who converts. 

Con-vert'i-Tbil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being 
convertible ; convertibleness. 

Con-vert'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being converted; 
susceptible of change ; transmutable ; transformable. 2. 
Capable of being exchanged or interchanged ; reciprocal. 

Con-vert'i-ble-ness, n. The state of T»eing converti- 
ble ; convertibility. 

Con-vert'i-bly, adv. In a convertible manner. 

Con'vex, a. [Lat. convexus, from convehere, to bring 
together. See Convey.] Rising or swelling into a spher- 
ical or rounded form. 

Con'vex, n. A convex body. 

Con-vex'ed-ness, ) n. State of being convex ; exterior 

Con-vex'i-ty, J surface of a convex body. 

Con'vex-ly, adv. In a convex form. 

Con'vex-ness, n. The state of being convex ; convexity. 

Con-vex'o-«on'-eave, a. Convex on one side, and 
concave on the other. 

Con-vex'o-eon'vex, a. Convex on both sides. 

Con-vex'o-plane, a. Convex on one side, and plane 
on the other. 

Con-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conveyed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n7 CONVEYING.] [0. Fr. conveier, conveer, con- 
voyer, from Lat. con and via, way.] 1. To carry from 
one place to another. 2. To transfer or deliver to 
another ; to make over. 3. To impart or communicate. 
Syn. — To carry ; transport; bear; transmit; transfer. 

Con-vey 'a-ble, a. Capable of being conveyed or trans- 
ferred. 

Con-vey 'ance, n. 1. Act of conveying ; transmission; 
transference. 2. Instrument or means of conveying. 
3. (Law.) An instrument in writing by which property, 
or the title to property, is conveyed or transmitted from 
one person to another. 

Con-vey'an-cer, n. (Law.) One who employs himself 
in drawing up conveyances of property. 

Con-vey'an-cing, n. (Law.) The act or practice of 
drawing up conveyances of property. 

Con-vey'er, n. One who conveys. 

Con-vf-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convicted; p.pr. & 
vb. n. CONVICTING.] [Lat. convincere, convictum, from 
con and vincere, to conquer. See Convince.] 1. To 
prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged ; to 
pronounce guilty, as by legal decision. 2. To show bj 
proof or evidence. 
Syn. — To confute; detect; convince; confound. 

Con'vi-et, n. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged 
against him : one legally convicted of crime. 
Syn. — Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal. 

Con- vi-e 'tion, n. 1. Act of convicting or proving, find- 
ing, or adjudging guilty of an offense. 2. Act of con- 
vincing of error; confutation. 3. State of being con- 
vinced or convicted; especially, the state of being con- 
victed of sin, or by one's conscience. 

Con-vi-et'Ive, a. Fitted to convince or convict. [Rare.] 

Con-vince', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convinced (kon- 
vlnst'); p. pr. & vb. n. CONVINCING.] [Lat. convincere, 
from con and vincere, to conquer.] To overcome by ar- 
gument ; to satisfy by proof. 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,.s/iori; care,far,aslt,all,wnat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or. do, wolf, 



CONVINCES 



155 



COOT 



Syn. — To persur.de; satisfy; convict. — To convince is an 
act of the understanding; to peraua.dc, of the will or feelings. 
The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. When 
■we say, " I am persuade// it is so," " 1 can not persuade myself 
of the fact," there is a degree of feeling mingled with the con- 
viction which gives rise to the expression. 

Con-vin'cer, n. One who, or that which, convinces. 

Con-viii'ci-ble, a. Capable of being convinced. 

Con-vin'cing-ly, adv. In a convincing manner. 

Con-viv'i-al, a. Relating to a feast or entertainment. 
Syn. — Festive; festal; jovial; social; gay. 

Con-viVi-al'i-ty, n. The good humor or mirth, in- 
dulged in upon festive occasions. 

Con-viv'i-al-ly, adv. In a convivial manner. 

Con'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. convocated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CONVOCATING.] [Lat. convocatus, p. p. 
of convocare, from con and vocare, to call.] To con- 
voke. [Rare.] 

Con'vo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of calling or assembling by- 
summons. 2. An assembly or meeting. 3. ( Church 
of Eng. ) A general assembly of the clergy, by their rep- 
resentatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. 

Syn. — Meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; 
convention; synod; council. 

Con-voke', «. f. [imp & p.p. convoked (kon-vokt/) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. convoking.] [Lat. convocare. See 
Convocate.] To call together. 
Syn. — To call; summon; assemble; convene. 

Con'vo-lute, a. [Lat. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. 
See Convolve.] (Bot.) Roiled together, or one part 
on another. 

Con'vo-lu/ted, a. Curved or rolled together. 

Con'vo-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling or winding to- 
gether, or one thing on another. 2. State of being 
rolled or wound together. 

■Con-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONVOLVED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CONVOLVING.] [Lat. convolvere, convolutum , fr. 
con and volvere, to roll.] To roll or wind together ; to twist. 

Con- vol' vu-lus, n. ; -pi. ■eoN-vbL'rv-Ll. [Lat., from 
convolvere.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprising many 
species, some of which are prized for their beauty; — 
called also bind-weed. 

Con-voy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONVOYED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CONVOYING.] [Fr. convoyer, L. Lat. conviare, to 
accompany. See Convey.] To accompany for protec- 
tion, either by sea or land. 

Con'voy, n. 1. Act of attending for protection. 2. A 
protecting force accompanying ships or property on their 
way from place to place. 3. The ship or fleet conducted 
and protected ; that which is convoyed. 

Coii-vulse',^. t. [imp &p. p. convulsed (kon-vulsV) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CONVULSING.] [Lat. convellere, convul- 
sum, from con and vellere, to pluck, pull.] To draw or 
contract violently and irregularly, as the muscular parts 
of an animal body. 

Syn. — To agitate ; disturb; shake; tear; rend. 

Con-viil'sion, n. 1. {Med.) An unnatural, violent, 

and involuntary contraction of the muscular parts of an 

animal body. 2. Any violent and irregular motion or 

agitation. 

Syn. —Agitation ; commotion; tumult; disturbance; spasm. 

Con-viil'srve , a. Producing, or attended with, convul- 
sion or spasms ; convulsionary. 

Con-vul'sive-ly, adv. In a convulsive manner. 

Co'ny, or Con'y, n. [From Lat. cuniculus, a rabbit, 
cony, an Hispanic word.] A rabbit. 

Egf The cony of Scripture is thought to be a small animal, 
found in Syria, Arabia, and Abyssinia, which lives in the 
mouths of caves or the clefts of rocks. It is gregarious, feeble, 
timid, and easily tamed. 

■Cob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. COOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COO- 
ING.] [Formed from the sound.] To make a low cry or 
sound, as pigeons or doves. 

Cbbk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooked (kdbkt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. COOKING.] [A.-S. geococnian, from Lat. coquere.] 
1. To prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, 
baking, broiling, &c. 2. To concoct ; hence, to tamper 
with or alter. [ Colloq.] 

Cook, v. i. To prepare food for the table. 

Cook, n. One whose occupation is to prepare food for 
the table. [table. 

Cbbk'er-y, n. Art or practice of preparing food for the 

Cbbk'y, n. [D. hoek, cake, q. v., dim. koekje.] A small, 
flat, hard, sweetened cake. 

Cool, a. [r.ompar. COOLER; superl. COOLEST.] [A.-S. 
col, D. koel, 0. H. Ger. chuoli. See Cold and CHILL.] 
1. Moderately cold ; somewhat cold. 2. Producing or 
promoting coolness. 3. Calm, or free from excitement 



by passion. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike ; chilling. 
5. Negligent of propriety in matters of minor import- 
ance, either ignorantly or willfully. 

Syn. — Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; ra- 
pulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent. 

Cool, n. A moderate state of cold. 

Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold. 2. To moderate 
the excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind ; to 
calm ; to abate ; to moderate. 

Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot ; to lose heat. 2. To 
become less ardent ; to become more moderate. 

Cdbl'er, n. 1. That which cools or abates heat or ex- 
citement. 2. A vessel in which liquors or other thing8 
are cooled. [free from passion. 

Cool'-head'ed, a. Having a temper not easily excited; 

Coo'lie, n. A Cooly. See Cooly. 

Cool'ish, a. Somewhat cool. 

Cool'ly (109), adv. In a cool manner ; with coolness. 

Cool'ness, n. 1. State of being cool; a moderate degre* 
of cold. 2. Want of ardor, zeal, passion, or affection; 
calmness ; indifference. 

Coo'ly, ) n. [Hind, k&li, a laborer, porter. Cf. Turk. 

Coo'lie, ) Ml, kybleh, slave.] An East Indian porter 
or carrier ; especially a laborer transported from the East, 
for service in some other country. 

Cdbm, n. [Cf. Ger. kahm,T). kaam, mold gathered on 
liquids, Fr. cambouis, cart-grease.] Dirty, refuse matter, 
as that in the boxes of carriage-wheels, or at the mouth 
of an oven. 

Coomb (ko~om), n. [A.-S. cumb, a liquid measure, Gr. 
KUju.j3os, cup, basin, Skr. kurnbha, water-jar, Lat. cumba, 
cymba, Gr. ku/u./3tj, boat, skiff.] A dry measure of four 
bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.] 

Coomb ) (kcTom), n. [See supra.] A valley on the 

Cbbmlbe J declivity of a hill, in the shape of an amphi- 
theater. [Prov. Eng.] 

Cdbp, n. [D. kuip, Icel. kupa, 0. H. Ger. chuofa, Lat. 
cupa, cuppa. Cf. Cup.] 1. A barrel or cask. 2. A 
grated box or inclosure for keeping small animals, espe- 
cially poultry. 

Cdbp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooped (koopt, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. cooping.] To confine in a coop; hence, to 
confine in a narrow compass. 
Syn. — To crowd; confine; imprison. 

Cbbp'er, n. One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, 
tubs, and the like. 

Cbbp'er, v. t. To do the work of a cooper upon. 

Cbbp'er-age, n. 1. Price paid for cooper's work. 2. 
A place where cooper's work is done. 3. The work or 
business of a cooper. 

Co-6p'er-ate, v. i. [imp. &,p. p. co-operated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CO-OPERATING.] [Lat. co, for con, and 
operatus, p. p. of operari, to work, from opus, operis, 
work.] To act or operate jointly with another or others. 

Co-op'er-a'tion, n. Act of co-operating; concurrent 
effort or labor ; joint operation. 

Co-op'er-a-tive, a. Operating jointly to the same end. 

Co-6p'er-a/tor, n. One who labors jointly with others 
to promote the same end. 

Cbbp'er-y, n. The occupation or trade of a cooper. 

Co-6r'di-nate (45), a. [From Lat. co, for con, and ordi- 
natus, p. p. of ordinare, to regulate.] Equal in rank or 
order; not subordinate. [rank; to harmonize. 

Co-6r'di'nate, v. t. To make co-ordinate, or equal in 

Co-br'di-nate, n. 1. A person or thing of the same 
rank with another. 2. pi. (Math.) Lines, or other 
elements of reference, by means of which the position of 
any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to cer- 
tain fixed lines, or planes, called co-ordinate axes and co- 
ordinate planes. 

Co-br'di-nate-ly, adv. In the same order or rank. 

Co-br'di-ua'tioii, n. 1. State of being co-ordinate, or 
of equal value. 2. Act of bringing different parts or 
objects into similarity of con- 
dition or harmony of action. 

Co-6r'di-sia-tive,a. ( Gram.) 
Expressing or indicating co-or- 
dination. 

Coot (26), n. [D. koet, W. 
cwtiar, from cwta, short, bob- 
tailed, cwt, rump, tail.] 1. (Or— 
nith.) A certain water-fowl, 
which frequents lakes and other Coot, 

still waters. 

BS= The common coot has a bald forehead, a black body, and 
lobated toes, and is about fifteen inches in length. 
2. A stupid fellow ; a simpleton. 




food, f bbt ; iirn, rifde, pull ; fell, cliaise, call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



COP 



156 



CORALLINE 



C5p, n. [A.-S. cop or copp. See COB.] The conical ball 
of thread which is formed on the spindle of a wheel or 
spinning-frame. 

Co-pai'ba, I ft. [Sp. & Pg., from Brazil, cupauba.] 

Co-pai'va, ) (Med.) A liquid, resinous juice, of a yel- 
lo-.vish color, and a bitterish, pungent taste, flowing 
from a tree growing in Spanish America. 

Co'pal, ft. [Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins.] 
A resinous substance flowing from two trees found in the 
East Indies, and in Central or Southern America — used 
chiefly in the manufacture of varnishes. 

Co-par'ce-na-ry, n. [From co, for con , and parcenary , 
q. v.] (Law.) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship. 

Co-par'ce-ner, ». (Law.) A joint heir. 

Co-par'ye-ny, n. (Law.) An equal share of an inherit- 
ance. 

Co-part'ner, ft. [From co, for con, and partner, q. v.] 
A joint partner ; an associate ; a partaker. 

-So-part'iier-sliip,ft. 1« Joint interest or concern in any 
matter. 2. An unincorporated association of two or 
more persons for the purpose of carrying on business. 
See Partnership. 

•Cope, n. [W. cob, A.-S. cappe. See Cap.] 1. A cover- 
ing for the head. 2. Any thing regarded as extended 
over the head, as the vault of the sky. 3. A sacerdotal 
cloak worn during divine service by the clergy. 4. 
(Founding.) The top part of a flask. 

Cope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. coped (kopt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COPING.] [0. Eng. coupe, prob. fr. 0. Fr. cop, 
coup, colp, a blow, fr. Lat. colapkus, a blow with the fist, 
Gr. rcoAa^os, so that it orig. meant to interchange blows ; 
or perh. fr. D. koopen, A.-S. ce ap an, ce apian, to cheapen, 
trade.] 1. To strive; to contend: especially on equal 
terms or with success ; to match ; to equal. 2. To ex- 
change or barter. [ Obs.] 

Cope, v. t. To match one's self against. 

Co-per'aii-can, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian 
by birth, who taught the world the solar system now 
received, called the Copernican system. 

Cope'stone, n. (Arch.) Head or top stone, as of a wall ; 
coping ; — called also coping-stone. 

•Cop'i-er, n. One who copies ; a transcriber ; an imitator. 

•Copying, n. [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) The highest course 
of masonry in a wall, usually wider than the wall itself, 
and often with sloping edges to carry off water. 

Co'pi-ou.s, a. [Lat. copiosus, from copia, abundance, 
from co, for con, and ops, opis, power, property.] Large 
in quantity or amount. 

Syn.— Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; 
exuberant; overflowing:. 



*Jo'pi-ous-ly, adv. 

plentifully ; largely 

Co'pi-ous-ness, n. 



In a copious or abundant manner ; 

amply ; exuberantly. 

State or quality of being copious. 

Syn. — Abundance; plenty; richness; exuberance; diffu- 
sion; amplitude; fullness. 

Cop'per, ft [Late Lat. cuprum, Lat. Cyprium, Cyprium 
scs, Gr. xa^-Kos Kv7rptos, i. e., Cyprian brass, from Cyprus, 
an island on the coast of Asia Minor, renowned for its 
rich copper mines.] 1. A familiar metal of a reddish 
color, ductile, malleable, and tenacious. 2. A coin made 
of copper. [Colloq.] 3. A vessel, especially a large 
boiler, made of copper. 

Cop'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coppered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. coppering.] To cover with copper ; to sheathe with 
sheets of copper. 

Cop'per-as, n. [L. Lat. cuprosa, cuperosa, coporosa, 0. 
Ger. koper-roose, from Lat. cuprirosa, equivalent to Gr. 
Xa\Kav9o<;, i. c, copper-flower.] Sulphate of iron, or 
green vitriol ; a salt of a green color, and of a styptic, as- 
tringent taste. 

tSf The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vit- 
riol, and included the preen, blue, and white vitriols, or the 
sulphates or iron, copper, and zinc. 

Cop'per-liead, ft. [From its color.] 



American 



1. A poisonous 
serpent, which, unlike the rattlesnake, gives 
no warning of its attack, and is therefore the type of a 
concealed foe. 2. A Northern sympathizer with the 
Southern rebellion of 1861-65. [Amer.] 
Cop'per-ing, n. 1. Act of covering with copper. 3. 
An envelope or covering of copper. [or partaking of it. 
Cop'per-Ish, a. Containing copper ; resembling copper, 
Cop'per-plate, n. 1. An engraved plate of highly pol- 
ished copper. 2. A print or impression taken from such 
a plate. r sils> 

Cop'per-s-mltli , n. One who manufactures copper uten- 
Cop'per-worm (-warm), n. 1. A small worm, which 
penetrates the bottoms of ships. 2. The ringworm 



Cop'per-y, a. Mixed with copper ; containing copper, 
or made of copper ; like copper. 

Cop'pice, n. [0. Fr. copeiz, coupiz, from coper, couper, 
to cut. See Cope, v. i.] A wood of small growth, or 
consisting of undersvood or brushwood. 

Copse, n. A wood of small growth. SeeCOPPlCE. 

Copse, v. t. To trim or cut, as brushwood. 

Copt, n. [See infra.] A descendant of an ancient Egypt- 
ian race, belonging to the Jacobite or Monophysite sect. 

Cop'tic, a. [An abbreviation of Lat. JEgyptius, Gr. Atyvir- 
tio<s, an Egyptian, Ar. kibt'i, pi. kibt.] Belonging or re- 
lating to the Copts. 

Cop'tie^ n. The language of the Copts. 

C6p'u-la, n. [Lat., from co, for con, and apere, to take, 
seize upon.] (Logic.) The word which unites the sub- 
ject and predicate of a proposition. 

Cop'u-late, v. t. [Lat. copulare, copulatum, to couple, 
to join.] [imp. & p.p. COPULATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
copulating.] To unite in sexual embrace. 

Cop'u-la'tion, n. Act of coupling; embrace of the 
sexes in the act of generation ; coition. 

Cop'u-la-tive, a. 1. Serving to couple, unite, or con- 
nect. 2. ( Gram.) Uniting the sense as well as the words. 

Cop'u-la-tive, n. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction. 

Cop'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to copulation ; tend- 
ing or serving to unite ; copulative. 

Cop'y, n. [Lat. copia, abundance, number, L. Lat., a 
pattern for writing, transcript.] 1. A writing like an- 
other writing ; a transcript ; or a book printed according 
to the original. 2. One of a series of imitations or repe- 
titions of an original work. 3. (Print.) The manuscript, 
&c, placed in the compositor's hands. 4. Anything to 
be imitated ; a model ; pattern. 

Syn. — Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit. 

Cop'y, v. t. [imp.h p. p. COPIED ; p. pr. & vb n. COP- 
YING.] To write, print, or engrave after an original; 
to imitate ; to transcribe ; to model after. 

Cop'y, v. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. 

Cop'y-foook, ft. A book in which copies are written or 
printed for learners to imitate. 

Cop'y -er, n. One who copies or transcribes. 

Cop'y-hold, ft. (Eng. Law.) (a.) A tenure of estate by 
copy of court roll, (b.) Land held in copy-hold. 

Cop'y-liold'er, ft. One who is possessed of land in 
copy-hold. 

Ccp'y-ing-press, ft. A machine for taking, by pressure, 
nn exact copy of any manuscript recently written. 

Cop'y-Ist, n. A copier ; a transcriber ; a plagiarist. 

Cop'y-rlglit (-rit), n. The exclusive right which, by 
law, an author has to print, publish, and vend his own 
literary works, fcr his own benefit, during a certain peri- 
od of time. 

Cop'y-rlght, v. t. To secure by copyright, as a book. 

Co-quet' (ko-ket'), v . t. [imp. & p. p. coquetted; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. COQUETTING.] [See Coquette.] To 
attempt to attract notice, admiration, or love, with a 
a view to deceive and disappoint. 

Co-quet', v. i. To trifle in love ; to treat a person with 
an appearance of favor, but with a design to deceive and 
disappoint him. 

€c-quet'ry, ft. Affectation of amorous advances ; tri- 
fling in love. 

Co-quette' (ko-ket'), n. [Fr. coquet, coquette, a., coquet- 
tish, originally cock-like, strutting like a cock, from coq, 
a cock.] A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to at- 
tract admiration, and gain matrimonial offers, with the 
intention to reject her suitor. 

Co-quet'tish (ko-ket'tish), a. Practicing or exhibiting 
coquetry ; befitting a coquette. 

Co-quet'tish-ly, adv. In a coquettish manner. 

Cor'a-ele, ft. [W. coru-gl, cwrwgl, from corwg, cwrivg, 
any round body or vessel. | A boat used, in Wales, by 
fishermen, made by covering a wicker frame with leather 
or oil-cloth. 

Cor'a-eoid, ft. [See infra.] (Anat.) A small, sharp pro- 
cess of the blade-bone, shaped like a crow's beak. 

Cor'a-eoid, a. [Gr. Kopa/coeiSr;?, from /copa£, crow, and 
etSos, form.] Shaped like a crow's beak. 

Cor'al, ft. [Lat. corallum, coralium, Gr. KopdWiov.] 1. 
The solid secretion of zoophytes, produced within the 
tissues of the polyps. It consists a-lmost purely of car- 
bonate of lime. 2. A piece of coral, used by children as 
a plaything. 

C6r'al-line,a. Consisting of coral ; like coral; contain- 
ing coral. 

Cdr'al-line, ft. 1. (Bot.) A submarine, calcareous 
plant, consisting of many jointed branches, resembling 



a, e, &c , long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CORALLOID 



157 



CORNERWISE 




Corbel, (c.) 



some species of moss. 2. A piece of certain minute 

corals, growing in moss-like form. 
Cor'al-loid, ) a. [From Gr. /copaAAiov, and elfios, 
Cor'al-loid'al j form.] Having the form of coral ; 

branching like coral. 
Corb, n. [Lat. corbis, basket.] 1. A basket used in coal- 

eries. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; corbel. 

3. [Abbreviated from corban.] An alms-basket. 
Cor'ban, n. [Heb. korban, Ar. kurban, ^ offering, sacrifice.] 

1. An alms-basket. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or 

sacrifice devoted to God ; a vow by which a person bound 

himself not to give to another, or to receive from him, 

gome particular object. 
G3T- " The thing thus interdicted was considered as corban, 

and the form of interdiction was virtually to this effect: 'I 

forbid myself to touch, or be concerned in any way with, the 

thing forbidden, as if it were devoted by law; ' i. c, ' let it be 

corban.'' " Dr. Wm. Smith, 

Cor'beil, n. [Fr. corbeille, from Lat. corbir.ula, dim. of 

corbis, basket.] (Arch.) A carved basket with sculptured 

flowers and fruit. 
C6r'bel,«. [See supra.] (Arch.) (a.) 

The representation of a basket, some- 
times set on the heads of caryatides, 

(b.) The vase or tambor of the Corin- 
thian column, (c.) A short piece of 

timber, iron, &c, in a wall, jutting 

out in the manner of a shoulder-piece. 

(d) A niche. 
Cor'bel, v. t. To furnish with corbels. 
Cord, n. [Lat. chorda, Gr. xopSrj.] 1. A string, or small 

rope. 2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet ; 

a pile eight feet long, four feet high, and four ieet broad ; 

— so called because a cord or line was formerly used in 

measuring by this standard. 
Cord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corded; p. pr. & vb. n. 

cording.] 1. To bind with a cord or rope. 2. To 

pile up, as wood, for measurement and sale by the cord. 
Cord'age, n. Ropes or cords ; — used collectively. 
-€6r'date, ) a. (Bot.) Having the form of a heart; 
C6r'da-ted, J heart-shaped. 
Cor'date-ly, adv. In a cordate form. 
Cor'de-lier', n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. cordel, N. Fr. cordeau, 

from corde, string, rope, or girdle worn by that order. 

See Cord.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order 

founded by St. Francis ; a Gray friar. 
G®*» The Cordeliers wear a thick gray cloth cloak, with a 

girdle of rope or cord, tied with three knots. 
C6r'di-al, or Cord'ial, a. [L. Lat. cordialis, from Lat. 

cor, heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. 2. Tending 

to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 

Syn. — Hearty ; sincere ; heartfelt ; warm ; affectionate ; 

cheering ; invigorating. 

C6r'di-al, or Cord'ial, n. 1. Any thing that com- 
forts, gladdens, and exhilarates. 2. (Med.) That which 
cheers or invigorates, especially a medicine which does 
so. 3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweetened spirit, em- 
ployed as a beverage. 

Cor'di-al'i-ty, or Cord-ial'i-ty, n. Sincere affection 
and kindness ; warmth of regard ; heartiness. 

C6r'di-al-ly, or C6rd'ial-ly, adv. With real affection ; 
heartily ; sincerely. [will ; cordiality. 

C6r'di-al-ness, or Cord'ial-ness, n. Hearty good 

Cor'don (or kor'dong), n. [Fr. cordon, from corde. See 
Cord.] 1. A ribbon borne as a badge of honor. 2. 
(Arch.) The edge of a stone on the outside of a building. 
3. (Fort.) The projecting coping of the scarp-wall. 4. 
{Mil.) A line or series of military posts. 

Cor'do-van, n. [Sp. , from Cordova, or Cordoba.] Spanish 
leather, or goat-skin tanned and dressed ; cordwain. 

Cor'du-roy', or Cor'du-roy', n. [Probably for Fr. 
corde du roi, king's cord.] A thick cotton stuff, corded 
or ribbed on the surface. 

Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side 
across it, as in marshy places: — so called from its rough or 
ribbed surface. [Amcr.] 

Cord'wain-er, n. [From 0. Eng. cordwain, a corrup- 
tion of Cordovan.] A worker in cordovan leather ; a 
shoemaker. 

Core, n. [Norm. Fr., from Lat. cor, heart.] 1. The heart 
<ir inner part of a thing, especially of fruit. 2. (Found- 
ing. ) The internal mold which forms a hollow in casting. 
as in a tube or pipe. 

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cored-, p. pr. & vb. n. COR- 
ING.] To take out the core or inward parts of. 

Cor'er, n. One who, or that which, cores. 

Co'ri-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. corium, leather.] Consisting of 
leather, or resembling leather ; leathery. 





Co'ri-an'der, n. [Lat. coriandrum, Gr. KopCavvov, ic6piOir, 
from Kopis, bug, on account of the bug-like smell of its 
leaves.] (Bot.) A plant, the seeds of which have a 
strong smell, and, in medicine, are considered as stom- 
achic and carminative. ^= 

Co-rin'thi-an, a. 1. Pertaining ^S 
to Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Pertaining ||| 
to the Corinthian order of architec- pP 
ture, characterized by a profusion/ ,/ 
of ornamentation. ^= 

Cork, n. [From Lat. cortex, cor-Y^z 
ticis.] 1. The outer bark of the 
cork - tree, of which stoppers are 
made. 2. A stopper for a bottle 
or cask, cut out of cork. 

Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CORKED 
(korkt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CORK- 
ING.] 1. To stop with corks. 2. 
To furnish with cork. 

Cork'ing-pin, n. A pin of a large Corinthian Order, 
size, formerly used in attaching a woman's head-dress to 
a cork mold. [Obs.] 

Cdrk'-jack'et, n. A jacket having thin pieces of cork 
inclosed within canvas, and used to aid in swimming. 

Cork'screw (-skrij ), n. A kind of screw used for draw- 
ing corks from bottles. 

Cdrk'y, a. Consisting of, or 
pertaining to, cork. 

Cor'mo-rant, n. [Fr. corrno- 
ran, from Arm. & W. mor- 
vran, a sea-raven, from mGr, 
sea, and bran, raven, with corb, 
equiv. to Lat. corvus, raven, 
pleonastically prefixed.] 1. 
(Ornith.) A genus of web- 
footed sea-birds, of the pelican ^3^§|§s^ 
family, characterized by great " >r> *— -^ - 
voracity. 2. A glutton, or Cormorant, 

gluttonous servant. 

Corn, n. [A.-S. corn, 0. S. enrni, D. koorn, Ger. & Tcel. 
korii, Goth, kaum, allied with Lat. granum. See GRAIN.} 
1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley', 
and maize ; a grain. [In this sense it has a plural.] 2. 
The various cereal or farinaceous grains which grow in 
ears, and are used for food, as wheat, oats, rye, barley, 
maize ; — used collectively. 

©3f* In Scotland the term is generally restricted to oats, in 
the United States to maize, or Indian corn. 

3. The plants which produce corn. 4. A small, hard 
particle ; a grain. 

Corn, 11. [Lat. cornu, horn.] A hard, horn-like indura- 
tion of the skin on the toes or other part of the feet. 

Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CORNING.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in 
grains; to cure by salting. 2. To form into small 
grains; to granulate. 3. To feed with grain. 4. To 
render intoxicated. [common in corn-fields. 

Corn'-eoek'le, n. ( Bot.) A weed having bright flowers, 

Corn'-crake, n. [See Crake.] ( Ornith.) A bird which 
frequents corn-fields ; the crake or land-rail. 

C6r'ne-a, n.; pi. cor'ne-as. [Lat. corneus, -a, -ton, 
horny, from cornu. a horn.] (Anat.) The strong, horny, 
transparent membrane which forms the front part of the 
ball of the eye. 

Cor'nel, n. [L. Lat. cornolium., from Lat. cornus, a cor- 
nel cherry-tree, from cornu, horn, or its root, from tho 
hardness of the wood.] (Bot.) A shrub and its fruit; 
the dog-wood. [raphy. 

Cor-nel'ian, n. See Carneltan, the proper orthog- 

Cor'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. corneus, from cornu, horn.] Horn- 
like ; consisting of a horny substance. 

Cor'ner, n. [L. Lat. cornerium, corneria, from Lat. cornu, 
horn, end, angle.] 1. The point where two converging 
lines meet ; an angle. 2. The space between two con- 
verging lines or walls which meet in a point. 3. An in- 
closed, secret, or retired place. 4. Any part ; a part. 5. 
An embarrassed position. 

Cor'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CORNERED; p. pr. & vb. 
ii. cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. To 
drive into a position of great difficulty or necessary sur- 
render. 3. To get control of ; — said of stocks. [Amer.] 

Cor'ner- stone, n. The stone which lies at the corner 
of two walls, and unites them ; especially, the stone 
which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice ; 
hence, that which is of great importance or indispensable. 

Cor'ner-TVige, adv. Diagonally; with the corner in 
front ; from corner to corner. 



food, foot; firn, rnde, pull; fell, chaise, call, eelio ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link; this- 



CORNET 



158 



CORRECTION 




Cor'net, n. [Fr. cornet, cornette^ dim. of come, Lat. 
cornu, horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a.) A wind instrument blown 
with the mouth, (b.) A species of trumpet, (c.) A cer- 
tain organ stop or register. 2. A little cap of paper 
twisted at the end, used by grocers. 3. (Mil.) The 
officer who carries the standard in a cavalry troop or 
company. 

^or'net-a-pls'ton, n. [Pr.] (Mus.) A brass wind- 
instrument, like the French horn or the trumpet, fur- 
nished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding 
rods. 

C6r'net-£y, n. The commission or rank of a cornet. 

Cor'mce, n. [L. Lat. coronix, comix, from Lat. coronis, 
Gr. Kopwvis, a curved line.] (Arch.) Any molded pro- 
jection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is 
affixed. 

Corn'ish, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Cornwall, Eng. 

Corn'ish, n. The dialect or the people of Cornwall. 

Cor'nu-eo'pi-a, n. ; pi. cor'nu- 
CO'PI-jE. [Lat. cornu, a horn, and 
copia, plenty.] The horn of plenty, 
from which fruits and flowers are rep- 
resented as proceeding ; — an emblem, 
of abundance. 

Cdr'nute, 1 a. Grafted with horns ; 

Cor'nut-ed, } horned ; horn-shaped. 

Corn'y, a. [Prom Lat. cornu, horn.] 
Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn ; re- 
sembling horn. 

Corn'y, a. 1. Producing corn or 
grain. 2. Containing corn; tasting 
well of malt. 

CSr'ol. \n. [Lat. corolla, dim. of Cornucopia. 

Co-rol'la, j corona, crown.] (Bot.) The in- 
ner part of a flower, which surrounds the 
organs of fructification, and is composed of 
one or more leaves, called petals. 

C6r'ol-la-ry (44), n. [Lat. corollarium, cor- 
onet, from corolla, q. v. " Finis coronat 
opus . " ] That which follows over an d above a 
proposition demonstrated ; an inference ; a 
deduction ; a consequence. 

Cor'ol-late, ) a. Like a corolla ; having 

Cor'ol-la'ted, J corollas. 

■€o-ro'nd, n.; pi. co-ro'NjE. [Lat. corona, 
crown, Gr. K.opu>vq, any thing curved.] 1. 
(Arch.) A large, flat member of a cornice, 
usually of considerable projection. 2. (Anat.) a, many-pet- 
The upper surface, asof a tooth. 3. (Astron.) a } ed: K ^ n " 
A peculiar luminous appearance surround- g P etalea * 
ing the dark body of the moon during a total eclipse of 
the sun. 4. (Bot.) (a.) A crown-like margin of the top 
of a flower, (b.) An appendage at the top of some petals 
or seeds. 5. (Meteorol.) (a.) A circle, around a luminous 
body, as the sun or moon, (b.) A peculiar phase of the 
aurora borealis, formed by the convergence of luminous 
beams around a point in the heavens. 

Cor'o-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to the kingly crown, or to 
coronation. 2. Belonging to the crown or top of the 
head. 

Cor'o-nal, n. 1. A crown ; wreath ; garland. 2. The 
frontal bone ; — said to be so called because on it partly 
rests the crown of kings. 

Cor'o-na-ry, a. Relating to, or resembling a crown. 

C6r'o-na-ry, n. A small bone 
in the foot of a horse. 

Cor'o-na/tion, n. Act, cere- 
mony, or solemnity, of crowning 
a sovereign. 
Cor'o-ner, n. [L. Lat. corona- 
rius, from Lat. corona, crown.] 
An officer of the law whose duty 
is to inquire into the manner of 
a violent death. 
€6r'o-net, n. [From Lat. cor- 
ona, crown.] 1. An inferior 
crown worn by noblemen. 2. 
An ornamental head-dress. 3. 
(Far.) The upper part of a 
horse's hoof. 
Cor'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from 
Fr. caporal, from Lat. caput.] 
1. (Mil.) The lowest officer of a 
company of infantry, next below 
asergeant. 2. (Naut.) An offi- 
cer under the master at arm 




Corolla. 




5. 6. 

Coronets. 

1. Of the Prince of Wales: 



Cor'po-ral, a. [Lat. corporalis, %g\ a d $^ »■ Of \ ™r- 
from corpus, body.] 1. Belong! Sunt? 6 Of a baron! * 



ing Or relating to the body. 2. Having a body or sub- 
stance ; not spiritual. 
Syn.— Corporeal; material; bodily. 

Cdr'po-ral, n. [L. Lat. corporate. See supra.] (Eccl-\ 
A fine linen cloth, used to cover or contain the sacred 
elements in the eucharist. 

Cdr'po-r&l'i-ty, n. State of being a body or embodied ; 
corporeality ; materiality. 

C6r'po-ral-ly, adv. In or with the body ; bodily. 

C6r'po-rate, a. [Lat. corporatus, p. p. of corporare, to 
shape into a body, from corpus, body.] 1. United in an 
association, and endowed by law with the rights and 
liabilities of an individual ; incorporated. 2. Belonging 
to a corporation. 

C6r'po-rate-ly, adv. In a corporate capacity. 

Cor'po-ra'tion, n. A body politic or corporate, formed 
and authorized by law to act as a single person, and en- 
dowed with the capacity of perpetual succession. 

€6r'po-ra'tor, n. A member of a corporation. 

Cor-po're-al (89), a. [Lat. corporeus, from corpus, body.] 
Having a body ; consisting of a material body or sub- 
stance ; material. 

Syn. - Corporal ; bodily. — Bodily is opposed to mental; 
as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the interior animal 
structure; as, corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now 
used, refers more to the exterior; as, corporal punishment. To 
speak of corporeal punishment is now a gross error. 

Cor-po're-al-ist, n. One who denies the reality of spir- 
itual existences ; a materialist. 

Cor-po're-aFi-ty, n. The state of being corporeal. 

Cor-po're-al-ly, adv. In a bodily form or manner. 

Cor'po-re'i-ty, n. Materiality. 

C6r'po-§ant, n. [It. corpo santo, holy body.] A lumi- 
nous appearance, flame-like in shape, sometimes seen in 
dark, tempestuous nights, at the mast-head and the yard- 
arms of ships. 

Corps (kor, pi. korz), n. sing. & pi. [Fr., from Lat. 
corpus, body.] A body of men ; especially, a body of 
troops, an organized part or division of an army. 

Corps-cfarmee (kor'dar'ma'), n. [Fr., body of the 
army.] A portion of a grand army possessed of all the 
constituents of a separate or an independent army. 

Cdrpse, n. [Lat. corpus, body, Fr. corps.] The dead 
body of a human being. 

Cdr'pu-lence, )n. Excessive fatness ; fleshiness ; obe- 

C6r'pu-len-f y, ) sity. 

C6r'pu-lent, a. [Lat. corpulentus, from corpus, body.] 
Having an excessive quantity of flesh, in proportion to 
the frame of the body. 

Syn. — Stout; fleshy; robust; large; fat; lusty; pursy; obese. 

C6r'pu-lent-ly, adv. In a corpulent manner. 

*€dr'pus -Chrls'tT. [Lat., body of Christ.] (Eccl.) A 
festival of the church of Rome, kept on the next Thurs- 
day after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. 

C6r'pus-cle (kor'pus-1, 65), n. [Lat. corpusculum, dim. 
of corpus, body.] 1. A minute particle, or physical atom. 
2. (Anat.) An animal cell. 

Cor-piis'«u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or composed of, cor- 
puscles, or small particles. 

Cor-pus'^u-la'ri-an, a. Corpuscular. 

Cor-pus'-eule, n. A particle of matter ; a corpuscle. 

Cor-ra'di-ate, v. t. [Lat. con and radiatus, p. p. of 
radiare, to radiate, q. v.] To concentrate to one point, 
as light or_rays. 

Cor-ra'di-a'tion, n. Conjunction of rays in one point. 

Cor-rect', a. [Lat. correctus, p. p. of corrigere. See in- 
fra.] Conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or 
to a just standard ; free from error. 

Syn.— Accurate; right; exact; precise; regular; faultless. 
See Accurate. 

Cor-re«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. corrected; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CORRECTING- ] [Lat corrigere, correctvm, from 
con and regere, rectum, to lead straight.] 1. To make or 
set right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or 
propriety. 2. To reprove or punish for faults or devia- 
tions from moral rectitude. 3. To obviate or remove; 
to counteract or change. 

Syn. — To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chas- 
tise; punish; discipline; chasten. 

Cor-r6«'tion, n. 1. Act of correcting ; emendation of 
faults or errors ; change for the better ; amendment. 2. 
Punishment; discipline; chastisement. 3. That which 
is substituted in the place of what is wrong. 4. Coun- 
teraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its ef- 
fects. 

House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are 
confined; a bridewell. 



CORRECTIONAL 



159 



CORUSCATE 



€or-r6«'tion-al, a. Tending to, or intended for, cor- 
rection ; corrective. 

Cor-reet'Ive, a. Having the power to correct ; tending 
to rectify. [recting. 

■€or-reet'ive, n. That which has the power of cor- 

■€or-re«t'ly, adv. In a correct manner ; exactly. 

-eor-re-et'ness, n. State of being correct ; exactness. 
Syn.— Accuracy ; regularity; precision; propriety. 

Cor-rSet'or, n. One who, or that which, corrects. 

Cor're-late', v. i. [imp. & p. p. correlated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. correlating.] To have reciprocal or mutual 
relations ; to be mutually related. 

Cflr're-la/tion, n. [Low Lat. correlatio, from Lat. con 
and relatio.] Reciprocal or mutual relation ; correspond- 
ing similarity or relation. 

■Cor-rel'a-tive, a. Having or indicating a reciprocal 
relation ; reciprocal. 

■€or-r61'a-tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands 
in a reciprocal relation to some other person or thing. 
2. ( Gram . ) The antecedent of a pronoun. 

■€or-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. In a correlative relation. 

Cor're-spond', v. i. [imp. & p. p. corresponded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CORRESPONDING-.] [L. Lat. correspon- 
ded, from con and respondere, to answer, from re and 
spondere, to promise solemnly.] 1. To be adapted ; to 
be congruous. 2. To have intercourse or communica- 
tion, especially by sending and receiving letters. 

Syn. — To agree ; fit; answer; suit; write; address. — Cor- 
respond with ; correspond to. — We correspond with a friend 
by letters; one thing corresponds to another, i. e. answers to it. 

Cor're-spond'ence, ) n. 1. Mutual adaptation of 

Cor're-spond'en-cy, j one thing to another; con- 
gruity ; fitness ; relation. 2. Friendly intercourse ; 
especially, by means of letters. 3. The letters which 
pass between correspondents. 

Cor're-spond'ent, a. Having or indicating correspond- 
ence, adaptation, congruity, or fitness ; suitable ; con- 
gruous ; conformable ; answerable. 

Cor're-spond'ent, n. One who corresponds ; one with 
whom an intercourse is carried on by letters. 

•Cor're-spond'ent-ly, ) adv. In a corresponding man- 

-Gor're-spond'ing-ly, J ner ; conformably ; answer- 
ably ; suitably. 

Cor're-spon'sive, a. Answerable; adapted. 

-CSr'ri-dor', n. [Fr., from Lat. cutter e, to run.] (Arch.) 
A gallery or passage-way leading to apartments inde- 
pendent of each other. 

■Cdr'ri-c/en'dwm, n.; pi. c&R' RI-gen'da. [Lat.] 
A word or thing to be corrected. 

■€6r'ri-gi-ble, a. [L. Lat. corrigibilis , from Lat. cor- 
rigere, to correct.] 1. Capable of being set right, 
amended, or reformed. 2. Worthy of being chastised ; 
punishable. 

■€6r'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Quality of being corrigible. 

■€or-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival ; a competitor ; a co-rival. 

Cor-rI'val, a. Having contending claims ; emulous. 

€or-rob'o-rant, a. Having the power or quality of 
giving strength ; confirming. 

Cor-rob'o-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine that strength- 
ens the body when weak. 

Cor-rob'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. corroborated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CORROBORATING.] [Lat. corroborates, 
p. p. of corroborare, from con and roborare, to strengthen, 
fr. robur, strength.] To make more certain ; to confirm. 

■Cor-rob'o-ra'tion, n. 1. The act of corroborating or 
confirming ; the state of being corroborated ; confirma- 
tion. 2. That which corroborates. 

■Cor-rob'o-ra-tive, a. Corroborating, or tending to 
corroborate ; confirmatory. 

■Cor-rob'o-ra-tive, n. A medicine that strengthens ; a 
corroborant. 

■€or-rob'o-ra-to-ry, a. Tending to strengthen ; cor- 
roborative. 

Cor-rode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. corroded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CORRODING.] [Lat. corrodere, from con androdere, 
to gnaw.] To eat away or consume by degrees. 
Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away. 

Cor-rod'ent, n. Any substance or medicine that cor- 
rodes. 

Cor-rod'i-ble , ) a. Capable of being corroded or eaten 

€or-ro'si-ble, J away. 

■Cor-ro'gion, n. [Low Lat. corrosio. See Corrode.] 
Action of eating or wearing away by slow degrees, as by 
the action of acids on metals. 

Cor-ro'sive, a. 1. Eating away ; having the power 
of gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing ; acri- 
monious. 2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. 



Corrosive stOMmate, the bi-chloride of mercury; an acrid 
poison of great virulence. 

■€or-ro'sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of cor- 
roding. 2. That which has the power of fretting, irri- 
tating, or exciting displeasure. [manner. 

-Cor-ro'sive-ly, adv. Like a corrosive ; in a corrosive 

Cor-ro'slve-ness, n. The quality of corroding, eating 
away, or wearing; acrimony. 

Cdr'ru-gant, a. Having the power of corrugating, or 
contracting into wrinkles. 

■Cor'ru-gate, v. t. [imp & p. p. corrugated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CORRUGATING.] [Lat. corrugatus, p. p. of 
corrugate, from con and rugate, to wrinkle, from ruga. 
wrinkle.] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds. 

<D6r'ru-gate (45), a. Shaped into wrinkles or folds ; 
wrinkled ; furrowed ; contracted. 

Cor'ru-ga'tion, n. A contraction into wrinkles. 

-Cor-ru.pt', v. t. [imp & p. p. corrupted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CORRUPTING.] [Lat. cortumpere, corruptum, 
from con and rumpere, to break.] 1. To change from 
a sound to a putrid or putrescent state ; to make pu- 
trid ; to putrefy. 2. To change from good to bad. 
Syn. — To vitiate ; deprave ; debase; defile; entice; bribe. 

Cor-rupt', «. i. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to 
putrefy 1 ; to rot. 2. To become vitiated ; to lose purity. 

Cor-rupt', a. 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid 
state ; spoiled ; tainted. 2. Changed from a state of 
uprightness, correctness, truth, or the like, to a worse 
state ; vitiated ; depraved ; debased ; perverted. 

-Cor-rupt'er, n. One who corrupts or vitiates. 

-eor-ru.pt/i-bIl/i-ty, n. Possibility of being cor- 
rupted or vitiated. 

-Cor-rupfi-ble, a. Capable of being corrupted. 

-€or-rupt'i-ble , n. That which may decay and perish ; 
hence, the human body. [corruptibility. 

-€or-rupt'i-ble-ness, n. Susceptibility of corruption ; 

-€or-riipt'i-bly, adv. So as to be corrupted. 

-Cor-riip'tion, n. 1. Act of corrupting, or state of being 
corrupt or putrid. 2. Product of corruption ; putrid 
matter. 3. Perversion or deterioration of moral princi- 
ples. 4. (Law.) Taint or impurity of blood, by which a 
person is disabled from inheriting any estate, or from 
transmitting it to others. 

Syn. — Putrescence ; putrefaction; pollution ; defilement ; 
contamination ; depravation; debasement; perversion; adul- 
teration ; depravity ; wickedness; taint. 

-Cor-rupt'ive , a. Having the quality of corrupting. 
-Cor-rupt'ly, adv. In a corrupt manner. 
-€or-rupt'ness, n. The state of being corrupt. 
-Cor 'sage >(45), n. [Fr. See CORSET.] The waist at 

bodice of a lady's dress. 
■Cor'sair, n. [Fr. corsaire, L. Lat. corsarius, from Lat. 

currere, cur sum, to run, cursus, a running, course. See 

Cruise.] 1. A pirate. 2. A piratical vessel. 
Cdrse, or -Corse, n. [See Corpse.] A corpse; the 

dead body of a human being. 
C6rse'let,n. [Fr.,dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] 

1. A kind of fight breastplate worn by pikemen. 2. 

(Entom.) That part of a winged insect which answers to 

the breast of other animals. 
-Cor'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] 

An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist, worn 

by women to support or correct the figure ; stays. 
Cdr'set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corseted; p. pr. & vb. 

n. corseting. To inclose in corsets. 
Cortege (kor'tazh'), n. [Fr., from It. corteggio, train, 

from corte, court, q. v.] A train of attendants. 
Cortes (kor'tes), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg. corte, court.] The 

states or legislative assemblies of the kingdoms of Spain 

and Portugal, composed of nobility, clergy, and repre> 

sentatives of cities. 
-€6r'ti-eal, a. [From Lat. cortex, bark.] Belonging to, 

consisting of, or resembling, bark or rind ; external. 
Cor'ti-eate, ) a. [Lat. corticatus.] Having or re- 
-Cor'ti-ea^ted, ) sembling the bark or rind of a tree. 
-Cor-tic'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. cortex, bark, and forma, form.] 

Resembling, or having the form of, bark. 
Cor'ti-eose', ) a. [Lat. corticosus.] Resembling bark ; 
-€6r'ti-eous, ) made of bark. 
-Co-ruri'dum, n. [From Hind, kurand, corundum 

stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a 

crystalline state. 
■€o-ru.s'«aiit, a. Glittering by flashes ; flashing. 
-€or'us--eate, or -Co-rus'eate, v. i. [Lat. coruscatus, 

p. p. of coruscate, to flash.] To throw off vivid flashes 

of light. [See Note under CONTEMPLATE.] 
Syn.— To flash; lighten; glitter; glisten; gleam; sparkle. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; cell, ^liaise, -call, echo; gem, get ; ag; exist ; linger, Unit ; tills 



CORUSCATION 



160 



COTTER 




Co-secant. 



BC 

Co sine. 



Cor'us-ea'tion ,n. 1. A sudden flash or play of light. 
2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. 

Syn. — Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle; radiation. 

Cor'vet, I n. [From Lat. corbita, a slow sailing ship 

Cor-vette', ) of burden, fr. corbis, basket.] (Naut.) 
A sloop of war, ranking next below a frigate, and car- 
rying not more than twenty guns. 

Cdr'vine , a. [Lat. corvinus, from corvus, crow.] Per- 
taining to the crow or raven. 

Cor'y-bant, n.; pi. -eoR/Y-BANTS ; but the Lat. pi. 
eoR'Y-BAJY'TES, is more in use. [Gr. /copv'/3as, xopv- 
j3ai/TO?.] A priest of Cybele. 

Cor'y-ban'tie, a. Madly agitated or excited, Hke the 
priests of Cybele, when celebrating her rites. 

Cor'ymb, n. [Lat. corymbus, Gr. KopvpjSos-] (Bot.) 
A species of inflorescence, in which the lesser flower- 
stalks are produced along the common stalk on "both 
sides, and rise to the same height, so as to form an 
even surface. 

Co-rym'bose, or Cor'ym-bose', a. (Bot.) Consist- 
ing of corymbs, or resembling them in form. 

Cor'y-phe'us, n. [Lat. coryphaeus, Gr. Kopv^cuos, stand- 
ing'at the head, from nopvQrj, head.] ( Gr. Antiq.) The 
conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus ; 
hence, any chief or leader. 

■Co-se'-eant, n. [For co. secerns, an 
abbrev. of Lat. complements secans. 
See Secant.] ( Geom.) The secant 
of the complement of an arc or angle. 
— In the figure, AD, which is the se- 
cant of the arc CE,is the co-secant of 
the complement of that arc, or BE. 

Co'gey (ko'zy), a. See Cozy. 

Co'gi-ly, adv. See Cozily. 

•Co'-sine, n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. 
of Lat. complement i sinus. See SINE.] 
( Geom.) The sine of the complement of 
an arc or angle. — In the figure, BF\ 
which is the sine of the arc CF, is the co- 
sine of EF, the complement of that arc. 

Cog-met'ic, ) a. [Gr. koo-jutjtikos, from Kotrp-o?, or- 

■Cog-met'i-e-al, ) der, ornament.] Improving the 
biauty of the complexion. 

Cog-met'ie, n. Any external application that helps to 
improve the complexion. 

Cos/mlc, \a. [Gr. Kocrp-i/cos, from K6<rp.os. See 

Cog'mi-e-al, J Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the uni- 
verse, and having special reference to universal law or 
order. 2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole. 3. 
(Aslron.) Posing or setting with the sun; not acrony- 
cal. 

Cog'mie-al-ly, adv. With the sun at rising or setting. 

•Co§-mog'o-2ii£t, n. One who is versed in cosmogony. 

Cog-mog'o-iiy, n. [Gr. /cocrpoyovia, from Kocrpos, the 
world, and yive'iv, yeCveaOat., yiyveaBai, to beget, bring 
forth.] The doctrine or science of the formation of the 
world or universe. [raphy. 

Cog-mog'ra-plier, n. One who is versed in cosmog- 

Cos/mo-graph'ie, 

C6s/mo-gr apb'ie-al , 

Cog-mog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. Koo-p-oypa^La, from /«5crp.os, 
the world, and ypd<f>etv, to write.] A description of the 
world or universe, including the figure, disposition, and 
relation of all its parts, and the manner of representing 
them on a plane. 

Cog-mol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in cosmology. 

Co§-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koo-p.o?, the world, and Aoyo?, 
discourse.] The science of the world or universe ; or a 
treatise relating to its structure and various parts. 

Cog'mo-plas'tie, a. [Gr. /coo-p-os, the world , and n-Aaa- 
tikos, TrAdtrcreiv, to form.] Pertaining to the formation 
of the world. 

Cos/mo-pol'i-tan, ) n. [Gr. #coo>ottoAitt}s, from Koo-p-o-;, 

Co§-mop'o-lite, ) the world, and ttoActtjs, citizen, 
from ttoAi?, city.] A person who has no fixed residence, 
but is at home in every place ; a citizen of the world. 

Cog-mop'o-li-tism, n. Condition, qualities, or charac- 
ter of a cosmopolite. 

Cos/mo-ra'ma, or Cos/mo-ra/ma, n. [Gr. /ederpos, 
the world, and opapa, a sight, from opdv, to see.] An 
exhibition , through a lens or lenses, of a number of draw- 
ings or paintings of different parts of the world. 

C8s/mo-ram'ie, a. Pertaining to a cosmorama. 
Co.s'mos, n. [Gr. /coo-pos, order, harmony.] 1. The 
universe, — so called from its perfect arrangement. 2. 
The system of law, harmony, and truth combined within 
the universe. 



Pertaining to cosmography. 



Cog/mo- thgt'ie, a. [Gr. Kocrp.os, universe, and TifleVeu, 

to place, or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assuming the actual ex- 
istence or reality of the physical or external world. 

Cos'set, n. [Cf. Ger. kossat, kossat, kothsassc, a cottager, 
from kot, kotii, Eng. cot, hut, and Eng. cot, a cade lamb.] 
1. A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. 2. A 
pet in general. 

Cos'set, v. t. To fondle ; to treat as a pet. 

-€6st (21), n. [See the verb.] 1. Amount paid, or en- 
gaged to be paid, for any thing bought ; charge ; expense ; 
hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, &c, is 
requisite to secure benefit. 2. Less of any kind ; detri- 
ment; pain; suffering. 3. pi. (Laiv.) Expenses in- 
curred in litigation. 

Cost, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COST ; p. pr. & vb. n. COST- 
ING.] [From Lat. constare, to stand at, to cost, from 
con and stare, to stand.] 1. To require to be given, ex- 
pended, or laid out for. 2. To require to be borne ; to 
cause to be suffered. 

Cos'tal, a. [From Lat. costa, rib.] Pertaining to the 
side of the body or the ribs. 

Cos'tard, n. [A modification of custard, custard-apple.'] 
1. A large apple. 2. The head; — used contemptu- 
ously. 

tos'tard-mon'ger ) (-mung'ger), n. An apple-seller ; 

Cos'ter-moii'ger ) — also peddlers who sell any 
kind cf fruit. 

Cos'tean-ing, n. [Cornish colhas and stean., dropped 
tin.] The process by which miners seek to discover me- 
tallic lodes. 

Cos'tive, a. [Contracted from It. costipativo, from Lat. 
constipare , to press closely together, from con and st'pare, 
to press together, cram.] Retaining fecal matter in the 
bowels ; constipated. 

Cos'trve-ness, n. An unnatural detention of fecal mat- 
ter in the bowels ; constipation. 

Cost'Ii-nesi?, n. Great cost cr expense. 

Cost'ly, a. Of great cost; of a high price; dear; sump- 
tuous ; expensive. 

€cs-tume', or Cos'tume, n. [Fr., from Lat. covsuetu- 
rnen, for consuetudo, custom.] 1. An established man- 
ner, mode, or style, especially of dress. 2. Adaptation 
of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or the like, 
to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or 
described. 

Co'gy, a. See Cozy. 

-Cot, \n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, Icel. hot, W. cwt.] 1. A 

Cote,} small house; a cottage or hut; also, a shed or 
inclosure for beasts. 2. A cover for a sore finger. 

Cot, \ n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, cottage, bed, couch. Cf. Gr. 

Cott, ) K01V17, bed.] A sleeping place of limited size or 
elevation ; a little bed ; a cradle ; a bcdste*.d which can 
be folded together. 

Co=tan'gent, n. [For co. tangens, an 
abbreviation of Lat. ccmplerrienti tan- 
gens. See Tangent.] (Geom.) The 
tangent of the complement of an arc 
or angle. — In the figure, DL, which is 
the tangent of the arc DB, is the co- 
tangent of BA, the complement of that" 
arc. Co-tangent. 

Cote, n. See Cot. 

Co-tem'po-ra'iie-cus, a. [See Contemporaneous.] 
Living or being at the same time. 

Co-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [See Contemporary.] Living 
or being at the same time. [with another. 

Co-tem'po-ra-ry, n . One who lives at the same time 

Co'te-rie', n. [Fr., from cote, share, portion, from Lat. 
quota (sc. pars) , from quotus, -a, -um, which or what in 
number?] A set or circle of persons who meet famil- 
iarly ; a club. 

Co-tid'al, a. [From co, for con, and tidal, q. v.] Marking 
or indicating an equality in the tides. 

■€o-i%l'lon, I (ko-tiPyun), n. [Fr. cotillon, from 0. Fr. 

Co-tlll'Ion ) cote, L. Lat. cotta, cottus, tunic] 1. A 
brisk dance of eight persons ; a quadrille. 2. A tune 
which regulates the dance. 

Cot'quean, n. [From cot, a small house, and quean, 
q. v.] A man who busies himself with the affairs which 
properly belong to women. 

Cots'wold, n. [From cot, hut, and wold, q. v.] Sheep- 
cotes in an open country. 

Cot'tage (45), n. [From cot.] A small dwelling ; a cot ; 
formerly, a hut. 

Cot'ta-ger, n. One who lives in a hut or cottage. 

Cot'ter, n. A cottager. 

Cot'ter, n. A wedge-shaped piece of wood, iron, or other 
material, for fastening the parts of a structure ; a key. 




a,e,Scc,long; &,e, Sec, short; c&re,fiir, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf 



COTTON 



161 



COUNTER-CHECK 




C5t'ton (k5t'tn), n. [From Ar. qoton, alqoton, cotton.] 

1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, growing 
in the capsules or pods of the cotton-plant. 2. Cloth 
made of cotton. 

Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both 
of cotton, and the pile is of silk. , 

Cot'ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. 

2. To unite together ; to agree ; to adhere. [Colloq.] 
Cot'ton-gin, n. A machine used to separate the seeds 

from cotton. 

Cot'ton-plant, n. (Bot.) A plant 
of several species, all growing in 
warm climates, and bearing the cot- 
ton of commerce. 

•Cot'ton- wood, n. {Bot.) A tree of 
the poplar kind found in the United 
States, especially in the south-west. 

Cot'ton- wool/, n. Cotton in its 
raw or woolly state. 

Cot'ton-y, a. 1. Covered with hairs 
or pubescence, like cotton ; downy. 
2. Soft, like cotton. 

Cot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. kotv^tjScov, 
from Korik-n.] (Bot.) One of the seed- 
lobes of a plant, which involves and 
nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. 

Cot/y-led'o-nal, a. Having the form of a cotyledon. 

Cot'y-led'o-noiis, a. Pertaining to cotyledons ; hay- 
ing a seed-lobe. 

Couch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. couched (koucht, 108); 
p. pr. & vb. n. COUCHING.] [Fr. catcher, to lay down, 
to lie down, fr. Lat. collorare, to lay, put, place.] 1. To 
lay down or deposit upon or in a bed, or other resting- 
place. 2. To compose to rest. 3. To put in language ; 
to express ; to phrase ; to state. 

To couch a cataract (Surg.), to depress it by means of a 
needle in order to its removal. — To couch a spear, or lance, to 
place the butt in the projection on the side of armor called the 
rest, so bringing it into the position for attack or defense. 

Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed; to 
repose. 2. To he down for concealment ; to hide. 3. 
To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, &c. 

Couch, n. 1. A place for rest or sleep ; any place for 
repose, as the lair of a beast, &c. 2. A layer or stratum 
of barley prepared for malting. 3. (Painting, Gilding, 
&c.) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, &c. 

Couch'ant, a. 1. Lying down; squatting. 2. (Her.) 
Lying down with the head raised; — said of a lion or 
other beast. 

Couch'er, n. One who couches. 

Couch'-grass, n. (Bot.) A species of grass which ex- 
tends rapidly its creeping roots, and is very troublesome 
in fields, gardens. &c. 

Cou'gar (kcJo'gar), n. [In South American dialects 
cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] ( Zool. ) A carnivorous quad- 
ruped of the American continent ; — called also puma 
and panther. 

Cough (kawf, 21), n. [D. fatch, from M. H. Ger. kitchen, 
to breathe, kichen, to gasp, to pant.] A violent effort of 
the lungs, usually attended with a harsh sound, to throw 
off irritating matter. 

Cough (kawf), v.i. [imp. & p. p. COUGHED: p. pr. 
& vb. n. COUGHING.] To make a violent effort, at- 
tended with a harsh sound, to throw off obstructing or 
irritating matter from the throat or lungs. 

Cdugh, v. t. To expel from the lungs by a cough ; to 
eject by a cough ; to expectorate. 

Cough'er (kawfer), n. One who coughs. 

Could (kdbd), imp. of can. Was able, capable, or sus- 
ceptible. See Can. 

Coul'ter, n. Same as Colter. 

Coun'cil, n. [Lat. concilium, fr. concire, conciere, to as- 
semble together, from con and cire, ciere, to move, or call 
to.] An assembly summoned for consultation or advice. 
Syn. — Meeting; congress; diet; convention; convocation. 

■Coun'cil-man, n.;pl. coun'cil-men. A member of 

a council, especially of the common council of a city. 
Coun'cil-or, n. A member of a council. 

_KF~ The distinction between councilor, n member of a coun- 
cil, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly 
made, but is now very generally recognized and observed. 

Coun'sel, n. [Lat. consilium, from the root of consulere, 
to consult.] 1. Mutual advisement, instruction, or in- 
terchange of opinions. 2. Exercise of deliberate judg- 
ment. 3. Result of consultation or deliberation. 4. 
Deliberate purpose. 5. One who gives advice, especially 



in legal matters; also, collectively, the legal advocates 
united in the management of a case. 

To keep counsel, to hold a purpose, &c, as a secret. 

Syn. — Advice; consideration; consultation; design; intent; 
scheme; plan; opinion; instruction. 

Coun'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counseled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. COUNSELING.] 1. To advise, admonish, or in- 
struct. 2. To recommend. 

Coun'sel-or, n. 1. One who counsels; an adviser. 
2. One of the members of a council. [See Note under 
COUNCILOR.] 3. One who is consulted and gives ad- 
vice in relation to a question of law ; a barrister. 

Coun'sel-or-ship, n. The office of a counselor. 

Count, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
COUNTING.] [Fr. conter, compter, from Lat. computare, 
to reckon, to compute, q. v.] 1. To number; to enu- 
merate. 2. To consider or esteem as belonging to one. 
Syn. — To calculate; reckon; compute; esteem; ascribe. 

Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; hence, to 
swell the number ; to add strength or influence. 2. To 
depend; to rely. 3. (Laiv.) To plead orally. 

Count, n. 1. Act of numbering, or the amount ascer- 
tained by numbering; reckoning, 2. (Law.) (a.) A 
statement of a plaintiffs case in court, (b.) ( Crim. Law.) 
One of several charges in an indictment. 

Count, n. [Fr. comte, from Lat. comes, comitis, com- 
panion, one of the imperial court, from con and ire, to 
go.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in 
rank to an English earl. 

Count-palatine, (a.) See County Palatine, (b.) Originally, 
the judge and highest officer of the German kings, afterward of 
the German emperors and archdukes; later still, an officer del- 
egated by the German emperors to exercise certain imperial 
privileges. 

Coun'te-nance, n. [Fr. conte nance, from contenant,-p. 
pr. of contenir, from Lat. continere, to hold together, 
from con and tenere, to hold.] 1. Appearance or ex- 
pression of the face ; look ; aspect ; mien. 2. The face ; 
the features. 3. Approving or encouraging aspect ; 
hence, favor ; aid ; encouragement. 

Out of countenance, with the countenance cast down; not 
bold or assured ; confounded; abashed.— To keep the counte- 
nance, to preserve a composed or natural look. 

Coun'te-nance,f. t. [imp. & p.p. countenanced 
(koun'te-nanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTENANCING.] 
To encourage by a favoring aspect. 
Syn. — To sanction; favor; approve; aid; support. 

-Coun'te-nan-cer, n. One who countenances. 

Coun'ter, n. 1. One who counts, or keeps an account ; 
that which indicates a number. 2. A piece of metal, 
wood, &c, in the form of a coin, used in reckoning. 3. 
A table or board on which money is counted, and on 
which goods are laid for examination by purchasers. 4. 
(Naut.) An arched space in the stern of a vessel. 5. 
(Mus.) Counter-tenor. 6. (-Far.) That part of a horse 
between the shoulders and under the neck. 7. The 
back-leather or heel part of a boot ; also, the heel stiffen- 
ing of a boot or shoe. 

Coun'ter, a. Contrarv ; opposite. 

Coun'ter, adv. [See Contra.] Contrary; in opposi- 
tion; in an opposite direction. 

G@=This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs and 
nouns, expressing opposition. 

Coun'ter-aet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counteracted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERACTING.] To act in opposi- 
tion to ; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate. 

Coun'ter-ae'tion, n. Action in opposition; contrary 
agency or action ; hindrance ; resistance. 

Coun'ter-act'Ive, a. Tending to counteract. 

Coun'ter-bal'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
balanced; p. pr. & Vb. n. COUNTERBALANCING.] 
To oppose with an equal weight ; to act against with 
equal power or effect ; to countervail. 

Coun'ter-bSFance, n. Equal opposing weight ; power 
or agency acting in opposition to any thing ; equivalent. 

Coun'tei'-brace, n. (Naut.) The brace of the fore- 
topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 

Coun'ter-change', v. t. To exchange ; to reciprocate.. 

Coun'ter-chaiige / , n. Exchange ; reciprocation. 

Coun'ter-charm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
charmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERCHARMING.] To 
destroy the effect of a charm upon. 

Coun'ter-charm', n. That which has the power of 
dissolving or opposing the effect of a charm. 

Coun'ter-chech', v. t. To oppose ; to check. 

-Coun'ter-check/, n. Check ; stop ; rebuke. 



food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull 



cell, chaise, -call, echo 
11 



gem. get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this* 



COUNTER-CURRENT 



162 



COUNTRY 



Goun'ter-eiir'rent, n. A current running in an ~p- 
posite direction from that of the main current. 

-Coun'ter-deed, n. {Law.) A secret writing which de- 
stroys, invalidates, or alters a public deed. 

€oiui'ter-draw', v. t. [imp. counterdrew ; p.p. 

COUNTERDR'aWN ; p. pr. & vb. 11. COUNTERDRAW- 
ING.] To copy, as a design or painting, by means of 
some transparent substance, through which the strokes 
appear, and on which they are traced with a pencil. 

-Couii'ter-ev'1-deiice, n. Opposite evidence. 

■Coun'ter-feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counterfeited ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERFEITING.] [Fr. contrefaire,j>. 
p. contrefait, from contre, against, Lat. con.ra, and/aire, 
to make, Lat. facere.] 1. To put on a semblance of, 
especially for a bad purpose. 2. To copy or imitate 
without authority or right, and with a view to deceive or 
defraud ; to forge. 

■Coun'ter-feit, v. i. To dissemble ; to feign. 

•Coun'ter-feit, a. 1. Having a resemblance to. 2. 
Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to 
defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original. 
3. False ; spurious ; hypocritical. 

■Coun'ter-feit, n. 1. That which is made in imitation 
of something, with a view to deceive, by passing the false 
for the true. 2. A likeness ; a counterpart. 3. One 
who personates another ; an impostor ; a cheat. 

Coun'ter-feit -er, n. One who counterfeits ; especially, 
one who forges bank-notes or coin ; a forger. 

Goun'ter-feit-ly, adv. By forgery ; falsely. 

Coii.il/ter~gage, n. ( Carp.) A method used to measure 
joints, by transferring. 

Coun'ter-guard, n. (Fort.) A low work raised before 
the salient point of a bastion, to preserve the bastion. 

Coun'ter-ir'ri-tant, n. (Med.) That which is used to 
produce an irritation in some part of the body, in order 
to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. 

Coun'ter-ir'ri-tate, v. t. (Med.) To produce counter- 
irritation in. 

Coun'ter-ir'ri-ta/tion, n. (Med.) Irritation excited 
in one part of the body with the view of relieving irrita- 
tion in another part 

Coun'ter-jump'er, n. A salesman in a shop ; a shop- 
man ; — used contemptuously. 

Coun'ter-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
manded ; p. pr. & vb. n. countermanding.] [Fr. 
contremander, from contre, against, and mander, to com- 
mand, Lat. mandate-.] To revoke, as a former command. 

Coun'ter-inand', n. Revocation of a former command. 

Coun'ter-marcii', v. i. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
marched (koun'ter-marchf, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
countermarching.] (Mil.) To march back, or to 
march in a reversed order. 

Coun'ter-march', n. 1. A marching back. 2. (Mil.) 
A change of the wings or face of a battalion. 

Coun'ter- marls', n. 1. An additional mark on goods 
in order to afford security or proof. 2. (Far.) An artifi- 
cial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have out- 
grown their natural mark, to disguise their age. 

Coun'ter-marls', v. t. To apply a counter-mark to, as 
to the teeth of a horse. 

Coun'ter-mine', n. 1. (Mil.) A gallery under ground 
to facilitate the formation of mines, so that those of the 
enemy may be reached and destroyed. 2. Means of op- 
position or counteraction. 

■Coun'ter-mlne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. countermined ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. countermining.] 1. (Mil.) To oppose 
by means of a counter-mine. 2. To frustrate by secret 
and opposing measures. [counter-plot. 

Coun'ter-mine', v. i. To make a counter-mine or 

Coun'ter-mo'tion, n. An opposing motion. 

Coun'ter-move'ment, n. A movement made in op- 
position to another. 

Coun'ter-pane, n. 1. A coverlet for a bed. [See 
Counterpoint.] 2. (O. Law.) A counterpart. 

Coun'ter-part, n. 1. A part corresponding to another 
part, ; a copy ; a duplicate. 2. A thing that may be ap- 
plied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to 
its impression ; hence, a person or thing having qualities 
lacking in another ; an opposite. 3. (Mas.) The part to 
be arranged or used in connection with another. 

Coun'ter-plea, n. (Law.) A replication to a plea or 
request. [plotting. 

•Goun'ter-plot', v. t. To oppose, as another pio% by 

•eoun'ter-plof ,n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. 

Coun'ter-point, n. 1. An opposite point. [Obs ] 2. 
A cover for a bed, stitched or woven in squares ; —now 
corrupted into counterpane, from the idea of panes or 
square openings. 3. [Point against point.] (Mus.) The 



art of composing music in parts ; — often used as synon- 
ymous with harmony. 

Coun'ter-poige', v. t. [imp. &p.p. counterpoised; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERPOISING.] 1. To act against 
with equal weight ; to counterbalance. 2. To act 
against with equal power or effect. 

Coun'ter-poige', n. 1. A weight sufficient to balance 
another. 2. Equal power or force acting in opposition. 
3. The relation of two such weights or forces ; equilib- 
rium ; equiponderance. [the effect of another. 

Gouii'ter-poi/gon (-poi'zn), n. A poison that destroys 

Coun'ter-proof, n. (Engraving.) A print taken off 
from another just printed, and therefore a reverse of it. 

Coun'ter-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
proved; p'.'pr. & vb. 11. COUNTERPROVING.] To 
take a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly 
from the face of an original print. 

Coun'ter-rev'o-lu'tion, a. A revolution opposed to 
a former one, and restoring a former state of things. 

Coun'ter-s-earp, n. (Fort.) (a.) The exterior slope of 
the ditch, (b".) The whole covered way, with its parapet 
and glacis. 

Coun'ter-gign (-sin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
signed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSIGNING.] To sign 
in addition and opposite to the signature of a principal or 
superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing. 

Goun'ter-sigii, n. 1. The signature of a secretary or 
other subordinate officer to a writing signed by the prin- 
cipal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) 
A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given 
in order to pass a sentry. 

Coun'ter- sig'nal, n. A corresponding signal. 

■Couii'ter-smls, V. t. [imp. & p. p. countersunk; 
p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSINKING.] 1. To form, as a 
depression, for the reception of the head of a screw or 
bolt below the surface. 2. To cause to sink, as a screw 
or bolt so as to be even with or below the surface, by 
making an excavation for the head. 

Cotui'ter-siiils, n. 1. A cavity or depression for receiv- 
ing the head of a screw or bolt. 2. A tool for forming 
such a depression. 

Coun'ter- slope, n. An overhanging slope. 

■Coim'ter-step, n. Contrary method of procedure. 

Coun'ter-tal'ly, n. A tally corresponding to another. 

Coun'ter-teii'cr, n. (Mus.) One of the middle parts, 
between the tenor and the treble. 

■Couu'ter-tim/lier, n. (Nam.) One of a number of 
short timbers placed in the stern of a vessel in order to 
strengthen the counter. [sistance ; opposition. 

Coun'ter-time, n. 1. Resistance of a horse. 2. Re- 

•€oun / ter-vail',i\ t. [imp. & p. p. countervailed ; 
p. pr. &vb.n. countervailing.] [counter and Lat. 
valtre, to be strong, to avail.] To act against with equal 
force, power, or effect ; to thwart or overcome by such 
action ; to balance ; to compensate. 

Coun'ter-vail', n. Equal weight, strength, or value; 
compensation ; requital. 

■Couii'ter-val-la'tion, n. (Fort.) (a.) A chain of re- 
doubts around a fortress, for the purpose of preventing 
sorties by the garrison, (b.) The operation of construct- 
ing such a chain of works. 

Comi'ter-view (-vu). n. 1. An opposite or opposing 
view; opposition. 2. 'Contrast. 

■Coun'ter-worls' (-wfirk'), v. t. [See Work.] To work 
in opposition to ; to counteract. 

Count/ess, n. [Fr. comtesse. See COUNT.] The con- 
sort of an earl or count. 

-eouiit'iiig-licuse, ) n. [See Count, v.] The house 

Couiit'ing-room, ) or room appropriated to the 
keeping of books, letters, papers, and accounts. 

-Count'less, a. Incapable of being counted ; innumera- 
ble ; numberless ; multitudinous. 

Coiiii'tri-fied, a. [From Eng. countrif, and Lat. facer", 
to make.] Having the appearance and manners of the 
country : rustic ; rude. 

-Goun'try (kan'try), n. [Fr. contrce, from Lat. contra, 
over against, on the opposite side.] 1. A region; — ■ 
as distinguished from any other region, and with a per- 
sonal pronoun, the region of one's birth, permanent res- 
idence, or citizenship. 2. Rural regions, as opposed tc 
a city or town. 3. The inhabitants of a region. 4. 
(Lav:.) (a.) A jury, as representing the citizens of a 
country, (b.) One"s constituents, or the public. [Eng.] 

To put one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constitu- 
ents ; to refer an issue to the jury. 

■Goun'try, a. 1. Pertaining to the territory at a distance 
from a city ; rural ; rustic. 2. Destitute of refinement ; 
rude ; ignorant. 



a,e,£:c.,;on^;a,e,&c.,5/ ( orf;caro,far,asls, a U,wliat; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



COUNTRY-DANCE 



163 



COUSIN-GERMAN 



Coiin'try- dance, n. [Corrupted from contra-dance, 
from Fr. contre danse.] A dance in which the partners 
are arranged opposite to each other in lines. 

Coun'try-man, n.; pi. coDn'try-jiex. 1. An in- 
habitant or native of a region. 2. A fellow-inhabitant 
of a country. 3. One who dwells in the country, as op- 
posed to the city ; a rustic. 

Coun'try-seat, n. A dwelling in the country, used as 
a place of retirement from the city. 

Coiin'try-wom'an, n. ; pi. coOn'try-wom'en 
(-wlm'en). A* woman born, or who dwells, in the coun- 
try or the same country. 

Coun'ty, n. [Fr. comtd, L. Lat. comitatus. See Count.] 
1. An earldom. [Obs.] 2. A portion of a state or king- 
dom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain 
purposes in the administration of justice ; a shire. 

Count!/ corporate, a county invested with particular privi- 
leges by charter or royal grant.— Count}/ court, a court whose 
jurisdiction is limited to a county. — Count;/ palatine, a county 
distinguished by particular privileges: — so called a jmlalio, 
from the palace,"because the owner had originally royal pow- 
ers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the 
king had in his palace. [Eng.]— County town, a town where 
the county business is transacted; a shire town. 

-Coup'le (kup'l), n. [From Lat. copida. See Copula.] 

1. Two things of the same kind connected together or 
taken together. 2. A betrothed or married pair. 

Syn. — Pair ; brace. 
Coup'le, v. t. {imp. & p. p. COUPLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
COUPLING.] 1. To link or connect together; to join. 

2. To unite as male and female ; to marry. 
-Coup'le, v. i. To come together as male and female ; to 

form a sexual union ; to embrace. 
Coiip'ler, n. One who, or that which, couples. 
Coiip'let. n. [Fr., dim. of couple. See Couple, n.] Two 

lines of verse that rhyme with each other. 
Coiip'ling, n. 1. Act of bringing or coming together ; 

connection: sexual union. 2. (Blach.) That which 

serves to couple or connect one thing with another, as a 

hook, chain, or other contrivance. 
Cou'pon (or kdo'pong), n. [Fr., from couper, to cut.] 

(Com.) An interest certificate attached to a transferable 

bond, designed to be cut off and presented for payment 

when the interest is due. 
Coxir'age (kur'ej, 45), n. [Fr., from Lat. cor, heart.] That 

quali ty of mind which enables one to encounter danger 

and difficulties without fear or shrinking. 

Syn. — Heroism ; bravery; intrepidity; valor ; boldness ; 

gallantry ; daring ; firmness ; hardihood ; resolution. See 

Bravery. 

Cou-ra'geous (ku-ra^us), a. Possessing, or character- 
ized by, courage. 

Syn. --Gallant ; brave ; bold ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; 
heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; hardy ; stout ; adventurous ; en- 
terprising. 

Ceu-ra'geoiis-ly, adv. In a courageous manner. 

Cou-ra'geoiis-ness, n. The quality of courage. 

Cou-rant', ) n. [Fr. courant, p. pr. of courir, to run, 

Cou-ran'to, ) Lat. currere.] 1. A piece of music in 
triple time. 2. A lively land of dance. 3. A newspaper. 

Cou'ri-er (kob'ri-er), n. [Fr. courier, counter, from 
courre, courir, to run, Lat. currere.] 1. A messenger 
sent in haste with letters or dispatches, usually on public 
business ; an express. 2. An attendant on travelers, who 
makes all necessary arrangements for them at hotels and 
on the way. 

Course, n. [Fr. cours, course. Lat. r.ursus, from currere, 
cur sum, to run.] 1. Act of moving from one point to 
another. 2. The ground or path traversed. 3. Mo- 
tion considered with reference to its direction ; line cf 
progress. 4. Progress from point to point without 
ehange of direction ; also, one of a succession of motions 
in different directions considered as one act. 5. Orderly- 
progress; usual, stated, or methodical action. 6. Man- 
ner or way of conducting ; conduct ; behavior. 7. A 
succession of acts or practices connectedly followed. 
8. That part of a meal served at one time. 9. (Arch.) 
A continued level range of brick or stones of the same 
height throughout the face or faces of a building. 10. 
pi. The menstrual flux. 

In course, in regular succession. — Of course, by conse- 
quence; in regular or natural order. 

Syn. — Progress ; advance; way; road; track; route; pas- 
sage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode. 

Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coursed (korst, 108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. COURSING.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase 
after; to pursue. 2. To run through or over. 3. To 
cause to run. 



Course, v. i. To run as if in a race, or in hunting. 

Cours'er, n. 1. One who courses or hunts. 2. A swift 
or spirited horse ; a racer. 

Court, n. [0. Fr., from L. chors, chortis, and cohors, cohor- 
tis, an inclosure, thing inclosed, crowd, throng, Gr. x°P~ 
Tos-] 1. An inclosed space ; a yard or area. 2. The 
residence of a sovereign, nobleman, or other dignitary ; a 
palace. 3. Persons composing the retinue of a sovereign 
or person high in authority, 4. The appointed assem- 
bling of the retinue of a sovereign. 5. Attention direct- 
ed to a person in power ; conduct designed to gain favor ; 
politeness; civility. 6. (Law.) (a.) A legal tribunal, 
including the judges, jury, lawyers, sheriffs, &c. (b.) 
The judge or judges in any case, as distinguished from 
the counsel. 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. 
Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. pi. 
(Script.) Places where worship is offered. 

General Court, the legislature of a State; — so called as hav- 
ing, or having had, judicial power. 

Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COURTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of; to 
strive to please ; to pay court to. 2. To seek in marriage ; 
to solicit the hand of; to woo. 3. To attempt to gain by 
address ; to solicit. 

Court'-eard, n. [Corrupted from coat-card.] See 
Coat-card. [ister justice. 

Court'-day, n. A day in which a court sits to admin- 

Court'-dress, n. A dress suitable to wear at court. 

Court'e-oiis (kurt'e-us), a. [From court.] Of court- 
like or elegant and condescending manners ; pertaining 
to, or expressive of, courtesy. 
Syn. — Civil; obliging; well-bred; polite; complaisant, 

Court'e-oiis-ly, adv. In a courteous manner. 

Court'e-oiis-iiess. n. Quality of being courteous ; civil- 
ity of manners ; obliging condescension ; complaisance- 

Court'er, n. One who courts. 

Cou.rt'e-§an (kfirt'e-zan), n. [Fr. courtisane, from courU 
isan, courtier, from court, cour. See COURT.] A prosti- 
tute ; a harlot ; a strumpet. 

Court'e-sy, n. [See Courteous.] 1. Elegance and 
politeness of manners. 2. An act of civility or respect. 
3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right. 

Syn. —Politeness ; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affa- 
bility ; courteousness ; elegance; good-breeding. 

Courte'sy (kurt'sy), n. A gesture or expression of re- 
spect or civility by women, — now little used, — consist- 
ing in a slight bending of the knees and inclination of 
the body . 

Courte'sy (kurtfsy), v. i. (imp. & p. p. COURTESIED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. "courtesying.] To bow the body 
slightly, with bending of the knees, as an expression of 
civility or respect. 

Court'-hand, n. The hand, or manner of writing, used 
in records and judicial proceedings. 

Court'-house, n. A house in which established courts 
are held. [Amer.] 

Court'ier (kort-yer), n. [From court.] 1. One who fre- 
quents the courts of princes. 2. One who courts or so- 
licits favor. 

Court'<°leet, n. (Ens;. Law.) A court of record held 
once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, 
before the steward of the leet. 

Court'li-ness, n. Quality of being courtly or high-bred ; 
elegance of manners. 

Court'ly, a. 1. Relating to a court ; court-like; high- 
bred ; dignified and elegant. 2. Disposed to favor the 
great ; fawning ; obsequiousj sycophantic. 

Court'-mar'tial, n.; pi. couRTsy-MAR'TlAL. A court 
consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of 
offenses against military or naval laws. 

Court'-plas/ter, n. Sticking-plaster made of silk. 

Court'.-hip, n. 1. Act of soliciting favor by complais- 
ance or flattery. 2. Act of wooing in love. 

Court'-yard, n. A court or inclosure round a house. 

Coug'iii (kuz'n), n. [Low Lat. cosinits, contracted from 
Lat. co7isobri?ni$, child of a mother's sister ; sobrinus, a 
cousin by the mother's side, contracted for sororinus, 
from soror, sister.] 1. One collaterally related more re- 
motely than a brother or sister. 

t®= The children of brothers and sisters are usually denomi- 
nated cousins, or cousins-g erman. In the second generation, 
they are called second-cousins. 

2. A title given by a king to a nobleman, particularly 
to those of the council. 
Cous'm-ger'man, n. ; ^. cous/iNg-GE'R'MAN. [See 
Cousin and German.] A first cousin ; a cousin in the 
first generation. 



food, f dot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 



COVE 



164 



COWSLIP 



■Cove, n. [A.-S. cofa, cove, cave, room,0. H. Ger. chuofa, 
a large jar, Lat. cupa, den, Bisc. coba, cobia, pit, Lat. 
cavum, cavity , from cavus, -a, -wot, hollow, Ar. al-kubba, 
vault.] 1. A small inlet, creek, or bay ; a recess in the 
sea-shore. 2. A strip of prairie extending into wood- 
' land ; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [Amer.] 
3. A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang.] 

Cove, v. t. (Arch.) To arch over. 

Cov'e-nant, n. [0. Fr. covenant, convenant, p. pr. of 
convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire. See Convene.] 1. 
A mutual agreement in writing and under seal ; a con- 
tract ; stipulation. 2. A writing containing the terms 
of agreement between parties. 3. {Theol.) The prom- 
ises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned 
on certain terms on the part of man , as obedience, repent- 
ance, faith, &c. 4. {Law.) A form of action for the 
violation of a promise or contract under seal. 

Syn. — Agreement ; contract ; compact ; bargain; arrange- 
ment; stipulation. See Contract. 

Cov'e-iiant,^. i. [imp. Sep. p. covenanted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. covenanting.] To enter into a form il agree- 
ment ; to bind one's self by contract. 

Syn. — To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate. 

Cov'e-nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. 

Cov'e-iiant-er, n. One who makes or who subscribes a 
covenant. [nant. 

C6v'e-nant-or, n. (Law.) The party who makes a cove- 

Cov'er (kinder), v. t. [imp. & p. p. covered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. COVERING.] [From Lat. cooperire, from co, for 
con, and operire, to cover.] 1. To overspread or envelop 
the surface or the whole body of. 2. To brood or sit on. 

3. To hide from sight ; to conceal. 4. To place under 
shelter; to protect; to defend. 5. To extend over; to 
be sufficient for ; to comprehend or inciude ; to account 
for or solve ; to counterbalance. 6. To put the usual 
head-dress on. 7. To copulate with ; — said of the male. 

Syn. — To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread. 

Cov'er, n. 1. Any thing which is laid, set, or spread 

upon, about, or over another; an envelope; a lid. 2. 

Any thing which veils or conceals ; a screen ; disguise ; a 

cloak. 3. Condition of concealment, shelter, or defense. 

4. (Hunting.) The woods, underbrush, &c, which 
shelter and conceal game. 5. [Fr. couverte.] A table- 
cloth, and the other table furniture ; especially, the table 
furniture for the use of one person at a meal. 

Cov'ered (kuv / erd),.p. a. Designed or used for conceal- 
ment, shelter, &c. 

Covered xvay {Fort.), a secure road of communication all 
round a fort, outside the ditch, having a banquette from which 
a grazing fire of musketry can be brought upon the glacis. 

Cov'er-er, n. One who, or that which, covers. 

C6v'er-let, n. [0. Fr. covrelict, equiv. to couvre-lit, from 
Fr. couvrir, to cover, and lit, Lat. ledum, bed.] The up- 
permost cover of a bed. 

Cov'ert (kuVert), a. [0. Fr. covert, p. p. of covrir. See 
Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; hid. 2. Sheltered; 
not open or exposed. 3. (Laio.) Under cover, authority, 
or protection, as a married woman. 

Syn. — Hid; secret; private; covered; disguised. 

Cov'ert, n. 1. A place which covers and protects ; a 
shelter ; a defense. 2. Feathers covering the bases of 
the quills of the wing or tail of birds. 

Cov'ert-bar'on, a. (Law.) Under the protection of a 
husband ; married. 

C6v'ert-ly, adv. Secretly ; closely ; in private. 

Cov'ert-ure (53), n. [See Cover, v. t.] 1. Cover- 
ing ; shelter ; defense. 2. ( Law. ) Condition of a woman 
during marriage, because she is considered under the 
cover, or power and protection of her husband. 

Cov'ert-way (kuv'ert-), n. (Fort.) The same as Cov- 
ered Way. See Covered. 

Cov'et (kQv'et), v. t. [imp. & p. p. coveted ; p. pr 
& vb. n. COVETING.] [0. Fr. covoiter, coveiter, now 
convoiter, from covoitous, coveitos, now convoiteux, from 
Lat. cupidus, eager, from cupere, to desire.] 1. To 
wish for with eagerness. 2. To wish for inordinately, un- 
reasonably, or unlawfully. 

Syn.— To long for; desire; hanker after; lust after. 

Cov'et-a-tole, a. Capable or worthy of being coveted. 

Cdv'et-er, n. One who covets. 

Cov'et-Ive-ness, n. (Phren.) Excessive desire of accu- 
mulating property ; acquisitiveness. 

Cov'et-oiis (kuVet-us), a. 1. Very desirous. 2. In- 
ordinately desirous ; excessively eager. 

Syn. — Avaricious ; parsimonious; penurious; miserly; 
niggardly. 



Cov'et-oiis-ly, adv. With a strong or inordinate desire 

to obtain and possess ; eagerly ; avariciously. 

Cov'et-ous-ness, n. Strong or inordinate desire of ob- 
taining and possessing some supposed good. 
Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; greed; eagerness. 

Cov'ey (kfiv'y), n. [Fr. couvee, from couve, p. p. of couver, 
to sit or brood on, from Lat. cubare, to he down, incu- 
bare, to brood.] 1. An old bird with her brood of 
young ; hence, a small flock or number of birds together. 
2. A company ; a set. 

Cov'in (kuVin), n. [0. Fr. cov.ine, covaine, from convenir, 
to agree, Lat. convenire. See COVENANT.] (Law.) A 
collusive or deceitful agreement between two or more 
persons to prejudice a third. 

Cov'ing, n. [See COVE.] (Arch.) (a.) The projection of 
the upper stories of a house over those beneath, (b.) 
The jambs of a fire-place. 

Cov'iii-ous, a. (Law.) Deceitful; collusive; fraudu- 
lent; dishonest. 

Cow (kou), n. ; pi. €OW§ ; old pi. kine. [A.-S. eft, Tcel. 
ktt, 0. H. Ger. chuo, Lat. ceva, Skr. go, nom. gaus.] The 
female of the bovine genus of animals. 

tow, v. t. [imp. & p.p. COWED; p. pr. & vb. n. COW- 
ING.] [Icel. kuga, to depress ; or perhaps an abbre- 
viation of to coward.] To depress with fear ; to sink the 
spirits or courage. 

Cow ; ard, n. [0. Fr. couard, coard, coart, orig. short- 
tailed, as an epithet of the hare, from 0. Fr. coe, coue, N, 
Fr. queue, It. coda, Lat. cauda, tail, and the termination 
ard.) One who lacks courage to meet danger; a timid 
or pusillanimous man. 

Syn. — Craven; poltroon; dastard. —Coward denotes liter- 
ally one who slinks back like a terrified beast with the tail be- 
tween the legs: a craven is literally one who begs off, or shrinks 
at the approach of danger; apoltroon is a mean-spirited cow- 
ard ; dastard is one of the strongest terms of reproach in our 
language. 

Cow'ard, a. 1, Destitute of courage ; timid; base. 2. 
Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive 
of, cowardice. [idity ; pusillanimity. 

Cow'ard-ice, n. Want of courage to face danger ; tim- 

Cow'ard-li-ness, n. Want of courage ; cowardice. 

Cow'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage to face danger. 2. 
Proceeding from fear of danger ; befitting a coward. 

Syn. — Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; 
recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-liv- 
ered; mean; base. 

Cow'ard-ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. 

Cow'-eatch/er, n. A strong wooden or iron frame in 
front of a locomotive-engine for catching or throwing off 
obstructions on a railway, such as cows, &c. 

Cow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
COWERING.] [Cf. Ger. kauchen, kauern; and W. cwrian, 
to cower, from civr, corner.] To sink by bending the 
knees; to crouch, especially through fear. 

Cow'hage, n. [Hind, kawanch, koanch.] (Bot.) A 
leguminous plant, having crooked pods covered with 
sharp hairs, which, penetrating the flesh, cause irrita- 
tion and itching. [Written also couhage and cowitch.] 

Cow'herd, n. [See Herd.] One whose occupation it is 
to tend cows. 

Cow'hide, n. 1. The hide of a cow. 2. Leather made 
of the hide of a cow. 3. A scourge or coarse riding- 
whip made of cow's hide. 

Cow'hide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COWHIDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cowhiding.] To beat or whip with a cowhide. 

Cowl, n. [A.-S. cuhle, cugle, L Lat. cuculla, cucullio, 
cucullus, from Lat. cucullus, cap, hood.] 1. A monk's 
hood or habit. 2. A cowl-shaped cap for the top of 
chimneys. 3. A vessel carried on a pole betwixt two 
persons for the conveyance of water. 

Cowled (kowld), a. 1. Wearing a cowl ; hooded. 2. 
(Bot.) Shaped like a cowl. 

Cow'lick, n. A tuft of hair turned up, — usually over 
the forehead, — as if licked by a cow. 

Cowl'-staff , n. See COWL, No. 3. 

€o'-work'er (-wurk'er), n. [From co, for con, and 
worker, q. v.] One who works with another; a co- 
operator ; a fellow-laborer ; a collaborator. 

Cow'-pox, n. (Med.) A pustular eruption of the cow, 
which, when communicated to the human system, as by 
inoculation, preserves from the small pox; the vaccine 
disease; — called also kine-pox. 

Cow'ry (kou'ry),^. [Hind, kauri.] A small shell, used 
for money in Africa and the East Indies. 

Cow'slip, ) n. [Perhaps for cow : s-leek.] (Bot.) A spe- 

Cow'§'-lip, ) cies of primrose, a plant appearing early 
in the spring in moist places. 



a,e,&c.,long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



COW-TREE 



165 



CRANE 



Cow'- tree, n. (Bot.) A tree of South America, which 
produces a nourishing fluid, resembling milk. 

Cox'eomb (-koni), n. [A corruption of cock'' s comb.] 1. 
(a.) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, 
which licensed fools formerly wore in their caps, (b.) 
The cap itself. 2. A vain superficial pretender to knowl- 
edge or accomplishments ; a fop. 3. (Bot.) A plant of 
several species, which produces red flowers resembling the 
comb of a cock. 

Cox-eomb'ie-al (-k5m / -), a. Befitting or indicating a 
coxcomb ; foppish ; conceited ; fanciful. 

Cox-«omb'ie-al-ly (-kom 7 -), adv. In the manner of a 
coxcomb ; vainly ; fansifully ; foppishly. 

Cox'eomb-ry (-kom-), n. The manners of a coxcomb. 

Cox-eom'ie-al, a. See Coxcombical. 

Coy, a. [0. Fr. coy, coi, coit, fr. Lat. quietus, quiet, fr. 
quies, rest.] Shrinking from approach or familiarity. 

Syn. — Shy; shrinking; reserved; modest; bashful; back- 
ward; distant. 

Coy'ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. 

Coy'ly, adv. In a coy manner ; with reserve ; slyly. 

Coy'ness, n. Unwillingness to become familiar. 

Syn.— Reserved; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; mod- 
esty; bashfulness. 

C6z (kuz), n. A contraction of cousin. See COUSIN. 

Coz'en (kuz'n), v. t. [i?np. & p. p. cozened; p. pr. 
& vb. n. COZENING.] [Either from cousin, to deceive 
through pretext of relationship, or from Ger. kosen, lieb- 
kosen, to wheedle, flatter. See Cozy.] To cheat ; to de- 
fraud ; to beguile ; to deceive. [artifice ; trick ; fraud. 

Cdz'en-age (kuVn-), n. The art or practice of cozening ; 

C6z'en-er, n. One who cheats or defrauds. 

Co'zi-ly, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. 

Co'zy, a. [compar. COZIER; superl. COZIEST.] [Fr. 
causer, to talk, chat, from Ger. kosen, 0. H. Ger. chdsdn.J 
[Written also cosey.] Snug; comfortable; easy. 

Crab, n. 1. [ A. -S. crabba, from 
Lat. carabus, Gr. /capa/3o?.] 
(Zo'dl.) A crustaceous animal, 
having the body covered by a 
crust-like shell called the cara- 
pax. It has ten legs, the front 
pair of which terminate in 
claws. 2. [Akin to Gael. & Ir. 
garbh, Armor. & W . garv , garw , Crab, 

rough, harsh, Lat. acerbus, sour, harsh.] (Bot.) A wild 
apple, or the tree producing it; — so named from its 
harsh taste. 3. (Mech.) (a.) A form of crane used for 
raising or moving heavy weights, (b.) A contrivance for 
launching ships or raising them into a dock. 

Crab'-ap'ple, n. A small, sour kind of apple. 

Crab'bed (60), a. [From crab.] Harsh ; rough, or 
austere, like a crab-apple. 

Syn. — Peevish ; sour ; cross ; unpleasing; morose; difficult; 
perplexing; trying. 

Crab'bed-ly, adv. In a crabbed manner. 

Crab'bed-ness, n. State of being crabbed. [body. 

Crab'-louse, n. A species of louse infesting the human 

Crab'-tree, n. The tree that bears crab-apples. 

Crack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cracked (krakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cracking-.] [Fr. craquer, D. kraken, Dan. krak- 
ke, Ger. krachen, Gael. & Ir. crac] 1. To break without 
entire separation of the parts ; to fissure. 2. To rend 
with grief or pain ; to distress ; hence, to disorder ; to de- 
range. 3. To cause to sound abruptly and sharply, with 
noise like that of rending ; to snap. 4. To utter smartly 
and sententiously. 5. To cry up; to extol. [Low.] 

Crack, v. i. 1. To be fractured without quite separating 
into parts. 2. To go to pieces; to be ruined or im- 
paired. 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. 

Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of the parts of a sub- 
stance, with or without a perceptible opening ; a chink 
or fissure ; a crevice. 2. A sound as of any thing sud- 
denly rent. 3. Craziness of intellect ; insanity ; lunacy. 

Crack, a. _0f superior excellence. [Colloq.] 

Crack'-brained, a. Having an impaired intellect. 

Crack'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. 
A small firework, exploding with a sharp noise. 3. A 
kind of hard biscuit. 

Crack'le (krak'l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight 
cracks ; to make small, abrupt, snapping noises, rapidly 
or frequently repeated. 

Craek'ling, n. 1. Small, abrupt cracks or reports, fre- 
quently repeated. 2. The rind of roasted pork. 

Cra'dle (kra'dl), n. [A.-S. cradel, cradol. Cf. W. cryd, a 
shaking or rocking, a cradle, crydu, crydian, crydiaw, to 
ehake.] 1. A kind of movable bed for infants, so con- 
structed as to rock ; hence, the place in which any thing 




is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of its exis- 
tence. 2. Infancy, or very early life. 3. (Agric.) A 
light framework added to a scythe, for receiving the grain 
as cut, and laying it evenly in swaths. 4. (Engraving.) 
An instrument used especially in preparing plates for 
mezzotints. 5. (Ship-building.) A framework of tim- 
bers used to support a vessel about to be launched, or 
drawn up an inclined plane, or across a narrow strip of 
land. 6. ( Surg.) A case for a broken bone. 

Cra'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cradled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cradling.] 1. To lay in a cradle; to rock in a cra- 
dle. 2. To nurse in infancy. 3. To cut and lay with 
a cradle, as grain. 

Cra'dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. 

Craft (6), n. [A.-S. craft, Ger. kraft, Icel. kraptr. Cf. W. 
cref, cry/, strong.] 1. Dexterity in particular manual 
employment; hence, the employment itself; a trade. 

2. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense ; artifice ; guile. 

3. (Naut.) Vessels of any kind. 

Craf t'i-ly, adv. With craft, cunning, or guile. 

Craf t'i-ness, n. Cunning ; artifice ; stratagem ; wiliness. 

Crafts'man, n.; pi. crafts'men. One skilled in a 

manual occupation ; an artificer ; a mechanic. 
Craf t'y, a. Skillful at deceiving others. 

Syn.— Cunning; artful; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitful; 
subtle; shrewd. 

Crag, n. [W. craig, Gael. & Ir. creag.] 1. A steep, 
rugged rock ; a rough, broken rock. 2. ,( Geol.) A par- 
tially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the 
tertiary age. 

Crag'ged (60), a. Full of crags or broken rocks. 

Crag'ged-ness, n. State or quality of being cragged. 

Crag'gi-ness, n. The state of being craggy. 

Crag'gy, a. Full of crags ; abounding with broken 
rocks ;' rugged with projecting points of rocks. 

^Crake, n. [Icel. kraka, crow, and krakr, raven. Cf. 
Crow.] ( Ornith.) A species of rail found among grass, 
corn, broom, or furze ; — so called from its singular cry. 

Cram, v . t. [imp. Sep. p. crammed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CRAMMING.] [A.-S. crammian, Ger. krammen, krim- 
tnen, to seize or grasp with the claws.] 1. To stuff; to 
crowd; to fill to superfluity. 2. To fill with food be- 
yond satiety. 3. To qualify for public examination by 
special preparation. [ Colloq.] 

Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedily or beyond satiety; to 
stuff. 2. To make preparation for an examination by a 
hasty review of studies. 

Cram'bo, n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A play in 
which one person gives a word, to which another finds a 
rhyme. 2. A rhyme. 

Cramp, n. 1. [D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, Ger. 
krampf.] A restriction or restraint. 2. [FromO. H. Ger. 
chramph, crooked, from chrimphan, to crook, bend. Cf. 
Clamp.] An iron instrument serving to hold together 
pieces of timber, stones, &c. 3. A piece of wood on 
which the upper leather of a boot is stretched. 4. (Med.) 
A spasmodic and painful contraction of a muscle or 
muscles of the body. 

Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cramped (krampt, 108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CRAMPING.] 1. To hold tightly pressed 
together ; to restrain from free action. 2. To form on a 
cramp, as boot legs. 3. To afflict with cramp. 

Cramp'- f ish, n. (Ichth.) The torpedo, or electric ray, 
the touch of which affects a person with a slight shock 
of electricity. [No. 2. 

Cramp'-i'ron (-I'urn), n. A cramp. See Cramp, n., 

Cramp'it, n. [See supra.] 1. A piece of metal at the 
tip of a sword-sheath ; a chape. 2. A cramp-iron. 

Cram-pobn§', n. pi. [Fr. crampon, from 0. H. Ger. 
chramph, crooked. See Cramp, n.] 1. Hooked pieces of 
iron, for raising stones, boxes, lumber, and other heavy 
materials. 2. ( Mil. ) Iron instruments with sharp points 
worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foot- 
hold, as in climbing ramparts. 

Cramp'y, a. 1. Diseased with 
cramp. 2. Productive of cramps. 

Cran'age, n. [From crane.] 1. 
The liberty of using a crane at a 
wharf. 2. Money or price paid for 
the use of a crane. 

Cran'ber-ry, n. [From crane, be- 
cause its slender stalk has been com- 
pared to the long legs and neck of ; 
crane.] (Bot.) A red, sour berry, ^ 
much used for making sauce, &c. 

Cranch, v. t. See Craunch 

Crane, n. [A.-S. cran, H. Ger. 
hranich, allied with Gr. -yepai/os, Crane, (1.) 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this. 



CRANE 



166 



CREASE 




Crane, (2, a). 



Lat. grus, W. & Arm. garan.] 1. ( Ornith.) A wading 
bird, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck. 
2. (a.) A machine for raising, 
lowering, and moving heavy 
•weights ; — so called from a 
fancied similarity between its 
arm and the neck of a crane. 
(6.) A similar arm turning on 
a vertical axis or support, in a 
fireplace, for supporting ket- 
tles, &c, over a fire. 3. A 
siphon, or bent pipe, for draw- 
ing liquors out of a cask. 4. 

(Naut.) A piece of wood or iron formed with two arms, 
used, in pairs, to stow spare spars in. 

■Crane, v. t. To cause to rise ; to raise, as if by a crane. 

Craneg'-bill, n. 1. (Bot.) The plant Geranium, of 
many species ; — so named from an appendage of the seed- 
vessel, which resembles the beak of a crane or stork, 2. 
A pah' of long-beaked pincers used by surgeons. 

Cra'ni-al, a. Belonging to the cranium. 

Cra'ni-o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to craniology. 

Cra/ni-61'o-gist, n. One who is versed in craniology ; 
a phrenologist. 

Cra/ni-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. icpaviov, skull, and Ao-yo?, dis- 
course, Ae'yeiv, to speak.] The science which investigates ' -Cra'ven 
the structure of the skull , and its relation to the faculties 
of the mind; phrenology. 

Cra/ni-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. KpavLov, skull, and fiirpov, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring skulls. 

Cra/ni-om'e-try , n. Art of measuring the skulls of an- 
imals, for discovering their specific differences. 

Cra/ni-6s'co-py, n. [Gr. Kpaviov, skull, and o-zcoTreiv, 
to view.] The examination of the skull with a view to 
discover the parts of the brain which are supposed to be 
the organs of particular passions or faculties. 

■Cra'ni-iim, re.; pi. cra'ni-a. [N. Lat., from Gr. 
icpaviov.] {Anat.) The skull of an animal; brain-pan. 

Crank, n. [Cf. D. kring, L. Ger. krink, Icel. kringr, 
circle.] 1. (Mach.) A bend in, or a bent portion of, an 
axis, serving as a handle for communicating circular 
motion, or to change circular into reciprocating motion, 
or the reverse. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a 
passage. 3. A conceit consisting in a change of the 
form or meaning of a word. 

Crank, a. [A.-S. crane, weak, Icel. krankr,D. & Ger. 
krank, sick, weak.] 1. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be 
overset, as a ship. 2. Full of spirit ; brisk; lively. 

Crank'le, v. i. [See Crank, n., and Crinkle.] To 
run in a winding course ; to bend, wind, and turn. 

Crank'le (krank/1), v. t. To break into bends, turns, or 
angles ; to crinkle. 

Crank'le, n. A bend or turn ; a crinkle. 

Cran'nled, a. [See Cranny.] Full of crannies ; hav- 
ing rents, chinks, or fissures. 

Cran'ny, n. [Fr. cran, Lat. crena, notch.] 1. A small, 
narrow opening ; a fissure, crevice, or chink. 2. A 
secret, retired place : a hole. 

Cran'ny, v. i- 1. To make crannies. 2. To haunt or 
enter by crannies. 

Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, from Lat. crispus, curled, crisped.] 
A thin, transparent stuff, made of raw silk gammed and 
twisted, much used for mourning garments. 

Crap'u-lent, j a. [Lat. crapulentus, crapulosus, from Lat. 

Crap'u-Ioiis, I crapula, Gr. KpaL-trdKr).] Sick from in- 
temperance. [-Rare.] 

Syn. — Drunken ; intoxicated; inebriated. 

Crap'y, a. Resembling crape. 

Crash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crashed (krasht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. crashing.] [From Goth, kriustan, to gnash, 
crash, grate. Cf. Crush.] To break to pieces violently. 

Crash, v. i. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of 
many things falling and breaking at once. 

Crash, n. 1. The loud, mingled sound of many things 
falling and breaking at once. 2. [Lat. crassus.] A kind 
of coarse linen cloth. 

Cr&ss'a-ment, n. [Lat. crassamentum, from crassus, 
thick.] The thick part of any fluid, especially of the 
blood : a clot. 

Crass'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. crassitudo. See supra.] 
Grossness ; coarseness ; thickness. 

Cratch, n. [From 0. H. Ger. krippa, krippea.] A man- 
ger or open frame for hay ; a crib. 

Cratch-cradle, & representation of the figure of the crateh, 
made upon the finders with a string; a child's game; — called 
also scratch-cradle and caVs-cradle. 

Crate, n. [Lat. crates.'] A hamper of wicker-work, for 
the transportation of crockery. 



Cra'ter, n. [Lat. crater, cratera, from Gr. Kparfjp, a mix- 
ing vessel, crater, from Kepavvvvai., to mix.] The aperture 
or mouth of a volcano. 

Cra-ter'i-form, a. [Lat. cratera, a bowl, and forma 
form.] Having the form of a goblet. 

Craunch (kranch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. craunched 
(kriineht, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ckaunching.] [Cf. D. 
schransen, to eat greedily.] To crush with the teeth ; to 
chew noisily ; to crunch. 

-Cra-vat', n. [Fr. cravat e, from Cravate, a Croat, an in- 
habitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, 
from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in 
France.] A neck-cloth. 

Crave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. craved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
craving.] [A.-S. crqfian, Icel. krefia.] 1. To ask with 
earnestness or importunity, and humility. 2. To long 
for ; to require or demand. 

Syn.— To seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit. 
Cra'ven, n. [Probably from crave, one who craves or 
begs for his life when vanquished.] One who, being van- 
quished in trial by battle, has craved or begged his life 
of his antagonist ; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. 

Syn.— Coward; poltroon; dastard. See Cowaed. 

Cowardly with meanness ; spiritless. 
Crav'er, re. One who craves or begs. 
Craw, re. [D. kraag, Ger. krage, kragen, throat, crop.] 

The crop or first stomach of fowls. 
Cravv'-flsh, ) n. [Corrupted either from 0. H. Ger. 
Cray '-fish, ) krebiz, or from Fr. ccrevisse, which is 

itself derived from 0. H. Ger. krebiz.] (Zool.) A crusta- 

ceous animal, resembling the lobster, but smaller, found 

in fresh -water streams. 
Crawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CRAWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

CRAWLING.] [Icel. krafla, D. krabbelen, grabbelen, dim. 

of krabbai, grappen.] 1. To move slowly, as a worm ; 

or on the hands and knees, as a human being ; to creep. 

2. To move or advance in a slow and feeble manner. 

3. To have a sensation resembling that of insects creep- 
ing about the body. 

Crawl, re. The act or motion of crawling. 

Crawl'er, n. One who, or that which, crawls. 

Cray 'fish, re. The river lobster. See Craw-fish. 

Cray'on, n. [Fr., from craie, Lat. creta, chalk, properly 
Cretan earth, from Creta, the island Crete.] 1. A piece 
of chalk, or other soft, earthy substance, in the form of a 
cylinder, for use in drawing. 2. A drawing made with 
a pencil or crayon. 

Cray'on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crayoned ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. crayoning.] To sketch, as with a crayon. 

Craze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CRAZING.] [From Icel. krassa, to grind, Sw. krasa, to 
crush, break to pieces.] 1. To break into pieces ; to 
crushl [Obs.] 2. To confuse ; to impair. 3. To derange 
the intellect of; to render insane. 

Craze, n. 1. State of craziness ; insanity. 2. A strong 
habitual desire or passion. 

Cra'zi-ly, adv. In a crazy manner. 

Cra'zi-ness, n. The state of being crazy ; derangement. 

Cra'zy, a. [From craze, q. v.] 1. Characterized by 
weakness or feebleness : decrepit ; broken. 2. Disordered 
in intellect ; deranged ; weakened : shattered. 

Creak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. creaked (kreekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CREAKING.] [A modification of crack, q. v.] To 
make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by the friction 
of hard substances. 

Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. 

Creak, re. The sound produced when any thing creaks. 

Cream, n. [From Lat. cremor, thick juice or broth; 
allied to A.-S. ream, Ger. rahm, Icel. riomi.] 1. The 
oily, unctuous substance, which forms a scum on tho 
surface of milk. 2. The best part of a thing. 

Cream of tartar, purified tartar or argal, being the bi-tartrate 
ofpotassa; — so called becaiise it rises, like cream, to the sur- 
face of the liquor in which it is purified. 

Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. creamed ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. 

CREAMING.] 1. To skim or take off by skimming, as 

cream. 2. To take off the best part of. 
Cream, v. i. To become covered with cream ; to become 

thick like cream ; to assume the appearance of cream. 
Cream'-eake, n. ( Cookery.) A kind of cake filled with 

custard made of cream, eggs, &c. [cream. 

Cream'-cheese, n. Cheese formed of milk mixed with 
Cream'y, a. 1. Full of cream. 2. Resembling cream 

in nature, appearance, or taste ; unctuous. 
Crease, n. [Cf. L. Ger. kriis, Ff. Ger. krause, crispness, 

krausen, krdusen, to crisp, curl.] A mark made by fold- 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e,&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



CREASE 



167 



CREST 



ing any pliable substance ; hence, a similar mark, how- 
ever produced. 

Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. creased (kreest, 108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. CREASING.] To make a crease or mark in, 
as by folding or doubling. 

Cre'a-sote, n. See Creosote. 

Cre-ate' v. t. [imp. & p. p. created ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CREATING.] [Lat. creare, creatum, to create.] 1. To 
bring into being ; to cause to exist ; to originate, 2. To 
be the occasion of; to produce. 3. To constitute ; to ap- 
point ; to make. 

Cre-a/tion, n. 1. Act of creating; especially, the act 
of bringing the universe or this world into existence. 2. 
Constitution; appointment ; formation. 3. That which 
is created, as the world or the universe. 

Cre-a/tlve, a. Having the power to create, or exerting 
the act of creation. 

Cre-a'tive-ness, n. State of being creative. [Being. 

Cre-a/tor, n. One who creates ; specifically, the Supreme 

Creat'ure (krjt'yyjr, 53), n. [Lat. creatura. See 
CREATE.] 1. Any thing created ; especially, any being 
created with life ; an animal ; a man. 2. A human 
being, in contempt or endearment. 3. One who owes 
his rise and fortune to another ; a servile dependent. 

Cre'dence, n. [L. Lat. credentia, from Lat. credcns^ p. 
pr. of credere, to trust, believe.] 1. Reliance of the mind 
on evidence of facts derived from other sources than 
personal knowledge ; belief; credit. 2. That which gives 
a claim to credit or confidence. 

Cre'dent, a. [Lat. credens, p. pr. of credere, to trust, 
believe.] Believing ; giving credit. 

Cre-den'tial, a. Giving a title to credit. 

Cre-den'tial, n. 1. That which gives credit or a title 
to confidence. 2. pi. Testimonials or certificates show- 
ing that a person is entitled to credit, or has authority or 
official powers. [credible ; credibleness. 

Cred'i-Ml'i-ty, n. The quality or the state of being 

Cred'i-fole, a. [Lat. credibilis, from credere.] Capable 
of being believed ; worthy of belief. 

Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of belief; credibility. 

Cred'i-lsly, adv. In a manner that deserves belief. 

Gred'it, n. [Lat. creditum, loan, &c, from credere, 
creditiun, to trust, to loan.] 1. Reliance on the truth 
of something said or done ; belief ; faith. 2. Reputation 
derived from the confidence of others ; esteem ; honor ; 
reputation ; estimation. 3. Authority derived from char- 
acter or reputation. 4. Influence derived from the good 
opinion, confidence, or favor of others ; interest. 5. 
(Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future 
payment for property transferred or promises given ; mer- 
cantile reputation. 6. (Book-keeping.) (a.) The side of 
an account on which are entered all items reckoned as 
values received, (b.) The items entered on such side of 
an account. 

Cred'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. credited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CREDITING.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to put 
trust in ; to believe. 2. To enter upon the credit side 
of an account. 3. To set to the credit of. 

Cred'it-a-fole, a. Deserving or possessing reputation or 
esteem ; reputable ; estimable. 

Cred'it-a-ble-ness, n . Quality of being creditable. 

Cred'it-a-bly, adv. Reputably ; with credit. 

Cred'it-or, n. One who gives credit in business matters ; 
and hence, one to whom money is due. [dence. 

Cre-dii'li-ty, n. A disposition to believe on slight evi- 

Cred'u-loiis, a. [Lat. credulus, from credere, to believe.] 
Apt to believe on slight or insufficient evidence ; easily 
convinced or imposed upon ; unsuspecting. 

Cred'u-lous-ly, adv. With credulity. 

Cred'u-lous-iiess, n. Readiness to believe without suf- 
ficient evidence ; credulity. 

Creed, n. [From Lat. credo, I believe, at the beginning 
of the Apostles' Creed.] A definite summary of what is 
believed ; especially, a summary of Christian belief. 

■Greek, n. [A.-S. crecca, L. Lat. erica, creca, crecca, W. 
crig, crack, crigyll, ravine, creek.] 1. A small inlet, bay, 
or cove ; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. 
2. A small river or brook. 3. Any turn or winding. 

Creel, n. [Gael, craidhleag, basket, creel; only used in 
Scotland.] An osier basket, such as anglers use. 

Creep, v. i. [imp. crept ; p. p. CREPT ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CREEPING.] [A.-S. creopan, Icel. kriupa, 0. H. Ger. 
Icriuchan, kriochan, chriohhan.] 1. To move along, as a 
worm or reptile does ; to move on hands and knees ; to 
crawl. 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously. 3. 
To move in a stealthy or unobserved manner ; to steal 
in ; to insinuate one's self. 4. To fawn. 5. To grow, 
as a vine, clinging to the ground or other support. 6. 



To have a sensation resembling that of insects creeping 
on the skin of the body ; to crawl. 
Creep'er, n. 1. One who creeps ; any creeping thing. 
2. A creeping or clinging plant, as a vine. 3. ( Ornith.) 
A small bird, allied to the wrens. 4. A fixture with 
iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 

5. pi. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for 
dragging the bottom of a well, or other body of water. 

Creep'ing-ly, adv. By creeping ; slowly. 

Cre-ma'tion, n. [Lat. crematio, from cremare, to burn.] 
A burning ; particularly, the burning of the dead. 

Cre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of violin, made at Cre- 
mona, in Italy. 

Gre'nate, la. [From Lat. crena, notch. Cf. CRAN- 

Cre'na-ted, ) ny.] (Bot.) Having the edge cut or 
notched in the form of a scallop-shell 

Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criollo, prop, created, nursed, grown up, 
contracted from c.riadillo, dim. of criado, p. p. of criar, to 
create, nurse, educate.] 1. One born in America, or the 
West Indies, of European ancestors. 2. One born in 
tropical America, or the adjacent islands, of any color. 
[T/iis is the usual sense.] 

GOT* "The term Creole negro is employed in the English 
West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the 
Africans imported during the time of the slave-trade. The 
application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea, 
common in some parts of the United States, though wholly 
unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of 
African blood." In the United States Creole isapplied especially 
to the descendants of the French in Louisiana ; in Spanish 
America and the West Indies, it includes all natives, whether 
white or black, except full-blooded Indians. 

Cre'o-sote, n. [Gr. Kpeag, generally Kpeco?, flesh, and 
a-oi^eiv, to preserve.] ( Cliem.) An oily, colorless liquid, 
having the smell of smoke, and strong antiseptic proper- 
ties, obtained from the distillation of wood. 

Crep'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. crepitated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CREPITATING.] [Lat. crepitare, crepilatum, to 
crackle, intensive form of crepare.] To burst with a sharp, 
abrupt sound, rapidly repeated ; to crackle ; to snap. 

Crep'i-ta'tion, n. [See supra.] The act of crepitating ; 
a snapping or crackling. 

Crept, imp. & p. p. of creep. See Creep. 

Gre-pus'-eu-lar, ) a. [See supra.] _ Pertaining to twi- 

Cre-pfis'-eu-loiis, ) light ; glimmering ; hence, imper- 
fectly clear or luminous. 

-Cres-cett'do, a. [It., from It. & Lat. "" ~~~ 

crescere, to increase.] (Mus.) With a Crescendo, 
constantly increasing volume of voice ; — a direction for 
the performance of music, indicated as in the margin. 

Sres-geti'do, n. (Mus.) (a.) A gradual increase in the 
strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is per- 
formed, (b.) A passage to be performed with constantly 
increasing volume of tone. 

Cres'cent, a. [Lat. crescens, p. pr. of crescere, to in- 
crease.] Increasing ; growing. 

Cres'cent, n. 1. The increasing moon ; the moon in 
her first quarter. 2. (a.) The figure or likeness of the 
new moon, borne in the Turkish flag, (b.) The flag 
itself, (c.) The Turkish power. 

Cres'cive, a. [From Lat. crescere, to increase.] Increas- 
ing ; augmenting ; growing. 

Cress, n. [A.-S. cresse, 0. H. Ger. cressa, cresso, chresso, 
Ger. kresan, to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species. 
The leaves of the true kinds have a moderately pungent 
taste, and are used as a salad. 

Cres'set n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of croxx, cross, because 
beacons ' formerly had crosses on their tops.] An open 
lamp, filled with combustible material, placed on a bea- 
con, lighthouse, &c, or carried on a pole. 

Crest, n. [A.-S. crdsta, Lat. crista, allied in stem to Lat. 
crescere, to grow.] 1. A tuft, or other natural ornament, 
growing on an animal's head, as the comb of a cock. 2. 
The plume or feathers, or other decoration, worn on a 
helmet; hence, the helmet itself. 3. The helmet or 
head, as typical of a high spirit ; spirited bearing ; pride; 
courage. 4. (Her.) An appendage 
to the shield, placed over it, and 
usually borne upon a wreath. 5. 
The rising part of a horse's neck. 

6. The foamy, feather-like top of a 
wave. 7. (Fort.) The top line of a 
slope. 

Interior crest (Fort.), the highest fine 
of the parapet. 

Crest, v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. CREST- Crest (4) 

ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRESTING.] 
To furnish or adorn with a crest ; to serve as a crest : 




fobd, fobt ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e_ist ; linger, link ; this. 






CRESTED 



168 



CRISP 



■€r6st'ed, p. a. 1. Having a crest. 2. (Bot.) Bearing 
any elevated appendage like a crest. 

CrSst'-f alien (-fawln), a. With lowered front or hang 
ing head ; hence, dispirited : dejected ; cowed. 

Cre-ta/ceoiis, a. [Lat. crelaceus, from creta, chalk 
(prop. Cretan earth, from Creta, Crete).] Having the 
qualities of chalk ; abounding with chalk. See Chalk. 

Cre-ta'ceoiis-ly, adv. In a manner like that of chalk ; 
as chalk. 

Cre'tie, n. [Lat. Creticus (sc. pes), foot, prop, a Cretan 
(metrical) foot.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, com- 
posed of one short syllable between two long syllables. 

Cre'tin, n. [Fr. cretin, for crestin, from Lat. castrare, to 
geld, emasculate, and thus originally a mutilated, stunted 
man.] (Med.) An idiot of a certain kind, frequent in the 
low valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted also with 
goiter. See Goiter. 

Cre'tin-Igm, n. The condition or the disease of a cretin ; 
a species of idiocy ; goiter. 

•€>ve-vasse f , n. [Fr. crevasse, as if fr. a Lat. word crepacea, 
from crepax, crepacis, cracking, bursting, from crepare, to 
crack, to burst.] 1. A deep crevice or split, as in a 
glacier. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a 
river. [Amer.] 

Crev'Ice, n. [0. Eng. & Fr. crevasse. See supra.] A 
narrow opening resulting from a split or crack ; a cleft ; 
a fissure ; a rent. 

Crew (kru), n. [0. Eng. crue, from Fr. crue, increase, 
accession, from crii, crtie, p. p. of croitre, to grow, in- 
crease.] 1. A company of people associated together ; a 
throng ; an assemblage. 2. A ship's company ; the 
seamen belonging to a vessel. 

Crew (kru), imp. of crow. See CROW. 

Crew'el (kru 'el), n. [For clewel, dim. of clew, a ball of 
thread.] Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 

Crew'et (kru'et), n. See Cruet. 

■Crib, it. [A.-S. crybb, 0. II. Ger. crippa.] 1. The man- 
ger or rack of a stall. 2. A stall for cattle. 3. A small 
inclosed bedstead for a child. 4. A box or bin for stor- 
ing grain, salt, &c. 5. A literal translation of a classic 
author. [Colloq.] 

Crib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CRIBBING.] 1. To shut or confine in a narrow habita- 
tion. 2. To pilfer or purloin. 

Crib, v.i. To crowd together ; to be confined, as in a crib 

Crib'bage, n. [From crib, v. t., 2.] A game at cards, in 
which the dealer makes up a third hand for himself, 
partly out of the hand of his opponent. 

Crlb'bage-board, n. A board with holes, used by 
cribbage-players, to score their game with pegs. 

Crib'ble, n. [L. Lat. criblus, from Lat. crihrum, sieve, 
from cernere, to sift.] A coarse sieve or screen. 

Crib'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cribbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. cribbling.] [See supra.] To cause to pass through 
a sieve or riddle ; to sift. 

Crick, n. [Cf. A.-S. eric, cricc, a crooked staff.] A spas- 
modic and acutely painful affection of some part of the 
body, as of the neck or back. 

Crick'et, n. [W. criciad, cricell, 
cricket, and cricellu, to chirp, to 
chatter, D. krekel, Ger. grille, 0. 
H. Ger. grillo, crillo, Lat. gryl- 
lus.] An orthopterous insect, 
characterized by a chirping note. 

Crick'et, n. [From A.-S. cricc, 

crooked staff, crutch.] 1. A game with a bat, ball, and 
wicket, the players being arranged in two contesting par- 
ties. 2, A sort of low stool. 

Crick'et, v. i. To play at cricket. 

Crick'et-er, n. One who plays at cricket. 

Cricoid, a. [Gr. k P ikos, ring, andelSos, form.] (Anat.) 
Resembling a ring. 

Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of cry. See CRY. 

Cn'er, n. [See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes 
proclamation; especially, an officer who proclaims the 
orders or commands of a court, or who gives public no- 
tice by loud proclamation. 

Crime, n. [Lat. crimen, criminis, judicial decision, fault, 
crime, from cernere, to decide judicially.] Any violation 
of law, either divine or human ; especially, a gross offense, 
or violation of law ; any outrage or great wrong. 
Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. 
Syn.— Sin; vice.— Sin is generic, embracing wickedness 
of every kind. Crime is a violation of law, and springs from 
our passions ;ri« from the inordinate indulgence of natural 
appetites, which in themselves are innocent. Intemperance is 
a vice, sometimes leading to.the crime of murder. 

Crim'i-nal, a. [Lat. criminalis, from crimen.] 1. Guilty 




Cricket. 



of crime. 2. Involving a crime. 3. Relating to 
crime. 

Criminal conversation (Law.), unlawful intercourse with a 
married woman; adultery; — usually abbreviated crim. con. 

Crim'i-nal, n. A person who has committed a crime, or 
an offense against law. 

Crlm'i-nal'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. criminalitas, from Lat- 
criminalis. See supra.] Quality or state of being crim- 
inal ; guiltiness. 

Crim'i-nal-ly, adv. In violation of law ; wickedly. 

Crim'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criminated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. CRIMINATING.] [Lat. criminare, criminatum, 
and criminari, criminatus, from crimen. See CRIME.] 
To accuse or charge with a crime ; to convict of crime or 
guilt; tojmpeach. [crime: accusation. 

Crlm'i-na'tion, n. Act of accusing ; conviction of 

Crim'i-na-to-ry , a. Relating to, or involving, crimina- 
tion ; accusing ; censorious. 

Crimp, a. [A.-S. ge-crympt, crimped, curled, D. krimpen, 
to contract, wrinkle, crisp.] Easily crumbled. [Rare.] 

Crimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crimped (84, 109) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. crimping.] [See supra, and cf. Ger. krimmen, 
to seize or grasp with the claws or the beak.] 1. To form 
into ridges, waves, or plaits. 2. To pinch and hold ; to 
seize. 3. To decoy into the power of a recruiting officer, 
or of a press-gang. 4. ( Cookery. ) To cause to contract, 
or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing 
it, when living, with a knife. 

Crimp, n. One who decoys into the power of a recruit- 
ing officer, or a press-gang. 

Crimp'le (krimp'l), v. t. [imp. & p.p. crimpled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CRIMPLING.] [Dim. of crimp, v. t., q. v.] 
To cause to shrink or draw together ; to contract ; to 
curl ; to corrugate. 

Crim'gon (krlm'zn), n. [0. Eng. crimosyn, from Ar. 
qarmaz, qermez, cochineal insect and a liquid expressed 
from it, a., qarmazl, from Skr. krimija, produced by a 
worm, from krimi, worm or insect, and ja, generated, 
from jan, to generate. Cf. Carmine.] A deep-red 
color tinged with blue ; red. 

Crim'gon, a. Of a deep red color. 

Crim'gon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crimsoned (krim'znd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. crimsoning.] To dye with crimson, or 
deep bluish red. [to blush. 

Crim'gon, v. i. To become crimson or deep red in color ; 

Cri'na-to-ry, a. Of, or relating to, the hair. 

Cringe, v. t. [Cf. Icel. kringi, to make round, kringr, 
circle.] To cause to shrink or wrinkle ; to contract ; to 
draw together. [Rare.] 

Cringe, v. i. [imp. & p.p. cringed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cringing.] To draw one's self together as in fear or 
timid servility ; to bow obsequiously ; hence, to fawn. 

Cringe (krlnj), n. Servile civility ; a mean bow. 

Crin'ger, n. One who cringes, or bows meanly. 

Crin'gle (krlng'gl), n. [Icel. kringla, orb, round cake, 
from kringr, circle. Cf. Crinkle and Cringe.] 1. 
A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Naut.) (a.) An iron 
ring strapped to the bolt -rope of a sail for various pur- 
poses, (b.) A rope, having its end formed into a ring for 
securing it to a sail. 

Cri'nite, a. [Lat. crinilus, p. p. of crinire, to provide or 
cover with hair, from crinis, hair.] Having the appear- 
ance of a tuft of hair. 

Criiik'le (krink'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRINKLED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CRINKLING.] [D. krinkenel, to wind or 
twist, krinkel, twisting, turn, from kring, circle. Cf. 
CRINGLE .] To form with short turns or wrinkles. 

Crlnk'le, v. i. To run in and out in little or short bends 
or turns ; to run in flexures. 

Crin'o-Hne, n. [Fr., from crin, Lat. crinis, hair.] A 
lady's skirt expanded by means of hoops, or by being 
made of hair-cloth materials stiffened in various ways. 

Cri-nose', a. [L. Lat. crinosus, and criniosus, from Lat 
crinis, hair.] Hairy. [Rare.] 

Crlp'ple (krip'l), n. [Properly one that can not walk, 
but must creep, from A.-S. creopan, to creep.] One who 
creeps, halts, or limps. 

Crlp'ple, v . t. [imp. & p. p. CRIPPLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CRIPPLING.] 1. To deprive of the use of the limbs, 
particularly of the legs and feet ; to lame. 2. To de- 
prive of strength, activity, or capability for service or 
use ; to disable. 

Cri'sis, n. ; pi. CRl'SEg. [Lat. crisis, Gr. Kpcaig, from 
upCveiv, to separate, to determine, to decide.] 1. The 
decisive moment; the turning-point. 2. (Med.) The 
change of a disease which indicates recovery or death. 

Crisp, a. [Lat. crispus, Pr. crisp, cresp, Sp., Pg., & It. 
crespo.] 1. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets. 2. Gha.r- 



a,e, &c, long; a,e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



CRISP 



169 



CROP 



acterized by windings or indentations. 3. Brittle ; fri- 
able ; breaking short, but with a slight resistance. 4. 
Effervescing ; sparkling ; — said of liquors. 

Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crisped (krlspt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CRISPINS.] 1. To curl, as the hair; to wreathe 
or interweave, as the branches of trees, 2. To wrinkle 
or curl into little undulations on the surface or edges. 

■Crisp, v. i- To form little curls or undulations on the 
surface or edges. 

Crisp'er, n. One who, or that which, crisps. 

Crisp'ing-r'ron (-I'urn), n. A curling-iron. 

Crisp'ly, adv. With crispness ; in a crisp manner. 

Crisp'ness, n. State of being crisp, curled, or brittle. 

Crisp'y, a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets ; frizzled ; 
crisp. 2. Prepared so as to break short ; brittle. 

Criss'-cross, n. [A corruption of Christ-cross.] 1. A 
mark formed by two lines crossing each other, usually at 
right angles. 2. A child's game played on paper or on 
a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a 
cross. [opposition or hindrance. 

Criss'-eross, adv. 1. In opposite directions. 2. With 

Criss'-eross-row, n. _See_CHRlST-CROSS-ROW. 

Cri-te'ri-on, n. ; pi. CRI-te'ri-a, sometimes CRf-TE'- 
RI-ONS_. [Gr. fcpi-nypcov, a means for judging, from /c/xtt??, 
decider, judge, from upLveiv, to separate, distinguish, de- 
cide, judge.] A standard of judging ; any approved or 
established rule, principle, or test, by comparison with 
which an estimate or judgment is formed. 

Crit'i-e, n. [See infra.] 1. One skilled in judging of the 
merits of literary works or productions of art, especially 
in the fine arts ; a connoisseur. 2. A harsh examiner or 
judge; a caviler ; a carper. 3. The art of criticism ; a 
critique. [In this sense, Rare.] 

Crit'ie, a. [Lat. criticus, Gr. KpiTi/cds, from /cpmjs, de- 
cider, judge, from KpLvetv, to separate, distinguish, de- 
cide, judge.] Relating to criticism. See CRITICAL. 

Crit'ic-al, a. 1. Having the skill or power to judge 
with accuracy of literary or artistic matters and merits. 
2. Inclined to make nice distinctions ; exact ; nicely 
judicious. 3. Inclined to find fault ; captious. 4. Re- 
lating to criticism ; belonging to the art of a critic. 5. 
Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to princi- 
ples, as becomes a critic. 6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining 
to, or indicating, a crisis or turning-point ; decisive ; 
hence, of doubtful issue ; attended with risk. 

Crit'ie -al-ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner ; with nice 
discernment ; exactly. 2. At a crisis ; in a condition of 
doubtful issue. 

Crit'ie-al-ness, n. 1. State of being critical. 2. Ac- 
curacy in examination or decision. 

Crit'i-ci§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criticised ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. criticising.] [See Critic] To examine and 
judge as a critic ; to animadvert on. [Written also, but 
less commonly, criticize.] 

Crit'i-cige, v. i. To act as a critic ; to pass literary or 
artistic judgment ; to animadvert. 

Crit'i-cls'er, n. One who criticises. 

Crit'i-£i§m, n. 1. Art of judging of the beauties and 
faults of a literary performance, or of a production in 
the fine arts. 2. A critical judgment passed or ex- 
pressed ; a detailed examination and review. 

Cri-tique' (kri-teek'), n. [Fr. critique, f. ; Gr. Kpm/07 
(sc. Te'xvT)), the critical art, from kp<,tik6s. See Critic, 
a.] 1. The art of criticism. [Rare.] 2. A critical ex- 
amination or estimate of a work of literature or art ; a 
careful and thorough analysis of any subject. 

Croak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. croaked (krokt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CROAKING.] [A.-S. cracetan, to croak as a raven, 
0. H. Ger. croccizan, chrockezan, Goth, hrukjan, to crow, 
Lat. crocire, crocitare, to croak as a raven, Gr. Kpu^eiv. 
itpdgeiv.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, 
as a frog, a raven, or crow ; hence, to make any low, mut- 
tering sound. 2. To forebode evil ; to grumble. 

Croak, v. t. To utter or say in a low, hoarse voice. 

Croak, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a 
raven, or a like sound. 

Croak'er, n. One who croaks, murmurs, or complains 
unreasonably ; one who habitually forebodes evil. 

Cro-chet' (kro-sha/), n. [Fr., small hook, from Icel. 
krukr, W. crog, hook.] A kind of netting made by means 
of a small hook. [called crochet. 

Cro-chet' ( kro-sha/ ), v.t. To perform the kind of netting 

CrSck, n. [A.-S. crdc, crocca. Cf. W. crivc, bucket, pail, 
Gael, crog, crogan, earthen vessel, jar.] An earthen ves- 
sel ; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. [ Obs.] 

Crock, n. [Cf. W. croeg, cover.] Fine black matter col- 
lected from combustion, as on pots and kettles ; soot ; 
smut ; lamp-black. 




Crocket. 
Gr. /cpo/c66e'Ao?.] 




CrSck, v. t. [imp. & p.p. crocked (krSkt, 108), p. pr. 

& vb. n. crocking.] To blacken with soot, or with 

the coloring matter of cloth. 
Crock, v. i. To give off crock or 

smut ; to blacken. 
Crock'er-y, n. [From crock, earthen 

vessel, q. v.] Earthen-ware ; vessels 

formed of clay, glazed and baked ; 

pottery. 
Crock'et, n. [From 0. & Prov. Eng. 

crock, a crooked timber, a large roll 

of hair. Cf. CROOK, curve. (Arch.) 

An ornament formed in imitation of 

curved and bent foliage. 
Croe'o-dlle, n. [Lat. crocodilus 

(Zool.) A large reptile, grow- 
ing to the length of sixteen 

or eighteen feet. It inhabits 

the large rivers in Africa and 

Asia, and lays its eggs, re- 
sembling those of a goose, in ^ 

the sand, to be hatched by 

the heat of the sun. 

Crocodile tears, false or af- 
fected tears ; hypocritical sor- 
row;— derived from the fiction 
of old travelers, that crocodiles -"^== 
shed tears over their prey. Crocodile. 

Croe'o-dil'i-an, a. Pertaining to the crocodile. 

Cro'cus, n. [Lat. crocus, Gr. /cprkos, Heb. karkdm, Ar. 
kurkum, Skr. kunkuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants 
valued for their early flowering, and the brilliancy of 
the blossoms. 2. A mineral powder of a deep yellow or 
red color. 

Croft, n. [A.-S. croft, cruft, 0. H. Ger. cruft, Lat. crypta, 
Gr. KpvnTr], from Kpynrog, concealed, (cpvirreii/, to con- 
ceal.] A small close, or inclosed field, used for pasture, 
tillage, or other purposes. 

Crom'leeh (krom-lek), n. [W., from crom, bending or 
bent, concave, and llech, a flat stone.] A structure of 
large stones, a part set upright, and others of a flat 
shape resting on them, found in countries formerly occu- 
pied by the Celts, and supposed to be the remains of 
druidical altars. 

Cro-mor'na, n. [From Ger. krummhorn, crooked horn.] 
(Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of 
tone resembling that of the oboe. 

Crone, n. [A.-S. crone, an old ewe; Ir. & Gael, crion, 
dry, withered, criona, old.] An old woman ; — usually 
in contempt ; more rarely an aged man. 

Cro'ny, n. [See Crone.] An intimate companion; an 
associate ; a familiar friend. [Colloq.] 

Crook (27), n. [Icel. krdkr.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve ; 
curvature ; flexure. 2. A device used as a subterfuge; 
an indirect method; a trick or artifice. 3. An instru- 
ment bent at the end; especially, a shepherd's or a 
bishop's staff. 

Crook, v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. crooked (krdbkt, 108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CROOKING.] 1. To turn from a straight 
line ; to make crooked ; to bend ; to curve. 2. To turn 
from rectitude ; to pervert. 

Crook, v.i. To be bent or curved. [shoulders. 

Crobk'-Tback, n. One who has a crooked back or round 

Crobk'ed (60), p. a. 1. Characterized by a crook or 
curve ; bent ; not straight. 2. Not straight-forward ; 
deviating from rectitude ; devious ; perverse. 

Crobk-ed-ly, adv. In a crooked manner. 

Crdok'ed-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
crooked ; curvity ; inflexion ; deformity. 

Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 2. 
A simple piece of music ; a plain, artless melody. 

Crdbn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crooned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone; to hum. 2. 
To_soothe by singing softly. 

Croon, v. i. [Scot.] 1. To make a continuous noise in 
a low, hollow tone, as cattle do when in pain ; to moan. 
2. To hum or sing in a low tone ; to murmur softly. 

Crop, n. [A.-S. crop, cropp, D. krop, W. cropa, croppa.] 
1. The protuberant upper receptacle of food of a bird, 
situated in the throat ; the craw. 2. The top or high- 
est part of any thing, especially of a plant. 3. That 
which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single field, or 
of a single kind of grain, root, or fruit, or in a single sea- 
son ; fruit ; harvest. 4. Any thing cut off or gathered. 

Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cropped (kropt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cropping.] To cut off the ends of; to bite or 
pull off; to pluck. 

Crop, v. i. 1. (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as 



food, foot : lirn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



CROP-EARED. 



170 



CROWDER 




Crosiers. 



a seam or bed of coal ; — with out. 2. To come to light 
to be manifest ; — with out. 

CrSp'-eared, a. Having the end of the ears cut off. 

Crop'per, n. A variety of pigeon having a large crop. 

Cro'gier (kro'zher), n. [L. Lat. 
cruciarium, from crux, cross ; 
Fr. crosse, as if from a Lat. word 
crucea, from crux, cross.] The HHM^hUM B5P=iQ 
official staff of an archbishop, 
terminating at the top in a 
cross; also, the pastoral staff of 
a bishop, which terminates in 

- an ornamented curve. 

Cross (21), n. [Lat. crux, cruris, j 
a cross.] 1. A kind of gibbet, ' 
consisting of two pieces of timber 
placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as 
a T or "}". or X- 2. The theological and religious im- 
port of the death of Christ ; the Christian doctrine ; the 
gospel. 3. The symbol of Christ's death, and hence, 
of Christianity and Christendom. 4. Affliction regarded 
as a test of patience or virtue ; trial ; vexation ; disap- 
pointment ; opposition. 5. (Arch.) An ornament or 
monument in the form of a cross. 6. The cross-like 
mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those who 
are unable to write. 7. A mixing of breeds or stock, 
especially in cattle-breeding ; or the product of such in- 
termixture. 8. (Surveying.) An instrument for laying 
off offsets from the main course, and perpendicular to it. 

•Cross, a. 1. Lying or falling athwart; transverse; in- 
tersecting. 2. Adverse ; contrary ; perverse ; unfortu- 
nate. 3. Characterized by peevishness or fretfulness. 
4. Mutually inverse ; interchanged. 
Syn. — Fretful ; peevish ; ill-humored ; captious. 

Cross (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. crossed (krost, 108), 
p.pr. & vb. n. CROSSING.] 1. Toputacross or athwart. 
2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across. 3. To 
pass from one side to the other of. 4. To run counter 
to ; to thwart ; to clash or interfere with. 5. To debar. 
<S. To make the sign of the cross upon. 7. To cancel 
by marking crosses on or over; to erase. 8. To mix 
the breed of. 

Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or 
pass from one side toward the other, or from place to 
place. 3. To interbreed, as races. 

Cross'-foar, n. A transverse bar. 

Cross'-toeam, n. (Arch.) A large beam running from 
wall to wall of a house. [or equity suit. 

Cross'- Mil, n. (Law.) A defendant's bill in a chancery 

Cross'-Mll, n. ( Ornith.) A bird or a genus of birds, the 
mandibles of whose bill curve in opposite directions, and 
cross each other. 

Cross'-toow, n. (Archery.) A weapon used in discharg- 
ing arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock. 

Cross'-toreed, n. A breed produced from parents of 
different breeds. 

Cross'-foiin, n. A bun or cake marked with a cross. 

Cross'«=-eiit, n. A short cut across. 

Crogs'-eiit-gaw, n. A saw managed by two men, one 
at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise. 

Cross'-dayg, n. pi. (Eccl.) The three days preceding 
the Feast of the Ascension. 

Cross'-e^-ain'i-n.a'tion, n. (Law.) The examination 
of a witness, called by one party, by the opposite party 
or his counsel. 

Cross'-e^-am/me, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cross-exam- 
ined;^, pr. & vb. n. cross-examining.] (Law.) 
To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts which were 
not brought out in a direct examination or which will 
controvert the direct testimony. 

Cross'-eyed (-id), a. Having the eyes turned toward 
the nose, so that they look in directions which intersect 
or cross one another. 

Cross'-ilre, n. (Mil.) The crossing of lines of fire from 
two or more points or places. 

Cross'-grainfd, a. 1. Having the grain or fibres 
crossed or irregular. 2. Having a perverse and untracta- 
ble nature ; contrary ; vexatious. [the mizzen-mast. 

Cross'-jack (or kro'jXk), n. ( Naut.) The lower yard of 

Cross'-leggpd (-legd), a. Having the legs crossed. 

Cross'let, n. [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. 2. 
(Her.) A cross whose arms are terminated with small 
crosses, or again crossed near the end. 

Cr8ss'ly, adv. In a cross way, or in a manner charac- 
terized by crossness. 

Cross'ness, n. Quality or state of being cross. 

Cross'-patch, n. An ill-natured person. [Low.} 




Cross'-piece, n. A piece of any structure which is 
fitted or framed crosswise. 

Cross'-pur'pose, n. 1. A couuter or opposing pur- 
pose ; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory ; 
inconsistency. 2. pi. A game in which questions and an- 
swers are made so to concur as to involve ludicrous 
combinations of ideas. 

To be at cross-purposes, to act counter to one another without 
intending it; — said of persons. 

Cross'-ques'tion, v. t. To cross-examine. 

Cross'-road, n. A road that crosses another ; cross-way. 

Cross'-sea, n. (Naut.) A sea or swell in which the waves 
run in contrary directions. [road. 

Cross'- tie, n. A sleeper connecting the rails of a rail- 
Cross'- tree, n. (Naut.) One of certain pieces of timber, 
at the upper ends of the lower masts, and on the top- 
masts. 

Cross'-way, n. A way that crosses another ; cross-road. 

Cross'wige, adv. In the form of a cross ; across. 

Crotch, n. [Cf. Crutch.] 1. Place of division, as of a 
trunk into branches ; fork. 2. A forked piece of wood, 
metal, or other substance 

Crotch'et, n. [Fr. crochet. See ■ 
Crochet.] 1. A forked piece 
of wood; a crotch. 2. (Mus.) 
The third principal note, equal in 
duration to half a minim, marked 
with a hook, the stem of which may turn up or down 
according to its situation . 3. (Print.) A bracket. [See 
Bracket.] 4. A crooked or perverse fancy ; a capri- 
cious opinion ; a whim ; a conceit. 

Crotch'et-y, a. Given to crotchets ; distinguished by 
crotchets ; whimsical. 

Cro 'ton» oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil of a brownish- 
yellow color, and hot, biting taste. It is a most power- 
ful drastic cathartic. 

Crouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CROUCHED (kroucht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. CROUCHING.] [0. & Prov. Eng. crooch, 
from crook, to bend.] 1. To bend down; to stoop or 
lie low. 2. To bend servilely or obsequiously ; to stoop 
meanly ; to fawn; to cringe. 
Crouched friar. See Ceuxciied. 

Croup (krCop), n. [Fr. croupe, Sp. grupa, It. groppa. 
Cf. CROP, and Icel. kryppa, hunch, hump, bending, 
Gael, crup, to bend, contract.] The buttocks of certain 
quadrupeds, especially of a horse ; hence, the place be- 
hind the saddle. 

Croup (kro~op), n. [Cf. Crop, and also Scot, croup, 
cr'upe, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse 
voice.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx 
or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse ringing cough and 
difficult respiration. 

Crou'pi-er (kroiypi-er), n. [Fr., from groupe, group.] 
1" One who watches the cards and collects the money at 
a gaming-table. 2. An assistant chairman at a public 
dinner party. 

Crow (kro), n. [A.-S. crawe, so 
named from its cry.] 1. (Ornith.) 
A large bird, usually black, having a 
conical and somewhat curved beak, 
with projecting plumes at its base, 
and uttering a harsh, croaking note. 
2. An iron lever with a claw shaped: 
like the beak of a crow. 3. The 
voice of the cock. 

Crow, v. i. [imp. crew or crowed ; p. p. crowed 
(crown, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. crowing.] [See supra. 
Cf. CRAKE.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteris- 
tic of a cock. 2. To shout in exultation or defiance ; 
to brag. 3. To utter a sotmd expressive of joy or great 
pleasure, as an infant. 

Crow'-bar, n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and 
used as a lever. See Crow, 2. 

Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. crowded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CROWDING.] 1. To press or drive together. 
2. To fill by pressing or driving together ; hence, to en- 
cumber by excess of numbers or quantity. 3. To press 
by solicitation ; to dun ; hence, to treat discourteously. 
To crowd sail {Naut.), to carry an extraordinary force of sail. 

Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together in numbers ; to 
swarm or be numerous. 2. To urge or press forward. 

Crowd, n. [A.-S. croda, cread, crudh.] 1. A number 
of things closely pressed together, or lying or being adja- 
cent. 2. A number of persons congregated and pressed 
together. 3. The lower orders of people. 

Syn.— Throng; multitude; populace; vulgar; rabble. 

Crowd'er, n. One who crowds. 




Crow. 



a,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c.,sWf, care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, wolf, 



CROW-FOOT 



171 



CRUPPER 




Crow'-fobt, n. 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of many 
species, some of which are common weeds, while others 
are tiowering plants. 2. (Naut.) A contrivance consist- 
ing of a number of small cords rove through a long 
block, and used to suspend an awning by. 3. (Mil.) A 
caltrop. [crow. 

*row'-keep'er, n. A stuffed figure set up as a scare- 
d-own, n. [0. Eng. corone, 
coroun, fr. Lat. corona, Gr. ko- 
pixivri.] 1. A wreath or garland, 
or any ornament encircling the 
head, especially as a badge of 
dignity or power, 2. Any ob- 
ject sought for as a prize or 
consummation ; any thing im- 
parting beauty, dignity, or dis- 
tinction. 3. One entitled to 
l wear a regal or imperial crown ; Crown. 

' the sovereign. 4. Regal or imperial power ; sovereignty ; 
royalty. 5. A piece of money bearing the image of a 
crown; hence, a certain denomination of coin. 6. Chief 
or topmost part of any thing ; as (a.) The part of a hat 
above the brim ; also, the flat circular part at the top of 
a hat. (b.) (Arch.) The highest member of a cornice; 
also, the summit of any part of a building, (c.) (Bot.) 
An appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, (d.) 
(Naut.) That part of an anchor where the arms are 
joined to the shank ; also, the bights formed by the sev- 
eral turns of a cable. 
■Crown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crowned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CROWNINR.] 1. To invest with a crown, or with royal 
dignity. 2. To bestow upon as a mark of honor, dignity, 
or recompense ; to adorn ; to dignify. 3. To form the 
topmost part of; to complete ; to consummate; toper- 
feet. 4. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon (as upon the 
covered way, in a siege) by sapping upon a glacis near 
the crest. 
Crown'er, n. One who, or that which, crowns. 
■Crown'- glass, n. The finest sort of window-glass, 

formed in large circular plates or disks. 
€rown'-im-pe'ri-al, n. (Bot.) A plant of the lily 
family, having drooping flowers of a showy appearance. 
Crowii'-law, 11. That part of the common law which 

applies to'criminal matters. [Eng.] 
Crown'-law'yer, n. One who acts for the crown ; one 

who pleads in criminal cases. [Eng.] 
Crown'-of'fl^e, n. (Eng. Law.) A department be- 
longing to the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, com- 
monly called the crown side of the court, which takes 
cognizance of all criminal cases. 
Crown'-pa'per, n. Paper of a particular size, which 

formerly had the water-mark of a crown. 
Crown'-post, n. (Arch.) See KING-POST. 
Crown'-prln^e, n. The prince royal who inherits and 

succeeds to the crown. 
•Crown'- saw, n. ( Mech.) A species of tubular saw ; — a 

hollow cylinder with teeth on the edge. 
Crown'-side, n. See Crown-office. 
Crown'- wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel with cogs or 

teeth at right angles to its plane. 
Crown'- work (-wftrk), n. (Fort.) An outwork run- 
ning into the field, consisting of two demi-bastions at the 
extremes, and a bastion in the middle, with curtains. 
Crow'g'-foofc, n. 1. pi. Wrinkles under and around 
the outer corners of the eyes. 2. (Mil.) A caltrop. See 
Caltrop. 
Crow'g'-nest, n. (Naut.) A look-out place prepared 
near the top of a mast, as by securing a cask to the 
cross-trees. 
Crow'-toe, n. (Bot.) A species of purple hyacinth. 
Crii'cial (32), a. [From Lat. crux, crucis, cros3, torture.] 
1'.' Having the form of a cross ; appertaining to a cross. 
2. Trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross. 
Cru'ei-ate (kru'shi-, 45, 95), a. [Lat. cruciatus, p. p. of 
cr'uciare, to torture, from crux, crucis, cross.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross ; 
cruciform. 
Cru'ci-ble, n. [Prob. from L. 
Ger. kroos, Jcruus, mug, jug, jar, 
D. kroes, cup, crucible, Eng. 
cruse, q. v. According to some 
etymologists, it is derived from 
Lat. crux, cross, because these 
pots were marked with a cross, to 
prevent the devil from marring 
the chemical operation.] A chem- (Jrucil 

ical vessel or melting-pot, capable 
of enduring great heat without injury. 




Cru-clf'er-ous, a. [L. Lat. cruciferus, Lat. crucifer, 
from crux, cross, and/We, to bear.] 1. Bearing a cross. 

2. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the cruciform 
family of plants ; cruciate. 

Cru'ci-fl er, n. [See Crucify.] One who crucifies. 
Cru'^i-fix, n. [L. Lat. crucifixum, from Lat. crux, cross, 

zndjigere, fixum, to fix.] A cross, with the figure of 

Christ crucified tipon it. 
Cru'ci fix'ion (-Hk'shun), n. [See supra.] 1. Act of 

fastening a person to a cross. 2. Death upon a cross. 

3. Intense suffering or affliction. 

Cru'£i-f orm, a. [From Lat. crux, cross, and forma.] 
1. Cross-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Consisting of four equal 
petals, disposed in the form of a cross. 

Crvi'ci-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crucified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CRUCIFYING.] [L. Lat. crucijigere, from Lat. crux, 
cross, and figere, to fix.] 1. To fasten to a cross, 2. To 
destroy the power of; to subdue completely. 

Cru-cig'er-oiis, a. [Lat. crux, cross, and gerere, to bear.] 
Bearing the cross ; marked with the figure of a cross. 

Crude (32), a. [compar. cruder ; superl. crudest.] 
[Lat. crudus, prop, bloody , contracted from cm idus, from 
cruor, blood which flows from a wound.] 1. In its nat- 
ural state ; not cooked, or prepared for use ; raw. 2. 
Unripe ; immature. 3. Not reduced to order or form. 

4. Undigested. 5. Hasty and ill-considered. 6. Hav- 
ing, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge. 
7. (Paint.) Roughly or coarsely done; not accurately 
shaded or colored. 

Crude'ly, adv. In a crude or hasty manner. 

Crude'ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared 
state; rawness; unripeness; immaturity. 

Cru'di-ty, n. 1. The condition of being crude; raw- 
ness. 2. That which is in a crude or undigested state. 

Crii'el, a. [Lat. crudelis, from crudus. See Crude.] 
1. Disposed or pleased to give pain to others. 2. Caus- 
ing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. 

Syn. — Savage; barbarous; hard-hearted; inhuman; pitiless. 

Cru'el-ly, adv. In a cruel manner ; with cruelty. 

Crii'el-ty, n. 1. The attribute or character of being 
cruel ;■ inhumanity ; barbarity. 2. A cruel and barbar- 
ous deed ; inhuman treatment. 

Cru'et, n. [Contracted from Pr. cruchette, dim. of cruche, 
jug, jar. See Crock.] A small glass bottle for vinegar, 
oil, or the like ; a caster. 

Cruise, n. A small bottle. See Cruse. 

Criiige (kriiz, 32), v. i. [imp. & p. p. cruised ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. CRUISING.] [D. kruisen, to move crosswise or 
in a zigzag, to cruise, from cruis, a cross. See Cross. 7 
1. To go back and forth on the ocean ; to sail in search 
of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure. 2. To wan- 
der hither and thither on land. [Rare.] 

Cruige, ii. A voyage made without settled course. 

Cruig'er, n. One who, or a ship that, cruises. 

Crul'ler, n. A kind of crisp sweet-cake boiled in fat. 

Crumb (kr am), n. [A.-S. crume, from crmnan,acruman, 
to break or crumble into small pieces.] [Written also 
crum.] 1. A small fragment or piece, especially of bread 
or other food. 2. The soft part of bread. 

Crumb (krum), v. t. To break into crumbs or small pieces. 

Crumb'-eloth (krum/-), n. A cloth to be laid under a 
table to receive falling fragments. 

Crum'ble, n. A very small fragment ; a small crumb. 

Crum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crumbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CRUMBLING.] [Dim. of crumb, v. t.] To break into 
small pieces ; to divide into minute parte. 

Crum'ble, v. i. To fall or break into small pieces; 
hence, 1o fall to decay ; to perish. 

Crum'my, a. 1. Pull of crumbs. 2„ Soft ; not crusty. 

Criim'pet, n. [Cf. CRUMB, CRUM, n.] A kind of soft 
bread-cake, not sweetened. 

Crxim'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crumpled: p. pr. & 
vb. ii. crumpling.] [Cf. Crimp and Cramp.] To press 
into wrinkles or folds ; to rumple. 

Criim'ple, v. i. To shrink irregularly ; to wrinkle. 

Criim'pling, n. A small withered apple. 

Crunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CRUNCHED (kruncht, 108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. CRUNCHING.] 1. To chew with violence 
and noise ; to craunch. 2. To grind or press with vio- 
lence and noise. 

■€ru'or, n. [Lat., probably connected with Gr. /cpu'oj, 
frost, ] Gore ; coagulated blood. 

Crup'per (krobp/per in Amer. ; krup'perin Eng.),n. [Fr. 
croupicre, from croupe. See Croup, buttocks.] 1. The 
rump of a horse. 2. A strap of leather buckled to a 
saddle, and passing under a horse's tail to prevent the 
saddle from slipping forward. [Written also crouper.] 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link *, this. 



CRUPPER 



172 



CUBICALNESS 



Crup'per (krdbp'per or krup'per), v. t. [See supra.) To 
fit with a crupper ; to place a crupper upon. 

•Cru'ral (32), a. [Lat. cruralis, from crus, cruris, leg.] 
IV Belonging to the leg. 2. Shaped like a leg or root. 

•Cru-sade', n. [Fr. croisade, Sp. cruzada, from Lat. crux, 
cross.] 1. A mediaeval military expedition for the recov- 
ery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans. 2. Any 
expedition undertaken from religious motives ; any hot- 
headed or fanatical enterprise. 

Cru-sad'er, n. A person engaged in a crusade. 

Cru-sa/do, n. [Pg. cruzado, from cruz, Lat. crux, a cross.] 
A Portuguese coin, so called from having a cross stamped 
on one side. 

•Cruse (32), n. [L. Ger. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. 
kr'oes. See CRUCIBLE.] A small cup or bottle. 

Cru/set, n. [Fr. creuset. See CRUCIBLE.] A goldsmith's 
crucible or melting pot. 

■©rush, v. t. [imp. & p.p. crushed (kriisht, 108);p.pr. 
& vb. n. CRUSHING.] [Icel. krassa, to grind, L. Lat. 
cruscire, to break with a crash. Cf. Crash and Craze .] 
lo To press and bruise between two hard bodies. 2. To 
overwhelm by pressure. 3. To overcome completely ; 
to subdue ; to conquer ; to ruin. 

Crush, v. i. To be pressed into a smaller compass by ex- 
ternal weight or force ; to be condensed. 

■Crush, n. A violent collision or compression. 

■Criish'er, n. One who, or that which, crushes. 

■Crust, n. [Lat. crusta, W. crest, from cresu, to harden by 
heat, to parch or scorch.] The hard, external coat or 
covering of any thing ; hence, any concretion. 

-Crust, v. t. [imp. & p.p. crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
crusting.] To cover with a hard case, or crust ; to 
incrust ; to envelop. 

Crust, v. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust ; to 
concrete or freeze at the surface. 

Crus-td'ce-d (krus-ta/she-a), n. pi. [N. Lat., from Lat. 
crusta, crust, rind, shell.] One of the classes of the artic- 
ulated animals, including lobsters, shrimps, and crabs; 
bo called from the crust-like shell with which the body 
and legs are covered. 

Crus-ta'ce-an (-she-an), n. An animal belonging to the 
class Crustacea. [ceous. 

Crus-ta'ce-an, a. Pertaining to the Crustacea ; crusta- 

Crus-ta'ce-ol'o-gy (-ta'she-), n. [From Crustacea, and 
Gr. Aoyos, discourse, description.] The science which 
treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology. 

Crus-ta'ceous, a. [See Crust.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
having, a crust-like shell. 2. Belonging to the Crusta- 
cea ; crustacean. 

CrtLst'i-ly, adv. In a crusty manner ; morosely. 

Criist'i-iiess, n. The quality of being crusty. 

Criist'y, a. 1. Having the nature of crust ; hard. 2. 
Having a harsh exterior, or a short, rough manner ; 
peevish ; surly ; morose. 

Crutch, n. [L. Lat. croccia, crucca, as if from a Lat. word 
crucea, from crux, crucis, cross ; A.-S. crycc, cricc.) 1. A 
staff with a cross-piece at the head, placed under the 
arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walk- 
ing. 2. Any fixture or adjustment with a head or top 
like that of a crutch, as in a lady : s saddle. 

Crutched (60), p. a. 1. Supported on crutches. 2. 
Marked with the sign of the cross. 

Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order; so called be- 
cause the members of it bore the sign of the cross; —called also 
crossed friar and crouched friar. 

■€ruoc, n.; pi. CRU'pE^. [Lat., cross, torture, trouble.] 
A cross ; a great difficulty ; any thing that puzzles, 
vexes, or tries, in the highest degree. 

Cry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cried ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRY- 
ING.] [Fr. crier, from Lat. quiritare, freq. form of queri, 
to complain. Cf. also A. S. grsedan. to cry, grsetan, to 
weep, cry out, Goth, gretan, Icel. grata.) 1. To speak, 
call, or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate ; to proclaim. 2. 
To weep and sob ; to bawl, as a child. 3. To utter inar- 
ticulate sounds, as animals. 

Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly or vehemently ; to utter. 
2. To advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, 
goods to be sold, &c. 

To cry up, to extol publicly. — To cry down, to decry ; to de- 
preciate; to dispraise; to condemn. 

Cry, n. [See supra.) 1. A loud utterance; especially, 
the inarticulate sound made by an animal. 2. Outcry ; 
clamor. 3. Loud expression of triumph or wonder, of 
pain or distress, &c. 4. Public advertisement by out- 
cry. 5. A pack of hounds. 
Cry'ing, a. Calling for notice ; compelling attention and 

regard ; notorious ; heinous. 
-Crypt, n. [Lat. crypta, Gr. Kpvnrri, from Kpvnreiv, to 



hide.] 1. A subterranean cell or cave ; especially a 
vault under a church, used for burial purposes. 2. 
(Arch.) The space under a building; a subterranean 
chapel or oratory ; hence, a hiding-place. 

Cryp'tie-al, } °" Hidden > concealed ; secret ; occult. 

Cryp'to-gam, n. [From Gr. icpvn-Tos, hidden, secret, 
from icpvirTeiv , and ya.fj.os, marriage.] (Bot.) Aflowerles8 
plant, or one which does not fructify by the means usual 
to others. 

Cryp'to-ga/mi-au, \ a. Pertaining to cryptogams, or 

Cryp'to-gamle , [ to cryptogamy ; having the fruc- 

Cryp-tog'a-moiis, ) tification concealed. 

Cryp-tog'a-my, n. (Bot.) A concealed fructification. 

Cryp-tog'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. Kpvirros, secret, fr. Kpvw- 
reiv, to hide, and ypafaiv, to write.] 1. Act or art of writ- 
ing in secret characters. 2. Secret characters or cipher. 

Cryp-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kpvmos, secret, from Kpvmeiv, 
to hide, and Aoyos, discourse, from Aeyecv, to speak.J 
Secret or enigmatical language. 

Crjs'tal, n. [Lat. crystallum, Gr. Kpvo-raWos, ice, crys- 
tal, from Kpvos, icy cold, frost.] 1. (Chem. & Mm.) 
The regular form which a substance tends to assume in 
solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive at- 
traction. 2. A fine kind of glass. 3. The glass of a 
watch case. 4. Any thing resembling crystal, as clear 
water, ice, or the like. 

Crys'tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal ; clear ; trans- 
parent ; lucid ; pellucid ; crystalline. 

Crys'tal-llne , a. [Lat. crystallinus, Gr. KpuoraAAivos. 
See Crystal.] 1. Consisting of crystal. 2. Having 
a texture produced by crystallization. 3. Imperfectly 
crystallized. 4. Resembling crystal ; pure ; clear ; trans- 
parent ; pellucid. 

Crystalline humor, or crystalline lens, a white, transparent, 
firm substance, in the form of a convex lens, situated in a de^ 
pression in the anterior part of the vitreous humor of the eye. 

Crys'tal-li-za'tion, n. 1. (Chem. & Mm.) Act o* 
process by which a substance in solidifying becomes crys- 
tallized. 2. The body formed by the process of crystal- 
lizing. 

Crys'tal-Kze, v. t. [imp. & p.p. crystallized; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CRYSTALLIZING.] [Gr. KpucrraAAi^eiv. 
See Crystal.] To cause to form crystals, or to assume 
the crystalline form. 

Crys'tal-Kze, v. i. To be converted into crystals. 

Crys'tal-log'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. /cpu<rraAAos, and 
ypd^eiv, to write. See Crystal.] 1. Doctrine or 
science of crystallization. 2. A discourse or treatise on 
crystallization. 

Cub, n. [Prob. from Lat. cubare, to lie down, because it 
lies (cubat) in its den or hole, and does not go out for 
prey, as older animals do ; or from cubare, for incubare, to 
lie upon, brood, hatch.] A young animal, especially the 
young of the bear. 

Cub, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. cubbed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
CUBBING.] To bring forth ; — said of animals. 

Cii'ba-ture (53), n. [From Lat. cubus. See infra.) 
The process of measuring or determining the solid or cu- 
bic contents of a body. 

Cube, n. [Lat. cubus, Gr. kv/3os, 
acube, a cubical die.] 1. ( Geom.) 
A regular solid body, with six 
equal square sides. 2. (Arith.) 
The product of a number multi- 
plied twice into itself; as, 4x41 
=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of I 
4. 

Cube root iAriih.), The number or quantity which, multi- 
plied into itself, and then into the product, produces a certain 
cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3=9, and 3x9=27. 

Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CUBED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CUB- 
ING.] To raise to the third power, by multiplying a 
number into itself twice. 

Cu'beb, n. [From Ar. kababat, Per. kababah, Hind, kaba- 
ba.) (Bot.) The small, spicy berry of a tropical plant, it 
is stimulant and purgative. 

Cu'bie, \ a. Having the form or properties of a 

Cu/bie-al, j cube ; contained, or capable of being con- 
tained, in a cube. 

Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of 
the unknown quantity is a cube.— Cubic foot, a solid foot, 
equivalent to a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of 




number produced by multi- 
plying a number into itself, and that product by the same 



its dimensions. — Cubic number 
plying a number inl 
number. — See Cube 

Cu'bie-al-ly, adv. 



Cu'bie-al-ness, n. 



In a cubical method. 

State or quality of being cubical. 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



CUBIFORM 



173 



CULTIVATION 




American 
a. [L. Lat. cucullatus, from Lat. 
cucuttus, a cap, hood, cowl.] 1. 
2. Having the shape 



Ctl'bi-fdrm, a. [Lat. cubus, cube, and forma, form.] 
Having the form of a cube. 

Cu/bit, n. [Lat. cubitum, cubitus, elbow, ell, cubit, from 
cubare, to recline, because the elbow serves for leaning 
upon.] 1. (Anat.) The forearm. 2. A measure of 
length, being the distance from the elbow to the extrem- 
ity of the middle finger. 

Cu'bit-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the cubit or ulna. 2. 
Of the length or measure of a cubit. 

Cu'foo-eube, ra. (Math.) The sixth power. 

Cu'bo-eu/bo-cilbe, n. (Math.) The ninth power. 

Cu/boid, \a. [Gr. /cvjSoeifiTjs , from Kvfios, cube, and 

Cu-boid'al, j elSo?, form.] Having nearly the form of 
a cube ; relating to, or resembling, a cube. 

Cuclt'ing-stobl, n. [Perhaps only a corruption of duck- 
ing-stool, q. v.] A ducking-stool ; an instrument for pun- 
ishing scolds, and others by fastening them to it and then 
plunging them into the water. 

•Cuck/old, n. [From Lat. cuculus, cuckoo, in allusion 
to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in 
the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] A man 
whose wife is false to his bed. 

Cuck'old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cuckolded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. cuckolding.] To make a cuckold of. 

Ciick'ob (kook'ob), n. 
[Lat. cuculus, Gr. k6kkv£, 
Skr. kokila.] (Ornith.) 
A well-known bird, de- 
riving its name from its 
note. 

Cuck'oo-spit, \ n. 

Ciick/oo- spit/tie, ) An 
exudation or spume 
found on some plants, 
especially about the 
joints of lavender and 
rosemary. 

Cu'eul-late, or 
Cu-eiiFlate (45), 

Cu'cul-la'ted, or 
Cu-eiil'la-ted, 
Covered, as with a hood or cowl 
or resemblance of a hood. 

Cu'eum-ber, n. [Lat. cucumis, gen. cucumeris.] (Bot.) 
A well-known plant and its fruit. 

S3- Formerly pronounced kow'kum-ber, and still so called 
by some among the vulgar. 

Cu-eur'bit, ) n. [Lat. cucurbita, a gourd.] A chem- 

Cu-eurHbite , j ical vessel used in distillation, originally 
made in the shape of a gourd. 

Cu-eur'bi-ta/ceous, a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or re- 
sembling, the family of plants which includes the melon 
and the cucumber. 

Cud, n. [A.-S. cud, cud, what is chewed, from cedioan, to 
chew.] 1. A portion of food brought up into the mouth 
by ruminating animals from their first stomach, and 
chewed a second time. 2. A piece of chewing tobacco ; 
a quid. [Low.] 

Ciid'dle (kild'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. CUDDLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. cuddling-.] [Cf. W. cuddiaw, to hide, con- 
ceal, cuddiawl, hiding.] To Me close or snug ; to squat ; 
to crouch ; to snuggle. 

Cud'dy, n. [Prob. a contr. from D. kajuit, Fr. cahute, 
cabin, hut. Cf. W. caued, inclosed, from cau, to shut 
up.] 1. (Naut.) A small cabin in the fore part of a 
lighter or boat. 2. A very small apartment. 

"Cud/gel, n. [W. cogel, from cog, mass or lump, a short 
piece of wood.] A short, thick stick ; a club. 

Ciid'gel, v. t. [imp. &p.p. CUDGELED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. cudgeling.] To beat with a cudgel. 

Cud'gel-er, n. One who beats with a cudgel. 

Cue (ku), n. [0. Fr. coue coe, now queue, It. coda, from 
Lat. cauda, tail.] 1. A tail ; especially, a tail-like 
twist of hair worn at the back of the head. 2. Last 
words of an actor's speech, regarded as a hint for the next 
succeeding player to speak. 3. Any hint or intimation : 
also the part one is to perform. 1. The straight rod 
used in playing billiards. 

Cuff, n. [See infra.] A blow with the open hand ; a 
stroke ; a box ; a buffet. 

Cuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cuffed (kuft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cuffing.] [Sw. kuffa to knock, to push. Cf. Icel. 
Uppr, stick, or cudgel, Sw. knuffa, Ger. knuffen, to cuff, 
beat soundly.] To strike with the palm or flat of the 
hand, as a man ; or with talons or wings, as a fowl. 

Ciiff, n. [Perh. from Fr. coife, coefe, head-dress, hood, 
or coif.] The fold at the end of a sleeve. 




Cuirass. 



Cui-rass' (kwe-ras' or kwe'ras), n. [L. 
Lat. coratia, coratium, curacia, curatia, 
orig. a breastplate of leather, as if fr. a 
Lat. word coriacea, fr. coriaceus, -a, -um, 
of leather, fr. corium, leather, Fr. cuir.] 
A piece of defensive armor, covering the 
body from the neck to the girdle. 

Cui'ras-sier' (kwG'ras-sGr'), n. A sol- 
dier armed with a cuirass, or breast- 
plate. 

Cuish (kwis), n. [Fr. cuisse, thigh or leg, 
from Lat. coxa, hip.] Defensive armor 
for the thighs. 

Cuisine (kwe-zSn'), n. [Fr. , from Lat. coquina, for culina, 
from coquere, to cook.] 1. The kitchen. 2. Manner or 
style of cooking ; cookery. 

Cul-dee', n. [From Lat. Cultores Dei, worshipers of 
God.] One of a certain monkish fraternity who formerly 
inhabited Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. 

^ul-de-sac (kobld'sak'), n. [Fr.] 1. A street closed at 
one end ; hence, a trap. 2. (Mil.) A position in which 
an army finds itself, with no way of exit but to the 
front. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Any bag-shaped cavity, or or- 
gan, open only at one end. 

Cu'li-na-ry, a. [Lat. culinarius, from culina, kitchen.] 
Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery. 

Cull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CULL- 
ING.] [From Lat. colligere, to collect.] To separate, 
select, or pick out. 

CuI'len-der, n. A strainer. See Colander. 

Cull'er, n. One who picks or chooses ; especially, an in- 
spector who selects wares suitable for market. 

Cul'lis, n. 1. [Fr. coulis, from couler, to strain, to flow, 
from Lat. colare, to filter, to strain.] A very fine and 
strong broth ; also, a savory jelly. 2. [Fr. coulisse, 
groove.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof : a channel. 

CiiPly, n. [From Lat. coleus, culeus, a leather bag, the 
scrotum, 0. F. couillon, coillon, a vile fellow.] A person 
easily deceived ; a mean dupe. 

CuFly, v. t. To trick, cheat, or impose on ; to deceive. 

Culm, n. 1. [Lat. culmus, stalk, stem.] (Bot.) The 
stalk or stem of corn and grasses. 2. [W. cwhn, knot 
or tie.] (Mm.) Anthracite coal, especially when found 
in small masses or knots ; glance-coal. 

Cul-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. culmus, stalk or stem, and 
ferre, to bear.] I. Bearing culms, or producing straw. 
2. (Min.)_ Containing culm or glance-coal. 

Cul'mi-nate. v. i. [imp. & p. p. CULMINATED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. CULMINATING.] [From Lat. culmen, top oi 
ridge.] 1. To reach the highest point of altitude. 2, 
To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, numbers, 
and like qualities. 

Cul'mi-nate (45), a. Growing upward, as distinguished 
from a lateral growth. 

CuFmi-na'tion,™. 1. Attainment of the highest point 
of altitude ; passage across the meridian ; transit. 2, 
Attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power v 
and the like. 

CuFpa-bll'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being cul- 
pable ; culpableness ; blameworthiness. 

Ciil'pa-ble, a. [Lat. culpabilis, from culpare, to blame, 

from culpa, fault.] Deserving censure ; worthy of blame. 

Syn. — "Wrong; faulty; blamable; blameworthy; censurable. 

Cul'pa-ble-ness, n. Quality of deserving blame. 

Cul'pa-bly, adv. In a culpable manner ; blamably. 

Cul'prit, n. [Prob. for culpit, with r inserted, as often 
between consonants. Culpit is the ancient form of cul- 
ped, accused, from a supposed 0. Eng. verb to culpe, Lat. 
culpare, to charge with, from 0. Eng. culpe, coulpe, Lat. 
culpa, fault.] 1. One accused of a crime, as before a 
judge. 2. One convicted of crime ; a criminal. 

Cult, n. [Lat. cultus, care, reverence, from colere, to cul- 
tivate.] 1. Homage; worship. 2. A system of religious 
belief, worship, or rites. [Rare.] 

Cul'ter, n. [Lat.] A colter. See COLTER. 

Cul'ti-va-ble, a. Capable of being cultivated or tilled. 

Cul'ti-vate,f. t. [imp. & p. p. CULTIVATED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CULTIVATING.] [L. Lat. cultivare, cultivatum, 
from Lat. colere, cultum, to till ; to cultivate.] 1. To till ; 
to fertilize. 2. To direct special attention to ; to foster ; 
to cherish. 3. To improve by labor, care, or study ; to 
civilize ; to refine. 4. To raise or produce by tillage. 

CuFti-va'tion, n. 1. Art or practice of cultivating ; 
tillage ; production by tillage. 2. Fostering care ; civili- 
zation. 3. State of being cultivated; advancement or 
improvement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition ; 
refinement ; culture. 



food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo j gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tnia. 



CULTIVATOR 



174 



CURDLE 



CiiFti-va/tor, n. 1. One who cultivates ; one who tills. 
"J. An agricultural implement used 
in the tillage of growing crops, de- 
signed to loosen the surface of the' 
earth. 

Ciil'trate 1 a. [Lat. cultratus, 

Cill'tra-ted, j knife-formed, from 
culter, knife.] (Bot. & Omith.) 



Cultivator. 



Sharp-edged and pointed,like a pruning knife. 

-Cult'ure (kult'yiir, 53), n. [Lat. cultura, from Lat. 
colere, cullum, to till, to cultivate.] 1. The act or prac- 
tice of cultivating ; cultivation. 2. The state of being 
cultivated ; result of cultivation ; physical improvement ; 
refinement of mind or manners. 

Cult'iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cultured ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CULTURING.] To cultivate. 

Cul'ver-in, n. [From Lat. coluber, colubra, a serpent, 
colubrinus, like a serpent.] A piece of ordnance, formerly 
in use ; — so called because long and slender. 

Cul'vert, n. [Probably corrupted from the Fr. convert, 
covered, p. p. of couvrir, to cover. See COVER.] An 
arched drain for the passage of water under a road or 
canal, &c. 

Cul'ver-tailed (-tnld), a. United or fastened, as pieces 
of timber, by a dove-tailed joint. 

Ciim'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cumbered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. CUMBERING.] [Low Lat. combrus, cumbrus, a heap of 
earth, fr. Lat. cumulus, heap.] To hang or rest on as a 
troublesome weight ; to be burdensome or oppressive to. 

Syn.— To clog ; burden ; obstruct ; overload ; encumber ; 
perplex ; embarrass ; trouble ; impede. 

Ciim'ber-some, a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a 

weight or drag. 2. Not easily managed or administered. 

Syn. — Oppressive; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous. 

■CiaanTber-sdme-ly, adv. In a manner to encumber. 

Cusin'ber-soiiae-iiess, n. Quality of being cumber- 
some ; cumbrousness. [rassment. 

Cuim'braiice, n. Encumbrance; hindrance; embar- 

Cum'brous, a. X. Rendering action or motion difficult 
or toilsome. 2. Giving trouble. 
Syn. — Burdensome; clogging; vexatious; embarrassing. 

Cum'forous-ly, adv. In a cumbrous manner. 

Cuni'foreiis-nesg, n. State of being cumbrous. 

Cfim'frey, n. (Bot.) See Comfrey. 

-Cum/in, n. [Lat. cuminum, Gr. kv^lvov, Ar. kammun, 
Heb. kammCn.] (Bot.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, 
somewhat resembling fennel, cultivated in the south of 
Europe, and in Asiatic Turkey, for its aromatic seeds. 

Cu'mu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CUMULATED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. CUMULATING.] [Lat. cumulare, cumulatum, 
from cumulus, aheap.] To heap together ; to amass. 

Cu'mu-la'tion, n. The act of heaping together ; a heap. 

Cu/mu-la-tive, a. [See Cumulate.] 1. Forming a 
mass ; aggregated. 2. Augmenting ; gaining or giving 
force by successive additions. 3. (Law.) Given by the 
same testator to the same legatee ; — said of a legacy. 

Cu'ne-al, a. [From Lat. cuneus, a wedge.] Having the 
form or shape of a wedge ; cuneiform. 

-fw™^ t *Xa I a - [Lat. cuneatus, from cuneus, a 
cX'ne-at'ie J wed S e -l Wedge-shaped ; cuneiform. 
Cu-ne'i-f 6rm, 1 a. [From Lat. cuneus, a wedge, and 
Cu'ni-form, ) forma, form. See Arrow-headed.] 
1. Having the shape or form of a wedge. 2. Pertaining 
to, or versed in, the wedge-shaped characters found in 
ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. 
Cun'ning, a. [From A.-S. cunnan, to know, to be able, 
Goth. kunnan.] X. Well-instructed; knowing; skillful; 
experienced. 2. Given to underhand maneuvering ; art- 
fully deceitful. 3. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill 
or craft ; ingenious ; curious. 4. Characterized by at- 
ractiveness, ingenuity, &c. 

Syn. — Artful; sly; wily; crafty. — Cunninn is usually low. 
ns i\ trick; art fid more ingenious and inventive, as a device; 
sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed, as, sly humor, 
a sly evasion; crafty, a talent for dexterously deceiving, as, a 
crafty manager; wily, a talent for the use of stratagems, as, a 
wily politician. 

Ciin'nmg, n. The faculty or act of using stratagem to 
accomplish a purpose ; deceit ; art ; craft. 

Cun'ning-ly, adv. In a cunning manner ; artfully. 

Cun'ning-ness, n. Quality of being cunning; craft. 

Cup, n. [A.-S. cupp, cuppa, from Lat. cupa, cuppa, tub, 
cask, &c. Cf. COOP.] 1. A small vessel used to drink 
from. 2. The contents of such a vessel ; a cupful. 3. 
pi. Repeated potations; excessive drinking; revelry; 
drunkenness. 4. That which is to be received or en- 




dured ; portion; lot. 5. Any thing formed like a cup 
ti. ( Surg. ) A cupping-glass. 

Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CUPPED (kupt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. CUPPING.] 1. To supply with cups. 2. (Surg.\ 
To bleed by means of scarification and a cupping-glass. 

Cup'-bear'er, n. One who fills and hands the cups at 
an entertainment. [for cups, plates, &c. 

Ciip'board (kuVurd), n. A small closet with shelves 

-Gil/pel, n. [Lat. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa. See 
Cup.] A small cup or vessel used in refining precious 
metals ; a shallow crucible. 

Cu-peX', v. t. To separate by means of a cupel ; to refine. 

Cu'p el-la 'tion, n. [See Cupel.] The analyzing or 
refining of gold, silver, and other metals, in a cupel. 

Cu-pid'i-ty, n. [Lat. cupiditas, from cupidus, longing, 
desiring, from cupere, to long for.] Eager desire to pos- 
sess something, especially wealth ; covetousness ; lust. 

Cu'po-la, n. ; pi. cu/po-LAg. [Late 
& L. Lat. cupula, cuppula, from Lat. 
cupa, cuppa, a tub, cask, L. Lat., a 
cup.] 1. (Arch.) A spherical vault 
on the top of an edifice. 2. The 
round top of a furnace, or the fur- 
nace itself. 

Cup'ping, n. (Surg.) Operation of 
drawing blood with a cupping-glass. 

Cup'ping- glass, n. A glass vessel 
like a cup, to be applied to the skin, 
with or without scarification, to draw 
blood by exhausting the air. Cupola. 

Cu'pre-oiis, a. [Lat. cupreus, from cuprum, copper.] 
Consisting of copper, or resembling copper ; coppery. 

Cu-prif'er-oiis, a. [From Lat. cuprum, copper, and 
ferre, to bear.] Containing or affording copper. 

Cu'pule, n. [Lat. cupula. See Cupola.] 1. (Bot ) 
A little cup, as of the acorn. 2. (Nat, Hist.) A fleshy, 
concave disk, used by the cuttle-fish and some other ani- 
mals for clinging or grasping. 

Cur, n. [Contracted from L. Ger. kb'ter, kother, a common 
dog, peasant's dog, originally dog of a cot, from Ger. 
koth, Eng. cot, q. v.] 1. A worthless or degenerate dog. 
2. A worthless, snarling fellow. 

Cur'a-ble, a. Capable of being cured. 

Cur'a-ble -ness, n. Possibility of being cured. 

Cu/ra-coa' (ku'ra-so'), n. A cordial, flavored with 
orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace; so called from the 
island of Cxiragoa, where it was first made. 

Cu'ra-cy, n. [See Cure and Curate.] The office or 
employment of a curate. 

■€u-ras'sow, n. ( Omith.) A kind of bird having a short, 
compressed bill, much arched from the base, and the 
orbits and the cheeks more or less naked. 

Cu'rate, n. [L. Lat. curatus, properly one who is charged 
with the care (Lat. cura) of souls.] One who has the 
cure of souls; originally, any clergyman, but now the 
minister employed as an assistant to the rector or vicar. 

Cd'ra-tive, a. Relating- to the cure of diseases ; tending 
to cure disease. 

Cu-ra'tor, n. [Lat., from curare, to take care of, from 
cura, care.] 1. A superintendent, as of a museum or 
collection. 2. A trustee ; a guardian. 

Curb, n. [See infra.] 1. A check or hindrance ; espe- 
cially, a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the 
branches of the bit of a bridle, and capable of being 
drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse. 2. A 
wall or fence designed to hold back a mass of earth in its 
place. 3. A wall set within a well or round the mouth 
of it. 4. A curb -stone. 

■Ciirb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CURBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CURBING.] [Fr. courber, to bend, curve, Lat. curvare, 
from curvus, bent, curved.] 1. To tend to one's will ; to 
restrain ; to confine. 2. To furnish with a curb, as a 
well ; also, to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth. 

•€urb'-rdbf , n. A roof having a double slope ; a gam- 
brel roof ; a mansard -roof. 

-Curb'- stone , n. A stone placed edgewise against earth 
or stonework to prevent its giving way. 

Curd, n. [Scot, crud, Gael, gruth, Ir. gruth, cruth, curd, 
crvthaim, I milk.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part 
of milk, eaten as food. 2. The coagulated or thicker 
part of any liquid. 

Curd, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. CURDED ; p.pr. & vb. n. curd- 
ing.] To curdle ; to congeal. 

! Curd, v. i. To become coagulated or thickened ; to sep- 
arate into curds and whey. 

Cur'dle (kfir'dl), v. i. [From curd, q. v.] 1. To change 
into curd ; to coagulate or concrete. 2. To thicken ; to 
congeal. 



CURDLE 



175 



CURVE 



Cur'dle, v. t. [imp, & p.p. curdled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
curdling-.] 1. To change into curd ; to be coagulated 
or concreted. 2. To congeal or thicken. 

Curd'y, a. Like curd ; full of curd : coagulated. 

Cfire,Vi. [From Lat. cura, care.] 1. Spiritual charge; 
care of souls ; the office of a curate ; hence, a curacy. 
2. Medical care; remedial treatment of disease. 3. Suc- 
cessful remedial treatment; restoration to health. 4. 
Remedy ; restorative. 

■Cure, !■".?. [imp. &>p.p. cured ;p.pr. & vb. n. CURING.] 

1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity. 

2. To remedy ; to remove. 3. To prepare for preserva- 
tion by drying, salting, &c. 

Cure, v. i. 1. To effect a cure. 2. To be healed. 

Cur6 (ku-ra/), n. [Fr.] A curate ; a parson. 

Cure'less, a. Incapable of cure ; incurable. 

Cur'er, n. One who cures ; a healer ; a physician. 

Cur'few (kiir'iu), n. [0. Fr. couvre-feu, from couvrir, to 
cover, and feu, fire.] The ringing of a bell at nightfall, 
originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, ex- 
tinguish lights, and retire to rest. 

Cu/ri-os'i-ty, n. [Lat. curiositas, from curiosus. See 
Curious.] 1. State or quality of being curious ; accu- 
racy ; scrupulousness. 52. Disposition to inquire, investi- 
gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness. 3. That 
which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. 

Cu'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. curiosus, careful, inquisitive, from 
cur a, care.] 1. Solicitous to be correct ; careful ; scru- 
pulous. 52. Exhibiting care or nicety ; artfully con- 
structed. 3. Eager to learn; habitually inquisitive. 
4. Inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness ; singular. 

Cu'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a curious manner. 

Cu'ri-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being curious. 

Curl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CURLING.] [D. krullen, Icel. krulla, to curl, to crisp.] 
1. To twist or form into ringlets. 52. To twist or make 
into coils, as a serpent. 3. To deck as with curls. 4. 
To raise in waves or undulations ; to ripple. 

Curl, v. i. 1. To bend into curls or ringlets, as hair. 
52. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations. 

Curl, n. 1, A ringlet, especially of hair, or any thing 
of a like form. 52. An undulating or curving line in 
any substance; flexure; sinuosity. 3. A disease in 
potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, 
seem curled and shrunk up. 

Curl'er, n. One who curls. 

Cur'lew (kiir'lu), n. [Fr. courlieu, 
corlieu, courlis, It. chiurlo, chiurli.] 
(Ornith.) An acquatic, wading 
bird, with a long bill; its color 
is diversified with ash and black. 
Its cry is well expressed in the 
name. [curly. 

Curl'i-ness, n. State of being Curlew. 

Curl'ing-I'roniH'urnz), I n. pi. An instrument for 

Curl'ing-tongg, ) curling the hair. 

Curl'y, a. Having curls ; tending to curl. 

Cur-miid'geon (kur-mud'jun), n. [0. Eng. corn- 
mudgin, a corruption of corn-merchant, — this class 
being accused of seeking their own gain by withhold- 
ing bread from others.] An avaricious, churlish fellow ; 
a miser ; a niggard ; a churl. 

Cur-miid ; ge©n-ly, a. In the manner of a curmud- 
geon ; niggardly ; churlish. 

Cur'rant, n. [From Corinth, in Greece, whence, proba- 
bly, the small dried grape was first introduced into 
England.] 1. A small kind of dried grape, imported 
from the Levant ; — used in cookery. 52. The fruit of a 
well-known shrub. 

Cur'ren-cy, n. 1. State or quality of being current ; 
general acceptance ; circulation. 52. Current value ; 
general estimation. 3. That which is in circulation, 
or is given and taken as having or representing wealth 
or property ; money. 

Ciir'rent, a. [Lat. currens, p. pr. of currere, to run.] 1. 
Running or moving rapidly. 52. Now passing or pres- 
ent, in its progress. 3. Circulating through the com- 
munity ; generally received ; common. 

Ciir'rent, n. 1. A stream, especially of a fluid. 52. 
General course ; ordinary procedure ; progressive and 
connected movement. 

Ciir'rent-ly, adv. In a current manner ; commonly. 

Ciir'rent-ness, n. Quality or condition of being cur- 
rent ; general reception ; currency. 

-Cur'ri-ele (kuVrf-kl), n. [Lat. curriculum, from cik- 
rere, to run.] A chaise drawn by two horses abreast. 

■Cur-rl^'ii-luru, n. [Lat. See supra.] 1. A race- 
course. 2. A specified course of study, as in a university. 




Ciir'ri-er, n. [From curry, q. v.] One who curries, 

dresses, and colors leather, after it is tanned. 

Cur'rish, a. [See Cur.] Having the qualities, or ex- 
exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; snarling; 
quarrelsome ; brutal ; churlish . 

Cur'rish-ly, adv. Like a cur ; in a brutal manner. 

Cur'rish-ness, n. Moroseness ; churlishness. 

Cur'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
currying.] [Fr. corroyer, from Lat. corium, leather.] 
1. To dress by a process of scraping, cleansing, beat- 
ing, smoothing, and coloring ; — said of leather. 2. 
To comb, rub, or cleanse the skin of ; — said of a horse. 
3. To cook with curry, as rice, &c. 

To curry favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery, or ofacious 
civilities. 

Cur'ry, n. [From the Per. khhrdl, broth, juicy meats, 
from khurdan, to eat, to drink.] 1. A kind cf sauce 
much used in India, containing red pepper and other 
strong spices. 2. A stew of fowl, fish, &c, cooked 
with curry sauce. 

Cur'ry-eomfo (-k5m), n. An instrument for combing 
and cleaning horses. 

Curse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cursed (kurst) or curst ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CURSING.] [A.-S. cursian, corsian, prob. 
at first to imprecate evil in the name of the cross.] 1. To 
utter a wish of evil against ; to execrate. 2. To bring 
great evil upon ; to vex, harrass, or torment ; to injure- 

Curse, v. i. To use profane language ; to swear. 

■Curse, n. 1. Imprecation of evil upon another. 2. 
Evil pronounced or invoked on another. 3. That 
which brings evil or severe affliction ; torment. 

Syn. — Malediction ; malison; imprecation; execration. 

Curs'ed(60),a. 1. Blasted by a curse. 2. Deserving a curse. 
Syn. — Execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable. 

Curs'ed-ly, adv. In a cursed manner; miserably; 
enormously. [Low.] 

Curs'er, n. One who curses or utters a curse. 

Cur'sive, a. [Low Lat. cursivus, from cursare, to run 
hither and thither, from currere, to run.] Running ; 
rapid ; flowing. 

Cur'so-ri-ly, adv. In a cursory manner. [tion. 

Cur'so-ri-ness, n. Hasty or superficial view or afcten- 

Cur'so-ry, a. [Lat. cursorius, from cursor, a ranner, 
from currere, cursum, to run.] Characterized by haste ; 
hastily or superficially performed ; superficial ; careless. 

■Curst, imp. & p. p. of curse. See Curse. 

Curt, a. [From Lat. curtus.] Characterized by brevity; 
short ; concise ; abrupt ; crusty. 

Cur-tail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. curtailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
CURTAILING.] [From 0. Fr. curt, short, and tniller, to 
cut.] To cut short ; to shorten ; to abridge ; to diminish. 

Cur'tain (kur'tin, 42), n. [From Lat. cortina, kettle, 
circle, circle of a theater, in L. Lat. equivalent to aulxum, 
the curtain of a theater, allied to Lat. cors, cortis, a 
place inclosed around, a court.] 1. A movable cloth 
screen or covering intended to darken or conceal. 2. 
(Fort.) That part of the rampart and parapet which ia 
between the flanks of two bastions. 

Cur'tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CURTAINED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. curtaining.] To inclose as with curtains; to 
furnish with curtains. 

Cur'tain-le-et'ure, n. A reproof given by a wife to her 
husband within the bed-curtains, or in bed. 

Cur'ti-lage (45), n. [L. Lat. curtilagium, from cortile, 
curtile, court, court-yard, from Lat. cors, cortis, cotirt.j 
(Law.) A yard, court-yard, or piece of ground pertain- 
ing to a dwelling-house. 

Curt'ly, adv. Briefly ; shortly ; abruptly ; crustily. 

Curt'ness, n. Shortness ; crustiness. 

Cii'rule, a. [Lat. curulis, from currus, a chariot, from cur- 
rere','to run.] (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a chariot ; — 
applied to a kind of chair appropriated to certain magis- 
trates, and borne in a chariot when they went to council. 

Cur'vate, } a. [Lat. curvatus, p. p. of curvare, to 

Cur'va-ted, j bend, to curve, from curvus. See 
Curve.] Bent in a regular form ; curved. 

Cur-va'tion, n. Act of bending or crooking. 

Cur'va-ture (53), n. The continual flexure or bending 
of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction. 

Curve, a. [Lat. curvus, allied to Gr. Kvpro?, curved, 
arched.] Bent without angles ; crooked; curved. 

Curve, n. 1. A bending without an-.- — ^^ 

gles ; that which is bent ; a flexure. 2. r 

( Geom.) A line of which no three con- ^«rve. 

secutive points are in the same direction or straight line. 

Curve-, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curved ; p pr. & vb. n. 
curving.] To bend; to crook; to inflect. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; tills. 



_J 



CURVE 



176 



CUTTLE-FISH 



Curve, v.i. To bend or turn gradually from a given 

direction. 
Curv'ed-ness, n. The state of being curved. 
Cur'vet, n. [Fr. courbette, It. corvetta. See CURVE.] 

1. A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his 
fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs 
are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in 
the air at once. 2. A prank ; a frolic. 

Cur'vet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CURVETED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. curveting.] 1. To make a curvet. 2. To leap 

Cur'vet, v. t. To cause to frisk or leap. [and frisk. 

Cur'vi-Hn'e-al, ) a. [From N. Lat. curva and Lat. 

Cur'vi-lln'e-ar, J linea, line.] Consisting of curve 
lines; bounded by curve lines. 

Cur'vi-ty, n. The state of being curved ; a bending in 
a regular form, or without angles. 

Cush'at (kobsk'at), n. [A.-S. cusceote.] The ring-dove 
or wood-pigeon. 

Cushion (kdbsh'un), n. [Fr. coussin, Ger. kussen, as if 
from a Lat. word culcitinum , dim. of culcita, cushion, mat- 
tress, pillow.] 1. A stuffed case or bag used to sit or re- 
cline upon. 2. Hence, any stuffed or padded surface. 

Cushion (kobsh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cushioned ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. CUSHIONING.] 1. To seat on a cushion. 

2. To furnish with cushions. 

Cusp, n. [Lat. cuspis, point, pointed end.] 1. {Arch.) 
(a.) A projecting point in the ornamentation of arches, 
panels, &c. (b.) A pendant of a pointed arch. 2. 
(Astrol. ) First entrance of any house in the calculations 
of nativities, &c. 3. (Astron.) The point or horn of 
the crescent. 4. {Math.) The point at which two 
curves, or two branches of the same curve, meet. 

Cuspl-dal, a. [See CUSP.] Ending in a point. 

Cuspl-date, ) a. [Lat. cuspidatus, from cuspis. See 

Cuspidated, j Cusp.] (Bot.) Having a sharp end, 
like the point of a spear. 

Cus'tard, ri. [0. Fr. Cf. Armor, caus, kaouz, W. caws, 
cheese, curd.] A dish composed of milk and eggs, 
sweetened, and baked or boiled. 

Cus'tard-ap/ple, n. (Bot.) A plant growing in the 
West Indies, whose fruit contains a yellowish eatable 
pulp, of the consistence of custard. 

Cus-to'di-al, a. Relating to custody or guardianship. 

Cus-to'di-an, n. [From Lat. custos, a guard.] One 
who has care or custody, as of some public building, 
and the like ; a keeper or superintendent. 

Ciis'to-dy, n. [Lat. custodia, from custos, guard.] 1. 
A keeping or guarding ; especially, judicial or penal safe- 
keeping. 2. Restraint of liberty ; confinement ; im- 
prisonment. 

Cus'tom, n. [L. Lat. costuma, cosduma, cosduna, &c, 
from Lat. consuetudo, gen. consuetudinis, but properly 
from a later secondary form consuetumen , custom , habit. ] 
1. Way of acting ; habitual practice. 2. Habitual buy- 
ing of goods; business support ; patronage. 3. (Low.) 
Long established practice, or usage, considered as unwrit- 
ten law, and resting for authority on long consent. 
Syn.— Habit; usage; practice; fashion. See Habit. 

Cus'tom, n. 1. The customary toll, tax, or tribute. 2. 
pi. Duties imposed on commodities on their being im- 
ported into or exported from the country. 

Ciis'tom-a-ble , a. 1„ Common; habitual. 2. Sub- 
ject to the payment of duties called customs. 

Cus'tom-a-toly, adv. According to custom ; in a cus- 
tomary manner. [itually. 

Cus'tom-a-ri-ly, adv. In a customary manner ; hab- 

Cus'tom-a-ry, a. 1. According to custom ; established 
by common usage; conventional. 2. (Law.) Holding 
or held by custom. 

Ciis'tom-er, n. One who frequents any place for buying 
what he wants ; a purchaser ; a buyer. 
Ugly customer, one who is difficult to manage. 

Cus'tom-house, n. The building where customs and 
duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. 

Cut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CUT ; p. pr. & vb. n. CUTTING.] 
[0. Eng. kit, Norm. Fr. cotu, cut. Cf. W. cwtau, to cur- 
tail, cateia, to cut, cat, a piece, 0. Sw. kotta, to sever.] 1. 
To separate the parts of with a sharp instrument ; to 
make an incision in ; to divide ; to sever. 2. To hew, as 
wood ; or mow and reap, as grain or corn. 3. To sever 
and remove by cutting ; to dock. 4. To form or shape 
by cutting; to carve: to hew out. 5. To wound or 
hurt deeply the sensibilities of. 6. To intersect ; to 
cross. 7. To castrate or geld. 

Cut and drier!, prepared beforehand; not spontaneous. — Cut 
plass, glass having the surface shaped or ornamented bv grind- 
ing and polishing. — To cvt a dash, or a figure, to make a dis- 
play. — To cut capers, to play pranks ; to frolic. — To cut down, 



(a.) To fell. (6). To abash; to shame, (c.) To lessen; to dimin- 
ish.— To cut out, (a.) To remove from the midst; hence, to 
shape or form by cutting; to fashion. (6.) To take the place of; 
to supersede. — To cut short, to arrest or check abruptly ; to 
abridge.— To cut under, to undersell.— To cut up, to cut to 
pieces; hence, to damage or destroy. — To cut the acquaintance 
of, or to cut a person, to drop intercourse with; to avoid recog- 
nizing. — To cut the cards, to divide a pack into two portions 
for the purpose of determining the dealing or trump. — To cut 
the teeth, to put forth teeth. 

Cut, v. i. 1. To serve in dividing or gashing. 2. To ad- 
mit of incision or severance. 3. To perform the opera- 
tion of dividing, severing, intersecting, and the like. 4. 
To run rapidly. [Low.] 5. To divide a pack of cards 
into two portions to decide the deal or trump. 

To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way. 
— To cut in, to divide, or turn a card, for determining who are 
to play. — To cut in or into, to interrupt. 

Cut, n. 1. An opening made with a sharp instrument; 
a cleft ; a gash ; a wound. 2. A stroke or blow with an 
edged instrument, or the like ; hence, an injury or wound.' 

3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark, 
or avoidance of one's acquaintance. 4. A notch, pas- 
sage, or channel made by cutting. 5. The surface left 
by a cut. 6. A portion severed or cut off. 7. An en- 
graved block ; and hence, the impression from such an 
engraving. 8. (a.) The act of dividing a pack of cards. 
(b.) The right to divide. 9. Manner in which a thing is 
cut or formed ; shape ; style ; fashion. 

A short cut, a cross route or path which shortens the way. 

Cu-ta/ne-ous, a. [From Lat. cutis, skin.] Belonging 
to the skin ; existing on, or affecting, the skin. 

Cute, a. [An abbreviation of acute, q. v.]. Clever; 
keen; sharp. [Colloq.] 

Cu'ti-ele (ku'ti-kl), n. [Lat. cuticula, dim. of cutis, 
skin.] 1. The outer skin ; the scarf-skin; epidermis. 2. 
(Bot.) The thin, external covering of the bark of a plant. 

Cu-tle'u-lar, a. Pertaining to the cuticle, or external 
coat of the skin. 

■CH'tis, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) A dense resisting membrane, 
next below the cuticle ; — often called the true skin. 

Cutlass, n. [L. Lat. cultellacius, adtellaceus , augm. of 
Lat. cultellus, dim. of culter, knife.] A broad, curving 
sword, with but one cutting edge. 

Cutler, n. [L. Lat. cultcllarius, adtellerius , from Lat. 
cultellus, dim. of culter, knife.] One who makes or who 
deals in cutlery. 

Ciitler-y, n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged 
or cutting instruments in general, or in the mass. 

Cutlet, n. [Fr. cotelette, little rib, dim. of cote, rib, 
from Lat. costa, a rib.] A piece of meat, especially of 
veal or mutton, cut for broiling ; generally a part of the 
rib with the meat belonging to it. 

Cut'- off , n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a 
nearer passage. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance in the steam- 
engine for cutting off the passage of steam from the 
steam-chest to the cylinder. 

Cut'purse, n. One who cuts purses for the sake of steal- 
ing their contents ; — an act common when men wore 
purses at their girdles ; hence, a thief; a robber ; a pick- 
pocket. 

Ciit'ter, n. 1. One who cuts 
or hews. 2. An instrument 
used for cutting. 3. A front 
tooth, that cuts ; an incisor. 

4. (Naut.) (a.) A small boat 
used by ships of war. (b.) A 
vessel rigged nearly like a sloop, 
with one mast and a straight 
running bowsprit, which may 
be run in upon deck. 5. A . 
small one-horse sleigh. [Amer.] ' 

Ciit'-throat, n. One who cuts 

throats ; a murderer ; an assassin ; a ruffian. 

Ciit'-throat, a. Murderous ; cruel ; barbarous. 

Cut'ting, n. 1. Act or operation of one who cuts. 2. 
Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a 
twig cut from a stock for grafting ; an 
excavation cut through a hill. 

Cut'tle, ) n. [A.-S. & 0. L. Ger. 

Cut'tle-fish, j cudele, Ger. kuttel- 
Jisch ; from Ger. kottel, kotel, D. keutel^ 
dirt from the guts. See Gut.] (Zool. 
A molluscous animal, having ten arms 
furnished with cupules or sucking cups, 
by means of which it attaches itself te- 
naciously to other bodies. When pur- 
sued, it throws out a blackish liquor 
that darkens the water, enabling it to 
escape observation. 





Cuttle-fish. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CUT-WATER 



177 DABBLE 



Pertaining to a cycle ; moving in cycles. 



Ciit'-wa/ter, n. 1. (Naitt.) Fore part of a ship's prow, 
which cuts the water. 2. Lower portion of the pier of 
a bridge, formed with an angle or edge directed up 
stream. 

■Cut'- worm (-wurm), n. Any larve or caterpillar which 
eats or cuts away young plants. 

9y'a-nate, n. A salt in which the acid is cyanic acid. 

£y-an'ic, a. [From Gr. kvolvos, a dark blue substance.] 
Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen. 

£y'a-nlde, n. (Cliem.) A basic compound of cyanogen 
with some other element or compound. 

£y-an'o~gen, n. [From Gr. kvolvos, dark blue, and the 
root of yevvaeiv, to beget.] ( Cliem.) A compound radical, 

' being a gas composed of one equivalent of nitrogen and 
two of carbon. It is an essential ingredient in prussian blue. 

•Cy'a-nom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. Kvavos, dark blue, and 
/ieVpov, measure.] An instrument for estimating or 
measuring degrees of blueness, as of the sky. 

9y'-ele(si'kl), n. [L. Lat. cyclus, Gr. kvk\o<s, ring or cir- 
cle ] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens. 
2. An interval of time in which a certain succession of 
events or phenomena is completed, and then returns 
again and again in the same order. 3. (Bot.) One entire 
round in a spire or circle. 

£yc'lre, 

9ye'lie-al 

Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and 
wrote merely on the Trojan war; — so called because keeping 
within the circle of a single subject. 

£y'cloid, n. [From Gr. kvkXos, circle, and elSos, form.] 
( Geom.) A curve generated by a point in the plane of a 
circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keep- 
ing always in the same plane. 

Qy-cloid'al, a. Pertaining or relating to a cycloid. 

£y~elom'e-try, n. [From Gr. kvkAos, circle, and p-expoi/, 
measure.] The art of measuring circles. 

£y'-elone, n. [Gr. kvkAos, circle.] A rotatory storm or 
whirlwind of extended circuit. 

^y'elo-pe'an, a. Pertaining to the Cyclops ; huge ; 
gigantic ; vast and rough ; massive. 

Cy/«lo-pe'di-a, ) n. [From Gr. ku/cAos, circle, and 

Cy'elo-pae'di-a, j iratSeLa, the bringing up of a child, 
education, erudition, from TrcaSeveiv, to bring up a child, 
from nous, child.] The circle or compass of the arts and 
sciences, or of human knowledge. Hence, a dictionary 
of arts and sciences, or of some one of them. See Ency- 
clopedia. 

^y'-elo-ped'ie, a. Belonging to the circle of 
the sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; encyclopedic. 

£yg'net, n. [Dim. of Fr. cygne, from Lat. 
cycnus, cygnus, Gr. kvkvos, swan.] (Ornitk.) 
A young swan. 

£yl'in-der, n. [Lat. cylindrus, Gr. KvKwdpos, 
from KvKtvSeiv, icvkieiv, to roll.] (Geom.) A 
solid body which may be generated by the 
rotation of a parallelogram round one of its Cylinder, 
sides; or a body of roller-like form, of which the longitu- 
dinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. 

9y-lin'dric, ) a. Having the form of a cylinder, or 

£y-Hn'dri-e-al, ) partaking of its properties. 

£y-lin'dri-f 6rm, a v [Lat. cylindrus and forma.] Hav- 
ing the form of a cylinder. 

£yl'in-droid, n. [Gr. Kv'AivSpos and elSos, form.] A 
solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the 
bases or ends elliptical. 

^y'vnd,n. [Gr. nv^a, a wave.] 1. [Arch.) A member 
or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wave- 
like in form. 2. (Bot.) A cyme. See Cyme. 

£y-mar', n. [See Simar.] A slight covering ; a scarf. 

(lym'bal, n. [Lat. cymbalum, Gr. nvfj-fiaXov, from kv/u./3os, 
any thing hollow, hollow vessel.] 1. A musical instru- 




-# 



ment used by the ancients. 2. A 
musical instrument of brass, of a cir- 
cular form, like a dish, held in the 
hand, and producing, when two are 
struck together, a sharp, ringing sound. 
3. A triangular steel wire, on which 
are five rings, which are touched and Cymbals, 

shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the 
left hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring, to 
give it free motion. 

Cyme, n. [Lat. cyma, Gr. Kv^a, the young sprout of a 
cabbage. See Cyma.] (Bot.) A flat-topped or convex 
flower-cluster, like a corymb, except that the inflores- 
cence commences with the terminal buds. 

£y'mose, I a. [Lat. cymosus, from cyma.] Containing 

9y'mous, J a cyme ; in the form of a cyme. 

Qyn'ie, j a. [Gr. kvvlkos, dog-like, fr. /cvW, dog.] 1. 

£yn'ic-al, j Having the qualities of a surly dog ; snarl- 
ing ; captious; surly ; currish ; austere. 2. Pertaining 
to the dog-star. 3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers 
called cynics ; resembling the doctrines of the cynics. 

Cyu'ie, n. 1. One of the sect or school of ancient phi- 
losophers, so named from their morose and contemptuous 
views and tenets. 2. One who holds views resembling 
those of the cynics ; a snarler ; a misanthrope. 

Cyto'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a cynical or morose manner- 

Cyn'i-e-al-ness, n. Moroseness ; misanthropy. 

£yn'i-ci§m, n. Practice or principles of a cynic. 

£yn'o-sure (sm'o-shur or sl'no-shijr), n. [Lat. cynosura, 
Gr. /cvvocrovpa, dog's tail, the cynosure, from kvwv, geni- 
tive kvvos, dog, and ovpa, tail.] 1„ The constellation of 
the Lesser Bear, to which , as containing the polar star, 
the eyes of mariners and travelers are often directed. 2. 
Any thing to which attention is strongly turned ; a center 
of attraction. 

Cy'pher, n. See Cipher. 

Qy'press, n. [Lat. cupressus, Gr. KV7rapicro-os, Fr. cypres, 
Cf. Gr. Kvirpos, a tree growing in Cyprus, Heb. kopher, 
Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot.) A coniferous tree, generally ever- 
green, and having wood remarkable for its durability. 

igf- As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn 
tombs, it is an emblem of mourning and sadness. 

Cyp'ri-an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, es- 

* pecially of ancient Cyprus. 2. A lewd woman ; a harlot. 

Cyp'ri-an, a. 1. Belonging to the island of Cyprus, 
renowned for the worship of Yenus. 2. Of, or pertain- 
ing to, lewdness, or those who practice it. 

Cyr'i-o-log'i-e, a. [Gr. KupioAoyiKos, from /cvpios, chief, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Pertaining to capital letters. 

Cyst, n. [Gr. kvo-tis, bladder, bag, pouch, from kvslv, to 
hold, contain, swell.] (Physiol.) A pouch or sac, with- 
out opening, accidentally developed, and containing mor- 
bid matter. 

Cyst'i-e, a. 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst. 
2. Containing cysts. 3. Pertaining to, or contained in, 
a cyst. 

Cys'ito-fele, n. [From Gr. kvo-tis, bag, and K-qkt), tumor. 
See Cyst.] (Med.) Hernia of the urinary bladder. 

Cyst'ose, a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst ; cystic. 

^ys-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. kuVti?, bladder, and rifxveiv, to 
cut.] Act or practice of opening cysts ; particularly, the 
operation of cutting into the bladder for the extraction 
of a stone or other extraneous matter. 

Czar (z'ar), n. [0. Pol. czar, czarz, Russ. tsarj, from Lat. 
Czesar.] A king; a chief; a title of the emperor of Rus- 
sia. [Written also tzar.] 

Cza-ri'na (za-re'na), n. [Russ. tsaritsa, Pol. tsarowa.] , 
A title of the empress of Russia. 

Czar'o-witz (zar/o-wits),^. [Russ. tsarewitch, tsesar- 
ewitch.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. 



D. 



D(de), in the English alphabet, is the fourth letter, and 
the third consonant or articulation. See Principles 
of Pronunciation, § 70. 
Dab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DABBED ; p.pr. & vb. n. DAB- 
BING-.] [Cf. Eng. dap, dip, tap, tip.] To strike gently, 
as with the hand or with a soft or moist substance. 
Dab, n. [See supra. Possibly from adept, q. v.] 1. A 
gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance ; hence, 



a sudden blow or hit. 2. A small lump or mass of any 
thing soft, with which something is dabbed. 3. One who 
can dab skillfully; a dabster; an expert. 4. A small, 
flat fish, allied to the flounder, of a dark-brown color. 

Dab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DABBLING.] [Diminutive of dab.] To wet by little dips 
or strokes ; to moisten. 

Dab'ble, v. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call 



echo ; gem, get ; as, ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



DABBLER 



178 



DAMASK 



2. To work in a slight or superficial manner ; to touch 
here and there ; to tamper ; to meddle. [meddler. 

Dab'foler, n. 1. One who dabbles. 2. A superficial 

Dab'cliick, n. [From dab, equiv. to dip, and chick.] 
1. (Ornith.) A certain water-fowl allied to the grebe, — 
called also dipchick, didapper, and dobchick. 2. A baby- 
ish person. 

Dab'ster, n. [Cf. Dab, n., 3, and Dapper.] One who 
is skilled ; a master of his business. [ Colloq.] 

Da capo (d'i.-k'A'po). [It., from da, from, and capo, head, 
beginning.] (Mus.) A direction to return to, and end 
with, the first strain ; — indicated by the letters I). C. 

Dace, n. [W. darsen.] (Ichth.) A small river fish, of a 
bright silvery color. 

Dae'tyl, n. [Lat. dactylus, .Gr. &6.ktv\o<;, properly a 
finger.] (Pros.) A poetical foot of three syllables, one 
long, followed by two short, or one accented followed by 
two unaccented ; — so called from its resemblance to the 
joints of a finger ; as, tegminc, mer'cifid. 

Dae'tyl-ar, a. Pertaining to a dactyl ; dactylic. 

Da-e-tyl'ie (123), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
dactyls. [tyls. 

Dae-tyl'ic, n. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dac- 

Dae-tyl'i-og'ra-phy , n. [Gr. Sa/en/Aios, finger-ring, and 
ypdfyetv, to write.] The science or art of gem-engraving. 

Dae'tyl-ist, n. One who writes dactylic verse. 

Dac'tylol'o-gy, n. [Gr. W/ctuAos, finger, and Aoycs, 
discourse.] A method of communication in which cer- 
tain positions and motions of the hand and fingers answer 
to the common written alphabet. 

Dad, I n. [Ir. daid, W. & Arm. tad, Lat. tata, Gr. 

Dad'dy, ) rdra, Sp. taita, Finn, taata, Esthonian taat, 
Skr. tata, Hind, tat , Gypsy dad, dada. ] Father ; — a word 
used by little children. 

Dad'dle, v. i. [Cf. Eng. dandle.] To walk unsteadily, 
like a child or an old man ; hence, to do any thing slowly. 

Dad'dy -long'-legg, n. (Entom.) An insect having a 
long body, and very long, slender legs ; the crane-flv. 

Da'do, n. [It. & Sp. dado, from Lat. dare, to give, to 
throw ; datum, something thrown on a table, die.] (Arch.) 
(a. ) The die or square part in the middle of the pedestal 
of a column, (b.) That part of an apartment between 
the plinth and the impost molding. 

Dae'dal, ) a. [From Dsedalus, Gr. Acu'SaAo?, a my- 

Dae-da'li-an, j thic craftsman.] Formed with art ; in- 
genious ; intricate. 

Dsed'a-loiis (deWa-lus), a. (Bot.) Having a margin 
with various windings and turnings ; — said of leaves. 

Daffo-dil, n. [Fr. d'asphoddle, Lat. asphodelus, Gr. 
acn£6SeAos. See ASPHODEL.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Narcissus. It has a bulbous root, and beautiful flowers, 
usually of a yellow hue. 

Daft (6), a. Delirious ; insane ; hence, stupid ; foolish. 

Dag, ii. [D. dagge, a dagger, 0. Fr. dagge, a small gun, 
Gael, dag, a pistol, W. dager, dagr, Ir. daigear, a dag- 
ger.] 1. A dagger or poniard. 2. A kind of pistol 
formerly tised. 

Dag, n. [A.-S. dag, daag, any thing that is loose.] 1. 
A loose end, as of locks of wool. 2. A leathern latchet. 

Dag'ger, n. [See DAG, n., a dagger. The Ger. & D. 
degen, a sword, is derived from Fr. dague, It. daga, &c] 
1. A short sword; a poinard. 2. (Print.) A mark of 
reference in the form of a dagger ; thus [f] ; — called also 
obelisk. 

To look daggers, to look fiercely, reproachfully, or angrily. 

Dag'ger, v. t. To pierce with a dagger ; to stab. 

Dag'gle (dag'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. daggled ; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. DAGGLING.] [Dim. of dag, v. t.] To trail so 
as to wet or befoul ; to wet ; to dirty. 

Dag'gle, v. i. To be drawn or trailed through water and 
mud ; to draggle. 

Dag'glc-tail, n. A filthy person ; a slattern ; a slut. 

Dag'-loelc, n. [0. Eng. dag, dew, and lock.] A dirty, 
soiled lock of wool on a sheep. 

Da-guer're-an, ) (da-nerii-an), a. Pertaining to Da- 

Da-guerre'i-an, ) guerre, or to his invention of the 
daguerreotype. 

Da-guerre'o-type (da-gcT'o-tip), n. [From Daguerre, 
the discoverer.] 1„ A method of taking pictures bv 
photography, on plates of silvered copper, and on other 
materials suitably prepared. 2. The picture produced 
by the above process. 

Da-guerre'o-type (da-gcVo-tTp), v. t. 1. To repre- 
sent by the photographic art, as a picture. 2. To im- 
press with great_distinctness. 

Da-guerre'o typ'er, ) n. One who takes daguerreo- 

Da-guerre'o-typ'Ist, J types. 



Da-guerre'o-typ'i-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, the 

Da-guerre'o-typ'ie-al, j daguerreotype. 

Da-guerre'o-typ'y, n. Art of producing daguerreo- 
types or photographic pictures. 

Dahl'ia (d'iPya or daPya), n. [From Andrew Dahl, a 
Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of plants native to 
Mexico. It produces a large and beautiful flower, and 
has many varieties. [day ; diurnal ; quotidian. 

Dai'ly, a. Happening or belonging to each successive 

Dai'ly, adv. Every day ; day by day. 

Ditin'ti-ly, adv. Fastidiously ; nicely. 

Dain'ti-ness, n. State or condition of being dainty. 

Dain'ty, a. [Prob. from Lat. digmis, worthy, suitable. 
But cf. also W. dain, fine, nice, deintiaidd, dainty, de- 
licious, deintiaeth, a dainty ; dant, pi. daint, a tooth.] 
1. Delicious to the taste ; toothsome. 2. Elegant in 
form, manner, or breeding. 3. Requiring dainties; 
hence, over-nice ; hard to please ; fastidious ; scrupulous ; 
ceremonious. 

Dain'ty, n. That which is delicious, delicate, or nice. 

Syn. — Delicacy. — A delicacy is a nice article of any kind; 
a dainty is an exquisite article of cookery. 

Dai'ry (da/ry , 89), n. [From a supposed 0. Eng. day or dey, 
milk, preserved in Prov. Eng. day-house, milk-house, 
dairy, day-woman, a dairy -maid.] 1. The place where 
milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese. 2. The 
business of making butter and cheese. 

Da/is (da'is), n. [From Lat. discus, Gr. SiVkos, a quoit, 
It. desco, Ger. tisch, a table.] 1. A raised floor at the 
upper end of the dining-hall. 2. The upper table of a 
dining-hall. 3. A feat with a high wainscot back, and 
sometimes having a canopy over it, for the use of those 
who sat at the high table. 4. The canopy itself. 

Dai'gy, n. [A.-S. dirges-edge, clay's eye, daisy.] (Bot.) 
A well-known plant of several varieties. 

Dale, n. [0. Sax. & Goth, dal, Icel. dalr, dala, W. dOL] 
A low place between hills ; a vale or valley. 

Daleg'man, n.; pi. dales/bien. One living in a dale. 

Dal'li-ance, n. [From dally, q. v.] Act of dalljing, tri- 
fling, or fondling ; interchange of caresses ; wantonness. 

Dal'li-er, n. One who fondles ; a trifier. 

Dai'ly, v. i. [imp. & p.p. dallied (dal'lid); p. pr. & 
vb. n. DALLYING.] [Ger. dallm, dalen, dahlcn, Icel. 
thylia, to talk, 0. Sw. tide, a droll or funny man, A.-S. 
dol, foolish.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptu- 
ous pleasures, or in idleness and trifles ; to linger ; to de- 
lay. 2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of 
the opposite sex ; to use fondling or wantonness ; to sport. 

Dal-mat'i-e-a, n. 1. (Ecrl.) A long white gown with 
sleeves, worn over the alb and stole, by deacons in the 
Roman Catholic church, and imitated from a dress orig- 
inally worn in Dalmatia. 2. A similar robe worn by 
kings in the middle ages on solemn occasions. 

Dal Segno (dSl san^S). [It., from the sign.] tC 
(Mus.) A direction to go back to the sign, and re- "' 
peat from thence to the close. 

Dal'ton-igm, n. Inability to perceive or distinguish cer- 
tain colors ; color-blindness ; — so named from the chem- 
ist Dalton, who had this infirmity. 

Dam, n. [See Dame.] 1. A female parent; — used of 
beasts. 2. A human mother ; — in contempt. 

Dam, n. [D. & Dan. dam, Ger. and Sw. damm, Icel. 
dammr.] A mole, bank of earth, or any wall, or a frame 
of wood, to obstruct the flow of water. 

Dam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DAMMING.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by 
a dam. 2. To shut up ; to confine. 

Dam'age, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. damnum, damage.] 1, 
Any permanent injury or harm to person, property, or 
reputation. 2. pi. (Law.) A compensation or indem- 
nity to one party , for a wrong or injury actually done 
to him by another. 
Syn. — Hurt ; loss ; mischief; injury ; harm ; detriment. 

Dam'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. damaged; p.pr. & vb. 
n. damaging,] To inflict injury upon; to hurt; to 
injure ; to impair. [paired. 

Dam'age-a-tole, a. Capable of being damaged or im- 

Dam'as-cene, n. [Lat. Damascenus, of Damascus, from 
Damascus, a city celebrated for its plums.] A particular 
kind of plum ; — usually called damson. 

Dam'ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the 
city of Damascus ; resembling the products or manufac- 
tures of Damascus. 2. Having the color of the damask- 
rose. 

Damask color, a color like that of the Damask rose.— Dam- 
ask rose (Bot.), a variety of rose native to Damascus, and 
brought from thence. — Damask silk, a kind of heavy, rich, 



a, e, &c. , long ; a, e, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



DAMASK 



179 



DARKEN 



figured silk ; — usually called simply damask. — Damask steel, 
a fine quality of steel origin ally made at Damascus, and form- 
erly much valued for sword-blades, from its great flexibility 
and tenacity. 

Dam'ask, n. 1. A kind of stuff with raised figures, 
woven in the loom ; — originally made at Damascus, and 
composed of rich silk ; now made of silk intermingled 
with flax, cotton, or wool. 2. Linen woven in imitation 
of the figures in damask silk. 

Dam'ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. damasked (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb, n. DAMASKING.] To decorate with ornamental 
figures, as silk or other stuff with raised flowers, &c, or 
steel with etchings, or inlaid devices ; hence, to embel- 
lish ; to variegate. 

Dam'ask-en, I v. t. [From Lat. damascenus. See 

Dftm'ask-een', ) Damascene.] To damask. 

Dam'ask-in, n. A certain kind of saber ; — so called 
from the manufacture of Damascus. 

Dame, n. [From Lat. domina, mistress, lady, f. of dom- 
inus, master of the house, from domus, house, Gr. Sdjocos.] 
1. A lady in rank or culture. 2. The mistress of a 
family in common life, or the mistress of a common 
school ; a matron. 

Damn (dam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. damned (damd) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DAMNING (darning or dain'nmg, 81).] [Lat. 
damnare, from damnum, damage, fine, penalty.] 1. To 
condemn ; to adjudge to punishment or death ; to cen- 
sure; to sentence. 2. (Tkeol.) To condemn to punish- 
ment in the future world. 3. To condemn as bad, or 
displeasing, by hissing, &c. 

Dam/na-lble, a. 1. Worthy of, or liable to, damna- 
tion. 2. Odious; detestable. [Loiv.] 

Dam'na-foly, adv. So as to incur or deserve damna- 
tion ; detestably; odiously; abominably. 

Dam-na'tion, n. (Theol.) Condemnation to everlast- 
ing punishment in the future state. [demnatory. 

Dam'na-to-ry, a. Condemning to damnation ; con- 

Damned (damd; in serious discourse, dam/ned), p. a. 
1. Sentenced to punishment in a future state. 2. 
Hateful ; detestable ; abominable. 

Damp, a. [compar. DAMPER; superl. DAMPEST.] Mod- 
erately wet ; moist ; humid. 

Damp, n. [Icel. dampi, Ger. damp/, steam, vapor, fog, 
smoke, from M. H. Ger. dimpfen, to smoke, imp. damp/.] 
1. Moisture ; humidity ; fog. 2. Dejection ; depres- 
sion; discouragement. 3. pi. (Mining.) Gaseous pro- 
ducts, that are eliminated in coal-mines, wells, &c. 

Damp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. damped (85) \p. pr. & vb. 
n. DAMPING.] 1. To moisten ; to make humid. 2. To 
render chilly ; to depress or deject. 3. To discourage. 

Damp'en (damp'n), v. t. or i. [i?np. & p.p. dampened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. dampening] To make or become 
damp or moist. 

Damp'er, n. That which damps or checks; as, (a.) a 
valve in the flue of a stove, to regulate the draught of 
air; (b.) a contrivance, as in some pieces of mechan- 
ism, to check some action at a particular time. 

Damp'ness, n. Moderate humidity ; moisture. 

Dam/gel, n. [L. Lat. domicalla, dominicella, from Lat. 
domina. See DAME.] A young unmarried woman. 

Dam'gon (dam'zn), n. [Contracted from damascene, 
q. v.] A small black plum. 

Da'na-Ide (44), n. [In allusion to the daughters of 
Danaus, who were doomed to fill with water a tub 
pierced with holes.] ( Mach.) A kind of conical wheel or 
machine. The water enters in at the top of the cone, 
and escapes at the bottom, imparting motion to the wheel 
by its momentum. 

Dance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. DANCED (danst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DANCING.] [Fr. danser, Sp. danzar, It. danzare, 
from 0. H. Ger. dansOn, to draw, from dinsan, to draw, 
Goth, thinsan.] 1. To move with measured steps, or to 
a musical accompaniment. 2. To move nimbly or mer- 
rily ; to caper ; to frisk. 

Dance, v. t. To cause to dance ; to dandle. 

To dance attendance, to stand and wait obsequiously. 

Dance, n. 1. A lively, brisk amusement, in which the 
movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figures 
and by the sound of instruments. 2. (Mus.) A tune 
by which dancing is regulated. 

Dan'cer, n. One who dances or practices dancing. 
Pan'de-li'on, n. [From Fr. dent de lion, lion's tooth, 
on account of the size and form of its leaves.] (Bot.) A 
well-known plant, with large yellow compound flowers. 

Pan'der, n. [Corrupted from dandruff.] 1. Dandruff 
or scurf. 2. Anger or vexation. [Loiv.] 

To get up one's dander, or to have one's dander raised, to get 
into a passion. 



Dan'di-prat, n. [From dandy, and brat, child, q. v.] 
1. A little fellow; a dwarf; a child ; — in sport or con- 
tempt. 2. A small coin. 

Dan'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dandled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DANDLING.] [Ger. tdndeln, from land, trifle, prattle.] 
1. To move up and down in affectionate play, as an in- 
fant ; to caress ; to fondle. 2. To treat as a child ; to 
toy with ; to pet. 

Dan'dler, n. One who dandles or fondles children. 

Dan'driff , n. See Dandruff. 

Dan'druff , n. [Cf. A.-S. tan, a tetter, a spreading 
eruption, and drof, draffy, dirty.] A scurf which forms 
on the head, and comes off in small scales or particles. 

Dan'dy, n. [Allied to dandle, q. v.] One who affects 
special finery in dress ; a fop ; a coxcomb, 

Dan'dy-igm, n. The manners and character of a dandy ; 
foppishness ; coxcombry. 

Dan'ger, n. [L. Lat. dangerium, as if from a Latin 
word damnarium, from damnum, damage.] Exposure 
to injury, loss, pain, or other evil. 

Syn. — Peril; hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. — Danger is generic; 
peril is instant or impending danger, as, in peril of one's life. 
Hazard arises from something fortuitous or beyond our con- 
trol, as, the hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or uncertain 
danger, often incurred voluntarily, as, to risk an engagement. 
Jeopardy is extreme danger. 

Dan'ger-ous, a. [Fr. dangereux. See Danger.] 1. 
Attended with danger : full of risk ; perilous ; hazardous ; 
unsafe. 2. Causing danger ; threatening harm. 3* 
Threatened with death. [ Colloq.] 

Dan'ger-ous-ly, adv. In a dangerous manner. 

Dan'ger-oiis-ness, n. State of being exposed to evil. 

Dan'gle (dang'gl), v. i. [Dan. dingle, Sw. & Icel. dingla.] 
To hang loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking 
motion. 

To dangle about, or after, to hang upon importunately; to 
beset; to follow obsequiously. 

Dan'gle (dang/gl), v. t. To cause to dangle ; to swing. 

Daii'glei' (dang'glerj, n. One who hangs about or fol- 
lows others, especially women. 

Dank, a. [Allied to damp, or a modification of it.] 
Damp ; moist ; humid ; wet. 

Daiik'ish, a. Somewhat dank or damp. 

Dapli'ne (dafne), n. [Gr. Safyvt], the laurel-tree.] (Bot.) 
The laurel, a genus of diminutive shrubs, of great beauty 
and fragrance in the flower. 

Dap'per, a. [D. dapher, brave, valiant, Ger. tapfer ; 0. 
H. Ger. tappar, heavy, weighty, taphari, weight.] Little 
and active ; nimble ; lively ; neat in dress or appearance ; 
spruce ; smart. 

Dap'ple, a. [Perh. fr. apple ; but cf. also L. Ger. dippeln, 
H. Ger. tupfeln, to make points, to spot.] Marked with 
spots of different shades of color ; spotted ; variegated. 

Dap'ple, n. One of the spots on a dapple animal. 

Dap'ple, v. t. [imp. & p.p. dappled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
DAPPLING.] To variegate with spots ; to spot. 

Dare, v. i. [imp. & p.p. DURST; p. pr. & vb. n. DAR- 
ING.] [A.-S. dearr, inf. dyrran, Goth, dars, daursun, 
daursta, inf. daursan, allied to Gr. Oapaelv, dappelv.} To 
have sufficient courage ; to be bold or venturesome 
enough ; to venture. 

Dare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DAR- 
ING.] 1. To have courage for; to venture to do. 2. 
To profess courage to meet ; to challenge ; to provoke ; 
to defy ; to brave. 

Dare'-dev'tl, n. A rash, venturesome fellow. 

Dar'er, n. One who dares or defies. 

Dar'ie, n. [Gr. Aapei/cd?, from AapeZos, Darius, from Per. 
dara, a king.] 1. (Antiq.) A gold coin of ancient Persia, 
weighing usually a little more than 128 grains. 2. Any 
very pure gold coin. 

Dark, a. [compar. DARKER ; superl. DARKEST.] [A.-S. 
dearc, deorc. Cf. Gael. & Ir. dorch, dorcha; perh. allied 
* to Per. tank, dark, cloudy, darkness.] 1. Destitute of 
fight; not reflecting or radiating light; obscure. 2. 
Not easily seen through ; obscure ; mysterious ; con- 
cealed ; hidden. 3. Destitute of knowledge and culture; 
unrefined ; ignorant. 4. Evincing black or foul traits 
of character ; vile ; wicked. 5. Foreboding evil ; gloomy ; 
jealous ; suspicious. 

Dark, n. 1. Absence of light ; darkness ; obscurity. 2. 
Condition of ignorance ; secrecy. 

DarkVn (dlrk'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. darkened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. darkening.] 1. To make dark or black ; 
to obscure. 2. To render dim ; to deprive of vision 3. 
To render ignorant or stupid. 4. To render less clear or 
intelligible. 5. To cast a gloom upon. 6. To make 
foul ; to sully. 

Dark'en (dark'n), v. i. To grow dark or darker. 



t ood,foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



DARKENER 



180 



DAVY-LAMP 



Dark'en-er, n. One who, or that -which, darkens. i Dasil'er, n. 1. That which dashes or agitates. 2. A 

Dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dim. j dash-board. 

Dark'ling. a. [The p. pr. of a supposed verb darkle, Das'tard, n. [From dastriged, p, p. of A.-S. dastrigan, 
dim. from dark, a.] In the dark, or without light. j to frighten.] One who meanly shrinks from danger ; an 

Dark'ly, adv. With imperfect light, clearness, or knowl- I arrant coward ; a poltroon. 

' edge ; obscurely ; dimly ; blindly ; uncertainly. i Das'tard, a. Meanly shrinking from danger ; cowardly. 

Dark'ness, n. 1. Absence of light ; obscurity ; gloom ; Das'tard-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BASTARDIZED ; p. pr. 
blackness. 2. A state of privacy ; secrecy. 3. A state | & vb. n. dastardizing.] To make a dastard of. 
of ignorance or error, especially on moral or religious Das'tard-ly, a. Meanly timid ; base ; sneaking, 
subjects; hence, wickedness; impurity. 4. Want of \JJa'td,n. pi. [Lat., neut. pi. of datus, -a, *um, given, p, 
clearness or perspicuity. 5. A state of distress or trouble ; ' p. of dare, to give.] See DATUM. 



calamity ; perplexity 
Land of darkness, the grave. 

Syn.— Dimness; obscurity; gloom. — Darkness arises from 
a total, and dimness from a partial want of light. A thing is 
obscure when so overclouded or covered as not to be easily per- 
ceived. As the shade or obscurity increases, it deepens into 
gloom. When taken figuratively, these words have a like use, 
as, the darkness of ignorance ; dimness of discernment ; obscu- 
rity of reasoning ; gloom of superstition. 

Dark/some (-sum), a. Dark ; gloomy ; obscure. 

Dark'y, n. A negro ; a black man. [Low.] 

Dar'ling, n. [A.-S. deorling, from deore, dear.] One 
dearly beloved ; a favorite. 

Dar'ling, a. Dearly beloved ; regarded with especial 
kindness and tenderness ; favorite. 

Darn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. darned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DARNING.] [0. Eng. derne. Cf. A.-S. dearnan, dyr- 
nan, to hide, from dearne, dyrne, for dearcni, hidden, 
dark, so that it properly signifies to conceal by imita- 
ting the texture. But cf. also Ir. dame, W. & Arm. 
darn, a piece or patch.] To mend, as a rent or hole, by 
imitating the texture of the cloth or stuff with yarn or 
thread and a needle. 

Darn, n. 1. A place mended by darning. 2. A substi- 
tute for the profane word damn. 

Dar'nel, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. drank, drauck, and W. 
drewg.] (Bot.) The red darnel, or rye-grass. 

Darn'er, n. One who mends by darning. 

D^nfe/}*- SameasDoRNlc,q.v. 

Dar'rein, a. [0. Fr. darrein, derrain, Lat. as if deretra- 
nas, from de and retro, back, backward.] (Law.) Last. 

Dart, n. [From A.-S. daradh, darodh, Icel. darradhr, 0. 
H. Ger. tart, javelin, dart, Sw. dart, dagger, Icel. dorr, 
spear.] A pointed, missile weapon , intended to be thrown 
by the hand ; hence, any missile weapon ; any thing that 
pierces and wounds. 

Dart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. darted \p.pr. & vb. n. dart- 
ing.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, as a 
dart ; to hurl or launch. 2. To throw suddenly or rap- 
idly ; to send ; to emit ; to shoot. 

Dart, v. i. 1. To be let fly or launched, as a dart. 2. 
To start and run with velocity ; to shoot rapidly along. 

Dart, n. A fish ; the dace. See Dace. 

Dart'er, n. 1. One who darts or who throws a dart. 
2. (Omith.) The snake-bird, a bird of the pelican fam- 
ily ; — so called from the manner in which it darts out 
its long, snake-like neck at its prey. 

Dash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dashed (dasht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DASHING.] [Dan. daske, Sw. & Icel. daska, to beat, 
strike, Dan. & Sw. dask, blow.] 1. To throw with vio- 
lence or haste. 2. To break, as by throwing or by col- 
lision. 3. To put to shame; to confound; to abash. 
4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner ; to 
overspread partially; to touch here and there. 5. To 
form or sketch rapidly or carelessly. 6. To erase by a 
stroke ; to strike out ; to blot out or obliterate. 

Dash, v. i. To rush with violence; to strike violently; 
to come in collision. 

Dash, n. 1. Yiolent striking of two bodies ; collision; 
crash. 2. A sudden check; abashment; frustration; 
ruin. 3. An admixture, infusion, or adulteration ; a 
partial overspreading. 4. A rapid movement ; a quick 
stroke or blow; a sudden onset. 5. Capacity or readi- 
ness for quick, bold movements against an enemy. 6. 
A vain show or blustering parade; a flourish. [Low.'] 
7. (Punctuation.) A mark or line, thus [— ], in writing 
or printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or transition 
in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a 
long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigram- 
matic turn of sentiment. H. (Mus.) («.) A small mark 
['] denoting that the note over which it is placed is to be 
performed in a short, distinct manner, (b.) The line drawn 
through a figure in the thorough-bass, as a direction to 
raise that figure half a tone higher. 

Dash'-board, n. A board on the fore part of a carriage, 
sleigh, or other vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow 
thrown up by the heels of the horses ; a dasher 



2. To have a date. 




Date-tree. 



Date, n. [Lat. datus, -a, -urn, given, p. p. of dare, to 
give.] 1. Specification of the time when a writing, in- 
scription, coin, &c, was given or executed. 2. Precise 
period or time of ; epoch. 3. End; conclusion. [Rare.] 
4. Duration ; continuance. 

Bearing date,hn\ing the date named on the face of it; — said 
of a writing. 

Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DAT- 
ING.] [See supra.] 1. To note the time of writing or 
executing. 2. To note or fix the time of, 3. To refer 
to as a starting point or origin. 

Date, v. i. 1. To have beginning 

Date, n. [From Lat. dactylus, 
Gr. SoxtvAos, a finger, a date, 
from the fancied resemblance of 
this fruit to the finger.] (Bot.) 
The fruit of the date-palm. 

Date'less, a. Without date; 
having no fixed term. 

Date'-palm (-pam), ) n. (Bot.) 

Date'- tree, j The ge- 

nus of palms which bear dates. 

Da'tive, n. [Lat. dativus, from 
dare, to give.] 1. (Law.) That 
which may be given or disposed 
of at pleasure. 2. ( Gram.) The case of a noun which 
expresses the remoter object, and is generally indicated 
in English by to or for with the objective. 

Da'tive, a. 1. (Law.) (a.) Capable of being disposed 
of at will and pleasure, as an office, (b.) Removable, as 
distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer, (c.) 
Given by a magistrate, as distinguished from being cast 
upon a party by the Jaw. 2. Pertaining to the dative. 

Da'tum, n. ; pi. Ha'TA. [Lat.] Something given or 
admitted ; a ground of inference or deduction ; — used 
chiefly in the plural. 

Daub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DAUBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
daubing.] [W. dwbiaw, Ir. dob.] 1. To smear with 
soft, adhesive matter ; to plaster. 2. To paint in a coarse 
or unskillful manner. 3. To disguise; to conceal. 

Daub, w. 1. A viscous, sticky application. 2. (Paint.) 
A picture coarsely executed. 

Daub'er, n. One who daubs ; a coarse painter. 

DaUb'er-y, n. A daubing ; any thing artful ; imposition. 

Daugh'ter (daw'ter, 75), [A.-S. dohtor, dohter, Icel. 
dottir, Dan. dotter, datter, Goth, dauhtar, N. H. Ger. toch- 
ter, Gr. 6vya-rqp, Per. dOkhtarah, Skr. duhitri, Lith. duktS, 
Russ. dotshj, Ir. dear.] 1. A female child or offspring. 
2. A female descendant. 

Daugh'ter-in-law (daw'-), n. The wife of one's son. 

Daugh'ter-ly (da'w'-), a. Becoming a daughter ; filial. 

Daunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DAUNTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DAUNTING] [Lat. domitare, intens. form of domare, 
to tame.] To repress or subdue the courage of. 
Syn. — To dismay; appall; intimidate. 

Daunt'less, a. Incapable of being daunted ; bold ; fear- 
less ; intrepid. 

Dau'phin, n. [Fr. dauphin, a dolphin, — a name orig. 
given for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of 
"Vienne. in the twelfth century.] The eldest son of the 
king of France, and heir of the crown. 

Dau'phin-ess, n. The wife of the dauphin. 

Dav'it, or Da'vit, n. [Perh. from 
Lat. Davits, a name given to Ro- 
man slaves.] (Naut.) (a.) A spar 
used on board of ships, as a crane 
to hoist the flukes of the anchor to 
the top of the bow, without injur-" 
ing the sides of the ship, (b.) pl. ! 
Pieces of timber or iron, projecting^ 
over a ship's side or stern, having 
tackle to raise a boat by. 

Da'vy-lamp, n. A lantern in 

which the light is inclosed within Davits (&). 

fine wire gause, for use in coal-mines, where the gases 
are often explosive. It was invented by Sir Humphry 
Davy. See Safety-lamp. 




,8cc.,long; a,e, &.c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



DAW 



181 



DEAR 



Daw, n. (Ornith.) A bird of a certain species of the 
crow family ; a jackdaw. 

Daw'dle, v. i. [imp. & p.p. dawdled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
DAWDLING.] [Allied to daddk, dandle, q. v.] To 
waste time in trifling employment ; to trifle. 

Daw'tlle, v. t. To waste by trifling. 

Daw'dler, n. One who wastes time in trifling employ- 
ments ; an idler. 

Dawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dawned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DAWNING.] [A.-S. dagian, fr. dseg, day.] 1. To begin 
to grow light in the morning. 2. To begin to open and 
give promise, as the understanding or character. 

Dawn, n. 1. The break of day ; first appearance of 
light in the morning. 2. First opening or expansion ; 
beginning; rise. 

Day, n. [A.-S. dseg, Icel. dagr, Goth, dags, W. dydd, 
dyw, Lat. dies, Skr. dyu, from dyu, dlv, to shine.] 1. 
The period from sunrise to sunset. 2. The period of 
the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into twenty- 
four hours. 3. A specified time or period. 4. Day of 
battle ; hence, successful combat or contest ; victory. 

Civil day, the day used in the ordinary reckoning of time, 
and among most modern nations beginning at midnight. — 
Bay by day, daily; every day; continually. — Days in bank 
(Eng. Law), certain stated days for the return of writs and 
the appearance of parties;— so called because originally pecu- 
liar to the Court of Common Bench, or Bench {bank) as it was 
formerly termed. — Bays of grace, (a.) (O. Eng. Law.) Three 
days beyond the return day in the writ for the party sum- 
moned to make his appearance. (b.) (Mercantile Law.) Days 
allowed by law or custom, usually three, for the payment of a 
note or bill of exchange, after the specified day of payment.— 
Bay , s work (Naut.), the account or reckoning of a ship's course 
for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. — One day, or one 
of these days, at an indefinite time in the future. 

Day'-bobk, n. A book in which are recorded the ac- 
counts of_the day, in their order. 

Day'-break, n. The first appearance of light in the 
morning ; dawn of day. 

Day'-dream, n. A vain fancy or speculation ; a rev- 
erie ; a castle in the air ; unfounded hope. 

Day'-la/boi", n. Labor hired or done by the day. 

Day'Hght (-lit), n. The light of day, or of the sun. 

Dayg'man, n. ,• pi. days/men. [Prop., he who fixes the 
day, who is present as judge or umpire on the day ap- 
pointed.] An umpire or arbiter ; a mediator. 

Day'sprlng, n. The beginning of the day ; the dawn. 

Day'- star, n. 1. The morning star. 2. The sun as 
the orb of day. [Rare.] 

Day'-tlme, n. Time between sunrise and sunsetting. 

Daze, v. t. [0. D. daesen, to be foolish, insane, daes, 
dicaes, now dwaas, foolish, insane, A.-S. dwses, dwsesig, 
dysig, stupid, foolish.] To overpower with light ; to 
dazzle ; hence, to confuse; to bewilder. 

Daz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dazzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DAZZLING.] [Diminutive of daze, q. v.] 1. To over- 
power with light ; to daze. 2. To strike or surprise with 
brilliancy, or display of any kind. 

D&z'zle, v. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely 
bright. 2. To be rendered blind or dim by excess of 
brightness. 

Dea'-eon (de'kn), n. [Lat. diaconus, from Gr. Sia/covo?, a 
servant, a minister or servant of the church.] (Eccl.) An 
officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain 
subordinate duties, varying in different communions. 

To deacon out, to read line by line, as a hymn, for others 
to sing, as was formerly done by deacons. 

Dea'-eon-ess (de'kn-es), n. A female deacon in the 
primitive church. 

Dea'eon-ry, ) n. The office or ministry of a deacon 

Dea'eon-ship, J or deaconess. 

Dead, a. [A.-S. dead, Goth, dauths, Icel. daudhr. See 
Die.] 1. Deprived or destitute of life ; put to death ; 
inanimate ; lifeless. 2. Resembling death in appearance 
or quality ; without show of life. 3. "Without motion ; 
inactive. 4. Unproductive ; unprofitable. 5. Lacking 
spirit ; dull. 6. Monotonous, or unvaried. 7. Pro- 
ducing death ; sure as death ; fixed. 8. Wanting in 
religious spirit and vitality. 9. ( Law.) Cut off from the 
rights of a citizen, or property holder. 10. (Engin.) 
Not imparting motion or power. 

Bead ahead (Xaut.), directly ahead-, — said of the wind. — 
Bead drunk, so drunk as to be completely helpless. — Bead 
language, a language no longer spoken or in common use. — 
Bead letter, (a.) A letter which, after lving for a certain fixed 
time uncalled for at a post-office, is then sent to the general 
post-office to be opened, (b.) That which has fallen into dis- 
use or become obsolete. — Bead lock, an interlocking or coun- 
teraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage. 

Dead, adv. To a degree resembling death ; to the last 
degree ; completely ; wholly ; exactly. [ Colloq.] 




Dead, n. 1. The most quiet or death-like time ; the 
period of profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom. 2. 
pi. Those who are dead ; the deceased ; the departed. 

Dead'-cen'terJn. (Mack.) Either of the two oppo- 

Dead'-point, j site points in the orbit of a crank, 
at which the crank and the connecting-rod lie in the 
same straight line. 

Dead'-coFor-ing (-kul'ur-), n. {Paint.) The first 
layer of colors, usually some shade of gray. 

Dead'en (ded'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deadened: 
p. pr. & vb. n. deadening.] 1. To impair in vigor 
force, or sensibility. 2. To lessen the velocity or mo- 
mentum of; to retard. 3. To make vapid or spiritless. 
4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy. 

Dead'-eye, n. [dead-man's eye.] (Naut.) A round 
flattish, wooden block, pierced with three holes, to receive 
the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds, stays, &c. 

Dead'-head, n. One who receives free tickets for 
theaters, public conveyances, &c. [Amer.] 

Dead'-Iift, n. The lifting of a thing at the utmost dis- 
advantage, as of a dead body ; a lift made with main 
strength ; hence, an extreme exigency. 

Dead'- light (-lit), n. (Naut.) A 
strong shutter, for a cabin window, 
to prevent water from entering. 

Dead'li-ness, n. Quality of being 
deadly ; destructiveness. 

Dead'ly, a. 1. Capable of causing 
death ; mortal ; fatal ; destructive 
2. Willing to destroy ; implacable ; 
desperately hostile. 

Dead'ly, adv. 1. So as to resemble- 

death. 2. So as to occasion death ; Dead-light, 

mortally. 3. In an implacable manner ; destructively. 

Dead'-march, n. A piece of solemn music at a funeral. 

Dead'ness, n. The state of being dead ; dullness ; inert> 
ness ; languor ; coldness ; vapidness ; indifference. 

Dead'-reck'on-ing, n. (Naut.) Method of determin- 
ing the place of a ship without the aid of celestial 
observations. 

Dead'-wa/ter, n. (Naut.) The eddy water that 
closes behind a ship as she passes on. [burden. 

Dead'- weight (ded'wat), n. A heavy or oppressive 

Deaf (def or def ), a. [A.-S. deaf, Icel. daufr, Goth. 
daubs, Ger. taub.] 1. Wanting the sense of hearing 
either wholly or in part. 2. Unwilling to hear or listen ; 
not to be persuaded. 

Beafand dumb. See Deaf-mute. 

Deafen (def'n or de'fn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEAF- 
ENED ; p. pr. & vb. n. deafening.] 1. To make 
deaf; to stun. 2. (Arch.) To render impervious to 
sound, as a floor, by filling the space beneath it with 
mortar and other substances. 

Deaf-mute (def mut or defmut), n. A person who is 
deaf and dumb. 

Deafness (defnes or defnes), n. 1. Want of the 
sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear or notice. 

Deal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dealt (delt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEALING.] [A.-S. dselan, Goth, dailjan.] 1. To di- 
vide ; to distribute. 2. To throw out or bestow suc- 
cessively or indiscriminately. 

Deal, v. i. 1. To make distribution. 2. To traffic ; to 
trade ; to carry on business. 3. To act ; to have tran- 
sactions of any kind with ; to manage ; to treat. 

Deal, n. [A.-S. dsel, 0. Sax. del, D. & Dan. deel, Sw. 
del, Goth, dails, 0. H. Ger. tail, teil, N. H. Ger. theil. 
See the verb.] 1. A part or portion ; hence, an indefi- 
nite quantity, degree, or extent. 2. Division or distri- 
bution of cards ; also, the portion distributed. 3. Divis- 
ion of a piece of timber made by sawing ; a pine or fir 
board or plank, particularly, one above seven inches in 
width, and exceeding six feet in length. 4. Wood of 
the pine or fir. 

Deal'er, n. One who deals ; a trader. 

Dean, n. [Prom Lat. decanus, the chief of ten, from 
decern, ten, Gr. Se/ca.] 1. An ecclesiastical dignitary, 
subordinate to a bishop. 2. An officer in the universi- 
ties of Oxford and Cambridge, England, appointed to 
superintend the religious services, and to enforce the 
attendance of the students. 3. The head of the faculty 
in some English universities. 4. A secretary of the 
faculty in a department of a college. [Amer.] 

Dean'er-y, n. Office, revenue, residence, or jurisdiction, 
of a dean. 

Dean'ship, n. The office of a dean. 

Dear, a. [compar. dearer; superl. dearest.] [A.-S. 
deore, deor, dior.] 1. Bearing a high price; costly; 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e-eho; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



DEAR 



182 



DECALITER 



expensive. 2. Marked by scarcity, and exorbitance of 
price. 3. Highly valued ; much esteemed; greatly be- 
loved ; precious. 

Dear, adv. Dearly ; at a high rate. 

Dear, n. A dear one ; one dearly beloved ; a darling. 

Dear'born (-burn), n. A light four-wheeled carriage. 

Dear'ly, adv. In a dear manner ; or at a dear rate. 

Dear'ness, n. State or condition of being dear. 

Dearth (derth, 14), n. [See Dear.] 1. Scarcity which 
renders dear. 2. Want ; need ; famine. 3. Barrenness ; 
poverty j sterility. 

Death, n. [A.-S. deadh, Goth, dauthus. See Dead and 
Die.] 1. Cessation or extinction of bodily life ; decease ; 
demise; departure; dissolution; exit. 2. Total priva- 
tion or loss. 3. Mode or manner of dying. 4. Cause, 
agent, or instrument of loss of life. 5. A skeleton, as 
the symbol of death. 6. Danger of death. 

Civil death, the separation of a man from civil society, or from 
the enjoyment of civil rights, as by outlawry, banishment, abju- 
ration' of the realm, entering into a monastery, &c. — Death's- 
door, a near approach to death ; the gates of death. — Spiritual 
death (Script.), the corruption and perversion of the soul by 
Bin, with the loss of the favor of God. 

Syn. — Decease ; demise; departure; release. — Death ap- 
plies to every form of existence; the other words only to the 
human race. Decease is the term used in law for the removal 
of a human being out of life; demise was formerly confined to 
the decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of distin- 
guished men, as, the demise of Mr. Pitt; departure and release 
are peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. 

Death'-bed, n. The bed on which a person dies ; hence, 
the closing hours of life. [tinction. 

Death'less, a. Not subject to death, destruction, or ex- 
Death 'ly, a. 1. Resembling death or a dead body. 2. 
Deadly ; fatal ; destructive. [person. 

Death'-rat'tle, n. A rattling in the throat of a dying 

Death's'-head, n. An image or figure representing the 
head of a human skeleton. 

Death's'maii, n. ; pi. death's'men. An executioner ; 
a hangman. 

Death'-war'rant, n. (Lan>.) An order from the 
proper authority for the execution of a criminal. 

Death'- watch, n. (Entom.) A small kind of beetle, 
whose ticking noise, which is really the call of the male 
for its mate, has been superstitiously thought to prog- 
nosticate death. 

De-baAele (de-ba^kl), n. [Ft., from bacler, to bar up, 
from Lat. baculum, baculus, a stick.] 1. A violent rush 
of waters, having great transporting power. 2. A con- 
fused rout. 

De-bar', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEBARRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEBARRING.] [From de and bar, q. v.] To cut off 
from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier ; to shut out or 
exclude ; to deny or refuse. 

De-hark', v. t. [Fr. debar quer, from barque. See Bark.] 
To land from a ship or boat ; to disembark. 

De-hark', v. i. [imp. & p. p. debarked (de-barkf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. debarring.] To leave a ship or boat 
and pass to the land. 

De'bar-ka'tion, n. The act of disembarking. 

De-base', v. t. [imp. & p. p. debased (de-bast/); p. 
pr. & vb. n. DEBASING.] [From de and base, q. v. Cf. 
Abase.] To reduce from a higher to a lower state of 
worth, dignity, purity, station, and the like. 
Syn.— To abase; degrade; lower. 

De-base'ment, n. The act of debasing, or the state of 
being debased ; degradation. 

De-bas'er, n. One who debases or degrades. [putable. 

De-bat'a-ble, a. [See infra.] Liable to be debated ; dis- 

De-bate', n. Contention in words or arguments ; dis- 
putej controversy. 

De-bate', v.t. [imp. & p. p. debated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. debating.] [Fr. debattre. See Beat and Abate.] 
1. To fight or strive for. 2. To contend for in words 
or arguments. 

Syn.— To contest ; argue; discuss; dispute. 

De-bate', v. i. To engage in strife or combat ; to con- 
tend ; to struggle ; to dispute ; to deliberate. 

Debating society, a society for the purpose of debate and im- 
provement in extemporaneous speaking. 

De-bat'er, n. One who debates ; a disputant. 

De-bauch', v. t. [imp. & p. p. debauched (de- 
baweht', 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. debauching.] [Fr. de- 
baucher, originally to entice away from the workshop, from 
O. Fr. bauche, bauge, workshop.] To corrupt in charac- 
ter or principles ; to vitiate ; to pollute ; to lead astray : 
to seduce. 

De-bauch', n. 1. Excess in eating or drinking; in- 



temperance ; drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness. 2. An 
act or occasion of debauchery. 

Delb'au-chee' (deVo-shS'), n. A sensual or dissipated 
person ; a rake ; a libertine. 

De-bauch'er, n. One who debauches. 

De-bauch'er-y, n. 1. Corruption of fidelity. 2. Ex- 
cessive indulgence of the appetites ; intemperance ; sen- 
suality ; lewdness. 

De-bauch'meiit, n. Act of debauching. 

De-bgnt'ure (53), n. [From Lat. debentur, 3d pers. pi. 
pres. pass, of debere, to owe, because these receipts began 
with the words Debentur mihi, &c] 1. A writing ac- 
knowledging a debt. 2. A custom-house certificate entitl- 
ing an exporter of imported goods to a drawback. 3. 
( Com.) Bonds and securities for money loans. 

De-bil'i-tate,t\ t. [imp. & p.p. debilitated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. DEBILITATING.] [Lat. debilitare, debilitatum, 
from debilis, feeble.] To make feeble, faint, or languid. 
Syn. — To weaken ; enfeeble ; enervate ; relax. 

De-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being feeble or weak ; want 
of strength; languor. 

Syn. — Infirmity ; imbecility. — An infirmity belongs, for 
the most part, to individual members, and is often temporary, 
as of the eyes, &c. ; debility is more general, and prevents, 
while it lasts, the ordinary functions of nature; imbecility at- 
taches to the whole frame, and renders it more or less power- 
less. These words, in their figurative uses, have the same dis- 
tinctions ; we speak of infirmity of will, debility of intellect, 
and an imbecility which affects the whole man. 

Deb'it, n. [Lat. debitum, debt, from debere, to owe.] A 
recorded item of debt ; the debtor side of an account ; debt. 

Deb'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. debited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
debiting.] 1. To charge with debt. 2. To enter on 
the debtor side of a book. 

Deb'o-nair', a. [Fr. debonnaire, from de, of, bon, good, 
and air, air, look, manner.] Characterized by courteous- 
ness, affabilit}', or gentleness; complaisant. 

Deb'o-nair'ly, adv. Courteously ; affably. 

Deb'o-nair'ness, n. Affableness ; complaisance. 

De-bouch' (de-bobsh'), v. i. [Fr. deboucher, fr. de and 
boucher', to stop up,fr. bouche, mouth, from Lat. bucca, 
the cheek.] To issue or march out of a confined place, 
or from defiles. 

D6bouchure (da/boo'shur'), n. [Fr.] The outward 
opening, as of a valley, river, and the like. 

D6br*is (da'bree'), n. [Fr., from briser, to break, to shat- 
ter, from Gael, bris, to break.] 1. (Geol.) Fragments, 
taken collectively ; especially, fragments detached from 
a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base. 2. Rub- 
bish ; remains ; ruins. 

Debt (det), n. [0. Fr. debte, now dette, from debita, pi. 
of debitum. See Debit.] 1. That which is due from 
one person to another, whether money, goods, or servi- 
ces ; due ; obligation ; liability. 2. A duty neglected 
or violated: a fault ; a crime ; a trespass. 

Debt'or (&et'or),n. [Lat. debitor, from debere, to owe.] 
The person who owes another either money, goods, or 
services ; one who is indebted. 

Debut (da-bu' or da-bi}'), n. [Fr., prop, first cast or throw 
at play, from but, aim, mark. See But, m.] A begin- 
ning or first attempt ; hence, a first appearance, as of 
an actor or public speaker, &c. 

Debutant (da'bu-tong'), n. [Fr.] A person who makes 
his first appearance before the public. 

Debutante (da'bu-tongf), n. [Fr.] A woman who makes 
her first appearance before the public. 

Dec'a-ehdrd, ) n. [From Gr. JexaxopSos, ten- 

Dec'a-ehor'don, ) stringed, fr. oYko., ten, and x°P&V> 
a string, Lat. chorda.] 1. An ancient musical instru- 
ment, of ten strings. 2. Any thing having ten parts. 

Dec'ade, n. [L. Lat. decada, decas, from Gr. fiexas, 
from 6Vk<x, ten.] The sum or number of ten. 

De-ea'dence, I n. [L. Lat. decadentia, from Lat. de and 

De-ca'den-cy, ) cadere, to fall. See Decay.] Decay; 
fall ; deterioration. 

Dee'a-gon, n. [Gr. Sena, ten, and yavCa, corner, angle.] 
( Geom.) A plane figure of ten sides and ten angles. 

Dec'a-gram, n. [Fr. decagramme, from Gr. Se'*a, ten, 
and Fr. gramm.e. See Gram.] A French weight of 10 
grams, or 154.38 grains Troy. 

De^a-he'dral, a. Having ten sides. 

Dec'a-he'drcm, n. ; pi. dec'a-he'DRA. [Gr. Se/ca, 
ten, and eSpa, a seat, a base, fr. e£e<x0cu, to sit.] ( Geom.) 
A solid figure or body having ten sides. 

De-eal'i-ter, or Dec'a-li / ter, n. [Fr., from Gr. BeKa, 
ten, and Fr. litre. See Liter.] A French measure of ca- 
pacity, containing 10 liters, or 610.28 cubic inches, equal 
to 2 gallons and 64.44231 cubic inches. 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,s/iori; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.flrm; son, 6r, d«, wolf, 



DECALOGIST 



183 



DECIMAL 



De-cal'o-gist, n. One who explains the decalogue. 

Dee'a-logue (-lag), n. [Gr. Se/caAoyos, from Se'/ca, ten, 
and Aoyos, speech.] The ten commandments. 

De-eam'e-ron, n. [It. decamerone , from Gr. Se'/ca, ten, 
and ju.e'p^, part ; though quite generally supposed to be 
derived from rnxepa, day.] A work comprised in ten 
books ; especially, a collection of tales in ten books, written 
in the fourteenti century, by Boccaccio. 

De-cam'e-ter, or De-e'a-me'ter, n. [Fr. decametre, 
from Gr. 6V/ca, ten, and Fr. metre. See Meter.] A 
French measure of length, consisting of ten meters, and 
equal to 333.71 English inches. 

De-eamp', e. i. [imp. & p. p. decamped (de-kamt / ); 
p. pi. & vb. n. DECAMPING.] [Fr. decamper, from camp, 
campo, a camp. See CAMP.] To move away from a 
camping ground ; hence, to depart suddenly. 

De-eamp'ment, n. Departure from a camp ; a break- 
ing camp ; a marching off. 

Dee'a-nai, a. [From Lat. decanus. See Dean.] Per- 
taining to a deanery. 

De-ean'droui, a. [Gr. Se'/ca, ten, and avfjp, aVSpos, a 
male.] (Boi.) Hiving ten stamens. 

De-eant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decanted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DECANTING-.] [Fr. decanter, prop, to pour off from 
the edge of a vessel, from dc and 0. Fr. cant, edge. See 
CANT.] To pour off gentl/, as liquor from its sediment ; 
or to pour from one vessel into another. 

De'-ean-ta/tion, n. Act of pouring off a fluid gently 
from its lees, or from one vessel into another. 

De-cant'er, n. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors, or 
for receiving decanted liquors. Si. One who decants 
liquors. 

De-eap'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decapitated ; p. 
pr. & v'j. n. DECAPITATING.] [L. Lat. decapitare, de- 
capilatum, fr. Lat. de and caput, capitis, head.] To cut 
off the heid of; to behead. 

De-eap'i-ta'tioii, n. The act of beheading. 

Dee'a-potl, n. [Jr. Se'/ca, ten, and 7roik, 7toS6s, foot.] 
(Zo'il.) A crustacean with ten feet or legs, as the crab, 
lobster, &c. See Crustacean. 

De-ear'bon-i-z Vtion, n. The action or process of 
depriving a substance of carbon. 

De-ear'bon-izo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decarbonized ; 
p. pr & vb. it. DECARBONIZING.] [From de and car- 
bonize, q. v.] To deprive of carbon. 

DSe'a-sti-eli(-stlk), n. [Gr. Se'/ca, ten, and ctti'xos, a row, 
a verse.] A poem consisting of ten lines. 

Dee'a-style, n. [Gr. Se/cacrrvAos, from Se'/ca, ten, and 
o-tvKos, a column.] (Arch.) A building having a portico 
with ten columns in front. 

Dee'a-syl-lab'ie, a. [Gr. Se'/ca, ten, and auWaBrj, a 
syllable, q. v.] Consisting often syllables. 

De-«ay', v. i. [imp. & p. p. decayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DECAYING.] [From Lat. de and ca-Jere, to fall.] To 
pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, 
to one of imperfection, weakness, or dissolution; to fail. 

De-eliy', v. t. To impair; to bring to a worse state. 

Da-cay', n. Gradual failure of health, strength, sound- 
ness, prosperity, or any kind of excellence or perfection. 

Syn. — Decline. — Decay is stronger than decline. What 
is declining leans toward a fall; what is decaying is on the way 
to destruction. 

De-pease', n. [Lat. decessus, fr. decedere, to depart, die, 
from de and cedere, to withdraw.] Departure, especially 
departure from this life. 

Syn. — Death; departure; demise; release. See Death. 

De-cease', v. i. [imp. & p. p. deceased (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb_. n. DECEASING.] To depart from this life ; to die. 

De-ceit', n. [0. Eng. deceipt, from Lat. deceptus, decep- 
tion, from decipere. See Deceive.] An attempt or dis- 
position to deceive or lead into error. 

Syn. — Deception; fraud; imposition. See Deception. 

De-cpit'ful, a. Full of deceit ; trickish ; fraudulent. 

De-f eit'ful-ly, adv. In a deceitful manner. 

De-peit'ful-ness, n. 1. Disposition or tendency to de- 
ceive. Sil Quality of being fraudulent. 

De-ceiv'a-ble, a. Subject to deceit or imposition ; lia- 
ble to be misled, or entrapped. 

De-ceive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deceived; p pr. & vb. 
n. DECEIVING.] [Lat. decipere, from de and capere, to 
take, catch.] To lead into error ; to impose upon. 
Syn. — To delude ; insnare; entrap; disappoint. 

De-ceiv'er, n. One who deceives ; a cheat. 

Syn. —Impostor. — A deceiver operates by stealth and in 
private: an impostor practices his arts on the community at 
large. The one succeeds by artful falsehood; the other, by bold 
assumption. 



De-cSm/ber, n. [Lat. from decern, ten ; this being the 
tenth month among the early Romans, who began the 
year in March.] The last month in the year. 

De-cem'vir, n. ; Eng.pl. de-cem'virs ; Lat. pi. de- 
pitM'vi-Ri. [Lat , from decern, ten, and vir, a man.] 
(Rom. Antiq.) One of ten magistrates, who had absolute 
authority in ancient Rome from 449 to 447 B. C. 

De-cem'vi-ral, a. Pertaining to the decemvirs. 

De-$em'vi-rate (45), n. 1. Office or term of office of 
the decemvirs, in ancient Rome. Si. A body of ten men 
in authority. 

De'cen-cy, n - [Lat. decentia. See Decent ] 1. State 
or quality of being decent ; propriety of form in social 
intercourse, in actions, or discourse ; proper formality ; 
modesty. Si. That which is decent or becoming. 

De-cen'na-ry, n. [L. Lat. decennarium, decennarius, 
fr. decennium, a period of ten years, fr. Lat. decern, ten,, 
and annus, a year.] 1. A period often jears. Si. (Law.)' 
A tithing consisting of ten neighboring families. 

De-cen'ni-al, a. Consisting of ten jears, or happening 
every ten years. 

De'cent, a. [Lat. decens, p. pr. of decet, decere, to be 
fitting or becoming.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, 
dress, and ceremony. Si. Free from immodesty or ob- 
scenity ; modest. 3. Graceful; well-formed. [Obs.] 4. 
Moderate, but competent ; sufficient ; hence, respectable. 
Syn. — Becoming; fit; decorous; proper; comely; seemly. 

De'cent -ly, adv. In a decent or becoming manner. 

Decent -ness, n. State of being decent. [Rare.] 

De-£ep'tion, n. [Lat. deceptio, from decipere, deceptum. 
See DECEIVE.] 1. Act of deceiving or misleading. 
Si. State of being deceived or misled. 3. That which 
deceives ; artifice ; cheat. 

Syn. — Deceit; fraud; imposition. — Deception usually refers 
to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we speak 
of a person as skilled in deception and addicted to deceit. An 
imposition is an act of deception practiced upon some one to 
his annoyance or injury ; a. fraud implies the use of stratagem, 
with a view to some unlawful gain or advantage. 

De-cep'tive, a. Tending to deceive; having power to 
mislsad ; deceitful ; misleading. 

De-cep'to-ry, a. Tending to deceive. 

De-charm', v. t. [Fr. decharmer. See Charm.] To 
free from the power of a charm ; to disenchant. 

De-eliris'tiaii-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dechristian- 
IZED; p. pr. & vb. n. DECHRISTIANIZING.] To turn 
from Christianity. 

De-cid'a-ble, a. Capable of being decided. 

De-fide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DECIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DECIDING.] [Lat. decldere, from de and ccedere, to cut, 
cut off.] To determine the result of; to settle ; to end; 
to terminate ; to conclude. 

De-clde', v. i. To determine ; to form a definite opinion ; 
to come to a conclusion ; to give decision. 

De-cid'ed, a. 1. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; 
unmistakable ; unquestionable. Si. Free from doubt or 
wavering; determined; of fixed purpose; positive. 3. 
Free from uncertainty ; undeniable ; clear. 

De-cid'ed-ly, adv. In a decided manner ; clearly. 

De-cid'er, n. One who decides or determines. 

De-cid'u-oiis, a. [Lat. deciduus, from decidere, to fall 
off, from de and cad ere, to fall.] Having but a tempora- 
ry existence ; not perennial or permanent. 

De-cid'u-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being deciduous. 

Dec'i-gram, n. [Fr. decigramme, from Lat. decimus, 
tenth, and Fr. gramme. See GRAM.] A French meas- 
ure of weight equal to one tenth of a gramme. 

De-cil'i-ter, or Dec'i-H'ter, n. [Fr. decilitre, from 
Lat. decimus, tenth, and Fr. litre. See Liter.] A 
French measure of capacity ; the tenth of a litre. 

De-cill'ion, n. [From Lat. decern, ten.] According to 
the English notation, a million involved to the tenth 
power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed ; according 
to the French notation, a thousand involved to the 
eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers an- 
nexed. [See Note under NUMERATION.] 

De-clll'ionth, a. Pertaining to a decillion; preceded 
by a decillion less one. 

De-cill'ionth, n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by 
a decillion. Si. One of a decillion equal parts. 

Dec'i-mal, a. [From Lat. decimus, tenth, from decern, 
ten.] Pertaining to decimals ; numbered or proceeding 
by tens. 

Decimal fractions, fractions in which the denominator is some 
power of 10, as -j^-, -^-, and is not usually expressed, but is 
signified by a point placed at the left hand of the numerator, 
as, .2, .'25. 



food, fo^ot , urn, riide, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



DECIMAL 



184 



DECOMPOSE 



Dec 'i-mal, n. A number expressed in the scale of tens ; 
a decimal number ; especially, a decimal fraction. 

Circulating or circulatory decimal, a decimal fraction in 
which the same figure, or set of figures, is constantly repeated; 
as, 0.354354354; called also recurring decimal. 

De$'i-mate, v. t. {imp. & p. p. decimated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DECIMATING.] [Lat. decimare, decimation, from 
decimus, tenth, from decern, ten.] 1. To take the tenth 
part of; to tithe. 2. To select by lot and punish with 
death every tenth man of. 3. To destroy a certain por- 
tion of ; to devastate. 

Dec'i-ma'tion, n. A selection of every tenth by lot, as 
for punishment, &c. 

Dec'i-ma'tor, n. One who decimates, or selects every 
tenth man for punishment. 

De-cim'e-ter, or Dec'i-me'ter, n. [Fr. decimetre, 
from Lat. decimus, tenth, and Fr. metre. See Meter.] 
A French measure of length equal to the tenth part of a 
meter, or nearly four inches. 

De-ci'plier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deciphered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DECIPHERING-.] [From de and cipher. See 
Cipher.] 1. To translate from a cipher into intelli- 
gible terms. 2. To find out, so as to be able to make 
known the meaning of ; to reveal. 

De-ci'pher-a-ble, a. Capable of being deciphered. 

De-ci'plier-er, *. One who deciphers. 

De-cis/ion (de-slzh'un), n. [Lat. decisio. See Decide.] 

1. Act of settling or terminating, as a controversy ; de- 
termination ; settlement ; conclusion. 2. An account 
or report of a conclusion, especially of a legal adjudi- 
cation. 3. The quality of being decided ; prompt and 
fixed determination. 

De-ci'sive, a. 1. Having the power or quality of decid- 
ing a question or controversy, &c. 2. Marked by 
promptness and decision. 

Syn. — Final ; conclusive ; decided ; positive. 

De-ci'sive-ly, adv. In a manner to end deliberation, 
controversy, doubt, or contest. 

De-ci'sive-ness, n. Quality of ending doubt, contro- 
versy, &c. ; conclusiveness. 

De-ci'so-ry, a. Able to decide or determine. 

Deck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decked (dekt); p.pr. & vb. 
n. DECKING.] [A.-S. decan,gedecan,theccan, 0. H. Ger. 
decchan, dakjan, dekjan, thekan, Icel. thekja, allied to 
Lat. tegere, to cover, (Jr. re'yo?, o-reyos, a roof, o~reyeiv, to 
cover.] 1. To cover ; to overspread. 2. To dress ; to 
clothe; especially, to clothe with more than ordinary ele- 
gance. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 
Syn. — To array ; adorn ; embellish. 

Deck, n. 1. The floor-like covering or division of a 
ship. 2. A pack or set of cards piled regularly on each 
other. 

Deck'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, decks or adorns. 

2. A vessel which has a deck or decks ; — used especially 
in composition. 

De-claim', v. i. [imp. & p. p. declaimed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. declaiming.] [Lat. declamare, from de and 
clamare, to cry out. See Claim.] 1. To speak rhetori- 
cally ; to make a formal speech or oration ; to speak in 
public as a rhetorical exercise ; to harangue. 2. To 
speak or talk pompously and elaborately , without sincer- 
ity ; to rant. 

De-claim', v. t. To utter in public ; to deliver in a rhe- 
torical or set manner. 

De-claim/er, n. One who declaims. 

Dec'la-ma'tion, n. [Lat. declamatio. See Declaim.] 

1. Actor art of declaiming; rhetorical delivery. 2. A 
set speech or harangue. 3. Pretentious rhetorical dis- 
play, with more sound than sense. 

De-clam'a-to-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to declamation. 

2. Characterized by rhetorical display; without solid 
sense or argument. 

Dec'la-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of declaring ; explicit asser- 
tion. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed; an- 
nouncement; distinct statement. 3. The document by 
which an assertion or announcement is authoritatively 
verified. 4. {Law.) That part of the process or plead 
ings in which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large 
his cause of complaint ; the narration, count, or counts. 

De-clar'a-tive, a. Making declaration, proclamation, 
or publication ; explanatory ; assertive. 

De-clar'a-to-ry, a. Making declaration, explanation, 
or exhibition ; expressive ; affirmative. 

De-clare', v. t. [imp. & p. p. declared ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DECLARING.] [Lat. declarare, from de and clarare 
to make clear, from clams, clear, bright.] 1. To make 
known publicly ; to publish ; to proclaim. 2. To assert ; 



to affirm. 3. ( Com.) To make full statement of, as goods, 
&c, for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, &c. 
To declare one's self, to avow one's opinion. 

De-clare', v.i. 1. To make a declaration ; to proclaim 
one's self. 2. {Law.) To state the plaintiff's cause of 
action at law in a legal form. 

De-clar'ed-ly, adv. Avowedly ; explicitly. 

De-cleii'sion, n. [See Decline.] 1. Declination; 
descent ; slope. 2. A falling off from excellence or per- 
fection ; deterioration ; decay. 3. Act of courteously 
refusing or declining ; a declinature. 4. ( Gram.) (a.\ 
Inflection of a word, according to its grammatical forms. 
(b.) The form of the inflection of a word declined by 
cases. 

De-eliii'a-ble, a. Admitting of declension or inflection ; 
capable of being declined. 

Dec'li-nate (45), a. {Hot.) Pending downward, in a 
curve ; curved downward ; declined. 

Dec'li-na'tion, n. 1. Act or state of bending down- 
ward ; inclination. 2. Act or state of falling off or de- 
clining from excellence or perfection ; deterioration ; de- 
cay ; decline. 3. Act of deviating or turning aside ; ob- 
liquity ; withdrawal. 4. (Astron.) Angular distance of 
any object from the celestial equator. 5. {Dialing.) The 
arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane 
and the prime vertical circle, or between the meridian and 
the plane. 6. ( Gram. ) Act of inflecting a word through 
its various terminations. 

Declination of the compass, or needle, the variation of the 
needle from the true meridian of a place. 

Dee'li-na/tor, n. An instrument for taking the decli- 
nation of a reclining plane. [tion or refusal. 

De-elin'a-to-ry, a. Containing or involving a dcclina- 

De-elin'a-ture (C3), n. Act of putting away or refusing. 

De-cline', v. i. [imp. & p. p. EECLINED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DECLINING.] [Lat. dcclivare, from de and a sup- 
posed clinare, to lean, incline, Gr. kKLvhv .] 1. To bend 
over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despon- 
dency, &c. 2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or 
extinction ; to fail ; to sink ; to decay. 3. To turn or lead 
aside ; to deviate ; to stray. 4. To iefuse. 

De~eline', v. t. 1. To bend downward ; to depress. 2. 
To turn off or away from ; to refuse to undertake or com- 
ply with ; to reject courteously : to shun ; to avoid. 3. 
(Gram.) To inflect or rehearse in order in the changes 
of grammatical form. 

De-cline', n. 1. A falhng off ; tendency to a worse state : 
diminution; deterioration. 2. (Med.) (a.) That period 
of a disorder when the symptoms begin to abate in vio- 
lence, (b.) A gradual sinking and wasting away of the 
physical faculties. 

Syn. — Decay; consumption. — The first stage of the down- 
ward progress is decline; decay follows, tending to ultimate 
destruction ; consumjrtion is steady decay from an inward wast- 
ing of strength. 

De-clin'er, n. One who declines. 

De-elrv'i-ty, n. [Lat. declivitas, from declivis, sloping, 
down hill, from de and clivus, a slope, hill. Cf. Cliff.] 

1. Deviation from a horizontal line ; descent of surface; 
inclination downward ; slope. 2. A descending or in- 
clining surface ; a slope. 

De-cli'voiis, ) a. Gradually declining or descending ; 

De-clrv'i-tous, ) sloping. 

De-eoct', v. t. [imp. & p.p. decocted; p.pr & vb. 

n. DECOCTING.] [Lat. decoquere, decoctvm, from de 

and coquere, to cook, to boil.] 1. To prepare by boiling ; 

to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare for assimilation 

by the heat of the stomach ; to digest. 
De-eoct'i-ble, a. Capable of being boiled or digested. 
De-coc'tion, n. 1. Act of preparing fcr use by toiling. 

2. An extract prepared by boiling sen ething in water. 
De-col'late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. decollated; p.pr. 

& vb. n. DECOLLATING.] [Lat. dtcollare, decollatum, 
from collum, the neck.] To sever the neck of; to be- 
head ; to decapitate. 

De'col-la'tion, n. The act of beheading ; decapitation. 

De-eol'or (-kQPur), v. t. [From de and color, q. v.] To 
deprive of color ; to bleach. 

De-eol'or-a'tion, n. The removal or absence of color. 

De'com-pos/a-ble, a. Capable of being decomposed. 

De'com-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decomposed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DECOMPOSING.] [From de and compose, 
q. v.] To separate the constituent parts of; to set free 
from previously existing forms of chemical combination ; 
to resolve into original elements. 

De'com-poge', v. i. To become resolved or returned 
from existing combinations ; to undergo dissolution. 



a, e, &c, long,- a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



DECOMPOSITE 



185 



DEDICATE 



De'eont-pog'ite, a. [From de and composite, q. v. 
Compounded more than once. 

De-eom/po-gi'tion, n. [From de and composition, q 
v.] 1. Act of separatiug the constituent parts of a com- 
pound body or substance ; analysis. 2. State of being 
separated ; release from previous combinations. 

De'eom-pound', v. t. [imp. &p.p. decompounded ; 
p. pr. & vb. re. DECOMPOUNDING.] [From de and com- 
pound, v. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that which 
is already compound. 2. To reduce to constituent parts ; 
to decompose. 

De'eom-pound', a. 1. Compound of what is already 
compounded. 2. (Bot.) Several times compounded or 
divided, as a leaf or stem. [pounded. 

De'eom-pound'a-ble, a. Capable of being decom- 

Dee'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decorated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DECORATING.] [Lat. decorate, decoratum, 
from decus, decoris, ornament, decor, decoris, beauty, 
from decet, decern, to be becoming.] To deck with that 
which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary. 

Syn. — To adorn ; embellish ; ornament ; beautify. See 
Adqen. 

Dee'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of decorating or adorning. 
2. That which adorns, enriches, or beautifies ; ornament. 

Dee'o-ra-tive, a. Suited to embellish ; adorning. 

Dee'o-na'tor, n. One who decorates. 

De-€o'rous, or Dee'o-rous (T18), a. [Lat. decorosus, 
from decus, and decorus, from decor.] Suitable to a 
character, or to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; 
proper ; seemly. [or becoming manner. 

De-eo'roiis-ly , or Dee'o-rous-ly , adv. In a decorous 

De-eo'rou?-ness, or Dee'o-roiis-ness, n. Decency 
or propriety of behavior. 

De-edr'ti-eate. v. t. [imp. & p. p. decorticated; 
p. pr. & vb. re. DECORTICATING.] [Lat. decorticare, 
decorticatum, from de and cortex, bark.] To take oif the 
exterior coating or bark of; to husk ; to peel. 

De-eor'ti-ea'tion, n. The act of peeling or stripping 
off the bark or husk. 

De-co'rum (118), n. [Lat. See Decorous.] Propriety 
of speech, manner, or conduct ; seemliness ; decency. 

Sj r n. — Dignity. — Decorum is that which is becoming in 
outward act or appearance ; dignity springs from an inward 
elevation of soul producing a correspondent effect on the man- 
ners.— The decorum of a public as'sembly; the dignity of the 
men who compose it. 

De-eoy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decoyed ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
decoying.] [From de and coy, q. v. ; originally, to 
soothe, caress, entice.] To lead or entice into a snare ; to 
lead into danger by artifice. 

Syn.— To deceive; entrap; insnare. 

De-eoy', re. 1. Any tiling intended to lead into a snare; 
especially, a lure used by sport-men to entice birds into a 
net or within shot. 2. A place into which wild fowls 
are enticed in order to take them. 

De-eoy'- duck, n. A duck, or an imitation of a duck, 
employed to draw others into a net or situation to be 
taken ; — often used figuratively. 

De-erease', v. i. [imp. & p. p. decreased (-krSstO ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DECREASING.] [Lat. decrescere, from de 
and crescere, to grow.] To become less ; to be diminished 
gradually, in any respect. 

De-erease', v. t. To cause to lessen ; to make less ; to 
diminish gradually. 

Syn. — To diminish.— Things usually decrease or fall off by 
degrees, and from within, or through some cause which is im- 
perceptible ; as, the flood decreases; the cold decreases ; their 
affection has decreased. Things commonly diminish or are 
diminished by an action from without, or one which is ap- 
parent; as, the army was diminished by disease; his property is 
dim in ishing through extravagance; their affection has dimin- 
ished since their separation. The turn of thought, however, is 
often such that these words may be interchanged. 

De-erease', re. A becoming less; gradual diminution; 
decay ; wane, as of the moon. 

De-eree', n. [Lat. decretum, from decernere, to decide.] 
An order or decision made by a court, emperor, or other 
competent authority. 

Syn. — Law ; statute ; regulation ; ordinance ; edict. 

De-eree', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decreed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DECREEING.] To determine judicially by authority, or 
by decree ; to order ; to appoint. 

De-eree', v. i. To decide or appoint authoritatively ; to 
determine decisively. 

Dee're-ment, re. [Lat. decrementum, from decrescere. 
See Decrease.] 1. State of becoming gradually less ; 
decrease ; waste ; loss. 2. Quantity lost by gradual 
diminution or waste. 

De-erep'it, a. [Lat. decrepitus, orig. noised out 



less, as old people, who creep about quietly, from de and 
crepare, crepitare, to make a noise, to rattle.] Wasted or 
worn by the infirmities of old age. 
eST" Sometimes incorrectly written decrepid. 

De-erep'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decrepitated; 
p. pr. & vb. re. decrepitating.] [From de and crep- 
itate, q. v.] To roast or calcine, so as to cause a con- 
tinual explosion or crackling of tae substance. 

De-erep'i-tate, v. i. To crackle, as salts when roasting. 

De-erep'i-ta'tion, n. Act of decrepitating. 

De~erep'it-ness, I re. The broken state produced by 

De-erep'i-tude, j decay and the innnni ties of age. 

De'-eres-geti'do, a. [It.] (Mus.) With 

decreasing volume of sound ; — a direction — _ _ 

to performers, either written upon the ~~Z~~ 7 

staff or indicated thus : — Eecrescendo. 

De-eres'cent, a. [See Decrease.] Becoming less by 
gradual diminution ; decreasing. 

De-ere'tal, a. [Lat. decretalis, from decretum. See 
Decree.] Containing, or appertaining to, a decree. 

De-ere'tal, n. 1. An authoritative order or decree ; espe- 
cially, a letter of the pope, determining some point or 
question in ecclesiastical law. 2. A collection of the 
pope's decrees. [edge of the decretals. 

De-cre'tist, n. One who studies or professes the knowl- 

De-ere'tive, a. Having the force of a decree ; of the 
nature of a decree ; determining. 

Dee're-to-ri-ly, adv. In a decretory manner. 

Dee're-to-ry (50), a. 1. Established by a decree ; defin- 
itive ; settled. 2, Serving to determine ; critical. 

De-eri'al, n. [See Decry.] A crying down ; a clam- 
orous censure ; condemnation by censure. 

De-erl'er, re. One who decries. 

De-ery', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decried ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
DECRYING.] [Fr. decrier, It. sgridare. See CRY.] To 
cry down ; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless. 

Syn. — To depreciate ; detract ; disparage. — Decry and 
depreciate refer to the estimation in which a thing is held, the 
former seeking to cry it down, and the latter to run it down in 
the opinion of others. Detract and disparage refer to merit or 
value, which the former assails with caviling, &c, while the 
latter willfully underrates and seeks to degrade it. Men decry 
their rivals and depreciate their measures. The envious de- 
tract from the merit of a good action, and disparage the mo- 
tives of him who performs it. 



Act, posture, or state of lying 
down. 



De-eum'bence, 

De-eum'ben-ey 

De-eum'bent, a. [Lat. decumbens, p. pr. of decumbere, 
from de and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] 1. Bend- 
ing or lying down; prostrate; recumbent. 2. (Bot.) 
Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, and 
tending to rise at the summit. 

De-eum'bent-ly, adv. In a decumbent posture. 

De-eum'bi-ture (53), re. [See supra.] Act or time of 
confinement from sickness. 

Dee'u-ple, a. [Gr. Se/cctfrAov?, from Sena, ten.] Ten- 
fold ; multiplied by ten. 

Dee'u-ple, n. A number ten times repeated. 

Dee'u-ple, v. t. To make tenfold ; to multiply by ten. 

De-eu'ri-on, n. [Lat. decurio, from decuria, a division 
often.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer in the Eoman army 
who commanded ten soldiers. 

De-eiir'reiit, a. [Lat. decurrens, p. pr. of decurrere, t6 
run down, from de and currere, to run.] (Bot.) Extend- 
ing downward, as the base of a leaf. 

De-eur'sive, a. Running down ; decurrent. 

De-eus'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decussated ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. decussating.] [Lat. decussare, decussatum, 
fr. decussis, (orig. equiv. to decern asses), the number ten, 
which the Romans represented by X.] To cross at an 
acute angle ; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an X. 

De-eiis'sate, ) a. 1. Crossed ; intersected. 2. (Bot.) 

De-eiis'sa-ted, ) Growing in pairs, each of which is at 
right angles to the next pair above or below. 3. ( Rhet. ) 
Consisting of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in 
alternate opposition to each other. 

De'-eus-sa'tion, re. Act of crossing at an acute angle ; 
the state of being thus crossed ; an intersection in the 
form of an X. 

De-dee'o-roiis, a- [Lat. dedecorosus and dedecorus. See 
Decorous.] Disgraceful ; unbecoming. 

De'den-tl'tion (-tish / un), re. [From de and dentition, 
q. v.] The shedding of teeth. 

Ded'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dedicated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEDICATING.] [Lat. dedicare, dedicatum, from 
de and dicare, to declare, to dedicate.] 1. To set apart 
and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose. 
2. To devote, set apart, or give wholly or earnestly up 
to. 3. To inscribe or address, as to a patron. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, cliaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



DEDICATE 



186 



DEFECT 



Ded'i-eate (45), a. Set apart ; devoted ; consecrated ; 
addicted ; dedicated. 

Ded'i-ea-tee', n. One to whom a thing is dedicated. 

Ded/i-ea'tioii, n. 1. Act of setting apart or conse- 
crating to a divine Being, or to a sacred use ; solemn ap- 
propriation. 2. Act of devoting or appropriating. 3. 
An address to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book, 
testifying respect, and recommending the work to his 
protection and favor. 

Ded'i-ea/tor, n. One who dedicates ; one who inscribes 
a book to the favor of a patron or friend. 

Ded'i-ea-to'ri-al, ) a. Composing a dedication ; serv- 

Ded'i-ea-to-ry (50), j ing as a dedication. 

De-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deduced (de-dusV) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DEDUCING.] [Lat. deducere, from de and 
ducere, to lead, draw, allied to A.-S. ted/ian, contracted 
teon, Goth, tiuian, 0. H. Ger. ziohan, Eng. tug and tow.] 
To derive by logical process ; to obtain or arrive at as the 
result of reasoning ; to infer. 

I>e-duce'meiit, n. The act or process of deducing ; that 
which is deduced ; inference. 

De-du'ci-lble, a. Capable of being deduced or inferred. 

De-dti'cive, a. Performing the act of deduction. 

De-duet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deducted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEDUCTING.] [Lat. deducere, deductum. See DE- 
DUCE.] To take away, in calculating; to subtract. 

De-dtte'tion, n. 1. Act or method of deducing, infer- 
ring, or concluding, 2. Act of deducting or taking 
away. 3. That which is deduced ; an inference ; a con- 
clusion. 4. That which is deducted; the part taken 
away ; abatement. 

De-duet'ive, a. Of, or pertaining to, deduction ; capa- 
ble of being deduced from premises ; deducible. 

De-diiet'rve-ly, adv. By way of deduction. 

Deed, n. [A.-S. dxd, from don, to do.] 1. That which 
is done, acted, or effected ; an act. 2. Illustrious act ; 
achievement; exploit. 3. Power of action; agency; 
efficiency. 4. (Laiv.) A sealed instrument in writing, 
on paper or parchment, duly executed and delivered, 
containing some transfer, bargain, or contract, especially 
in regard to real estate. 
In deed, or indeed, in fact; in truth; verily. 

I>ee€L,v.t. To convey or transfer by deed. [ Colloq. Amer.] 

Deem, r. t. [imp. & p. p. deemed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEEMING.] [A.-S. dernan, domian, Goth, domjan, Icel. 
ddma, perhaps allied to Lat. damnare, to condemn.] To 
conclude on consideration ; to think ; to judge ; to be of 
opiuion ; to regard. 

Deem, v. i. To be of opinion ; to think ; to estimate. 

Deep, a. [compar. DEEPER ; superl. DEEPEST.] [A.-S. 
deop, diop, Goth, diups, fr. A.-S. dyppan, to dip, im- 
merse, deopan, to be immersed, Goth, diupan, to be 
deep.] 1. Extending far below the surface; of great 
perpendicular dimemion, conceived of as measured down- 
ward. 2. Extending far back from the front. 3. Low 
in situation; lying far below the general surface. 4. 
Hard to penetrate or comprehend ; intricate ; mysterious ; 
profound; secret; unfathomable. 5. Of penetrating or 
far-reaching intellect; thoroughly versed; profoundly 
learned. 6. Profoundly moving or affecting ; penetrat- 
ing; thorough. 7. Profoundly quiet or dark; com- 
plete and overmastering ; unmixed. 8. Sunk low ; de- 
pressed ; abject. 9. Strongly colored ; dark ; intense. 
10. Of low tone ; not high or sharp ; grave ; heavy. 

Deep, adv. To a great depth ; with depth ; far down ; 
profoundly ; deeply. 

Deep, n. 1. That which is deep, especially, deep water ; 
the sea or ocean, 2. That which is profound or not 
easily fathomed. 3. The most quiet or profound part; 
the midst ; the depth. 

Deepen (dep'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deepened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. deepening.] 1. To make deep or increase 
the depth of. 2. To make darker or more intense. 3. 
To make more poignant or affect- 
ing. 4. To make more grave or 
low in tone. [deep. 

DeepVn, v. i. To become more 

Deep'ly, adv. 1. At or to a 
great depth. 2. Profoundly ; 
thoroughly. 3. With profound 
feeling ; with great sorrow. 4. 
To a great degree. 5. Gravely ; 
with low or deep tone. 6. With 
profound skill ; with art or in- 
tricacy. 

Deep'ness, n. State or quality 
of beiny; deep; depth. 

Deer. 




an animal, esp. a wild animal, 0. Sax. dier, Icel. dyr, 0. 
H. Ger. tior, Goth, dius, Gr. e-qp, Lat. /era, Slav, zvjer, 
Pol. zwierz, Lith. zweris, Lett, swehrs.] (ZoUl) A ru- 
minant quadruped of several species, the males of which 
have branched horns. 

Deer'-stalk/ing (-stawk'ing), n. The hunting of deer 
on foot, by stealing upon them unawares. 

De-face', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defaced ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEFACING.] [From Lat. de and facies, face.] 1. To 
destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to dis- 
figure. 2. To destroy, spoil, or mar, by effacing or ob- 
literating important features or portions of. 

De-face'ment, n. 1. Act of defacing, or the condition 
of being defaced ; injury to the external appearance. 2. 
That which defaces. 

De-fa'cer, n. One who, or that which, defaces. 

De-fal'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. defalcated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DEFALCATING.] [Low Lat. defalcare, defalca- 
tion, to deduct, orig. to cut off with a sickle, from Lat. de 
and falx, J ale is, a tickle.] To cut off; to take away or 
deduct a part of; — used chiefly of money, accounts, &c. 

De'fal-ea'tion, n. 1. A cutting off; a diminution, de- 
ficit, or withdrawment. 2. That which is cut off. 3. 
An abstraction of money, &c, by an officer having it in 
charge ; an embezzlement. 

Def'a-ma'tion, n. [£ee Defame.] The malicious ut- 
tering of falsehoods, or circulation of reports, tending to 
destroy the good name of another ; slander ; detraction ; 
calumny ; aspersion. 

De-fam'a-to-ry, a. Containing defamation ; injurious 
to reputation ; calumnious; slanderous. 

De-fame', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defamed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEFAMING.] [Lat. & L. Lat. defamare, from Lat. de 
and fama, fame.] To harm or destroy the good fame or 
reputation of, by slanderous reports ; to speak evil of. 
Syn. — To asperse ; slander; calumniate. Sec Aspekse. 

De-f am'er, n. One who defames ; a slanderer. 

De-fault', n. [L. Lat. dcfalta, from de and a supposed 
Lat! 'fallitare , from fallcre , to deceive. See FAULT.] 1. 
Omission of that which ought to be done. 2. Fault ; 
offense. [Rare.] 3. Defect ; want ; failure; lack ; destitu- 
tion. 4. (Law.) A neglect of, or failure to take, some step 
necessary to secure the benefit of law. 

To suffer a default, to permit an action to be called without 
appearing to answer. 

De-fault', v. i. [imp. & p. p. defaulted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. defaulting.] To fail to appear in court ; to let 
a case go by default. 

De-fault', v. t. 1. To fail to perform. 2. (Lata.) To 
call', as a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be 
present in court, and make an entry of his default, if he 
fails to appear. 

De-fault'er, n. 1. One who makes default or fails to 
appear in court when called. 2. One who fails to ac- 
count for public money intrusted to his care ; a delin- 
quent ; a peculator. 

De-fea'§ance, n. [Norm. Fr. defesance, from Fr. 
defesant, defaisant, p. pr. of dej'aire, to undo. See DE- 
FEAT.] 1. A rendering null or void. 2. (Laiv.) A 
condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the 
deed is defeated or rendered void ; or a collateral deed, 
made at the same time with a feoffment, or other convey- 
ance, containing conditions, on the performance of which 
the estate then created may be defeated. 

De-f ea'gi-ble, a. [See supra.] Capable of being defeated, 
annulled, or made void. 

De-feat', n. [Fr. defaite, from defaire, to undo, from di, 
for des, equiv. to Lat. dis, and /aire, Lat. faccre, to make 
or do.] 1. An overthrow, as of an attack, an army, &c. ; 
rout. 2. Frustration. 

De-feat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defeated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEFEATING.] 1. To render null and void. 2. To over- 
come or vanquish, as an army. 3. To resist with success. 

Syn. — To overthrow; ruin; overpower; subdue; rout; 
foil ; discomfit ; baffle ; disappoint ; frustrate. 

Def'e-eate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. defecated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEFECATING.] [Lat. defeecare, defxeatvm , from 
de and fsex,fxcis, dregs, lees.] 1. To clear from impuri- 
ties, as lees, dregs, &c. ; to clarify; to purify. 2. To 
free from extraneous or polluting matter. 

De^e-eate, v. i. (Med.) To void excrement. 

Def'e-eate, a. Freed from any thing that can pollute, aa 
dregs, lees, &c. ; refined; purified. 

De^e-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of separating from impurities, 
as lees or dregs. 2. (Med.) Act of voiding excrement 
from the body. 

De-feet', n. [Lat. defectus, from deficere, to desert, fail T 



Deer, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. deor, 

a,e,&c, long; a , e, hc.,skort; care, far, ask, all, what j ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, \v9lf, 



DEFECTION 



187 



DEFLOUR 



be wanting, from de andfacere, to make or do.] 1. Want 
or absence of something necessary for completeness or 
perfection. 2. Imperfection, whether physical or moral ; 
tailing; blemish; deformity. 

Syn. — Fault. — Defect is negative, denoting the absence of 
that which is necessary to a thing's completeness or perfection ; 
fault is positive, denoting something improper or wrong. The 
faults of a friend are too often palliated into mere defects. 

De-f e«'tion, n. [Lat. defectio. See Defect.] Act of 
abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound, or 
has attached himself; apostasy; backsliding. 

De-f e«t'ive, a. 1. Wanting in substance, quantity, or 
quality ; incomplete ; deficient ; imperfect ; faulty. 2. 
( Gram.) Lacking some of the usual forms of declension 
or conjugation. 

De-f e-et'ive-ly , adv. In a defective manner ; imperfectly. 

De-f eet'ive-ness, n. State of being imperfect. 

De-fence', n. See Defense. 

De-fend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defended ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEFENDING.] [Lat. defendere, from de and obs. 
fendere.) 1. To repel danger or harm from ; to guard 
from injury. 2. {Law.) To deny, as the claim of a 
plaintiff; to contest, as a suit. 

Syn. — To protect. — To defend is literally to ward off; to 
protect is to cover over. We defend those who are attacked; we 
protect those who are liable to injury or invasion. A fortress 
is defended by its guns, and protected by its walls. See also 
Vindicate. 

De-fend'ant, n. 1. One who makes defense against 
evil; defender. 2. {Law.) The party that opposes a 
complaint, demand, or charge, at law or in equity. 

De-fend'er, n. One who defends ; a vindicator. 

De-fen'sa-tive, n. [See Defend.] That which serves 
to guard or defend, as a plaster for a wound. 

De-f ense', ) n. [Fr. defense, Lat. defensa, from defen- 

De-f ence', j dere. See Defend.] 1. Act of defend- 
ing, or state of being defended ; prohibition. 2. That 
which defends or protects. 3. {Law.) The defendant's 
answer or plea. 

Syn.— Protection; guard; fortification; vindication; apol- 
ogy; justification. 

De-f ense'less, ) a. Destitute of defense or protection ; 

De-fence'less, J unprotected. 

De-f en'si-fole, a. Capable of being defended. 

De-f en'slve, a. 1. Serving to defend ; proper for de- 
fense. 2. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression. 
3 . In a state or posture to defend. 

De-fen'sive, n. That whioh defends ; a safeguard. 

To be on the defensive, or to stand on the defensive, to be or 
stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance. 

De-fen'sive-ly, adv. In a defensive manner. 

De-fer' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deferred ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEFERRING.] [Lat. deferre, to bear away, to 
deliver, report; differre, to bear apart, to put off, delay, 
from de, or dis, and ferre, to bear.] 1. To put off; to 
postpone to a future time. 2. To lay before ; to submit 
in a respectful manner. 

Syn. — To delay ; postpone ; adjourn ; protract ; refer. 

De-fer', v. i. 1. To put off; to delay; to wait. 2. To 
yield from respect to the wishes of another. 

Def'er-enca, n. A yielding of judgment or preference 
from respect to the wishes or opinion of another ; regard ; 
complaisance. 

Syn. — Respect. —Deference usually, but not always, im- 
plies respect. We may defer on some one point to a man who 
knows better than we do, while we have no general respect for 
his character. 

Def'er-ent, a. Serving to carry or convey. [Rare.] 

Def 'er-ent, n. 1. That which carries or conveys. 2. 
(Ptolemaic Astron.) An imaginary circle surrounding the 
earth, in whose periphery the center of a planetary epi- 
cycle was supposed to move round. 

Def'er-en'tial, a. [See Deference.] Expressing def- 
erence; accustomed to defer. 

De-f er'rer, n. One who defers or puts off. 

De-fi'ance, n. [0. Fr. defiance, L. Lat. diffidantia. See 
Defy.] 1. Act of defying ; a challenge ; a provocation ; 
a summons to combat. 2. A state of opposition ; wil- 
lingness to fight. 

De-f I'ant, a. Full of defiance ; bold ; insolent. 

De-f I'cience, ) n. State of being deficient ; inadequa- 

De-f i'cien-cy, J cy ; want ; failure ; imperfection. 

De-fl'cient (-ilsh'ent), a. [Lat. deficient, p. pr. of de- 
ficere, to be wanting. See DEFECT.] 1. Wanting to 
make up completeness ; not sufficient. 2. Lacking a full 
or adequate supply. 

Syn. —Inadequate ; defective ; imperfect ; short. 

De-f t'cient-ly (-fish'ent-), adv. In a deficient manner. 



Def 'i-cit, n. [Literally, it is wanting, 3d person pres. of 
Lat. deficere.] Deficiency in amount or quality ; lack. 

De-fi'er, n. One who defies or challenges to combat. 

De-file', or De'flle, n. [Fr. defile, from defiler.] A 
narrow passage or way, in which troops can march only 
in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long, narrow pass, as 
between hills, &c. 

De-file', v. t. [imp. & p.p. defiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEFILING.] [0. Eng. defyle, defoi.l, defoul, defowle, 
A.-S. fylan, afylan, gefylan, to pollute, from f&t, foul. 
See Foul, and Defoul.] 1. To make unclean ; to ren- 
der foul or dirty ; to pollute ; to corrupt. 2. To make 
impure or turbid. 3. To soil or sully; to tarnish, as 
reputation, &c. 4. To vitiate; to corrupt. 5. To de- 
bauch ; to violate. 6. To make ceremonially unclean. 

De-file', v. i. [Fr. defiler, from de, for des, Lat. dis, and 
file, a row or line, from ]j&t filum, a thread, \>l.jilu.] To 
march off file by file ; to file off. 

De-flle'ment, n. Act of defiling, or state of being de- 
filed, whether physically or morally ; foulness ; dirtiness ; 
uncleanness ; pollution. 

De-f Il'er, n. One who defiles or pollutes. 

De-fin'a-fole, a. Capable of being defined, limited, or 
explained ; determinable. 

De-f Ine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEFINING.] [Lat. definire, from de &nd jinire, to limit, 
to end, from finis, a boundary, limit, end.] 1. To bring 
to a termination; to end. 2. To determine or clearly 
exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of. 3. To 
determine with precision ; to mark out with distinctness ; 
to ascertain or exhibit clearly. 4. To fix the precise 
meaning of; to explain ; to expound or interpret. 

De-fin'er, n. One who defines or determines. 

DSf'i-nite, a. 1. Having certain limits ; determinate in 
extent or greatness. 2. Having certain limits in signi- 
fication ; precise. 3. Fixed ; exact. 4. Serving to de- 
fine or restrict. 

Def 'i-nite-ly, adv. In a definite manner ; exactly. 

Def 'i-nite-ness, n. The state of being definite. 

Def'i-ni'tion (-nlsh'un), n. [See Define.] 1. Act 
of defining, determining, distinguishing, explaining, or 
establishing the signification of. 2. A description of a 
thing by its properties ; an explanation of the meaning 
of a word or term. 3. (Log.) An exact enunciation of 
the constituents which make up the logical essence. 

Syn. — Explanation ; description.— A definition (lit., trac- 
ing of limits) is designed to settle a thing in its compass and 
extent; an explanation (lit., making plain) is intended to re- 
move some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore 
more extended and minute; a description enters into striking 
particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. 

De-fin'i-tive, a. 1. Determinate; positive; final; con- 
clusive ; unconditional ; express. 2. Limiting ; deter- 
mining. 

De-fin'i-tive, n. (Gram.) A word used to define or 
limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, 
such as the article, and some pronouns. 

De-fin'i-tive-ly, adv. In a definitive manner ; finally; 
conclusively ; positively. 

De-fln'i-tive-ness,»i. Determinateness ; conclusiveness. 

De-fla'gra-tole, or Def'la-gra-tole, a. [See infra.] 
(Chem.) Having the quality of burning with a sudden 
and sparkling combustion, as niter. 

Def'la-grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. deflagrated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DEFLAGRATING.] [Lat. deflagrare, defta- 
gratum, from de and fiagrare. to flame.] (Chem.) To 
bu.ra with m sudden and sparkling combustion. 

Def'la-grate, v. t. ( Chem.) To cause to burn with sud- 
den and sparkling combustion. 

Def'la-gra/tion, n. ( Chem.) A sudden and sparkling 
combustion, but without explosion. 

Def'la-gra'tor, n. ( Chem.) A form of the voltaic bat- 
tery used for producing rapid and powerful combustion, 
particularly of metallic substances. 

De-fleet', v. i. [imp. & p. p. deflected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEFLECTING.] [Lat. deftectere, from de and fle ctere, 
to bend or turn.] To turn aside ; to deviate from a right 
line, proper position, course, or direction ; to swerve. 

De-fleet', v. t. To cause to turn aside. 

De-fle-e'tion, n. 1. Act of turning aside from a right 
line or proper course ; deviation. 2. (Naut.) Departure 
of a ship from its true course. 3. (Opt.) Deviation of 
the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body. 

De-flex'-fire, n. [From Lat. deftectere, deflexum. Sea 
Deflect.] A bending or turning aside ; deflection. 

Def 'lo-ra'tion, n. [L. Lat. defloratio. See infra.] Act 
of deflouring or ravishing. 

De-flour', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defloured ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DEFLOURING.] [L. Lat. deflorare, from de a,ndflorare, 



food, fo~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, cliaise, «all, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; e^dst ; linger, link ; tnis. 



DEFLOURER 



188 



DEIPNOSOPHIST 



to flower, from Lat. flos, floris, Eng. flower.] 1. To de- 
prive of flowers. 2. To rob of the choicest ornament. 
3. To deprive of virginity ; to ravish ; also, to seduce. 

De-f lour'er, n. One who deflours. 

De-flux'ion (de-fluk/shun), n. [Lat. defluxio, from 
deftuere, deflexum, to flow down, from de and fluere, to 
flow.] (Med.) A discharge or flowing off of humors. 

De-f o'li-a/ti on, n. [From Low Lat. defoliate, to shed 
leaves, from Lat. de and folium, leaf.] 1. The fall of the 
leaf, or shedding of leaves. 2. The time or season of 
shedding leaves in autumn. 

De-force', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deforced (de-forst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEFORCING-.] [0. Fr. deforcer, deforcier, 
from de and forcer, forcier. See FORCE, v. t.] (Law.) 
To keep from the lawful possession of the owner. 

De-force'ment, n. (Law.) A wrongful withholding, as 
of lands or tenements, to which another has a right. 

De-for'ciant, n. (Eng. Law.) One who beeps out of 
possession the rightful owner of an estate. 

De-for'ci-a/tion (-shl-a'-), n. (Law.) A withholding 
by force or fraud from rightful possession ; deforcement. 

De-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deformed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEFORMING.] [Lat. deformare, from de and/b/-- 
mare, to form, shape, from, forma.] 1. To mar or alter 
in form ; to disfigure. 2. To render displeasing or ugly. 

Def'or-ma/tion, n. Act of disfiguring or defacing. 

De-f 6rm'ed-ly, adv. In an ugly manner. 

De-form'er, n. One who deforms. 

De-form'i-ty, n. 1. State of being deformed ; want of 
uniformity or symmetry ; irregularity of shape or feat- 
ures. 2. Any thing that destroys beauty, grace, or pro- 
priety ; gross deviation from order or the established 
laws of propriety. 

Syn. — Distortion; ugliness; defect; irregularity; absurdity. 

De-fraud', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defrauded ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. DEFRAUDING.] [Lat. defraudare, from de and 
fraudare, to cheat, from fraus, fraudis, fraud.] To de- 
prive of right by fraud, deception, or artifice; to with- 
hold wrongfully ; to injure by embezzlement. 
Syn.— To cheat; cozen; deceive; frustrate. 

De-fraud'er, n. One who defrauds ;' a cheat. 

De-fray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defrayed (de-frad'); p. 
pr. & vb. n. DEFRAYING.] [Fr. defrayer, from de and 
frais, expense, from L. Lat. fredum, fredus, fridus, fine 
by which an offender obtains peace , or atones for an offense 
against the public peace, from 0. H. Ger. fridu, frido, 
frida, N. H. Gev.friede, peace.] To meet the cost of; to 
bear or pay the expense of. 

De-fray'al, n. The act of defraying ; payment. 

De-f ray'er, n. One who pays or discharges expenses. 

De-fray'ment, n. Payment of charges. 

Deft, a. [A.-S. daft, from dafan,gedafan, to be fit or 
apt ; Goth, daban, gadaban, to be fit.] Apt ; fit ; dex- 
terous ; neat. 

Deft'ly, adv. Aptly ; fitly ; dexterously ; neatly. 

De-ftinct', a. [Lat. defunctus, p. p. of defungi, to dis- 
charge, perform, to depart, die, from de and fungi, to 
perform, discharge.] Having finished the course of life ; 
dead ; deceased. 

De-funct', n. A dead person; one deceased. 

De-fy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEFYING.] [Fr. defer, Low Lat. diffidare, properly to 
commit a breach of faith, from Lat. dis, and. fides, faith.] 
1. To renounce faith or obligation with; to reject, re- 
fuse, or renounce. [Obs.] 2. To provoke to combat or 
strife ; to act in hostility to ; to call out to combat ; to 
challenge ; to dare ; to brave. 

De-gar'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. degarnished (de- 
gar'nisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DEGARNISHING.] [Fr. degar- 
nir, from de and garnir, to furnish. See Garnish.] 1. 
To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture; to disgar- 
nish. [Rare.] 2. To deprive of a garrison, or troops 
necessary for defense. [Rare.] 

De-gen'er-a-cy, n. 1. Act of becoming degenerate or 
inferior in kind ; a growing worse. 2. State of having 
become degenerate. 

Syn. — Decay; deterioration; meanness; poorness. 

De-gen'er-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. degenerated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEGENERATING.] [Lat. degenerare, 
degeneratum, from degener, degenerate, from de and 
genus, generis, birth, race.] To be or grow worse than 
one's kind ; hence, to be inferior ; to be degraded ; to 
deteriorate. 

De-gen'er-ate (45), a. Having become worse than one's 
kind ; having declined in worth ; deteriorated ; degraded ; 
mean ; ibase ; low. 

De-ggn'er-ate-ly, adv. In a degenerate manner. 



De-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of being degenerate. 
De-gen'er-a'tion, n. Act of growing worse, or the 
state of having become worse. 

Syn. — Decline ; degradation ; debasement ; degeneracy ; 
deterioration. 

De-gen'er-a-tive, a. Tending to degenerate. 

De-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. deglutinated ; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. DEGLUTINATING.] [Lat. deglutinare, 
deglutinatum, from de and giutinare, to glue, from glu- 
ten, glue, from gluere, to draw together.] To loosen or 
separate by dissolving the glue which unites ; to unglue. 

Deg'lu-tl'tion (-tlsh'un), n. [From Lat. deglutire, to 
swallow down, from de and glutire, to swallow.] 1. Act 
of swallowing. 2. Power of swallowing. 

Deg'ra-da'tion, n. [L. Lat. degradatio, from degradare. 
See Degrade.] 1. Act of reducing in rank, character, 
or reputation, or of abasing, 2. State of being reduced 
in rank, character, or reputation. 3. Diminution or re- 
duction of strength, efficacy, or value. 4. (Geol.) A 
gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks, banks, and 
the like, by the action of water, frost, &c. 5. (Nat. 
Hist.) Condition of a type which exhibits degraded 
forms, species, or groups. 

Syn. --Deposition ; diminution ; abasement; debasement; 
reduction ; decline ; baseness ; degeneracy ; disgrace. See 
Abasement. 

De-grade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. degraded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. degrading.] 1. To reduce from a higher to a 
lower rank or degree ; to deprive of any office or dignity. 

2. To reduce in estimation, character, or reputation. 

3. ( Geol.) To wear down, as hills and mountains. 
Syn. — To abase ; demean ; lower ; reduce. 

De-grad'ed, p. a. 1. Reduced in rank, character, or 
reputation; sunken; low; base. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Pre- 
senting the typical characters in a partially developed or 
imperfect condition. 

De-grad'ing-ly, adv. In a degrading manner. 

De-gree', n. [Fr. degrc, from Lat. de and gradus, step, 
degree. See Degrade.] 1. One step upward or down- 
ward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like ; grade ; 
gradation. 2. Point or step of progression to which a 
person has arrived ; position ; station ; rank ; quality ; 
measure of advancement ; extent. 3. Grade or rank to 
which scholars are admitted in recognition of their at- 
tainments by a college or university. 4. (Genealogy.) 
A certain distance or remove in the line of descent, 
determining .the proximity of blood. 5. (Georn.) A 
360th part of the circumference of a circle. 6. (Algebra.) 
State as indicated by sum of exponents. 7. A division, 
space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or other 
instrument, as on a thermometer or barometer. 8. 
(Mus.) Difference in position or elevation between two 
notes. 

By degrees, step by step; by little and little.— To a degrees, 
to an extreme ; exceedingly. 

De-his'cence, n. [Lat. dehiscens, p. pr. of dehiscere, to 
gape, from de and hiscere.] 1. Act of gaping. 2. (Bot.) 
The opening of pods and of the cells of anthers at ma- 
turity, as to emit seeds, pollen, &c. [plant. 

De-his'cent, a. (Bot.) Opening, as the capsule of a 

De-hort', v. t. [Lat. dehortari, from de and hortari, to 
urge, exhort.] To urge to abstain from ; dissuade. 

De'hor-ta'tion, n. Act of dissuading; dissuasion. [Obs.] 

De-li6rt'a-to-ry, a. Fitted or designed to dehort or 
dissuade. 

De'i-cide, n. [Lat. deus, god, and ciedere, to cut, kill.] 
1. Act of putting to death a being possessing a divine 
nature; particularly, that of putting Jesus Christ to 
death. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death. 

De-if'i-e, I a. [Lat. deificus, from deus, a god, and 

De-If 'ie-al, j facere, to make.] Making divine ; pro- 
ducing resemblance to God. 

De'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of deifying ; apotheosis. 

De'i-fi'er, n. One who deifies. 

De'i-f orm, a. [L. Lat. deiformis, from Lat. deus, a god, 
and forma.] Like a god ; of a godlike form. 

De'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deified; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEIFYING.] [Lat. deiflcare, from deificus. SeeDElFIC] 
1. To make a god of; to apotheosize. 2. To treat as an 
object of supreme regard. 3. To render godlike. 

Deign (d«n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. deigned (dand); 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEIGNING.] [Fr. daignerjrom. Lat. dig- 
nari, to deem worthy, to deign, from dignus, worthy.] 
To think worthy ; to vouchsafe ; to condescend. 

Deign (dan), v. t. To condescend to give or bestow ; to 
vouchsafe. 

Deip-nos'o-phist, n. [Gr. 5ei7rvoo-o^to-r^?, from Beltrvov 



a, e, &c. , long; a, 6, &c. , short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



DEISM 



189 



DELIGHT 



a meal, the chief meal, and o-o^ktt^?, a wise man. See 
Sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who 
were famous for their learned conversation at meals. 

De'igm, n. [From Lat. deus^ god.] The doctrine or 
creed of a deist. 

De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God, 
but denies revealed religion ; one who professes no iorm 
of religion, but follows the light of nature and reason, as 
his only guides in doctrine and practice ; a freethinker. 

Ds-Ist'i-e, \a. Pertaining to deism or to deists ; em- 

De-ist'i«-al, ) bracing or containing deism. 

De-ist'ie-al-ly , adv. After the manner of deists. 

De'i-ty, n. [Lat. deltas, from deus, god.] 1. The col- 
lection of attributes which make up the nature of a god ; 
divinity ; godhead. 2. A god or goddess ; a divine 
being. 

The Deity, God, the Supreme Being. 

De-je-et', v. t. limp. & p. p. DEJECTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEJECTING.] [Lat.' dejicere, dejectum, from de and 
jacere, to throw.] 1. To cast down. [Obs.] 2. To cast 
down the spirits of. 

Syn. — To dispirit; discourage; dishearten; depress. 

De-jeet'ed-ly, adv. In a dejected manner ; sadly. 

De-jeet'ed-ness, n. State of being dejected or cast 
down ; discouragement ; depression. 

De-j6et'er, n. One who casts down, or dejects. 

De-je-e'tion, n. 1. Lowness of spirits occasioned by 
grief or misfortune ; melancholy ; disheartenment. 2. 
A low condition ; weakness. 3. {Med.) (a.) Act of void- 
ing the excrements, (b.) The matter voided ; excrement. 

De-jeet'ulre (53), n. That which is voided ; excrement. 

Dejeuner i (da'zhfi/na'), n. [Fr., to breakfast, from a 

Dejeune \ supposed Lat. disjejunare, to discontinue 
fasting, from dis and jejunare, to fast, from jejunus, fast- 
ing, hungry.] A breakfast ; — sometimes, also, a lunch. 

De ju're. [Lat.] By right; of right; by law; — often 
opposed to de facto. 

De-lapse', v . i. [imp. & p. p. delapsed (de-lapst'), 
p. pr. & vb. n. DELAPSING.] [Lat. delabi, delapsus, to 
fall down, from de and labi, to fall or slide.] 1. To fall 
or slide down. 2. To pass down by inheritance. 

De-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DELAYING.] [See infra, and cf. DILATE.] 1. To put 
off; to defer. 2. To stop, detain, or hinder, for a time ; 
to retard the motion of. 
Syn. — To procrastinate ; prolong ; protract. 

De-lay', v. i. To move slowly ; to linger ; to tarry. 

De-lay', n. [Fr. delai, from Lat. dilatum, from diffetre, 
to carry apart, to defer.] 1. A putting off or deferring ; 
procrastination. 2. A lingering ; stay ; stop ; detention ; 
hindrance. 

De-lay'er, n. One who delays ; one who lingers. 

De'le,v. t. [Lat. imper. sing, of delere, deletum, to de- 
stroy, to blot out.] (Print.) Erase ; remove ; — a direction 
to cancel something which has been put in type ; — ^ 
usually expressed thus : 0* 

Del'e-ble, a. [Lat. delebilis. See supra.] Capable of 
being blotted out. 

De-l£e'ta-ble, a. [Lat. delectabilis , from delectare, to 
delight. See Delight.] Highly pleasing; affording 
great joy or pleasure ; delightful. 

De-lee'ta-ble-ness, n. Condition of being delectable. 

De-lee'ta-bly, adv. In a delectable manner. 

De'lee-ta'tion, n. Great pleasure ; delight. 

Del'e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. delegated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DELEGATING.] [Lat. delegare, delegatum, from 
de and legare, to send with a commission, to send as em- 
bassador, to depute. See LEGATE.] 1. To send as 
one's representative ; to commission ; to depute. 2. To 
intrust to the care or management of another ; to as- 
sign ; to commit. 

Del'e-gate (45), n. [See infra.] 1. One deputed to rep- 
resent another. 2. A person elected by the .people of a 
territory to represent them in Congress, where he has 
the right of debating, but not of voting. [Amer.] 

Syn. — A deputy ; a representative ; a commissioner; a vicar; 
ail attorney. 

Del'e-gate, a. Sent to act for or represent another; 
deputed; delegated. 

Del'e-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of delegating ; the appointment 
of a delegate. 2. One or more persons deputed to rep- 
resent others, as in a convention, in Congress, &c. 3. 
(Law.) A kind of substitution by which a debtor gives 
his creditor a third person, who becomes obliged in his 
stead to the creditor. 

De-len'dd, n. pi. [Lat. delere, delendus, to blot out.] 
Things to be erased or blotted out. 



De-lgte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DELETED ; p.pr, & vb. n. 
DELETING.] [Lat. delere, deletum. See DELE.] To 
blot out ; to erase ; to destroy. 

Del'e-te'ri-ous (89), a. [See DELE .] Having the qual- 
ity of destroying, or extinguishing, life. 
Syn. — Destructive; poisonous; pernicious. 

De-le'tion, n. Act of deleting, blotting out, or erasing. 

Delf , n. Earthen ware, covered with white glazing ; — 
usually called Delft'ware. 

De-Kb'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deliberated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DELIBERATING.] [Lat. deliberate, deliber- 
atum, from de and librare, to weigh, from libra, a bal- 
ance. See Librate.] To weigh in the mind; to con- 
sider maturely ; to reflect upon ; to ponder. 

De-lib'er-ate, v. i. To take counsel with one's self; to 
weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course 
of action; to reflect ; to consider. 

De-Kb'er-ate, a. 1. Weighing facts and arguments 
with a view to a choice or decision ; carefully consider- 
ing the probable consequences of a step ; circumspect. 

2. Formed with deliberation ; well advised or considered. 

3. Not hasty or sudden ; slow. 
De-lib'er-ate-ly, adv. With careful consideration or 

deliberation ; circumspectly ; slowly. 

De-lib'er-ate-ness, n. Quality of being deliberate. 

De-llb'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of deliberating ; careful 
consideration; mature reflection. 2. Careful discus- 
sion and examination of the reasons for and against a 
measure. 

_ Syn. — Thoughtfulness ; circumspection ; wariness ; cau- 
tion; consultation. 

De-lib'er-a-tive , a. Pertaining to deliberation; pro- 
ceeding or acting by deliberation. 

De-lib'er-a-tive-ly, adv. In the way of deliberation. 

Del'i-ea-cy, n. [From delicate, a., q. v. Cf. Fr. deli' 
catesse.] 1. State or condition of being delicate ; agree- 
ableness to the senses ; delightfulness. 2. Nicety or 
fineness of form, texture, or constitution; hence, frailty 
or weakness. 3. Extreme propriety, exactness, or nicety 
of manners or conduct ; susceptibility or tenderness of 
feeling ; and hence, effeminacy. 4. Addiction to pleas- 
ure ; luxury; self-indulgence. 5. Nice and refined per- 
ception and discrimination ; critical niceness. 6. That 
which is pleasing, delicate, or refined ; a luxury or pleas- 
ure. 7. Something pleasant to the senses, especially 
to the sense of taste ; a dainty. 

Syn. — Softness; elegance ; smoothness ; tenderness; fastid- 
iousness; daintiness. 

Del'i-eate. a. [Lat. delicatus, pleasing the senses, vol- 
uptuous, soft and tender, from deliciss, delight. See 
DELIGHT.] 1. Full of pleasure; delightful. 2. Pleas- 
ing to the senses ; hence, adapted to please a nice or cul- 
tivated taste. 3. Light or softly tinted; — said of a 
color. 4. Fine or slender ; — said of a thread. 5. Slight 
or smooth ; light and j ielding ; — said of texture. 6. Soft 
and fair; — said of the skin or a surface. 7. Kefined ; 
scrupulous not to trespass or offend ; — said of manners, 
conduct, or feelings. 8. Tender; not able to endure 
hardship ; — said of constitution, health, &c. 9. Re- 
quiring nice handling. 10. Addicted to pleasure ; dainty. 
11. Nicely discriminating or perceptive. 

Syn. — Nice ; fine ; elegant ; gentle ; considerate ; feeble j 
frail; effeminate; critical ; luxurious. 

D61'l-eate-ly, adv. In a delicate manner. 

Del'i-eate-ness, n. State of being delicate. 

De-ll'cioiis (-lish'us), a. [Lat. deliciosus, from delicix, 
delight. Cf. DELICATE .] Affording exquisite pleasure ; 
most sweet or grateful to the senses, especially to the taste. 

Syn. — Delightful. — Delicious refers to the pleasure derived 
from certain or the senses, as, delicious food, a delicious fra- 
grance; delightful may also refer to most of the senses, but has 
a higher application to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment, 
as, a delightful abode, conversation, prospect, &c. 

De-li'cioiis-ly (-ttsb/us-), adv. In a delicious manner ; 
pleasantly ; delightfully ; luxuriously. 

De-H'cious-ness, n. Quality of being delicious. 

DeFi-ga'tion, n. [Lat. deligatio, from deligare, to bind 
up, from de and ligare, to bind.] ( Surg.) A binding up ; 
a bandaging. 

De-light' (de-liV), n. [From Lat. delectare. See infra.] 
1 . A high degree of gratification of mind ; lively pleas- 
ure or happiness ; joy. 2. That which affords delight. 

De-light' (de-lTf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. delighted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DELIGHTING.] [0. Eng. delite, deliten, 
0. Fr. deliter, now delecter, It. dilettare, fr. Lat. ddectare, 
in tens, form of delicere, from de and lacere, to entice, 
allure.] To give great pleasure to ; to please highly. 



food, fo~ot ; firn, r^de, pyU > C ell > 9^ aise » « aU » e€ho ' £ em > S et » a § ' e * ist ' "US 61 "' li U k > ^ ia - 



DELIGHT 



190 



DEMARCATION 



De-light' (de-lit/), v. i. To have or take great delight. 

De-Hgiit'ed (de-llt/ed), p. a. Full of delight or pleasure. 
Syn. — Glad ; pleased ; gratified ; charmed. 

De-Kglit'f ill (de-llt'ful), a. Affording great pleasure and 
satisfaction" ; very agreeable. 
Syn. — Delicious; charming. See Delicious. 

De-liglit'fiil-ly (de-lit'-), adv. In a manner to delight ; 
charmingly*. [ful. 

De-light'fiil-ness (-lit'-), n. Quality of being delight- 

De-liglit'e 6me (-lit'-), a. Delightful. 

De-lm'e-a-nient, n. [Lat. as if d eline amentum , from 
delineare. See infra.'] Representation by delineation. 

De-lin'e-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. delineated ;p. pr. 
& vb. n. DELINEATING-.] [Lat. delineare, delineatum, 
from de and lineare, to draw a line, from linea, a line.] 
1. To represent by sketch, design, or diagram. 2. To 
portray to the mind or understanding. 

Syn. — To depict; sketch; paint; draw ; picture ; portray; 
describe. 

De-lm'e-a'tion, n. [Lat. delineatio.] 1. Act of repre- 
senting, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrams, 
sketches, &c. 2. Description. 

Syn. — Sketch; portrait; outline; draught. 

De-lin'e-a'tor, n. One who delineates. 

De-lin'quen-cy (-link/wen-), n. Failure or omission of 
duty ; fault ; misdeed ; offense ; crime. 

De-lln'quent (de-llnk/went), a. Failing in duty ; offend- 
ing by neglect of duty. 

De-lin'queiit, n. [Lat. delinquens, p. pr. of delinquere, 
to be wanting in one's duty, from de and linquere, to 
leave.] One who fails to perform his duty ; an offender 
or transgressor : one who commits a fault or crime. 

DeFi-quesce' (del'i-kwes'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. deli- 
quesced '(del'i-kwesf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DELIQUES- 
CING-.] [Lat. deliquescere, from de and liquescere, to be- 
come fluid, to melt, from liquere, to be fluid.] To dis- 
solve gradually and become liquid by absorbing moisture 
from the air. [being deliquescent. 

DeFi-ques'cence (deW-kwes'sens), n. Act or state of 

DePi-qiieVcent, a. 1. Liquifying in the air. 2. (Bot.) 
Branching_so that the stem is lost in the branches. 

De-liq'ui-ate (de-llk'wi-at), v. i. [From Lat. deliquia, 
a flowing or running off.] To deliquesce. 

De-Vtq'ui-um (-lik'wi-), n. [Lat. See supra.] (CJiem.) 
A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place. 

De-Kr'i-ous, a. [Lat. delirus, from delirium, q. v.] 
Having a delirium ; wandering in mind ; lightheaded ; 
insane ; demented. 

De-Hr'i-oue-ness,«. State of being delirious ; delirium. 

De-lir'i-um, n. [Lat., from delirare, orig. to go out cf 
the furrow, hence, to wander in mind, from de and lira, 
a furrow.] 1. (Med.) A state in which the ideas of a 
person are wild, irregular, and unconnected ; mental ab- 
erration. 2. Strong excitement ; wild enthusiasm. 

Delirium tremens (Med.), A violent, delirium induced by the 
excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. 

Syn.— Insanity; frenzy; madness; derangement. See In- 
sanity. 

DeFi-tes'cence, ) n. [From Lat. dditescens, p. pr. of 

DeFi-tes'cen-ey, j delitescere , from c/eand latescere, to 
hide one's self, from latere, to he hid.] State of being 
concealed ; retirement. 

De-liv'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. delivered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. delivering.] [Fr. delivrer, L. Lat. deliberare, to lib- 
erate, to give over, from Lat. de and liberare, to set free. 
See Liberate.] 1. To free from restraint; to set at 
liberty ; to rescue or save from evil, actual or feared. 2. 
To give or transfer; to part with to ; to make over. 3. 
To communicate ; to impart. 4. To give forth in action ; 
to discharge. 5. To relieve of a child in child-birth. 

Syn.— To release; discharge; liberate; surrender; resign; 
pronounce; utter. — One who delivers a package gives it forth; 
one who (Ir-ltvei-s a cargo discharges it; one who delivers a. cap- 
tive liberates him; one who delivers a message or a discourse 
utters or pronounces it; when a platoon of soldiers deliver their 
fire, they set it free or give it forth. 

De-llv'er-ance, n. [Fr. dclivrance, from delivrer. See 
Deliver, v. t.] 1. Act of delivering or freeing from 
restraint, captivity, peril, and the like. 2. State of being 
delivered; freedom. 

De-Hv'er-er, n. One who delivers ; a preserver. 

De-llv'er-y, n. 1. Act of delivering from restraint ; res- 
cue ; release. 2. Act of delivering up or over ; surren- 
der. 3. Act or style of utterance. 4. Act of giving 
birth ; parturition. 5. State of being delivered ; free- 
dom ; preservation. 

Dell, n. [See Dale ; and cf. W. dell, a slit or cleft, Prov, 



Ger. delle, telle, a little hollow.] A small retired dale or 

valley ; a ravine ; a dingle. 

Del'phi-an, 1 a. [Lat. Delphicus, from Delphi, a town 

Del'phi-e, j of Phocis, in Greece, now Kastri.] (Gr. 

Antiq.) Relating to Delphi, and to the oracle of that 

place ; oracular. 

Del'phin, I a. [Cf. Dauphin.] Pertaining to the dau- 

Del'phiiie, j phin of France or to an edition of the 

classics, prepared for his use. 
Del'pliine, a. [From Lat. delpkinus, a dolphin, Gr. 
8eA<fu?, 8e\<j>(i>.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of 
fishes. 
Del'ta, ii.; pi. DEL'TAg. 1. The Greek letter A. 2. A 
tract of land of a similar figure ; especially, the space be- 
tween two mouths of a river. 
Del'toid, a. [Gr. SeAroeiS^?, delta-shaped, from SeAra, 
the Greek letter A, and etSos, form.] Resembling the 
Greek A (delta) ; triangular. 
De-lud'a-lble, a. Capable of being deluded or deceived. 
Delude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deluded; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DELUDING.] [Lat. deludere, from de and ludere, to 
play, to make sport of, to mock.] 1. To lead from truth 
or into error ; to mislead the mind or judgment of. 2. 
To frustrate or disappoint. 

Syn.— To mislead; deceive; beguile; cheat. 
De-lud'er, n. One who deludes, or deceives. 
Del'uge,«. [Fr. deluge, 0. Fr. delvve, from Lat. diluvium, 
from diluere, to wash away, from di, for dis, and lucre, 
equiv. to lavare, to wash.] 1. An overflowing of the 
land by water ; an inundation ; a flood ; especially, the 
great flood in the dajs of Noah. 2. Anything which 
overwhelms, as a great calamity. 
Del'vige, v. t. [imp. & p.p. deluged; p.pr. & vb.n. 
deluging.] 1. To overflow, as with water ; to inun- 
date ; to drown. 2. To overwhelm, or cause to sink under 
a general or spreading calamity. 
De-lu'§ion, n. [Lat. dclvsio, from dtlvdere. See DE- 
LUDE.] 1. The act of deluding; deception ; a mislead- 
ing of the mind. 2. The state of being deluded. 3. 
False belief; error. 

Syn. — Illusion ; fallacy. — An illusion is a false show, a mere 
cheat on the fancy or senses: a delusion is a false judgment, 
usually affecting the real concerns of life: a fallacy is tcrnc thing 
(like an argument, &e.) having: a srecious appearance, but des- 
titute of reality and truth. The illusions of youth; the delu- 
sions of stock-jobbing ; a fallacy in reasoning. 

i De-lu'sive, a. Fitted to delude ; tending to mislead the 
mind ; deceptive ; beguiling : delusory. 

De-lu'so-ry, a. Apt to delude: delusive; fallacious. 

Delve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. delved ; p. pr. & vb. n 
DELVING.] [A.-S. d elf an.] 1. To dig; to open with a 
spade. 2. To fathom ; to penetrate ; to trace out. 

Delve, v. i. To labor with the spade. 

Delv'er, n. One who digs, as with a spade. 

De-ma g'net-Ize, v. t. [From de and magnetize, q. v.] 
1. To deprive of magnetic polarity. 2. To restore from 
a sleep- waking state. 

Dem'a-gog'igm, n. The practices of a demagogue. 

Dem'a-gogue (-g°g), «'• [Gr. Brjixaywyog, from Srfxog, the 
common people, and aycoyos, leading, from ayeiv, to 
lead.] One who controls the multitude by specious or 
deceitful arts ; an artful political orator. 

De-main', n. See Demesne. 

De-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. demanded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEMANDING.] [Lat. demandare, to intrust, from de 
and mandare, to commit to one's charge, to order, com- 
mand.] 1. To ask or call for, as one who has a claim, 
right, or power, to enforce the claim ; to make requisition 
of. 2. To enquire earnestly or authoritatively ; to ask ; 
to question. 3. To require as necessary or useful; to 
be in urgent need of. 4. ( Law . ) To call into court ; to 
summon. 

De-mand', v. i. To make a demand ; to ask ; to inquire. 

De-mand', n. 1. Act of demanding ; requisition; ex- 
action. 2. Earnest inquiry ; question ; query. 3. Dil- 
igent search ; manifested want ; request. 4. That which 
one demands or has a right to demand ; thing claimed ; 
claim. 

In demand, in request; in a state of being much sought after. 
— On demand, on presentation and request of payment. 

De-maiid'a-ble, a. Capable of being demanded. 

De-mand'ant, n. One who demands ; the plaintiff in a 
real action ; any plaintiff. 

De-mand'er, n. One who demands. 

De'mar-ea'tion, n. [Fr. demarcation, from demarquer. 
to take a mark off from. See Mark.] 1. Act of mark, 
ing, or of ascertaining and setting a limit ; division ; sep- 
aration. 2. A limit or bound ascertained and fixed. 



a, e, &c, long; &, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



DEMARKATION 



191 



DEMONSTRATION 



De'mar-Ita'tion, n. See Demarcation. 

De-mean', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEMEANED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. de:.iean[NG.J [0. Fr. demener, demesntr, from 
de and tnener, to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. Lat. 
minare, to drive animals by threatening cries, from mi- 
nari, to threaten.] To manage ; to conduct ; to treat. 

De-mean', v. t. 1. [See supra.] To carry or conduct ; 
to behave. 2. [From de and mean, q. v.] To debase ; 
to lower. 

" Syn. — To degrade. — Among our early writers, demean 
was L.ilcsn to ba connected with mien and demeanor, and not 
with mcr.n. This is stiil the approved use of the word; yet it 
is not unusual, even at the present day, to speak of a man's 
demeaning £i. e. degrading] himself by improper conduct. 

De-mean'or, n. Manner of behaving ; conduct. 

Gyn. — Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien. 

De'mon-cy, n. [Lat. dementia, from demens, out of 
onc'3 mind, mad, from de, from, out of, and mens, the 
mind.] Dementia ; insanity. 

D3-m5n't?lc (45), a. Deprived of reason ; insane. 

De-m5n'tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dementated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. dementating.] [Lat. dementatus, 
p. p. of dementare.] To deprive of reason. 

De / mc3i-t^'tion, n. Act of depriving of reason, or 
state of being so deprived. 

Ds-menftv-a (-shl'a), n. [Lat.] 1. Insanity. [See In- 
sanity.] 2. A total loss of thought and reason ; loss 
of intellect ; idiocy. 

D3-zn5pli'i-£Iz3, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEMEPHI- 
tizsd; p.'pr. & vb. n. DEMEPIIITIZING.] [From 
de and Fr. mip.'iitiser, to infect with mephitis, q. v.] To 
purif / from foul, unwholesome air. 

D3-m5r'i£, n. [Fr. dzmirite, from de and merite, 
mcrii:, Lat. meritum, from mercre, to deserve. See 
MEXIT.] 1. That which deserves blame; that which 
detracts from merit; fault; crime; vice. 2. State of 
one who deserves ill ; ill-desert. 

Da-mSr'sion, n. 1. Act of plunging into a fluid; a 
drowning ; immersion. 2. State of being overwhelmed 
in water or earth. - 

De-m32'm.3r-Ize, v. t. [From de and mesmerize, q. v.] 
To relieve from mesmeric influence. 

De-ms3ii8' (-meen'), n. [0. Eng. demayne, demeine, de- 
me.yn, 0. Fr. demaine, demesne, demenie, demoine, now 
doma'm, from Lat. dominium, properly right of owner- 
ship, from dominus, master of the house, proprietor, 
owner, from domus, house.] (Laiv.) The chief manor- 
place, with that part of the land^ belonging thereto which 
has not been granted out in tenancy. 

Dem'i.eii'dsnce, ?i. (Mas.) An imperfect cadence, or 
one fch it fills on any other than the key-note. 

Dem'i-g5tl, n. A fabulous hero, half divine, produced 
by tne cohabitation of a deity with a mortal. 

Dem'i-jolm (-jin), n. [Fr. dame-jeanne, i. e., Lady 
Jane ; said to be a corruption of Damaghan, a town in 
Khorassan, once fimous for its glass-works.] A glass 
vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, in- 
close! in wicker-work. 

Dem'i»luii3, n. {Fort.) A work constructed beyond 
the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain 
beiween two bastions, intended to defend the curtain ; 
a ravelin. See Ravelin. 

Dem'i-rep, n. [A contraction of demi-reputation.] A 
woman of suspicious chastity. 

D&m/i-ri'li-e'vo, n. [It.] (Sculp.) Half-relief, or the 
standing out of a figure from^he background by half its . 
thickness. [demised or leased. 

De-mT$'a-ble, a. [See Demise.] Capable of being 

De-m"i§e' (-mlz'), n. [From Fr. demettre, p. p. demis, 
demist, to put away, lay down, from de, for des, equiv. 
to Lat. dis, and mettre, to put, place, lay, from Lat. 
mittere, to send.] 1. Transmission by formal act or 
' conveyance to an heir or successor ; transference. 2. 
Decease of a royal or princely person ; hence, also, the 
death of any distinguished individual. 3. [Law.) The 
conveyance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life 
or for years, most commonly the latter. 

Syn. --Death; decease; departure; release. See Death. 

De-ml§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p demised; p. pr. & 
vb. n. demising.] To transfer or transmit by succes- 
sion or inheritance ; to bequeath . 

Dem/i-sem'i-quVver, n. 
[Mus.) A short note, equal 
in time to the half of a semi- 
quaver, or the thirty-second 
part of a whole note. 

De-mis'sion (-mishhm), n. 



Demisemiquavers. 
[Lat. demissio. See De- 



mit.] Act of demitting, or state of being demitted; 
degradation; humiliation. 
De-mit', v. i. [Lat. dtmittere, to send or bring down, 
to lower, from de and mittere, to send.] 1. To let fall; 
to depress ; hence, to lay down formally, as an oftlce. 

2. To yield or submit. 

Dem'i-tlnt', n. (Paint.) A gradation of color between 
positive light and positive shade. 

Dem'i-urge,n. [Gr. STj/aiovpyo?, working for the peo- 
ple, a workman, esp. the maker of the world : from 
hrnjnos, belonging to the people, from 6rj/aos, the peopie, 
and epyov, a work.] 1. God as the creator and former 
of the world. 2. An aeon, or exalted and mysterious 
agent, employed in the creation of the world and of man 
from matter; — so called by the Gnostics, and regarded 
by them as the original source of every thing evil. 

Dem'i-iir'gie, a. Pertaining to a demiurge; forma- 
tive ; creative. 

Dem'i-volt, n. An artificial motion of a horse, in 
which he raises his fore-legs in a peculiar manner. 

De-moe'ra-cy, n. [Gr. Srjfxo/cparia, from Srjfxos, the 
people, and Kparelv, to be strong, to rule, from Kparos, 
strength.] 1. A form of government in which the su- 
preme power is in the hands of the people, and directly 
exercised by them ; hence, a form of government in 
which the power resides ultimately in the whole people, 
who conduct it by a system of representation and dele- 
gation of powers. 2. The principles held by one of the 
two chief parties into which the people have long been 
divided. [Amer.] 

Dem'o-erat, n. 1. One who is an adherent or pro- 
moter of democracy. 2. A member of the Democratic 
party 7 . [Amer.] 

Bein'o-erat'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, or favoring 

Dein/o-erat'i-e-al, j democracy ; constructed upon 
the principle of popular government. 2. Favoring 
popular rights ; — said of one of the political parties in 
the United States. 

Dexn'o-crat'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a democratical manner. 

De-mol'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. demolished (de' 
mol'isht, 103): p. pr. & vb. n. demolishing.] [From 
Lat. demoliri, from de and moliri, to set in motion, to 
construct, from moles, & huge mass or structure.] To 
throw or pull down ; to pull to pieces ; to ruin . 

Syn. — To overturn ; overthrow ; destroy ; dismantle; 
raze. — That is overturned or overthrown which had stood. 
upright; that is destroi/ed whose component parts are scat- 
tered; that is demolished which had formed a mass or struc- 
ture; that is dismantled which is stripped of its covering, as a 
vessel of its sails, or a fortress of its bastions, &c. ; that is razed 
which is brought down smooth and level to the ground. 

De-mol'i^li-er, n. One who demolishes. 

Dem/o-H'tion (-lish'un), n. [Lat. demolitio, from de- 
moliri. See supra.] Act of overthrowing, pulling down, 
or destroying a pile or structure ; ruin ; destruction. 

De'mon, n. [Lat. daemon, & spirit, an evil spirit, from 
Gr. Sai.ixo}v,n divinity.] 1. ( Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding 
a middle place between men and the gods ; — hence, 
also, a departed soul. 2. An evil spirit ; a devil. 

I>e-mo'ni-a-e, \a. [Lat. diem on iac us, from dzmon.] 

Dem/o-ni'a-e-al, ) 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
demons. 2. Influenced or produced by demons or evil 
spirits ; devilish. 

De-mo'ni-ae, n. A human being possessed by a demon 
or evil spirit. 

De-mo'ni-an, a. Having the nature of a demon. 

De'mon-igm, n. The belief in demons or false gods. 

De'mon-ist, n. One who believes in demons. 

De'mon-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. SaCp-cov, demon, and Aa- 
rpeCa, worship.] Worship of demons or of evil spirits. 

De'mon-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Saip-av, demon, and Ad-yos, 
discourse.] A treatise on demons, or evil spirits, and 
their agency. 

De'mon-ship, n. The state of being a demon. 

De-mon'stra-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being demon- 
strable ; demonstrableness. 

De-mon'stra-ble, a. Capable of being demonstrated; 
admitting of decisive proof. 

De m5n'stra-ble-ness, n. The quality of being de- 
monstrable ; demonstrability. 

De-mon'stra-bly, adv. In a manner to demonstrate. 

Dem'on-strate, or De-mon'strate (117), v t. [Lat, 
demonstrates, demonstrare, from de and monstrarc, to 
show.] [See Note under CONTEMPLATE.] 1. To point 
out; to indicate; to exhibit. 2. To show, prove, or 
establish so as to exclude possibility of doubt or denial. 

3. (Anat.) To exhibit and describe the parts of, when 
dissected ; — said of a dead body. 

Dem'on-stra'tion, n. 1. Act of demonstrating, 



food, f dot urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



DEMONSTRATIVE 



192 



DENOUNCE 



Showing, or making clear ; proof; especially, proof be- 
yond the possibility of doubt. 2. An expression of the 
feelings by outward signs ; a manifestation. 3. (Anat.) 
Exhibition and description of the parts of a subject that 
has been prepared by the dissector. 4. (Logic.) The act 
of proving by the syllogistic process. 5. (Math.) A course 
of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary 
consequence of assumed premises. 6. (Mil.) A decisive 
exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an inten- 
tion. 

De-mon'stra-tlve, a. 1. Tending to demonstrate; 

having the power of demonstration. 2. Expressing, or 

inclined to express, feeling, thoughts, &c ; frank ; open. 

Demonstrative pronoun {Oram.), one distinctly designating 

that to which it refers. 

De-mon'stra-tive-ly, adv. In a manner fitted to de- 
monstrate ; certainly ; clearly ; openly. 

Dem'on-stra'tor, n. 1. One who demonstrates or 
proves any thing with certainty, or with indubitable 
evidence. 2. ( Anat.) One who exhibits and describes the 
parts when dissected. [monstrative. 

De-mon'stra-to-ry, <% Tending to demonstrate ; de- 

De-mor'al-i-za'tion, n. [Fr. demoralisation, from 
demoraliser. See infra.] 1. The act of subverting or cor- 
rupting morals ; especially, the act of corrupting discip- 
line, courage, &c. 2. The state resulting from loss of 
discipline, courage, &c. 

De-mor'al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. demoralized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEMORALIZING.] [Fr. demoraliser, 
from de and moraliser. See MORALIZE.] To destroy or 
undermine the morals of; to render corrupt in morals, 
in discipline, in courage, &c. 

De-mot'ic, a. [Gr. o^juiotiko?, from 6^jaos, the people.] 
Pertaining to the people ; popular ; common. 

Demotic alphabet or character, a form of writing used in 
Egypt since six or seven centuries before Christ, for books, 
deeds, &c. ; a simplified form of the hieratic character; — 
called also enchorial character. 

De-mul'cent, a. [Lat. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere .] 
Softening, mollifying, lenient. 

De-mul'cent, n. (Med.) A substance of a bland, mu- 
cilaginous nature, supposed to be capable of protecting 
the tissues from the action of irritant or acrid humors . 

De-mur', v. i. [imp. & p. p. DEMURRED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEMURRING.] [0. Fr. demurer, demorer, now de- 
meurer, Lat. demorari, from de and morari, to delay, 
tarry, stay, from mora, delay.] 1. To delay ; to pause ; 
to suspend proceedings in view of a doubt or difficulty. 
2. (Laiv.) To raise an objection at any point in the 
pleadings , and rest or abide upon it for a decision by the 
court. 

De-mur', n. Stop ; pause ; hesitation as to proceeding ; 
suspense of decision or action. 

De-mure', a. [From 0. Fr. de murs, i. e. de bonnes 
murs, of [good] manners; 0. Fr. murs, now mceurs, f., 
from Lat. mores, manners, morals.] 1. Of sober or seri- 
ous mien ; of modest appearance ; grave. 2. Modest 
in outward seeming only ; making a show of gravity. 

De-mure'ly, adv. In a demure manner. 

De-mure'ness, n. State or quality of being demure. 

De-miir'rage, n. [See Demur.] (Com.) (a.) Deten- 
tion of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed 
by her charter-party, (b.) Payment made for such de- 
tention. 

&3~ The term is also applied to land carriage, by wagons, 
railways, &c. 

De-mur'rer, n. 1. One who demurs. 2. (Law.) A 
stop in an action upon a point of difficulty which must be 
determined by the court before any further proceedings 
can be had. 

De-my'| n. [See DEMI.] A size of paper next smaller 
than medium. 

De-my', a. Pertaining to, or made of, the size of paper 
called demy. 

Den, n. [A.-S. den, denn, dene,denu, a valley, a secluded 
place, a den.] 1. A cave or hollow place in the earth, 
used for concealment, shelter, protection, or security. 
2. A customary place of resort ; a haunt ; a retreat. 

Den,f. i. To dwell as in a den. 

I)<>^na'ri-fys, n. ; pi. DF.-NA' Ri-f. [Lat., prop, contain- 
ing ten, fr. deni, ten each, fr. decern, ten.] An old Roman 
coin of the value of about 16 or 17 cents ; — so called from 
being worth originally ten of the pieces called as. 

Den'a-ry, a. [Lat. denarius. See supra.] Containing 
ten ; tenfold. 

Den'a-ry, n. The number ten. 

De-na'tion-al-Ize (rnash'un-), v. t. [imp. & p.p. de- 
nationalized; p.pr. & vb. n. DENATIONALIZING.] 



[From de and nationalize, q. v.] To divest of national 
character or rights, by transference to the service of 
another nation. 

De-nat'u-ral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. denatural- 
ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. DENATURALIZING.] [From de 
and naturalize, q. v.] 1. To render unnatural ; to alien- 
ate from nature. 2. lo denationalize. 

Den'dri-f orm, a. [Gr. UvBpov, a tree, and Lat. forma.] 
Having the appearance of a tree. 

Den'drlte, n. [Gr. fievopmjs, fr. SevSpms, of a tree, fr. 
SevSpov, a tree.] (Min.) A stone or mineral, on or in 
which are branching figures resembling shrubs or trees. 

Den-drit'i-e, ) a. Containing delineations which 

Den-drit'ic-al, J branch like shrubs or trees. 

Den'droid^ a. [Gr. Sevopoeio^s, tree-like, from SeVSpov, 
tree, and elSos, form.] Resembling a shrub or tree in 
form ; dendritic. 

Den-dr61'o-gist, n. One who is acquainted with the 
natural history of trees. 

Den-drol'o-gy, n. [Gr. SevSpov, a tree, and Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] A discourse or treatise on trees ; the natural 
history of trees. 

Den-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. SeVopov, a tree, and fxerpov, 
measure.] An instrument to measure the height and 
diameter of trees. 

De-nl'a-ble, a. Capable of b^ing denied. 

De-nl'al, n. 1. Act of denying. 2. An assertion of the 
untruth of a thing stated or maintained ; a contradiction. 
3. A refusal to grant ; rejection of a request. 4. A re- 
fusal to acknowledge ; disclaimer of connection with ; 
disavowal. 
Denial of one's self, restraint of one's appetites or propensities. 

De-ni'er, n. One who denies, contradicts, or refuses. 

Den'im, n. A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, &c. 

Den'i-za'tion, n. [L. Lat. denizatio. See infra.] Act 
of making one a denizen or adopted citizen. 

Den'i-zm (den'i-zn), n. [Norm. Fr. deinszein, from Lat. 
donatio, donation, because he was made a subject ex 
donatione regis, by the king's letters patent.] 1. An 
adopted or naturalized citizen. 2. Hence, a stranger 
admitted to residence m a foreign country. 3. A dweller : 
an inhabitant. 

Den'i-zen, v. t. 1. To make a denizen ; to enfranchise. 
2. To provide with denizens. 

Den'net, n. A kind of light, open, two-wheeled carriage, 
like a gig. [named. 

Dc-nom'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being denominated or 

De-nom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DENOMINATED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DENOMINATING.] [Lat. denominare, 
denomination , from de and nomen, a name.] To give a 
name or epithet to ; to characterize by an epithet ; to 
entitle ; to name ; to designate. 

De-nom'i-nate, a. Having a specific name or denom- 
ination ; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract. 

De-nom/i-na'tioii, n. [Lat. denominatio.] 1. Act of 
naming or designating. 2. That by which any thing is 
denominated or styled ; a name, especially, a general 
name belonging to and indicating a class of like individ- 
uals. 3. A class, or collection of individuals, called by 
the same name ; a sect. 
Syn. — Name ; appellation ; designation ; title ; category. 

De-nom'i-na'tion-al, a. Relating to a denomination. 

De-nom'i-na-tive, a. 1. Conferring a denomination 
or title. 2. Possessing a distinct denomination or desig- 
nation. 3. Derived from a substantive or adjective. 

De-nom'i-na-tive, n. (Gram.) A verb formed from a 
noun either substantive or adjective. 

De-nom'i-na'tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, gives 
a name. 2. (Arith.) That number placed below the line 
in vulgar fractions, which shows into how many parts 
the integer is divided. 3. (Alg.) That part of any ex- 
pression which is situated below the horizontal line signi- 
fying division. 

De-not'a-ble, a. Capable of being denoted. 

Den'o-ta'tion, n. The act of denoting. 

De-note', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DENOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DENOTING.] [Lat. denotare, from de and notare, to 
mark, from nota, a mark, sign, note.] 1. To indicate^ 
to point out ; to mark. 2. To be the sign of; to signify ; 
to mean ; to intend. 

Denouement (d'ncTo/mong'), n. [Fr., from denouer^ 
to untie ; de and nouer, to tie.] 1. The catastrophe, es- 
pecially of a drama, romance, and the like. 2. The 
solution of a mystery ; issue ; event. 

Dc-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. denounced (de- 
nounst'); p. pr. & vb. n. DENOUNCING.] [Lat. de- 
nunciare, denuntiare, from de and nunciare,nuntiare, to 



a, e, &c, long ; a, €, Sic, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, vgil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



DENOUNCEMENT 



193 



DEPHLEGMATE 



announce, report, from nuncius, nuntius, a messenger, 
message.] 1. To give formal or official notice of ; to 
announce or declare. 2. To threaten by some outward 
sign or expression. 3. To point out as deserving of 
reprehension or punishment, &c. ; to inform against ; to 
stigmatize. 

De-nounce'ment, n. Notification or announcement, 
especially of a threat, a calamity, &c. ; denunciation. 

De-noun'cer, n. One who denounces. 

Dense, a. [Lax. densus, allied to Gr. Sacrus, thick with 
hair or leaves.] Having the constituent parts closely 
united ; close : compact. 

Dense'ly, adv. In a dense, compact manner. 

Den'si-ty, n. 1. Quality of being dense, close, or thick ; 
compactness. 2. (Physics.) The proportion of mass, or 
quantity of matter, to bulk or volume. 

Dent, n. [A modification of dint, q. v. Cf. also Fr. dent, 
and Lat. dens, gen. dentis, a tooth.] The mark made by 
a blow ; indentation. 

Dent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
denting.] To make a dent or the mark ofablowupon; 
to indent. 

Den'tal, a. [From Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth.] 1. Per- 
taining to the teeth. 2. ( Gram.) Formed by the aid of 
the teeth or of the gum investing them. 

Den'tal, n. An articulation or letter formed by the aid 
of the teeth or the gum of the teeth. 

Den'tate, ( a. [Lit. dentatus, from dens, a tooth.] 

Den'ta-ted, S Toothed ; sharply notched ; serrate. 

Den-ta/tion, n. The form or formation of teeth. 

DSnt'ed, a. Indented ; impressed with little hollows. 

Den'ti-ele (dfin/tT-kl), n. [Lat. denticulus, dim. of dens, 
a tooth.] A small tooth or projecting point. 

Den-tle'u-late, ) a. [Lat. denticulatus, from denticu- 

Den-tie'u-la'ted, 1 lus, a little tooth.] (Bot.) Notched 
into little tooth-like projections ; finely dentate. 

Den-tle'ii-la'tion, n. The state of being set with small 
notches or teeth. 

Den'ti-form, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth, and forma.'] 
Having the form of a tooth or of teeth. 

Den'ti-frlce, n. [Lat. dentifriciura, from dens, a tooth, 
and fricare, to rub.] A powder or other substance to be 
used in cleaning the teeth. 

Den'til, n. [Lat. denticulus.] (Arch.) An ornamental 
square block or projection in cornices bearing some re- 
semblance to teeth. 

Den'tist, n. [From Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth.] One who 
cleans, extracts, repairs or fills natural teeth, and inserts 
artificial ones. 

Den'ti 3t-ry, n. The art or profession of a dentist. 

Den-tl'tion (-tisb/un), n. [Lat. dentitio, from dentire, 
to cut teeth, from dens, a tooth.] 1. The process of 
cutting the teeth. 2. (ZoZl.) The system of teeth pecu- 
liar to an animal. 

Den'toid, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, tooth, and Gr. elSos, 
form.] Shaped like a tooth. 

Den'u-da'tion, n. 1 Act of stripping off covering ; a 
making bare. 2. (Geol.) The laying bare or wearing 
away of rocks, as by running water. 

De-nude', v. t. [Lat. denudare, from de and nudare, to 
make naked or bare, from nudus, naked, bare.] To di- 
vest of all covering ; to make bare or naked ; to strip. 

De-iiiin ; ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [Lat. denunci.are, denun- 
ciatum. See Denounce.] To denounce. [Rare.] 

De-nun/ci-a'tion (-shi-h'shun), n. [See Denounce.] 
1. Act of denouncing. 2. That by which any thing is 
denounced ; public menace or accusation. 

De-nun'ci-a/tor (-shi-), n. [Lat. denunciator.] One 
who denounces, threatens, or accuses. 

De-niin'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-), a. Containing a denunci- 
ation ; minatory ; accusing. 

De-ny', v. t. [imp. & p. p. denied (de-nid') ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DENYING-.] [0. Eng. denay, q. v.; Fr. denier, 
from Lat. denegare, from de and negare, to say no, to 
deny, from ne, no, not, and aio, I say yes.] 1. To con- 
tradict ; to gainsay ; to declare not to be true. 2. To 
refuse ; to reject. 3. To refuse to grant ; to withhold. 
4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and 
the like ; to disown ; to abjure. 

To deny one's self, to decline the gratification of appetites or 
desires ; to practice self-denial. 

De-oVstru-ent, a. [From de and obstruent, q. v.] 

(Med.) Removing obstructions; aperient. 
De-ob'stru-ent, n. (Med.) A medicine which removes 

obstructions and opens the natural passages of the fluids 

of the bod*/ ; an aperient. 
De'odand'. n. [From Lat. Deo dandum, to be given to 



God.] (Eng. Law.) A personal chattel which was the 
immediate occasion of the death of a rational creature, 
and for that reason given to God, that is, forfeited to the 
crown, to be applied to pious uses. 

De-o'dor-ize, v. t. To deprive of odor, especially of bad 
odor resulting from impurities. 

De-o'dor-iz'er, n. He who, or that which, deodorizes. 

De/on-tol'o-gist, n. One versed in deontology. 

De'on-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. Seov, gen. Scovtos, neces- 
sary, an obligation, p. n. of Sel, it is necessary, and A 6-yos, 
discourse.] The science of that which is morally binding 
or obligatory. 

De-ox'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deoxidated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DEOXIDATING.] [From de and oxidate, q. v.] 
( Ohem.) To deprive of 0x3 gen, or reduce from the state 
of an oxide. [Written also deoxydate.] 

De-ox'i-da'tion, n. ( Chem.) Act or process of reducing 
from the state of an oxide. 

De-6x'i-dSze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deoxidized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DEOXIDIZING.] [From de and oxidize, q. v.] 
(Chem.) To deoxidate. [Written also dcoxydize.] 

De-part', v. i. [imp. & p. p. departed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEPARTING.] [From Lat. de and part ire , partiri, to 
part, divide, distribute, from^ar.s, a part; Fr. departir, 
to divide, distribute, se departir, to separate one's self; 
depart.] 1. To go forth or away ; to quit, leave, or sep- 
arate from a place or person. 2. To quit this world ; to 
decease ; to die. 

To depart from, to forsake ; to abandon ; to give up. 

De-part', v. t. To leave ; to quit ; to retire from. 

De-part'ment, n. [Fr. departement, from departir. See 
Depart.] 1. A part or portion. 2. A distinct course 
of life, action, study, or the like. 3. Subdivision of 
business or official duty ; especially one of the principal 
divisions of executive government. 4. Territorial divi- 
sion ; especially, one for governmental purposes. 5. A 
military subdivision of a country. 

Syn.— Subdivision ; sphere ; province ; district. 

De-piirt-ment'al, a. Pertaining to a department. 

De-part'ure (53), n. 1. Act of departing ; separation 
or removal from a place. 2. Death ; decease. 3. De- 
viation or abandonment, as of a rule of duty, of an ac- 
tion, or of a plan or purpose. 4. (Navigation & Surv.) 
The distance east or west, as of a ship or the end of a 
course, from the particular meridian from which the ves- 
sel or course departs. 5. (Law.) Desertion by a party 
to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last 
antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another. 
Syn. — See Death. 

De-pcnd', v. i. [imp. & p. p. depended ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. depending.] [Lat. dependere, from de and pendcre, 
to hang.] 1. To hang; to be sustained by something 
above. 2. To be in suspense ; to remain undetermined. 
3. To rely for support ; to stand related to any thing, as 
to an efficient or determining cause, or necessary condi- 
tion, &c. 4. To rest with confidence ; to trust ; to con- 
fide ; to rely. 5. To be in a condition of service. 

De-pend'ant, n. See Dependent. 

De-pend'ence, 11. [L. Lat. dependentia. See supra.] 
1„ The act or the state of depending or of being de- 
pendent ; the act of hanging down ; suspension from a 
support. 2. Subjection to the action of its cause or 
law. 3. Mutual connection and support ; concatena- 
ation ; systematic inter-relation. 4. Subjection to the 
direction or disposal of another ; inability to help or pro- 
vide for one's self. 5. A resting with confidence; re- 
liance : trust. 6. That which depends ; a thing de- 
pendent. 

De-pend'en-cy, n. 1. State of being dependent. 2.. 
A thing hanging down or depending. 3. That which is 
attached to something else as its consequence, subordi- 
nate, satellite, or the like. 4. A territory remote from 
the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to 
its dominion ; a colony. 

De-pend'ent, a. [See Depend.] 1. Hanging down. 
2. Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; 
contingent or conditioned ; subordinate. 

De-pend'ent, n. 1. One who depends ; one who is sus- 
tained by, or who relies on another; a retainer. 2«, 
That which depends ; corollary ; consequence. 

De-pend'ent-ly, adv. In a dependent manner. 

De-pend'er, n. One who depends ; a dependent. 

De-phleg r mate. v. t. [imp. & p.p. dephlegmated ; 
p.pr. Szvb. n. DEPHLEGMATING.] [N. Lat. dephleg- 
mare, dephlegmatum , from de and Lat. phlegma. phlegm,. 
Gr. ^Aeyjaa.] To deprive of superabundant water, as by 
evaporation or distillation ; -to rectify. 



food, foot 



urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get : 
13 



ag ; exist ; linger, link ; ttris* 



DEPHLE GM ATION 



194 



DEPRECATOR 



Depli/leg-ma'tion, n. The operation of separating 
water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated 
distillation ; concentration. 

Depn'lo-gis'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dephlo- 
gisticated; p. pr. & vb. n. dephlogisticating.] 
[From de and phlogisticate, q. v.] ( O. Cliem.) To de- 
prive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflam- 
mability. 

Depldogisticated air, oxygen gas; — so called by Dr. Priest- 
ley and others of his time. 

De-plet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. depicted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEPICTING.] [Lat. depingere, depictum ; from de 
smdpingere, to paint.] 1. To form a painting or picture 
of; to portray. 2. To represent in words ; to describe. 

De-p5et'vire (53), v. t. [imp. & p.p. depictured; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEPICTURING.] [From Lat. de &ndpic- 
tura, painting.] To make a picture or painting of: to 
paint ; to picture. 

De-pll'a-to-ry, a. [From Lat. depilare, depilatum, to 
strip of hair, fr. de andpilus, hair.] Having the quality 
or power to remove the hair and make bald or bare. 

De'plan-ta/tion, n. [From Lat. deplantare, to take off 
a twig, N. Lat., to take out a plant, from de and planta, 
plant.] Act of taking up plants from beds. 

De-plete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. depleted; p. pr. & 
vb.n. DEPLETING.] [Lat. deplete , depletum, to empty 
out, from de and plere, to fill.] 1. (Med.) To empty, as 
the vessels of the human system, by venesection. 2. 
To exhaust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. 

De-ple'tion, n. 1. Act of depleting or emptying. 2. 
(Med.) Venesection ; blood-letting. 

De-plc'to-ry, a. Calculated to deplete. 

De-plor'a-ble, a. Worthy of being deplored or la- 
mented ; pitiable ; sad ; calamitous ; grievous ; wretched. 
Syn.— Lamentable. — Literally, the word lamentable, de- 
notes mourning aloud, and deplorable, mourning with tears. 
The last is, therefore, the strongest. 

De-plor'a-ble-ness, n. State of being deplorable. 

De-plor'a-bly, adv. In a manner to be deplored ; la- 
mentably ; miserably. 

De-p3ore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deplored ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. deploring.] [Lat. deplorare, from de and plorare, 
to cry out, wail, lament.] 1. To feel or express deep 
and poignant grief for. 2. To weep ; to convey as 
tokens of grief. 

Syn. — Mourn ; lament; bewail ; bemoan. — Mourn is gen- 
eric ; to lament denotes an earnest and strong expression of 
grief; to deplore marks a deeper and more prolonged emotion ; 
to bewail and bemoan are appropriate only to cases of poignant 
distress. A man laments his errors, and deplores the ruin they 
have brought on his family; mothers bewail or bemoan the loss 
of their children. 

De-plor'er, n. One who deplores or laments. 

De-ploy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deployed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. deploying.] [Fr. dcployer, from da, for des, equiv. 
to Lat. dis, and ployer, equiv. to plier, to fold, from Lat. 
plicare, to fold.] (Mil.) To open ; to extend ; to display. 

De-ploy', v. i. (Mil.) To open ; to extend in line. 

Dep^lu-ma'tion, n. [See infra.] 1. The stripping or 
falling off of plumes or feathers. 2. (Med.) A disease 
of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. 

De-plume', v. t. [imp. So p. p. deplumed; p.pr. & 
vb. n. depluming.] [From Lat. de and plumare, to 
cover with feathers, from pluma, feather, down, deplumis, 
featherless.] 1. To deprive of plumes or plumage. 2. 
To lay bare ; to expose. 

De-po'lar-Ize, v. t. [From de and polarize, q. v. See 
Polarity.] ( Opt.) To deprive of polarity. 

De-pone', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deponed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
deponing.] [Lat. deponere, from de and ponere, to put.] 
To assert under oath ; to make deposition of; to depose. 

De-pone', v. i. 1. To testify under oath ; to depose. 2. 
To make an assertion ; to give testimony. 

De-po'nent, a. [Lat. deponens, laying "down (its proper 
passive meaning), p.pr. of deponere. Sccsupra.] (Gram.) 
Having a passive form with an active meaning ; —said of 
certain verbs. 

De-po'nent, n. [Lat. deponens, laying down (evidence).] 
1. (Law.) One who deposes or gives a deposition under 
oath. 2. (Gram.) A deponent verb. 

De-pop'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. depopulated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DEPOPULATING.] [Fr. d A peupler, 0. 
Fr. depopuler. The Lat. depopulari and populari mean 
to ravage, originally to fill with (hostile) people, from pop- 
ulus a people.] To deprive of inhabitants, whether by 
death or by expulsion ; to dispeople. 

DSf-Tt rarely expresses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often 
a very great diminution of their numbers. 

De-pop'u-late, v. i. To become dispeopled. 



De-p5p'u-la'tion, n. Act of depopulating, or the con- 
dition of being depopulated. 

De-pop'u-la'tor, n. One who depopulates. 

De-port',iJ. [imp. & p.p. deported; p.pr. Sc vb.n. 
DEPORTING.] [From Lat. deportare, to carry awaj r to 
transport, from de and portare, to carry.] 1. To trans- 
port ; to carry away ; to exile. 2. To demean ; to con- 
duct ; to behave. 

De'por-ta'tion, n. Act of deporting or state of being 
deported; banishment; exile; transportation. 

De-port'ment, n. [See Deport.] Manner of deport- 
ing or demeaning one's self ; especially, with respect to 
the courtesies and duties of life. 
Syn. — Carriage ; behavior; demeanor; conduct. 

De-po§'a-ble, a. Capable of being deposed. 

De-po§'al, n. Act of deposing, or divesting of office. 

De-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deposed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEPOSING.] [Fr. deposer, from Lat. deponere, deposi- 
titm, from de and ponere, to put, place.] 1. To reduce 
from a throne or other high station ; to degrade ; to di- 
vest of office. 2. To bear written testimony to ; to aver 
upon oath. 

De-po§e', v. i. To bear witness ; to testify by deposition. 

De-pog'er, n. One who deposes. 

De-po§'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deposited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEPOSITING.] [From Lat. deponere, depositum. 
See supra.] 1. To lay down ; to place ; to put. 2. To 
lay up or away for safe keeping ; to store. 3. To com- 
mit to the custody of another ; especially, to place in a 
bank, as a sum of money, to be drawn at v. ill. 

De-p6§'it, n. 1. That which is deposed, or laid or 
thrown down ; especially, matter precipitated from solu- 
tion in water or any other liquid. 2. That which is in- 
trusted to the care of another ; especialUj, a sum of 
money left with a bank or banker, subject to order. 

In deposit, or on deposit, in trust or safe keeping as a de- 
posit; in a state of pledge. 

De-po§'i-ta-ry, n. [Lat. depositarius, from deponere, 
depositum. See Depose.] 1. A person with whom 
any thing is left or lodged in trust ; a trustee ; a guar- 
dian. 2. (Law.) One to whom goods are bailed, to be 
kept for the bailor without a recompense. 

Dep'o-gi'tion (-zlsh'un), n. [See Depose.] 1. Act 
of deposing or depositing ; precipitation. 2. Act of set- 
ting aside a public officer ; displacement ; removal. 3. 
That which is deposited ; matter laid or thrown down; 
sediment. 4. (Law.) Testimony laid or taken down in 
writing, under oath or affirmation, before some compe- 
tent officer, and in reply to interrogatories and cross-in- 
terrogatories. 

Syn. — Affidavit.— An affidavit is simply a declaration un- 
der oath; a deposition is the testimony o a witness who is un- 
able to attend on a trial. It must so 'be taken before a magis- 
trate that both parties have an opportunity to ask questions. 

De-po§'i-tor, n. One who makes a deposit. 

De-po§'i-to-ry , n. A place where any thing is deposited 
for sale or keeping. 

De-pot' (cle-po' or dS'po), n. [Fr. depot. See Deposit, 
n.] 1. A place of deposit ; a warehouse ; a storehouse. 
2. (Mil.) (a.) A military station where stores and pro- 
visions are kept, or where recruits are assembled and 
drilled, (b.) The headquarters of a regiment. [Eng. 
& France.] 3. A railway station. 

Dep'ra-va'tion, n. [See infra.] 1. Act of depraving, 
degrading, or corrupting. 2. State of being depraved 
or degenerated ; corruption ; profligacy. 

De-prave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. depraved ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEPRAVING.] [Lat. depravare, from de and 
pravus, crooked, wicked.] To make bad or worse. 
Syn. — To corrupt; vitiate; contaminate; pollute; impair. 

De-prav'i-ty, n. [From Lat. de and pravitas, crooked- 
ness, perverseness, from pravus. See supra.] The state 
of being depraved or corrupted ; extreme wickedness. 

Syn. — Depravation ; corruption. — Depravity is a disposi- 
tion or settled tendency to evil; depravation is the act or pro- 
cess of making depraved, as, the depravation of morals. Cor- 
ruption applies to any thing which is greatly vitiated, as, a cor- 
ruption of morals, of taste, of language, &c. 

Dep're-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deprecated ; p.pr. 
& vb.n. DEPRECATING.] [Lat. deprrcari ,deprecatum, 
from de and precari, to pray.] To seek to avert by prayer: 
to pray for deliverance from ; to regret deeply. 

Dep're-ea/tion, n. 1. Act of deprecating ; prayer that 
an evil may be removed or prevented. 2. Entreaty for 
pardon. ' [deprecatory. 

Dep're-ea/trve, a. Having the form of a prayer^ 

Dep're-ea/tor, n. One who deprecates. 



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DEPRECATORY 



195 



DERIVE 



D6p're-«a-to-ry (50), a. Serving to deprecate ; tending 
to remove or avert evil by prayer. 

De-pre'ci-ate (-shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. depre- 
ciated; p. pr. & vb. n. DEPRECIATING.] [Lat. depre- 
tiare, depreliatum, from de and pretiare, to prize, from 
pretium, price.] To lessen in price or estimated value ; 
to represent as of little value or claim to esteem. 

Syn. — To decry ; disparage ; traduce ; lower ; detract ; un- 
derrate. See Decry. 

Z>e-pre'ci-ate (-prS'shT-), v. i. To fall in value ; to be- 
come of less worth. ; to sink in estimation. 

De-pre'ci-a'tion (-prS'shl-), n. 1. Act of lessening, or 
seeking to lessen, reputation, price, or value. 2. tail- 
ing of value ; reduction of worth. 3. State of being de- 
preciated, [tending to depreciate. 

De-pre'ci-a/tive (-prS'shl-), a. Inclined to underrate; 

I>e-pre'ci-a/tor (-prS'shi-), n. One who depreciates. 

De-pi*e'ci-a-to-ry (-prS'shl-), a. Tending to depreciate. 

Dep're-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. depredated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. depredating.] [Lat. drprssdari, deprseda- 
tum, from de and prxdari, to plunder, from prieda, 
plunder, prey.] 1. To subject to plunder and pillage ; 
to despoil ; to lay waste. 2. To destroy by eating ; to 
devour. 

Dep're-da'tion, n. Act of depredating, or state of 
being depredated ; act of despoiling or making inroads. 

Dep're-da/tor, n. One who commits depredations. 

De-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. depressed (de-presf, 
103) ; p. pr. & vb. n. depressing.] [Lat. deprimere, 
depressum, from de and premere, pressum, to press.] 1. 
To press down ; to cause to sink ; to let fall. 2. To bring 
down or humble. 3. To cast a gloom upon. 4. To 
embarrass, as trade, commerce, &c. 5. To lessen the 
price of ; to cheapen. 

To depress (he pole (Naut.), to cause it to appear lower or 
nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator. 

Syn. — To sink; lower; abase ; cast down ; deject; hum- 
ble; degrade; dispirit; sadden; discourage. 

De-pres'sion (de-prash'un), n. [Lat. depressio.] 1. 
Act of depressing. 2. State of being depressed. 3. A 
falling in of the surface ; a cavity or hollow. 4. Humili- 
ation; abasement, as of pride. 5. Dejection; despond- 
ency. 6. Embarrassment or hindrance, as of trade, &c. 
7. {Astron.) Angular distance of a celestial object below 
the horizon. 8. ( Alg. ) The operation of reducing to a 
lower degree ; — said of equations. 9. ( Surg.) A method 
of operating for cataract ; couching. 

Syn. — Reduction; sinking; fall; dejection; melancholy. 

De-press'Ive, a. Able, or tending to depress. 

De-press'or, n. One who, or that which, depresses. 

De-priv'a-ble, a. Liable to be deprived or to lose posi- 
tion ; liable to be dispossessed or deposed. 

Dep'ri-va'tion, n. 1. The act of depriving, dispossess- 
ing, or bereaving. 2. The state of being deprived ; loss ; 
■want; bereavement. 3. (Eccl. Law.) The taking away 
from a clergyman his benefice, or other spiritual pro- 
motion or dignity. 

De-prive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deprived ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEPRIVING.] [Lat. de anl privare, to bereave, de- 
prive, from prims, single, one's own, private] 1. To 
take away ; to remove ; to put an end to. 2. To dispos- 
sess ; to divest. 3. To divest of office ; to depose ; to dis- 
possess of dignity, especially ecclesiastical. 

Syn.— To strip; bereave; rob; despoil; debar; abridge. 

Ds-prrv'er, n. One who, or that which, deprives. 

Deptli, n. [From deep, q. v. ; Goth, diupitha.] 1. The 
quality of being deep ; deepness. 2. Profundity ; ob- 
scurity ; poignancy ; completeness ; darkness ; lowness. 
3. That which is deep ; a deep, or the deepest, part or 
place ; the middle part, as usually the deepest. 

De-pul'so-ry, a. [Lat. depuhorius, from depellere.] 
Driving or thrusting away ; averting. [Rare.] 

Dep'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. depurated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEPURATING.] [L. Lat. depurare, depuratum, 
from Lat. de and purare, to purify, from purus, pure.] 
To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or fecu- 
lence ; to purify. 

Dep'u-ra't.ion, n. Act or process of depurating. 

Dep'u-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of deputing, or of appointing 
a substitute or representative. 2. The person or per- 
sons deputed or commissioned by another party to act on 
his behalf. 

De-piite', t . t. [imp. & p. p. deputed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DEPUTING.] [From Lat. depulare, to esteem, consider, 
in late Lat. to destine, allot, from de and putare, to clean, 
clear up, set in order, reckon, think.] To appoint as 
substitute or agent ; to delegate. 



De-pute f , n. A person deputed ; a deputy. 
Dep'u-tize, v. t. To depute. [Rare. Amer.] 
Dep'u-ty, n. One appointed as the substitute of another, 
and empowered to act for him. 

E@°- Deputy is used in composition with the names of various 
executive officers, to denote an assistant empowered to act in 
their name. 

Syn. — Substitute ; representative ; lieutenant ; legate ; del- 
egate; envoy; agent; factor; vicar. 

De-rac'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deracinated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. deracinating.] [Fr. deraciner, from ra- 
tine, root, from Lat. radix, radicis, root.] To pluck up 
by the roots ; to extirpate. 

De-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deranged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. deranging.] [Fr. derange r, from de, for des, 
equiv. to Lat. dis, and ranger, to range, arrange, from 
rang, row, range, rank.] 1. To put out of place, order, 
or rank ; to throw into confusion, embarrassment, or dis- 
order. 2. To disturb in the action or function. 3. To 
render insane. 

Syn. — To disorder; embarrass; disarrange; displace; un- 
settle; disturb; confuse; discompose; ruffle; disconcert. 

De-range'ment, n. Act of deranging, or state of being 
deranged ; disorder ; especially, mental disorder. 

Syn. — Insanity ; disarrangement ; confusion ; embarrass. 
ment; irregularity; disturbance; lunacy; madness; delirium; 
mania. See Insanity. 

Der'e-lret, a. [Lat. derelictus, p. p. of derelinquere, to 
forsake wholly, to abandon, from de and relinquere, to 
leave.] 1. Forsaken by the natural owner or guardian; 
abandoned, 2. Abandoning responsibility ; unfaithful. 

Der'e-li-et, n. {Law.) (a.) A thing voluntarily aban- 
doned by its proper owner, (b.) A tract of land left dry- 
by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use. 

Der'e-lic'tion, n. 1. Act of leaving with an intention 
not to reclaim ; abandonment. 2. State of being aban- 
doned. 3. {Law.) The gaining of land from the sea, in 
consequence of its shrinking back below the usual water- 
mark. 

De-ride', v. t. [imp. Sap. p. derided; p.pr. hvb.n. 
deriding.] [Lat. deridere, derisum, from de and ridere, 
to laugh.] To laugh at with contempt ; to turn to ridi- 
cule or make sport of. 

Syn. — To ridicule ; mock ; taunt. — A man may ridicule 
without unkindness of feeling; his object may be to correct. 
He who derides is actuated by a severe and contemptuous 
spirit; to mock is stronger, denoting open and scoffing derision ; 
to taunt is to reproach with bitter insult. 

De-rid'er, n. One who derides ; a mocker ; a scoffer. 

De-rid'ing-ly, adv. By way of derision or mockery. 

De-rig'ion (-rizh'un), n. [Lat. derisio. See Deride.] 

1. Act of deriding, or state of being derided ; scornful or 
contemptuous treatment. 2. An object of contempt ; a 
laughing-stock. 

Syn.— Scorn; mockery; insult; ridicule. 

De-ri'sive, a. Expressing, or characterized by, derision. 

De-ri'srve-ly, adv. In a derisive manner. 

De-rl'so-ry, a. [Lat. derisorius, from dtrisor, mocker.] 
Mocking ; ridiculing ; derisive. 

De-riv'a-lble, a. Capable of being derived ; transmissi- 
ble ; communicable ; inferrible. 

Der'i-va/tion, n. 1. Act of procuring an effect from a 
cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, truth 
from testimony, conclusions or opinions from evidence. 

2. Act of tracing origin or descent, as in grammar or 
genealogy. 3. State or method of being derived. 4. 
That which is derived ; a derivative ; a deduction. 5. 
{Math.) The operation of deducing one function from an- 
other according to some fixed law. 6. {Med.) A drawing 
of humors from one part of the body to another. 

De-riv'a-tive, a. Obtained by derivation; derived; 
secondary. 

De-riv'a-tive, n. 1. That which is derived ; anything 
obtained, or deduced from, another; as (a.) ( Gram.) A 
word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, 
an internal modification, or some other change, {b.) 
{Mus.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from 
another by inversion. 2. ( Med. ) That which is adapted 
to produce a derivation. 3. {Math.) A function express- 
ing the relation between two consecutive states of a vary- 
ing function. [means of derivation. 

De-i'iv'a-tive-ly, adv. In a derivative manner; by 

De-rive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. derived ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
deriving.] [Lat. derivare, from de and rivus, stream, 
brook.] 1. To receive, as from a source; to obtain by 
transmission. 2. To trace the origin, descent, or deriva- 
tion of; to recognize transmission of. 
Syn. — To trace; deduce; infer; draw. 



food, foot ; firn, rude, :>ull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e<3ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



DERIVE 



196 



DESICCATE 




De-rive', v. i. To flow ; to proceed ; to be deduced. 

De-riv'er, re. One who derives, transmits, or deduces. 

Derm (14), re. [Gr. 8ep/j.a, gen. Sepixaros, skin, from 
Bepeiv, to skin, flay.] The natural tegument or covering 
of an animal; the skin. 

Derm'al, a. Pertaining to the exterior covering or skin 
of animals. 

Der'ma-tol'o-gy, re. [From Gr. Bep^a, skin, and Aoyos, 
discourse, \eyeiv, to speak.] The branch of physiology 
which treats of the structure of the skin, and its diseases. 

Der'ni-er',a. [Fr.,from Lat. de retro, Fr. derriere, be- 
hind, from Lat. retro, backward, back, behind.] Last ; 
final ; ultimate. 
Dernier ressort. [Fr.] Last resort. 

Der'o-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. derogated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEROGATING.] [Lat. derogare, derogatum, from 
de and rogare, to ask, to ask the people about a law.] 1. 
To annul in part ; to repeal partly ; to restrict. 2. To 
detract from ; to disparage ; to depreciate. 

Der'a-gate, v. i. To take away ; to detract. 

Der'o-gate (45), a. Diminished in value ; damaged. 

Der'o-ga'tion, n. The act of derogating, partly repeal- 
ing, or lessening in value ; disparagement ; detraction ; 
depreciation. 

De-i'og'a-to-ri-ly, adv. In a derogatory manner. 

De-rog'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to dero- 
gate or lessen in value ; detracting ; inju- 
rious. 

Der'riclt, n. [Orig. an abbrev. of Theo- 
deric, A.-S. Theodnc, 0. Sax. Ditric/i, 
N. H. Ger. Dietrich; the name of a cele- 
brated executioner at Tyburn in the sev- 
enteenth century ; hence it became a gen- 
eral term for a hangman. Cf. Ger. die- 
trich, a pick-lock, orig. equiv. to Derrick, 
Theodoric] A mast or spar supported at 
the top by stays or guys, with suitable Derrick Crane, 
tackle for raising heavy weights. 

Derrick crane, a kind of crane, the boom or derrick of which 
can be raised or lowered to different angles with the upright. 

Der'vis, \ n. [From Per. derivesch, poor, from 0. Per. 

Der'vise, V derew, to beg, to ask alms.] A Turkish or 

Der'vif h, ) Persian monk ; especially, one who professes 
extreme poverty, and leads an austere life. 

Des'-eant, n. [0. Fr. deschant, L. Lat. discanhis, from 
Lat. dis and cantus, singing, melody.] 1. A variation 
of an air. 2. A discourse formed on its theme, like va- 
riations on a musical air ; a comment or comments. 3. 
{Mus.) (a.) The highest part in a score; thesoprano. (b.) 
A composition in parts, or the art of composing in parts. 

Des-eant', v. i. [imp. & p. p. descanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DESCANTING.] 1. To sing a variation or accom- 
paniment. 2. To comment ; to discourse with fullness 
and particularity. 

Des-eant'er, n. One who descants. 

De-scend' (-send'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. DESCENDED ; 
p.pr. & vb. re. descending.] [Lat. descenders, from 
de and scandere, to climb, mount, ascend.] 1. To pass 
from a higher to a lower place ; to come or go down in 
any way, &c. ; to plunge ; to fall. 2. To make an at- 
tack, or incursion, as if from a vantage-ground. 3. To 
lower or abase one's self; to condescend. 4. To pass 
from the more general or important to the particular or 
more trivial. 5. To be derived: to proceed by genera- 
tion or by transmission. 6. (Astron.) To move toward 
the south, or to the southward. 7. (Mus.) To fall in 
tone ^ to pass from a higher to a lower tone. 

De-scend', v. t. To go down upon or along; to pass 
from the top to the bottom of. 

De-<?cend'ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, how- 
ever remotely. [cestor or source. 

De-scend'ent, a. Descending ; proceeding from an an- 

De-scend'er, n. One who descends. 

De-scend i-bil'i-ty, re. Quality of being descendible. 

De-EMndl-ble, a. 1. Admitting descent. 2. Capa- 
ble cf descending or being transmitted by inheritance. 

De-scen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Act of going downward ; 
descent; falling or sinking ; degradation. 

De-scen'sion-al, a. Pertaining to descension or descent 

De-scen'ssve, a. Descending ; tending downward ; hav- 
ing power to descend. 

Decent', re. [Fr. descents, from descendre, as vente 
from vendre. See Descend.] 1. Act of descending or 
coming down. 2. Incursion ; sudden attack. 3. Prog- 
ress downward, as in station, virtue, or the like, from the 
more to the less important, from the better to the worse 
from a higher to a lower tone, &c. 4. Derivation, as 
birth ; extraction. 5. Trans- 



from an ancestor ; lineage ; 



mission by succession or inheritance. 6. Inclined o> 
sloping surface. 7. That which is derived or descended ; 
descendants ; issue. 8. A step in the process of deriva- 
tion ; a generation. 

Syn. — Declivity; slope; degradation; assault; invasion. 

De-s-erib'a-ble, a. Capable of being described. 

De-scribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. described ; p. pr. 8c 
vb. n. DESCRIBING.] [Lat. describere, from de and scrib- 
ere,to write. See Scribe.] 1. To form or represent 
by lines, real or imaginary ; to trace out. 2. To sketch 
in writing ; to give an account of. 3. To have or use 
the power of describing. 

Syn. — To set forth; represent; delineate; relate; recount; 
narrate; express; explain; depict; portray. 

De-s-erlb'er, re. One who describes. 

De-s-eri'er, n. [See Descry.] One who descries. 

De-scrip'tion, re. 1. Act of describing. 2. A sketch 
or account of any thing in words. 3. The class to which 
a certain representation applies ; the qualities which dis- 
tinguish such a class. 

Syn.— Account; definition; recital; relation ; detail; nar- 
rative ; narration ; explanation ; delineation ; representation j 
cast; turn; sort. 

De-s-erip'tive, a. Tending to describe ; having the 
quality of representing; containing description. 

De-s-erip'trve-ly, adv. In a descriptive manner; by 
means of description. 

De-scry', t. t. [imp. & p. p. descried; p.pr. & vb. n. 
DESCRYING.] [Norm. Fr. descrier, discriver, discever, 
to discover, perceive, 0. Fr. descrier, to describe, also to 
cry down, N. Fr. decrier, to cry down.] To discover by 
the eye, as objects at a distance that can be faintly seen. 
Syn.— To see; behold; espy; detect; recognize; discover; 
discern; reveal. 

Des'e-erate,r. t. [imp. & p.p. DESECRATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DESECRATING.] [Lat. desecrare, desecratvm, des- 
acrare, desacratum, from de and sacrare, to declare as sa- 
cred, to consecrate, from sacer, sacred.] To divest of a 
sacred character or office ; to treat in a sacrilegious man- 
ner, [sacrilegiously. 

Des'e-era'tion, re. Act of desecrating ; act cf treating 

De-gert' (14) v. t. [imp. & p. p. deserted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DESERTING.] [Lat. deserere, deserium, from de 
and serere, to join or bind together.] 1. To part from ; 
to end a connection with. 2. (Mil.) To leave without 
permission ; to forsake in violation of duty. 

Syn. — To abandon; forsake; leave; quit; give up; relin- 
quish. See Abandon. 

De-gert', v. i. To quit a service without permission ; to 
run away. 

De'gert, a. Forsaken ; without life or cultivation. 

Syn. — Untilled; unproductive; waste; barren; desolate. 

Deg'ert, re. A deserted or forsaken tract of land ; an un- 
productive region ; a wilderness ; a solitude. 

De-gert', re. [0. Fr. deserte, desscrte, merit, recompense, 
from deservir, desservir, to merit. See Deserve.] That 
which is deserved ; the reward or punishment to which 
one is entitled ; — usually in a good sense. 
Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due. 

De-gert'er, re. One who forsakes bis duty, his post, or 
his party or friend ; especially, a soldier or seaman who 
quits the service without permission. 

De-ger'tion, n. 1. Act of desertirg ; especially, the 
abandonment of a service, a pariy , or a post. 2. State 
of being deserted, or forsaken. 

De-gerve' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deserved; p. pr. 
Scvb.n. deserving.] [Lat. deservire, to serve zeal- 
ously, be devoted to, from de and scrvire, to serve.] To 
earn by service ; to merit ; to be entitled to. 

De-gerve', v. i. To be worthy of recompense. 

De-gerv'ed-ly, adv. According to desert, whether good 
or evil ; justly. 

De-gerv'er, re. One who deserves or merits. 

De-gerv'ing-ly, adv. In a deserving manner. 

Deshahille (deVa-bil'), n. [Fr. deshabille, from desha- 
biller, to undress, from des, equiv. to Lat. dis, and habil- 
ler, to dress, as if from a Lat. word, habitulare, from hab- 
itus, dress, attire.] An undress ; a caieless toilet. 

De-si-e'-eant, a. [See infra.] Drying. 

De-si-e'-eant, re. (Med.) A medicine or application that 
dries a sore ; a desiccative. 

Des'ic-eate, or De-si-e'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. des- 
iccated; p. pr. & vb. re. DESICCATING.] [Lat. desic- 
care, desiccatum, from de and siccare, to dry, from siccus, 
dry.] To exhaust of moisture ; to dry. 

Des'le-eate, or De-sle'-eate, v. i. To become dry. 



a,e,&c, long; &,&, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf* 



DESICCATION 



197 



DESPITEFULLY 



D<5s'i«-ea/tion, n. The act of desiccating or the state 
of being desiccated. 

De-sie'ea-tive, a. Drying ; tending to dry. 

De-sle'-ea-tive, n. An application which tends to dry 
up secretions ; a desiccant. 

De-sid'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. desiderated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DESIDERATING.] [Lat. desiderare, desider- 
atum, to desire, to miss.] To be sensible of the lack of; 
to lack ; to want ; to miss ; to desire. 

De-sid'er-a-tive, a. Expressing or denoting desire. 

De-sid'er-a-tive, n. 1. An object of desire ; a desider- 
atum. 2. (Gram.) A verb formed from another verb 
by a particular change of termination, and expressing 
the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primi- 
tive verb. 

De-sld'e-ra'tum, n. ; pi. DE-s1d'e-ra'ta. [Lat., 
from desideratus, p. p. of desiderare.] That of which the 
iack is felt ; a want generally felt and acknowledged. 

De-sign' (-sin' or -zln'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. designed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DESIGNING.] [Lat. designare, from de 
and signare, to mark, mark out, from signum, mark, 
sign.] 1. To draw the preliminary outline or main fea- 
tures of; to sketch for a pattern or model. 2. To mark 
out and exhibit ; to appoint ; to designate. 3. To form 
a plan of; to contrive. 4. To intend or purpose. 

Syn. — To sketch; delineate; draw; plan; propose; project; 
mean. 

De-sign' (-sin' or -zln'), v. i. To have a purpose ; to in- 
tend. 

De-sign' (-sin' or zln'), n. 1. A preliminary sketch or 
representation ; a delineation ; a plan. 2. A prelimi- 
nary conception ; idea intended to be worked out or ex- 
pressed ; scheme; plot. 3. Contrivance ; adaptation of 
means to a preconceived end. 4. Object for which one 
plans ; aim ; intent ; — often in a bad sense. 5. Emblem- 
atic or decorative figures, as of a medal, embroidery, &c. 

Syn. — Intention ; purpose. — Design has reference to some- 
thing aimed at; intention (lit., straining after) to the feelings or 
desires with which it is sought; purpose to a settled choice or 
determination for its attainment. " I had no design to injure 
you " means, it was no part of my aim or object. "I had no 
intention to injure you " means, I had no wish or desire of that 
kind. " My purpose was directly the reverse " makes the case 
still stronger. 

De-sign'a-ble (-sin'- or -zln'-), a. Capable of being 
designated or distinctly marked out. 

Des'ig-nate, v. t. [imp. Ik, p. p. designated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DESIGNATING.] [Lat. designare, designatum. 
See DESIGN, v. t.] 1. To mark out and make known; 
to indicate ; to call by a distinctive title. 2, To point 
out by distinguishing from others. 3. To set apart for a 
purpose or duty. 

Syn. — To name; denominate; style; entitle; characterize; 
describe. 

Des'ig-na'tion, n. 1. Act of designating or pointing 
out ; indication ; denomination. 2. Selection and ap- 
pointment for a purpose. 3. That which designates ; 
distinctive title ; appellation. 4. Use or application ; 
signification. 

Des'ig-na/tive, a. Serving to designate or indicate. 

Des'ig-na'tor, n. One who designates. 

De-slgn'ed-ly (-sin'- or -zln'-), adv. By design ; pur- 
posely ; intentionally. 

De-sign'er (-sin'- or -zln'-), n. 1. One who designs, or 
furnishes designs, as for prints. 2. A plotter ; a schemer; 

used in a bad sense. 

De-sip'i-ent, a. [Lat. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere, to be 
foolish, from de and sapere, to be wise.] Trifling ; fool- 
ish ; playful ; sportive. 

De-§ir'a-ble (89), a. Worthy of desire or longing; fit- 
ted to excite a wish to possess. 

De-§ir'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being desirable. 

De-§ir'a-bly, adv. In a desirable manner. 

De-sire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. desired; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DESIRING.] [Fr. desirer, Lat. desiderare. See Desid- 
erate.] 1. To long for the enjoyment or possession 
of ; to wish for. 2. To express a wish for ; to entreat ; 
to request. 

Syn.— To request. — To desire is to feel a wish or want ; to 
request is to ask for its gratification. A man desires food, and 
requests to have it prepared. Desire may be used for request 
when the relations of the parties are such that the expression 
of a wish is all that is felt to be necessarv. A man desires his 
friend to write often ; a merchant desires his clerk to be more 
careful in future. In this latter case, desire is stronger than re- 
quest; it implies a command or injunction. 

De-§ire', n. 1. Natural eagerness to obtain any good. 
2. An expressed wish ; a request ; petition. 3. Any 
good which is desired ; object of longing. 



Syn. — Wish; appetency; craving; inclination; eagernewj 
aspiration; longing. 

De-gir'er, n. One who desires, asks, or wishes. 

De-§Ir'oiis (89), a. [Fr. desireux. See Desire.] De- 
siring ; feeling desire ; solicitous ; covetous ; eager. 

De-glr'oiis-ly, adv. With desire ; eagerly. 

De-§ir'ous-ness, n. State or affection of being desirous. 

De-sist', v . i. [imp. & p.p. desisted; p.pr.k, vb.n. 
DESISTING.] [Lat. desisttre, from de and sistere, to 
stand, set, stop.] To stand aside ; to cease to proceed or 
act ; to forbear. 

De-sist'ance, n. Act or state of desisting. 

Desk, n. [A.-S., 0. Sax., & Icel. disc, 0. H. Ger. disc, 
tisc, table, plate, N. H. Ger. tisch, table, allied to Lat. dis- 
cus, Gr. Sutkos, a round plate, quoit, dish.] 1. A table 
with a sloping top ; a frame or case of a similar kind. 
2. Pulpit. 3. (Fig.) The clerical profesaon. 

Des'man, n. ; pi. des'man§. (Zob'l.) An amphibious 
animal ; the musk-rat of English naturalists. 

Des'mine, n. [From Gr. oVoyatj, oe<r/u.ds, bundle, from 
Secv, to bind.] (Min.) A mineral that crystallizes in 
little silken tufts ; stilbite. 

Des-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Seo-jao?, ligament, and Ao-yo?, dis- 
course.] That branch of physiology which treats of the 
ligaments. 

Des'o-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. desolated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DESOLATING.] [Lat. desolare, desolatum, from 
de and solar e, to make lonely, to lay waste, from solas, 

. alone, lonely.] 1. To deprive of inhabitants ; to make 
desert. 2. To lay waste ; to ruin ; to ravage. 

Des'o-late (45), a. 1. Destitute or deprived of inhab- 
itants. "2, Laid waste ; in a ruinous condition. 3. Left 
alone ; without a companion ; afflicted. 

Syn. — Desert; uninhabited; lonely; waste; solitary. 

Des'o-late-ly, adv. In a desolate manner. 
Des'o-la'ter, n. One who, or that which, desolates. 
Des'o-la'tion, n. 1. Act of desolating or laying waste. 

2. State of being desolated, laid waste, or ravaged. 3* 
A desolate place or country. 

Syn. — Waste; ruin; destruction; havoc; devastation; rav- 
age; sadness; destitution; melancholy; gloom; gloominess. 

De-spair', v. i. [imp. & p. p. despaired ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DESPAIRING.] [0. Fr. desperer, despoirer, now 
desesperer, to despair, Lat. desperare, from de and sperare, 
to hope.] To be without hope ; to give up all hope or 
expectation ; to despond. 

De-spair' (4), n. 1. Loss of hope ; the giving up of 
expectation. 2. That which is despaired of. 
Syn. — Desperation; despondency; hopelessness. 

De-spair'er, n. One who despairs or desponds. 

De-spair'ing-ly, adv. In a despairing manner. 

De-spatch', n. See Dispatch. 

Des'per-a'do, n. [0. Sp., p. p. of desperar.] A desperate 
fellow ; a person urged by furious passions ; a madman. 

Des'per-ate (45), a. [See Despair.] 1. Beyond hope; 
despaired of; past cure. 2. Proceeding from despair; 
without regard to danger or safety. 

Syn. — Hopeless; despairing; desponding; rash; headlong; 
precipitate; irretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn; mad; furious; 
frantic. 

Des'per-ate-ly, adv. In a desperate manner, 

Des'per-ate-ness, n. The state of being desperate. 

Des'per-a'tion, n. 1. Act of despairing; a giving up 
of hope. 2. State of despair, or hopelessness ; abandon- 
ment of hope. 

Des'pi-ea-ble, a. [Lat. despicabilis, from despicari, to 
despise, deponent form of despicere. See Despise.] Fit 
or deserving to be despised. 

Syn.— Contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; pitiful; paltry; 
sordid; low; base; degrading. See Contemptible. 

Des'pi-ea-lble-ness, n. Quality or state of being des- 
picable ; meanness ; worthlessness. 

Des'pi-ea-bly, adv. In a despicable or mean manner. 

De-spT§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. despised ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DESPISING.] [0. Fr. despiz, p. p. of despire, Lat. des- 
picere, to despise, fr. de and spicere, specere, to look.] To 
look down upon with contempt ; to have a low opinion of • 
Syn. — To contemn ; scorn; disdain; slight; undervalue. 

De-spls/er, n. One who despises ; a contemner. 
De-spite',«. [0. Fr. despite, despit, N. Fr. depit, from Lat. 

despectus, contempt, from despicere. See DESPISE.] 1. 

Extreme malice ; malignity : angry hatred. 2. An acfc 

prompted by malice or hatred. 
De-spite', prep. In spite of; notwithstanding 
De-spJte'f ul, a. Full of despite ; malicious ; malignant. 
De-splte'f ul-ly, adv. In a despiteful manner. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, -call, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this* 



DESPITEFULNESS 



198 



DETAILER 



De-spfte'f iil-ness, n. The state of being despiteful. 

De-spoil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. despoiled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. despoiling.] [Lat. despoliare, from de and spoliare, 
to strip of covering or clothing ; to rob. See SPOIL.] 
To strip or divest, as of clothing. 
Syn.- To strip; deprive; rob; bereave; rifle. 

De-spoil'er, n. One who despoils or strips by force. 

De-spo'li-a'tion, n. The act of despoiling, or the state 
of being despoiled. 

De-spond', v. i. [imp. & p. p. desponded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. desponding.] [Lat. despondcre, to promise 
away, to promise in marriage, to lose courage, from de 
and spondere, to promise solemnly.] To give up ; to 
abandon hope ; to become dispirited or depressed. 

De-sp6nd'eiice, I «• State of desponding ; abandon- 

De-spond'en-cy, J ment of hope ; discouragement ; 
permanent depression or dejection. 

De-sp6nd'ent, «• [Lat. despondent, p. pr. of despon- 
dere. See supra.] Marked by, or given to, despondence. 

De-spond'eiit-ly, adv. In a despondent manner. 

De-spond'er, n. One destitute of hope. 

De-sp6iid'ing-ly, adv. In a desponding manner. 

Des'pot, n. [Or. oea-7j-OTr}s, master, lord, allied to 0. Slav. 
gospodj, gospodarj, gospodin, master, lord.] 1. One 
who possesses absolute power over another ; especially, a 
sovereign invested with absolute power. 2. One who 
rules regardless of a constitution or laws ; a tyrant. 

Des-pot'ie, ) a. Having the character of, or pertain- 

Des-pot'ie-al, J ing to, a despot ; absolute in power ; 
tyrannical ; arbitrary. 

Des-pot'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a despotic manner. 

Des'pot -i§m, n. 1. The power, spirit, or principles of 
a despot ; tyranny. 2. A government directed by a des- 
pot ; absolutism ; autocracy. 

Des'pu-mate, or De-spvi'mate (117), v. i. [imp. & 
p.p. DESPUMATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DESPUMATING.] 
[Lat. despumare, despumatum, from de and spvmare, to 
foam, froth, from spuma, froth, scum.] To throw off 
impurities ; to form scum ; to foam. 

Des'pu-ma'tioii, n. Separation of the scum on the 
surface of liquor ; clarification. 

Des'qua-ma'tion, n. [From Lat. desquamare, to scale 
off, from de and squama, scale.] (Med. ) Separation of the 
cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales ; ex- 
foliation. 

Des.-S.ert' (dez-zert', 14), n. [Fr. dessert, from desservir, 
to clear the table, from de and servir, to serve, to serve 
at table.] A service of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at 
the close of an entertainment. 

Des-tem'per, ) n. [Fr. detrempe, from de, for des, equiv. 

Dis-tem'per, ) to Lat. dis and trempcr, to dip, soak, 
for temprer, from Lat. temperare, to temper.] (Paint.) 
A peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, ground 
and diluted with water, glue, &c. 

Des'ti-na-bly, adv. In a destinable manner. 

Des'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of destining or appointing. 
2. That to which any thing is destined or appointed ; 
predetermined end, object, or use. 3. Place or point 
aimed at. 

Syn. — Appointment; design; purpose; intention; destiny; 
lot; fate; end. 

Des'tine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. destined ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. destining.] [Lat. destinare, from de and the root 
stan-o, allied to Gr. io-rav-to, literally to set, to make f" „ 
or firm.] 1. To determine the future condition or appli- 
cation of; to set apart by design or intention. 2. To fix, 
as by an authoritative decree ; to establish irrevocably. 

Syn. — To design; mark out; intend; devote; consecrate; 
doom; decree; ordain; allot; bind. — We may speak of goods 
as destined to a certain port, and of a ship as bound thither. 
We may also speak of a city as destined to become a great 
commercial emporium; but to say it is bound to become so, 
or that a man is bound to succeed in life, is a gross abuse of 
language. Bound always implies some obligation or engage- 
ment; and yet the above use of the word is common in some 
parts of our country, and is finding its way into our news- 
papers. 

Des'ti-nist, n. A believer in destiny ; a fatalist. 
Des'ti-ny, n. 1. That to which any person or thing is 

destined ; foreordained condition ; fate ; doom. 2. The 

fixed order of things ; fate ; hence, the power conceived 

of as determining the future. 
Des'ti-tute (30), a. [Lat. destitutus, p. p. of destituere, 

to set away, to leave alone, to forsake, from de and stat- 

uere, to set.] 1. In want ; devoid ; deficient ; lacking. 

2. Not possessing the necessaries of life ; needy ; poor, 

indigent. 
D6s'ti-tu'tion, n. State or condition of being destitute, 



needy, or without resources; deprivation; deficiency ; 
lack ; poverty. 
De-stroy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. destroyed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. destroying.] [O.Eng. distruye, 0. Fr. destruire 
Lat. destruere, destructum, from de and struere, to pile up 
build.] 1. To pull down; to break up the structure and 
organic existence of. 2. To bring to naught ; to put an 
end to. 3. To put an end to the life, prosperity, or 
beauty of. 

Syn.— To demolish; lay waste; consume; raze; dismantle; 
ruin; throw down; overthrow; subvert; desolate; devastate; 
deface; extirpate; extinguish; annihilate; kill; slay. 

De-stroy'er, n. One who destroys or ruins. 

De-strue'ti-lbll'i-ty, si. The quality of being capable 
of destruction. [being destroyed. 

De-stru«'ti-tale, a. Liable to destruction; capable of 

De-striie'tioii, n. [See Destroy.] 1. Act of destroy- 
ing or demolishing, or the like. 2. State of being de- 
stroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated. 3. 
Destro) ing agency ; cause of ruin or devastation. 

Syn. — Demolition; subversion; overthrow; desolation; ex- 
tirpation; extinction; devastation; downfall; extermination; 
havoc; ruin. 

De-striie'tion-ist, n. 1. One who delights in destroy- 
ing that which is valuable ; a destructive. 2. ( Theol. ) 
One who believes in the final destruction of the wicked. 
De-striie'tive, a. [Lat. destructivus. See Destroy.] 
Causing destruction ; tending to bring about ruin, death, 
or devastation. 
Destructive distillation. See Distillation. 
Syn.— Mortal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; malig- 
nant; baleful; pernicious; mischievous. 

De-gtrii-e'tive,tt. One who destroys ; a radical reformer ; 
a destructionist. 

De-strii-e'tive-ly, adv. In a destructive manner or de- 
gree ; ruinously ; mischievously. 

De-striie'tive-iiess, rc. 1. The quality of destroying. 
2. ( Phrcn.) The faculty which impels to the commission 
of acts of destruction. 

Des'n-da'tioii, n. [Lat. desndatio, from de and sudare, 
to sweat.] (Med.) A copious sweating ; a profuse or mor- 
bid perspiration. 

Des'ue-tude (deVwe-tQd, 53), n. [Lat. desuetudo, from 
desuescere, to become unaccustomed, from de and suescere, 
to become accustomed.] Cessation of use ; discontinu- 
ance of practice, custom, or fashion ; disuse. 

De-sul'plm-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. desulphu- 
RATED; p.pr. & vb. n. DESULPHURATING.] [Lat. de 
and sidfurare, sulfuratum, to sulphurate, q. v.] To de- 
prive of sulphur. 

Des'ul-to-ri-ly, adv. In a desultory manner ; loosely. 

Des'ul-to / ri-iiess, n. Quality or state of being desul- 
tory ; absence of order and method. 

Des'ul-to-ry, a. [Lat. desultorius, from desultor, a 
leaper, from desilire, drsultum, to leap down, from de and 
salire, to leap.] Leaping from one thing or subject to 
another, without order or rational connection ; without 
logical sequence ; disconnected. 

Syn.— Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; in- 
constant; unsettled; cursory; slight; hasty; loose. 

De-tacli', v. t. [imp. & p.p. DETACHED (de-tacW/) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DETACHING.] [Fr. detacher, from de, 
des, dis, equiv. to Lat. dis, and the root of Eng. tack, to 
fasten, from Celt, tac, tach, a nail. Cf. Attach.] 1. To 
part ; to separate or disunite. 2. To separate for a special 
object or use ; — used especially in military language. 
Syn.— To disengage; sever; disjoin; withdraw; draw off. 

De-tacli'meiit, n. 1. Act of detaching or separating. 
2. State of being detached. 3. That which is detached ; 
as, especially, a body of troops or part of a fleet detailed 
for special service. 

De-tail', v. t. [imp & p. p. DETAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DETAILING.] [Fr. delailler, to cut up in pieces, from de, 
equiv. to des, Lat. dis, and tailler, to cut, from taille, a 
cut, from Lat. talea, a rod set for planting, a cutting, L. 
Lat. taleare, talare, to prune, cut.] 1. To relate in par- 
ticulars ; to particularize. 2. (Mil.) To appoint for a 
particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. 

De'tail, or De-tail' (114), n. 1. A minute portion ; a 
particular ; — used chiefly in the plural. 2. A narrative 
which relates minute points. 3. (Mil.) The selection for 
a particular service of a person or company ; hence, the 
person or company so selected. 

Syn. — Account; relation; narrative; recital; explanation; 
narration. 

De-tail'er, n. One who details. 



*,e,k,c.,long; &,&,&c.,shart; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



DETAIN 



199 



DETRIMENTAL 



De-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

DETAINING.] [Lat. detinere, fvomde and tenere, to hold.] 
1. To keep back or from. 2. To restrain from proceeding. 
3. To hold in custody. 

Syn. — To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; re- 
tard; delay; hinder. 

De-tain'der, n. {Law.) A writ. See Detinue. 

De-tain'er, n. 1. One who detains. 2. (Law.) (a.) 
Detention of what is another's, even though the original 
taking may have been lawful, (b.) (Eng. Law.) A writ 
authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a 
persou in custody. 

De-tain'meivt, n. The act of detaining; detention. 

De-teet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DETECTING.] [Lat. detrgere , detectum, from de and 
tegere, to cover.] To uncover; to find out; to bring to 
light; to discover; to expose. 

De-teet'er, n. One who detects or brings to light. 

De-te-e'tion, n. Act of detecting ; the laying open what 
was concealed or hidden ; discovery. 

De-tect'ive, a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting ; em- 
ployed in detecting. 

De-teet'ive, n. A policeman whose business is to detect 
rogues by adroitly investigating their haunts and habits. 

De-teet'or, n. One who, or that which, detects. 

De-tent', n. [Fr. detente, from Lat. detinere, detentum. 
See Detain.] (Meek.) That which locks or unlocks a 
movement, as the wheel work in the striking part of a clock. 

De-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of detaining or keeping back; 
a withholding'. 2. State of being detained ; confine- 
ment ; restraint; dela}'. 

De-ter' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deterred (-tcrd') ; p. 
pr. & vb. ii. DETERRING.] [Lat. detcrrere, from de and 
terrere, to frighten, terrify.] To prevent by fear ; hence, 
to hinder, or prevent by opposing motives from doing 
that to which one is impelled. 

De-terge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deterged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DETERGING.] [Lat. detcrgere, from de and tergere, 
to rub or wipe off.]. To cleanse ; to purge away. 

De-ter'gent, a. Cleansing; purging. 

De-ter'gent, n. (Med.) A medicine that cleanses the 
vessels or the skin from offending matter. 

De-te'ri-o-rate (89), v. i. [imp. & p. p. deteriora- 
ted; p.pr. & vb. n. DETERIORATING.] [Lat. deteri- 
orare, deterioration, from deterior, worse.] To make 
worse ; to make inferior ia quality. 

De-te'ri-o-rate (89), v. i. To grow worse; to be impaired 
in quality ; to degenerate. 

De-te'ri-o-ra'tibn, n. State of growing worse, or of 
having grown worse. [deters. 

De-ter'ment, n. 1. Act of deterring. 2. That which 

De-ter'mi-iia-hle, a. Capable of being determined. 

De-ter'mi-nant, n. 1. That which serves to deter- 
mine. 2. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of 
Several numbers, these products being formed according 
to certain specified laws. 

De-ter'mi-nate (45), a. [Lat. determinates, -p. p. of de- 
lerminare. See infra.] 1. Having defined limits ; fixed; 
established. 2. Conclusive ; decisive ; positive. 

De-ter'mi-nate-ly, adv. In a determinate manner ; 
definitely ; distinctly. 

De-ter'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of determining, or state 
of being determined. 2. Bringing to an end ; termina- 
tion. 3. Direction or tendency to a certain end. 4. A 
judicial decision, or ending of controversy. 5. That 
which is determined upon ; result of deliberation. 6. 
Resoluteness ; decision of mind. 7. ( Chew.. ) The ascer- 
taining the amount of any ingredient in a substance. 8. 
(Logic.) (a.) Act of limiting a concept or notion by giv- 
ing its essential constituents, (b.) Addition of a differ- 
entia to a concept or notion, thus dividing its extent. 9. 
(Nat. Hist.) The referring of minerals, plants, &c.,to the 
species to which they belong. 

Syn. — Decision; resolution.— Decision is a cutting short, 
and supposes energy and promptitude; determination (bring- 
ing to a termini's or end) is the settling of a thing with a fixed 
purpose to adhere; resolution is a spirit to face danger or suffer- 
ing in carrying out one's determinations. Luther was dis- 
tinguished for his prompt decision, steadfast determination, and 
inflexible resolution. 

De-ter'mi-na-tive, a. Having power to determine ; 

limiting ; shaping ; directing ; conclusive. 
De-ter'mi-na'tor, n. One who determines. [Rare.] 
De-ter'mlne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. determined ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. DETERMINING.] [Lat. determinare, from de 
and terminare, to limit, from terminus, limit, Gr. repjoia, 
Tepntav.] 1. To fix the boundaries of : to mark off and 
separate. 2. To set bounds to ; to bring to an end. 3. 
To fix the form or character of; to bring about, as a 



cause, an effect. 4. To fix the course of; to impel and 
direct. 5. To ascertain definitely ; to assign to its true 
place in a system. 6. To settle by authoritative or 
judicial sentence. 7. To resolve on; also, to cause to 
come to a conclusion or resolve. 8. (Logic.) To define 
or limit by adding a differentia. 9. (Physical Sciences.) 
To ascertain the quantity or amount of. 
De-ter'mine, v. i. To come to a decision ; to resolve. 
Syn.— To limit; bound; finish; conclude; settle; regulate; 
shape; decide. 

De-ter'min-er, n. One who determines or decides. 

De-ter'rent, n. [Lat. deterrens, p. pr. of deter/ere. See 
Deter.] That which deters or prevents. [Rare.] 

De-ter'sion, n. [See Deterge.] The act of deterging 
or cleansing, as a sore. 

De-ter'slve, a. [See Deterge.] Having power to free 
from offending matter ; cleansing ; detergent. 

De-ter 'sive-ly, adv. In a detersive manner. 

De-test', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detested ; p. pr. & vb. n, 
DETESTING.] [Lat. detestari, to curse while calling a 
deity to witness, to execrate, detest, from de and testari, 
to be a witness, to testify.] To hate or dislike extremely. 
Syn. — Hate; abhor; abominate; execrate; loathe. — Hate 
is generic. We abhor what is repugnant to our sensibilities or 
feelings ; we detest what contradicts our moral principles. What 
we abominate does equal violence to our religious and moral 
sentiments; what we loathe is offensive to our nature, and ex- 
cites unmingled disgust. 

De-test'a-fole, a. Worthy of being detested ; deserving 
abhorrence. 

Syn. — Abominable; odious; execrable; abhorred. 

De-test'a-lbly, adv. Very hatefully ; abominably. 

Det'es-ta'tion, or De'tes-ta'tion, ra. Act cf detesting ; 
extreme hatred or dislike ; abhorrence ; loathing. 

De-test'er, n. One who detests or abhors. 

De-throne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dethroned; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DETHRONING.] [Fr. detrGner, from de and 
trOne, Lat. thronus, a throne.] To remove or drive from 
a throne ; to depose. [osition. 

De-throne'ment, n. Removal from a throne ; dep- 

De-thron'er, n. One who dethrones. [detained. 

Det'i-nue, n. [0. Fr. See Detain.] A person or thing 

Det'o-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. detonated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DETONATING.] [Lat. detonare, detonatum, to 
thunder down or away, from de and tonare, to thunder.] 
( Chern.) To explode with a sudden report. 

Det'o-nate, v. t. ( Chern.) To cause to explode. 

Det'o-na'tion, n. ( Chern.) An explosion made by the 
inflammation of certain combustible bodies. 

Det'o-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. detonized; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DETONIZING.] ( Chern.) To cause to explode; to 
burn with an explosion ; to calcine with detonation. 

Det'o-nize, v. i. ( Chern.) To explode ; to detonate. 

De-tor'sion, ii. See Detortion. 

De-tort', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detorted; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DETORTING.] [Lat. detorquere, detortum, from de 
and torqnere, to turn about, twist.] To turn from the 
original or plain meaning ; to pervert ; to wrest. 

De-tor'tion, n. The act of detorting, or the state of 
being detorted. 

Detour (dii'toor'), n. [Fr., from da, for des, equivalent 
to Lat. dis, and tour. See TOUR.] A turning; a cir- 
cuitous route. 

De-tra-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detracted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DETRACTING.] [Lat. detrahere, detractum, from 
de and trahere, to draw.] 1. To take away. 2. To take 
credit or reputation from. 

Syn. — To decry ; disparage ; depreciate ; asperse; calum- 
niate; abuse; vilify; defame; slander; traduce. 

De-traet', v. i. To remove a part; to take away repu- 
tation ; to depreciate worth. 

De-trae'tion, n. Act of taking away from the reputa- 
tion or worth of another ; act of depreciating another, 
from envy or malice. 

Syn. — Depreciation; disparagement; derogation; slander; 
calumny; aspersion; censure. 

De-traet'or, n. One who detracts or disparages. 
Syn. — Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier. 

De-traet'o-ry, a. Defamatory ; derogatory. 

De-traet'ress, n. A. female detractor. 

Dfit'ri-ment*,^. [Lat. detrimentum, from deterere, de- 
tritum, to rub or wear away, from de and terere, to rub.] 
That which injures or causes damage ; diminution. 

Syn. — Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hurt; 
mischief; harm. 

Det'ri-ment'al, a. Causing detriment. 

Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; prejudicial; disadvantageous; 
mischievous ; pernicious. 



food, f rfbt ; iim, rijde, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



DETRITION 



200 



DEVOLVEMENT 



De-trl'tion (-trlsh'un). n. [L. Lat. detritio. See Detri- 
ment.] A wearing off or away. 

De-trVtus, n. [Lat., p. p. of deterere. See DETRIMENT.] 
( Geol.) A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies 
by attrition, and reduced to small portions. 

Detrude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detruded; p. pr. & 
vb. n!'DETRUDlKG.] [Lat. detruderc, from de and tru- 
dere, to thrust, push, shove.] To thrust down ; to push 
down with force. 

De-trun'-eate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. detruncated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DETRUNCATING.] [Lat. detruncare, de- 
tnincatum, from de and truncare, to maim or shorten, by 
cutting off, from tr uncus, maimed, cut short.] To shorten 
by cutting ; to cut off; to lop. 

De'trun-ea/tion, n . Act of cutting off. 

De-tru'gioii, n. [Lat. detrusio. See DETRUDE.] 1. 
Act of thrusting or driving down. 2. The slipping of 
one portion of a substance over another. 

Deuce (das), n. [Fr. deux, two, Lat. duo.] (Gaming.) 
Two ; a card or a die with two spots. 

Deuce, n. [Late Lat. dusius, Armor, dus, tefoz, phantom, 
specter; Gael, taibhs, taibkse, apparition, ghost.] An 
evil spirit ; a demon ; the devil. 

Deu'ced (60), a. Devilish ; extravagant ; excessive ; enor- 
mous. [Low.] [time. 

Deu'ter-og'a-mist, n. One who marries the second 

Deu'ter-og'a-my, n. [Gr. 8evTepoyap.ia, from Sevrepos, 
the second, and ydfjios, wedding, marriage.] A second 
marriage, after the death of the first husband or wife. 

Deu'ter-on'o-my, n. [Gr. Aevrepovofj-Lov, from 8ev- 
repos, the second, and vop.os, law.] (Bibl.) The fifth book 
of the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the 
law by Moses. 

Deu'ter-op'a-tliy, n. [Gr. Sevrepos, the second, and 
irdOos, suffering, from irdo-x^v, iraQelv, to suffer.] (Med.) 
A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as head- 
ache from an overloaded stomach . 

Deu'ter-os'-eo-py, n. [Gr. Sevrepos, the second, and 
a-KorrCa, a looking out.] 1. Second sight. 2. The mean- 
ing beyond the literal sense ; the second intention. 

Deu-tox'ide, n. [From deut, contr. fr. Gr. Seiirepos, the 
second, and oxide, q. v.] ( Chem.) A compound of two 
equivalents of oxygen with one of a base. 

Dev'as-tate, or De-vas'tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. de- 
vastated; p.pr. & vb. n. DEVASTATING.] [Lat. de- 
vastare, devastation, from de and vastare, to lay waste, 
from vastus, waste.] To lay waste ; to desolate. 
Syn.— To waste ; ravage; destroy ; demolish ; plunder ; pillage. 

Dev'as-ta/tion, n. 1. Act of devastating, or state of 
being devastated. 2. (Law.) Waste of the goods of the 
deceased by an executor or administrator. 

Syn. — Desolation; ravage; waste; havoc; destruction; ruin; 
overthrow. 

De-vel'op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. developed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEVELOPING.] [Fr. dcveloppcr, from di and 0. 
Fr. voluper, voleper, from Lat. volup, volupe, agreeably, 
delightfully ; hence, voluper, &c, originally to make 
agreeable or comfortable by enveloping, to keep snug.] 

1. To free from a cover or envelope ; to disclose or make 
known ; hence, to unfold gradually ; to lay open to view 
by degrees. 2. (Math.) To change the form of, as cf an 
algebraic expression, by executing certain indicated op- 
erations without changing the value. 

Syn. — To uncover ; unfold ; lay open ; disclose ; exhibit ; 
unravel; disentangle; detect. 

De-vel'op, v. i. 1. To go through a process of natural 
evolution or outgrowth, by successive changes from a 
less perfect to a more perfect or a finished state. 2. To 
become visible gradually. 

De-vel'op-ment, n. 1. Act of developing or disclosing 
that which is unknown ; a series of progressive changes. 

2. (Math.) (a.) Act or process of changing or expanding 
an expression into another of equivalent value or mean- 
ing, (b.) The equivalent expression into which another 
has been developed. 

u Development theory (Kat. Hist.), the doctrine that all exist- 
ing forms of matter and spirit were developed bv uniform laws 
from simpler forms, and those from simpler, without creative 
act. 

Syn. — Unfolding; disclosure; unraveling; detection ; dis- 
entanglement. 

De-vest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. devested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEVESTING.] [Lat. devestire, to undress, from de 
and vestire, to dress, from vestis, vest, srarment, cloth- 
ing.] 1. To divest. [See DfVEST.] 2. (Law.) To alien- 
ate, as title or right ; to deprive of. 



ESP* This word is generally written divest, except in tho 
legal sense. 

De-vest', v. i. (Law.) To be lost or alienated, as a title 
or an estate. 

De'vi-ate,u. i. [imp. k,p.p. deviated; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DEVIATING.] [Lat. deviare, deviatum, from de and 
viare, to go, travel, from via, way.] To go out of one's 
way ; to turn aside from a course or direction. 

Syn. — To swerve; stray; wander; rove; digress; depart; de- 
flect; err. 

De'vi-a/tion, n. 1. Act of deviating; a wandering 
from one's course. 2. State of having deviated ; error. 

De-vice', n. [From Lat. divisus, p. p. of dividere, to 
separate, distinguish.] 1. That which is devised, or 
formed by design ; a contrivance ; an invention ; a strat- 
agem. 2. An heraldic or family motto, usually con- 
nected with an emblematic picture. 3. Power of devis- 
ing ; invention ; genius. 

S3 r n. — Contrivance. —A device implies more of invention; 
a contrivance more of skill in manipulation. The former word 
is often used in a bad sense; the latter almost always in a 
good one, as a crafty device, a useful contrivance. 

Dev'tl (dev'l), n. [A.-S. deofl, dioful, diabul, Goth, dia- 
bula, diabulus, Lat. diabolus, Gr. <5ta/3oAos, the devil, the 
slanderer, from 6ta/3aAAeti/, to slander.] 1. The evil one, 
Satan, represented in the Scriptures as the traducer, 
father of lies, tempter, &c. 2. An evil spirit ; a false 
god. 3. An expletive indicating surprise or expressing 
emphasis. [Low.] 4. (Manvf.) A machine containing 
a revolving cylinder armed with spikes or knives, for 
tearing, cutting, or opening raw materials, as cotton, 
wool, rags, &c. 5. A very wicked person. 

Printer's devil, an errand hoy in a printing office. — To pjaij 
the devil with, to interfere with, or molest extremely; to ruin. 

Dev't'l, v. t. 1. To make like a devil ; to invest with the 
character of a devil. 2. To cut up cloth or rags in an 
instrument called a devil. 

Dev'-il-isli ( dev'l-] sh), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, 
the devil ; wicked in the extreme. 

Syn. — Diabolical ; infernal ; hellish ; satanic ; fiendish ; 
wicked; malicious; detestable; destructive. 

DSv'tl-ieli-ly, adv. In a devilish manner. 

Dev'il-kiii (d£Vl-kin ), n. A little devil. 

Dev'irg-darii'iiig-nee'dle, n. A kind of dragon- 
fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a needle. 

Dev'il-gliip, n. The character or person of a devil. 

Dev-il-try, n. Diabolism • malignant mischief. 

De'vi-ous, a. [Lat. devivs; de and via, way.] 1. Out 
of a straight line ; varying from directness. 2. Going 
out of the light or common course of conduct ; erring. 
Syn.— Wandering; roving; rambling; excursive; vagrant. 

De'vi-oiis-ly, adv. In a devious manner. 

De-vlg'a-tele, a. 1. Capable of being devised, invented, 
or contrived. 2. Capable of being bequeathed. 

De-vige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. devised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
devising.] [See Device.] 1. To form in the mind 
by new combinations of ideas, new applications of prin- 
ciples, or new arrangement cf parts; to strike out by 
thought. 2. To plan or scheme for ; to purpose to ob- 
tain. .3. (Law.) To give by will ; — used of real estate. 
Syn. — To bequeath ; invent: discover; contrive: find out; 
excogitate; imagine; plan; scheme; project; strikeout. 

De-vige', v. i. To form a scheme ; to lay a plan ; to 
contrive. 

De-vige', n. 1. Act of giving or disposing of real estate 
by a will. 2. A will or testament, properly of real es- 
tate. 3. Property devised or given by will. 

Dev'i-gee', n. (Law.) One to whom a devise is made or 
real estate bequeathed. 

De-vig'er, n. One who devises ; an inventor. 

De-vig'or (127), n. ( Law.) One who devises or gives real 
estate by will ; a testator. 

De-void', a. Destitute ; not in possession. 

Devoir (dev-wor 7 ), n. [Fr., from Lat. debere, to owe, be 
under obligation.] Duty; service owed; hence, due act 
of civility ; due respect ; compliment. 

Dev'o-lu'tioii, n. [L. Lat. devolutio. See infra.] 1. 
Act of rolling down. 2. Removal from one person to 
another ; a passing or falling upon a successor. 

De-volve', v. t. [imp- & p. p. DEVOLVED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DEVOLVING ] [Lat. devolvere, from de and vol- 
vere, to roll.] 1. To roll onward or downward; to over- 
throw. 2. To transfer from one person to another ; to 
deliver over ; to hand down. 

De-volve', v. i. To pass by transmission or succession; 
to be handed over or down. 

De-volve 'me nt, n. The act of devolving. 



a, e, &c.,long ; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



DEVOTE 



201 



DIALECT 



De-vote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. devoted; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DEVOTING.] [Lat. devovere, devotum, from de and 
vovere, to vow, to promise solemnly.] 1. To appropriate 
by vow ; to set apart by a solemn act ; — also, in a bad 
sense, to consign over ; to execrate ; to doom to evil. 2. 
To give up wholly ; to direct the attention of wholly or 
chieffy ; to attach. 

Syn. — To addict ; apply ; dedicate ; consecrate ; resign ; 
destine; doom; consign. 

De-vot'ed-uess, n. The state of being devoted or given 
up ; addictedness. 

DSv'o-tee', n. One wholly devoted, especially to re- 
ligion ; one who is superstitiously given to religious du- 
ties and ceremonies ; a bigot.' 

De-vot'er, n. One who devotes. 

De-vo'tion, n. 1. Act of devoting. 2. State of being 
devoted ; affection ; especially, feelings toward God appro- 
priate to the consecration implied in acts of worship. 3. 
Act of devotedness or devoutness. 4. A thing conse- 
crated ; an object of affection. 

Syn. — Consecration ; devoutness; religiousness; piety; at- 
tachment; devotedness ; ardor; earnestness. 

De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, used in, or suited to, 
devotion. 

De-vour', v. t. [imp. & p.p. devoured; p.pr. & vb. 
n. devouring.] [Lat. devorare, from de and vorare, to 
eat greedily, to swallow up.] 1. To eat up with greedi- 
ness ; to consume ravenously. 2. To seize on and de- 
stroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly. 3. 
To enjoy with avidity. 4, 

Syn. — To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate. 

De-vour'er, n. One who, or that which, devours. 

De-vout', a. [Lat. cle.votus, p. p. of devovere. See De- 
vote.] 1. Absorbed in religious feelings and exercises ; 
pious ; reverent. 2. Expressing devotion or piety. 3. 
Warmly devoted ; hearty ; earnest. 

Syn. — Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; earnest; solemn; 
sincere. 

De-vout'ly, adv. 1. In a devout manner. 2. With de- 
vout emotions. 3. Sincerely ; solemnly ; earnestly. 

De-vout'ness, n. Quality or state of being devout. 

Dew (da, 30), n. [A.-S. deaw, Icel. dogg, 0. II. Ger. tau, 
ion.] Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool 
bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. 

Daw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. DEW- 
ING.] To wet with dew ; to bedew. 

Dew'-- drop, n. A drop of dew. 

Dew 1-113.33, n. State of being dewy. 

Dewlap, n. [From dew and lap, to lick.] 1. The flesh 
hang'ug from the throats of oxen, which laps or licks the 
dew in grazing. 2. The flesh on the human throat, 
especially when flaccid with age. [Burlesque.] 

Dew'-point, n. (Meteor.) The temperature or point of 
the thermometer at which dew begins to form. 

Dew'y (du'y), a. 1. Covered, or appearing as if covered, 
with dew. 2. Accompanied by depositions of dew. 3. 
Pertaining to dew. 4. Resembling dew-drops ; falling 
ge ltly, like the dew. 

Dex'tST, a. [Lat., from Gr. Segirepos, equiv. to 8e|i6s.] 
Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand ; right, as 
opposed to left. 

D^x-ter'ity, n. [Lat. dexteritas, from dexter, q. v.] 1. 
Readiness and grace in physical activity. 2. Activity 
and expertness of the mind ; quickness and skill in man- 
agiig any complicated or difficult affair. 

Syn. — Skill; ad'-oitness; activity; expertness; art; ability; 
address; tact; cleverness; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. 

DSx'ter-oiis, a. [Lat. dexter, q. v.] [Written also dex- 
trous.] 1. Ready and expert in the use of the body and 
limbs. 2. Skillful in contrivance ; quick at inventing 
expedients. 3. Done with dexterity. 

Syn. — Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; 
apt; handy; versed. 

Dex'ter-oiis-ly, adv. In a dexterous manner. 

Dex'ter-oiis-ness, n. Dexterity ; adroitness. [left. 

Dex'tral, a. [From dexter, q. v.] Right, as opposed to 

Dex-tror'sal, I a. [Lat. dextrorsum, contracted from 

Dex'trorse, j dextrovorsam, dextroversion, toward 
the right side, from dexter, right, and versus, vorsus, p. 
p. of vertere^ vortere, to turn.] Rising from right to left, 
as a spiral line or a climbing plant. 

Dex'troiis, a. The same as Dexterous. 

Dey (da), n. [Turk, dai, orig. a maternal uncle, then 
a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old peo- 
ple ; hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the com- 
manding officer of the Janizaries, who frequently became 
afterward pasha or regent of that province.] The gov- 



ernor of Algiers, so called by Europeans before the 

French conquest. 
Dx'a-be'tes, n. sing. & pi. [Gr. 6<.ct|3>jr>}s, from Sia^aiveiv, 

to pass through.] (Med.) A disease attended with a per- 
sistent, excessive discharge of urine. 
DFa-lbet'ie, la. Pertaining to diabetes; afflicted 
Di'a-bgt'i-e-al, j with diabetes. 

Diablerie (de-ab'lu-rS'), I n. [Fr., from diable. See 
Di-ato'ler-y (de-ab'ler-y), j DEVIL.] Deviltry ; sorcery ; 

diabolical deed ; mischief. 
Di'a-bol'i-e, la. [Gr. SkxjSoAikos, Lat. diabolicus. 
Di'a-bSl'ie-al, j See Devil,.] Pertaining to the devil ; 

resembling, or appropriate to, the devil. 

Syn. — Devilish; infernal; impious ; atrocious ; nefarious ; 

demoniac. 

DFa-Tbol'ic-al-ly, adv. In a diabolical manner. 

Di'a-tool'i-e-al-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
devilish ; the character of a devil. 

Di'a-eaus'tie, a. [Gr. Sia.ica.ieiv, to burn through ; Sid, 
through, and /catetv, to burn.] Belonging to a species 
of caustic curves formed by refraction. See Caustics. 

Di'a-eaus'ti-c, n. 1. (Med.) That which is caustic by 
refraction, as the sun's rays concentrated by a convex 
lens, sometimes used as a cautery. 2. (Math.) A curve 
formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light 
refracted through a lens. [taining to a deacon. 

Di-ae'o-nal. a. [L. Lat. diaconalis. See Deacon.] Per- 

Di-ac'o-nate (45), n. [Lat. diaconatus. See Deacon.] 
The office of a deacon : deaconship. 

Dl'a-eous'ti-e, a. [Gr. SiaKovciv, to hear through, from 
Sid, through, and duoveiv, to hear.] Pertaining to the 
science or doctrine of refracted sounds. 

Dl'a-eous'ti-es, n. sing. That branch of natural phi- 
losophy which treats of the properties of sound refracted 
by passing through different mediums. 

DFa-erit'i-e , \a. [Gr. SiatcpiTiKoq, from Siaicpiveiv, 

Dl'a-erit'ie-al, j to separate, distinguish, from Sid, 
through, and Kpiveiv, to separate.] Separating; indicat- 
ing something to be distinguished. 

Dl'a-dem, n. [Gr. SidS-qfxa, from SiaSeiv, to bind round, 
fr. Sid, through, across, and Ssiv, to bind ; Lat. diadema.] 
X. An ornamental fillet, worn as a badge of royalty ; 
hence, also, a crown. 2. Royalty ; sovereignty ; dignity. 
3. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown, and 
uniting with others over its center. 

Dl-aer'e-sis, ) n. ; pi. di-jER/e-ser or di-er'e-ses. 

Dl-er'e-sls, j [Gr. oWpecns, from Siaipelv, to divide, 
from Sid, through, asunder, and alpciv, to take, to seize ; 
Lat. diazresis.] ( Gram.) (a.) The separation of one sylla- 
ble into two. (b. ) A mark [ " ] placed over the second of 
two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pro- 
nounced as distinct letters ; as, aerial. 

DV ay-no' sis, n. [Gr. Sidyvoio-i? , from Siayiyvu>o-K.eiv , to 
distinguish, from Sid, through, asunder, and yiyvioa- 
ksiv, to know.] 1. (Med.) The determination of a dis- 
ease by means of distinctive marks or characteristics. 2. 
Scientific determination of any kind. 

Di'ag-nos'tic, a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a diag- 
nosis ; indicating the nature of a disease. 

Di'ag-nos'tie, n. The mark or symptom by which a 
disease is known or distinguished from others. 

Di-ag'o-nal, a. [Lat. diagonalis, from 
Gr. Siaycivto?, from angle to angle, from 
Sid, through, and ywvia, an angle.] 
(Geom.) Joining two not adjacent an- 
gles of a quadrilateral or multilateral Diagonal, 
figure, and dividing it into two parts ; hence, crossing at 
an angle with one of the sides. 

Di-ag'o-nal, n. Aright line drawn from one angle to 
another not adjacent, of a figure of four or more sides. 

Dl-ag'o-nal-ly, adv. In a diagonal direction. 

Di'a-gram, n. [Gr. Sidypa.fx.iAa, from Siaypd<j>eiv, to mark 
out by lines, from Sid, through, and ypdcj>eiv, to draw, 
write.] 1. ( Geom.) A figure or drawing made to illustrate 
a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. 2. Any illus- 
trative outline, figure, or drawing. 

Di'a-graph, n. [From Gr. 8iaypd<f)eiv. See DIAGRAM.] 
An instrument used in perspective. 

Di'al, n. [L. Lat. dialis, daily, from Lat. dies, day.] 1. 
An instrument for showing the time of day from the 
shadow of a style on a graduated surface. 2. The grad- 
uated face of a time-piece on which the time of day is 
shown by pointers. 

Di'a-leet, w. [Gr. 8id\eitTO<;, from Sia\eyeiv, 8 ia\£ye c6 ai , 
to converse, discourse, from Sid, through, and Aeyeiv, to 
speak.] 1. Means or mode of expressing thoughts ; lan- 
guage ; tongue. 2. Local form of a language ; patois. 
Syn. — Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. 




food, foot; -urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag ; exist; linger, link; this. 



DIALECTIC 



202 



DICHOTOMOUS 



Dl'a-lec'tic, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a dialect or dia- 

Dl'a-lee'tie-al, j lects. 2. Pertaining to dialectics; 
logical. L a logician ; a reasoner. 

Di'a-lee-ti'cian (-tlsh'an), n. One versed in dialectics ; 

.DFa-Ie-e'ti-es, n. shig. [Lat. diabetica (sc. ars) Gr. Sia- 
AeKTi/cTj (sc. Te'x^>?)-] That branch of logic which teaches 
the rules of reasoning ; application of logical principles to 
discm-sive reasoning. 

Di'al-ing, n. Tne science which unfolds the principles 
of measuring time by dials ; art of constructing dials. 

Dl'al-Ist, n. A constructor of dials. 

Dl'al-lage (45), n. [Gr. SiaAAayi?, change, alluding to 
the change and inequality of luster between its natural 
joints.] [Mia.) A aark -green or bronze-colored laminate 
mineral, considered as a variety of hornblende or augite. 

Di-al'o-glst, n. 1. A speaker in a dialogue. 2. A 
writer of dialogues. 

Di-aFo-gist'ie, ) a. Relating to, or having the form 

Dl-al'o-glst'i-e-al, j of, a dialogue. 

Dl-al'o-gize, v. i. To discourse in dialogue. 

Di'a-logue (dl'a-log), n. [Gr. SidAoyos, from SiaAe'yeo- 
ea.L, to converse. See Dialect.] 1. A conversation 
between two or more ; particularly, a formal conversation 
in theatrical performances, or in scholastic exercises. 2. 
A composition in which two or more persons are repre- 
sented as conversing on some topic. 

Di'al- plate, n. The graduated plate of a dial. 

Dl-al'ij-sts, n. ; pi. di-al'Y-SES. [Gr. SidAvcris, fr. Sia- 
kveiv, to part asunder, to dissolve, fr. Sid, through, one 
from another, and Aveiv, to loose.] 1. A digeresis. See 
Diuresis. 2. ( Rket.) Same as Asyndeton, q. v. 3. 
(Med.) (a.) Debility, (b.) A solution of continuity. 

Di'a-lyt'ie, a. Having the quality of unloosing. 

Dl'a-mag-iiet'ie, a. [Gr. Sid, through or across, and 
ixayvrji-qs , magnet.] Pertaining to, or exhibiting the phe- 
nomena of, diamagnetism. 

Dl'a-mag-iiet'ie, n. Any substance, which in a field 
of magnetic force is differently affected from the ordina- 
ry magnetic bodies. 

Di'a-mag-iiet'ic-al-ly, adv. In the manner of, or 
according to, diamagnetism. 

Da/a-mag'iiet-igm, n. 1. The science which treats of 
diamaguetic phenomena, and of the properties of diamag- 
netic bodies. 2. That form or condition of magnetic 
action which characterizes diamagnetics. 

DPa-man'tine, a. Same as Adamantine. [Obs.] 

Dl-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. Sid/xeTpo?, from Sid, 
through, and jaeVpov, measure. ] 1. ( Ge.om.) A 
right line through the center of a figure or 
body, as a circle, sphere, cube, &c, and ter- ^ 
ruinated by the opposite boundaries. 2. Length Diameter, 
of a straight line through the center of an ob- 
ject from side to side ; width ; thickness. 3. [Arch.) The 
distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column, 
used as a unit for measuring all the parts of an order. 

Di-am'e-tral, a. Pertaining to a diameter ; diametrically. 

Dl'a-met'ri-e, \a. 1. Belonging or relating toadi- 

Di'a-inet'm-al, j ameter. 2. Directly adverse. _ 

Dx'a-met'rie-al-ly, adv. In a diametrical direction ; 
directly. 

Di'a-mond. (dl'a-mund or di'mund), n. [Cor- ■ 
rupted from Lat. adamas, adamantis, Gr. dSdjua?, /\ 
dSdjuai/To;, the hardest iron, steel, diamond, prob. / \ 
under the influence of Gr. Sia^avrj?, transparent. ( / 
See Adamant.] 1. A mineral and gem re- \ / 
markable for its hardness, as ib scratches all V 
other minerals ; crystallized carbon. 2. A ge- Dia- 
ometrical figure otherwise called a rhombus or ^° nd 
lozenge. 3. One of a suit of playing cards, (•-■)" 
stamped with the figure of a diamond. 4. [Print.) The 
smallest land of type. 

G3~ This line is printed in the type called Diamond. 

Dlja-pa'§on, tl. [Gr. Sia;racra>v, i. e., r\ Sid vaaoiv x°P- 
Scoj/ o-vf^wi/ia, the concord of the first and last notes, the 
octave, from Sid, through, and TraaOiv, gen. pi. of 7rds, 
all.] 1. ( Gr. Mm.) The octave or interval which in- 
cludes all the tones. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave 
apart; harmony. 3. The entire compass of tones. 4. 
A scale or pitch for giving a standard pitch. 5. One of 
certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend 
through the scale of the instrument. 

Di'a-per, n. [Fr. diaper, diaspre,jaspe, marbled, varie- 
gated, 0. Fr. diaspre, L. Lat. diasprus, diaspra, a kind 
of costly stuff, from Lat. jaspis, a green-colored precious 
stone. Sec Jasper.] 1. Figured linen cloth much used 
for towels, napkins, &c. 2. A towel or napkin; an in- 
fant's breech-cloth. 3. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with 




arabesque gilding and painting, or with carving or other 
wrought work in low relief. 

Di'a-per, v. t. 1. To variegate or diversify with figures, 
as cloth. 2. To put a diaper on, as a child. 

Di'a-per, v.i. To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. 

Di'a-plia-ne'i-ty, n. [See Diaphanous.] Quality of 
being diaphanous. 

Di-apli'a-iioiis, a. [Gr. Sia^avifc, from Sia<f>aiveiv, to 
show or shine through, fr. Sid, through, and <£aiVeii/, to 
show, in the passive, to shine.] Having power to transmit 
rays of light, as glass ; pellucid; transparent; clear. 

Di'a-plion'ies, n. sing. [Gr. Sid, through, and Quvrj, 
a sound, tone.] The doctrine of refracted sound. 

DVa-pho-re'sis, n. [Gr. Sia^dprjo-is. from Sia<£opeu/, to 
carry through, from Sid, through, and <£opeii>, $e'peiv, to 
bear, carry.] (Med.) Augmentation of the insensible 
perspiration. 

DI / a-plio-ret'ie, ) a. Having the power to increase 

DFa-plio-ret'i-e-al, j the insensible perspiration. 

Di'a-plio-ret'ie, n. (Med.) A medicine which pro- 
motes insensible perspiration. 

Di'a-pliragm (-fram), n. [Gr. Sia^pa-y^a, fr. Sia^payvv- 
vai, to fence by a partition wall, fr. Sid, through, and 
(jypayvvvaL, <fipa<rcreiv , to fence, inclose.] 1. A dividing 
membrane or thin partition, commonly with an opening 
through it. 2. (Anat.) The muscle separating the chest 
or thorax from the abdomen ; the midiiff. 

Di'a-rist, n. One who keeps a diary. 

Di'ar-rlie'a ) (-re/a), n. [Gr. Sidppoia, frcm Siappeiv, 

DFar-rlice'a j from Sid, through, and peiv, to flow.] 
(Med.) A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines. 

Di'ar-rliet'ie, \a. (Med.) Producing diarrhea, or a 

DFar-rlioet'i-e , j purging. 

Dl'a-ry, n. [Lat. diariirm,fiom dies, day.] A register 
of daily occurrences ; a journal ; a blank-book dated for 
the record of daily memoranda. 

Di'as-tase, n. [Gr. Sido-rao-is, from Siao-n^vai , Sucrdi/ai, 
to stand apart, divide, from Si, for Sid, through, asunder, 
and crTTjvai, icrrdvai, to stand, set.] ( Chem.) A substance 
containing nitrogen, generated during the germination of 
grain for the brewery, and tending to accelerate the for- 
mation of sugar during fermentation. 

Dl-ds'to-le, n. [Gr. Siacr-roAr?, frcm Siaa-Te'AAeiv, to sep- 
arate, from Sid, through, and crre'AAeiv. to set, place.] 

1. (Med.) A dilatation cf the heart. 2. (Gram.) A 
figure by which a syllable naturally short is made long. 

Di'a-style, n. [Gr. Sido-TvAcs, ft cm Sid, through, asun- 
der, and crruAos, pillar, column.] (Arch.) An edifice in 
which three diameters of the columns are allowed for 
each intercolumniation. 

Dl'a-tSs'sa-i'on, n. [Gr. SictTecrcrapcov, (sc. crvp.</>wvid), 
from Sid, through, r.nd Teacrdpwv, gtn. of TeWapes, four 
(sc. x°pS">v).] 1. (Anc. Kits.) The interval of a fourth. 

2. ( Theol.) A harmony cf the four Gcspels. 
DT-ath'e-sis, n. [Gr. Sidflecris, frcm Sia.Ti0eVai, to place 

separately, to arrange, frcm Sid, through, asunder, and 
7L0evai, to place, put.] (Med.) Bodily condition or con- 
stitution, especially that which predisposes to a particu- 
lar disease. 

DFa-ton'ie , a. [Gr. Skxtovikos ; Siareivetv, to stretch out, 
to extend; Sid, through, and Teiveiv, to stretch, tovos, 
a stretching, a tone.] (Mus.) Pertaining to the scale of 
eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the 
first. 

Diatonic scale (Jfu5.), a scale consisting of eight sounds with 
seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five are 
whole tones. 

Dl'a-tribe, n. [Gr. Siarpi/Sjj, fr. Siarpi^eiv, to rub away, 
spend time, from Sid, through, and Tpi/3eiv, to rub.] A 
continued discourse or disputation ; an invective har- 
angue ; a strain of reviling or reproach. 

Dib'ber, \ n. [See infra.] A pointed hand instrument, 

Dib'ble, j used to make holes for planting seeds, &c. 

DIb'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DIBBLING.] 1. To plant with a dibble ; to make holes 
in with a dibble for planting seeds, &c. 2. To make 
holes in, as if with a dibble. 

Dib'ble, v. ?'. [A dim. of Prov. Eng. dib, for dip, to 
thrust in, and allied to tip, a little sharp point.] To dip, 
as in angling. 

Dice, n. ; pi. of die. A game. See Die, No. 1. 

Dice, v- i. To play with dice. 

DIc'er. n. A player at dice ; one who dices. 

Di-ehot'o-mize, v. t. [See infra.] 1. To cut into 
two parts; to halve ; to bisect. 2. (Astron.) To exhibit 
as a half-disk or semicircle. 

Di-ehot'o-mize, v. i. To divide into two parts or pairs. 

DI~ehot'o-mou.s, a. [Gr. Sixoto/uos, from Si'xa, in two, 



ae.&c.tongva, e,&,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, ve.il, term; pique, firm; s6ii,6r,ao,w9lf, 



DICHOTOMY 



203 



DIFFERENTIAL 



asunder, and re'javeiv, to cut.] ( Bot. ) Regularly dividing 
by pairs, from top to bottom. 

Di-ehot'o-my, »■ [Gr. SixoTOjiua, fir. Sixoxofios.] 1« A 
cutting in two. (Ofrs.) 2. Division or distribution of gen- 
era into two species . 3 . ( Astron . ) That phase of the moon 
in which it shows only half its disk. 4. (Bot.) Succes- 
sive division and subdivision of a stem or vein into two 
parts. 5. (Logic.) The division of a class into two sub- 
classes opposed to each other by contradiction. 

Di'-chro-igm, n. [Gr. Si'xpoos, two-colored, from St, for 
Sis, twice, and xP 6oL < color.] (Opt.) The property of 
presenting different colors by transmitted light, when 
viewed in two different directions. 

DFehro-mat'ie, a. [Gr. Si'xpiojuos, two-colored, from 
St, for Si's, twice, and xP"M a > color.] Having or pro- 
ducing two colors. 

Dick/en§, n. The devil ; — used as a vulgar interjection. 

Dlck'er, n. [From Lat. decuria, a division consisting of 
ten, from decern, ten.] 1. The number or quantity of 
ten, particularly, ten- hides or skins. 2. A chaffering 
barter or exchange of small wares. [A?ner.] 

Dicli'er, v. i. To negotiate a dicker ; to barter. [Amer.] 

Dlck'ey, ) n. 1. A seat behind a carriage, for servants, 

Dick'y, J &c. 2. A bosom to tie over the front of a 
shirt. 3. A gentleman's shirt-collar. [New Eng.] 

Dl'-eot-y-le'dtm, n. [Gr. Si, for Sis, twice, double, and 
KOTvkrjSuv. See Cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant whose 
seeds divide into two lobes in germinating. 

Die'tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dictated; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DICTATING.] [Lat. dictare, dictatum, freq. form of 
dicere, to say.] 1. To deliver, state, or utter, for another 
person to reduce to writing. 2. To communicate with 
authority ; to deliver to a subordinate, as a command. 

Syn.— To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; point out; urge; ad- 
monish. 

DIe'tate, v. i. To deliver or communicate commands. 

Dl-e'tate, n. A statement delivered with authority ; an 
authoritative rule or principle. 

Syn. — Command; order; direction; prescription; injunc- 
tion; suggestion; impulse; admonition. 

Di-e-ta'tion, n. Act of dictating or prescribing. 

Die-ta'tor, n. 1. One who dictates. 2. One invested 
with absolute authority, especially in times of exigence 
and distress. 

DIe'ta-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining or suited to a dicta- 
tor. 2. Characteristic of a dictator. 

Syn. — Absolute; unlimited; imperious; dogmatical; over- 
bearing. 

Dre'ta-to'ri-al-ly. adv. In the manner of a dictator. 

Die-ta'tor-ship, 11. The office of a dictator; the term 
of a dictator's oiiice. 

Die-ta'tress, ) n. [Lat., f. of dictator, q. v.] A female 

Die-ta/trix, I who dictates or commands. 

Di-e-ta/ture (53), «. Office of a dictator ; dictatorship. 

Dl-e'tion, n. [Lat. dictio, from dicere, to say.] Choice 
of words ; selection of terms ; manner of expression. 

Syn. — Style; phraseology. — Style relates both to language 
and tliought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the 
mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they 
are phrased. The style of Burke was enriched with all the 
higher graces of composition; his diction was varied and copi- 
ous; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome. 

Die'tion-a-ry, n. [N. Lat. dictionarhim, from dictio. 
See supra.] 1. A book in which words are alphabeti- 
cally arranged and explained ; a lexicon ; a vocabulary ; 
a word-book. 2. Hence, a work containing information 
in any department of knowledge, arranged alphabet- 
ically, under different heads. 

Dl-e'tuin, n. ; pi. d'ic'ta. [Lat., from dicere, to say.] 
1. An authoritative saying or assertion. 2. (Law.) 
A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do 
not necessarily arise ia the case, and are not involved in it. 

Did, imp. of do. See Do. 

Dt-dae'tie, ) a. [Gr. SiSo.ktikos, from SiSao-/ceiv, to 

Dl-dae'tie-al, J teach.] Fitted or inclined to teach ; 
arranged in a form suitable for instruction ; preceptive. 

Dl-dae'tie-al-ly, adv. In a didactic manner. 

Dl-dae'ti-es, n. sing. The art or science of teaching. 

Dl-dae'tyl. 11. An animal having two toes. 

Dl-dae'tyl, ) a. [Gr. SiS<xkti;Aos, from Si, for Si's, 

Di-dae'tyl-oiis, I twice, double, and Sa/cn/Aos, a fin- 
ger, a toe.] Having two toes. 

DId'ap-per, n. [For dibdapper, dibdabher, dipdapper, 
from dib, dip, and dab, dap, q. v.] ( Ornith.) A certain 
bird that dives into the water ; the little or black-chin 
grebe; dab-chick. 

Dld'dle, v. i. [Cf. Daddle.] To totter, as a child in 
walking. 



DI'do, n.; pi. Di'DOg. A trick ; an antic ; a caper. 

To cut a dido, to play a trick; — so called from the trick of 
Dido, who having bought so much land us a hide would cover, 
cut it into a long string to inclose more than was intended. 

Didst. Second person imperfect of do. See Do. 

Di-due'tion, n. [Lat. diductio, from diducere, to draw 
apart, to separate.] Act of drawing apart ; separation. 

Die, v. i. [imp. & p. p. died ; p. pr. & vb. n. dying.] 
[Icel. deya, deyja, 0. Sax. doan, dojan, 0. H. Ger. tow- 
an, towja.11, Goth, divan.] 1. To cease to live; to be- 
come dead. 2. To become lost or extinct. 3. To sink; 
to faiut; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, 
love, &c. 4. To become indifferent. 5. To recede and 
grow fainter ; to become imperceptible. (>. To become 
vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. 
Syn.— To expire; decease; perish; depart; vanish. 

Die, 71. [Fr. de, from Lat. datum, from dare, to give, to 
throw.] 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots 
from one to six, used in gaming, by being thrown from a 
box. 2. Any small cubical body. 3. (Arch.) The cubi- 
cal part of the pedestal, between its base and cornice. 4. 
The piece of metal on which is cut a device to be im- 
pressed by stamping, as on a coin, medal, &c. 5. One 
of two pieces of hardened steel forming together a female 
screw for cutting the threads of screws. 

GST* In the first and second senses, the plural is Dice ; in the 
last three senses, the plural is Dies. See L'rinciples of Or- 
thography, § 23. 

Di-er'e-sis, n. The same as Diuresis. 

Die'-sink/ing, n. The process of engraving dies. 

DVestioii. [Lat. dies nonjurirficus.] (Law.) A day on 
which courts are not held, ac the Sabbath, &c. 

Dl'et, 11. [Lat. diwta, Gr. SiaiTa, manner of living, 
especially as to board and lodging.] 1. Habitual food ; 
what is eaten and drunk ; victuals. 2. Course of food 
selecttd with reference to a particular state of health. 

Dl'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dieted ; p. pr.Sc vb. n. DIET- 
ING.] To feed ; to nourish ; especially, to cause to eat 
and drink sparingly, or by prescribed rules. 

Dl'et, v. i. To eat ; to feed ; especially, to eat sparingly, 
or according to prescribed rules. 

Dl'et, n. [L. Lat. dieta, dixta, an assembly, a day's 
journey, from Lat. dies, day.] A legislative or admin- 
istrative assembly in some countries of Europe. 

Di'et-a-ry, a. Pertaining to diet, or the rules of diet. 

Di'et-a-ry, n. Rule of diet ; allowance of food ; espe- 
cially that prescribed in almshouses, prisons, &c. 

Di'et-er, n. One who diets. 

Di'e-tet'ie, la. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules 

Di'e-tet'i-e-al, J for regulating the kind and quantity 
of food to be eaten. 

Di'e-tet'ies, n. sing. That part of the medical or hygi- 
enic art which relates to diet or food. 

Di'et-ist, n. One skilled in diet. [Rare.] 

Differ, v. i. [imp. & p. p. differed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DIFFERING.] [Lat. differre, from dis and ferre, to 
bear, carry.] 1. To be or stand apart ; to disagree ; to 
be unlike or discordant. 2. To disagree in sentiment. 
3. To have a difference or quarrel. 

Syn.— Differ with; differ from. — Differ with is used in 
reference to opinions, as, "I differ with my friend on that 
point." In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, dif- 
fer from is used, as, " These two persons or things differ en- 
tirely from each other." This distinction is fully established 
in England, and, to a great extent, in America. 

Differ, v. t. To cause to be different or unlike. 

Dif f er-ence, n. 1. Act of differing ; state of being 
different, discordant, or unlike. 2. Disagreement in 
opinion ; dissension ; hence, cause of dissension ; occa- 
sion of quarrel. 3. That by which ore thing differs 
from another; characteristic quality. 4. (Logic.) Quality 
or attribute added to those of the genus to constitute a 
species; differentia. 5. (Math.) The quantity by which 
one quantity differs from another. 

Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; dissimilitude: variation; 
diversity; variety; contrariety; disagreement: discordance; 
variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; 
quarrel; wrangle; strife. 

Differ-ence, v. t. [imp. & p.p. differenced (dif- 
fer-enst); p. pr. & vb. n. DIFFERENCING.] To cause 
to differ ; to make different ; to distinguish. 

Dif f er-ent, a. 1. Distinct ; separate ; not the same. 
2. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality ; un- 
like ; dissimilar. 

Dlffer-en'ti-d, n. [Lat.] (Logic.) The distinguishing 
part of the essence of a species ; specific difference. 

Dif f er-en'tial, a. 1. Creating a difference ; discrim- 
inating ; special. 2. (Math.) Pertaining to a differential. 



food, foot j iim, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, liilk ; tiiis. 



DIFFERENTIAL 



204 



DIGNIFY 



3. (Mec h.) (a.) Differing in amount or in the practicing , Dif-fu/sive, a. Having the quality of diffusing ; capable 
f orce ; — said of motions or effects, (b.) Intended to pro- I of spreading by flowing ; hence, extending. 



duce or indicate difference of motion or effect 
machinery, &c. 

Differential calculus, one of the higher branches of mathe- 
matics. See Calculus. — Differential co-efficient, limit of the 
ratio of the increment of a function of a variable to the incre- 
ment oi' the variable itself, when these increments are in- 
definitely small. —Differential coupling, a slip-coupling used 
in light'machinery to regulate the velocity of the connected 
shaft. — Differential gear, a combination of wheel-work by 
which a motion is produced equal to the difference between 
two other motions. — Differential motion, an adjustment by 
which a single combination is made to produce such a velocity- 
ratio as would by ordinary arrangements require a considerable 
train of mechanism. — Differential screw, a compound screw 
by which a motion is produced equal to the difference of the 
motions ot the component screws. — Differential thermometer, 
a thermometer for measuring very small differences of tem- 
perature. 

Dif'fer-en'tial, n. {Math.) An increment, usually an 
indefinitely small one, given to a variable quantity. 

Dif'fer-eii'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [Math.) To obtain the 
differential, or differential co-efficient, of. 

Dif'fer-eii'ti-a'tioii (-shl-a'shun), n. 1. (Logic.) Act 
of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its dif- 
ferentia, or specific difference. 2. (Math.) Act or proces; 
of differentiating. 3. (Physiol.) Production of a diver- 
sity of parts by a process oi" evolution or development. 

Dif' f er-ent-ly, adv. In a different manner ; variously. 

Dif'fi-eult, a. [Lat. difficilis, difficul.] 1. Hard to 
make, do, or perform. 2. Hard to deal with ; beset with 
difficulty. 3. Not easily wrought upon ; not compliant 
or complaisant. 

Syn.— Arduous; painful; crabbed; perplexed; laborious; , 
unaccommodating; austere; rigid. 



3. A 



Dif-f u/sive-ly, adv. In a diffusive manner. 

Dif -f u'sive-ness, n. Quality or state of being diffusive 
or diffuse ; — said especially of style. 

Dig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUG or digged ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. digging. — Digged 'is obs. or obsolescent.] [A.-S. 
dician, 0. D. diken, to dike, ditch, trench, Goth, digan, 
deigan, to form.] 1. To turn and throw up, as the 
earth ; to loosen or remove with a spade, or other instru- 
ment ; to delve. 2. To hollow out, as a well ; to form, 
as a ditch, by removing earth ; to excavate. 

Dig, v. i. To work with a spade or other like instrument ; 
to do servile work ; to delve. 

Di-gam'ma, n. [Gr. Styafxfxa, from Si, for it's, twice, 
double, and yci/m/ma, the letter V ; — so called because it 
resembled two gammas placed one above the other] 
( Gr. Gram.) A letter (F ) of the Greek alphabet, which 
early fell into disuse. It was pronounced, probably, 
much like the English w. 

Dl-gas'tri-e, a. [From Gr. Si, for Sis, twice, double, and 
yao-Trjp, belly.] (Anat.) (a.) Having a double belly, (b.) 
Pertaining to a certain muscle situated between tke lower 
jaw and the mastoid process. 
I i Di-gest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. digested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DIGESTING.] [Lat. digerere, digestum, to separate, 
distribute, arrange, dissolve, from di, for dis, and gerere, 
to bear, carry, wear.] 1. To arrange methodically ; to 
work over and classify. 2. To prepare in the stomach 
for conversion ■ into blood ; to turn into chyme ; — said 
of the food. 3. To think over; to reflect upon. 4. To 
bear with patience or submission. 5. ( Chem.) To soften 
by heat and moisture. 6. (Med.) To suppurate. 
Dif 'fi-cult-ly, adv. With difficulty ; laboriously. Syn.— To arrange ; distribute ; dispose ; concoct. 

Dif'fi-eul-ty (110), n. 1. State of being difficult, or Digest', v.i. 1. To undergo digestion. 2. To be pre- 
hard to accomplish, or to deal with. 2. Something diffi- i pared by heat. 3. To suppurate. 

Di'gest, n. [Lat. digestum, pi. digesta, from digestus, 



cult ; a thing hard to accomplish or to deal with, 
controversy ; a variance or disagreement. 

Syii. — Hardness; arduousness; impediment; obstacle; ob- 
struction ; embarrassment ; perplexity ; exigency ; distress ; 
trouble ; trial ; objection ; cavil. See Impediment. 
Dif 'fi-dence, n. State of being diffident ; want of con- 
fidence, especially, in one's self; lack of self-reliance. 

Syn. — Humility ; bashfulness ; modesty; distrust; doubt; 
fear; timidity; apprehension; hesitation. 
Dif'fi-dent, a. [Lat. diffidens, p. pr. of diffidere, to dis- 
trust, from dis, and jidere, to trust.] 1. Wanting con- 
fidence in others. 2. Wanting confidence in one's self; 
not self-reliant. 

Syn. — Distrustful; suspicious; hesitating; doubtful; timid; 
modest; bashful; reserved. 

Dif 'f i-deiit-ly. adv. In a diffident manner. 

Dif 'form, a. [From Lat. dis and forma, shape, form. 
Cf. Deform.] Irregular in form ; not uniform ; anom- 
alous : hence, unlike ; dissimilar. 

Dif-fraet', v. t. [imp. & p.p. diffracted : p.pr. & 
vb. n. DIFFRACTING.] [Lat. diffringere, diffractum, to 
break in pieces, from dis and frangere, to break.] To 
break or separate into parts. 

Dif-fra-e'tion, n. (Opt.) The deflection and decomposi- 
tion of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or 
through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel 
bands or fringes of prismatic colors. 

Dif-fran'eliige, I v. & n. See Disfranchise 

Dif-fran/ehige-ment, j Disfranchisement. 

Dif-fuge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. diffused ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. diffusing.] [Lat. diffundere, diffusum, from dis 
andfundere, to pour, to spread.] To pour out and spread, 
as a fluid ; to send out, or extend, in all directions. 

Syn. — To expand; spread; circulate; disseminate; spend; 
waste; extend; scatter; disperse; publish; proclaim. 

Dif-fuse'(dif-fus'), a. Poured out ; widely spread ; not 
restrained, especially as to style ; copious ; verbose ; 
prolix ; amplified. 

Dif-fug'ed-ly, adv. In a diffused manner ; dispersedly. 

Dif-fug'ed-iiess, n. State of being diffused. 

Dif-fuse'ly. adv. In a diffuse manner ; verbosely. 

Dif-fuse'ness, n. Quality of being diffuse; especially, 
in writing, the use of a great number of words to express 
the meaning ; lack of conciseness ; verbosity. 

Dif-fug'er. n. One who diffuses. 

Dif -f u §i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being diffusible. 

Dif-fu'gi-Me. a. [See Diffuse, v.] Capable of being 
diffused : diffusive. 

Dif-fu'gion, n. The act of diffusing, or the state of 
being diffused ; dissemination. 

Syn. — Extension ; spread ; propagation ; circulation ; ex- 
pansion; dispersion. 



put in order, p. p. of digerere.] 1. That which is di- 
gested ; especially, that which is worked over, classified, 
and arranged. 2. A collection of Roman laws, arranged 
under proper titles by order of the emperor Justinian. 
Syn. — Compendium ; summary ; abridgment ; pandect. 

Di-gest'er, n. 1. One who digests. 2. Something that 
aids digestion. 3. A strong, closed vessel, in which 
bones or other substances may be gradually dissolved by 
being subjected to a temperature above that of boiling. 

Di-gest'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being digestible. 

Di-gest'i-ble, a. Capable of being digested. 

Di-gest'i-ole-ness, n. The quality of being digestible ; 
digestibility. 

Di-ges'tion (di-jfst'yun, 66), n. [Lat. digestio.] 1. Act 
of digesting ; classification. 2. Conversion of food into 
chyme. 3. Preparation by heat and moisture; gradual 
solution. 4. Production of pus. 

Di-gest'ive, a. Causing to digest ; producing digestion ; 
used for digesting ; pertaining to digestion. 

Dig'ger, n. One who digs ; a delver. 

Dig'ging, n. 1. Act or place of digging, 'i. pi. Places 
where ore, especially gold, is dug. 3. pi. Regions ; local- 
ities. [Low.] 

Dight (dlt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dight, or dighted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. dighting.] [A.-S. dihtan, to dictate, 
command, dispose, arrange, from Lat. dictare, to say 
often, dictate, order, freq., form of dicerc, to say.] To put 
in order ; hence, to dress ; to array ; to adorn. [Rare.] 

Dig'it. 11. [Lat. digitus, a finger, an inch, the 16th part 
of a Roman foot, akin to Gr. SeiKvvvat, to show, point.] 
1. A finger. 2. A finger's breadth, or three fourths of 
an inch. 3. (Arit/i.) One of the ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are expressed. 4. 
(Astron.) A 12th part of the diameter of the sun or moon. 

Dig'i-tal, a. Pertaining to the fingers, or to digits. 

DIg'i-tate, ) a. [Lat. digitatus, having fingers. See 

Dig'i-ta'ted, j supra.] (Bot.) Having several leaflets 
arranged, like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity 
of a stem, or petiole. 

Dig'i-ta'tioii, n. A division into finger-like processes. 

Dig'i-ti-f own', a. [Lat. digitus, a finger, and forma 
shape.] (Bot.) Formed like fingers. 

Dig'i-ti-grade', a. [From Lat. digitus, finger, toe, and 
gradi, to step, walk.] (Zool.) Walking on the toes. 

Dig'i-ti-grade / , n. (Zool.) An animal that walks or 
steps on its toes, as the lion, wolf, &c. 

Dig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIGNIFIED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DIGNIFYING.] [L. Lat. dignificare, from Lat. 
dignus, worthy, and facere, to make.] To invest with 
dignity or honor ; to give distinction to. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



DIGNITARY 



205 



DIMETER 



Syn. — To exalt; elevate; prefer; advance; honor; illustrate; 
adorn; ennoble. 

Dig'ni-ta-ry, n. One who possesses exalted rank, es- 
pecially ecclesiastical rank. 

DIg'ni-ty, 11. [Lat. dignitas, from digitus, worthy.] 1. 
State of being worthy or honorable ; elevation of mind or 
character. 2. Elevation of rank ; honorable station. 3. 
Quality suited to inspire respect or reverence ; loftiness 
and elegance. 4. One holding high rank ; a dignitary. 
Syn. — See Decorum. 

Di'grapli. n. [Or. fit, for fit's, twice, double, and yp&.<prj, 
a writing, from ypcLfyeiv, to write.] A combination of two 
written characters to express a single articulated sound. 

Dl-gress', v. i. [imp. & p. p. dig-ressed (-great'); p. 
pr. & ob.n. DIGRESSING.] - [Lat. digredi, digressus, from 
di, for dis, and gradi, to step, walk.] 1. To turn aside ; 
especially, in writing or speaking, to turn aside from the 
main or proper subject of attention, or course of argu- 
ment. 2. To turn aside from the right path. 

Syn. — To deviate; wander; expatiate; amplify; transgress; 
offend. 

Dl-gres'sion (-gresh/un), n. 1. Act of digressing, es- 
pecially in writing and speaking ; hence, a part of a dis- 
course deviating from its main design. 2. A turning 
aside from the right path ; transgression ; offense. 

Dl-gres'sion-ai (-gresh/un-), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting in, digression. 

Di-grgss'ive, a. Departing from the main subject. 

Di-gress'ive-ly, adv. By way of digression. 

Dike, n. [A.-S. die, D. dijk; Fr. digue, Sp. dique, It. 
diga. See DIG.] 1. A ditch ; a channel for water made 
by digging. 2. A mound thrown up to prevent low 
lands from being inundated by the sea or a river. 3. 
( Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral matter, filling up 
fissures in the original strata. 

Dike, v.t. [imp. & p. p. diked (dikt,108); p.pr. & vb. 
11. DIKING.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or 
bank. 2. To drain by a dike or dikes. 

Dl-lac'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dilacerated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DIL ACE RATING.] [Lat. dilacerare, dilace- 
ratum, from di, for dis, and lacerare, to tear.] To rend 
asunder ; to tear in two. 

DT-lap'er-a/tion, n. Act of rending asunder. 

Di-lap'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dilapidated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DILAPIDATING.] [Lat. dilapidare, dilapi- 
datum, to scatter like stones, from di, for dis] and lapi- 
dare, to throw stones, from lapis, a stone.] 1, To suffer 
to fall into a condition of decay or partial ruin. 2. To 
diminish by waste and abuse ; to squander. 

Di-lap'i-date, v. i. To get out of repair; to become 
decayed ; to go to ruin. 

Dl-lap'i-da'tion, n. 1. Act of dilapidating, or state 
of being dilapidated. 2. Ecclesiastical waste. 

Dt-lap'i-da/tor, n. One who causes dilapidation. 

Dl-lat'a-oll'i-ty, n. Quality of being dilatable 

Df-lat'a-ble, a. Capable of expansion or extension ; ad- 
mitting dilatation. 

Dll/a-ta'tion, n. [Lat. dilatatio, from dilatare, to en- 
large, dilate, intensive form of differre, dilatus.] Act of 
dilating ; expansion ; a spreading or extending in all di- 
rections ; the state of being expanded ; dilation. 

Di-late', or DI-late', v. t. [imp. & p.p. dilated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DILATING.] [Lat. dilatare, from di, for dis, 
and latus, wide.] To enlarge or extend in all directions. 

Syn. — To expand ; swell ; distend ; enlarge ; spread out ; 
amplify ; expatiate. 

Di-late', or DI-late', v. i. 1. To expand ; to swell or 
extend in all directions. 2. To speak largely and copi- 
ously ; to expatiate ; to descant. 

Di-lat'er, or Dl-lat'er, n. One who dilates. 

Di-la'tion, or Di-la'tion, n. [An Eng. formative from 
dilate, the more common word being dilatation, from Lat. 
dilatatio. See DILATATION.] Act of dilating, or state 
of being dilated ; expansion ; dilatation. [Modern.] 

Dt-la'tive, or Dl-la'tive, a. Causing dilatation. 

Dl-lat'or, or Dl-lat'or, n. That which widens or ex- 
pands ; a muscle that dilates any part. 

Dll'a-to-ri-ly, adv. With delay ; tardily. 

Dil'a-to-ri-ness, n. The quality of being dilatory. 

DH'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. dilatorius, from dilator, a de- 
layer, from differre, dilatum, to defer, to delay.] 1. In- 
clined to put off what ought to be done at once ; given 
to procrastination. 2. Marked with procrastination or 
delay. 3. Intended to make delay, or to gain time and 
defer decision or action. 

Syn.— Slow; delaying; sluggish ; inactive ; loitering ; be- 
hindhand; backward; procrastinating; tardy. 



Di-lem'ma, or Di-lem'ma, n. [Gr. SC\y]fijxa, from fit, 
for fits, twice, double, and Ka^aveiv, to take, Ar^a, any 
thing received, an assumption.] 1. (Logic.) An argu- 
ment which presents an antagonist with two or more al- 
ternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, which- 
ever alternative he chooses. 2. A perplexing state or 
alternative ; a difficult or doubtful choice. 

Dil'et-tant', \n.;pl. dil'et-tan'ti. [It., prop. p. 

DU'et-tdn'te, ) pr. of dilettare, to take delight in, from 
Lat. delectare, to delight.] An admirer of the fine arts ; 
an amateur ; especially, one who follows an art, or a 
branch of knowledge, desultorily, without serious pur- 
pose, or for amusement only. 

Dil'et-tan'te-igm, n. Quality of being a dilettante. 

Dill-geiice, n. Quality of being diligent ; interested 
and persevering application ; sedulousness ; assiduity. 

Syn. — Industry. — Industry has the wider sense of the two, 
implying an habitual devotion to labor for some valuable end, 
as knowledge, property, &c.; diligence denotes earnest applica- 
tion to some specific object or pursuit. A man may be diligent 
for a time, or in seeking some favorite end, without meriting 
the title of industrious. Such was the case with Fox, while 
Burke was eminent not only for diligence, but industry ; he 
was always at work, and always looking out for some new field 
of mental effort. 

Diligence (dd'le'zhCngss'), n. [Fr.] A four-wheeled 
public stage-coach, used in France. 

Dil'i-gent, a. [Lat. diligens, p. pr. of diligere, to es- 
teem highly, to prefer, from di, or dis, and legere, to 
choose, select.] 1. Interestedly and perseveringly at- 
tentive ; steady in application to business. 2. Prose- 
cuted with care and constant effort. 

Syn. — Active ; assiduous ; sedulous ; laborious ; persever- 
ing; attentive; industrious; careful. 

Dil'i-gent-ly, adv. In a diligent manner ; with indus- 
try or assiduity ; not carelessly ; not negligently. 

Dill, it. [A.-S. dil, dile.] (Bot.) A plant, the seeds of 
which are pungent and aromatic. [coach. 

Dill'y, n. [Contracted from diligence.] A kind of stage- 

Dil'ly-daFly, v. i. To loiter or trifle. 

Dll'u-ent, a. [Lat. diluens, p.pr. of diluere. See infra.] 
Diluting ; making thinner or weaker by admixture, es- 
pecially of water. 

Dil'u-ent, n. That which dilutes, thins, or weakens 
any thing (especially the blood) by mixture with it. 

Di-lute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. diluted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DILUTING.] [Lat. diluere, dilutum, from di, for dis, and 
luere, equivalent to lavare, to wash, lave.] 1. To make 
thinner or more liquid by admixture with something. 
2. To diminish, by mixing, the strength, flavor, color, 
&c, of; to reduce, especially by the addition of water. 

Di-lute', v. i. To become attenuated or thin. 

Di-lute', a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, aa 
spirit or color. 

DI-lut'er, 11. One who, or that which, dilutes. 

Di-lu'tion, n. Act of diluting, or state of being diluted. 

Di-lu/vi-al, a. [Lat. diluvialis, from diluvium, q. v.] 
Pertaining to, or produced by, a deluge, more especially 
the deluge in Noah's days. [an deluge. 

Di-lu/vi-an, a. Pertaining to a deluge, or to the Noachi- 

Dl-lii'vi-on, \n. [Lat. See Deluge.] (Geol.)Ade- 

Di-hVvi-um,) posit of superficial loam, sand, gravel, 
pebbles, &c, caused by former action of the sea. 

Dim, a. [compar. DIMMER ; superl. DIMMEST.] [A.-S. 
dim, Icel. dimmr, 0. Sax. thimm, allied to Skr. tamas, 
Lith. tamsa, darkness, tamsus, dark, Russ. temnyi, Ir. 
teim; Icel. dirnma, to grow dark.] 1. Not bright or 
distinct; of obscure luster or sound. 2. Of obscure 
vision ; hence, dull of apprehension. 

Syn.— Obscure; dusky ; dark ; darkish ; mysterious ; im- 
perfect; dull; obtuse; sullied; tarnished. 

Dim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. dim- 
ming.] 1. To render dim, obscure, or dark ; to darken ; 
to dull. 2. To deprive of distinct vision ; to darken tho 
senses or understanding of. 

Dime, n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. disme, from Lat. decimus, the 
tenth, from decern, ten.] A silver coin of the United 
States, of the value of ten cents ; the tenth of a dollar. 

Di-men'sion, n. [Lat. dimensio, from dimetiri, dimen- 
sus, to measure out, from di, for dis, and metiri, to 
measure.] 1. Measurement in a single direction, a3 
length, breadth, height, or thickness ;— usually in the pi., 
measurement in length, breadth, and thickness ; extent ; 
size. 2. Reach; application; importance. 3. (Alg.) 
A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term, 

Di-mSn'sive, a. Marking the dimensions or limits. 

Dim'e-ter, a. [Gr. Si'ue-rpos, from fit, for fits, twice, 
double, two-fold, and /xeVpoj/, measure.] Having two 
poetical measures. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, €all, eolio) gem, get; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link ; this. 



DIMETER 



206 



DIPLOMA 



Dim'e-ter, n. (Pros.) A verse of two measures. 
Dl-mld'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dimidiated ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. DIMIDIATING. ] [Lat. dimidiare, dimidiatum, 
from dimidius, half.] To divide into two equal parts. 

Di-mid'i-ate, a. 1. Divided into two equal parts. 2. 
(Nat. Hist.) (a.) Consisting of but one half of what the 
normal condition requires ; appearing as if halved, (b.) 
Having one half set oil against the ocber in functions. 

Di-mld'i-a/tion, n. Act of dimidiating or halving. 

DI-min'ish, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. diminished (di-min'- 
isht, 1U8) ; p. pr. & vb, n. DIMINISHING.] [Lat. dimin- 
uere, from di, for dis, and minuere, to lessen, from minor, 
minus, less, comparative of parvus, little.] 1. To make 
smaller in any manner. 2. To lessen the authority or 
dignity of. 3. (Mus.) To make smaller by a semitone. 
4. To take away ; to subtract. 

Syn. — To decrease; lessen; abate; liquidate; reduce; im- 
pair; degrade; abase. See Deckease. 

Di-min'ish., v. i. To become or appear less or smaller; 
to lessen. 

Di-mm'isli-a-hle, a. Capable of being diminished. 

Dl-min'ish-er, n. One who, or that which, diminishes. 

Dl-mln'u-en'do, adv. [It., p. pr. of di ^^__ = _ 

minuire, to diminish.] (Mus.) In a grad 7—; 

ually diminishing manner ; — a direction, Diminuendo, 
written on Hie staff or indicated as in the margin. 

Dim/i-iru'tion, n. [Lat. diminutio. See Diminish.] 
1. Act of diminishing, or state of being diminished ; re- 
duction in size, quantity, or degree. 2. Act of lessening 
dignity or consideration, or the state of being deprived 
of dignity. 3. (Law.) Omission, inaccuracy, or defect 
in a record. 

Syn. — Decrease ; decay ; abatement ; deduction ; decre- 
ment; degradation; abasement. 

Di-min'u-tive, a. Of small size; minute; little. 

DI-mm'u.-tive , n. 1. Something of very small size or 
value ; an insignificant thing. 2. ( Iram.) A derivative 
from a noun, denoting a small or a young object of the 
same kind with that denoted by the primitive. 

DI-min'u.-tive-ly, adv. In a diminutive manner. 

Dl-mln'u-tive-ness, n. Quality of being diminutive ; 
smalmess ; littleness ; minuteness. 

DIm'is-so-ry (50), a. [Lat. dimissorius, from dimittere, 
to send away, from di, for dis, and mittere, to send.] 1. 
Sending away ; dismissing to another jurisdiction. 2. 
Granting leave to depart. 

Dim'i-ty, n. [Gr. Si'juitos, of double thread, dimity, from 
Si, for fit's, twice, double, and (hi'tos, a thread of the warp.] 
A kind of stout, white, cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. 

DIm/ly, adv. In a dim or obscure manner. 

Dim'misli, a. Somewhat dim ; indistinct ; rather ob- 
scure, or of weak sight. 

Dim'ness, n. State or quality of being dim. 

Syn. — Darkness ; indistinctness ; obscurity ; gloom. See 
Dakk.ness. 

DI-mor'phi§m, n. [Gr. St, for Sis, twice, twofold, and 
/xwpr/>7j, form.] The property of being dimorphous. 

Di-mdx'plioHs, a. 1. Occurring under two distinct 
forms. 52. (Crystallog.) Crystallizing under two forms 
fundamentally different. 

Dim'ple, n. [Cf. Ger. dumpel, a pool, and Eng. dingle, 
a narrow dell.] 1. A slight natural depression on the 
surface of the body, especially on the cheek or chin. 52. 
A slight indentation on any surface. 

Dim'ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dimpled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
dimpling.] To form dimples ; to sink into depressions 
or little inequalities. 

Dim'ple, v. t. To mark with dimples. 

Din, n. [A.-S. dyne, Icel. dyn, thunder, din, noise.] 
Loud, stunning noise ; racket; clamor. 

Din, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DINNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DIN- 
NING.] To strike with continued or confused sound ; to 
stun with noise. 

Dine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. DINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DIN- 
ING ] [Fr. diner, 0. Fr. disner, L. Lat. disnare, contr. 
from Lat. dis, smdjejunare, to fast, jejunus, fasting, hun- 
gry.] To partake of the noon meal, or of the principal 
regular meal of the day ; to take dinner. 

Dine, v. t. To give a dinner to or at. 

Ding, v. i. [Scot, ding, to drive, to beat, A.-S. dingan 
dencgan, to knock, Icel. dengia, to beat.] 1. To talk 
with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration ; to bluster. 
[Lovj.] 2. To sound, as a bell ; to ring or tinkle. 

Ding, n. A thump or stroke, especially of a bell. 

DIng'-dong, n. The sound of bells ; hence, a similar 
repeated and monotonous sound. 



I Din'ghy, ) n. [Bengalee.] 1. A kind of boat used in 

Din'gey, j the East Indies. 2. A ship's smallest boat, 
rowed by two men. 

Din'gi-ness, n. State or quality of being dingy. 

Dln'gle (ding'gl), n. [Ct. DEN.] A narrow dale or val- 
ley between hills. 

DIn'gy, a. [compar. DINGIER ; superl. dingiest.] [Al- 
lied to dim and dun, q. v.] Soiled ; sullied ; of a dark 
or dusky color ; dun. 

Din'ner, n. [See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the 
day, eaten between breakfast and supper. 2. An enter- 
tainment ; a feast. 

Dint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. dint- 
ing.] To make a mark or smaU cavity on, by a blow 
or by pressure. 

Di-oc'e-san, or Dl'o-ce'san, o. [See Diocese.] Per- 
taining to a diocese. [relation to his diocese. 

DI-6c'e-san, or Di'o-ce'san, n. A bishop, viewed in 

Di'o-cese, n. [Gr. Sioi'ktjo-is, housekeeping, administra- 
tion, province, jurisdiction, fr. Stot/ceu/, to keep house, 
manage, fr. St, forSid, through, and ot/ceii/, to manage a 
household, from ot/cos, a home. This word is often spelt 
diocess ; but this orthography is opposed to the deriva- 
tion, and is not sanctioned by the best English author- 
ity.] The district in which a bishop exerciser his eccle- 
siastical authority. 

Di-6p'trie, I a. [Gr Sto^pi/cos, belonging to the use 

Dl-op'tri-e-al, ) of the Stompa, a geometrical instru- 
ment, from St, for Sta, through, and 67rreiv, to see.] 2.. 
Assisting vision by means of the refraction of light. 2. 
Relating to dioptrics. 

Di-op'tries, n. sing. That part of optics which treats 
of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one 
medium into another, or through different media, and 
especially through different lenses. 

Di'o-ra'ma, or Di'o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. SiopaV, to see 
through, from St, for Sta, through, and bpav, to see, 
opafxa, that which is seen, a sight.] 1. A mode of scenic 
representation, in which a painting is seen from a dis- 
tance through a- large opening. 2. A building for such 
an exhibition. 

DFo-ram'ie, a. Pertaining to a diorama. 

Dip, v. t. [imp. tkp.p. DIPPED (less properly DIPT): 
p.pr. & vb. n. DIPPING.] [A.-S. dippan, dyppan, allied 
to depan, dypan, to dip, baptize, Goth, davpjan. Cf. 
Deep.] 1. To plunge or immerse in a fluid and with- 
draw again. 2. To plunge, as into difficulty ; to engage. 
3. To take out, by immersing and removing again some 
receptacle, as a dipper, ladle, pail, &c. 

Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick 
in melted tallow. 

Dip, v. ?'. 1, To immerse one's self. 2. To remove or 
take out something, by immersiug and withdrawing a 
receptacle: — hence, to thrust in and partake. 3. To 
enter slightly or cursorily. 4. To incline downward. 

Dip, n. 1. Action of dipping, or of plunging for a mo- 
ment into a liquid. 2. Inclination downward ; slope ; 
pitch. 3. Gravy or sauce intended to be dipped out with 
a spoon. 4. A dipped candle. 

Dip of the horizon (Astron.), apparent angular depression of 
the visible horizon below the true or natural horizon. — Dip of 
the needle, or magnetic dip, the angle formed by a freely sus- 
pended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a 
horizontal line. 

Di-pet'al-oiis, a. [Gr. St, for St'?, double, and nerakov, 
a leaf, from ireVaAos, outspread.] (Bot.) Having two 
flower-leaves or petals ; two-petaled. 

Diph-tlie'ri-a (dip 7 - or dlf'-), n. [Gr. St<f)6epa, a mem- 
brane.] (Med.) An epidemic disease in which the air 
passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a 
false membrane. 

DIpli'tliong (dYf thong or dVthong). n. [Gr. St$0oy- 
yos, from St, for Si's, twice, double, and <£06yyos, voice, 
sound.] (Orthoepy.) (a.) A union of two vowel sounds 
pronounced in one syllable; as, on in out, oi in noise; 
— called & proper diphthong, (b.) A union of two vowels 
in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded ; 
as, ai in rain, eo in people; — called an improper diph~ 
thong. 

Diph-thon'gal (dif- or dip-, 82), a. Belonging to a 
diphthong ; consisting of two vowel sounds, pronounced 
in one svllable. 

Dlph'yl-lous, or Dl-phyl'lous (117), a. [Gr. St'^vA.- 
Aos, from Si, for Si's, twice, twofold, and 4>v\Kov, leaf.] 
(Bot.) Having two leaves, as a calyx, &c. 

Dl-plo'ma, n. ; pi. di-pl6-ma§. [Gr. StVAwpia, from 
SittAoOi/, to double, from SurAoos, twofold, double.] A 



&,e,&.c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do ; w^f, 



DIPLOMACY 



207 



DIRUPTION 



writing conferring some authority, privilege or honor ; 
especially, a document bearing record of a literary degree. 

Pl-plo'ma-cy, n. 1. Science or art of conducting ne- 
gotiations betsveea nations, particularly in securing treat- 
ies. 2. Dexterity or skill in securing advantages. 3. 
The body of ministers or envoys resident at a court. 

Plp'lo-mate, n. One who is skilled in diplomacy ; a 
diplomatist. 

PIp'lo-mat'le, [ a. 1. Pertaining to, or furnished 

PIp'lo-mat'ie-al, ) with, a diploma. "Z. Pertaining 
to, or exhibiting, diplomacy ; consisting of diplomatists. 
3. Pertaining to diplomatics. 

Pip'lo-mat'ie, n. A diplomatist. 

Pip'lo-mat'ies, n. sing. The science of diplomas, or 
the art of reading ancient writings, literary and public 
documents, &c. ; paleography. 

Dl-plo'ma-tif m, n. Diplomacy. [a diplomate. 

Pl-plo'ma-tist, n. One who is skilled in diplomacy ; 

PIp'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, dips. vS. A 
vessel used to dip water or other liquors. 3. (Oruith.) 
A small bird resembling the blackbird, and seeking its 
food by diving. 

Tlie Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the con- 
stellation of the Great Bear;— popularly so called from their 
arrangement in the form of a dipper. 

Pip'ping-nee'dle, n. A magnetic needle suspended 

• so as to move freely in a vertical plane, and indicating 
on a graduated circle the magnetic dip. 

Plp'tar-al, a. [From Gr. SiVrepo;, with two wings, from 
SC, for Sis, double, and nrepov, feather, -wing, from irero- 
[xai, TiTecrQai, to fly.] 1. (Entom.) Having two wings 
only ; dipterous. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of 
columns on each of the flanks, as well as in front and rear. 

Dip'ter-ous, a. (Entom.) Having two wings, as among 
insects, or wing-like processes, as in some plants. 

Pip'tote, n. [Gr. SC-tcotos, from SC, for SC?, twice, two- 
fold, and vrrcoTos, falling, from irC-mew, to fall.] ( Gr. & 
Lai. Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. 

PIl>'ty-eli, n. [Gr. SCtttvxos., folded, doubled, from St, 
for Si's, twice, double, and Tr-rwo-eiv, to fold, double up.] 
1. A folded writing"tablct among the ancients, consist- 
ing of two leaves. £. A catalogue of bishops and saints. 

pi-ra'di-a'tion, n. [N. Lat. diradiatio, from di, for 
dis, and radiatio, radiation.] Emission and diffusion of 
rays of light. 

Pire, a. [compar. DIRER ; superl. DIREST.] [Lat. dims.] 
Evil in a great degree ; dreadful ; horrible ; terrible. 

PI-reet', a. [Lat. directus, \).\). of dirigere.] 1. Straight: 
not crooked, oblique, or circuitous ; leading immediately 
to a point or end. 2. Straightforward; not swerving 
from truth and openness; sincere; outspoken. 3. Im- 
mediate ; unambiguous ; confessed ; absolute. 4. In 
the line of descent ; not collateral. 5. (Astron.) In the 
direction of the general planetary motion, or from west 
to east. 

Direct chord (il/i«.), one in which the fundamental tone is 
the lowest. — Direct fire (Mil.), one the direction of which is 
perpendicular to the liuc of troops or to the parapet aimed at. 
Direct tax; a tax assessed directly on possessions, distinguished 
from taxes on articles of consumption, or customs. 

■j?i'reet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. directed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DIRECTING.] [Lat. dirigere, directum, from di, for dis, 
and regere, to keep or lead straight.] 1. To give direc- 
tion or bearing to. 2. To determine the direction or 
course of. 3. To point out the proper course to ; to 
put upon the right track. 4. To instruct as a superior. 
5. To put a direction or address upon ; to supei-scribe. 

Sj'n. — To aim; point; guide; lead; conduct; dispose; man- 
age; regulate; order; instruct; command; address. 

PI-reet', v. ?'. To give direction ; to act as guide. 

PI-reet', n. (Mus.) A character, thus [>W], placed at 
the end of a staff on the line or space of the first note of 
the next staff, to apprise the performer of its situation. 

Pl-reet'er, n. One who directs ; a director. 

Pl-ree'tion, n. 1. Act of directing, or of aiming, regu- 
lating, guiding, or ordering, ii. That which is imposed 
by direction ; guiding or authoritative instruction ; pre- 
scription. 3. Name and residence of a person to whom 
any thing is sent, written upon the thing sent ; super- 
scription ; address. 4. Line or course upon which any 
thing is moving or aimed to move ; line or point of ten- 
dency. 5. The body of persons charged with the man- 
agement of a matter. 

Syn.— Administration; guidance; management; superin- 
tendence; oversight; government; order; guide; clew.— Con- 
trol; command -"These words, as here compared, have reference 
to the exercise of power over the actions of others. Control is 
negative, denoting power to restrain; command is positive, im- 
plying a right to enforce obedience; directions are commands 



containing instructions how to act. A shipmaster has the com- 
mand of his vessel; he gives directions to the seamen as to tho 
mode of sailing it; and exercises a due control over the con- 
duct of the passengers. 

Pl-reet'Ive, a. Having power to direct ; tending to di- 
rect, guide, or govern ; directing. 

Dl-reet'ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner. 2. Without 
interposition or interruption ; in an immediate, express, 
or absolute manner. 3. Straightway ; immediately. 4. 
Immediately after ; as soon as ; when. 

G@f This use of the word, although very common in Eng- 
land and gaining ground in the United States, is not sanc- 
tioned by the authority of careful writers, and must be regarded 
as a gross solecism. 

Syn. — Immediately; instantly; instantaneouslv. — " I will 
do it directly," means, " I will go straightway about it."— " 1 
will do it immediately" means, "I will do it as the very next 
thing." — "I will do it instantly or instantaneously," allows not 
a particle of delay. 

Pi-reet'ness, n. State or quality of being direct. 

DI-re«t'or, n. 1. One wno, or that which, directs, 
guides, or orders ; especially, one of a body of persons ap- 
pointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation. 
5i. A part of a machine or instrument which directs its 
motion or action. [director. 

Pl-re-et'o-rate, n. A body of directors, or the office of 

Pl-re-e-to'ri-al, a. 1. Having the quality of a director ; 
directive. Z. Pertaining to a director or a directory. 

P i-re-et'or-sliip, n. Office of a director ; directorate. 

Di-re-et'o-ry, a. Containing directions ; directorial. 

Di-reet'o-ry, n. 1. A collection of directions, rules, or 
ordinances ; especially, a book of directions for the con- 
duct of worship. 2. A book containing the names and 
residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes 
of them. 3. A body of directors ; especially, a com- 
mittee which held executive power in France under the 
first republic. 

Pi-r<5et'ress, n. A female who directs or manages. 

Pl-reet'rix, n. 1. A woman who governs or directs. 
2. ( Geom.) (a.) A line along which a point in another 
line moves, and which governs its motion and determines 
the position of the curve generated by it, or along which 
the generatrix moves in generating a warped or single 
curved surface. (6.) A straight line so situated with re- 
spect to a conic section that the distance of any point of 
the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of 
the same point from the focus. 

Pire'ful, a. [See Dire.] Dire; dreadful; terrible; 
calamitous ; horrible. 

Pire'f ul-ly, ac/t". Dreadfully; terribly; wofully. 

Pire'f iil-ness, I n. Calamitousness ; terribleness ; dreads 

Plre'ness, ) fulness ; horror. 

Pi-rep'tion, v. [Lat. direptio, from diripere, to tear 
asunder, plunder, from di, for dis, and rapere, to seize 
and carry off.] Act of plundering or despoiling. 

PIrge (18), n. [Contr. from the first word of a hymn be- 
ginning, " Dirige gressus wieos," formerly sung at fune- 
rals.] A piece of music of a mournful character, in- 
tended to accompany funeral rites. 

Pir'i-gent, a. [See infra.] Directing. 

Pir'i-gent, n. [Lat. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere, to di- 
rect.] (Geom.) A directrix. See Directrix. 

Pirk (18), n. [Scot, durk, from Ir. & Gael, duirc, or 
dure, a dagger.] A kind of dagger or poniard. 

Pirk, v. t. To stab with a dirk or dagger ; to poniard. 

Pirt (18), n. [Icel. drit, excrement, drita, to dung, 0. D. 
drijt, dung, drijten, to dung, A.-S. drltan, gedritan, id.] 
Any foul or filthy substance, as excrement, earth, mud, 
dust, and the like. 

Pii-t, v. t. To make foul or filthy ; to soil ; to dirty. 

Dirt'-eat'ing, n. 1. (Med.) A disease of the nutritive 
functions among negroes, in which there is an irresisti- 
ble desire to eat dirt. ti. Use of certain kinds of clay for 
food, existing among the poor whites of the South and 
certain savage tribes. 

Pirt'i-ly, adv. In a dirty manner ; foully ; nastily ; fil- 
thily ; sordidly. 

Plrt'i-ness, n. State of being dirty; filthiness ; foul- 
ness; nastiness ; baseness; sordidness. 

PIrt'y, a. [compar. dirtier ; superl. DIRTIEST.] 1. 
Defiled with dirt ; not clean or pure ; serving to defile. 2. 
Sordid ; base ; groveling. 
Syn. —Nasty; filthy; foul. 

PTrt'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIRTIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DIRTYING.] 1. To foul ; to make filthy ; to soil. 2. 
To tarnish ; to sully ; to scandalize. 

Pl-rup'tion, n. [Lat. diruptio, from dirumpere, to break 
asunder, to burst, from di, for dis, and rumpere, to break.] 
A bursting or rending asunder. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



DISABILITY 



208 



DISBOWEL 



Dis'a-bil'i-ty, n. [From disable.] 1. State of being 
disabled; want of competent physical or intellectual 
power, means, opportunity, and the like; incapacity; 
incompetency. 'Z. Want of legal qualification. 

Syn. — Inability. — Inability is want of power in itself con- 
sidered ; disability arises from some depravation or loss of the 
needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a 
disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, 
of deciding in his own case. 

Dis-a/ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disabled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DISABLING.] 1. To render unable or incapable ; to de- 
prive of competent physical or intellectual power; to 
make unfit for service. 2. (Laiv.) To deprive of legal 
right or qualification. 3. To undervalue. 
Syn.— To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate. 

Dis'a-biise', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disabused; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disabusing.] To free from mistake ; to unde- 
ceive ; to set right. 

Dls'ae-eom'mo-date, v. t. To incommode. 

Dls'ae-eom/xn.o-da'tion, n. A state of being unaccom- 
modated or unsuited. 

Dis'a-e-eiis'tom, v. t. To render unaccustomed. 

Dls'ae-knowl'edge (-nol'ej), v. t. To refuse to ac- 
knowledge ; to deny ; to disown. 

Dis'ad-vaii/tage,™. 1. Deprivation of advantage ; un- 
favorable or prejudicial quality, condition, circumstance, 
or the like. 2. Prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, 
or other good. 

Syn. — Detriment ; injury; hurt ; loss ; damage. 

Dis-ad'vaii-ta'geous, a. Attended with disadvantage ; 
unfavorable to success or prosperity ; inconvenient ; pre- 
judicial ; detrimental. 

Dis-ad'van-ta'geous-ly, adv. In a disadvantageous 
manner ; with loss or inconvenience. 

Dis-iUVvaii-ta'geoiis-iiess, n. Unfavorableness to 
success ; inconvenience ; loss. 

Dis'af-feet', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disaffected ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. disaffecting.] 1. To alienate or diminish 
the affection of; to fill with discontent and unfriendli- 
ness. 2. To disturb the functions of; to disorder. 

Dis'af-fee'tioii, n. State of being disaffected, or made 
unfriendly ; want of good-will. 

Syn. — Dislike; disgust; unfriendliness; ill-will; alienation; 
disloyalty ; hostility. 

Disaffirm' (18), r. t. 1. To affirm the contrary of ; to 
contradict; to deny. 2. (Law.) To refuse to confirm; 
to annul, as a judicial decision. 

Dis'af-firm'arcce, n. 1. The act of disaffirming ; de- 
nial ; negation. 2. (Law.) Overthrow or annulment by 
the decision of a superior tribunal. [refutation. 

Dis-lif 'fir-sna/tion, n. Act of disaffirming ; negation ; 

DIs'a-gree', v. i. [imp. & p. p. disagreed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disagreeing.] 1. To fail to accord or agree; 
to lack harmony ; to be at variance. 2. To differ in 
opinion; to hold discordant views. 3. To be unsuited ; 
to have unfitness. 
Syn. — To differ ; vary ; dissent. 

Dls'a-gree'a-ble,^. 1. Not agreeable, conformable, or 
congruous. 2. Exciting repugnance. 

Syn. — Contrary ; unsuitable ; unpleasant ; offensive; dis- 
pleasing. 

Dis'a-gree'a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of be- 
ing disagreeable ; unpleasantness. 

Dis'a-gree'a-bly, adv. In a disagreeable manner. 

Dis'a-gree'ment, n. 1. Act of disagreeing, or state of 
being disagreed. 2. Difference of opinion. 3. Unsuit- 
ableness. 4. A falling out or controversy. 

Syn. — Difference ; diversity; dissimilitude; unlikeness : 
discrepancy; variance; dissent; misunderstanding; dissension; 
division; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord. 

Dis'al-low', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disallowed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disallowing.] To refuse to allow, permit, 
authorize, or sanction ; to disown and reject. 

Syn. — To disapprove; prohibit; censure; condemn. 

Dis'al-low', v. i. To refuse permission ; not to grant. 

DIs'al-low'a-ble, a. Not allowable ; not to be suffered. 

Dls'al-low'ance. n. Act of disallowing ; refusal to ad- 
mit or permit. 

Syn..— Disapprobation ; prohibition ; condemnation ; cen- 
sure; rejection. 

Dis-an'i-mate, v. I. To deprive of spirit or courage ; 

to discourage ; to dishearten ; to deject. 
DIs'an -nex', v. t. To disunite ; to separate ; to sunder. 
Dis'an-niil', v. t. To annul ; to render void ; to nullify. 

I33~ The prefix in this word is intensive and not negative. 
Dls/ap-par'el, v. t. To disrobe ; to strip of raiment. 



Dis'ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p. p. disappeared ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disappearing.] 1. To vanish from the sight; 
to become invisible ; to cease to appear or to be perceived. 
2. To cease to be or exist ; to become merged or con- 
cealed in something else. 

Dis'ap-pear'aiice, n. Act of disappearing ; vanishing. 

Dis'ap-point', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disappointed; 
p. pr. & vb. n. disappointing.] [Prefix dis and ap- 
point, q. v., properly, to unfix or unsettle.] 1. To de- 
feat of expectation or hope. 2. To hinder of result. 

Syn. — To tantalize ; fail ; fiustrate ; balk ; baffle ; delude ; 
foil ; defeat. 

Dls'ap-point'ment, n. 1. Act of disappointing, or stato 
of being disappointed ; defeat or failure of expectation or 
hope. 2. That which disappoints. 
Syn. — Miscarriage ; frustration ; balk. 

Dis-ajypro-ba/tioii, n. Act of disapproving; mental 
condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or 
inexpedient. 

Dis-ap'pro-foa-to-ry (50), a. Containing disapproba- 
tion ; tending to disapprove. 

Dis'ap-prov'al, n. Disapprobation; dislike. 

Dis 7 ap -prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disapproved ; 
p.pr. Scvb'.'n. disapproving.] 1. To pass unfavorable 
judgment upon ; to regard as wrorg or inexpedient ; to 
censure. 2. To refuse official approbation ; to decline to 
sanction ; to disallow. 

Dls'ap-prov'ing-ly, adv. In a disapproving manner. 

Di§-arm' (91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disarmed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disarming.] 1. To deprive of arms or of the 
means of attack or defense. 2. To deprive of the means 
or the disposition to harm. 

Di§-arm'a-ment, n. The act of disarming. 

Di§-arm/er, n. One who disarms. 

Dis'ar-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disarranged ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. disarranging.] To unsettle or disturb 
the order or due arrangement of. 

Dis'ar-range'meiit, n. Act of disarranging, or state 
of being disarranged ; confusion ; disorder. 

Dis'ar-ray', v. t. [i??ip. & p.p. disarrayed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disarraying.] 1. To throw into disorder; to 
break the array of. 2. To undress ; to unrobe. 

Dis'ar-ray', n. 1. Want of array or regular order ; dis- 
order ; confusion. 2. State of being imperfectly attired; 
undress ; dishabille. 

Di§-as'ter (91), n. [Fr. desastre, from Lat. dis and as- 
trum, Gr. ao-rpov, avj-^p, star; a word of astrological ori- 
gin.] 1. A baleful aspect of a planet- or star. [ Obs.] 2. 
An unfortunate event ; especially, a sudden misfortune. 

Syn. — Calamity ; misfortune ; mishap ; mischance ; un- 
happiness; grief. 

Dig-as'troiis, a. 1. Full of unpropitious stellar influ- 
ences. [Obs.] 2. Attended with suffering or disaster ; 
unfortunate ; calamitous. 

Di§-as'troiis-ly, adv. In a disastrous manner. 

Dig-as'troiis-iiess, n. Unfortunateness ; calamitousness. 

Dis' a- vouch', v. t. To disavow. [Rare.] 

Dis'a-vow', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disavowed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disavowing.] 1. To refuse to own or acknowl- 
edge ; to deny responsibility for, approbation of, and the 
like. 2. To disprove. 

Syn. — To disclaim ; disown ; disallow. 

Dls'a-vow'al, n. Act of disavowing ; disclaimer. 

Dls'a-votv'er, n. One who disavows. 

Dis-band', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbanded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disbanding.] To loose the bands or banded 
existence of; to disperse; especially, to break up the 
military organization of. 

Dis-band', v. i. To become separated, broken up, or 
scattered : especially, to quit military service by breaking 
up organization. 

Dis-band'ment, w. The act of disbanding. [bark. 

Dis bark', v. t. To put on shore ; to disembark ; to de- 

Dis'be-lief ', n. 1. Act of disbelieving ; refusal of cred- 
it ; denial of belief. 2. System of error. 

Syn. — Unbelief. —Unbelief is a mere failure to admit ; disbe- 
lief is a positive rejection. One may be an unbeliever in Chris- 
tianity from ignorance or want of inquiry ; a disbeliever has 
the proofs before him, and incurs the guilt of setting them 
aside. 

Dis'be-lieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISBELIEVED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disbelieving.] Not to believe ; to hold not 
to be true or actual ; to refuse credit to. 

Dis'be-liev'er, n-. One who disbelieves. 

Dis-bow'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disboweled ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. disboweling.] To take out the intestines 
of ; to disembowel ; to eviscerate. 



«, &c, lon S ; a, 8, &c. ; skort; c&re, far, ask, all, w?iat ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



DISBURDEN 



209 



DISCOMMODE 



Dis-bur'den (-bftr'cln), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbur- 
dened ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISBURDENING.] 1. To rid of 
a burden. 2. To lay off as something oppressive ; to 
become relieved of. 

Syn. — To unload ; unburden ; discharge ; disencumber ; 
free; relieve. 

Bis-bur'den, v. i. To ease the mind. 

Dis-burse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbursed (dis-bfirst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISBURSING.] [Prehx dis and burse, q. 
v.] To pay out ; to expend. 

Dis-burse'ment, n. 1. Act of disbursing or paying 
out. 2. That which is disbursed or paid out. 

Dis-burs'er, n. One who disburses money. 

Dis-bur'then, v. t. [imp. & p.p. disburthened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISBURTHENING.] To disburden. 

DI?€,n. A fiat circular plate or surface. See Disk. 

Dis-eard', v. t. [imp. & p.p. discarded ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DISCARDING.] 1. To throw out of the hand as use- 
less ; — said of cards. 2. To cast off or dismiss as use- 
less or as no longer of service. 3. To put or thrust 
away ; to refuse to entertain. 

Syn. — To dismiss ; displace; discharge; cashier; reject. 

Dis-«ase r , v. t. To take off a covering from ; to strip. 

Dig-cern' (diz-zern', 14, 64), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIS- 
CERNED ; p.pr. & vb. n. DISCERNING.] [Lat. dis- 
cernere, from dis and cernere, to separate, to distinguish 
by the senses, especially by the eyes, to perceive.] 1. To 
behold as separate ; to note the distinctive character of. 
2. To make out and distinguish by the eye ; to perceive 
and recognize. 3. To perceive with the mind ; to appre- 
hend with distinctness. 

Syn. — To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; dis- 
criminate; espy; descry. 

Dig-cern' (diz-zernO, v. i. To see or understand the dif- 
ference ; to make distinction. 

Dig-cern'er (-zern'), n. One who, or that which, discerns. 

Di§-cern'i-K>le (diz-zGrn'i-bl), a. Capable of being dis- 
cerned. 

Syn.— Perceptible; discoverable: apprehensible; distinguish- 
able ; apparent; visible; evident; manifest. 

Dig-cern'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of beiDg discernible. 

Di§-cern'i-bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned. 

Dig-cern'ment (diz-zern'-), n. 1. Act of discerning. 
2. Power or faculty of the mind by which it distin- 
guishes one thing from another. 

Syn. — Judgment; acuteness; discrimination ; penetration; 
sagacity. — Discernment is accuracy and keenness of mental 
vision ; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject 
in spite of every thing that intercepts the view ; discrimination 
is a capacity of tracing put minute distinctions and the nicest 
shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled ; one 
of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape 
others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differ- 
ences. 

Dis-£erp'tion, n. [From Lat. discerpere, to rend, from 
dis and carpere, to pluck.] Act of pulling to pieces, or 
of separating the parts. 

I>is-charge', v. t. [imp. & p.p. discharged; p.pr. 
& vb. n. discharging.] 1. To relieve of a charge, 
load, or burden ; to unload. 2. To let go the charge of, 
as a gun ; — also, to relieve from a state of tension, as a 
Leydenjar. 3. To relieve of something weighing upon 
or impending over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, accu- 
sation, &c. 4. To relieve of an office or employment. 
5. To take out or remove, as a charge, burden, or that 
with which anything is loaded or filled. 6. To let fly, as 
a missile ; to shoot. 7. To relieve one's self of, by ful- 
filling conditions, performing duty, and the like ; hence, 
to perform or execute, as an office, or part. 8. To give 
forth ; to emit or send out ; to give vent to ; to utter. 

Dis-charge', v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, 
or burden. 

Dis-cliarge', n. 1. Act of discharging. 2. State of 
being discharged. 3. That which discharges or releases 
from an obligation. 4. That which is discharged. 

Dis-char'ger, n. One who, or that which, discharges ; 
specifically, in electricity, an instrument for discharging a 
Leydenjar or an electrical battery. 

Dis-ei'ple, n. [Lat. discipulus, for diseibidus, from dis- 
cere, to learn.] 1. One who receives instruction from 
another. 2. One who accepts the instructions or doc- 
trines of another. 

Syn. — Learner ; scholar ; pupil ; follower ; adherent ; par- 
tisan ; supporter. 

Dis-ci'ple-ship, n. The state of being a disciple. 

DIs'ci-plin-a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being disciplined. 
"2. Liable or deserving to be disciplined. 

Dis'ci-plin-a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
disciplinable. 



Dis'fi-plin-ant, n. [Lat. disciplinans , p. pr. of discipli- 
nary See Discipline, v.] ( Keel. ) One of a certain re- 
ligious order, so called from their practice of scourging 
themselves, or imposing otner rigid discipline. 

Dis^i-plin-a'ri-an, a. Pertaining to discipline. 

DIs'si-plin-a'ri-an, n. One who disciplines ; one who 
enforces rigid discipline. 

Dis'fi-plin-a-ry, a. Pertaining to discipline ; intended 
for discipline or government. 

DIs'fi-pline, n. [Lat. disciplina, contr. fr. discipulina, 
from discipulus. See Disciple.] 1. The treatment 
suited to a disciple or learner ; development of tUe facul- 
ties by instruction and exercise. 2. Training to act in 
accordance with established rules. 3. Subjection to rule. 
4. Severe training, corrective of faults. 5. Punishment 
inflicted by way of correction and training. 6. (Eccl.) 
Reformatory or penal action toward a church member. 
7. Subject matter of instruction. 

Syn. — Education ; instruction ; training; culture; correo« 
tion; chastisement. 

Dis'si-pline, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disciplined ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISCIPLINING.] 1. To educate; to develop by 
instruction and exercise. 2. To accustom to regular and 
systematic action : to bring under control ; to drill. 3. 
To improve by corrective and penal methods. 4. To in- 
flict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. 



Syn. — To train ; form 
chasten; chastise; punish. 



bring up ; regulate ; correct ; 



Dis'ci-plin-er, n. One who disciplines or teaches. 

Dis-elaim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disclaimed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disclaiming.] 1. To reject all claim to ; to 
deny ownership of, or responsibility for. 2. To refuse to 
acknowledge. 3. (Law.) To decline accepting, as an 
estate, interest, or office. 

Syn. — To disown ; disavow; deny; renounce; reject. 

Dis-elaim'er, n. 1. One who disclaims, disowns, or 
renounces. 2. (Laiv.) A denial, disavowal, or renuncia- 
tion, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust. 3. A 
public disavowal, as of pretensions, opinions, and the like. 

Dis-eloge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disclosed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. disclosing.] 1. To unclose; to open. 2. To re- 
move a cover or envelope from; to lay open. 3. To 
bring to light ; to lay open to the view. 4. To make 
known, as that which has been kept secret. 

Syn. — To uncover; unveil; discover; reveal; divulge; 
tell; utter. 

Dis-eloge', v. i. 1. To burst open; to gape. 2. To 
make a disclosure or revelation. 

Dis-elog'er, n. One who discloses or reveals. 

Dis-elog'ure, n. 1. Act of disclosing. 2. That which 
is disclosed or revealed. [a discus or disk. 

Dis'eoid, n. [See infra.] Any thing having the form of 

Dis'eoid, ) a. [Gr. Sio-KoeiSv??, from Sur/cos, a round 

Dis-eoid'al, j plate, quoit, and elSos, form, shape.] 
Having the form of a disk. 

Discoid flowers (Bot.), compound flowers, consisting of 
tubular florets only, as the tansy. 

Dis-eol'or (dis-kQPur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. discol- 
ored ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOLORING.] 1. To alter 
the hue or color of; to stain ; to tinge. 2. To alter the 
true complexion or appearance of. 

Dis-eol'or-a'tion, n. 1. Act of discoloring or state of 
being discolored. 2. Discolored spot ; stain. 

Dis-eom'fit (dis-kum'iit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISCOM- 
FITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOMFITING.] [Lat. dis and 
confieere, to prepare, to bring about. Cf. COMFIT.] 1. 
To scatter in fight. 2. To break up and frustrate the 
plans of; to throw into perplexity and dejection. 
Syn. — To disconcert ; defeat ; rout ; overthrow. 

Dis-eom'fit, n. Rout ; overthrow ; discomfiture. 

Dis-eom'fit-iire (-kftm'fit-yur, 53), n. Act of discom- 
fiting or state of being discomfited ; rout ; defeat ; over- 
throw ; frustration. 

Dis-eom'fort (-kumffurt), n. "Want of comfort ; uneasi- 
ness; disturbance of peace ; inquietude. 

Dis-eom'fort, v. t. [imp. & p. p. discomforted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOMFORTING.] To destroy or dis- 
turb the comfort, peace, or happiness of. 

DIs'eom-mend', v. t. 1. To mention with disappro- 
bation ; to blame ; to censure. 2. To expose to censure 
or ill favor. 

DTs'eom-mend'a-ble, a. Deserving disapprobation; 
blamable ; blameworthy ; censurable. 

Dis-eom'men-da/tion, n. Blame ; censure. [Rare.] 

Dis'«om-mode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discommoded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. discommoding.] [From Lat. dis and 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull 



$ell, chaise, -eall, echo 



gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



DISCOMMODIOTJS 



210 



DISCREDIT 



commodore, to make fit or suitable, from commodus, fit, ■ Dis-eord'ance 
commodious.] To put to inconvenience. 
Syn.— To incommode ; annoy; molest; trouble; inconven- 



ience 

Dls'eom-mo'di-ous, a. Incommodious. [Rare.] 
DIs'eom-mo'di-ous-ness, n. Inconvenience. 
Dis-eom'mon, v. t. 1. To deprive of tne right of 

common. "4. To deprive of the privileges of a place. 
Dls'eom-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discomposed; 

p.pr. & vb. n. discomposing ] 1. To disarrange; to 

interfere with ; to break up. 2. To throw into disorder ; 

to destroy the composure or equanimity of. 3. To put 

out of place or service. 

Syn.— To disorder; derange; unsettle; disturb; disconcert: 
agitate; ruffle; fret; vex; discharge; displace. 

Dis'eom-pog'ure, n. 1. State of being discomposed; 
disorder ; agitation ; perturbation. 2. Discordance ; in- 
consistency. 

Dls'^on-cert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p.p. disconcerted ; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. disconcerting-.] 1. To break up the 
harmonious progress of ; to throw into disorder, 2. To 
throw into confusion ; to disturb the composure of. 

Syn. — To discompose ; abash ; derange ; ruffle ; confuse ; 
disturb; defeat; frustrate. 

Dis'eon-cer'tion, n. Act of disconcerting, or state of 
being disconcerted ; confusion ; discomposure. 

Dis'con-f 6rm'a-ble , a. Not conformable. 

Dis'-eon-form'i-ty, n. Want of conformity. 

Dis^eon-gru'i-ty, n. Want of congruity ; incongruity; 
disagreement. 

DIs'eon-neet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disconnected ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISCONNECTING.] To dissolve the union 
or connection of; to separate ; to sever. 

Dis^eon-nee'tion, n. Act of separating, or state of 
being separated ; separation ; want of union. 

Dis-eon'se-erate, v. t. To desecrate. [Rare.] 

Dis-con'so-late (45), a. [Prefix dis and Lat. consolatus, 
p. p. of consolari, to console.] 1. Destitute of comfort or 
consolation; deeply dejected ; melancholy. 2. Inspiring 
dejection ; saddening ; cheerless. 

Dis-eon'so-late-ly, adv. In a disconsolate manner. 

Dis-eon'so-late-ness, n. State of being disconsolate. 

Dis'eon-tent', n. Want of content ; uneasiness and in- 
quietude of mind ; dissatisfaction. 

Dis'eon-tent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discontented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. discontenting.] To deprive of content ; 
to make uneasy ; to dissatisfy. [mood. 

Dis'eon-tent'ed-ly, adv. In a discontented manner or 

Dls'eon-tent'ed-ness, n. Uneasiness of mind. 

Dls^eon-tgnt'ment, n. The state of being discon- 
tented ; uneasiness ; inquietude. 

Dls'oon-tin'u-anee, n. [See Discontinue.] 1. Act 
of discontinuing, or the state of being discontinued; want 
of continued connection or continuity of parts. 2. 
(Law.) (a.) A breaking off or interruption of an estate. 
(b.) Termination of an action in practice by the volun- 
tary act of the plaintiff; an entry on the record that the 
plaintiff discontinues his action, (r.) That technical in- 
terruption of the proceedings in pleading in an action, 
"which follows where a defendant does not answer the 
whole of the plaintiff's declaration, and the plaintiff 
omits to take judgment for the part unanswered. 
. Syn. — Cessation; intermission; interruption; discontinua- 
tion; separation; disunion; disjunction; disruption. 

Dis'eon-tin'u-a'tion, n. Breach or interruption of 
continuity ; discontinuance ; intermission ; disruption. 

DIs'eon-tin'ue, v. t. [imp. & p.p. discontinued; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISCONTINUING.] 1. To interrupt the 
continuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit; to 
put an end to. 2. To cease attention to, or entertain- 
ment or reception of. 3. To break the continuity of ; to 
disunite. 

DIs'eon-tin'ue, v. i. 1. To lose continuity or cohesion 
of parts. 2. To be separated or severed : to part. 

Dis'eom-tin'u-er, n. One who discontinues. 

Dis-eon ti-nu'i-ty , n. Want of continuity or cohesion ; 
disunion of parts. 

Dls'eon-tin'u-ous, a. Not continuous ; interrupted ; 
broken up ; disrupted. 

DIs'eord, 11. [Lat. discordia, from discors, discordant, 
from dis and cor, cordis, heart.] 1. Want of concord or 
agreement; variance leading to contention and strife. 
2. (Mus.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear 
disagreeably, owing to the incommensurability of the 
vibrations which they produce. 

Syn. — Variance; difference; opposition; dissension; con- 
tention; strife; clashing; dissonance. 



State or quality of being discord- 
Dis-eord'an-cy, J ant ; disagreement ; inconsistency. 
Dis-eord'ant, a. 1. Being at variance ; clashing ; op- 
posing. 2. (Mus.) Not in harmony or musical concord. 



Syn.— Disagreeing ; incongruous; contradictory; repug- 
nant, opposite; contrary; contrarious; dissonant; harsh; jar- 
ring. 

Dis~e6rd'ant-ly, adv. In a discordant manner. 
Dis-eord'aiit-ness, n. State of being discordant. 
Dis'eount, n. [Prefix dis and count, n., q. v.] 1. An 

allowance made for any reason upon an account, debt, 
demand, price asked, and the like. 2. A deduction made 
for interest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not 
due. 3. Act of discounting. 

Dis'-eount, or Dis-eount', v. t. [imp & p. p. dis- 
counted ; p. pr. & vb. 11. DISCOUNTING.] [Prefix dis 
and count, q. v.] 1. To deduct from an account, debt, 
charge, and the like. 2. To loan money upon, deducting 
the discount or allowance for interest. 3. lb lea\e out 
of account. [Rare.] 

Discount, or Dis-eount', v.i. To lend, cr make a 
practice of lending, money, abating the discount. 

Dis-eount'a-ble, a. Capable of being, or suitable to be, 
discounted. 

Dis-eoun'te-nance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. discounte- 
nanced (108); p. pr. & vb.n. discountenancing.] 

1. To put out of countenance; to put to shame; to 
abash. 2. To refuse to countenance, or give the support 
of one's approval to ; to discourage. 

Dis-eoun'te-nance, n Unfavorable aspect ; unfriendly 
regard ; cold treatment ; disapprobaticn. 

Dis-eoun'te-nan-cer, n. One who dit countenances or 

Dis'eount-er, n. One who discounts. [discourages. 

Dis-eour'age (-kur'ej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. discour- 
aged ; /;. pr. & vb. n. DISCOURAGING.] 1. To extin- 
guish the courage of ; to deprive of confidence. 2. To 
deter one from ; to dishearten one with respect to. 

Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; depress; deject; dissuade ; 
disfavor; discountenance. 

Dis~eour'age-a-t>le, a. Capable of being discouraged. 

Dis-eoiir'age-meiit (-kur'ej-), n. 1. Act of discour- 
aging, or state of being discouraged;, dejection. 2. That 
which discourages. 

Dis-eour'a-ger (-kur'ej-er), n. One who discourages. 

Dis~eour.se', n. [Lat. discursus, frcm discurrere, discur- 
sum, to run to and fro, to discourse, fr. dis and currere, 
to run.] 1. The power to run over in order to compare 
and judge ; an exercise or act of this power. [06s.] 2. 
Oral treatment or exposition of a subject ; talk ; conver- 
sation. 3. A formal dissertation or treatise ; a sermon. 

Dis-eourse', v. i. [imp. & p.p. discoursed (108,); 
p.pr. & vb. n. DISCOURSING.] 1. To exercise reason. 

2. To talk in a continuous or formal manner. 3. To 
treat of in writing and in a formal marner 

Dis-eourse', v. t. To utter or give forth. 

Dis-eours'er, n. One who discourses. 

Dis-eours'rve, a. 1. Reasoning ; discursive. 2. Con- 
taining dialogue or conversation. 

Dis-eour'te-ous (-kur'te-us), a. Uncivil : rude. 

Dis / eour'te-ous-ly, adv. In a discourteous manner. 

Dis-eour'te-sy, n. Want of courtesy ; rudeness of be- 
havior or language ; incivility. 

Dis-e'otis, a. [From. Lat. discus, disk. See Disk.] Disk- 
like ; circular, wide, and fiat ; discoid. 

Dis-eov'er (-kuv'-), v. t. [imp. & p.p. discovered; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOVERING.] 1. To remove the cov- 
ering or envelope from ; to expose to view. 2. To make 
known. 3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowl- 
edge of, as of a thing existing already, but not perceived 
or known ; to find out. 

Syn.— To disclose ; bring out ; exhibit ; show ; manifest ; 
reveal; communicate 1 ; impart ; tell ; espy ; detect; invent. — 
We discover what existed before but remained unknown; we 
incent by forming combinations which are either entirely new 
or which attain their end by means unknown before. Colum- 
bus discovered America ; Whitney invented the cotton-gin. 

Dis-e6v'er-a-l>le, a. Capable of being discovered. 

DIs-eov'er-er, n. One who discovers ; one who first 
finds out an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, 
or fact ; an explorer. 

Dis-eov'er-y (-kuv'-), n. 1. Action of discovering ; dis- 
closure. 2. A making known ; revelation. 3. Finding 
out, or bringing for the first time to the sight or the 
knowledge. 4. That which is discovered. 

DiK-ered'it, n. 1. Want of credit ; some degree of dis- 
honor or di^esteem. 2. The act of discrediting, or the 
state of being discredited. 



a,e,&c, long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, d<>, wolf , 



DISCREDIT 



211 



DISENTANGLE 



Syn. — Drsesteem; disrepute; dishonor; scandal; disbelief; 
distrust; reproach. 

Dis-ered'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p discredited ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. DISCREDITING.] 1. To refuse to credit; to 
disbelieve. 2. To deprive of credibility. 3. To deprive 
of credit or good repute ; to bring reproacb upon. 

Dis-ered'it-a-ble, a. Tending to injure credit ; inju- 
rious to reputation ; disgraceful ; disreputable. 

Dis-ereet', a. [Lat. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See 
DISCERN.] Possessed of discernment or discretion ; wise 
in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of means 
to ends. 

Syn. — Prudent; sagacious; circumspect; cautious; wary. 

Dls~ereet'ly, adv. In a discreet manner ; prudently. 

Dis-erep'ance ) (113), a. State or quality of being 

Dis-«rep'an-cy ) discrepant ; disagreement ; variance ; 
discordance ; inconsistency. 

Dis~erep'ant (113), a. [Lat. discrepans, p. pr. of discre- 
pare, to sound discordantly , from dis and crepare, to rattle, 
creak.| Discordant ; at variance ; disagreeing ; different. 

Discrete', a. [Lat. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See 
Discreet.] 1. Separate; distinct. 2. Disjunctive; 
containing a disjunctive or discretive clause. 

Discrete movement of the voice, a leap from one pitch to an- 
other. — Discrete proportion, proportion where the ratio of the 
means is different from that of either couplet. 

Dis-er8'tion (-kresh'un), n. [Lat. discretio, separation, 
difference, from discernere, discretion. See Discreet.] 
1. Separation. [Obs.] 2. Quality of being discreet; 
sagacity ; prudence. 3. Freedom to act according to 
one's own ju. gment. 

At discretion, without conditions or stipulations, 

Dis-ere'tion-al 1 (-kresh'un-), n. Left to discretion ; 

Dis-ere'tion-a-ry j unrestrained except by discretion 
or judgment. 

Dis-ere-tion-al-ly, ) adv. At discretion ; according 

Dis-er6'tion-a-ri-ly, J to discretion. 

Dis-ere'tlve, a. Disjunctive ; separating. 

Dis-erlm'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. discriminated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISCRIMINATING-.] [Lat. discriminare, 
discriminatum, fr. discrimen, division, distinction, contr. 
from discerimen, from discernere. See DISCERN.] 1. 
To separate ; to distinguish, 2. To mark as different ; 
to distinguish by a peculiar note or sign. 

Dis-erim'i-nate, v. i. To make a difference or distinc- 
tion ; to distinguish accurately. [ference marked. 

Dis-erim'i-nate (45), a. Distinguished ; having the dif- 

Dis-erim'i-iiate-ly, adv. Distinctly. 

Dis-erim'i-nate-ness, n. Distinctness. 

Dis-erim/i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of discriminating. 2. 
State of being discriminated. 3 . Quality of being dis- 
criminating; faculty of nicely distinguishing. 4. That 
which discriminates ; mark of distinction. 

Syn. — Discernment ; penetration ; clearness; acuteness; 
judgment; distinction. See Disceknment. 

Dis-erim'i-na-tlve, a. 1. Marking a difference ; dis- 
tinguishing; distinctive; characteristic, 2. Observing 
distinctions ; making differences ; discriminating. 

Dis-erown', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discrowned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. discrowning.] To deprive of a crown. 

Dis-eiim'ben-cy, n. [Lat. discumbens, p. pr. of dis- 
cumbere, to lie down, recline, from dis and cumber e, for 
cubare, to he down.] Act of leaning at meat, according 
to the mamner of the ancients. 

Dis-eum'ber, v. t. To free from that which cumbers or 
impedes ; to disencumber. 

Dis-eur'sion, n. [See Discourse.] 1. Expatiation ; 
desultory talk. 2. Act of discoursing or reasoning. 

Dis-eur'slve, a. 1. Rational ; discoursive. 2. Passing 
from one thing to another ; roving ; rambling ; digressive. 

Dis-eur'sive-ly, adv. In a discursive manner. 

Dis-«ur'so-ry, a. Argumentative ; discursive. 

DIs'eus, n. ; Eng. pi. Dfs'CUS-Eg ; Lat. pi. dis' pi. 
1. A quoit. 2. A disk. See Disk. 

Dis-euss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discussed (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISCUSSING.] [Lat. discutere, discussum, from 
prefix dis and quatere, to shake, strike.] 1. To break 
up ; to disperse. 2. To examine or consider by disputa- 
tion. 3. (Law.) To exhaust a remedy against, as against 
a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. 

.Syn.— To debate.— To discuss a subject is to pull it to 
pieces; to debate a point is to battle it out. 

Dis-efiss'er, n. One who discusses. 

Dis-eiis'sion (-kush'un), n. Act or process of discuss- 
ing ; examination by argument ; debate ; disputation. 

Dis-euss'Ive, a. Able or tending to discuss. 



Dis-eu'tient, a. [Lat. discutiens, p. pr. of discutere. 
See Discuss.] Serving to disperse morbid matter. 

Dis-eu/tient, n. (Med.) A medicine to disperse a tumor 
or any coagulated fluid in the body. 

Dig-dain', v. t. [imp. &p. p. disdained ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. disdaining.] [0. F. desdaigner, It. disdegnare, from 
Latin prefix dis and dignari, to deem worthy.] To reject 
as not deserving one's notice ; to look with scorn upon. 

Syn. — To contemn; despise; scorn. See Contemn. 
Dig-dain', v. i. To be filled with contemptuous anger. 
Dig-dain', n. A feeling of contempt and aversion. 

Syn. — Haughtiness ; scorn ; contempt ; arrogance ; pride. 
See Haughtiness. 

Dig-dain'f ul, a. Full of disdain ; expressing disdain ; 
scornful ; contemptuous ; haughty. 

Dig-dain'f ul~ly, adv. In a disdainful manner. 

Dig-dain'f ul-ness, n. State of being disdainful. 

Dig-eage', n. [Prefix dis and ease, q. v.] 1. Lack of 
ease ; uneasiness. [ Obs.] 2. A morbid or unhealthy 
condition of body ; sickness ; — applied figuratively to 
the mind, to the moral character and habits, to institu- 
tions, &c. 

Syn. — Disorder; distemper; malady. — Disease is the lead- 
ing medical term. Disorder means the same, though perhaps 
with some slight reference to an irregularity of the system. 
Distemper {lit., bad temperament) is now used by phvsiciang 
only of the diseases of animals. Malady {lit., a bad condition) 
is not a medical term, and is less used than formerly iu litera- 
ture. 

Dig-eage' (91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. diseased ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DISEASING.] 1. To cause uneasiness to; to 
afflict. [ Obs.] 2. To afflict with a ma'iady or sickness ; 
— used almost exclusively in the p. p. diseased. 

Dis'em-bark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembarked 
(-blrkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. disembarking.] To put on 
shore ; to land ; to debark. 

Dis'em-bark', v. i. To go on land ; to debark. 

Dis-em/bar-ka'tion, n. Act of disembarking. 

Dis'em-bar'rass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembar- 
rassed ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISEMBARRASSING.] To free 
from embarrassment or perplexity ; to clear. 

Dis'em-bar'rass-ment, n. Act of disembarrassing. 

Dis'em-bel'lish, v. t. To deprive of embellishment. 

Dis'em-bit'ter, v. t. To free from bitterness. 

Dis'em-bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembodied ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISEMBODYING.] 1. To divest of the 
body ; to free from the flesh. 2. To discharge from mil- 
itary organization. 

Dis'em-bogue' (-bag'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disem- 
bogued ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISEMBOGUING.] To dis- 
charge at the mouth, as a stream ; to vent. 

Dis'em-bog'om, v. t. To separate from the bosom. 

Dls'em-bow'el, v. t. To take out the bowels or en- 
trails of ; to eviscerate ; to gut. 

Dls'em-broil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembroiled.; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISEMBROILING.] To free from perplexity 
or confusion ; to disentangle. 

Dis'en-a/ble, v. t. To deprive of power, natural or 
moral ; to disable ; to disqualify. 

Dis'en-chant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disenchanted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISENCHANTING.] To free from en- 
chantment or spells. [chants. 

Dis'en-chant'er, n. One who, or that which, disen- 

Dls'en-ehant'ment, n. Act of disenchanting, or state 
of being disenchanted. 

Dis'en-eum'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disencum- 
bered ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISENCUMBERING.] To free 
from encumbrance, clegs or impediments. 

Dis'en-eiim'brance, n. Deliverance from encum- 
brance, or any thing burdensome or troublesome. 

Dis'en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disengaged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disengaging.] To release from some previous 
connection or engagement, as the mind from business, 
the affections from the world, a lady from one to whom 
she had promised marriage. 

Syn. — To liberate; free; loose; extricate; clear; disentan- 
gle; detach; withdraw; wean. 

DTsVn-gage', v. i. To release one's self; to set one's 
self free ; to become detached. 

Dis'en-ga'ged-ness, n. State of being disengaged. 

Dis'en-gaee'ment, n. 1. Act of disengaging; extri- 
cation. 2. State of being disengaged. 3. Freedom 
from engrossing occupation ; leisure. 

Dis'en-no'ble, v. t. To deprive of that which enno- 
bles ; to lower ; to degrade. 

Dis'en-roll', v. i. To erase from a roll or list. 

Dis'en-tan'gle, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. disentangled ;p. 



food, foot j ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, oeho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tliis. 



DISENTANGLEMENT 



212 



DISINTEGRATE 



pr. & vb. n. DISENTANGLING.] To free from entan- 
glement ; to extricate from complication and perplexity. 

Syn.— To unravel; unfold; untwist; loose; extricate; dis- 
embarrass; disembroil; clear; evolve; disengage; separate. 

Dis'en-tan'gle-ment, n. Act of disentangling. 

Dis'en-thrall', v - t - See Disinthrall. [throne. 

Dis'en-throne', v. t. To deprive of a throne ; to de- 

Dis'en-tl'tle, v. t. To deprive of title or claim. 

Dis'eii-tomb' (-to"om/), v. t. To take out from a tomb. 

Dis'eii-trance', v. t. To. awaken from a trance. 

Dis'es-teem', n. Want of esteem, low regard, inclining 
to dislike ; disfavor. 

Dis'es-teem', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disesteemed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISESTEEMING.] To feel an absence of 
esteem for ; to regard with disapproval ; to slight. 

Dis-es/ti-ma'tion, n. Disesteem ; disfavor. 

Dis-fa'vor, n. 1. Want of favor ; disesteem ; disre- 
. gard. 2. State of not being in favor. 3. An unkind- 
ness ; a disobliging act. 

Dis-fa'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disfavored; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISFAVORING.] To withhold or withdraw 
favor from ; to regard with disesteem. 

Dis-f a'vor-er, n. One who disfavors or disesteems. 

Dis-f Ig'u-ra/tion, n. Act of disfiguring, or state of 
being disfigured ; defacement ; disfigurement. 

Dis-fig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disfigured ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISFIGURING.] To mar the figure or appear- 
ance of; to render less complete or beautiful. 
Syn. — To deface; deform; mar; injure. 

Dis-f ig'ure-ment, n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or state 
of being disfigured ; deformity. 2. That which disfig- 
ures ; a defacement. 

Dis-f ran'chige (-fran/chiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dis- 
franchised ; p. pr. & vb. n. disfranchising.] To 
deprive of a franchise or chartered right ; to dispossess 
of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular right, as of 
voting, holding office, &c. 

Dis-fran'chi§e-ment (-fran'chiz-), n. Act of dis- 
franchising, or state of being disfranchised. 

Dis-f nr'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disfurnished (108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISFURNISHING.] To deprive of furni- 
ture ; to strip ; to disgarnish. 

Dis-gar'nish, v. t. To divest of garniture, ornaments, 
or furniture ; to dismantle. 

Dis-gorge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISGORGED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DISGORGING.] 1. To eject from the stomach, 
throat, or mouth ; to vomit. 2. To pour forth or throw 
out with violence, as if from a mouth, 3. To give up ; 
to make restitution of. 

Dis-gorge', v. i. To vomit forth what any thing con- 
tains ; to make restitution. [disgorged. 

Dis-g6rge'ment, n. Act of disgorging ; that which is 

Dis-grace', n. 1. Lack or loss of favor, support, or 
countenance. 2. Ignominy ; infamy. 3. That which 
brings dishonor ; cause of shame. 

Syn. — Disfavor; disesteem; opprobrium; reproach; dis- 
credit; disparagement; dishonor; shame; disrepute. 

Dis-grace', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disgraced; (dis- 
grast') ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISGRACING.] 1. To deprive 
of favor ; to dismiss with dishonor. 2. To bring re- 
proach or shame upon ; to dishonor. 

Syn. — To degrade; abase; disparage; defame; debase. 

Dis-grace'ful, a. Bringing disgrace or dishonor ; caus- 
ing shame ; shameful ; infamous ; ignominious. 

Dis-grace'ful-ly, adv. In a disgraceful manner. 

Dis-gra^e'ful-ness, n. Condition of being disgraceful. 

Dis-gra'cer, n. One who disgraces. 

Dis-gra'cioiis, a. Ungracious; unpleasing. 

Disguise' (72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disguised ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISGUISING.] 1. To change the guise or ap- 
pearance of; especially, to conceal by an unusual dress ; 
to hide by a counterfeit appearance. 2. To affect or 
change by liquor ; to intoxicate. 
^ Syn. — To conceal; hide; dissemble; secrete; mask. 

Dis-guige', n. 1. A dress or exterior put on to con- 
ceal or deceive. 2. Artificial language or manner 
assumed for deception. 3. Change of manner by drink ; 
slight intoxication. 

Dis-guls/ed-ly, adv. Tn disguise. 

Dis-guis/er, n. One who disguises or conceals. 

Disgust', n. [From Lat, prefix dis and gustus, tasting, 
taste.] Repugnance to what is offensive ; — said primarily 
of the sickening opposition felt for any thing which of- 
fends the organ of taste ; hence, applied to the analogous 
repugnance excited by any thing extremely unpleasant 
to the higher sensibilities of the soul. 



Syn. — Aversion ; 

SION. 



distaste; disrelish; dislike. See AVEK» 



Dis-giist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disgusted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. disgusting.] To provoke disgust in ; to offend the 
taste of ; to displease. 

Dis-gust'f ul, a. Provoking disgust ; offensive to the 
taste ; exciting aversion ; nauseous. 

Dis-gust'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to disgust. 

Dish, n. [A.-S. disc, dix. See Desk and Disk.] 1. A 
vessel used for serving up food at the table. 2. Hence, 
any particular kind of food. 3. State of being concave 
or like a dish. 

Dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISHED (dYsht); p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISHING.] 1. To put in a dish, ready for serving at 
table. 2. To make like a dish. 3. To frustrate or dis- 
appoint. [Low.] 

Dis'ha-lbille' (dis'a-bll'), n. [See Deshabille.] An 
undress ; deshabille. 

Dieh'eloth, ) n. A cloth used for wiping dishes after 

Dish'elout, j they have been washed. 

Dis-heart'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disheartened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. disheartening.] To deprive of heart, 
courage, or hope. 
Syn.— To dispirit; discourage; depress; deject; deter. 

Di-shev'el (di-sheVl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dishev- 
eled ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISHEVELING.] [Fr. deche" 
veler, L. Lat. discapillare, fr. prefix dis, and Lat. capillus, 
the hair of the head.] To suffer to hang in a loose or 
negligent manner, as the hair ; — used chiefly in the 
past participle. 

Dish-f ul, n. ; pi. dish'fuls. As much as a dish holds 
or can'hold. 

Dig-hon'est (diz-on'est, 91), a. 1. Wanting in honesty ; 
fraudulent ; disposed to deceive or cheat. 2. Charac- 
terized by fraud. 

Di§-hon'est-ly (-on'est-), adv. In a dishonest manner. 

Di§-hoii'es-ty (-&n / es-ty),n. 1. Wantof honesty, prob- 
ity, or integrity. 2. Violation of trust or of justice. 
3. Dishonor ; unchastity ; incontinence. 

Dig-lion'or (diz-on'ur, 91), n. Want of honor. 

Syn. — Disgrace; ignominy; shame; censure; reproach? 
opprobrium. 

Dig-hon'or (-on'ur), v. t. [imp. & p.p. DISHONORED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISHONORING.] 1. To deprive of honor ; 
to bring reproach or shame on. 2. To violate the chas- 
tity of. 3. To refuse to accept or pay; — said of a 
draft or acceptance which is due and is presented. 



Syn. — To disgrace 
ravish; pollute; vilify. 



shame ; debase ; degrade ; debauch ; 



Di§-hon'or-a-ble (-Qn'ur-), a. 1. Bringing or deserving 
dishonor ; shameful ; base. 2. Wanting in honor ; dis- 
graced, [dishonorable. 

Dig-hon'or-a-ble-ness (-Sn'ur-), n. Quality of being 

Dig- lion' or-a-bly (on'), adv. In a dishonorable manner. 

Dig-hoii'or-er (-on'-), n. One who dishonors or disgraces. 

Dis-liu/mor, n. Peevishness ; ill humor. 

Dis'in-car'^er-ate, v. t. To liberate from prison. 

Dis-Iii/^li-na'tion, n. State of being disinclined ; 
want of propensity, desire, or affection. 

Syn. —Unwillingness ; disaffection ; alienation j dislike j 
aversion ; repugnance. 

Dis'in-eline', v. f. [imp. & p. p. DISINCLINED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disinclining.] To excite the dislike or aver- 
sion of; to make averse. 

Dis'in-f e-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. DISINFECTED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISINFECTING.] To cleanse from infection. 

Dis'in-f e-et'ant, n. That which disinfects. 

Dis'in-f e-e'tion, n. Act of disinfecting. 

Dis'in-gen'u-oiis, a. 1. Not noble or high-toned; 
mean ; unworthy. 2. Not ingenuous ; wanting in can- 
dor or frankness. 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous-ly, adv. In a disingenuous man- 
ner ; unfairly ; not openly and candidly. 

Dis'in-gen'u-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
disingenuous ; want of candor. 

Dis'm-lier'i-gon, n. The act of disinheriting, or the 
state of being disinherited. 

Dis'in-her'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISINHERITED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISINHERITING.] To cut off from hered- 
itary right : to deprive of an inheritance. 

Dis'in-her'it-an^e, n. Act of disinheriting, or con- 
dition of being disinherited ; disinherison. 

Dis-m'te-gra-tole, a. Capable of being disintegrated; 
liable to separation into parts. 

Dis-in'te-grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISINTEGRATED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISINTEGRATING.] [Lat. prefix dis and 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dej, wolf, 



DISINTEGRATION 



213 



DISOWN 



integrare, integratum, to renew, repair, from integer, en- 
tire, whole.] To separate into integrant parts. 

Dis-in'te-gra/tlon, n. Act of disintegrating, or state 
of being disintegrated ; reduction to integrant parts. 

DIs'in-ter', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disinterred ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disinterring.] 1. To take out of the grave 
or tomb. 2. To bring out, as from a hiding-place. 

Dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. Not influenced by regard to per- 
sonal advantage ; free from self-interest. 

Syn. — Unbiased ; impartial; uninterested; indifferent. 

Dis-In'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. In a disinterested manner. 

Di >fn'ter-est-ed-ness, n. State or quality of being 
disinterested ; impartiality, 

Dii'in-ter'meiit, n. Act of disinterring. 

Dls'in-thrall', v. t. To release from thralldom or bond- 
age, physical or mental; to emancipate. 

D is'in-thrall'ment, n. Emancipation. 

Dii-join', v. t. [_imp. & p. p. DISJOINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. disjoining.] To part ; to disunite; to separate. 

Dis-join', v. i. To become separated ; to part. 
- Dis-joint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disjointed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disjointing.] 1. To put out of joint; to dis- 
locate. 2. To separate at junctures ; to break in pieces. 
3. To break the natural order and relations of. 

Dis-joint', v. i. To fall or break in pieces. 

Dis-joint'ly, adv. Ii % disjointed state. 

Di.9-ju.n-et', a. [Lat. disjunctus, p. p. of disjungere, to 
disjoin, from prefix dis and jungere, to yoke, to join.] 
Disjoined ; separated. 

Dis-jiine'tion, n. 1l. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; sep- 
aration. 2. A disjunctive proposition. [joining. 

Dis-junet'Ive, a. Tending to disjoin ; separating; dis- 

Disjunctive conjunction {Gram.), one connecting grammati- 
cally two words or clauses expressing at the same time an op- 
position or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts. — 
Disjunctive proposition, one in which the parts are connected 
by disjunctive conjunctions. — Disjunctive syllogism {Logic), 
one in which the major proposition is disjunctive. 

Dis-ju:net'ive, n. ( Gram.) (a.) A disjunctive conjunc- 
tion, (b.) A disjunctive proposition. 

Dis-junet'Ive-ly, adv. In a disjunctive manner. 

Disk, n. [Gr. 8«r/cos, Lat. discus. See Desk and Dish.] 
[Often written disc] 1. A fiat, circular plate. 2. A 
discus; a quoit. 3. (Astron.) The face of a celestial 
body. 4. (Bot.) (a.) The whole surface of a leaf, (b.) 
The central part of a radiate compound flower, (c.) A 
part of the receptacle enlarged or expanded under or 
around the pistil. 

Dis-like', n. Positive and usually permanent aversion. 
Syn. — Disapprobation ; disinclination; displeasure ; dis- 
relish; distaste; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; disgust. 

Dis-like', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disliked (108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disliking.] To have an aversion to. 

Dis'lo-eate (45), a. Dislocated. 

DIs'lo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dislocated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISLOCATING.] [L. Lat. dislocare, dislocatum, 
from prefix dis and locare, to place, from locus, a place.] 
To displace ; to disjoint ; to put out of joint. 

Dis'lo-ea/tion, n. 1. Act of displacing, or state of 
being placed. 2. ( Geol. ) Displacement of parts of rocks 
or portions of strata from their original position. 3. 
(Surg.) A disjointing ; luxation. 

Dis-16dge' (dis-loj'), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. dislodged; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISLODGING.] 1. To drive from a lodge 
or place of rest or repose. 2. To drive out from a place 
of hiding or defense. 

Dis-lodge', v. i. To go from a place of rest. 

Dis-lodg'ment, n. The act or process of dislodging or 
the state of being dislodged. 

Dis-loy'al, a. Not loyal ; false to allegiance ; false in love. 

Syn. — Disobedient; faithless; treacherous; perfidious; dis- 
honest; inconstant. 

Dis-loy'al-ly, adv. In a disloyal manner ; treacherously. 

Dis-loy'al-ty, n. Want of loyalty ; lack of fidelity ; vio- 
lation of allegiance ; unfaithfulness in love. 

DTg'mal (diz'mal, 91), a. [Originally a noun ; e. g., " I 
trow it was in the dismally Chaucer ; from Lat. dies ma- 
ins, evil day.] Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and 
depressing to the feelings. 

Syn. — Dreary; lonesome; gloomy; dark; doleful; horrid; 
dire;. direful; frightful; horrible; lamentable; dolorous; calam- 
itous; sorrowful; sad; melancholy; unfortunate; unhappy. 

Dig'mal-ly, adv. In a dismal manner. 

Dis-man'tle, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. dismantled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISMANTLING.] 1. To deprive of dress ; to 
strip. 2. To deprive of apparatus, furniture, equip- 
ments, defenses, or fortifications. 



Dis-maslc', v. t. To strip a mask from ; to unmask. 

Dis-mast', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismasted ; p. pr. So 
vb. ji._dismasting.] To deprive of a mast or masts. 

Dis-may', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismayed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISMAYING.] [Sp. desmayar, 0. Er. esmaier,es7noyer, 
to dismay, to frighten, from des, es, equiv. to Lat. dis, 
ex, and Goth, magan, to be strong or aole.] To disable 
with alarm or apprehension ; to fin with distressing fear. 

Syn. — Daunt; appall. — Dismay denotes a continuous state 
of gloomy apprehension; to daunt supposes something more 
sudden and startling; to appall {lit., make pale,) is the strong- 
est term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the fac- 
ulties. 

Dis-may', n. Loss of firmness and energy through fear. 
Syn. — Dejection; discouragement; depression; fear; fright; 

terror; alarm; horror; consternation. 
Dis-mem'ber, v. t. [imp. & p.p. dismembered; p. 

pr. & vb. n. dismembering.] 1. To divide limb from 

limb, 2. To strip of its essential parts. 

Syn.— To disjoint; dislocate; dilacerate; mutilate; sever. 
Dis-mem'ber-ment, n. Act of dismembering, or state 

of being dismembered ; mutilation. 
Dis-mlss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismissed (dis-misf) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. DISMISSING.] [Lat. dimittere, for dis- 

mittere, dismissum, from prefix dis and mittere, to send.] 

1. To send away ; to cause or permit to go. 2. To re- 
move from office, service, or employment. 3. To lay 
aside or reject, as a petition or motion in court. 

Dis-mlss'al, n. Dismission ; discharge. 

Dis-mis'sion. (-mish'un), n. 1. Act of dismissing ; Leave 
to depart. 2. Removal from office or emplojment; dis- 
charge. 3. A setting aside as trivial or invalid. 

Dis-miss'ive, a. Giving dismission, or leave to depart. 

Dis-momit', «. i. [imp. Sep. p. dismounted; p.pr. 
& vb. n. dismounting.] 1. To come down; to de- 
scend. 2. To alight from a horse. 

Dis-mount', v. t. 1. To throw or bring down from an 
•elevation, place of honor and authority, or the like. 2. 
To throw or remove from a horse. 3. To throw or re- 
move from their carriages; to break the carriages or 
wheels of; — said of pieces of artillery. 

Dis-natfu-ral-Ize, v. t. To make alien. 

Dis'o-be'di-ence, n. Neglect or refusal to obey. 

Dis'o-be'di-ent, a. Neglecting or refusing to obey. 

Dis'o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. In a disobedient manner. 

Dis'o-bey', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disobeyed; p.pr. & 
vb. n. disobeying.] To neglect or refuse to obey ; to 
break or transgress the commands of. 

Dis'o-bey' (-ba 7 ), v. i. To refuse obedience. 

Dis-ob'Ii-ga'tion, n. The act of disobliging. 

Dis-ob'li-ga-to-ry (50), a. Releasing obligation. 

Dis'o-bllge', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disobliged; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disobliging.] To offend by an act of unkind- 
ness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. 

Dis'o-bli'ger, n . One who disobliges. 

Dis'o-bli'ging-ly, adv. In a disobliging manner. 

Dis-6rbed', a. Thrown out of the proper orbit. 

Disor'der, n. 1. Want of order. 2. Neglect of order 
or system. 3. Breach of public order ; disturbance of 
the peace of society. 4. Disturbance of the functions 
of the animal economy or of the mind. 

Syn. —Disease; irregularity; disarrangement; confusion; 
tumult; bustle; disturbance; illness; indisposition; sickness; 
malady; distemper. See Disease. 

Dis-6r'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disordered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disordering.] 1. To disturb the order of ; 
to throw into confusion. 2. To make sick. 3. To dis- 
turb the regular operations of. 

Syn. — To disarrange; derange; confuse; discompose. 

Dis-6r'der-li-ness, a. State of being disorderly. 

Dis-6r'der-ly, a. 1. Not in order; marked by disorder. 

2. Not acting in an orderly way, as the functions of the 
body. 3. Not complying with the restraints of order 
and law. 4. Not regulated by the restraints of morality. 

Syn.— Irregular; immethodical ; confused; tumultuous; in- 
ordinate; intemperate; unruly; lawless; vicious; loose. 

Dis-or'gan-i-za'tion, n. 1. The act of disorganizing. 
2. The state of being disorganized. 

Dis-6r'gan-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. disorganized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISORGANIZING.] To break or destroy 
the organic structure or connected system of; to throw 
into utter disorder. 

Dis-Sr'gan-iz'er, ri. One who disorganizes. 

Dig-own' (diz-on', 91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disowned ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISOWNING.] To refuse to own or ac- 
knowledge. 

Syn.— To disavow; disclaim; deny; renounce; disallow. 



food, ftfbt ; lira, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejdst ; linger, link ; tbis. 



DISPARAGE 



214 



DISPOSAL 



Dis-par'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disparaged ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. .DISPARAGING.] |L. Lat. disparagare, dispara- 
giare, from prefix dis and paragium, paratwum, parity 
of condition or birth, from pur, equal.] I'o dishonor by 
a comparison with what is inferior ; to injure by depre- 
ciating comparisons. 

Syn.— To decry; depreciate; undervalue; vilify; reproach; 
detract from; derogate from ; degrade. See Deck y. 

Dis-par'age-ment, n. Injurious comparison with an 
inferior ; unjust depreciation. 

gyn. — Indignity; derogation; detraction; reproach; dis- 
honor; debasement; degradation; disgrace. 

Dis-par'a-ger, n. One who disparages. 

Dis'pa-rate, a. [Lat. disparatus, p. p. of disparate, to 

' separate, from pretix dis and parare, to prepare.] 1. 
Unequal; unlike; dissimilar. 54. {Logic.) Perta inin g 
to two co-ordinate species or divisions. 

Dis'pa-rates, n. pi. Tnings so unequal or unlike that 
they can not be compared with each other. 

Dis-par'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. disparitus, from Lat. dispar, 
unlike, unequal, from prefix dis and par, equal.] Differ- 
ence in age, rank, condition, or excellence. 

Syn. — Inequality ; unlikeness ; dissimilitude ; dispropor- 
tion. 

Dis-park', v. t. 1. To throw open, as a park. 2. To 
set at large ; to release. 

Dis-part', v. t. [imp. & p.p. DISPARTED ;p.pr. & vb. n. 
disparting.] To part asunder ; to divide ; to separate. 

Dis-part', v. i. To separate ; to open ; to cleave. 

Dis-part', n. {Gun.) (a.) The difference between the 
thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of 
a piece of ordnance, (b.) A piece of metal cast on the 
muzzle of a piece of ordnance to make the line of sight 
parallel to the axis of the bore. 

Dis-part', v. t. ( Gun.) {a.) To make allowance for the 
dispart in, when taking aim. (b.) To do away with the 
dispart of, by making the diameter of the base-ring and 
swell of the muzzle equal. 

Dis-pas'sion (-pash'un), n. Freedom from passion. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate (45), a. 1. Free from passion ; un- 
moved by feelings. 2. Not dictated by passion. 

Syn. — Calm; cool; composed; serene; temperate; moderate; 
impartial; unruffled. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. Without passion ; calmly. 

Dis-patch', v. t. [imp. Szp.p. dispatched; p. pi. & 
vb. n. dispatching.] [From Lat. pref. dis and pan- 
gere, pactum, to fasten, fix, settle.] 1. To send off on a 
special errand, usually in haste. 2. To get rid of by 
sending off; to put out of the way ; especially, to put to 
death ; to kill. 3. To dispose of, as business. 

Syn. — To expedite ; hasten ; speed ; accelerate ; perform ; 
conclude; finish; slay; kill. 

Dis-patch', v. i. To make haste. 

Dis-patch', n. 1. The sending of a messenger in haste. 
2. Any sending away. 3. Rapid performance, as of 
business. 4. A message dispatched or sent off ; especially, 
an important letter sent from one public officer to another. 
Syn. — Dismissal; riddance; haste; hurry ; promptness; 
celerity; speed. See Haste. 

Dis-patch'er, n. One who dispatches. 

Dis-patch'f ul, a. Bent on haste ; indicating haste. 

Dis-paiz'per, v. t. (Law.) To deprive of the claim of a 
pauper to public support, or of the capacity of suing in 
forma pauperis. 

Dis-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispelled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. dispelling.] [Lat. dispellere, from prefix dis and 
pellere, to push, drive.] To drive away ; to banish ; 
to cau«e to disappear ; to dissipate. 

Dis-pen'sa-ble, a. 1. Capable of being dispensed or 
administered. 2. Capable of being dispensed with. 

Dis-pen'sa-ry, n. 1. A shop or place in which medi- 
cines and medical advice are given gratis to the poor. 
2. The shop or place in which medicines are prepared. 

Dis'pen-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of dispensing or dealing 
out ; — often used of the dealing of God with his crea- 
tures. 2. That which is dispensed or dealt out ; es- 
pecially (Theol.), a system of principles, promises, and 
rules ordained and administered. 3. The granting of a 
license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden. 

Dis-pen'sa-tive, a. Granting dispensation. 

Dis-pen'sa-trve-ly, adv. By dispensation. 

Dis'pen-sa'tor, n. A distributor ; a dispenser. 

Dis-pen'ea-to-ry (50), a. Granting, or authorized to 
grant, dispensations. 

Dis-pen'sa-to-ry, n. A book of directions for com- 
pounding medicines ; a pharmacopoeia. 

Dis-pense', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispensed (dis-penst') ; 



p. pr. & vb. n. dispensing.] [Lat. dispensare, intens. 
form of dispendere, from dis andpendere, to weigh.] 1. 
To deal or divide out in parts or portions. 2. To apply, 
as laws to particular cases. 

Syn. — To distribute; administer; execute; carry out. 

Dis-pense', v. ?*. To permit neglect or omission ; to sus- 
pend operation ; — followed by with. 

Dis-pens'er, n. One who dispenses. 

Dis-peo'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispeopled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISPEOPLING.] To depopulate. 

Di-sperm'ous, a. [Gr. fit, for fits, twice, twofold, and 
airepixa, seed.] (Bot.) Containing two seeds only. 

Disperse' (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispersed (dis- 
perse); p. pr. & vb. n. DISPERSING.] [From Lat. dis- 
pergere, from pref. di for dis, and spargere, to strew, scat- 
ter.] 1. To scatter here and there ; to spread, as knowl- 
edge, light, &c. 2. To cause to vanish or separate. 

Dispersed harmony (Mus.), harmony of such a nature that 
the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an 
octave or more. 

Syn. — To scatter; dissipate; dispel; spread; diffuse; dis- 
tribute; deal out; disseminate. 

Dis-perse', v. i. To separate ; to vanish ; to be dispelled. 

Dis-pers'er, n. One who disperses. 

Dis-per'sion, rt. 1. Act of scattering or dissipating. 2. 

State of being scattered. 3. ( Opt.) Separation of light 

into its different colored rays. 
Dis-pir'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPIRITED ; p. pr. & 

vb. ii. dispiriting.] To depress the spirits of. 

Syn.— To dishearten ; discourage ; deject ; damp ; depress; 
cast down; intimidate; daunt; affright; frighten. 

Dis-place',r. t. [imp. & p. p. displaced (dis-plasf, 
108); p'.pr. & vb. n. displacing.] 1. To change the 
place of; to remove; to put out of place. 2. To dis- 
charge ; to depose. 

Syn. — To disarrange; derange; dismiss; discard. 

Dis-place'a-ble, a. Capable of being displaced. 

Dis-pla^e'ment, n. 1. Act of displacing, or state of 
being displaced ; removal ; discharge. 2. Quantity of 
water displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. 3. 
(Medical Chem.) A process by which soluble substances 
are extracted from organic matter. 

Dis-plant', v. l. [imp. & p. p. DISPLANTED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. DISPL ANTING.] To remove from the place where 
any thing has been planted or fixed ; to displace. 

Dis'plaii-ta'tion, n. The act of displanting ; removal ; 
displacement. 

Dis-play', v. t. [imp. & p. p. displayed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DISPLAYING.] [0. Fr. desployer, fr. des, eqniv. to 
Lat. dis, and ployer, to unfold, fr. Lat. plicare, to fold.] 
1. To unfold ; to spread wide. 2. To exhibit to the 
ejes, or to the mind. 3. To set in view ostentatiously. 
Syn.— To exhibit; show; spread out; parade; expand. 

Dis-play',?!. 1. An unfolding; exhibition ; manifesta- 
tion. 2. Ostentatious show ; parade. 

Dis-play'er, n. One who, or that which, displays. 

Dis-plea§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. displeased ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. DISPLEASING.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling 
of disapprobation or dislike in ; to make angry. 

Syn. — To offend ; dissatisfy; disgust ; vex ; chafe ; anger ; 
provoke ; affront. . 

Dis-pleas'iire (-plezh'ur), n. 1. The feeling of one 
who is displeased ; slight anger or irritation. 2. That 
which displeases. 

Syn. — Dissatisfaction ; disapprobation ; distaste ; dislike ; 
anger; indignation; offense. 

Dis-plode', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. DISPLODED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISPLODING.] [Lat. displodcre, from prefix dis 
and plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] To dis- 
charge ; to explode ; to burst. 

Dis-plo'§ion, n. An explosion ; a discharge. 

Dis-plo'sive, a. Tending to displode or explode. 

Dis-plume', v. t. To strip of plumes or plumage. 

Dis-port', n. Play ; sport ; pastime ; diversion. 

Dis-port', v. i. [imp. & p. p. DISPORTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISPORTING.] [0. Fr. desporter, deporter, as if from 
a Lat. word disportare, to carry to and fro, and deportare, 
to carry away, from portare, to carry.] To play; to 
wanton ; to sport. 

Dis-port', v. t. To divert or amuse. 

Dis-po§'a-ble, a. Subject to disposal ; liable to be dis- 
posed of or made use of. 

Dis-po§'al, n. 1. Act of disposing, or disposing of ; or- 
derlv distribution. 2. Regulation of the fate, condition, 
application, &c, of any thing. 3. Power or authority 
to use or dispose of. 



»,e,&,c.,long; a, e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do, wolf, 



DISPOSE 



215 DISSECTION 



Syn. — Disposition : dispensation ; management ; conduct; 
government; distribution; arrangement ; regulation; control. 

Dis-poge', v. t. [imp. k,p.p. disposed; p.pr. Savb.n. 
DISPOSING.] [Lat. disponere, disposition, from prefix dis 
sundponere, to lay, put, set.] 1. To distribute and put 
in place; to set in order. 2. To regulate. 3. To as- 
sign to a service or use ; to bestow for an object or pur- 
pose. 4. To give a tendency or inclination ; especially, 
to incline the mind of. 

To dispose p' 1 , (a. > To dete -mine the fate of; to exercise the 
power of control # over. (6.) To puss over into the control of 
some one else; to part with; to get rid of. 

Syn. — To set ; arrange ; order ; fix; determine; settle; ap- 
ply; employ; distribute; adjust; regulate; adapt; fit; incline; 
bestow; give. 

Dis-poged', p. a. Inclined ; minded. 

Dis-pog ; er, n. One who, or that which, disposes. 
' Dis'po-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. The act of disposing ; 
disposal. 2. The state or the manner of being disposed ; 
distribution: arrangement; order. 3. Tendency to any 
action or state resulting from natural constitution. 4. 
Natural aptitude of mi—l resulting from constitution. 
5. Acquired aptitude of temper or character ; moral 
character. 

Syn. — Inclination ; tendency. —A man's disposition is the 
prevailing spirit or governing "purpose of his mind; his in- 
clinations are excited states of desire or appetency; tendency 
is a strong determination or proclivity toward some particular 
mode of action. A man's inclinations are variable; his natural 
tendencies are apt ultimately to prevail ; but a disposition formed 
and sustained on the side of virtue will give him the control of 
both. 

Dis'pos-sess' (-pos-seV or -poz-zeV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
DISPOSSESSED; p. pr. & vb. n. DISPOSSESSING.] To 
put out of possession ; to eject. 

DIs'pos-ses'sion (-sesh'un or -zesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
putting out of possession ; the state of being dispossessed. 
2. ( Laic.) An injury to real property which consists of a 
deprivation of possession . [disposal; direction. 

Dis-pog'fire, n. Act of disposing; power to dispose of; 

Dis-praige', n. Detraction from praise ; blame ; censure ; 
reproach ; dishonor ; disparagement. 

Dis-praige', v. t. [imp & p. p. dispraised ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. dispraising.] To withdraw praise from ; to cen- 
sure ; to blame. 

Dis-praig'er, n. One who blames or dispraises. 

Dis-pread', v. t. To spread abroad ; to expand widely. 

Dis-pread', v. i. To expand ; to be spread. 

Dis-pro~bf ', n. A pi - oving to be false or erroneous ; con- 
viction of error ; confutation ; refutation. 

Dls'pro-por'tion, n. 1. Want of proportion or of 
symmetry. 2. Want of suitableness or adequacy. 

DIs'pro-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPROPOR- 
TIONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISPROPORTIONING.] To 
make unsuitable ; to mismatch. 

Dls'pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. Disproportional ; unsuit- 
able; inadequate. 

DIs'pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv. With want of propor- 
tion or symmetr\ r ; unsuitably. 

DIs'pro-por'tion-al, a. Not having due proportion ; 
unsuitable in form or quantity. 

Dls'pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. Unsuitably with respect 
to form, quantity, or value. 

Dls'pro-por'tion-ate (45), a. Not proportioned ; unsuit- 
able to something else in bulk, form, or value. 

Dls'pro-por'tion-ate-ry, adv. In a disproportionate 
degree ; unsuitably ; inadequately. 

Dis-prov'a-ble, a. Capable of being disproved. 

Dis-prove', v t. [imp. & p. p. DISPROVED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. disproving.] To prove to be false or erroneous ; 
to confute ; to refute. 

Dis-prov'er, n. One who disproves or confutes. 

Dls'pu'-ta-ble, a. Capable of being disputed; liable to 
be called in question ; controvertible. 

Dis'pu-ta-ble-ness, n. The state of being disputable. 

Dis'pu-tant, n. One who disputes. 

Dis'pu-ta'tion, re. Act of disputing ; controversy in 
words ; argumentation. 

Dis'pu-ta'tioiis, 1 a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil 

Dis-pu'ta-tlve, ( or controvert. 

Dis-pute', v. i. [imp. & p. p. DISPUTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. DISPUTING.] [Lat. disputare, from prefix dis and 
putare, to clean, clear up, set in order, reckon, think.] 

1. To contend in argument ; to argue a question for and 
against ; to discuss ; to debate. 2. To strive in opposi- 
tion to a competitor. 

Dis-pute', v. t. 1. To argue for and against ; to discuss. 

2. To struggle for the possession of. 3. To oppose by 
argument ; to call in question. 



. Syn. — To controvert ; contest ; doubt ; question ; argue ; 
debate ; impugn. 

Dis-pute', n. 1. Verbal controversy ; controversial dis- 
cussiou ; debate. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

Syn. — Altercation ; controversy; argumentation; quarrel; 
disagreement; ditterence. 

Dis-put'er, n. _One who disputes; a controvertist. 
Dis-qua i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of dijqualifving, or 

state Oi being disqualified ; disability ; especially, le°-al 

disability; deprivation of legal rig.it or capacit,'-. 2. 

AVant of qualification. 3. Tnat wnich disqualifies or in- 
capacitates. 
Dis-qual'i-fy, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. disqualified ; p. 

pr. & vb. re. DISQUALIFYING.] 1. To render unfit; to 

incapacitate. 2. To divest or deprive of legal capacity 

power, or right. 
Dis-qul'et, re. Want of quiet or tranquillity ; uneasiness; 

restlessness ; disturbance ; anxiety. 
Dis-qui'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disquieted ; p. pr. 

& vb. re. DISQUIETING.] To render unquiet; to make 

uneasy or restless ; to disturb. 
Dis-qul'et-er, n. One who, or that which, disquiets. 
Dis-qui'et-ness, n. Restlessness ; uneasiness. 
Dis-qui'e-tude (30), n. Want of peace or tranquillity ; 

uneasiness ; disturbance ; agitation ; anxiety. 
Dis/qui-gi'tiou (-zish'un), n. [Lat. disquisitio, from 

disquirere, to investigate, from dis and quscrere, to seek.] 

A formal or systematic inquiry into, or discussion of, any 

subject ; elaborate argumentative essay ; dissertation ; an 

immethodical discussion. 
Dis're-gard', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disregarded ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. disregarding.] Not to regard; to pay 

no heed to ; to neglect ; to slight. 
Dl^re-gai-d', n. The act of disregarding, or the state of 

being disregarded ; omission to notice. 
Di^re-gard'er, n. One who disregards. 
Dis-rel'ish, n. 1. Want of relish; distaste; dislike; 

aversion ; antipathy. 2. Bad taste ; nauseousness. 
Dis-rel'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disrelished (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. disrelishing.] 1. Not to relish; to feel 

a degree of disgust at. 2. To make nauseous. 
Dis-rep'u-ta-ble, a. Not reputable; tending to bring 

into disesteem or discredit. 

Syn. — Dishonorable ; discreditable ; low; mean; disgrace- 
ful; shameful. 

Dis-rep'u-ta-bly, adv. In a disreputable manner. 

Dis-rep'u-ta'tiou, ) n. Loss or want of reputation or 

Dis're-pute', j credit. 

Syn. — Disesteem; discredit; dishonor; disgrace. 

Dis're-speet', n. Want of respect or reverence ; dises- 
teem ; incivility ; irreverence. 

Dls^re-spe-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disrespected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DISRESPECTING.] To sho .v disrespect to. 

DIs're-spe-et'ful, a. Wanting in respect ; uncivil. 

Dis're-speet'f ul-ly, adv. Iu a disrespectful manner. 

Dis-robe', v. t. ' [imp. & p. p. disrobed ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DISROBING.] To divest of a robe, or of that which 
clothes, dresses, or decorates. 

Dis-rob'er, n. One who strips of robes or clothing. 

Dis-ro~bt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disrooted ; p. pr i & vb. 
n. disrooting.] To tear up the roots of, or by the 
roots ; to extirpate. 

Dis-ru.pt', a. [Lat. disruptus, p. p. of disrumpere, to 
break asunder, from dis and rumpere, to break, burst.] 
Kent asunder ; broken. 

Dis-riip'tion , n. The act of rending asunder, or the state 
of being rent asunder ; disrupture. [tion. 

Dis-riipt'ive, a. Causing, or accompanied by, disrup- 

Dis-rupt'ure (58), n. A rending asunder; disruption. 

Dis-sat'is-f ae'tion. n. State or condition of being dis- 
satisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented. 

Syn. — Discontent; discontentment; displeasure ; disappro- 
bation; distaste; dislike. 

Dis-sat-ls-i ae'to-ry, a. Causing dissatisfaction ; giving 
discontent ;_displeasing. 

Dis-sat'is-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissatisfied ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. dissatisfying.] To render unsatisfied or dis- 
contented ; to displease. 

Dis-seet', v. t. [imp. & p.p. dissected ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DISSECTING.] [Lat. dissecare, dissection, from dis 
and secare, to cut.] 1. To cut in pieces, as an animal or 
vegetable, for the purpose of examining the structure and 
use of its several parts; to anatomize. 2. To analyze 
into its constituent parts, for the purposes of science or 
criticism. 

Dis-se-et'i-ble, a. Capable of being dissected. 

Dis-see'tion, n. 1. Act of dissecting; anatomy. 2. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist •, linger, link ; tills. 



DISSECTOR 



216 



DISTAFF 



Act of separating into constituent parts for the purpose 
of critical examination. 

Dis-se-et'or, n. One who dissects ; an anatomist. 

Dis-seize', v. t. {imp. & p. p. disseized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. disseizing.] [Law.) To deprive of actual seizin or 
possession ; to dispossess wrongfully . 

Dis'sei-zee', n. (Law.) One disseized, or put out of 
possession of an estate unlawfully . 

Dis-sei'zm, n. (Law.) An unlawful dispossessing of a 
person actually seized of the freehold. 

i>is-sei'zor, n. (Law.) One who disseizes. 

Dis-sem'lble, v. t. [imp. & p.p. dissembled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DISSEMBLING.] [0. Fr. dissembler, Lat. dis- 
simulate, from din and simulate, to make like another, 
from similis, like.] 1. To hide under a false semblance ; 
to put an untrue appearance upon ; to disguise ; to mask. 

2. To make pretense of ; to feign. 

Syn.— To conceal ; disguise ; dissimulate ; mask ; cloak ; 
cover. 

Dis-sem'fole, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, 
intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. 

Dis-sem'l>ler, n. One who dissembles. 

Syn. — Hypocrite.— A dissembler conceals what he is. A 
hypocrite feigns to be what he is not. When Andre passed 
within the American lines in a citizen's dress, he was a dis- 
sembler ; Arnold, whom he went to visit, had long been a 
hypocrite. 

Dis-sem'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disseminated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. disseminating.] [Lat. disseminate, dis- 
seminatum, fr. dis and seminare, to sow, fr. semen, seed.] 
1. To sow, as seed ; to scatter for growth and propaga- 
tion, like seed. 2. To spread or extend by dispersion. 
Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; circulate; disperse. 

Dis-sem/i-iia/tion, n. Act of disseminating, or state 
of being disseminated ; diffusion; dispersion. 

Dis-sem'i-na-trve, a. Tending to scatter, or to become 
scattered, abroad, or disseminated. 

Dis-sem/i-na'tor, n. One who disseminates. 

Dis-sen'sion, n. [Lat. dissensio, from dissentire. See 
Dissent.] Violent disagreement in opinion; breach of 
friendship and union ; strife ; quarrel. 

Dis-sent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. dissented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. dissenting.] [Lat. dissentire, from dis and sentire, 
to feel, think, judge.] 1. To differ in opinion ; to dis- 
agree. 2. (Eccl.) To differ from the established church. 

3. To be of a contrary nature. 

Dis-sent', n. 1. Act of dissenting ; difference of opinion ; 
disagreement. 2. (Eccl.) Separation from an established 
church, especially that of England. 

Dis'seii-ta'iie-oiis, a. [Lat. dissentaneus , from dissen- 
tire. See supra.] Disagreeing ; contrary. [Rare.] 

Dis-sent'er, n. One who dissents ; especially, one, not a 
Roman Catholic, who dissents or separates from the 
church of England ; a dissident. 

Dis-sen'tient, a. Disagreeing ; declaring dissent. 

Dis-sen'tient, n. One who disagrees, or dissents. 

Dis'ser-ta'tion, n. [Lat. dissertatio, from dissertate, to 
discuss, intens. form of disserere.] A formal or elaborate 
discourse ; a disquisition ; an essay. 

Dis-serve' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disserved ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. disserving.] To injure ; to hurt; to harm. 

Dis-serv'ice, n. Injury ; harm ; mischief. 

Dis-serv'i£e-a-ble, a. Unserviceable ; mischievous ; 
harmful ; injurious. 

Dis-sev'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissevered; p.pr. 
& vb. n. dissevering.] [In this word, dis, as in dis- 
part, augments the signification.] To part in two ; to 
divide asunder ; to disunite ; to sever. 

Dis-sev'er-ance, n. Act of dissevering ; separation. 

Dis'si-dence, n. Disagreement ; dissent. 

Dis'si-dent, a. [Lat. dissidents, p. pr. of dissidere, to 
sit apart, to disagree, from dis and sedere, to sit.] Not 
agreeing ; dissenting. 

Dis'si-dent, n. (Eccl.) One who dissents or 
froni^ the established religion ; a dissenter. 

Dis-sil'i-ence (or dis-sihyens), n. Act of leaping or 
starting asunder. 

Dis-f^'i-entKdis-sil/yent), a. [Lat, dissiliens, p. pr. 
of dissdire, to leap or burst asunder, from dis and satire, 
to leap.] Bursting and opening with an elastic force. 

Dis-sim'i-lar, a. Unlike ; heterogeneous 

Dis-sim i-lar'i-ty, n. Want of resemblance : unlike- 
ness; dissimilitude. 

Dis-sim'i-lar-ly, adv. In a dissimilar manner. 

Dissi mil'i-tude (30), n. 1. Want of similitude or re- 
semblance ; unlikeness; dissimilarity. 2. (Rket.) A com- 
parison by contrast. 

Dis-sim'u-late, v. i. To dissemble ; to feign. 



Dis-sim'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. dissimulatio. See Dl8. 
SEMBLE.] Act of dissembling or feigning; false pre- 
tension ; hypocrisy. 
Dis'si-pa-fole, a. Liable to be dissipated. [Rare.] 
Dis'si-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissipated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. dissipating.] [Lat. dissipate, dissipatum, from 
prefix dis and an obs. sipare, supare, to throw.] 1. To 
drive asunder. 2. To destroy by wasteful extravagance. 

Syn. — To disperse; scatter; dispel; spend; expend; squan- 
der; waste; consume; lavish. 

Dis'si-pate, v. i. 1. To separate aj?d disappear; to 
waste away ; to vanish. 2. To be extravagant, waste- 
ful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. 

Dis'si-pa'tioii, n. 1. Act of dissipating or dispersing ; 
a state of dispersion or separation. 2. A dissolute course 
of life; profuseness in vicious indulgences. 3. A trifle 
which distracts attention. 4. A state of distracted at- 
tention. 

Dis-so'cia-Me, a. 1. Not well associated or assorted; 
incongruous. 2. Unsuitable to society. 

Dis-so'cial, a. Unfriendly to society. 

Dis-so'ci-ate (-shi-^t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissoci- 
ated;^, pr. & vb. n. DISSOCIATING.] [Lat. dissoci- 
are x dissociatum, from dis and sociate, to unite, from 
socius, a companion.] To separate ; to disunite. 

Dis-so'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. Act of dissociating ; 
a state of separation ; disunion . 

Dis'so-lu-lble, a. [Lat. dissolubilis. See Dissolve.] 

1. Capable of be'^g dissolved, or liquefied. 2. Capable 
of being disunited. 

Dis'so-ltite (30), a. [Lat. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvete. 
See Dissolve.] Abandoned to vicious pleasures. 

Syn. —Uncurbed ; disorderly ; wild ; wanton ; luxurious ; 
vicious; lax; licentious; lewd; rakish; debauched. 

Dis'so-lute-ly, adv. In a loose or dissolute manner. 

Dis'so-lute-ness, n. State or quality of being disso- 
lute ; debauchery ; dissipation. 

Dis'so-rii'tion, n. 1. Act of dissolving, sundering, or 
separating into component parts. 2. Change from a 
solid to a fluid state. 3. Change of form by chemical 
agency. 4. Dispersion of an assembly by terminating 
its sessions ; the breaking up of a partnership. 5. Ex- 
tinction of human life ; death. 6. State of being dis- 
solved. *7. Destruction ; ruin. [solved. 

Di§-§>61v'a-lble (diz-zolv/a-bl), a. Capable of being dis- 

Di§-§olve' (diz-zOlv'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. dissolved; 
p. pt. & vb. n. DISSOLVING.] [Lat. dissolvete, from pref. 
dis and solvete, to loose, free.] 1. To separate into com- 
ponent parts. 2. To break the continuity of; to dis- 
connect. 3. To convert into a liquid ; to melt ; to lique- 
fy. 4. To destroy the power of. 5. To terminate ; to 
cause to disappear. 6. (Law.) To annul ; to rescind. 
Dissolved blood {Med.), that which does not readily coagulate. 

Di§-§olve' (diz-zolv', 91), v. i. 1. To waste away ; to be 
dissipated. 2. To become fluid ; to be melted. 3. To 
fade away ; to vanish. 

Di§-§olv'ent, a. Having power to melt or dissolve. 

Di§-§61v'ent, n. That which has the power of dissolv- 
ing ; a menstruum ; a solvent. 

Di§-§olv'er, n. One who, or that which, dissolves. 

Dis'so-nance, n. 1. A mingling of discordant sounds ; 
discord ; jargon. 2. Want of agreement ; disagreement ; 
incongruity ; inconsistency. 

Dis'so-nan-£y, n. Discord; dissonance. 

Dis'so-nant, a. [Lat, dissonans, p. pr. of dissonare, to 
be discordant, from dis and sonate, to sound.] 1. Dis- 
cordant; unharmonious. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous. 

Dis-suade' (dis-swad')- v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissuaded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DISSUADING.] [Lat. d issuadere , from dis 
and suadere, to persuade.] To advise or exhort against. 

Dis-suad'er, n. One who dissuades. 

Dis-sua'§ion (-swa/zhun), n. 1. Act of 
dissuading ; exhortation against a thing. 

2. A dissuasive. 
Dis-eua'sive (-swa/siv), a. Tending to dis- 
suade. 

Dis-sua'sive, n. An argument, or counsel, 

employed to deter one from a measure. 
Dis'syl-lab'i-e, a. Consisting of two syl- ^ 

lables onlv. 
Dis-syl'la-ble, or Dis'syl-la-ble, n. 

[Gr. Sio-o-vA/VajSos, from Sis, twice, double. 

and crvAAa^T?, syllable.] A word consist- 1 

ing of two syllables only. 
Dis'taff, n.: pi. dis'taffs. [A.-S. dis- 

tsef.] 1. The staff for holding the flax, 

tow, or wool, from which the thread is drawn in spin- 




Distaff. 



a, e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



DISTAIN 



217 



DISTRIBUTE 






ning by hand. 2. The holder of a distaff; hence, a 
■woman, or the female sex. 

Dis-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTAINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISTAINING.] [0. Fr. destaindre , dtsteindre, to take 
away the color, from dis and teindrt, Lat. tingere, to dye, 
tinge.] To stain ; to discolor. 

Dls'tanpe, n. [See Distant.] 1. A space between two 
objects. 2. Remoteness of place ; a remote place. 3. 
Interval of time. 4. Reserve ; respect j ceremonious- 
ness. 

Angular distan.ce, the angle of separation between the direc- 
tions in which two bodies are seen; apparent distance. 

DIs'tance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. distanced (10S) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. DISTANCING.] 1. To place at a distance. 2. 
To cause to appear as if at a distance. 3. To leave be- 
hind in a race ; to surpass or excel. 

DIs'tant, a. [Lat. distans, p. pr. of distare, to stand 

(apart, to be separate or distant, from dis and stare, to 
stand.] 1. Separate. 2. Far separated; remote; — in 
place, time, consanguinity, or connection. 3. Reserved 
in manners ; cold ; not familiar. 4. Indistinct ; faint ; 
obscure ; — as from distance. 
Dis'tant-ly, adv. At a distance ; remotely ; with reserve. 
Dis-taste', n. 1. Aversion of the taste ; dislike of food 
or drink. 2. Alienation of affection. 

Syn. — Disrelish; disinclination; dislike; displeasure; dis- 
satisfaction ; disgust. 

Dis-taste', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. distasting ] Not to have relish for; to dislike 
the taste of ; to disrelish ; to loathe. 

Dis-taste'ful, a. 1. Unpleasant or disgusting to the 
taste. 2. Displeasing to the feelings. 3. Manifesting 
distaste or dislike. 

Syn. — Nauseous ; offensive; displeasing; dissatisfactory; 
disgusting; repulsive. 

Dis-taste'f ul-ly, adv. In a displeasing manner. 

Dis-tem'per, n. 1. A morbid state of the animal sys- 
tem ; — at present often restricted to the diseases of brutes. 

2. Ill humor, or bad temper. 3. (Paint.) A preparation 
of opaque or body colors, with size instead of oil. 

Syn. — Disease ; disorder; sickness; illness; malady; indis- 
position. 
Dis-tem'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTEMPERED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. Distempering.] 1. To derange the 
functions of, whether bodily or mental ; to bring disease 
upon. 2. To disturb ; to ruffle ; to make ill-humored. 

3. (Paint.) To make into distemper. 
Dis-tem'per-a-ture (53), n. 1. Commixture of con- 
trarieties ; confusion ; disorder. 2. Tiolent disturbance. 
3. Slight illness ; distemper. 4. Mental uneasiness. 

Dis-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distended ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. distending.] [Lat. distendere, from prefix dis and 
tendere, to stretch, stretch out.] 1. To lengthen out. 
2. To stretch or spread in all directions. 
Syn. — To dilate ; expand ; enlarge ; swell. 

Dis-tend', v. i. To become expanded or inflated. 

Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being distended. 

Dis-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of distending ; state of being 
distended. 2. Space occupied by the thing distended. 

Dis'tieli (dls'tik), n. [Gr. 67o-rixos, SCcttlxov, with two 
rows, of two verses, from Si, for fit's, twice, twofold, and 
<tt[\os, row, verse.] (Pros.) (a.) A couple of verses mak- 
ing complete sense, (b.) A couplet of two lines, of differ- 
ent kinds of verse, which are repeated in the same order. 

Dis'tieli, ) a. Having two rows, or disposed in two 

Dls'tieh-ous, j rows ; two-ranked. 

Dis-till', v. i. [imp. & p. p. DISTILLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISTILLING.] [Lat. destillare, from de and stillare, 
to drop, stilla, a drop.] 1. To fall in drops. 2. To flow 
gently. 3. To use a still ; to practice distillation. 

Dis-till', v. t. 1. To let fall in drops. 2. To subject to, 
or obtain by, the process of distillation ; to rectify ; to 
purify. 

Dis-tiil'a-ble, a. Capable of being distilled. 

DIs'til-la'tion, n. 1. Act of falling in drops. 2. The 
operation of extracting spirit from a substance bv evapo- 
ration and condensation : rectification. 3. The sub- 
stance extracted by distilling. 

Destructive distillation (Ckern.), distillation of substances at 
very high temperatures. 

Dis-till'er, n. One who distills. 

Dis-till'er-y, n. The building and works where distill- 
ing is carried on. 

Dis-tinct'. a. [Lat. distinctits, p. p. of distinguere. See 
DISTINGUISH.] 1. Having the difference marked ; dis- 
tinguished. 2. Spotted ; variegated. 3. Separate in 
place ; not united by growth or otherwise. 4. Different ; 



individual. 5. So separated as not to be confounded 
with any other thing ; not confused. 

Syn. — Separate ; definite ; clear ; plain ; obvious. 
Dis-tine'tion, n. 1. Marking off by visible signs ; divis- 
ion. 2. Exercise of discernment ; discrimination. 3. 
Distinguishing quality. 4. Estimation of difference ; re- 
gard to distinguishing circumstances. 5. Conspicuous 
station ; honorable estimation. 

Syn. — Discrimination ; preference ; superiority ; rank ; 
note ; eminence. 

Dis-tinet'ive , a. Marking or expressing distinction. 

Dis-tinet'ive-ly, adv. AYith distinction ; plainly. 

Dis-tlnet'ly, adv. With distinctness ; clearly ; plainly. 

Dis-tinet'ness, n. The quality or state of being distinct. 

Dis-tin'guisli (-tlng'gwish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIS- 
TINGUISHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. distinguishing.] [Lat. 
distinguere, distinctum, from di, for dis, and stinguere, 
to quench, extinguish.] 1. To separate or recognize by 
visible marks. 2. To separate by definition of terms or 
logical division of a subject. 3. To recognize by charac- 
teristic qualities. 4. 'lo make to differ. 5. To make 
eminent or known. 

Syn. — To mark ; discriminate ; discern ; perceive ; signal- 
ize ; honor. 

Dis-tin'guisli, (-tlng / gwish), v. i. To make distinctions ; 
to exercise discrimination. 

Dis-tlii'guisli-a-ble, a. Capable of being distinguished. 

Dis-tln'guislied (-ting'gwisht), p. a. Having distinc- 
tion ; made eminent or known ; noted. 

Syn. — Eminent; conspicuous; celebrated; illustrious. — A 
man is eminent when he stands high as compared with those 
around him ; conspicuous when he is so elevated as to be gen- 
erally seen and observed; distinguished when he has something 
which makes him stand apart from others in the public view ; 
celebrated when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; 
illustrious when a splendor is thrown around him which confers 
the highest dignity. 

Dis-tin'guisli-er, n. One who, or that which, dis- 
tinguishes. 

Dis-tin/guish-ing, p. a. Constituting difference, or 
distinction from every thing else ; peculiar ; character- 
istic ; distinctive. 

Dis-tort', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTORTED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DISTORTING.] [Lat. distorquere , distortion, from dis 
and torquere, to twist.] 1. To twist out of natural or 
regular shape. 2. To force out of the true posture or 
direction. 3. To wrest from the true meaning. 
Syn. — To twist; wrest; deform; pervert; bend. 

Dis-tor'tion, n. 1. The act of distorting or twisting out 
of shape. 2. The state of being twisted out of shape ; 
visible deformity. 

Dis-tort'ive, a. Causing or having distortions. 

Dis-tra-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distracted; p.pr. & 
vb. n. distracting.] [Lat. distrakere, distraction, fr. 
dis and trahere, to draw.] 1. To perplex; to confuse. 
2. To agitate by conflicting passions. 3. To render in- 
sane ; to craze ; — used in the past participle. 

Dis-tra-e'tion, n. [Lat. distractio, from distrahere. See 
supra.] 1. Confusion of attention. 2. Confusion of af- 
fairs. 3. Perturbation of mind. 4. A state of disordered 
reason. 

Syn. — Perplexity; disturbance; disorder; dissension; tu- 
mult: derangement; madness; raving; franticness. 

Dis-traet'ive, a. Causing perplexity ; distracting. 

Distrain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distrained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DISTRAINING.] [0. Fr. distraindre, from Lat. 
distringere, to draw asunder, hinder, molest, L. Lat. to 
punish severely, from di, for dis, and stringere, to draw 
tight, to press" together.] (Law.) To seize for debt, with- 
out legal process. 

Dis-train'or, n. One who distrains. 

Dis-trauglit' (-trawtf), a. Distracted; perplexed. 

Dis-tr6ss', n. [From Lat. districtus, p. p. of distringere. 
See DISTRAIN.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering, of 
body or mind. 2. That which occasions suffering. 3. 
A state of danger or necessity. 4. (Law ) (a) The act 
of distraining, (b.) The thing taken by distraining. 

Syn. — Affliction; suffering; pain: agony: misery; calam- 
ity; misfortune; adversity. See Affliction. 

Dis-tress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTRESSED (dis-trest/) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. distressing.] 1. To cause pain or an- 
guish to. 2. ( Law.) To seize for debt ; to distrain. 
Syrf. — To pain; grieve; harass; trouble; perplex. 

Dis-tress'fiil, a. Inflicting, indicating, or proceeding 
from, distress. 

Dis-trlb'u-ta-'ble, a. Capable of being distributed. 

Dis-trifo'iite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. distributed ; p. pr. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



DISTRIBUTE 



218 



DIVERSION 



& vb. n. DISTRIBUTING.] [Lat. distribuere, distribu- 
ticm, from dis and tribuere, to assign, besto\/.] 1. To 
divide among several. 2. To dispense ; to administer. 
3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, &c. 
Syn.— To dispense; deal; apportion; allot; share; assign. 

Dis-trib'ute, v. i. To make distribution. 

Dis-trib'u-ter, n. One who distributes or dispenses. 

Dis'tri-bu'tion, ».. 1. Act of distributing or dispens- 
ing. 52. Almsgiving. 3. Separation into parts or classes ; 
arrangement of topics in a discourse. 4. (Print.) The 
separating of the t, pe, and placing each letter in its 
proper cell in the cases. 

Syn. — Apportionment; allotment; dispensation; disposal; 
classification. 

Dis-trlb'u-tive, a. 1. Tending to distribute; dealing 
to each his proper share. 52. (Logic.) Assigning the va- 
rious species of a general term 3. ( Gram.) Expressing 
separation or division. 

Dis-trib'u-tive-ly, adv. By distribution ; singly. 

Dis'triet, n. [L. Lat. districtus, district, from Lat. dis- 
tricts, p. p. of distringere, to draw asunder. See DIS- 
TRAIN.] 1 . A denned portion of a state or city for legis- 
lative, elective, or other purposes. 52. Any portion of 
territory of undefined extent. 

Syn. — Division ; quarter; province; tract; region; country. 
Dis'triet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. districted; p. pr. & 

vb. n. districting.] To divideinto districts. 

District court (IT. S.), a subordinate tribunal having jurisdic- 
tion over certain cases within a judicial district. 

Dis-triist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTRUSTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. distrusting.] Not to confide in or rely upon ; 
to mistrust ; to disbelieve. 

Dis-triist', n. 1. Doubt of reality or sincerity. 2. 
Suspicion of evil designs. 

Dis-trust'f ill, a. 1. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. 52. 
Not confident ; diffident ; modest. 

Dis-triist'f iil-ly, adv. In a distrustful manner. 

Dis-tiirb', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTURBED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DISTURBING.] [Lat. disturbare, from dis and tur- 
bare, to disturb, trouble, from turba, disorder, crowd.] 1. 
To throw into confusion or disorder. 2» To interfere 
with ; to terminate abruptly. 3. To agitate the mind 
of; to render uneasy. 

Syn. — To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; molest; 
perplex; trouble; incommode; hinder; ruffle; stir; move. 

Dis-trirb'aiice, n. 1. Derangement of the regular 
course of things. 2. Confusion of the mind. 3. Pub- 
lic commotion. 4. (Law.) Interruption of a right. 

Syn. — Tumult; brawl; disorder; derangement; agitation; 
confusion; commotion; perturbation. 

Dis-tiirb'er, n. One who disturbs or disquiets. 
Dis-un'ion, n. 1. Termination of union. 52. A 

breach of concord and its effect. 3. The severance by 

any State of its connection with the federal govern- 
ment. [Amcr.] 
Dis-tin'ion-ist, n. An advocate of disunion. 
Dis'u-nite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disunited; p. pr. 

& vb.n. disuniting.] 1. To destroy the continuity 

or union of. 52. To break the concord of. 

Syn.— To divide; part; sever; disjoin; sunder; separate. 
Dis'u-nite', v. i. To part ; to become separate. 
Dis-u'ni-ty, n. A state of severance or separation. 
Dis-u'§age, n. Gradual cessation of use or custom; 

neglect of use, exercise, or practice. 
Dis-u.se', n. 1. Cessation of use, practice, or exercise. 

52. Cessation of custom ; desuetude. 
Dis-iis_e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISUSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

disusing.] 1. To cease to use or practice ; to desist from 

employing^ 52. To disaccustom. 
Dis-val'u-a'tion, n. Disesteem ; disreputation. 
Dis-val'ue, v. t. To undervalue ; to disesteem. 
Ditch, n. [A.-S. die. See Dike and Dig.] A trench 

in the earth, particularly one for draining wet land, for 

guarding or fencing inclosures, &c. 
Ditch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ditched (dicht); p. pr. & 

vb. n. ditching.] To dig a ditch or ditches in. 
Ditch, v.i. To dig or make a ditch or ditches. 
Ditch'er, n. One who digs ditches. 
Di'the ism, n. [Gr. SC, for fit's, twice, double, and 

theism.] The doctrine of the existence of two gods, a 

good one and an evil one ; dualism. 
Di'the-ist'ie, ) a. Pertaining to ditheism; dual- 
Di'the-ist'ie-al, ) istic. 

Ditli'y-ramb, ) n. \Gv. SiOvparfos, a kind of lvric 
Dith'y-ram'bus, J poetry in honor of Bacchus, and I 



said to be named from his double birth.] An ancient 
Greek hymn in honor of Bacchus. 

DIth/y-ram'bi-e, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
dithyramb ; wild, impetuous, and boisterous. 

Dith'y-ram'bi-e, n. 1. A dithyramb. 52. A poem 
written in wild, enthusiastic strains. 

Di'tone, n. [Gr. Si'to^os, of two tones, from hi, for Si's, 
twice, double, and toi/os, a tone, q. v.] (Mus.) An inter- 
val comprehending two whole tones. 

Dit'ta-ny, n. [Gr. SCk-to.\i.vov, Sikto/xvo?, a plant growing 
on Mount Dicte in Crete.] (Eot.) A kind of aromatic 
perennial plant, the leaves of which in smell resemble 
lemon-thyme, and jield an essential oil. 

Dit'to, n. [It. detto, from Lat. dictum, said; — con- 
tracted into do, in books of account.] That which haa 
been said ; the aforesaid thing ; the same thing. 

Dit'to, adv. As before ; in the same manner; also. 

Dit'ty, n. [A.-S. diltt, said, dictated, Lat. dictum, some- 
thing said, a saving, from dicere, to say.] A song ; espe- 
cially, a little poem to be sung. 

Dl'ti-re'sis, n. [Gr. SC, for Sia, through, and oipoy, 
urine.] ( Bled. ) Excretion of urine. 

Di'u-ret'ie, a. (Med.) Exciting the secretion and dis- 
charge of urine. [erties. 

Di'u-ret'ie, ». (Med.) A medicine with diuretic prop- 

Di-iir'iial, a. [Lat. diurnalis, fr. dies, day.] 1. Relat- 
ing to the daytime. 52. Daily ; recurring every day ; per- 
formed in a day. 3. Constituting the measure of a day. 
4. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night. 

Di-ur'nal-ly, adv. Daily ; every day. 

Di'ii-tur'nal, a. [Lat diuturnvs, fr. diu, a long time, 
an old ablative form of dies, day.] Of long continu- 
ance ; lasting. 

Di-va.ii', n. [Per. diu-an, Ar. daitvan.] 1. A book; a 
collection of poems ; an account-book. 52. A council ; 
the Turkish council of state ; the royal court; the court 
of justice; office for customs. 3. The council chamber ; 
an audience chamber or saloon for company. 4. A kind 
of cushioned seat. 

Di-var'i-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. divaricated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. divaricating.] [Lat. divaricare, divari- 
catum, from di, for dis, and varicare, to straddle, from 
varus, bent, stretched outward.] To part into two 
branches ; to open ; to fork. 

Di-var'i-eate, v. t. To divide into two branches. 

Di-var'i-cate (45), a. (Bot.) ATidely divergent. 

Di-var'i-ea'tion, n. 1. A parting ; a forking. 2. A 
wide divergence. 3. Equivocation. 4. (JXat. Hist.) 
Intersection of fibers at different angles. 

Dive', v.i. [imp. & p. p. DIVED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
diving.] [A.-S. dyfan, dXtfan. Cf. Dip.] 1. To descend 
or plunge into water head first. 2. To plunge into any 
business or condition, so as to be thoroughly engaged in 
it. 3. To sink ; to penetrate. 

Dive'dap'per, n. A nr.all bird ; a didapper. 

Div'er, n. 1. One who dives. 2. One who goes deeply 
into a study or business. 3. ( Ornith.) A bird of certain 
genera, remarkable for their habit of diving. 

Di-verge' (14^, v. i. [imp. & p. p. diverged; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. DIVERGING.] [From Lat. prefix di, for dis, 
and vergere, to bend, incline, verge.] 1. To deviate 
gradually from a given course or line. 2. To vary from 
a type, or a normal state, or from the truth. 

Di-verge'ment, n. Act of diverging ; divergence. 

Di-ver'gence, ) n. A receding from each other in ra- 

Di-ver'gen-cy, j diating lines. 

Di-ver'gent, a. Deviating gradually from a given point 
or direction ; separating from each other. 

Di'verg (dl'verz), a. [Lat. diversvs, turred in different 
directions, different, p. p. of diverUre.] Several ; sundry ; 
more than one, but not a great number. 

Di'verse, a. [Lat. diversus. See DIVERS.] Different 
in kind ; unlike ; dissimilar. 

Di'verse, adv. In different directions. 

Di'verse-ly, adv. 1. In different ways; differently; 
variously. 2. In different directions. 

Di-ver'si-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of diversifying or state of 
being diversified. 

Di-ver'si-fied, p. a. Distinguished by various forms, 
or bv a variety of aspects. 

Di-ver'si-f6rm, a. [Lat. diversus and forma, form.] 
Of a different form ; of varied forms. 

Di-ver'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. diversified; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DIVERSIFYING.] [L. Lat. diversificare, from 
Lat. diversus and facere, to make.] To make diverse or 
various in form or qualities. 

Di-ver'sion (14), n. 1. Act of turning aside from 
any course, occupation, or object. 2. That which di- 



5, e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask. all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



DIVERSITY 



219 



DOCK 



verts from care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses. 
3. (Mil.) Act of drawing the attention and force of an 
enemy from the point where the principal attack is to 
be made ; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. 

Syn. — Amusement; entertainment; pastime; solace; recre- 
ation; sport; game; play. 

Di-ver'si-ty, n. 1. A state of difference ; unlikeness. 
2. Multiplicity of difference ; variety. 

Di-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. diverted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
DIVERTING.] [Lat. divertere, from prefix di, for dis, 
and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn off from any course, 
direction, or intended application. 2. To turn from 
business or study. 

Syn. — To please; gratify; amuse; entertain; exhilarate; 
delight; recreate. 

Dl-vert'er, n. One who, or that which, diverts. 

DI-vert'i§e-ment, n. 1. Diversion. [Rare.] 2. (pron. 
de'ver'tiz'mong'. ) [Fr.] A short ballet, or other enter- 
tainment, between the acts of longer pieces. 

DI-vert'ive, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. 

DI-vest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. divested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. divesting.] [It. divestire. See Devest.] 1. To 
strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage. 2. To deprive. 

Di-vest'i-ture (53), n. The act of divesting or the state 
of being divested. 

Di-vide', v . t. [imp. & p. p. divided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DIVIDING.] [Lat. dividere, from di, for dis, and the 
root vid, to part, allied to vidua, widow, and to videre, to 
see.] 1. To sever into parts or pieces. 2. To cause to 
be separate. 3. To make partition of among a number ; 
to apportion. 4. To make discordant or hostile. 5. To 
separate into two parts, for ascertaining opinions for and 
against a measure. 6. [Logic.) To separate into specier, 
Syn. — To sever ; sunder; cleave; deal out; distribute; 
share; allot; apportion. 

Di-vide', v. i. 1. To be separated ; to part ; to open. 2. 
To vote by separating a legislative house into two parts. 

Div'i-dend, n. [Lat. dividendus, -a, -um, from divi- 
dere, to divide. See supra.] 1. The share of the interest 
or profit of stock in trade, or other employment, which 
belongs to each proprietor. 2. (Arith.) A number or 
quantity which is to be divided. 

Dl-vld'er, n. One who, or that which, divides; spe- 
cifically, pi., an instrument, usually with two legs, for 
dividing lines, describing circles, &c. ; compasses. 

Dlv'i-na/tion, n. [See Divine.] Act of divining ; act 
or art of foretelling future events ; augury ; omen ; con- 
jectural presage. 

DI-vine', a. [compar. DiviVER ; superl. divinest.] 
[Lat. divinus, divine, divinely inspired, from divus, dius, 
belonging to a deity, Gr. Stos.] 1. Belonging to God. 
2. Proceeding from God. 3. Appropriated to God, or 
celebrating his praise. 4. Apparently above what is 
human. 5. Relating to divinity or theology. 

Syn. — Supernatural ; superhuman ; godlike ; heavenly ; 
holy; sacred. 

Di-vlne', n. 1. A priest; a clergyman. 2. A man 
skilled in divinity ; a theologian. 

Di-viiie', v. t. [imp. Ik, p. p. divined ; p. pr. & vb. n. di- 
vining.] [Lat. divinare. See supra.] To foresee or fore- 
know. 

Syn.— To foretell; predict; presage; prognosticate; guess; 
conjecture. 

DI-vine', v. i 1. To practice divination. 2. To impart 
presages of the future. 3. To have presages or fore- 
bodings. 4. To guess or conjecture. 

Di-vine'ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner. 
2. By the agency or influence of God. 

Di-vln'er, n. One who divines. 

Div'ing-bell, n. A hollow vessel, sometimes bell- 
shaped, in which a person may descend into deep water. 

Di-vln'ing-rod, n. A rod, commonly of hazel, with 
forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover 
water or metals under ground. 

Dl-vln'i-ty, n. 1. State of being divine ; deity ; god- 
head. 2. The Deity ; God. 3. A false god. 4. A celes- 
tial being, inferior to God, but superior to man. 5. Su- 
pernatural power or virtue. 6. Awe-inspiring character ; 
supreme dignity. 7. Science of divine things ; theology. 

Dl-vis/i-bll'i-ty, n. The quality of being divisible. 

Di-vig'i-ble, a. Capable of being divided. 

Di-vis/ion (-vlzh'un), n. [Lat. divisio, from dividere, 
divisum. See DIVIDE.] 1. Act of dividing. 2. State 
of being divided. 3. That which divides. 4. The por- 

, tion separated by the dividing of a mass. 5. Difference 
in opinion or feeling. 0. Difference of condition. 7. 
Separation of the members of a deliberative body to as- 



certain the vote. 8. (Arith.) (a.) Process of finding how 
many times one number or quantity is contained in an- 
other, (b.) The rule by which the operation is performed. 
9. (Mil.) A section of an army or lieet, complete in it- 
self, and commanded by a general officer. 
■,.§y n,— Compartment; section; share; separation ; partition j 
dmerence; variance; discord; disunion. 

Di-vis/ion-al, a. 1. Marking, expressing, or making 
division. 'Z. Belonging to a division or district. 

Di-"vi'slve, a. 1. Forming division or distribution. 2. 
Creating division or discord. 

Di-vi'gor, n. [Lat. See Divide.] (Arith.) The num- 
ber by which the dividend is divided. 

Common divisor, any number capable of dividing two or 
more numbers without a remainder. 

DI-vorce', n. [Lat. divortium, from divortere, divertere, 
to separate, from di, for dis, and vortere, vertere, to turn.] 

1. (Law.) (a.) A legal dissolution of the marriage con- 
tract, (b.) The separation of a married woman from the 
bed and board of her husband. 2. Separation of things 
closely united. 3. The sentence or writing by which 
marriage is dissolved. 

Di-vorce', i;. t. [imp. & p. p. divorced (di-vorsf) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. divorcing.] 1. To separate by divorce. 

2. To disunite ; to sunder. 
Di-vorce'a-ble, a. Capable of being divorced. 
Di-vor^e'ment, n. Divorce. 

Dl-vor'cer, n. The person or cause that produces di- 
vorce. 

Di-vor'ctve, a. Having power to divorce. 

Di-viilge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. divulged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DIVULGING.] [Lat. divulgare, from di, for dis, and 
vulgare, to make public, from vulgus, the common peo- 
ple.] To make public ; to reveal ; to disclose. 
Syn.— To publish; discover; communicate; impart. 

Di-viil'ger, n. One who divulges or reveals. 

Di-vul'sion, n. [Lat. divulsio, from divellere.] Act of 
pulling or plucking away ; a rending asunder. 

Di-viil'sive, a. Tending to pull asunder or rend. 

Diz'en (dlz'n or dl'zn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dizened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DIZENING.] [Perhaps originally to dress 
in a foolish manner, and allied to dizzy, q. v. ; but. cf. 
also 0. Eng. dize,dise, to put tow or flax on a distaff, i. e., 
to dress it.] To dress gaudily ; to deck gayly ; to rig out; 
to overdress ; to bedizen. 

Diz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness ; yertigo. 

Dlz'zy, a. [compar. DIZZIER; superl. dizziest.] 
[A.-S. dysig, gedysig, foolish, insipid, 0. H. Ger. tusig, 

■ tuslc, tisic, D. duizelig, dizzy, dijzig, misty, hazy. Dan. 
db'sig, drowsy, sleepy.] 1. Having a sensation of ver- 
tigo ; giddy ; hence, confused ; indistinct. 2. Causing 
giddiness. 3. Unreflecting ; heedless. 

Diz'zy, v. t. To make giddy ; to confuse. 

Do, n. (Mm.) A syllable attached to the first tone of 
the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization. 

Do (dob), v. t. or auxiliary, [imp. did; p. p. DONE 
(dan) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOING.] [A.-S. don, Goth, tau- 
gan.] 1. To perform ; to execute ; to make. 2. To 
produce, as an effect or result ; to effect. 3. To perform 
completely ; to finish ; to accomplish. 4. To cook com- 
pletely. 5. To translate or transform into, as a written 
text. 6. To deceive ; to play a trick upon ; to hoax ; to 
humbug. [ Colloq.] 

To do over, to make over; to perform a second time.— To do 
up, to pack together.— To do with, to dispose of; to make use 
of. — To have to do with, to have concern, business, or inter- 
course with; to deal with. 

Do, v. i. 1. To act or behave. 2. To fare; to be in a 
state with regard to sickness or health. 3. To manage ; 
to accomplish a purpose ; to answer an end. 

To do for, to put an end to ; to ruin; to disappaint, £ r c. — To 
do without, to get along without. — 2b have done, to have made 
an end or conclusion. — To have done with, to have completed; 
to be through with. 

Doat, v. i. See Dote. 

Do£/i-bil'i-ty, \ n. Condition or quality of being doci- 

Doc'i-ble-ness, ) ble ; teachableness. 

Do^'i-ble, a. [Lat. docibilis, from docere, to teach.] 
Easily taught or managed ; teachable ; docile. 

Dof'ile, a. [Lat. docilis, from docere, to teach.] Teach- 
able ; easily instructed : ready to learn ; tractable. 

Do-£il'i-ty, n. Teachableness ; readiness to learn. 

Do<?'i-ma'-£y, n. [Gr. hoKifxao-Ca, an essay, examination, 
from So/ctjoia^etv, to assay or examine metals.] The art or 
practice o f applying tests to ascertain the nature, quality, 
&c.,of jjects. 

Dftf/i-r-^as'tic, a. Proving by experiments. 

Dock, n. [A>S. docce, perhaps allied to Gr. Sav/cos, 8av- 



iood, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«b.o ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



DOCK 



220 



DOGMATICAL 



kov, a kind of parsnip or carrot, used in medicine.] ( Bot . ) 
A plant some species of which are well-known weeds, 
having a long tap-root, and are difficult of extermination. 

Dock, v. t. [imp. St. p. p. DOCKED (dokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
11. DOCKING.] [See infra. Cf. W. tociaw, and twciaw, 
to dock, clip.] 1. To cut off, as the end of a thing ; to 
curtail ; to clip. 2. To deduct from. 3. To destroy or 
defeat ; to bar. 

Dock, v. t. To bring, draw, or place in a dock. 

Dock, n. [Icel. dockr, a snort tail, Ger. docke, bundle, 
skein, a short and thick column.] 1. The stump of a 
tail, or the part left after cutting or clipping. 2. A case 
to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse. 

Dock, n. [Lat. doga, sort of vessel, Gr. Soxn, Soxelov, 
receptacle, from SexecrOau, to receive.] 1. An artificial 
inclosure for the reception of vessels. 2. The space be- 
tween two piers for ships ; — sometimes including the 
piers themselves. 3. The place where a criminal or ac- 
cused person stands in court. 

Dry dock, a dock from which the water may he shut or 
pumped out ; — called also a graving dock. — Floating dock, a 
water-tight structure for receiving vessels and raising them out 
of water by its buoyancy ;— called also sectional dock.— Wet 
dock, a dock where the water is shut in, and kept at a given 
level, to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships. 

Dock'age, n. A charge for the use of a dock. 

Dock'et, n. [From dock, to cut off a part.] 1. A sum- 
mary or digest. 2. A bill or label tied to goods. [See 
Ticket.] 3. {Law.) (a.) An abridged entry of a judg- 
ment or proceeding in an action, or a list of such entries. 
(b.) (Amer.) A list of causes ready for hearing- or trial. 
4. A list or calendar of business matters to be acted on 
in any assembly. 

Dock'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. docketed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DOCKETING.] 1. To make an abstract of the heads 
of. 2. To enter in a docket ; to mark the contents of on 
the back, as of papers. 

Dock'-yard, n. A yard or magazine near a harbor, for 
all kinds of naval stores and timber. 

Doe'tor, n. [Lat., from docere, to teach.] 1. One qual- 
ified to teach ; a learned man. 2. One who has received 
the highest degree in a faculty. 3. One licensed to prac- 
tice medicine ; a physician. 4. Any mechanical contriv- 
ance intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some pur- 
pose in an exigency. 

Doctors 1 Commons, the college of civilians in London where 
formerly wills were proved and administration was taken out. 

Doe'tor, v. t. [imp. & p.p. DOCTORED ; p. pr. & vb- 
n. doctoring.] 1. To attend or treat as a physician. 
[Colloq.] 2. To make a doctor. 

Doc'tor-al, a. Relating to the degree or practice of a 
doctor. 

Doc'tor, v. i. To practice physic. [Colloq.] 

Doc'tor-ate (45), n. The degree of a doctor. 

D6e'toi*-ess, ) n. A female doctor ; a woman who is a 

Doe'tress, j physician. 

Doe'tor-sliip, n. Degree of a doctor ; doctorate. 

Doctrinaire (dok'tre-nar'),™. [Fr. ; L.Lat. doctrinarius , 
from doctrinare, to teach, from Lat. doctrina. See DOC- 
TRINE.] One who rigidly applies to political or other 
practical concerns the abstract doctrines or principles of 
his own philosophical system. 

Doe'tri-nal, a. Pertaining to, or containing, a doctrine. 

Doc'tri-nal-ly, adv. In a doctrinal manner orform. 

Doc'trine, n. [Lat. doctrina, from doctor.] 1. Act of 
teaching ; instruction. 2. That which is taught ; a prin- 
ciple, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowl- 
edge ; dogma ; tenet. 



Syn. — Precept. — A doctrine is something 1 
precept something to be obeyed. 



be believed; a 



Doe'u-ment, n. [Lat documentum, from docere, to 
teach.] An original or official paper, relied upon as the 
basis, proof, or support of any thing else. 

Doe'u ment, v. t. To furnish with documents. 

Doe/u-ment'al, a. Pertaining to documents ; consist- 
ing in, or derived from, documents. 

X>oeu-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to written evidence ; 
consisting in documents. 

Dod'der, n. [Dan. dodder, Sw. dodra, Ger. dotter.] (Bot.) 
A parasitical vine, which fixes itself to some other plant 
and, decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that 
supports it. 

Do-dee'a-gon, n. [Gr. Sw8e«a, twelve, and yiovCa, angle ] 
( Geom.) A regular figure or polygon, bounded by twelve 
equal sides, and containing twelve equal angl ". 

Do-dee'a-lie'dral, a. Pertaining to a dodecahedron ; 
consisting of twelve equal sides. 




Dodecahedrons. 




Do-dS-e'a-lie'dron, n. [From 
Gr. 6o65e/ca, twelve, and eSpa, 
seat, bottom, base.] ( Geom.) 
A regular solid contained under 
twelve equal and regular penta- ' 
gons ; a solid having twelve 
equal faces. 

Dodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
dodged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
dodging.] [Prob . a modifica- 
tion of dog, v. t., q. v.] 1. To start suddenly aside. 
2. To play tricks ; to be evasive ; to quibble. 

Dodge, v. t. To evade by a sudden shift of place; to 
escape by starting aside. 

Dodge, n. Act of evading by some skillful movement; 
hence, a dexterous device or trick. 

Dodg'er, n. One who dodges or evades ; one who uses 
tricky devices. 

Do'do, n. ; pi. DO'DOES. [Pg. 
doudo.] (Ornith.) A bird of 
large size, once inhabiting the 
Island of Mauritius in the Indi- 
an Ocean, but now extinct. 

Doe (do), n. [A.-S. da.] (Zool.) 
A she-deer ; specifically , the fe- 
male of the fallow-deer. 

Doe'skin, n. 1. The skin of ; 
the doe. 2. A compact, twilled 
woolen cloth. Dodo. 

Do'er (doo'er), n. One who does or performs ; an actor; 
an agent. 

D6e§ (duz). Third person present indicative of do. 

Doff, v. t. [imp. & p.p. DOFFED (doft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
doffing.] [From do and off.] 1. To put off, as dress. 
2. To rid one's self of; to defer. 

Dog, n. [Icel. doggr.] 1. (Zool.) A quadruped of the 
genus Corn's. There are upwards of thirty varieties. 2. 
A mean, worthless fellow. 3. A fellow; — used humor- 
ously. 4. (Astron.) One of the two constellations in the 
southern hemisphere. 5. An andiron. 6. (Mech.) (a.) 
A grappling iron, (b.) An iron with fangs for securing a 
log that is to be sawed, (c.) A kind of catch or clutch; 
especially, (d.) the carrier of a lathe, and, (e.) an adjust- 
able stop to change the motion of a machine tool. 

To give or throw to the dogs, to throw away, as useless. — To 
go to the dogs, to be ruined. 

Dog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOG- 
GING.] To follow insidiously or indefatigably ; to worry 
with impunity ; to hunt. 

Do'gate (45), n. The office or dignity of a doge. 

Dog'oeVry, n. The berry of the dogwood. 

Dog'-bri'er, ». (Bot.) The dog-rose. See DOG-ROSE. 

Dog'-cart, n. A one-horse vehicle for sportsmen ; — so 
called from being used to carry dogs, for hunting, in an 
open space behind. 

Dog'-clieap, a. Cheap as dog's meat or offal ; very cheap. 

Dog'-day, n. One of the days when Sirius, or the Dog- 
star, rises and sets with the sun. They commence the 
latter part of July, and end the beginning of September. 

Doge, n. [It., from Lat. dvx, a leader.] The chief mag- 
istrate in the republics of Tenice and Genoa. 

Dog'-eared, a. Having the corners of the leaves turned 
down by careless usage ; — said of a book. 

Dog'flsh, n. (Ichth.) A species of shark. 

Dog'ged (60), a. [From dog.] Surlily obstinate. 

Dog'ged-ly, adv. In a dogged manner ; sullenly. 

Dog'ged-ness, n. Sullenness ; moroseness. 

Dog'ger, n. [D., from dogger, cod-fish, originally used 
in the catching of cod-fish.] (Naut.) A two-masted fish- 
ing vessel, used especially by the Dutch. 

Dog'ger-el, a. .[Fom dog. Cf. Dog-Latin.] Low in 
style_, and irregular in measure ; — said of poetry. 

Dog'ger-el, n. Mean, undignified, and irregular verse. 

Dog'gisli, a. Like a dog ; churlish ; snappish. 

Dog'-Lat'in, n. Barbarous Latin. 

Dog'ma, n. ; Eng. pi. dog'mas ; Lat. pi. d&g'ma-ta. 
[Lat. dogma, Gr. S6yp.a, from SoiceZv, to think.] 1. That 
which is held as an opinion. 2. An established tenet ; 
a peremptory opinion. 3. A principle of doctrine assert- 
ed or taught without sufficient evidence. 

Syn. — Tenet. — A tenet is an article of faith, which is firm- 
ly held. Dogma has now a somewhat odious sense, from its 
carrying with it the idea of authority or undue assumption, as 
in its derivative dogmatism. 

Dog-mat'ie, la. 1. Pertaining to a dogma. 2. As- 
Dog-mat'ie-al, I serting or disposed to assert author* 
itatively ; magisterial. 3. Positive ; asserted with au- 
thority ; authoritative. 



a,e,&c.,Zcmg7 &,&,&>c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf , 



DOGMATICALLY 



221 



DOMINICAL 



Dog-mat'i«-al-ly, adv. Arrogantly ; positively. 

Dog-mat'i-es, n. sing. The science which treats of Chris- 
tian doctrines ; doctrinal theology. 

D6g'ma-tl§m, n. Arrogance or positiveness in opinion. 

Dog'ma-tist, n. One who dogmatizes. 

Dog'ma-tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dogmatized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. DOGMATIZING.] To assert positively; to 
teach with bold and undue confidence. 

Dog'ma-tiz'er, n. One who dogmatizes. 

Dog'ro§e,«. (Bot.) A species of rose which bears the hip. 

Dogg'-ear, n. The corner of a leaf, in a book, turned 
do wn like the ear of a dog. 

Dog'star, n. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, in the 
constellation Canis Major, whose rising and setting with 
the sun originally gave name to the dog-days. 

Dog'- tooth, n, ; pi. dog'-teeth. 1. A sharp-pointed 
human tooth, growing between the incisors and grind- 
ers, and resembling a dog's tooth ; — called also eye-tooth 
and canine tooth. 2. {Arch.) An ornament consisting of 
pointed projections resembling teeth. 

D5g'-trot, n. A gentle trot like that of a dog. 

Dog'- watch, n. (Naut.) One of two watches of two 
hours each, the first being from 4 to 6 o'clock, P. M., the 
second from 6 to 8 o'clock, P. M. 

Dog'wobd, n. (Bot.) A genus of large shrubs or small 
trees, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and service- 
able for many purposes. 

Doi'ly, n. [Said to be so called from the first maker ; but 
cf. Towel.] A small napkin, generally colored, used 
with fruit and wine. 

Doit, n. [D. duit, duyt, L. Ger. deut, perh. fr. Fr. dViuit, 
de hw't, of eight, as it is the eighth part of a stiver or 
penny.] 1. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a far- 
thing ; hence, any small piece of money. 2. Any trifle. 

Do-lab'ri-form, a. [Lat. dolabra, pickax, and forma, 
form.] ( Nat, Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet. 

Dolce (duPcha), ) adv. [It., from Lat. dul- 

Dolcemente (doPcha-men'ta), { cis, sweet, soft.] (Mus.) 
Softly ; sweetly ; — a direction to the performer. 

Dol'drumg, n. pi. A part of the ocean near the equator, 
abounding in calms, squalls, and light baffling winds. 

To be in the doldrums, to be in a state of listlessnesa or en- 
nui; to be bored. 

Dole, n. [A.-S. dal, dilan, dselan, to divide. Cf. DEAL.] 
1. Act of dividing and distributing. 2. That which is 
dealt or distributed. 3. Alms; charity; gratuity. 
Syn. —Dealing ; apportionment ; part ; share ; portion. 

Dole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DOLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOL- 
ING.] To deal out in small portions ; to distribute. 

Dole'ful, a. Full of dole or grief. \ 

Syn. — Piteous ; rueful; sorrowful ; woful ; melancholy; 
sad ; gloomy ; dismal. 

Dole'f ul-ly, adv. In a doleful manner ; sadly. 

Dole'some (-sum), a. Doleful ; dismal ; sorrowful. 

Doll, n. [A contraction of Dorothy ; less probably an 
abbreviation of idol.] A puppet or baby for a child. 

Dol'lar, n. [An abbrev. of Joachims-thaler , i. e. , a piece 
of money first coined, about the year 1518, in the valley 
of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 1. A silver coin of the 
United States, equal to 100 cents, 10 dimes, or one tenth 
of an eagle. 2. A coin of the same general weight and 
value, current in Mexico, parts of South America, Spain, 
&c. 3. The value of a dollar. 

Dol'men, n. [Celt.] A table of stones, or a large stone 
resembling a table, found among the relics of the Druids ; 
a cromlech. 

Dol'o-nilte, n. ( Geol. & Mi?i.) Amagnesian carbonate of 
lime. It is so called from the French geologist, Dolomieu. 

Do'lor, ». [Lat., from dolere, to feel pain, to grieve.] 
Pain ; grief; distress ; anguish. 

Dol'or-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. dolor, pain, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing pain or distress. 

DoFor-if' ie, ) a. [L. Lat. dolorificus, from dolor, and 

DoFor-If ie-al , ) facere, to make.] Causing pain or 
grief; dolorous. 

J>6Vo-ro'qo,n. [It.] (Mus.) In a pathetic manner. 

pol'or-oiis, a. 1. Full of dolor or grief. 2. Occasion- 
ing pain or grief; impressing sorrow. 
Syn.— Doleful; dismal; sorrowful; painful; distressing, 

Dol'or-ous-ly, adv. In a dolorous manner. 

Dol'phin, n. [Lat. delphin, 
delphinus, Gr. SeA^iV.] 1. 
(Ichth.) (a.) A cetaceous mam- 
mal ; the true dolphin, (b.) 
A fish of about five feet in 
length, celebrated for its sur- Dolphin. 



prising changes of color when dying. 2. (Naut.) (a.) A 
rope or strap wound round a mast to support the pudden^ 
ing when the lower yards rest in the slings, (b.) A spar or 
buoy secured to an anchor and furnished with a ring to 
which cables may be bent, (c.) A mooring-post. 
Dolt (20), n. [A.-S. doi, dvol, dval, erring, foolish, from 
dvclan, to err, to be torpid or stupid, Goth, dvals, dull, 
stupid. Cf. Dull.] A heavy, stupid fellow. 

Syn. — A blockhead ; numskull ; ignoramus ; dunce ; duU 
lard; ass; simpleton. 

Dolt'ish, a. Dolt-like ; dull in intellect ; stupid. 

Domain', n. [Lat. dominium, property , right of owner- 
ship, fr. dominus, master, owner, from domus, a house.] 
1. Dominion; authority. 2. Territory over which do- 
minion is exerted. 3. Landed property ; estate ; espe- 
cially, the land about the mansion-house of a lord, and 
in his immediate occupancy. 4. (Laiv.) Ownership of 
land ; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own 
right. 

Eminent domain, the inherent sovereign power of a state, 
which gives to the legislature the control of private property 
for public uses. [Amer.] 

Dome, n. [Lat. domus, a house, domus Dei, or Dom- 
ini, house of the Lord, house of God.] 1. A building ; 
a house. 2. (Arch.) A structure raised above the roof 
of an edifice, usually hemispherical in form ; a cupola. 
3. Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a 
building. 

Domeg'day (dobmz'da), n. See DOOMSDAY. 

Do-mes'tie, a. [Lat. domesticus, from domus, house.] 
1. Belonging to the house or home ; pertaining to one's 
place of residence, and to the family. 2. Pertaining to 
a nation considered as a family, or home, or to one's own 
country ; intestine. 3. Remaining much at home ; de- 
voted to home duties or pleasures. 4. Living in or near 
the habitations of man ; tame. 5. Made in one's own 
house, nation, or country. 

Do-mes'tie, n. 1. One who lives in the family of an- 
other, as hired assistant. 2. pi. Articles of home man- 
ufacture, especially cotton goods. [Amer.] 

Do-mes'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. domesticated ; 
p. pr, & vb. n. DOMESTICATING.] [L. Lat. domesticare, 
domesticatum, fr. domus, house.] 1. To make domes- 
tic. 2. To conduct as if at one's own home. 3. To 
accustom to live near the habitations of man ; to tame. 

Do-mes'ti-ea'tion, n. The act of domesticating. 

Do'mes-tlc'i-ty, n. The state of being domestic ; a 
household act or life. 

Dom'i-cile, n. [Lat. domicilium, from domus, a house.] 

1. An abode or mansion ; place of permanent residence. 

2. (Laiv.) A residence at a particular place accompanied 
with positive or presumptive proof of an intention to re- 
main there for an unlimited time. 

Dom'i-cile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. domiciled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. domiciling.] To establish in a fixed residence, 
to domiciliate. 

Dom'i-cil'i-a-ry (or dom'i-sil'ya-ry), a. Pertaining to 
domicile, or the residence of a person or family. 

Domiciliary visit {Law), a visit to a private dwelling, particu- 
larly for the purpose of searching it, under authority. 

Dom'i-cil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. kp.p. domiciliated; 

p. pr. & vb. n. domiciliating.] To establish in a 

permanent residence ; to domicile. 
Dom'i-cil i-a'tion, n. Permanent residence. 
Dominance, ) n. Predominance ; ascendency ; au- 
Dom'i-nan-cy, } thority. 
Dominant, a. [Lat. dominant, p. pr. of dominaru 

See infra.] Ruling; prevailing; predominant. 
Dominant chord {Mus.), the chord based upon the dominant. 

— Dominant estate or tenement {Law), the estate to which a ser- 
vitude or easement is due from another estate. 
Dom'i-nant, n. (Mus.) The fifth tone of the scale. 
Dom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. DOMINATED ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. DOMINATING.] [Lat. dominari, dominatus, 

from dominus, master, lord, from domus, house.] To 

predominate over ; to rule ; to govern. 
Dom'i-nate. v. i. To predominate. [Rare.] 
DSm'i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of dominating ; exercise of 

power in ruling ; dominion ; government ; authority. 2. 

The fourth of the supposed orders of angelical beings. 
D5m'i-na-tive, a. Ruling ; imperious. 
D6m'i-na/tor, n. [See DOMINATE, v.] A ruler or 

ruling power ; predominant influence. 
Dom'i-neer'. v. i. [imp. & p. p. DOMINEERED; p. 

pr. & vb. n. DOMINEERING.] [Fr. dominer. See DOM- 

INATE, v.] To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway. 
Do-min'ie-al, a. [L. Lat. dominicalis, from dominux, 



fdbd,fo~ot; ftrn, r^de, pull ; cell, chaise, «aU, e«ho j gem, get ; ag; ejeist ; linger, Halt ; this. 



DOMINICAN 



222 



DORMITORY 



lord, dominica or dotninicus dies, the Lord's day.] 1. 
Indicating the Lord's day, or Sunday. 2. Relating to, 
or given by, our Lord. 

Dominical letter, one of the first seven letters of the alpha- 
bet, used in almanacs to denote the Sabbath, or Lord's day. 

Do-min'i --can, a. Belonging or relating to the Domini- 
cans, or to St. Dominic. 

Do-min'i-ean, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of 
monks founded by Dominic de Guzman; — called also 
predicants, preaching-friars, jacobins, and black-friars. 

Ddm'i-nie, [Lat. dominus, master, from domus, house.] 
1. A schoolmaster. [Scot.] 2. A parson. [Scot.] 

Do-mln'ion (-min^yun), n. [From Lat. dominium. 
See Domain.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority. 2. 
Superior prominence ; predominance. 3. Territory over 
•which authority is exercised. 4. A governing power of 
very high rank. 

Syn. — Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; government; 
ascendency; preponderance; territory; country; region. 

Dom'i-no, n.; pi. DOM'l-NOg, or dom'i-noe§. [It. & 
Sp., from Lat. dominus, master; or from It. domo, du- 
omo, cathedral, being a hood worn by the canons of a 
cathedral.] 1. A cape with a hood, formerly worn by 
priests, to protect the head and face. 2. A kind of hood 
worn by the canons of a cathedral church. 3. A mourn- 
ing veil formerly worn by women. 4. A half-mask for- 
merly worn by ladies. 5. A long, loose cloak, with a hood 
removable at pleasure, used as a disguise. 6. A person 
wearing a domino. 7, pi. A game played by two or 
more persons, with twenty -eight pieces of ivory, &c, in- 
dented on the face with spots from a one to double-six. 
8. One of the pieces with which the game is played. 

Don, n. [Sp. ; Pg. dom, It. donno, from Lat. dominus, 
master.] 1. Sir ; Mr. ; Signior ; — a title of courtesy in 
Spain, given to all classes. 2. A grand personage, or 
one making pretension to consequence. 

pon, v. t. [imp. &■ p. p. donned ; p. pr. & vb. n. don- 
ning.] [To do on.] To put On ; to invest one's self 
with ; — opposed to doff. 

Do'nate, v. t. [imp. hp. p. DONATED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
DONATING-.] [Lat. donate, donatum, from donum, gift, 
from dare, to give.] To give, generally for a specific ob- 
ject. [Recent.] 

Do-na/tion, n. [See Donate.] 1. Act of giving or 
bestowing. 2. That which is given or bestowed ; a gift ; 
a grant, 3. (Law.) Act or contract by which a person 
voluntarily transfers to another the title to a thing of 
which he is the owner, without any consideration. 

Donation-party , a party assembled at the house of some one, 
as a clergyman, each one bringing some present. \Amtr.~] 

Syn.— Gift ; present.— Gift is generic ; a present is a gift 
intended as a compliment or expression of kindness; a dona- 
tion is a word of more dignity, denoting a gift to some public 
object, and usually large in amount. 

Don'a-tigm, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The principles embraced 
by African schismatics of the 4th century, who were 
called Donatists, from Donatus, their leader. 

Don'a-tist, n. An adherent of the schism of Donatus. 

Don'a-tive, n. [Lat. donativum, from donare. See 
Donate.] 1. A gift; a gratuity; a present. 2. 
(Eccl. Laio.) A benefice conferred on a person .by the 
founder or patron, without either presentation, institu- 
tion, or induction by the ordinary. 

Don'a-tive, a. Vested or vesting by donation.' 

Do-na'tor, n. (Law.) A donor ; a giver. 

Done (dun, 57), p. p. from do. 1. Performed ; executed ; 
finished. 2. [From Fr. donne, corrupted, as used in 
law, to done, or done, from donner, to give, to issue, 
from Lat. donare, to give.] Given out ; issued ; made 
public; — used in the clause expressing the date of a 
proclamation or other official public document. 

Do-nee', n. [Fr. donne, p. p. of donner, from Lat. do- 
nare.^ See Donate.] 1. One to whom a gift or dona- 
tion is made. 2. (Law.) The party executing a power, 
otherwise called appointor. 

Don'jon (dun'jun), n. [See Dungeon.] A massive 
tower in ancient castles, regarded as the strongest part 
of the fortifications, and usually in the center of the 
whole ; — also called the keep. [See Must, of Castle.] 

Don'key, n. ; pi. DON'KEYg. [Perhaps from dun, in 
allusion to the color of the animal, and the diminutive 
termination key.] 1. An ass, or mule. 2, A stupid or 
obstinate and wrong-headed fellow. 

Don'key- engine , n. A small assistant engine in 
steam-vessels, deriving its steam from the boiler. 

DSn'na, n. [It. donna, Sp. dona, duena, Pg. dona, from 
Lat. domina, mistress. . See Don.] A lady ; madam ; 
mistress ; — the title given a lady in Italy. 



Do'nor, n. [Fr. donneur, from donner, Lat. donare, to 
give.] 1. One who gives or bestows gratuitously ; a ben- 
efactor. 2. (Law.) One who confers a power. 

Ddo'dle (doiydl), n. [Perhaps contracted and corrupted 
from do little.] A trifler ; a simple fellow. 

Doom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. doomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DOOMING.] [See infra.] 1. To pronounce sentence or 
judgment on; to condemn. 2. To ordain as penalty; 
hence, to mulct or fine. 3. To assess a tax upon, by 
estimate or at discretion. [New England.] 4. To des- 
tine ; to fate. 

Doom, n. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. dom, Icel. domr, Goth. 
doms. See Deem.] 1. Judicial sentence ; penal de- 
cree. 2. That to which one is doomed or sentenced; 
penalty ; unhappy fate. [New England.] 

Dobmg'day, n. 1. A day of doom, sentence, or con- 
demnation. 2. The day of the final judgment. 

Dobmg'day-hobk, n. [See supra.] A book compiled 
by order of William the Conqueror, containing a survey 
of all the lands in England, their ownership, &c, with a 
view to their being doomed, or adjudged for taxation. 

Door, n. [A.-S. duru, dora, Icel. dyr, Goth, daur, 0. H. 
Ger. luri, Ir. dor, doras, dorus ; W. dor, drws, Russ. 
dverj, Gv t 8vpa, Lat. fores, Skr. dvar, dvara.] 1. An 
opening in the outer or inner wall of a house for going in 
and out at. 2, The frame of boards, or other material, 
by which such an opening into, or in, a house is closed. 
3. Means of approach or access. 4. An entrance-way, 
and the apartment or house to which it leads. 

In doors, or within doors, within the house; tinder cover.— 

Next door to, near to; bordering on. — Out of doors, or icitliout 

doors, and, colloq., out doors, out of the house, in open air, 

abroad. — To lie at one's door, to be imputable or chargeable to. 
Door'-keep'er, n. One who guards the entrance of a 

house or apartment ; a porter ; a janitor. 
Door'-nail, n. The nail or knob on which the knocker 

of a door strikes ; hence the phrase, dead as a door-nail. 
Door'- -way, n. The passage of a door. • 
Dor, n. [A.-S. dora, drone, locust, Lat. taurus, a kind of 

beetle.] (Entorn.) The black-beetle, or the hedge-chafer. 
Do-ra'do, n. [Sp. dorado, gilt, from dorar, to gild.] 1. 

A southern constellation, containing six stars. 2. ( Ichth.) 

A large fish, a species of dolphin. 
Do-ree', or Do'ree, n. (Ichth.) An acanthopterygious 

fish. 
E@f- The popular name in England is Jbhn-doree, or dory, a 

corruption of jaane-doree, i. e., 

golden-yellow. See Dory. 

Do'ri-an, ) a. 1. Pertain- 

Dor'ie, ) ing to Doris, or 
the Dorian race, in ancient 
Greece. 2. (Arch.) Belong- 
ing to, or resembling, the 
second order of columns, be- 
tween the Tuscan and Ionic. 
3. (Mus.) Of, or relating to, 
one of the ancient musical 
modes or keys. Its charac- 
ter was severity tempered 
with gravity and joy. 

D6r'i-ci§m, n. A phrase of 
the Doric dialect. 

Dor'man-cy, n. State of be- 
ing dormant. 

D6r'mant, a. [Fr., p. pr. 
of dormir, to sleep.] 1. 
Sleeping ; hence, not in ac- 
tion ; quiescent ; not disclosed, 
asserted, or insisted on. 2. 
(Her.) In a sleeping posture. 

Dormant partner (Com.), a partnerwho takes no share in the 
active business of a company or partnership, but shares in the 
profit or loss; — called also sleeping or silent partner. 

Ddr'mant, n. [L. Lat. dormitor, a large beam or sleeper.] 
(Arch.) The large beam lying across a room ; a joist. 

Dor'mer, \ n. [Lit., 

Dor'mer- win'dow, ) the win- 
dow of a sleeping apartment. Fr, 
dormir, Lat. dormire, to sleep." 
(Arch.) A window placed verti- 
cally on the inclined plane of the 
roof of a house. 

D6r'mi-tive, n. [From Lat. dor- 
mire, to sleep.] (Med.) A medi- 
cine to promote sleep ; an opiate ; 
a narcotic ; a soporific. 

D6r'mi-tive, a. Causing sleep. 

D6r'mi-to-ry (50), n. [Lat. dormitorium, from dormire 




Doric Order. 




Dormer-Window. 



Sjei&c.^onj; a,e,&c, short,- care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; piqu«,firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 



DORMOUSE 



223 



DOUBT 




Dormouse. 



to sleep.] A room, suite of rooms, or building, used to 
sleep in ; a bed-room. 

Dor'mouse, n. ; pi. dor/mice. 
[Lat. dormire, Prov. Eng. dorm, 
to doze, and mouse, q. v.] (Zool.) 
A small rodent mammal which 
lives on trees like the squirrel, and 
feeds on acorns, nuts, &c. ; — so 
called because it is usually torpid 
during the winter. 

Dor'ni-e, n. Coarse damask and table-linen, made at Dor- 
nick or Tournay. 

Dorr, n. See Dor. 

Dor'sal, a. [L. Lat. dor sails, Lat. dorsualis, from dor- 
sum, the back.] Pertainiug to the back. 

Dor-sif'er-oiis, ) a. [Lat. dorsum, the back, and ferre, 

Dor-sip'a-roiis, j to bear, produce, parere, to bring 
forth, bear.] (Bot.) Bearing or producing seeds on the 
back of the leaves, as the ferns. 

Do'ry, n. [Corrupted from jaune-doree, golden-yellow. 
See DOREE .] ( Ic.lith . ) A fish — called also John-dory — 
much esteemed by epicures. 

Do'ry, n. A canoe or small boat. 

Dose, n. [Gr. 86<n?, a giving, that which is given, dose, 
from SiSoVai, to give.] 1. Quantity of medicine given at 
one time. 2. As much as one can take, or as falls to 

- one to receive. 3. Any thing nauseous that one is 
obliged to take. 

Dose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dosed (dost, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DOSING.] 1. To form into suitable doses. 2. To give 
in doses ; to give medicine or phj'sic to ; to give potions 
to constantly and without need. 3. To give any thing 
nauseous to. 

Dos'el, n. [See Dorsal.] {Arch.) A rich tapestry 
hanging at the back of an altar, &c. 

Dos'sil, n. [0. Eng. dosil, dosclle, faucet, dossel, wisp of 
hay to stop up an aperture in a barn ; L. Lat. duciculus, 
ducillus, from Lat. ducere, to lead, draw.] (Surg.) A 
pledget or portion of lint made into a cylindrical form, or 
the shape of a date. 

Dost (dust). Second person present of do. 

Dot, n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jot, q. v., or allied to A.-S. 
dyttan, to close or shut up. Cf. also TITTLE.] 1. A 
small point or spot, made with a pen or other pointed 
instrument, 2. [Fr. dot, from Lat. dos, dotis, dowry.] 
( La w.) A marriage portion ; dowry. [Louisiana.] 

Dot, v. t. [imp. &,p. p. DOTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOT- 
TING.] 1. To mark with dots or specks. 2. To diver- 
sify with small detached objects. 

Dot, v. i. To make dots or specks. 

Do'tage, n. [From dote, q. v.] 1. Childishness ; imbe- 
cility of mind, particularly in old age ; senility. "2, Ex- 
cessive fondness ; weak and foolish affection. 

Do'tal, a. [Lat. dotalis, from dos, dotis, marriage por- 
tion, dowry.] Pertaining to, or constituting, dower, or 
comprised in it. [is impaired by age. 

Do'tard, n. [From dote, q. v.] A man whose intellect 

Do-ta'tion, n. [L. Lat. dotatio, from Lat. dotare, to en- 
dow, from dos, dotis, dower.] 1. Act of endowing, or 
bestowing a marriage portion on, a woman. 2. Endow- 
ment ; establishment of funds for support, as of a hos- 
pital or eleemosynary corporation. 

Dote, v. i. [imp. Sz,.p.p. doted ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOT- 
ING.] [0. D. doten, W. dotio, dotiaw ; Fr. radoter, to 
dote, rave, talk idly or senselessly.] 1. To have the in- 
tellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wan- 
ders or wavers. 2. To be excessively or foolishly fond. 

Dot'er, n. One who dotes. 

Doth (dath). Third person present of do. See DO. 

Dot'tard, n. [For dotard, from dote, to decay, impair.] 
A decayed tree. 

Dot'ted, p. a. Marked with dots or small spots ; diversi- 
fied with small, detached objects. 

Dotted note (Mus.), a note followed by a dot to indicate an 
increase of length equal to one halt of its simple value. — Dot- 
ted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in like manner. 

E@"- Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to 
indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their 
simple value. 



Dotted Notes and Bests. 

D5t'ter-el, ) n. [From dote, q. v.] 1. ( Ornith.) A wad- 

D6t'trel, ) ing bird, a congener of the plovers. It 

is said to imitate the action of the fowler, and to be easily 

taken by stratagem. 2. A silly fellow ; a dupe ; a gull. 



Double (dubl,) a. [Lat. duplus, from duplex, twofold, 
double, from duo, two, and plicare, to fold.] 1. Two- 
fold ; multiplied by two ; increased by its equivalent. 2. 
In pairs ; presenting two of a set together ; coupled. 3. 
Divided into two ; vacillating ; hence, deceitful. 4. (Bot.) 
Having several rows of petals formed by cultivation from 
stamens and carpels. 

Double counteryjoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint in 
which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them 
an octave higher or lower. —Double note (Mus.), a note of double 
the length ot the semibreve or minim; a breve. 

Double (dab 7 !), adv. Twice ; twofold. 

GST- Double is often used in composition, denoting two ways, 
or twice the number or quantity. 

Double (dab'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DOUBLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DOUBLING.] 1. To multiply by two ; to make 
twice as great ; to duplicate, 2. To fold one part upon 
another part of. 3. To contain or be worth twice as 
much as. 4. To pass around or by. 5. (Mil.) To 
unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one. 

Double, v. i. 1. To increase or grow to twice as much. 
2. To return upon one's track. 3. ( Print.) To set up a 
word or phrase a second time by mistake. 

To double upon (Mil.), to inclose between two fires. 

Double, n. 1. Twice as much. 2. That which is 
doubled over or together ; a plait ; a fold. 3. A turn in 
running to escape pursuers ; hence, a trick ; a shift ; an 
artifice. 4. A counterpart. 5. A roofing slate of the 
smallest size used. 

Double-base, I n. (Mus.) The largest and lowest- 

Doub'Ie-bass, ) toned instrument in the violin form. 

Double-breast'ed, a. Lapping over on the breast, 
with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side. 

Double-deal'er, n. One who acts two different parts ; 
a deceitful, trickish person. 

Double-dealing, n. Artifice; duplicity. 

Double-entencli'e (dob'bl-'ong-tjng'dr), n. [Fr. double, 
double, and entendre, to mean ; — a barbarous compound 
of French words. The true French equivalent is double 
entente.] A word or expression admitting of a double in- 
terpretation, one of which is often obscure or indelicate. 

Doiib'le-en'try, n. A mode of book-keeping in which 
two entries are made of every transaction, so that the 
one may check the other. 

Double-flow'er, n. (Bot.) A flower having several 
rosvs of petals, as the result of cultivation. 

Double-miii d ; ed, a. Having different minds at dif- 
ferent times ; unsettled ; wavering ; unstable. 

Doiible-iiess, n. State of being double or doubled. 

Double-quick, n. (Mil.) The fastest time or step, in 
marching, next to the run, requiring 165 steps, each 33 
inches in length, to be taken in one minute. 

Double-quick, a. (Mil.) Performed in the time called 
double-quick. 

Double-quick, v. t. & i. (Mil.) To move, or cause to 
move, in double-quick time. 

Doubler, n. One who, or that which, doubles. 

Double-£alt, n. ( Chem.) A compound salt consisting of 
two salts in chemical combination. 

Double-star, n. (Astron.) Two stars so near to each 
other as to be seen separate by means of a telescope only. 

Doublet (dab/let), n. [0. Fr. doublet, dim. of double.] 
1. Two of the same kind ; a pair ; a couple. 2. (Print.) 
A word or phrase unintentionally doubled, or set up the 
second time. 3. The inner garment of a man ; a waist- 
coat. 4. (Lapidary Work.) A counterfeit stone, com- 
posed of two pieces of crystal, with a color between them. 
5. (Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, 
designed to correct spherical abberration and chromatic 
dispersion. 

Double-tongued (dubl-tungd), a. Speaking differ- 
ently about a thing at different times ; deceitful. 

Doub'Jets, n. pi. Two dice, which, having been thrown, 
have each the same number of spots on the face lying 
uppermost. 

Doub-lobn', n. [Fr. doublon, Sp. doblon. See Double, 
a.] A Spanish and Portuguese coin, of the value of from 
fifteen to nearly sixteen dollars. 

Doubly, adv. In twice the quantity. 

Doubt (dout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. DOUBTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DOUBTING.] [0. Fr. doubter, Lat. dubitare, in- 
tensive form of a primitive dubare, from duo, two.] 1. 
To be in suspense or uncertainty respecting any thing ; 
to be undetermined. 2. To fear ; to be apprehensive. 

Syn. — To waver; fluctuate; hesitate; demur; scruple; ques- 
tion; suspect. 

Doubt (dout), v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable ; 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



DOUBT 



224 



DOXOLOGICAL 



to hesitate to believe. 2. To fear: to apprehend; to 
suspect ; to believe. 

Doubt (dout), n. 1. Uncertainty of mind ; suspense. 2. 
Uncertainty of condition. 3. Suspicion; fear; appre- 
hension; dread. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for 
solution ; objection. 

Syn. - Hesitation. — Doubt belongs to the understanding, 
and hesitation to the will. While there are serious doubts in the 
mind, there must be a painful hesitation as to the course to be 
pursued. 

Doubt'a-ble (dout-Vbl), a. Capable of being doubted ; 
questionable. 

Doubt'er (dout'-), n. One who doubts ; one who scruples. 

Doubt'ful (dout'-), a. 1. Not settled in opinion. 2. Ad- 
mitting of doubt ; not clear or certain ; not easy to be de- 
fined, classed, or named. 3. Characterized by ambiguity. 
4. Of uncertain issue. 5. Affected by fear. 

Syn. — Wavering; hesitating; undetermined; distrustful; 
dubious; uncertain; equivocal; obscure; ambiguous; problem- 
atical; questionable; precarious; hazardous. 

Doubt'ful-ly (dout/-), adv. In a doubtful manner. 

Doubt'f ul-ness (dout / -), n. A state of being doubtful ; 
dubiousness. 

Doubt'less (dout'-), adv. Without doubt or question ; 
unquestionably. 

Douceur (dob'sur'), n. [Fr., from doux, sweet.] A 
present or gift ; a bribe. 

Douche (dobsh), n. [Fr.,as if from a Lat. word ductiare, 
from ductum, ducere, to lead, conduct (water).] A jet or 
current of water or vapor directed upon some diseased 
part of the body, to benefit it medicinally. 

Dough (do), n. [A.-S. dah, dag, Icel. deig, Goth, daigs, 
from daigan, to form, mold.] A mass of flour or meal 
moistened_and kneaded, but not yet baked. 

Dough'-f ace (dS'fas), n. One who is flexible, and easily 
molded. [Amer.] 

Dough'niit (do'nfit), n. A small, roundish cake, made 
of flour, eggs, and sugar, moistened with milk or with 
water, and fried in lard. 

Dough/ti-ly (dou'tr-ly), adv. In a doughty manner. 

Dough'ti-ness (dou'ti-nes), n. The quality of being 
doughty ; valor ; bravery. 

Dough'ty (dou'ty), a. [A.-S. dohtig, dyhtig, brave, 
valiant, fit, useful, from A.-S. & Goth, dugan, to be able 
or strong, to be good.] Characterized by bravery ; valiant ; 
redoub table. [sure. 

Dough'y (do'y), a. Like dough; soft; yielding to pres- 

Douse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DOUSED (doust); p. pr. & vb. 
n. DOUSING.] [Cf. 0. D. donsen, to strike with the fist 
on the back, Sw. dunsa, to fall down violently and noisihy, 
and Gr. Sveiv, fut. 8vo-o>, to plunge into.] 1. To thrust 
or plunge into water; to dip. 2. (Naut.) To strike or 
lower in haste; to slacken suddenly. 3. [Corrupted 
from an obsolete dout, i. e. do out.] To extinguish. 

Dove, n. [A.-S. duva, dufe, from dufan, to dive.] 1. 
(Ornith.) A bird of the pigeon family, some species of 
which are domesticated, and all of gentle and inoffensive 
character ; a pigeon ; especially, a tame pigeon. 

EST" The dove is often employed as the emblem of innocence, 
gentleness, and affection ; also in art and in the Scriptures as the 
typical emblem or symbol of the Holy Ghost. 
2. A word of endearment. [doves. 

Dove'-eot (duVkot), n. A small building or box for 

Do'ver'g Pow'der. So called from Dover, its inventor, 
an English physician.] (Med.) A compound of ipecacu- 
anha, opium, and sulphate of potash, designed as a seda- 
tive and sudorific. 

Dove'tail, n. ( Carp. ) A joint or tenon 
made by letting one piece, in the form 
of a dove's tail spread, into a corre- 
sponding cavity in another, so that it 
can not be drawn out. 

Dove'tail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dove 

TAILED; p. pr. & vb. n. DOVETAIL 
ING.] 1. To unite by a tenon in form \ 
of a dove's tail spread, let into a board -iC^ITi 
or timber. 2. To fit ingeniously. UovetaiU. 

Dove'tail-molding, n. (Arch.) An ornament used in 
Gorman architecture, consisting of a rounded molding 
arranged so as to form a series of figures in the form of a 
dove s tail. 

■ Do 7^" ble ( dou/a -W)< a. [From daw, for endow, q. v. 

Cf. DOTE and DOWER.] Capable of being endowed; 

entitled to dower. 
Dow'a-ger, n. [See Dower, and cf. Fr. douairiere, 

from douatre, dower.l 1. (Eng. Law.) A widow ei>' 



husband's heir bearing the same name ; — chiefly applied 
to the widows of personages of rank. 
Queen dowager, the widow of a king. 

Dow'dy, a. [Scot, dawdie, slovenly, daw, da, sluggard, 
drab, Prov. Eng. dowd, flat, dead, spiritless, Goth, dauths. 
Cf. Dead.] Awkward; ill-dressed; vulgar-looking. 

Dow'dy, n. An awkward, ill-dressed, inelegant woman. 

Dow'dy-ish, a. Like a dowdy. 

Dow'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DOWELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
doweling.] To fasten together by dowels. 

Dow'el, n. 1. A dowel-pin. 2. A piece of wood driven 
into a wall, so that other pieces may be nailed to it. 

Dow'el-pln, n. A pin of wood or metal used for joining 
two pieces, as of wood, stones, &c. 

Dow'er, n. [Fr. douaire, L. Lat. doarium, dotarium, 
from Lat. dotare, to endow, to portion.] 1. Endowment; 
gift. 2. The property with which a woman is endowed; 
especially, (a.) That which a woman brings to a hus- 
band in marriage, (b.) That portion of the real estate 
of a man which his widow enjoys during her life, or to 
which a woman is entitled after the death of her husband. 

Dow'ered, a. Furnished with dower, or a portion. 

Dow'er-less, a. Destitute of dower ; portionless. 

Dow'las, n. [Probably from Doidlens, in France, for- 
merly celebrated for this manufacture.] A kind of coarse 
linen cloth. 

Down, n. [Icel. dun, 0. H. Ger. duni, down, D. dons.] 
Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the skin or surface of 
animals or plants, not matted and fleecy like wool. 

Down, n. [A.-S. dun, Ger. dune, Fr. dune, from Ir. dun, 
hill, fortified hill, TV. din.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock 
of sand thrown up by the wind near the shore. 2. A 
tract of sandy, level, and barren land. [Eng.] 3. pi. 
A road for shipping in the English Channel, near Deal. 
4. [From the adverb .] A state of depression ; abasement ; 
failure; as, ups and downs. [Colloq.] 

Down, prep. [A.-S. a dun, adune, dune, fr. dun, moun- 
tain, hill. See supra.] 1. In a descending direction 
along. 2. Toward the mouth of a river, or toward the 
place where water is discharged into the ocean or a lake. 
Down the country, down the sound, toward the sea. 

Down, adv. 1. In a descending direction ; tending from 
a higher to a lower place. 2. Frcm a higher to a lover 
condition. 3. From a remoter or higher antiquity. 4. 
From a greater to a less bulk. 5. In a low position or 
condition ; on the ground. 6t In humility, dejection, 
misery, and the like. 

Down in themouth, low-spirited; dejected. [Colloo.] — Doivn 
with, take down, throw down, put down. — Up and down, with 
rising and falling motion; back and forth; hither and thither. 

Down, a. 1. Downcast ; dejected. 2. Downright: plain ; 
flat; absolute ; positive. 3. Downward ; proceeding from 
the chief terminus. 

Down'-east, a. Cast downward; directed to the ground. 

Down/fall, n. 1. A falling downward. 2. A sudden 
descent "from rank, reputation, happiness, or the like; 
destruction ; ruin. 

Down'fallrn (-fawln), a. Fallen; ruined. 

Down'-haul, n. (Naut.) A rope made fast to the upper 
corner of a sail, to haul it down. 

Down'heart-ed, a. Dejected in spirits. 

Down'hill, n. Declivity ; descent ; slope. 

Down'hill, a. Declivous; descending; sloping. 

Down'riglit (-rit), adv. 1. Straight down; perpen- 
dicularly. 2. In plain terms ; absolutely. 

Down'riglit (-rit), a - 1« Plain ; artless ; unceremonious ; 
blunt; — said of persons. 2. Plain; undisguised; ab- 
solute ; unmixed ; — said of things. 

Down'- girt/ting, n. Act of sitting down ; repose. 

Down'-stairg, a. Below ; upon a lower floor. 

Down'-stair§, adv. Down the stairs ; to a lower floor. 

Down'trod, \a. Trodden down ; trampled under 

Down'trod/den, j foot. 

Down'ward, ) adv. [From down and ward, q. v.] 1. 

Down'wardg, ) From a higher place to a lower; in a 
descending course. 2. From a higher to a lower con- 
dition. 3. From a remote time. 

Down'ward, a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher 
to a lower place ; tending toward the earth or its center. 
2. Descending from a head, origin, or source. 3. Tend- 
ing to a lower condition or state. 

Down'y, a. 1. Covered with down. 2. Made of, or re- 
sembling, down ; hence, soft ; calm ; soothing ; quiet. 

Dow'ry, n. [See Dower.] 1. A gift. 2. The estate 
which'a woman brings to her husband in marriage : the 
portion given with a wife ; dower. See Dower. 
dowed, or having a jointure. 2. A title given in Eng- Dowse, v. t. See DOUSE. [praise to God. 

land to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her Dox'o-log'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to doxology ; giving 



;:rffifc 



DOXOLOGY 



225 



DRAM 



Dox-51'o-gy, n. [Gr. 8oijo\oyia, from 56|a, opinion, 
glory, praise, from SoksIv, to think, and Ae'yeiv, to speak.] 
A short hymn expressing praise and honor to God. 

Dox'y, n. [Cf. Ger. docke, Sw. docka, Dan. dukke, doll, 
baby, or plaything.] 1. A sweetheart, mistress, or para- 
mour. 2. A prostitute. 

Doze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. DOZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOZ- 
ING.] [Dan. dose, to make dull or drowsy , dos, dullness, 
drowsiness, dosig, drowsy, A.-S. dwses, dwsesig, dysig, 
dull, stupid, foolish ; Icel. das, weariness, dasaz, to be 
weary. Cf. Daze.] To slumber ; to sleep lightly ; to be 
drowsy or half asleep. 

Doze, v. t. To pass or spend in drowsinesss. 

Doze, n. A light sleep ; a drowse ; a slumber. 

Doz'e'n (duz'n), n. ; pi. doz'en (before another noun), 
orDOZ'SNg. [Fr. douzaine, from douze, twelve, from 
Lat. duodecim.] 1. A collection of twelve individuals ; a 
set of twelve. 2. An indefinite number. 

Doz'i-ness, n. State of being dozy ; drowsiness. 

Doz'y, a. [See Doze.] Drowsy; heavy; inclined to 
sleep ; sleepy ; sluggish. 

Drab, n. [A.-S. drabbe, dregs, lees. Cf. Draff.] A 
woman of vile character ; a strumpet ; a prostitute. 

Drab, n. [Fr. drap, cloth ; L. Lat. drappus, orig. a firm, 
solid stuff, allied to Ger. derb, compact, firm, solid.] 1. 
A kind of thick, woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brown- 
ish-yellow or gray color, 2. A dull brownish-yellow or 
gray color. 

Drab, a. Of a dun color, like the cloth so called. 

Drab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drabbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. drabbling.] [Cf. A.-S. drabbe, dregs, lees. See 
supra.] To draggle ; to wet and befoul. [rod. 

Drab'ble, v. i. To fish for barbels with a long line and 

Dracli. \ (dram), n. See DRAM and Drachma. 

Draeh'ma (drak/ma), n. ; Eng. pi. DRA-en'MAg, Lat. 
pi. DRAGH'M^:. [Lat.; Gr. Spa\M, strictly, a hand- 
ful, from Spd<T<reo-9ai, to grasp with the hand.] 1. A 
silver coin among the Greeks, of various value. 2. A 
weight among the Greeks of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. 

Draff, n. [A.-S. drof, drafly, dirty, filthy, allied to drabbe, 
dregs, lees.] Refuse; lees; dregs; wash given to swine, 
or grains to cows. 

Draff 'y, a. Draggy ; waste ; worthless. 

Draft, n. [Originally a corrupt spelling of draught, q. 
v., but authorized by respectable use.] 1. Act of draw- 
ing, esp. of loads by beasts of burden. 2. {Mil.) A se- 
lection of men from a military band ; also from any com- 
pany or collection of persons, or from the people at 
large. 3. An order from one man to another, directing 
the payment of money ; a bill of exchange. 4. A deduc- 
tion made from the gross weight of goods. 5. A figure 
described on paper; sketch; outline. [See Draught.] 
6. Depth of water necessary to float a ship. [See 
Draught.] 7. A current of ah*. See Draught. 

Draft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
drafting.] 1. To draw the outline of ; to delineate. 
2. To compose and write. 3. To draw from a military 
band or post, or from any company, collection, or so- 
ciety ; to detach. 

Draf t'-horse, n. A horse employed in drawing, partic- 
ularly in drawing heavy loads. 

Draf ts'man, n. The same as Draughtsman. 

Drag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DRAGGED ; p. pr. &. vb n. 
DRAGGING.] [A.-S. dragan, Icel. draga, Goth, dragan, 
allied to Lat. trahere. Cf. DRAW.] 1. To draw along by 
main force ; to pull ; to haul. 2. To break, as land, by 
drawing a drag or harrow over it ; to pass through with. 
a drag, as a stream or harbor-bed. 3. To draw along, 
slowly or laboriously, as something burdensome ; hence, 
to pass in pain or with difficulty. 

Syn. — See Deaw. 

Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, 
on the ground. 2. To move heavily, laboriously, or 
slowly onward. 3. To fish with a drag. 

Drag, n. 1. A net, to be drawn along the bottom under 
water, for the purpose of bringing sunken bodies to the 
surface. 2. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy 
bodies. 3. A carriage or coach. [Eng.] 4. A heavy 
harrow, for breaking up ground. 5. Something to re- 
tard the progress of a moving body; a clog. 6. A 
heavy motion, as if dragged along. 7. {Founding.) 
The bottom part of a flask. 

Drag'-bar, n. A link or coupling used on railroads. 

Drag'gle (drag'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. draggled ; p. 
pr. &,vb. n. DRAGGLING.] [Dim. of drag.] To wet 
and dirty by drawing on the ground or mud, or on wet 
grass ; to drabble. 




Drag'gle, v. i. To become wet or dirty by being drawn 
on the mud or wet grass. 

Drag'-net, n. A net to be drawn along the bottom of 
a river or pond for taking fish. 

Drag'o-man, n. ; pi. drag'o-man§. [L. Lat. dragu- 
manus, drogamundus, fr. Ar. tardjuman, turdjuman, fr. 
tardjama, formerly targama, to interpret, Chald. tar gem, 
to explain, targfim, explanation.] An interpreter ; — so 
called in the Levant and other parts of the East. 

Drag'on, n. [Lat. draco, Gr. SpaKoiv, probably from 
SipK.eaOa.1, Spanelv, to look, so called from its terrible 
eyes.] 1. (Myth.) A monstrous 
winged serpent or lizard, with a 
crested head and enormous claws, 
regarded as very powerful and fe- 
rocious. 2. A fierce, violent per- 
son. 3. (Astron.) A northern 
constellation figured as a dragon. 
4. A luminous exhalation from 
marshy grounds, moving like a 
winged serpent. 5. A short mus- 
ket hooked to a swivel attached to Dragon (1.) 
a soldier's belt ; — so called from a representation of a 
dragon's head at the muzzle. 6. (Zo'dl.) A genus of 
reptiles in the East Indies, which, in consequence of an 
extension of the ribs, covered with a fringe-like arrange- 
ment of the skin, is enabled to glide through the air for 
short distances. 

I® 1 - In Scripture the term dragon is used respecting large 
marine fishes or serpents, and also venomous land serpents. It 
is also applied to Satan. 

Drag'on-et, n. 1. A little dragon. 2. (Ichth.) A 
genus of fishes belonging to the goby family. 

Drag'on- fish., n. The dragonet. 

Drag'on-fly, n. (Entom.) A genus of swift and pow- 
erful insects, having large and strongly reticulated wings, 
a large head with enormous eyes, and a long body. 

Drag'on-nade', «. [Fr., from dragon, dragoon.] The 
severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis 
XIV., by an armed force, usually of dragoons ; hence, a 
rapid and devastating incursion. 

Drag'on'f -blood, (-blud), n. A resinous substance 
brought from tropical countries, obtained from several 
trees. Its color is red, or dark brownish red. 

Drag'on'g-head, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of several spe- 
cies. 2. (Astron.) The ascending node of a planet, in- 
dicated, chiefly in almanacs, by the symbol Q. 

Drag'on's-tail, n. (Astron.) The descending node of a 
planet, indicated by the symbol {j. 

Dra-gdbn', n. [From Lat. draco, dragon ; drar.onarius, 
standard-bearer, bearing a banner on which was the fig- 
ure of a dragon.] (Mil.) A soldier taught and armed to 
serve on horseback or on foot, as occasion may require. 

Dra-gobn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dragooned ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. dragooning.] 1. To enslave, reduce to sub- 
jection, or persecute, by soldiers. 2. To harass ; to force ; 
to persecute. 

Drag'obn-ade', n. Same as Dragonnade. 

Dra-go"bii'-hird, n. (Ornith.) A Brazilian bird, hav- 
ing a large, umbrella-hke crest of feathers above the bill. 

Drag'-sheet, n. (Naitt.) A contrivance for lessening 
the drift of vessels in heavy gales of wind. 

Drain, v. t. [imp. & p.p. drained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRAINING.] [A.-S. drehnigean, from drsehen, dren, 
drop, tear.] 1. To draw off by degrees ; hence, to 
empty or exhaust of. 2. To make gradually dry or 
empty ; hence, to exhaust ; to empty of wealth, re- 
sources, or the like. 3. To filter. 

Drain, v. i. 1. To flow off gradually. 2. To be emptied 
of liquor by flowing or dropping. 

Drain, n. 1. Act of draining, or of drawing off, or of 
emptying by drawing off. 2. That by means of which 
any thing is drained ; a channel ; a trench ; a water- 
course ; a sewer. 

Drain'a-ble, a. Capable of being drained. 

Drain'age (45), n. 1. A draining. 2. Mode in which,. 
the waters of a country pass off by its streams and riv- 
ers. 3. (Engin.) System of drains and their operation, 
by which water is removed from towns, railway beds, &c. 

Drain'er, n. One who, or that which, drains. 

Drake, n. [L. Ger. drake, 0. H. Ger. antrache, N. H. 
Ger. enterich, entrich^ Icel. andriki, from 0. H. Ger. anit, 
duck, A.-S. ened, emd, N. H. Ger. ente, Lat. anas, ana- 
tis, and 0. H. Ger. -rih, Goth, reiks, ruler, chief.] 1. 
The male of the duck kind. 2. The drake-fly. 3. [Lat. 
draco, dragon.] A small piece of artillery. 

Dram, n. [Contr. from drachma, q. v.] 1. (Apotheca- 
ries' 1 Weight.) A weight of the eighth part of an ounce, 



food, fobt ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; tills 
15 



DRAMA 



226 



DREADNAUGHT 



or sixty grains. 2. (Avoirdupois Weight.) The sixteenth 
part of an ounce. 3. A minute quantity ; a mite. 4. 
As much spirituous liquor as is drank at once ; hence, 
habitual intemperance. 

Dra'ma, or Dra'ma, n. [Lat. ; Gr. Spafxa, from 6pav, 
to do, to act.] 1. A composition, designed to be acted 
on the stage, representing various phases of human life, 
grave or humorous. 2. A real series of events invested 
■with a dramatic unity and interest. 

Dra-mat'ie, I a. Pertaining, appropriate to, or re- 

Dra-niat'ie-al, ) sembling, a drama. 

Dra-mat'i-e-al-ly, adv. By representation ; in the 
manner of the drama. 

Dram'a-tis Per-so'nse. [Lat.] The characters repre- 
sented in a play ; the interlocutors in a drama. 

Dram'a-tist, n. The author of a dramatic composition ; 
a writer of plays. 

Dram'a-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dramatized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. dramatizing.] To compose in the form 
of the drama ; to represent in a drama. ^ 

Dram'a-tur'gy, n. [Gr. dpafj-arovpyLa, from Spafxa, 
drama, and the obsolete epyeiv, for epSeiv, to work.] Art 
of dramatic poetry and representation. 

Drank, imp. &p.p. of drink. See DRINK, [cloth. 

Drape,'f. t". [Fr. draper, from drap, cloth.] To make 

Drape, v. t. To cover or adorn with drapery. 

Dra'per, n. One who sells cloths ; a dealer in cloths. 

Dra'per-y, n. 1. Occupation of a draper. 2. Cloth, 
or woolen stuffs in general. 3. The garments with 
which any thing is draped ; hangings of any kind, es- 
pecially, the clothing of the human figure in sculpture 
and painting. 

Dras'tie, a. [Gr. Spacm/cos, from Spav, to do, act.] 
(Med.) Acting with strength or violence ; powerful. 

Draught (draft), n. [A.-S. drOht, a drawing, course, 
from dragan, to draw.] 1. Act of drawing or pulling ; as, 
(a.) Act of moving loads by drawing, (b.) Act of draw- 
ing a net. (c.) Act of drinking, (d.) (Mil.) Act of 
drawing men from a military band, or from any com- 
pany or society; detachment, (e.) Act of drawing or 
delineating ; representation. 2. That which is drawn ; 
as, (a.) That which is taken^by sweeping with a net. 
(b.) Quantity drawn in at once in drinking ; a potion or 
potation, (c.) (Mil.) Forces drawn ; a detachment, (d.) 
A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, 
designed, or drawn, (e.) ( Com.) An order for the pay- 
ment of money; a bill of exchange; draft. (/.) A 
current of air. 3. That which draws ; as, (a.) A sink or 
drain, (b.) pi. (Med.) A mild vesicatory, a sinapism. 4. 
Capacity of being drawn. 5. (Naut. ) Depth of water 
necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in 
water, especially when laden. 6. ( Com.) A small allow- 
ance on weighable goods, to insure full weight. [Eng.] 
7. pi. A certain game played on a checkered board ; 
checkers. 8. The bevel given to the pattern for a cast- 
ing, that it may be drawn from the sand without in- 
jury to the mold. 

Draught (draft), a. 1. Used for drawing. 2. Drawn 
directly from the barrel, or other receptacle. 

Draught (draft), v. t. To draw out ; to call forth. See 
Draft. 

Draught'-fooard (draft'-), n. A board on which 
draughts are played. 

Draughts'man (drafts'-), n. ; pi. draughtsmen. 
One who draws writings or designs. 

Draw, v. t. [imp. drew ; p. p. drawn ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. drawing.] [A.-S. & 0. S. dragan. See DRAG.] 
1. To cause to move toward or after one by the ex- 
ertion of force ; to pull along ; to haul ; to drag. 2. 
To attract ; hence, to entice ; to allure ; to engage. 
3. To bring forth ; as, (a.) To pull from a sheath or 
inclosure, as a weapon, (b.) To bring out from some re- 
ceptacle, (c.) To extract; to force out; to force forth. 
(d ) To deduce from premises; to derive, (e.) To take 
from a place of deposit. (/.) To receive from a lottery ; 
hence, to obtain by good fortune ; to win ; to gain. 4. 
To remove the contents of; as, (a.) To drain by empty- 
ing^ (b.) To extract the bowels of. 5. To inhale; to 
inspire ; hence, also, to utter or produce by an inhala- 
lation. 6. To extend in length ; to lengthen out ; to 
stretch. 7. To extend, or produce, as a line on any sur- 
face ; to protract ; hence, also, to form by marking ; to 
produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To form a 
sketch, figure, or picture of; to delineate ; hence, to de- 
scribe ; to depict. 9. To write in due form ; to prepare 
a draught of. 10. To require a depth of, as water, for 
floating ; — said of a vessel ; to sink in water. 
Drawn butter, butter melted and prepared for use as gravy, 



by pouring it on food. — Drawn game, or battle, one in which 
neither party wins; one equally contested. — To draw a cur- 
tain, to cause a curtain to slide or move either in closing or 
unclosing. — To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods 
for exportation.— :7b draw in, (a.) To bring or pull in; to 
collect. (6.) To entice; to inveigle. — 'Jo draw interest, to 
produce or gain interest. — To draw off, to withdraw; to ab- 
stract.— To draw on, to bring on; to occasion; to cause.— To 
draw up, (a.) To compose; to draught ; to form in writing. 
(6.) To arrange in order, as troops; to array. 

Draw, v. i. 1. To pull ; to exert strength in drawing ; 
to"have force to drag along. 2. To exert an attractive 
force. 3. (Med.) To act as a sinapism ; — said of a blis- 
ter, poultice, &c. 4. To furnish transmission to smoke, 
gases, &c. 5. To unsheathe, as a weapon. 6. To per- 
form the act or practice the art of delineation ; to sketch. 
7. To become contracted ; to shrink. 8. To move ; to 
come or go ; literally, to draw one's self; — with prepo- 
sitions and adverbs. 9. To make a written demand for 
payment of money deposited or due. 10. To admit the 
action of pulling or dragging. 

Draw, n. 1. Act of drawing; draught. 2. A lot or 
chance drawn. 3. That part of a bridge which is raised 
up, swung round, or drawn aside. [Amer.~\ 

Draw'lback, n. 1. A discouragement or hindrance. 
2V ( Com.) Money paid back ; especially, a certain amount 
of duties or customs paid back by the government, on 
the exportation of the commodities on which they were 
levied. 

Draw'-bridge, n. A bridge of which either the whole 
of a part is made to be raised up, let down, or drawn, 
or turned aside, to admit or hinder communication at 
pleasure. 

Draw-ee', n. The person to whom an order or bill of 
exchange is addressed, or on whom it is drawn. 

Draw'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, draws ; as, 
(a.) One who draws liquor for guests, (b.) One who 
delineates ; a draughtsman, (c.) One who draws a bill 
of exchange or order for payment. 2. That which is 
drawn; as, (a.) A sliding box or receptacle in a case. 
(b.) pi. A close under-garment for the lower limbs. 

Draw'-head, n. (Railway Mach.) A buffer to which a 
coupling is attached. 

Draw'ing, »j. 1. Act of pulling, hauling, or attracting. 
27 A representation on a plain surface, by means of lines 
and shades, of the appearance of objects. 3. Distribu- 
tion of prizes and blanks in a lottery. 

Draw'ing-robm (28), n. [Abbreviated from withdraw- 
ing roo?n.] 1. A room for the reception of company; 
a room to which company withdraws from the dining- 
room. 2. The company assembled in such a room ; 
also, a reception of company in it. 

Draw'-knif e, ) (-nif), n. A joiner's tool, with a long 

Draw'tng-kuif e , j blade and two handles, used to 
shave off surfaces, by drawing it toward one. 

Drawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drawled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRAWLING.] [0. D. draelen, to linger, tarry.] To ut- 
ter in a slow, lengthened tone. [ance. 

Drawl, v. i. To speak with slow and lingering utter- 
Drawl, n. A lengthened utterance of the voice. 

Dray, n. [A.-S. drsege, from dragan. See DRAW and, 
Drag.] 1. A low cart on wheels, drawn by a horse, 
and used for heavy burdens. 2. A drag. 3. A squir- 
rel's nest. 

Dray'age (45), n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. Charge, or sum 
paid, for the use of a dray. [dray. 

Dray'maii, n.; pi. dray'men. A man who attends a 

Dread, n. 1. Overwhelming apprehension of danger. 
2. Reverential or respectful fear. 3. An object of ter- 
rified apprehension, or of reverential fear. 

Syn. — Awe; fear; affright; terror; horror; dismay; appre- 
hension. See Awe. 

Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fear or apprehension ; ter- 
rible ; frightful. 2. Venerable in the highest degree. 

Dread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dreaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DREADING.] To fear in a great degree ; to regard or 
look forward to with terrific apprehension. 

Dread, v. i. To be in great fear. 

Dread'ful, a. 1. Inspiring dread; fearful; terrible. 
2. Inspiring awe or reverence. 

Svn . — Terrible ; shocking. — Terrible is stronger and more 
vivid than dreadful ; shocking (lit., shaking or agitating) strikes 
with all its force on the moral feelings. A dreadful accident; 
a terrible catastrophe; a shocking exhibition of wickedness. 

Dread'ful-ly, adv. In a dreadful manner ; awfully. 

Dread'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being dreadful. 

Dread'n'aught (-nawt), n. 1. A fearless person. 2. 
A garment made of very thick cloth, that can defend 
against storm and cold. 3. The cloth itself. 



a,e,&c, Jong; a,e,&c.,sW«; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, woli 



DREAM 



227 



DRINK 



Dream, n. [0. Sax. drdm, Icel. draumr, 0. H. Ger. droum, 
traum, N. H. Ger. traum. Cf. A.-S. dream, joy, glad- 
ness, Russ. drematj, to slumber, Lat. dormire, to sleep.] 
1. A thought, or series of thoughts, of a person in 
eleep ; a sleeping vision. 2. An idle fancy or suspicion ; 
a revery ; a vagary. 

Dream, v. i. limp. & p. p. dreamed, or DREAMT 
(dremt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DREAMING.] 1. To have 
ideas or images in the mind, in the state of slumber. 2. 
To let the mind run on in idle revery or vagary ; also, 
to anticipate as a coming reality ; to imagine. 

Dream, v. t. To imagine, think of, or believe in a dream, 
or in an analogous state. 

To dream away, out, through, &c, to pass in revery or inac- 
tion; to spend in idle vagaries. 

Dream'er, n. One who dreams or indulges in revery. 

Dieam'y, a. [compar. dreamier ; superl. dreami- 
est.] Full of dreams; appropriate to dreams. [tude. 

Drear, a. [See Dreary.] Dismal; gloomy with soli- 

Drear'i-ly, adv. Gloomily ; dismally. 

Drear'i-ness, n. Dismalness ; gloomy solitude. 

Drear'y (89), a. [compar. DREARIER ; superl. DREAR- 
IEST.] [A.-S. dreorig, bloody, sorrowful, from dreor, 
blood, Icel. dreiri. Of. Ger. traurig, sad, sorrowful.] 
Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations; 
comfortless ; dismal ; gloomy. 

Dredge, n. [A.-S. drxge.] Any instrument to gather 

0. take by dragging ; especially, a machine for taking 
up mud, &c, from the bed of a stream or harbor. 

Dredge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dredged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
dredging.] 1. To catch, gather, or deepen with a 
dredge. 2. [Cf. Dregs.] To sprinkle flour on, as on 
roast meat. 

Dredg'er, n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge. 2. A 
utensil for dredging meat. 3. A dredging-machine. 

Dre^g'ing-ma-chine', n. An engine to take up mud 
from the bottom of rivers, docks, &c. 

Dregg, n. pi. [Icel. dregg, Ger. dreck, dirt, mud, trash, 
allied to Gr. rpvg, rpvyo?, lees, dregs.] Corrupt or de- 
filing matter contained in a liquid, or precipitated from 
it ; feculence ; lees ; grounds ; sediment ; hence, the 
vilest and most worthless part of any thing. 

Dreg'gi-ness, n. Fullness of dregs or lees ; foulness ; 
feculence. 

Dreg'gish, a. Full of, or foul with, lees ; feculent. 

Dreg'gy, a. Containing dregs or lees ; consisting of 
dregs ; foul ; feculent. 

Drench (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. drenched (108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DRENCHING.] [A.-S. drencean, dren- 
can, to give to drink, to drench, from drincan, to drink.] 

1. To cause to drink ; especially, to put a potion down 
the throat of, as of a horse ; hence, to purge violently. 

2. To wet thoroughly ; to soak ; to saturate with water 
or other liquid. 

Drench, n. A drink ; a draught ; specifically, a potion 
of medicine poured or forced down the throat ; also one 
that causes purging. [drench. 

Drench'er, n. One who drenches or administers a 
Dress, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dressed (drest) or drest ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DRESSING.] [Fr. dresser, to make 
straight, to raise, prepare, as if from a Latin word direc- 
tiare, from directus, p. p. of dirigere, to direct.] 1. To 
make straight ; hence (Mil.), to arrange as soldiers in a 
' straight line ; to align. 2. To adjust ; to put in good 
order; to arrange; specifically, (a.) To treat with reme- 
dies, as a sore, (b.) To prepare for use; to get ready, 
(c.) (Mach.) To cut to proper dimensions; also, to 
smooth or finish work, (d.) To put clothes upon, (e.) 
To break and train for use, as a horse. 

To dress up, or out, to dress elaborately, artificially, or pomp- 
ously. — To dress a ship {Naut.), to deck or ornament her 
with colors. 

Syn. — To attire; apparel; clothe; accouter; array; robe; 
rig; trim; deck; adorn; embellish. 

Dr6ss, v. i. 1. (Mil.) To arrange one's self in due posi- 
tion in a line of soldiers. 2. To clothe one's self; to put 
on one's garments. 

Dress, n. 1. Clothes ; garments ; habit ; apparel. 2. 
A lady's gown. 3. Attention to apparel, or skill in ad- 
justing it. 

DrSss'-eoat (20), n. A coat with narrow or pointed 
skirts, as distinguished from a frock-coat. 

DrSss'er, n. 1. One who dresses. 2. [Fr. dressoir.] (a.) 
A table on which meat and other things are prepared for 
use. (b.) A cupboard or set of shelves for dishes and 
cooking utensils. 

Drgss'ing, n. 1. Dress ; attire ; raiment. 2. An appli- 
cation to a sore or wound. 3. Manure spread over land. 



4. (Cookery.) Stufiing ; forcemeat. 5. Gum, starch, 
&c, used in stiffening or preparing silk, linen, and other 
fabrics, ©. (Arch.) An ornamental molding around 
doors, windows, &c. 

Dress-ing'-gown, n A light gown, such as is used by 
a person while dressing ; a study gown. 

Dress'ing-robm, n. An apartment appropriated for 
dressing the person. 

Dress'-mak'er, n. A maker of gowns, or similar gar- 
ments ; a mantua-maker. 

Dress'y, a. Showy in dress ; attentive to dress. 

Drib, v.i. To shoot at a mark, at short paces. 

Drib'ble, v. i. [imp. &p.p. dribbled; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DRIBBLING. [For dripple, dim. of drip, q. v.] 1. To 
fall in drops, or in a quick succession of drops. 2. To 
slaver, as a child or an idiot. 

Drib'ble, v. t. To throw down in drops. 

Drib'blet, ) n. [From dribble.] A small piece or patf ; 

Drib'let, j a small sum. 

Dri'er, n. [From dry.] One who, or that which, dries. 

Drift, n. [From drive.] 1. That which is driven, forced, 
or urged along; as, (a.) A mass of matter which has 
been forced onward together into its present position, (b.) 
A drove or flock, as of cattle, birds, &c. 2. Act or motion 
cf drifting; the force which impels or drives. 3. Course 
or direction along which any thing is driven. 4. Ten- 
dency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the 
like ; object aimed at or intended ; hence, also, import 
of words. 5. (Arch.) The horizontal force which an arch 
exerts. 6. (Geol.) A collection of loose earth and rocks, 
or bowlders, distributed over large portions of the earth's 
surface. 7. (Meek.) A conical hand-tool of steel for en- 
larging or shaping a hole in metal, by being driven into 
or through it. 8. (Mil.) A tool used in driving down 
compactly the composition contained in a firework. 9. 
(Mining.) A passage made for a road under ground. 
10. (Naut.) (a.) Direction of a current, (b.) The dis- 
tance to which a vessel is drawn off from her desired 
course by currents or other causes, (c.) A piece in the 
sheer-draught, where the rail is cut off, and usually ter- 
minated with a scroll. 

Drift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRIFTING.] 1. To float or be driven along by a current 
of water. 2. To be driven into heaps. 3. (Mining.) 
To follow a vein ; to prospect. [Amer.] 

Drift, v.J. To drive into heaps. 

Drift'-sail, n. (Naut.) A sail used under water in a 
storm, and serving to keep the head of a vessel right up- 
on the sea, and prevent her driving too fast in a current. 

Drift'- way, n. 1. A common way for driving cattle in. 
2. (Mining & Naut.) The same as DRIFT. 

Drift'wobd, n. Wood drifted or floated by water. 

Drift'y, a. Full of drifts ; tending to form drifts. 

Drill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRILLING.] [D. & Ger. drillen, A.-S. thyrlian, from 
thyrl, thyrel, bored or pierced through, a hole, from A.-S. 
thurh, through.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill. 2. 
To sow, as seeds, in rows, drills, or channels. 3. To 
train in the military art ; hence, to instruct in the rudi- 
ments and methods of any art or branch of knowledge. 

Drill, v. i. 1. To sow or plant seed in drills. 2. To 
muster for military or other exercise. 

Drill, n. 1. A kind of pointed instrument, used for 
boring holes, particularly in metals and other hard sub- 
stances; also a drill-press. 2. (Agr.) (a.) An implement 
for making holes for sowing seed, (b.) A light furrow or 
channel made to put seed into, in sowing. 3. Act or ex- 
ercise of training soldiers in the military art ; hence, dili- 
gent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments 
and methods of any business. 

Drill'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing with a drill, or of using 
a drill in sowing seeds. 2. [Ger. drillich, L. Lat. trilex, 
drilex, from Ger. drei, Lat. tres, and licium, a thread of 
the warp. Cf. Twill.] A coarse linen or cotton cloth, • 
used for trowsers. &c. 

Drill'-plow. ) n. A sort of plow used for sowing 

Drill'- plough, j grain in drills. 

Drill'-press, n. A machine-tool, embodying one or more 
drills for making holes in metal. 

Drill'-ser'geant (-sar'jent or sex'jent), n. (Mil.) A 
non-commissioned officer, who instructs soldiers as to 
their duties, and trains them to military evolutions. 

Drink, v. i. [imp. drank (formerly DRUNK) ; p. p. 
DRUNK or DRANK (formerly DRUNKEN) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRINKING. Drank, though analogically not so proper 
a form of the p. p. as drunk, is generally used instead of 
it, as a sort of euphemism, to render its connection with 
drunk, adj., less obvious.] [A.-S. drincan, Icel. drecka, 



food, foot , urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho , gem, get; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link; this* 



DRINK 



228 



DROP-SCENE 



Goth, drigkan.] 1. To swallow any thing liquid. 2. 
To partake of enlivening or intoxicating liquors, in mer- 
riment, feasting, or the like ; hence, to take spirituous 
liquors to excess. 
To drink to, to salute, or wish well to, in drinking. 

Prink, v. t. 1. To swallow as liquids ; to imhibe. 2. 
To take in, as liquids, in any manner; to absorb. 3. 
To take in through the senses ; to hear ; to see. 

To drink the health, or to the health, of, to drink while ex- 
pressing good wishes for the health or welfare of ; to pledge. 

Drink, n. Liquor of any kind to be swallowed. 

Drink'a-ble, a. Capable of being drunk ; fit or suitable 
for drink ; potable. 

Drlnk'er, n. One who drinks, particularly one who uses 
spirituous liquors to excess. 

Drip, v. i. [imp. & p.p. dripped (dript) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DRIPPING.] [A.-S. dripan, Icel. dreypa, Sw. drypa, 

0. H. Ger. triufan. Cf. Drop.] 1. To fall in drops. 2. 
To let fall drops of moisture or liquid. 

Drip, v. t. To let fall in drops. 

Drip, n. 1. A falling in drops ; that which drips or falls 

in drops. 2. (Arch.) The edge of a roof; the eaves or 

cornice. [meat in roasting. 

Drlp'ping, n. That which falls in drops, as fat from 
Drlp'ping-pan, n. A pan for receiving the fat which 

drops from meat in roasting. 
Drip'-stone, n. (Arch.) A projecting tablet over the 

head of door-ways or windows, &c, to throw off rain. 
Drive, v. t. [imp. DROVE ; p. p. driven ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. DRIVING-.] [A.-S. drifan, Goth, dreiban, Icel. drifa.] 

1. To push forward ; to compel to move on. 2. To 
chase ; to hunt. 3. To urge on and direct the motions 
of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle 
borne by them ; hence, to take in a carriage. 4. (Min- 
ing.) To dig horizontally. 5. To urge, impel, hurry 
forward ; to force ; to constrain. 6. To carry on ; to pros- 
ecute. 

Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence. 2. To 
be forced along ; to be impelled. 3. To proceed by 
urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it. 4. To 
aim or tend to a point. 

To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force. 

Drive, n. 1. An excursion in a carriage; — distin- 
guished from a ride, which is taken on horseback. 2. 
A road prepared for driving. 
Syn. — See Ride. 

Driv'el (driv'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. driveled ; p. pr. 
& lib. n. DRIVELING.] [From the root of drip, as a 
modification of dribble.} 1. To let spittle flow from the 
mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard. 2. To be weak or 
foolish ; to dote. 

Driv'el (driv'l), n. 1. Slaver; saliva flowing from the 
mouth. 2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance ; non- 
sense. 3. A fool ; an idiot ; a driveler. 

Drlv'el-er (driv'1-er), n. A slaverer ; a slabberer ; an 
idiot ; a fool. 

Driv'er, n. 1. One who drives. 2. One who drives 
beasts or a carriage ; hence, also, one who runs a loco- 
motive. 3. An overseer of slaves. [Amer.] 4. A sub- 
stance interposed between the driving instrument and the 
thing driven. 5. (Mach.) That which communicates 
motion to something else. 6. (Naut.) The after-sail in a 
ship or bark ; a spanker. 

Driv'ing- wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel that communi- 
cates motion ; the wheel of a locomotive, which, adhering 
to the track, communicates the power of the steam-engine 
to the vehicle. 

Drlz'zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drizzled; p.pr. & vb. 
n. DRIZZLING ] [Prov. Ger. drieseln, for rieseln. Cf. 
A.-S. dreosan, Goth, driusan, to fall.] To rain gently ; to 
fall in very small, slow drops. 

Drlz'zle, v. t. To shed in minute drops or particles. 

Drlz'zle, n. Fine rain or mist ; mizzle. 

Driz'zly, a. Shedding small rain ; drizzling. 

Droit, n. [Fr., from Lat. directus, directum, p. p. of din- 
ger e. See Direct.] Right; title; fee; a writ of right ; 
duty ; custom. 

Droll, a. [compar. DROLLER ; superl. DROLLEST.] 
[Fr. drdle, Ger. & D. drollig, 0. Ger. trollicht ; D. drol, a 
thick and short person, a droll, Sw. troll, a magical ap- 
pearance, demon.] Fitted to provoke laughter ; queer ; 
amusing ; funny ; capable of amusing actions or sayings. 
. Syn. — Laughable; comical. — Laughable is generic, denot- 
ing any thing calculated to excite laughter; comical denotes 
something humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies; droll 
stands lower on the scale, being derived from the French drdle, 
a buffoon or antic, who awakened laughter by queer tricks, &c. 




Dromedary. 



Droll, n. 1. One who raises mirth by odd tricks ; jester; 
buffoon; antic. 2. Something exhibited to raise mirth 
or sport ; a farce. 

Droll'er-y, n. Quality of being droll ; sportive tricks. 
Syn. — Archness; buffoonery; fun; comicality. 

Droll'ish, a. Somewhat droll. 

Drom'e-da-ry (drum'e-der-y), 
n. [Late Lat. ciromedarius, Lat. 
dromas (sc. camelus), from Gr. 
<$po/u.ds, running, from 6pa.ju.eiv, 
rpe'xetv, to run.] (Zodl.) A 
species of camel having one i 
bunch or protuberance on the, 
back, in distinction from the 
Bactrian Camel, which has two 
bunches. 

Drone, n. [A.-S. dran, drxn, 0. H. Ger. dreno, treno, 
N. H. Ger. drone, Lith. tranni, Rus. truten.] 1. The 
male of the honey-bee. It makes no honey, but after 
living a few weeks, is killed or driven from the hive. 2. 
A lazy, idle fellow ; a sluggard. 3. A humming or low 
sound. 4, That which gives out a grave or monotonous 
tone or sound ; as, the largest tube of the bagpipe. 

Drone, v. i. [imp. & p. p. droned; p.pr. & vb. n. 
droning.] 1. To five in idleness. 2. To give a low, 
heavy, dull sound. 

Drone'-foee, n. The male of the bee-kind ; drone. 

Drone'-fly, n. A two-winged insect resembling the 
drone-bee. 

Drone'-pipe, n. The largest tube of a bagpipe, or any- 
thing resembling such a tube. 

Dron'ish, a. Like a drone ; idle ; sluggish ; lazy. 

Drool, v. i. [Contr. fr. drivel.] To drivel, or drop saliva. 
[Prov. in Eng., and a familiar nursery word in Amer.] 

Droop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drooped (dro"opt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DROOPING.] [Icel. driiipa, driiipi, to lower the 
head, allied to drop, q. v.] 1. To sink or hang down, as 
an animal, plant, &c, from weakness. 2. To grow 
weak or faint ; to be dispirited or depressed. 
Syn. — To bend ; flag ; languish ; decline. 

Drop, n. [A.-S. dropa, drypa, Icel. dropi, 0. H. Ger. 
trofo, N. H. Ger. tropfen.] 1. The quantity of fluid 
which falls in one small spherical mass ; a globule 
about to fall ; hence, also, the smallest easily measured 
portion of a fluid. 2. That which resembles, or that 
which hangs like, a liquid drop. 3. Whatever is ar- 
ranged to drop, hang, or fall from an elevated position ; 
as, (a.) A door or platform opening downward; a trap- 
door, (b.) A machine for lowering heavy weights to a 
ship's deck, (c.) A contrivance for temporarily lowering 
a gas jet. (d.) A curtain which drops in front of the 
stage of a theater, &c. (e.) A drop-press. (/.) (Mach.) 
The distance of a shaft below the base of a hanger. 4. 
pi. Any medicine the dose of which is measured by drops. 
5. (Naut.) Depth of a sail, from head to foot, amidships. 

Drop serene. [N. Lat. autta serena.] (Med.) An affection of 
the retina, causing blindness ; — probably so called because, 
unlike the cataract, it produces no visible change in the organ- 
ization of the eye, or its transparency. 

Drop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DROPPED (drCpt) ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. DROPPING.] 1. To pour or let fall in drops ; to 
distill. 2. To cause to descend suddenly like a drop ; to 
let fall. 3. To let go ; to dismiss ; to set aside. 4. To 
bestow or communicate in an indirect, cautious, or gentle 
manner. 5. To lower, as a curtain or the muzzle of a 
gun, and the like. 6. To send by dropping into the 
post-office box, as a letter. 7. To cover with drops ; to 
speckle ; to bedrop. 

Drop, v. i. 1. To distill; to fall in globules, or drops. 
2. To let drops fall. 3. To descend suddenly, abrupt- 
ly, or spontaneously. 4. To die, or to die suddenly. 
5. To come to an end ; to cease. 6. To come unexpect- 
edly. 7. To fall or be depressed ; to lower. 8. (Naut.) 
To be deep in extent. 

To drop astern (Naut.), to pass or move toward the stern ; 
to slacken the velocity of a vessel, in order to let another pass 
beyond her. — To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or mova 
down a river, or toward the sea. 

Drop'let, n. A little drop. 

Drop'-let'ter, n. A letter dropped into a post-office 
box, for delivery in the same town. 

Dr5p'per, n. One who, or that which drops. 

Drop'-press (109), n. A machine for embossing, punch- 
ing, &c, consisting of a weight guided vertically, and 
made to drop on an anvil. 

Drop'-scene, n. A curtain suspended by pulleys, which 
drops in front of the stage, in a theater. 



£,e,8c,c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, dj>, wolf, 



DROPSICAL 



229 



DRY 



Drop'sie-al, a. 1. Diseased with dropsy. 2. Resem- 
bling, inclined, or pertaining to, the dropsy. 

Drop'sie-al-ness, n. The state of being dropsical. 

Drop'sy , n. [Abbreviated from hydropsy, from Gr. vSponj/, 
dropsy, from uSwp, water, and u>\j/, face, from root on, to 
see.] 1. ( Med. ) An unnatural collection of serous fluid 
in any part of the body. 2. (Bot.) A disease of plants, 
occasioned by an excess of water. 

Drop'- wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) A species of Spirsea. 
The genus affords some ornamental shrubs. 

Drds'ky, n. [Russ. drozhki, diminutive of drogi, a kind 
of carriage, properly pi. of droga, shaft or pole of a car- 
riage.] A peculiar kind of low four-wheeled carriage, 
without a top, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, 
on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their 
feet reaching nearly to the ground. It is used in Rus- 
sia and Prussia. [Written also droitzschka and dtoschke.] 

Dro-som'e-ter, n. [From Gr. Sp6Vos,dew, and ixerpov, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring the quantity 
of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. 

Drftss, n. [A.-S. dros, from dreosan, to fall, Goth, driu- 
san.] 1. The scum or extraneous matter of metals, 
thrown off in the process of melting. 2. Rust ; crust 
of metals. 3. Waste; impure matter ; refuse. 

Dross'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being drossy. 

Dross'y, a. Composed of, resembling, or pertaining to 
dross ; impure ; worthless. 

Drought (drout), n. [A.-S. drugadh, drugodh, from 
dryge, Eng. dry, q. v.] Dryness of the weather, affect- 
ing the earth, and preventing the growth of plants. 

Drought'i-ness (drout'-), n. A state of dryness of the 
weather ; want of rain. 

Drought'y (drout'-), a. 1. Characterized by drought ; 
wanting rain ; dry ; arid ; adust. 2. Thirsty. 

Drouth ? n. Same as Drought. See Drought. 

Drove, imp. of drive. See Drive. 

Drove, n. [A.-S. draf, from drifan, Eng. drive, q. v.] 

1. A collection of cattle, driven or designed for driving. 

2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driv- 
ing forward. 3. A crowd of people in motion. 4. (Agr.) 
A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land. 

Drov'er, n. One who drives cattle or sheep to market. 

Drown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drowned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DROWNING.] [A.-S. druncnian, to immerse, drown, 
to drown the mind in drink, from, drincan, to drink. Cf. 
Drench.] 1. To overwhelm in water ; to submerge ; to 
deluge ; to inundate. 2. To deprive of life by immer- 
sion in water or other liquid ; to sink under water till 
dead. 3. To overpower ; to overcome. 

Drown, v. i. To be suffocated in water or other fluid. 

Drowge (drouz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. drowsed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. DROWSING.] [A.-S. dreosan, driusan, to fall, 
to droop, Goth, driusan.'] To sleep imperfectly or un- 
soundly ; to slumber ; to dose. 

Drowge, v. t. To make heavy with sleepiness. 

Drowge, n. A slight or imperfect sleep ; a doze. 

Drow'gi-ly, adv. In a drowsy manner ; sleepily. 

Drow'gi-ness, n. State of being drowsy ; sleepiness. 

Drow'gy, a. [compar. DROWSIER; superl. DROWSI- 
EST.] 1. Inclined to drowse or doze ; heavy with 
sleepiness. 2. Disposing to sleep. 3. Dull; stupid. 
Syn.— Sleepy; lethargic; comatose; heavy; dozy; soporific. 

Drub, v. t. [imp. & p.p. drubbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRUBBING.] [Icel. drabba, to beat, Ger. & D. treffen, 
to hit, touch, Sw. trdffa, to hit.] To beat with a stick. 
Syn. — To thrash ; cudgel ; beat; pommel; thump. 

Drub, n. A blow with a stick or cudgel ; a thump. 

Driib'ber, n. One who drubs. 

Drudge (druj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. DRUDGED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DRUDGING.] [Prov. Eng. drugge, to drag ; prob. 
a dialectic form of drag.] To work hard ; to labor in 
mean or unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. 

Drudge, n. One who drudges ; one who works hard, or 
labors with toil and fatigue. 

Driidg'er, n. One who drudges ; a drudge. 

Drudg'er-y , n. Act of drudging ; hard labor ; toilsome 
work ; ignoble toil. 

Drug, n. [Fr. drogue, from D. droog, A.-S. dryge, drige, 
Eng. dry, orig. dry substance, herbs, plants, or wares.] 
1. Any substance used in the composition of medicine ; 
any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. 2. 
Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable. 

Drug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drugged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRUGGING.] To prescribe or administer drugs. 

Drug, v. t. 1. To affect or season with drugs. 2. To 
tincture with something offensive or injurious. 3. To 
dose to excess. 



Driig'get, n. [Fr. droguet, dim. of drogue, drug, trash, 
stuff.] A coarse, woolen cloth, stamped on one side with 
figures, and generally used over carpets. 

Driig'gist, n. One who deals in drugs ; especially, one 
who merely buys and sells drugs without compounding 
or preparation. 

Dru'id, n. [W. derwydd, pi. derwyddon, fr. d&r, pi. derw, 
oak, and gwydd, knowledge.] A priest or minister of 
religion, among the ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Brit- 
ain, and Germany. 

Dru'id-ess, n. A female Druid ; an enchantress. 

Drii-id'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 

Drii-id'ie-al, J Druids or their religion. 

Dryi'id-Igm, n. The system of religion, philosophy, and 
instruction received and taught by the Druids. 

Drum, n. [Icel. trumba, 0. H. Ger. trumba, a trumpet; 
0. Sax. drom, noise ; A.-S. dryme, dream, joy, gladness, 
song, music, instrument of music ; Goth, drunjus, % 
sound.] -1. (Mus.) An instrument of music, consist- 
ing of a hollow cylinder or hemisphere, upon which a 
piece of vellum is stretched, to be beaten with a stick. 
2. (Mil.) A drummer. 3. Any thing resembling a drum 
inform; as, (a.) A sheet-iron radiator, which receives 
heat from a stove-pipe, (b.) A small cylindrical box in 
which figs, &c, are packed, (c.) (Anat.) The tympa- 
num or barrel of the ear. (d.) (Arch.) The upright part 
of a cupola, either above or below a dome ; also the bell- 
formed part of the Corinthian and composite capitals. 
(e.) (Mech.) A short cylinder revolving on an axis, for 
turning wheels by means of straps around it. 4. (Ichth.) 
A genus of fishes which have the power to make a pecu- 
liar drumming or grunting sound under water. 

Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drummed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DRUMMING.] 1. To beat or play a tune on a drum, 
2. To beat with the fingers, as with drum-sticks. 3. To 
beat, as the heart ; to throb. 4. To go about to gather 
recruits, secure partizans, customers, &c. 

Drum, v. t. To execute on a drum, as a tune ; with out, 
to expel with beat of drum; — with up, to assemble by 
beat of drum ; to gather; — hence, also, without up, to 
solicit the custom of by personal application to sellers or 

Drum'-fish, n. See Drum. [buyers. 

Drum'-head, n. 1. The upper part of a drum. 2. 
The top of a capstan, which is pierced with holes for 
levers used in turning it. 

Drum-head court-martial {Mil.), a court-martial called sud- 
denly or on the field. 

Drum'-ma/jor, n. The chief drummer of a regiment. 

Drum'mer, n. One who beats a drum. 

Drum'mond-light (-lit), n. [From Captain Drum- 
mond.] A very intense fight, produced by turning two 
streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, in a 
state of ignition, upon a ball of lime, or a stream of oxy- 
gen gas through a flame of alcohol. 

Drum' stick, n. 1. A stick with which a drum is beat- 
en. 2. Any thing resembling a drumstick in form, as 
the upper joint of the leg of a fowl. 

Drunk, a. [From drunken. See DRINK.] 1. Overcome 
by drinking ; intoxicated ; inebriated. 2o Drenched or 
saturated with moisture or liquor. 

Driink'ard, n. One who habitually drinks to excess ; a 
sot ; a toper ; an inebriate. 

Driink'en (drunk'n), a. 1. Given to excessive drink- 
ing ; intoxicated ; inebriated. 2. Drenched. 3. Per- 
taining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. 

Driink'en-ness (109), n. 1. State of being drunken ; 
intoxication ; inebriety. 2. Disorder of the faculties, 
resembling intoxication by liquors. 

Syn. — Intoxication ; inebriation ; inebriety. — Drunkenness 
refers more to the habit of excessive drinking ; intoxication 
and inebriation, to specific acts. The first two words are ex- 
tensively used in a figurative sense. 

Dru-pa'ceoiis, a. (Bot.) Producing, or pertaining to, 
drupes ; resembling a drupe. 

Drupe, n. [Lat. drupa, an over-ripe, wrinkled olive, Gr. 
Spvmra, from SpvireT^';, ripened on the tree, over-ripe, 
properly ready to fall from the tree, from Spvs, oak, tree, 
and 7riVTetv, to fall.] (Bot.) A pulpy, coriaceous or 
fibrous pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing a 
nut or stone with a kernel. 

Druse, n. [Ger. druse, bonny, crystallized piece of ore, 
Bohem. druza, Cf. DROSS.] (Mining.) A cavity in a 
rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals or 
filled with water. 

Dry, a. [compar. DRIER ; superl. DRIEST.] [A.-S. dryg, 
dryge, drige, drege.] 1. Free from moisture of any kind ; 
arid ; — said especially, (a.) Of the weather, free from rain 
or mist, (b.) Of vegetable matter, free from juices or sap ; 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiii* 



DRY 



230 



DULCET 



not green, (c.) Of animals, not giving milk, (d.) Of 
persons, thirsty; needing drink, (e.) Of the eyes, not 
shedding tears. 2. Destitute of that which interests or 
amuses; unembellished ; plain. 3. Characterized by keen- 
ness, shrewdness, or sarcasm; shrewd; sharp. 4. (Fine 
Arts.) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution. 

Dry-cupping {Med.), the application of a cupping-glass with- 
out scarification of the skin. — Dry goods {Com.), cloths, laces, 
ribbons, &c, in distinction from groceries. — Dnj measure, a 
measure of volume for dry or coarse articles. — Dry wine, that 
in whieh the saccharine matter and the fermentation are so 
exactly balanced, that they have mutually decomposed each 
other, and no sweetness is perceptible. 

Dry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dried ; p. pr. & vb. n. DRY- 
ING.] To free from water, or from moisture of any kind, 
and by any means. 

To dry up, (a.) To scorch or parch with thirst. (6.) [Colloq.] 
To stop talking. 

Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry ; to lose moisture. 2. To 
evaporate wholly ; to be exhaled. 

Dry'ad, n. [Lat. dryas, pi. dryades, Gr. Spvds, pi. Spvd- 
fies, from Spvs, oak, tree.] (Myth.) A female deity or 
nymph of the woods. 

Dry'er, n. One, who dries. See Drier. 

Dry'ing, a. 1. Adapted to exhaust moisture. 2. Hav- 
ing the quality of rapidly becoming dry and hard. 

Dry'ly, adv. In a dry manner. 

Dry'ness, n. The state of being dry. [by hand. 

Dry'- nurse , n. A nurse who attends and feeds a child 

Dry'-point, n. A sharp needle used in copper -plate en- 
graving to draw fine lines, and to make fine dots in stip- 
pling and shading. 

Dry'-rot, n. A rapid decay of timber, by which its sub- 
stance is converted into a dry powder. 

Dry'-riib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DRY-RUBBED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. dry-rubbing.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. 

Dry'-salt/er, n. 1. A dealer in salted or dry meats, 
pickles', sauces, &c. 2. A dealer in drugs, dye-stuffs, and 
chemicals generally. 

Dry'-salt/er-y, n. The articles kept by a dry-salter ; 
the business o'f a dry-salter. [two ; duality. 

Du/ad, n. [Gr. &vds, SvdSos, from Svo, two.] Union of 

Du/al, a. [Lat. dualis, from duo, two.] Expressing, or 
consisting of, the number two ; belonging to two. 

Du'al-ism, n. The dividing into two ; any thing divided 
into two ; a twofold division ; a system which assumes, 
or is founded on a double principle. 

Du/al-ist, n. One who believes in dualism. 

Du/al-ist'ie, a. Consisting of two ; pertaining to dual- 
ism or duality. 

Du-al'i-ty, n. 1. That which expresses two in number. 
2. Division; separation. 3. The state or quality of 
being two. 

Du/ar-ehy, n. [Gr. Svo, two, and dpxn-, government.] 
Government by two persons. 

Diifo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DUBBING.] [A.-S. dubban, Icel. dubba, to strike, beat.] 

1. To strike with a sword and make a knight. 2. To 
invest with any dignity ; to entitle. 

Dub'foer, n. One who, or that which, dubs. 
Du/bi-oiis, a. [Lat. dubius, fr. dubare, equiv. to dubi- 
tare, to doubt.] 1. Not settled, or doubtful, in opinion. 

2. Occasioning doubt. 3. Of uncertain event or issue. 
Syn. — Doubting ; unsettled; undetermined; doubtful; 

ambiguous; equivocal; questionable; uncertain; precarious. 

Du'bi-ous-ly, adv. In a dubious manner ; doubtfully ; 
uncertainly. 

Du'foi-ous-ness, n. The state or condition of being 
dubious ; doubtfulness ; uncertainty. 

Dulbi-ta-tlve, a. Tending to doubt. [Rare.] 

Du'<;al (30), a. [Lat. ducalis, from dux, leader or com- 
mander.] Pertaining to a duke. 

Du'-eal-ly, adv. In the manner of or becoming a duke. 

Due'at, n. [Fr. ducat, L. Lat. ducatus, from dux, leader 
or commander.] A coin, either of silver or gold, of several 
eountries_in Europe, struck in the dominions of a duke. 

Due'a-toon', n. [Fr. & Sp. ducaton, from ducat.] A 
silver coin of several countries of Europe. 

Duch'ess, n. [Fr. duchesse, from due, duke.] The con- 
sort or widow of a duke ; also, a lady who has the sov- 
ereignty of a duchy in her own right. 

Dueh'y, n. Territory or dominions of a duke ; dukedom. 

Duck, n. [0. Sax. dole, Icel. dukr, N. H. Ger. tuch, cloth.] 
A species of coarse cloth or light canvas, used for small 
sails, sacking of beds, &c. 

Duck, n. [From the verb to duck, q. v.] 1. (Ornith.) A 
well-known water-fowl. 2. An inclination of the head, 
resembling the motion of a duck in water. 



To make ducks and drakes, to throw a flat stone, or the like, 
obliquely, so as to make it rebound repeatedly from the surface 
of the water. — Lame duck. See L,ame. 

Duck, n. [Dan. dukke, Ger. docke, doll, baby, or pupp«t, 
See Doxy.] A pet ; a darling. 

Duck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUCKED (dukt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ducking.] [0. H. Ger. tuhhan, D. duiken, to stoop, 
dive, plunge, Prov. Eng. douk.] 1. To plunge into water 
and suddenly withdraw ; to immerse. 2. To plunge the 
head of in water, immediately withdrawing it. 3. To 
bow, stoop, or nod. 

Duck, v.i. 1. To plunge the head in -water or other 
liquid. 2. To drop the head or person suddenly. 

Duck'-folll, n. ( Zobl. ) A mammiferous animal of Aus- 
tralia and Van Diemen's Land, having a bill resembling 
that of a duck, with the head of a quadruped. 

Diick'er, n. 1. One who ducks: a plunger; a diver. 
2. A cringing, servile person ; a fawner. - 

Duck'ing-stobl, n. [Cf. Cucking-stool.] A stool 
or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and 
plunged into water, as a punishment ; a cucking-stool. 

Duck'ling, n. A young or little duck. 

Duet, n. [Lat. ductus, a leading conduit, from ducere, to 
lead.] Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other sub- 
stance is conducted or conveyed to its destination. 

Due'tlle, a. [Lat. ductilis, from ducere, to lead.] 1. 
Easily led or drawn out ; tractable ; flexible ; pliable ; 
compliant ; obsequious. 2. Capable of being drawn out 
into wire or threads. 

Due'tile-ness, 1 n. Quality of being ductile ; tractable- 

Du-e-til'i-ty, j ness ; flexibility ; pliableness. 

Diid'geon (dud'jun), n. [Cf. Ger. degen, sword, M. Ger. 
dagger.] A small dagger ; also, the hilt of a dagger. 

Dud'geon (dtid'jun), n. [W. dygen, anger, grudge.] 
Anger ; resentment ; malice ; ill-will ; discord. 

Dud§, n. ; pi. [Scot, dud, rag, D. todde.] Old clothes ; 
tattered garments ; colloquially, effects in general. 

Due, a. [Fr. dti, p. p. of devoir, to owe, Lat. debere.] 1. 
Owed; proper to be paid or done to another. 2. Re- 
quired by the circumstances ; proper ; suitable ; hence, 
enforced by conscience ; becoming ; appropriate ; fit. 3. 
Appointed ; exact. 4. Liable to come at any moment. 
5. Owing ; occasioned. 

Due, adv. Directly ; exactly ; duly. 

Due, ii. 1. That which is owed; that which custom, 
station, or law requires to be paid ; a fee ; an emolument. 
2. Right ; just title or claim. 

Due'-Tbill, n. ( Com.) A brief written acknowledgment of a 
debt, not payable to order or transferable by indorsement. 

Du'el, n. [Lat. duellum, originally, a contest between two, 
which passed into the common form, bellum, war.] A com- 
bat between two persons ; especially, a premeditated fight 
between two persons to decide some private difference. 

Du/el, v. i. To fight in single combat ; to fight a duel. 

Du/el, v. t. To attack or fight singly. 

Du'el-ist, n. One who fights in single combat. 

Du-el'lo, n. [It.] 1. A duel. 2. Practice of dueling, 
or the coda of laws which regulates it. 

Duena (doo-aWya), n. See Dona. 

Du-en'na, n.; pi. du-EN'Nas. [Sp. duenna, duena, f. 
of dueno, don, from Lat. domina, dominus. See Don.] 

1. The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain. 2. 
An elderly lady appointed to have charge over the young 
ladies in a Spanish or Portuguese family. 3. Any old 
woman kept to guard a younger one ; a governess. 

Du-et', n. [From Lat. duo, two.] (Mus.) A composition 
for two performers. 

Duffel, n. [Written also duffle.] [L. Ger. & D. duffel, 
perhaps from Duffel, in the Netherlands.] A kind of 
coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap. 

DiLg, n. [Sw. d'agga, Dan. ddgge, to suckle (a child), 
probably allied to Goth, daddjan, Gr. fojAa^ew.] A teat, 
or nipple, especially of a cow or other beast. 

Dug, imp. & p. p. of dig. See DIG. 

Du-gong', n. [Malayan dilyong, J avan. duyung.] (Zobl.) 
A swimming mammal of the East Indian seas, having the 
aquatic habits of the whales, but herbivorous, and re- 
ferred to a separate group. 

Duke (30), n. [Fr. due, from Lat. dux, duels, leader, com- 
mander, from ducere, to lead, allied to A.-S. teohan, tedn, 
Goth, tiuhan, Eng. tug and tow.] 1. A leader ; a chief. 
[ Obs.] 2. One of the highest order of nobility next below 
the Prince of Wales. [Eng.] 3. A sovereign prince, in 
some European countries, without the title of king. 

Duke'dom, n. 1. Seigniory or possessions of a duke. 

2. Title or quality of a duke. 

Dul'cet, a. [0. Fr. dulcet, dolcet, doucet, dim. of dols, 
dous, now doux, Lat. dulcis, sweet.] 1. Sweet to tha 



a,e,&c.,Zowg; a,e, &,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf t 



DULCIFICATIOK 



231 DUPLICATE 




Dulcimer. 



taste ; luscious. 2. Sweet to the ear ; melodious ; har- 
monious. 3. Pleasing to any of the senses or to the mind. 

Dul/ci-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of dulcifying or sweetening. 

Dul'ci-fy, v. t. {imp. & p. p. dulcified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. DULCIFYING.] [Lat. dulcis, sweet, and facere, to 
make.] To make sweet ; to sweeten. 

DiU'ci-mer, n. [Fr. dulcimer, It. 
dolcemele, from dolce, Lat. dulcis, 
sweet, and Gr. /ae'A.os, melody, mu- 
sic] (Mus.) A stringed instrument, 
played on with little sticks or me- 
tallic rods. 

Dull, a. [compar. DULLER ; superl. 
DULLEST.] [A.-S. dol, dvol, dval, 
erring, foohsh, from dv'clan, to be 
dull, dwolian, to wander, rave, Icel. dull, foolishness, 
Goth, avals, foolish, stupid.] 1. Slow of understanding. 
2. Slow in action, motion, perception, comprehension, 
sensibility, and the like qualities. 3. Lacking sharp- 
ness ; blunt. 4. Not bright or clear to the eye. 5. 
Heavy; gross; cloggy; insensible. 6. Furnishing little 
delight, spirit, or variety. 

Syn.— Lifeless; inanimate; dead; stupid; doltish; sluggish; 
sleepy; drowsy; cheerless; cloudy; tarnished; obtuse. 

Dull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dulled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
DULLING.] 1. To make dull, stupid, or sluggish; to 
stupefy. 2. To make blunt. 3. To render dim or ob- 
scure. 4. To deprive of liveliness or activity. 

Dull, v. i. To become dull or blunt ; to become stupid. 

Dull'ard, n. A stupid person ; a dolt ; a dunce. 

Dull 'lie ss, n. State of being dull ; slowness; stupidity; 
heaviness ; drowsiness ; bluntness ; obtuseness ; dimnesss. 

Diil'ly (109), adv. In a dull manner. 

Dulse, n. (Bot.) A sea-weed of a reddish-brown color, 
which adheres to the rocks, and is sometimes eaten. 

Du'ly, adv. [From due.] In a due, fit, or becoming 
manner ; properly ; regularly ; at the proper time. 

Dumb (dam), a. [A.-S. dumb, Goth, dumbs, Icel. dumbi; 
Gael, dubh, black, dark.] 1. Destitute of the power of 
speech. 2. Not willing to speak ; mute ; silent ; speechless. 

Diimb'-bells. (duin'-), n. Two 
spheres of iron or other heavy ma- 
terial, connected by a short bar for a 
handle ; — used as a weight for swing- 
ing in the hands. 

Diimb'ly (diim'ly), adv. In silence ; 
mutely. 

Dumb'ness(dum'nes), n. Thequality Dumb-bells 
or state of being dumb ; muteness ; silence. 

Diimb'-sliow (dum/sho), n. Gesture without words; 
pantomime. 

Dumb'-wait'er (dum-), n. A movable frame by which 
dishes, &c, are passed from one story to another. 

Dum'found, \v. t. To strike dumb; to confuse. 

Dum'f ound-er, j [ Colloq. Low.] 

Dum'my, n. 1. One who is dumb. 2. A dumb-waiter. 
[Colloq.] 3. A sham package in a shop. 4. A figure 
on which clothing is exhibited, as in shop windows. 5. 
A locomotive with condensing engines, and, hence, with- 
out the noise of escaping steam. 6. The fourth or ex- 
posed hand when three persons play at cards. 

Dum'my, a. 1. Silent ; mute. 2. Fictitious or sham. 

Dump. n. [D. domp, damp, Ger. damp/, vapor, smoke; 
Ger. dump/, damp, dull, gloomy. Cf. Damp.] A dull, 
gloomy state of the mind ; sadness ; melancholy ; sorrow ; 
despondency ; — usually in the plural. 

Dump, v. t. To unload from a cart by tilting it up. 

Dump'ish, a. Dull ; stupid ; sad ; moping ; melancholy. 

Dump'ish-ly, adv. In a dumpish manner. 

Diimp'ish-ness, n. A state of being dumpish. 

Dump'ling, n. [Cf. Eng. dumpy, short and thick, D. 
dompelen, to plunge, dip, duck.] A kind of pudding or 
mass of paste, in cookery. 

Diimp'y, a. [Cf. dumpling and Icel. domp, a stout or 
thick servant-maid ; dempa, to check.] Short and thick. 

Dun, a. [A.-S. dunn, W. divn.] 1. Of a dark color ; 
partaking of a brown and black ; swarthy. 2. Dark ; 
gloomy ; obscure. 

Dun, v. t. To cure, as cod-fish, in such a manner as to give 
them a dun color. [Amer.] 

Dun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dunned (dfind) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. dunning.] [A.-S. dynian, Icel. dynia, to make a 
din, to clamor.] To beset, or ask with importunity, as a 
debtor, for payment. 

Dun, n. 1. One who duns. 2. An urgent request or 
demand of payment. 

Dun^e, n. [Ger. duns, from Johannes Duns Scotus, 
called the subtle doctor, who died in 1308. See Note in- 




fra. I A person of weak intellect; a dullard; a dolt ; a 
thickskull ; a simpleton. 

83" The term Duns, from Scotus, " so famous for his subtill 
quiddities," says Stanihurst, " is so trivial and common in all 
schools, that whoso surpasseth others either in cavilling sophis- 
trie, or subtill philosophie, is forthwith nicknamed a Duns." 
This, he tells us in the margin, is the reason "why schoolmen 
are called Dunses." The word easily passed into a term of 
scorn. 

Dun'der-head, 1 n. [Prov. Eng. dunder, same as thun- 

Diin'der-pate, ) der. In German compounds, donner, 
thunder, increases the bad sense of a word.] A dunce. 

Dune, n. [See Down, a bank of sand.] A low hill of 
sand accumulated on a sea-coast. 

Dun'-f ish, n. Cod-fish cured or prepared in such a man- 
ner as to give it a dun or brown color. 

Dung, n. [A.-S. dung, excrement, dyngan, to dung.] 
The excrement of an animal. 

Dung, v. t. 1. To manure with dung. 2. (Calico 
Print.) To immerse in a bath of cow-dung diffused in 
hot water. 

Dung, v. i. To void excrement. 

Dun'geon (dun'jun), n. [Either from Ir. daingean, 
stronghold, fortification, or Armor, doun, deep, or Ir. 
dun, fortified hill, or Lat. domus (fortis), a (strong) 
house.] 1. Donjon. [See Donjon.] 2. A secure pris- 
on ; especially a dark, subterranean place of confinement. 

Diing'-f 6rk, n. A fork with several tines, used to re- 
move or spread dung. 

Dung'hill, n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean 
situation or condition ; a vile abode. 

Diing'y, a. Full of dung ; filthy ; nasty ; vile. 

Dunk'er, n. The same as Tunker. See Tunker. 

Dun'lin, n. [Probably of Celtic origin. Cf. Gael, dun, 
hill, Eng. dune, low sand hill, and Gael, linne, Ir. linn, 
pool, pond, lake.] (Ornith.) A species of sandpiper. 

Dun'nage, n. [Cf. dun, mound, and dune.] (Naut.) (a.) 
Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on 
the bottom of a ship to raise heavy goods above the 
bottom to prevent injury by water in the hold, (b.) 
Loose articles of merchandise wedged between parts of 
the cargo, to prevent rubbing and to hold them steady. 

Dun'ner, n. [From dun.] One employed in soliciting 
the payment of debts. 

Dun'nish, a. Inclined to a dun color. 

Du'o, n. [Lat. two.] (Mus.) A duet. 

Du'o-dec'i-mal, a. [From Lat. duodecim, twelve.] 
Proceeding in computation by twelves. 

Du'o-dec'i-malg, n. pi. (Arith.) A kind of mtiltiplica- 
tion in which the denominations proceed by twelves, as 
of feet and inches. 

Du'o-dec'i-mo, a. [Lat. in duodecimo, from duodeci- 
mos, twelfth, from duodecim, twelve.] Formed of sheets 
folded so as to make twelve_leaves. 

Dfl'o-def'i-mo, n. ; pi. DU'o-DEC'l-BlSg. 1. A book 
in which a sheet is folded into twelve leaves . 2. The 
size of a book thus composed ; — usually indicated thus : 
12mo. or 12°. 

Du'o-den'a-ry, a. [Lat. duodenarius, from duodeni, 
twelve, by twelve.] Kelating to the number twelve; 
twelvefold ; increasing by twelves. 

Du'o-de'mim,, n. [N. Lat., from duodeni, twelve each J 
because its length is about 12 fingers' breadth.] (Anat.) 
The first of the small intestines. 

Dupe, n. [Fr., from Prov. Fr. dupe, duppe, equiv. to duppe, 
hoopoe, a kind, foolish bird, which is easily caught.] One 
who is duped or misled ; a gull. 

Dupe (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. duped (dupt, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. duping.] To deceive ; to trick ; to mislead by 
imposing on one's credulity. 

Du'ple (dfi/pl), a. [Lat. duplus.] Double. 

Duple ratio {Math.), that in which the antecedent term is 
double the consequent. — Sub-duple ratio, the reverse of duple 
ratio. 

Du'plex, a. [Lat., from duo, two, and plicare, to fold.] 
Double ; twofold. 

Duplex ratio (Math.), the product of a ratio. — Duplex escape- 
ment, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which, the scape 
wheel having two sets of teeth, a double action takes place at 
each vibration of the balance. 
Du'pli-eate, a. [Lat. duplicalus. p. p. of duplicare, to 
double, from duplex, double, twofold.] Double ; twofold. 

Duplicate proportion, or ratio (Math.), the proportion or ratio 
of squares. 
Du'pli-eate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles some- 
thing else ; hence, a copy ; a transcript ; a counterpart, 
2. That which is of the same kind as some other thing, 
but not necessarily resembling it in other respects. 3. 



food, f tfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e«ho \ gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 






DUPLICATE 



232 



DYNAMICS 



(Law.) A document which is the same as another in all 
essential particulars, and differing from a mere copy in 
haying all the validity of an original. 

Du'pli-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. duplicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. duplicating.] 1. To double; to make a 
copy or transcript of. 2. (Physiol.) To divide into two 
by natural growth or spontaneous action. 

Du/pli-ea'tion, n. 1. The act of duplicating or doub- 
ling. 2. (Physiol.) Act or process of dividing by natural 
growth or spontaneous action. 

Du'pli-ea-tive, a. Having the quality of duplicating 
or doubling. [membrane or vessel. 

Du'pli-ea-ture (53), n. A doubling ; a fold, as of a 

Du-pllc'i-ty, n. [Lat. duplicitas, from duplex, double.] 

1. Doublenessof heart, speech. or dealing ; dissimulation. 

2. (Law.) The use of two or more distinct allegations or 
answers, where one is sufficient. 

Syn. — Double-dealing; deceit; guile; deception. 

Du'ra-foil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being durable. 
Du'ra-fole (89), a. [Lat. durabilis, from durare, to last.] 

Able to endure or continue in a particular condition ; not 

perishable or changeable. 

Syn. — Lasting; abiding; permanent; firm; stable; contin- 
uing; constant. 

Du'ra-ble-ness, n. Power of lasting ; durability. 

Du'ra-bly, adv. In a durable or lasting manner. 

Du'ra-ma'ter, n. [Lat., lit., hard mother; — called 
mater, because it was formerly thought to give rise to 
every membrane of the body.] (Anat.) The outer mem- 
brane of the brain. 

Dur'ance, n. [Lat. durans, p. pr. of durare, to endure, 
last.] 1. Continuance; duration; endurance. 2. Im- 
prisonment ; duress. 

Du-ra/tion, n. 1. Quality of during or enduring ; du- 
rability. 2. Continuance in time ; prolonged existence ; 
portion of time during which any thing exists. 

Du'ress, or Du-ress', n. [Lat. duritia, durities, from 
durus, hard.] 1. Hardship ; constraint ; imprisonment. 

2. ( Law. ) The state of compulsion or necessity in which 
a person is induced, by the restraint of his liberty or 
menace of bodily harm, to do some legal act, or to com- 
mit a misdemeanor. 

Dur'ing. [Originally the p. pr. of dure (obs.), to last, 
now used as a prep.] In the time of; as long as the ac- 
tion or existence of. 

Durst, imp. of dare. See Dare. 

Du.sk, a. [Cf. L. Ger. duster, N. H. Ger. duster, D. duis- 
ter, A.-S. thystre, theostre, Russ. tusk, tarnish.] Tend- 
ing to darkness or blackness ; darkish. 

Dusk, n. 1. Imperfect obscurity ; twilight. 2. A color 
partially black or dark. 

Dusk'i-ly, adv. In a dusky manner; darkly ; dimly. 

Dusk'i-ness, n. The state of being dusky ; dimness. 

Du.sk/isli, a. Moderately dusky ; partially obscure. 

Dtisk'y, a. 1. Partially dark or obscure ; dusk. 2. 
Tending to blackness in color ; dark- colored. 3. Gloomy ; 
sad ; melancholy. 4. Intellectually clouded. 

Dust, n. [A.-S., Icel., & L. Ger. dust, allied to Ger. 
dunst, vapor.] 1. Very fine, dry particles of earth, or 
other matter; powder; fine sand. 2. The earth as the 
resting-place of the dead ; the grave. 3. A low condition. 
4. Gold dust ; hence, money ; cash ; specie. 
To raise, or kick up, the dust, to make a commotion. 

Dust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DUST- 
ING.] 1. To free from dust. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 

3. To reduce to a fine powder. 

Diist'-lbrush, n. A brush for removing dust, as from 
articles of furniture. 

Diist'er, n. 1. One who dusts; a utensil for dusting. 
2. A light over-garment, worn to protect the clothing 
from dust in traveling. 

Dust'i-ness, n. The state of being dusty. 

Diist'-man, n.; pi. dOst'-men. One whose employ- 
ment is to carry away dirt and filth. 

Diist'y, a. [compar. DUSTIER ; superl. DUSTIEST.] 1. 
Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust. 2. Like dust; 
of the color of dust. 

Du-tcli, a. [N. D. duitsch, German, orig. popular, na- 
tional, from 0. H. Ger. diot, thiot, diota, thiota, Goth. 
thiuda, A.-S. thedd, the people. The English have ap- 
plied the name especially to the Germanic people living 
nearest them, the Hollanders.] (Geog.) Pertaining to 
HoDand, to its inhabitants, or their language. 

Dutch cheese, a small, round, hard cheese, made from skim 
milk. — Dutch clinker, a kind of long, hard brick made in Hol- 
land.— Dutch foil, Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold, an alloy of cop- 



l>er and zinc, rolled or beaten into thin sheets. — Dutch oven, a 
tin screen for baking before a fire; also, in the United States, a 
shallow iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning 
coals. — Dutch pink, chalk or whiting dyed yellow, and used in 
distemper, and for paper-staining, &c. —Dutch tile, a glazed 
and painted ornamental tile, formerly much used in the jambs 
of chimneys. 

i£®= Dutch was formerly used by good writers for German, 
and is even now sometimes so used, in certain portions of the 
United States, either ignorantly or in contempt. 

Dutch., v . t. To render clear and hard by dipping into 
hot oil, sand, &c, as goose-quills. 

Du'te-oiis, a. [From duty.] Performing that which is 
due, or that which law, justice, or propriety requires. 

Du'te-ous-ly, adv. In a duteous manner. 

Du'te-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being duteous. 

Du'ti-a-ble, a. [See Duty.] Subject to the payment 
of a duty. [Amer.] 

Du'ti-ful, a. 1. Performing the duties or obligations 
required by law, justice, or propriety ; submissive to nat- 
ural or legal superiors. 2. Controlled by, or proceeding 
from, a sense of duty. 

Syn. — Duteous; obedient; reverent; reverential; submis- 
sive; respectful. 

Du'ti-f ul-ly, adv. In a dutiful manner ; obediently. 

Du'ti-ful -ness, n. State of being dutiful ; obedience. 

Du'ty, n. [From due.] 1. That which is due from one per- 
son to another ; especially, that which a person is bound, 
by any obligation, to do, or refrain from doing. 2. Ser- 
vice rendered ; respectful obedience ; — said especially of 
military service. 3 . Respect ; reverence ; regard. 4. 
( Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs ; excise. 

Dti-utn'vir, n.; pi. dv-um'vi-rT. [Lat., from duo, 
two, and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of two Roman 
officers or magistrates united in the same public func- 
tions. 

Du-um'vi-rate (45), n. Union of two men in the same 
office ; or the office, dignity, or government of two men 
thus associated. 

Dwarf, n. [L. Ger. dwarf, A.-S. dveorg, Icel. dvergr, 
N. °H. Ger. zwerg.] An animal or plant much below the 
ordinary size of the species ; especially, a diminutive man. 

Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dwarfed (dwarft) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the 
natural size ; to stunt. 

Dwarfish, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stat- 
ure or size; very small ; low; petty; despicable. 

Dwarf 'ish-ness, n. Smallness of stature. 

Dwarf '-wall, n. (Arch.) A low wall, not as high as the 
story of a building. 

Dwell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dwelled, usually dwelt ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DWELLING.] [Icel. dvelia, to linger, 
delay, dvali, dream, delay, allied to A.-S. dv'elan, to be 
stupid. Cf. Dull.] To abide as a permanent resident, 
or to inhabit for a time ; to be domiciled. 

To dwell on, or upon, (a.) To continue on; to occupy a long 

time with. (6.) To hang on with attention ; to be absorbed with. 

Syn. — To reside; sojourn; continue; stay; rest; remain. 

Dwell'er, n. An inhabitant ; a resident. 

Dwell'ing, n. Habitation ; abode ; domicile. 

Dwell'ing-house, n. A house intended for residence, 
in distinction from a store, office, &c. 

Dwell'ing- place ; n. Place of residence ; abode. 

Dwin'dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dwindled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. DWINDLING.] [0. Eng. divine, A.-S. dvinan, to 
pine, fade, vanish.] To diminish ; to waste away. 

Dwln'dle , v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low. 2. 
To break ; to disperse. 

D win' die, n. Process of dwindling ; decline. 

Dye, v. t. [imp. So p.p. DYED ; p. pr. & vb.n. DYEING.] 
[A.-S. deagarij deagian, from deag, color, allied to Lat. 
tingere, for tigere.] To stain ; to color; to give a new 
and permanent color to. [ried on. 

Dye'-house, n. A building in which dyeing is car- 

Dy'er, n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth, &c. 

Dy'ing, a. 1. Destined to death ; mortal. 2. Support- 
ing a dying person. 3. Pertaining to death ; manifested 
in the hour of death. 

Dyke, n. See Dike. 

Dy-nam'e-ter, n. [From Gr Swa/nis, power, and ixerpov, 
measure.] ( Opt.) An instrument for determining the 
magnifving power of telescopes. 

Dyn'a-met'ri-e-al, a. Pertaining to a dynameter. 

Dy-nam'ie, \a. [Gr. 5wa/ou/cds, from fiwafu?, power, 

Dy-nam'i-e-al, ) from SvvaOai, to be able.] Pertain- 
ing to strength or power, or to dynamics. 

Dy-nam'ie s, n. sing. 1. The science of moving forces; 
— opposed to statics. 2. The moving moral, as well as 
physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to 



*,e, Sec, long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil,tgrm; pique, firm; son, or, dQ, wolf, 



DYNAMOMETER 



233 



EARTH 



them. 3. {Mus.) That department of musical science 
which relates to the force of musical sounds. 

Dyn'a-mom'e-ter, n. [See Dynameter.] An in- 
strument for measuring force or power, especially that 
of animals, men, or machines. 

Dyn'a-mo-met'rLe, ) a. Relating to a dynamom- 

Dyn'a-mo-rnet'rie-al, j eter, or the measure of force. 

Dy-nast'ie, a. Relating to a dynasty or line of kings. 

Dy'nas-ty, n. [Gr. Swaareia, from fivi/aerreveiv, to hold 
power or lordship, from fiwacn-Tj;.] Sovereignty; espe- 
cially, a rac> of kings, of the same line or family, who 
govern a particular country. 

Dys'-era-sy, n. [Gr. Svcnepao-La, fir. Svcr-, inseparable pref. 
with the notion of ill, bad, difficult, and /cpacas, mix- 
ture.] (Med.) An ill habit or state of the constitution. 

Dys'en-ter'ie, \a. 1. Pertaining to, accompanied 

Dys'en-ter'ie-al, j with, or proceeding from, dys- 
entery. 2. Afflicted with dysentery. 

Dys'en-teVy, n. [Gr. SvaevrepCa, from fiver-, ill, and 
evrepov, pi. evrepa, intestines, from evro?, within.] ( Med. ) 
Inflammation of the rectum or colon, attended with 



griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, 
and discharges of mucus and blood. 

Dys-pep'si-a, 1 n. [Gr. Sv<nre\jjia, from Sva-, ill, and 

Dys-pep'sy, j neo-o-eiv, irenreiv, to cook, digest.] 
(Med.) A state of the stomach in which its functions 
are disturbed ; chronic difficulty of digestion. 

Dys-pep'tie, ) a. Afflicted with, pertaining to, or 

Dys-pep'tie-al, ) consisting in, dyspepsia. 

Dys-pep'tie, n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia. 

Dys'pho-ny, n. [Gr. fivcn/>wvia, from fiver-, ill, and<pwvij, 
sound , voice . ] (Med). A difficulty of speaking , occasioned 
by an ill disposition of the organs of speech. 

Dt/sp-nce'd (disp-ne'a), n. [Gr. dvo-nvota, from 8v<titvoos, 
short of breath, from fiver-, ill, and nvo-q , ttvolti , breath- 
ing, TrpeZv, to blow, breathe.] (Med.) A difficulty of 
breathing. 

Dys-u'rie, a. Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury. 

Dys'u-ry, n. [Gr. fivcrovpia., from fiver-, ill, and ovpov, 
urine.] (Med.) Difficulty in discharging the urine, at- 
tended with pain and a sensation of heat. 



E. 



E(e). The second vowel and the fifth letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet. At the end of words it is usually silent, 
but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its 
long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in 
mane, cane, mete, which without the final e would be 
pronounced man, can, met. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 10- 
14, 46, and 47. — (Mus.) B is the third tone of the model 
diatonic scale. E|} (E flat) is a tone intermediate be- 

_tween D andE. 

Each, a. [A.-S. tile, elc, equiv. to a-lic, from a, aa, ever, 
orig. accus. sing, for av, 0. Eng. aye, from A.-S. av, 
Goth, aivs, Lat. sevum, Gr. aiu>i/,and A.-S. lie, Eng. like.] 
This word is a distributive adjective pronoun, used either 
with or without a following noun, and denoting every 
one of the two or more individuals composing a whole, 
considered separately from the rest. 

Bgf™ To each corresponds other. Each other is used elliptic- 
ally for each the other. ( 

Ea'ger, a. [From Lat. acer, sharp.] 1. Sharp; sour. 
[Obs.] 2. Keen. [Rare.] 3. Excited by desire in the 
pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or ob- 
tain. 

Syn. — Earnest. — Eager (lit., sharp, keen-set) marks an 
excited state of desire or passion; earnest, denotes a permanent 
Btate of moral sentiment or feeling. A child is eager for a play- 
thing; a hungry man is eager for food; a covetous man is eager 
for gain. A preacher is earliest in his appeals to the conscience; 
an agent is earnest in his solicitations. 

Ea'ger-ly, adv. With great ardor of desire ; earnestly. 

Ea'ger-ness, n. Quality or state of being eager. 

Syn. — Ardor; vehemence; earnestness; impetuosity; heart- 
iness; fervor; avidity; greediness. 

Ea'gle (e'gl), n. [Lat. aquila.] 
1. A rapacious bird of the fal- 
con family, remarkable for its 
strength, size, graceful figure, 
and extraordinary flight. Its 
figure is commonly used as an 
heraldic emblem, and also for 
standards and emblematic de- Eagle, 

vices. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value 

_ of ten doUars. 

JCa'gle-eyed, a. Sharp-sighted, as an eagle. 

Ea'gless, n. A female or hen eagle. 

Ea'glet, n._ A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. 

Ea'gre (e'ger), n. [A.-S. ectgor, egor, ear, water, sea.] 
The whole of a flood tide moving up an estuary or river, 

_with great height and violence. 

Ean, v. t. or i. [See Yean.] To bring forth, as young ; 
to yean. 

Ear, n. [A.-S. eare, Icel. eyra, Goth, auso, Lat. auris, 
Gr. ovs.] 1. The organ of hearing. 2. The sense of 
hearing. 3. Willingness to listen ; attention ; regard ; 
heed. 4. A part of any inanimate thing resembling in 
shape or position the ear of an animal. 5. [A.-S. ear, 
Goth, ahs.] The spike of a plant of Indian corn or other 
grain, containing the kernels. 

About the ears, in close proximity. — By the ears, in close 
personal contest. — Up to the ears, deeply absorbed. 




Ear, v. i. To form ears, as corn. 

Ear'ing, n. (Naut.) A rope attached to the cringle of a 

_ sail, by which it is bent or reefed. 

Earl (Sri, 14), n. [A.-S. eorl, man, noble, Icel. & Sw. 
jarl, nobleman, count.] A nobleman of England rank- 

_ing below a marquis, and above a viscount. 

Ear'lap, n. The tip of the ear. [earl. 

Earl'dom, n. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an 

Ear'less, a. Without ears; deaf; unwilling to hear. 

Earl'-mar'shal, n. An officer of state in England who 
marshals and orders all great ceremonials ; he is the head 

_ of the herald's office. 

Ear 'lock: , n. A curl of hair near the ear ; a love-lock. 

Ear'ly (Er'ly, 14), a. [A.-S. arlice, from ar, before. See 
Ere.] In advance of the usual or appointed time. 
Syn. —Forward; timely; not late. 

iGar'ly, adv. Soon ; in good season ; betimes. 

Ear'-mark, n. 1. A mark on the ear by which a sheep 
is known. 2. Any distinguishing mark by which the 

_ ownership or relation of a thing is known. 

Ear'-mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ear-marked (108); 
p. pr. & vb. n. ear-marking-.] To mark, as sheep, by 

_ cropping or slitting the ear. 

Eam(ern), v. t. [imp & p. p. EARNED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EARNING.] [A.-S. earnian, gearnian, to earn, 0. H. 
Ger. arndn, to measure, amen, to earn, to merit, allied to 
aran, to plow.] 1. To merit or deserve by labor. 2. To 

^ acquire by labor, service, or performance. 

Ear'nest (eVnest), a. [A.-S. eornost. Cf. Goth, arneis, 
certain, sure.] 1. Ardent in the pursuit of an object ; 
eager to obtain. 2. Intent ; fixed. 

Syn.— Eager; warm; zealous; ardent; animated; importu- 
nate; fervent; hearty. See Eager. 

Ear'nest, n. 1. Seriousness ; reality. 2. [Probably 
corrupted, like 0. Eng. arles, earles, from Fr. arrhes, ear- 
nest-money, from Lat- arrha.] A pledge given as an 
assurance of earnest or serious intention ; a token of 
what is to come. 

Syn. — Pledge. — An earnest, like first-fruits, gives assurance 
that more is coming of the same kind; ^pledge, like money de- 
posited, affords security and ground of reliance. Washington 
gave earnest of his talent as a commander by saving his troops 
after Braddock's defeat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers 
during the winter at Valley Forge were a pledge of their ulti- 
mate triumph. 

Ear'nest -ly, adv. In an earnest manner ; warmly ; 

eagerly ; also, with fixed attention. 

Ear'nest-mon'ey, n. Money paid as earnest, to bind 
a bargain or to ratify and prove a sale. 

Ear'nest-ness, n. State of being earnest ; zeal. 

Earn'ing (Srn'ing), n. That which is earned ; wages ; 

_ stipend ; reward. 

Ear'-ring, n. An ornament suspended from the ear, by 

_ means of a ring passing through the lobe. 

Ear'-shot, n. Reach of the ear, or sense of hearing ; dis- 
tance at which words may be heard. 

Earth (Srth, 14), n. [A.-S. eordhe, earth, eard, region, 
country, Goth, airtha, allied to Gr. epa, earth, Skr. ircc.] 1. 
The globe we inhabit ; the world. 2. The solid materials 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho , gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



EARTH 



234 



EBULLITION 



which make up the globe ; the dry land. 3. Soil of all 
kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, &c. ; the ground. 
4. A region ; a country. 5. The people on the globe. 
6. (Chem.) (a.) A tasteless and inodorous, uncolored, 
earthy-looking, metallic oxide, (b.) A similar oxide, hav- 
ing a slight alkaline reaction. 

Earth (erth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EARTHED (Srtht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. earthing.] 1. To hide, or cause to hide, 

__ in the earth. 2. To cover with earth or mold. 

Earth, v. i. To retire under ground ; to burrow. 

Earth '-hoard, n. (Agric.) The board of a plow, that 
turns over the earth ; mold-board. 

Earth/en (erth'n), a. Made of earth ; made of burnt or 

_ baked clay, or other like substances. 

Earth'i-ness, n. Quality of being earthy ; grossness. 

Earth'li-ness, n. 1. Quality of being earthly ; grossness. 

^ 2. Excessive attachment to earthly objects ; worldliness. 

Earth'ling, n. An inhabitant of the earth ; a mortal. 

Earth'ly, a. 1. Pertaining to earth ; not heavenly or 
spiritual. 2. Of all things on earth ; possible. 
Syn. — Sordid; carnal; mean; base; vile; groveling. 

Earth'-mtt, n. (Bot.) (a.) The root of an umbelliferous 
plant, which is farinaceous, sweet, and considered to be 
nourishing, (b.) The seed-vessel and seed of a legu- 

_ minous plant, called also pea-nut. 

Earth/quake, n. A shaking, trembling, or concussion 

^ of the earth, due to subterranean causes. 

Earth/ward, adv. Toward the earth. 

Earth'- work (SrtlPwurk), n. 1. (Engin.) The remov- 
al of large masses of earth, in the construction of public 
works, as canals, railways, and the like. 2. (Mil.) Any 
fortification made by throwing up embankments of earth. 

Earth'- worm (ertlPwurm), n. 1. (Zool.) The com- 
mon worm found in the soil, without legs or appendages. 

^ 2. A mean, sordid person. 

Earth'y, a. 1. Consisting of, or belonging or relating to, 

_ earth ; terrestrial. 2. Gross ; unrefined. 

Ear'-triimp'et, n. An instrument to aid in hearing. 

Ear'- -wax, n. The cerumen; a thick, viscous substance, 

_ secreted by the glands of the ear. 

Ear'wig, n. [A.-S. ear-wigga, ear-wicga, from ear. for 
eare, ear, and wicga, beetle, worm.] (Entom.) An insect 
with very short wing-cases, which eats fruit and flower 
leaves, and is so called because it has been erroneously 

_ supposed to creep into the human brain through the ear. 

Eage, n. [Fr. aise, A.-S. eadh, ready, easy, Goth, azets, 
easy, azeti, ease, root azi.] Freedom from pain, disturb- 
ance, trouble, toil, constraint, stiffness, or the like. 

Syn. — Rest; quiet; repose; tranquillity; facility; readiness. 

Eage, v. l. [imp. & p. p. eased ; p. pr. & vb. n. eas- 
ing.] 1. To free from any thing that pains, disquiets, 
or oppresses. 2. To render less painful, disgusting, or 
oppressive. 3. To release from pressure or restraint ; to 
shift a little. 

To ease off. or ease away (Naut.), to slacken gradually. 
ease a ship (Navt.), to put the helm hard-a-lee, or regulat 
sail, to prevent her pitching when close-hauled. 
Syn. — To relieve; quiet; calm; tranquilize; assuage; alle- 

_viate; allay; mitigate; appease; pacify. 

Ea'gel, n. [Ger. esel, ass, donkey, and 
hence, easel.] A wooden frame with 
movable pegs, or a sliding rack, on 
which pictures are placed while being 

_ painted. 

Eage'ment, n. 1. That which gives 
ease; convenience; accommodation. 2. 
(Law.) A liberty, privilege, or advan- 
tage without profit, which one proprie- 
tor has in the estate of another, distinct 
from the ownership of the soil, as a way, 

_ water-course, &c. 

Eag'i-ly, adv. With ease ; without dif- 
ficulty ; readily; gently. 

Eag'i-ness, n. 1. State or condition of being easy ; free- 
dom from distress ; ease. 2. Act of moving as if with ease. 

East, n. [A.-S. east, Icel. austur. Cf. Lith. auszta, it 
grows fight, auszra, aurora.] 1. The point in the heav- 
ens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox ; the point 
directly opposite the west. 2. The eastern part of a 
country ; the regions or countries which he east of any 
region or country; especially, the southern parts of 
Asia, which lie east of Europe and the Mediterranean. 

East, a. Toward the rising sun. 

East, v. i. To move toward the east : to orientate. 

_ East^north-east, east-south-east, &c. See Illust. of Compass. 

East'er, ) n. [A,-S. easter, edstran, paschal feast, 

East'er-day, J Easter, from Eastre, a goddess of light 



To 

regulate the 




Easel. 



or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in 
April.] A festival commemorating Christ's resurrection, 
occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. 
_It corresponds to the passover of the Jews. 
East'er-ly, a. 1. Coming from the eastward. 2. Sit- 
_uated, directed, or moving toward the east. 
East'er-ly, adv. On, or in the direction of, east. 
East'ern, a. 1. Situated or dwelling in the east ; orien- 
tal. 2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east. 
East'ing, n. (Navigation & Surv.) Distance eastward 
_from a given meridian. 
East'ward, adv. Toward the east. 
Eag'y (ez'y), a. [compar. EASIER ; superl. EASIEST.) 1. 
At ease ; free from pain, care, disgust, or constraint. 2. 
Not causing or attended with pain, exertion, or disquiet; 
affording rest. 3. Not difficult ; not requiring labor. 4. 
Causing ease ; furnishing comfort. 5. Not making re- 
sistance. 6. ( Com.) Not straitened as to money matters. 

Syn. — Quiet; tranquil; secure; calm; facile; yielding; com- 
pliant; ready. 

Eag'y- chair, n. An arm-chair for ease or repos*. 

Eat, v. t. [imp. eat, or ATE ; p. p. EAT. or EATEN; 
p. pr. & vb. n. eating.] [A.-S. etan, Goth, itan, Lat. 
edere, Gr. eSew, Skr. ad, Gael, ith, W. ysu.} 1. To swal- 
low or partake of as food. 2. To corrode, as metal, by 
rust; to consume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh; to 
waste or wear away. 
To eat one's words, to take back what one has said; to retract. 
Syn. — To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode. 

Eat, v. i. 1. To take food ; to feed. 2. To taste or relish. 
To eat, or to eat in or into, to corrode; to gnaw; to consume. 

Eat'a-ble, a. Capable of being eaten ; fit to be eaten ; 

_ proper for food ; esculent ; edible. 

Eat'a-hle, n. Any thing that may be eaten. 

Eat'er, n. One who, or that which, eats or corrodes. 

Eat'ing-house, n. A house where provisions are sold 
and eaten ready cooked ; a restaurant. 

Eau-de-Cologne (o'de-ko-lon'), n. [Fr. eau, water, fr. 
Lat. aqua, de, of, and Cologne.] A perfumed spirit, orig- 

_inally prepared at Cologne. 

Eaveg, «. pi. [A.-S. efese. The s of eaves is in English 
regarded as a plural ending, though not so in A.-S.] 
(Arch.) The lower edges of the roof of a building, which 

_ overhang the walls. 

Eaveg'di'op, v. i. To stand under the eaves or near the 
windows of a house, to listen and learn what is said with- 
in doors ; hence, to watch for opportunities of hearing 

_ the private conversation of others. 

Eaveg'drop-per, n. One who watches for an oppor- 

w tunity of hearing the private conversation of others. 

Ebb, n. [A.-S. ebba, ebbe, prob. allied to Ger. eben, Eng. 
even.] 1. The reflux of the tide ; the return of tide- 
water toward the sea. 2. A falling from a better to a 

w worse state ; decline ; decay. 

Ebb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. EBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. EBB- 
ING.] 1. To flow back ; to return, as the water of a 
tide toward the ocean. 2. To fall from a better to a 
worse state ; to decline. 
Syn. — To recede; retire; decay; decrease; sink. 

Ebb'- tide, n. Reflux of tide- water ; the retiring tide. 

E'bi-o-mte, n. [Heb. ebjomm, i. e. the poor, at first a 
Jewish name for Christians in general.] (Eccl. Hist.\ 
One of a sect of Jewish Christians, in the first ages of 
the church, who combined Judaism with Christianity, 
rejected much of the New Testament, and were account- 
ed heretics by the Christian fathers. [as ebony. 

Eb'on, a. 1. Consisting of ebony ; like ebony. 2. Black 

Eb'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ebonized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EBONIZING.] To make black like ebony. 

Eb'o-ny, n. [Gr. ej3evos, e/3evrj, from Heb. hobnim, pi. of 
hobnl, for obni, of stone, from oben, eben, stone.] A spe- 
cies of hard, heavy, and durable wood, which admits of 
a fine polish or gloss. The most usual color is black. 

E-bri'e-ty, n. [Lat. ebrietas, from ebrius, intoxicated.] 

_ Intoxication ; drunkenness; inebriety. 

E'bri-os'i-ty, n. [Lat. ebriositus, from ebriosus, given to 
drinking, from ebrius. See EERIE TY.] Partial intoxica- 
tion ; habitual drinking to excess. 

E-biil'lience (e-bfil/yens), ) n. [See infra.] A boil- 

E-biil'lieii-cy (e-buFyen-sy), j ing over. 

E-biil'lient (e-buPyent), a. [Lat. ebulliens, p. pr. of 
ebidlire, to boil up, to bubble up, from bidla, bubble.] 
Boiling over, as a liquor ; hence, manifesting exhilaration 
or excitement, as of feeling. 

Eb'ul-li'tion (-lish'un), n. 1. The operation of \xH- 



a,e,&c.,;ong-, :a,e,&c.,5Aort, : care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dft, wolf, 



EBURNEAN 



235 



ECUMENICAL 



ing. 2. Effervescence. 3. An exhilaration or outward 
display of feeling. [of ivory. 

E-hur'ne-an, a. [Lat. eburneus, from ebur, ivory.] Made 
Ee-lbat'le, a. [Gr., as if e/c/3a.T<./c6s, from e/cj3<xiveu>, to go 
or step out.] ( Gram.) Denoting a mere result or con- 
sequence, as distinguished from telic, which denotes in- 
dention or purpose. 

M^'qe-ho'mo, n. [Lat., behold the man.] A picture 
which represents the Savior given up to the people by 
Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. 
Ee-^en'trie, ) a. [N. Lat. eccentricus, Gr. eKKevrpos, 
Ee-cen'trie-al, J out of the center, eccentric, from ck, 
out of, and nivrpov, Lat. centrum, center.] 1. Deviating 
from the center or from the line of a circle. 2. Pertain- 
ing to eccentricity or to ah eccentric. 3. Not having the 
same center ; — opposed to concentric. 4. Deviating from 
the usual course. 

Syn. — Irregular ; anomalous ; singular ; odd ; particular ; 
strange ; whimsical. 
E«-c en'trle, n. 1. A circle not having the same center 
as another contained in some measure within the first. 

2. One who, or that which, deviates from regularity. 

3. (Astron.) The supposed circular orbit of a planet 
about the earth, but with the earth not in its center, in 
the Ptolemaic system. 4. (Mech.) A wheel or disk, hav- 
ing its axis of revolution out of its center of figure, used 
for obtaining a reciprocating or alternate motion from a 
circular one. 

Ee-cen'trie-al-ly, adv. In an eccentric manner. 

Ee'cen-tric'i-ty, n. 1. State of being eccentric ; oddi- 
ity, whimsicalness. 2. (Astron.) Distance of the center 
of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the 
body around which it revolves. 

Ee-ele'gi-areh (ek-kle'zl-'ark), n. [Gr. e/c/cATjcrta, church, 
and apxos, leader.] A ruler of the church. 

Ee-ele'gi-as'tie, ) a. [Gr. eKKAijo-tao-n/co?, from e/c- 

E-e-ele'gi-as'ti-e-al, j /cArjcria, an assembly of citizens 
called out by the crier ; the church.] Pertaining to the 
church or to its organization or government. [a priest. 

E-e-ele / §i-as'ti«, n. A person in orders ; a clergyman ; 

Ee-ele'gi-as'tle-al-ly, adv. In an ecclesiastical man- 
ner ; according to ecclesiastical rules. 

Ee-ele'gi-as'ti-cigm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesi- 
astical observances, privileges, &c. 

E-e-cle'gi-as'ti-eus, n. A book of the Apocrypha. 

Ee-ele'gi-o-log'ie-al, a. Belonging to ecclesiology. 

E-e-ele'gi-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in ecclesiology. 

Ee-ele'gi-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eK/cA^o-ia, church, and Aoyo?, 
discourse.] The science or theory of church building and 

w decoration. 

Ech/e-lon (esh'e-lon), n. [Fr. , from echelle, ladder, scale, 
Lat. scala.] (Mil.) The position of an army or other 
military body in the form of steps, or with one division 

w more advanced than another. 

Eeh'i-nate, ) a. [Lat. echinatus, from echinus, q. v.] 

Eeh'i-na'ted, j ( Nat. Hist. ) Prickly like a hedge-hog ; 

^having sharp points. 

fieh'i-nite , n. A fossil echinus. 

E-ehVnus (e-kl-'nus), n. ; pi. E-eHi'Ni. [Lat., from Gr. 
extvos, hedgehog.] 1. A hedgehog. 2. (Zool.) A sea- 
urchin ; sea-hedgehog. 3. ( Bot. ) A prickly head or top 
of a plant. 4. (Arch.) A form of molding carved with 

^ eggs and anchors. 

Eoh'o (ek'o), n. ; pi. Ech'oe§. [Lat. , from Gr. ^x^, same 
as 17x19, ^x°?> sound, noise.] A sound reflected or rever- 

w berated to the ear. 

Eeli'o (Sk'o), v. t. [imp. & p. p. echoed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. echoing.] 1. To reverberate or send back ; to 
return. 2. To repeat with assent ; to adopt. 

Eeh'o (ek'o), v. i. To be echoed or reverberated; to 
cause an echo ; to be attended with an echo. 

E-eliom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 17x01, VX°^> sound, and fxirpov, 
measure.] (Mus.) A kind of graduated scale for meas- 
uring the duration of sounds, and determining their dif- 
ferent powers. 

E-eh5m'e-try, n. 1. The art or act of measuring the 
duration of sounds. 2. The art of constructing vaults 
so as to produce echoes. 

E-elair'cige, v. t. [Fr. eclaircir, from clair, Lat. clarus, 
clear, q. v.] To make clear ; to explain. 

E-elair'cIsse-ment (or e-klar'siz-mong'), n. The clear- 
ing up of any thing obscure or not easily understood. 

JSclat (e-kW),n. [Fr., from eclater, to splinter, burst, 
explode, shine brilliantly, from 0. H. Ger. sleizan, for 
skleizan.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort. 2. Demon- 
stration of admiration ; applause. 

Ee-lee'tie, a. [Gr. e/cAeKTi/cos, from enXiyeiv, to pick 
out, choose.] Selecting; choosing at will. 



E-e-16-e'ti-e, n. One who follows an eclectic method In 
philosophy, science, religion, and the like. 

E-e-le-e'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In an ecclectic manner. 

Ee-lee'ti-ci§m, n. The act, doctrine, or practice of an 
eclectic ; an eclectic system, as of philosophy. 

E--elipse', n. [Gr. e/cAeii/us, 
prop ; a forsaking, falling, fr. 
e/cAeureiv, to leave out, for- 
sake.] 1. (Astron.) An inter- 
ception or obscuration of the 
light of the sun or moon, by 
the intervention of some oth- 
er body, either between it and Ecli Pses. S, sun ; E, earth ; 
the eye, or between the lumin- ' moon - 

ous body and that illuminated by it. 2. Temporary or 
partial loss of brilliancy, luster, honor and the like ; 
obscuration. 

E-elipse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. eclipsed (e-klipst'); 
p.pr. & vb. n. eclipsing-.] 1. To darken or hide ; — 
said of a heavenly body. 2. To obscure, darken, or ex- 
tinguish the beauty, luster, or honor, &c, of; to throw 
into the shade. 

E-elipse', v. i. To suffer an eclipse ; to become eclipsed. 

E-elip'ti-e, n. [See infra.] 1. (Astron.) An imaginary 
great circle of the sphere, which is the apparent path of 
the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the 
sun. 2. ( Geog.) A great circle on the terrestrial globe, 
answering to the celestial ecliptic. 

E-ellp'ti-e, a. [Gr. e/cA.ei7rriK6?, belonging to an eclipse. 
See Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to, or described by, the 

^ecliptic. 2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses. 

Ee'logue (ek-log), n. [Lat. ecloga, from Gr. e/cA.oy>?, a 
picking out, selection, collection, especially of passages in 
authors, from eKkeyeiv. See Eclectic] (Poet.) A 
pastoral composition, in which shepherds are introduced 

_ conversing with each other ; a bucolic ; an idyl. 

E'-eo-nom'i-e, la. 1. Pertaining to the household; 

E'eo-nom/ie-al, j domestic. 2. Relating to econo- 
my or to the management of household or pecuniary 
affairs, private or public ; saving of waste and unneces- 
sary expense. 3. Prudent in expenditure. 4. Managed 
with frugality. 5. Relating to the means of living, or to 

_ the resources and wealth of a country. 

E/eo-nom'ie-al-ly, adv. With economy ; frugally. 

E'-eo-nom'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. rd oiKovo/jn-Kd, equivalent 
to r) OLKOvoixia.] 1. The science of domestic and inter- 
nal^ management. 2. Political economy. 

E-eon'o-mist, n. 1. One who economizes, or manages 
domestic or other concerns with frugality. 2. One who 
is conversant with political economy. 

E-eon'o-mlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. economized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ECONOMIZING.] To use with prudence ; to 
expend with frugality. 

E-eon'o-mlze, v. i. To manage pecuniary concerns 
with frugality ; to make a prudent use of money. 

E-eon'o-my, n. [Lat. ceconomia, Gr. oi«:ovo/xia, from 
ol/cos, house, and vo/xos, usage, law, rule, from vifx-eiv, to 
distribute, manage.] 1. The management of domestic 
affairs,, especially as they concern expense or disburse- 
ment. 2. The internal, and especially the pecuniary, 
management of any undertaking, corporation, state or 
the like. 3. The system of rules and regulations by 
which any thing is managed. 4. Thrifty and frugal 
housekeeping. 

Syn. — Frugality ; parsimony. — Economy avoids all waste 
and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage ; 
frugality cuts off all indulgences, and proceeds on a system of 
rigid and habitual saving ; parsimony is. frugality carried to an 
extreme, involving meanness of spirit and a sordid mode of 
living. Economy is a virtue, andparsimony a vice. Frugality 
may lean to the one or the other according to the motives from 
which it springs. 

£-e'sta-sy, n. [Lat. ecstasis, Gr. eWTao-is, from e|iora- 
vai, to put out of place, derange.] 1. A state in which 
the mind is carried away beyond the reach of ordinary 
impressions ; frenzy. 2. Excessive and overmastering 
joy ; rapture. 3. Insanity ; madness. 

E-e-stat'i-e, \a. 1. Rendering one beside one's self. 

Ee-stat'ie-al, j 2. Delightful beyond measure ; rap- 

^turous. 

Ee'ty-pal,a. [Gr. eK-rvirog, worked in high relief, from 
6K, out, and two?, stamp, figure, type.] Taken from the 
original ; imitated. 

iC-e'type, n. [See supra.] A copy from an original ; a 
type of something that has previously existed. 

£«'u-men'k, \a. [Lat. cecumenicus, Gr.0iK0ujw.6ve- 

Ee'u-men'ie-al, j kos, universal, general, from olkov- 
p.ivy\, (sc. yr},) the inhabited world, from olneiv, to inhabit, 
from, oikos, house, dwelling.] General ; universal. 



food.frfbt; urn, rude, pull; cell, ^liaise, -call, e«lio; gem, get; a§; egdst; linger, link ; this. 



EDACIOUS 



236 



EFFECTOK 



E-da/cioiis, a. [Lat. edax, from edere, to eat.] Given to 
eating ; greedy ; voracious ; devouring. 

E-dac'i-ty, n. Greediness ; voracity. 

JEd'dd, 11. [Icel., lit. great-grandmother (i. e., of Scandi- 
navian poetry).] One of two religious or mythological 
books of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, 
containing two collections of Sagas of the old northern 

^ gods and heroes. 

Ed/dy, 11. [A compound of A.-S. ed, again, backward, 
and ea, running water.] 1. A current of air or water 
running back, or in a direction contrary to the main 
current. 2. A current of water or air moving in a cir- 
cular direction ; a whirlpool. 

Ed'dy, v . i. [imp. & p. p. eddied ; p.pr. & vb. n. ED- 

~, dying.] To move as an eddy. 

Ed'dy, v. t. To collect as into an eddy. 

E-dem'a-tous, ) a. [Gr. oto^a, a sweUing, tumor, from 

E-dem'a-tose', ) olheiv, to swell, olSos, a swelling.] 

_ Pertaining to, or affected with, a serous humor. 

E'den, n. [Heb. eden, delight ; a place of pleasure ; the 
garden of paradise.] The garden where Adam and Eve 
first dwelt ; hence a delightful region or residence. 

S"j- n 2 a }' w la. The same as Edentate. 
E-den'tal-ons, ) 

E-den'tate, n. [Lat. edentatus, p. p. of edentare, to 
render toothless, from e, ex, out of, from, and dens, den- 
tis, a tooth.] ( Zo'dl.) An animal of the sloth and arma- 
dillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. 

E-den'tate, ) a. [See supra.] Destitute of teeth ; 

E-den'ta-ted, j toothless ; also, belonging to the sloth 

___ and armadillo tribes. 

Edge (ej), n. [A.-S. ecg, allied to Lat. acies, acumen, acus, 
Gr. aKri, a/as, a/aoj, Skr. agri, edge of sword, W. awch, 
edge.] 1. The thin cutting side of the blade of an in- 
strument; hence, that which cuts as an edge does. 2. 
Any sharp terminating border. 3. Readiness or fitness to 
cut ; and hence, acrimony ; severity. 4. The border or part 
adjacent to the fine of division ; early part ; beginning. 

To set the teeth on edge, to cause a disagreeable tingling sen- 
sation in the teeth, as by bringing acids into contact with 
them, or by any grating noise. 

Syn. — Rirn ; verge ; skirt ; margin ; brink ; keenness ; 
sharpness. 

Edge (ej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EDGED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
edging.] 1. To furnish with an edge ; to sharpen. 
2. To furnish with a fringe or border. 3. To make 
sharp or keen ; hence, to provoke to action ; to urge or 

_egg on. 4. To move by little and little. 

Edge (ej), v.i. 1. To move sideways ; to move gradu- 
ally. 2. To sail close to the wind. 

Edge'-bone (20), n. A bone of the rump, which, in 

_ dressed beef, presents itself edgewise to view. 

Edge'-tdbl, n. An instrument having a sharp edge. 

Edge'wige, adv. In the direction of the edge. 

Edg'ing, n. That which forms an edge or border. 

Ed'i-ble, a. [From Lat. edere, to eat.] Fit to be eaten 
w as food ; esculent ; eatable. 

Ed'i-ble-ness, n. State of being edible. 

E'diet, n. [Lat. edictum, from edicere, edictum, to de- 
clare, proclaim, from e, ex, out, and dicere, to say.] That 
which is uttered or proclaimed by authority, as a rule of 
action ; a special proclamation of command or prohibition. 
Syn. — Law ; statute ; regulation ; decree ; ordinance ; 
manifesto. 

Ed'i-fi-ea'tion, n. The act of edifying or the state of 
being edified ; a building up, especially in a moral and 
religious sense. [ing to edification. 

Ed'i-fi-ea-to-ry, or E-dif'i-ea-to-ry (50), a. Tend- 

Ed'i-fice, n. [Lat. sedificium, from xdificare, to build.] 
A building ; a structure ; a fabric ; — chiefly applied to 

_ elegant houses, and other large structures. 

Ed'i-fi'cial (-fish'al), a. Pertaining to an edifice. 

Ed'i-fi'er, n. 1. One who builds. 2. One who im- 
proves^ another by moral or religious instruction. 

Ed'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. edified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EDIFYING.] [Lat. sedificare, from sedes, a building, 
house, and facere, to make.] To instruct and improve 
in knowledge generally, particularly in moral and relig- 

_ious knowledge. 

E'dile,»i. [Lat. sedilis, from sedes, a building.] (Rom. 
Antiq. ) A Roman magistrate, who had the care of build- 
ings, highways, public places, &c. 

E'dile-ship, n. The office of edile. 

Ed'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. edited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EDITING.] [Lat. edere, editum, to give out, put forth, 
publish, from e, ex, out, and dare, to give.] To super- 
intend the publication of; to prepare for publication. 

E-di'tion (-dMi'un), n. [Lat. editio, from edere, to pub- 



lish.] 1. The publication of any literary work. 2. The 
w whole number of copies of a work published at once. 
Ed'it-or, n. One who edits ; especially, a person who 
prepares, superintends, revises, and corrects a book, 
newspaper, or the like, for publication. 
Ed'it-o'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to an editor. 
Ed'it-o'ri-al, n. An article by the editor of a news- 
_ paper or other work. [an editor. 

Ed'it-o'ri-al-ly, adv. In the manner or character of 
Ed'it-or-ship, n. Business or office of an editor. 
Ed'u-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. educated ; p. pr. 8c 
vb. n. educating.] [Lat. educare, educatum, from 
educere, to lead forth, bring up, from e, out, and ducere, 
to lead.] To bring up, as a child ; to cultivate and dis- 
cipline the various powers of the mind. 

Syn.— To instruct; teach; inform; breed; train; mature; 
rear; discipline; indoctrinate. 
Ed'u-ea'tion, n. Act or process of educating ; the 
drawing forth and cultivation of the human faculties, 
especially among the young ; tuition ; nurture. 

Syn. — Instruction ; teaching ; breeding. — Education in- 
cludes the whole course of training, moral, intellectual, and 
physical. Instruction and teaching apply to the communica- 
tion of knowledge, the latter term being the more familiar 
of the two. Breeding relates to the manners and outward 
conduct. 

Ed'u-ea'tion-al, a. Pertaining to education. 

Ed'u-ea/tion-ist, n. One who is versed in, or who ad- 
vocates and promotes, education. 

Ed'u-ca/tor, n. One who educates or instructs. 

E-diice', v. t. [imp. & p. p. educed (e-dust 7 ); p. pr. 
& vb. n. EDUCING.] [Lat. educere, from e, out, and 
ducere, to lead.] To draw forth, as if from concealment. 
Syn. — To elicit ; extract. 

E'duet, n. [Lat. eductum, from educere.] That which 
is educed ; that which is brought to fight by separation, 
analysis, or decomposition. 

E-dne'tion, n. Act of drawing out or bringing into view. 

E-dii-et'or, n. One who, or that which, brings forth. 

E-dul'eo-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. edulcorated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. edulcorating.] [Lat. e, out, and dul- 
corare, dulcoratum, to sweeten, from dulcis, sweet.] 1. 
To render sweet ; to sweeten. 2. ( Chem.) To purify. 

E-dul'^o-ra'tion, n. The act of edulcorating. 

Eel, n. [A.-S. al, 0. H. Ger. al, Icel. all.] (Ichth.) A 
species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes. 

E el'- grass, n. (Bot.) A kind of grass-like marine plant. 

Eel'pot, n. A kind of basket used for catching eels. 

E'en. A contraction for even. See EVEN. 

E'er (ar.) A contraction for ever. See EVER. 

Ef'fa-ble, a. [Lat. effabilis, from effari, to utter, from 
ex, out, and fari, to speak.] Capable of being uttered 
or explained ; explicable. 

Ef-f ace', v. t. [imp. &p.p. effaced (ef-fast', 108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EFFACING.] [Fr. effacer, properly to destroy 
the face or form, from Fr. face, Lat. fades, face, form.] 
1. To erase or scratch out ; to rub off ; to render illeg- 
ible. 2. To remove from the mind. 

Syn. — To blot out ; expunge ; erase ; obliterate ; cancel ; 
destroy. 

Ef-f ace'ment, n. The act of effacing or expunging. 

Ef-fe-et', n. [Lat. effectus, from efficere, to produce.] 1. 
That which is produced by an agent or cause ; result of 
agency or causation. 2. Impression produced. S.Power 
to produce consequences or results ; efficiency. 4. Con- 
sequence intended ; general intent. 5. pi. Goods ; mov- 
ables ; personal estate. 
For effect, for an exaggerated impression or excitement. 
Syn. — Consequence ; result. 

Ef-f eet', v . t. [imp. & p. p. effected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EFFECTING.] [Lat. efficere, effectum, from ex, out, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To produce, as a cause, or 
agent ; to cause to be. 2. To bring to pass. 

Syn. — To accomplish; fulfill; realize; achieve; complete; 
execute; effectuate. 

Ef-fe«t'i-ble, a. Capable of being done or achieved; 
practicable ; feasible. 

Ef-fee'tion, n. 1. Creation or production. 2. ( Geom.) 
The construction of a proposition. 

Ef-f e-et'ive, a. Suited or tending to produce effects ; 
in a condition to act efficiently. 

Syn. — Efficient; efficacious; effectual; operative; forcible; 
active; powerful; energetic. 

Ef-f eet'ive-ly, adv. With effect ; powerfully. 

Ef-f e-et'ive-ness, n. The quality of being effective. 

Ef-fe-et'or, n. [Lat.] One who effects ; one who pro- 
duces or causes ; a maker or creator. 



,e, Sec, long; a,e,&c, short; care.far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



EFFECTUAL 



237 



EGREGIOUS 



Ef-feet'u-al, a. Producing, or having power to pro- 
duce, an intended effect ; adequate ; efficient. 

Ef-f eet'u-a^-ly, adv. With effect ; efficaciously. 

Ef-f eet'u-ax-ness, n. The quality of being effectual. 

Ef-feet'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. effectuated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EFFECTUATING.] To bring to pass ; to 
achieve ; to accomplish ; to fulfill. 

Ef-f em'i-na-cy, n. [From effeminate.] Unmanly deli- 
cacy ; womanly softness, or weakness. 

Ef-f em'i-nate (45), a. [Lat. effeminatus, p. p. of effemi- 
nare, to make womanish, from ex, out, and. femina, a, 
woman.] Soft or delicate to an unmanly degree. 

Syn. — "Womanish ; feminine ; weak ; tender ; unmanly ; 
voluptuous ; delicate ; cowardly. 

Ef-fem'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. effeminated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. effeminating.] To make womanish ; 
to unman ; to weaken. 

Ef-f em'i-nate- ly , adv. In a womanish manner ; weak- 
ly ; softly ; delicately. 

Ef-f em'i-nate-ness, n. Unmanly softness. 

JSf-fen'di, n. [Turk., from Modern Gr. a<$>£vTr\<; (pro- 
nounced awfen'tis), from Gr. a.v9evTY)s, an absolute mas- 
ter, commander.] Master; sir; — a title of a Turkish 
state official and man of learning, especially, one learned 
in the law. 

Ef'fer-ent, a. [Lat. efferens, p. pr. of efferere, to bear 
oat, from e, out, and ferre, to bear.] Conveying out- 
ward, or discharging. 

Eff er-vesce' (ef fer-v6s'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. effer- 
vesced (-vest/); p.pr. & vb. n. effervescing.] [Lat. 
effervescere, from ex, out of, and fervescere, to begin 
boiling, inchoative form of fervere, to be boiling hot, to 
boil.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebullition ; to 
bubble and hiss. 2. To exhibit feelings that cannot be 

^ repressed or concealed. 

fif-fer-ves'cence, )n. A kind of natural ebullition ; 

Ef ; f er-ves'^en-cy, J act of effervescing. 

Effer-ves'cent, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, by 

w means of the disengagement of gas. 

Ef 'f er-ves'c i-ble , a. Having the quality of effervescing ; 
capable of producing effervescence. 

Ef-fete', a. [Lat. effetus, effatus, from ex, out, and 
fetus, fcstus, a., pregnant, productive.] 1. No longer 
eapable of producing young ; hence, of worn-out, ex- 
hausted energy ; barren. 2. Worn out with age or 

_ excessive indulgence. 

Ef'fi-ea'eious, a. [Lat. efficax, from efficere, to pro- 
duce.] Productive of effects ; producing the effect in- 
tended ; effectual ; powerful. 

fiffi-ea'cious-ly, adv. Effectually. 

Ef 'fi-ea'cious-ness, n. Quality of being efficacious. 

Ef'fi-ea-cy, n. Quality of being efficacious ; power to 
produce effects ; production of the effect intended. 
Syn. — Virtue ; force ; energy. 

Ef-fi'cience (ef-fish / enss), ) n. 1. Quality of being 

Ef-fl'cien-cy (ef-ilsh'en-sy), j efficient or producing 
effects. 2. Power of producing the effect intended. 

Ef-fi'cient (ef-ffsh'ent), a. [L&t.^efficiens, p. pr. of effi- 
cere. See Effect, v. t.] Causing effects; producing 
results ; actively operative. 

Syn. — Effective ; effectual ; competent ; able ; capable. 

Ef-f I'cient, n. The agent or cause which produces. 

Ef-fl'cient-ly, adv. With effect ; effectively. 

Ef-f ig'i-e§, n. [See infra. J The same as Effigy. 

Ef'fi-gy, n. [Lat. effigies, from effingere, to form, fash- 
ion, from ex, out, and. ftngere, to form, shape.] 1. Im- 
age, or representation of any person or thing ; a likeness 
in sculpture, painting, bass-relief, or drawing. 2. The 
impression on a coin representing the head of the prince 
by whom it was issued. 

To burn or hang in effigy, to burn or hang an image or pic- 
ture of the person intended to be executed or disgraced. 

Efflo-r^sce' (-res'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. efflo- 
resced (-rSstO; p. pr. & vb. n. efflorescing.] 
[Lat. efflorescere, fr. ex, out, and fiorescere, to begin to 
blossom, from florere, to blossom, from ftos, a flower.] 

1. ( Chem.) To change over the surface, or throughout, 
to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder. 2. To be- 
come covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization. 

Efflo-res'eence, ) n. 1. (Bot.) Time of flowering. 

Ef <i lo-res'pen-cy, j 2. {Med.) Eruption, as in rash, 
measles, small pox, &c. 3. (Chem.) (a.) The forma- 
tion of the whitish loose powder on the surface of efflo- 
rescing bodies, as salts, &c. (b.) The powder or crust 
itself thus formed. 

Efflo-res'oent, a. 1. Liable to effloresce on exposure. 

2. Covered with an efflorescence. 



Ef 'f lu-ence, ) n. 1. A flowing out. 2. That which 

Ef 'f lu-en-cy, j issues from any body or substance. 
Syn. — Effluvium ; issue ; efflux ; emanation. 

Ef'flu-ent, a. [Lat. effluens, p. pr. of effluere, to flow 
out, from ex, andfluere, to flow.] Flowing out. 

Ef-flu'vi-iim, n. ; pi. EF-FLU'VI-A. [Lat., from efflu- 
ere, to flow out.] Subtile or invisible emanation or ex- 

w halation ; especially, noxious exhalation. 

Efflux, n. [Lat. effluere, effluxum; It. efflusso.] 1. 
Act or state of flowing out, or issuing forth. 2. That 
which flows out ; emanation •, effluence. 

Ef-flux'ion, n. 1. Act of flowing out ; effusion. 2. 

w That which flows out ; effluvium ; emanation. 

Effort (6ffurt), n. [From Lat. fortis, strong.] An ex- 
ertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental. 
Syn. — Endeavor ; exertion ; struggle ; strain ; straining ; 
attempt; trial; essay. See Endjeavob. 

Ef-front'er-y, (-frunt'er-y), n. [From Lat. effrons, 
shameless, from ex, out, forth, and frons,frontis, the fore- 
head.] Excessive assurance ; sauciness ; shamelessness. 

Ef-ful'gence, n. The state of being effulgent ; ex- 
treme brilliancy ; great luster or brightness. 

Ef-ful'gent, a. [Lat. effulgens, p. pr. of effulgere, 
to flash forth.] Diffusing a flood of light; shining; 
bright ; splendid. 

Ef-ful'gent-ly, adv. In an effulgent manner. 

Ef-fu§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. effused; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EFFUSING.] [Lat. effundere, effusum, to pour out.] 
To pour out, as a fluid ; to spiU ; to shed. 

Ef-fu§e', v. i. To emanate ; to issue. [side. 

Ef-f rise', a. (Bot.) Spreading loosely, especially on one 

Ef -fu'gion, n. [Lat. effusio, from effundere, to pour out.] 
1. The act of pouring out. 2. That which is poured 
out. 3. (Pathol.) ( a. ) The escape of a fluid out of its 
natural vessel into another part, (b.) The secretion of 
fluids from the vessels, as of lymph or serum, on different 



Ef-fu'sive, a. Pouring out ; pouring forth largely. 

Ef-fu'sive-ly, adv. In an effusive manner. 

Ef -f u'slve-ness, n. State of being poured forth. 

Eft, n. [A.-S. efete, allied to Gr. 6(£i?, a serpent, snake.] 
(Zob'l.) A salamander or newt, especially, the common 
smooth newt. 

E-gad', inter j. [Probably a euphemistic corruption of the 
oath "by God." See § 35.] An exclamation expressing 

w exultation or surprise. 

Egg, n. [A.-S. tig, feel, egg, 0. H. Ger. agi, ei, Gael. 
ubh, Lat. ovum, Gr. w6i>.] 1. A spheroidal body formed 
in the ovary of a female oviparous animal, containing the 
germ of a new individual of the species, within a shell 

w or firm membrane. 2. Any thing like an egg in form. 

Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EGG- 

w ing.] [See Edge, v. t.] To urge on; to instigate. 

Egg-nog', n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with 

w sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. 

Egg'-plaut, n. ( Bot. ) A plant allied to the tomato, and 
bearing a large smooth fruit, shaped somewhat like an 

_egg, used in cookery. 

Eg'lan-tine (-tin or -tin), n. [Fr. iglantine, for aig- 
lantine, from 0. Fr. aiglent, brier, hip-tree, from aiguille, 
needle, with suffix -ent; Lat. as if aculentus, prickly, 
from acus, a needle or pin.] (Bot.) A species of rose ; 

_ the sweet-brier. 

E'go-i§m, n. [From Lat. ego, I.] 1. (Philos.) Subjec- 
tive idealism. 2. An excessive love of self ; egotism. 

E'go-ist, n. A follower of Descartes or Fichte ; a believer 

_in the doctrine of subjective idealism; one given to egotism. 

E'go-tigm, n. [See Egoism.] The practice of too fre- 
quently using the word I ; hence, self-praise ; self -com- 
mendation. 

Syn. — - Self-conceit; vanity. — Self-conceit is an overween- 
ing opinion of one's self; egotism is the expression of self-con- 
ceit in words or actions; vanity is inflation of mind arising 
from the idea of being thought highly of by others. A man 
may be vain or self-conceited, and yet have sense enough to 
avoid egotism. 

E'go-tist, n. One who repeats the word J very frequently 

_in conversation or writing. 

E'go-tist'i-e, ) a. Addicted to, or manifesting, ego- 

E'go-tist'i-e-al, j tism ; pertaining to egotism. 
Syn.— Conceited; vain; self-important; opinionated. 

E-gre'gious, a. [Lat. egregius, lit., separated or chosen 
from the herd, i. e., distinguished, excellent, from e, out 
of, and grex, gregis, herd.] Distinguished from common 
men or actions ; — generally in a bad sense. 

Syn.— Extraordinary; remarkable; monstrous; enormous; 
precious. 



food, fo'bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-cho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, linfe; tlus. 



EGREGIOUSLY 



238 



ELDER 



E-gre'gioiis-ly, adv. Greatly ; remarkably ; enormous- 

_ly ; shamefully. 

E'gress, n. [Lat. egressus, from egredi, to go or come 
out, from e, out, and gradi, to step, walk, go.] Act of 
going out or leaving, or the power to leave ; departure. 

E-gres'sion (e-grSsh'un), n. [Lat. egressio, from egredi. 

_See supra.] The act of going out ; egress. 

E'gret, n. [See Aigret.] 1. ( Ornith.) The lesser white 
heron, — an elegant fowl, with a white body, and a crest 
on the head. 2. A heron's feather. 3. (Bot.) The 
flying, feathery, or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of 
the thistle. 4. (Zool.) A kind of ape. 

E-grette', n. A tuft of feathers, diamonds, &c. ; an 
ornament of ribbons. See AIGRETTE. 

E-gyp'tian, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Egypt, in Africa. 

E-gyp'tian, n. 1. (Geog.) A native of Egypt. 2. A 
gypsy i — sometimes so called because supposed to have 

_ originated in Egypt. [Egypt. 

E'gypt-ol'o-glst, n. One skilled in the antiquities of 

E'gypt-ol'o-gy, n. [Egypt and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] 

1. The science of Egyptian antiquities. 2. A treatise 
on Egyptian antiquities. [prise. 

Eh (a), inter j. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- 

Ei'der (I'der), ) n. [Sw. ejder, 

Ei'der-diick, j Dan. ederfugl, 
edderfugl, Icel. adur, adarfugl, 
Ger. eidergans.] ( Ornith.) A spe- 
cies of sea-duck, which breeds in 
remote northern regions, and pro- 
duces an uncommonly fine down, 
which is an article of commerce. Eider-duck. 

Ei'der-down, n. Down of the eider-duck. 

Ei'do-gr&ph, n. [Gr. etSos, form, and ypa^eiv, to de- 
scribe.] An instrument for copying drawings on the 
same or a different scale. 

Eight (at), a. [A.-S. eahta, ahta, ehta, Goth, ahtau, Icel. 
atta, Lat. octo, Gr. 6/ctoj, Skr. aschtan, aschlau, Ir. & 
Gael, achd.] Twice four in number. 

Eight (at), n. 1. The number greater by a unit than 

"seven; the sum of four and four. 2. A symbol repre- 
senting eight units, as 8 or viii. 

Eight'een (at'een), a. Twice nine in number. 

Eight'een (at'een), n. 1. The number greater by a unit 
than seventeen ; sum of ten and eight. 2. A symbol 
representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. 

Eighteenth (at'eenth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
seventeenth. 2. Consisting of one of eighteen equal 
parts into which any thing is divided. 

Eight'eenth (at'eenth), n. 1. One of eighteen equal 
parts. 2. The eighth after the tenth. 

Eighth (atth), a. 1. Next in order after the seventh. 

2. Consisting of one of eight equal parts into which any 
thing is divided 

'/ j s 1 




Eighth (atth), n. 1. One of eight equals* 
"parts; an eighth part. 2. (Mus.) The 



parts ; an eighth part, 
interval of an octave. 



Eighth note (Mm.), the eighth part of a Eighth Notes. 
whole note, or semibreve ; a quaver. 

Eighth'ly (atth'ly), adv. In the eighth place. 

Eight'i-eth (at'i-eth), a. 1. The next in order after the 
seventy-ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal 
parts into which any thing is divided. 

Eight'i-eth (at'i-eth), n. One of eighty equal parts. 

Eight'y (at'y), a. Eight times ten ; fourscore. 

Eight'y (aVy), n. 1. The sum of eight times ten. 2. 

_A symbol representing eighty units, as 80 or lxxx. 

Ei'ther (e'ther or l'ther. The former is the pronun- 
ciation given in nearly all the English dictionaries, and is 
still the prevailing one in the United States ; the latter 
has of late become somewhat common in England. Anal- 
ogy, however, as well as the best and most general usage, 
is decidedly in favor of e'ther), a. or pron. [A.-S. agdher, 
advddher, avdher, from a,av, ever, and hvUdher, whether.] 

1. One or the other ; — properly of two things, but some- 
times of more. 2. Each of two ; the one and the other. 

Ei'ther (either or I'ther), conj. Either is always used 
as correlative to or, and precedes it, indicating the first 
of certain things, any one of which is true, is to be done, 
chosen, or the like. 

E-jae'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ejaculated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EJACULATING.] [Lat. ejaculari, ejaculation, 
from e, out, undjaculari, to throw the javelin,' from jacu- 
lum, javelin, dart.] To throw out, as an exclamation. 

E-jae'u-late, v. i. To utter ejaculations. 

E-jae'u-la'tion, n. Uttering of a short, sudden excla- 
mation or prayer, or the exclamation or prayer uttered. 

E-jae'u-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Casting or throwing out. 

2. Suddenly darted out ; uttered in short sentences. 



E-je-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ejected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EJECTING.] [Lat. ejicere, ejectum, from e, out, and 
jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw out ; to cast forth. 2. 
To drive away ; to expel violently , or with shame or dis- 
grace. 3. To dispossess of ownership or occupancy, as 
of land, dwellings, and the like. 

E-jee'tion, n. 1. Act of ejecting ; discharge ; expulsion. 
2. State of being ejected or cast out. 

E-jeet'ment, n. 1. Expulsion ; ejection. 2. (Law.) 
A species of mixed action, which lies for the recovery of 
possession of real property, and damages and costs for the 
unlawful detention of it. 

E-jeet'or, n. (Law.) One who ejects, or dispossesses 

_ another of his land. 

Eke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eked (eekt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EKING.] [A.-S. eacan, Goth, aukun, Icel. aulca, Lat. 
auger e, Gr. avfeiv.] 1. To increase ; to enlarge ; to ex- 
tend. 2. To add or supply what is deficient or scanty, 

_to prolong ; — generally with out. 

Eke, adv. [Derived from the preceding verb.] In addi- 
tion ; also ; likewise. 

E-lab'o-rate, v. t. [imp. So p. p. elaborated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ELABORATING.] [Lat. elaborare, elabora- 
tum, from e, out, and laborare, to labor.] 1. To produce 
with labor. 2. To perfect with painstaking. 

E-lafo'o-rate (45), a. Wrought with labor ; highly fin- 
ished ; labored with great care. 

Syn. — Labored ; prepared ; studied ; perfected ; high- 
wrought. 

E-lab'o-rate-ly, adv. With great labor or study. 

E-lab'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act or process of producing 
with labor ; state of being so produced. 2. (Physiol.) 
The natural process of formation or assimilation, per- 
formed by the living organs in animals and vegetables, 
by which something is produced. 

E-lab'o-ra-tive, a. Serving or tending to elaborate. 

E-lab'o-ra'tor, n. One who elaborates. 

E-la'Ine, n. [From Gr. eAaiVos, of the olive-tree, from 
eAcua, olive-tree, eAaioi/, olive-oil.] The liquid principle 
of oils and fats. 

E-lapse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ELAPSED (e-lapst') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ELAPSING.] [Lat. elabi, elapsus, from e, 
out, and labi, to fall, slide.] To slide, slip, or glide by ; 
to pass away silently, as time. 

E-las'tie, a. [N. Lat. elasticus, from Gr. eXavvetv, to 
drive.] 1. Springing back ; having the inherent prop- 
erty of recovering its former figure ; springy. 2. Read- 
ily returning to a previous state or condition, after being 

_ depressed or overtaxed. 

E'las-tlc'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being elastic; springi- 
ness ; rebound. 2. Power of resistance to, or recovery 
from, depression or overwork. 

E-late', a. [See infra.] 1. Lifted up ; raised; elevated. 
2. Having the spirits raised by success, or hope of suc- 
cess ; flushed or exalted with confidence. 

Syn. — Puffed up ; proud ; lofty ; haughty ; swelling. 

E-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. elated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ELATING.] [Lat. efferre, elatum, to bring or carry out, 
to raise, from e, for ex, out, and ferre, latum, to bear.] 
To exalt the spirit of; to elevate or flush with success. 

E-la'tion, n. Inflation or elevation of mind; self-esteem, 

w vanity, or pride, resulting from success. 

El'bow, n. [A.-S. elboga, elnboga, from eln, an ell, orig. 
like Lat. ulna, fore-arm, and boga, bow.] 1. The joint 
connecting the arm and fore-arm. 2. Any flexure or 
angle, especially if obtuse, as of a wall, building, and the 

w like ; also an angular or jointed part of any structure. 

El'bow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ELBOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. elbowing.] To push with the elbow, as when one 

_ passes another, or pushes by him. 

El'how, v. i. 1. To jut into an angle; to project. 2. 
w To push rudely along ; to jostle. 

El'bow-chair, n. A chair with arms to support the 
w elbows ; an arm-chair. 

El'foow-robm, n. Room to extend the elbows on each 
^side ; hence, room for motion or action. 

Eld, n. [A.-S., old age, from ald,eald, old. See Old.] 
1. Old age. 2. Old people. 3. Old times ; former 
^ days ; antiquity. [Rare.] 

Eld'er, a. [A.-S. ildra, the comparative of aid, eald, old. 
See Old.] Older ; more advanced in age ; senior ; prior, 
w as in origin. 

Eld'er, n. 1. One who is older ; a senior. 2. An an- 
cestor ; a predecessor. 3. A person who. on account of 
his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge ; hence, a 
person occupying any office appropriate to such as have 
_ the experience and dignity which age confers. 

Eld'er, n. [A.-S. ellarn, 0. H. Ger. holder, holantar. 



&,e,&c.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all , what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dQ,wolf, 



ELDERLY 



239 



ELEGANCY 



from 0. H. Ger. hoi, hollow, and tar, equiv. toEng. tree.] 
(Bot.) A genus of plants having broad umbels of white 
flowers and dark-red berries. 

Eld'er-ly, a. Somewhat old; bordering on old age. 

Eld'er-ship, n. 1. State of being older ; seniority. 2. 
Office of an elder. 

Eld'est, a. [A.-S. ildest, yldest, superlative of aid, eald, 
old.] Oldest ; most advanced in age. 

El Do-ra/do, or El Do-ra'do. [Sp., i. e., the golden 
region, from el, the, and dorado, gilt, p. p. of dorare, to 
gild.] A fabulous region in the interior of South Amer- 
ica, supposed to be immensely rich, especially in gold, 
gems, &c. ; hence, any country abounding in gold, or 

_ other precious products of nature. 

E'le-at'Le, a. Belonging to a certain sect of philoso- 

_phers, so called from Elea, or Telia, a town in Italy. 

E'le-at'ie, iu One holding to tbe Eleatic philosophy. 

EFe-eam-pane', n. [Fr. enule-campane , from Lat. 
inula helenium, Gr. eAe'viov, and L. Lat. & It. campana, 
a bell. According to Pliny, this plant was called hele- 
nium, as having sprung from the tears of Helen.] 1. 
(Bot.) A plant whose root has a pungent taste, and was 
formerly of much repute as a stomachic. 2. A sweet- 
meat from the root of the plant. 

E-le-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. elected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ELECTING.] [Lat. eligere, electum, from e, out, and 
legere, to gather, to choose.] 1. To pick out ; to make 
choice of. 2. To select or take for an office or employ- 
ment ; to select by vote. 3. (Theol.) To designate, 
choose, or select, as an object of mercy or favor. 

Syn. — To choose ; prefer; select; appoint. See Choose. 

E-leet', a. 1. Chosen ; taken by preference from among 
two or more. 2. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. 3. 
Chosen, but not invested with office. 

E-le-et/, n. 1. One chosen or set apart. 2. pi. ( Theol.) 
Those who are chosen or separated for salvation. 

E-leet'i-cism, n. Eclecticism. 

E-lee'tion, n. [Lat. electio, from eligere, to choose.] 1. 
Act of choosing ; choice. 2. The act of choosing a per- 
son to fill an office or employment, by any manifestation 
of preference. 3. Power of choosing or selecting ; free 
will. 4. Discriminating choice ; discernment. 5. (Theol.) 
Predetermination of individuals as objects of mercy and 
salvation. 6. Those who are elected. 

E-lec'tion-eer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. electioneered ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. electioneering.] To use arts for 
securing the election of a candidate. 

E-leet'ive, a. 1. Exerting the power of choice : mak- 
ing selection. 2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, choice. 

3. Dependent on choice ; bestowed by election. 
Elective affinity, or attraction (Chem.), a tendency to unite 

with certain things rather than with others. 

E-lect'Ive-ly, adv. By choice or preference. 

E-le-et'or, n. 1. One who elects, or has the right of 
choice ; one who is entitled to give his vote in favor of a 
candidate for office. 2. Hence, specifically, a person 
legally qualified to vote. 3. One of the princes of Ger- 
many formerly entitled to choose the emperor, or king. 

4. One of the persons chosen, by vote of the people in 
the United States, to elect a president and vice-president. 

E-leet'or-al, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, electors. 
E-leet'or-ate (45), n. 1. The dignity of an elector; 

electorship. 2. The territory of an elector. 
E-le-et'ress, n. The wife or widow of an elector in the 

German empire. 
E-le-e'tri-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to electricity. 2. Oc- 
E-le«'tri-e-al, { casioned by, or derived from, electric- 
ity. 3. Containing electricity. 4. Capable of occasion- 
ing electrical phenomena. 
E-le-e'tri-e, n. A non-conductor of electricity 
E-lee'tri€-al-ly, adv. In the manner of electricity, or 
_by means of it. [of electricity. 

E/le«-tri'cian (-trlsh'an), n. One versed in the science 
E'leo-tric'i-ty, n. [From Lat. electrum, Gr. ijkeKTpov, 
amber ; — so named as being produced by the friction of 
amber.] 1. A subtle agent or power in nature, evolved 
in any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether 
from a chemical, physical, or mechanical cause, and ex- 
hibiting itself in a variety of ways. 2. The science which 
unfolds the phenomena and laws of the electric fluid. 
E-16e'tri-fFa-ble, a. Capable of receiving electricity, 

or of being_charged with it. 
E-16-e'tri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrified ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ELECTRIFYING.] [From Lat. electrum and 
facere, to make.] 1. To charge with electricity. 2. To 
give an electric shock to. 3. To excite suddenly ; to 
surprise, especially by means of something pleasing or 
inspiriting. 



E-le-e'trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrized; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ELECTRIZING.] To electrify. 

E-lee'tro-oi-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. TJAexrpov, amber (for 
electricity), and Eng. biology, q. v.] 1. That phase of 
mesmerism in which the actions, feelings, &c, of a mes- 
merized person are controlled, or supposed to be con- 
trolled, by the will of the operator. 2. The science 
which treats of the electrical currents developed in living 
organisms. 

E-le-e^ro-eliem'is-try, n. That science which treats 
of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes. 

E-le-e'trode, n. [Gr. 7)AeKTpoi>, amber (for electricity), 
and 68os, a way, path.] Either of the so-called poles of 
the voltaic circle. 

E-le^'tro-glUFing, n. The process of gilding copper, 

_ &c, by means of voltaic electricity. 

E'le-e-troFo-gy, n. [Gr. -qAe/a-pov, amber (for electric- 
ity), and Aoyos, discourse.] That branch of physical sci- 
ence which treats of the phenomena of electricity and ite 

_ properties. 

E^e-e-trol'y-sis, n. [Lat. electrum, Gr. r]\enTpov, amber 
(for electricity), and Avor?, a loosing, dissolving, from 
kveiv, to loose, dissolve.] The act or process of chemical 
decomposition, by the action of electricity , or galvanism. 

E-le-e'tro-lyte, n. [Gr. ijKeKTpov, and Autos, dissoluble.] 
A compound decomposable, or subjected to decomposi- 
tion, by an electric current. 

E-le-e'tro-lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrolyzed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ELECTROLYZING.] [Gr. TjAeKTpoi/, am- 
ber, and Aveiv, to loose, dissolve.] To decompose by the 
direct action of electricity or galvanism. 

E-le-e / tro-ma.g'iiet, n. A mass of soft iron, rendered 
temporarily magnetic by being placed within a coil of 
wire through which a current of electricity is passing. 

E-le^tro-mag-net're, a. Designating what pertains to 
magnetism, as connected with electricity, or affected by it. 

E-le-e'tro-mag'iiet-igm, n. That science which treats 
of the development of magnetism by means of voltaic 

_ electricity, and of the currents evolved. 

E'le-e-trom'e-ter, n. [Gr. rjAe/crpov, amber (for electric- 
ity), and /xeTpov, measure.] 1. An instrument for meas- 
uring the quantity or intensity of electricity. 2. An in- 
strument which indicates the presence of electricity. 

E-le-e'tro-mo'tor, n. A piece of apparatus for gener- 
ating a current of electricity. 

E-le-e'tro-neg'a-tlve, a. Having the property of being 
attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to 
pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. 

E-le-e'tro-neg'a-tive, n. A body which passes to the 
positive pole in electrolysis. 

E-le^'tro-pos'i-tive, a. Of such a nature relatively 
to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the 
negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the associated 
body tends to the positive pole. 

E-le-e'tro-s-eope, n. [Gr. r)XeKTpov, amber (for electric- 
ity), and o-/co7r6s, spying, from a-Kenreo-Qai, to look care- 
fully.] An instrument for detecting changes in the elec- 
tric state of bodies, or the species of electricity present. 

E-lec'tro-type, n. [Gr. rjX.eK.Tpov, amber (for electric- 
ity), and twos, an impression, from -rvineiv, to strike.] 
A copy or stereotype taken by electro typy, or the process 
by which this is effected. 

E-lee'tro-type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrotyped 
(108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. electrotyping.] To stereotype 
or take copies of by electrotypy. 

E-le-e'tro-typ'er, n. One who practices electrotypy. 

E-le^'tro-typ'y, n. The process of copying medals, en- 
gravings, &c.,and of making stereotype plates, by means 
of electric deposition. 

E-le-et'u-a-ry, n. [Late Lat. electuarium, electarium, 

from Gr. e;cAeiKT6>, e/cAeiyjua, Lat. ecligma, a medicine 

that is licked away, i. e., melts in the mouth, from Gr. 

e/cAei'xetv, to lick up.] (Med.) A medicine composed of 

^powders, made up into a confection. 

EFee-mos'y-na-ry, a. [Gr. eAerjp-oo-vvrj, pity, mercy, 

alms, from eXe-qpnov, compassionate, from eAeeii/, to pity, 

eAeos, pity.] 1. Relating to charity ; intended for the 

distribution of charity. 2. Given in charity or alms; 

^ founded by charity. 3. Supported by charity. 

EFee-mos'y-na-ry, n. One who subsists on charity. 

EFe-gance, )n. 1. State or quality of being elegant ; 

EFe-gan-cy, ) beauty resulting from the complete ab- 
sence of that which deforms or impresses unpleasantly. 
2. That which is elegant. 

Syn. — Grace. — Elegance implies something which is pro- 
duced by training and art, as, elegance of manners, composi- 
tion, handwriting, &c; elegant furniture, an elegant house, an 
elegant mansion, &c. Grace is a lower order of beauty. It 
may be a natural gift ; the manner of a peasant-girl may be 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; tnis. 



ELEGANT 



240 



ELL 



graceful, bat would 1 
to awkwardness. 



hardly called elegant. Grace is opposed 



El'e-gant, a. [Lat 
pick out, choose, select.] 
parted grace and beauty 
sensible to beauty 



for elegens, from eligere, to 
1. Pleasing by acquired or im- 
2. Exercising a nice choice ; 



■ Beautiful ; polished ; graceful ; refined ; handsome. 

El'e-gant-ly , adv. In an elegant manner ; so as to please ; 
with elegance. ^ „■„,.. 

E-le'gi-ae, or El'e-gi'ae (117), a. [See Elegy.] 1. 
Belonging to elegy, or written in elegiacs. 2. Used in 

E-le'gi-ae, or EFe-gl'ae, n. Elegiac verse, [elegies. 

El'e-gl'a-e-al, a. Pertaining to elegy ; elegiac. 

El'e-glst, n. A writer of elegies. 

El'e-gy, n. [Lat. elegia, Gr. eAeyeta, and eKeyela, pi. of 
ekeyeiov, properly neut. of eAe-yeios, elegiac, from eAeyos, 
a lament, from e e Aeyetv, to cry woe ! woe !] A mournful 
or plaintive poem ; a funereal song. 

El'e-ment, n. 1. [Lat. elementum.~\ One of the simplest 
or essential parts or principles of which any thing consists. 
2. One of the ultimate^ undecomposable constituents of 
any kind of matter. 3. Also, a simple portion of that 
which is complex. 4. One of the essential ingredients of 
any mixture. 5. (a.) One out of several parts combined 
in a system or aggregation. (b.) {Anat.) One of the 
smallest natural divisions of the organism. 6. (Math.) 
An infinitesimal part of any thing of the same nature as 
the entire magnitude considered. 7. One of the necessa- 
ry data or values upon which a system of calculations de- 
pends. 8. One of the fundamental sources of activity, 
in nature or life. 9. pi. The simplest or fundamental 
principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art ; 
rudiments. 10. pi. Any outline or sketch, as containing 
the fundamental features of the thing in question. 11. | 
That which ancient philosophy supposed to be simple | 
and undecomposable ; as, the four so called elements, air, I 
earth, water, and fire ; hence, the state natural to any 
thing, or suited for its existence. 12. pi. (Eccl.) The 
bread and wine used in the eucharist. 

El'e-ment'al, a. 1. Pertaining to the elements, first 
principles, and primary ingredients, or to the four sup- 
posed elements of the material world. 2. Pertaining to 

w first principles ; rudimentary; elementary. 

El'e-ment'al-ly , adv. According to elements ; literally. 

El'e-ment'a-ry (44), a. [Lat. elementarius , from ele- 
mentum.] 1. Having only one principle or constituent 
part. 2. Pertaining to the elements, rudiments, or first 
principles of any thing. 3. Treating of elements or first 
principles of a science or art. 

Syn.— Simple; uncombined; uncompounded ; initial; ru- 
dimentary; introductory. 

E-leneh' (e-lenk'), n. [Lat. elenchus, Gr. eAeyxos, from 
ekeyxeiv, to convict, confute, prove.] (Logic.) (a.) That 
part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends. 
(6. ) A vicious and fallacious argument adapted to 
a sophism. 

E-leneh'ie-al, a. Pertaining 

w to an elench. 

El'e-phant, n. [Lat. elephan- 
tus, elephas, Gr. e\e$as, either 
from Skr. ibhas, with the Sem- 
itic article al, el, prefixed, or 
from Semitic Aleph hindi, In- 
dian bull.] ( Zo'dl. ) A quadru- 
ped of the tribe of pachyderms , 
of two living species, character- ^H 
ized by a proboscis, and two Elephant, 

large ivory tusks. They are the largest quadrupeds now 
existing. 

Elephant paper, drawing paper, of the largest size, being 
twenty-eight inches by twenty-three. 

El'e-jphan-fl'a-sis, n. [Lat. & Gr., from e\e$as, ele- 
phant, so called from its likeness to the elephant's hide.] 
(Med.) Any one of several distinct diseases of the skin, 
all of which are attended with either destruction or de- 
formity of the part affected. 

EFe-phan'tine, a. Pertaining to, or resembling the 
elephant; huge; immense. 

EFeu-sin'i-an, a. Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or 
to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated. 

El'e-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elevated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ELEVATING.] [Lat. elevare, elevatum, from e, out, 
and levare, to lift up, raise, from lev is, light in weight.] 
1. To lift to a higher place ; to raise ; to exalt. 2. To 
raise to a higher station. 3. To raise or animate ; to 
cheer. 4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify. 5. To 
raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness ; 




— said of sounds. 6. To intoxicate in a slight degree. 
7. To lighten ; to lessen by detraction ; to diminish. 

Syn.— To exalt; erect; lift up; elate; cheer; flush; excite; 
animate. 

El'e-vate (45), a. Elevated ; raised aloft. 

El/e-va'tion, n. 1. Act of raising from a lower place to 
a higher. 2. Condition of being lifted or elevated ; ex- 
altation. 3. An elevated place or station. 4. (Astron.) 
Altitude. 5. (Gunnery.) The angle which the line of 
direction of a cannon or mortar makes with the plane of 
the horizon. 6. (Arch.) Front view of a machine, build, 
ing, or other object, drawn without regard to perspective. 

El'e-va'tor, n. One who, or that which, elevates ; as, 
(a.) A mechanical contrivance for lifting grain, &c, to 
an upper floor ; also, a building containing one or more 
elevators, (b.) (Anat.) A muscle which serves to raise a 
part of the body. (c. ) ( Surg.) An instrument for raising 
a depressed portion of a bone. 

E-lev'en (e-leVn), a. [A.-S. endleofon, dative of endleof, 
Goth, ainlif, from ains, ain, one, and lif, equivalent to 
ten.] Ten and one added. 

E-lev'en, n. 1. The sum often and one. 2. A symbol 
representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 

E-lev'enth, a. 1. Next in order after the tenth. 2. 
Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is 

E-lev'enth, n. One of eleven equal parts. [divided. 

fbl£,n;;pl. elve§. [A.-S. elf, alf; elfen, f., fairy; 0. 
H. Ger. alp, originally probably a spirit or demon of the 
mountains, from Celtic alp, ailp, mountain.] A diminu- 
tive spirit, supposed to inhabit wild and desert places, 
_ and to delight in mischievous tricks. 

filf , v. t. To entangle in an intricate manner. 

Elf '-ar'row, n. A flint in the shape of an arrow-head, 
^ vulgarly supposed to be shot by fairies. [fairies. 

Elf '-lock, n. Hair twisted into knots, as if the work of 

Elfin, a. Relating or pertaining to elves. 

Elfin, n. A little elf or urchin. [elves. 

Elfish, a. Elf-like ; mischievous, as though caused by 

E-lic'it, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. ELICITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
eliciting.] [Lat. elicere, elicitum, from e, out, and 
lacere, to entice, allure.] To draw out ; to bring to fight. 

E-lide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. elided; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ELIDING.] [Lat. elidere, from e, out, and Isedere, to 
strike or dash with force against.] ( Gram.) To cut off 
w or suppress, as a syllable. 

Eli-gi-oil'i-ty, n. 1. Capability of being elected; legal 
w qualification. 2. Worthiness or fitness to be chosen. 

El'i-gi-lble, a. 1. Legally qualified. 2. Worthy to be 
w chosen or selected ; desirable ; preferable. 

El'i-gi-tole-ness, n. Fitness to be chosen in preference 
___ to another ; suitableness ; desirableness. 

El'i-gi-Tbly, adv. In an eligible manner ; suitably. 

E-Hm'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eliminated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. eliminating.] [Lat. eliminare, eliminatum, 
from e, out and limen, threshold.] 1. (Alg.) To cause 
to disappear from an equation. 2. To set aside as unim- 
portant in a process of inductive inquiry ; to leave out of 
consideration. 3. To obtain by separating, as from for- 
eign matters ; to deduce ; to infer. 

E-lim/i-na'tion, n. 1. The act of expelling or throw- 
ing off. 2. (Alg.) The causing a quantity to disappear 
from an equation. 3. Act of obtaining by separation, 
or as the result of eliminating ; deduction. 

E-lig'ion (e-llzh'un), n. [Lat. elisio, from elidere. See 
Elide .] ( Gram. ) The cutting off, for the sake of meter 
or euphony, of a vowel or syllable, especially a vowel at 
the end of a word standing before another vowel in the 
^following fine. 

JElite (a'leef), n. [Fr., from Lat. electa, electus, p. p. oi 
eligere, to choose. See Elect.] A choice or select body. 

E-lix'ir, n. [From Ar. el-iksir, the philosopher's stone, 
the life-prolonging tincture of gold, fr. kasara, to break, 
destroy.] 1. (Med.) A compound tincture or medicine. 
2. (Alchemy.) A liquor for transmuting metals into 
gold. 3. The refined spirit, or quintessence. 4. Any 
cordial or substance which in- 
vigorates. 

E-liz'a-beth'an, a. Pertain- 
ing to Queen Elizabeth or her 
times, and to a style of archi- 
tecture then prevalent. 

Elk, n. [A.-S. elch, Icel. elgr,l 
Lat. alces.] (Zo'dl.) A quad- 1 
ruped of the stag kind, with : 
very large, spreading, branch-' 
ed or palmate horns. 

Ell, n. [A.-S. eln, Goth, alei- 
na, Icel. alin, Lat. ulna, Gr. Elk. 




a,e,&c, Zong; &,&,&,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



ELLIPSE 



24 1 



EMBALM 




Ellipse. 



and 




oiKevq. Cf. ELBOW.] A measure, of different lengths 
in different countries, used chiefly for measuring cloth. 
The English ell is 45 inches ; the Flemish ell, 27 ; the 
Scotch, 37.2 ; the French, 54. 

El-lipse', n. [Lat. ellipsis, Gr. e'AAen/as, prop, defect, 
the inclination of the ellipse to the 
base of the cone being in defect when 
compared with that of the side to the 
base. See infra.] ( Geom.) An oval 
or oblong figure, bounded by a regu- 
lar curve. 

El-lip'sis, n. ; pi. el-lip'ses.. [Lat. 
ellipsis, Gr. eAAet^ts, a defect, from 
eAAeiVeiv, to leave in, to fall short, from ev 
\eCirew, to leave.] ( Gram.) Omission ; a figure of syntax, 
by which one or more words are omitted. 

El-lip'soid, n. [Gr. eAAeuJhs, and elSos, form.] ( Geom.) 
A solid or figure, all plane sections of which are ellipses 
or circles. 

Enip-soid'al, a. Pertaining to an ellipsoid; having, 
or approximating to, the form of an ellipsoid. 

El-lip'tie, ) a. [Gr. eAAeiTrriKos. See ELLIPSIS.] 1. 

El-Hp'tie-al, j Pertaining to, or having the form of, 
an ellipse. 2. Having a part omitted ; defective. 

El-Hp'tie-al-ly, adv. 1. According to the form of an 

^ellipse. 2. ( Gram.) With a part omitted. [sphere. 

EFHp-tic'i-ty, n. Deviation from the form of a circle or 

Elm, n. [A.-S. elm, ellm, Lat. 
ulmus, Russ. ilim,ilem.] (Bot.) A 
tree of several species, much em- 
ployed as a shade tree, particularly 
in America. 

El/mo '§-f ire, n. A luminous me- 
teor sometimes appearing in the 
atmosphere ; occasionally also seen 
about the masts and rigging of ves- 
sels. 

EFo-cu'tion, n. [Lat. elocutio, 
from eloqui, to speak out, express, 
declare, from e, out, and loqui, to Elm. 

speak.] Mode of utterance or delivery, accompanied with 
gesture, of any thing spoken, especially of a public or 

_ elaborate discourse or argument. 

EFo-eu'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to elocution. 

El'o-cu'tion-igt, n. One who is versed in elocution ; a 
teacher of elocution. 

JElocje (a'lozh'), n. [Fr., from Lat. elogium, a short say- 
ing, an inscription on a tomb-stone, from Gr. \6yos, 
speech.] A funeral oration; a panegyric on the dead. 

fil'o-hlst'ie, a. [Heb. elohim, one of the names of God ] 
Relating to Elohim ; — said of those passages in the books 
in the Old Testament, characterized by the use of Elohim, 
instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being. 

E-lon'gate, a. Drawn out at length ; elongated. 

E-lon'gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elongated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ELONGATING.] [L. Lat. elongare, elongatum, 
from Lat. longus, long.] To lengthen; to extend; to 
stretch out. 

E-lon-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of lengthening out, or the 
state of being lengthened out; protraction; extension. 
2. That which lengthens out, or makes longer. 3. Re- 
moval to a distance ; departure ; intervening space. 4. 
(Astron.) Angular distance of a planet from the sun. 5. 
(Surg.) Lengthening of a limb from disease or injury, or 
in reducing a fractured bone, &c. 

E-lope', v. i. [imp. & p. p. eloped (e-lopt') ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ELOPING.] [Goth, hlaupan, A.-S. hleapan, to run, 
jump, leap.] To run away, or escape privately ; — said 
especially of a woman, who runs away with a lovei. 

E-lope'ment, n. Private or unlicensed departure. 

El'o-quence, n. 1. Expression of strong emotion, in 
a manner adapted to excite correspondent emotions in 
others. 2. That which is eloquently uttered or written. 

Syn. — Oratory ; rhetoric. 

El'o-quent, a. [Lat. eloquens, p. pr. of eloqui, to speak 
out, to declaim, from e, out, and loqui, to speak.] 1. 
Having the power of expressing strong emotions in an 
elevated, impassioned, and effective manner. 2. Adapted 
to express strong emotion with fluency and power. 

El'o-quent-ly, adv. In an eloquent manner. 

Else, a. & pron. [A.-S. elles, same as eljes, otherwise, 
gen.aing. neut. of el, ele, Goth, alis, equiv. to Lat. alius, 
Gr. aAAos.] Other; one or something beside. 

Else, adv. & conj. 1. Beside; except that mentioned. 
2. Otherwise ; if the facts were different. 

Else'where, adv. 1. In any other place. 2. In other 
places indefinitely. 



E-lu'ci-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elucidated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. elucidating.] [L. Lat. elucidare, eluci- 
datum, from lucidus, light, clear.] To make clear or 
manifest ; to explain ; to illustrate. 

E-lii^ci-da'tion, n. 1. Act of elucidating any obscure 
subject. 2. That which elucidates ; explanation ; exposi- 
tion ; illustration. [clear. 

E-lu'ci-da/tlve, a. Making clear, or tending to make 

E-lu'^i-da/tor, n. One who explains ; an expositor. 

E-lude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. eluded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ELUDING.] [Lat. eludere, from e, out, and ludere, to 
play.] 1. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity. 
2. To remain unexplained or undiscovered by. 
Syn.— To evade; avoid; escape; shun; flee; mock. 

E-liid'i-hle, a. Capable of being eluded. 

E-lu/§ion, n. [L. Lat. elusio. See Elude.] An escape 
by artifice or deception ; evasion. 

E-lu'sive, a. Tending to elude ; eluding. 

E-Iu'so-ri-ness, n. The state of being elusory. 

E-lil/so-ry, a. Tending to elude or deceive. 

Syn. —Evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful. 

E-lu'tri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elutriated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ELUTRIATING.] [Lat. elutriare, elutriatum, 
either from eluere, or allied to N. H. Ger. lauter, pure.] 

w To purify by washing. 

Elve, n. The same as Elf. 

Elv'ish, a. Pertaining to elves. See Elfish. 

E-ly§'i-an (e-lizh'i-an), a. Pertaining to Elysium, or the 
abode of the blessed after death ; blissful. 

E-lys'i-um (-lizh'I-), n. ; 'Emg.pl. E-L Y$< I- VM$ (-lizh'1-) ; 
Lat^. E-LY§s'I-A (-lizh / i-). [Lat. Elysium, Gr. 'HAu- 
o-iov.] (Myth.) A dwelling place assigned to happy souls 

^ after death ; hence, any delightful place. 

El'y-tron, ) n. ; pi. el'y-tra. [Gr. eXvrpov, from 

El'y-trum, j eAveiv, to roll round.] ( Entom.) One of 
w the wing-sheaths or outer wings in the tribe of beetles. 

'Em. An obsolete or colloquial contraction of them. 

Em, n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied 
by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by 
which to measure the amount of any printed matter. 

E-ma'ci-ate (-ma'shi-, 95), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ema- 
ciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. EMACIATING.] [Lat. emaciare, 
emaciatum, from e, out, macies, leanness, macer, lean.] 
To lose flesh gradually ; to waste away in flesh. 

E-ma'ci-ate, v. t. To cause to lose flesh gradually. 

E-ma'ci-ate (-shl-at), a. Emaciated. 

E-ma'ci-a'tion ( -shi-a'shun), n. Condition of becoming 

___ lean ; the state of being emaciated. 

Em'a-nant, a. [Lat. emanans, p. pr. of emanare. See 
infra.] Emanating ; passing forth into an act, or mak- 

w ing itself apparent by an effect. 

Em'a-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. emanated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EMANATING.] [Lat. emanare, emanatum, from 
e, out, and manare, to flow.] 1. To issue forth from a 
source. 2. To proceed, as a fountain ; to take origin. 
Syn.— To flow; arise; proceed; issue; spring. 

Em'a-na'tion, n. 1. Act of flowing forth. 2. That 
which issues, flows, or proceeds from any source, sub- 
stance, or body ; effluvium ; efflux. 

E-man'ci-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. emancipated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EMANCIPATING.] [Lat. emancipare, 
emancipatum, from e, out, and mancipare, to transfer 
ownership in, mancipium, a formal purchase, in which 
the buyer laid his hand on the thing bought, hence, 
property, slave, from manus, hand, and capere, to take.] 

1. To set free from 'servitude or slavery by voluntary act ; 
to liberate. 2. To free from any thing which exerts un- 
due or evil influence. 

E-man'ci-pate, a. Set at liberty. 

E-man'^i-pa'tion, n. Act of setting free from slavery 
or subjection ; the state of being thus set free. 
Syn. — Deliverance; liberation; release; freedom. 

E-man'ci-p a/tor, n. One who emancipates ; one who 
liberates from bondage. 

E-mas'cu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. emasculated; 
p. pr. & vb, n. emasculating.] [Lat. emasculare, 
emasculatum, from e, out, and masculus, male, mascu- 
line, diminutive of mas, male.] 1. To castrate ; to geld. 

2. To render effeminate. 

E-mas'eu-late (45), a. Deprived of virility or vigor; 

castrated ; unmanned. 
E-mas'cu-la'tion, n. Act of emasculating or the 

state of being emasculated ; castration. 
Em-balm' (em-bam'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. EMBALMED; 

p. pr. & vb. n. EMBALMING.] [Fr. embaumer, from 



f obd, f rfbt 



Urn, rude, pull ; cell, cliaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; 
16 



as, ; e^ist ; linger, link *, this- 



EMBALMER 



242 



EMBRACEMENT 



baume, balm, q. v.] 1. To preserve from decay by 
means of balm or other aromatic oils or spices. 2. To 
perpetuate in grateful remembrance. 

Em-balm'er (-bam'-), n. One who embalms. 

Em-bank', v. t. [imp. & p. p. embanked (-bankt) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. EMBANKING-.] [Prefix em, for en, and 
bank, q. v.] To inclose with a bank ; to bank up. 

Em-baiik'ment, n. 1. Act of surrounding or defend- 
ing with a bank. 2. A mound or bank raised for any 
purpose. 

Em-bar'go, n. [Sp., from embargar, to arrest, restrain, 
from barra, bar, q. v.] A prohibition by public authority, 
and for a limited time, of departure from a port ; hence, 
any hindrance or restraint. 

Em-bar'go, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embargoed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EMBARGOING.] [See supra.] 1. To hinder or 
prevent from sailing out of port, by some law or edict, 
for a limited time. 2. To hinder from going forward, 
by an embargo. 

Em-bark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMBARKED (em-barkt' ) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EMBARKING.] [Prefix em, for en, and 
barque, bark.] 1. To put or cause to go on board a ves- 
sel or boat. 2. To engage, enlist, or invest in any affair. 

Em-bark/, v. i. 1. To go on board of a ship, boat, or 

w vessel. 2. To engage in any business ; to enlist. 

Em'bar-ka/tion, n. 1. Act of putting or going on 
board of a vessel. 2. That which is embarked. 

Em-bar 'rass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embarrassed (em- 
bar'rast); p.pr. & vb. n. embarrassing.] [Ft. embar- 
rasser, from Pr. barras, bar, from L. Lat. barra, a bar of 
metal or wood. See Bar.] 1. To hinder through per- 
plexity ; to render intricate ; to confound. 2. ( Com.) 
To incumber with debt ; to make incapable of paying. 

Syn. — To hinder; perplex; entangle; confuse; puzzle; dis- 
concert; abash; distress. We are puzzled when our faculties 
are confused by something we do not_understand. We are per- 
plexed when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected 
that we know not how to decide or act. We are embarrassed 
when there is some bar or hindrance upon us which impedes 
our powers of thought, speech, or motion. A school-1 oy is puz- 
zled by a difficult sum; a reasoner is perplexed by the sub- 
tleties of his opponent; a youth is sometimes so embarrassed 
before strangers as to lose his presence of mind. 

Em-bar'rass-ment, n. 1. A state of perplexity, en- 
tanglement, or confusion. 2. Perplexity arising from in- 
solvency, or from temporary inability to discharge debts. 

Em-bas'sa-dor, ) n. [Fr. embassadeur, ambassadeur, 

Am-bas'sa-dor, ) L. Lat. ambassiator, ambasciator, 
Goth, andbahts, servant, messenger. See infra, and cf. 
Ambassador.] A minister of the highest rank sent by 
one government to another, as the personal representative 
of the appointing power, and intrusted with the manage- 
ment of public matters between the two governments. 

Em-bas'sa-do'ri-al, a. Relating to an embassador. 

Em'bas-sy, n. [Fr. embassade, ambassade, from Goth. 
andbahti, charge, office, service.] 1. The public func- 
tion of an embassador. 2. The person or persons sent 
as embassadors. 3. The dwelling or office of an em- 
bassador. 

Em-bat'tle, v. t. [imp. Szp.p. embattled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. embattling.] To arrange in order of battle ; 
also, to prepare or arm for battle. 

Em-bay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. embayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
embaying.] To inclose in a bay or inlet ; to landlock. 

Em-bed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. embedded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. embedding.] To lay as in a bed ; to bed. 

Em-bel'lisb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embellished (108) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. EMBELLISHING.] [Fr. embellir, from pref. 
em, for en, and Fr. bel. beau, beautiful, fine.] To make 
beautiful or elegant by ornaments. 

Syn.— To adorn; beautify; deck; decorate; enrich; orna- 
ment; grace; illustrate. See Adorn. 

Em-bel'lisb-er, n. One who embellishes or adorns. 
Em-bel'lisb-ment, n. 1. The act of embellishing, or 

the state of being embellished. 2. That which adds 

beauty or elegance. 
Syn. — Ornament ; decoration ; grace ; beauty ; elegance ; 

enrichment; adornment. 

Km'ber, n. [A.-S. amyrie, hot ashes.] A lighted coal, 
smoldering amid ashes ; — used chiefly in the plural, to 
signify mingled coals and ashes ; cinders. 

Ember-dans (Rom. Cath. Church), certain days set apart for 
fasting and praver in each of the four seasons of the year. 
These are the Wednesday, Fridav, and Saturday after the 
first Sunday in Lent, the feast of Whitsuntide, the 14th of Sep- 
tember, and the 13th of December. The weeks in which these 
days fall are called ember-weeks. 

Em'ber- goose, n. [Norw. embergaas, Ger. imber, D. 
embervogel] (Ornith.) A Web -footed bird, called also 



the great northern diver, or loon. It is found about Ice- 
land, the Orkneys, and arctic America. 

Em-bez'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embezzled; p.pr. 
& vb. n. EMBEZZLING.] [Norm. Fr. embeasiler, to 
filch.] To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use, as 
that intrusted to one's care. 

Em-bez'zle-ment, n. Fraudulent appropriation to 
one's own use of what is intrusted to one's care. 

Em-bez'zler, n. One who embezzles. 

Em-blt'ter, v. t. To make bitter. See Imbitter. 

Em-blaze' v. t. 1. To adorn with glittering embellish- 
ments._ 2. To blazon, or emblazon. 

Em-bla'zoii (-bkVzn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. embla- 
zoned ; p.pr. & vb. n. EMBLAZONING.] 1. To deck 
in glaring colors ; to decorate. 2. To adorn with figures 
of heraldry, or ensigns armorial. 

Em-bla/zon-er, n. One who emblazons. 

Em-bla'zon-ry, n. Heraldic or ornamental decoration. 

Em'blem, n. [Lat. emblema, Gr. efj-fikruxa, inlaid work, 
from e/i.jSdAAeii', to throw, lay, put in, from eju, for ev, 
in, and /3aAAeiv, to throw.] An object, or the figure of 
an object, symbolizing and suggesting some other object, 
quality, or the like. 
Syn. — Figure; type; sign; symbol; adumbration. 

Em'blem-at'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, or comprising, 

Em'blem-at'i-e-al, ) an emblem ; using emblems. 

Em'blem-at'i-e-al-ly, adv. By way or means of em- 
blems ; in the manner of emblems. 

Em-blem'a-tist, n. A writer or inventor of emblems. 

Em-blem'a-tlze, v. t. [imp. & p.p. emblematized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. emblematizing.] To represent, as by 

^ an emblem ; to symbolize. 

Em'ble-ment, n. [Norm. Fr. emblear, from Fr. bled, 
bid, corn, grain, probably of Celtic origin.] {Law.) The 
produce or fruits of land sown or planted. 

Em-bod'i-meiit, n. 1. Act of embod3"ing ; state of 
being embodied. 2. That which is embodied ; a com- 
plete system, like an organized body. 

Em-bod'y, v. t. [imp. Sop.p. ebieodied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. embodying.] 1. To form into a body; to invest 
with matter; to make corporeal. 2. To collect into a 
whole ; to incorporate ; to concentrate. 

Eira-bogue', v. i. To discharge, as a river, its waters 
into the sea or into another river. 

Em-bog'tung (-bog'ing), n. [Fr. s'emboucher, Sp. em- 
bocarse, It. imboccare, of a river, to discharge or empty, 
from Lat. bucca, cheek, mouthful, cavity. Cf. Disem- 
bogue.] The mouth of a river. 

Em-bold'en (-bold'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. embold- 
ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. emboldening.] To give bold- 
ness or courage to ; to encourage. 

Embonpoint (ong'bong'pwSng'), n. [Fr.,from enbon 
point, in good condition.] Plumpness of person ; rotun- 
dity of figure ; fleshiness. [border. 

Em-b6r'der, v. t. To adorn with a border ; to im- 

Em-bo§'om, v. t. [Written also imbosom.] 1. To take 
into the bosom ; to cherish. 2. To hide or half conceal. 

Em-boss', v. t. [imp. &p.p. embossed (em-bost') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. embossing.] 1. To cover with bosses or 
protuberances ; to ornament in relief. 2. To fashion 
raised work upon. 

Em-boss'ment, n. 1. Act of embossing, or state of 
being embossed. 2. Raised work. 

Embouchure (ong/boo'shur'),™. [Fr. SeeEMBOGUE.] 
A mouth, or opening, as of a river, cannon, and the like. 

Em-bow'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. emboweled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. emboweling.] 1. To remove the bowels cf; 
to eviscerate; hence, to embalm. 2. To hide in the in- 
ward parts ; to bury ; to secrete. 

Em-bow'er, v. i. To lodge or rest in a bower. 

Em-bow'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embowered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. embowering.] To cover with a bower ; to 
shelter with trees. 

Em-brace', v. t. [imp. & p. p. embraced (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EMBRACING.] [Fr. embrasser, from prefix 
em, for en, and bras, arm, from Lat. brachium.] 1. To 
clasp or inclose in the arms ; to press to the bosom. 2. 
To cherish with affection. 3. To surround or inclose. 
4. To include as parts of a whole, or as subordinate divi- 
sions of a part. 5. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity ; to 
welcome. 

Syn.— To clasp ; hug ; encircle ; include ; comprise; con- 
tain; encompass; comprehend. 

Em-brace', v. i. To join in an embrace. 
Em-brace', n. Close encirling with the arms ; pressure 
to the bosom ; clasp ; hug. [brace. 

Em-brace'ment, n. A clasp in the arms ; a hug ; em- 



5, e,&c.Jong;a,e,&c.,sAo«;eare,far,ask.aH,what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dg, wolf, 



EMBRACER 



243 



EMPALEMENT 




Em-bra'fer, n. One who embraces. 
Em-bra'cer-y, n. (Law.) An attempt to influence a 

jury, court, &c, corruptly. 

Em-bra'§ure (-bra'zhur), n. 
[Fr., from embraser, equiv. to 
ebraser, evaser, to widen an 
opening.] 1. {Fort.) An open- 
ing in a wall or parapet, through 
which cannon are pointed and 
discharged. [See Must, of Case- 
mate.] 2. (Arch.) The enlarge- 
ment of the aperture of a door E E, Embrasures in a par- 
or window, on the inside of the apet. A A, Merlons. 

___ wall, for giving greater space, or for admitting more light. 

Em'bro-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embrocated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EMBROCATING.] [From Gr. epfipoxy, equiv. 
to efipeypa, lotion, fomentation, from eja/3p€xetv, to soak 
in, to foment, from eju., for ei/, in, and /Spe'xeiv, to wet on 
the surface.] (Med.) To moisten and rub, as a diseased 

^part, with a liquid, as spirit, oil, &c. 

Em'bro-^a/tion, n. (Med.) (a.) Act of moistening and 
rubbing a diseased part with some substance, (b.) The 
lotion with which an affected part is rubbed or washed. 

Em-bro'glio (-broFyo), n. See Imbroglio. 

Em-hroid/er, v. U [imp. & p . p. embroidered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. embroidering.] To cover with orna- 
mental needle- work or figures. 

Em-broid'er-er, n. One who embroiders. 

Em-broid'er-y, n. 1. Variegated needle-work. 2. 
Ornamental decoration. 

Em-broil', v. t. [imp. So p. p. embroiled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EMBROILING.] [Fr. embrouiller. See BROIL.] 
To throw into perplexity, contention, or trouble. 

Syn. — To perplex; entangle; encumber; confound; min- 
gle; distract; disturb; disorder; trouble. 

Em-broil'ment, n. A state of contention, perplexity, 
or confusion ; disturbance. 

Em-brue', v. t. See IMBRUE. 

Em'bry-o, n.; pi. EM'BRY-O^. [Gr. epfipvov, i. e., to 
€Vtos fipvov, from e/u., for iv, in, and /3pveiv, to be full of, 
to swell with.] The first rudiments of an organized being 
or thing, whether animal or plant. 

In embryo (Fig.), in an incipient or undeveloped state ; in 
conception, but not yet executed. 

iSm'bry-ol'o-gy , n. [Gr. efxfipvov, an embryo, and Adyos, 
discourse.] The doctrine of the development of the em- 
bryo and fetus of animals. 

E-mend', v. t. To amend. See Amend. 

Em'en-da'tion, n. [Lat. emendatio.] 1. Act of alter- 
ing for the better ; correction. 2. Alteration of a text 

w so as to give a better reading. [or errors. 

Em'en-da'tor, n. One who amends by removing faults 

E-mend'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to emendation. 

Em'er-ald, n. [0. Fr. esmeraulde, now cmeraude, from 
Lat. smaragdus, Gr. 07ve.apa.ySos, p-apaySos, Skr. mara- 
kata.) 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a rich green color. 
2. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between minion and 
nonpareil. [Eng.] 

{g^This line is printed in the type called Emerald. 

E-merge' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. emerged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EMERGING.] [Lat. emergere, from e, out, and 
mergere, to dip, plunge.] To rise out of a fluid or as out 
of a fluid ; to issue and appear. 

E-mer'gence, ) n. 1. Act of rising out of a fluid ; 

E-mer'gen-cy, ) sudden uprisal or appearance. 2. 
An unforeseen occurrence ; a sudden occasion. 3. Press- 
ing necessity ; exigency. 

E-mer'gent, a. 1. Rising out of a fluid or any thing 
that covers or conceals ; issuing. 2. Suddenly appear- 
ing ; calling for prompt action ; urgent. 

E-mer'i-tus,n.; pi. e-mer'i-TI. [Lat., one who has 
served his time, fr. emerere, emereri, to serve one's term, 
fr. e, out and merere, mereri, to merit, serve.] One who 

' has been honorably discharged from public service. 

E-iner'i-tus, a. [Lat.] Honorably discharged from the 
performance of public duty ; — said of an officer in a 

w college or university. 

Em'e-rodg, ) n. pi. [Corrupted from hemorrhoids, q. 

Em'e-roidg, j vf] (Med.) Hemorrhoids; piles. 

E-mer'sion, n. [From Lat. emergere, emersum. See 
EMERGE.] Act of rising out of, or coming forth from, 
any enveloping or overshadowing substance or body. 

Em'er-y, n. [From Gr. o>u'p<.s, <rp.vpis, otxtj/hs.] (Min.) 
Corundum intimately blended with oxide of iron, used in 
the arts for grinding and polishing metals, hard stones, 
and glass. 



E-mSt'ie, a. [Gr. e.u.eTiK.6?, from ep.eiv, to vomit.] 

(Med.) Inducing to vomit. 
E-met'i-e, «. (Med.) A medicine which causes vomiting. 
Emeute (a'muf), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. emovere, to move out, 
j to stir up.] A seditious commotion or mob ; a riot. 
Em'i-ca'tion, n. [Lat. emicatio, from emicare, to spring 

out or forth.] A flying off in small particles, as heated 

iron or fermenting liquors ; scintillation. 
E-mi-e'tion, n. [Lat. e, out, and mingere, rnictum, to 

make water.] 1. The discharging of urine. 2. Urine. 
Em'i-grant, a. 1. Pertaining to an emigrant. 2. 
w Removing from one country to another. 
Em'i-grant, n. One who quits one country or region 
. to settle in another. 
Em'i-grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. emigrated ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. EMIGRATING.] [Lat. e.migrare, emigratum, from 

e, out, and migrare, to migrate.] To remove from one 
^country or state to another, for the purpose of residence. 
Em'i-gra'tion, n. 1. Removal of inhabitants from one 

country or state to another, for the purpose of residence. 
w 2. A body of emigrants. , 

Em'i-nenfe, \n. 1. A height; an elevation. 2. An 
Em'i-nen-?y, } elevated situation among men ; high 

rank ; distinction ; preferment. 3. A title of honor, 
w applied to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic church. 
Em'i-nent, a. [Lat. eminens, p. pr. of eminere, to 

stand out, be prominent, from e, out, and miner e, to 

project.] 1. High ; lofty ; towering. 2. Exalted in rank ; 

high in office or public estimation. 

Eminent domain. See Domain. 

Syn. — Distinguished; elevated; exalted; remarkable; con- 
spicuous ; prominent ; famous ; celebrated ; illustrious. See 
Distinguished. 

Eml-nent-ly, adv. In an eminent or high degree. 

E'mir, \ n. [Ar. emir, amir, a commander, from 

E'meer, j emara, amara, to command.] An Arabian 
prince, mihtary commander, and governor of a con- 
quered province ; also, an honorary title given in Turkey 
to the descendants of Mohammed. 

Em'is-sa-ry, n. [Lat. emissarius, from emittere, emis- 
sum, to send out, from e, out, and millere, to send.] A 
secret agent employed to advance, in a covert manner, 
the interests of his employers ; a spy. 

Em'is-sa-ry (44), a. Exploring; spying. 

E-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. 1. Act of sending or throw- 
ing out ; issue. 2. That which is sent out, or put in 
circulation at one time ; issue. 

E-mls'sive, a. Sending out ; emitting. 

E-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. emitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EMITTING.] [Lat. emittere, to send out, from e, out, 
and mittere, to send.] 1. To send forth ; to cause to is- 
sue. 2. To issue forth, as an order or decree ; to print 
and send into circulation, as notes or bills of credit. 

Em/met, n. An ant or pismire. See Ant. 

Ern/mol-les'^enfe, n. [Lat. e, out, and mollescere, to 
become soft, inchoative form of mollere, to be soft, from 
mollis, soft.] The first or lowest degree of fusibility. 

E-mol'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMOLLIated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EMOLLIATING.] [Lat. emollire, to soften, 
from e, out, and mollire, to soften, from mollis, soft.] 
To soften ; to render effeminate. 

E-moFlient, (-moPyent), a. Softening ; making supple 

E-mol'lient, n. (Med.) An external application to al- 
lay irritation, and alleviate soreness, swelling, and pain. 

Em'ol-li'tion. (-Ksh'un), n. Act of softening. 

E-mol'u-ment, n. [Lat. emolumentum, literally a 
working out, from emoliri, to move out, to work out, 
from e, out, and moles, a huge, heavy mass.] 1. Profit 
arising from office or employment. 2. Gain in general ; 
that which promotes the public or private good. 

E-mo'tion, n. [From Lat. emovere, to move, excite, 
from e and mover e, to move.] A moving of the mind or 
soul ; a state of excited feeling of any kind. 

Syn. — Feeling ; agitation. — Feeling is the weaker term, 
and may be of the body or the mind: emotion is of the mind 
alone, being the excited action of some inward susceptibility or 
feeling, as an emotion of pity, terror, &c. Agitation may be 
bodily or mental, and usually arises in the latter case from & 
vehement struggle between contending desires or emotions. 

E-mo'tion-al, ) a. Pertaining to emotion, or the capac- 

E-mo'tive, f ity for emotion; attended or charac- 
terized by emotion. 

Em-pale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMPALED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EMPALING.] [Fr. empaler, from em, for en, in, and pal, 
Lat. palus, a pale, stake.] 1. To inclose ; to surround ; 
to shut in. 2. To put to death by fixing on a stake. 

Em-pale'ment, n. 1. A fencing, or inclosing with 



food, foot; ftrn,r^ide,pull; fell, ^liaise, «all, eeho; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link; tliis. 



EMPANEL 



244 



ENAMEL 



stakes. 2. A putting to death by thrusting a stake into 
the body. 3. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant. 

Em-pan'el, n. (Law.) A list of jurors ; a panel. 

Em-per'il, v. t. To put in peril ; to endanger. 

Em'per-or, n. [Fr. empereur, Lat. imperator, from im- 
perare, to command, from im, for in, in, and par are, to 
prepare, order.] The sovereign of an empire ; a title of 

_ dignity superior to that of king. 

Em'plia-sis, n. ; pi. EM'PHA-SEg. [Lat. emphasis, Gr. 
eju.<£acr'.s, significance, force of expression , from e^aiveiv, 
to indicate, from ep., for ev, in, and <j>aCvet.v, to show.] 
1. (Rhet.) Stress of utterance, or force of voice, given 
to the -words or parts of a discourse, intended to be im- 
pressed specially on an audience. 2. A peculiar impres- 
siveness of expression or weight of thought. 

Em'plia-size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. emphasized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. emphasizing.] To utter or pronounce with 
a particular stress of voice ; to lay emphasis or stress up- 
on ; to make emphatic. 

Em-pliat'i<: , la. 1 . Uttered with emphasis ; re- 

Em-phat'i-c-al, j quiring emphasis. 2. Attracting 
special attention. 

Syn. — Forcible ; impressive; energetic; striking. 

Em-phat'ie-al-ly, adv. With emphasis ; forcibly. 

Em'pliy-se'md, n. [Gr. ep.$vcr7}p.a, inflation, from ep- 
ipvo-av, to inflate, from ep., for ev, in, and Qvo-qv, to blow.] 
(Med.) A swelling produced by air diffused in the cellu- 
lar tissue. 

Em'pire, n. [From Lat. imperium. See Emperor.] 
1. Supreme power or authority in governing. 2. The 
dominion of an emperor, or, rarely, of a king. 3. Gov- 
erning or predominant influence. 

Syn. — Sway; dominion; rule; control; reign; sovereignty; 
government; kingdom; state. 

Em-plr'ie or Em'pir-ie (123), n. 1. One who relies 
upon experiment and observation. 2. One who confines 
himself to applying the results of his own observation ; 
especially, a quack doctor ; a charlatan. 

Em-pir'i-e, ) a. [Lat. empiricus, Gr. ep.7reipi/co?, expe- 

Em-pir'i-c-al, j rienced, equiv. to e'p.7reipos, from ep., 
for iv, in, and irelpa, a trial ; experiment.] 1. Pertaining 
to, or founded upon, experiment or experience. 2. De- 
pending upon experience or observation alone, without 
due regard to science and theory. 

Em-pir'i-e-al-ly, adv. By experiment or experience ; 
without science ; in the manner of quacks. 

Em-pir'i-ci§m, n. 1. Method or practice of an em- 
piric. 2. A practice of medicine founded on experience, 
and neglecting the aid of science ; charlatanry ; quackery. 

Em-plas'ti-e, a. [Gr. ep7rAao-TiK:6s,from ep-n-Aao-o-eiv, to 
plaster up, daub over.] Fit to be applied as a plaster; 
glutinous ; adhesive. 

Em-ploy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMPLOYED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EMPLOYING.] [Fr. employer, from Lat. impli- 
care, to infold, engage, from im, for in, and plicare, to 
fold.] 1. To keep in service ; to use. 2. To use as an 
instrument or means for accomplishing some purpose ; 
or as materials for forming any thing. 3. To use as an 
agent, servant, or representative. 
_ To employ one's self, to apply or devote one's time and atten- 
tion ; to busy one's self. 

Em-ploy', n. Employment. [Poet.] 

Employe (em/ploy-a' or Sng'plwo-ya.'), n. [Fr., p. p. of 
employer.] One who is employed. 

B3"* The English form of this word, viz., employee, though 
perfectly conformable to analogy, and therefore perfectly legit- 
imate, is not sanctioned by the usage of good writers. 

Em-ploy 'er, n. One who employs. 

Em-ploy 'ment, n. 1. The act of employing or using ; 
also, the state of being employed. 2. That which en- 
gages_or occupies ; service ; agency. 

Em-po'ri-tim, n. ; Lat. pi. em-po ! ri-a, Eng. pi. EM- 
PO'Rl-UM?,. [Lat. ; Gr. ep-nopiov, from epn-opos, trav- 
eler, trader, from ep, for ev, in, and iropo?, way through 
and over, path.] A place of extensive commerce or trade ; 
a commercial city or town ; a mart. 

Em-pow'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. empowered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EMPOWERING.] 1. To give legal or moral 
power or authority to. 2. To give physical power or 
force to. 

Em'press, n. [Contracted from emperess. See Emper- 
or.] 1. The consort of an emperor. 2. A woman who 
governs an empire. 

Em-pri§e', n. [0. Fr., from prefix em, for en, and prise, 
a taking, from prendre, to take, Lat. prehendere, pren- 
dere.] An undertaking ; an enterprise. [Poet.] 

Emp'ti-iiess (84), n. 1. State of being empty ; void 



space, or vacuum ; exhaustion; destitution. 2. "Want of 
solidity or substance ; unsatisfactoriness. 3. Want of 

w knowledge or sense. 

Emp'ty, a. [compar. emptier; superl. emptiest.] 
[A.-S. emtig, dmtig, from emta, dmta, quiet, rest. Cf. 
Celt, amser, time, Lith. amzis, age, amzinas, everlast- 
ing.] 1. Containing nothing; void; not filled. 2. 
Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense. 3. Unable to 
satisfy; unsatisfactory; hollow. 4. Desolate: waste; 
deserted. 5. Producing nothing; unfruitful. 6. Des- 
titute of, or lacking sense. 7. Destitute of reality, or 

w real existence ; unsubstantial. 

Emp'ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMPTIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

_ emptying.] To exhaust ; to deprive of the contents. 

Emp'ty, v. i. 1. To pour or flow out ; to discharge 

w itself. 2. To become empty. 

Emp'ty-ing, n. 1. Act of making empty. 2. pi 
The lees of beer, cider, &c. ; yeast. [Amer.] 

Em-pftr'ple, v. t. To tinge or dye of a purple color. 

Em-pyr'e-al, a. [See Empyrean, n.] Formed of 

^ pure fire or light ; refined beyond aerial substance. 

Em/py-re'an, a. Empyreal. 

Em'py-re'an (124), n. [L. Lat. empyrseum, from Gr. 
epwvpos, in fire, from ep, for ev, in, and irvp, fire.] The 
highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was 
_ supposed by the ancients to subsist. 

Em/py-reu-mat'i-e, \ a. Pertaining to, or possess- 

Em/py-reu.-mat'ic-al, } ing, or resembling the taste 

w or smell of burnt animal or vegetable substances. 

E'mu, n. (Zo'dl.) A bird of very large size, found in 

^ Australia, related to the cassowary and the ostrich. 

Em'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. emulated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EMULATING.] [Lat. semidari, semulatum, from sem- 
ulus, emulous.] To strive to equal or excel in qualities or 

^ actions ; to vie with ; to rival. 

Em'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of attempting to equal or ex- 
cel in qualities or actions ; desire of superiority , attended 
with effort to attain it. 2. Competition ; contention. 

Syn. — Competition ; rivalry ; contest; contention; strife.— 
Competition is the struggle of two or more persons for the 
same object. Emulation is an ardent desire for superiority, 
arising from competition, but not implying, of necessity, any 
improper feeling. Rivalry is a personal contest, and almost 
of course gives rise to envy, resentment, or detraction. 

Em'u-la/tor, n. One who emulates ; a rival ; a com- 
petitor. 

E-muI'gent, a. [Lat. emulgens, p. pr. of emulgere, 
from e, out, and mulgere, to milk.] (Anat.) Milking or 
draining out ; — said of the renal arteries and veins. 

E-mul'gent, n. (Med.) (a.) An emulgent vessel, (b.) 

w A remedy which excites the flow of bile. 

Em'u-loiis, a. 1. Ambitiously desirous of like excel- 

^ lence with another. 2. Engaged in competition ; rivaling. 

Em'u-lous-ly, adv. With desire of equaling or excel- 
ling another. 

E-mul'sion, n. [From Lat. emulgere, emulsum.] (Med.) 
A soft, liquid remedy, of a color and consistence resem- 
bling milk. 

E-mfil'sive, a. 1. Softening ; milk-like. 2. Yielding 
oil by expression. 3. Producing a milk-like substance. 

E-miiii-e'to-ry, n. [Lat. emunctorium, from emun- 
gere, emunctum, to blow the nose, hence, to wipe, 
cleanse, from e, out, and mungere, to blow the nose.] 
(Anat.) Any organ of the body serving to carry off ex- 
crementitious matter. 

En-a'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enabled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENABLING.] [0. & Norm. Fr. enhabler, from en, in, 
and hable, N. Fr. habile, Eng. able, q. v.] 1. To give 
strength or ability to. 2. To supply with sufficient 
power, physical or moral. 

En-a-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enacted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
enacting.] 1. To decree; to make into a law. 2. 
To perform. 3. To act the part o£; to play. 

En-a«t'rve, a. Having power to enact as a law. 

En-a-et'ment, n. 1. The passing of a bill into a law. 
2. A decree; a law. 3. The acting as a part or char- 
acter in a play. 

En-a€t'or, n. One who enacts or passes a law. 

E-nal'la-ge (e-naPla-je), n. [Gr. evaWayiq, an exchange, 
from evoAAacrcretv, to exchange, from ev, in, and aWd<r- 
o-eiv, to change.] (Gram.) A substitution of one gen- 
der, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the 
same word, for another. 

En-am'el, n. [Prefix en and obs. amel.] 1. A sub- 
stance of the nature of glass, but more fusible and 
nearly opaque. 2. That which is enameled. 3. (Anat.) 
The smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or 
visible part of a tooth. 



a,e, &c.,long; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term: pique, firm ; s6n, 6r, do, wglf, 



ENAMEL 



245 



END 



En-am'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENAMELED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. enameling.] 1. To lay enamel upon ; to paint in 
enamel. 2. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon. 

En-am'el, v. i. To practice the art of enameling. 

En-am'el-ar, a. Like enamel ; smooth ; glossy. 

En-am'el-er, ) n. One who enamels ; one whose occu- 

En-a.m'el-ist, ) pation is to lay on enamels. 

En-am'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enamored; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENAMORING.] [Written also enamour.] [0. Fr. 
enamourer, from en, in, and amour, love, equiv. to Lat. 
amor.] To inflame with love ; to charm ; to captivate. 

En-eage', v . t. To shut up or confine in a cage. 

En-eamp', v. i. [imp. & p. p. encamped (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. encamping.] To form and occupy a 

En-<amp', v. t. To form into a camp. [camp. 

Eii-eamp'ment, n. 1. Act of pitching tents or form- 
ing huts for temporary lodging or rest. 2. The place 
where an army or company is encamped ; a camp. 

En-eaus'tie, a. [Lat. encausticus, Gr. ey/cavort/cos, 
from" iyicaietv, to burn in, from ev, in, and Kaietv, to 
burn.] Pertaining to the art of burning in colors ; — 
applied to a species of painting in wax liquefied by heat ; 
also, to painting on glass or porcelain, or any other style 
where colors are fixed by heat. 

En-eaus'tie, n. The method of painting in heated or 
burnt wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the 
colors. 

Enceinte (ong'sanf), n. [Fr., from enceindre, to gird 
about, to surround, Lat. incingere, from in, in, and 
cingere, to gird.] (Fort.) The main inclosure. 

-Ew-cei»ite(ong / sant')a. [Fr., p. p. of enceindre ; Lat. incin- 

^gere, to gird about.] (Law.) Pregnant ; with child. 

En'ce-phal'le , a. [Gr. ey/ce'<f>aAov, the brain.] Belong- 
ing' to the head or brain. 

En-chain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. enchaining.] 1. To chain; to fasten with a 
chain. 2. To hold fast ; to restrain. 

En-chain'ment, n. Act of enchaining, or state of be- 
ing enchained. 

En-chant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENCHANTING.] [Fr. enchanter, from Lat. incan- 
tare, to chant or utter a magic formula over or against 
one, from in, in, against, and cantare, to sing.] 1. To 
charm by sorcery ; to hold as by a spell. 2. To delight 
in a high degree. 

Syn.— To captivate; fascinate; ravish; enrapture ; bewitch. 

En-chant'er, n. One who enchants ; a sorcerer or 
magician. 

En-chant'ment, n. 1. Act of enchanting ; use of 
magic arts, spells, or charms. 2. That which enchants. 
Syn. — Incantation; necromancy; charm; magic; fasci- 
nation; spell; sorcery; witchery; witchcraft. 

En-chant'ress, n. A woman who enchants, as by 
magic_spells, beauty, and the like ; a sorceress. 

En-chase', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchased (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ENCHASING.] [Fr. enchasser, from chasse, same 
as chassis, frame, caisse, chest, case, q. v.] 1. To incase 
or inclose in a border or rim ; to encircle ; to inclose ; to 
adorn. 2. To adorn with embossed or engraved work. 

En-eho'ri-al, ) a. [Gr. eyx^pios, domestic, native, from 

En-ehor'ie, J ev, in, and x^pa, place, country.] Be- 
longing to a country ; native ; popular ; common ; — 
said especially of the written characters employed by the 
common people of Egypt, in distinction from the hiero- 
glyphics. 

En-cir'ele (en-sir'kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. encircled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ENCIRCLING.] 1. To form a circle 
about ; hence, to embrace. 2. To go or come round. 
Syn.— To encompass; inclose; surround; environ. 

En-elit'i-e, ) a. [Gr. ey/cAin/co?, inclined, inclining, 

En-elit'i-e-al, J from eyKkivetv, to incline.] (Gram.) 
Subjoined ; — said of a word or particle so closely united 
to the preceding word as to seem to be a part of it, and 
to lose its own independent accents, sometimes varying 
also the accent of the preceding word. 

En-elit'ie, n. ( Gram.) A word which is joined to an- 
other so closely as to lose its proper accent. 

En-elois'ter, v. t. To shut up or confine in a cloister. 

En-eloge', v. t. To inclose. See Inclose. 

En-eo'mi-ast, n. [Gr. eyKwjLuaoTT??, fr. eyKM/jn-d^etv , to 
praise.] One addicted to praise ; a panegyrist ; a eulogist. 

En-eo'mi-ast'ie, la. Bestowing praise; praising; 

En-eo'mi-ast'ie-al, j eulogistic ; laudatory. 

En-«o'mi-um, n. ; Eng. pi. en-co/mi-ums., Lat. pi. 
EN-CO'MI-A. [Gr. eyicu>fjLiov (sc. /ce'Aos, song), chanted 
in a Bacchic festival, from ev, in, and kw/uos, a jovial fes- 
tivity, revel.] Formal praise ; high commendation. 



Syn. — Eulogy; panegyric; applause. See Eulogy. 
En-eom'pass (en-kum'pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. en- 
compassed (108); p. pr. & vb. n. encompassing.] 
To describe a circle about. 

. Syn. — To encircle; inclose; surround; include; environ; 
invest; hem in; shut up. 

En-eom'pass-ment, n. The act of surrounding, or 

the state of being surrounded. 
En-eore' (ong-kor'), adv. [Fr., from Lat. in hanc horam, 

till this hour.] Once more; again :— a call for a repetition 

of a particular part of a play, &c. 
En-eore' (ong-kor'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. encored ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. ENCORING.] To call for a repetition of. 
En-eount'er, n. [0. Fr. encontre, from Lat. in and 

contra against.] 1. A meeting lace to face ; a running 

against. 2. A meeting, with hostile purpose. 

Syn. — Contest; conflict; fight; skirmish; combat; assault 
rencounter; attack; onset. 

En-eount'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. encountered ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. encountering.] To come against face to 

face ; especially, to meet in opposition or with hostile 

intent. 
En-eount'er, v. i. To meet face to face ; especially, to 

meet 



En-eour'age (en-kuVej, 45), v. t. [imp. & p. p. en- 
couraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENCOURAGING.] [Fr. en- 
courager,^ from prefix en and courage, from coeur, Lat. cor, 
heart.] To give courage to ; to inspire with spirit or hope. 

Syn. — To embolden ; inspirit ; animate ; incite ; cheer; 
urge; impel; stimulate ; instigate ; countenance; comfort; sanc- 
tion; strengthen; promote; advance; forward. 

En-eoiir'age-ment, n. 1. The act of giving courage, 
or confidence of success ; incentive. 2. That which 
serves to support, promote, or advance, as favor, counte- 
nance, profit, &c. [cess; favoring. 

En-«our'a-|ing, a. Furnishing ground to hope for sue - 

En-eoiir'a-ging-ly, adv. In a manner to give courage 

w or hope of success. 

En'-eri-nite,n. [From Gr. iv, in, and KpLvov, a lily.] A 
fossil animal of the star -fish family. The joints of the 
stems are small calcareous disks. 

En-eroach', v. i. [imp. & p. p. encroached (108); 
p.pr.&yb. n. ENCROACHING.] [0. Fr. encroer , encrouer ; 
L. Lat. incrocare, to hang by a hook, from Fr. croc, crochet, 
hook. See Crook.] To enter gradually into the rights 
and possessions of another. 

Syn. — Intrude; trench; infringe; invade; trespass. 

En-eroach'er, n. One who encroaches. 

En-eroach'ment, n. 1. Act of entering gradually on 
the rights or possessions of another. 2. That which is 
taken by encroaching on another. 

En-eiim'ber, v. t. [imp. & p.p. encumbered ; p.pr- 
& vb. n. ENCUMBERING.] [Fr. encombrer, from Lat. 
cumulus, heap, L. Lat. combrus, cumbrus, a barricade 
of felled trees.] [Written also incumber.] 1. To impede 
the motion or action of, as with a burden. 2. To load 
with debts, mortgages, or other legal claims. 

Syn.— To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; per- 
plex; hinder. 

En-eu.nx'brance, n. 1. That which impedes action; 
clog ; impediment. 2. That which encumbers an estate, 
as a debt or legal claim, a lien. 

Syn. — Load ; burden ; clog ; impediment ; check ; hind- 
rance. 

En-cye'lie-al, a. [Gr. ey/cvKAios, from iv, in, and kvkXos, 
circle.] Sent to many persons or places ; circular. 

En-cy'-elo-pe'cli-a^ ) n. [Gr. eytcvKXonaiSeCa, for iyic-6- 

En-cy'-elo-pae'di-a, j kAios iraiSeCa, instruction m a 
circle, or circle of instruction. See Cyclopedia.] The 
circle of sciences ; especially, a work in which the various 
branches of science or art are discussed separately , and 
usually in alphabetical order. 

En-cy'-elo-pe'di-an, a . Embracing the whole circle of 
learning. 

En-c^-elo-ped'i-e, | a. Pertaining to an encyclope- 

En-cy^lo-ped'ie-al, j dia ; universal in knowledge. 

En-cy'^lo-pe'dist, n. 1. The compiler of an encyclo- 
pedia. 2. One whose knowledge embraces the whole 
range of the sciences. 

En-cyst'ed, a. [Prefix en and cyst, q. v.] Inclosed in 

^a cyst, bag, bladder, or vesicle. 

End, n. [A.-S. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Goth, andeis, Skr. 
anta.] 1. The extreme or last portion ; the concluding 
part. 2. The conclusion ; result, whether successful or 
otherwise. 3. Termination of being or of happiness; 
hence, destruction ; and thus, that which causes destruc- 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



END 



246 



ENFRANCHISE 



tion or death. 4. Object aimed at in any effort ; designed 
or desired result. 5. That which is left. 

End for end, one end for the other. — Ends of the earth, re- 
motest regions of the earth. 

Syn.— Termination; close; extremity; limit; finality; issue; 
consequence ; extermination ; purpose; aim; drift; remnant; 
fragment. 

End, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ENDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. end- 
ing.] 1. To bring to an end or conclusion. 2. Hence, j 
to destroy ; to put to death. 
Syn.— To finish; conclude; close; terminate. 

End, v. i. To come to the ultimate point ; to be finished ; 
to come to a close ; to cease ; to terminate. 

En-dam'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. endamaged ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. endamaging-.] To bring loss or damage to ; 
to harm ; to injure; to prejudice. [Rare.] 

En-dam' age-a-fole, a. Capable of being damaged, or 
injured. [Obs.~\ 

En-dan'ger,t>. t. [imp. & p. p. endangered ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. endangering.] To put to hazard. 

En-dear', v. t. [imp. & p. p. endeared ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. endearing.] To make dear, or more dear. 

En-dear'ment, n. 1. Act of endearing or state of being 
endeared. 2. That which endears. 

En-deav'or, n. [From Fr. en devoir (in duty, task, or 
part), in the phrase se mettre en devoir de /aire quelque 
chose, to endeavor to do a thing.] A putting forth of 
one's power for some specific end ; an attempt or trial. 

Syn. — Effort; exertion; struggle. — Endeavor is the widest 
term. An effort is a vigorous endeavor or taxing of our powers; 
an exertion is a peculiarly earnest and prolonged effort; a 
struggle is a violent and exhnusting effort (lit., a twisting or 
contortion) of the body. — " Ordinary endeavors will not now 
avail; every possible effort must be made; we must strain all 
our exertions, and struggle to the utmost." 

En-deav'or, v. i. [imp. & p. p. endeavored ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. endeavoring.] To exert physical strength 

or intellectual power for the accomplishment of an object. 
Syn. — To attempt; try; strive; struggle; essay; aim. 
En-deav'or, v. t. To attempt to gain. 
En-de'mi-al, ) a. [Gr. eVSrjjaos, ei^juio?, from ev, in, 
En-dem'i-e, > and Srjixos, the people.] {Med.) Pe- 
En-dem'i-e-al, ) culiar to a people or nation. 
End'ing, n. 1. Termination; result; conclusion. 2. 
w ( Gram.) The terminating syllable or letter of a word. 
En'dive, n. [From Lat. intubus, intubum. Cf. Ar. hin- 

deb, hindebet.] (Bot.) A species of the genus Cichorium, 
w or succory ; — used as a salad. 
End'less, a. [See End.] 1. Without end; having no 

end or conclusion. 2. Perpetually recurring. 3. Void 

of design. 
Endless screw (Mech.), a screw combined with a wheel and 

axle, so that the threads of the screw work into the teeth on 

the periphery of the wheel. 

Syn.— Eternal; everlasting; interminable; infinite; inces- 
sant; perpetual; uninterrupted; continual. 
JCnd'less-ly, adv. 1. In an endless manner; without 
w end. 2. Incessantly ; continually. 
End'less-ness, n. The state of being endless. 
En'do-gen, n. [See infra.'] j 

(Bot.) A plant which increases 

in size by internal growth and 

elongation at the summit, in- 
stead of externally, and having 

no distinction of pith, wood, 

and bark, as the rattan, the 

palm, the cornstalk. 
En-dog'e-noiis, a. [Gr. eVSo- 

yevrjs, from evSov, within, and 




yeviaOat., yCyveaOai, to be pro- 



Endogen. 



duced.] (Bot.) Increasing by internal growth and elon- 
gation at the summit. 

En-d6rse', v. t. [Correctly indorse, q. v.] To write on 
the back of. 

En-dorse'ment, n. Act of indorsing, or state of being 
indorsed. See Indorsement. 

En-dors'er, n. One who indorses ; an indorser. 

Endow', v. t. [imp. & p.p. endowed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. endowing.] [Norm. Fr. endouer, from Fr. douer, 
from Lat. dotare, to endow, from dos, dotis, marriage por- 
tion.] 1. To make pecuniary provision for; especially, 
to furnish with dower. 2. To enrich with any gift, qual- 
ity, or faculty ; to indue. 

En-dow'ment, n. 1. The act of settling a fund or 
permanent provision for the support of any one, as a 
widow, professor, and the like. 2. Property, fund, or 
revenue permanently appropriated to any object. 3. 
Gift of nature ; talents; natural capacity. 



En-due', v. t. [Lat. induere.] 1. To invest to cloth*. 
2. To endow. See Indue. 

En-dur'a-lble, a. Capable of being endured or borne. 

En-dur'ance, n. 1. A state of lasting or duration ; 
continuance. 2. Act of bearing pain or distress without 
resistance, or without sinking or yielding to the pressure. 
Syn. — Suffering ; patience ; fortitude ; resignation. 

Endure', v. t. 1. To remain firm under ; to sustain ; 
to brook ; to undergo. 2. To bear with patience ; to 
bear up under. 

En-dure', v. i. [imp. & p. p. endured ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENDURING.] [From Lat. prefix in and durare, to 
harden, to persist, from durus, hard.] 1. To continue 
in the same state without perishing ; to abide ; to last. 
2. To remain firm under trial ; to sustain suffering with 

w self-command. [end forward. 

End'wige, adv. 1. On the end ; erectly. 2. With the 

E-ne'id, n. An epic poem, written by Virgil, in which 

_ iEneas is the hero. 

En'e-my, n. [Fr. ennemi, Lat. inimicus, from in, neg- 
ative, and amicus, friend.] One who is actuated by un- 
friendly feelings ; one who hates. 

TJie enemy, (a.) (Theol.) The evil one ; the devil. (5.) (Ml) 
The opposing force; — used as a collective noun, and construed 
with a verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural. 

Syn. — Adversary; opponent; antagonist; foe. 

En'er-get'ie, ) a. 1. Exerting force ; operative ; ac- 

En'er-get'le-al, J tive. 2. Exhibiting energy ; op- 
erating with vigor and effect. 

Syn. — Forcible ; powerful; efficacious ; potent; vigorous; 
effective. 

En'er-get'ie-al-ly, adv. In an energetic manner. 

En'er-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. energized ; p. pr. & 

w vb. n. ENERGIZING.] To act with force or vigor. 

En'er-gize, v. t. To give strength or force to. 

En'er-gy, n. [Gr. eWpyeia, from evepyos, active, from 
ev, in, and epyov, work.] 1. Internal or inherent power. 

2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted. 3. Strength 
of expression ; emphasis. 4. (Mech.) Capacity for per- 
forming work, or moving against resistance. 

Syn. — Force ; power ; vigor ; strength ; spirit ; efficiency ; 
resolution. 

E-ner'vate, a. Weakened ; without strength or force. 

E-ner'vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enervated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ENERVATING.] [Lat. enervare, enervatum, 
from enervis, nerveless, weak, from e, out, and nervus, 
nerve.] 1. To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or 
courage. 2. To cut the nerves of. 

Syn. — To weaken ; enfeeble ; unnerve ; debilitate. 

En'er-va'tion, n. 1. Act of weakening. 2. State of 
being weakened ; effeminacy. 

En-fee'ble, v. t. [imp. k,p.p. enfeebled ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ENFEEBLING.] To render feeble ; to deprive of 
strength ; to reduce the force or strength of. 
Syn. — To weaken ; debilitate ; enervate. 

En-fee'ble-ment, n. Enervation ; weakness. 

En-feoff (en-fef), v. t. [imp. & p. p. enfeoffed 
(en-l'gft/); p. pr. & vb. n. enfeoffing.] [Prefix en 
&nd feojf, q. v.; L. Lat. infeoffare, i nfeof are, equiv. to 
infeodare, to invest with a feud.] (Law.) To give a feud 
to ; to invest with a fee. 

Enfeoffment (-iefment), «,. (Law.) (a.) The act of 
giving the fee-simple of an estate, (b.) The deed which 

w conveys the fee. 

En'f i-lade', n. [Fr. , from enfiler, to thread, to go through 
a street or square, to rake with shot, from prefix en and 

^fil, thread, Lat. filum .] ( Mil. ) A line or straight passage. 

En'fi-lade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENFILADED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENFILADING.] [From the noun.] (Mil. ) To pierce, 
scour, or rake with shot through the whole length of, as 
a work or line of troops. 

En-fold', v. t. To infold. See Infold. 

En-force', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enforced (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ENFORCING.] 1. To put force upon ; to force ; 
to constrain ; to compel. 2. To make or gain by force. 

3. To give force to ; to strengthen ; to urge with energy. 

4. To put in force ; to give effect to. 

En-f orce'a-ble, a. Capable of being enforced. 

En-f orce'ment, n. 1. Act of enforcing ; compulsion; 
restraint; force. 2. A putting in execution. 3. That 
which enforces. 

En-f or'cer, n. One who enforces or constrains. 

En-fran'chige (-fran/chiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. en- 
franchised ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENFRANCHISING.] 1. 
To set free ; to liberate ; to release. 2. To make free of 
a city, corporation, or state ; to naturalize. 



5, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask., all, what ; §re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ENFRANCHISEMENT 



247 



ENLIVEN 



Eh-fran'chi§e-ment (-fran'chiz-), n. 1. Act of re- 
leasing from slavery or custody, 2. Admission to the 
freedom of a corporation or state. 
En-f ran'chi§-er, n. One who enfranchises. 
En-gage', t). t. [imp. & p. p. engaged; p. pr. &,vb. 
n. ENGAGING. [ [Fr. engager, from en and gage, q. v., 
pledge, pawn.] 1. To put under pledge ; to bind ; to 
involve, 2. To gain for service ; to enlist. 3. To win 
and attach. 4. To occupy. 5. To enter into contest 
with ; to encounter. 

En-gage', v. i. 1. To become hound. 2. To embark ; 
to take a part ; to enlist. 3. To enter into conflict. 

En-gaged/, p. a. 1. Pledged ; promised ; especially, 
promised in marriage ; affianced ; betrothed. 2. Greatly 
interested ; earnest. 

Engaged columns (Arc7i.~), columns sunk into the wall to 
which they are attached, at least one half of their thickness. 

TSn-gage'ment, n. 1. Act of engaging. 2. State of 
being engaged. 3. That which is engaged or pledged. 
4. That which engages ; obligation ; also, engrossing 
occupation. 5. (Mil.) A general action or battle. 

Syn. — Avocation ; business ; employment ; occupation ; 
promise; word; battle; combat; fight; contest. 

En-gen'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. engendered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. engendering.] [Fr. engendrer, Lat. ingen- 
erare, from in and generare, to beget, from genus, generis, 
birth, descent. See Generate.] 1. To form in em- 
bryo ; to procreate. 2. To cause to exist ; to produce ; 
hence, to sow the seeds of. 

Syn. — To breed; generate; beget; occasion; cause. 

En-gen'der, v. i. To be caused or produced. 

En'gine (eu'jin), n. [From Lat. ingenium, natural ca- 
pacity, invention.] 1. (Meek.) A machine or contrivance 
in which two or more meciianical powers are combined. 
2. Any instrument by which any effect is produced ; 
especially one designed to wound and kill. 3. Any thing 

^used to effect a purpose ; means. 

En'gi-neer', n. 1. A person skilled in the principles 
and practice of engineering, either civil or military. 2. 
One who manages an engine. 3. One who carries through 
&n enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance. 

En'gi-neer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engineered ; p. pr. 
Scvb.n. engineering.] I. To perform the work of 
an engineer. 2. To guide or carry through a measure or 

w enterprise. 

fingi-neer'ing, n. The science and the art of utilizing 
the forces and materials of nature. 

iag- It is divided into military and civil engineering, the 
former being, strictly, the science and art of designing and 
constructing defensive and offensive works, while civil en- 
gineering is the science and art of designing and constructing 
machinery and fixed public works, such as roads and canals. 

En'gine-ry (Sn'jin-ry), n. 1. Act of managing engines, 
or artillery. 2. Engines in general ; instruments of war. 

En-gird', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engirded, or engirt ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. engirding.] To gird ; to encircle. 

En'glish (mg'glish), a. [From Engle, Angle, Engles, 
Angles, a tribe of Germans, who settled in Britain and 
gave it the name of England.] Belonging to England, or 
to its inhabitants, or to the language spoken by them. 

En'glish (mg'glish), n. 1. The people of England. 2. 
The language of England or of the English nation, and 
of their descendants in other countries. 

En'glish (ing/glish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. englished ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. ENGLISHING.] To translate into English ; 
to Anglicize ; hence, to interpret. 

En-gorge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENGORGED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENGORGING.] [Fr. engorger, from gorge, throat, 
gorge, q. v.] To swallow with greediness. 

En-gorge', v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity. 

En-gorge'ment, n. 1. Act of swallowing greedily. 
2. (Med.) Congestion. 

En-graff ', and En-graft', v. t. The same as Ingraft. 

En-grail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrailed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENGRAILING.] [Fr. engreler, from grele, hail.] 
To variegate or spot, as with hail ; to indent or make 
ragged at the edges, as if broken with hail. 

En-grain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrained.- p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENGRAINING.] 1. To dye in grain, or in the raw 
material. 2. To incorporate with the grain or texture 
of any thing. 

En-grasp', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrasped; p. pr. & 
vb. n._ENGRASPING.] To hold fast ; to gripe. 

En-grave', v. t. [imp. engraved ; p.p. engraved 
or engraven; p. pr. & vb. n. engraving.] 1. To 
carve figures, letters, or devices upon. 2. To form or 
represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, 
or the like. 3. To impress deeply ; to infix. 



En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 

En-grav'ing, n. 1. Act or art of cutting metals, wood, 
&c.,and representing thereon figures, characters, and 
devices, especially for the purpose of subsequently print- 
ing from them on paper. 2. An engraved plate. 3. An 
impre£sion from an engraved plate ; a print. 

En-gross', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrossed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. engrossing.] 1. To copy in a large, fair hand. 
2. To occupy wholly ; to absorb. 3. To take or assume 
in undue quantity, proportion, or degree. 

Syn. — To absorb; swallow up ; engulf; occupy; forestall; 
monopolize. 

En-gross'er, n. 1. One who copies a writing in a large, 
fair hand. 2. One who takes the whole ; a forestaller. 

En-gross'ment, n. 1. Act of engrossing. 2. That 
which has been engrossed. [INGULF. 

En-gulf ', v. t. To absorb or swallow up as in a gulf. See 

En-haiice', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enhanced (108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. ENHANCING.] [Norm. Fr. enhauncer, en- 
hancer, from prefix en and kaucer, kaucier, kausser, as if 
from a Latin word altiare, from altus, high.] To raise 
to a higher point ; to advance ; to augment ; to increase : 
to aggravate. 

En-hance', v. i. To be raised up ; to grow larger. 

En-liaii^e'ment, n. Act of increasing, or state of be- 
ing increased ; augmentation ; aggravation. 

E-nig'ma, «. ; pi. e-NIG-ma§. [Lat. xnigma, Gr. a'ivty- 
/j.a, from alvCaaeaOai., to speak darkly, from alvus, tale, 
fable.] 1. An obscure question or saying ; a puzzle ; a 
riddle. 2. A statement, the hidden meaning of which 
is to be discovered or guessed ; an action, or mode of ac- 

_tion, which can not be satisfactorily explained. 

E'nig-mat'ic, )a. Relating to, containing, or re- 

E'nig-mat'ic-al, j sembliug an enigma ; obscure. 

E'nig-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. In an obscure manner. 

E-nig'ma-tist, n. One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. 

E-nig'ma-tlze, v.i. [imp. & p. p. enigmatized ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. enigmatizing.] To deal in riddles. 

En-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENJOINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENJOINING.] [Fr. enjoindre, from Lat. injungere, to 
join into, to charge, from prefix in and jungere, to join.] 

1. To put an injunction on ; to direct with authority ; 
to order. 2. (Law.) To prohibit or restrain by a judi- 
cial order or decree. 

En-joy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENJOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENJOYING.] [0. Fr. enjoier, to receive with joy, from 
prefix en and joie, equiv. to Eng. joy.] 1. To feel or 
perceive with pleasure. 2. To have, possess, and use 
with satisfaction. 3. To have sexual intercourse with. 

En-joy'a-ble, a. Capable of being enjoyed. 

En-joy'nient, n. 1. Condition of enjoying; pleasure. 

2. Cause of joy or gratification. 

Syn. — Satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness. 

En-kin'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enkindled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. enkindling.] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; 
to kindle. 2. To excite ; to rouse into action. 

En-large', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enlarged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENLARGING.] 1. To make larger. 2. To in- 
crease the capacity of; also, to dilate, as with joy, affec- 
tion, and the like. 

Syn. — To increase; to. extend; to expand. 

En-large', v. i. 1. To grow large or larger ; to expand. 
2. To be diffuse in speaking or writing ; to expatiate. 

En-large'ment, n. 1. Act of increasing in size or 
bulk, real or apparent; state of being increased. _ 2. 
Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind ; 
ennoblement. 3. Release from confinement, servitude, 
distress, &c. 4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing. 

En-light'en (en-lit/n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. enlight- 
ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENLIGHTENING.] 1. To supply 
with light ; to illuminate. 2. To make clear to the in- 
tellect or conscience; to inform ; to instruct. 

En-lightVn-er (en-llt'n-er), n. One who, or that 
which, enlightens or illuminates. 

En-Kght'en-ment (-lif/n-ment), n. Act of enlighten- 
ing, or the state of being enlightened or instructed. 

En-link', v. t. To connect, as by links. 

En-list', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enlisted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. enlisting.] 1. To enter on a list; to enroll ; to 
register. 2. To engage in public service. 3. To unite 
firmly to a cause. 

En-list', v. i. 1. To engage in public service by enroll- 
ing one's name. 2. To enter heartily into a cause. 

Eii-list'ment, n. 1. Act of enlisting, or state of being 
enlisted. 2. The writing by which a soldier is bound. 

En-llv'en (en-llv/n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. enlivened ; 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get; ag; e^ist; linger, link; this. 



ENLIVENER 



248 



ENTERTAIN 



p. pr. & vb. n. enlivening.] 1. To give life, action, 

or motion to. 2. To give spirit or vivacity to ; to cheer. 

Syn. — To animate; inspire; exhilarate; inspirit; invigorate. 

En-liv'en-er, n. One who, or that which, enlivens. 

En'mi-ty, n. [0. Eng. enemytee, enemity, from enemy, 
q. v.] 1. The quality of being an enemy ; hostile or 
unfriendly disposition. 2. A state of opposition. 

Syn. —Rancor ; hostility; hatred ; animosity; ill-will ; ma- 
levolence. 

En'ne-a-gon, n. [Gr. evvea, nine, and ycavia, corner, 
angle.] ( Geom.) A polygon or plane figure with nine 
sides or nine angles. 

En-no'fole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENNOBLED : p. pr. & 
vb. n. ennobling.] 1. To make noble; to dignify. 
2. To give titular rank to. 
Syn. — To raise; exalt; derate; aggrandize. 

En-no'l>le-ment (-no'bl-), n. 1. The act of ennobling. 
2. That which ennobles. 

JSnmii (ong'nwe'), n. [Fr., from Lat. in odio, in hatred. 
See Annoy.] A feeling of weariness and disgust; list- 
lessness ; tedium ; lassitude. 

E-nor'mi-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being immoder- 
ate, monstrous, or outrageous. 2. That which is enor- 
mous ; atrocious crime ; flagitious villainy ; an atrocity. 

E-uor'mous, a. [Lat. enormis, out of rule, from e, out, 
and norma, rule.] 1. Deviating from, or exceeding, the 
usual rule, norm, or measure. 2. Great beyond the 
common measure. 3. Exceedingly wicked ; atrocious. 
Syn.. — Huge; vast; immoderate; immense; excessive; pro- 
digious. —We speak of a thing as enormous when it overpasses 
its ordinary law of existence, and becomes — so to speak — ab- 
normal in its magnitude, degree, &c, as, a man of enormous 
strength, a deed of enormous wickedness. Immense and exces- 
sive are figurative terms used to intensify, and are somewhat 
indefinite in their degree of strength. 

E-nor'moiis-ly, adv. Beyond measure ; excessively. 

E-nor'moiis-ness, n. The state of being enormous. 

E-nough' (e-nuF), a. [A.-S. genuh, genog, a. and adv., 
nOh, nog, adv., from geneah, it is sufficient, root, neah, 
neohan, Goth, ganohs, from ga-nahan, to suffice.] Sat- 
isfying desire ; adequate; sufficient. 

Enough' (e-nuf), adv. 1. Sufficiently. 2. Fully; 
quite. 3. In a tolerable degree. [satisfies desire. 

E-nough' (e-nuf 7 ), n. A sufficiency ; a quantity which 

E-now' (e-nou 7 ). Another form of enough) — formerly 
regarded by some as a plural. [ Obs.] 

En-quire', v. i. & t. See Inquire. 

En-rage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
enraging.] To fill with rage ; to provoke to frenzy or 
madness. 

Syn.— To irritate; incense; inflame; exasperate; provoke; 
anger; incite. 

En-rank', v< t. To place in ranks or in order. 

En-rapt'ure (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. enraptured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ENRAPTURING.] To transport with 
pleasure ; to ravish. 

En-rav'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enravished (-rav'- 
isht, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. enravishing.] To trans- 
port with delight ; to enchant. 

En-rav'ish-ment, n. State of being enravished. 

En-rich', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enriched (-richt'); p. 
pr. & vb. n. ENRICHING.] 1. To make rich with any 
kind of wealth ; hence, to adorn. 2. To fertilize. 3. 
To store with knowledge ; to instruct. 

En-rich'ment, n. Act of making rich, or that which 
enriches ; decoration ; embellishment. 

En-robe', v. t. To invest or adorn with a robe. 

En-roll', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enrolled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENROLLING.] 1. To write in a roll or register; 
hence, to record ; also, reflexively, to enlist. 2. To en- 
velop ; to involve. 

En-roll'ment, n. 1. Act of enrolling. 2. That in 
which any thing is enrolled ; a register. 

En-root', v. t. To fix by the root ; to implant deep. 

En-sam'ple, n. An example. [Obs.] 

En-san'guine (-sang'gwin), v. t. To stain with blood. 

En-s-eonce',^. t. [imp. & p. p. ensconced (-skonst') ; 
/?._ pr. & vb. n. ensconcing.] To cover or shelter, as 
with a sconce or fort ; to protect; to hide securely. 

En-seal', v. t. To impress with a seal. 

En-seam', v.t. To inclose by a seam ; hence, to include. 

Ensemble (ong/som'bl), n. [Fr., from Lat. insimul, at 
the same time, from in and simul, together, at once.] 
The whole ; all the parts taken together. 

En-shrine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enshrined ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENSHRINING.] To. inclose in a shrine or chest ; 
hence, to cherish. 



En-sif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. ensifer, from ensis, sword, and 
^ferre, to bear.] Bearing or carrying a sword. 

En'si-f 6rm, a. [Lat. ensis, sword, and forma, form.} 
^ Having the shape of a sword. 

En'sign (en'sin), n. [Fr. enseigne, from Lat. insignia, 
pi. of insigne, badge, flag, from in and signum, mark, 
sign.] 1. Theflagorbannerwhichdistinguisheisa.com' 
pany of soldiers, or army, or vessel ; a badge ; hence, a 
signal, as to give notice or knowledge. 2. A commis- 
sioned officer, who formerly carried the ensign or flag of 
a company or regiment. 

£n'sign-cy ) (en'sin-), n. The rank or office of an 

En'sign-ship j ensign. 

En-slave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enslaved ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. enslaving.] To reduce to slavery or bondage. 

En-slave'ment, n. Act of reducing to slavery, or state 
of being enslaved ; slavery ; bondage ; servitude. 

En-slav'er, n. One who enslaves. 

En-snare', v. t. See Insnare . 

En-sphere', v. t. 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To form 
into a sphere or orb. 

En-stamp', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enstamped ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. enstamping.] To impress as with a stamp ; to 
impress deeply. 

En-sue', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENSUED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENSUING.] [Norm. Fr. ensuer, from Lat. insequi, to 
follow.] To follow ; to pursue. 

En-sue', v. i. To follow or come after ; to succeed. 

En-sure' (en-shur'), v. t. See Insure. 

En-t&b'la-ture (53), n. [0. Fr. ; L. Lat. intabulamen- 
tum, from Lat. in and tabula, board, table.] (Arch.) 
That part of an order which is over the columns, includ- 
ing the architrave, frieze, and cornice. 

En-tail', n. [Fr. entaille, from entaitler, to cut away, fr. 
pref. en and tailler, to cut. See Tail.] That which is 
entailed; hence, (Law.) (a.) An estate or fee entailed, 
or limited in descent to a particular heir or heirs, (b.) 
The rule by which the descent is fixed or settled. 

En-tail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entailed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENTAILING.] To settle or fix inalienably on a person 
or thing, or on a person and his descendants. 

En-tail'ment, n. 1. The act of entailing. 2. The 
condition of being entailed. 

En-tari'gle (en-tang'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENTAN- 
GLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENTANGLING.] 1. To twist or 
interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separ- 
ated. 2. To involve in complications. 3. To perplex; 
to embarrass ; to puzzle ; to bewilder. 

En-tan'gle-ment (-tang'gl-), n. The state of being 
entangled ; intricacy ; perplexity. 

En-tel'e-ehy, n. [Gr. evreAe'xta, an actuality, probably 
from ev Te'Aei e\eiv, to be complete, from ev, in, tc'Aos, 
completion, end, and e'xeiv, to have or hold.] (Peripa- 
tetic Philos.) An object completely actualized, in distinc- 

^ tion from mere potential existence. 

En'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. entered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENTERING.] [Fr. entrer, Lat. intrare, from intro, in- 
ward, contr. fr. intero, (sc. loco), from inter, in between, 
between.] 1. To come or go into ; to penetrate. 2. To 
unite in; to join. 3. To engage in. 4. To attain; to 
reach ; to begin. 5. To cause to enter ; to insert. 6. 
To inscribe; to record. 7. (Law.) (a.) To go into or 
upon lands, and take actual possession of them, (b.) To 

^ place in regular form before the court, usually in writing. 

En-ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in; also, to begin. 2. 
To get within ; to penetrate ; to form or constitute a part. 

_3. To penetrate deeply or profoundly. 

En'ter-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. Zvrepov, intestine, and tojuij, 
a cutting, from refj-veiv, to cut.] 1. (Anat.) Dissection 
of the intestines. 2. (Surg.) Incision of the intestines 
in reducing certain cases of hernia. 

£ii'ter-prl§e, n. [Fr. entreprise, from entreprendre , to 
undertake, from entre, between, and prendre, to take. 
See Emprise.] 1. That which is undertaken ; a bold 
attempt ; an adventure ; an undertaking. 2. Willing- 
ness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires bold- 
ness, promptness, energy, &c. 

fin'ter-prige, v. t. To undertake ; to venture upon. 

En'ter-pris/ing, a. Bold or forward to undertake. 

En'ter-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entertained ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ENTERTAINING.] [Fr. entretenir, fr. entre, 
between, (Lat. inter), and tenir, to hold, (Lat. tenere).] 
1. To maintain ; to support. 2. To show hospitality 
to ; to receive as host. 3. To engage agreeably the at- 
tention of ; to divert. 4. To receive and take into con- 
sideration. 5. To harbor; to cherish. 
Syn.— To amuse; divert; maintain. See Amuse. 

En'ter-tain', v. i. To receive guests. 



&c. 



long ; a, 6, Ike, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



ENTERTAINER 



249 



ENUNCIATORY 



Jiln'ter-tain'er, n. One who entertains. 
En'ter-tain'ing, a. Affording entertainment; pl« 

ing ; amusing ; diverting. 
En'ter-iain'ment, n. 1. Act of receiving as host, or 
of amusing, admitting, or cherishing. 2. That which 
entertains, or with which one is entertained ; especially, 
a hospitable repast ; a feast. 

Syn.— Amusement; diversion; recreation; pastime; sport; 
reception; admission; banquet; repast; carousal. 

En-thrall', v. t. See Inthrall. 

En-throne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enthroned; p. pr. 
& vb. n. enthroning.] 1. To place on a throne ; 
hence, to invest with sovereign authority. 2. (Eccl.) To 
induct or install, as a bishop, into the powers and privi- 
leges of a vacant see. 

En-throne'ment, n. The act of enthroning, or the 
state of being enthroned. 

En-thu'§I-a§m,n. [Gr. evOovo-taaiAos, from evOovo-tageiv , 
to be inspired or possessed by the god, from eV0eos, con- 
tracted evOovs, inspired, from ev, in, and 0e6s, god.] An 
ardent zeal in respect to some object or pursuit ; — now 
used chiefly in a good sense, or at least to indicate only 
some excess of zeal and confidence. 

Syn. — Fanaticism. — Enthusiasm was formerly used for 
heat of imagination, especially in religion ; but this sense is 
now more commonly confined to fanaticism, which denotes 
wild and extravagant notions on this subject, often leading to 
the most dangerous delusions. Fanaticism is also sometimes 
extended to other subjects besides religion. 

En-thu'§i-ast, n. [Gr. ei/fiovcnao-TTjs, from evOovcnd- 
£eiv.] One who is moved or actuated by enthusiasm. 
Syn. — Visionary ; fanatic; devotee; zealot. 

En-tliu / §i-ast'i-e, ) a. Filled with enthusiasm ; zeal- 

Eii-tliu/§i-ast'le-al, J ous in the pursuit of an object. 

En-thu'gi-ast'ic-al-ly, adv. With enthusiasm. 

En'thy-meme, n. [Gr. eu9v/j.rifj.a, from iv6vfjLelcr6a.i, to 
keep in mind, to consider, from ev, in, and 6v/ji6s, mind, 
soul.] (Rhet.) An argument consisting of only two 
propositions, an antecedent and a consequent deduced 
from it. 

En-tlce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENTICED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENTICING-.] [0. Fr. enticer, enticier, enticker, from pref. 
en, and 0. H. Ger. stechan, stechon, to prick, goad, A.- 
S. stecan, to prick, stick, sticjan, to transfix.] To draw 
on, or instigate, by exciting hope or desire; especially, in 
a bad sense, to lead astray ; to tempt. 

Syn.— To allure; coax; decoy; seduce ; inveigle ; persuade ; 
prevail on. See Alluke. 

En-tice'ment, n. 1. Act or practice of enticing. 2. 
That which incites to evil ; alluring object. 

Syn.— Allurement; attraction; temptation; seduction; in- 
veiglement; persuasion; inducement. 

En-ti'cer, n. One who entices, or incites to evil. 

En-tire', a. [Fr. entier, from Lat. integer, from in, neg- 
ative, and tangere, root, tag, to touch.] 1. Complete in 
all parts ; full and perfect. 2. Whole ; not participated 
with others. 3. Full ; comprising all requisites in itself. 
4. Without mixture or alloy of any thing. 5. Without 
irregularity or defect. 6. (Bot.) Consisting of a single 
piece, as a corolla. 

Syn.— Complete; unbroken; full. See Complete. 

En-tire'ly, adv. In an entire manner: wholly; com- 
pletely ; fully. 

En-tire'ness, n. State or condition of being entire; 
completeness ; fullness ; totality ; entirety. 

En-tire'ty, n. State of being entire or whole; com- 
pleteness ; integrity ; entireness. 

En-tl'tle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ENTITLED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENTITLING.] [Norm. Fr. entitler 0. Fr. entituler, 
now mtituler, L. Lat. intitulare, from in, in, and titulus, 
title.] 1. To give a title to; hence, to dignify by an 
honorary designation; to denominate; to call. 2. To 
give a claim to ; hence, to furnish grounds for seeking. 
Syn. — To name; designate; style; characterize. 

Eii'ti-ty, n. [L. Lat. entitas, from ens, entis thing.] 
A real being, whether in thought or in fact; being; 
essence; existence. 

En-tomb' (en-to-om/), v. t. {imp. & p. p. entombed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. entombing.] To deposit in a tomb ; to 

^bury; to inter ; to inhume. 

Ento-mo-log'ic-al, a. Pertaining to the science of 
entomology. ^ [tomology. 

S n to-mol'o-^Ist, n. One versed in the science of en- 
En to-mol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. ev70fj.ov (sc. fwov, ani- 
mal), insect, and Aoyog, discourse.] That part of zoology 
which treats of insects. 



En'to-mos'tra-can, n. [Gr. eVroju-os, cut in, and b<r- 

rpaKov, burnt clay, the hard shell of testacea.] (Zobl.) 
A crustacean of inferior grade. See CRUSTACEAN. 

En'trailg, n. pi. [Fr. entrailles, as if from a Lat. word, 
intralia, from intra, within. Cf. Lat. mteraneum, pi. 
interanea, an intestine, from interaneus, inward, inter- 
ior.] 1. The bowels; the guts; viscera. 2. The in- 
eternal parts, as of the earth. 

En'trance, n. [See Enter.] 1. Act of entering or 
going into ; hence, the act of taking possession, as of 
property, or of office. 2. Permission or power to enter. 
3. The door or passage, by which a place may be en- 
tered. 4. Act of beginning, or that with which the 
beginning is made ; commencement; initiation. 5. The 
causing to be entered, as a ship, or goods at a custom- 
house, of a name upon a register. 

En-trance', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entranced (108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ENTRANCING.] [Prefix en and trance, 
q. v.] 1. To put into a trance ; to make insensible to 
present objects. 2. To ravish with delight or wonder ; 
to enrapture. 

En- trap', v. t. [imp. & p.p. ENTRAPPED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ENTRAPPING.] To catch as in a trap ; to insnare. 

En-treat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entreated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENTREATING.] 1. To treat ; to deal with ; to 
use or manage. 2. To treat with ; hence, to ask earn- 
estly ; to supplicate ; to importune. 

Syn. — To beseech; beg: solicit; crave; implore. 

En-treat'y , n. The act of entreating or beseeching. 

Syn. — Solicitation ; request ; suit ; supplication ; importu- 
nity; petition. 

Entree (ong'tra'), n. [Fr., from entrer, to enter, q. v.] 
1. Entry ; hence, permission or right to enter. 2. A 
course of dishes, the first that is placed upon the table. 

Entremets (ong'tr-ma'), n. [Fr., from entre, between, 
and mets, a dish, a mess, q. v.] A small plate, or dainty 
dish, set on between the principal dishes at table. 

Ent repot (ong'tr-pS'), n. [Fr., from Lat. interpositum, 
from interponere, to interpose, from inter, equiv. to Fr. 
entre, between, and ponere, positum, to put.] A ware- 
house or magazine for the deposit of goods ; a bonded 
warehouse ; a free port. 

En-trust', v. t. See Intrust. 

En'try, n. [Fr. entree. See Entree and Enter.] 1. 
Act of entering ; entrance ; ingress ; hence, beginnings 
or first attempts. 2. Act of making or entering a record. 
3. That by which entrance is made ; a passage ; a ves- 
tibule. 4. (Com.) The exhibition or depositing of a 
ship's papers at the custom-house, to procure license to 
land goods. 5. (Law.) The actual taking possession 
of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on the 
same ; also, a putting upon record in proper form and 
order. 

En-twine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entwined; p. pr. & 
vb. 11. entwining.] To twine ; to twist together. 

En-twist', v. t. [imp. & p.p. entwisted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ENTWISTING.] To twist or wreathe around. 

E-nii'<;le-ate, v. t. [imp. Ik, p.p. enucleated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ENUCLEATING.] [Lat. enucleare, enucleatum, 
from e, out, and nucleus, kernel.] To bring out, as a 
kernel from its enveloping husks ; to make manifest ; to 
clear ; to explain. [fest. 

E-nu/<:le-a'tion, n. Act of enucleating, or making mani- 

E-nu'mer-ate , v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. enumerated;^. 
pr. & vb. n. ENUMERATING.] [Lat. enumerare, emr 
meratum, from e, out, forth, and numerare, to count, 
from numerus, number.] To count; to number; to 
reckon ; to compute ; hence, to recount ; to recapitulate. 

E-nti/mer-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of enumerating. 2. A 
detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. 
3. (Rhet.) A recapitulation in the peroration of the 
heads of an argument. [by one. 

E-nii'merj;a-trve , n. Counting, or reckoning up, one 

E-niin'ci-ate (e-nun/shi-at,95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
enunciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENUNCIATING.] [Lat. 
enunciare, enunciatum, from e, out, and nuncius, mes- 
senger.] 1. To announce ; to proclaim ; to declare. 2. 
To make distinctly audible ; to utter ; to pronounce. 

E-nun'ci-ate, v. i. To utter words or syllables. 

E-niin'ci-a'tion (e-nun'shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of 
enunciating, announcing or proclaiming. 2. Mode of 
utterance or pronunciation, especially as regards full- 
ness and distinctness of articulation. 3. That which is 
enunciated or announced ; announcement ; declaration. 

E-ntin'ci-a-tive (-shi-a-), a. Pertaining to enunciation. 

E-nuLn'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), a. Pertaining to enuncia- 
tion or utterance. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



ENVEIGLE 



250 



EPIGASTRIC 



En-vei'gle (-ve'gl), v. t. To entice. See INVEIGLE. 

En-vel'op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enveloped ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ENVELOPING.] [Fr. envelopper, 0. Fr. envoluper, 
from en and voluper, voleper. See Develop.] 1. To 
surround as a covering ; to surround. 2. To wrap up ; 

w to inclose within a case, wrapper, or the like. 

En'vel-ope, In. 1. That which envelops ; a wrapper; 

En-vel'op, j especially, the wrapper of a document, 
as of a letter, 2. (Fort.) A mound of earth, raised to 
cover some weak part of the works. 

ggf=- This word, in the orthography envelope, often has a 
semi-French pronunciation, ong/ve-lop', or ong've-lop/. 

En-vel'op-ment, n. 1. Act of enveloping ; an inclos- 
ing or covering ou all sides. 2. That which envelops. 

En-ven'om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. envenomed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. envenoming.] 1. To taint or impregnate 
with venom, or any substance noxious to life ; to poison. 
2. To taint with bitterness or malice. 

En'vi-a-lble, a. [See Envy.] Fitted to excite envy. 

En'vi-er, n. One who envies ; an envious person. 

En'vi-oiS.!?, a. [Fr. envieux, Lat. invidiosus, from in- 
vidia, envy, q. v.] Feeling or harboring envy ; exhibit- 
ing envy ; affected or directed by, envy. 

En'vi-oiis-ly, adv. In an envious manner. 

En-vi'ron (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. environed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. ENVIRONING.] [Fr. environner, from environ, 
about, thereabout, from viron, circle, circuit, from 0. 
Low Lat. virare, to turn up and down, topsy-turvy , prob. 
from a lost Celtic root bir, vir.] 1. To surround ; to en- 
compass ; to encircle. 2. To involve ; to envelop. 

En-vi'ron-ment, n. 1. Act of environing; state of 
being environed.^ 2. That which environs. 

Eii-vi'ron§, or En'vi-ron§, 7i.pl. Places which sur- 

o round another place, or he in its neighborhood. 

En'voy, n. [Fr. envoye, envoy, from envoyer, to send, 
from en, in, and voie, Lat. via, way.] One despatched 
upon an errand or mission ; especially, a person deputed 
to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with 
a foreign prince or government, and distinguished from 
an embassador or permanent resident at a foreign court. 

En'vy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. envied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ENVYING.] [See infra.] 1. To regard with discontent 
and malevolent longing. 2. To be filled with emulation 

w at sight of. 3. To desire strongly; to covet. 

En'vy, v. i. To be filled with envious feelings. 

En'vy, n. [Fr. envie, Lat. invidia, from invidus, envi- 
ous, from invidere, to look askance at, to look with en- 
mity, from in, against, and videre, to see.] 1. Pain, 
uneasiness, mortification, or discontent excited by the 
sight of another's superiority or success. 2. Unwilling- 
ness to be excelled ; emulation. 3. An object of envious 
notice or feeling. 

En-wrap', (en-rap/), v. t. See INWRAP. 

E'o-cene, a. [Gr. -qok, day-break, dawn, and Kaivos, 
new, recent.] ( Geol. ) Pertaining to the earliest part of 
the tertiary period, and alluding to the approximation 
in its life to that of the present era. 

E-o'li-an, ) a. 1. Pertaining to iEolia or iEolis, in Asia 

E-ol'i-e, J Minor. 2. Pertaining to iEolus, the god of 
the winds ; and hence to the wind. 

E-ol're, n. The dialect of Greek spoken in ancient 
_iEolia ; the music or verse of the JEolians. 

E'on, n. See ^on. 

E'paet, n. [From Gr. e7raxTos, brought on or in, added, 
fr. endysLv, to bring on or in, fr. eni and ayeiv, to bring 
or lead to.] The moon's age at the end of the year; 

_ the excess of the solar year or month beyond the lunar. 

Ep'areh, n. [Gr. eTrapxos, from hri and ap\r), supreme 
power, dominion.] The governor or prefect of a prov- 
ince, or of a subdivision of a country. 

Ep'ar-eh-y, n. A province or territory, under an eparch. 

E-paule'ment, n. [Fr., from epaider, to support with 
the shoulders, protect by the shoulder of a bastion, from 
epaide, shoulder, from Lat. spathula, dim. of spatha, Gr. 
<TTra.Gr!, the broad ribs, the shoulder-plate.] (Fort.) A 
side-work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled with 
__ earth, or with earth heaped up. 

Ep'an-let/, ) n. [Fr. epaulette, from epaule, shoul- 

Ep'au-lette', j der. See supra.] (Mil.) A badge 
worn on the shoulder by military and naval officers. 

M -pen' 'thesis, n. ; pi. E-pen'the-ses. [Gr. eireV- 
0ecri5, from eTrevTifleVai, to insert, from en-i^and evTifleVcu, 
to put in, fr. lv, in, and Ti0eW, to put or set.] ( Gram.) 
Insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word. 

Ej)erffne (a-parn'), n. [Fr., economy, from epargner, to 
save, Ger. sparen, A.-S. spartan, Eng. spare.] An orna- 
mental stand for a large dish in the center of a table. 

Ep-ex'e-ge'sis, n. [Gr. eTrefryeZvOai, to recount, ex- 



plain in detail, from hri and e^yeio-flai, to lead, point 

_out. See Exegesis.] Exegesis; interpretation. 

E'pha, | n. [Heb. ephah, perh. a baking, fr. aphah, to 

E'phah, j bake, but more prob. fr. Copt, epi, measure 
dp, dpi, to count; Copt. 'Gipi, Late Gr. ol<j>i, oi$ei.] A 
Hebrew measure, equal to one bushel and tour ninths. 

JE-phem'e-rd, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. e^r^epos, daily, 
lasting but a day, from hri and Vjp.e'pa., day.] 1. (Med.) 
A fever of one day's continuance only. 2. (En torn.) 
The day-fly, or May-fly, a genus of insects ; strictly, a 
fly that fives one day only ; but the word is applied also 
to insects that are very short-lived. 

E-phem'e-ral, n. Any thing which lasts but a day, or 
a very short time. 

E-phem'e-ral, ) a. 1. Beginning and ending in 

E-phem'e-ri-e (123), \ a day ; diurnal. 2. Existing 

E-pliem'e-roiis, ) for a short time only. 

E-plieni'e-ris, n. ; pi. eph'e-mer'i-de^. [Gr. 
e^p-epts, from e^yj/aepos.] 1. A journal ; a diary. 2. 
(Astron.) (a.) An astronomical almanac, (b.) Any tabu- 
lar statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, 
w as a planet or comet, on several successive days. 

Eph'od, n. [Heb. cphdd, from aphad, to put on.] (Jew. 
^Antiq.) A kind of girdle worn by the Jewish priests. 

Ep'i-e, a. [Gr. erri/cos, from eVos, word, speech, tale, 
song.] Containing narration ; — commonly designating 
w an heroic poem. 

Ep'i-e, n. An epic or heroic poem. 

Ep'i-cene, a. or n. [Gr. hrUoivos, from hri, and koivos, 
common.] Common to both sexes ; — a term applied, in 
grammar, to such nouns as have but one form of gen- 
^ der for both sexes ; as, /SoOs, bos, for the ox and cow. 

Ep'i-enre, n. A follower of Epicurus, a Greek philoso- 
pher who assumed pleasure to be the highest good ; 
hence, one addicted to sensual enjoyments. 
Syn. — Voluptuary; sensualist; Epicurean. 

Ep'i-eu/re-an, or Ep'i-en-re'an (124), a. 1„ Per- 
taining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. 2, 
^ Given to luxury ; luxurious. 

Ep^-eu/re-an, or Ep'i-cu-re'an (124), n. 1. A fol- 
lower or disciple of Epicurus. 2. One given to the lux- 

w uries of the table. 

Ep'i-eu're-an-igm, n. Attachment to the doctrines of 
Epicurus ; the principles or belief of Epicurus. 

Ep'i-eu'riim, n. 1. The doctrines of Epicurus. 2. 
Sensual enjoyments ; voluptuousness. 

Ep'i-cy / -ele, n. [Gr. en-iKUKAos, from hri and kvkXos, 
circle.] ( Ttolemaic Astron. ) A circle, whose center moves 

w round in the circumference of a greater circle. 

Ep'i-cy'-eloid, n. [Gr. IttLkvk- 
Aos and elSos, form. See supra.] 
(Geom.) A curve generated 
by a point in the circumfer- 
ence of a movable circle, which 
rolls on the inside or outside 
of the circumference of a fixed 
circle, as by the point oord 

^ in the circle A or A' 

Ep'i-cy-eloid'al, a. Pertain- 
ing to the epicycloid, or having 
its properties. 

Epicycloidal wheel, a contriv- 
ance for securing parallel mo- 




tion in converting reciprocating 
motion into circular. 



Epicycloid. 



Ep'i-dem'i-e, ) a. [Gr. eTrio^jucs, among the people, 

Ep / i-dem'i-e-al, ) from Ittl and 6rj/u.os, people.] 1. 
Common to, or affecting, a whole people or community. 

^ 2. Generally prevailing. 

Ep'i-dem'i-e , n. (Med.) A disease which, arising from 
a wide-spread cause, affects numbers of persons at the 
w same time. 

Ep'i-der'tnis, n. [Gr. e7n.Sepp.ts, from em' and Se'pju.a, 
skin.] 1. (Anat.) The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body ; 
the outer layer of the skin of animals. 2. (Bot.) The 

w external layer of the bark of a plant. 

Ep'i-dote, n. [From Gr. emSiSovai, to give besides, 
from em' and SiSovai., to give ; so named from the en- 
largement of the base of the primary, in some of the 
secondary forms.] (Mm.) A mineral of a greenish or 
grayish color, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, and 
oxide of iron, or manganese. It is quite hard, and is 
vitreous in luster. 

£p / i-gas'tri-e, a. [Gr. erriyacrTpio?, belonging to the 
stomach or belly, from em' and yaa-rrjp, belly.] (Anat.) 
Pertaining to the upper and anterior part of the ab- 
domen. 



,&,c.,long; a,e,&c,s/io7t, care, far, ask, all, what ; ere veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



EPIGLOTTIS 



251 



EQUATION 



Ep'i-glSt'tiS, n. [Gr. e7riyAa>TTi?, from kni and yXHirra, 
yAoxrcra, tongue.] (Anat.) A leaf-shaped cartilage, whose 
use is to prevent food or drink from entering the larynx 
and obstructing the breath while eating. 

Ep'i-gram,w. [Gr. enCypap.fj.a, from einyp&<)>eiv, to write 
upon, from ewC and ypd<pecv, to write.] A short poem 
treating only of one thing, and ending with some lively, 
ingenious, and natural thought. 

£p'i-gram-mat'i€, 1 a. 1. Writing epigrams; 

Ep'i-gram-mat'ic-al, ) dealing in epigrams. 2. 
Belonging to epigrams ; like an epigram ; concise ; point- 
ed; poignant. 

Ep'i-gram-mat'ie-al-ly, adv. In the way of epi- 
__ gram ; in an epigrammatic style. 

Ep'i-gram'ma-tlst, n. One who composes epigrams. 

Epi-gram'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. epigkam- 
MATIZED; p. pr. & vb. n. EPIGRAMMATIZ1NG.] To 
represent by epigrams ; to express by epigrams. 

Ep'i-graph, n. [Gr. k-rrLypafyri, from eniypdcfreLv , to write 
upon, from em and ypa^etv, to write.] 1. An inscrip- 
tion on a building denoting its use. 2. A motto. 

Ep'i-lep'sy, n. [Gr. eiriArji/zta, from emkaiApdveiv, to 
seize, attack, from eni and kajx^dve'.v, to take.] {Med.) 
The falling sickness ; a disease of the brain attended by 
^paroxysms and loss of consciousness. 

Ep'i-lep'tie, a. Pertaining to or affected with, epilepsy ; 
^ consisting of epilepsy. [of an epilogue. 

Ep'i-lo-gis'tle , a. Pertaining to epilogue ; of the nature 

Ep'i-logue (ep'i-log), n. [Gr. knikoyos, conclusion, from 
etrlkeyeiv , to say in addition, from kiri and keyetv, to say.] 
1. A speech or short poem addressed to the spectators by 
one of the actors, after the conclusion of a play. 2. 
(Rliet.) The closing part of a discourse. 

E-piph'a-ny, n. [Gr. enupdvia (sc. lepd), em^dveLa, ap- 
pearance, from e-m^atveiv, to show forth (passive and 
middle), to appear, from eTuand 4>aiveiv, to show forth.] 
1. An appearance, or a becoming manifest. 2. (Eccl.) 
A church festival celebrated on the sixth day of January, 
in commemoration of the appearance of our Savior to 
the wise men, who came to adore him with presents. 

E-pis'«o-pa-cy, n. [Lat. episcopatus, from episcopus, 
Gr. eirca-Kowo';, overseer, bishop. See Bishop.] Govern- 
ment of the church by bishops, or by three distinct orders 
of ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons. 

E-pIs'-eo-pal, a. 1. Governed by bishops. 2. Belong- 
ing to. or vested in, bishops or prelates. [copal. 

E-pis'-eo-pa/li-an, a. Pertaining to episcopacy ; epis- 

E-pis^eo-pa'li-an, n. One who adheres to the episcopal 
form of church government ; a churchman. 

E-pis'^o-pa'li-an-ism, n. Episcopacy. 

E-pis'eo-pal-ly, adv. In an episcopal manner. 

E-pis'-eo-pate (44), n. 1. A bishopric; the office and 

w dignity of a bishop. 2. The collective body of bishops. 

Ep'i-sode, n. [Gr. eneCaoSos, from iwC and eio-oSos, a 
coming in, entrance.] (Rhet.) An incidental narrative, 

w or digression, naturally arising from the main subject. 

Ep'i-sod'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, or contained in, an 

Ep'i-sod'ie-al, ) episode. 

E-pis'tle (e-pls'l), n. [Lat. epistola, fr. Gr. 67n.a~roA.17, fr. 
eTTMTTekkeiv, to send to, fr. e-rrC and o-Te'AAetv, to dispatch, 
send.] A writing directed or sent to a person ; a letter. 

E-pis'to-la-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters; 
suitable to correspondence. 2. Contained in letters. 

E-pls'tro-phe, n. [Gr. , from kTriarpi^eiv, to return, from 
eirC and crTpecfreiv, to twist, turn.] (Rhet.) A figure in 
which several successive clauses or sentences end with the 

^ same word or affirmation. 

Ep'i-taph, n. [Lat. epitaphium, Gr. lirna.$iov, from e-rri 
and t&<I>os, tomb.] An inscription on a monument, in 

^ honor or in memory of the dead. [an epitaph. 

Ep'i-taph'ie, a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, 

JEp'i-tJia-ld,' mi-iim,, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ent.6akdfjuov (sc. 
^.e'Aos), from e7ri0aAduuos , nuptial, from inC and 0aAa.ju.os, 

w bride-chamber, bridal bed, marriage.] A nuptial song. 

Ep'i-thet, n. [Gr. eiriQerov, fr. eirideros, added, fr. e-m- 
TiOevai, to add, fr. e-rrC, on, and Ti.6evat, to lay or put.] An 
adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation, 
properly or specially appropriate to a person or thing. 

Syn.— Title; appellation. — The name epithet was formerly 
extended to nouns which give a title or describe character (as liar 
&c), but is now confined wholly to adjectives. Some rhetorical 
writers restrict it still further ,Jconsidering the term epithet as be- 
longing only to a limited class of adjectives, viz., those which 
add nothing to the sense of their noun, but simply hold forth 
some quality necessarily implied therein, as, the brigh t sun, the 
lofty heavens, &c. But this restriction is not sanctioned by 
Johnson, and it certainly does not prevail in general literature. 

Ep'i-thgt'ie, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or abound- 
ing in, epithets. 



E-pit'o-me,rc.; pi. e-p'it'o-Mes.. [Gr. lniro(x.ri, from 
eirLrefx.vet.v , to cut on the surface, from eirc and Tepweiv, to 
cut.] A brief summary. 

Syn. — Abridgment ; compendium ; compend ; abstract ; 
synopsis. See Abridgment. 

E-pit'o-mist, n. One who makes an epitome or abridg- 
ment ; an epitomizer. 

E-pit'o-mlze, v. t. [imp. & p.p. epitomized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. epitomizing.] To shorten or abridge, as a 
writing or discourse. 

E-pit'o-miz'er, n. One who abridges. 

Ep'i-zeux'is, n. [Gr. e7rt£ev£is, from e7ri£evyvwai, to 
fasten to or upon, from eni and ^evyi/wai, to join, yoke.] 
(Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated with ve- 
Jiemence or emphasis. 

Ep'i-zo'on, n. ; pi. ep'i-zo'A. [Gr. e-rrC, on, and faov, 
animal.] (Zool.) One of a class of parasitic insects or 
w worms that live upon lice, acari, &c. 

Ep'o-eh, n. [Gr. enoxn, a check, pause, stop, in the 
reckoning of time, from enixei.v, to have or hold on, to 
keep in, hold back, check, stop, from enc and e'xetv, to 
have, hold.] A fixed point of time, from which succeed- 
ing years are numbered ; a remarkable period of time. 

Syn. — Era; time; date; period; age. — Epoch denotes a 
period in the progress of events where some important occur- 
rence takes place. Thus we speak of the Christian epoch, of 
the epoch of the Reformation, &c. An era is a point from which 
chronologers reckon their dates. It is usually (but not always) 
some epoch; as, the Christian era, the Mohammedan era, &c. 
Hence, era is applied in a secondary sense to those epochs which 
become the starting-points of subsequent events, though not 
of chronology. 

Ep'ode, n. [Gr. en-wSo?, from e7rwS6;, a., singing to, sung 

or said after, from enaSeiv, to sing to, from i-nC and aSew, 

to sing.] (Poet.) (a.) The third or last part of the' ode. 

(b.) A species of lyric poem invented by Archilochus, in 

w which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one. 

Ep'o-pee', 11. [Gr. e7ri7roua, from e7ro7rotos, writing epic 
poetry, from e7ros, song, and Troietv, to make.] 1. An epic 
poem. 2. The action, or fable which makes the subjeet 
jof an epic poem. 

Ep'os, n. [Gr. eVos, speech, tale, song, fr. et7retv, root eir, 
_ to say.] An epic poem, or its fable or subject ; epopee. 

Ep'som Salt. (Med.) Sulphate of magnesia having 
cathartic qualities ; — originally prepared from the min- 

_eral waters at Epsom, England. 

E'qua-foil/i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being equa- 

_ble ; evenness or uniformity. 

E'qua-lble, a. [Lat. sequabilis, from sequare, to make 
level or equal, from sequus, even, equal.] 1. Equal and 
uniform ; continuing the same at different times. 2. 

._ Uniform in action or intensity ; not variable or changing- 

E/qua-l>ly, adv. In an equable manner ; evenly. 

E'qual, a. [Lat. ssqualis, from eequus, even, equal.] 1. 
Having the same magnitude, dimensions, value, degree, 
or the like. 2. Having competent power, abilities, or 
means; fit. 3. Not variable; equable. 4. Not unduly 
inclining to either side ; characterized by fairness. 

Syn. — Even; equable; uniform; adequate; proportionate; 
commensurate; fair; just; equitable. 

E'qual, n. One not inferior or superior to another. 

E'qual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. equaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EQUALING.] 1. To be or become equal to ; to be com- 
mensurate with. 2. To recompense fully. 3. To 
make equal or equal to ; to equalize ; hence, to compare 
or regard as equals. 

E-qual'i-ty (e-kwoPl-ty), n. 1. Condition or quality of 
being equal. 2. (Math.) Exact agreement between two 

_ expressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity. 

E^ual-i-za'tion, n. The act of equalizing, or the state 

_ of being equalized. 

E'qual-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. equalized; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EQUALIZING.] 1. To make equal. 2. To pro- 

_nounce equal ; to compare as equal. 

E'qual-ly, adv. In an equal manner or degree. 

E'qua-iilm'i-ty, n. [Lat. eequanimitas , from xquani- 
mus, from eequus, equal, and animus, mind.] Evenness 
of mind ; composure ; calmness. 

E-quate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EQUATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EQUATING.] [Lat. square, sequatum, to make level 
or equal, from asquus, level, equal.] To make equal ; to 
reduce to an average. 

E-qua'tion, n. 1. A making equal, or an equal divis- 
ion. 2. (Math.) An expression of the condition of 
equality between two algebraic quantities or sets of quan- 
tities, the sign = being placed between them. 3. (As- 
Iron.) The difference between the true and the mean place 
or other element of a celestial body. 

Equation of payments (Arith.), the process of finding the 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



EQUATOR 



252 



ERA 



mean time of payment of several sums due at different times. 
— Equation of time (Astron.), the difference between mean and 
apparent time. — Personal equation {Astron.), the difference 
between an observed result and the true, depending on per- 
sonal qualities or peculiarities in the observer. 

E-qua'tor, n. [From Lat. sequare, sequalum. See supra.] 
1. ( Geog.) A great circle on the earth's surface, every- 
where equally distant from the two poles, and dividing 
the eartn's surface into two hemispheres. 2. (Astron.) 
A great circle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the 
plane of the earth's equator. 

E'qua-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the equator. 

E'qua-to'ri-al (89), n. (Astron.) An instrument con- 
sisting of a telescope so mounted that it may he directed, 
even in the day-time, to any star or other object whose 
right ascension and declination are known. 

E-quer'ry, ) n. [Fr. ecurie, 0. Fr. escurie, escuyrie, a 

Eq'ue-ry, j stable for horses.] 1. A large stable for 
horses. 2. An officer of nobles or princes, charged with 
the care and management of their horses. 

E-qnes'tri-an, a. [Lat. equestris, equester, from eques, 
horseman, from equus, horse.] 1. Pertaining to horses 
or their management, and the art of riding. 2. Riding 
on horseback. 3. Representing a person on horseback. 
4. Performed by one who is riding on horseback. 

E-ques'tri-an, n. A horseman ; a rider. 

E-ques'tri-an-i§m, n. Performance on horseback; 

_ horsemanship. [having, equal angles. 

E/qui-an'gu-lar (-ang'gu-lar), a. Consisting of, or 

E'qui-dif'fer-ent, a. [From Lat. sequus, equal, and 
differens, different.] Having equal differences ; arith- 

_metically proportional. 

E'qui-dis'taiit, a. [Lat. xquidistans, from sequus, 
equal, and distans, distant.] Being at an equal distance 

_from the same point or thing. 

E'qui-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. sequilateralis ; sequus , equal, 

_and latus, lateris, side.] Having all the sides equal. 

E'qui-li'brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. equilibrated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EQUILIBRATING.] [Lat. sequilibrare , 
sequilibratum, from sequus, equal, and librare, to weigh, 
to poise, from libra, balance.] To balance equally two 

_ scales, sides^or ends ; to keep in equipoise. 

E'qui-li-bra'tion, n. Act of keeping the balance even, 

_or state of being equally balanced ; equipoise. 

E'qui-lib'ri-ty, n. State of being equally balanced; 

_ equilibrium ; equipoise. 

E'qui-IIb'ri-um, n. ; Lat. pi. e-qui-lib'ri-a; Eng. 
pi. e-QUI-lib'ri-ums. [Lat. .equilibrium, from sequi- 
hbris, from sequus, equal, and libra, balance.] 1. Equal- 
ity of weight or force. 2. A just poise or balance in re- 
spect to an object, so that it remains firm. 3. Equal 
balancing of the mind between motives or reasons. 
In equilibrio [Lat.], in a state of equilibrium. 

E'qui-mul'ti-ple, a. [Lat. sequus, equal, and multi- 
plex, manifold. See MULTIPLE.] Multiplied by the 

_same number or quantity. 

E qui-miil'ti-ple, n. (Arith. & Geom.) A product 
arising from the multiplication of two or more primitive 
quantities by the same number or quantity. 

E-qui'nal, ) a. [Lat. equinus, from equus, horse.] Per- 

E'quine, J taining to, or resembling, a horse. 

E'qui-no-e'tial, a. [See infra.] 1. Pertaining to the 
equinoxes. 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the 
equinoctial line or equator. 3. Pertaining to the time 
when the sun enters the equinoctial points. 

Equinoctial cohere (Astron.), the meridian passing through 
the equinoctial points. — Equinoctial points (Astron.), the two 
points where the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect each 
other; the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the 
first point of Libra. 

E'qui-no-e'tial, n. [For equinoctial line.] (Astron.) 
The celestial equator ; — so called because when the.sun 
is on it, the nights and days are of equal length in all 

_ parts of the world. 

E'qui-nox, n. [Lat. sequinoctium, from sequus, equal, 
and nox, night.] The precise time when the sun enters 
one of the equinoctial points. 

Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun enters the first 
point of Libra, being about the 23d of September.- Vernal 

Et^h t i' m 7 t h ?H e s u un enters the fe &t Point of Aries, 
being about the 21st of March. 

Equip', v. t. [imp. & p. p. equipped (e-kwipt') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EQUIPPING.] [Fr. equiper, to supply, 0. Fr. 
esquiper, to equip a ship, from esquif, boat, from 0. H. 
Ger. skif, Goth., A.-S., & Icel. skip, scip, ship.] 1. To 
supply with whatever is necessary to efficient action in 
any way ; — said especially of ships or of troops. 2. To 
dress up ; array ; decorate.. 

Eq'ui-pa4e(e-k'wl-pej,45), n. [See supra.] 1. Furni- 



ture ; especially, the furniture and supplies of a vessel, or 
the furniture of an army, a body of troops, or a single 
soldier, including whatever is necessary for efficient ser- 
vice ; equipment. 2. Ornamental furniture ; accouter- 
ments ; habiliments, 3. Attendance ; retinue. 

E-quip'ment, n. [See Equip.] 1. Act of equipping, 
or state of being equipped. 2. Any thing that is used 

_in equipping ; furniture ; equipage. 

E'qui-poige, n. [Lat. sequus, equal, and Eng. poise, q. 
v.] Equality of weight or force ; hence, equilibrium ; a 
state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are bal- 

_anced ; hence, equality. 

E/qui-pol'lence, ) n. 1. Equality of power, force, 

E'qui-pol'len-cy, j signification, or application. 2. 

_(Logic.) Equivalence between two or more propositions. 

E'qui-pol'lent, a. [Lat. sequipollens , from sequus^ 
equal, and pollens, strong, powerful, p. pr. of pollere, to 
be strong, able.] 1. Having equal force ; equivalent. 2. 

_( Logic.) Having equivalent signification and reach. 

E/qui-pou'der-aiice, \n. Equality of weight ; equi- 

E'qui-pon'der-an-cy, j poise. 

E/qui-pon'der-ant, a. Having the same weight. 

E'qui-pon'der-ate, v. i. [From Lat. sequus, equal, 

_and ponderare , to weigh.] To be equal in weight. 

E'qui-pon'der-ate, v. t. To counterbalance. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-ta-bl), a. [See Equity.] 1. Pos- 
sessing or exhibiting equity ; giving, or disposed to give, 
each his due. 2. Pertaining to the tribunal or the rule 
of equity. 

Syn. —Just ; fair ; reasonable ; right ; honest ; impartial ; 
candid ; upright. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being equitable. 

Eq'ui-ta-bly, adv. In an equitable manner. 

Eq'ui-tant (ek'wi-tant), a. [Lat. equitans, p. pr. of 
equitare, to ride, from eques, horseman, from equus, 
horse.] 1. Mounted, or sitting on, a horse. 2. (Bot.) 

w Overlapping each other ; — as leaves. 

Eq'ui-ta'tion (ek'wi-ta'shun), n. Horsemanship. 

Eq'ui-ty (ek'wl-ty), n. [Lat. sequitas, from sequus, even, 
equal.] 1. The giving, or desiring to give, to each man 
his due, according to reason, and the law of God to man ; 
— distinguished from justice in requiring a more perfect 
standard than any positive enactment or custom. 2. 
(Laiv.) (a.) An equitable claim, (b.) A system of juris- 
prudence, the object of which is to supply the deficien- 
cies of the courts of law, and render the administration 
of justice more complete. 

Syn. — Justice; impartiality; rectitude ; fairness; honesty; 
uprightness. 

E-quiv'a-lence, }n. 1. Condition of being equiva- 

E-quiv'a-len-cy, j lent. 2. Equal power or force. 

E-quiv'a-lent, a. [Lat. sequivalens, p. pr. of sequiva- 
lere, to have equal power, from sequus, equal, and valere, 
to be strong, to be worth.] 1. Equal in value, worth, 
force, power, effect, import, and the like. 2. (Geom.) 
Equal in dimensions, but not superposable. 3. (Geol.) 
Contemporaneous in origin. 

E-quiv'a-lent, n. 1. That which is equal in value, 
weight, dignity, or force. 2. ( Chem.) Atomic weight of 
a substance, or a number which expresses the proportion 
by weight in which it combines with other substances. 

E-quiv'o-eal, a. [Lat. sequivocus, from sequus, equal, 
and vox, vocis, word.] 1. Having different significations 
equally appropriate or plausible ; ambiguous ; uncertain. 
2. Capable of being ascribed to different motives. 3. 
Uncertain as to its cause or effect. 

Syn. — Ambiguous. —An expression is ambiguous when 
different parts of it can be so construed as to bring out a 
diversity of meanings. An expression is equivocal when, 
taken as a whole, it expresses a given thought with perfect 
clearness and propriety, and also another thought with equal 
propriety and clearness. The former is a mere blunder of lan- 
guage; the latter is usually intended to deceive, though it may 
occur at times from mere inadvertence. 

E-OTiw'o-eal-ly, adv. In an equivocal manner. 

E-qulv'o-eal-ness, n. A state of being equivocal. 

E-quiv'o-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. equivocated-, 
p. pr. & vb. n. EQUIVOCATING.] [Low Lat. sequivo- 
care, sequivocatum , from Lat. equivocus. See supra.] To 
use words of equivocal or doubtful signification with a 
view to mislead. 

Syn.— To prevaricate; evade; shuffle. 

E-quiVo-ea'tion, n. Ambiguity of speech. 

Syn. — Prevarication; shuffling; evasion; quibbling. 

E-quiv'o-e a/tor, n. One who equivocates. 

Eq'ui-voque, 1 n. [See EQUIVOCAL.] 1. An ambigt»- 

Eq'ui-voke, ) ous term. 2. Equivocation. 

E'ra (89), n. ; pi. E'RAg. [Late Lat. sera, Isidor. Orig. prob- 



a.,e,&,c.,long; a,e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what, ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or do, wolf. 



ERADIATE 



253 



ERYNGO 



of Sp. or Iberian origin, for in Basque era signifies time.] 
1. A fixed point of time, from which a series of years is 
reckoned. 2. A succession of years proceeding from a 
fixed point, or comprehended between two fixed points. 
Syn.— Epoch; time; date; period; age. See Epoch. 

E-ra'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. eradiated ; p. pr. & 
t>6.n. ERADIATING.] [Lat. e, out, and radius, ray, beam, 
radiare, radiatum, to beam.] To shoot forth, as rays of 
light ; to beam. 

E-ra/di-a/tion, n. Emission of light or splendor. 

E-rad'i-ea-ble, a. Capable of being eradicated. 

E-rad'i-eate, v. t. {imp. & p. p. eradicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ERADICATING-.] [Lat. eradicare, eradication, 
from e, out, and radix, root.] 1. To pull up by the roots ; 
to extirpate ; to root out. 2. To put an end to ; to de- 
stroy thoroughly. 

Syn. — To extirpate; root out; exterminate; destroy. 

E-rad'i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of plucking up by the roots ; 
extirpation. 2. State of being plucked up by the roots. 

E-rad'i-ea-tive, a. Tending or serving to eradicate. 

E-ras'a-ble, a. Capable of being erased 

E-rase', v. t. [imp. & p.p. erased (e-rasf) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ERASING-.] [Lat. eradere, erasum , from e, out, and 
r ad ere, to scrape, scratch, shave.] 1. To rub or scrape 
out ; to efface. 2. To obliterate, as ideas in the mind or 
memory. [tion. 

E-rase'ment, m. Act of erasing ; obliteration; destruc- 

E-ras ; er, n. One who, or that which, erases; hence, a 
sharp instrument used to erase writings, &c. 

E-ra§'u.re (e-ra/zhur), n. Act of erasing ; obliteration. 

Ere (ar), adv. [A.-S. ser, 0. H. Ger. er, Icel. ar, Goth. 
air.] Before; sooner than. 

Ere (ar), prep. Before in respect to time. 

E-reet', a. [Lat. erectus, p. p. of erigere, erectum. See 
infra.] 1. Upright, or in a perpendicular posture. 2. 
Raised ; uplifted. 3. Firmly established ; bold ; intellect- 
ually active and attentive. 

E-re-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. erected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ERECTING.] [Lat. erigere, erectum, from e, out, and 
regere, to lead straight.] 1. To set upright; to lift up ; 
to raise. 2. To raise, as a building. 3. To give lofti- 
ness or high tone to ; to exalt. 4. To cheer. 5. To set 
up as an assertion or consequence from premises or the 
like. 6. To set up or establish anew. 

Syn. — To elevate ; construct ; build ; institute ; establish ; 
found. 

E-re-et'er, n. One who, or that which, erects. 

E-re-et'ile, a. Capable of being erected ; susceptible of 
being erected or dilated. 

E-re-e'tion, n. 1. Act of erecting. 2. State of being 
erected. 3. Any thing erected ; a building of any kind. 

E-reet'ive, a. Setting upright ; raising. 

E-re-et/ly, adv. In an erect manner or posture. 

£re-loiig' (21), adv. Soon ; before long. 

Er'e-mlte, n. [See HERMIT.] One who lives in a wil- 
derness, or in retirement; a hermit; an ascetic ; an an- 
^choret. [Obs. or poet.] 

Er'go, adv. [Lat.] Therefore; consequently. 

Er'got (14), n. [Fr. ergot, argot, spur, a disease of cereal 
grasses.] 1. A parasitic fungus, having a spur-like form, 
of narcotic and poisonous qualities, found in some grains, 
especially rye. 2. (Far.) A protuberance behind and 
below the pastern-joint. 

Br'mine, n. [L. Lat. armelinus, 
armellina, hermeUina, and pel- 
lis Armenia, the fur of the Ar- 
menian rat, because these ani- 
mals are found in Armenia.] 1, 
( Zo'dl. ) An animal allied to the 
weasel ; an inhabitant of north- 
ern climates, in Europe and 
America. In winter, the fur is 
white, but the tip of the tail is of the most intense black 
throughout the year. 2. The fur of the ermine. .'?. 
The dignity of judges and magistrates, 
whose state robes, lined with ermine, are 
regarded as emblematic of purity. 4. 
{Her.) One of the furs used in blazonry, 
represented by small spots of the shape 
represented in the cut. 

E-rode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ERODED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. eroding.] [Lat. erodere, 
from e, out, and rodere, to gnaw.^ To eat 
into or away ; to corrode. 

E-ro'§ion, n. [Lat. erosio, from erodere. See ERODE.] 
1. Actor operation of eating away. 2. The state of being 
eaten away ; corrosion ; canker. 




Ermine (1.) 



1 • .'. • f 


M. 


11 A t> 



Ermine (4.) 



E-rot'ie, ) a. [Gr. epcui-iKos, from epos, love, the god 
E-rot'ie-al, j of love.] Pertaining to, or prompted by, 

love ; amatory. 
Er'pe-tol'o-gy, n. That part of natural history which 

_ treats of reptiles. See Herpetology. 

Err, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ERRED (Srd); p. pr. & vb. n. 
ERRING (earing).] [Lat. errare, allied to N. H. Ger. 
irren, Goth, airzjan, to lead astray, airzis, astray.] 1. 
To wander from the right way ; to wander. 2. To mis- 
take in judgment or opinion. 3. To fail morally . 

Er'rand, n. [A.-S. eerende, aerend, from ar, Goth, airus, 
messenger.] A special business intrusted to a messenger ; 

w a message ; a commission. 

Er'rant, a. [Lat. errans, p. pr. of errare. See Err.] 
1. Deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct 
path; wandering; roving; rambling. 2. Wild; extrav- 
agant ; notorious ; arrant. 

JEr-ra'td, n. pi. See Erratum. 

Er-rat'J-e, ) a. [Lat. erraticus, from errare, to wander.] 

Er-rat'i-e-at, ) 1. Roving about without a fixed desti- 
nation ; eccentric. 2. Moving; not fixed or stationary. 
3. Transported from the original resting place. 

Er-rat/le,n. ( Geol.) Any stone or material that has been 
borne away by natural agencies from its original site ; a 
bowlder. 

Er-rat'i-e-al-ly, adv. Without rule, order, or estab- 
lished method ; irregularly._ 

Er-ra'tum, n. ; pi. ER-RA'TA. [Lat., from errare, to 

^ wander.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. 

Er'rhlne (eVrin), n. [Gr. eppivov, from kv and pis, gen- 
itive ptvds, nose.] (Med.) A medicine designed to be 

^snuffed up the nose, to cause sneezing ; a sternutatory. 

Er'ring,;?. pr, & p. a. from err. See Err. 

Er-ro'lie-ous, a. [Lat. erroneus, from errare, to err.] 
1. Deviating from a right course ; not conformed to 
truth or justice. 2. Deviating from the right way. 3* 
Containing error ; liable to mislead. 

Syn. — Wandering; roving; irregular; false; mistaken. 

Er-ro'ne-ous-ly, adv. By mistake ; not rightly. 

Er-ro'ne-ous-ness, n. State of being erroneous. 

Er'ror, n. [Lat. error, from errare, to wander from the 
truth.] 1. A wandering or deviation from the right 
course or standard. 2. AVant of truth ; inaccuracy. 3. 
Violation of law or duty. 4. Departure from the ordinary 
or appointed course. 5. (Math.) The difference between 
the result of any operation and the true result. 6. ( Law. ) 
A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in mat- 
ters of law or of fact. 

Syn. — Blunder ; mistake ; perversion ; misapprehension ; 
transgression; iniquity; fault; deviation. 

Erse, n. [A modification of Irish, 0. Eng. Irishe.] The 
language of the descendants of the Gael or Celts in the 

_ Highlands of Scotland. 

firse, a. Pertaining to the ancient inhabitants of Scotland- 

Erst, adv. [A.-S. serest, serist, szrost, superlative of &r. 
See Ere.] 1. First; at first. 2. In early times ; once; 

w formerly ; long ago. 

Er'ii-bes'cence 1(52), n. Act of becoming red; red- 

Er-ii-bes'cen-cy j ness; a blushing. 

Er / u.-bes'£en.t, a. [Lat. erubescens, p. pr. of ern.bescere, 
to "grow red, from rubere, to be red, from ruber, red.] 
Red, or reddish ; blushing. 

E-rii-et', \ v. t. [Lat. eructare, eructatum, from e, out, 

E-rue'tate, J and ructare, to belch.] To eject, as wind, 
from the stomach ; to belch. 

Er'ive-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of belching wind from the 
stomach ; a belch. 2. A violent bursting forth or ejec- 
tion, as of wind or other matter from the earth. 

Er'u-dite (52), a. [Lat. eruditus, p. p. of erudire, to pol- 
ish', to instruct, fr. e, out, from, and rudis, rude.] Char- 
acterized by extensive reading or knowledge ; learned. 

Er'u-di'tion (-dish'un), n. State of being erudite or 
learned. 
Syn.— Literature; learning. See Literature. 

E-ru'gi-nous, a. [Lat. zeruginosus, from xrvgo, rust, 
from ses, any crude metal.] Partaking of copper, or the 
rust of copper ; resembling rust. 

E-riip'tion. n. [Lat. eruptio, from erumpere, eruptum, 
from e, forth, and rumpere, to break, burst.] 1. Act of 
breaking or bursting forth, as from inclosure or confine- 
ment ; that which bursts forth in a sudden or violent 
manner. 2. (Med.) (a.) The breaking out of a cuta- 
neous disease, (b.) The disease itself. 

E-riip'tive, a. 1. Breaking or bursting forth. 2. At- 
tended with eruption, or producing it. 3. ( Geol.) Pro- 
duced by eruption. 

E-ryii'go, n. [Lat. eryngium, erynge, Gr. ripvyyiov, dim. 



food, foot; urn, r^de, pull ; fell, cnaise, «all, e«Iio ; gem, get; ag ; exist; linger, link; tbJs. 



ERYSIPELAS 



254 



ESPOUSER 



of r/pvyyos.] (Bot.) A genus of plants somewhat like 
thistles in appearance. One species, called sea-holly, has 
been highly esteemed as an aphrodisiac. 

fir'y-sip'e-las, n. [Gr. epvo-iVeAag, from epvOpos, red, 
and Tre'AAa, hide, skin.] (Med.) St. Anthony's fire; a 
febrile disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation 
of the skin. 

EVy-si-pel'a-toiis, ) a. Resembling erysipelas, or par- 

Er'y-sip'e-lous, J taking of its nature. 

Es'ea-lade', n. [Fr., from L. Lat. scalare, to scale, from 
Lat. scala, ladder.] (Mil.) An attack by troops on a 
fortified place, in which ladders are used to mount a 
rampart. 

Es-eal'op (es-skohup), n. [0. Fr. escalope, D. schulp, 
shell.] 1. (Conch.) A bivalve shell, with one straight 
side, and the face is usually marked with ribs. 2. A 
regular, curving indenture in the margin of any thing. 
See Scallop and Scollop. 

Es-eal'oped (es-kohopt), a. 1. Cut or marked in the 
form of an escalop ; scolloped. 2. (Her.) Covered with 
waving lines, or with indented borders overlapping. 

Es'-ea-pade', n. [Fr. ; Sp. escapada, from escapar, to 
escape, q. v.] 1. Fling, or backward kick, of a horse. 
2. An impropriety of speech or behavior of which one 
is unconscious. 

Es-eape', v. t. [imp. & p. p. escaped (es-kapt/) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ESCAPING.] [Sp. & Pg. escapar, Fr. echapper, 
0. Fr. eschapper, escamper, probably from 0. H. Ger. 
champ/, N. H. Ger. kampf, combat, fight, hence, origi- 
nally, to escape from battle.] 1. To flee from and avoid ; 
to shun. 2. To avoid the notice of; to evade. 

Es-cape', v. i. 1. To hasten away ; to avoid danger or 
injury. 2. To be passed without harm. 

Escape', n. Act of fleeing from danger, of evading 
harm , or of avoiding notice ; deliverance from injury or 
restraint. 

Es-eape'ment, n. 1. Act of escaping; 
escape. [Rare.] 2. The contrivance in a 
time-piece which connects the wheel-work 
with the pendulum or the balance, giving 
to the latter the impulse by which it is kept 
in vibration ; — so called because it allows 
a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vi- 
bration. 

Es-earp', n. [Fr. escarpe, Sp. escarpa, It. 
Scarpa, from Fr. escarper, to cut steep, Sp. 
escarpar, to smooth by rasping, from 0. H. 
Ger. scarp, N. II. Ger. scharf, sharp, acute 
(Fort.) Any thing high and precipitous, as 
the side of the ditch next the parapet. See Scarp. 

Es~earp', v. t. [imp. & p.p. escarped; p. pr. & vb. 
n. escarping.] (Mil.) To make into, or furnish with, 
a steep slope. 

Es-earp'ment, n. A steep descent or declivity. 

Escli'a-lot' (esh'a-lot'), n. [Fr. escalotte, echalotte, It. 
scalogno, Sp. escalona, Lat. cepa Ascalonia, so called from 
its being originally brought from Ascalon, in Palestine.] 

^(Bot.) A species of small onion or garlic. 

Es'-ehar (eVk'ar), n. [Fr. escarre, Lat. eschara, Gr. 

^ecrxaprt-] (Surg.) A dry slough, crust, or scab. 

Es'-elia-rot'i-e , a. Serving or tending to form an eschar ; 

^producing a scar ; caustic. 

Es'-eha-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eVxaros, furthest, utmost, 
extreme, last, and Aoyos, discourse.] The doctrine of the 
last things, as death, judgment, &c. 

Es-cheat', n. [0. Eng. eschete, 0. Fr. eschet, a thing 
fallen to, strictly equivalent to eschoit, 3d pers. sing. p. of 
escheoir (N. Fr. echoir), to fall to, to fall to the lot of, 
from cheoir, now choir, to fall, from Lat. cadere.] 1. 
(Law.) (a.) (Feud. & Eng. Law.) The reverting of 
lands to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the ex- 
tinction of the blood of the tenant, (b.) (U. S. Law.) 
Thefalling or reverting of real property to the State, as 
original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure 
of persons legally entitled to hold the same, (r.) A writ 
to recover escheats from the person in possession. 2. 
The lands which fall to the lord or state by escheat. 3. 
That which falls to one ; a reversion. 

Es-cheat', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ESCHEATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. escheating.] (Law.) To revert, return, or be- 
comejbrfeited to the lord, the crown, or the state. 

Es-cheat/ a-ble, a. Liable to escheat. 

Es-chew', v. t. [imp. & p. p. eschewed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ESCHEWING.] [0. Eng. eschywe, eschewe, from 0. 
H. Ger. skiuhan, N. H. Ger. scheuen, to shun, avoid.] 
To flee from ; to shun ; to seek to avoid. 

Es'-eort, n. [Fr. escorte, It. scorta, a guard or guide 
from scorgere, to perceive, lead, from Lat. ex and corri- 




Escapement. 



gere, to correct, to set right.] 1. A person, or persona, 
giving attendance for the sake of affording safety ; a 
guard ; also, a person, or persons, attending as a mark 
of respect, honor, or attention. 2. Protection on a jour- 
ney or excursion. 

Es-e6rt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ESCORTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
escorting.] To attend with a view to guard and pro- 

w tect ; to accompany as safeguard. 

Es'eri-toire' (-twor'), n. [0. Fr. ; L. Lat. scriptorium, 
from Lat. scriptorius, belonging to writing, from stribere, 

_ to write.] A writing-desk, either portable or fixed. 

Es'-erow, n. [Norm. Fr. escrowe, escrover, scroll, 0. Fr. 
escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond, either from Lat. 
scrobis, ditch, grave, or from H. Ger. schraube, L. Ger. 
schruve, Eng. screw.] (Law.) A deed or bond delivered 
to a third person, to hold till some act is done or seme 
condition is performed, and which is not to take effect 

w till the condition is performed. 

Es'-eu-age, n. [Fr. escuage, ecuage, from escu, ecu, 
shield, from Lat. scutum.] (Feud. Law.) A species of 
tenure by knight service, by which a tenant was bound 

___ to follow his lord to war. 

EV-eu-la'pi-an, a. Pertaining to Esculapius, the god 

w of the healing art ; hence, medical ; medicinal ; curative. 

Es'-eu-lent, a. [Lat. escvlentus, from escare, to eat, from 
esca, food, from edere, esum, to eat.] Suitable to be used 

__ by man for food ; eatable ; edible. 

Es'-eu-Ient, n. Any thing that is eatable. 

Es-eixtcli'eon (es-kuch'un), n. [0. 
Fr. escusson, N. Fr. ecusson, fr. 0. Fr. 
escu, escut, escus, N. Fr. ecu, shield, 
Lat. scutum.] 1. (Her.) The shield; 
the field or ground on which a coat of 
arms is represented ; also, the shield of 
a family. 

E@f The two sides of an escutcheon are 
respectively designated as dexter and sin- 
ister, as in the cut, and the different parts t, . , , „ K 
or points by the following names: A, dcx- Escutcheon (Her.) 
ter chief point; B, middle chief point; C, sinister chief point; 
D, honor or collar point; E, fesse or heart point ; F, nombril 
or navel point ; G, dexter base point ; H, middle base point; I, 
sinister base point. 

2. (Naut.) That part of a vessel's stern on which her 
name is written. 3. (Carp.) A thin metal plate which 
guards or finishes the key-hole of a door. 

E-soph/a-giis, n. [Gr. otao^ayos, from oiVto, future of 
tyepeiv, to carry, and $<xyeiv, to eat.] (Anat.) The pas- 
sage through which food and drink pass to the stomach ; 

^ the gullet. [Written also cesophagus.] 

Es'o-ter'i-e, a. [Gr. eo-wTepi/cos, from eo-wTepo?, innexj, 
comparative from eo-to, e'Lau), in, within.] Designed for, 
and understood by, the specially initiated alone ; private ; 

— said of the instruction and doctrines of philosophers J 

— opposed to exoteric. 

Es-pal'ier (es-pahyer), n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. espalde,T$. 
Fr. epaule, shoulder.] 1. A row of trees trained up to 
a lattice, and forming a shelter for plants. 2. A lattice- 
work to train fruit-trees and ornamental shrubs on. 

Es-pe'cial (es-pesh^l), a. [0. Fr. especial, Lat. specialis, 
from species, a particular sort, kind, or quality.] Dis- 
tinguished among others of the same class or kind. 
Syn. — Peculiar; special; particular; principal; chief. 

Es-pe'cial-ly, adv. In an especial manner. [covery. 

Es-pi'al, n. Act of espying ; notice; observation; dis- 

Es'pi-on-age / (es'pe-on-aj' or es'pe-on-azh/), n. [Fr. 
espionnage, from espionner, to spy, espion, spy. See 

w EsPY.] Practice or employment of spies. 

Es'pla-nade', n. [Fr. ; Lat. explanare, to flatten or 
spread out, from ex, out, and planus, even, flat.] 1. 
( Fort. ) (a.) The sloping of the parapet of the covered way 
toward the country, (b.) A clear space between a citadel 
and the first houses of the town. 2. (Hort.) A grass- 
plat. 3. Any clear space used for public walks or drives. 

Es-pous/al, n. [0. Fr. espousailles, N. Fr. epousailles, 
Lat. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis, belonging to betrothal or es- 
pousal.] 1. Act of espousing or betrothing ; especially, in 
the pi., betrothal or marriage ceremony. 2. The taking 
upon one's self the care and cause of any thing ; adoption. 

Es-pou§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. espoused ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ESPOUSING.] [0. Fr. espouser, from Lat. sponsare, to 
betroth, from sponsus, bethrothed, p. p. of spondere, 
sponsum, to promise solemnly.] 1. To give as spouse; 
to affiance ; to unite by a promise of marriage or by mar- 
riage ceremony. 2. To take as spouse ; to accept in 
marriage;. to wed. 3. To take up the cause of; to 
adopt ; to embrace. 

Es-pous/er, n. One who espouses. 



i, e, &,c.,long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, Or, dft, w^U, 



ESPY 



255 



ESTRAY 




JSs-py', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ESPIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ES- 
PYING.] [0. Fr. espier, Sp. espiar, It. spiare, from 0. 
H. Ger. spehdn, N. H. Ger. spaken. See Spy.] 1. To 
catch sight of; to discern unexpectedly. 2. To inspect 
narrowly ; to examine and keep watch upon. 
Syn.— To discern; discover; find out; descry; spy. 

Es-py', v. i. To look narrowly 
to look about. 

EVqui-mau (eVki-mo), n. , 
pi. ES'QUI-MAUX (es'ki-moz). 
(Geog.) An Indian of any of 
the tribes inhabiting arctic 
America and Greenland. 

Esquimau dog, a variety of dog, 
found among the Esquimau Indi- 
ans, and used for drawing sledges, 
&c. 

Es-qulre', n. [0. Fr. escuyer, 

escuier, esquier, from escu, now Esquimau Dog. 

ecu, shield. See Escutcheon.] A shield-bearer or 
armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight ; hence, in mod- 
ern times, a title of dignity next in degree below a knight. 
G@"=In England, this title is given to the younger sons of 
noblemen, to officers of the kind's courts and of the household, 
to counselors at law, justices of the peact, sheriffs, and other 
gentlemen. In the United States, the title is given to public 
officers of all degrees, and has become a general title of respect 
in addressing letters. 

Es-qulre', v. t. [imp. & p. p. esquired ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. esquiring.] To wait on ; to attend. 

Es-say', v. t. [imp. &p.p. essayed; p. pr. & vb.n. 
essaying.] [See infra.] 1. To try ; to attempt. 2. 
To make experiment or trial of ; to assay. 

Es'say, n. [Fr. essai, from Lat. ezagium, weight, bal- 
ance.] 1. A trial; attempt; endeavor; exertion. 2. 
(Lit.) A composition shorter and less methodical than a 

w formal treatise. 3._Trial or experiment. See Assay. 

Es'say-Ist, or Es-say '1st, n. A writer of essays. 

Es'senee,n. [Lat. essentia, from esse, to be.] 1. For- 
mal or formative nature of a complex notion. 2. Con- 
stituent qualities of a thing ; — hence, materials common 
to a class contrasted with the form taken by an individ- 
ual or species. 3. A purely spiritual being. 4. The 
solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil. 
5. Perfume; odor; scent. 

Es'seiif e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. essenced (eVsenst) ; p. 
pr:&, vb. n. essencing.] To perfume ; to scent. 

Es-sene', n. [Gr. 'Eo-crrjvot and "Eo-a-cuov, lit. physicians, 
because they practiced medicine, from Chald. asaya, from 
Heb. asa, to heal.] (Jewish Hist.) One of a sect remark- 
able for their strictness and abstinence. 

Es-sen'fial, a. 1. Belonging to the essence ; really ex- 
isting. 2. Important in the highest degree. 3. Highly 
rectified ; pure ; hence, unmixed. 4. (Mus.) Necessary ; 
indispensable ; — said of tones constituting a chord, in 
distinction from ornamental or accidental tones. 5. 
(Med.) Idiopathic ; independent of any other disease. 

Essential character (Nat. Hist.), the prominent characteris- 
tics distinguishing one genus, species, &c, from another.— 
Essential od, a volatile, highly inflammable oil, to which plants 
owe their characteristic odor. 

Es-sen'tial, n. First or constituent principle. 

Es-sen'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-SP-), \ n. Quality of being es- 

Es-seii'tlal-ness, J sential ; essential part. 

Es-sen'tial-ly, adv. In an essential manner or degree ; 
in effect. 

Es-tafo'lisli, v. I. [imp. & p. p. established (es-taV- 
lisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ESTABLISHING.] [0. Fr. establir, 
Lat. stabilire, from Lat. stabilis, firm, stable, from stare, 
to stand.] 1. To make stable or firm ; to settle. 2. To 
enact or decree by authority ; to ordain. 3. To secure 
the reception of; to uphold. 4. To found ; to institute ; 
—as a colony, state, &c. 5. To set up in business ; — 
used reflexively. 

Es-tab'lish-er, n. One who establishes. 

Es^ab'lish-ment, n. 1. Act of establishing ; settle- 
ment; confirmation. 2. State of being established. 3. 
That which is established; as, (a.) A form of govern- 
ment, (b.) A permanent civil, military, or commercial 
force or organization, (c.) A style of living ; accustomed 
expense; income; salary, (d.) The place in which one 
is permanently fixed for residence or business. 

Establishment of the port (Hydrography), data, obtained by 
observation, on which the tides are computed at a given port. 

Ejs'ta-f et', | n. [Fr. estafette, from 0. H. Ger. staph, 
JtSs'ta-fette' , ) stapho, footstep, footprint, stephan, to 

step, to walk.] One of a series of couriers in relay. 
Es-tate', n. [0. Fr. estat, N. Fr. dtat, from Lat. status, 



from stare, to stand.] 1. Fixed condition of any thing 
or person ; hence, rank ; state ; position. 2. A property 
which one possesses ; especially property in land ; also, 
property of all kinds which one leaves to be divided at 
his death. 3. One of the ranks or classes of men which 
are considered as constituting the state. 4. (Law.) The 
interest which any one has in lands, tenements, or any 
other effects. 

Es-teem', v. t. [imp. & p. p. esteemed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ESTEEMING.] [Lat. sestimare, sestumare, from ses, 
brass, copper, money, with the ending tumare.] 1. To 
set a value on ; to estimate. 2. To set a high value ou ; 
to regard with respect, or affection. 

Syn. — Estimate.— "We esteem a man for his moral qualities; 
we estimate a person or thing according to our views of their 
real value. The former implies respect and attachment; the 
latter is a mere exercise of judgment or computation. Bee Ap- 
preciate. 

Es-teem', n. High value or estimation ; great regard. 

Es-tliet'i-es, n. sing. The science of the beautiful, or 
of the theory of taste. See Esthetics. 

Es'ti-ma-hie, a. [Lat. cEstimabilis. See Esteem.] 1. 
Capable of being estimated or valued. 2. Worthy of es= 

w teem or respect. 

Es'ti-ma-fole-ness, n. Quality of deserving esteem. 

fis'ti-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. estimated ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. estimating.] [Lat. cestimare, xstimatum. See 
Esteem.] To judge and form an opinion of the value 
of, without actually measuring or weighing ; to com- 
pute. 

Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate; count ; 
calculate; number.— Esteem.— Both these words imply an exer- 
cise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to 
the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, 
importance, &c. It usually involves computation or calcula- 
tion; as, to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem 
has reference to the true character or standing of a thing, to its 
intrinsic value or merits. Thus, we esteem it an honor to be 
inhabitants of a free country. When thus applied to things, 
it nearly coincides with consider, differing from the latter only 
as implying that we value the thing in question. When ap- 
plied to persons, esteem is used in a moral sense, and implies a 
mingled sentimentof respect and attachment. Thus, we esteem 
a man for his uniform integrity; we esteem a lawyer for his can- 
dor and fairness; we esteem a magistrate for his devotion to 
the public good. See Appreciate. 

Es'ti-mate (45), n. An approximate judgment or opin- 
ion as to amount, cost, and the like. 

Es'ti-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of estimating. 2. An opin- 
ion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of 
any thing, formed without using precise data. 3. Fa- 
vorable opinion; esteem. 

Syn. — Estimate ; calculation; computation; appraisement) 

^esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate. 

Es'ti-ma/tive, a. Inclined, or able, to estimate. 

Es'ti-ma'tor, n. One who estimates, or values. 

Es'ti-val, a. [Lat. aestivalis, from mstas, summer.] Per. 

_taining_to, or continuing through, the summer ; Eestival. 

Es'ti-va'tion, n. 1. Act of passing the summer. 2. 
(Bot.) Disposition of the petals within the floral germ or 
bud ; aestivation. 

Es-top', v. t. [imp. & p. p. estopped (es-topf) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ESTOPPING.] [0. Fr. estoper, estoppare, to 
hinder, from Lat. stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax, 
tow, oakum. Cf. STOP.] (Law.) To impede or bar ; to 
stop the progress of. 

Es-top'pel, n. [From estop, q. v.] (Law.) A conclusive 
admission, which can not be denied or controverted. 

Es-to'ver§, n. pi. [0. Fr. estover, estovoir, necessary, 
need, from estover, estovoir, to suit, be necessary, from 
ester, Lat. stare, to stand, or perhaps from stu'dere, to 
strive after, to apply one's self to.] (Law.) Necessaries 
or supplies ; an allowance to a person out of an estate or 
other thing for support. 

Es-trade', n. [Fr., orig. a carpet and an elevated place 
in a room, covered with a carpet, for receiving visits, from 
Lat. stratum, bed-covering, coverlet, pillow.] A level 
and slightly raised place in a room. 

Es-trange', v. t. [imp. & p. p. estranged ; p. pr. 8t 
vb. n. estranging.] [0. Fr. estranger. See STRANGE.] 
1. To make strange ; to keep at a distance. 2. To di- 
vert from its original use or possessor ; to alienate. 3. 
To alienate the affections or confidence of, 

Es-trange'ment, n. Act of estranging, or state of 

__ being estranged ; alienation ; removal. 

Es'tra-pade', n. [Fr., from Prov. Ger. strapfen, to 
draw, N. H. Ger. straff, drawn tight.] The action of a 
horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rises before, and 
at the same time kicks furiously with his hind legs. 

Es-tray', n. [See Stray.] (Law.) Any valuable ani- 
mal, not wild, found wandering from its owner ; a stray. 



food, foot •, ui*n, rude, piill ; fell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist; linger, linjk ; this. 



ESTREAT 



256 



EUDIOMETER 



Es-treat', n. [0. Fr. estrait, from Lat. extractus, ex- 
tractum, p. p. of extrahere, to draw out, from ex, out, 
and trahere, to draw.] (Laio.) A true copy, duplicate, or 
extract of an original writing or record. 

Es-treat', v . t. [imp. & p. p. estreated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. estreating.] (Eng. Law.) (a.) To extract or take 
out from the records of a court, and return to the court 
of exchequer to be prosecuted, (b.) To bring into the 
exchequer, as a fine. 

Es-trepe'ment, n. [0. Fr., from estreper, to destroy, 
damage, probably from Lat. extirpare, to pluck up by the 
stem or root.] (Law.) A destructive kind of waste, com- 
mitted by a tenant, in lands, woods, or houses. 

Est'li-a-ry (64), n. [Lat. sestuarium, from sestuare, to 
boil up, to be in violent motion.] A narrow passage, as 
the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the 
current ; an arm of the sea ; a frith. 

£tag&re (et'a-zhar'), n. [Fr., from etage, a shelf, story, 
floor, from Gr. crey?}, room, roof, from areyeiv, to cover.] 
A piece of furniture having a number of shelves, one 
above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. 

jEtat 3Iajor (a'ta' m&'zhor'). [Fr., from etat, state, po- 
sition, Lat. status, and Lat. major, greater.] (Mil.) The 
staff of an army, including all officers above the rank of 
colonel; also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, 
commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, 
physicians, signal officers, judge-advocates; also, the 

w non-commissioned assistants of the above officers. 

Etch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ETCHED (etcht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ETCHING.] [N. H. Ger. atzen, atzen, to feed, corrode, 
etch, Goth, atjan, from 0. H- Ger. ezan, Goth. itan,~Eng. 
eat, imp. ate.] To produce, as figures or designs, on met- 
al, glass, or the like, by means of lines eaten in by some 

_ strong acid. 

Etch, v. i. To practice etching. 

Eteh'ing, n. 1. Act, art, or practice of etching. 2. 
The impression taken from an etched plate. 

E-ter'nal, a. [Lat. seternalis, from seternus, for seviter- 
nus, fr. xvum, eternity, and the temporal ending ternus.] 

1. Without beginning or end of existence ; always exist- 
ing. 2. Without end of existence or duration ; ever- 
lasting ; endless ; immortal. 3. Continued without in- 
termission ; perpetual ; ceaseless. 4. Existing at all times 
without change ; immutable. 

E-ter'nal, n. That which is without beginning or end; 
especially, the Deity ; God. 

E-ter'nal-ly, adv. In an eternal manner ; without be- 
ginning or end ; perpetually. 

E-ter'ni-ty, n. [Lat. seternitas, from seternus.] 1. Con- 
dition or quality of being eternal ; duration without end. 

2. The state or condition which begins at death. 
E-ter'nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eternized ;p. pr. & 

vb. n. eternizing.] 1. To make eternal or endless; 
to perpetuate. 2. To make forever famous ; to immortalize. 

E-te'gian, a. [Lat. etesius, Gr. er^o-tos, pi. Lat. etcsias, Gr. 
erejcuai, (sc. aVe/aoi), winds, from enjcrtos, for a year, an- 
nual, from eVos, year.] ( Gr. & Rom. Lit.) Blowing at 

_ stated times of the year ; stated ; periodical ; annual. 

E'ther, n. [Lat. sether, Gr. clO-qp, from a'LOeiv, to light 
up, kindle, to burn.] 1. (Physics.) A subtle fluid or 
medium supposed to pervade all space, and to be the me- 
dium of transmission of light and heat. 2. ( Chem.) A 
very light, volatile, and inflammable fluid, produced by 
the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. 

E-the're-al (89, 124), a. 1. Pertaining to the ether, or 
to the higher regions beyond the earth, or beyond the 
atmosphere ; celestial. 2. Consisting of ether ; hence, 
exceedingly light or airy; tenuous. 3. (Chem.) Of, or 
relating to, ether. 

E-the're-al-Ize, v.t. 1. To convert into ether; to 

_ saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal or spirit-like. 

E'ther-i-za'tion, n. (Med.) (a.) Administration of 
ether by inhalation, (b.) State of the system under the 

_ influence of ether. 

E'ther-Ize, v. t. [imp. &p.p. etherized; p.pr. & 
vb. n. etherizing.] 1. To convert into ether. 2. To 
put under the influence of ether. 

Eth'ie, 1 a. [Lat. ethicus, Gr. v\Bik6<;, from r]0os, cus- 

Eth'ic-al, j torn, usage, moral nature of man.] Re- 
lating to manners or morals ; treating of the moral feel- 
ings or duties ; containing precepts of morality. 

Eth'i-e-al-ly, adv. According to ethics. 

Eth'ies, n. sing. [See supra.] The science of human 

_duty ; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science. 

E'thi-op, )n. (Geog). A native or inhabitant of 

E/thi-o'pi-an, ) Ethiopia. 

E'thi-o'pl-an, ) a. ( Geog.) Belonging, or relating, to 

E'thi-Sp'ic, j Ethiopia. 



E'thi-Sp'i-e, n. The language of Ethiopia. 

Eth'moid, \ a. [Gr. ije/uoeiSifc, like a sieve, fr. ■qfywfe 

Eth-moid'al, j sieve, and etSos, form.] (Anat.) Re^ 

_ sembling a sieve. 

Eth'ni-e, I a. [Gr. eflviKos, from e'0vos, nation, to. eOvrj, 

Eth'nic-al, j the nations, heathens, gentiles.] 1. Be- 
longing to races ; based on distinctions of race. 2. 
Heathen ; pagan ; — opposed to Jewish and Christian. 

Eth-nog'ra-pher, n. One who cultivates ethnography. 

Eth-nog'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. ZQvos, nation, and 
ypa^eiv, to_ write.] A description of the different races 
of men, with their different characteristics, manners, 
habits, &c. 

ItllSo-lSI'K-al, } a - Naming to ethnology. 

Eth-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in ethnology. 

Eth-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eBvos, nation, and Aoyos, dis- 
course, Ae'yeiv, to speak.] The science which treats of 
the division of man into races, then- origin, relations, 
and differences. 

Eth'o-log'ic, ) a. Treating of, or pertaining to, eth- 

fith'o-log'ic-al, j ics or morality. 

E-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^0os, e'0os, custom, usage, man- 
ners, morality, and Aoyos, discourse.] The science of 

_ ethics ; also the science of character. 

E'ti-o-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. etiolated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ETIOLATING.] [Fr. etioler; 0. Fr. estioler, to be- 
come slender, prob. from Ger. stiel, stalk, as it originally 
signifies to shoot up into a thin stalk.] 1. To be 
whitened or blanched by excluding the light of the sun, 
as plants. 2. (Pathology.) To become pale through dis- 

_ease or absence of light. 

E'ti-o-late, v. t. 1. To blanch ; to whiten by depriving 
of the sun's rays. 2. (Pathology.) To cause to grow 

_pale by_disease or absence of light. 

E'ti-o-la'tion, n. 1. Operation of blanching so as to 
render plants white, crisp, and tender, by excluding light 
from them. 2. (Pathology.) Paleness produced by ab- 

_sence of light or by disease. 

E'ti-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. amoAoyia, from atria, cause, and 
Aoyos, discourse.] ( Med.) That branch of medical science 
which treats of the causes of disease. 

Et^-quette' (et'i-kef), n. [Fr., prop, a label, ticket, fr. 
L. Ger. stikke, peg, pin, tack, stikken, H. Ger. stecken, to 
stick.] Observance of the proprieties of rank and occa- 
sion ; conventional decorum. 

JEUii (a'twe'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. estvi, fr. 0. H. Ger. sthcha, 
N. H. Ger. stauch, stavche, a short and narrow muff.] A 

^ladies' reticule or work-box. 

Et'y-mo-log'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to etymology. 

Et'y-mo-log'ic-al-ly, adv. According to, or by means 

_of, etymology. 

Et'y-mo-log'i-eon, n. [Gr. eTUjuoAoyiKcV. See infra.] 

w An etymological dictionary or manual. 

Et'y-mol'o-^ist, n. One versed in etymology. 

Et'y-mol'o-gize, v. t. To give the etymology of. 

Et'y-mol'o-gize, v.. i. To search into the origin of 

___ words ; to deduce words from their simple roots. 

Et'y-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ervfj-oXoyia, from erv^ov and 
Aoyos, discourse, description. See infra.] 1. That part 
of philology which explains the origin and derivation of 
words. 2. That part of grammar which relates to the 
changes in the forms of words in a language. 

Etymon, n. ; Eng. pi. et'y-mons, ; Gr. pi. Mt'y-ma. 
[Gr. e-rvfxov, true literal sense of a word, fr. eVvju.os, true, 
real, from ervos, true, real.] An original form ; primitive 
word ; root. 

Eu'cha-rlst, n. [Gr. svxo-ptcnia., thanksgiving, from e3, 
well, and x«P l s> favor, grace, thanks.] (Eccl.) The sac- 
rament of the Lord's supper ; the communion. 

Eu'-eha-rist'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to the Lord's sup- 

Eu'cha-rist'ic-al, ) per. 

Eu'chre (yu'ker), n. A game at cards, the highest card 
being the knave of the same color and suit as the trump, 
and called right bower, the lowest card played being the 
seven. See Bower. 

Eu-de'mon-I§m, n. [Gr. evSai^ovur/aos, happiness, fr. 
evSai/u-wv, happy, from ev, well, good, and 6ai/xwj/, genius.] 
That system of philosophy which derives the foundation 
of moral obligation from its relation to happiness. [Writ- 
ten also eudsemonism.] 

Eu'di-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. evSCa, fair, clear weather, from 
eSfiios, fine, clear, of air, weather, from e§ ; well, good, and 
Zevs, genitive Atos, Jupiter, Jove, as ruling in the lower 
air, and fj.erpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertain- 
ing the purity of the air, or its quantity of oxygen. 



a,e,&6.,Zongv a, e\&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil,tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 



EUDIOMETRIC 



257 



EVECTION 



Eu'di-o-met'rie, ) a. Pertaining to, performed or 

Evi'di-o-met'ric-al, j ascertained by, a eudiometer. 

Eu/di-6m'e-try, n. Art or practice of ascertaining the 
purity of the air by the eudiometer. 

Eii'lo-gist, n. One who eulogizes. 

Eii'lo-gist'ie, a. Pertaining or given to, or character- 
ized by, eulogy ; commendatory; laudatory. 

Eu-lo'gi-um, n. [L. Lat., from Gr. evkoyCa, eulogy, q. 
v.] A formal eulogy. . See Eulogy. 

Eu/lo-gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eulogized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. eulogizing.] To speak or write in commenda- 
tion of another ; to praise. 

EH/lo-gy, n. [Gr. evAoyia, from evAoyos, well speaking, 
from ei>, well, and Ae'yeiv, to speak.] A speech or writing 
in commendation of ttie character or services of a person. 

Syn.— Encomium ; panegyric— The word encomium is 
used as to both persons and things, and denotes warm praise ; 
eulogium and eulogy apply only to persons, and are more pro- 
longed and studied ; a panegyric was originally a set speech 
in a full assembly of the people, and hence denotes a more 
formal eulogy, couched in terms of warm and continuous 
praise. 

Eii'nueh (yu'nuk), n. [Gr. evvovxos, prop, guarding the 
couch, from evvr\, couch, bed, and e'xetv, to have, keep ; 
Lat. eunuchus.] A male of the human species castrated, 
often employed as a chamberlain. 

Eu'nu-eh-igm, n. The state of being a eunuch. 

Eu'pa-to'ri-um, n. [From Eupator, king of Pontus, 
who first used it as a medicine.] ( Bot. ) A genus of plants, 
including hemp, agrimony, boneset, thoroughwort or In- 
dian sage, &c. 

Eu.-pep'sy, n. [Gr. ev, well, and treivTeiv, Trio-crew, to 
cook, digest, 7re'»//t5, a cooking, digestion.] {Med.) Good 
digestion ; — opposed to dyspepsy. [digestion. 

Eii-pep'tie, a. Having good digestion, or being easy of 

Eu'phe-migm, n. [Gr. evj>t]p.io-fx6s, from ev^>t\p.iC,eiv , 
to use words of a good omen, from ev, well, and #ijju.i, 
inf. (pdvau, to speak.] A delicate word or expression used 
for one that is harsh or indelicate. 

Eii/phe-mis'tie, ) a. Pertaining to euphemism ; 

Eu/phe-mis'tic-al, j containing a euphemism. 

Eu'phe-mize , v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. euphemized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EUPHEMIZING.] To express by a euphe- 
mism, or in delicate language ; to make use of euphemis- 
tic expressions. 

Eii-phon'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, eu- 

Eu-phon'ie-al, j phony ; euphonious. 

Eu-pho'ni-ous, a. Agreeable in sound ; euphonic. 

EH/pho-nI§m, n. An agreeable sound or combination 
of sounds ; euphony. 

Eu'pho-ny, n. [Gr. evcfxuvCa, from ev, well, and <f>wvrj, 
sound, voice.] An agreeable sound; an easy, smooth 
enunciation of sounds. 

Eu'phra-sy , n. [Gr. ev<f>pacrCa, delight, from evfypaivetv, 
to delight, from ev, well, and fypriv, heart, mind.] (Bot.) 
The plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial in 
disorders of the eyes. 

Eii'phu-i§m, 11. [Gr. ev^v^s, well-grown, graceful, from 
ev, well, good, and (bvrj, growth.] (Rhet.) Affectation of 
excessive elegance and refinement of language ; — from 
Lyl/'s two performances, entitled, " Eupkues, or the 
Anatomy of \Vit," and " Euphues and his England." 

Eu/phu-Ist, n. One who affects excessive refinement 
and elegance of language. [euphuism. 

EiFphu-ist/i-e, a. Belonging to the euphuists, or to 

Eu-roe'ly-don, n. [Gr. evpo/cAvficov, from efipos, the 
south-east wind, and /cAvScov, wave, billow.] A tempest- 
uous easterly wind in the Mediterranean ; a levanter. 

Eu/ro-pe'an (124), a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Europe, or 
to its inhabitants. [of Europe. 

Eu'ro-pe'an (124), n. ( Geog. ) A native or an inhabitant 

Eu'ryth-my, n. [Gr. evpvdfxCa, from ev, well, and 
pv#iu°s> rhythm, measure, proportion, symmetry.] 1. 
(Fine Arts.) Just or harmonious proportion or move- 
ment 2. (Med.) Regularity of the pulse. 

Eu-sta'chi-an, a. (Anat.) Discovered by Eustachius, 
a learned Italian physician. 

Eustachian tube (Anat.), a slender pipe affording a passage 
for the air from a cavity in the ear to the back part of the mouth. 
— Eustachian valve (Anat.), a semilunar, membranous valve in 
the heart. 

Eu-ter'pe-an, a. Relating to Euterpe, the muse who 
presided over wind instruments ; hence, pertaining to 
music. 

Eu'tha-na'gi-a, ) n. [Gr. evOavacria, from ev, well, and 

Eu-than'a-sy, ) Odvaros, death.] An easy death ; a 
mode of dying to be desired. 

Eu-tyeh'i-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eutychius, 



who held that the divine and human natures of Christ 
formed but one nature ; a monophysite. 

E-vac'u-ant, a. [Lat. evacuans, p. pr. of evacuare.] 
Evacuative ; purgative ; cathartic. 

E-vac'u-ant, n. (Med.) A purgative or cathartic. 

E-vae'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. evacuated; p.pr.&z 
vb. n. EVACUATING.] [Lat. evacuare, evacuatum, from 
e, out, and vacuus, empty.] 1. To make empty. 2. To 
remove ; to eject ; to void ; to discharge. 3. To withdraw 
from, or desert, as a city , fort, and the like. 4. To make 
void ; to nulhfy ; to vacate. 

E-vac'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of evacuating. 2. That 
which is evacuated or discharged ; especially, a discharge 
by stool or other natural means. 

E-va-e'u-a^ive, a. Serving or tending to evacuate; 
catharticj purgative. 

E-va-e'u-a / tor, n. One who evacuates. 

E-vade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. evaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EVADING.] [Lat. evadere, from e, out, from, and vadere, 
to go, walk.] To get away from by artifice ; to elude ; to 
escape. [tempt to escape. 

E-vade', v. i. 1. To escape ; to slip away. 2. To at- 

Ev'a-ga/tion, n. [Lat. evagatio, from evagari, to wan- 
der forth, from e, out, and vagari, to wander about.] 
___ Act of wandering ; excursion. 

E v'a-nes'cence , n. Act of vanishing away; state of 
^vanishing or of being vanished. 

Ev^-nes'cent, a. [Lat. evanescens, p. pr. of evanescere, 
from e, out, and vanescere, to vanish, from vanus, empty, 
vain.] 1. Vanishing; fleeting. 2. Imperceptible. 

E-van'gel, n. [Lat. evangelium, Gr. evayyeAioy, good 
news, especially, in a Christian sense, the glad tidings, the 
gospel, from ev, well, and ay^/e'AAeiv, to bear a message, 
to bring tidings.] Good news ; specifically, the gospel. 

_[Obs. or poet. ] 

E/van-gel'i-e , ) a. [Lat. evangelicus, Gr. evayyeAi/cos. 

E'van-gel'i-e-al, j See Evangel,.] 1. Contained in, 
or relating to, the four Gospels. 2. Belonging to, con- 
sonant with, or contained in, the gospel. 3. Earnest for 
the truth taught in the gospel ; also, technically applied 

_to a party in the English and other churches. 

E'van-gel'i-e-al -ly, adv. In an evangelical manner; 

_in a manner according to the gospel. 

E'van-gel'i-cism, n. Evangelical principles. 

E-van'gel-i§m, n. The preaching or promulgation of 
the gospel. 

E-van'gel-Ist, n. 1. One of the writers of the gospel 
history. 2. A preacher authorized to preach, but not 
having charge of a particular church, and not allowed to 
administer the eucharist. 

E-van/gel-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. evangelized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EVANGELIZING.] To preach the gospel to; 
to convert to a belief of the gospel. 

E-van'ge-lize, v. i. To preach the gospel. 

E-van'isli, v. i. [See Evanescent.] To disappear ; to 
vanish. [oration. 

E-vap'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being dissipated by evap- 

E-vap'o-rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. evaporated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EVAPORATING.] [Lat. evaporare, evaporatum, 
from e, out, and vaporare, to emit steam or vapor, from 
vapor, steam or vapor.] 1. To pass off in vapor, as a 
fluid. 2. To be dissipated ; to be wasted. 

E-vap'o-rate, v. t. To dissipate in vapor or fumes. 

E-vap'o-rate (45), a. Dispersed in vapors. 

E-vap'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act or process of turning into, 
or passing off in, vapor. 2. Transformation of a por- 
tion of a fluid into vapor, to obtain the fixed matters 
contained in it in a state of greater consistence. 3. 
(Steam-Eng.) See Vaporization. [oration. 

E-vap'o-ra/tive , a. Pertaining to, or producing, evap- 

E-va'§ion,n. [See Evade.] Act of eluding or avoiding, 
particularly an accusation, charge, interrogation, &c. 

Syn. — Shift; subterfuge; shuffling; prevarication; equivo- 
cation. 

E-va'sive, a. Tending to evade, or marked by evasion; 
elusive ; shuffling. 

E-va'sIve-ly, adv. By evasion or subterfuge. 

Eve, ) n. [A.-S. efen, a/en, allied to even, 

E'ven (e'vn, 58), j level, and Goth, of, O. H. Ger. apa, 
N. H. Ger. ab, of, off, from, down, so that it orig. signi- 
fies, decline of the day.] 1. Latter part or close of the 
day ; evening. 2. The evening preceding some particu- 
lar day, as, Christmas eve is the evening before Christmas ; 
also, the period just preceding some important event. 

E-vSe'tion, n. [Lat. evectio, from evehere, to carry out, 
from e, out, and vehere, to carry.] (Astron.) (a.) An in- 
equality of the moon's motion in its orbit, (b.) The 
libration of the moon. 



food, ftfbt ; tLrn, rude, puU; cell, chaise . ff U, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; 



exist j linger, link ,* tnis* 



EVEN 



258 



EVULSION 



E'ven (e'vn), a. [A.-S. even, efen, Goth. ibns,Icel. jafn.} 
1. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; not rough ; uni- 
form in rate of motion or mode of action. 2. Equable ; 
not easily ruffled or disturbed. 3. Parallel ; on a level. 
4. Equally balanced ; adjusted; fair; equitable; — said 
of accounts, bargains, or persons indebted. 5. Not odd ; 

_ capable of division by 2 ; — said of numbers. 

E'ven (e'vn), v. t. [imp. So p. p. evened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. evening.] 1. To make even or level; to level ; to 

_ balance. 2. To balance accounts. 

E'ven (e'vn), adv. 1. In an equal or precisely similar 
manner; exactly; equally. 2. At the very time. 3. So 
much as. 4. As was not to be expected. 

E'ven- handled (e'vn-), a. Fair or impartial. 

E'ven-ing (e/vn-ing), n. [See Eve, Even.] 1. The lat- 
ter part and close of the day, and the beginning of dark- 
ness or night. 2. The latter portion, as of life ; the 
declining period. 
Evening star, Venus, when visible in the evening. 

E'ven-ly (S'vn-ly), adv. With an even, level, or smooth 

_ surface; without roughness. 

E'ven-ness (e'vn-nes, 109), n. State of being even, level, 
or undisturbed ; smoothness ; calmness. 

E-vent', n. [Lat. eventits, from evenire, from e, out, and 
venire, to come.] 1. That which falls out ; any incident, 
good or bad. 2. Consequence of any thing. 

Syn.— Incident; occurrence; adventure; issue; result; ter- 
mination ; consequence ; conclusion ; end. 

E-vent'ful, a. Full of, or distinguished for, events or 
incidents" 

E-vent'u-al, a. [See Event.] 1. Happening as a con- 
sequence or result ; consequential. 2. Final ; terminat- 
ing ; ultimate. 

E-vent'u-al'i-ty, n. (Phren.) Disposition to take cog- 
nizance of occurrences or events. [ultimately. 

E-vent 'u-al-ly, adv. In an eventual manner ; finally ; 

E-vent'u-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. eventuated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Eventuating.] To issue, as a consequence 

w or event ; to terminate. [Rare in Eng.] 

Ev'er, adv. [A.-S. a/re, afer, from av, age, eternity, 
dat. sing, ava, ace. sing, a, always, Goth, aivs, Icel. 
afi, Lat. sevum, Gr. aluv.] 1. At any time. 2. At all 
times; always; continually. 3. Without cessation or in- 
terruption ; to the end. 

Ever and anon, at one time and another. — For ever } eter- 
nally. See Fokever. — For ever and a day, everlastingly; 
eternally; forever. [Colloq.] 

rX3" This word is used for never, but very improperly. It is 
sometimes used for emphasis; and is often contracted into e'er, 

Ev'er-glade, n. A low tract of land inundated with 

__ water and interspersed with patches of high grass. 

Ev'er-green, a. Always green; verdant throughout 

_ the year. 

Ev'er-green, n. • A plant that retains its verdure 
■ through all the seasons. 

Ev'er-last'ing, a. 1. Lasting or enduring forever ; 
immortal ; eternal. 2. Continuing indefinitely. 

Syn.— Eternal. — Eternal denotes that which has neither 
beginning nor end; everlasting is sometimes used in our ver- 
sion of the Scriptures in the sense of eternal, but in modern 
usage each word has its distinctive meaning, and these ought 
not to be confounded. 

Ev'er-last'Ing, n. 1. Eternal duration, past and fu- 
ture ; eternity. 2. A woolen material for shoes, &c. [See 
Lasting.] 3. (Bot.) A plant, whose flowers dry with- 
w out losing their form or color. 

Ev'er-last'ing-ly, adv. In an everlasting manner ; 
eternally ; perpetually ; continually. 

Ev'er-liv'ing, a. 1. Living without end ; eternal. 2. 
w Continual ; incessant. 

Ev'er-more', adv. 1. During eternity ; always ; eter- 
nally. 2. For an indefinite future period. 

E-vert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. everted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EVERTING.] [Lat. evertere, from e out, and vertere, 
to turn.] 1. To overturn; to subvert; to destroy. 
^[Rare.] 2. To turn inside out. 

Ev'er-y, a. [0. Eng. everycke, everich, A.-S. a/re, ale, 
i. e., ever each. See Each.] The separate individuals 
which constitute a whole, regarded one by one. 

Every now and th en, repeatedly; at short intervals; often; 
frequently. [Colloq.] 

JEv'er-y-day, a. Used or fit for every day ; common ; 

w usual; customary. 

fiv'er-y- where, adv. In every place ; in all places. 

E-vict', v. t. [imp. & p. p. evicted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EVICTING.] [Lat. evincere, evictum, from e, out, and 
vincere, to conquer, vanquish.] (Law.) To dispossess by 
a judicial process. 



E-vi-e'tion, n. (Law.) The act of evicting or dispossessing 

by judicial process. 
Ev'i-dence, n. [See Evident.] 1. That which makes 
evident or manifest ; the ground of belief ; conclusive 
testimony. 2. One who makes evident ; a witness. 
3. (Law.) Means of proof ; — proof itself, strictly speak- 
ing, not being synonymous with evidence, but rather the 
effect or result of it. 

State's evidence, an accomplice in a crime who is admitted 
as evidence for the government. 

Ev'i-dence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. evidenced (108); 
p. pr. & vb. n. evidencing.] To render evident or 

w clear ; to prove ; to evince. 

Ev'i-dent, a. [Lat. evidens, evidentis, from e, out, and 
videns, p. pr. of videre, to see.] Clear to the vision ; 
especially, clear to the understanding. 
Syn. — Manifest ; plain ; obvious ; apparent ; notorious. 

Ev'i-den'tial, a. Relating to, or furnishing, evidence ; 

w clearly proving. 

Ev'i-dent-ly, adv. In an evident manner ; clearly. 

E'vil (e'vl), a. [A.-S. efel, yfel, or hyfel, Goth, ubils.] 1. 
Having bad natural qualities. 2. Having or exhibiting 
bad moral qualities. 3. Producing or threatening sor- 
row, distress, injury, or calamity. 
The evil one, the Devil. 

Syn.— Mischievous ; worthless; deleterious; poor; per- 
nicious ; injurious ; hurtful ; destructive ; wicked ; bad ; cor' 
rupt ; perverse ; wrong ; vicious ; calamitous. 

E'vil (e'vl), n. 1. That which produces unhappiness, oy 
causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings. 2. 
Moral badness ; disposition to do wrong. 3. A malady 
or disease ; esp. in the phrase king's-ei>?7, the scrofula. 

Syn. — Injury; mischief; harm; calamity; wickedness; 
depravity. 

E'vil (SM) adv. In an evil manner ; not well ; ill. 

E'vil-eye (e'vl-), n. A supposed power of fascinating, of 

_bewitch_ing, or injuring, by the eyes. 

E'vil- eyed (S'vl-Id), a. Possessed of the supposed evil- 

_eye ; also, looking with envy, jealousy, &c. 

E'vil-mind'ed, a. Having evil dispositions or inten- 
sions ; disposed to mischief or sin ; malicious. 

E'vil- speaking (e'vl-), n. Slander; defamation. 

E-vince', v. t. [imp. & p. p. evinced (e-vlnst') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. evincing.] [Lat. evincere, from e, out, 
and vincere, to vanquish.] To prove beyond any rea- 
sonable doubt ; to make evident. 

E-vin'ci-lble, a. Capable of being proved ; demonstrable. 

E-vin'yive, a. Tending to prove ; demonstrative. 

E-vis'cer-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eviscerated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. eviscerating.] [Lat. eviscerare, 
evisceratum, from e, out, and viscus, visceris, pi. viscera, 
the bowels.] To take out the entrails of; to embowel or 
disembowel ; to gut. 

E-vis'cer-a'tion, n. Act of eviscerating. 

Ev'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. evitabilis, from evitare, to shun, 
from e, out, and vitare, to sbun. It. evitabile.] Capa' 
ble of being shunned ; avoidable. 

E-voke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. evoked (e-vokf) ; p.pr 
& vb. n. evoking.] [Lat. evocare, from e, out, and 
vocare, to call.] 1. To call out; to summon forth. 2. 
To call away. [Rare.] 

3§v'o-lu.te, n. [From Lat. evolutus,, 
p. p. of evolvere, to unroll, from e. 
out, and volvere, to roll.] (Geom.) 
A curve from which another curve, 
called the involute, or evolvent, is 
described by the end of a thread grad- 
ually wound upon the former, or un- 
wound from it. 

Ev'o-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of unfolding or unrolling; 
hence, in the process of growth, development. 2. A 
series of things unrolled or unfolded. 3. ( Geom.) For- 
mation of an involute by unwrapping or unwinding a 
thread from another curve as an evolute. 4. (Arith. 
& Alg.) The extraction of roots. 5. (Mil. & Naval.) 
A prescribed or regular movement of a body of troops, 
or of a vessel or fleet. 6. (Physiol.) That mode of gen- 
eration in which the germ is held to pre-exist in the 
parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually 
formed, by the procreative acts. 

Ev'o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to evolution. 

E-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. EVOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EVOLVING.] [Lat. evolvere. See EVOLUTE.] 1. To 
unfold or unroll ; to develop. 2. To throw out ; to emit. 

E-volve', v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. 

E-viil'sion, n. [Lat. evulsio, from evellere, to pluck out, 




ABC, Evolute. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, isrotf , 



EWE 



259 



EXCEPT 



from e, out, and vellere, to pluck.] Act of plucking or 
pulling out or back. 

Ewe (yu), n. [A.-S. eoivu, 0. H. Ger. awi, ouwi, ou, 
Icel. &', Lith. awis, Skr. avi, nom. avis, Lat. ovis, Gr. 
Si's, 0. Gael, ai.] A female sheep. 

Ew'er (yur), w. [0. Eng. eure, 0. Fr. eviere, Norm. Fr. 
eyer, from 0. Fr. eve, aigue, Lat. aqua, water.] A pitcher 
with a wide spout. 

Ex-ac'er-bate, or Ex'a-cer'bate (117), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. EXACERBATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXACERBAT- 
ING.] [Lat. exacerbate, exacerbatum, from ex, out. and 
acerbare, to make harsh or bitter, from acerbus, harsh, 
bitter.] To render more violent or bitter ; to irritate ; to 
exasperate._ [See Note under Contemplate.] 

Ex-ay/'er-ba'tion (egz-), n. 1. Act of rendering more 
violent or bitter; the state of being exacerbated. 2. 
(Med.) A periodical increase of violence in a disease. 

Ex-aet' (egz-akt'), a. [Lat. exactus, p. p. of exigere, to 
drive out, demand, enforce, measure, from ex and agere, 
to drive.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, 
or the truth. 2. Accurate ; methodical ; punctual. 
3. Marked by habitual or constant nicety or care. 4. 
Proceeding from, or characterized by, exactness. 



ful. See 



-Accurate; correct; preeise; nice; methodical; care- 
Accukate. 



Ex-aet' (egz-akt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exacted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. exacting.] To demand or require authori- 
tatively or of right ; to extort. 

Ex-aet'er, n. One who exacts ; an extortioner. 

Ej-ae'tion, n. 1. Authoritative demand ; a driving to 
compliance; hence, extortion. 2. That which is ex- 
acted ; tribute. 

Ex-aefi-tu.de, n. Exactness. [Rare.] 

Ex-aet'ly (110), adv. In an exact manner ; precisely , 
accurately ; strictly. 

Ex-a-et'ness, n. Condition of being exact. 

E^jc-aet'or, n. One who exacts or demands by authority 
or right ; hence, an extortioner. 

Ex-ag'ger-ate (egz-aj'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ex- 
aggerated; p. pr. & vb. n. EXAGGERATING.] [Lat. 
exaggerare, exaggeratum, from prefix ex and agger are, 
to heap up.] 1. To increase or amplify ; to heighten, 
especially, to represent as greater than truth or justice 
will warrant. 2. (Paint.) To heighten in coloring or 



Ex-ag'ger-a'tion, n. 1. A representation beyond the 
truth; hyperbole. 2. (Paint.) A representation of 
things beyond natural life, in expression, beauty, vigor, 
&c. [tending to exaggerate. 

Ex-ag'ger-a-to-ry, a. Containing exaggeration, or 

Ex-alt' (egz-awhV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exalted ; p.pr. 
Sc'vb.n. EXALTRVG.] [Lat. exaltare, from prefix ex 
and altare, to make high, from altus, high.] 1. To ele- 
vate ; to lift up. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, 
or the like; to dignify. 3. To magnify; to extol; to 
glorify. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success ; to 
elate. 5. To elevate the tone of; to utter. 6. ( Chem.) 
To render pure or refined. 

Ex'al-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of exalting or raising high ; 
also, state of being exalted ; elevation. 2. (Chem.) Re- 
finement or subtilization of bodies. 

Ex-am'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being examined. 

Ex-am/i-na'tion, n. 1. The act of examining, or the 
state of being examined ; a careful search, investigation, or 
inquiry. 2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing 
qualification. 

Syn.— Search; inquiry; investigation; research ; scrutiny ; 
inquisition ; inspection. 

Ex-am'Ine (egz-am'in), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXAM- 
INED; p.pr. & vb. n. EXAMINING.] [Lat. examinare, 
from examen, a multitude issuing forth, means of exam- 
ining, examination, for exagmen, from exigere. See EX- 
ACT, a.] 1. To try and assay by the appropriate methods 
or tests. 2. To inquire into and determine ; to investi- 
gate the fact, reasons, or claims of; to consider the argu- 
ments for or the merits of. 3. To try, as an offender ; 
to test the attainments of, as a scholar ; to question, 
as a witness ; to prove by a moral standard. 

Syn. — Discuss; debate? scrutinize; explore. 

Ex-am/i-nee', n. One subjected to an examination. 

Ex-&m'i-ner, n. 1. One who examines. 2. An officer 
designated to conduct any kind of examination. 

E^-am/ple (egz-am'pl), n. [Lat. exemplum, orig., what 
is taken out of a. larger quantity, as a sample, from ex- 
imere, to take out.] 1. A portion taken to show the 
character of the whole ; a sample. 2. A pattern or copy. 



3. A warning; a caution. 4. A precedent. 5. An in- 
stance serving for illustration of a rule or precept. 

Syn. — Instance. — Any thing brought forward as an exam- 
ple must represent a class of objects; an instance may be a sin- 
gle and solitary case. A man's life may present many examples 
of virtue, with only one instance of departure from rectitude. 

Ex-an'i-mate, a. [Lat. exanimatum, p. p. of exani- 

mare, to deprive of life or spirit, from prefix ex and anima, 
breath, spirit.] 1. Destitute of life ; inanimate; dead. 
JJ. Destitute of animation ; spiritless. 

Moc'an-the'md, n. ; pi. ex'an-theWa-ta. [Lat. ; Gr. 
e£<xv(?7jjaa, from e^avOelv, to burst forth as flowers, to 
break out, from e<, e£, out, and avOeiv, bloom, blossom, 
from avOos, blossom, flower.] (Med.) An efflorescence or 
redness of the skin ; an eruption or breaking out ; — 
_ sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever. 

Ex'areh, n. [Gr. e£apxos, from £k, e£, out, and apxeiv, 
to begin, lead, rule.] A chief or leader ; hence, a viceroy ; 
a superior bishop ; and more recently, an inspector of the 
clergy under the Greek patriarch. 

Ex-as'per-ate (egz-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. p. exasper- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. exasperating.] [Lat. exas- 
perare, exasperatum, from prefix ex and asperare, to make 
rough, from asper, rough, harsh, cruel, fierce.] 1. To 
irritate in a high degree. 2. To aggravate ; to imbitter. 

Syn.— To irritate; provoke; inflame; enrage. 

Ex-as'per-a/tion, n. 1. Act of exasperating, or state 
of being exasperated ; irritation ; provocation. 2. Ex- 

w acerbation, as of a disease. 

Ex'-ean-des'cence, n. A white or glowing heat ; incan- 
descence. [Rare.] 

Ex'ean-des'pent, a. [Lat. excandescens, p. pr. of ex- 
candescere, to kindle, glow, from prefix ex and candescere, 
to begin to glow, from candere, to be of a glittering white- 
ness, to_glisten.] White or glowing with heat. [Rare.] 

jSx'-ea-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excavated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXCAVATING.] [Lat. excavare, excavatum, from 
ex, out, and cavare, to make hollow, from cavus, hollow.] 
1. To hollow out ; to form a cavity or hole in. 2. To 

w form by hollowing. 

Ex'ea-va/tion, n. 1. Act of excavating. 2. A hollow 
or cavity formed by removing the interior. 3. (Engin.) 
An uncovered cutting in the earth, in distinction from a 

^ covered cutting or tunnel. 

Ex'«a-va'tor, n. One who, or that which, excavates. 

Ex-ceed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXCEEDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXCEEDING.] [Lat. excedere, from ex, out, and cedere, 
to go, to pass.] 1. To pass or go beyond. 2. To sur- 
pass ; to excel ; to transcend. 

Ex-ceed', v. i. 1. To go too far ; to pass the proper 
bounds. 2. To be more or larger. 

Ex-ceed'ing, adv. In a very great degree ; unusually ; 
surpassingly ; transcendently. [much. 

Ex-ceed'ing-ly, adv. To a very great degree; very 

Ex-eel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXCELLING.] [Lat. excellere, excelsum, from ex, out, 
and root cell, akin to Gr. /ceAAeiv, to impel, to urge on.] 
To exceed ; to surpass, especially in good qualities or 
laudable deeds. 

Ex-eel', v. i. To have good qualities in an unusual de- 
gree ; to surpass others. 

Ex'cel-lence n. [Lat. excellentia.] 1. State or quality 
of being excellent ; eminence. 2. An excellent or valu- 
able quality. 3. A title of honor ; excellency. 

Syn. — Superiority ; perfection; worth; goodness; purity; 
greatness. 

Ex'cel-len-cy, n. 1. Valuable quality ; excellence. 2. 
A title of honor given to the highest dignitaries of a court 
or state ; also, to embassadors and ministers. 

Ex'cel-lent, a. [Lat. excellens, p. pr. of excellere. See 
Excel.] Excelling or siirpassing others in virtue, worth, 
dignity, capacity, attainments, or the like. 

Syn. — Worthy; choice; prime; valuable; select; exquisite; 
transcendent. 

Ex'cel-lent -ly, adv. In an excellent manner ; exceed- 
ingly; transcendently. 

Ex-cept', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excepted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXCEPTING.] [Lat. excipere, exceptum, from ex, out, 
and caper e, to take.] To leave out of any number speci- 
fied ; to exclude. 

Ex-cept', v. i. To take exception to ; to object. 

Ex-cept', prep., but originally and properly a verb in the 
imperative mode. [See supra.] With exclusion of; leav- 
ing out ; excepting. 

Syn. — But. — Both except and but are used in excluding, 
but with this difference, that except does it more pointedly. 
" I have finished all the letters except one," is more marked 



food, f dot ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



EXCEPT 



260 



EXCOMMUNICATE 



than " I have finished all the letters but one." The same re- 
marks apply to excepting, and with the exception of. 

Ex-cept', conj. Unless ; if not. 

Ex-cSpt'ing, prep., but prop. & participle. With rejec- 
tion or exception of; excluding ; except. 

Ex-cep'tion,n. 1. Act of excepting ; exclusion. 2. That 
which is excepted ; a person, thing, or case, specified as 
distinct, or not included. 3. (Law.) An objection, oral 
or written, taken, as to bail or security ; or as to the de- 
cision of a judge, &c. 4. An objection; dissent; cause 
of offense. [objectionable. 

Ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to exception or objection ; 

Ex-cep'tion-al, a. Forming an exception ; exceptive. 

Ex-f ept'Ive, a. 1. Including an exception. 2. Making 
or being an exception ; exceptional. 

Ex-cept'or, n. One who takes exceptions. 

Excerpt' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. excerpted ; p. pr. 
& rb.n. EXCERPTING-.] [Lat. excerpere, excerptum, from 
ex, out of, from, and carpere, to pick, gather.] To make 
extracts from, or to make an extract of; to select; to 
extract ; to cite or cite from. [author. 

Ex-cerpt', n. An extract ; a passage selected from an 

Ex-f erp'tion, n. 1. Act of excerpting or selecting. 2. 
That which is selected or gleaned. 

Ex-cerp'tor, n. One who makes excerptions. 

Ex-fess', n. [Lat. excessus, from excedere, excessum. See 
Exceed.] 1. State of surpassing or going beyond lim- 
its ; superfluity ; superabundance. 2. An undue indul- 
gence of the appetite ; intemperance ; dissipation. 3. 
That which exceeds or surpasses what is usual or proper. 
4. Degree or amount by which one thing or number ex- 
ceeds another ; remainder. 

Ex-cess'ive, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, excess. 

2. Transgressing the laws of morality, prudence, pro- 
priety, or the like. 

Syn. -Extreme; vehement. — Anger or any other feeling 
may be extreme or vehement without being of necessity wrong; 
the occasion may justify it; but to be excestireh/ angfy, or ex- 
cessive in any thing, involves a want of self-command which is 
blameworthy. See Enoemous. 

Ex-ces_s'iye-ly, adv. In an extreme degree. 

Ex~eliange', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exchanged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. exchanging.] [0. Fr. exchanger, exchanger, 
from ex, out of, from, and changer. See CHANGE.] 1. 
To give or take in return for something else ; especially, 
in trade, to barter. 2. To part with for a substitute. 

3. To interchange. 

Syn.— JTo change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; 
swap; traffic. 

Ex-change', v. i. To be changed or received in ex- 
change for ; to pass in exchange. 

Ex-change', n. 1. Act of giving or taking one thing 
in return for another regarded as an equivalent ; also, 
the act of giving and receiving reciprocally. 2. The 
thing given in return for something received ; or the 
thing received in return for what is given. 3. (Com.) 
The process of settling accounts or debts between parties 
residing at a distance from each other, without the inter- 
vention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called 
bills of exchange. 

m~ The term bill of exchange is often abbreviated into ex- 
change; as, to buy exchange ; to sell exchange. 

4. (Law.) A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in 
consideration of the other. 5. The place where the mer- 
chants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet to transact 
business, at certain hours. [Often contracted into 
'Change.] 

Par of exchange, the established value of the coin or stand- 
ard ot value of one country when expressed in the coin or 
standard of another. 

pr?cTty"* -Barter; dealill 2; trade; traffic; interchange; reci- 

Ex-change'a-bil'i-ty , n. The quality or state of being 
exchangeable. & 

Ex-change'a-ble, a. Capable of being exchanged ; fit 
or proper to be exchanged. 

Ex-clian'ger, n. One who exchanges. 

Ex-cheq'uer (eks-chek'er), n. [0. Fr. eschequier, es- 
chahur chess-board. See Checker and Chess. l 1. 
One of the superior courts of law ; — so called from a 
checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the 
table. [Eng.] 2. The treasury ; hence, pecuniary pos- 
sessions in general. J * 



from the exchequer by" aulhority^f Parliament 01 
Ex-cheq'uer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exchequered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXCHEQUERING.] To institute 
against a person in the Court of Exchequer. 

a,e, 



Ex-ci§'a ble, a. Liable, or subject, to excise. 

Ex-£i§e', n. [Lat. excisum, cut off, from excidere, to cut 
off, from ex, off, and casdere, to cut, or, as the word was 
formerly written, accise, from Fr. accise, as if from Lat. 
accidere, to cut into, p. p. accisus, but prop, transformed 
fr. 0. Fr. assise, L. Lat. assisa, assisia, assize, q. v.] An 
inland duty or impost of the nature of a direct tax on 
the consumer ; — it is also levied on licenses to pursue 
certain trades, and deal in certain commodities. 

Ex-ci§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
excising.] To lay or impose an excise upon. 

Ex-ci§e'nian, n. ; pi. EX-Ci§E'MEN. An officer who is 
charged with collecting the excise. 

Ex-ci§'ion (ek-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of cutting off ; ex- 
tirpation; destruction. 2. (Eccl.) Excommunication. 
3. (Surg.) The removal, especially of small parts, with 
a cutting instrument. 

Ex-cit'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being readily ex- 
cited. 2. (Med.) Irritability. [into action. 

Ex-clt'a-ble, a. Capable of being excited, or roused 

Ex-fit'ant, n. (Med.) A stimulant. 

Ex'^i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of exciting, rousing, or awak- 
ening. 2. (Med.) Act of producing excitement; also, 
the excitement produced. 

Ex-cit'a-tive, a. Having power to excite ; tending or 
serving to excite ; excitatory. 

Ex-cit'a-to-ry, a. Tending to excite ; containing ex- 
citement; excitative. 

Ex-cite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXCITING.] 1. To call to activity in any way. 2. 
(Med.) To increase the vital activity of the body, or of 
any of its parts. 

Syn.— To incite ; awaken ; animate ; arouse ; stimulate; 
inflame ; irritate ; provoke. — When Ave excite we rouse into 
action feelings which were less strong; when we incite we urge 
forward to acts correspondent to the feelings awakened. De- 
mosthenes excited the passions of the Athenians against Philip, 
and thus incited the whole nation to unite in the war against 
him. 

Ex-cite'ment, n. 1. The act of exciting ; or the state 
of being excited ; agitation. 2. That which excites or 
rouses. 3. (Med.) A state of aroused or exalted vital 
activity in the body or any of its parts. 

Ex-cit'er, n. One who, or that which, excites. 

Ex-flt'ing, p. a. Calling or rousing into action ; pro- 
ducing excitement. 

Ex-claim', v. i. [imp. & p. p. exclaimed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXCLAIMING.] [Lat. exdamare, from ex, out, 
and clamare, to cry out.] To cry out from earnestness 
or passion ; to vociferate. 

Ex-elaim'er, n. One who exclaims or cries out. 

Ex'cla-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of exclaiming or making 
an outcry. 2. An uttered expression of surprise, joy, 
and the like. 3. (Rhet.) A word expressing outcry ; an 
interjection. 4. (Print.) A mark or sign by which em- 
phatical utterance or outcry is marked ; thus [!]. 

Ex-elam'a-tive, a. Containing exclamation ; exclama- 
tory, [using exclamation. 

Ex-clam'a-to-ry (50), a. Containing, expressing, or 

Ex-elude' (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. excluded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EXCLUDING.] [Lat. excludere, from ex, out, 
and claudere, to shut.] 1. To thrust out or eject. 2. 
To hinder from entrance or admission ; to debar from 
participation or enjoyment. 

Ex-elu'§ion, //. Act of excluding or of thrusting out. 

Ex-clu'§ion-ist, n. One who would exclude another 
from some privilege. 

Ex-elu'sive. a. 1. Having the power of excluding. 2. 
Not taking into the account. 

Ex-clu'sive, n. One of a coterie who exclude others; 
an exclusionist. 

Ex-elu'slve-ly, adv. In a manner to exclude, [elusive. 

Ex-clu'sive-ness, n. State or quality of being ex- 

Ex-elii'so-ry, a. Able to exclude ; exclusive. 

Ex-cog'i-taite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excogitated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXCOGITATING.] [Lat. excogitare, excog- 
itatum, from ex, out, and cogitare, to think.] To think 
out ; to discover by thinking. 

Ex-eog'i-ta'tion, n. Act of devising in the thoughts ; 

w contrivance ; discovery. 

Ex'com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. Liable or deserving to be 

___ excommunicated. 

fix'-eom-mu'iii-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excom- 
municated ; p. pr. & vb. V. EXCOMMUNICATING.] 
[Lat. excommunicare , excommunicatum , to put out of the 
community, from ex, out of, and commiinicare. See COM- 
MUNTCATE.] 1. To expel from communion, especially 
the communion of the church. 2. To denounce excom- 
munication against. 



, long; a, 6, &c, short; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



EXCOMMUNICATE 



261 



EXEMPLIFY 



Ex'eom-mu/ni-eate, a. Cut off from communion ; 

w excommunicated. [municated. 

Ex'^om-mu'ni-cate, n. One who has been excom- 

Ex'eom-mu'ni-ea'tion, n. (Eccl.) Act of excom- 
_ municating or ejecting. 

Ex'fiom-mu'ni-^a'tor, n. One who excommunicates. 

Ex-eo'ri-ate (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. excoriated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXCORIATING.] [Lat. excoriare, excori- 
atum, from ex, out of, from, and corium, skin, hide, 
leather, Gr. x°P*- 0V -] To strip or wear off the skin of; 
to abrade ; to gall. 

Ex-eo / ri-a'tion, n. The act of excoriating or flaying, 
or the state of being excoriated or stripped of the skin ; 
abrasion. 

Ex-eSr'ti-ea/tion, n. [From Lat. ex, out of, from, and 

^ cortex, corticis, bark.] Act of stripping off bark. 

Ex'-ere-ment, n. [Lat. excrementum, from excernere, 
excretum, to sift out, to discharge, from ex, out, and cer- 
nere, to separate, sift.] 1. An outgrowth, not sensitive 
in nature, from the surface of the body, as the hair and 
nails. [Obs.] 2. Matter excreted and ejected ; especially, 

^ alvine discharges ; dung ; ordure. 

Ex'-ere-ment'al, a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 

w excrement ; ejected from the body as useless. 

Ex'-ere-men-tl'tioiis (-tish'us), a. Pertaining to, or 
containing excrement. 

Ex-eres'cence, n. Any thing growing out unnaturally 
from any thing else ; hence, a troublesome superfluity. 

Ex-«rSs'cent, a. [Lat. excrescens, p. pr. of excrescere, 
to grow out, from ex, out, and crescere, to grow.] Grow- 
ing out in a preternatural or morbid manner. 

Ex-erete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excreted; p.pr. & 
vb. n. excreting.] [See Excrement.] To discharge 
from the body as useless ; to eject. 

Ex-ere'tion, n. 1 . The act of throwing off effete matter 
from the animal system. 2. That which is excreted ; 

^excrement. [mo ting excretion. 

Ex'-ere-tive, a. Having the power of excreting, or pro- 

Ex'-ere-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of excreting, 

w or throwing off excrementitious matter. 

Ex'-ere-to-ry, n. (Anat.) A duct or vessel that serves 
to receive and to excrete matter. 

Ex-eru/ci-ate (eks-kru'shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ex- 
cruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. excruciating.] [Lat. 
excruciare, excrucmtum, from ex, out of, from, and cruci- 
are, to slay on the cross, to torment.] To inflict most 
severe pain upon ; to torture ; to torment. 

Ex-eru / ci-a'tion(-kru / shi-a'shun), n. Act of inflicting 
extreme pain, or the state of being thus afflicted ; that 
which excruciates ; torture. 

Ex-eiil'pa-ble, a. Capable of being exculpated; de- 
serving exculpation. 

Ex-eiil'pate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exculpated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. EXCULPATING.] [Lat. ex, out of, from, 
and culpare, culpatum, to find fault with, to blame, from 
culpa, fault.] To clear from the charge or imputation 
of fault or guilt. 

Syn. — To exonerate; absolve; excuse; justify. 

Ex'eul-pa/tion, n. The act of exculpating. 

Ex-eul'pa-to-ry, a. Able to clear from the charge of 
fault or guilt ; excusing ; containing excuse. 

Ex-eiir'sion, n. [Lat. excursio, from excurrere, excur- 
sion, to run out, from ex, out, and currere, to run.] 1. 
A setting out from some point ; an expedition. 2. A 
trip for pleasure or health. 3. A wandering from a sub- 
ject ; digression. 

Syn. — Journey ; tour ; ramble ; jaunt. 

Ex-efir'sion-ist, n. One who goes on an excursion. 

Ex-eur'sive, a. Prone to make excursions ; wandering ; 
rambling ; hence, enterprising ; exploring. [random. 

Ex-«ur'sive-ly, adv. In an excursive manner ; at 

Ex-eur'sive-iiess, n. A disposition to wander. 

Eac-^ur'sus, n. [Lat. excurrere, excursus, -a, -um. See 
supra.] A dissertation or digression appended to a work, 
and containing a more full exposition of some important 
point or topic. 

Ex-eiis/a-lble, a. 1. Capable or worthy of being ex- 
cused ; pardonable. 2. Admitting of justification or 
palliation. 

Ex~eu§'a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being ex- 
cusable, [ably. 

Ex-eus/a-bly, adv. In an excusable manner ; pardon- 

Ex~eu§'a-to-ry, a. Making excuse ; containing excuse 
or apology ; apologetical. 

Ex~eus_e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXCUSED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXCUSING.] [Lat. excusare, from ex, out of, from, 
and causa, cause, causari, to conduct a cause in law, to 



make a defense.] 1. To free from accusation, or th* 

imputation of fault or blame ; to exculpate ; to absolve. 
2. To pardon, as a fault. 3. To regard with indul- 
gence ; to overlook. 4. To free from an impending ob- 
ligation or duty ; not to exact. 5. To ask pardon or 
indulgence for. 
Ex-euse' (eks-kus', 91), n. 1. Act of excusing, apol- 
ogizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, and the like. 
2. A plea offered in extenuation of a fault or irregular 
deportment ; apology. 3. That which extenuates or jus- 
tifies a fault. 

Syn. — Apology. — An excuse refers to what is wrong ; an 
apology to what is unbecoming or indecorous. A pupil offers 
an excuse for absence, and an apology for rudeness to his in- 
structor. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may 
still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. 

Ex-eus/er, n. One who offers excuses. 

Ex'e-era-ble, a. Deserving to be execrated ; very hate- 

w ful ; detestable ; abominable. [detestably. 

Ex'e-era-bly, adv. In a manner to deserve execration ; 

Ex'e -erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. execrated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXECRATING.] [Lat. execrari, exsecrari, execra- 
tum, exsecratum, from ex, out of, from, and sacer, holy, 
sacred.] To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil 

_ upon ; hence, to abhor ; to abominate ; to curse. 

Ex'e-era'tion, n. 1. Act of cursing; a curse pro- 

w nounced. 2. That which is execrated. 

Ex'e-eute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. executed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXECUTING.] [Lat. exsequi, exsecutus, to pursue, 
from ex, out, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To follow through 
to the end ; to carry into complete effect. 2. To perform 
what is required to give validity to, as by signing and 
sealing. 3. To give effect to. 4. To inflict capital pun- 
ishment on ; to put to death. 5. (Mus.) To perform, as 
a piece of music. 

Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; achieve; consummate; 
finish; complete. 

Ex'e-eute, v. i. 1. To perform an office or duty. 2. 

^ To play on a musical instrument. 

Ex'e-eii/ter, n. One who performs or carries into effect. 

Ex'e-eu/tion, n. 1. The act of executing; perform- 
ance ; achievement ; hence, legal accomplishment. 2. A 
putting to death as a legal penalty. 3. Act or mode of 
performing works of art, of performing on an instru- 
ment, of engraving, and the like. 4. (Law.) (a.) A final 
process. (&.) Act of signing and sealing a legal instru- 

w ment. 5. Effect. 

Ex'e-eii'tioii-er, n. One who executes ; especially, one 
who carries into effect a judgment of death. 

Ex-e-e'u-tive (egz-ek/yu-tiv), a. Designed or fitted for 
execution, or carrying into effect ; qualifying for, or per- 
taining to, the execution of the laws. 

Ex-e-e'u-tive, n. The officer, whether king, president, 
or other chief magistrate, who superintends the execu- 
tion of the laws. 

Ex-e-e'u-tor, n. [Lat., from exsequi, to pursue.] 1. One 
who executes or performs. 2. The person appointed by 
a testator to execute his will, or to see it carried into effect, 
after his decease. 

Ex-e«'u.-toi*-ship, n. The office of an executor. 

Ex-e-e'u-to-ry (50), a. 1. Performing official duties; 
executive. 2. (Law.) Designed to be executed or car- 
ried into effect in future, or to take effect on a future 
contingency. 

Ex-e-e'u-tress, In. A female executor ; a woman ap- 

Ex-e-e'u-trix, ) pointed by a testator to execute his 

~wih\ 

Ex'e-ge'sis, n. [Gr. efr?y>7<n?, froin €^j)yeio-9at, to ex- 
plain, interpret, from e£, out, and -rjyelo-Oat., to guide, 
lead.] Exposition ; explanation ; interpretation ; espe- 
cially, the scientific interpretation of the Holy Scrip- 
tures. 

Ex'e-gete, n. One who is skilled in exegesis. 

Ex'e-get'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to exegesis ; explanatory. 

Ex'e-get'i-es, n. sing. The science of interpretation; 
exegesis. 

Ex-em'plar (egz-em'plar), n. [Lat. exemplar, exem- 
plare, exemplarium, from exemplum. See EXAMPLE.] 
A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated. 

£x'em-pla-ri-ly, adv. By way of example. 

Ex'em-pla-ry , a. [Lat. exemplaris, from exemplar. See 
supra.] Acting as an exemplar; serving as a pattern 
or model ; commendable ; conspicuous. 

Ex-em'pli-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of exemplifying. 
2. That which exemplifies ; a copy ; a transcript. 

Ex-em'pli-fFer, n. One who exemplifies. 

Ex-gm'pli-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exemplified ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXEMPLIFYING.] [Low Lat. exemplificare, 



food, ft>bt; fir n, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; ag; exist; liiigre**. J*^lt; this. 



EXEMPT 



262 



EXIST 



from Lat. exemplum, example, and facere, to make.] 1. 
To show or illustrate by example. 2. To copy ; to make 
an attested copy of. 3. To prove or show by an attested 
copy. 

E^-empt' (84), v . t. [imp. & p. p. exempted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EXEMPTING-.] [From Lat. eximere, exemptum, 
to take out, remove, free.] To take out or from ; to 
grant immunity from ; to release. 

Ej-empt', a. Taken out or removed ; released ; liberated. 

Ej-empt', n. One freed from duty ; one not subject. 

Ex-emp'tion (84), n. Act of exempting; state of being 
exempt ; freedom from that to which others are subject ; 
immunity ; privilege. 

JEx'e-qua'tur, n. [Lat., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of ex- 
equi, or exsequi, to perform, execute.] A written official 
recognition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by 
the government to which he is accredited, and authoriz- 
ing him to exercise his powers in the country. 

Ex'e-quy, n.; pi. EX-E-QUIES. [Lat. exequix, exsequise, 
a funeral procession, from exsequi, to follow out, from ex, 
out, and sequi, to follow.] A funeral rite; the ceremo- 

^nies of burial. 

Ex'er-c is/a-ble , a. Capable of being exercised. 

£x'er-ci§e (eks'er-siz), n. [Lat. exercitium, from exer- 
cere, exercitum, to drive on, keep busy, from ex, out, and 
arcere, to shut up, inclose.] 1. Act of exercising ; em- 
ployment in the proper mode of activity ; exertion ; ap- 
plication ; use. 2. Act of putting in practice ; perform- 
ance; practice. 3. Performance of a public office or 
ceremony, especially of religious worship. 4. Exertion 
for the sake of training or improvement. 5. Hygienic 
activity. 6. That which is done for the sake of exercis- 
ing, practicing, training, or promoting health, mental 
improvement, and the like ; hence, a disquisition; a les- 

w son ; a task. 7. That which gives practice ; a trial. 

Ex'er-ci§e, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. exercised; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXERCISING.] 1. To set in action ; to give em- 
ployment to ; hence, to school or train ; to busy. 2. To 
exert for the sake of training or improvement ; hence, to 
improve by practice; to discipline. 3. To occupy the 
attention and effort of ; to task ; to tax ; to vex ; to af- 

w flict. 4. To put in practice ; to use ; to employ. 

Ex'er-cige, v. i. To take exercise ; to use action or ex- 

Ex'er-£is/er, n. One who exercises. [ertion. 

Ex'er-cis/i-ble, a. Capable of being exercised. 

Ex-er'ci-ta/tion, n. [Lat. exercitatio, from exercitare, 
intens! form of exercere.] Exercise ; practice ; use. [ Obs.] 

Ex-ergue' (egz-erg 7 ), n. [Fr., from Gr. e£, out, and 
epxov, work ; originally, out of the work, by-work, acces- 
sory work.] (Numis.) The place on a coin or medal, in 
which the date and engraver's name is placed, or some 
brief inscription of secondary importance. 

Ex-erf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exerted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXERTING.] [Lat. exerere, exserere, exertum, exsertum, 
from ex and serere, to join or bind together.] 1. To put 
forth, as strength, force, or ability ; to bring into active 
operation. 2. To do or perform. 

To exert one's self, to use efforts or endeavors; to strive. 

Ex-er'tion, n. Act of exerting ; effort; struggle. 

Ex-fo'li-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. exfoliated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. EXFOLIATING.] [Lat. exfoliare,exfoliatum, to 
strip of leaves, from ex, out of, from, and folium, leaf.] 

1. (Surg.) To separate and come off in scales, as pieces 
of carious bone. 2. (Min.) To become converted into 
scales at_the surface. [or a mineral. 

Ex-f <yii-a'tion, n. The scaling off of a bone, a rock, 

Ex-hal'a-ble, a. Capable of being exhaled. 

Ex4ial'ant, a. Having the quality of exhaling. 

Ex'ha-la'tion, n. 1. The act or process of exhaling; 
evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled ; fume or steam ; 
effluvium. 

Ex-hale' (egz-haV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exhaled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXHALING.] [Lat. exhalare, from ex, out 
of, from, and halare, to breathe.] 1. To emit, as vapor ; 
to send out, as an odor. 2. To cause to be emitted in 
vapor ; to evaporate. 

Ex-hale', v. i. To rise or be given off, as vapor. 

Exhaust' (egz-hawst'),^. t. [imp. & p. p. exhausted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXHAUSTING.] [Lat. exhaurire, ex- 
haustum, from ex, out of, from, and haurire, to draw, 
especially water.] 1. To draw out or drain off completely. 

2. To empty by drawing out the contents. 3. To use, 
employ, or expend entirely ; to wear out ; to weary. 

Ex-haust', a. Drained ; exhausted ; having expended 
or lost its energy. 

Exhaust steam (Steam-enq.), that which is allowed to escape 
from the cylinder after having been employed to produce mo- 
tion of the piston. 



Ex-haust'er, n. One who, or that which, exhausts. 

Ex-haust'i-ble, a. Capable of being exhausted. 

Ex-haust'ion, n. 1. The act of exhausting. 2. The 
The state of being exhausted ; the state of being deprived 
of strength or spirits. 

Ex-haust'ive, a. Serving or tending to exhaust. 

E^-haust'less, a. Not to be exhausted ; inexhaustible; 

Ex-her'e-da'tion, n. [Lat. exheredatio, from exhere- 
dare, exheredatum, from exheres, disinherited, from ex, 
out of, from, and heres, heredis, heir.] (Law.) A disin- 
heriting. 

Ex-hib'it (egz-hiVit), v. t. [imp. & p.p. EXHIBITED; 
p.pr. & vb. ii. EXHIBITING.] [Lat. exhibere, exhibitum, 
from ex, out of, from, and habere, to have or hold, to 
hold out or forth.] 1. To hold forth or present to view, 
to show ; to display. 2. To present in a public or offi- 
cial manner. 3. (Med.) To administer as a remedy. 

Ex-hib'it, n. 1. Any paper produced or presented as a 
voucher, or in proof of facts. 2. (Law.) A document 
or writing produced and proved in a cause, by admission 
or by witnesses. 

Ex-hlb'it-er, n. One who exhibits. 

Ex'hi-bi'tioii (eks'hi-bish'un), n. 1. Act of exhibit- 
ing; manifestation; display. 2. That which is exhib^ 
ited or displayed ; also, any public show. 3. (Med.) The 

w act of administering a remedy. 

Ex'hi-bl'tion-er, n. (Eng. Universities. ) One who haa 
a pension or allowance granted for support. 

Ex-hib'it-ive (egz-), a. Serving for exhibition. 

Ex-hil'a-rant, a. Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. 

Ex-hil'a-rant, n. That which exhilarates 

Ex-hil'a-rate (egz-MPa-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ex- 
hilarated ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXHILARATING.] [Lat. 
exhilarare, exhilaratum , from ex, out of, from, and hila- 
rare, to make merry, from hilaris, merry, cheerful, Gr. 
iAapos.] To make cheerful or merry ; to enliven ; to glad- 
den; to cheer. 

Ex-hH/a-ra/tion, n. 1. Act of enlivening the spirits, 
or of making glad or cheerful. 2. State of being enliv- 
ened or cheerful. 

Syn. — Animation ; joyousness ; gladness; cheerfulness; 
gayety. 

Ex-liort' (egz-hort'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXHORTED; 
p.pr. & vb. n. EXHORTING.] [Lat. exhortari, from ex, 
out of, from, and hortari, to incite, encourage.] To in- 
cite by words or advice ; to advise, warn, or caution. 

Ex-hort', v. i. To deliver exhortation. 

Ex'lior-ta/tion (eks-), n. 1. Act or practice of exhort- 
ing. 2. Language intended to incite and encourage ; 
advice ; counsel. [hortatory. 

Ex-h6r'ta-tive (egz-), a. Containing exhortation ; ex- 

Ex-bor'ta-to-ry (50), a. Containing, or serving for, ex- 
hortation ; hortatory ; exhortative. 

Ex-hort'er, n. One who exhorts or encourages. 

Ex / liu.-ma'tion, n. Act of exhuming. 

Ex-lmme', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exhumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXHUMING.] [Low Lat. exhumare, from Lat. ex, out, 
and humus, ground, soil.] To dig up, as from a grave ; 
^ to disinter ; to unbury. 

Ex'i-gence, \ii. State of being exigent ; urgent or ex- 

Ex'i-gen-cy , J acting want. 

Syn. — Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; 
necessity. 

Ex'i-gent, n. [Lat. exigens, exigentis, p. pr. of exigere, 
to drive forth, to exact, from ex, out of, from, and agere, 
to lead, drive.] (Law.) A judicial writ made use of in 

^ the process of outlawry. [ing. 

Ex'i-gent, a. Requiring immediate aid or action ; press- 

Ex'i-gu'i-ty, n. State of being small ; slenderness. [Rare.] 

Ex-ig'u-oiis, a. [Lat. exiguits.] Small ; slender ; mi- 
nute ; diminutive. [Rare.] 

Ex'Ile (eks/il), n. [Lat. exilium, exsilium, banishment, 
from exsul, one who quits, or is banished from, his native 
soil, from ex, out, and solum, ground, land, soil.] 1. 
Forced separation from one's native country ; sometimes, 
more loosely, voluntary separation from one's land. 2. 
The person banished or expelled from his country. 
Syn. — Banishment; proscription; expulsion. 

iSx'ile (eks-il), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exiled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXILING.] To banish or expel from one's own coun- 
try ; to drive away ; to transport. 

iilx-ile' (egz-Il''), a. [Lat. exilis, contr. from exigilis, from 
exigere.] Small; slender; thin; fine. [Obs.] 

Ex-ist^egz-jst 7 ), v. i. [imp. & p.p. EXISTED \p. pr. & 

vb. n. EXISTING.] [Lat. existere, exsistere, from ex, out 

i of, from, and sistere, to eause to stand, to set, put, place.] 

I 1. To be ; to have an actual or real being, whether ma- 



fi,e,&>c. } long; a,e,i 



care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



EXISTENCE 



263 



EXPECTORATE 




terial or spiritual. 2. To occur ; to manifest itself. 3. 
To live ; to have life. 
Ex-Ist'ence, ) n. 1. State of existing or being. 2. 
Ex-ist'en-cy, ) Occurrence, as of events of any kind. 
3. That which exists ; a being ; a creature. [being. 

Ex-ist'ent, a. Having being, or existence ; existing ; 
Ex'it, n. [Lat., 3d pers. pres. of exire, to go out, from 
ex, out, and ire, to go.] 1. Departure of a player from 
the stage, when he has performed his part. 2. Any de- 
parture ; act of quitting the stage of action or of life ; 
death ; decease. 3. Way of departure ; passage out of 
^ a place. 

Ex'ode, n. [Lat. exodium, Gr. e£68ioi/ (sc. jteAos), from 
egofiios, belonging to an exit, or to the finale of a tragedy, 
from efoSos- See infra.] 1. (Gr. Drama.) The catas- 
trophe of a play. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) An afterpiece of a 
w comic description. 

]Ex'o-diis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. e£o8os, from e£, out, and 6S6s, 
way.] 1. Departure from a place ; particularly, the de- 
parture of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses. 2. 
Second book of the Old Testament, which gives a history 
w of this departure. 

Ex'-of-fi'cial (eks'of-iish'al), a. [Lat. ex officio, by vir- 
tue of office.] Proceeding from office or authority. 
Ex'o-gen, n. [From Gr. e£co, out- 
side, from e£, out, and ■yeVeii/, 
yeveo-Ocu, to bring forth.] (Bot.) 
A plant characterized by having 
distinct wood, bark, and pith, the 
wood forming a layer between the 
other two, and increasing by the 
annual addition of a new layer to 
the outside next to the bark. 
Ex-og'e-noiis, a. Growing by 

successive additions to the out- Exogen. 

w side of the wood, between that and the bark. 
Ex'on, n. An officer of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard ; 

an exempt. [Eng.] 
Ex-on'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exonerated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXONERATING.] [Lat. exonerare, exonera- 
tum, from ex, out of, from, and onerare, to load, from 
onus, load.] To relieve of, as a charge, obligation, or load 
of blame resting on one., 

Syn. — To absolve ; acquit ; exculpate ; clear ; justify; dis- 
charge. See Absolve. 
Ex-on'er-a'tioii, n. Act of disburdening, discharging, 
or freeing from a charge or imputation ; also, the state 
of being disburdened or freed from a charge. 
Ex-on'er-a-tive, a. Freeing from a burden or obliga- 
tion ; tending to exonerate. 
Ex'o-ra-fole (eks'o-ra-bl), a. [Lat. exorabilis, from exo- 
rare, exoratum, to obtain by request, from ex, out of, 
from orare, to pray, beseech.] Capable of being moved 
by entreaty. 
Ex-6r'bi-tance (egz-6r / bi-tanss), ) n. A going be- 
Ex-or'lbi-tan-cy (egz-or'bl-tan-sy), ) yond the usual 

limit ; hence, enormity ; extravagance. 
Ex-drTbi-tantja. [Lat. exorbitans, p. pr. of exorbitare, 
from ex, out of, from, and orbita, track or rut made by 
a wheel, from orbis, circle, wheel.] 1. Departing from 
an orbit or usual track ; hence, deviating from the usual 
course ; excessive ; extravagant ; enormous. 2. Anom- 
alous ; irregular. 
Ex-6r'bi-tant4y, adv. In an exorbitant manner. 
Ex'or-cige (eks'or-siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exorcised ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. exorcising.] [Lat. exorcizare, Gr. If- 
opui^eiv, from <=£, out, and bpuC^Lu, to make one swear, 
to bind by an oath, from 6p/<os, oath.] 1. To drive 
away, as an evil spirit, in consequence of adjuring by 
w some holy name. 2. To deliver from the influence of 
Ex'or-cis/er, rc. One who exorcises. [an evil spirit. 

Ex'or-£i§m, n. Act of exorcising ; also a form of prayer 

or incantation used for this end. 
Ex'or-cist, n. One who pretends to expel evil spirits. 
Ex-or'di-al (egz-), a. [See infra.] Pertaining to the ex- 
ordium of a discourse ; introductory. 
Ex-6r'di-um, n. ; Eng. pi. ej-or'di-ums ; Lat. pi. 
EX-6r'DI-a. [Lat., from exordiri, to begin a web, to 
begin, from ex, out of, from, and ordiri, to begin a web, 
to begin.] Beginning of any thing; especially, the intro- 
ductory part of a discourse. 
Ex'os-mose / , n. [Gr. efw, outside, and an hypoth. &>cr- 
jtuoo-15, for cbo-jaos, too-is, wOtjo-i;, a thrust, from cofletv, to 
thrust, push.] The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids 
through membranes or porous media from within out- 
ward. See Osmose. 
Ex'o-ter'ie, 1 a. [Gr. elwrepiKos, from e|w, outside.] 
Ex'o-ter'ie-al, 1 Public ; not secret ; hence, capable 



of being readily or fully comprehended ; — opposed to 
w esoteric. [mon. 

Ex'o-tex-'y, n. That which is obvious, public, or coni- 

Exot'ie, I a. [Lat. exoticus, Gr. efcoTucos, from efw, 

Ex-ot'i-e-al, J outside.] Introduced from a foreign 
country ; not native ; foreign. 

Ex-ot'i-e, n. Any thing of foreign origin ; as a plant, a 
word, a custom, &c. 

Ex-6t'i-ci§m, n. The state of being exotic ; also, any 
thing foreign ; an exotic. 

Ex-pand', it. t. [imp. & p. p. expanded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXPANDING.] [Lat. expandere, from ex, out of, from, 
zn&pandere, to spread out, to throw open, to open.] 1. 
To lay open ; to open. 2. To make larger ; to dilate ; 
to distend ; hence, to enlarge ; to extend ; to open. 

Expand', v. i. To become opened, spread apart, dilat- 
ed, distended, or enlarged. 

Ex-panse', n. That which is expanded ; a wide extent 
of space or body ; specifically, the firmament. 

Ex-pan'si-bll'i-ty, n. Capacity of being expanded. 

Ex-pan'si-ble, a. Capable of being expanded. 

Ex-pan'sion, n. 1. Act of expanding, or condition ef 
being expanded ; dilatation ; distention ; enlargement. 2. 
That which is expanded ; expanse. 3. Extension of 
space ; space ; room. 4. ( Com.) Increase of the circu- 
lation of bank notes. 5. (Math.) The developed result 
of an indicated operation. 6. (Steam-eng.) The opera- 
tion of steam in a cylinder after its communication with 
the boiler has been cut off. 

Ex-pan'sive, a. Serving or tending to expand ; having 
a capacity or tendency to expand. 

Ex-pan'sitve-ness, n. Quality of being expansive. 

Ex-piir'te, a. [Lat.] Upon or from one side only. 

Ex-pa'ti-ate (eks-pa'shl-at,) v. i. [imp. & p. p. EXPA- 
TIATE D ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXPATIATING.] [Lat. cxpati- 
ari, expatiatum, exspatiari, exspatiatum, fr. ex, out, and 
spatiari, to walk about, to spread out, fr. spatinm, space.] 
lo To move at large ; to wander without restraint. 2. 
To enlarge in discourse or writing ; to descant. 

Ex-pa'ti-ate, v.t. To cause or allow to roam abroad ; 
to extend ; to diffuse. 

Ex-pa/ti-a/tion (-shl-a 7 -), n. Act of expatiating. 

Ex-pa'ti-a^or (-shi-a/-), n. One who expatiates. 

Ex-pa'tri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. expatriated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXPATRIATING.] [L. Lat. expatriare, ex- 
patriatnm, from Lat. ex, out, and patria, (sc. terra), one's 
fatherland, from patrius, fatherly, from pater, father.] 
To banish ; reflexively, to expatriate one's self, to remove 
from one's native country. 

Ex-pa/tri-a/tioii, n. The act of banishing, or the state 
of banishment ; especially, the act of forsaking one's own 
country. 

Ex-pe«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. expected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXPECTING.] [Lat. expectare, exspectare, to look out 
for, to expect, from ex, out of, from, and spectare, to 
look at, intens. form of specere, to look, look at.] 1. To 
wait for; to await. 2. To look forward to, as to some- 
thing that is believed to be about to happen or come ; 
to anticipate. 

Syn. — To think ; believe. — Expect always relates to the 
future. To use it for think or believe, with reference to the 
past and present, as, "I expeci the mail has arrived," "I ex- 
pect he is at home," is a blunder (very common in the United 
States) which ought to be studiously avoided. 

Ex-pe-et'a-ble, a. To be expected or looked for. 

Ex-peet'ance, ) n. 1. Act or state of expecting ; ex- 

Ex-pe-et'an-£.y, ) pectation. 2. That which is ex' 
pected ; object of expectation. 

Ex-pe«t'ant, a. Having an attitude of expectation; 
waiting; looking for; in medicine, waiting for the ef- 
forts of nature. 

Ex-pe-et'ant, n. One who waits in expectation. 

Ex-pe-e-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or state of expecting. 2. 
State of being expected. 3. That which is expected. 4. 
Ground of expecting; reason for anticipating future 
benefits or excellence. 5. Yalue of any prospect of prize 
or property depending upon the happening of some un- 
certain event. 6. (Med.) The leaving of a disease to 
the efforts of nature to effect a cure. 

Syn. — Anticipation; confidence; trust; promise. 

Ex-pe«t'er, n. One who expects. 

Ex-pe-e'to-rant, a. (3Ied.) Tending to promote dls. 
charges from the lungs or throat. 

Ex-pe-e'to-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine which pro- 
motes expectoration. 

Ex-pe«'to-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. expectorated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXPECTORATING.] [Lat. expectorare, 
expectoratum, from ex, out, and pectus, pectoris, the 



food, fo1>t; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; tnis- 



EXPECTORATE 



264 



EXPLODE 



breast.] To discharge, as phlegm or other matter, by 
coughing, hawking, and spitting. 

Ex-p6c'to-rate, v. i. To discharge matter from the 
lungs or throat, by hawking and spitting ; to spit. 

Ex-pgc'to-ra'tion, n. 1. The act of expectorating. 
2. That which is expectorated. 

Ex-p<5e'to-ra'tiye, n. Having the quality of promot- 
ing expectoration ; expectorant. 

Ex-pe'di-ence, \n. 1. State or quality of being ex- 

Ex-pe'di-en-cy, I pedient ; desirableness. 2. Quality 
of gratifying selfish or inferior good at the expense of 
that which is higher ; self-interest ; self-seeking. 

Ex-pe'di-ent, a. [Lat. ezpediens, p. pr. of expedire. See 
Expedite.] 1. Hastening forward ; hence, tending to 
further a proposed object ; proper under the circum- 
stances ; desirable ; advisable ; profitable. 2. Conducive, 
or tending to self-interest, or selfish ends. 

Ex-pe'di-ent, n. 1. Suitable means to accomplish an 
end. 2. Means devised or employed in an exigency. 
Syn. — Shift; contrivance; resort; resource; substitute. 

Ex-pe'di-ent-ly, adv. With expedience ; suitably. 

Ex'pe-dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. expedited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXPEDITING.] [Lat. expedire, expedition, to free 
one caught in a snare by the feet, hence, to set free, 
bring forward, make ready, from ex, out, and pes, pedis, 
foot.] 1. To relieve of impediments ; to quicken, 2. 
^ To dispatch ; to issue officially. 

Ex'pe-dite, a. Free of impediment ; expeditious. 

Ex'pe-dite-ly, adv. Readily ; hastily ; speedily. 

Ex'pe-dl'tioiiC-dish'un), n. 1. Quality of being expe- 
dite ; efficient promptness ; haste ; speed ; quickness. 2. 
An important enterprise, undertaking, or attempt at 
some distance ; an excursion by a body of persons for a 
valuable end ; also, the body of persons making such an 

^excursion. 

fix'pe-di'tioiis (-dish'us), a. Possessed of, or charac- 
terized by, expedition ; having celerity. 

Syn. — Prompt ; ready ; speedy ; quick ; alert. 

Ex'pe-di'tioiis-ly, adv. With celerity or dispatch. 

Ex'pe-dl'tious-ness, n. Quality of being expeditious. 

Ex-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPELLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXPELLING.] [Lat. expellere, from ex, out of, from, 
and pellere, to drive.] 1. To drive or force out ; to eject. 
2. To drive from one's country ; to banish. 

Ex-pel'la-ble, a. Capable of being expelled. 

Ex-pend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. expended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXPENDING.] [Lat. expendere, expensum, to 
weigh out, pay out, lay out, from ex, out of, from, and 
pendere, to weigh.] To apply or employ in any way ; to 
consume by use ; to dissipate ; to waste. 

Ex-pend', v. i. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 

Ex-pend'i-ture (53), n. 1. Act of expending ; dis- 
bursement. 2. That which is expended ; expense. 

Expense', n. [Lat. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum, 
from expensus, p. pr. of expendere. See supra.] 1. Act 
of expending ; disbursement ; outlay. 2. That which is 
expended; cost; charge. 

Ex-pen'sive, a. 1. Occasioning expense ; costly ; dear. 
2. Very liberal ; lavish ; extravagant. 

Ex-pen' si ve-ly, adv. With great expense. 

Ex-pen'sive-ness, n. Quality of being expensive. 

Ex-pe'ri-ence (89), n. [Lat. experientia, fr. experiens, 
p. pr. of experiri, to try , from ex, out of, from, and ancient 
periri, whence peritus, experienced.] 1. Practical ac- 
quaintance with any matter by personal observation or 
trial of it. 2. Repeated trial of a matter; also the in- 
struction and enlightenment so gained. 
Syn. — Trial; proof; test; experiment. 

Ex-pe'ri-ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. experienced 
(108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXPERIENCING.] To make prac- 
tical acquaintance with ; to have befall one. 

To experience religion (Tlieol), to become a convert to the 
doctrines of Christianity. 

Ex-pe'ri-ence d (eks-pe'rT-enst), p. a. Taught by expe- 
rience, or by practice or repeated observations. 

Ex-per'i-ment, n. [Lat. experimentum, from experiri, 
as m experience, q. v.] A trial deliberately instituted ; 
practical test ; proof. 

Ex-per'i-ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. experimented ; 
p. pr.k, vb. n. experimenting.] To operate on a body 
in such a manner as to discover some unknown fact, or 
to establish or illustrate a known one ; to test by trial. 

Ex-per'i-ment'al, a. 1. Pertaining to experiment; 
given to or skilled in, experiment; founded, derived 
from, or affording experiment. 2. Taught by, or derived 
from, experience. 



Ex-per'i-ment'al-ist, n. One who experiments. 

Ex-per'i-ment'al-ly, adv. By experiment. 

Ex-per'i-ment'er, n. One who makes experiments; 
one skilled in experiments. 

Ex-pert' (14), a. [Lat. expertus, p. p. of experiri. See 
Experience.] Taught by use, practice, or experience ; 
having a facility from practice. 
Syn. — Adroit; dexterous; skillful; ready; prompt; facile. 

Ex'pert, or Ex-pert', n. A skillful or practiced per- 
son ; a scientific or professional witness. 

Ex-pert'ly, adv. In a skillful manner ; adroitly. 

Ex'pert'ness, n. Skill derived from practice. 
Syn. —Facility; readiness; dexterity; adroitness. 

iCx'pi-a-ble, a. Capable of being expiated. 

Ex'pi-ate, v. t. [imp. &cp. p. expiated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXPIATING.] [Lat. expiare, expiatum, from ex, out 
of, from, and piare, to seek to appease, to purify with 
sacred rites, from pius, dutiful, pious, devout.] To make 

w satisfaction or reparation for ; to atone for. 

Ex'pi-a'tion, n. 1. Act of expiating ; atonement ; satis- 
faction. 2. Means by which atonement for crimes is made. 

Ex'pi-a/tor, n. One who makes expiation. 

Ex'pi-a-to-ry (50), a. Having the power to make atone- 
w ment or expiation. 

Ex'pi-ra'tion, n. [See EXPIRE.] 1. Act of expiring; 
as, (a.) A breathing out of air from the lungs, (b.) 
Emission of volatile matter ; exhalation, (c.) Last emis- 
sion of breath; death. (d.) Cessation; termination; 
end. 2. That which is expired ; matter breathed forth ; 
exhalation. 

Ex-pi'ra-to-ry (89), a. Pertaining to, or employed in, 
the emission or expiration of breath from the lungs. 

Ex-pire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXPIRING.] [Lat. expirare, exspirare ; ex, out of, from, 
and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To breathe out ; to emit from 
the lungs. 2. To emit in minute particles ; to exhale. 

Ex-pire', v. i. 1. To emit the breath, especially, to 
emit the last breath ; to die. 2. To come to an end ; to 
terminate ; to perish. 

Ex-plain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPLAINED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXPLAINING.] [Lat. explanare ; ex, out of, from., 
and planar e, to make level or plain, from planus, even, 
level, plain.] To make plain, manifest, or intelligible. 
Syn. — To expound ; interpret ; elucidate ; clear up. 

Ex-plain', v. i. To give explanation. 

Ex-plain'a-lble, a. Capable of being explained. 

Ex-plain'er, n. One who explains ; an expounder. 

Ex'pla-na/tion, n. 1. Act of explaining, expounding, 
or interpreting. 2. That which explains or makes clear. 
3. Meaning attributed to any thing by one who explains 
or expounds it. 4. A mutual exposition of meaning, or 
motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding. 

Syn.— Definition ; description; explication: exposition; 
interpretation ; illustration ; recital ; account ; detail. See 
Definition. 

Ex-plan'a-to-ry (50), a. Serving to explain ; contain- 

_ ing explanation. [superfluous. 

Ex'ple-tive, a. [Lat. expletivus.] Filling up; hence, 

Ex'ple-tive, n. A vrord or syllable not necessary to the 
sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy, or for ornament. 

Ex'ple-to-ry, a. Serving to fill up ; expletive ; super- 
fluous, [ting explanation. 

Ex'pli--ea-lble, a. Capable of being explicated; admit- 

Ex'pli-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. explicated ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. EXPLICATING.] [Lat. explicare, explicatum (or 
explicitum), from ex, out of, from, and plicare, to fold, 
Gr. nkeKeiv.] To unfold the meaning of; to explain ; to 
interpret. 

JSx'pli-eate (45), a. Evolved; unfolded 

Ex'pli-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of unfolding or explaining ; 
explanation ; exposition ; interpretation. 2. The sense 

_ given by an expositor. 

Ex'pli-ea/tive, )a. Serving to unfold or explain ; ex- 

ICx'pli-ea'to-ry, j planatory. 

Ex'pli-ea'tor, n. An expounder ; an explainer. 

Ex-plic'it, a. [Lat. explicitum, p. p. of explicare, to un- 
fold. See Explicate.] 1. Distinctly stated: clear; 
not obscure or ambiguous. 2. Having no disguised 
meaning or reservation. 

Syn. — Express. — Express is stronger than explicit ; it adds 
force to clearness. An express promise or engagement is not 
only unambiguous, but stands out (expressed) in bold relief, 
with the most binding hold on the conscience. 

Ex-plic'it-ly, ado. In an explicit manner; plainly, 
expressly. 

Ex-plic'it-ness, n. Quality of being explicit. 

Ex-plode', v. i. [imp. & p. p. exploded ; p.pr. ' 



a, e, &c. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf 



EXPLODE 



265 



EXQUISITE 



vb. n. exploding.] [Lat. explodere, from ex, out of, 
from, and plaudere , plod ere , to clap, strike the hands, to 
utter a hurst of sound.] To burst with a loud report ; to 
detonate. 
Ex-plode', v. t. 1. To cause to explode ; to touch off. 

2. To drive out with violence and noise, as by powder. 

3. To bring into disrepute, and reject. 
Ex-plod'er, n. One who explodes. 

Ex-ploit', n. [Fr. exploit ; 0. Fr. esploit, espleit, reve- 
nue, product, vigor, force, exploit, from Lat. explicitum, 
from explicare, to unfold, display.] A deed or act ; espe- 
cially, an heroic act ; a feat. 

Ex'ploi-ta'tion, n. [Fr.] The process by which ores 

and minerals of value are won from their natural posi- 

w tion, and brought where they can be rendered available. 

Ex'plo-ra'tion, n. Act of exploring. 

Ex'plo-ra'tor, n. One who explores. 

Ex-plor'a-to-ry, a. Serving to explore ; explorative. 

Ex-plore', v. t. [imp. &cp.p. explored ; p.pr. Scvb. 
n. EXPLORING.] [Lat. explorare, from ex and plorare, 
to cry out, to cry aloud.] To search through ; to look 
into all parts of; to examine thoroughly. 

Ex-plor'er, n. One who explores. 

Ex-plo'§ion, n. 1. Act of exploding or detonating. 2. 
(Steam-eng.) The shattering of a boiler by a sudden and 
immense pressure, in distinction from rupture. 3. A vi- 
olent manifestation of passionate feeling, attended by an 
outburst in language, &c. 

Ex-plo'sive, a. Causing explosion. 

Ex-po'li-a'tion, n. [Lat. exspoliatio, from exspoliare, 
to spoil, plunder, from ex and spoliare, to strip, plunder.] 
A spoiling. See SPOLIATION. 

Ex-po'nent, n, [Lat. exponens, p. pr. of exponere, to 
put out, to set forth, to expose, from ex, out of, from, 
and ponere, to put, place, set.] 1. (Alg.) A number, 
letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and 
above another quantity, and denoting how many times 
the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power 
indicated. 2. One who, or that which, stands as an index 

w or representative. [variable exponents. 

Ex'po-nen'tial, a. Pertaining to exponents ; involving 

Ex-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPORTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXPORTING.] [Lat. exportare, from ex, out of, from, 
and portare, to carry.] To carry from a state or country, 

^as wares in commerce, to other nations or communities. 

Ex'port, n. 1. Act of exporting; exportation. 2. That 

_ which is exported ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

Ex-port'a-fole, a. Capable of being exported. 

Ex'por-ta'tion, n. Act of exporting. 

Ex-port'er, n. One who exports. 

Ex-po§e' (eks-poz 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exposed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXPOSING.] [Lat. exponere, expositum, 
from ex, out of, from, and ponere, to place.] 1. To place 
in a position to be seen. 2. To lay forth to view, as an 
opinion, or the like ; to explain. 3. To deprive of cover 
or protection ; to lay open to attack or danger. 4. To 
deprive of concealment, as a thing that shuns publicity. 
5. To divulge the reprehensible practices of. 
To expose a child, to disown and abandon it. 

Expose (eks'po'za'), n. [Fr. See supra.] A formal state- 
ment, recital, or exposition. 

Ex-po§'er, n. One who exposes. 

Ex'po-gi'tion (-zlsh'un), n. [Lat. expositio, from ex- 
ponere. See supra.] 1. Act of exposing or laying open ; 
hence, a public exhibition or show. 2. The act of ex- 
pounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an 
author, or passage; explanation; interpretation; hence, 
also, a work containing explanations or interpretations, 
or the sense put upon a passage by an interpreter. 

Ex-pog'i-tive, a. Serving to expose or explain ; exposi- 
tory ; explanatory ; exegetical. 

Ex-pos/i-tor, n. [Lat., from exponere.] One who, or 
that which, expounds or explains ; an interpreter. 

Ex-pos/i-to-ry (50), a. Belonging to an expositor, or to 
exposition ; intended to interpret ; explanatory ; illus- 
trative ; exegetical. 

JEx post fa-e'to. [Lat.] {Law.) Done after another 

thing ; from, or by, an after act, or thing done afterward. 

Ex post facto law, a law which operates retrospectively. 

EST* Strictly, post should be connected with facto, either as 

an entire word ( postfacto), or the two words should be joined 

together by a hyphen (post-facto). 

Ex-post'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. expostulated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXPOSTULATING.] [Lat. expostulare, 
expostulatum, from ex, out of, from, and postulare, to 
ask, require.] To reason earnestly with a person on some 
impropriety of conduct : to remonstrate. 



Ex-post'u-la/tion, n. Act of expostulating ; remon- 
strance ; earnest and kindly protest. 

Ex-post'u-la'tor, n. One who expostulates. 

Ex-post'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Containing expostulation 
or remonstrance. 

Expog'ure, n. 1. Act of exposing. 2. State of being 
exposed. 3. Position in regard to points of compass, or 
to influences of climate, &c. 

Ex-pound', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPOUNDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. expounding.] [0. Fr. expondre, espondre. See 
Expose.] To explain ; to clear of obscurity ; to interpret. 

Ex-pound'er, n. One who expounds or interprets. 

Ex-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. expressed (eks-presf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXPRESSING.] [Lat. exprimere, express- 
um, from ex, out of, from, and premere, to press.] 1„ To 
press or squeeze out. 2. To imitate ; to represent. 3. 
To represent and exhibit, as an opinion or feeling, by a 
look, gesture, or especially by language. 4. To make 
known one's opinions or feelings ; — used reflexively. 5, 
To denote ; to designate. 6. To send by express mes- 
senger. 

Syn.— To declare; utter; signify; testify; intimate. 

Ex-press', a. 1. Closely resembling. 2. Directly 
stated ; made unambiguous ; clear ; plain. 3. Dis- 
patched with special speed or directness. 

Syn.— Explicit; clear ; plain ; open ; unambiguous. See 
Explicit. 

Ex-press', n. A messenger sent on a special errand; 
hence, a regular and quick conveyance for packages, 
commissions, &c. [by express. 

Ex-press'age (45), n. The charge for carrying a parcel 

Ex-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being expressed. 

Ex-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of expressing, or 
forcing out by pressure. 2. Act of representing declara- 
tion; utterance. 3. Lively or vivid representation of 
meaning, sentiment, or feeling, &c. 4. Look or appear- 
ance, as indicative of thought or feeling. 5. A mode of 
speech; a phrase. 6. (Alg.) The representation of any 
quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. 

Ex-press'Ive, a. 1. Serving to express, utter, or repre- 
sent ; indicative. 2. Full of expression ; significant. 

Ex-press'rve-ly, adv. In an expressive manner. 

Ex-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of being expressive; 
impressive significance ; vividness. 

Ex-press'ly, adv. In an express, direct, or pointed 
manner ; in direct terms ; plainly. 

Ex-pugn' (eks-pthV), v. t. [Lat. expugnare, from ex, out 
of, from, and pugnare, to fight, pugna, fight.] To con- 
quer ; to take by assault. 

Ex-pug'na-Me, or Ex-pugn'a-ble (-pun'-), a. Ca- 
pable of being expugned, forced, or conquered. [Rare.] 

Ex-pugn'er (eks-pun'er), n. One who expugns. 

Ex-pul'sion, n. [Lat. expulsio, from expellere.] 1. Act 
of expelling ; a driving away by violence. 2. State of 
being expelled. [serving to expel. 

Ex-ptil'slve, a. Having the power of driving away ; 

Ex-piin-e'tion, n. [Lat. expunctio, from expungere.] 
Act of expunging or erasing. 

Ex-piinge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPUNGED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXPUNGING.] [Lat. expungere, from ex, out of, 
from, eai&pungere, punctum, to prick, puncture.] 1. To 
blot out, as with a pen. 2. To strike out ; to wipe out 
or destroy. 

Syn. — To efface ; erase; obliterate; annihilate; cancel. 

Ex'pur-gate, or Ex-p&r'gate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. EXPURGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXPURGATING.] [Lat. 
expurgare, expurgatum, from ex, out of, from, and pur- 
gare, to cleanse, purge.] To purify from any thing nox- 
ious, offensive, or erroneous ; to cleanse ; to purge. [See 
Note under Contemplate.] 

Ex'pur-ga'tion, n. Act of expurgating ; purification. 

Ex'pur-ga'tor, or Ex-p-ux'ga-tor, n. One who ex- 
purgates or purifies. [noxious or erroneous. 

Ex-p-ur'ga-to-ry, a. Serving to purify from any thing 
Expurgatorn Index [Lat. Index Expuraatorius], a catalogue 
of books forbidden by the Roman Catholic church to be read, 
as teaching things contrary to its creed. 

Ex'qui-site (eks'kwi-zit), a. [Lat. exquisitum, p. p. of 
exquirere, from ex, out of, from, and quxrere, to seek, 
search.] 1. Carefully selected; hence, of surpassing 
excellence. 2. Exceeding ; extreme ; keen ; — used in a 
bad sense. 3. Of close and accurate discrimination ; not 
easy to satisfy. 

Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact; accurate; refined; matchless; 
consummate; perfect. 

Ex'qui-site (eks'kwi-zit), n. One who is over-nice in 
dress or ornament ; a fop ; a dandy. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, cliaise, «aU, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; tnis^ 



EXQUISITELY 



266 



EXTOKTER 



2. 



£x'qui-§ite-ly, adv. 1. In an exquisite manner, 
With keen sensation or with nice perception. 

Ex'tpii-gite-ness, n. State o-f being exquisite. 

Ex-san'gui-ous (-s3ng'gwl-us), a. [Lat. exsanguis, 
from ex, out of, from, and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] 
Destitute of blood, as an animal or insect. 

Ex-si-e'-eant (117), a. [See infra.] Having the quality 
of drying up ; drying. 

Ex-si-e'-eant, n. (Med.) A drying medicine. 

Ex'si-e-eate, or Ex-si-e'-eate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
exsiccated ; p. pr . & vb. n. exsiccating.] [Lat. 
exsiccare, exsiccatum, from ex, out of, from, and siccare, 
to make dry, from siccus, dry.] To exhaust or evapor- 
ate moisture from ; to dry. . [See Note under CONTEM- 
PLATE.^ 

Ex'sle-ea'tion, n. Act or operation of drying ; the 
^ state of being dried up. 

fix-si-e'-ea-tive, a. Tending to make dry; having the 
power of drying. 

Ex-sue'tion, n. [Lat. exsugere, exsuctum, to suck out, 
from ex, out of, from, and sugere, to suck.] The act of 
sucking out. 

Ex'tant, a. [Lat. extans, extantis, or exstans, exstantis, 
p. pr. of extare, or exstare, to stand forth, from ex, out 
of, from, and stare, to stand.] 1. Standing out or above 

w the surface. 2. Continuing to exist ; in being ; now 

Ex'ta-sy, n. See Ecstasy. [subsisting. 

Ex-tem/po-ra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. ex tempore, q. v.] 
Proceeding from the impulse of the moment ; called forth 
by the occasion ; unpremeditated ; off-hand. 

Ex-tem'po-ra-ry (44), a. Composed, performed, or 
uttered, without previous study or preparation ; extem- 
poraneous. 

Moc-tem'po-re, adv. [Lat., fr. ex, out of, from, and tem- 
pi's, time.] Without previous study or meditation ; with- 
out preparation ; suddenly. 

Ex-tem'po-re , a. Without previous study or prepara- 
tion; extemporaneous. 

Ex-tem/po-ri-za'tion, ». The act of extemporizing. 

Ex-tem'po-rize,r. i. [imp. & p.p. extemporized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXTEMPORIZING.] To speak extem- 
pore, or without previous study or preparation ; espe- 
cially, to make an off-hand address. 

Ex-tem'po-rize, v. t. To do in a hasty, off-hand, or 
unpremeditated manner. 

Ex-tem'po-rlz'er, n. One who extemporizes. 

Ex-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. extended ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXTENDING.] [Lat. extendere, from ex, out of, 
from, and tendere, to stretch, stretch out, allied to Gr. 
reiveiv.] 1. To prolong, especially in a single direction, 
as a line ; to protract. 2. To enlarge, as a surface or 
volume ; to expand. 3. To enlarge ; to widen ; to con- 
tinue, as time ; to lengthen. 4. To hold out or reach 
forth. 5. To bestow on; to offer. 6. (Law.) To value, 
as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt. 
Syn. — To increase ; enlarge ; expand ; widen ; diffuse. 

Ex-tend/, v. i. To be continued in length or breadth ; to 
stretch ; to reach. 

Ex-tend/er, n. One who, or that which, extends. 

Ex-ten d'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being extended. 2. 
(Law.) Liable to betaken by a writ of extent and valued. 

Ex-ten' si-bil'i-ty, n. Capacity of being extended, or of 
suffering extension. [in length or breadth. 

Ex-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being extended, whether 

Ex-ten'sile, a. Capable of being extended ; extensible. 

Ex-ten' si on, n. [Lat. extensio, from extendere.] 1. 
Act of extending ; a stretching. 2. State of being ex- 
tended. 3. (Physics & Metaph.) That property of a 
body by which it occupies a portion of space. 4. ( Com.) 
A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing 
a debtor further time to pay a debt. 

trffedTnk^^hv^ 16 ,*^* Can - l eadil ? te tended or con- 

Ex-ten'sion-ist, n One who favors extension. 

br'oad • S S'. U - HaVmg Wide extent i expanded ; large ; 

S'S! S - Te ' ly ' adv - To a S reat exfc ent ; widely. 

£x-ten sive-ness, n. State of being extensive, 
wi^" ° r,w l [Lat See Extend.] (Anat.) A muscle 
winch serves to extend or straighten any part of the 
body, as an arm or a finger. 

Ex-tent', n. 1. Space or degree to which a thing is ex- 
tended ; hence, superficies; bulk; size; length. 2. 
(Imw.) (a.) A peculiar species of execution upon debts 
due to the crown. [Eng.] (b.) A levy of an execution 
upon real estate. [Amer.] 



Ex-ten'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. EXTENUATED', 

p. pr. & vb. n. extenuating.] [Lat. extenuare, exten- 
uatum, from ex, out of, from, and tenuare, to make thin, 
from tenuis, thin.] 1. To draw out, as the line of an 
army; to make thin, lean, or slender. 2. To lessen ; to 
palliate as a crime ; to lower or degrade, as reputation or 
honor. 

Ex-ten'u-ate, v. i. To become thinner or more Blender ; 
to be drawn out or extenuated. 

Ex-ten'u-a'tion, n. Act of extenuating; palliation, as 
of a crime; mitigation, as of punishment. 

Ex-ten'u-a'tor, n. One who extenuates. 

Ex-te'ri-or (89), a. [Lat. exterior, compar. of exter, or 
exterus, on the outside, outward, foreign, strange.] 1. 
External ; pertaining to that which is external. 2. On 
the outside, with reference to a person ; extrinsic. 3. 
Relating to foreign nations ; foreign. 

Ex-te'ri-or, n. 1. Outward surface or part of a thing. 
2. Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony. 

Ex-ter'mi-nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. exterminated ; 
p. pr.lk vb. n. EXTERMINATING.] [Lat. exterminare, 
exterminatum, from ex, out of, from, and terminus, 
boundary, limit.] 1. To drive from within the limits or 
borders of; to drive away. 2. To put an end to the 
power of; to eradicate; to extirpate. 3. (Math.) To cause 
to disappear ; to eliminate. 

Ex-ter / mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of exterminating ; erad- 
ication ; extirpation; excision. 2. (Math.) Elimination. 

Ex-ter'mi-na'tor, n. One who, or that which, exter- 
minates. 

Ex-ter'mi-na-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to extermina- 
tion ; serving or tending to exterminate. 

Ex-ter'nal, a. [Lat. externus, from exter, exterus, on the 
outside, outward.] 1. Having relation to space ; out- 
ward ; exterior. 2. Derived from, or related to, the 
body, its appearance, functions, &c. 3„ Accidental ; irrel- 
evant. 4. Foreign ; related to or connected with foreign 

_ nations. 

Ex'ter-nal'i-ty, n. Existence in space ; exteriority. 

Ex-ter'nal-ly , adv. In an external manner ; outwardly. 

Ex-ter'nal§, n. pi. Whatever things are external or 
without ; outward parts. 

Ex-tin-et', a. [Lat. extinctus,exstinctum, p. p. of exstin- 
guere. See Extinguish.] 1. Extinguished ; put out ; 
quenched. 2. Ended ; terminated ; closed. 

Ex-tin-e'tion, n. 1. Act of extinguishing or making 
extinct. 2. State of being extinguished. 

Ex-tin'guisli (eks-ting'gwish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
extinguished (108) \p.pr. & vb.n. extinguishing.] 
[Lat. extinguere, exstinguere, from ex, out of, from, and 
stinguere, to quench.] 1. To smother ; to quench; to 
destroy. 2. To put an end to ; to destroy. 3. To obscure 
by superior splendor. 

Ex-tin'guish-a-ble, a. Capable of being extinguished. 

Ex'tin'guish-er, n. One who, or that which extin- 
guishes ; especially, a hollow, conical utensil to be put on 
a candle or lamp to extinguish it. 

Ex-tin.' guish-ment, n. 1. Act of extinguishing; ex- 
tinction ; suppression ; destruction ; nullification. 2. 
(Law.) The putting an end to a right or estate by con- 
solidation or union. 

Ex-tirp'a-ble, a. Capable of being extirpated. 

Ex'tir-pate, or Ex-tir'pate (117), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. 
EXTIRPATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXTIRPATING.] [Lat. 
extirpare, extirpatum, or exstirpare, exstirpatum, from 
ex, out of, from, and stirps, stock, stem, root.] [See Note 
under Contemplate.] To pull or pluck up by the 
roots ; to destroy totally. 
Syn. — To eradicate ; root out ; destroy ; expel. 

Ex'tir-pa'tion, n. Act of extirpating or rooting out ; 
eradication ; excision ; total destruction. 

Ex'tir-pa/tor, or Ex-tir'pa-tor, n. One who extir- 
pates or roots out ; a destroyer. 

Ex-tol', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTOLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXTOLLING.] [Lat. extollere, from ex, out of, from, and 
tollere, to lift, take up, or raise.] To elevate by prain; 
to eulogize ; to magnify. 

Syn. — To praise ; applaud ; commend ; celebrate ; laud ; 
glorify. See Celebrate. 

Ex-tol'ler, n. One who extols or magnifies. 

Ex-tor'sive, a. [See Extort.] Serving to extort. 

Ex-tort', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTORTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. EXTORTING.] [Lat. extorquere, extortum, from ex, 
out of, from, and torquere, to turn about, twist.] To 
wrest or wring from by physical or other means ; to gain 
by force ; to exact. 

Ex-tort', v. i. To practice extortion. 

Ex-tort'er, n. One who extorts. 



EXTORTION 



267 



EYAS 



Ex-tor'tion, n. 1. Act of extorting; illegal exaction. 
2. That which is extorted ; oppression ; rapacity. 

Ex-tor'tion-a-ry, ) a. Practicing, pertaining to, char- 

Ex-tor'tion-ate, J acterized by, or implying, extor- 
tion. 

Ex-tor'tion-er, n. One who practices extortion. 

Ex'tra, n. Something in addition to what is due or ex- 
pected ; — commonly used in the plural. [ Colloq.] 

Ex'tra, a. [Lat. extra, beyond or outside of; or, perhaps 
abbreviated from extraordinary.] Over and above ; un- 
common ; extraordinary. [ Colloq.] 

Ex-tra-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. extracted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXTRACTING.] [Lat. extrakere, extractum, from 
ex, out of, from, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw out. 
2. To remove forcibly from a fixed position. 3. To 
withdraw by distillation, or other chemical process. 4. 
To take by selection. 

To extract the root (Math.), to ascertain the root of a number 
or quantity. 

£x'tra-et, n, 1. That which is extracted or drawn out. 
2. A passage from a book or writing ; a citation ; a quo- 
tation. 3. Any thing drawn from a substance by heat, 
solution, distillation, or chemical process. 

Ex-trlJt'Jble } a> Ca P able of bein S extracted. 

Ex-trae'tion, n. 1. Act of extracting, or drawing out. 
2. The stock from which a person or family has de- 
scended ; lineage ; birth ; descent. 3. That which is 
extracted ; extract ; essence. 

Ex-tra-et'ive, a. 1. Capable of being extracted. 2. 
Tending or serving to extract. 

Ex-tra-et'or, n. One who, or that which, extracts. 

Ex'tra-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [From Lat. ex, out of, 
from, and traditio, a delivering up, from trader e, to deliv- 
er.] Delivery, by one nation or state to another, of fu- 
gitives from justice, in pursuance of a treaty. 

Ex-tra'dos, n. [Fr., from Lat. extra, andFr. dos, equiv- 
alent to Lat. dorsum, back.] (Arch.) The exterior curve 

^of an arch. 

Ex'tra-do'tal, a. [Lat. extra, and dotalis.] Not be- 

^ longing to dower. , 

Ex'tra-ju'di'cial (-dish'al), a. [Lat. extra, and Eng. 
judicial, q. v.] Out of the proper court, or the ordinary 

w course of legal procedure ; not legally required. 

Ex'tra-mun'dane, a. [Lat. extramundanus, from Lat. 
extra, and mundus, world.] Beyond the limit of the ma- 
terial world, or relating to that which is so. 

Ex'tra-mu'ral, a. [Lat. extra, beyond, without, and 
murus, wall. Lat. extramuranus.] Without or beyond 
the walls, as of a fortified city. 

Ex-tra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. extraneus, from Lat. extra, on 
the outside, without.] Not belonging to, or dependent 
on, a_thing ; not essential ; foreign. 

Ex-tra'ne-oiis-ly, adv. In an extraneous manner. 

Ex-traor'di-iia-ri-ly (-tror'- or -tra-or'-), adv. In a 
manner out of the ordinary or usual method. 

Ex-traor'di-na-ry (eks-tror'- or eks'tra-or'-), a. [Lat. 
extraordinarius, from Lat. e.x£ra,and ordinarius.] 1. Be- 
yond or out of the common order or method. 2. Ex- 
ceeding the common degree or measure ; hence, remark- 
able ; uncommon ; rare. 3. Employed or sent for an 
unusual or special object. 

Ex-traor'di-na-ry [or eks'tra-or'di-na-ry), n. That 
which is extraordinary or unusual ; an uncommon cir- 
cumstance or quality ; — used especially in the plural. 

Ex'tra-pro-fes'sion-al (-fesh'un-al), a. [Lat. extra, 
and Eng. professional, q. v.] Foreign to a profession. 

Ex'tra-u'ter-ine, a. [Lat. extra, and uterus, womb.] 
Out of the womb ; — said of pregnancy. 

Ex-trav'a-ganpe, ) n. 1. The act of wandering 

Ex-trav'a-gan-py, J beyond proper limits. 2. State 
of being extravagant, wild, or prodigal beyond bounds 
of propriety or duty. 

Syn. — Wildness; irregularity; excess; prodigality; pro- 
fusion; waste; dissipation; outrage; violence. 

Ex-trav'a-gant, a. [Lat. extra and vagans, wander- 
ing, p. p. of vagari, to stroll about, to wander, from 
vagus, wandering.] 1. Wandering beyond bounds; 
inclined to err. 2. Wild; excessive; unrestrained. 3. 
Profuse in expenses ; prodigal. 

Ex-trav'a-gant-ly, adv. In an extravagant manner. 

Ex-tray'a-gan'za, n. [It. See Extravagance.] 1. 
A musical composition, characterized by its wild irregu- 
larity. 2. An extravagant flight of sentiment or lan- 
guage. 

Ex-trav'a-sate,^. t. [imp. & p.p. extravasated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. EXTRAVASATING.] [Lat. extra and vas, 
vessel.] To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. 



Ex-trav'a-sa'tion, n. Act of forcing or letting out of 
its proper vessels or ducts, as blood ; effusion. 

Ex-treme', a. [Lat. exlremus, superl. of exter, extents, 
on the outside, outward.] 1. At the utmost point, edge, 
or border ; outermost ; utmost ; furthest. 2. Last ; 
final ; conclusive. 3. The worst or best ; most urgent ; 
greatest ; highest. 4. (Mus.) Extended or contracted 
as much as 



Extreme unction (Rom. Cath. Church), the anointing of a sick 
person with oil, just before death. 

Extreme', n. 1. The utmost point or verge of a thing ; 
extremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree that is supposable 
or tolerable ; hence, great necessity ; — often in the pi. 
In the extreme, as much as possible. 

Ex-treme'ly, adv. In an extreme manner or state ; in 
the utmost degree ; to the utmost point. 

Ex-trem'ist, n. A supporter of extreme doctrines or 
practice ; one who holds extreme opinions. 

Ex-trem'i-ty, n. 1. That which is at the extreme ; 
the utmost limit. 2. The utmost point ; highest degree. 
3. The highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffer- 
ing ; greatest need or peril. 

Syn.— Verge; border; extreme; end; termination. 

fix'tri-ea-ble, a. Capable of being extricated. 

Ex'tri-eate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. extricated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. EXTRICATING.] [Lat exlricare, extricatum, 
from ex, out of, from, and tricze, hindrances, vexations, 
perplexities.] 1. To free from difficulties or perplexi- 
ties. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved. 

Syn. — To disentangle; disembarrass; disengage; relieve; 
evolve ; set free. 

Ex'tri-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of extricating or disentangling ; 
disentanglement. 2. Act of sending out or evolving. 

Ex- trin' si-e, I a. [Lat. extrinsecus.] Not contained 

Ex-trin'si«-al, j in or belonging to a" body ; external; 
outward ; unessential. 

Ex-trln'si«-al-ly, adv. In an extrinsic or unessential 
manner; externally. 

Ex-tru.de', v. t. [imp. & p. p. extruded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. EXTRUDING.] [Lat. extrudere, from ex, out of, 
from, and trudere, to thrust.] 1. To thrust out; to 
urge, force, or press out; to expel. 2. To drive away. 

Ex-tru'§ion, n. Act of thrusting out ; expulsion. 

Ex-tu'ber-aiice, \n. A swelling or rising of any part 

Ex-tu'ber-an-cy, j of a body; a protuberance. 

Ex-tu'ber-ant, a. [Lat. extuberans, p. pr. of extube- 
rare.] Standing out ; swelled. 

Ex-u/ber-aiice (egz-yu'ber-ans), ) n. State of being 

Ex-u'ber-an-cy (egz-yyj'ber-an-sy), j exuberant ; su- 
perfluous abundance ; luxuriance. 

Syn. — Plenty ; abundance. — Plenty is a plenum or fullness 
of all that could be desired ; abundance is oveiliowing plenty; 
exuberance is abundance carried to excess. 

Ex-u'ber-ant (egz-yu'ber-ant), a. [Lat. exvberans, exu- 
berantis, p. pr. of exuberare.] Characterized by abun- 
dance; overflowing; over-abundant; superfluous. 

Ex-u'ber-ant-ly, adv. Abundantly; very copiously; 

w in great plenty ; to a superfluous degree. 

fix/u-da'tioii, n. 1. Act of exuding ; a discharge of 
humors or moisture. 2. The substance exuded. 

Ex-u.de', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exuded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
EXUDING.] [Lat. exudare, exsudare, to come out or 
discharge by sweating, from ex, out of, from, and su- 
dare, to sweat.] To discharge through pores or incis- 
ions, as moisture, &c. 

Ex-ude', v. i. To flow from a body through the pores, 
or by a natural discharge, as juice. 

Ex-iil/cer-a'tioii, n. [Lat. exulceratio , from exidcerare, 
exulceratum, from ex, out of, from, and ideerare, to make 
sore, from ulcus, sore, ulcer.] 1. Act of causing ulcers 
on a body ; process of becoming ulcerous. 2. Exacer- 
bation; corrosion. [ulcers. 

Ex-ul'cer-a-to-ry, a. Having a tendency to form 

Ex-u.lt' (egz-fihV), v. i. [imp. & p. p. EXULTED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. EXULTING.] [Lat. exultare, exsultare, 
intens. form of exsilire, to spring out or up, from ex, out 
of, from, and salire, to spring, leap.] To leap for joy; 
to rejoice in triumph. 

Ex-ult'ant, a. Inclined to exult ; characterized by, or 
expressing, exultation ; triumphant. [triumph. 

Ex'ul-ta'tion, n. Act of exulting ; rapturous delight ; 

Ex-iilt'ilig-ly, adv. In an exulting manner. 

Ex-u'vl-m, n. pi. [Lat., from exuere, to draw out or off, 
to pull off.] 1. Cast skins, shells, or coverings of ani- 
mals. 2. (Geol.) Fossil shells and other animal re- 
mains left in the strata of the earth . 

Ey'as (I'as), n. [Formerly also nyas, nias, from Fr. niais. 



food, fdt>t; urn,j*ude,pull; 9eU> cliaise, -eall, eclio; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, Ilialc ; tbis. 



EYE 



268 



FACILE 



fresh from the nest, from Lat. nidus, nest.] A young 
hawk just taken from the nest. 

Eve (T), ft. [A.-S. eage, Goth, augo, Icel. auga, 0. H. 
Ger. ouga, N. H. Ger. auge, allied to Slav, oko, Lith. 
akis, Skr. akshi, Gr. okos, ok/cos, dual oo-<re, Lat. oculus, 
dim. of an hypoth. ocus.] 1. The organ of sight or 
vision. 2. The power of seeing; unusual power, range, 
or delicacy of vision. 3. Action of the organ of sight; 
sight ; view ; judgment ; opinion ; estimate. 4. Space 
occupied or commanded by the organ of sight ; hence, 
face; front; presence. 5. Observation; watch ; inspec- 
tion : notice. 6. Look ; countenance ; aspect. 7. That 
which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, 
or appearance ; as, (a.) The small bole in the end of a 
needle, (b.) A catch for a hook, (c.) The spots on a 
feather, as of a peacock, (d.) The bud or sprout of a 
plant or root, (e.) The center of a target. (/".) (Naut.) 
That part of a loop or stay by which it is attached to, 
or suspended from, any thing. 8. That which resem- 
bles the organ of sight in relative importance or beauty. 
To have an eye to, to pay particular attention to.— To keep 
an eye on, to watch.— To see with half an eye, to see easily. — 
To set the eyes on, to see; to have a sight of. 

Eye, f.i. [imp. Sep. p. eyed (Id) : j>. pr. & vb. n. 
EYING.] To fix the eye on; to observe ; particularly, 
to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention. 

Eye'ball, ft. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. 

Eye'briglit (-brlt), n. A plant formerly much used as 
a remedy for diseases of the eye. 

Eye'brow, n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. 

Eye'glass, ft. 1. A glass to assist the sight. 2. The 
eye-piece of a telescope, and like instruments. 

Eye'lasli, ft. 1. The line of hairs that edges the eyelid. 
2. A single one of the hairs on the edge of the eyelid. 



Ef e'less (Iless), a. Wanting eyes or sight ; blind. 

Eye'let, ft. [Fr. millet, dim. of ail, eye, from Lat. ocu- 
lus.'] A small hole or perforation for a lace or small rope 
or cord, as in garments, sails, &c. 

Eye'let-eer' (Vlet-er'), n. A small, sharp-pointed in- 
strument used in making eyelet-holes ; a stiletto. 

Eye'lid, ft. The cover of the eye. 

Eye'-piece (I'pes), n. {Opt.) The lens, or combination 
of lenses, at the eye-end of a telescope, or other optical 
instrument. 

Eye'-serv'ant, n. A servant who attends to his duty 
only when watched. 

Eye'-serv'ice, ft. Service performed only under the eye 
or inspection of an employer. 

Eye'sight (l'slt), n. 1. Sight of the eye ; view ; ob- 
servation. 2. Power or relative capacity of seeing. 

Eye'-sore. n. Something offensive to the eye or sight. 

Eye'-stone, ft. A small, calcareous stone, used for tak- 
ing substances from between the lid and ball of the eye. 

Eye'-tooth, n. ; pi. eye-teeth. A tooth whose fang 
is long, and points up toward the eye ; the pointed tooth 
in the upper jaw next to the grinders ; — called also a ca- 
nine tooth, and cuspidate tooth. [eyes. 

Eye'-wa/ter, n. A medicated water or lotion for the 

Eye'- witness, n. One who sees a thing done. 

Eyne (in), n. The plural of eye ; — now obsolete. 

Eyre (ar), n. [0. Fr. erre, journey, errer, also edrar, to 
travel, march, from Lat. iter, a going, walk, way.] ' 1. 
A journey or circuit. 2. A court of itinerant justices. 

Justice in eyre (O. Eng. Law), an itinerant judge, who rode 
the circuit to hold courts in the different counties. 

Ey'rie I (a'ry), n. [See Aerie.] The place where birds 

Ey'ry J of prey construct their nests and hatch their 

"young. See Aerie. 



F. 



F 



(ef ), the sixth letter of the English alphabet, is formed] 
by the passage of breath between the lower lip and the | 
upper incisive teeth. See Principles of Pronunciation, 
§ 71. The figure of the letter F is the same as that of 
the Eolic digamma [F], to which it is also closely related 
in power. See DlGAMMA. — In music, F is the fourth 
tone of the gamut, or model scale. F sharp (FS) is a 
tone intermediate between F and G. 

Fa. (Mus.) A syllabls applied to the fourth tone of the 
gamut or model scale for the purposes of solmization. 

Fa'bi-an, a. Delaying ; dilatory ; avoiding battle, but 
harassing the enemy by marches, countermarches, and 
ambuscades, in imitation of Quintus Fabius Maximus 
Verrucosus, a Roman general. 

Fa/ble, n. [Lat. fabula, fvomfari, to speak, say.] 1. 
A fictitious story or tale, intended to enforce some use- 
ful truth or precept ; an apologue. 2. The plot of an 
epic or dramatic poem. 3. Fiction; falsehood. 

FaHble, v.i. [imp. & p. p. FABLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fabling.] To feign; to write or speak fiction 

Fa/ble, v. t. To feign ; to invent ; to tell of falsely. 

Fa'bler, ft. A writer of fables or fictions ; a fabulist. 

Eab'ri-e, n. [L&t.fabrica, from faber, a worker in hard 
materials, prob. for faciber, from facere, to make.] 1. 
Structure of any thing ; workmanship ; texture ; make. 
2. That which is fabricated; as (a.) Framework; edi- 
fice; building, (b.) Manufactured cloth. 3. Act or 
purpose of building ; construction. 

Eab'ri-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fabricated; p.pr. 
& vb. ft. FABRICATING.] [La,t. fabricare,fabricari,fab- 
ricatus, -a, -um, from fabrica. See supra.] 1. To frame; 
to construct ; to build. 2. To form by art and labor ; 
to manufacture. 3. To' forge; to devise falsely. 

Eab'ri-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of fabricating, framing, or 
constructing ; construction ; manufacture. 2. That 
which is fabricated ; a falsehood. 

Syn. — Fiction; figment; invention; fable; falsehood. See 
Fictiox. 

F&b'ri-ea'tor, ft. One who constructs or makes. 
Ea.b'vi-list, ft. One who invents or writes fables. 
Fab'u-llze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fabulized; p.pr. & 

vb. n. fabulizing.] To invent, compose, or relate 

fables. 
Fab'u-loiis, a. Feigned, ad a story or fable ; related to 

fable ; not real ; fictitious. 



Fabulotis age, that period in the history of a nation described 
in legendary or mythological fables. 

Fab'u.-lous-ly, adv. In a fabulous manner. 

Facade (fa-sad 7 or fa-sad 7 ), ft. [Fr. facade, from face, 
face, q. v.] Front ; front view or elevation of an edifice. 

Face, ft. [From Lat. fades, make, form, shape, face, 
from facere, to make.] 1. The exterior form or appear- 
ance of any thing; especially, the front part or surface. 
2. One of the bounding planes of a solid. 3. {JSIach.) 
The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, orpully; 
the principal fiat surface of a part. 4. Outside appear- 
ance ; surface show; look. 5. That part of the head 
of an animal, especially of a human being, in which are 
the eyes, nose, mouth, &c. ; visage; countenance. 6. 
Cast of features ; look; air. 7. Boldness; shameless- 
ness ; effrontery. 8. Presence ; sight ; front. 9. Mode 
of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable. 

To make a face, to distort the countenance. — Face of a bas- 
tion ( JUL), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. 
— Face of a gun (Mil.), the surface of metal at the muzzle. 

Face, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FACED (fast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
facing.] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firm- 
ness. 2. To stand opposite to ; to front upon. 3. To 
turn the front toward; to confront. 4. To cover in 
front. 5. (Mach.) To make fiat or smooth the sur- 
face of. 

Face, v. i. To turn the face. 

Fa'cer, ft. One who faces ; a bold-faced person. 

Fac'et, ft. [Fr. facette, diminutive of face, q. v.] A little 
face ; a small surface. 

JFa-ce'ri-^e(fa-se / shi-e),ft.jpZ. [Lat., from facctus.] Witty 
or humorous writings or sayings ; witticisms. 

Fa-ce'tious, a. [See supra.] 1. Given to wit and good 
humor ; merry ; sportive ; jocular. 2. Characterized by 
wit ar.d pleasantry. 

Fa-ce'tious-ly, adv. In a facetious manner. 

Fa-£e'tiou.s-ness, n. State of being facetious ; pleas- 

Fa-cette', ft. [Fr.] A facet. See Facet. [antry. 

Fa'cial, a. [L. Lat. facialis, from fades, face.] Pertain- 
ing to the face. 

Fadal angle (Anat.), the angle formed by two straight lines* 
one drawn from the middle of theexternal entrance of theear to 
the base of the nose, and the other from the prominent center of 
the forehead to the most prominent part of the upper jaw-bone. 

Fa'cial-ly, adv. In a facial manner. 

Faf'fle (fa-s'il), a. [La.t.facilis, from facere, to make, do.] 



FACILITATE 



269 



FAINT 



1. Easy to be done or performed ; not difficult. 2, Easy 
to be surmounted or removed. 3. Easy of access or con- 
verse ; courteous ; affable. 4. Easily persuaded to good 
or bad ; pliant ; flexible. 

Fa-cIPi-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. facilitated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. facilitating.] [Lat. facilitas, facility, q. v.] 
To make easy- or less difficult. 

Fa-cIPi-ta'tion, n. Act of facilitating or making easy. 

Fa-cIPi-ty, n. 1. Quality of being easily performed; 
ease. 2. Readiness proceeding from skill or use ; dex- 
terity. 3. Easiness to be persuaded; — usually in a 
bad sense ; pliancy ; ductility. 4. Easiness of access ; 
complaisance; affability. 5> Tbat which promotes the 
ease of any action or course of conduot ; advantage ; as- 
sistance ; — usually in the plural. 

Syn.— Ease ; expertness ; readiness ; dexterity ; complais- 
ance ; condescension; affability. — Expertness t readiness.— 
These words, as here compared, have in common the idea of 
performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility sup- 

/ poses a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with 
lightness and dexterity. Expertness is facility acquired by 
long-continued practice. Readiness marks the promptitude 
with which any thing is done. A merchant needs great facil- 
ity in dispatching business; a banker, great expertness in cast- 
ing accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one 
employment to another. 

Fa/cing, n. A covering in front for ornament or other 
purposes. 

Fac-sim'i-le, n. ; pi. FAC-siM/I-LEg. [Lat. fac simile , 
make like, or an abbreviation of factum simile, made like, 
from facere, to make, and similis^ like.] An exact copy 
or likeness, as of handwriting. 

Fact, n. [Lat. factum, from facere, to make or do.] 1. 
A doing, making, or preparing ; hence, any thing done or 
that which comes to pass ; an act ; an event. 2. Reality ; 
truth. 3. Assertion or statement of a thing done or ex- 
isting ; a thing supposed or asserted to be done ; as, his- 
tory abounds with false facts. 

Syn. — Act ; deed ; performance ; event ; incident ; occur- 
rence; circumstance. See Circumstance. 

Fac'tion, n. [Lat. f actio, from facere, to make or do.] 
A party acting from selfish motives against a govern- 
ment or established order of things. 

Syn.— Cabal; combination; party; clique; junto. See 
Cabal. 

Fac'tion-ist, n. One who promotes faction. 

Fac'tious, a. 1. Given to faction; prone to clamor 
against public measures or men. 2. Pertaining to, or 
proceeding from, faction ; indicating faction. 

Fac'tious-ly, adv. In a factious manner. 

Fae'tious-ness, n. State of being factious. 

Fac-ti'tioiis (fak-tish'us), a. [Lat. factitius, from facere, 
to make.] Made by art, in distinction from what is pro- 
duced by nature ; artificial ; unnatural. 

Syn.— Unnatural. — A thing is unnatural when it departs 
in any way from its simple or normal state; it is, factitious when 
it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as, a facti- 
tious excitement. _ There is much that is unnatural in Europe, 
but far more that is factitious in America. 

Fac'tor, n. 1. (Com.) An agent; especially, a mer- 
cantile agent, who buys and sells goods, and transacts 
business, for others on commission. 2. (Math.) One of 
the elements or quantities which, when multiplied to- 
gether, form a product. 

Fac'tor-age, n. Allowance given to a factor by his em- 
ployer, as a compensation for his services. 

Fac'to-ry, n. [Lat. factor.] 1. A house or place where 
factors reside, to transact business for their employers. 

2. The body of factors in any place. 3. A building, or 
collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture 
of goods ; a manufactory. 

Fac-to'tum, n. ; pi. fac-to'tums. [Lat., do every 
thing.] A person employed to do all kinds of work. 

Fa-e'ul-ty, n. [Lat. facultas, from facul, easily, from 
facere, to make.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether 
inborn or cultivated; especially, an original mental power 
or capacity for the well-known classes of mental activ- 
ity ; intellectual endowment or gift ; power. 2. Privi- 
lege or permission ; license. 3. A body of men to whom 
any specific right or privilege is granted ; the graduates 
in any of the four departments of a university or college 
(Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or TheolosrO ; especially, 
(a.) The members of a profession or calling, (b.) The 
professors and tutors in a college. 

Syn. — Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; adroitness ; 
ability; knack. 

Fad'dle, v. i. [Cf. Piddle.] To trifle; to toy. [Low.] 

Fade, u. f. [imp. & p. p. faded; p. pr. & vb. n. 

FADING.] [0. Eng. also vade; Prov. D. vadden, to 



fade, wither. Cf. Vade.] 1. To perish gradually; to 
wither, as a plant. 2. To lose freshness, color, or bright- 
ness. 3. To sink away; to grow dim ; to vanish. 

Fade, v. t. To cause to wither ; to wear away. 

Fade'less, a. Not liable to fade ; unfading. 

Fadge (i'aj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. fadged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FADGING.] [A.-S.fegaw,, gefegan, to join, lit together, 

0. H. Ger. fuogan, fuokan, fogen, fuagen.] To com* 
close, as the parts of things united ; to fit. 

Fae'-eal, a. See Eecal. 

Fss'^es, n. pi. [La.t.fiex,fmcis,vl.fxces.] Excrement; 

ordure; also, settlings ; sediment. 
Faec'u-la, n. See Fecula. 
Fa'er-y, a. or n. The same as Fairy. 
Fag, n. A laborious drudge ; especially, a school-boy 

who does menial services for another boy of a higher 

form or class in English schools. 
Fag, v. i. [Cf. L. Ger. fakk, wearied, weary, A.-S. fsege, 

dying, weak, timid.] 1. To act as a fag ; to drudge. 

2. To become weary ; to tire. 
Fag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

FAGGING.] 1. To treat as a fag ; to compel to drudge. 

[Colloq.] 2. To cause to labor diligently, or like a 

drudge ; to tire by labor. 
Fag'-end', n. [fag and end. See FAG, v. i., supra.] 

1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as 
the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a 
rope, &c. 2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing. 

Fag'ot, n. [Fr. fagot, It. fagotto, Sp. fogote, augm. of 
Lat. fax -,facis, torch, orig., a bundle of sticks, allied to 
Gr. <f>6.Ke\os, bundle, fagot.] 1. A bundle of sticks, used 
for fuel, for raising batteries, or other purposes in forti- 
fication; also, a single stick. 2. A bundle of pieces of 
iron or of steel in bars. 3. A person hired to take the 
place of another at the muster of a company. 

Fag'ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fagoted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Fagoting.] To make a fagot of; to tie or bundle 
together ; to bind in a bundle. 

Fahr'en-heit (far/en-hit), a. [Ger.] Pertaining to, op 
measured by means of, a thermometer commonly used 
in America and England, having the zero of its scale 
marked at 32 degrees below the freezing-point of water, 
and the boiling-point at 212 degrees above ; —so caller) 
from the inventor of the scale. 

Fail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. failed ; p. pr. & vb. n. fail-. 
ING.] [Fr.faillir, to fail, to deceive, from Lat. fallere, to 
deceive.] 1. To be wanting; to fall short; to be lack- 
ing. 2. To be affected with want ; to come short. 3. 
To become diminished ; to decline ; to decay. 4. To fall 
off in respect to vigor, activity, resources, or the like. 5. 
To become extinct ; to perish ; to die. 6. To be found 
wanting with respect to an effect or a duty to be per- 
formed, a result to be secured, or the like ; to miss. 7. 
To be disappointed of access or attainment ; to be baffled 
or frustrated. 8. To become unable to meet one's en- 
gagements ; to become bankrupt or insolvent. 

Fail, v. t. To be wanting to ; not to be sufficient for ; to 

Fail, n. Failure ; deficiency ; lack ; want. [disappoint. 
Without fail, unfailingly ; unreservedly; absolutely. 

FaiPing, n. The act of one who fails ; deficiency ; im- 
perfection ; lapse. 

Syn. — Fault ; foible. — A fault is positive, something 
definite and marked, which impairs excellence^ a failing is 
negative, some weakness in a man's character, disposition, or 
habit; a, foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook 
or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit 
but few faults ; or his faults and failings may be few, while his 
foibles are obvious to all. 

FaiPure (53), n. [From fail, q. v.] 1. Cessation of 
supply, or total defect; deficiency. 2. Omission; non- 
performance. 3. Decay, or defect from decay. 4. 
Bankruptcy; suspension of payment. 

Fain, a. [A.-S.fage7i, fagen, glad, fea, equiv. to feaha. 
gladness, joy, Goth, faginon, to rejoice, faheds, joy.] 
Well-pleased ; glad ; disposed ; inclined ; especially, con- 
tent to accept. 

Fain, adv. With joy or pleasure ; gladly. 

Faint, n. The act of fainting ; a swoon. 

Faint, a. [compar. fainter; superl. FAINTEST.] [0. 
"Ex. faint, negligent, sluggish, lazy, p. p. of sefeindre, de 
quelque chose; to feign, to sham, to work negligently, 
from Lat. fingere, to contrive, devise, feign.] 1. Lack- 
ing strength ; weak ; languid. 2. Wanting in courage, 
spirit, or energy ; timorous ; cowardly ; dejected ; de- 
pressed. 3. Lacking distinctness ; hardly perceptible ; 
weak. 4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble 
manner. 

Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fainted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



food, fdbt; ton, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link j this. 



FAINT-HEARTED 



270 



FALL 



FAINTING.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor ; ' Faith'fnl-ness, n. Quality or character of being feith. 



to grow feeble ; to swoon. 2. To lose courage or spirit ; 

to become depressed or despondent. 3. To decay ; to 

disappear ; to vanish. 
Faint'- lieart/ed, a. Wanting in courage ; cowardly ; 

timorous ; dejected. 
Faint'-heart'ed-ness, n. Want of courage and spirit ; 

timorousness ; cowardice. 
Faint'ish, a. Slightly faint ; somewhat faint. 
Faiut'ly, adv. In a faint, weak, or feeble manner. 
Faint'ness, n. State of being faint ; loss of strength, 

color, self-consciousness, and self-control ; feebleness ; 

dejection. 
Faints, n. pi. The impure spirit which comes over first 

and last in the distillation of whiskey. 
Fair, a. [compar. FAIRER ; superl. FAIREST.] [A.-S. 
fidger, 0. H. Ger. fagar, Icel fagr, Goth, fagrs.] 1. 

Free from spots, specks, dirt, imperfection, or hindrance ; 

unblemished ; spotless ; pure. 2. Pleasing to the eye ; 



ful ; fidelity ; truth ; loyalty ; constancy. 

Faith/less, a. 1. Not believing ; not giving credit. 2. 
Not believing in God or religion ; specifically, not be- ( 
lieving in the Christian religion. 3. Not observant of 
promises. 4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows. 5. 
Serving to disappoint or deceive ; deluding. 

Fake, n. [Scot, faik, fold, stratum of stone, A.-S. faec, 
space, interval, Ger. fach, compartment, partition, divis- 
ion, row.] (Naut.) A single turn or coil of a cable or 
hawser. 

Fa'kir (faVker), 1 n. An Oriental religious ascetic or 

Fa-quir' (fa-keer'), ) begging monk. 

Fal'-eate, la. [Lat. falcatus ; falx, falcis, sickle, 

Fal'ea-ted, j scythe.] Hooked or bent like a sickle or 
scythe. 

Fal'chion (fawl'chun), n. [L. Lat. falcio, falco, from 
Lat. falx, falcis, a sickle.] A short, broad sword, with a 
slightly curved point. 




Falcon. 



handsome ; beautiful. 3. Free from a dark hue ; of a j Fal'ci-fdrm, a. [Lat. falx, a sickle, and forma, forrn^ 

In the shape of a sickle. 

Fal'eon (faw'kn), n. [Late Lat. 
'falco, from falx, falcis, a sickle or 
scythe, so named from its curv- 
ing talons.] ( Ornith.) One of a 
family of raptorial birds, charac- 
terized by a short, hooked beak, 
powerful claws, and great des- 
tructive power ; especially, one I 
of this family trained to the pur- j 
suit of other birds, or game. 

Fal'eon-er(faw / kn-er),n. A per-; 
son who breeds and trains hawks 
for taking wild fowls ; one who 
follows the sport of fowling with 
hawks. 

Fal'eo-n6t, n. [L. Lat. falconeta, prop, a young falcon. 
See Falcon.] (Gun.) A small cannon anciently used. 

Fal'-eon-ry (faw'kn-ry), n. 1. The art of training 
hawks to the exercise of hawking. 2. The practice of 
taking wild fowls or game by means of hawks. 

Fald' stool, n. [A.-S. fald,feald, fold, and stool.] 1. A 
folding-stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the man- 
ner of a camp-stool. 2. A small desk at which the litany 
is enjoined to be sung or said. 

Fall, v. i. [imp. fell ; p. p. FALLEN ; p. pr. & to. n. 
FALLING.] [A.-S.feallan, 0. H. Ger. fallan, N. H. Ger. 
fallen, allied to Lith. pidti.] 1. To descend from a higher 
position to a lower, either suddenly or gradually ; to drop 
down ; to make a descent by the force of gravity alone. 
2. To become prostrate ; to assume suddenly a recum- 
bent posture. 3. To empty 4. To cease to live; to 
perish; to vanish. 5. To lose strength. 6. To be 
brought forth. 7. To decline in power, glory, wealth, 
importance, value, or the like. 8. To become degraded ; 
to sink into vice, error, or sin. 9. To become insnared 
or embarrassed; to be entrapped. 10. To become or 
appear dejected. 11. To pass into a new state of body 
or mind ; to become. 12. To happen ; to come to pass. 
13. To rush or hurry. 14. To pass or be transferred 
by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise. 
15. To be dropped or uttered carelessly. 



light shade. 4. Not overcast ; cloudless ; propitious 
favorable. 5. Unincumbered; open. 6. Characterized 
by frankness, honesty, impartiality, candor. 7. Inspir- 
ing hope and confidence. 8. Distinct ; legible. 9. Not 
distinguished or unusual ; moderate ; middling. 

Fair play, equitable or impartial treatment. 

Syn.— Candid ; open ; frank ; ingenuous ; clear ; honest ; 
equitable; impartial; reasonable. 
Fair, adv. Clearly ; openly ; frankly ; civilly ; honestly ; 
favorably ; agreeably. 

To bid fair, to be likely, or to have a fair prospect; to prom- 
ise.— Fair and square, justly; honestly; equitably; impartially. 

Fair, n. A fair woman ; a handsome female. 
The fair, the female sex; womankind. 

Fair, n. [From Lat. feria, pi. feriae, days of rest, holi- 
days, festivals, because the fiars were generally held in 
the church-yard, on holidays and feasts of dedication, 
when the people resorted to the churches.] A gathering 
of buyers and sellers, assembled with their merchandise 
at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, 
for the exhibition of wares and the conduct of business. 

Fair'ing, n. A present given or purchased at a fair. 

Fair'ly, adv. In a fair manner ; clearly ; openly ; dis- 
tinctly ; frankly ; honestly ; favorably ; pleasantly. 

Fair'ness, n. The state of being fair, or free from spots 
or stains, as of the skin ; agreeableness, as of form and 
features; clearnesses of water; honesty, as of dealing ; 
candor, as of an argument ; distinctness, as of hand- 
writing, and the like. 

Fair'-spok'en (-spok'n, 20), a. Using fair speech, or 
uttered with fairness ; bland ; civil ; courteous. 

Fair'y, n. [Fr. fcerie, enchantment, from 0. Fr. faer, 
now /eer, to enchant, charm, from fae, feie, now/ce, It. 
fata, 0. Ger. fei, feie, from Late Lat. Fata, for Parca, one 
of the goddesses of fate, from fatum, fatus, fate, or from 
fatua, a prophesying female, a fortune-teller.] An im- 
aginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume 
a human form, and to meddle for good or evil in the 
affairs of mankind. 

Fairies of romance, beings of the human race, endowed with 
powers beyond those allotted to men. — Fairy ring, or circle, a 
bare circular path, or a ring of grass higher, greener, and sourer 
than the surrounding grass ; — a frequent phenomenon in fields 
and meadows in Great Britain, vulgarly supposed to be caused 
by fairies in their dances. 

Faith, n. [Lat. fides, faith, belief, from fid ere, to trust.] 
1. Belief ; reliance on testimony. 2. Firm and earnest 
belief, on probable, evidence of any kind, especially in re- 
gard to important moral truth. 3. (Theol.) (a.) Belief 
in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative 
.and the supernatural origin of its teachings. (6.) Belief 
in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical 
ove of them. 4. That which is believed on any sub- 
ject, whether in science, politics, or religion; especially, 
a system of religious belief; and more particularly the 
system of truth taught by Christ; also, the creed or 
belief of a Christian society or church. 5. A strict ad- 
herence to duty and fulfillment of promises. 6. Word 
or honor pledged ; promise given. 
Faith'fnl, a. 1. Full of faith ; disposed to believe, es- 
pecially m the declarations and promises of God. 2. 
lurm in adherence to promises, contracts, or other en- 
gagements. 3. Firm in the observance of dutv ; loyal; 
of true fidelity. 4. Conformable to truth. 5. True ' 
worthy of belief. ' 

Syn. — Trusty; honest; upright; sincere; veracious. 
Faith'ful-ly, adv. In a faithful manner. 



To fall aboard of {Naut.), to strike against. — To fall among, 
to come among accidentally or unexpectedly.— To fall astern- 
{Naut.), to move or be driven backward. — To fall away, (a.) 
To lose flesh; to pine, (b.) To revolt or rebel, (a) To apos- 
tatize, (d.) To perish; to be ruined, (e.) To decline grad- 
ually ; to fade. —To fall back, (a.) To recede; to give way. 
(fi.) To fail of performing a promise or purpose.— To fall foul, 
to attack; to make an assault. — To fall from, (a.) To recede 
from; to depart. (ft.) To revolt.— To fall from grace {Method- 
ism), to sink into vice; to sin.— To fall home {Ship Carp.), to 
curve inward, as the timbers of a ship's side. — To fall in, (a.) 
To concur; to agree, (ft.) To comply; to yield to. (c.) To 
come in; to join; to enter.— To fall in with, to meet; to dis- 
cover or come near.— To fall off, (a.) To withdraw; to sep- 
arate. (6.) To apostatize, (c.) To forsake; to abandon, {d.) 
To drop, (e.) To depreciate; to depart from former excel- 
lence, (f.) {Naut.) To fall to leeward. — To fall on, (a.) To 
begin suddenly and eagerly, (ft.) To assault; to assail, (e.) 
To drop on; to descend on. — To fall out, {a.) To quarrel. 
(6.) To happen; to befall; to chance. — To fall over, (a.) To 
revolt, (ft.) To fall bevond.— To fall short, to be deficient — 
To fall to, {a.) To begin hastily and eagerly, (ft.) To apply 
one's self to.— To fall under, (a.) To come under, or within 
the limits of. (6.) To come under; to become the subject of. 
(c.) To be ranged or reckoned with. 

Fall, v. t. To sink ; to depress. 

Fall, n. 1. Act of descending from a higher to a lower 
place by gravity ; descent. 2. Act of dropping or tum- 
bling from an erect posture. 3. Death ; destruction; 
overthrow ; ruin. 4. Downfall ; degradation. 5. Dim- 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, 6r, do, wolf 



FALLACIOUS 



271 



FAMOUSLY 



inution of price or value ; depreciation. 6. A sinking 
of tone ; cadence. 7. Declivity ; a slope. 8. Descent 
of water ; a cascade ; a cataract ; — usually in the plural. 
9. Outlet or discharge of a river or current of water 
into the ocean, or into a lake or pond. 10. Extent 
of descent. 11. The season when leaves fall from 
trees ; autumn. 12. That which falls ; a falling. 13. 
Act of felling or cutting down. 14. Lapse or declension 
from innocence or goodness ; specifically, the apostasy of 
our first parents. 15. (Naut.) That part of a tackle to 
which the power is applied in hoisting. 

Fal-la/cioiis, a. [See Fallacy.] Embodying or per- 
taining to a fallacy ; fitted to deceive. 

Fal-la/cious-ly, adv. In a fallacious manner. 

Fal-la/cious-ness, n. The state of being fallacious. 

Fal'la-cy, n. [L&t.fallacia, from fallax, deceitful, from 
fallen, to deceive.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance ; 
deceitfulness ; deception; mistake. 2. (Logic.) An ar- 
gument, or apparent argument, which professes to be de- 
cisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not. 

Syn.— Deception; deceit; mistake; sophistry. — A fallacy 
is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is 
not; sophistry is also false reasoning, but of so specious and 
subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose its fallacy. Many 
fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its con- 
summate art. 

Fallen (fawln, 58), p. a. Dropped ; descended ; degraded ; 
decreased; ruined. 

Fal'li-bil'i-ty, n. State of being fallible ; liableness to 
deceive or to be deceived. 

Fal'li-hle, a. [Low Lat. fallibilis, from Lat. fallere, to 
deceive.] Liable to fail or mistake ; liable to deceive or 

Fal'li-bly, adv. In a fallible manner. [be deceived. 

Fall'ing- sick'ness, n. (Med.) The epilepsy ; a dis- 
ease in which the patient suddenly loses his senses and 
falls down. 

Fal'low, a. [A.-S fealu, fealo, fealav, 0. II. Ger.falo, 
falawer,falawu,falawas,icel.folr, allied to SI&y. p'law\ 
Pol. plowy, Skr. palita, Gr. 7roA.io?, Lat. pallidus,fidvus, 
and flav us.] 1. Left untilled or unsowed after having been 
plowed ready for culture. 2. Pale red or pale yellow. 

Fal'low, n. [So called from the fallow, or somewhat 
yellow, color of naked ground. See supra.] 1. Land 
that has lain a year or more plowed without being sowed. 
2. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for 



Fal'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fallowed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. fallowing-.] To plow, harrow, and break up, as 
land^ without seeding. 

Fal'low Deer. [So called from its fallow or pale-yellow 
color. See supra.] (Zool.) A species of deer, smaller 
than the stag, and most common in England, where it is 
often domesticated in the parks. 

Fal'low-fmch (63), n. ( Ornith.) A small bird of the 
genus Saxicola ; — called also fallow -chat, wheat-ear, and 
by a_variefcy of local names. 

Fal'low-ness, n. (Agric.) A fallow state. 

False, a. [compar. falser ; superl. FALSEST.] [Lat. 
falsus, p. p. of fallere,falsum, to deceive.] 1. Uttering 
falsehood ; given to deceit ; dishonest. 2. Not faithful 
or loyal ; treacherous ; perfidious. 3. Not according 
with truth or reality ; not true ; fitted or likely to de- 
ceive or disappoint. 4. Not genuine or real ; assumed 
or designed to deceive ; counterfeit ; hypocritical. 5. 
Not well founded ; erroneous. 6. (Mus.) Not in tune. 

• False imprisonment (Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a 
person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law. — False 
keel (Naut.), the timber used below the main keel, to serve 
both as a defense and an aid in holding the wind better. 

False"", adv. Not truly ; noi honestly ; falsely. 

False'-heart/ed, a. Hollow ; treacherous ; deceitful ; 
dishonest; perfidious. 

False'hobd, n. [From false id the termination hood.] 
1. Want of truth or veracity ; an untrue assertion. 2. 
Want of honesty or integrity ; deceitfulness ; perfidy. 
3. Counterfeit ; imposture. 
Syn. -Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. See Lie. 

False'ly, adv. In a false manner ; not truly. 

False'ness, n. State of being false ; want of integrity 
or uprightness ; unfaithfulness. 

Fals-ette', \n. [From Lat. fals us. See FALSE.] That 

Fals-et'to, J peculiar species of voice in a man the 
compass of which lies above his natural voice. 

Fals'i-fl'a-Me, a. Capable of being falsified. 

Farsi-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of making fak : a coun- 
terfeiting. 2. Confutation. 3. (Equity.) TI : showing 
an item of charge in an account to be wrong. 

Fals'i-fler, n. One who falsifies, or gives to a thing a 
false appearance. 



Fals'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. falsified ; p. pr. & vb 
n. FALSIFYING-.] [Lat. falsiftcare, from Lat. falsus, 
false, and facere, to make.] 1. To represent falsely; to 
counterfeit ; to forge. 2. To prove to be false, or un- 
trustworthy. 3. lo violate ; to break by falsehood. 4. 
(Law.) To prove false, as a judgment. 5. (Equity.) To 
show, in accounting, that an item of charge inserted in 
an account is wrong. 

Fals'i-fy, v. i. To tell lies ; to violate the truth. 

Fals'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being false ; contrariety or 
lnconlbrrnity to truth. 2. A false assertion. 

Syn. - Falsehood ; lie ; deceit. - Falsity denotes the state 
or quality ot being false. A falsehood is a fulse declaration 
designedly made. A he is a gross, unblushing falsehood. It is 
a vulgar error to speak of "telling a. falsity." It is an equal 
error to say, I perceive the falsehood of your declaration or 
statement." 

Fal'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. faltered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FALTERING.] [0. Eng. faidter, from 0. Fr. faulte, N. 
Fr. faute, fault, or from Eng. fauller, Scot, faultour, 
transgressor.] 1. To fail ; to stumble ; especially, to 
hesitate, to stammer. 2. To tremble ; to totter. 3. To 
fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise ; — said of 
the mind or of thought. 

Fame, n. [Lat. fama, Gr. ^^rj, Dor. ^ajua, from Gr. 
0T?|u.t, I say, speak, tell, make known.] 1. Public report 
or rumor. 2. Renown ; notoriety ; celebrity, either fa- 
vorable or unfavorable. 
Syn. — Reputation ; credit; honor. 

Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FAMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAM- 
ING.] 1. To report. 2. To make famous. 

Fa-mil'iar (-yar), a. [La,t.fa?niliaris, from Lat. familia, 
family.] 1. Pertaining to a family ; domestic. 2. Closely 
acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion ; well 
versed in, as any subject of study. 3. Characterized by, 
or exhibiting the manner of, an intimate ; unceremo- 
nious ; free. 4. Well known, as a friend ; well under- 
stood, as a book or science. 

Fa-mil'iar, n. 1. An intimate ; a close companion. 2. 
A demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. 3. 
( Court of Inquisition.) One admitted to the secrets, and 
employed in the service, of the courts. 

Fa-mil-iar'i-ty (fa-mil-yar/i-ty), n. State of being fa- 
miliar ; unconstrained intercourse ; freedom from cere- 
mony and constraint. 

Syn. — Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See 
Acquaintance. 

Fa-mil'iar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. familiarized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. familiarizing.] 1. To make familiar 
or intimate ; to habituate ; to accustom. 2. To make 
easy by practice or study. 

Fa-mil'iar-ly, adv. 1. In a familiar manner; without 
formality. 2. Commonly ; frequently. 

Fam'i-lism, n. The tenets of the Familists. 

Fam'i-Hst, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect 
founded in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, 
called the Family of Love, from the affection its members 
professed to bear to all people, however wicked. 

Fam'i-ly, n. [Lat. familia, from La.t.fa??ndus, servant.] 
1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, 
and under one head or manager ; a household. 2. A 
tribe or race ; kindred. 3. Course of descent ; genealogy ; 
lineage. 4. Honorable descent. 5. A group of kindred 
individuals, usually more comprehensive than a genus, 
and founded on more indefinite resemblances. 

Fam'ine, n. [From Lat. fames, hunger.] General 
scarcity of food ; dearth ; a general want of provisions ; 
destitution. 

Fam'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. r- famished (108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FAMISHING.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with 
hunger. 2. To exhaust the strength of by hunger. 3. 
To kill by deprivation or denial of any thing necessary. 
4. To force or constrain by famine. 

Fam'ish, v. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve. 2. To 
suffer extreme hunger or thirst. 3. To suffer extremity 
from deprivation of any thing essential or necessary. 

Fam'ish-ment, a. Pain of extreme hunger or thirst. 

Fa/moils, n. Celebrated in fame or public report ; re- 
nowned ; distinguished in story ; — used in either a good 
or bad sense. 

Syn. — Noted: remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebra- 
ted; renowned; illustrious: eminent: transcendent; excellent. 
— Famous is applied to a person or thing widelv spoken of as 
extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named 
again and again with honor; Uluatrious, to those who have daz- 
zled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their virtues. 
Napoleon was/amoM«; Alexander was renowned; Washington 
was illustrious. 

Fa'mous-ly, adv. With great renown or fame. 



food, f<fot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 






FAMOUSNESS 



272 



FAREWELL 



Fa'moiis-ness, n. State of being famous ,' renown. 

ra.ii, n. [A.-S. fann, 0. H. Ger. wanna, fan, awning, 
allied to Lat. vannus, fan, van for winnowing grain. Cf. 
Van.] An instrument used for producing artificial cur- 
rents of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad 
surface; as, (a.) An instrument for cooling the person, 
made of feathers, paper, &c. (b.) (Mach.) An instru- 
ment for exciting currents of air, in winnowing grain, 
blowing a fire, ventilation, &c, or for checking rapid 
motion by the resistance of the air. (c.) Something in 
the form of a woman's fan when spread, as a peacock's 
tail, a window, &c. (e.) A small vane or sail, used to 
keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the 
direction of the wind. 

Fan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FANNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAN- 
NING.] 1. To move as with a fan. 2. To cool and 
refresh, by moving the air with a fan. 3. To ventilate j 
to blow on. 4. To winnow. 

Fa-nat'ie, ) a. [See Fane.] Pertaining to, or indi- 

Fa-nat'i-e-al, j eating, fanaticism ; excessively enthu- 
siastic, especially on religious subjects. 

Fa-nat'ie, n. A person affected by excessive enthusiasm, 
particularly on religious subjects. 

Fa-nat'ie-al-ly, adv. In a fanatical manner. 

Fa-nat'ie-al-iiess, n. Fanaticism. 

Fa-iiat'i-£i§m, n. Excessive enthusiasm ; wild and ex- 
travagant notions of religion. 

Syn. — Enthusiasm ; superstition ; frenzy. See Enthu- 
siasm. 

Fan'-lblow'er, n. A wheel with vanes revolving rapidly, 
to impel a current of air for any purpose ; a fan. 

Fan'fi-er, n. 1. One who is governed by fancy. 2. 
Onewho fancies or has a special liking for or interest in ; 
hence, one who keeps for sale. 

Fan'ci-ful, a. 1. Full of fancy; guided by fancy; 
whimsical. 2. Dictated by fancy ; abounding in wild 
images. 

Syn. — Fantastical ; visionary. — Fanciful notions are the 
product of a heated fancy, without any support in reason or 
truth ; fantastical schemes or systems are made up of oddly- 
assorted fancies, often of the most whimsical kind; visionary 
expectations are those which can never be realized in fact. 

Fan'ci-f ul-ly, adv. In a fanciful manner ; wildly. 

Fan'^i-ful-ness, n. The quality of being fanciful. 

Fan'cy, n. [Contracted from fantasy, Lat. phantasia. 
Gr. <f>avTaaio,, from fyavra^eiv, to make visible, to place 
before one's mind, from 4>aCuetv, to bring to light.] 1. 
The faculty by which the mind forms an image or a re- 
presentation of any thing perceived before ; the power of 
combining and modifying such objects into new notions 
or images ; the power of readily and happily creating and 
recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, 
or embellishment. 2. An image or representation of any 
thing formed in the mind; conception. 3. Caprice; 
whim ; impression. 4. Inclination ; liking ; hence, the 
object of inclination or liking. 5. That which pleases 
or entertains the taste or caprice without much use or 
value. 

TJie fancy, those who exhibit some special or peculiar taste or 
fancy, as for sporting, boxing, and the like; — used collectively. 

Syn. — Imagination ; conceit; taste; humor ; inclination; 
whim; liking. See Imagination. 

Fan'cy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fancied; p. pr. &vb. n. 
fancying.] To figure to one's self; to imagine. 

Fan'cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to imagine. 
2. To have a fancy or liking for. 

Fan'cy, a. Adapted to please the fancy or taste. 

Fancy ball, a ball in which persons appear in fancy dresses. 
— Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, &c. — Fancy 
stocks, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for 
stock-gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the 
fluctuations in their prices are chiefly artificial. [Amer.] —Fancy 
store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. 

Fan-dan'go, n. [Sp. This dance, together with its 
name, was brought from Guinea by the negroes into the 
West Indies and thence into Spain.] A lively dance, 
much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. 

Fane, n. [L&t.fanum, from fari, to speak.] A temple ; a 
place consecrated to religion ; a church. 

Fan'fa-ron, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fanfarron, It. fanfano. Cf. 
Ar. farfar, talkative.] A bully ; a swaggerer ; an empty 
boaster. [ter. 

Fan-far'on-ade', n. Vain boasting ; ostentation ; blus- 

Fang, n. [A.-S. fang, a taking, seizing, grasp; fangan, 
contra.cteo\fdn,y. p. fangen, Goth, fahan.] 1. the tusk 
of a boar or other animal by which the prey is seized and 
held; a long pointed tooth. 2. A claw or talon. 3. 
Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. 




Fan-palm. 



See 



Fan'-light (-lit), n. (Arch.) A window resembling in 
form an open fan. 

Fan'ner, n. 1. One who fans. 2. A machine with 
revolving vanes, used in various forms, for particular 
purposes ; a fan. 

Fan'on, n. [0. Fr. fanon, L. Lat. fano, from 0. H. Ger. 
fano, banner.] 1. An embroidered scarf, worn about 
the left arm of a Roman Catholic priest, in the celebra- 
tion of the mass. 2. A flag ; an ensign. 

Fan'-palm (fan'p'am), n. (Bot.) 
The talipot-tree, a native of the 
East Indies. It attains to the 
height of 60 or 70 feet, with a 
straight trunk crowned by a 
tuft of enormous leaves. The 
leaves, when they first appear, 
are folded together like a fan, 
and afterward spread open. 

Fan'- tail, n. 1. (Oniit/i.) A 
kind of bird, especially a vari- 
ety of the domestic pigeon, so 
called from the fan-like shape 
of their tails. 2. A form of 
gas-burner. 

Fan-ta'§i-& (-t'aVze-a), n. [It. 
See Fancy.] (Mus.) A contin- 
uous composition, not divided 
into what are called movements, ' 
or governed by the ordinary 
rules of musical design. 

Fan'tagm, n. A phantom ; something not real. 
Phantasm. 

Fan-tas'ti-e, ) a. 1. Producing or existing only in 

Fan-tas'ti-e-al, j imagination. '2. Having the nature 
of a phantom. 3. Indulging the vagaries of imagina- 
tion. 4. Irregular; wild; capricious. 

Syn. — Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; 
chimerical; whimsical. See Fanciful. 

Fan-tas'ti-e, n. A person given to fantastic dress, man- 
ners, &c. ; hence, a dandy. 

Fan-tas'ti-e -ai'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being 
fantastical ; fantasticalness. 

Fan-tas'tie-al-ly, adv. In a fantastic manner. 

Fan-tas'tie-al-ness, n. State of being fantastical. 

Fan'ta-sy, n. The same as Fancy. [Obs.] 

Fan'tom, n. See Phantom, which is the usual spelling. 

Fan'-wheel, n. A fan-blower. 

Fa-quir' (i'a-keer'), n. See Fakir. 

Far, a. [Farther and Farthest are used as the corn- 
par, and superl. of far, although belonging to another 
root. See FURTHER.] [A.-S. feorr,feor,fior, fyr, Icel. 
fir, fiarri, 0. H. Ger. ferri, Goth, fa'irra, 'allied to Lat. 
porro, Gr. 7roppw.] 1. Distant in any direction ; remote. 
2. Contrary to design or wishes. 3. At enmity with ; 
alienated. 4. More or most distant of the two. 

Far, arft). 1. To a great extent or distance of space. 2. 
To a great distance in time from any point. 3. In great 
part. 4. In a great proportion ; very much. 5. To a 
certain point, degree, or distance. 

By far, in a great degree; very much. — Far off, (a.) At or 
to a great distance. (6.) At enmity; in a state of ignorance and 
alienation. —Far other, very different. —From far, from a great 
distance; from a remote place. 

EST" Far often occurs in compounds, such as far-extended, 
far-reaching, which need no special definition. 

Farce, n. [From Lat. farsvs, p. p. of farcire, to stuff.] 
1. ( Cookery.) Stuffing, like that used in dressing a fowl ; 
force-meat. 2. A low style of comedy. 3. Ridiculous 
or empty show. 

Far'ci-eal, a. Belonging to a farce ; appropriated to 
farce ; ludicrous ; deceptive. 

Far'ci-eal-ly, adv. In . manner suited to farce ; hence, 
ludicrously ; ridiculous /. 

Far'ci-eal-ness, n. Quality of being farcical. 

Far'^in, ) n. [Fr. farcin, from Lat. farcire, Fr. farcir. 

Far'^y, j See Farce, n.} (Fa?.) A disease of the ab- 
sorbents, affecting the skin and its blood-vessels. It is 
of the nature of mange, and is allied to glanders. 

Fare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fared ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAR- 
ING.] [A.-S., 0. Sax., Goth., & 0. H. Ger. faran, Ger. 
fahren, Icel. fara.] 1. Togo; to pass ; to journey; to 
travel. 2. To be in any state, good or bad. 3. To be 
treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social 
comforts. 4. To happen well or ill ; — used impersonally. 

Fare, n. 1. Price of passage by land or water. 2. Ex- 
perience. 3. Food ; provisions for the table. 

Fare-well/, inter j. [Compounded of fare, in the imper- 
ative, and well.] Go well ; good-by ; adieu. 



a, e,&c. tong\-&,e,&c.,s/b«;care,far,asl£. all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,clo,W9lf, 



FAREWELL 273 

G@"* The accent ia sometimes placed on the first syllable, i 
pecially in poetry. 



FASTIDIOUS 



Fare'well, or Fare-well', n. 1. A -wish of happiness 
or welfare at parting ; adieu. 2. Act of departure ; 

Fare'well, a. Parting ; valedictory. [leaye. 

Far'-f6tched (-fetcht), a. 1. Brought from far. 2. 
Not easily or naturally deduced or introduced ; forced ; 
strained. 

Fa-ri'na, or Fa-ri'na, n. [Lat., meal, flour, from far, 
a sort of grain, spelt.] 1. The flour of any species of 
corn, or starchy root. 2. (Chem.) Starch or fecula, one 
of the proximate principles of vegetables. 

Far'i-na'ceous, a. 1. Consisting or made of meal or 
flour. 2. Yielding farina or flour. 3. Like meal ; 
mealy ; pertaining to meal. 

Farm, n. [0. Eng. ferme, farm, abode; It. ferma, Sp. 
firma, bargain, contract, signature, from Lat. Jinnies, 
firm, fast, either because the farms were at first inclosed 
or fortified with walls, or because the leases were con- 
firmed or made more certain by signature.] 1. A tract 
of land inclosed or set apart for cultivation by a tenant. 
2. An extended piece of ground, devoted by its owner to 
agriculture; a landed estate. 3. A lease. 

Farm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. farmed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FARMING.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as 
land for a rent. 2. To give up to another, as an 
estate, a business, the revenue, a privilege, &c, on con- 
dition of receiving in return a percentage of what it 
yields. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 4. To 
cultivate, as a farm. 

Farm, v. i. To till the soil ; to labor as an agriculturist. 

Farm'er, n. One who farms; as, (a.) A cultivator of 
leased ground, (b.) One who takes taxes, customs, ex- 
cise, or other duties, to collect for a certain rate per cent. 
(c.) An agriculturist ; a husbandman. 

Farm'er-y , n. The building and yards necessary for the 
business of a farm. [Eng.~\ 

Farm'-house, n. A house attached to a farm, and for 
the residence of a farmer. 

Farm'ing, n. The business of cultivating land. 

Farm'-yard, n. A yard or inclosure attached to a barn. 

Far'o (89), n. [Said to be so called because an Egyptian 
king or Pharoah was formerly represented on one of the 
cards.] A species of game at cards, in which a person 
plays against the bank, kept by the proprietor of the table. 

Far-rag'i-nous, a. [From farrago , q. v.] Formed of 
various materials ; mixed. 

Far-ra'go (118), n. [Lat., mixed fodder for cattle, mash, 
medley, from far, a sort of grain.] A mass composed of 
various materials confusedly mixed ; a medley. 

Far'ri-er, n. [0. Eng. ferrer, from L. Lat. ferrare, to 
shoe a horse, from Lat. ferritin, iron ; L. Lat. fcrrarius 
equorum, one who shoes horses.] 1. A smith who shoes 
horses. 2. A veterinary siirgeon. 

Far'ri-er-y, n. 1. Art of shoeing horses. 2. Art of 
preventing, curing, or mitigating the diseases of horses 
and cattle. 

Far'row, n. [A.-S. fearh, 0. H. Ger. farh, farah, pig, 
allied to Lat. porcus, 0. Gr. Trop/co?, l,ith. parszas, parsze- 
lis, Lett, p'orsas, Finn, porsas.] A litter of pigs. 

Far'row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. farrowed; p. pr. 
& vb.ji. FARROWING.] To bring forth, as pigs. 

Far'row, a. [Cf. Scot, ferry cow, a cow that is not with 
calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, a young cow that has not yet 
brought forth a calf, heifer, Ger. fdrse, allied to 0. H. 
Ger. far, farro, A.-S.fearr, N. H. Gev.farre, bull, steer.] 
Not producing young in a given season or year ; — said 
only of cows. 

Far'-sight'ed (-sit/-), a. 1. Seeing to a great distance. 
2. Incapable of seeing near objects distinctly. 

Far'ther, a., compar. of far. [superl. farthest. See 
Further.] 1. More remote ; additional. 2. Tending 
to a greater distance ; longer. 

Far'ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance ; more 
remotely ; beyond. 2. Moreover. 

Far'tlier, v. t. [See Further, v. t.] To help forward ; 
to promote ; to advance ; to further. [Rare.] 

Far'thest, a., superl. of far. [See Farther, and cf. 
Furthest.] Most distant or remote ; furthest. 

Far'tliest, adv. At or to the greatest distance. See 
Furthest. 

Far'thing, n. [A.-S. feordhung trndLfeordhling, from 
feordha, the fourth, from feower, feowr, four.] The 
fourth of a penny ; — equal to half a cent. 

Far'thin-gale, n. [0. Eng. vardingale, fardingale, 
from 0. Fr. vertugale, vertngade, vertugadin, prob. cor- 
rupt, from vertu-garde, vertu-gardien, i. e., virtue-guard, 
virtue -guardian.] A hoop petticoat. 



Fas'ges, n. pi. [Lat. fascis, bundle, allied to 
fascia, band.] ( Rom. Antiq ) An ax tied up with 
a bundle of rods, and borne before the Roman 
magistrates as a badge of their authority. 

Fas'ci-al (Jash'i-alK a. Belonging to the fasces. 

Fas'ci-ate (fash'i-at), a. (Bot.) (a.) Banded or 
compacted together, (b.) Flattened or rendered, 
flat, as_some stems, through monstrous growth. 

Fas'ci-a/ted (fash'i-a'ted), a. [Lat. fasciatus',-0. 
p. of fasciare, to envelop with bands, from fascia, 
band.] 1. Bound with a fillet, sash or bandage. 2. 
(Bot.) Flattened in form by growth. 

Fas'ci-ele (faVsi-kl), n. [Lat fasciculus, dim. Fasces - 
of fascis. See Fasces.] (Bot.) A close cluster or cyme, 
with the flowers much crowded together, as in the sweet- 
william. 

Fas-cie'u-lar, a. Growing in bunches or tufts. 

Fas'^i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fascinated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FASCINATING.] [Lat. fascinare, Gr. fiao-Kai- 
veiv.] 1. To bewitch ; to enchant. 2. To excite and 
allure irresistibly or powerfully. 

Syn. — To charm ; enrapture ; captivate. 

Fas'ci-na'tion, n. 1. The act of fascinating, bewitch- 
ing, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; unseen, 
inexplicable influence. 2. That which fascinates ; a 
charm ; a spell. 

Fas-fine' (-seen 7 ), n. [L&t.fascina, from fascis, bundle.] 
(Fort.) A bundle of rods or of small sticks of wood, used 
in raising batteries, in fining ditches, &c. 

Fash'ion (fash'un), n. [From Lat. factio, a making, 
from facere, to make.] 1. The make or form of any 
thing ; pattern ; model ; workmanship ; execution. 2. 
The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress. 3. 
Mode of action ; manner ; sort ; way. 

Fash'ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fashioned; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fashioning.] 1. To form ; to give shape or fig- 
ure to. 2. To fit ; to adapt ; to accommodate. 

Fash'ion-a-fole, a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or 
established mode. 2. Established by custom or use; 
current ; prevailing at a particular time. 3. Observant 
of the fashion or customary mode. 4. Genteel ; well 
bred. [in the pi. 

Fash'ion-a-tole, n. A person of fashion ; — used chiefly 

Fash'ion-a-bly, adv. In a manner according to fash- 
ion, custom, or prevailing practice. [thing. 

Fash'ion-er, n. One who forms or gives shape to any 

Fast, a. [compar. faster; superl. fastest.] [A.-S. 
fast, Icel.fastr, 0. H. Ger. fasti, festi.] 1. Firmly fixed ; 
closely adhering. 2. Firm against attack ; fortified by 
nature or art. 3. Firm in adherence ; steadfast ; faith- 
ful. 4. Not easily disturbed or broken ; deep ; sound. 
5. Moving rapidly ; rapid ; swift. 6. Rash and incon- 
siderate ; extravagant ; dissipated. 

Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant; es- 
pecially in the phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast 
and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy. 

Fast, adv. 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established 
manner. 2. In a fast or rapid manner ; quickly ,• 
swiftly ; rapidly. 

Fast, v. i. [imp & p. p. fasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. fast- 
ing.] [A.-S.fastan, 0. Sax. and Icel. fasta, 0. H. Ger. 
fasten, Goth, fas tan, to keep, to observe, to fast, allied 
to fast, firm.'] 1. To abstain from food, in whole or 
in part ; to go hungry. 2. To practice abstinence as a 
religious exercise or duty. 

Fast, n. 1. Abstinence from food. 2. Voluntary ab- 
stinence from food, as a religious mortification or hu- 
miliation. 3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, 
or longer time. 

To break one's fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by 
taking food; especially, to take one's morning meal; to break- 
fast. 

Fast'-day, n. A day on which fasting is observed. 

Fast'en (fas'n), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. fastened; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FASTENING.]* [A.-B.fcistan,fdstenian. See 
Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly; to make fast; to secure. 
2. To hold together ; to cause to cleave, or to cleave to- 
gether, by any means. 

Syn. — To fix; cement; stick; link; attach; affix; annex. 

Fast'en (fas'n), v. i. To fix one's self; to clinch. 

Fast'en-er, n. One who, or that which, makes fast. 

Fast'en-ing (fas/n-ing), n. Any thing that binds and 
makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, &c. 

Fas-tid'i-oiis. a. [Lat. fastidiosus, from fastidium, 
contr. fr. fastus tsedium, i. e., loathing for any sort of 
enjoyment.] Difficult to please ; delicate to a fault. 

Syni.— Sqeamish. —Fastidious is applied to one whose taste 
or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; squeamish 



food, foot 



Arn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ 

18 



exist ; linger, link ; this. 



FASTIDIOUSLY 



274 



FAUN 



(Ut., having a stomach which is easily turned) to one who is 
excessively nice on minor points, or else over-scrupulous. 

Fas-tid'i-ou.s-ly, adv. In c fastidious manner. 

Fas-tid'i-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being fas- 
tidious; squeamishness. 

Fast'ness, n. [See Fast, a.] 1. State of being fast 
and firm ; fixedness ; security. 2. A fast place ; a strong- 
hold ; a fortress or fort. 

Fat, a. [compeer. FATTER ; superl. FATTEST.] [A.-S. 
fat, 0. Sax. fet,feit,feitit, Icel. feitr.] 1. Abounding 
with fat ; as, (a.) Fleshy ; plump ; corpulent, (b.) Oily ; 
greasy ; unctuous ; rich. 2. Exhibiting the qualities of 
a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid. 3. 
Yielding a rich or abundant supply ; productive. 

Fat, n. [0. Sax. feit, Ger. fett, D. vet. See supra.] 1. 
An oily, concrete substance, deposited in various parts 
of animal bodies. 2. The best or richest productions ; 
the best part. 

Fat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FATTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAT- 
TING.] To make fat ; to fatten. 

Fat, v. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. 

Fat, n. [A.-S. fat, 0. H. Ger. faz, N. H. Ger. fasz, al- 
lied to 0. H. Ger. fazzbn,fazon, to take hold of, to con- 
tain.] A large tub, cistern, or vessel ; a vat. 

Fa'tal, a. [Lat. fatalis, from fatum. See Fate.] 1. 
Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate; necessary; in- 
evitable. [Rare.] 2. Causing death or destruction ; 
deadly ; mortal ; destructive ; calamitous. 

Fa/tal-I§m, n. The doctrine of fate, oi inevitable ne- 
cessity, [pen by inevitable necessity. 

Fa'tal-ist, n. One who maintains that all things hap- 

Fa-tal'i-ty, n. 1. State of being fatal, or proceeding 
from destiny ; invincible necessity. 2. State of being 
productive of death ; tendency to destruction or danger ; 

Fa/tal-ly, adv. In a fatal manner. [mortality. 

Fa'td Mor-ga'nd. [It., so called because this phenom- 
enon was looked upon as the work of a Fata, or Fairy, 
of the name of Morgana.] A phenomenon, in which, by 
an extraordinary atmospheric refraction, images of objects 
at a distance appear as inverted, distorted, displaced, or 
multiplied. 

Fate, n. [Lat. fatum, oracle, destiny, fate, from, fari, to 
speak.] 1. A decree or word pronounced by God ; hence, 
inevitable necessity. 2. Appointed lot ; especially, final 
lot; death; destruction. 3. pi. [Lat. Fata, pi. of 
fatum.] (Myth.) Three goddesses, who were supposed 
to determine the course of human life. 

Syn. — Destiny; lot; doom; fortune; chance. 

Fat'ed, a. Decreed or regulated by fate; doomed; 
destined. 

Fate'f ul, a. Bearing fatal power ; producing fatal events. 

Fa'ther, n. [A.-S. fader, Icel. fadir, Goth, fadar, 0. H. 
Ger. fatar, N. H. Ger. voter, allied to Lat. pater, Gr. 
varrip, Per. padar, peder, Skr. pitri.] 1. Male parent. 
2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a pro- 
genitor ; especially, a first ancestor. 3. He who is to 
be venerated for age, kindness, wisdom, &c. 4. A sen- 
ator of ancient Rome. 5. A dignitary of the Roman 
Catholic church, a superior of a convent, a confessor, or 
a priest; also, a dignitary or elder clergyman in the 
Protestant church, as an archbishop, bishop, or pastor. 
6. One of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first 
centuries after Christ. 7. A producer, author, or con- 
triver ; the first of a series ; a distinguished example or 
teacher. 8. The Supreme Being ; in theology, the first 
person in the Trinity. 

Fa'tiier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fathered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. fathering.] 1. To make one's self the father of; 
to beget. 2. To take as one's own child ; to adopt ; 
hence, to acknowledge one's self author of. 

To father on, or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one's 
offspring or production. 

Fa'ther-hcfod, n. State of being a father ; paternity. 

Fa'ther-in-law, n. The father of one's husband or 

wife, [ancestors. 

Fa'tiier-land, n. The native land of one's fathers or 

Fa'ther-lash'er, n. (Ichtk.) A certain salt-water fish, 

allied to the river bull-head. 
Fa/ther-less, a. 1. Destitute of a living father. 2. 

Without a known author. 
Fa/tiier-li-ness, n. The qualities of a father ; parental 

kindness, care, and tenderness. 
Fa/ther-long'-legg, n. 1, (Entom.) An insect of the 
genus Tipula ; a crane-fly ; — called also daddy-long-legs. 
2. {Zo'dl.) A species of spider, having a small, roundish 
or oval body, and very long legs, by which it is enabled 
to run with great rapidity ; — called also daddy-long-legs. 
[Amer.] 



Fa/tiier-ly, a. 1. Like a father in affection and care ; 
paternal ; tender ; protecting ; careful. 2. Pertaining 
to a father. 

Fatn'om, n. [A.-S. fddhem, fddhm, Icel. fadmr, 
embrace. 0. H. Ger. jadam , fadum, both from Goth. 
fakan, 0. H. Ger. fahan, to take, seize.] A measure of 
length, containing six feet ; the space to which a man 
can extend his arms ; — used chiefly at sea. 

FatlL'om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fathomed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fathoming.] To measure by a sounding line; 
especially, to sound the depth of; to get to the bottom of. 

Fath'om-a-Dle , a. Capable of being fathomed. 

Fath'om-less, a. Incapable of being fathomed. 

Fa-tld'i-e-al, a. [Lat. jatidicus, from fatum, fate, and 
dicere, to say, tell.] Having power to foretell future 
events ; prophetic. 

Fa-figue' (fa-teeg'), n. [See infra.] 1, Weariness from 
bodily labor or mental exertion. 2. Cause of weari- 
ness; labor; toil. 3. The labors of military men, dis- 
tinct from the use of arms. 

Fa-tiigue' (fa-teegO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fatigued-, 
p.pr. & vb. n. fatiguing.] [Lat. fatigare.] To weary 
with labor or any bodily or mental exertion ; to exhaust 
the strength or endurance of ; to jade ; to tire. 

Fat'ling, n. A lamb, kid, or other young animal fat" 
tened for slaughter ; a fat animal. 

Fat'ly, adv. Grossly ; greasily. 

Fat'ner, n. One who, or that which, fattens. 

Fat'ness, n. [From fat.] 1. Quality of being fat ; cor- 
pulency ; fullness of flesh. 2. Hence, richness ; fertil- 
ity ; fruitfulness. 3. That which is fat or greasy ; that 
which makes fat or fertile. 

Fat'ten (fat'tn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FATTENED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. fattening.] 1. To make fat; to fill full; 
to fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful ; to enrich. 

Fat'ten ( fat'tn), v. i. To grow fat or corpulent. 

Fat'tpn-er, n. One who, or that which, fattens. 

Fat'ti-ness, n. The state of being fatty ; grossness. 

Fat'ty, a. Containing fat, or having its qualities ; greasy. 

Fa-tu'i-ty, n. [See infra.] Weakness or imbecility of 
mind ; feebleness of intellect. 

Fat'u-ous, a. [Lat. fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind ; weak. 
2. Impotent ; without reality ; illusory. 

Faubourg (fo'bddrg), n. [Fr., for favx-bourg, i.e., a 
false, not genuine, town, from faux, false, and bourg,2k 
market town. See False and Borough.] A suburb 
in French cities. 

Fau'-eal, a. [Lat. fauces, throat.] Pertaining to tha 
fauces, or opening of the throat ; especially (Pron.), pro- 
duced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found 
in the Semitic and some other languages. 

Fau'ges, n. pi. [Lat.] The posterior part of the mouth, 
terminated by the pharynx and larynx. 

Fau'cet, n. [From Lat. fauces. See supra.] A fixture 
for drawing liquor from a cask or vessel, consisting of a 
tube stopped with a peg, spigot, or slide. 

Faugh (faw), interj. [Cf. Foh.] Exclamation of con- 
tempt or abhorrence. 

Faul'chion, n. The same as FALCHION. 

Fault, n. [0. Fr. faulte, falte, as if from a Lat. word 
fallitare, freq. form of fallere, to deceive, to be concealed.] 
1. Want; absence; lack; default. 2. Any thing that 
fails, is wanting, or that impairs excellence. 3. A moral 
failing ; an offense less serious than a crime. 4. ( Geol. 
& Mining.) A displacement of strata or veins at a _ fis- 
sure, so that they are not continuous, and the operations 
of the miner are interrupted. 5. (Hunting.) A lost 
scent. 

At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase } 
hence, puzzled; thrown off the track.— To find fault, to express 
dissatisfaction; to complain. 

Syn. — Error ; blemish ; defect ; imperfection j weakness ; 
blunder; failing; vice. 

Fault, v. t. [imp. & p. p. faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
faulting.] To cause a fault or displacement in; — 
said of strata or veins. 

Fault'i-ly, adv. In a faulty manner ; blamably. 

Fault'i-ness, n. State of being faulty, defective, or er- 
roneous ; defect. 

Fault'less, a. Without fault ; free from blemish. 
Syn. — Blameless; spotless; stainless; perfect. 

Fault'less-ly, adv. In a faultless manner. 

Fault'less-ness, n. Freedom from faults or defects. 

Fault'y, a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects; 
defective ; imperfect. 2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults ; 
hence, blamable. 

Faun, n. [Lat. Faunus, the protecting deity of agricul- 
ture and of shepherds, from favere, to be favorable.] 



a, e,&c, long; a,6,&c.,5Ao«,- care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sonjdrjdoj-w^lf* 



FAUNA 



275 



FECULA 



{Rom. Myth.) A god of fields and shepherds, usually- 
represented as half goat and half man. 

F^u'na, n. [From the Lat. Fauni, rural deities among 
the Romans. See supra.] (Zo'dl.) The animals of any 
given area or epoch. 

Fauteuil (fo-tul'), n. [Fr.] An arm-chair, usually high- 
ly ornamented ; hence, a seat or membership in the 
French Academy. 

Fa'vor, n. [Lat., fr.favere, to be favorable.] 1. Kind re- 
gard ; propitious aspect. 2. Act of countenancing, or con- 
dition of being countenanced ; support. 3. A kind act 
or office ; an act of grace or goodwill. 4. Mildness ; len- 
ity. 5. Object of kind regard. 6. A gift or present ; a 
token of love; something worn as a token of affection. 7. 
A letter or epistle ; — so called in civility or compliment. 
Syn. — Kindness ; countenance; patronage; defense; vin- 
dication; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit. 

Fa'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. favored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FAVORING.] 1. To regard with kindness ; to support ; 
to aid ; to befriend. 2. To afford advantages for suc- 
cess to ; to facilitate. 

Fa'vor-a-ble, a. 1. Manifesting or indicating partial- 
ity ; kind; propitious; friendly. 2. Tending to pro- 
mote or facilitate ; advantageous. 

Fa'vor-a-ble-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
favorable ; kindness ; partiality ; suitableness. 

Fa/vor-a-bly, adv. In a favorable manner ; kindly. 

Fa'vor-er, n. One who favors ; a well-wisher. 

Fa/vor-Ite, n. A person or thing regarded with peculiar 
favor ; one treated with partiality. 

Fa'vor-ite, a. Regarded with particular kindness, affec- 
tion, esteem, or preference. 

Fa'vor-it-i§m, n. The disposition to favor, aid, and 
promote the interest of a favorite ; partiality. 

Fawn, n. [Fr. faon, the young one of any beast, for 
fedon, from Lat. foetus, that is or was filled with young.] 
A young fallow deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. 

Fawn, v. i. [imp. & p.p. fawned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FAWNING.] [0. Eng. fawhne, A.-S. fagnipn,fagenian, 
fageniaji,fahnian, to rejoice, flatter, wheedle. See FAIN.] 
1. To court favor by low cringing, frisking, and the like, 
as a dog. 2. To court servilely ; to flatter meanly. 

Fawn'er, n. One who fawns ; a sycophant. 

Fay (fa), n. [See Fairy.] A fairy ; an elf. 

Fay, v. t. [Contracted from fadge, q. v.] To fit ; to suit ; 
to unite closely with. 

Fay, v. i. To unite closely ; to fit ; to fadge. 

Fe'al-ty, n. [From Lat. fdelitas, from fidelis.] Fideli- 
ty to one's lord ; fidelity to a superior power, or to a 
government. 

Syn. — Homage ; loyalty ; fidelity. See Homage. 

Fear, n. [A.-S. far, a coming suddenly upon, deceit, fear, 
danger, Icel./dr, 0. H. Ger. fara.] 1. A painful emo- 
tion excited by an expectation of evil, or the apprehen- 
sion of impending danger ; apprehension ; solicitude ; 
alarm; dread; terror. 2. (Script.) (a.) The trembling 
and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Being, (b.) 
Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth. 3. 
That which causes, or which is the object of apprehen- 
sion or alarm. 

Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FEARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FEARING.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be 
afraid of. 2. To have a reverential awe of. 

Syn. — To apprehend ; dread ; reverence ; venerate. 

Fear, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil ; to be afraid. 

Fearful, a. 1. Full of fear ; afraid; frightened. 2. 
Inclined to fear ; easily frightened. 3. Indicating, or 
caused by, fear. 4. Inspiring fear ; exciting apprehen- 
sion or terror. 

Syn. — Apprehensive ; afraid ; timid ; timorous ; horrible ; 
distressing ; shocking ; frightful ; dreadful ; awful ; terrible. 

Fear'ful-ly, adv. In a fearful manner. 

Fear'f ul-ness, n. State of being fearful ; apprehension. 

Fear'less, a. Free from fear or apprehension. 

Syn.— Bold ; daring; courageous; intrepid; valorous; 
valiant ; brave ; undaunted ; dauntless ; heroic. 

Fear'less-ly, adv. In a fearless manner ; intrepidly. 

Fear'less-ness, n. State or quality of being fearless ; 
courage ; boldness ; intrepidity. 

Fear'naught (feer'nawt), n. A woolen cloth of great 
thickness ; dreadnaught. [bility. 

Fea'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being feasible ; practica- 

Fea'gi-ble, a. [0. Fr. faisible, N. Fr. faisdble, from 
faire, to make or do, Lai. facere.] Capable of being 
done, executed, or effected ; practicable. 

Fea'§i-ble-ness, n. Feasibility ; practicability. 

Feast, n. [From Lat. festum, pi. festa. J 1. A festival ; 



a holiday ; a solemn, or more commonly joyous, anniver- 
sary. 2. A festive or joyous meal ; a rich repast ; a 
banquet. 3. Something delicious or highly agreeable ; 
entertainment. 

Syn. — Entertainment ; regale ; banquet ; treat ; carousal ; 
festivity ; festival. — A feast sets before us viands superior in 
quantity, variety, and abundance ; a banquet is a luxurious 
feast ; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some 
agreeable event. A feast which was designed to be a festival, 
may be changed into a banquet. Carousal is unrestrained in- 
dulgence in frolic and drink. 

Feast, v. i. [imp. & p.p. feasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FEASTING.] 1. To eat sumptuously ; to dine or sup on 
rich provisions. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. 

Feast, v. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions. 
2. To delight ; to gratify luxuriously. 

Feat, n. [From Lat. factum, from factus, p. p. of facere, 
to make or do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. 2. A 
striking act of strength , skill, or cunning ; a trick. 

Feath'er, n. [A.-S.fedher, 0. H. Ger. fedara, Icel./eo- 
dur,fidr, allied to Gr. Trrepov, for Trirepov, Lat. penna, for 
pesna, equiv. to petna.] One of the growths, generally 
formed each of a central quill and a vane on each side of 
it, which make up the covering of a bird ; a plume ; a pen. 
A feather in the cap, an honor or mark of distinction. — To 
be in high feather, to appear in high spirits and health, like 
birds when their plumage is full after molting. — To cut a 
feather, to make the water foam in moving ; — said of a ship. — 
To show the white feather, to give indications of cowardice ; — 
a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered a token 
that he is not of the true game-breed. 

Featii'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. feathered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. feathering.] 1. To dress in feathers ; to 
furnish with a feather, as an arrow or a cap. 2. To 
adorn; to deck. 3. To tread, as a cock. 

To feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, especially from 
property which passes through one's hands ; — a proverb taken 
from birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests.— 
To feather the oars (JS'aut.), to bring their blades in rowing into 
an horizontal position as they rise out of the water, so as to cut 
the wind and not to hold it. 

Featii'er, v. i. To become feathered or horizontal. 

Feath'ei'-board'ing, n. A covering of boards in which 
the edge of one board overlaps another, like the feathers 
of a bird ; weather-boarding. [ers. 

Feath'ered, a. Clothed, covered, or fitted with feath- 

Feath'er-edge, n. An edge formed like that of a feath- 
er, or thinner than the opposite edge ; — applied to boards 
and cutting instruments. [with, feathers. 

Feath'er-y, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or covered 

Fe&t'ly, adv. [From feat .] Neatly ; dexterously ; adroitly. 

Feat'ure, n. [0. Fr. fa itare, fashion, make, from Lat. 
factum, a making, formation, from facere, factum, to 
make.] 1. Make, form, or appearance of a person ; es- 
pecially, good appearance. 2. The make, cast, or ap- 
pearance of the human face, and especially of any single 
part of the face ; a lineament ; — often used in the plural 
for the face, the countenance. 3. Cast or structure of 
any thing ; any marked peculiarity. 

Feat'ure-less, a. Having no distinct features. 

Feat'ure-ly, a. Having features showing marked pecu- 
liarities. 

Febri-fa'cient, a. [L&t.febris, fever, and faciens,fa- 
cientis, p. pr. of facere, to make.] Causing fever ; febrific. 

Fe-brif'ie, a. [Lat.febris, fever, and facere, to make.] 
Producing fever ; febrifacient. 

Febri-fu'gal, or Fe-brif u-gal, a. [Seemfra.] Hav- 
ing the quality of mitigating or curing fever. 

Feb'ri-fuge, ??. [From L&t.febris, fever, and fugare, to 
put to flight, from fugere. to flee.] {Med.) A medicine 
serving to mitigate or remove fever. 

Feb'ri-fuge, a. (Med.) Haying the quality of miti- 
gating or subduing fever ; antifebrile. 

FeTbrile, or Feb'rile, a. [From Lat. febris, fever.] 
Pertaining to fever : indicating fever, or derived from it. 

Feb'ru-a-ry, n: [Lat. Februarius, the month of expia- 
tion, because on the 15th of this month the great feast 
of expiation was held, from februurn, orig. in the Sabine 
language, a purgative, hence, februa, pi. , the Roman festi- 
val of purification, and febncare, to purify, expiate.] The 
second month in the year. In common years this month 
contains 28 days ; in the bissextile or leap year, 29 days. 

Fe'-eal, a. [Lsit.fxx, -al.fseces, q. v.] Pertaining to, or 
containing dregs or feces ; faecal. 

Fe'ces (fe'sez), n. pi. Dregs ; faeces. 

FS-e'u~-la. n. [Lat. fxcula, dim. of fmx, sediment, dregs.] 
Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply 
breaking down the texture, washing with water, and 
subsidence; especially, (a.) Nutritious part of wheat; 
starch or farina, (b.) The green matter of plants. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link ; this. 



FECULENCE 



276 



FELLOW 



F6«'u-lence, ) n. 1. State or quality of being fecu- 

Fe-e'u-len-cy, ) lent ; muddiness ; foulness. 2. That 
which is feculent ; sediment ; lees ; dregs. 

Fee'u-lent, a. [Lat. fseculentus, from fzex, fxcula.] 
Foul with extraneous or impure substances ; dreggy ; 
muddy ; thick ; turbid. 

Fee'un-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fecundated; p. 
pr. & vb.n. FECUNDATING.] [Lat. fecundare ,fecunda- 
tum, fr. the root of fatus.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. 
2. To impregnate. [fruitful ; impregnation. 

Fee'un-da'tion, n. The act of fecundating or making 

Fe-eun'di-ty, n. 1. Quality or power of producing fruit 
or young ; fruitfulness. 2. Power of germinating, as 
in seeds. 3. Fertility ; richness of invention. 

Fed, imp. & p. p. of feed. See Feed. 

Fed'er-al, a. [From Lat. feed us, league, treaty, com- 
pact.] 1. Pertaining to a league, contract, or treaty 
2. Specifically, composed of states or districts which re- 
tain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty. 

F6d'er-al, ) n. An advocate of confederation ; specif- 

Fed'er-al-ist, j cally, (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the 
Constitution of the United States at its formation and 
adoption. 

Fed'er-al-I§m, n. The principles of Federalists. 

Fed'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. feeder atus, from fcedus, league.] 
United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations ; 
leagued ; confederate. 

Fed'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of uniting in a league ; 
confederation. 2. A league ; a confederacy. 

Fed'er-a-tive, a. Uniting ; joining in a league. 

Fee, n. [A.-S. feoh, cattle; cattle being used in early 
times as a medium of exchange or payment, the word 
came to signify money, value, price, hire, reward, fee, and, 
as property chiefly consisted of cattle, goods, property, 
wealth, riches ; allied to Gr. irS>v, flock, and Lat. pecus, 
cattle, pecunia, property, money, from peals.] 1. Proper- 
ty ; possession, 2. Reward for services ; especially, pay- 
ment for professional services ; charge. 3. ( Feud. Law.) 
A right to the use of a superior's land, as a stipend for ser- 
vices to be performed ; the land so held ; a fief. 4. (Eng. 
Law.) An estate of inheritance supposed to be held either 
mediately or immediately from the sovereign. 5. (Amer. 
Law.) An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, 
and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, 
without condition attached to the tenure. 

Fee, v. t. [imp. & p. p. feed; p.pr. & vb.n. FEEING.] 
To reward for services performed, or to be performed ; to 
recompense ; to hire ; to bribe. 

Fee'fole, a. [compar. feebler; superl. feeblest.] 
[0. Eng. feble, 0. Fr. feble,febe,foibe, foible, foible, N. 
Fr. faible, from. Lat. flebilis, lamentable, wretched, from 
fere, to weep.] 1. Deficient in physical strength. 2. 
Wanting force, vigor, or efiiciency in action or express- 
ion. 3. Indicating feebleness. 

Syn.— Infirm; weak ; debilitated; languid ; imbecile ; de- 
crepit; faint. 

Fee'fole-mind'ed, a. Weak in intellectual power. 

Fee'fole-ness, n. Quality or condition of being feeble ; 
weakness of body or mind ; infirmity. [strength. 

Fee'bly, adv. In a feeble manner; weakly; without 

Feed, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. FED; p.pr. Scvb.n. FEEDING.] 
[A.-S. fedan, Goth, fodian, Icel. foda. Cf. FOOD and 
Fodder.] 1. To give food to ; to supply with nourish- 
ment. 2. To fill the wants of; to satisfy. 3. To graze; 
to cause to be cropped by feeding. 4. To give for food ; 
to furnish for consumption. 5. (Mach. ) To supply with 
materials, as a printing press with paper ; to subject to 
operation, as the work, or the tool, in machines. 

Feed, v. i. 1. To take food ; to eat. 2. To subsist by 
eating ; to prey. 3. To pasture ; to graze. 

Feed, n. 1. That which is eaten by beasts ; provender ; 
fodder. 2. A grazing or pasture ground. 3. Allowance 
of provender given to a horse, cow, &c. 4. Water sup- 
plied to steam-boilers. 5. [Mach.) The parts that move 
the work to the cutting-tool, or the tool to the work. 

Feed'er, n. 1. One who gives food. 2. One who, or 
that which feeds a printing-press or other machine. 3. 
One who furnishes incentives. 4. One who eats or sub- 
sists. 5. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. 6. A 
fountain, stream, or channel tbat supplies a main canal 
with water. 7. A branch railroad, or a side line which 
increases the business of the main line. 8. (Mining.) 
A side branch of a vein that passes into a lode. 

Fee'-farm, n. (Law.) Land held of another in fee, in 
consideration of an annual farm or rent; an estate in fee- 
simple, subject to a perpetual rent. 

Feel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. felt ; p. pr. & vb. n. feel- 
ing.] [A.-S. filan, gefelan.] 1. To perceive by the 



touch. 2. To touch ; to examine by touching ; hence, 
to make trial of; to test. 3. To perceive within one's 
self; to experience ; to be affected by. 4. To have an 
inward persuasion of. 

Feel, v. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or the 
nerves of sensation. 2. To have the sensibilities moved 
or affected. 3. To perceive one's self to be; — followed 
by an adjective describing the inward state, &c. 4. To 
know with feeling ; hence, to know certainly. 5. To 
appear to the touch ; to give a perception. 

Feel, n. 1. Feeling ; perception. [Bare.] 2. A sensa- 
tion communicated by touching. 

Feel'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, feels. 2. (Nat. 
Hist. ) One of the organs with which certain animals are 
furnished, for trying objects by the touch ; a palp. 3. 
A proposal, observation, or the like, put forth to ascer- 
tain the views of others. 

Feel'ing,.p. a. 1. Possessing great sensibility. 2. Ex- 
pressive of great sensibility ; sensitive. 

Feel'ing, n. 1. The sense; sense of touch. 2. An act 
or state of perception by the sense above described ; con- 
sciousness. 3. Capacity of the soul for emotional states. 
4. Any state or condition of emotion ; any mental state. 
Syn. — Sensation ; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitation j 
opinion. See Emotion. 

Feel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling manner ; affectingly. 

Fee'-slm/ple, n. (Law.) An absolute fee; a fee with- 
out conditions or limits. See FEE. 

Feet, n. ; pi. of foot. See Foot. 

Feign (Jan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FEIGNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FEIGNING.] [Fr. feindre, p. pr. feignant; Lat. fin- 
gere.] 1. To imagine ; hence, to assert by a fiction ; to 
pretend. 2. To make a show of ; to counterfeit. 

Feign'er (fan'er), n. One who feigns ; an inventor. 

Feint (fant), n. [See supra.] 1. That which is feigned ; 
a pretense. 2. A seeming aim at one part when another 
is intended to be struck. 

Feint (fant), v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack. 

Feld'spar, n. [Ger.feldspath, from feld, field, and spath, 
spar.] (Mb,) A crystalline mineral, somewhat vitreous 
in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions. 
It consists of silica, alumina, and potash. 

Feld-spath'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 

Feld-spath'ose, j feldspar. 

Fe-llc'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FELICITATED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. FELICITATING.] [L. Lat. felicitare, f elicita- 
tum;feliz,hsiY>-py.] 1. To make very happy ; to delight. 
2. To express joy or pleasure to ; to congratulate. 
Syn.— See Congratulate. 

Fe-lic'i-ta'tion, n. Act of felicitating ; congratulation. 

Fe-luVi- toils, a. [From L&t.felix, happy.] Happy ; de- 
lightful ; skillful ; well applied or expressed ; appropriate. 

Fe-li^'i-toiis-ly, adv. In a felicitous manner. 

Fe-lic'i-ty, n. 1. State of being happy ; blessedness. 
2. That which promotes happiness ; a successful or 
gratifying event or circumstance. 

Syn. — Happiness ; bliss ; beatitude j blessedness ; blissful- 
ness. 

Fe'llne, a. [Lat. felinus, from feles, or felis, cat.] Per- 
taining to a cat or to cats. 

Fell, imp. of fall. See Fall. 

Fell, a. [From Celtic fall, fal, feal, bad, evil, fal, fala, 
grudge, malice, treachery, feall, treachery, falsehood, 
conspiracy, murder.] Cruel ; barbarous ; inhuman ; 
fierce ; savage ; ravenous ; bloody. 

Fell, n. [A.-S. fell, Icel. fell, felldr, Goth, fill, allied to 
Lat. pellis.] A skin or hide of a beast. 

Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FELLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FELL- 
IKG.] [A.-S. fellan, fyllan, causative form of feallan, to 
fall.] 1. To cause to fall ; to prostrate. 2. To sew or 
hem ; — said of seams only. 

Fell'er, n. One who fellsor knocks down. 

Fell'-m6n/g;er (-mung'ger), n. A dealer in fells or 
sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts. 

Fell'ness, n. State of being fell or cruel. 

Fel'loe, n. See Felly. 

Fel'low, n. [0. ^ng. felatve , A.-S.felaw, from fehgean, 
fyligean, fylgan, to follow.] 1. One who follows; an 
adherent ; a companion ; a comrade ; an associate. 2. 
A man without good breeding or worth. 3. An equal 
in power, rank, character, or the like. 4. One of a pair ; 
a mate. 5. A person; an individual. 6. One of the 
associates in an English college, admitted to share in its 
revenues ; a member of a literary or scientific society or 
corporation. 7. One of the trustees of a college. [Amer.] 
tSS°" Fellow is often used in composition, indicating an asso- 
ciate, or sometimes equality. 



FELLOW-COMMONER 



277 



FERMENTATION 



Fel'low-eom/mon-er, n. A student in an English 

university who commons, or dines, with the fellows. 
Fel'low— ereat'ure, n. One of the same race or kind ; 

one made by the same Creator. 
FeTlow-f eel'ing, n. Sympathy ; a like feeling. 
F61'low-ship, n. 1. State or relation of being a fellow 
or associate. 2. Frequent and familiar intercourse ; 
companionship. 3. Company ; a state of being together. 
4. Partnership. 5. An association ; a company. 6. (Eng. 
Universities.) A foundation for the maintenance, on 
certain conditions, of a resident scholar. 7. (Arith.) 
The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners. 

Good fellowship, fondaess for company ; love of society ; 
trustworthiness; kind behavior. 

Fel'ly, n. [A.-S. felg, felge.] The exterior rim, or a 
part of the rim, of a wheel. 

Fe'lo-de-se' , n. [L. Lat. See infra.] {Law.) A self- 
murderer ; a suicide. 

Fel'on, n. [L. Lat. felo, fello, from 0. Fr. fel, It. fello. 
See Fell, a.] 1. (Law.) A person who has committed 
felony. 2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime. 
3. (Med.) A whitlow; a painful inflammation of the 
fingers or toes. 

Syn.— Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit. 

Fel'on, a. 1. Malignant ; fierce ; malicious. 2. Traitor- 
ous; disloyal. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous, a. Having the quality of felony ; malig- 
nant ; malicious ; villainous ; traitorous ; perfidious. 

Fe-lo'ni-oiis-ly, adv. In a felonious manner. 

Fel'o-ny, n. [L. Lat. felonia, from felo, fello. See 
Felon.] 1. (Eng. Law.) An offense which occasions 
a total forfeiture of either lands or goods, or both, at the 
common law, and to which capital or other punishment 
may be added, according to the degree of guilt. 2. A 
heinous crime ; especially, a crime punishable by death 
or imprisonment. 

Fel'spar, n. See Feldspar. 

Fel-spath'ic, a. See Feldspathic. 

Felt, imp. & p. p. or a. from feel. See FEEL*. 

Felt, n. [A.-S. felt, D. viU,'TS. & 0. H. Ger. filz, allied 
to Gr. 7riAos, hair or wool wrought into felt, Lat. pilus, 
hair.] 1. Cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, 
wrought into a compact substance by rolling and press- 
ure, with lees or size. 2. A hat made of wool. 

Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FELTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FELTING.] 1. To make into felt, or a felt-like sub- 
stance. 2. To cover with felt. [felt-cloth. 

Felt'ing, n. The material of which felt is made ; also, 

Fe-lite'ca, n. [It., from Ar. feltikah, from fulh, a ship, 
from falaha, to be round.] (Naut.) A boat or vessel, 
with oars and lateen sails, used in the Mediterranean. 
The helm may be applied to the head or stern, as occa- 
sion requires. 

Fel'wort (-wurt), n. [Probably a corrupt, of field-wort.] 
(Bot.) A plant, a species of gentian. 

Fe'male, n. [Lat. femella, dim. of femina, woman.] 
1. One of the sex that bears young. 2. (Bot.) A plant 
which bears the pistil, and is impregnated by the pollen 
of the male flowers, and produces fruit. 

Fe'male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and 
gives birth to young. 2. Belonging to an individual of 
the female sex; characteristic of the sex; feminine. 3. 
(Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens ; pistillate. 

Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes in which 
two syllables (in French called/emafe syllables), an accented 
and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line.— 
Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another 
BCrew turns. 

Syn. — See Feminine. 

Feme-covert ) (fem-k&Vert), n. [Fr., from femme, 

Femme-covert j 0. Fr. feme, equiv. to Lat. femina, 
woman, and convert, 0. Fr. covert, f. coverte, p. p. of 
couvrir, to cover.] (Law.) A married woman. 

Feme-sole ) (fem-soF), n. [Fr., from feme, femme, and 

Femme-sole ) 0. Fr. sol, sole, Lat. solus, sola, alone, 
sole, Of. supra.] (Law.) A sole, single, or unmarried 
woman. 

Fem'i-nine , a. [Lat. femininus , from femina, woman.] 
1. Pertaining to a woman, or to women; womanish; 
womanly. 2. Having the qualities of a female ; either 
in a good sense, becoming or appropriate ; modest ; grace- 
ful; affectionate; confiding; or in a bad sense, lacking 
manly force or vigor ; effeminate. 3. I G-ram.) Having a 
form belonging more especially to words which are epi- 
thets of females. 

S ^ n * — Female. —Female is applied to the sex merely as op- 
posed to male ; feminine to the appropriate characteristics of the 
Bex. A female school should teach feminine accomplishments. 



Fgin'o-ral, a. [From Lat. femur, femoris, thigh.] Be- 
longing to the thigh. 

Fen, n. [A.-S. fen, or fenn, marsh, mud, dirt, Icel./e«, 
Goth, fani, mud.] Boggy land ; moor; marsh. 

Fence, n. [Abbrev. from defence, q. v.] 1. That which 
fends off attack or danger ; a defense. 2. A wall, hedge, 
or other inclosing structure about a field, garden, or the 
like. 3. Self-defense by the use of the sword; fencing. 
Ring fence, a fence which encircles a whole estate.— To be on 
the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two 
opposing parties or policies. 

Fence, v. t. [imp. & p.p FENCED (fenst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. fencing.] 1. To fend off danger from ; to protect; to 
guard. 2. To inclose with a fence or other protection. 

Fence, v. i. 1. To make a fence ; to give protection or 
security. 2. To defend one's self by use of the sword. 

Fence'less, a. Without a fence ; open ; unguarded. 

Fen'cer,ra. One who fences. 

Fen'£i-Me, a. Capable of being defended, or of making 
or affording defense. 

Fen'ci-tole, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for the defense 
of the country, and not liable to be sent abroad. 

Fen'cing, n. 1. The art or practice of self-defense with 
the sword. 2. The materials offences for farms. [Amer.] 
3. A system of fences. 

Fend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fended; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fending.] [Abbreviated from defend, q. v.] To keep 
off ; to shut out. 

Fend, v. i. To act in opposition ; to resist ; to parry. 

Fend'er, n. One who, or that which, fends or wards 
off; especially, (a.) A metallic frame to hinder coals of 
fire from rolling forward to the floor, (b.) Apiece of 
timber, or other thing, hung over the side of a vessel to 
prevent it from injury by striking against a wharf or an- 
other vessel. 

Fe-nes'tral, a. [From Lat. fenestra, window.] Per- 
taining to a window or to windows. 

Fen'nec, n. (Zool.) An animal of the dog kind, found in 
Africa. It resembles a small fox, but has very long ears. 

Fen'nel, n. [A.S.fenol, from Lat. feniculum, fennel, 
dim. of fenum, hay.] (Bot.) A plant, cultivated in gar- 
dens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds. 

Fen'ny, a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen ; abound- 
ing in fens ; swampy ; boggy. 

Fen'u-greek, n. [Lat. fxnum Grxcum, literally Greek 
hay.] (Bot.) A plant cultivated for its seeds, which are 
used by farriers. 

Feod (fud), n. A feud. See Feud. 

Feod'al (fud'al), n. Feudal. See Feudal. 

Feoff (fef), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FEOFFED (feft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FE offing.] [Fr. feoffer, fieffer, from fief See 
Fief.] (Law.) To invest with a fee or feud; to enfeoff. 

Feoff , n. (Lazy.) A fief. See Fief. [is made. 

Feof-fee' (fef-fee'), n. (Laiv.) One to whom a feoffment 

Feoffer ) (fef-) n. (Law.) One who enfeoffs or grants 

Feoffor ) a fee. 

Feoffment (fef'ment), n. (Law.) (a.) Grant of a feud 
or fee. (b.) (Eng. Law.) A gift or conveyance in fee of 
land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by 
actual delivery of possession, (c.) The instrument or 
deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. 
[ Obs. in Amer. Rare in Eng.] 

Fer'e-to-ry, n. [L&t.feretrum, bier, litter, Gr. fyiperpov, 
from ferre, $4peiv, to bear.] A portable bier or shrine 
of wood, gold, &c, for containing relics of saints ; also, 
the tomb in which their bodies are deposited. 

Fe'ri-al, a. [L. L&t.ferialis, from feri :, holiday.] Per- 
taining to holidays. 

Fe'rine, a. [Lat. ferinus, from ferus, or fera, a wild an- 
imal.] Wild; untamed; savage. 

Fer'ment, n. [Lat. fermentum, contr. for fervimentum, 
fr. fervere, to boil, ferment.] 1. That which causes fer- 
mentation. 2. Heat ; tumult ; agitation. 3. Fermenta- 
tion. 

Fer-ment', v. t. [imp. & p. p. FERMENTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fermenting.] To cause ferment or fermenta- 
tion in. 

Fer-ment', v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation ; to work ; 
to effervesce. 2. To be active or excited. 

Fer-ment'a-ble, a. Capable of fermentation. 

Fer'men-ta'tion, n. 1. That change of organic sub- 
stances by which their starch, sugar, gluten, &c, under 
the influence of water, air, and warmth, are decomposed, 
and their elements are recombined in new compounds. 
2. The active state of the intellect or the feelings. 

B@=- The saccharine fermentation changes starch and gum in- 
to sugar; the vinous converts sugar into alcohol; the acetous 
changes alcohol and other substances into vinegar; the viscous 



food, frfbt; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; this- 



FERMENTATIVE 



278 



FETICH 




converts sugar into a mucilaginous substance; the putrefactive 
attends the decomposition of substances containing nitrogen. 

Fer-ment'a-tive, a. Causing, or consisting in, fer- 
mentation. 

Fern, n. [A.-S. /earn.] (Bot.) An order of cryptoga- 
mous plants, which have their fructification on the back 
of the fronds or leaves. 

Fern'y, a. Abounding in fern ; overgrown with fern. 

Fe-ro'cioiis, a. [Lat. ferocia, fierceness, from ferox, 
fierce, allied to ferus, wild.] Indicating cruelty; raven- 
ous ; rapacious ; wild. 

Syn. — Fierce; savage; barbarous. — When these words are 
applied to human feelings or conduct,/erociows describes the 
disposition; fierce, the haste and violence of an act; barbarous, 
the coarseness and brutality by which it was marked ; savage, 
the cruel and unfeeling spirit which it showed. A man is fero- 
cious in his temper, fierce in his actions, barbarous in the man- 
ner of carrying out his purposes, savage in the spirit and feel- 
ings expressed in his words or deeds. 

Fe-ro'cious-ly, adv. Fiercely ; with savage cruelty. 

Fe-ro'cioiis-ness, ) n. The state of being ferocious ; 

Fe-roc'i-ty, j savage wildness or fierceness ; 

fury ; cruelty ; barbarity. 

Fer're-ous, a. [La,t. f err eus, from ferrum, iron.] Par- 
taking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron ; like iron. 

Fer'ret, n. [Fr. furet, It. fur- 
etto, L. \oX. furetum, furectus , 
from furo, ferret, from Lat. 
fur, thief.] 1. (Zool.) An ani- 
mal of the weasel kind, about 
14 inches in length, of a pale 
yellow or white color, with red 
eyes. 2. A kind of narrow tape, 
usually made of woolen. 3. 
( Glass Manuf. ) The iron used 
to try the melted matter, to see 
if it is fit to work, and to make 
the rings at the mouths of bot- 
ties. Ierret - 

Fer'ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FERRETED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
ferreting.] To drive or hunt out of a lurking-place, 
as a ferret does the cony. 

Fer'ri-a£e, n. The price or fare to be paid at a ferry. 

Fer'ro-^y'a-nate, n. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
cyanate, q. v.] (Chem.) A compound of ferrocyanic 
acid with a base. 

FeVro-cy-an'ie, a. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
cyanic, q. v.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 
iron and cyanogen. 

Fer'ro-cy'a-nide, n. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
cyanide, q. v.] ( Chem.) A compound of the proto-cya- 
nide of iron with some other cyanide. 

Fer-rii'gi-iious, a. [Lat. ferrugineus, from ferrugo.] 
1. Partaking of iron ; containing particles of iron. 2. 
Resembling iron-rust in appearance or color. 

Fer 'rule (leVril or feVrul), n. [Lat. ferrum, iron.] A 
ring of metal put round a cane, 'tool-handle, or other 
thing, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting. 

Fer'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ferried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ferrying.] [See infra.] To carry or transport over a 
river, strait, or other water, in a boat. 

Fer'ry, v. i. To pass over water in a boat. 

Fer'ry, n. [From 0. H. Ger.ferren,ferjan, A.S.ferjan, 
Goth, farjan, to carry, convey, from 0. H. Ger., A.-S., 
& Goth, faran, to go. See FARE.] 1. A vessel in 
which passengers and goods are combed over narrow 
waters ; a wherry. 2. A place where persons or things 
are carried across a river or other water, in ferry-boats. 
3. The right or liberty of carrying persons, animals, or 
goods across a river or other water, in boats, for hire. 

Fer'ry-boat (20), n. A boat for conveying passengers 
over streams and other narrow waters. 

Fer'ry-man, n. ; pi. fer'ry-men. One who keeps a 
a ferry, and transports passengers over a river. 

Fer'tOe, a. [Lsit. fertilis, from ferre, to bear, produce.] 
1. Producing fruit in abundance ; prolific ; productive ; 
rich. 2. (Bot.) Capable of producing fruit. 

Syn.— Fruitful.— Fertile denotes the power of producing, 

fruitful the act. The prairies of the West are fertile by nature, 

and will soon be turned by cultivation into a fruitful field. 

Fer'tlle-ly (109), adv. In a fertile or fruitful manner. 

Fer'tile-ness, n. Fertility. [fulness. 

Fer-til'i-ty, n. State of being fertile or fruitful ; fruit- 

Fer'ti-li-za'tion, n. 1. The act or process of render- 
ing fertile. 2. (Bot.) The process by which the pollen 
renders the ovule fertile. 
Fer'ti-lize, v. t. .[imp. & p. p. fertilized; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FERTILIZING.] To make fertile, fruitful, or 
productive ; to enrich. 



State of being fervent or warm ; heat 
warmth of devotion. 



Fer'ti-liz'er, n. One who, or that which, renders fertile. 

Fer'ule (i'eVril or feVr.ul), n. [Lat., It., Sp., & Pr. 
ferula, Fr. ferule.] A flat piece of wood, used for strik- 
ing children in punishment. 

Fer'ule (fer'ril or fer'rul,) v. t. [imp. & p. p. fer- 
uled ; p. pr. & vb. n. feruling.] To punish with a 
ferule. 

Fer'ven-cy, n. 
of mind ; ardor : 

Fer'vent, a. [Lat. fervens, from fervere, to be boiling 
hot, to boil, to glow.] 1. Hot; ardent; boiling. 2. 
Warm in feeling ; ardent in temperament. 
Syn. — Glowing; earnest; excited; vehement; animated. 

Fer'vent-ly, adv. In a fervent manner. 

Fer'vid, a. [Lat. fervidus, from fervere.] 1. Very hot ; 
burning ; boiling. 2. Ardent ; vehement ; zealous. 

Fer'-vid-ly, adv. In a fervid manner. 

Fer'vor, n. [Lat. See supra.] 1. Heat; excessive 
warmth. 2. Intensity of feeling ; glowing ardor ; warm 
or animated zeal. 

Fes'ceii-iiuie, n. A song of a rude or licentious kind, so 
named from Fescennia, a city of Etruria in ancient Italy, 
famous for this sort of verse. 

Fes'-eue, n. [0. Eng. festue, from Pr. festuc, festuca, 
Lat. festuca, a straw, little stick.] A straw, wire, stick, 
or the like, used chiefly to point out letters to children 
when learning to read. 

Fes'eue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fescued ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fescuing.] To assist in reading by a fescue. 

Fesse ) (fes), n. [From Lat. fascia, band, girth. See 

Fess j Fascia.] (Her.) A band drawn horizontally 
across the center of an escutcheon; one of the nine 
honorable ordinaries. 

Fesse'-point, n. (Her.) The exact center of the es- 
cutcheon. See Escutcheon. 

Fes'tal, a. [From Lat. festum. See Feast.] Per- 
taining to a holiday, joyful anniversary, or feast; joy- 
ous ; gay ; mirthful. 

Fes'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. festered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
FESTERING.] [A modification of foster, to feed, to 
nourish.] 1. To grow virulent; to corrupt; to ran- 
kle. 2. To become malignant and invincible ; — said of 
passions. 

Fes'ter, v. t. To nurse, as something that rankles. 

Fes'ter, n. 1. A sore which rankles and discharges 
corrupt matter ; a pustule. 2. A festering or rankling. 

Fes'ti-val, a. [From Lat. festivum, festive jollity, from 
festivus, festive, gay, from festum, feast.] Pertaining or 
appropriate to a feast ; festive ; festal ; joyous ; mirthful. 

Fes'ti-val, n. A time of feasting or celebration ; an 
anniversary day of joy , civil or religious. 
Syn. — Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast. 

Fgs'tive, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast ; festal; 
joyous ; gay ; mirthful. 

Fes-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Condition of being festive ; joyful- 
ness ; gayety. 2. A festival ; a festive celebration. 

Fes-tdbn', n. [From Lat. festum, 
festival ; hence, orig. an ornament for 
a festival.] A garland or wreath hang- 
ing in a depending curve ; any thing 
arranged in this way. 

Fes-tobn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fes- 
tooned ; p. pr. & vb. n. festoon- 
ing.] To form in festoons, or to 
adorn with festoons. 

Fe'tal, a. [From fetus, q. v.] Pertaining to a fetus. 

Fetch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fetched (fetcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FETCHING.] [A.-S. fetian, cf. fecan, to draw, 
lead ; feccan, to lead, take, facjan, to acquire.] 1. To 
go and bring; to bring; to get. 2. To bring; as, (a.) 
To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for. (b.) To 
recall from a swoon, (c.) To reduce; to throw. 3. To 
bring to accomplishment ; to make ; to do. 4. To reach ; 
to arrive at ; to attain. 

To fetch a pump, to pour water into it to make it draw water. 
— To fetch way (Naut.), to be shaken from one side to the 
other. 

Fetch, v. i. To bring one's self; to move ; to arrive. 

Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem; a trick; an artifice. 2. 
The apparition of a living person. 

Fetch'er, n. One who fetches or brings. 

Fete (fat), n. [Fr. See Feast.] A festival, holiday, 
celebration, or festivity. 

F6te, v. t. [imp. & p. p. feted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
feting.] To feast; to honor with a festive entertain- 
ment. 

Fe'tich, (fe'tish), n. [From 'Pg.feitigo, sorcery, charm, 




Festoon. 



FETICHISM 



279 



FIELD 



from Lat. facticius, made by art, artificial, factitious, 
q. v.] A material thing, living or dead, worshiped 
among certain African tribes. 

Fet'i-9hl§m, ) n. The worship of some material object, 

Fet'i-9i§m, j as a stone, a tree, or an animal, often 
casually selected ; the low idolatry of Western Africa. 

Fet'id, a. [Lat. foztidus, from fcetere, to have an ill smell.] 
Having an offensive smell ; stinking. 

Fet'lock, n. [From feet, or foot, and lock, q. v.] The 
part of the leg where the tuft of hair grows behind the 
pastern joint in horses. 

Fe'tdr, n. [Lat. fcetor. See FETID.] A strong offen- 
sive smell ; stench . 

Fet'ter, n. [A.-S. fetor, feotur, feoter, Icel. fiotur, 
allied to Gr. 7re5rj, and Lat. pedica. Chiefly used in the 
plural.] 1. A chain for the feet. 2. Any thing that 
confines or restrains from motion ; a restraint. 

Fet'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fettering.] 1. To put fetters on; to shackle; to 
bind ; to encham L 2. To impose restraints on ; to confine. 

Fe'tus, n. ; pi. fe'tus-es. [Lat. fatus, fetus, a bring- 
ing forth, offspring ; fetus, -a, -um, fructified, p. p. of 
the obs. feof to fructify.] The young of viviparous 
animals in the womb, and of oviparous animals in the 
egg, after it is perfectly formed. 

Feud, n. [L. Lat. faida, feida, A.-S. f'dhdh, f'dgdh, 
from figan, fiogan, fan, feon, to hate.] 1. A combi- 
nation of kindred to revenge injuries or affronts, done 
or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all 
his race. 2. An inveterate strife between families, clans, 
or parties in a state ; deadly hatred. 

Syn. — Affray ; fray ; broil ; contest ; dispute ; strife. 

Fetid, n. [L. Lat. feudom, feodom, 0. ~Ev.feude,feu,fiu, 
fieu, fief, fied. See Fee.] {Law.) A stipendiary estate 
in land, held of a superior, by service ; a fief; a fee. 

Feud'al, a. 1. Pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees. 2. 
Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs ; embrac- 
ing tenures by military services. 

Feud'al-I§m, n. The feudal system ; ' the principles 
and constitution of feuds. 

Feu-dal'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being feudal ; 
feudal form or constitution. 

Fetid'al-i-za/tioii, n. Act of reducing to feudal tenure. 

Feud'a-ry, a. [L. Lat. feudarius, from feudum. See 
Feud.] Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure. 

Feud'a-ta-ry, a. & n. Same as Feudatory. 

Feud'a-to-ry, a. Held from another on some condi- 
tional tenure. 

Feuilleton (fiVye-tong'), n. [~Fr.,fromfeuitte,lea,f. See 
FOIL.] A part of a French newspaper (usually the 
bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criti- 
cism, taste, &c. 

Fe'ver, n. [A.-S. fefer, Fr. fievre, Lat. febris, prob. a 
transposition of ferbis, from fervere, to be hot, to boil, 
glow.] 1. [Med.) A diseased state of the system, 
marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, 
and a general derangement of the functions. 2. Strong 
excitement of any kind ; a season of great excitement. 

Fe'ver-few (-t'u), -.. [A.-S. fef erf uge, i. e., febrifuge, 
q. v.] (JBot.) A plaut allied to chamomile ; — so named 
from its supposed febrifugal qualities. 

Fe'ver-Ish, a. Affected by, pertaining to, indicating, 
or resembling, a fever. 

Fe'ver-Ish-ness, n. The state of being feverish ; a 
slight febrile affection. 

Few (t'u), a. [compar. FEWER; superl. FEWEST.] 
[A.-S. fed, pl./edue, Goth, favs, pi. favai.] Not many ; 
small, limited, or confined in number ; — indicating a 
small portion of units or individuals constituting a 
whole ; — often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. 

Few'ness (fumes), n. The state of being few ; smallness 
of number ; paucity ; brevity. 

F6z, n. A red cap without a brim, worn by Turks, &c. 

F'i-tis'-eo, n. [It., a failure.] 1. (Mus.) A failure in a 
musical performance. 2. A failure of any kind. 

Fl'at, n. [Lat., let it be done, 3 pers. sing., subj. pres., 
fvomfio, fieri, pass, of facere, to make.] A command 
to do something ; a decree. 

Fib, n. [Probably abbreviated and corrupted from fable, 
q. v.] A lie or falsehood. [ Colloq.] 

Fib, v . i. [imp. & p. p. fibbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. fib- 
bing.] To he ; to speak falsely, r Colloq.'] 

Fibber, ) n. [Fr. fibre, from L&t.fibra.] 1. One of the 

Fi'bre, ) delicate, thread-like portions of which the tis- 
sues of plants and animals are in part constituted. 2. 
Any fine, slender thread, or thread-like substance ; espe- 
cially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant. 



Fi'bril, n. A small fiber ; the branch of a fiber, [fibers. 

FI-bril'lose, or FIb'ril-lose', a. Composed of small 

Fi-bril'lous, or Flb'ril-loiis, a. Pertaining to fibers ; 
formed of small fibers, as the cap of a mushroom. 

Fl'brlne, n. [From Lat. fibra.] (Cliem.) A peculiar 
organic compound found in animals and vegetables, and 
also contained in the clot of coagulated blood. 

Fi'brous, a. Containing, or consisting of, fibers. 

Fib'u-ld, n, ; pi. fib'u.l^:. [Lat., contr. for figibula, 
from figere, to fasten.] 1. A clasp or buckle. 2. 
(Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. 3. 
(Surg.) A needle for sewing up wounds. 

Flck'le (frk'l), a. [A.-S. fi col, fickle, crafty, fv.fican. to 
touch lightly , to flatter.] Liable to change or vicissitude ; 
of a changeable mind ; not firm in opinion or purpose. 

Syn. — Wavering ; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; un- 
stable; inconstant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; 
capricious. 

Flck'le-ness, n. State of being fickle ; instability. 

FIc'tile, a. [Lat. fictilis, from fingere, fictum, to form, 
shape.] Molded into form by art. 

Fi-e'tion, n. [L&t.fictio, team fingere, fictum, to form, 
shape, invent, feign.] 1. Act of feigning, inventing, 
or imagining. 2. That which is feigned, invented, or 
imagined ; especially, a feigned story. 

Syn. — Fabrication ; falsehood. — Fiction is opposed to what 
is real, it may or may not be intended to deceive; a fabrica- 
tion, as here spoken of, is a fiction wrought up for the purpose 
of deceiving ; a falsehood requires less invention, being merely 
a false statement. 

Fic-tl'tious (lik-tish/us), a. Feigned ; imaginary ; coun- 
terfeit ; false ; not genuine. 

Fic-tl'tioiis-ly, adv. In a fictitious manner ; by fic- 
tion ; falsely ; counterfeitly. 

Fid, n. [Prov. Eng. fid, a small, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) 
A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the top- 
mast. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support 
or steady any thing. 3. A pin of hard wood, tapering 
to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. 

FId'dle (ild'dl), n. [Either from Lat. fidkula, diminu- 
tive of fides, a stringed instrument, or from Low Lat. 
vitula, vidula, musical instrument, from Lat. vitulari, to 
joyful, to celebrate a festival, orig., to spring like a 



calf, vitidus.] 1, (Mus.) A stringed instrument of mu- 

"■ .; a : •■ 
species of dock. 



sic; a violin; *kit. 2. (Bot.) A perennial plant; a 



FId'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FIDDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FIDDLING.] 1. To play on a fiddle or violin. 2. To 
shift the hands often and do nothing, like a fellow that 
plays on a fiddle ; to tweedle ; to trifle. 

FId'dle-dee-dee', interj. An exclamatory word or 
phrase, equivalent to Nonsense ! 

FId'dle-fad'dle, n. A trifle ; trifling talk ; nonsense. 
[ Colloq. and low.] 

FId'dler, n. 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 2. 
A kind of small crab. [Amer.] 

FId'dle- stick, n. The bow and string with which a 
fiddler plays on a violin. 

Fl-del'i-ty , n. [Lat. fidelitas, from fidelis, faithful, from 
fides, faith.] Faithfulness; adherence to right; espe- 
cially, (a.) Adherence to a person or party to which one 
is bound ; loyalty, (b.) Adherence to one's promise or 
pledge; veracity; honesty, (c ) Adherence to the mar- 
riage contract. 

Syn. — Faithfulness; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty. 

FId'get, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fidgeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FIDGETING.] [Dan. fige, to hasten, to make speed, 
Icel. fika, to hasten, 0. Svt.fika, to move quickly. Cf. 
Fickle.] To move uneasily one way and the other. 

FId'get, n. Irregular motion ; uneasiness ; restlessness- 

FId'get-y, a. Restless ; uneasy. 

Fl-dH'cial, a. [Lat. fiducia, trust, confidence, from fi- 
dere, to trust.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; 
undoubting. 2. Having the nature of a trust ; fidu- 

FI-du/cial-ly, adv. With confidence. [ciary. 

Fl-du'ci-a-ry (-du'shi-), a. [Lat. fiduciarius , from fidu- 
cia. See supra.] 1. Confident ; undoubting ; unwav- 
ering ; firm. 2. Holding or held, or founded, in trust. 

Fi-du'ci-a-ry (-du'shi-), n. 1. One who holds a thing 
in trust for another; a trustee. 2. (Theol.) One who 
depends for salvation on faith, without works. 

Fie, interj. An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. 

Fief, n. [Fr. fief. See Feud and Fee.] (Law.) An 
estate held of a superior on condition of military service ; 
a fee ; a feud. 

Field, n. [A.-S., 0. Sax., & Ger., feld.] 1. Felled 
ground ; cleared land. 2. A cleared space or plain where 
a battle is fought ; also, the battle itself. 3. An open 



food, ft>bt; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this. 



FIELD-BOOK 



280 



FIGURE 



space of any kind ; a wide extent ; an expanse. 4. (Her.) 
The surface of the shield ; hence, any blank space or 
ground on which figures are drawn or projected. 

Field of ice, a large body of floating ice. — Field, or field of 
view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within 
which objects are seen. — To keep the field {Mil.), to continue 
the campaign. 

Field'-bobh, re. A book used in surveying or civil en- 
gineering, in which are made entries of measurements 
taken in the field. 

Field'-eoForg (-kfil'urz), re. pi. (Mil.) Small flags of 
about a foot and a half square, carried along with the 
quartermaster -general, for marking out the ground for 
the squadrons and battalions. 

Fleld'-day (109), re. (Mil.) A day when troops are 
drawn out for instruction in field exercises and evolu- 
tions. 

Field'f are, re. [field and fare ; A.-S. faran, to go, march, 
wander.] ( Ornith.) A kind of bird, of the thrush tribe, 
about ten inches in length, the head ash-colored, the 
body chestnut, and the tail black. 

Field'- gun, n. (Mil.) A small kind of gun, or cannon, 
used on the battle-field ; a field-piece. 

Field'- mar 7 slial, re. (Mil.) The commander of an 
army ; a military officer of high rank in Germany, and 
the highest military officer in England except the captain- 
general. 

Field'-of fi-cer, re. (Mil.) A military officer above the 
rank of captain, and below that of general, as a major, 
lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. 

Field'-piece, re. (Mil.) A small cannon which is car- 
ried along with armies, and used in the field of battle. 

Field'-sport, re. Diversion in the field, as shooting and 
hunting. 

Field'-work (-wurk), re. (Mil.) A temporary work 
thrown up by any troops in the field. 

Fiend, re. [A.-S. feond, fond, fend, enemy, fiend, devil, 
from fan, feon,fgan,fiogan, to hate, Goth, f Jan.] An 
implacable or malicious foe ; the devil ; an infernal being. 

Fiend'ish, a. Like a fiend ; malignant. 

Fierce (feerss), a. [compar. fiercer ; superl. FIER- 
CEST.] [0. Eng./ers, fiers, from 0. Fr./gr, fer, nom. 
fers,fers, fierce, savage, cruel, from Lat. ferus, wild, sav- 
age, cruel.] 1. Furious; violent ; impetuous, as wild 
beasts, storm-winds, &c. 2. Excessively earnest, eager, 
or ardent ; vehement in anger or cruelty. 

Syn. — Ferocious; savage; barbarous; fell. See Febo- 

CIOUS. 

Fierce'ly, adv. In a fierce manner, or with a fierce ex- 
pression or aspect. 

Fierce'ness, n. The state or quality of being fierce. 

Syn. — Ferocity; savageness; fury; vehemence; ardor; im- 
petuosity. 

FV e-vi-fa' ei-as (ii / e-ri-fa'shi-as), n. [Lat., i. e., cause 
it to be done.] (Law.) A judicial writ that lies for him 
who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the 
sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, 
or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. 

Fi'er-i-ness, n. The quality of being fiery ; heat ; ac- 
rimony ; irritability. 

Fi'er-y, a. [Formerly written^?-?/, from fire, q. v.] 1. 
Consisting of, or resembling, fire. 2. Vehement ; ar- 
dent; impetuous. 3. Passionate; easily provoked : irri- 
table. 4. Unrestrained ; fierce. 5. Heated by fire, or 
as if by fire. 

Fife, n. [0. H. Ger. pfifa, N. H. Ger. pfeife, Fr. fifre, 
Low Lat. pipa, pipe, pipare, to play on the pipe, Lat. 
pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chicken. Cf. 
Pipe.] (Mus.) A small pipe used as a wind-instrument. 

Fife, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fifed (fift, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. fifing.] To play on a fife. 

Fifer,«. One who plavs on a fife. 

Fif e'-rail, n. ( Naut . ) A rail around the mast of a ship. 

Fifteen, a. [A.-S. fif tyne. SeeFivE.] Five and ten ; 
one more than fourteen. 

Fifteen, n. 1. The sum of five and ten ; fourteen units 
and one more. 2. A symbol representing this number, 
as 15, or xv. 

Fifteenth, a. 1. Next in order after the fourteenth. 
2. Being one of fifteen equal parts into which a whole is 
divided. [whole. 

Fif teentli, n. One of fifteen equal parts of a unit or 

Fifth, a. [A.-S. fifta. See Five.] 1. Next in order 
after the fourth. 2. Being one of five equal parts into 
which a whole is divided. 

Fifth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five ; one 
of five equal parts . 2. ( M us . ) The interval between any 



tone and the tone represented on the fifth degree of the 

staff above it. 
Fifth'ly, adv. In the fifth place. 
Fiftieth, a. [A.-S. fiftigddha. See infra.] 1. Next 

in order after the forty-ninth. 2. Being one of fifty 

equal parts into which a whole is divided. 
Fif ti-eth, n. One of fifty equal parts ; the quotient of 

a unit divided by fifty. 
Fifty, a. [A.-S. fif tig. See Five.] Five times ten. 
Fifty, n. 1. Five tens ; the sum of forty-nine units 

and one more. 2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 

50, or L. 
Fig, re. [A.-S. fie, Lat. ficus, Fr. figue.] 1. (Bot.) A 

fruit-tree of the genus Ficus, growing in warm climates. 

2. The fruit of the fig-tree, which is of a round or ob- 
long shape, and of various colors. 3. A small piece of 
tobacco. [Amer.] 4. A worthless thing; — in expres- 
sions of contempt. 5. (Far.) An excrescence on the 
frog of a horse's foot, resulting from a bruise. 6. Fig- 
ure ; dress ; array. [ Colloq.] 

Fight (fit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. fought ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
fighting.] [A.-S. feohtan.] 1. To strive or contend 
for victory, in battle or in single combat ; to contend in 
arms. 2. To act in opposition ; to make resistance. 

Fight (lit), v. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, 
or battle. 2. To contend with in battle ; to war against. 

3. To cause to fight ; to manage or maneuver in a fight. 
Fight (fit), re. A battle ; an engagement ; a struggle for 

victory, either between individuals or between armies, 
ships, or navies. 

Syn. — Battle ; combat ; engagement ; contest ; struggle ; 
encounter; fray; affray; duel; action; conflict. 

Fight'er (fit 7 er), re. One who fights ; a combatant. 
Fig'ment, re. [Lat. figmentum , from fingere, root, fig, 

to form, shape, invent, feign.] An invention ; a fiction. 
Fig 7 u-ra-bil'i-ty , re. Quality of being figurable. 
Fig'u-ra-ble, a. [From a hypoth. Lat. xfordfigurabilis, 

from figurare, to form, shape, from figura. See FIGURE .] 

Capable of being brought to, or of retaining, a certain 

fixed form or shape. 
Fig'u-ral, a. 1. Represented by figure or delineation; 

consisting of figures. 2. (Mus.) Figurate. See Figu- 

RATE. 

Fig'u-rate, a. 1. Of a certain determinate form or fig- 
ure. 2. (Mus.) Relating to discords ; discordant; figu- 
rative. 

Figurate numbers {Math .), numbers formed from any arith- 
metical progression in which the first term is a unit and the 
difference a whole number, by taking the first term, and the 
sums of the first two, first three, first four, &c, as the successive 
terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in 
the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the resulting se- 
ries being such that points representing them are capable of 
symmetrical arrangement in different geometrical figures, as 
triangles, squares, pentagons, &c. In the following example, 
the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in 
the second line being triangular, and represented thus: — 
1, 2, 3, 4, &c. 
. .-. .-.-. .-.v. &c. 1, 3, 6, 10, &c. 

1, 4, 10,20, &c. 

Fig'u-ra'tion, re. 1. Act of giving figure or determi- 
nate form. 2. ( Mus. ) Mixture of concords and discords. 

Fig'u-ra-tive, a. 1. Representing by a figure, or by 
resemblance ; typical ; representative. 2. Used in a 
sense that is tropical, as a metaphor : not literal. 3. 
Abounding in figures of speech ; flowery ; florid. 

Fig'n-ra-tive-ly, adv. In a figurative manner. 

Fig'ure (53), re. [Lat. figura, from fingere, root, fig, to 
form, shape.] 1. Form of any thing; shape; fashion; 
outline ; structure ; appearance. 2. The representation 
of any form by drawing, painting, &c. ; an image ; a 
drawing ; ornamental shape. 3. A pattern copied in 
cloth, paper, or some other manufactured article. 4. 
Appearance or impression made by the conduct or career 
of a person. 5. A character standing for, or represent- 
ing, a number ; a numeral ; a digit ; as, 1, 2, 3, &c. 6= 
Value, as expressed in numbers ; price. 7. A type or 
representative. S. ( Rhet. ) Pictorial language ; a trope ; 
hence, any deviation from the strict rules of grammar. 
9. (Logic.) The form of a syllogism with respect to the 
relative position of the middle term. 

To cut a figure, to make a figure, to perform a distinguished 
or conspicuous part. 
Fig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. figured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FIGURING.] 1. To make an image of, by drawing or 
modeling. 2. To embellish with designs ; to mark upon. 
3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to calculate. 4. To 
state or represent by a metaphor ; to signify or symbolize. 
5. To image in the mind. 6. (Mus.) (a.) To write over 



a,e ; &c.,Zoreg; a ,e, kc, short; care, far, ash, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



FIGURE 



281 



FIN 



or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order 
to indicate the accompanying chords, (b.) To embellish. 

To figure out, to find the amount of, by computation.— To 
figure up, to add; to reckon. — Figured bass (Mus.), an accom- 
paniment indicated by figures over or under the bass. 

Fig'ure, v. i. To make a figure ; to be distinguished. 

Fig'ure-head, n. (Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, 
on the projecting part of the head of a ship. 

Fi-la'ceoiis, a. [haA,. filum, thread.] Composed or con- 
sisting of threads. 

Fil'a-cer, n. [0. Eng. filace, a file or thread, from Fr. 
Jilasse, tow of flax or hemp, from L&t. filum, thread.] 
(Eng. Law.) An officer in the English Court of Com- 
mon Pleas, or of the Queen's Bench ; — so called from 
filing the writs on which he made out process. 

Fil'a-ment, n. [From Lat. filum, thread.] A thread, 
or thread-like object or appendage ; especially (Hot.), the 
thread-like part of the stamens supporting the anther. 

FiFa-rnent'ous, a. Kesembling a thread ; consisting of 
fine filaments. 

Fil'an-der, n. pi. [Fr. filandres, from Lat. filum, 
thread ] A disease in hawks, consisting of filaments of 
coagulated blood ; also, of small worms wrapped in a thin 
net-work near the reins. 

Fil'a-ture (53), n. [L. ~Lz,t.filatura, from filare, to spin.] 
1. A drawing out into threads ; hence, the reeling of silk 
from cocoons. 2. A reel for drawing off silk from 
cocoons, or an establishment for reeling. 

Fil'bert, n. [According to Junius and Skinner, cor- 
rupted from full and beard, or full of beard, from its long 
beards or husks ; according to Gower, from Phillis ; 
t; Pkillis was shape into a nutte-tree, that all men it 
might see ; and after Phillis Philberd this tree was cleped 
in the yerd." Cf. also Virgil's " Phillis amat corylos."] 
(Bot.) The nut or fruit of the cultivated hazel. 

Filch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filched (filcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FILCHING.] [Cf. A.-S. filhan, feolhan, feolan, 
to stick to, come upon, hide, Goth, filhan, to hide, to 
bury.] To steal or take privily ; — applied to that which 
is of little value ; to pilfer. 

Filch'er, n. One who filches ; a thief. 

File, n. [From Lat. filum, thread.] An orderly suc- 
cession ; a line ; a row ; as, (a.) (Mil.) A row of soldiers 
ranged behind one another, (b.) An orderly collection 
of papers, arranged for preservation and ready reference ; 
also, the line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers 
are put and kept in order. 

Rank and file (Mil.), the body of private soldier3 composing 
an army. 

File, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. FILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. filing.] 

1. To set in order ; to place on file ; to insert in its 
proper place in an arranged body of papers. 2. To 
bring before a court or legislative body by presenting 
proper papers in a regular way. 3. ( Laiv.) To put upon 
the files or among the records of a court. 

File, v. i. (Mil.) To march in a file or line, as soldiers, 
one after another. 

File, n. [A.-S. feol, 0. H. Ger.fila, allied to Lith. pela, 
piela, Pol. pilnik.] A steel instrument, having the sur- 
face covered with sharp-edged furrows, used for abrading 
or smoothing other substances. 

File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file , 
or as with a file; to polish. 2. To smooth; to polish; 
to improve. [of a file. 

File'-lead'er, n. (Mil.) The soldier placed in the front 

Fil'er, n. One who uses a file. 

Fil'ial ( iil'yal), a. [Fr. , Sp. , & Pg. filial, It. filiate, from 
L&t.filius, son, filia, daughter.] 1. Pertaining to a son 
or daughter ; becoming a child in relation to his parents. 

2. Bearing the relation of a child. 
Fil'i-ate, v. t. To adopt as son or daughter. 
Fil'i-a'tiou, n. 1. The relation of a son or child to a 

father. 2. The fixing of a bastard child on some one as 
its father ; affiliation. 

Fil'i-bus'ter, n. [Sp. filibuster, flibustero, ~Fr.fi ibustier, 
from Sp. filibote or flibote, a sort of small, fast-sailing 
vessel , said to have been so named from the river Vly in 
Holland.] A lawless military adventurer, especially, one 
in quest of plunder ; a free-booter ; a pirate ; — applied 
specifically to the followers of Lopez in his expedition to 
Cuba in 1851. 

Fil'i-biis'ter, v. i. To act as a filibuster. 

Fil'i-f orm, a. [Lat. filum, thread, and forma, form J 
Having the form of a thread or filament. 

Fil'i-gree, n. [Fr. filigrane, It. & Sp. filigrana, from 
Lat. filum, thread, and granum, grain.] Net-work con- 
taining beads •, hence, ornamental work, executed in fine 



gold or silver wire, plaited and formed into delicate 
arabesques and flowers. [filigree. 

Fil'i-gree, a. Relating to, or composed of, work in 
Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filled ; p. pr. & vb. n. FILL- 
ING.] [A.-S. fyllan, from full, full, q. v. ; Goth, fullj an.] 
1. To make full. 2. To supply abundantly ; to cause 
to abound. 3. To satisfy ; to content. 4. To possess 
and perform the duties of; to occupy ; to hold. 5. To 
supply with an incumbent. 

To fill in, to insert so as to fill. — To fill out, to extend or 
enlarge to the desired limit. — To fill up, to make quite full ; 
to occupy completely. 

Fill, v. i. 1. To become full ; to have an abundant sup- 
ply ; to be satiated. 2. To loll a cup or glass for drink- 
ing ; to give to drink. 

Fill, n. 1. A full supply ; as much as gives complete 
satisfaction. 2. A thill, or shaft of a carriage. 

Fill'er, n. One who, or that which, fills. 

Fil'let, n. [Fr. filet, thread, dim. of fil, thread, from Lat. 
filum.] 1. A little band or twist, especially, one in- 
tended to tie about the hair of the head. 2. A piece of 
meat made up of muscles ; especially, the fleshy part of the 
thigh. 3. Meat rolled into a string-like form. 4. (Arch.) 
(a.) A little square member or ornament used in divers 
places; a listel. (b.) The longitudinal ridge between the 
fiutings of a Grecian column, except the Doric. 5. (Her.) 
A kind of ordinary crossing the shield horizontally. 

Fil'let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filleted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FILLETING.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. 

Fil'li-beg, n. [Gael, filleadhbeag , i. e., little plaid, from 
filleadh, plait, fold, and beag, little, small.] A kilt or 
dress reaching nearly to the knees, worn in the High- 
lands of Scotland. 

Fil'li-bus'ter, n. See Filibuster. [weaving. 

Flll'ing, n. That which fills or fills up, as the woof in 

Fil'lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filliped '(fil'lipt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FILLIPING.] [A word probably formed from 
the sound.] To strike with the nail of the finger, first 
placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from 
that position with a sudden spring. [thumb. 

Fil'lip, n. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the 

FIl'li-peen / , n. Same as Philopena, q. v. 

Fil'ly, n. [Icel. fyl, colt, W. ffilog, ffilawg, a young 
mare, a wanton girl. SeeFoAL.] 1. A young horse; 
especially, a young mare ; a female colt. 2. A lively, 
roistering, or wanton girl. 

Film, n. [A.-S. film, skin, fylmen, membrane, Goth. 
film.] 1. A thin skin ; a pellicle ; a membranous cover- 
ing, causing opacity. 2. A slender thread, as one of 
those composing a cobweb. 

Film, v.t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. 

Film'y, a. Composed of film ; membranous ; cobweb-like. 

Fi'Iose (125), a. \haX.fil\v,n, thread, Vr.filos, It. filoso.] 
Ending in a thread-like process. 

Fil'ter, n. [L. l&t. Jiltrum, feltrum, properly felt, fulled 
wool, this being used for straining liquors.] A piece of 
woolen cloth, paper, or other substance, through which 
liquors are strained. 

Fil'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FILTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FILTERING.] To purify, as liquor, by causing it to pas» 
through a filter ; to filtrate. 

Fil'ter, v. i. To pass through a filter ; to percolate. 

Filtli, n. [A.-S. fyldh, from ful, foul. See Foul.] 1. 
Foul matter ; dirt ; nastiness. 2. Any thing that sullies 
or defiles the moral character ; corruption ; pollution. 

Filth'i-ry, adv. In a filthy manner ; foully ; grossly. 

Filth'i-ness, n. 1. The state of being filthy. 2. That 
which is filthy, or makes filthy. 

Filtli'y, a. [compar. FILTHIER ; superl. FILTHIEST.] 
Defiled with filth ; morally impure. 

Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; muddy; miry; sloughy; squalid; 
unclean; sluttish; gross; impure; licentious; polluted; vulgar. 

Fil'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filtrated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. filtrating.] [See Filter.] To filter. 

Fil-tra'tion, n. Act or process of filtering. 

Fim'bri-ate, a. [Lat.fimbri-atus, fibrous, fringed, from 
fimbria, fiber, fibrous part, fringe.] (Bot.) Bordered by 
filiform processes thicker than hairs ; fringed. 

Fim'bri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. 
p. FIMBRIATED ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. fimbriating.] To hem ; 
to fringe. 

Fin, n. [A.-S. fin, finn, allied 
to Lat. pinna, fm,penna, wing, 
feather.] (Ichth.) An organ Fins, 

of a fish, consisting of a mem- A, anal; C, caudal; 
brane supported by rays, and sal ' p > pectoral; V. 
serving to balance and propel it in the water. 




D, dor- 
ventraL 



food, f tfbt ; lira, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; liQger, link ; this. 



FINABLE 



282 



FIEE 



Fin'a-ble, a. [See Fine .] Liable or subject to a fine. 
Fi'nal, a. [Lat. finalis, from finis, boundary, limit, end.] 

1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion ; last ; terminating. 

2. Decisive ; mortal. 3. RespectingHhe purpose or ulti- 
mate end in view. 

gyn.- Conclusive; ultimate. — Final (finis) is now appro- 
priated to that which brings with it an end, as a final adjust- 
ment, the final judgment, &c. Conclusive (literally, shutting 
up) implies the closing of all future discussion, negotiation, &c, 
as, a conclusive argument or fact, a conclusive arrangement. 
Ultimate has reference to something earlier or preceding, as, a 
temporary reverse may lead to an ultimate triumph. The state- 
ments which a man finally makes may be perfectly conclusive 
as to his ultimate intentions. 

Finale (fe-na'la), n. [It. See supra.] (Mus.) The last 
note, or end, of a piece of music ; close ; termination. 

Fi-nal'i-ty, n. Final state ; a final or conclusive ar- 
rangement ; a settlement. 

Fi'nal-ly . adv. 1. At the end or conclusion ; ultimately ; 
lastly. 2. Completely. 

Fi-nance' (ii-nanss', 114), n. [L. La,t.financia, payment 
of money, money, from finare, to pay a fine or subsidy, 
from Lat. finis, end.] The income of a ruler or of a 
state; revenue; sometimes, the income from an indi- 
vidual ; — often used in the plural, funds. 

Fi-nan'cial (ii-nan/shal), a. Pertaining to finance or 
public revenue. [financier. 

Fi-nan'cial -ist, n. One skilled in financial matters; a 

Fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. In a financial manner ; in relation 
to finances or public revenue. 

Fin'an-cier', n. 1. An officer who administers the 
public revenue. 2. One skilled in financial operations. 

Fin'an-cier', v. i. To conduct financial operations. 

Finch (66), n. [A.-S. fine, N. H. Ger. fink, 0. H. Ger. 
finco,fincho, B.vink, allied to W. pine, a finch, brisk, 
smart, gay.] ( Ornith.) A small singing bird. 

Find, v. t. [imp. & p.p. found ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIND- 
ING.] [A.-S., 0. Sax., & 0. H. Ger. findan, finde, Icel. 
finna, Goth, finthan.] 1. To meet with, or fight upon, 
accidentally ; hence, to fall in with, as a person. 2. To 
learn by experience or trial ; to perceive ; to experience ; 
to detect ; to feel. 3. To come upon by seeking ; to dis- 
cover by study or experiment ; to gain, as the object of 
desire or effort. 4. To provide for ; to supply ; to furnish. 
5. To arrive at, as a conclusion ; to establish. 

To find out, to detect, as a thief; to discover, as a secret. — To 
find fault with, to blame; to censure.— To find one's self, to be; 
to fare. 

Find, v. i. (Law.) To determine an issue of fact, and to 
declare such a determination to a court. 

Find'er, n. One who, or that which, finds ; specifically 
(Astron.), a small telescope, attached to a larger one, for 
finding an object more readily. 

Find'ing, n. 1. That which is found; discovery; es- 
pecially, in the plural, that which a journeyman finds or 
provides for himself. 2. (Law.) That which is found 
by a jury : a verdict. 

Find'ing- store, n. A store or shop where the tools, 
&c, used by shoemakers, are kept for sale. [Amer.] 

Fine, a. [compar. finer; superl. FINEST.] [Abbre- 
viated from Lat. finitus, finished, i. e., completed, ac- 
complished, perfect, p. p. of finire, to finish. See FINAL.] 
1. Finished ; brought to perfection ; hence, excellent ; 
superior ; elegant ; worthy of admiration ; beautiful ; 
showy. 2. Aiming at show or effect ; over-dressed or 
over-decked, in a bad sense. 3. Nice; delicate ; ex- 
quisite ; in a bad sense, sly ; fraudulent. 4. Not coarse, 
gross, or heavy. 

Fine arts, those arts which depend chiefly on the imagination, 
as poetry, painting, sculpture, engraving, and architecture, 
which influence us through the eye; — sometimes restricted 
to the first two of these arts. 

Fine, v. t. [imp. & p.p. fined ; p. pr. & vb. n. fin- 
ing.] To make fine ; to refine ; to purify. 

Fine,n. [L^t. finis, end.] 1. Money paid as the settle- 
ment of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in 
dispute ; especially, a payment of money imposed as a 
punishment for an offense; a mulct. 2. (Law.) (a.) 
(Feudal Law.) A final agreement concerning lands or 
rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal, (b.) 
(Eng. Law.) A sum of money paid for obtaining a bene- 
fit, favor, or privilege. 
In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing 

Fine, v. t. [See FINE.] To impose a pecuniary penalty 

upon ; to mulct. 
Fine'-draw, v. t. [imp. So p. p. fine-drawn ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. fine-drawing.] To sew up, as a rent, with- 



that the seam is not perceived j 



out doubling the ed 
to renter. 

Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out with too much subtilty. 

Fine'ly, adv. 1. In a fine or finished manner. 2. Del- 
icately ; with subtilty. 3. To a fine state ; into minute 
parts ; to a thin or sharp edge or point. [fine. 

Fine'ness (109), n. The quality or condition of being 

Fin'er, n. One who fines or purifies. 

FIn'er-y, n. 1. Ornament ; decoration ; especially, 
showy or excessive decoration. 2. A refinery ; a furnace 
for making iron malleable. 

Finesse (il-nes 1 ), n. [Fr. Cf. Fineness.] Subtilty of 
contrivance to gain a point ; artifice ; stratagem. 

Fi-nesse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. finessed (fi-nest') ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. finessing.] To use artifice or stratagem. 

Fin'ger, n. [A.-S. finger, Icel. fingr, Goth, figgrs, from 
A.-S. fangan, Goth, as if figgan, to take or seize. Cf. 
Fang.] 1„ One of the five terminating members of the 
hand ; a digit ; also, one of the extremities of the hand, 
not including the thumb. 2. The breadth of a finger. 
3. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in music. 
To have a finger in, to be concerned in. 

Fin/ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fingered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FINGERING.] 1. To touch with the fingers ; to han- 
dle. 2. To perform on, or to perform with, the fingers. 
3. To touch lightly. 4. To pilfer ; to purloin. 

Fin'ger, v. i. (Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on 
an instrument. 

Fin'ger-tooard, n. (Mus.) The part of a stringed in- 
strument on which the fingers are pressed to vary the 
tone ; key-board ; manual. 

Fin'ger- glass, n. A glass to hold water for the use of 
the fingers at the dinner-table. 

Fin'ger-plate, n. A strip of metal or porcelain on the 
edge of a door to keep the fingers from soiling the paint. 

Fin'^er-post, n. A post with a 
finger pointing, for directing pas- 
sengers to the road ; a sign-post. 

Fin'i-al, n. [Lat. finire, to finish. j 
end.] The knot, or bunch of foli- 
age, or flower, that forms the uppea' 
extremities of pinnacles in Gothic 
architecture ; sometimes, the pin- 
nacle itself. 

Fin'ie-al, a. [Fromj^ne.] Affect- 
edly fine ; unduly particular ; fas- 
tidious. 

Syn. — Spruce; foppish.— One who is spmce is elaborately 
nice in dress ; one who is finical shows his affectation in lan- 
guage and manner as well as dress; one who is foppish seeks to 
distinguish himself by the cut of his clothes, the tawdriness of 
his ornaments, and the ostentation of his manner. 

Fin / i-e-al'i-ty, n. State of being finical. 

Fin'le,-al-ly, adv. In a finical manner ; foppishly. 

Fi'nis, n. [Lat.] An end ; conclusion. 

Fin'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. finished (lTn-lsht); p. 
pr. & vb. n. FINISHING.] [From Lat. finire, to limit, 
finish, end, from finis, boundary, limit, end.] 1. To 
bring to an end ; to put an end to ; to terminate. 2. 
To bestow the utmost possible labor upon. 

Syn. — To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; ac- 
complish; perfect. 

Fin'ish, n. That which finishes, terminates, or perfects ; 
especially, the last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. 

Fin'ish-er, n. 1. One who finishes, concludes, com- 
pletes, or perfects. 2. A machinist. 

Fi'nite, a. [Lat. finitus, p. p. of finire. See FINISH.] 
Limited in quantity, degree, or capacity ; bounded. 

Fi'nite-ly, adv. Within limits ; to a certain degree only^ 

Fin'less, a. [Fromj^w.] Destitute of fins. 

Fin'ni-hin, n. [Prov. 'Eng.finnikin, equiv. to finical.] 
A sort of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the 
mane of a horse. [fish. 

Fin'ny, a. Furnished with fins ; pertaining to fins or 

Fin'=toed, a. Having toes con- 
nected by a membrane, as aquatic 
fowls ; palmiped ; palmated. 

Fir (18), n. [A.-S. furh, Icel. fiura, 
fiurutre, allied to W. pyr.] (Bot.) 
A tree allied to the pines, and val- 
ued for its timber. 

Fire, n. [A.-S. fiyr, 0. H. Ger. fiur, 
allied to Gr. irvp.] 1. The evolu- 
tion of light and heat in the com- ' 
bustion of bodies ; combustion ; 
state of ignition. 2. Fuel in a 
state of combustion, as on a hearth, 
or in a furnace ; the burning of a 




Finials. 




Fir-tree. 



a, e &c. long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique,firm ; sdn, 6r, do, wolf, 



FIRE 



house or town; a conflagration. 3. Ardor of passion, 
whether love or hate. 4. Liveliness and warmth of im- 
agination ; intellectual and moral enthusiasm. 5. The 
discharge of fire-arms. 

Greek fire, a kind of inflammable material, burning with al- 
most inextinguishable violence, used in war. — On fire, burn- 
ing. — Running fire, the rapid discharge of fire-arms in succes- 
sion by a line of troops. — St. Anthony's fire, the erysipelas ; — 
an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure mi- 
raculously. — To set on fire, to inflame. 
Fire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fire*) ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIRING.] 

1. To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To inflame ; to irritate, 
as the passions. 3. To animate ; to give life or spirit to. 
4. To cause to explode; to discharge. 5. (Far.) To 
cauterize. 

To fire up, to light up the fires of, as of an engine. 
Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire ; to be kindled ; to kindle. 

2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To dis- 
| charge artillery or fire-arms. 

To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. 

Fire'-a-larm/, n. 1. An alarm given of a conflagra- 
tion. 2. An apparatus for giving an alarm of fire, as by 
telegraphic signals. [powder. 

FIre'-arm, n. A weapon which acts by the force of gun- 

Flre'-lball, n. (Mil.) 1. A ball filled with powder or 
other combustibles, intended to be thrown among ene- 
mies. 2. A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire 
passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes explod- 
ing, [place in summer. 

FIre'-lboard, n. A chimney -board, used to close a fire- 

Flre'-brand, n. 1. A piece of wood kindled or on fire. 
2. One who causes contention and mischief; an incen- 
diary. 

Fire'- brick, n. A brick capable of sustaining intense 
heat without fusion, usually made of fire-clay. 

Flre'-elay, n. A kind of clay, chiefly pure silicate of 
alumina, capable of sustaining intense heat, and hence 
used in making fire-bricks. t 

FIre'-«6m/pa-ny (-kum / pa-ny), n. A company of men 
for managing an engine to extinguish fires. 

Flre'-erack'er, n. A small paper cylinder, charged 
with a preparation of gunpowder, which, being lighted, 
explodes with a loud report. [coal-mines. See Damp. 

Fire'-damp, n. The explosive carbureted hydrogen of 

FIre'-eat'er, n. One who pretends to eat fire ; hence, a 
fighting character ; a hotspur. 

Flre'-en'glne (-en'jin);' n. An hydraulic or forcing 
pump for throwing water to extinguish fires. 

FIre'-fly, n. (Entom.) A winged, luminous insect, 
which emits a brilliant light from a yellow spot on each 
side of the thorax, and from other parts of the body ; 
also, the female glow-worm. 

Flre'-I'rong (-I'umz), n. pi. Utensils for a fire-place or 
grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. 

FIre'lSek, n. A gun-lock, which is discharged by strik- 
ing fire with flint and steel ; hence, a musket furnished 
with such a lock. 

FIre'man, n. ; pi. fire'men. 1. A man whose busi- 
ness is to extinguish fires in towns. 2. A man who 
tends the fires, as of a steam-engine. [new. 

FIre'-new (-nil), a. Fresh from the forge ; bright ; quite 

FIre'-pan, n. A pan for holding or conveying fire ; 
especially, the receptacle for the priming in a gun. 

FIre'-place, n. The part of a chimney appropriated to 
the fire ; a hearth. [extinguish fire. 

Fire'- plug, n. A plug for drawing water from a pipe to 

Flre'-proof , a. Proof against fire ; incombustible. 

Fire'- set, n. A set of fire-irons, including, commonly, 
tongs, shovel, and poker. 

FIre'-ship, n. A vessel filled with combustibles, and 
furnished with grappling-irons, to hook and set fire to 
an enemy's ships. [domestic life or retirement. 

Fir e 'side, n. A place near the fire or hearth; home; 

FIre'ward, ) n. An officer who has authority to di- 

Fire'ward'en, ) rect in the extinguishing of fires, or 
the proper precautions against fires. 

Fire'- wood, n. Wood for fuel. 

Fire'- work ( -wurk ), n. Preparations of gunpowder and 
other inflammable materials, for making explosions in 
the air ; — usually in the plural. 

FIr'kin (J8), n. [From A.-S. feover, four, and the dim. 
termination kin.] 1. A measure of capacity, equal to 
nine ale gallons, or seven and a half imperial gallons. 
2. A small vessel or cask of indeterminate size ; — used 
chiefly for butter and lard. [Amer.] 

Firm (18), a. [compar. FIRMER ; superl. FIRMEST.] [Lat. 
Jirmus.] 1. Fixed ; hence, closely compressed. 2. Not 
easily excited or disturbed ; unchanging in purpose ; not 



283 FISHERMAN 

easily moved. 3. Not giving way ; solid. 4. Indicating 



Syn. — Compact ; dense ; hard ; stable ; stanch ; robust ; 
strong ; sturdy ; unshaken ; fixed ; steady ; resolute ; con- 
stant. 

Firm, n. [It. firma. , the (firm, sure, or confirming) sig- 
nature or subscription, from Lat. jirmus.] The name, 
title, or style, under which a company transact business ; 
hence, a partnership or house. 

Firm, v. t. 1. To fix ; to settle ; to confirm. 2. To fix 
or direct with firmness. 

Fir'ma-ment, n. [Lat. firmamentum, from firmare, to 
make firm, from jirmus, firm.] The region of the air ; 
the sky or heavens. 

FIr'ma-ment'al, a. Pertaining to the firmament. 

FIr'man, or Fir-man', n.; pi. fir'mans, or fir- 
mans/. [Pers. ferman, Skr. pramana, measure, judg- 
ment, authority, from pra, inseparable preposition, Gr. 
7rpo, Lat. pro, Pers. fer, and Skr. ma, to measure, suffix 
ana.] A decree of the Turkish or other Oriental govern- 
ment ; — generally given for special objects. [steadily. 

Firm'ly, adv. In a firm manner ; solidly ; closely ; 

Flrm'ness, n. The state of being firm ; fixedness ; sta- 
bility ; constancy ; certainty ; steadfastness. 

Syn. — Firmness ; constancy. — Firmness belongs to the 
will, and constancy to the affections and principles: the former 
prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. 
Without firmness a man has no character; " without constana/," 
says Addison, " there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in 
the world." 

First (18), a. [A.-S. first, fyrst,fyrest, Icel. fyrstr, 0. H. 
Ger. furist,furisto, superl. of furi, before, Goth, faur, A.- 
S./or, fore, fora, Icel. fyri. See FOR.] 1. Preceding 
all others of a series or kind. 2. Placed in front of, or 
in advance of, all others ; foremost. 3. Most eminent 
or exalted ; most excellent. 

Syn. — Primary; primordial; original; primitive; primeval; 
pristine; highest; chief; principal. 

First, adv. Before any thing else in time, space, rank, 
&c. ; — used in composition. 

At first, at the first, at the beginning or origin. — First or 
last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end. 

First, n. (Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, &c, 
either vocal or instrumental. [of nativity ; eldest. 

FIrst'-toorn, a. First brought forth ; first in the order 

First'- floor, n. 1. The floor or tier of apartments next 
above the ground-floor. [Eng.] 2. The ground-floor. 
[Amer.] 

FIrst'-fruit, n. [Usually in the pi.] 1. The fruits ear- 
liest gathered ; the earliest results or profits of any action 
or position. 2. (Feudal Law.) One year's profits of 
lands which belonged to the king on the death of a tenant 
who held directly from hhn. 3. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) The 
first year's whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. 

First'ling, n. The first produce or offspring ; — said of 
animals, especially domestic animals. 

Flrst'ly^acAu. In the first place ; to commence. 

FIrst'-rate, a. Of the highest excellence ; pre-eminent 
in quality, size, or estimation. [the sea; a frith. 

Firth, n. [Scot., Eng./rif/i, q. v.] ( Geog.) An arm of 

Fir'-tree, n. See Fir. 

Fise, n. [Fr., from Lat. Jiscus, basket, money-basket, 
state treasury.] The treasury of a prince or state. 

FIse'al, a. Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. 

Fis-e'al, n. 1. A treasurer. 2. The king's solicitor in 
Spain and Portugal. 

Fish, n. ; pi. FlsH/Eg, instead of which the singular is 
often used collectively. [A.-S. ; Gev.fisc, Icel. f skr, Goth. 
fisks, allied to Lat. piscis, W. pysg.] 1. An animal that 
lives in water. 2. (Zo'dl.) An oviparous, vertebrate ani- 
mal, having a covering of scales or plates, and breathing 
by means of gills or branchise, and living almost entirely 
in the water. 3. The flesh of fish, used as food. 

tgg~ In composition, fish sometimes signifies that what it is 
compounded with is shaped like a fish. 

Fish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FISHED (fisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fishing.] 1. To attempt to catch fish. 2. To seek to 
obtain by artifice. 

Fish, v. t. 1. To catch ; to draw out or up. 2. To 
search by raking or sweeping. 3. (Navt.) To strengthen, 
as a mast or yard, with a piece of timber. 4. (Railway 
En gin.) To splice, as rails, with a fish-joint. 

Fish'-l>eam, n. (Mech.) A beam one of whose sides 
swells out like the belly of a fish. 

Fish'er, n. One who is employed in catching fish. 

Fish'er-man, n. ; pi. fIsh'er-men. 1. One whose oc- 
cupation is to catch fish. 2. (Naul.) A ship or vessel 
employed in the business of taking fish. 



food, foot : urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, eeho. gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 



FISHERY 



284 



FLACCID 



Fish'er-y, n. 1. Business or practice of catching fish. 
2. A place for catching fish. 

Fisli'-gig, n. A staff with barbed prongs, and a line fas- 
tened just above the prongs, for striking fish at sea. 

Flgli'-glue, n. Isinglass. 

FIsli'liobk, n. 1. A hook for catching fish. 2. A 
hook with a pendant to the end of which the fish-tackle 

Fish'i-ness, n. The state of being fishy. [is hooked. 

Fisli'-joint, n. (Railways.) A splice consisting of one 
or more pieces of iron or wood bolted to the side or sides 
of two adjacent rails, where the head of one meets the 
foot of the other. 

FIsli '-monger (-mung'ger), n. A seller offish. 

Fish'- slice, n. A broad knife for dividing fish at table ; 
a fish-trowel. [fish for sale. 

Fisli'-wif e, n. ; pi. fish'wives. A woman that cries 

Fisli'-wom/an, n.; pi. fish'-wom/en (-wim'en). A 
woman who sells fish ; a fish-wife. 

Fisli'y, a. 1. Consisting of fish ; fish-like ; having the 
qualities or taste of fish ; filled with fish. 2. Extrava- 
gant, like some stories told about fish, or by fishermen ; 
improbable. [ Collog.] 

Fis'sile (fis'sil), a. [L&t.fissilis, from finder e,fissum, to 
cleave, split.] Capable of being split, cleft, or divided 
in the direction of the grain, or of natural joints. 

Fis-sfl/i-ty, n. The quality of being fissile. 

Fis'sion (i ish'un), n. 1. A cleaving, splitting, or break- 
ing up into parts. 2. (Physiol.) A subdividing into two 
parts from the progress of natural growth. 

Fis-sip'a-roiis, a. [From Lat. fissus, p. p. of findere, to 
split, andparere, to bring forth, bear.] (Physiol.) Re- 
producing by spontaneous fission. 

Fis'siire (iish/yir^, n. [Lat. fissura. See FISSIL.E.] A 
cleft ; a longitudinal opening. 

Fist, n. [A.-S. fyst, allied to Slav, pjastj.] The hand 
with the fingers doubled into the palm. 

Fist, v. t. [imp. & p.p. FISTED; p.pr. & vb. n. FIST- 
ING.] To strike with the fist. 

Fist'i«, a. [Fromj?si.] Pertaining to boxing, or to en- 
counters with the fists ; pugilistic. 

Fist'i-eiiff s, n. pi. [fist and cuff.] Blows, or a combat 
with the fists ; a boxing. [Colloq.] 

Flst'u-ld (iisVyu-la), n. ; pi. fist'u-z^:. [Lat.] 1. 
A reed; hence, a pipe. 2. (Surg.) A deep, narrow, 
chronic abscess. [reed. 

Fist'u-lar, a. Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or 

Fist'u-late, v. i. To become a pipe or fistula. 

Fist'u-late, v. t. To make hollow like a pipe. 

Fist-u/li-form, a. [Lat. fistula, pipe, and forma, form.] 
Having a fistular form ; tubular. 

Fist'ii-loiis (fisVyu-lus), a. 1. Having the form or na- 
ture of a fistula. 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed. 

Fit, a. [compar. FITTER ; superl. FITTEST.] [Cf. feat, 
neat, elegant, well made, Goth, fetjan, to deck, adorn', 
dress, Icel. fata, to clothe, fat, clothing.] 1. Adapted 
to an end, object, or design ; suitable by nature, by art, 
or by culture. 2. Suitable to a standard of duty, pro- 
priety, or taste. 

Syn.— Suitable ; proper ; appropriate ; meet ; becoming ; 
expedient; congruous; correspondent; convenient; apposite; 
apt; adapted; prepared; qualified; competent; adequate. 

Fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIT- 
TING.] 1. To make fit or suitable ; to adapt to the 
purpose for which any thing is intended ; to qualify. 
2. To bring into a required form. 3. To furnish duly. 
4. To be suitable to ; to answer the requirements of. 

To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means. — To fit up, 
to furnish with things suitable. 

Fit, v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. 2. To be ad- 
justed to the shape directed ; to suit. 

Fit, n. [See Fit, a.] 1. Adjustment ; adaptedness. 2. 
(Mach.) Coincidence of parts that come in contact. 

Fit, n. [Probably from the root of fight.] 1. A sudden 
and violent attack of a disorder ; a convulsion ; a par- 
oxysm ; hence, in general, an attack of disease. 2. An 
attack of any thing which masters or possesses one for a 
time. 3. A passing humor ; an impulsive and irregular 
action. 4. A sudden emission. 

_ By fits, by fits and starts, by intervals of action and repose ; 
impulsively and irregularly. 

Fitch, n. [See Yetch.] 1. A chick-pea. 2. [Con- 
traction of fitchet.] The fur of the pole-cat. 

Fitch'et, 1 n. [0. Fr. fissau, 0. D. fisse, visse., vitsche, 

Fitch'ew, J Gael, feocullan.] A polecat ; a foumart. 

Fit'f ill, a. Full of fits ; irregularly variable ; spasmodic ; 
impulsive and unstable. 

Fit'f ill -ly, adv. In a fitful manner ; by fits. 

Fit'ly, adv. In a fit manner ; suitably ; properly 



Fit'ness, n. State or quality of being fit. 

Fit'ter, n. One who makes fit or suitable. 

Fit'ting, n. Any thing used in fitting up ; especially, ki 

the plural, necessary fixtures or apparatus. 
Fit'ting, p. a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. 
Fitz (fits, 108), n. [Norm. Fr. fiz, fiuz, N. Fr. fils, son, 

from Lat. filius.] A son; — used in compound names, 

and, in England, of the illegitimate sons of kings and 

princes of the blood. 
Five, n. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. fif, Goth, fimf, Icel. fimm, 

allied to Lat. quinque, Oscan. pomtis, Gr. 7reVre, Eol. 

7re>7T6, Celt, pemp, pump, Lith. penki, Skr. pantschan.] 

1. A number next greater than four, and less than six ; 
the sum of four and one. 2. A symbol representing this 
number, as 5, or V. 

Five, a. Four and one added ; one more than four. 

FIve'fold, a. & adv. In fives; five times repeated; 
quintuple. 

Fiveg, n. [H. Ger.feifel, L. Lat. vivolee^ivx^T. avives\ 
A disease of the glands under the ear in horses ; the vives. 

Fives. , n.pl. A kind of play with a bail, resembling ten- 
nis ; — so named because three fives, or fifteen, are count- 
ed to the game. [dicament ; dilemma. [ Colloq.] 

Fix, n. A position of difficulty or embarrassment ; pre- 

Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fixed (fikst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FIXING.] [Fr. fixer, Sp. & Pg. fixar, It. fissare, from 
Lat. figere, fixum.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast; 
to establish. 2. To hold steadily, or without moving, 
as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker, and 
the like. 3. To implant; to pierce. 4. To adjust; to 
set to rights ; to set or place in the manner desired or 
most suitable. 

Syn. — To prepare ; adjust; place; establish ; settle; deter- 
mine; arrange; put in order. — Fix denotes to set firmly, as, 
to fix the eye on some one; his teeth -were fixed ; and hence 
arises the vulgarism to be in a "fix," or a "bad fix." It is a 

fross error to give this word the sense of arrange or put in ov- 
er, as, to fix a clock; to fix the fire ; to fix one's hair ; to fix up, 
&c. —This very common Americanism has no sanction in Eng- 
lish usage. 

Fix, v. i. 1. To settle or remain permanently ; to rest. 

2. To become firm ; to cease to flow or be fluid ; to be- 
come hard and malleable. 

Fix'a-ble, a. Capable of being fixed. 
Fix-a'tion, n. 1. Act of fixing, making firm, or estab- 
lishing. 2. State of being fixed ; steadiness ; constancy. 

3. Act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or 
in a solid form. 4. Act or process of ceasing to be fluid 
and becoming firm. 5. A state of resistance to evapo- 
ration or volatilization by heat. 

Fixed (fikst), p. a. Settled; established ; firm. 

Fixed ammunition (Mil.), ammunition composed of the pow- 
der and projectile firmly united together, so as to be inserted 
into a fire-arm at the same time. — Fixed oils or alkalies ( Chem.), 
such as remain in a permanent state, and are not readily vola- 
tilized. — Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain 
nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to 
each other. 

Fix'ed-ly, adv. In a fixed or firm manner. 

Fix'ed-ness, n. A state of being fixed ; stability ; firm- 
ness ; steadfastness. 

Fix'ing. n. That which is fixed ; a fixture ; — used 
chiefly in the plural ; arrangements, embellishments, 
trimmings, and the like. [ Colloq. Amer.] 

Fix'i-ty, n. Fixedness ; coherence of parts. 

Fixt'iire (fikst'yrjr, 53), n. [Fromfixt, equiv. to fixed.] 
1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a 
permanent appendage. 2. Fixedness ; fixure. 3. (Law.) 
Any thing of an accessory character annexed to houses 
and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. 

Fiz'gig, n. 1. A fishgig. 2. A gadding, flirting girl. 
3. A firework which makes a fizzing or hissing noise 
when it explodes. 

Fizz, ) v. i. [Icel. fisa, to ventilate, Sw. fis, a blow- 

Fiz'zle, ) ing, Gr. 4>vo-a, L. Lat. vissium.] 1. To make 
a hissing sound. 2. To fail of success in an undertak- 
ing ; to bungle. 

To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, 
like wet gunpowder ; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously; 
to prove a failure. 

Fiz'zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. 

Flab'Tbi-ness, n. State of being flabby or soft. 

Flato'toy, a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the*touch, and 
easily moved or shaken ; wanting firmness ; flaccid. 

Fla-lbel'li-fdrm, a. [Lat. fiabellum, fan, and forma, 
shape.] (Bot.) Having the form of a fan ; fan-shaped. 

Flalb'ile, a. Subject to be blown about. 

Fla-e'cid, a. [L&t.ftaccidus, from fiaccus, flabby.] Yield- 
ing to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness ; soft 
and weak ; limber ; lax ; flabby. 



a.e.&c.^on^, a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son.dr.dg, \v9lf, 



FLACCIDITY 



285 



FLAP 



Fla-c-cid'i-ty, n. The state of being flaccid ; want of 

firmness or stiffness ; flabbiness. [cidity. 

Flae'cid-ness, n, The state of being flaccid ; flac- 

Flag, v. i. [imp. &,p.p. FLAGGED IP-pr. & vb. n. Flag- 
ging.] [leel. flaka, to droop, hang loosely, 0. B.flag- 
gheren, to be loose, allied to Lat. flaccus, flabby, Goth. 
thlapvus, soft to the touch, tender.] 1. To hang loose 
■without stiffness ; to be loose and yielding. 2. To grow 
spiritless or dejected. 
Syn. — To droop ; decline; fail; languish; pine. 

Flag. v. t. To let fall into feebleness. 

Flag, n. [Allied to Ger. flach, flat. Cf. FLAG-STONE.] 
A flat stone used for paving. 

Flag, v. t. To lay with flat stones. 

Flag, n. [From flag, to hang loose, to bend down.] (Hot.) 
An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leayes. 

Flag, n, [L. & H. Ger. flagge, Icel. flagg, Svr.flagga, 
Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag-, v. i.] An ensign or colors ; 
a banner ; a standard. 

Black flag, a flag of a black color, displayed as a sign that no 
mercy will be shown to the vanquished. — Flag of truce, a 
white flag carried or displayed to an enemy for the purpose of 
making some communication not hostile. —Red flag, a flag of a 
red color, displayed as a sign of defiance and invitation to bat- 
tle. — To hanq out the white flag, to ask quarter, or in some 
cases, to manifest a friendly design by exhibiting a flag of a 
white color.— To hang the flag half-mast high, or half-staff, to 
raise it only halfway to the top of the mast or staff, as a token 
or sign of mourning. — To strike or lower the flag, to pull it 
down upon the cap, in token of respect, submission, or, in an 
engagement, of surrender. 

Flag'el-lant, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect 
which arose A. D. 1260, who maintained that flagellation 
was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament. 

Flag'el-late, v. t. [Lat. flagellare, flagellalum, from 
flagellum, whip, scourge, dim. of flagrum, whip, scourge.] 
To whip ; to scourge. [of the scourge. 

Flag'el-la'tion, n. A whipping; a flogging', discipline 

Fla-gel'li-f orm, a. [From Lat. flagellum and forma, 
shape.] (Bot.) Long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong 
of a whip. 

Flag'eo-let' (flaj'o-lSf), n. [Fr. flageolet, 0. Fr. flajol, 
dim. of fl ante, flahute,~N. Fr.flilte. See FLUTE.] (Mus.) 
A small wind-instrument, having a mouth-piece at one 
end, and six principal holes. 

Flag'gi-ness, n. The condition of being flaggy. 

Flag'ging, n. A pavement or sidewalk of flag-stones ; 
flag-stones, spoken of collectively. 

Flag'gy, a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. 2. Weak in 
taste; insipid. 3. Abounding with the plant called 
flag. 

Fl a-gl'tious (-jish'us), a. [Lat. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium, 
a shameful or disgraceful act, originally a burning desire, 
from flagitare, to demand hotly, fiercely.] 1. Disgrace- 
fully or shamefully criminal. 2. Guilty of enormous 
crimes. 3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices. 
Syn.— Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; 
profligate; abandoned. 

Fla-gl'tioiis-ly, adv. In a flagitious manner. 

Fla-gi'tious-ness, n. The condition or quality of 
being flagitious ; extreme wickedness ; villainy. 

Flag'-of'fi-cer, n. The commander of a squadron. 

Flag'on, n. [Er.flacon, for flascon, probably from Lat. 
vascidum, a small vessel, dim. of vas, vessel.] A vessel 
with a narrow mouth, for holding and conveying liquors. 

Flag'-man,n. ; pi. flag'-men. One who makes signals 
with flags. [heinousness ; enormity. 

Fla'gran-c y , n. Condition or quality of being flagrant ; 

Fla'grant, a. [Lat, flagrant, p. pr. of flagrare, to flame, 
blaze, burn.] 1. Flaming ; inflamed ; glowing ; burn- 
ing. 2. Actually in preparation, execution, or perform- 
ance ; raging. 3 . Flaming into notice ; notorious. 
Syn.— Atrocious ; flagitious; glaring; enormous. 

Fla'grant-ly, adv. In a flagrant 
manner ; ardently. 

Flag'- ship, n. The ship which beara 
the commanding officer of a squadron, 
and on which his flag is displayed. 

Flag'-staff, ».; pi. fl.Xg'-staffs. 
A pole or staff on which a flag is hung. 

Fl&g'-stone, n. [See Flag, a flat 
stone.] 1. A flat stone for pavement. 
2. Any sandstone which splits up into 
flags. 

Flail, n. [O.Fr. flael,flai el, flaial, from 
Lat. flagellum, whip, scourge, in Late 
Lat. a threshing -flail.] An instrument 
for threshing or beating grain from the 




Flake, n. [A.-S. flace, 0. H. Ger. flocco, floccho, Lat. 
floccus. See FLOCK,] 1. A film ; flock ; lamina ; layer ; 
scale. 2. A platform of hurdles, for drying codfish, &c. 
[Local. Amer.] 3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over the 
ship's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, &c. 

Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flaked (flakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n^ flaking.] To form into flakes. 

Flake, v. i. To separate in layers ; to peel or scale off. 

Flake'- white, n. (Paint.) (a.) The purest white lead, 
in flakes or scales. (b.) A subnitrate of bismuth, or pearl- 
white. 

Flak'y, a. Consisting of flakes or locks ; flake-like. 

Flam, n. [Cf. A.-S. fleam, a flight, fleam, smut, dirt.] 
A freak or whim ; also, a falsehood ; a he ; an illusory 
pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.] 

Flam/beau, (flam'bo), n. ; pi. flam'beatjx, or flam/- 
beaus (flam'boz). [Fr., from flamber, to flame, to blaze, 
from Lat. flammula, a little flame, dim. of flamma, 
flame.] A flaming torch, used in the streets at night, 
at Oluminations, and in processions. 

Flame, n. [Lat. flamma.] 1. A stream of burning 
vapor or gas ; a blaze. 2. Burning zeal or passion ; fer- 
vency ; passionate excitement or strife. 3. Warmth of 
affection. 4. A sweetheart. [Colloq.] 

Syn. — See Blaze. 

Flame, v i. [imp. & p. p. flamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLAMING.] 1. To burn with rising, streaming, or dark 
ing fire ; to blaze. 2. To break out in violence of passion. 

Flame'-col'ored (-kul'urd), a. Of the color of flame ; 
of a bright yellow color. 

Flagmen, n.; Eng. pi. fla/mens; Lat. pi. FlIm'i- 
NE§. [Lat., also fllamen, a priest of one particular 
deity, so called from the fillet around his head, from 
filum, thread, fillet.] (Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to 
the service of a particular god, from whom he received a 
distinguishing epithet. 

Fla-min'go, n. [From Lat. 
flamma, flame, q. v., on ac- 
count of its red color.] ( Ornith.) 
A bird of a bright red color, 
having long legs and neck, and 
a beak bent down as if broken. 

Flam-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. 
flammifer , fromflamma , flame , 
and/erre, to bear.] Producing 
flame. 

Flam-mlv'o-mous, a. [Lat. | 
flammivomus, from flamma,' 
and vomere, to vomit.] Vom- 
iting flames, as a volcano. 

Flam'y,a. [From flame.] Flam- 
ing ; blazing ; flame-like ; com- 
posed of flame. 

Flange, n. [Prov. Eng. flange, to project out. See 
FLANK.] A projecting edge, rib, or rim, as of a car- 
wheel, to keep it on the rail, or of a casting or other 
piece, by which it is strengthened or may be fastened to 
something else. 

Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLANGING.] ( Mach.) To make a flange on. 

Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange ; to take the form 
of a flange. 

Flank, n. [Prob. from Lat. flaccus, flabby, with n in- 
serted.] 1. The fleshy part of the side of an animal, 
between the ribs and the hip. 2. (Mil.) (a.) The side 
of an army, or of any division of an army ; the extreme 
right or left, (b.) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which 
reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the 
opposite face. 3. (Arch.) The side of any building. 

Flank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flanked (flankt) ; p. pr. 
& vb.' n. FLANKING.] 1. To stand at the flank or side 
of; to border upon. 2. To overlook or command the 
flank of ; to pass around or turn the flank of. 

Flank, v. i. 1. To border ; to touch. 2. To be posted 
on the side. 

Flank'er, n. One who, or that which flanks. 

Flank'er, v. t. [See FLANK, v. t.; Fr ■. flanquer .] 1. To 
defend by lateral fortifications. 2. To attack sideways. 

Flan'nel, n. [Perhaps from Lat. velamen, a covering, 
clothing, or from Fr. laine, Lat. lana, wool, with / pre- 
fixed. Cf. Celt, gloan, wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen 
cloth, of loose texture. 

Flap, n. [Cf. 0. D. flabbe, a fly-flap, orig. any thing 
pendulous, Ger. flabbe, Sw. fldbb, Dan. flab, a dropping 
or hanging mouth, allied to Lat. flaccus, flabby.] 1. 
Any thing broad and Umber that hangs loose, or at- 
tached by one side or end and easily moved. 2. The 




iNSW^ 



Flamingo. 



ood, fcibt , fcrn, rude, pull ' cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; thi»- 



FLAP 



286 



FLEABITING 



motion of any thing broad and loose, or a stroke with it. 
3. pi. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses. 
Flap, «■ t. [imp. & p. p. flapped (flapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. flapping.] 1. To beat with a flap ; to strike. 2. 
To move ? as something broad and flap-like. 



Flat/ten (fl&t/tn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. flattened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. FLATTENING.] [Eromflat, q. v.] 1. To 
level ; to make flat. 2. To throw down ; to prostrate ; 
hence, to depress ; to deject. 3. To make vapid or in- 
sipid. 4. (Mus.) To lower the pitch of. 



Flap, v. i. 1. To move as wings, or as something broad Flat/ten (flatan), v. i. To become flat, even, dejected, 

or loose. 2. To fall and hang like a flap. | dull, or depressed below pitch. 

Flap'-drag'on, n. 1. A game in which the players Flat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flattered ; p. pr. & vb 



catch raisins out of burning brandy, and extinguishing 
them by closing the mouth, eat them. 2. The thing 
thus caught and eaten. 

Flap'-eared. a. Having broad, loose ears. [pie-puff. 

Flap'jaclc, n. A sort of broad pancake ; also, an ap- 

Flap'per, n. One who, or that which flaps. 

Flare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLARED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLARING.] [Contr. from flacker, q. v.] 1. To burn 
with a glaring and waving flame. 2. To shine out with 
a sudden and unsteady light or splendor. 3. To be ex- 
posed to too much light. 4. To open or spread outward. 
To flare up, to break into a passion. 

Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 2. 
Leaf of lard. [versy. 

Flare'-up, n. A sudden passion or passionate contro- 

Flash, n. [Fr.flcche, arrow, fleche ardente, a burning 
arrow thrown to set on fire the enemy's works ; fleche, 
from D. flits, M. H. Ger. vliz, arrow, bow, cross-bow.] 

1. A sudden burst of light ; a momentary blaze. 2. A 
momentary brightness or show. 3. An instant ; a very 
brief period. 

Flash, n. The slang language of thieves, robbers, and 
the like ; the vulgar tongue. 

Flash, a. Low and vulgar ; slang. 

Flash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flashed (flasht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FLASHING.] 1. To break forth, as a sudden flood 
of light; to show a momentary brilliancy. 2. To burst 
forth with a flood of flame and light. 3. To make a 
quick and unexpected transit. 

Flash, v. t. To send out in flashes ; to convey by a flame, 
or by a quick and startling motion. 

Flash'-house, n. A house frequented by thieves, &c, 
where stolen goods are received. 

Flash'i-ly, adv. In a flashy manner ; with empty show. 

Flash'y, a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; transitorily 
bright. 2. Showy ; gay ; gaudy. 3. Insipid ; vapid. 

Flask, n. [A.-S. flasc, flaxa, 0. H. Ger. fiasco., 0. Fr. 
fiasche. See Flagon.] 1. A narrow-necked vessel for 
holding fluids. 2. A powder-horn. 3. (Founding.) A 
box containing the sand that forms the mold. 

Flat, a. [comp. flatter ; superl. flattest.] [Icel. 
flatr, 0. H. Ger. flaz, allied to Icel. fiaki, Gr. TrAd£, 
7rAaTvs.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or 
nearly so ; level without inclination. 2. Lying at full 
length ; level with the earth ; prostrate ; hence, fallen ; 
laid low; ruined. 3. Wanting relief; destitute of vari- 
ety ; monotonous. 4. Lacking liveliness of commercial 
exchange and dealings ; depressed ; dull. 5 . Not re- 
lieved, broken, or softened ; clear ; absolute ; downright. 
6. (Mus.) (a.) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied 
to intervals, minor, or lower by a half-step, (b.) Not sharp 
or shrill ; not acute. 7. (Pron.) Uttered with voice in- 
stead of breath ; spoken, in distinction from whispered ; 
vocal; sonant; — said of certain consonants, as b, d, 
z, &c. 

Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, or 
prominences. 2. A low, level tract of ground ; a shoal ; 
a shallow; a strand. 3. Something broad and flat in 
form. 4. The flat part, or side, of any thing. 5. A 
dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. 6. (Mus.) A 
character [ b ] before a note, indicating a tone which is a 
half-step or semitone lower. 

Flat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLATTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
flatting.] 1. To make flat; to flatten; to level. 

2. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless. 3. To depress 
in tone, as a musical note ; especially, to lower in pitch 
by half a tone. 

Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened. 2. (Mus.) 
To fall from the pitch. 

Flat '-fish, n. ( Ichth.) A fish which has its body of a 
flattened form, swims on the side, and has both eyes on 
one side, as the flounder, halibut, &c. 

Flat'-fcTot'ed, a. Firm-footed; determined. [Colloq. 
Amer.] [sad-iron. 

Fl&t'-I'ron (1'urn), n. An iron for smoothing cloth; a 

Flat'ly, adv. In a flnt manner ; evenly ; horizontally ; 
without spirit ; dully ; frigidly ; peremptorily ; positive- 
ly ; plainly. 

Flat'ness, n. The quality or condition of being flat. 



FLATTERING]. [Icel. fiadra, Fr. flatter, from Icel. 
flatr, Sw. & Eng. flat ; orig., to stroke, i. e., to make flat, 
level, or smooth.] 1. To gratify ; to coax : to wheedle. 
2. To gratify the self-love, vanity, and pride of; to please 
bv artful and interested commendation. 3. To pleas* 
with false hopes. 
Flat'ter-er, n. One who flatters ; a fawner, 
Flat'ter-y, n. Act of flattering, or praising in a way 
to gratify vanity or gain favor. 

Syn.— Adulation; compliment; obsequiousness. 8ee Ad- 
ulation. 

Flat'u-lence, ) n. The state or condition of being flat- 

Flat'u-len-cy, j ulent. 

Flat'u-lent, a. [N. ~L&t.flatidentus, from L&t. flatus, a 
blowing, flatus ventris, windiness, from flare, to blow.] 
X. Affected with gases in the alimentary canal ; windy. 
2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stom- 
ach. 3. Turgid with air. 

Flat'wige, a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or 
next to another object ; not edgewise. 

Flaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fLAUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLAUNTING.] [Cf. Goth, flautan, to boast, vaunt.] To 
throw or spread out ; to move ostentatiously. 

Flaunt, v.t. To display ostentatiously. [a flutist. 

Flau'tist, n. [It. flauto, a flute.] A player on the flute ; 

Fla'vor, n. [0. Eng. fiayre, smell, odor, 0. Fr. fiair, 
from Fr.fiairer, to scent, to smell, from ~L&t.fragrare, to 
emit fragrance, changed into fiagrare ; or perhaps the 
word was originally used of the fine yellow color of wine, 
and hence transferred to its taste, from Lat. fiavus, yel- 
low.] 1. Odor ; fragrance. 2. That quality of any 
thing which affects the taste; relish ; savor. 3. That 
which imparts to any thing a peculiar odor or taste. 

Fla'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLAVORED ; p. pr. & vb. 
iu flavoring.] To give flavor to. [or smell ; sapid. 

Fla'vor-oiis, a. Imparting flavor ; pleasant to the taste 

Flaw, n. [Cf. A.-S. fidh, fragment, piece, from fiean, to 
flay.] 1. A bursting or cracking; a breach; a gap or 
fissure. 2. (Naut.) A sudden gust or blast of short du- 
ration. 3. A tumult ; uproar ; quarrel. 4. Any defect 
made by violence or occasioned by neglect. 
Syn. — Blemish; fault; imperfection; spot; speck. 

Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLAWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
flawing.] To break ; to crack ; to violate. 

Flaw'y, a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks. 2. Subject to 
sudden gusts of wind. 

Flax, n. [A.-S.fleax, 0. H. Ger. flahs, N. H. 
Gev.fiachs, D. vlas, from the same root with 
German flechten, to braid, plait, twist.] 1. 
(Bot.) A plant having a single, slender stalk, 
about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. < 
The fiber of the bark is used for making thread 
and cloth, called linen, cambric,, lawn, lace, 
&c. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed. 
2. The fibrous part of the flax plant, when 
broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing. 

Flax'-eomb (flaks/kom), n. A toothed in- 
strument through which flax is drawn in pre- 
paring it for spinning ; a hatchel. 

Flax'-dress'er, n. One who breaks and 
swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. 

Flax'en (flaks'n), a. 1. Made of flax. 2. 
Resembling flax. 

Flax'seed, n. The seed of the flax-plant ; linsoed. 

Flax'y, a. Like flax ; of a light color ; fair. 

Flay, v. t. [imp. & p.p. flayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLAY- 
ING.] [A.-S.flean. Cf. Flaw.] To skin ; to strip off 
the skin of. 

Flay'er (fla/er, 4), n. One who strips off the skin. 

Flea, n. [A.-S. fled, Icel. flo, allied to Lat. pulex, Slav. 
blocha.] (Entom.) An insect remarkable for its agility 
and troublesome bite. 

A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, 
annoying like a flea. 

Flea'-toane, n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed 
to have efficacy in driving away fleas. 

Flea'-bite, \n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot 

Flea1>it-ing, j caused by the bite. 2. A trifling 
wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. 




Flax. 



FLEA-BITTEN 



287 



FLIMSY 



Flea'-toJt'ten, a. 1. Bitten or stung by a'flea. 2. 
Mean ; worthless ; of low birth or station. 

Fleam, n. [0. H. Gev.fliedimd,fliodema, L. L&t.flevo- 
tomum, Lat. phlebotomum, Gr. $A.ej8oT6|U.ov, from <f>\ei}/, 
gen. (frXefZos, vein, and refxveiv, to cut.] (Surg. & .Far.) 
A sharp instrument used for opening veins for letting 
blood ; a lancet. 

Fleck, n. A spot ; a streak ; a speckle ; a dapple. 

Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flecked (flekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FLECKING.] [Ger. fleck, spot, D. flek,fldk, Sw. 
flack, D. vlek, vlak.] To spot ; to streak or stripe ; to 
variegate ; to dapple. [of being bent ; inflection. 

Fle-e'tion, n. [See Flexion.] Act of bending, or state 

Fle-e'tor, n. A flexor. See Flexor. 

Fl6d, imv. & p. p. (A flee. See Flee. 

Fledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fledged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fledging.] 1. To supply with the feathers necessary 
for flight. 2. To furnish with any soft covering. 

Fiedge'ling, n. A young bird just fledged. 

Flee, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fled ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLEE- 
ING-.] [A.-S. fleohan, fleon, Icel. flya, Goth, thliuhan.] 
To run away, as from danger or evil; — usually with 
from. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb 
transitive. 

Fleece, n. [A.-S. fle6s,flys.] 1. The coat of wool that 
covers a sheep, or that is shorn from a sheep at one time. 
2. Any soft woolly covering. 

Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLEECED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece. 2. To strip 
of money or property ; to rob ; to steal from. 3. To 
spread over as with wool. 

Flee'cer, n. One who fleeces, strips, or exacts. 

Flee'cy, a. Covered with, made of, or resembling a fleece. 

Fleer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fleered ; p. pr. &'vb. n. 
FLEERING.] [Scot, fleyer, to make wry faces, Icel. flyra, 
to smile, to laugh often.] To make a wry face in con- 
tempt ; to deride ; to sneer ; to mock ; to gibe. 

Fleer, v. t. To mock ; to flout at. [looks. 

Fleer, n. Derision or mockery, expressed by words or 

Fleer'er, ft. One who fleers ; a mocker ; a fawner. 

Fleer'ing-ly, adv. In a fleering manner. 

Fleet, n. [A.-S. fliet, flota, ship, from fledtan, to float, 
swim'.] A navy or squadron of ships ; especially, a num- 
ber of ships of war. 

Fleet, a. [compar. fleeter; superl. FLEETEST.] 
[Icel. fliotr, quick. See Flit.] Swift in motion ; moving 
with velocity ; nimble. 

Fleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fleeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLEETING.] 1. To fly swiftly ; to hasten. 2. (Naut.) 
To slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass ; — said 
of a rope or chain. 

Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly. 2. To cause to 
pass lightly, or in mirth and joy. 3. (Naut.) (a.) To 
draw apart the blocks of. (b.) To cause to slip down the 
barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain. 

Fleet'-fobt, a. Swift of foot; running, or able to run, 
with rapidity. 

Fleet'ing, p. a. Not durable ; transient ; transitory. 
Syn.— Transient; transitory.— Transient represents a thing 
as snort at the best; transitory as liable at any moment to pass 
away. Fleeting goes further, and represents it as in the act of 
taking its flight. Life is transient; its joys are transitory ; its 
hours are fleeting. 

Fleet'ly, adv. In a fleet manner ; rapidly. 

Fleet'ness, n. The quality of being fleet or swift ; swift- 
ness ; rapidity ; velocity ; celerity ; speed. 

Flense, v. t. [Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Cf. Icel. 
flisia, to flay, skin.] To cut up and obtain the blubber 
of ; — said of a whale. 

F16sh, ft. [A.-S. fldsc, 0. H. Ger. fleisc ; allied to Russ. 
plotj, flesh.] 1. The muscles, fat, &c, covering the 
framework of bones in animals ; especially, the muscles. 
2. Animal food ; meat ; especially, the body of beasts and 
birds used as food, distinct from fish. 3. The human 
eystem ; the body. 4. The nun. an race ; mankind ; hu- 
manity. 5. Human nature; (a.) In a good sense, ten- 
derness of feeling, (b.) In a bad sense, tendency to tran- 
sient or physical pleasure; carnality, (c) (Theol.) The 
soul uninfluenced by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred ; 
stock; race. 7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit ; also, 
that part of a root, fruit, &c, which is fit to be eaten. 

Flesh and blood, the entire body; man in his physical per- 
sonality. 

Flesh, v. t. [imp. kp. p. fleshed (108);/?. pr. Scvb n. 
FLESHING.] 1. To feed with flesh, as hawks, dogs, &c, 
as an incitement to further exertion ; hence, to use upon 
flesh, as a murderous weapon, especially for the first time. 
2. To glut ; to satiate ; hence, to harden ; to accustom. 




Fleur-de-lis. 



Fiesh'-briish, n. A brush for exciting action in the 

skin by friction. [caldron. 

Fiesh'-hook, n. A hook to draw flesh from a pot or 
Fiesh'i-ness, ft. [From fleshy.] The state of being 

fleshy ; plumpness ; corpulence ; grossness. 
Flesh 'less, a. Destitute of flesh ; lean ; gaunt. 
Fiesh'li-ness, n. The state of being fleshly ; carnal 

passions and appetites. 
Flesh/ly, a. 1. Pertaining to the flesh ; corporeal. 2. 

Animal; not vegetable. 3. Human; not celestial; not 

spiritual. 4. Carnal; lascivious. 
Flesh'-meat, n. Animal food. 
Fie sh'- tint, n. (Paint.) A color which best serves to 

represent that of the human body. 
F16sh'-wound (-wobnd or -wound), n. A wound not 

reaching beyond the flesh, or one not deep. 
Flesh/y, a. [compar. fleshier ; superl. fleshiest.] 

1. Full of flesh ; plump ; corpulent ; gross. 2. (Bot.) 

Composed of firm pulp; succulent. 
Fleur-de-lis (flur'de-le'), n. [Fr., 

flower of the lily.] (Her.) The 

royal insignia of France ; —whether 

originally representing a lily or the 

head of a javelin, is disputed. 
Flew (flu), imp. of fly. See Fly. 
Flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flexed 

(108); p.pr. & vb. n. flexing.] 

[Lat. flectere , flexum.] To bend. 
Flex'i-bU i-ty, n. The quality of being flexible ; flexi- 

bleness ; pliancy. 
Fiex'i-ble, a. [Lat. flexibilis, from flectere, flexum, to 

bend.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; pliable; 

yielding to pressure. 2. Capable of yielding to the in- 
fluence of others ; too easy and compliant ; wavering. 3. 

Capable of being adapted. 

Syn. — Pliant ; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; 
ductile ; obsequious ; inconstant ; wavering. 1 

Flex'i-ble-ness, n. Condition or quality of being flex- 
ible ; flexibility ; pliableness. 

Fiex'ile, a. [L&t.flexilis, from, flectere, flexum, to bend.] 
Pliant ; pliable ; easily bent ; yielding to power, impulse, 
or moral force. 

Flex'ion, n. 1. Act of flexing or bending. 2. A part 
bent; a fold. 3. (Gram.) Inflection. 4. (Anat.) The 
action of the flexor muscles. 

Fleoc'or,n. [Lat. flectere, flexum, to bend.] (Anat.) A 
muscle whose office is to produce flexion. 

Fiex'u-ous (flek'shu-us), a. [Lat. flexuosus, from flexus, 
a bending, turning, from flectere, flexum, to bend, turn.] 
Having turns, windings, or flexures ; winding ; bending. 

Flex'ure (flek'shur), n. 1. Act of flexing or bending, 
flexion ; hence, obsequious bowing or bending. 2. A 
turn ; a bend ; a fold. 

FKck'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flickered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. flickering.] [A.-S. flyccerian ,fliccerian,flice- 
rian,flicrian, to move the wings, to flutter, fvomflycge, 
able to fly.] To flutter ; to flap without flying ; to waver 
or fluctuate, like a flame in a current of air. 

Fllck/er, n. Fluctuation ; sudden and brief increase of 
brightness. 

FH'er, n. [See Fly.] 1. One who flies or flees ; a run- 
away ; a fugitive. 2. (Mach.) A fly. [See Fly.] 3. pi. 
The arms attached to the spindle of a spinning wheel, 
over which the thread passes to the spool;— so called 
from their swift revolution. 4. A straight flight of steps 
or stairs. 

Flight (flit), n. [A.-S. fliht,flyht, a flying, from fledgan, 
to fly, flyht, a fleeing, from flcdhan, fleon, to flee.] 1. 
Act of fleeing; hasty departure. 2. The act of flying ; 
mode or style of flying. 3. Lofty elevation and excur- 
sion ; a soaring ; in a bad sense, extravagant sally. 
4. A number of beings or things passing through the 
air together ; especially, a flock of birds flying in com- 
pany. 5. A reach of steps or stairs, from one landing 
to another. 
Syn. — Pair ; set. See Pair. 

Fllght'i-ness (fllt'T-nes), w. State of being flighty; 
slight delirium ; extreme volatility. 
Syn. — Levity, giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness. 

Fllght'y (fWy), a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. 2. 
Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained sallies of 
imagination, humor, caprice, &c ; volatile ; giddy. 

FlTm'§i-ly, adv. In a flimsy manner. 

FKm'§i-ness, n. State or quality of being flimsy : thin, 
weak texture ; weakness. 

Flim'gy (flim'zy), a. [compar. FLIMSIER ; superl. FLIM- 



fobd, toot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this 



FLINCH 



288 



FLORA 



SIEST.] [See Limsy.] Weak ; feeble ; slight ; Tain ; of 
loose and unsubstantial structure ; without reason or 
plausibility. 
Sym. — Weak; feeble; light; superficial; shallow; vain. 

Flinch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLINCHED (illncht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FLINCHING.] [Probably corrupted from blench, 
q. v.] To show signs of yielding or of suffering ; to 
shrink ; to wince. 

Flln'der-mouse, n. A bat; a flitter-mouse. 

Flin'derg, n. pi, [Cf. D. flenters, rags, broken pieces.] 
Small pieces or splinters ; fragments. 

Fling, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLUNG ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLING- 
ING.] [Icel. fleygia, to hurl, send ; allied to Lat. fligere, 
to strike down.] 1. To cast., send, or throw from the 
hand ; to hurl ; to dart. 2. To shed forth ; to emit. 3. 
To prostrate ; hence, to baffle ; to defeat. 

Fling, v. i. 1. To throw ; to wince ; to flounce. 2. To 
cast in the teeth ; to utter harsh language. 3. To throw 
one's self in a -violent or hasty manner ; to rush ; — self 
being omitted. 

Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand ; a throw. 2. A se- 
vere or contemptuous remark ; a gibe ; a sneer ; a sar- 
casm. 3. A kind of dance; 

Flint, n. [A.-S. flint, 0. H. Ger. flins, allied to Gr. 
irXCvdos, brick.] 1. (Mini.) A very hard variety of 
quartz. It strikes fire with steel, and is an ingredient in 
glass. 2. A piece of flinty stone used in some fire-arms 
to strike fire, now superseded by percussion caps. 

Fllnt'-glass, n. A pure and beautiful kind of glass ; 
— so called because originally made of pulverized flints. 

Fllnt'i-ness, n. State or quality of being flinty. 

Fllnt'-lock, n. A musket lock with a flint fixed in the 
hammer for striking on the cap of the pan. 

Fllnt'y, a. [compar. FLINTIER; superl. FLINTIEST.] 
Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, 
flint. 

Flip, n. [A cant word. Cf. Prov. Eng. flip, equiv. to 
nimble, flippant.] A mixture of beer and spirit sweet- 
ened and heated by a hot iron. 

Flip'pan-cy, n. State or quality of being flippant ; 
smoothness and rapidity of speech. 

Fllp'pant, a. [Prov. Eng. flip, to move nimbly.] 1. 
Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech ; voluble ; talkative. 
2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowl- 
edge or consideration ; pert ; petulant. 

Fllp'pant-ly, adv. In a flippant manner ; fluently. 

Fllp'pant-ness, n. State or quality of being flippant. 

Fllp'per, n. The paddle of a sea-turtle ; the broad fin 
of a fish. 

Flirt (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. flirted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLIRTING.] [Cf. A.-S.fleard, trifle, folly, fleardian, to 
trifle; Eng. blurt , to throw at random.] 1. To throw 
with a jerk or quick effort ; to fling suddenly. 2. To 
move playfully to and fro. 3. To jeer at ; to abuse ; to 
treat with contempt. 

FHrt, v. i. 1. To act with giddiness, or from a desire to 
attract notice ; especially, to play the coquette. 2. To 
jeer or gibe. 

Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk ; a darting motion ; hence, 
a jeer. 2. [L. Ger. flirtje, H. Gev . flirtchen.] One who 
flirts ; a coquette ; a pert girl. 

Flir-ta'tion, n. 1. A flirting ;. a quick, sprightly mo- 
tion. 2. Playing at courtship ; coquetry. 

Flit, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLIT- 
TING.] [Dsin.flytte, Sw.flytta, to remove; Dan. flyde, 
Sw.flyta, to flow, to glide away ; D. vlieden, to flee. See 
Fleet.] 1. To fly away with a rapid motion ; to dart 
along; to fleet. 2. To flutter ; to rove on the wing. 3. 
To pass rapidly from one place to another. 4. To be 
unstable ; to be easily or often moved. 

Flitch, n. [A.-S.flicce, Prov. Eng. flick, L. Ger. flicke.] 
The side of a hog salted and cured. 

Flit'ter, n. [Allied to Eng. flutter.] A rag ; a tatter ; a 
small piece or fragment. 

Flit'ter- mouse, n. [Prom flitter, to flutter, and 
mouse.] A bat ; a flicker-mouse ; a flinder-mouse. 

Float, n. [See infra, and cf. fleet, flood, in English proper 
names ; A.-S. fledt, Icel. flibt, river.] 1. Any thing 
which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid ; a raft. 2. 
The cork or quill on an angling line, to support it, and 
indicate the bite of a fish. 3. The float-board of a 
wheel. [See Float-board.] 4. A quantity of earth, 
eighteen feet square and one foot deep. 5. A broad, 
wooden instrument, with which masons smooth the plas- 
tering on walls. 6. A single-cut file for smoothing. 

Float, t\ t. [imp. & p. p. FLOATED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLOATING.] [A.-S.fleotan,flotian, to float, swim.] 1. 
To rest on the surface of any fluid ; to be buoyed up. 2. 



To move quietly or gently on the water, as a raft ; to 
move gently and easily through the air. 

Floating debt, capital, &c, debt or capital not fixed, or of un- 
certain amount or employment. 
Float, v.t. 1. To cause to rest or move on the surface 
of a fluid. 2. To flood ; to inundate ; to overflow. 3. 
(Plastering.) To pass over and level the surface of with 
a float dipped frequently in water. 
Floated work, plastering made level by means of a float. 
Float'age (45), n. Any thing that floats on the water. 
Float'-fooard, n. One of the boards on the rim of an 
undershot water-wheel, or of a steamer's paddle wheels ; 
a vane ; a float. 
Float'er, n. One who floats or swims. 
Float'ing-foridge, n. 1. A bridge of rafts or timber, 
with a floor of plank. 2. (Mil. ) A kind of double bridge, 
the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and 
capable of being moved forward by pulleys. 
Floe'cil-la'tion, n. [Lat. floccus, a lock or flock of 
wool. See Flock.] (Med.) A delirious picking of bed- 
clothes by a sick person, as if to pick off locks of wool, 
&c. ; — an alarming symptom in acute diseases. 
Floe'-eu-lence, n. The state of being flocculent. 
Floe'-eu-lent, a. [La,t. floccus, a lock or flock of wool. 
See FLOCK.] Coalescing and adhering in flocks or flakes. 
F15ch, n. [A.-S. flocc, flock, company, crowd, troop, 
Icel. flockr, allied to Eng. folk, q. v. ; N. H. Ger. flocke, 
a lock of wool or hair, flake, 0. H. Ger. flocco, from Lai. 
floccus, a lock or flock of wool. Cf. FLAKE.] 1. A com- 
pany or collection of living creatures ; — especially ap- 
plied to sheep and birds. 2. A Christian congregation. 
3. A lock of wool or hair. 4. Finely powdered wool or 
cloth, used when colored for making flock-paper. 5. pi. 
The refuse of cotton and wool, or the shearing of woolen 
goods. 
Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLOCKED (flokt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. flocking.] To gather in companies or crowds. 
Flock'-bed, n. A bed filled with flocks or locks of 

coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. 
Floe, n. [Dan. flag, Sw. flaga, flake.] An extensive 

surface of ice floating in the ocean. 
Flog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOGGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLOGGING.] [Cf. Scot, fleg, blow, stroke, kick, Lat. 
flagrum., whip, scourge, from the root flag, Lat. fligere, 
to strike, Lat. plaga, Gr. irX-qyq, blow, stroke.] To beat, or 
strike with a rod or whip ; to whip ; to lash. 
Flood (flud), n. [A.-S.flod, Icel. flod,fliot, Goth, flodus, 
as if from a Goth, word fliutan. See Float, v. i.] 1. 
A body of moving water ; especially, a body of water 
overflowing land not usually thus covered ; a deluge ; a 
freshet ; an inundation. 2. The flowing in of the tide ; 
— opposed to ebb. 3. A great quantity; abundance; 
superabundance. 4. A great body or stream of any fluid 
substance. 5. Menstrual discharge. 
The flood, the deluge in the days of Noah. 
Flood (flud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOODED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. flooding.] To overflow ; to inundate ; to deluge. 
Flood'- gate, n. A gate to stop or to let out water; 
hence, any opening or passage ; also an obstruction or 
restraint. 
Flood'-mark (flud/mark), n. The* mark or line to 

which the tide rises ; high-water mark. 
Floor (fl5r), n. [A.-S. flor, flOre, Icel. fldr, allied to W 
llawr, llor, floor, ground, allied to clawr, clor, surface.] 
1. The level portion on which one walks in any build- 
ing. 2. A suite of rooms on a level in a house ; a story. 
3. Any platform or flooring. 4. (Legislative Assem- 
blies.) (a.) The part of the house assigned to the mem- 
bers, (b.) The right to speak. [Amer.] 5. (Naut.) That 
part of the bottom of a vessel which is most nearly hori- 
zontal. 
Floor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. floored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLOORING.] 1. To cover with a floor. 2. To strike 
down or lay level with the floor ; hence, to put to silence 
by some decisive argument or retort. 
Floor'ing (flordng), n. 1. A platform ; the bottom of 

a room or building. 2. Materials for floors. 
Flop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOPPED (flSpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FLOPPING.] [A different spelling of flap.] 1. To clap 
or strike, as a bird its wings, &c. ; to flap. 2. To let 
down the brim of, as of a hat. 
F15p, v. i. To strike about with something broad and 

flat ; to rise and fall. 
Flo'ra, n. [Lat., from flos, flower.] 1. (Myth.) The 
goddess of flowers. 2. (Bot.) The complete system of 
vegetable species native in a given locality, or period ; a 
list or description of such plants. 



a,e,&c, long; &,8,&c.,short,- care, far, ask, all, what; &re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dQ, wolf, 



FLORAL 



289 



FLUE 



Flo'ral (89), a. 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers. 
2« {Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, the flower. 

Flo-i'es'cence, n. [Lat. florescens, p. pr. of florescere, 
to begin to blossom, inchoative form of florere, to blos- 
som, from flos, flower.] (Bot.) A bursting into flower ; 
a blossoming. 

Flo'ret (89), n. [0. Fr. florete, florette, diminutive of 
flor, Lat. flos, flower.] 1. (Bot.) A little flower; the 
partial or separate little flower of an aggregate flower. 2. 
[Er. floret.] A foil. 

Flo'ri-eult'ure (53), n. [Lat. flos and cultura, culture.] 
The cultivation of flowering plants. 

Flor'id, a. [Lat. floridus, from flos, floris, flower.] 1. 
Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. 
[Rare.] 2. Bright in color; of a lively red color. 3. 
Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; excessively ornate. 

Flo-rid'i-ty, n. Freshness or brightness of color. 

Flor'id-ness, n. Quality or condition of being florid. 

Flo-rlf ' er-oiis, a. [Lat. florifer, from flos, floris, flower, 
and ferre, to bear.] Producing flowers. 

Flo'ri-form, a. [From Lat. flos, floris, flower, and 
forma, shape.] Having the form of a flower. 

Flor'in, n. [Originally a Florentine coin, with a lily on 
it, from It. flore, Lat. flos, flower.] A coin of gold or 
silver, of different values in different countries. 

Flo'rist (89), n. 1. A cultivator of flowers. 2. One 
who writes a flora, or an account of plants. 

Flos'eu-lar, a. The same as Flosculous. 

Flos'eule, n. [Lat. flosculus, a little flower, dim. of 
flos, flower.] (Bot.) A floret of an aggregate flower. , 

Flos'eu-loiis, a. (Bot.) Consisting of many tubulose, 
monopetalous florets. 

Floss, n. [Lat. flos, flower.] 1. A downy or silken sub- 
stance in the husks of maize, &c. 2. A fluid glass float- 
ing on iron in the puddling -furnace. 3. Untwisted fila- 
ments of silk. 

Flo'iage, n. [0. Fr. flotage, N. 'Fv.flottage, fromfloter, 
flotter, to float.] 1. Act of floating. 2. That which 
floats on the sea, or on rivers. [Rare.] 

Flo'tant, a. (Her.) Flying or streaming in the air. 

Flo-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of floating. 2. The science 
of floating bodies. 

Flo-tll'la, n. [Diminutive of Svj.flota, a fleet.] A little 
fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. 

Flot'sam, ) n. [Fr. flotter, Eng. float, Cf. JETSAM, 

Flot'son, ) Jetson, from Fr. jeter.] (Laiv.) Goods 
lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea. 

Flounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flounced (flounst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. flouncing.] [0. Sw.flunsa, to immerge, 
Prov. Ger. fluntschen, 0. D. plonssen, to sink in.] To 
spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence ; to 
flounder. [flounce or flounces. 

Flounce, v. t. [See Flounce, n., 2.] To deck with a 

Flounce, n. 1. [See Flounce, t\ *'.] Act of flouncing; 
a sudden, jerking motion of the body. 2. [Cf. Ger. 
flaus,flausch,fluscli, flusch, a tuft of wool or hair, M. H. 
Ger. vlUs.] An ornamental strip gathered and sewed by 
its upper edge around the skirt of a lady's dress, or other 
article of wearing apparel. 

Floun'der, n. [Ger. flunder, 
Sw. flundra. Dan. flynder.] 
(Ichtk.) A flat fish, allied to 
the halibut. 

Floun'der, v. i. [imp. & p. 

p. FLOUNDERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. 11. FLOUNDERING.] [Al- 
lied to flounce, v. i. , q. v.] To 

fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts to move ; 
to roll, toss, and tumble ; to flounce. 

Flour, n. [See Flower. Icel. fliir, flowers, finest 
wheat.] The finely ground meal of wheat, or any other 
grain ; hence, the fine and soft powder of any other sub- 
stance. 

Flour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. floured; p. pr. & vb. n. 
flouring.] [From the noun.] 1. To grind and bolt. 
2. To sprinkle with flour. 

Flour'ish (flar'ish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. flourished 
(108); p-pr. & vb. n. FLOURISHING.] [0. ~Eng.flnriche, 
florishe, 0. Fr. flurir, florir, Lat. florescere, inchoative 
form of flor ere, to bloom, from flos, flower.] 1. To grow 
luxuriantly ; to thrive. 2. To be prosperous ; to be in- 
creased with good things or qualities. 3. To use florid 
language ; to be copious and flowery. 4. To make bold 
and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements. 5. To 
make ornamental strokes with the pen. 6. To execute 
an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of orna- 
ment or prelude. 7. To boast ; to vaunt ; to brag. 

Flour'ish (flQr'ish), v. t. 1. To cause to thrive ; to de- 



:t of a lady's dress, or other 



Flounder. 



Telop ; to expand. 2. To ornament with any thing 
showy ; to embellish. 3. To embellish with the flowers 
of diction ; to grace with ostentatious eloquence. 4. To 
move in bold or irregular figures ; to brandish. 

Flour'ish (ilur'ish), n. 1. Decoration ; ornament ; 
showy splendor. 2. Ostentatious embellishment ; ambi- 
tious copiousness, or amplification ; show. 3. A fanciful 
stroke of the pen or graver. 4. A fantastic or decora- 
tive musical passage. 5. The waving of a weapon or 
other thing ; a brandishing. 

Flour'y , a. Of or resembling flour. 

Flout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flouted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLOUTING.] [Cf. Goth, flautan, to boast, Eng. flite, to 
scold, quarrel, and 0. D. fluyten, to pipe, he, flatter.] 
To mock or insult ; to treat with contempt. 

Flout, v. i. To practice mocking ; to sneer. 

Flout, n. A mock ; an insult. 

Flout'er, n. One who flouts and flings ; a mocker. 

Flow (flo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. flowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLOWING.] [A.-S. flovan, 0. H. Ger. flavjan, float; 
Icel. flOa, to deluge, ~La,t.fluere,fluctum,fluxu7n, to flow.] 

1. To change place or circulate, as a liquid. 2. To be- 
come liquid ; to melt. 3. To glide smoothly or without 
friction ; to proceed ; to issue forth. 4. To have or be in 
abundance ; to abound ; to be copious. 5. To hang loos© 
and waving. 6. To rise, as the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 
7. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus. 

Flow (flo), v. t. 1. To cover with water ; to overflow ; to 

inundate ; to flood. 2. To cover with varnish. 
Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid ; a current. 

2. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of 
thought, diction, music, &c, resembling the quiet, 
steady movement of a river ; a stream ; a pouring out. 

3. Abundance; copiousness. 4. The tidal setting in 
of the water from the ocean to the shore. 

Flow'age, n. An overflowing with water ; the water 
which thus overflows. 

Flow'er, n. [0. Eng. flour, flour -e, from Lat. flos, floris.] 
1. A circle of leaves on a plant, usually of some other 
color than green; a bloom or blossom. 2. (Bot.) 
That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and 
hence including one or both of the sexual organs. 3. 
The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of any thing. 4. 
A figure of speech ; an ornament of style. 5. pi. (O. 
Chem.) Bodies in the form of a powder or mealy sub- 
stance, especially when condensed from sublimation. 

Flow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLOWERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. flowering.] [From the noun.] 1. To blossom; 
to bloom ; to produce flowers. 2. To come into the 
finest or fairest condition. 

Flow'er, v . t. To embellish with flowers. 

Flow'er- de-luce, n. [Fr. fleur-de-lis, flower of the 
lily; lis, from Lat. I ilium, Gr. Aetpiov.] (Bot.) A plant 
of several species of the genus Iris. [floret. 

Flow'er-6t, n. [See Floret.] A small flower; a 

Flow'er-i-ness, n- 1. The state of being flowery. 2. 
Floridness of speech. 

Flow'er-stalh (-stawk), n. (Bot.) The peduncle of a 
plant, or the stem supporting the flower or fructification. 

Flow'er-y (flou / er-y), a. 1. Full of flowers. 2. Highly 
embellished with figurative language ; florid. 

Flown, pi p. of fly ; — often used with the verb to be. 

Flu'ate, n. [Ft. fluate, from fluor, q. v.] ( Chem.) A salt 
once supposed to be formed by fluoric acid combined with 
a base. These are properly^or/des. 

Fliiet'u-ant, a. [Lat. fluctuans, p. pr. of fluctuare. 
See infra.] Moving like a wave ; wavering. 

Fluet'u-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLUCTUATED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FLUCTUATING.] [Lat. fluctuare, fluctuatum, 
from fluctus, wave, from fluere , fluctum , to flow.] 1. To 
move as a wave ; to roll hither and thither. 2. To move 
now in one direction and now in another ; to be irreso- 
lute or undetermined. 

Syn. — To waver ; vacillate ; hesitate ; scruple. — Fluctuate 
is applied both to things and persons, and denotes that they 
move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man 
fluctuates between conflicting influences. Vacillate and waver 
'apply only to persons, and represent them as acting them- 
selves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward 
in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or 
principles. A man wavers when he shrinks back or hesitates 
at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who is fluctuating 
in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and wavering in 
execution. 

Fluet'u-a/tion, n. 1. Act of fluctuating; unsteadiness-, 
a sudden rise or fall. 2. Undulation. 

Flue, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. flue, a, flowing, from fluer, to flow, 
flu.ie, from Lat. fluvius, river.] 1. An air-passage ; es- 
pecially, one for conveying smoke and flame from a fire. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



FLUE 



290 



FLY 



2. (Steam-boilers.) A passage surrounded by water, for 
the gaseous products of combustion, in distinction from 
tubes, which hold water, and are surrounded by fire. 
Small flues are called flue-tubes. 

Flue, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. flou, sweet, tender, Ger. flau, D. 
flauw, weak.] Light down, such as rises from beds, 
cotton, &c. ; soft down, fur or hair. 

Flu'en-cy, n. Quality of being fluent ; smoothness ; 
volubility ; affluence. 

FLu'ent, a. [Lat. fluens, p. pr. of flue re, to flow.] 1. 
Flowing or capable of flowing ; liquid ; gliding ; current- 
2. Ready in the use of words ; voluble ; copious ; hence, 
flowing ; smooth. 

Flu'ent, n. (Math.) A variable quantity, considered as 
increasing or diminishing ; — called, in the modern cal- 
culus, the function or integral. 

Fluff , n. Nap or down ; flue. 

Fluffy, a. [compar. fluffier ; superl. fluffiest.] 
Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap ; soft and 
downy. 

Flu'gel-man (flu'gl-man), n. [Ger. flugelmann, file- 
leader, from flugel, wing, file, and mann, man.] (Mil.) 
The leader of a file ; a fugleman. 

Flu'id, a. [Lat. fluidus, from fluere, to flow.] Capable 
of flowing ; liquid or gaseous. [themselves. 

Flu'id, n. A body whose particles move easily among 

Flu-id'i-ty, n. The quality of being fluid; a liquid, 
aeriform, or gaseous state. 

Fluke, n. [L. Ger. flunk, flunka, wing, the palm of an 
anchor, from flegen, H. Ger. fliegen, Eng. to fly.] 1. 
The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground. 
Hence, 2. One of the points of a whale's tail. 

Fluke'- worm (-wurm), n. (Zool.) A parasitic worm 
found in the livers of sheep. 

Fluk'y, a. Formed like, or having, a fluke. 

Flume, n. [A.-S. flam, a stream; Lat. flumen, from 
fluere, to flow.] A stream ; especially, a passage or chan- 
nel for the water that drives a mill-wheel ; or, an artifi- 
cial channel of water for gold-washing. 

Flum'mer-y, n. [W. llymry, llymru, oatmeal steeped 
in water until sour, and then strained and boiled to a 
proper thickness, to be eaten with milk or other liquid ; 
llymrig, harsh, crude, from llym, sharp, severe.] 1. A 
light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal. 2. 
Empty compliment ; mere flattery ; nonsense. 

Flung, imp. & p. p. of fling. See Fling. 

Flunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flunked (flunkt, 108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. flunking.] To fail ; to back out, through 
fear. [Amer.] 

Flunk'y, n. [Probably derived from or allied to flank, 
q. v.] 1. A livery servant. 2. One who is obsequious 
or cringing. 3. One who is easily deceived in buying 
stocks. [Amer.] 

Flunk'y -i§m, n. Character or quality of a flunky. 

Flu'or, n. ~[Lat., from fluere, to flow.] (Min.) Fluoride 
of calcium , called also fluor-spar. A mineral of beautiful 
colors, and much used for ornamental vessels. 

Flu'or JLl'bus. [Lat.] (Bled.) The whites ; leucorrhea. 

Flu'o-res'cence, n. [From fluor, q. v.] ( Opt.) That 
property which some transparent bodies have of pro- 
ducing surface reflections of light different in color from 
the mass of the material. [fluor-spar. 

Flu-or'ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, 

Flu'or-Ide, n. ( Chem.) A compound of fluorine with a 
metallic or combustible base. 

Flu'or-ine, n. [N. Lat. fluorina.] ( Ch em.) An element 
related to both chlorine and oxygen, but not known in 
the separate state. 

Flu'or-ous, a. Obtained from, or pertaining to, fluor. 

Flu'or-spar, n. (Min.) See Fluor. 

Flur'ry, n. [Prov. Eng. flur, to ruffle.] 1. A sudden 
and brief blast or gust. 2. Yiolent agitation ; commo- 
tion ; bustle ; confusion. 

Fliir'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flurried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
flurrying.] To agitate ; to excite or alarm. 

Flush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLUSHED (flusht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. flushing.] [Cf. 0. H Ger.flusr, loose, flowing ; 
fluz, from fliuzan, to flow, A.-S.fleotan, Eng. to float.] 

1. To flow and spread suddenly. 2. To become suf- 
fused, as the cheeks ; to turn red ; to blush. 3. To 
shine suddenly ; to glow. 

Flush, v. t. 1. To redden suddenly ; to put to the blush. 

2. To make red or glowing ; to redden. 3. To animate 
with joy ; to elate; to elevate. 4. To cause to start, as 
a hunter a bird. 5. To wash or cleanse with water 
thrown on plentifully. 

To flush up joints {Masonry), to fill them in ; to make them 
flush. 



Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing ; a rush. 2. A rush of 
blood to the face ; a blush ; a glow. 3. A flock of birds 
sudden!;;,- started up. 4. [Fr. & Sp. flux.] A run of 
cards ot the same suit. 

Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor ; fresh ; glowing ; bright. 2. 
Affluent; well furnished; hence, displacing affluence; 
liberal ; prodigal. 3. (Arch. & Meek.) Forming a con- 
tinuous surface. 4. ( Card-playing. ) Consisting of cards 
of the same suit. 

Flush deck (Naut.), a deck with a continued floor unbroken 
from stem to stern. 

Flus'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLUSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. flustering.] [Cf. Lat. flustrum, a swell of the sea, 
Ger. flustern,flistern, to whisper, to buzz, A.-S. flu strian. 
to plait, to weave, and Eng. bluster.] To make hot and 
rosy, as with drinking ; to confuse ; to muddle. 

Fliis'ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drinking ; agitation •, 
confusion ; disorder. 

Flute, n. [Fr. flhte, 0. T?r.flaute,flahute,flahuste, from 
Lat. flatus, a blowing, from flare, flatum, to blow, sound.] 
1. (Mus.) A cylindrical wind instrument, with holes 
along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys opened 
by the fingers. 2. (Arch.) A channel in a column or 
pillar ; a fluting ; a reed. 3. A similar channel or 
groove made in wood or other work, or in plaited muslin, 
as a lady's ruffle. 4. [Corrupted from float, q. v.] A 
large transport. 

Flute, v. l. [imp. & p. p. FLUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLUTING.] 1. To play or sing in a clear soft note, like 
that of a flute. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in 
a column or in a ruffle. [with flutes. 

Flut'ed, p. a. 1. Thin ; fine ; flute-like. 2. Formed 

Flut'er, n. 1. One who plays on the flute. 2. One 
who makes grooves or flutings. 

Flut'ing. n. A channel or furrow in a column, or in 
the muslin of a lady's ruffle ; fluted work. 

Flut'ist, n. A performer on the flute ; a flautist. 

Flut'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FLUTTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FLUTTERING.] [0. Gev.fladdern, fladern.) 1. To 
move or flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with 
short flights. 2. To move with quick vibrations or un- 
dulations. 3. To move irregularly ; to fluctuate. 

Flut'ter, v. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly. 2. To 
agitate ; to disorder ; to throw into confusion. 

Flut'ter, n. 1. Act of fluttering ; quick and irregular 
motion. 2. Hurry; tumult; confusion. 

Flu'vi-al, ) a. [Lat. fluvialis, and fluviaticus, from 

FUi/vi-at'i-e, ) fluvius, river, stream, from fluere, to 
flow.] Belonging to rivers ; growing or living in streams 
or ponds. 

Flu'vi-a-tile, a. [Lat. fluviatilis, from fluvius, river.] 
Belonging to rivers ; existing in rivers ; formed by rivers. 

Flux, n. [Lat. fluxus, from fluere, fluzum, to flow.] 1. 
Act of flowing ; quick succession ; change. 2. The mat- 
ter which flows, as the tide setting in toward the shore. 

3. State of being liquid. 4. (Chem. & Metal.) Any 
substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of 
metals or minerals. 5. (Med.) (a.) Discharge of a fluid 
from the bowels or other part ; especially, an excessive 
and morbid discharge, (b.) The matter thus discharged. 

Flux, v. t. '[imp. & p. p. FLUXED (i'lukst) ; p.pr. & vb. 

n. FLUXING.] To fuse. 
Flux-a'tion, n. The act of fluxing. 
Flux'ion(fluk'shun), n. 1. Act of flowing. 2. The 

matter that flows. 3. A constantly varying indication. 

4. (Math.) A differential. 5. pi. (Math.) A method 
of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the con- 
ception of all magnitudes as generated by motion. 

Flux'ion-al, ) a. Pertaining to, having the nature 
Flux'ion-a-ry, J of, or solved by, fluxions; incon- 
stant ; variable. 
Fly, v. i. [imp. FLEW ; p. p. FLOVfN ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FLYING.] [A.-S. fleogan, 0. H. Ger. fliogan, flivgan, 
Icel.fliuga.] 1. To move in the air with wings. 2. To 
float or move in the air, as the clouds, &c. 3. To move 
with rapidity like a bird. 4. To attempt to escape ; to 
flee. 5. To part ; to burst in pieces. 

To fly out, {a.) To rush out. (b.) To burst into a passion.— 
To let flu, (a-) To throw or drive with violence ; to discharge. 
(6.) (JVaut.) To let go suddenly and entirely. 

Fly, v. t. 1. To shun ; to avoid. 2. To cause to fly ; to 
set floating, as a kite. 

Fly, n. 1. (Entom.) A winged insect of various species, 
whose distinguishing characteristic is that the wings are 
transparent ; especially, the house fly. 2. A hook 
dressed with silk, woolen, &c, in imitation of a fly, used 
for fishing. 3. A kind of light carriage for rapid motion. 



a,e,&c.,Zcms7 a, e, &,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



FLY-BLOW 



291 



FOLD 




[England.] 4. That part of a flag which extends from 
the union to the extreme end. 5. (Naut.) That part of 
a compass on which the points are marked. 6. (Mec/i.) 
A contrivance to equalize motion or accumulate power 
in a machine. 7. ( Print.) (a.) One who takes the sheets 
from the press, (b.) That part of a power-printing press 
which receives the printed sheet and lays it aside. 

Flj'-blow, n. The egg of a fly. 

Fly'-blow, v. t. To deposit an egg in, or upon, as a fly. 

Fly'boat, n. [D. vlieboot.] 1. A long, narrow hoat, 
used on canals. 2. A large, flat-bottomed Dutch coast- 
ing vessel. 

Fly '-catcher, n. 1. One who hunts flies. 2.(0mith.) 
One of several species of birds, so named because they 
feed entirely on flies and other winged insects, which they 
catch as they fly. 

Fly'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, flies or flees. 2. 
The fly of a jack. 3. (Arch.) A step in a flight of stairs 
which are parallel to each other. 4. pi. The same as 
Fliers, No. 3. 

Fly '-fish, v. i. To angle with flies for bait. 

Fly'ing-ar-til'ler-y, n. (Mil.) 
Artillery trained to very rapid 
evolutions. 

Fly'ing-bridge, n. (Mil.) A 
bridge supported by light boats, or 
a ferry-boat anchored up stream, 
and made to cross by the force of 
the current. 

Fly'ing-biit'tress, n. (Arch.) A 
contrivance for strengthening a 
part of a building which rises con- 
siderably above the rest, consisting 
of a curved brace or half arch be- Flying-buttress 
tween it and the opposite face of some lower part. 

Fly'ing-fish, n. (Ichth.) A __^ 

fish which has the power of ^sgili^^^s^ 
sustaining itself in the air for '"■-.: - £Z ~r 

a short time, by means of its ^§§k 
long, pectoral fins. 

Fly'ing-jib, n. (Naut.) A 
sail extended outside of the 
standing-jib, on the flying- 
jib-boom. 

Fly'ing-squir'rel (-skwur / - 
ril or -skweVril), n. (Zo'dl.) 
A squirrel having an expansive 

skin on each side, reaching from the fore to the hind legs 
by which it is borne up in leap- 
ing. 

Fly '-leaf , n. A blank leaf at 
the beginning or end of a book. 

Fly'-rail, n. That part of a 
table which turns out to sup- 
port the leaf. 

Fly'-tr&p, n. (Bot.) A plant 
the leaves of which are fringed 
with stiff bristles and fold to- Flying-squirrel, 

gether when certain hairs on their upper surface are 
touched, thus seizing insects that light on them. 

Fly '--wheel, n. A wheel in machinery that equalizes 
its movements, or accumulates power for a variable or 
intermitting resistance. 

Foal, n. [A.-S. fola, 0. H. Ger. folo, fuli, Goth, fula, 
Icel. foli, allied to Gr. ttwAo? ; Lat. pullus, a young animal. 
Cf. FILLY.] A colt or filly. 

Foal, v . t. [imp. & p. p. foaled ; p. pr. & vb. foal- 
ing.] To bring forth, as a colt or filly. [horse kind. 

Foal, v. i. To bring forth young, as an animal of the 

Foam, n. [A.-S. fam, 0. & N. H. Ger. feim, allied to 
Lat. spuma, for puma, Skr. phena, Slav pjena.] Bubbles 
on the surface of liquors ; froth ; spume. 

Foam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. foamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
foaming.] 1. To froth ; to gather foam. 2. To form 
foam, or become filled with foam. 

Foam, v. t. 1. To throw out with rage or violence. 2. 
To cause to foam. 

Foam'y, a. Covered with foam ; frothy ; spumy. 

F5b, n. [Prov. Gev.fuppe.] A little pocket for a watch. 

Fob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. fob- 
bing.] [Ger. foppen. Cf. Fop.] To cheat ; to trick ; 
to impose on. 

To fob off, to shift off by an artifice ; to put aside. 

Fo'eal, a. Belonging to, or concerning, a focus. 

Fo'-eus, n. ; Eng. pi. FO'cus-Eg ; Lat. pi. FO'pi. [Lat. 
focus, hearth, fire-place.] 1. (Opt.) A point in which 
the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted. 




Flying-fish. 



*f*- 



2. ( Geom.) A point on the principal axis of a conic sec- 
tion, such that the double ordinate to the axis through 
the point shall be equal to the parameter of the curve. 

3. A central point; a point of concentration. 
Fod'der, n. [A.-S. fodhur, fddher, fodhr,fdder,f Odder, 

food, from fedan, to nourish.] That which is fed out to 
cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, straw, and various veg- 



Fod'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foddered ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food, or 

cut grass, &c. 
Foe, n. [A.-S. fa, fah, from fedn, flan, figan, fiogan, 

to hate. Cf. Fiend.] 1. An enemy. 2. A national 

enemy ; a hostile army. 3. One who opposes any thing ; 

an opponent. 
Foe'man, n. ; pi. foe'men. An enemy in war. 
Foe'tus, n. The same as FETUS. 
Fog, n. [Icel. fok, fiuk.] 1. Watery vapor precipitated 

in the lower part of the atmosphere. 2. A cloud of dust 

or of smoke. 
Fog, n. [Scot, fog, fouge , moss, foggage, rank grass, W. 

ffwg, dry grass.] (Agric.) (a.) Asecond growth ofgrass ; 

after-grass, (b.) Long grass that remains in pastures till 

winter. 
Fog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FOG- 
GING.] To envelop, as with fog ; to befog. 
Fog'-bank, n. An appearance, at sea, in hazy weather, 

sometimes resembling land at a distance, but which van- 
ishes as it is approached. 
Fog'-bell, n. (Naut.) A bell near rocks, shoals, &c, 

rung by machinery, to warn mariners in foggy weather. 
Fog'gage (45), n. [See Fog.] (Agric.) Rank or coarse 

grass not mowed or eaten down in summer or autumn. 

See Fog. 
Fog'gi-ly , adv. With fog ; darkly. 
Fog'gi-ness, n. State of being foggy ; a state of the air 

filled with watery exhalations. 
Fog'gy, a. [compar. FOGGIER ; superl. FOGGIEST.] 

[From fog.] 1. Filled or abounding with fog, or watery 

exhalations ; cloudy ; misty. 2. Beclouded ; darkened ; 

dull ; obscure. 
Fo'gy, n. A dull old fellow ; a person behind the times ; 

a conservative. [Written alsofogie &n&fogey.] 

egf The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, 
a guard or protector. By others it is regarded as a diminutive 
offolk. (cf. D. volkje). It is applied to the old soldiers of the 
Royal Hospital of Dublin, which is called the Fogies' Hospital. 
In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the 
present use of the term. 

Fo'gy -i§m, n. The principles and conduct of a fogy. 

Fob, interj . [Cf. Faugh.] An exclamation of abhorrence 
or contempt ; poh ; fy. 

Foi'tole, n. [See Feeble.] A particular moral weakness ; 
a failing ; a weak point ; a fault not of a serious charac- 
ter; a frailty. 

Syn. — Fault ; imperfection ; failing ; weakness ; infirmity ; 
frailty ; defect. 

Foil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. foil- 
ing.] [Fr. fouler, to tread or trample under one's feet, 
to press, oppress. Cf. 0. Fr. afoler, to wound, bruise, 
ruin.] To render vain or nugatory, as an effort or at- 
tempt ; to frustrate ; to defeat ; to baffle ; to balk. 

Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of being 
secured ; defeat ; frustration ; miscarriage. 2. A blunt 
sword, or one that has a button at the end; — used in 
fencing. 

Foil, n. [From Lat. folium, pi. folia.] 1. A leaf or thin 
plate of metal. 2. A thin leaf of metal, placed under 
precious stones by jewelers, to increase their brilliancy, 
or to give them a particular color ; hence, any thing of 
another color, or of different qualities, which serves to 
adorn , or set off another thing to advantage . 3 . ( Arch . ) A 
rounded or leaf -like ornament, in windows, niches, &c, 
called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, &c, according to 
the number of arcs of which it is composed. 

Foil'er, n. One who foils or frustrates. 

Foin'ing-ly, adv. In a pushing manner. 

Foist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FOISTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FOISTING.] [Prob. from Yr.fausser, to falsify, pervert, 
from faux, fausse, false. See False.] To insert sur- 
reptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant ; to inter- 
polate. 

Fold, n. [A.-B.feald,fald, from fealdan, to fold up, wrap.] 
1. A doubling of any flexible substance ; a fold. 2. 
Times or repetitions ; — used with numerals, chiefly in 
composition, to denote multiplication or increase. 3. 
That which is folded together, or which infolds ; embrace. 
4. A sheep-pen. 



food, foot; urn, rude, p\ill ; cell, chaise, «all, echo • gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



FOLD 



292 



FOOT 



Fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FOLDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
folding.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits ; to double. 2. 
To double or lay together, as the arms. 3. To inclose 
•within folds ; to infold. 4. To confine in a fold, as sheep. 

fold, v. i. To become folded, plaited, or doubled. 

Fold'er, n. One who, or that which, folds ; especially, a 
flat instrument for folding paper. 

Fo'li-a'ceoiis (i'6'li-a'shus), a. [Lat. foliaceus, from 
folium, leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Belonging to, or having the 
texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed 
with flowers. 2. (Min.) Consisting of leaves or thin 
laminas ; having the form of a leaf or plate. 

Fo'li-age,«. [-From Lat. folium, leaf. Of. Foil.] 1. A 
collection of leaves as produced or arranged by nature. 

2. (Arch.) The representation of leaves, flowers, and 
branches. 

Fo'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foliated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
foliating.] To spread over with a thin coat of tin and 
quicksilver. 

Fo'li-ate (45), a. (Bot.) Furnished with leaves ; leafy. 

Fo'li-a/tion, n. 1. Act of forming into leaves. 2. Act 
of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, or lamina. 3. 
Act of spreading foil over the back side of a mirror. 4. 
(Arch.) Act of enriching with feather ornaments resem- 
bling leaves, or the ornaments themselves. 5. ( Geol.) 
The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of di- 
viding into plates or slabs. 

Fo'li-o (io'li-o or i'ol'yo), n. [Ablative of ~L&t. folium, 
leaf.] 1. A sheet of paper once folded. 2. A book 
made of sheets of paper each folded once. 3. A page 
in a book ; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the 
same serial number. 4. (Law.) A leaf containing a cer- 
tain number of words ; hence a certain number of words 
in a writing. 

Fo'li-o, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make two 
leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of 
printing paper, when doubled so as to make two leaves. 

Folk (fok), n.; pi. folks (ioks,20). [A.-S./o/c, Icel. 
folk, 0. H. Ger. folk, allied to Lith. pulkas, crowd.] Peo- 
ple in general, or a separate class of people ; — generally 
used in the plural. [ Colloq.] 

Folk'-lore (fok'-), n. [Ger. volkslehre.] Rural tales, 
legends, or superstitions. [Recent.] 

Fol'li-ele (fol'li-kl),re. [Lat. follicu- 
lus, a small bag, husk, pod, dim. of 
follis, orig. a leathern sack, hence a 
leathern money-bag.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) 
A simple pod opening down the inxer 
suture, (b.) A vessel distended with 
air. 2. (Anat.) A little bag in ani- 
mal bodies ; a gland. Follicle (1, a). 

Fol-lle'u-lar, a. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, 
follicles. 

Fol'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. followed ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. FOLLOWING.] [A.-S.folgian, 0. H. Ger. folagen, 
folken,folgen, Icel. fylgia.} 1. To go or come after ; to 
pursue. 2. To go in pursuit of; to strive to obtain. 

3. To go with, as a leader; to accept as authority; to 
take as a rule of action. 4. To copy after ; to take as 
an example. 5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or 
office. 6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or 
an inference from a premise. 7. To watch, as a reced- 
ing object ; hence, to keep the mind upon while in prog- 
ress ; also, to understand the meaning, connection or force 
of. 8. To attend upon closely, as a profession or calling. 

Syn.— To pursue ; chase ; go after ; attend ; accompany ; 
succeed; imitate; copy ; embrace; maintain. — To follow (v. 
t.) denotes simply to go after ; to pursue denotes to follow with 
earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object ; as, 
a hound pursues the deer. 

Fol'low, v. i. To go or come after ; — used in the vari- 
ous senses of the transitive verb ; to pursue ; to attend ; 
to accompany ; to be a result ; to succeed. 

Syn. — To succeed.— To follow (v. «'.) means simply to 
come after ; as, a crowd followed ; to succeed means to come 
alter in some regular series or succession ; as, day succeeds to 
day, and night to night. 

■Fol'low-er, n. 1. One who follows. 2. (Steam-eng.) 
(a.) The cover of a piston, (b.) A gland. 3. (Mach.) 
The part of a machine that receives motion from another 
part. 

Syn. — Imitator ; copier; disciple 
dependent ; attendant. 




adherent ; partisan ; 



Fol'low -ing, a. Being next after ; succeeding ; ensuing. 

Fol'ly, n [Fr. folie, from fol, fou, foolish, mad. See 
Fool.] 1. State of being a fool; want of good sense ; 
levity, weakness, or derangement of mind. 2. A fool- 
ish act ; weak or light-minded conduct ; foolery. 



Fo-mSnt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. FOMENTED ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. FOMENTING.] [L&t. fomentare , from fomentum, 
a warm application or lotion, for fovimentum, from fo- 
vere, to warm or keep warm.] 1. To apply warm lotions 
to. 2. To cherish and promote by excitements ; to en- 
courage ; to abet. 

Fo'men-ta'tion, n. 1. (Med.) (a.) Act of fomenting, 
or of applying warm lotions or poultices, (b.) The lotion 
applied to a diseased part. 2. Excitation ; instigation ; 
encouragement. 

Fo-ment'er, n. One who foments, or encourages. 

Fond, a. [compar. fonder ; superl. fondest.] [For 
formed, p. p. of 0. Eng. fonne, to be foolish, to dote, Icel. 
fdna.] 1. Foolish ; simple. [Obs.] 2. Foolishly tender 
and loving ; doting ; especially not in a bad sense, loving ; 
tender. 3. Much pleased ; loving ardently. 

Fond'le (fond'1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fondled; p.pr. 
kvb.n. fondling.] [From obsolete fond, v. t.] To 
treat with tenderness ; to caress. 

Foncl'ler, n. One who fondles. 

Fond'ling, n. A person or thing fondled or caressed. 

Fond'ly, adv. In a fond manner ; foolishly ; tenderly. 

Fond'ness, n. The state or quality of being fond. 
Syn. — Attachment; affection; love; kindness. 

Font, n. [From Lat. fons, fountain.] 1. A fountain; 
a spring. 2. A basin or stone vessel in which water ia 
contained for baptizing. 

Font, n. [From Lat. fundere, to pour out, to cast.] 
(Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one 
size and style. 

Font'al, a. Pertaining to a fount, fountain, source. 

Font'a-nel', n. [Fr. fontanelle, prop, a little fountain, 
from fontaine, fountain.] 1. (Med.) An issue for the 
discharge of humors from the body. 2. (Anat.) A space 
in an infant's skull occupied by a cartilaginous mem- 
brane. 

Food, n. [A.-S. foda, from fedan, to feed, q. v.] 1. 
What is fed upon ; victuals ; provisions. 2. Any thing 
that sustains, nourishes, and augments. 

Syn. — Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; meat. 

Fool, n. [Fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad; of Celtic origin.] 

1. One who is destitute of reason ; an idiot ; a natural. 

2. A person deficient in intellect ; a simpleton .; a dunce. 

3. (Script.) A wicked person. 4. A professional jester 
or buffoon. 

Fool's errand, an absurd or fruitless search or enterprise; 
the pursuit of what can not be found; the undertaking what 
is impossible. 
Fdbl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fooled; p. pr. & vb. n. 

fooling.] To act like a fool ; to trifle ; to toy. 
Fool, v. t. 1. To infatuate; to make foolish. 2. To 
make a fool of; to impose upon. 3. To cheat. 

To fool away, to get rid of foolishly; to spend in trifles, idle- 
ness, folly, or without advantage. 

Fdbl'er-y, n. 1. Practice of folly ; absurdity. 2. An 
act of folly or weakness ; a piece of absurdity or non- 
sense. 

Fdbl'-hard'i-ness, n. Courage without sense or judg- 
ment ; mad rashness. [bold. 

Fobl'-hard'y, a. Daring without judgment ; foolishly 
Syn. — Rash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; head- 
long; incautious. 

Fobl'ieh, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly ; void 
of understanding ; weak in intellect. 2. Exhibiting a 
want of judgment or discretion. 3. (Script.) Sinful; 
wicked. 4. Ridiculous ; despicable ; contemptible. 

Syn. — Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; sim- 
ple ; irrational ; unwise ; imprudent ; indiscreet ; incautious j 
silly; preposterous; vain; trifling. 

Fobl'ish-ly, adv. In a foolish manner ; weakly. 

Fdbl'ish-ness, n. 1. The quality or condition of be- 
ing foolish ; folly. 2. A foolish practice. 

Fdblg'-eap, n. [So called from the water-mark of afooPs 
cap and bells used by old paper-makers.] A long folio 
writing paper, about 13| by 16^- inches. 

Fo^ot, n.; pi. feet. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. fbt , pl./», Goth. 
fotus, Icel. fotr, allied to Gr. 77-01)5, ttooos, Lat. pes, pedis, 
Skr. padas'.] 1. The part of a leg below the ankle. 2. 
Any thing which resembles an animal's foot. 3. The 
lowest part or foundation; also, the last of a row or 
series. 4. Fundamental principle ; basis ; hence, ordi- 
nary level or rank; — used only in the sing. 5. A 
measure consisting of twelve inches ; — supposed to be 
taken from the length of a man's foot. 6. (Mil.) The 
foot-soldiers; the infantry. 7. (Pros.) A combination 
of syllables constituting a metrical element of a verse. 



B, e, &c, long; a, e, Sec, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



FOOT 



293 



FORCING-PUMP 



By foot, or on foot, by walking. - Cubic foot, a volume equal 
to that of a cube the edges of which are twelve inches in length. 
— Square foot, an area equal to that of a square the sides of 
which are twelve inches in length. — To be on foot, to be in 
motion, action, or process of execution. — To set on foot, to 
originate; to begin. 

Foot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FOOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
footing.] 1. To tread to measure or music ; to dance. 
2. To walk. 

Foot, v. t. 1. To strike with the foot ; to kick. 2. To 
tread. 3. To sum up, as the numbers in a column. 4. 
To add a foot to. 

To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] 

Fdbt'-ball, n. 1. An inflated ball, kicked about in 
sport. '2. The sport of kicking the foot-ball. 

Fbbt'-boy, n. An attendant in livery ; a footman. 

Fbbt'-bridge, n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers. 

Fobt'f all, n. 1. A footstep. 2. A misstep. 

Fobt'-guardg (-g'ardz), n. pi. Guards of infantry. 

Fbbt'-hoid, n. A holding with the feet ; that on which 
one may tread or rest securely. 

Fobt'ing, n. 1. Ground for the foot ; firm foundation 
to stand on. 2. Firm position ; established place. 3. 
Relative condition ; state. 4. Tread ; especially, tread, 
to measure. 5. Act of adding up a column of figures ; 
sum total of such a column. 6. Act of putting a foot 
to any thing, or that which is added as a foot. 7. A 
plain cotton lace, without figures. 8. The finer refuse 
part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. 9. 
(Arch.) The broad foundation or base of a wall. 

Fobt'-light (-lit), n. One of a row of lights at the front 
of the stage in a theater, &c. 

Fbbt'man, n. ; pi. FdbT'MEtf. 1. A soldier who marches 
and fights on foot. 2. A male servant whose duties are 
to attend the door, the carriage, the table, &c. 

Foot'-mark, n. A mark of a foot ; a foot-print. 

Fdbt'-note , n. A note of reference at the foot of a page. 

Fbbt'-pace, n. 1. A slow pace or step. 2. A stair 
broader than the rest of a flight. 3. A dais. 

Fobt'-pad, n. A highwayman, or robber on foot. 

Fdbt'-print, n. A trace or foot-mark. 

Fbbt'-soFdier (-solder), n. (Mil.) A soldier who serves 
on foot. 

Fdbt'-sore, a. Having tender or sore feet, as by reason 
of much walking. 

Fbbt'stalk (-stawk), n. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of 
a flower"; a petiole, pedicel, or peduncle. 

Fbbt'step, n. The mark or impression of the foot ; a 
track ; hence, visible sign of a course pursued ; token ; 
mark. 

Fbbt'stdbl, n. A stool for the feet. [warm. 

Foot'- stove, n. A contrivance intended to keep the feet 

Fop, n. [Cf. to fob, and Ger. foppen, to make a fool of 
one, jeer.] A gay, trifling fellow ; a coxcomb ; a dandy. 

Fop'ling, n. A petty fop. 

Fop'per-y, n. 1. The behavior, manners, dress, or the 
like, of a fop; coxcombry. 2. Folly; impertinence; 
foolery. 

Fop'pish, a. Fop-like ; vain of dress ; affected in man- 
ners. 

Syn.— Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical. 

Fop'pish-ly, adv. In a foppish manner. 

Fop'pish-ness, n. Condition or quality of being foppish. 

For, prep. [A.-S. for, fore, Goth, faur, faura, Icel. fyri, 
for, allied to Lat. pro, Gr. npo, Skr. pra-, Lith. & Bohem. 
pro, Lett, par.] In the place of; instead of; because of; 
by reason of; with respect to ; concerning ; in the direc- 
tion of; toward; during; as being, &c. ; — in the most 
general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view 
of, with reference to, which any thing is done or takes 
place. 

Forasmuch as, or forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing 
that; since. — For ever, eternally; at all times. See Forever. 
— For, or as for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference 
to. 

F6r, conj. 1. Because. 2. Since; because, introducing 
a reason of something before advanced, the cause, motive, 
explanation, justification, or the like, of an action re- 
lated or a statement made 

For'age, n. [0. Fr. four age, L. Lat. foragium, fr. 0. H. 
Ger. fuotar, fotar, fodder, nourishment, Eng. fodder, q. 
v.] 1. Act of providing food. 2. Food of any kind for 
horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, and oats. 

FSr'age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
foraging.] To wander or rove in search of food; to 
ravage ; to feed on spoil. [forage. 

F5r'age, v. t. To strip of provisions ; to supply with 

For'a-ger, n. One who forages. 



Fo-ra'men, n. ; pi. fo-Ram'i-na. [Lat., from forare, 

to bore, pierce.] A little opening ; a perforation. 
For'a^-much', conj. In consideration of ; because that. 

See For. 
Fo-ray', or For'ay, n. [See Forray.] A sudden or 

irregular incursion in a border war ; a raid. 
Forbade' (for-bad'), imp. of forbid. See Forbid. 
For-bear', v. i. [imp. forbore (forbare, obs.): 

p. p. forborne ; p. pr. & vb. n. forbearing.] [A.-S. 

forberan.] 1. To refrain from proceeding ; to pause ; to 

delay. 2. To refuse ; to decline. 
For-bear', v. t. 1. To avoid ; to abstain from. 2. To 

treat with consideration ; to indulge ; to bear with. 
For-bear'ance, n. 1. The act of forbearing ; exercise 

of patience. 2. The quality of being forbearing ; long- 

suifering. 

Syn. — Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness. 
For-bld', V. t. [imp. FORBADE ; p. p. FORBIDDEN 

(forbid, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. forbidding.] [A.-S. 

forbeodan.] 1. To command to forbear, or not to do. 

2. To forbid from entering or approaching. 3. To op- 
pose ; to obstruct. 

Syn. — To prohibit; interdict; hinder. 
For-bid', v . i. To utter a prohibition ; to prevent. 
For-bid'dance, n. Act of forbidding, or condition of 

being forbidden ; prohibition. 
For-bid'der, n. One who, or that which, forbids. 
For-bid'ding, p. a. Repelling approach ; repulsive ; dis- 



Syn. — Unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; odious; abhor- 
rent. 

Forbore', imp. of forbear. See Forbear. 

Forborne', p. p. of forbear. See Forbear. 

Force, n. [L. Lat. forcia,fortia, fr. Lat. fortis, strong.] 
1. Strength or energy of body or mind; often an un- 
usual degree of strength or energy : especially, power to 
persuade, or convince, or impose obligation. 2. Com- 
pulsory power. 3. Strength or power for war ; hence, a 
body of land or naval combatants ; hence, a body of men 
prepared for action in other ways. 4. (Law.) (a.) Vio- 
lence, (b.) Validity ; efficacy. 5. (Physics.) Any action 
between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, 
any physical relation between them. 

In force, or of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of full 
virtue; not suspended or reversed. 

Syn.— Strength ; vigor ; might ; energy ; stress ; vehem- 
ence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion.— 
Strength (from strain) looks rather to power as an inward capa- 
bility or energy; e.g., the strength of timber, bodily strength, 
mental strength, strength of emotion, &c, while force looks 
more to the outward, as the force of momentum, force of cir- 
cumstance, force of habit, &c. We do, indeed, speak of strength 
of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean 
toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward 
the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two 
words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there 
is, on the whole, a marked distinction between our use of force 
and strength. 

Force, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FORCED (forst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. forcing.] 1. To constrain to do, or to forbear, by 
the exertion of a power not resistible. 2. To impress by 
force. 3. To do violence to; especially, to ravish; to 
violate. 4. To obtain or win by strength ; specifically, 
to capture by assault. 5. To impel, drive, wrest, ex- 
tort, get, &c, by main strength or violence. 6, To ex- 
ert to the utmost ; hence, to strain ; to produce by un- 
natural effort. 7. To provide with forces ; to re-enforce ; 
to garrison. 

Syn. — To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coeree; 
drive; press; impel. 

Force'-meat, n. [Corrupted for farce-meat, from Fr. 
farce, stuffing. See Farce.] (Cookery.) Meat chopped 
fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuffing. 

For'ceps, n. [Lat.] A pair of pincers or tongs ; espe- 
cially, one for delicate operations, as those of watch- 
makers, dentists, and others. 

Force'-pump, n. See Forcing-pump. 

For'cer, n. One who, or that which, forces or drives ; 
specifically, the solid piston of a pump. 

For'ci-ble, a. 1. Possessing force; characterized by 
force, efficiency, or energy. 2. Attended or marked by 
excessive force or violence. 3. Using force against oppo- 
sition. 4. Obtained by compulsion. 

Syn. — Violent; impetuous; powerful ; efficacious; strong; 
mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent. 

For'ci-bly, adv. In a forcible manner ; strongly ; pow- 
erfully ; by violence ; by constraint. 
For'cing-piimp, n. A kind of pump used to throw 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, cnaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



FORD 



294 



FORESHOW 



water to a distance, or to force it onward by the direct 
action of the piston. 

Ford, n. [A.-&.ford,fyrd, allied to Slav, brod, Gr. nopos, 
A.-S.faran, Eng./are.] 1. A place in a river, or other 
water, where it may be passed on foot, or by wading. 2. 
A stream ; a current. 

Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. forded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fording.] To pass through by wading ; to wade 
through. 

Ford'a-fole, a. Capable of being forded. 

Fore, a. [A.-S. fore. See For, and infra.] 1. Advanced 
in place or position ; toward the front ; forward. 2. Ad- 
vanced in time; antecedent. 3. Advanced in order or 
series. 

BS~ Fore is much used in composition, and, as an adjective, 
rarely occurs in a separate form. 

Fore, adv. [A.-S. fora,fore, foran, forene,forne. See 
For.] In advance; at the front ; in the part that pre- 
cedes or goes first. 

Fore'-arm, v. t. [imp. & p.p. FORE-ARMED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FORE-ARMING.] To arm or prepare for attack 
or resistance before the time of need. 

Fore-arm', n. (Anat.) That part of the arm between 
the elbow and the wrist. 

Fore-bode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. foreboded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. foreboding.] 1. To foretell ; to prognosticate. 
2. To have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity 
which is to happen. 

Syn. — To predict; augur; presage; portend; betoken. 

Fore-bod'er, n. One who forebodes ; a soothsayer. 

Fore'-east, v. t. [imp. & p. p. forecast ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FORECASTING.] 1. To contrive beforehand: to 
scheme ; to project. 2. To foresee ; to provide against. 

Fore'-east, v. i. To contrive beforehand. 

Fore-east', n. 1. Previous contrivance or determina- 
tion. 2. Foresight of consequences, and provision 
against them. 

Fore'eas-tle (-kas-sl), n. (Naut.) (a.) That part of the 
upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the 
after part of the fore channels, (b.) In merchant ves- 
sels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, 
where the sailors live. 

Fore-clt'ed, a. Cited or quoted before or above. 

Fore-eloge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. foreclosed ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. foreclosing.] To shut up or out; to pre- 
clude ; to stop ; to prevent ; to bar ; to exclude. 

SS™ To foreclose a mortgage is not technically correct, but 
is often used. 

Fore-elog'ure (-klozk'yir), n. The act or process of fore- 
closing ; deprivation of a mortgager of the right of re- 
deeming a mortgaged estate. 

Fore-doTom', v. t. [imp. & p.p. foredoomed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. FOREDOOMING.] To doom beforehand ; to pre- 
destinate. 

Fore'fa-ther, n. One who precedes another in the line 
of genealogy in any degree, usually in a remote degree ; 
an ancestor. 

Fore-fend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. forefended ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. forefending.] 1. To fend off; to avert ; to 
prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. 2. To 
defend ; to guard ; to secure. 

Fore'fin-ger (-i'mg-ger), n. The finger next to the 
thumb ; the index. 

Fore'fdbt, n.;pl. FORE 'FEET. 1. One of the anterior 
feet of an animal. 2. (Naut.) A piece of timber which 
terminates the keel at the fore -end, connecting it with 
the lower end of the stem. 

Fore'front (-frunt), n. The foremost part or place. 

Fore-go', v. t. [imp. forewent ; p. p. FOREGONE; 
p. pr. & vb. n. foregoing.] 1. To quit; to relin- 
quish ; to leave. 2. To relinquish the enjoyment or 
advantage of; to give up ; to resign ; to renounce. 2. To 
go before ; to precede. 

Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or 
examination; one predetermined. 

Fore'ground, n. That part of the field of a picture 
which seems to he nearest the spectator, or before the 
figures. 

Fore'hand, n. 1. All that part of a horse which is be- 
fore the rider. 2. The most important part. 3. Pru- 
dence ; advantage. 

Fore'hand-ed, a. 1. Early ; timely ; seasonable. 2. 
Not behindhand ; in easy circumstances. [Amer.] 

Foreliead (for'ed), n. 1. That part of the face which 
extends from the usual line of hair on the top of the 
head to the eyes ; the brow. 2. Assurance. 

For'eign (for/in), a. [L. L&t.foraneus, from Lat. foras, 



foris, out of doors, abroad, without.] 1. Not native ; ex- 
traneous ; alien. 'Z. Remote ; not pertaining or pertinent ; 
not appropriate ; not agreeable ; — with to, ox from. 3. 
Not admitted ; excluded. 

Syn. — Outlandish; exotic; remote; extrinsic. 

For'eign-er (mr'in-er), n. A person belonging to a for- 
eign country ; an alien. 

For'eign-ness (for/in -nes, 109), n. The quality of being 
foreign ; remoteness ; want of relation. 

Fore-judge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. forejudged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FOREJUDGING.] 1. To judge before hearing 
the facts and proof; to prejudge. 2. ( O. Eng. Law.) 
To expel from court for some offense or misconduct. 

Fore-know' (-nS'), v. t. [imp. foreknew ; p. p. 

FOREKNOWN; p. pr. & vb. n. FOREKNOWING.] To 

have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. 
Fore-know'er (-no 7 -), n. One who foreknows. 
Fore-knowl'edge (for-noPej), n. Knowledge of a 

thing before it happens ; prescience. 
Fore'land, n. 1. A promontory or cape ; a head-land. 

2. (Fort.) A piece of ground between the wall of a place 

and the moat. [lie in wait for. 

Fore-lay', v. t. 1. To contrive antecedently. 2. To 
Fore'lock, n. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the 

forepart of the head. 2. (Naut.) A fiat piece of iron 

driven through the end of a bolt, to retain it firmly in its 

place. 

To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt 
use of any thing ; not to let slip an opportunity. 

Fore'man, n. ; pi. fore'men. The first or chief man ; 
as, (a.) The chief man of a jury, who acts as their speak- 
er, (b.) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop ; 
an overseer. 

Fore'mast, n. ( Naut. ) The forward mast of a vessel, or 
the one nearest the bow. 

Fore-men'tioiied, a. Mentioned before ; recited in a 
former part of the same writing or discourse. 

Fore'most, a. First in place ; chief in rank or dignity. 

Fore'name, n. A name that precedes the family name 
or surname ; a first name. 

Fore'named, a. Named or nominated before ; men- 
tioned before in the same writing or discourse. 

Fore'ndbn, n. The former part of the day, from morn- 
ing to meridian, or noon. 

Fo-ren'sie, ) a. [Lat. forensis, from forum, a public 

Fo-ren'si-e-al, J place, market-place, where courts of 
justice were held, hence a court.] Belonging to courts 
of judicature or public discussion and debate ; used in 
courts or legal proceedings, or in public discussions ; ar- 
gumentative. 

Fore'-or-dain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fore-ordained; 
p. pr. & vb. n. FORE-ORDAINING.] To ordain or ap- 
point beforehand ; to predestinate ; to predetermine. 

Fore-or'di-na'tion, n. Previous ordination or ap- 
pointment ; predetermination ; predestination. 

Fore'part, n. The part most advanced, or first in time 
or in place ; the anterior part ; the beginning. 

Fore'-plane, n. ( Carp.) The •first plane used after the 
saw and ax ; a jack-plane. 

Fore'rank, n. The first rank ; the front. 

Fore-run', v. t. [imp. foreran ; p.p. forerun; 
p.pr. & vb. n. forerunning.] 1. To run before ; to 
precede. 2. To come before as an earnest of something 
to follow ; to announce. 

Fore-riin'ner, n. A messenger sent before to give no- 
tice of the approach of others ; a harbinger ; hence, a 
sign foreshowing something to follow ; a prognostic. 

Fore'sail, n. (Naut.) (a.) A sail extended on the fore- 
yard, which is supported by the foremast, (b.) The first 
triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. 

Fore-see', v. t. [imp. foresaw; p. ^.foreseen; 
p. pr. & vb. n. FORESEEING.] To see beforehand; to 
see or know before occurrence ; to foreknow. 

Fore-seer', n. One who foresees or foreknows. 

Fore-shad'ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foreshadowed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. FORESHADOWING.] To shadow or typi- 
fy beforehand ; to prefigure. 

Fore-short'en (-short / n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fore- 
shortened ; p. pr. & vb. n. FORESHORTENING.] 
(Paint.) To shorten by representing in an oblique posi- 
tion ; to represent as seen obliquely. 

Fore-sh6rt'en-ing, n. The representation or appear- 
ance, or diminution of length, of objects, when viewed 
obliquely. See Foreshorten. 

Fore-show', v. t. [imp. foreshowed ; p. p. fore- 
shown ; p. pr. & vb. n. foreshowing.] To show or 
exhibit beforehand ; to prognosticate ; to foretell. 



a.e.&c./ongv a,e,&c.,5/w*; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



FORESHOWER 



295 



FORM 



Fore-show'er, n. One who predicts. 

Fore'side, n. The front side : also, a specious outside. 

Fore'sight (-sit), n. 1. The act or the power of foresee- 
ing ; prescience ; foreknowledge. 2. Action in reference 
to the future ; wise forethought. 3. (Surv.) Any sight 
or reading of the leveling-staff, except the one backward, 
called the back-sight. [penis ; the prepuce. 

Fore'skin, n. (Anat.) The skin that covers the glans 

For'est, n. [0. 'Ex. forest, It. foresta, Gev.forst, from Lat. 
/oris, foras, out of doors, abroad, because forests are out 
of, or beyond, towns.] 1. An extensive wood ; in the 
United States, a wood of native growth. 2. {Eng. Laiv.) 
Royal hunting-ground. 

For'est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FORESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
foresting.] To cover with trees or wood. 

Fore-stall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. forestalled; p.pr. 
& vb. n. FORESTALLING.] [A.-S. forestcallan. See 
STALL.] 1. To take beforehand ; to anticipate. 2. To 
pre-occupy ; also, to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by 
prior occupation or by measures taken in advance. 3. 
(Eng. Law.) To obstruct or stop up, as a way ; to inter- 
cept on the road. 

Syn. — To anticipate ; pre-occupy; monopolize; engross. 

Fore-stall'er, n. One who forestalls ; a person who 
purchases provisions before they come to the fair or mar- 
ket, with a view to raise the price. 

For'est-er, n. 1. One who has charge of a forest. 2. 
An inhabitant of a forest. 

Fore-taste', n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. 

Fore'taste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretasted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. foretasting.] 1. To taste before full posses- 
sion; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. 

Fore-tell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretold; p. pr. & 
vb. n. foretelling.] To tell before occurrence ; to 
foretoken ; to foreshow. 

Syn. — To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur. 

Fore-tell', v. i. To utter prediction or prophecy. 

Fore-tell'er, n. One who predicts or prophesies. 

Fore'tliouglit (-thawt), n. 1. Anticipation; presci- 
ence ; ^premeditation. 2. Provident care ; forecast. 

Fore-to'ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretokened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. foretokening.] To foreshow. 

Fore'to-ken, n. Prognostic ; previous sign. 

Fore'-tootli, n. ; pi. fore'-teeth. [Anat.) One of 
the teeth in the forepart of the mouth ; an incisor. 

Fore'top, n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head. 
2. That part of a head-dress that is forward. 3. (Naut.) 
The platform at the head of the foremast. 

For-ev'er, adv. \. To eternity; eternally. 2. At all 
times. 

183?" In England,,/br and ever are usually written and print- 
ed as two separate words ; but, in the United States, the general 
practice is to make but a single word of them. 

Syn. — Constantly ; continually ; invariably ; unchange- 
ably ; incessantly; always ; perpetually; unceasingly ; cease- 
lessly ; interminably ; everlastingly ; endlessly. 

Fore-warn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. forewarned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. forewarning.] To warn beforehand; to 
caution in advance ; to inform previously. 

For'f eit, a. Lost or alienated for an offense or crime ; 
liable to penal seizure. 

For'f eit, n. [Fr. forfa.it, L. Lat. f or ef actum, for is factum, 
originally, and still in Fr., trespass, crime, but in Eng. 
the effect of some transgression or offense ; from Fr. for- 
faire, L. Lat. forisfacere, to offend, injure, from Lat. /oris, 
out of doors, abroad, beyond, and facere, to do.] 1. A 
thing lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, 
offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract ; hence, a 
fine ; a mulct ; a penalty. 2. Something deposited and 
redeemable by a sportive fine. 

For'feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. forfeited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FORFEITING.] [From the noun. See supra.] To 
lose, or lose the right to, by some fault, offense, or crime. 

For'f eit-a-fole, a. Liable to be forfeited; subject to for- 
feiture. 

For'f eit -ure (53), n. 1. Act of forfeiting; the losing 
of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, 
by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act. 
2. That which is forfeited. 

Syn. — Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty. 

For-gave', imp. of forgive. See Forgive. 

F5rge, n. [From Lat. fabrica, the work -shop of a faber 
or artisan who works in hard materials, forger, smith.] 
1. A place where iron is wrought by heating and ham- 
mering ; especially, a furnace, where iron is heated and 
wrought ; a smithy ; also, the works where iron is ren- 
dered malleable by puddling and shingling. 2. A work- 



shop ; a place where any thing is produced, shaped, or 
devised. 

Forge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FORGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FORGING.] 1. To form by heating and hammering. 2. 
To form or shape out in any way ; to produce. 3. To 
make falsely ; to produce, as that which is untrue or not 
genuine. 

Syn. — To fabricate ; frame ; counterfeit ; feign ; falsify. 

Forge, v. i. 1. To commit forgery. 2. (Naut.) To 
move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are 
furled. 

For'ger,n. One who forges, makes, or forms; a fabri- 
cator ; especially, one guilty of forgery. 

For'ger-y, n. 1. The act of forging, fabricating, or pro- 
ducing falsely ; especially, the crime of counterfeiting. 
2. That which is forged. 

For-get', v. t. [imp. FORGOT (FORGAT, obs.); p. p. 
FORGOT, FORGOTTEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. FORGETTING.] 
[A.-S. forgetan, forgitan, from for and getan, gitan, to 
get-] 1. To lose the remembrance of; not to think of. 
2. To treat with inattention ; to slight ; to neglect. 

To forget one's self, to be guilty of that which is unworthy of 
one; to lose one's dignity, temper, or self-control. 

For-get'ful, a. 1. Apt to forget. 2. Heedless; care- 
less ; neglectful. 

For-get'f ul-ness, n. 1. Quality of being forgetful ; 
proneness "to let slip from the mind. 2. Loss of remem- 
brance or recollection ; oblivion. 3. Failure to bear iu 
mind ; careless omission. 

For-get'-me-not',^. (Bot.) A small herb, bearing a 
beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the em- 
blem of fidelity. 

For-get'ter,»i. One who forgets or fails to bear in mind. 

For-glv'a-ole, a. Capable of being forgiven. 

For-give', v. t. [imp. forgave; p. p. forgivex; 
p. pr. & vb. n. FORGIVING.] [A.-S. forgifan, from for 
and gifan, to give.] 1. To cease to impute ; to lemit ; to 
pardon. 2. To cease to feel resentment against, on ac- 
count of wrong committed ; to absolve ; to pardon. 

For-give'ness, n. 1. Act of forgiving; pardon or re- 
mission of an offense, crime, debt, or penalty. 2. Dis- 
position to pardon ; willingness to forgive. 

Syn. — Pardon ; remission. — Forgiveness is Anglo-Saxon, 
and pardon Norman-French, both denoting to give back. The 
word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has, in religious 
matters, the same sense as forgiveness ; but in the language of 
common life there is a difference between them, such as we 
often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman 
words. Forgive points to inward feeling, and supposes alien- 
ated affection; when we ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the 
removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or 
consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when 
we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostling him in a 
crowd. The civil magistrate also grants apardon, and not for- 
giveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distin- 
guished from each other in most cases which relate to the com- 
mon concerns of life. 

For-giv'er, n. One who pardons or remits. 
For-giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to forgive ; mild ; merciful ; 
compassionate. 

For-lS'ten, } ^ of *"&*' See *ORGET. 

Fork, n. [A.-S. fore, Lat. furca.] 1. An instrument 

with two or more prongs or tines. 2. Any thing like a 

fork in shape ; also, one of the parts into which any 

thing is divided ; a prong ; a point. 
Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FORKED (forkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

m. forking.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. 2. To 

divide into two branches. 
F6rk, v. t. 1. To raise or pitch with a fork, as hay ; to 

dig and break with a fork, as ground. 2. To form into 

a fork-like shape ; to bifurcate. 

To fork over, to hand or pay over, as money. [Vulgar, Anier.'] 
Fdrk'ed-ness, n. The quality of being forked. 
Fork'i-ness, n. The quality or state of opening in a 

fork-like manner. 
Fork'y, a. Opening into two or more parts, shoots, or 

points ; forked ; furcated. 
For-16rn', a. [A.-S.forloren, p. p. of forleosan, to lose, 

from for and leosan, to go.] 1. Deserted ; lost. 2. In 

pitiful plight ; despicable. 

Syn. — Destitute; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helpless; 

friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable. 

For-lorn'-hope, n. (Mil.) A detachment of men to 
lead in an assault, enter a breach, or perform other ser- 
vice attended with uncommon peril. 

For-16rn'ness (110), n. Condition of being forlorn. 

Form, w. [hat. forma.] 1. The shape and structure of 
any thing ; configuration ; figure ; frame ; external ap- 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 



FORM 



296 



FORTITUDE 



pearance ; a mental transcript or image. 2. Constitu- 
tion ; mode of construction, arrangement, organization, 
or the like. 3. Established method, arrangement, or 
practice ; formula. 4. Show without substance ; conven- 
tional^' ; formality. 5. Orderly arrangement ; shapeli- 
ness ; also, comeliness ; beauty. 6. That which has form ; 
a shape ; a phantom. 7. Mold ; pattern ; model. 8. A 
long bench or seat; hence, a class in a school; also, a 
class or rank in society. 9. The seat or bed of a hare. 
10. (Print.) A page, or pages, imposed and locked up 
in a chase. 

&!=■ In the 8th and 9th senses, this word is, in England, pro- 
nounced form. 

Form, v. t. [imp. & p. p. formed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
FORMING.] 1. To give form or shape to ; to construct ; 
to make ; to fashion. 2. To give a particular shape to ; 
also, to model ; to mold ; to train. 3. To go to make 
up ; to act as constituent of. 4. To provide with a form, 
as a hare. 

SFdrm'al, a. 1. Belonging to the form, external appear- 
ance, or organization of a thing. 2. Belonging to the 
constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter 
composing it; constitutive; essential. 3. Done in due 
form, or with solemnity ; express. 4. According to form ; 
regular ; methodical. 5. Having the form or appearance 
without the substance or essence; external duty. 6. 
Dependent on form ; conventional. 

Syr». — Precise; ceremonious. — A man is precise (lit., cut- 
ting down) who reduces things to an exact rule or standard ; 
formal who shapes himself by some set form or pattern ; cere- 
monious when he lays much stress on the conventional laws of 
social intercourse. Men are formal in their manners, precise 
in their language or observances, ceremonious in receiving and 
entertaining strangers. 

F6rni'al-i§m, n. Quality of being formal, especially in 
matters of religion. 

Form'al-ist, n. One who is over-attentive to forms, or 
too much confined to them. 

For-rnal'i-ty , n. 1. Condition or quality of being form- 
al, express, regular, strictly ceremonious, precise, &c. 
2. Form without substance. 3. Compliance with con- 
ventional rules ; ceremony ; conventionality. 4. That 
which is formal ; the formal part ; hence, essence. 5. 
An established order ; usual and express method. 

Forni/al-ly, adv. In a formal manner ; essentially ; 
characteristically ; regularly ; ceremoniously ; precisely. 

For-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of giving form or shape to ; the 
act of giving being to. 2. Manner in which a thing is 
formed; structure; construction. 3. (Geol.) The series 
of rocks belonging to an age, period, or epoch. It may 
include many strata. 4. (Mil.) An arrangement of 
troops, as in a square, column, &c. 

Form'a-tive, a. 1. Giving form ; plastic. 2. (Gram.) 
Serving to form ; derivative ; not radical. 

Form'a-tive, n. ( Gram .) (a.) That which serves merely 
to give form, and is no part of the radical, (b.) A word 
formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a 

Form'er, n. One who, or that which, forms. [root. 

For'mer, a. compar. [A.-S. forma, m., forme, f. n., 
first, Goth, fruma.] 1. Preceding in time ; hence, an- 
cient ; long past. 2. First mentioned. 

Syii. — Prior ; previous ; anterior; antecedent; preceding; 
foregoing. 

For'mer-Iy, adv. In time past ; of old ; heretofore. 

For'mi-e, a. [From Lat. formica, an ant.] ( Chem.) Per- 
taining to ants ; as, the formic acid, an acid obtained 
originally from red ants, but now formed by artificial 
distillation. 

For'mi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. formicatio, from formicare, 
to creep like ants, to feel like the creeping of ants, from 
formica, ant.] (Med.) A sensation of the body resembling 
that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. 

For'mi-tla-ble, a. [Lat. formidabilis, from formidare, 
to fear, dread.] Exciting fear or apprehension ; adapted 
to excite fear. 

Syn. — Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; 
horrible; terrific; tremendous. 

F6r'mi-da-ble-ness, n. Quality of being formidable. 

For'mi-da-bly, adv. In a formidable manner. 

Formless, a. [From/bra*.] Shapeless ; without a de- 
terminate form ; wanting regularity of shape. 

For'mu-la, n. ; Lat. pZ. f6r'mv-lje; Eng. pi. for / - 
mu-las. [Lat. dim. of form a, form, model.] 1. A pre- 
ecribed or set form ; an established rule. 2. (Eccl ) A 
written confession of faith. 3. (Math.) A rule or prin- 
ciple expressed in algebraic language. 4. ( Med ) A pre- 
scription or recipe. 5. (Cfiem.) An expression, by means 
of symbols and letters, of the constituents of a compound. 



F6r'mu-la-ry (44), n. 1. A book containing stated and 
prescribed forms. 2. Prescribed form or model ; formula. 

For'mn-la-ry, a. [From Lat. formula.] Stated ; pre- 
scribed; ritual. 

For'mu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. formulated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. formulating.] To reduce to a formula: 
to express in a formula. 

For'mu-Iize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. formulized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. formulizing.] To reduce to a formula; 
to formulate. 

For'ni-eate, ) a. [Lat. fornicatus, from fornix, arch, 

For'ni-ea/ted, J vault.] Vaulted ; arched. 

For'ni-eate, v. i. [Lat. fornicari, fornicatum, from 
fornix, arch, vault, a brothel, situated in underground 
vaults.] To have unlawful sexual intercourse. 

For'ni-ea'tion, n. 1. The incontinence or lewdness of 
an unmarried person, male or female ; also, the criminal 
conversation of a married man with an unmarried woman. 
2. (Script.) (a.) Adultery, (b.) Incest, (c.) Idolatry. 

Fdr'ni-ea'tor, n. _One guilty of fornication. 

For'ray, or For-ray', v. t. [See Forage, v. i., 3.] To 
ravage. [ Obs.] 

For'ray, or For-ray', n. The act of ravaging ; a rav- 
aging ; a predatory excursion. See Foray. 

Forsake', v. t. [imp. forsook ; p. p. forsaken ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. FORSAKING.] [A.-S. forsacan, to oppose, 
refuse, from for and sacan, to contend, strive, defend 
one's right, Goth, saka.n.] To quit or leave entirely ; to 
depart or withdraw from. 

Syn. — To abandon ; quit ; desert ; fail j relinquish ; give 
up; renounce; reject. 

For-sak'er, n. One who forsakes or deserts. 

For-sobth', adv. [A.-S. forsodh, from for and sodh, 
sooth, truth.] In truth ; in fact ; certainly : very well ; — 
often used ironically. 

For-swear', v. t. [imp. forswore ; p. p. forsworn ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. forswearing.] [A.-S. forsiverian, from 
for and swerian, to swear.] 1. To reject or renounce 
upon oath ; hence, to renounce earnestly or with protes- 
tations. 2. To deny upon oath. 

For-swear', v. i. To swear falsely ; to commit perjury. 

For-swear'er, n. One who swears a false oath. 

For-swore', imp. of forswear. \ r. -r^^o-.™ .„ 

Forsworn',^, p. of forswear. \ See FORSWEAR. 

Fort, n. [Fr., from fort, equiv. to Lat. fortis, strong.] 
(Mil.) A fortified place ; usually, a small fortified place ; 
a fortress ; a fortification. 

Fort'al-ice, n. [L. Lat. fortalitia, fortelicia, fortaricia. 
See Fortress.] (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortifica- 
tion ; a fortilage. 

Forte, n. [It. forte, Fr. fort. See supra.] The strong 
point ; that in which one excels. 

For'te (lor 1 tV), adv. [It., from Lat. fortis, strong.] (Mus.) 
Loud; strong; powerfully. 

Forth, adv. [A.-S. fordh, from for. See FOR.] 1. For- 
ward ; onward in time or in place. 2. Out from a state 
of concealment, confinement, non-development, or the 
like. 3. Beyond the boundary of a place ; away ; 
abroad. 
From forth, forth from. See Feom. 

Forth'-com/ing, a. Beady to come forth, or appear; 
making appearance. 

Forth-witli', or Forth-with' (99), adv. Imme- 
diately ; without delay ; directly. 

For'ti-eth, a. LSee Forty.] 1. Following the thirty- 
ninth. 2. Constituting one of forty parts into which 
any thing is divided. [whole is divided. 

For'ti-eth, n. One of forty equal parts into which one 

For'ti-fi'a-ble. a. Capable of being fortified. 

For'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of fortifying. 2. That 
which fortifies ; especially, the works erected to defend a 
place against attack ; a fortified place. 
Syii. — Fortress; castle; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress. 

For'ti-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, fortifies, 
strengthens, supports, and upholds. 

F6r'ti-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fortified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FORTIFYING.] [Lat. fortificare, from fortis, strong, 
and fac.ere, to make.] 1. To add strength to ; to 
strengthen. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts, bat- 
teries, and other works of art. 

For-tls'si-tno, adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv., q. v.] 
(Mus.) Very loud ; with the utmost strength or loud- 
ness. 

For'ti-tucle (53), n. [L&t.fortitvdo, from fortis, strong.] 
Passive courage ; resolute endurance ; firmness in con- 
fronting or bearing up against danger. 



*,e,kc.,long, -a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



FORTNIGHT 



297 



FOULARD 



Syn. — Courage ; resolution ; resoluteness ; endurance ; 
bravery. 

Fort'night (fortynit), n. [Contracted from fourteen 
nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights.] The 
space of fourteen days ; two weeks. 

Fort'night-ly (-nit-), adv. Once in a fortnight. 

For'tress, n. [Fr.forteresse, from Lat. fortis, strong.] 
A fortified place ; a fort ; a stronghold ; usually, a city or 
town well fortified. 

Syn. — Fortification ; castle ; citadel. — A fortress is con- 
structed for military purposes only, aud is permanently gar- 
risoned: a fort meat ion is built to defend harbors, cities, &c; a 
castle is an antique fortress, which was ordinarily a palatial 
dwelling; a citadel is the strong hold of a fortress or city, &c. 

For-tu'i-toits, a. [Lat. fortuities, from forte, adv., by 
chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance, hazard.] Hap- 
pening by chance ; coming or occurring unexpectedly, or 
without any known cause. 
Syn. — Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. 

For-tii'i-tous-Iy, adv. In a fortuitous manner. 

For-tu/i-tous-ness, n. The quality of being fortuitous ; 
accident ; chance. 

For-tu/i-ty, n. Accident ; chance ; casualty. 

Fort'u-iiate, a. [La.t. fortunatus , p. p. of fortunare, to 
make fortunate or prosperous. See FORTUNE.] 1. Com- 
ing by good luck or favorable chance ; auspicious. 2. 
Receiving some unforeseen or unexpected good ; lucky. 

Syn. — Successful; prosperous. — A man \s fortunate when 
unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what 
he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which 
men commonly aim at. One may be fortunate in some cases 
where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if his 
plans are badly formed, he may for that reason "fail to be pros- 
perous. 

Fort'u-nate-ly, adv. In a fortunate manner ; luckily ; 
successfully ; happily. 

Fort'u-nate-ness, n. The condition or quality of being 
fortunate; good luck; success; happiness. 

Fort'une (fort'yun, 33), n. [Lat. fortuna, a protracted j 
form of fors. See FORTUITOUS.'] 1. Chance; acci- 
dent ; luck ; fortuity ; hap. 2. Appointed lot in life ; ! 
fate: destiny. 3. That which befalls one ; event; good j 
or ill success ; especially, favorable issue. 4. Estate ; 
possessions ; wealth ; especially, large estate ; great wealth, i 

Fort'une, v. i. To come casually to pass ; to happen. 

Fort'une-hunt'er, n. A man who seeks to marry a 
woman with a large portion, with a view to enrich him- 
self, [marriage. 

Fort'iine-hunt'ing, n. The seeking of a fortune by 

Fort'une-tell'er, n. One who tells or reveals the fu- 
ture events of one's life, or who pretends to do so. 

Fort'ima-telPing, n. The act or practice of telling 
or revealing tlie future fortune or events of one's life. 

Fdr'ty, a. [A.-S. feowertig, from feower, four, and the 
terohnation tig, Goth, tigjiis, from tailiun, ten, A.-S. 
tyn.] Four times ten ; thirty -nine and one added. 

Fdr'ty, n. 1. The sum of forty units. 2. A symbol 
expressing forty units, as 40 or xl. 

Fo'rum, n. : E.ng. pi. FO'RUMg ; Lat. pi. fo'ra. [Lat., 
kindred with foris, foras, out of doors.] 1. A market- 
place or public place in Rome, where causes were judi- 
cially tried, and orations delivered to the people. 2. A 
tribunal ; a court ; an assembly empowered to hear and 
decide causes. 

For'ward, ) adv. [A.-S. forweard, foreweard, from 

For'wards, ) for , fore, and -iveard, -weardes, used in 
compositioa to express situation, direction, toward, to- 
wards. See For, Fore, and Ward.] Toward a part 
or place before or in front ; onward ; in advance ; pro- 
gressively. 

For'ward, a. 1. Near or at the fore part. 2. Ready ; 
prompt ; willing ; earnest ; strongly inclined ; in an ill 
sense, over ready. 3. Ardent ; eager ; in an ill sense, less 
reserved or modest tlian is proper. 4. Advanced beyond 
the usual degree. 

For'ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p forwarded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. forwarding ] 1. To help onward; to advance ; 
to promote. 2. To send forward ; to transmit. 

Fdr'ward-er, n. 1. One who promotes, or advances in 
progress. 2. One who sends forward or transmits goods. 
[Amer.] 

F6r'ward-ly, adv. Eagerly ; hastily. 

For'ward-iiess, n. 1. Quality of being forward. 2. 
A state of advance beyond the usual degree ; precocity ; 
prematureness. 

Syn. — Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor: zeal; 
assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption. 
F6r'ward§, adv. See Forward. 



For-san'do (ford-zan'do), adv. [It. , prop. p. pr. of forzare, 
to force.] (Mus.) Sudden and forcible ; explosive; — 
usually indicated by the mark ""> over each note of the 
passage, or by the letters sf or fz placed at the begin- 
ning of the passage. [Written also sforzando.] 

Fosse, n. [Lat. fossa, from fodere,fossum, to dig.] 1. 
(Fort.) A ditch or moat. 2. (Anat.) (a.) A non-articu- 
lar depression in a bone, wider at the margin than at the 
bottom, (b.) One of variously shaped cavities in the soft 
parts. 

Fos'sil, a. [Lat. fossilis , from fodere, fossum, to dig.] 
1. Dug out of the earth. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
fossils ; petrified. 

Fos'sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. 2. 
(Paleon.) The petrified form of a plant or animal in the 
strata composing the surface of our globe. 

Fos'sil-if'er-oiis, a. [Lat. fossilis, fossil, andferre, to 
bear, produce.] (Paleon.) Containing fossil or organic 
'remains. 

F6s'sil-ist, n. One who studies the nature and proper- 
ties of fossils ; a paleontologist. 

Fos'sil-i-za'tion, n. Act or process of converting into 
a fossil or petrifaction. 

Fos'sil-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. fossilized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fossilizing.] 1. To convert into a fossil or 
petrifaction. 2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, 
or fixed, as by fossilization. 

Fos'sil-Ize, v. i. 1. To become changed into a fossil 
or petrifaction. 2. To become antiquated, rigid, or 
fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress. 

Fos'ter, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. fostered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FOSTERING.] [A.-S. fostrian, from fustor, foster, 
food, nourishment, fostre, nurse, from fed an, to feed.] 
1. To feed; to nourish ; to support ; to rear up. 2. To 
cherish ; to forward ; to promote the growth of; to en- 
courage ; to stimulate. 

Fos'ter-age, n. The charge of nursing. 

Fos'ter-bi-oth/er (-bruth / er), n. A male nursed at the 
same breast, or fed by the same nurse, but not the off- 
spring of the same parents. 

Fos'ter- child, n. A child nursed by a woman not the 
mother , or bred by a man not the father. 

Fos'ter-ex", n. One who fosters ; a nurse. 

F5s'ter-fa/ther, n. One who takes the place of a 
father in feeding and educating a child. 

Fos'ter-ling, n. A foster-child. 

F6s'ter-m6th/er (-muth'er), n. One who takes the 
place of a mother in the care of a child ; a nurse. 

Fos'ter-par'ent, n. One who rears up a child in place 
of its own parent. 

Fos'ter- sis'ter, n. One not a sister, but brought up as 
such by the same parent or parents. 

Fos'ter-son (-sun), n. One fed and educated like a son, 
though not a son by birth. [fodder. 

Foth'er, n. [0. H. Ger. fuodar. Cf. Fodder.] A 

Foth'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fothered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. fothering.] [Cf. Fodder, v. t., and Gev.futtern, 
futtern, to cover within or without, to line.] To endeavor 
to stop, as a leak in a bottom of a ship, by letting down 
a sail under her bottom, by its corners, and putting be- 
tween it and the ship's sides oakum to be sucked into the 
cracks. 

Fought (fawth imp. & p. p. of fight. See Fight. 

Foul, a. [compar. FOULER ; superl. FOULEST.] [A.-S. 
fill, sordid, Goth, fids, rotten, fetid, Icel. full, fetid, D. 
vitil, allied to Skr. puj, Lat. putere, Lith. puti, to be 
putrid.] 1. Covered with or containing extraneous 
matter which is injurious, noxious, or offensive. 2. 
Morally defiled in origin or tendency. 3. Cloudy or 
rainy ; stormy ; not clear or fair. 4. Loathsome ; hate- 
ful ; detestable. 5. Not favorable ; unpropitious ; not fair 
or advantageous. 6. Not conformed to the established 
rules and customs of a game, a conflict, test, or the like. 
7. Having freedom of motion interfered with by col- 
lision or entanglement with any thing ; entangled. 

A foul com/, a first draught, with erasures and corrections. — 
To fall foul,'to fall out; to quarrel.— To run or fall foul of, to 
come into collision with. 

Syn. — Nasty; filthy; dirty ; polluted ; defiled ; impure; 
scurrilous; abusive; obscene ; profane : abominable; shameful; 
odious; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating. 

Foul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FOULED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FOULING.] [A.-S. fylan, to defile, fuljan, to be putrid.] 

1. To make filthy ; to defile : to daub ; to dirty ; to soil. 

2. To bring into collision with something that impedes 
motion. 

Foul, v. i. To become entangled or clogged. 
Foti-lard', n. [Fr.] A thin fabric of silk or silk-cotton, 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



FOULLY 



298 



FRACTURE 



originally brought from India, used for handkerchiefs 
and ladies' dresses. 

Foul'ly (109), adv. In a foul manner ; filthily ; nastily ; 
hatefully ; shamefully ; unfairly. 

Foul'- mou tiled (-mouthd), a. Using language scur- 
rilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane ; abusive. 

Foul'ness, n. The quality of being foul ; filthiness ; de- 
filement ; pollution ; hatefulness ; unfairness. 

Foul'-spok/en (-spok/n), a. Using profane, scurrilous, 
slanderous, or obscene language. 

Ifou/mart (foumart), n. [Scot, fowmarte, Prov. Eng.- 
foulmart, 0. Eng. folmert, from A.-S.ftil, Eng./owZ, and 
marten, Fr. marte.] The pole-cat ; the fitchew. 

Found, imp. & p.p. of find. See Find. 

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FOUNDING-.] [L&t.fundare, from fundus, bottom.] 1. 
To fix upon a basis, literal or figurative ; to fix or estab- 
lish firmly. 2. To furnish the materials for beginning ; 
to begin to raise. 

Syn.— To predicate; base; ground; build; institute. 

Found, v. t. [Lat. fundere.] To form by melting a 
metal, and pouring it into a mold ; to cast. 

Foun-da'tion, n. 1. The act of founding, fixing, or 
establishing ; establishment ; settlement. 2. That upon 
which any thing is founded ; groundwork ; basis. 3. 
A donation appropriated for any purpose, especially for a 
charitable one ; an endowment. 4. An endowed insti- 
tution or charity. 

Foun-da'tion-er, n. One who derives support from the 
funds or foundation of a college or great school. \Eng.~\ 

Found'er, n. One who founds, establishes, and erects ; 
one who lays a foundation ; an author. 

Found'er, n. One who founds ; one who casts metals in 
various forms ; a caster. 

Found'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FOUNDERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FOUNDERING.] [O.Fr. fondrer, afondrer, to sink, 
plunge, overturn, break, s" 1 es fondrer , s"esfundrcr, to ad- 
' diet one's self, from fond, Lat fundus. See Found.] 1. 
(Naut.) To fill or be filled with water, and sink, as a 
ship ; hence, to fail ; to miscarry. 2. To trip ; to fall ; 
to stumble and go lame, as a horse. 

Found'er, v.t. To cause inflammation and soreness in 
the feet or limbs of, so as to disable or lame ; — said of 
a horse. 

Found'er, n. (Far.) (a.) A lameness occasioned by 
inflammation in the foot of a horse, (b.) An inflamma- 
tory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism. 

Found'er-oiis, a. Failing ; liable to sink from beneath. 

Found'er-y, n. [See Found, to cast.] 1. The art of 
founding, or casting metals. 2. The house and works 
occupied for casting metals. See Foundry. 

Found'ling, n. [From found, p. p. of find.] A child 
found without a parent or owner. 

Found'ress, n. A female founder. 

Found'ry , n. A building arranged and fitted for casting 
metals ; a foundery. 

Fount, n. (Pri?it.) A font of type. See Font. 

Fount, ) n. [L. ~Lat.fontana,from'Lsit.fons,fontis, 

Fount'ain, j fountain. See Font.] l.A spring or 
natural source of water. 2. An artificially produced jet 
or stream of water ; also the structure or works in which 
such a jet or stream rises or flows. 3. Origin; first 
cause. 

Fount'ain-head (42), n. Primary source ; original. 

Four (for), a. [A.-S. feower, Goth, fidvor, Icel. fiorir, 
fiorar,fiogur, allied to Gr. ntivpes, Oscan petur, W. ped- 
war, Lat. quatuor, Skr. tschatur, tschatwar.] One more 
than three, or one less than five ; twice two. 

Four, n. 1. The sum of four units. 2. A symbol rep- 
resenting four units, as 4 or iv. 

Four'f old, a. Four double ; quadruple ; four times told. 

Four'f old, n. Four times as much. 

Four'f dot'ed, a. Having four feet; quadruped. 

Fou'ri-er-ism (fcTo'-), n. The system of Charles Fourier, 
a Frenchman, who recommends the re-organization of 
society into small communities, living in common. 

F^u'ri-er-ite, n. One who favors Fourierism. 

Four's-eore, a. [See Score.] Four times twenty ; 
eighty. 

Four's-eore, n. Eighty units ; twenty taken four times. 

Foursquare, a. Having four sides and four equal an- 
gles; quadrangular. 

Four'teen, n. [A.-S.fedwertyne, from fedwer, four, and 
tyne, equiv. to tyn, ten.] 1. The sum of ten and four. 
2. A symbol representing this number, as 14 or xiv. 

Four'teen, a. Four and ten more ; twice seven. 

Fourteenth, a. 1. Succeeding the thirteenth and 



preceding the fifteenth. 2. Making one of fourteen parts 
into which any thing is divided. 

Four'teentli, n. 1, One of fourteen equal parts into 
which one whole is divided. 2. (Mus.) The octave of 
the seventh. 

Fourth, a. 1. Next following the third and preceding 
the fifth. 2. Forming one of four parts into which any 
thing is divided. 

Fourth, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one 
whole is divided. 2. (Mus.) The interval between any 
tone and the tone that is represented on the fourth degree 
of the staff above it. 

Fourth'ly, adv. In the fourth place. 

Fowl, n. [A.-S.fugol, fugel, Goth, fngls, Icel. fugl, al- 
lied to A.-S.fleogan, to fly, 0. H. Ger. fiiogan, so that 
it originally signifies the flying animal.] 1. A bird. 
2. A barn-door fowl ; a cock or hen. 



ggp- The word is generally used collectively when appli 
wild birds, and in the pi. when applied to domesticated birds. 



lied to 




Fowl, v. i. To catch or kill wild fowl. 

Fowl'er, n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowl, or 

takes or kills them for food. [fowl or birds. 

Fowl'ing-piece (foul'-), n. A light gun for shooting 
Fox, n. [A.-S. fox, Goth, faiihs, 

faiiho, probably allied to Icel. 

fax, hair, mane, so that it orig. 

signifies the hairy animal.] 1. 

(Zool.) An animal of the genus M 

Vulpes, remarkable for its cun- j( 

ning. 2. A sly, cunning fellow. 

3. (Naut.) A small strand of rope, made by twisting 

several rope-yarns together. 
Fox, v . t. [imp. & p. p. FOXED (fCkst) ; p. pr, & vb. n. 

FOXING.] [See supra and cf. Icel. fox, imposture.] To 

cover the feet of boots with new front upper leather. 
Fox, v. i. To turn sour; — said of beer, &c, when it 

sours in fermenting. 
Fox'-chase, n. The pursuit of a fox with hounds. 
Foxed (fokst), a. Discolored or stained ; — said of timber, 

and also of the paper in printed books. [hair falls off. 

Fox'-e'vtl (-e'vl), n. A kind of disease in which the 
Fox'-glove, n. (Bot.) A handsome biennial plant whose 

leaves are used as a powerful medicine ; — probably so 

called from the fancied resemblance of the flower to the 

fingers of a glove. [ing foxes. 

Fox'-hound, n. A superior variety of hound for chas- 
Fox'-hunt, n. The chase or hunting of a fox. 
Fox'-Mnt'er, n. One who hunts foxes with hounds. 
Fox'-hiint'ing, n. The employment of hunting foxes. 
Fox'tail, n. (Bot.) A species of grass. 
Fox'-trap, n. A trap or snare to catch foxes. 
Fox'y, a. 1. Pertaining to foxes ; fox-like ; wily. 2. 

Having the color of a fox ; of a yellowish or reddisb-brown 

color. 3. Sour; not properly fermented; — said also 

of grapes which, even when ripe, are sour. 
Fra'-eas, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fracaso, It. fracasso, from It. 

fracassare, from fra, among, and cassare, to break, annul.} 

An uproar ; a noisy quarrel ; a disturbance. 
Fra-e'tion, n. [Jj&t.fractio, from frangere, fractum, to 

break.] 1. A portion : a fragment. 2. (Arith. or Alg.) 

A division or aliquot part of a unit or whole number. 

Common or vulgar fraction, a fraction in which the number 
of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided 
is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, writ- 
ten below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the 
number of these parts included in the fraction; as ^, one half. f, 
two fifths. — Decimal fraction, afraction in which the denomina- 
tor is a unit or 1 with ciphers annexed, in which case it is com- 
monly expressed by writing the numerator only with a point 
before it, by which it is separated from whole numbers; thus, .5 
which denotes five tenths, y^ ; .25, that is, ^^ . 

Fra-e'tion-al, a. Pertaining to fractions ; constituting 

Frae'tion-a-ry, a. Fractional. [afraction. 

Frae'tioiis (frSk'shus), a. [Prob. formed from fract 

(obs.), to break. Cf. also Prov. Eng./racZ,-, forward, eager, 

a,nd.fi-eak, fricandean, fridge.] Apt to break out into* 

passion ; apt to fret. 

Syn. — Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; pettish. 

Fra-e.'tious-ly, adv. Passionately ; snappishly. 

Frae'tious-ness, n. A cross or snappish temper. 

Fra-et'ure (frakf/yur, 53), n. [Lat. fractura, from fran- 
gere, fractum, to break.] 1. Act of breaking or snap- 
ping asunder ; rupture ; breach. 2. ( Surg. ) The break- 
ing of a bone. 3. (Mn.) The appearance of a freshly- 
broken surface, by which its texture is displayed. 

Compound fracture, a fracture in which there is an open 



ajej&c.^ong/ajej&c.js/io^/care^ar^s^all.what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do,W9lf, 



FRACTURE 



299 



FRAUGHT 



wound from the surface down to the fracture. — Simple frac- 
ture, a fracture in which the bone only is divided. 

Fraet'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fractured ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fracturing.] To cause a fracture or fractures 
in ; to break ; to crack. 

Frag'Ile, a. [Lat. fragilis, from /ranger e, fractum, to 
break.] Easily broken or destroyed ; liable to fail. 
Syn. —Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible. 

Fra-gil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being fragile ; 
brittleness ; frailty. 

Frag'ment, n. [Lat. fragmentum, from frangere, frac- 
tion, to break.] A part broken off; a small, detached 
portion. 

Frag'ment-a-ry (44), a. 1. Composed of fragments ; 
broken up; not complete or entire. 2. (Geol.) Com- 
posed of the fragments of other rocks. 

Fra'grance, \n. Quality of being fragrant ; sweetness 

Fra/gran-cy, j of smell; grateful odor or perfume. 

Fra/grant, a. [L&t.fragrans, p. pr. of fragrare, to emit 
a smell or fragrance.] Sweet of smell ; having an agreea- 
ble perfume. 

Syn. — Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweet-scent- 
ed; redolent; ambrosial; Dalrny; spicy; aromatic, 

Fra/grant -ly, adv. With sweet scent. 

Frail, a. [compar. FRAILER; superl. FRAILEST.] [0. 
Fr. fraile, N. Fr. frele, It. fraile , frale , contracted from 
fragile. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; 
liable to fail and perish ; not tenacious of life ; weak ; in- 
firm. 2. Of infirm virtue ; weak in resolution. 

Frail, n. [Norm. ~Fr. fraile, basket, L. Lat. fraellum.] 1. 
A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs 
and raisins. 2. The quantity of raisins — about 70 
pounds — usually contained in such a basket. 3. A rush 
for weaving baskets. 

Frail 'ness, n. Condition or quality of being frail ; frailty. 

Frail'ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being frail; 
weakness of resolution ; liableness to be deceived. 2. 
A fault proceeding from weakness. 

Syn. — Frailness; infirmity; imperfection; failing; foible. 

Frame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. framed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRAMING.] [A.-S. fremman, to frame, fremming, a 
framing; Icel. frama, to frame, shape.] 1. (Carp.) To 
construct ; to adjust and put together ; to fabricate ; to 
make. 2. To originate ; to devise ; in a bad sense, to 
invent or fabricate, as something false. 3. To regulate ; 
to shape ; to conform. 4. To provide with a frame, as 
a picture. 

Frame, n. 1. Any thing composed of parts fitted and 
united together ; a fabric ; a structure. 2. Any kind 
of case or structure for admitting, inclosing, or support- 
ing things, as that which contains a window, door, pic- 
ture, or looking-glass. 3. A sort of loom. 4, The 
bodily structure ; make or build of a person ; the skel- 
eton. 5. Form ; constitution ; system. 6. Regulated 
or adapted condition; also, particular state, as of the 
mind ; humor. 

Fram'er, n. One who frames ; a maker. 

Frame'-work (-wfirk), n. That which supports or in- 
closes any thing else ; a frame ; a framing. 

Franc, n. [Fr. Franc, Eng. Frank, name of a Germanic 
people on the Rhine, that afterward founded the French 
monarchy.] A silver coin, originally of France, equal to 
about nineteen cents, or ten pence. 

Fran'chige (-chiz), n. [Fr., from franc, franche, free.] 
X. (Law.) A particular privilege conferred by grant 
from a sovereign or a government, and vested in indi- 
viduals. 2. The district to which a particular privi- 
lege extends ; hence, an asylum or sanctuary. 

Fran'chige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. franchised ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FRANCHISING.] To make free. 

Fran'chige-ment, n. Release; deliverance; freedom. 

Fran-£ls'ean, a. (Rom. Cath.) Belonging to the order 
of St. Francis. 

Fran-cls'ean, n. (Rom. Cath.) A monk of the order 
of St. Francis, founded in 1209. They are called also 
Gray Friars and Fridrs Minor. 

Fran-e'o-Hn, n. [Cf. Franklin.] ( Ornith.) A species 
of partridge, characterized by having strong spurs, in- 
habiting both Europe and Asia. 

Fran'gi-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being frangible. 

Fran'gi-ble, a. [From Lat. frangere, to break.] Capa- 
ble of being broken ; brittle ; fragile. 

Fran'c/i-pane, n. [Supposed to be called so from the 
inventor, the Marquis Frangipani, major-general under 
Louis XIV.] 1. A species of pastry, containing cream 
and almonds. 2. A perfume of jasmine. 



Fran'gi-pan'ni, n. [Another mode of spelling frangi- 
pane. See supra.] A perfume derived from, or imitat- 
ing, the odor of a flower produced by a West India tree. 

Frank, a. [compar. FRANKER; superl. FRANKEST.] 
[Fr. franc, Sp. & It. franco, Ger. frank, Lat. Francus, a 
Frank, A.-S. Francan, pi., Icel. Frackar, pi., Frackr, 8., 
which seems as if derived from a Goth, word fraggs, Icel. 
frackr, equiv. to Goth, freis, Icel. fri, free. Cf. Free.] 
Free in uttering real sentiments : not reserved. 

Syn. —Ingenuous ; candid ; artless ; plain ; open ; unre- 
served; undisguised; sincere. 

Frank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. franked (frankt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FRANKING.] 1. To send by public conveyance 
free of expense. 2. To exempt from charge for postage. 

Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] A letter free of postage, or 
of charge for sending by mail ; also, that which makes a 
'letter free, as the signature of a person possessing the 
privilege. 

Frank, n. [See Franc] 1. One of the German tribes 
inhabiting Franconia, who in the 5th century conquered 
Gaul and established the kingdom of France. 2. An 
inhabitant of Western Europe ; a European ; — a term 
used in the East. 3. A franc. 

Frank' al-moigne' ( -mom'), n. [Eng./ranc, and Norm. 
Fr. almoigne, almoignes, alms, q. v.] (Eng. Law.) A 
tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given 
to them and their successors forever, usually on condi- 
tion of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs. 

Frank-in'cense, or Frank'in-cense, n. A dry res- 
inous substance, produced by various trees, and used as 

Frank'ly, adv. In a frank manner. [a perfume. 

Syn. — Openly ; ingenuously ; plainly ; unreservedly ; tin- 
disguisedly ; sincerely ; candidly ; artlessly ; freely ; readily ; 
unhesitatingly ; liberally ; willingly. 

Frank'ness, n. The quality of being frank ; candor ; 
openness ; ingenuousness ; fairness ; liberality. 

Frank'pledge, n. (O. Eng. Laio.) (a.) A member of 
an ancient tithing, being a pledge for the good conduct 
of the others, for the preservation of the public peace- 
(b.) The tithing itself. 

Fran'tie, a. ['Forfrentic, phrentic, contracted from fre- 
netic, phrenetic, q. v. Cf. Frenzy.] 1. Mad ; raving; 
furious; outrageous. 2. Characterized by violence, fury, 
and disorder ; noisy ; wild. 

Fran'ti-e-ly, adv. Madly ; distractedly ; outrageously. 

Fran/ti-e-ness, n. Madness ; distraction. 

Frap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frapped (frapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FRAPPING.] [Fr. frapper, to strike, to seize ropes, 
from Icel. hrappa, to scold.] (Naut.) To undergird. 

Fra-ter'nal, a. [~L.~L&t.fraternalis, for La,t.fraternus, 
from / rater, brother.] Pertaining to brethren ; becoming 
brothers ; brotherly. 

Fra-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a fraternal manner. 

Fra-ter'ni-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being fraternal; 
brotherhood. 2. A body of men associated for their 
common intei-est, business, or pleasure ; a brotherhood. 

Fra'ter-ni-za'tion, n. The act of fraternizing. 

Fra'ter-nize, or Fra-ter'nize, v.i. [imp. & p.p. 
fraternized; p. pr. & vb. n. fraternizing.] To 
associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like 
occupation or character. [cide. 

Frat'ri-ci'dal, a. Pertaining to, or involving, fratri- 

Frat/ri-c icle, n . [Lat. fratricidium , a brother's murder, 
fratricida, a brother's murderer, from frater, brother, 
and c&dere, to cut down, kill.] 1. The crime of murder- 
ing a brother. 2. One who kills a brother. 

Fraud, n. [Ln.t.fraus, fraud is.] 1. Deception deliber- 
ately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful and 
unfair advantage. 2. A fraudulent procedure ; a deceptive 
trick. 

Syn.— Deception ; deceit ; guile ; subtlety ; craft ; wile ; 
sham ; strife ; circumvention ; stratagem ; trick ; imposition ; 
cheat. 

Fraud'ful, a. Full of fraud; treacherous; trickish. 

Fraud'ful-ly, adv. Inafraudful manner ; treacherously. 

Fraud'u-lence, ) n. Quality of being fraudulent ; de- 

Fraud'u-len-cy, J ceitfulness ; trickishness. 

Fraud'u-lent, a. [Lat. fraudulentus , from fans, fraud.] 
1" Using fraud in making contracts. 2. Containing, 
founded on, or proceeding from, fraud. 3. Obtained oi 
performed by artifice. 

Syn. —Deceitful; fraudful ; guileful; crafty; trickish; 
wily ; cunning; subtle ; deceiving ; cheating ; deceptive ; in- 
sidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair; knavish. 

Fraud'u-lent-ly, adv. In a fraudulent manner. 
Fraught (frawt), a. 1. Freighted; laden. 2. Filled; 
stored. 






food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link; this. 






FRAY 



300 



FREQUENTATION 



Fray, n. [Abbrev. from affray, q. v.] 1. Affray ; broil; 
contest ; combat. 2. [See infra, FRAY, v. t. to rub.] A 
fret or chafe in cloth. 

Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRAYED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRAYING.] [See supra.'] To frighten ; to terrify. 

Fray, v. t. [0. ¥r.frayer,froyer, Lat. fricare, to rub.] 
To rub ; to wear off, by rubbing ; to fret, as cloth. 

Fray, v. i. 1. To rub. 2. To wear out easily by rub- 
bing ; to ravel. 

Freak, n. [A.-S.frec, fric,frac, bold, greedy, Icel.frekr, 
Goth, frilcs; Icel. frtlca, to increase, quicken.] A sud- 
den, causeless change or turn of the mind. 
Syn. — Whim ; fancy ; caprice ; folly ; sport. 

Freak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. freaked (freekt) ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. FREAKING.] [0. Prov. ~Eng.freken,frecken, freckle, 
spot, N. H. Ger. flecken, fleck, spot, blot, stain, 0. H. 
Ger. flecco.] To variegate ; to checker. 

Freak'ish, a. Apt to change the mind suddenly ; whim- 
sical; capricious. 

Freak'ish-ly, adv. In a freakish manner ; capriciously. 

Freak'ish-iiess, n. The quality of being freakish ; ca- 
priciousness ; whimsicalness. 

Freck'Ie (frek'l), n. [Dim. from the same root as to 
freak, q. v.] 1. A spot of a yellowish color in the skin. 
2. Any small discoloration. 

Freck'Ie (frek'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. freckled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. FRECKLING.] To color with freckles or 
small discolored spots ; to spot. 

Freek'le, v. i. To become covered with freckles. 

Freck'ly. a. Full of freckles ; sprinkled with spots. 

Free, a. [compar. FREER; superl. freest.] [A.-S./n, 
fria, freo, freoh,frig, Icel. & 0. H. Ger.frl, Goth, fries, 
'allied to Slir. prija, beloved, dear, from pri, to love, Goth. 
frijon, to love.] 1. Not under restraint, control, or com- 
pulsion ; at liberty. 2. Not under an arbitrary or despotic 
government ; enjoying political liberty. 3. Liberated, 
by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, 
guardian, or master. 4. Released from arrest ; liberated. 
5. Capable of voluntary activity ; endowed with moral 
liberty. 6. Clear of offense or crime. 7. Unconstrained 
by timidity or distrust. 8. Unrestrained ; immoderate. 
9. Not close or parsimonious ; liberal. 10. Not united 
or combined with any thing else; at liberty to escape. 
llo Exempt; clear; released. 12. Invested with a 
particular freedom or franchise. 13. Characteristic of 
one acting without outward restraint. 14. To be en- 
joyed without limitations ; not obstructed, engrossed, or 
appropriated. 15. Not gained by importunity or pur- 
chase. 16. Not arbitrary or despotic ; assuring liberty. 
Free agency, power of choosing or acting freely.— Free port, 
(Com.) (a.) A port where ships of all nations may load and 
unload free of duty, provided the goods are not carried into 
the adjoining country, (b.) A port where goods of all kinds 
are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty.— 
Free wind (ifaut.), a fair wind. 

Syn.— Guiltless; innocent: unreserved; ingenuous; frank; 
familiar ; lavish ; licentious ; separated ; dissevered ; unat- 
tached ; genteel ; charming ; easy ; open. 

Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. freed ; p. pr. & vb. n. free- 
ing.] 1. To make free ; to set at liberty ; to release ; to 
disengage ; to clear. 2. To keep free ; to exempt. 3. To 
relieve from the constraint of. 

Free'fodbt'er, n. [Gev.freibeuter. See BOOTY.] One 
who wanders about for plunder ; a robber ; a pillager. 

Free'-horn, a. Born free ; inheriting liberty. 

Freed/man, n. ; pi. freed'men. A man who has 
been a slave, and is manumitted or freed. 

FL'ee'dom, n. [A.-S.freodGm.] 1. State of being free ; 
exemption from the power and control of another. 2. 
Particular privileges. 3. Improper familiarity. 

Syn. — Liberty; independence; frankness; openness; sep- 
aration ; liberality ; franchise ; immunity ; license. 

Free'-heart'ed, a. Open ; frank ; liberal ; generous. 

Free'hold, n. ( Law.) An estate in real property, of in- 
heritance or for life, or the tenure by which it is held. 

Free'hold-er , n. ( Law.) One who owns a freehold. 

Free'-liv'er, n. One who gratifies his appetite without 
stint - [appetite. 

Free'-liv'ing, n. Full or unstinted gratification of the 

Free'ly, adv. In a free manner ; without restraint, con- 
straint, or compulsion. 

Syn. — Independently ; voluntarily ; spontaneously ; wil- 
lingly ; readily ; liberally ; generously : bounteously ; munifi- 
cently ; bountifully ; abundantly ; largely ; copiously ; plen- 
tifully ; plentcously. J * 

Free'man, n. ; pi. free'me n. 1. One who enjoys lib- 
erty ; one not a slave or vassal. 2. One who enjoys or 
is entitled to a peculiar privilege. 



Free'-mar'tin, n. A cow-calf twin-born with a bull- 
calf. It generally proves to be barren. 

Free'ma'son (-ma'sn), n. One of an ancient and secret 
association , said to have been at first composed of masons, 
but now of persons united for social enjoyment and mu- 
tual assistance. 

Free'ma'son-ry (-nm/sn-ry), n. The institutions or the 
practices of freemasons. 

Free'ner.s, n. The state or quality of being free ; free- 
dom ; liberty ; openness ; liberality ; gratuitousness. 

Free'-soiFer, n. One who holds to the non-extension 
of slavery ; an abolitionist. [Amer.] 

Free'etone, n. A stone composed of sand or grit ; — so 
called because it is easily cut or wrought. 

Free'thlnk-er, n. One who discards revelation ; an 
unbeliever ; infidel ; sceptic. 

Free'think-ing, a. Exhibiting undue boldness of 
speculation ; skeptical. 

Free'-war'ren, n. (Eng. Law.) A royal franchise or 
exclusive' right of killing beasts and fowls of warren 
within certain limits. 

Free-will', n. The power of choosing or willing with- 
out the restraints of natural or physical necessity. 

Free'- will, a. Spontaneous ; voluntary. 

Freeze, v. i. [imp. froze ; p.p. frozen; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FREEZING.] [A. -S. freosan,frysan, Icel. friosa, 
Goth, frius, cold, frost.] 1. To become congealed by 
cold ; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. 2. To 
become chilled with cold, or as with cold. 

Freeze, v. t. 1. To congeal ; to harden into ice. 2. To 
cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat ; to 
chill. [gealed. [Colloq.] 

Freeze, n. Act of congealing, or state of being con- 

Freez'ing-point, n. That degree of a thermometer at 
which a fluid begins to freeze ; — applied particularly to 
water, whose freezing-point is at 32° of Fahrenheit's 
thermometer. 

Freight (frat), n. 1. That with which any thing is 
fraught ; lading ; cargo. 2. That which is paid for the 
transportation of merchandise. 

Freight (frat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FREIGHTED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FREIGHTING.] 1. To load with goods, as a 
ship, or vehicle of any kind. 2. To load or burden. 

Freight'age (frat'ej, 45), n. 1. Charge for transporta- 
tion. 2. Freight ; cargo ; lading. 

Freight'er (frat'er), n. 1. One who loads a ship. 2. 
One whose business it is to receive and forward freight. 
3. One for whom freight is transported. [ants. 

French, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to France or its inhabit- 
FrencJi leave, an informal departure. 

French, n. The language spoken by the people of 
France ; collectively, the people of France. 

French'-her'ry n. (Bot.) The berry of a species of 
buckthorn, which affords a green or purple pigment. 

French'-chalk (-chawk), n. (Min.) A variety of talc, 
of a pearly-white or grayish color. It is much used for 
drawing lines on cloth. 

French'-horn, n. A wind-in- 
strument of music. 

French'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
FRENCHIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRENCHIFYING.] [From Eng. 
French, and Lat. facere, to make.] 
To make French ; to Gallicize. 

French'man, n. ; pi. FRENCH'- French-horn. 

men. {Geog.) A native or naturalized inhabitant of 
France. 

French '-roof, n. A kind of roof 
with curved sides, and flat, or nearly 
so, at the top ; a mansard roof. 

French '- white, n. Pulverized talc. 

Fre-net'ic, ) a. See Frantic' 

Fi'R-net'ie-al, I and Phrenetic. 

Fren'zy, n. [Fr.frenesie, Lat. phren- 
esis,phrenitis, Gr. <f>pevlTi<; (sc. vocros), 
<^p-qv, mind.] Any violent agitation 
of the mind approaching to distraction. 

Syn. — Insanity ; lunacy; madness; rage ; derangement; 
alienation; aberration; delirium. 

Fre'quen-cy, n. Condition of returning frequently; 
occurrence often repeated. 

Fre'quent, a. [L&t.frequens.] 1. Happening at short 
intervals. 2. Given to any course of conduct. 

Frequent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. frequented ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. FREQUENTING.] [Lat. frequentare.] To visit 
often ; to resort to habitually. 

Fre'qnen-ta'tion, n. The habit of frequenting. 





French roof. 



a,e,&,c.,long; &,e,&,c.,sfiort; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf, 



FREQUENTATIVE 



301 



FRIGHTFULLY 



Fre-quent'a-tive, a. ( Gram.) Serving to express the 
frequent repetition of an action. 

Fre-quent'a-tive, n. ( Gram.) A verb which expresses 
the frequent repetition of an action. 

Fre-quent'er, n. One who frequents. 

Fre'quent-ly, adv. At frequent or short intervals ; 
many times ; often ; commonly. 

Fres'eo, n. [It., from fresco, fresh. See infra.] 1. 
Coolness ; shade. 2. A method of painting on walls on 
a freshly laid stucco-ground of lime or gypsum. 

Fres'-eo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frescoed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRESCOING.] To paint in fresco, as walLs. 

Fresh, a. [compar. fresher ; superl. freshest.] 
[A-S. fersc, 0. H. Ger. frisc, Icel. friskr.] 1. Possessed 
of original life and vigor ; new and strong. 2. Lately 
produced, gathered, or prepared for market ; recently 
mado or obtained. 3. In a raw, green, cr untried state. 

4. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action or 
exertion ; hence, tending to renew in vigor ; cool ; brisk. 

5. Not salt, as water or meat. 

Fresh way (Naut.), the increased velocity of a vessel. 

Syn. — Sound; unimpaired; recent; green; new; rare \ un- 
faded; ruddy; florid; sweet; good; inexperienced; unpracticed; 
unused; lively; vigorous; strong. 

Fresh, n. 1. A pool or spring of fresh water. 2. An 
immdation ; a freshet. 3. The mingling of fresh water 
with salt water in rivers or bays. 

Fresh/en (fresh'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. freshened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. FRESHENING.] 1. To make fresh; to 
take saltness from any thing. 2. (Naut.) To relieve, as 
by change of place, or by renewing the material used to 
prevent chafing. 

Fresh'en, v. i. 1. To grow fresh ; to lose saltness. 2. 
To grow brisk or strong. 

Fresh'et, n. A flood or overflowing of a river by means 
of heavy rains or melted snow. [Amer.] 

Fresh/force, n. (Law.) Force done within forty days. 

Fresh'ly, adv. In a fresh manner ; newly. 

Fresh'man, n.; pi. fresh'men. A novice ; especially, 
a student during his first year's residence at a college or 
university. 

Fresh'ness, n. State of being fresh ; newness; perfect- 
ness ; vigor ; briskness. 

Fresh'- wa'ter, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, water not 
salt. 2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only, or in 
tho coasting trade ; hence, unskilled ; raw. 

Fret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fretted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRETTING.] [Prov. Fr. fretter, Fr. frotter, from Lat. 
fricare, frictum, to rub, A.-S.fretan, to eat, to gnaw, 0. 
H. Ger. frezzan, frezan, N. H. Ger. fressen, from ver- 
essen, i. e., to eat up, Goth, fritan, fra-itan.] 1. To 
wear away by friction ; hence, to eat away ; to corrode ; 
to chafe. 2. To impair. 3. To variegate ; to diversify. 
4. To make rough; to agitate, or disturb. 5. To tease; to 
irritate; to vex ; to make angry. 6. [A.-S.fratu, orna- 
ment, frdtvjan, to adorn, Goth, fratvjan.] To ornament 
with raised work. 

Fret, v. i. 1. To be worn away ; to be corroded ; to chafe. 
2. To be agitated. 3. To be vexed ; to be irritated ; to 
utter peevish expressions. 

Fret, n. 1. Agitation of the surface of a fluid by fer- 
mentation or other cause. 2. Agitation of mind ; irri- 
tation. 3. (Arch.) Small fillets intersecting each other 
at right angles. 4. (Her.) A bearing composed of bars 
crossed and interlaced. 5. (Mus.) A short piece of wire 
fixed on the finger-board of a guitar, or a similar instru- 
ment, to indicate where tbe finger is to be placed in play- 
ing. 6. Herpes; tetter. 7. pi. (Mining.) The worn 
sides of river banks, where ores, or stones containing 
them, accumulate. [music. 

Fret, v . t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of 

Fret'f ill, a. Disposed to fret ; ill-humored. 

Syn. — Peevish ; cross. — Peevish marks the inward ppirit, 
and fretful the outward act, while both imply a complaining 
impatience. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation 
or anger. 

Fret'f ul-ly, adv. In a fretful manner; peevishly. 

Fret'ful-ness, n. State of being fretful ; peevishness. 

Fret'ty, a. Adorned with fretwork. 

Fret'work (-wQrk), n. Work adorned with frets. 

Frl'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being friab.e ; friableness. 

Frl'a-ble, a. [Lat. friabilis, from friare, to rub, break, 
or crumble into small pieces.] Easily crumbled or pul- 
verized, [friability. 

Fri'a-tole-ness, n. State or quality of being friable; 

Frl'ar, n. [From Fr. frcre, from Lat. frater, brother.] 
1. (Ro?n. Cath. Church.) A brother or member of any 



religious order. 2. (Print.) A white patch on a page 
caused by a deficiency of ink on the type. 

Fri'a-ry, n. [0. Fr. frerie, frairie, from frcre. See 
Friar.] 1. A monastery ; a convent of friars. 2. 
Monkery. 

Frifo'fole,a. [Fr. frivole, Lat. frivolus. See FRIVOLOUS.] 
Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. [fop. 

Frifo'ble, n. A frivolous fellow ; a coxcomb ; a beau or 

Fri-e'as-see', n. [Fr. fricassee, from fricasser, to fry, to 
fricassee, L. Lat. fricare, for frictare, equivalent to Lat. 
frigere, frictum, to roast, fry.] A dish made of fowls or 
small animals cut into pieces, and stewed or fried. 

Fri-e^as-see', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fricasseed: p. pr. & 
vb. n. FRICASSEEING.] To make a fricassee of. 

Frle'a-tlve, a. [From Lat. fricatio, from fricare, to 
rub.] ( Pron.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the 
breath , intonated or unintonated, through a narrow open- 
ing between two of the mouth-organs. 

Frle'tion, n. [Lat. frictio , from, fricare , frictum, to rub.] 
1. Act of rubbing the surface of one body against that 
of another ; attrition; abrasion. 2. (Mccli.) The effect 
of rubbing, or the resistance which a moving body meets 
with from the surface on which it moves. 

FrI-e'tion-al, a. Relating to friction ; moved by fric- 
tion ; produced by friction. 

Fri'clay, n. [A.-S. frigeddg, from Frig, Icel. Frigg, 0. 
H. Ger. Fria, the goddess of marriage (equivalent to Lat. 
Juno), the wife of Odin or Wodan, and A.-S. dag, day.] 
The sixth day of the week. 

Fried, imp. & p. p. of fry. See Fry. 

Friend, n. [Goth, frijdnds, friend, prop. p. pr. of frijOn, 
frton, to love.] 1. One who is attached to another by 
sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection ; a well- 
wisher ; an intimate associate. 2. One not a foe or ene- 
my ; one whose friendly feelings may be assumed. 3. 
A favorer ; a promoter. 4. One of the religious sect 
usually called Quakers. 

A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in 
a place of special opportunity or influence. 

Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. friended ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
friending.] To act as the friend of; to favor. 

Friend'less, a. Destitute of friends ; forlorn. 

Friend'li-ness, n. Condition or quality of being friendly ; 
a disposition to favor or befriend ; good-will. 

Friend'ly, a. 1. Having the temper and disposition of 
a friend. 2. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; 
befitting friends. 3. Not hostile. 4. Promoting the 
good of any person or persons. 

Syn.— -Amicable; kind; conciliatory; propitious ; favorable. 

Friendship, n. 1. An attachment to a pei-son, pro- 
ceeding from intimate acquaintance, or from a favorable 
opinion of the estimable qualities of his mind. 2. A 
friendly relation or intimacy. 3. Friendly aid, office, or 
kindness. 

Frieze, n. [Fr.frise, orig. a woolen cloth from Friesland 
(Fr. & 0. Eng. Frise).] 1. A kind cf coarse woolen cloth 
with a nap on one side. 2. (Arch.) That part of the 
entablature of a column which is between the architrave 
and cornice. 

Frieze, v. t. To make a nap on, as on cloth. 

Frig'ate, n. [Probably contracted from Lat. fabricata, 
something constructed or buiit. See Fabricate.] 
(Naut.) A ship of war, of a size larger than a corvette 
or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the line. 

Frig'ate-hlrd, n. ( Ornith.) A large and rapacious trop- 
ical sea-fowl with very long wings, allied to the pelican. 

Fright (frit), n. [A.-S. fyrhtu,fyrhto, £ear,forht, timid.] 
A passion excited by the sudden appearance of danger ; 
sudden and violent fear. 

Syn.— Alarm; terror; consternation; fear. 

Fright (frit), v. t. [imp. frighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRIGHTING.] To alarm suddenly with danger ; to shock 
suddenly with the approach of evil. 

Syn. — To affright; terrify; scare; dismay; daunt; intimi- 
date; frighten. 

Fright'en (frlt/n), v. t. [imp. FRIGHTENED; p.pr. & 
vb. n. FRIGHTENING.] To disturb with fear ; to fright. 

Fright'ful (frit'-), a. 1. Full of fright or terror; 
alarmed. ' 2. Exciting alarm ; impressing terror. 

Syn. — Terrible ; dreadful ; alarming ; fearful ; terrific* 
awful horrid; horrible; shocking.— Frightful; dreadful; awful. 
— These words nil express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden 
emotion; in dreadftd, it is deeper and more prolonged : in aw- 
ful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which sub- 
dues us before the presence of some invisible power. An ac- 
cident may be frightful; the approach of death is dreadful to 
most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awjul. 

Fright'f ul-ly (frit'-), adv. In a frightful manner. 



food, fo'bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



FRIGHTFULNESS 



302 



FRONTIER 



Fright'ful-ness (frit'-), n. Quality of being frightful. 

Frig'id (frig'id), a. [Lat. frigidus, from frigere, to be 
cold.] 1. Cold ; of low temperature. 2. Wanting 
warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, and the like. 3. 
Impotent. 

Frigid zone (Geog.), that part of the earth which lies between 
each polar circle and the pole. It extends about 23° 28' from 
each pole. 

Fri-gid'i-ty , n. 1. Condition or quality of being frigid ; 
coldness. 2. Want of warmth, ardor, vivacity, virility, 
or the like. 

Frig'id-ly, adv. Coldly ; dully ; without affection. 

Frig'id-ness, n. State of being frigid ; coldness. 

Frig'o-rif'ie, ) a. [Lat. frigorijicus, from frigus, 

Frig'o-rif 'i-e-al, j frigoris, cold, and facere, to make.] 
Causing cold ; producing or generating cold. 

Frill, n. [Cf. Frill, v. t.] 1. A ruffle. 2. The ruffl- 
ing of a hawk's feathers when shivering with cold. 

Frill, v. t. To provide or decorate with frills. 

Frill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. frilled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRILLING.] [0. Fr. friller, from Lat. frigidulus, some- 
what cold, dim. of frigidus, cold.] To shake or shiver 
as with cold. 

Fringe (fnnj), n. [Fr. /range, from Lat. fimbria, fiber, 
thread, fringe.] 1. A kind of trimming consisting of 
loose threads. 2. Something resembling fringe ; a bor- 
der ; a confine. 

Fringe, v. t. [imp. St p. p. fringed ; p-pr. & vb, n. 
FRINGING.] To adorn or border with fringe. 

Frip'per-y, n. [Fr. friperie, from /riper, to rumble, 
fumble; allied to Icel. hripa, to act hastily.] 1. Old 
clothes ; cast dresses ; hence, second-hand finery ; use- 
less matter. 2. A place where old clothes are sold. 3. 
The trade or traffic in old clothes. 

Friseiir (fre'zur'), n. [Fr., from /riser, to curl, frizzle, 
/raiser, to plait.] A hair-dresser. 

Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FRISKED (friskt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FRISKING.] [0. H. Ger. /rise, Icel. friskr. See 
Fresh.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in frolic and 
gayety. 

Frisk, n. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gayety. 

Frisk'er, n. One who frisks ; a wanton. 

Frisk'et, n. [So named from the velocity or frequency 
of its motion. See Frisk.] {Print.) The light frame 
which keeps the sheet of paper in its place upon the 
tympan, and raises it from the form when printed. 

Frisk'i-ness, n. State or quality of being frisky. 

Frisk'y, a. Jumping with gayety ; frolicsome ; gay. 

Frit, n. [From Lat. frigere , frictum, or frixinn , to roast, 
fry.] (Glass-making.) The material of which glass is 
made, after it has been baked in a furnace, but before 
fusion. 

Frit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fritted ; p. pr. & vb. n. FRIT- 
TING.] To prepare by exposing to heat, as the materials 
for the manufacture of glass. 

Frith, n. [Scot, firth, Dan. & Norw. fiord, Sw. /j'drd, 
Eng. also /ret.] 1. A narrow arm of the sea ; an estu- 
ary. 2. A kind of weir for catching fish. 

Frit'ter, n. [From Lat. frigere, /rictum, to fry.] 1. A 
small pancake of fried batter ; also, a small piece of meat 
fried. 2. A fragment ; a shred ; a small piece. 

Frit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRITTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. FRITTERING.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces 
for frying. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. 
To fritter away, to diminish ; also, to spend in trifling em- 
ployment. 

Fri-vol'i-ty, n. The condition or quality of being frivo- 
lous ; also, acts or habits of trifling ; unbecoming levity 
of disposition. 

Friv'o-lous, a. [Lat. frivolus.] 1. Of little weight, 
worth, or importance. 2. Given to trifling, or unbe- 
coming levity. 

Syn. — Trifling; trivial; slight; unimportant; petty. 

Friv'o-lous-ness, n. Quality of being frivolous. 

Friz, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRIZZED; p. pr. & vb, n. 
FRIZZING.] [Fr. f riser, to curl, crisp. See Friseur, 
Frieze.] [Written also frizz.] 1. To curl or form 
into small curls, as hair ; to crisp. 2. To form into little 
burs, or knobs, as the nap of cloth. [curled. 

Friz, n. That which is frizzed ; any thing crisped or 

Friz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FRIZZLING.] [Dim. of friz, q. v.] To curl or crisp, as 
hair ; to friz. 

Friz'zler, n. One who frizzles. 

Fro, adv. [A.-S. fra, abbreviated from /ram, Icel. frtt. 
See FROM.] From ; away ; back or backward, as in the 
phrase to and/ro. 



r 



FrSck, n. [Fr. froc, a monk's cowl, coat, garment, L. 
Lat. froccus, fioccus, from Lat. fioccus, a flock of wool ; 
hence, originally, a flocky cloth or garment.] An outer 
garment ; especially, a loose, coarse garment worn by 
men OTer their other clothes ; or a kind of gown, open 
behind, worn by women and children. 

Frock'-eoat, n. A body-coat for ordinary wear, with 
broad skirts, cut like a surtout, but shorter and fighter. 

Frog, n. [A.-S. frogga, /rose.] 1. (Zool.) A well-known 
amphibious animal, with four feet, a naked body, and 
without a tail. 2. ( Far. ) A tender, horny substance in the 
middle of a horse's foot, dividing into two branches, and 
running toward the heel in the form of a fork. 3. An 
oblong cloak-button, swelled in the 
middle. 4. (Railways.) A trian- 
gular crossing plate for the wheels 
where one track branches off from TIT^ 
another or crosses it at an angle 
greater or less than a right angle. Railway Frog. 
[Amer.] 

Frog'-hop'per, n. (Entom.) A small insect, living on 
plants, and remarkable for its powers of leaping. 

Frol'ie, a. [0. II. Ger. frolih, frau-alVi, N. H. Ger. 
frohlich, joyful, from 0. H. Ger. fro, frao, N. H. Ger, 
froh, 0. S&x.fr&h, glad.] Full of levity ; full of pranks ; 
gay ; merry. 

Frol'ie, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of gayety and 
mirth. 2. A scene of gayety and mirth ; a merry- 
making. 

Frol'ie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. frolicked (froPikt); p. 
pr. & vb. n. frolicking.] To play wild pranks ; to play 
tricks of levity, mirth, and gajety ; to sport. 

Frol'ie-some, a. Full of gayety and mirth ; sportive. 

Frol'ie-some-ness, n. Quality of being frolicsome. 

From, prep. [A.-S. /ram, from, 0. Sax., Fries., 0. H. 
Ger., Goth., & Sw. /ram, Icel. framm.] Out of the 
neighborhood of ; lessening or losing proximity to ; leav- 
ing behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; — used 
whenever departure, setting out, commencement of ac- 
tion, being, state, occurrence, and the like, or procedure, 
emanation, absence, separation, and the like, are to be 
expressed. 

Frond, n. [Lat. frons, frondis, a heavy branch, leaves, 
foliage.] (Hot.) The organ formed by the combination 
or union into one body of stalks and leaves in certain 
plants, as the ferns. 

Fron-da'tion, n. The act of stripping, as trees, of 
leaves or branches. 

Fron-des'cence, n. [Lat. frondescens, p. pr. of fron- 
descere, inchoatiTe form of frondere, to have or put forth 
leaves, from yrorcs.] (Bot.) (a.) The time at which each 
species of plants unfolds its leaves, (b.) The act of burst- 
ing into leaf. 

Fron-dif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. frondi/er, from frons, leaf, 
amd/erre, to bear.] Producing fronds. 

Fron-dose', a. [Lat. frondosus.] (Bot.) (a.) Frond- 
bearing ; resembling a frond, (b.) Leafy. 

Frond'oiis, a. [See Frond.] (Bot.) Producing leaves 
and flowers in one organ. 

Front (frunt), n. [Lat. frons, frontis.] 1. The forehead 
or brow; sometimes, also, the whole face. 2. The fore- 
head, or countenance, as expressive of character, temper, 
or disposition ; especially, of boldness of disposition ; 
sometimes, of impudence. 3. The part of any thing 
which seems to look out, or to be directed forward ; the 
fore part. 4. Position directly before the face of a per- 
son, or foremost part of a thing. 5. A front-piece of 
hair worn by ladies. 

Front (frunt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRONTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FRONTING.] 1. To oppose face to face ; to meet. 
2. To stand opposed or opposite, or over against. 3. To 
adorn in front. 

Front (frunt), v. i. 1. To stand foremost. 2. To have 
the face or front toward any point of compass. 

Front (frQnt), a. Of, or relating to, the forward part ; 
having a position in front ; foremost. [lot. 

Front'age (frunt'-), n. The front part of an edifice or 

Front'al, a. Belonging to the forehead or front part. 

Front'al, n. [Lat. frontale, an ornament for the fore- 
head, frontlet. See FRONT.] 1. A front piece; some- 
thing worn on the forehead or face. 2. (Arch.) (a.) A 
little pediment over a small door or window, (b.) (Eccl. 
Arch.) A hanging or ornamental panel in front of an 
altar. 

Front'ier (front'eer), n. [From Lat. frons, forehead, 
front. See FRONT.] That part of a country which 
fronts or faces another country ; the marches ; the 
border. 



a ,e, &c, long; a, 6, &<s.,shcrt; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, xvoli, 



FEONTIER 



303 



FRUTICOUS 



Front'ier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part ; border- 
ing ; conterminous, 2. Acquired on a frontier. 

Front'is-piece, n. [L. Lat. frontispicium, that which 
is seen in front, from Lat. J/ons and spicere, specere, to 
look at.] That which presents itself to the front view ; 
as, (a.) {Arch.) The principal face of a building, (b.) An 
ornamental figure or engraving fronting the first page of 
a book. 

Front'less (frunt'les), a. Shameless ; impudent. 

Front'let, n. [Eng. front and the dim. termination let.] 
A frontal or brow-band ; hence, a frosvning brow. 

Frost (21), n. [A.-S. forst, frost, from freosan, fry san, to 
freeze. See Freeze.] 1." The act of freezing; congela- 
tion of fluids. 2. Severe cold or freezing weather. 3. 
Frozen dew ; — called also hoar-frost or white-frost. 

Black frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause 
it to turn black, without the formation of white or hoar frost. 

FrSst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frosted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FROSTING.] To cover with any thing resembling hoar- 
frost, as cake with powdered white sugar. 

Fr5st'-bite, n. The freezing of some part of the body 
by exposure to intense cold. [frost. 

Frost'-Mt'ten (-bit'tn), p. a. Nipped or affected by 

Frost'- fish, n. (Ichth.) A small fish, also called tom- 
cod. It is abundant on the coasts of the United States 
soon after frost commences. 

Frost'i-ly, adv. 1. With frost or excessive cold. 2. 
Without warmth of affection. 

Frost'i-ness, n. State or quality of being frosty. 

Frost'ing, n. The composition, resembling hoar-frost, 
used to cover cake, &c. 

Frost'y, a. 1. Attended with, or producing, frost. 2. 
Containing frost. 3. Without warmth of affection. 4. 
Appearing as if covered with hoar-frost ; white ; gray- 
haired. 

Froth (21), n. [Icel. frodha, fraudh, fraudhr ; A.-S. 
freodhan, to rub, to froth. Cf. L. Gav.frathem, fradem. 
fraam, steam, vapor.] 1. A collection of bubbles in 
liquors; spume; foam. 2. Any empty, senseless show 
of wit or eloquence. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. 

Froth., v.t. 1. To cause to foam. 2. To cover with froth. 

FrSth, v. i. [imp. & p. p. frothed (frotht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FROTHING.] To throw up foam. 

Froth 'i-ly, adv. In a frothy manner ; with foam. 

Froth'y, a. [compar. frothier ; superl. FROTHIEST.] 
1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth ; spum- 
ous; foamy. 2. Not firm or solid; soft. 3. Vain; 
empty ; unsubstantial. 

Frounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FROUNCED (frounst) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. FROUNCING.] [Fr. froncer, to wrinkle, to 
contract the brow, as if from a Latin vror&frontiare, from 
frons, forehead.] To curl or frizzle about the face, as the 
hair. 

Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl. 2. A mass 
of pimples in the palate of a horse ; also, a similar affec- 
tion in hawks. 

Frou'zy, a. [Prov. Eng. frouzy, frovr&rd., -peevish, f rouse, 
to rumple, frouze, to curl, contracted from frounce, q. 
v.] Fetid ; musty ; rank ; dim ; cloudy. 

Fro'ward, a. [A.-S. framweard , averse, perverse.] Not 
willing to yield or comply with what is required or is 
reasonable. 

Syn. — Perverse; untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungov- 
ernable; refractory; disobedient; petulant; cross; peevish. 

Fro'ward-ly, adv. In a froward manner. [ward. 

Fro'ward-ness, n. Condition or quality of being fro- 
Frow'ey, a. ( Carp.) Working smoothly, or without 

tearing and splitting ; — said of wood or timber. 
Frown, v. i. [imp. & p. p. frowned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

FROWNING.] [Fv.frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, 

to knit the brow, to frown.] 1. To contract the brow; 

to scowl ; to put on a stern, grim, or surly look. 2. To 

look on with disfavor ; to look threatening ; to lower. 
Frown, v. t. To rebuke with a look. 
Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the brow in displeasure, 

rebuke, sternness, &c. ; a scowl. 2. Any expression of 

displeasure. 
Frow'y, a. [Contracted from frowzy, frouzy^ q. v.] 

Musty ; rancid ; rank ; ill-scented. 
Frow'zy, a. The same as FROUZY. 
Froz'en (froz'n), p. a. Subject to frost, or to long and 

severe frost ; chilly. 
Frue-tes'cence, n. [Fr. fructescence, from Lat. fructus, 

fruit. See Fruit.] (Bot.) The time when the fruit of 

a plant arrives at maturity. 
Frue-tifer-oiis, a. [Lat. fructifer, from fructus, fruit, 

and ferre, to bear.] Bearing or producing fruit. 



Frue'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. fructifcatio.] 1. Act 
of forming or producing fruit ; act of fructifying. 2. 
(Bot.) (a.) Those parts of a plant, taken collectively, 
which compose the flower and fruit, (b.) The process 
by whichjhese parts develop so as to produce the fruit. 

Friie'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fructified ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. FRUCTIFYING.] [Lat. fructificare, from fructus, 
fruit, and facere, to make.] To make fruitful; to ren- 
der productive. 

Frue'ti-fy r ^. i. To bear fruit. 

Fry/gal, a. [Lat. frugalis, from frugi, fit for food, use- 
ful, proper, temperate.] Economical in the use or appro- 
priation of resources ; sparing ; saving. 

Fru-gal'i-ty, n. Quality of being frugal ; prudent econ- 
omy ; good husbandry or housewifery. [ment. 

Fru/gal-ly, adv. With economy ; with good manage- 

Frii-glf 'er-ous, a. [Lat. frugifer, from fruz, frugis, 
fruit of the earth, and ferre, to bear.] Producing fruit ; 
fruitful. 

Fruit (frut), n. [Lat. fructus, enjoyment, product, fruit, 
from frui, fructus, to enjoy.] 1. Whatever is to be en- 
joyed, partaken of, or made use of ; product ; result. 2. 
That part of plants which contains the seed ; especially, 
the juicy, pulpy products of certain plants. 3. The 
produce of animals ; offspring ; young. 

Fruit'age (frut'ej, 45), n. Fruit collectively ; fruitery. 

Friiit'er-er n. One who deals in fruit ; a seller of fruits. 

Friiit'er-y (frjit'er-y), n. 1. Fruit collectively taken; 
fruitage. 2. A repository for fruit. 

Fruit'ful, a. Full of fruit; producing fruit abundantly ; 
richly productive. 

Syn. — Fertile ; prolific; productive; fecund; plentiful; 
rich; abundant; plenteous. 

Fruit'ful-ly, adv. Plenteously ; abundantly. 

Friiit'ful-ness, n. State or quality of being fruitful ; 
exuberant abundance ; productiveness. 

Fru-I'tion (frn-ish / un), n- [0. Fr. fruition, from Lat. 
fr'ici, fruitus, to use or enjoy.] Pleasure derived from pos- 
session or use ; gratification ; enjoyment. 

Frnit'less, a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit. 2. 
Productive of no advantage or good effect. 

Syn. — Useless ; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; 
vain; iile; profitless. 

Fruit/less-ly, adv. In a fruitless manner ; idly ; vainly. 

Friiit'less-ness, ». The quality of being fruitless. 

Friiit'-tree, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit. 

Friiit'y, a. Reserabling fruit, or the taste of fruit. 

Frii'men-ta/ceous, a. [Lat. frumentaceus, from fru- 
mentum, corn or grain, contracted from frugimentum, 
from fruz, frugis, fruit.] Made of, or resembling, wheat 
or other grain. 

Fru'men-ty, n. [Also furmenty and frumety ; from 
Lat. frumentum. See supra.} Food made of wheat boiled 
in milk, and seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, &c. 

Friish, v. t. [Fr.froisser, to bruise.] To bruise or dash 
violently to pieces. 

Friish, a. Broken or crushed. 

Friish, n. [Cf. Ger. frosch. frog, and a carney or larnpas 
of horses. See Frog.] 1. (Far.) A tender substance 
in the middle of the sole of a horse ; the frog. 2. A dis- 
charge of a fetid matter from the frog of a horse's foot ; — 
also called thrush. 

Friis'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frustrated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. FRUSTRATING.] [Lat. frustrare, frustrari, 
frustratum, from frustra , in vain.] 1. To bring to noth- 
ing ; to prevent from attaining a purpose. 2. To make 
null or of no effect. 

Syn.— To baffle; defeat; disappoint; balk; nullify. 

Friis'trate, a. Vain ; ineffectual ; useless ; null ; void. 

Frus-tra'tion, n. The act of frustrating ; disappoint- 
ment ; defeat. 

Friist'u-lent, a. [From Lat. frustum, a fragment,] 
Abounding in fragments. 

Frus'tum ,n.;pl.FR &s' TA , 
or FRUs'TUMg. [Lat. piece, 
bit.] (Geom.) The part of 
a solid next the base , formed 
bv cutting off tha top. Mir"1 

Fru-tes'cent, a. [From M||jifii ! ] 
Lat. frutez. shrub, bush.] 
(Bot.) Becoming shrubby, 
or having the appearance of Frustums, 

a shrub. 

Fru'ti-eose', \a [Lat. fruticosus, from frutex, shrub, 

Frii'ti-eous, ) bush.] (Bot.) Pertaining to shrubs, 
shrubby ; shrub-like. 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this. 



FRY 



304 



FUMIGATION 



Fry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fried ; p. pr. & vb. n. fry- 
ing.] [Fr. frire, Lat. frigere.] To dress with fat by 
heating or roasting in a pan over a fire. 

Fry, v. i. To be heated and agitated, as meat in a frying- 
pan ; hence, to ferment, to fof.ni, or to dissolve with heat. 

Fry, n. [0. Fr. fraye, M. Fr. frai, spawning, spawn of 
fishes, fry or little fish.] 1. A swarm or crowd, espe- 
cially of little fishes ; a large number. 2. [See Fry, v.] 
A dish of any thing fried. 

Fry'ing-pan, n. A pan with a long handle, used for 
frying meat and vegetables. 

Fu'-eate, ) a. [Lat. fucatus, p. p. of fucare, to color, 

Fu'-ea-ted, J paint, from fucus, q. v.] Painted ; dis- 
guised with paint, or with false show. 

Fuch'si-a (m'shl-a. or fdbk'sl-a), n. (Bot.) A genus of 
beautiful flowering plants, named in honor of Leonard 
Fuchs, a German botanist. 

FuAeoid, n. [Lat. fucus, q. v., and Gr. elSos, form.] 
(Paleon.) Fossil sea-weed. 

Fu ooid, I a _ Pertaining to, or resembling, sea-weed. 

Fu'^us, n.; pi. FU'pi. [Lat., rock -lichen, orchil, used 
as a red dye, and as a rouge for the cheeks, disguise.] 1. 
A paint ; dye ; hence, false show. 2. (Bot.) A genus of 
sea- weeds of a tough, leathery kind ; sea-wrack, and other 
species. 

Fiid'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FUDDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fuddling.] [Perhaps a kind of diminutive of full.] To 
make foolish or disordered by drink. 

Fiid'dle, v. i. To drink to excess. 

Fud'dler, n. A drunkard. 

Fudge, n. A made-up story ; stuff; nonsense ; — an ex- 
clamation of contempt. 

Fu'el, n. [Norm Fr. fuayl, fouoyle, foualle, Low Lat. 
focale, fr. Lat. focus, hearth, fire-place, in Low Lat. fire.] 
1. Any combustible matter, as wood, coal, peat, &c. 2. 
Any thing that serves to feed flame, heat, or excitement. 

Fu-ga/cioiis, a. [Lat. fugax, from fugere, to flee.] Fly- 
ing, or disposed to fly ; volatile. 

Fu-ga'-eioiis-iiess, n. The quality of being fugacious ; 
volatility ; fugacity. 

Fu-gac'i-ty, n. 1. The quality of being fugacious ; vol- 
atility. 2. Uncertainty ; instability. 

Fu/gi-tive, a. [Lat. fugitivus, from fugere, to flee.] 1. 
Apt to flee away ; liable to disappear. 2. Easily blown 
away or absorbed. 3. Flying or escaping from duty, ser- 
vice, danger, and the like. . 

Syn.— Fleeting; unstable; wanderinf; eloping; uncertain; 
volatile; evanescent. 

Fu'gi-tive, n. 1. One who flees from his station or duty ; 
a deserter ; one who flees from danger or from punish- 
ment. 2. One hard to be caught or detained. 

Fu'gi-tive-ly, adv. In a fugitive manner. 

Fu'gi-tive-ness, n. 1. Volatility ; fugacity. 2. In- 
stability ; unsteadiness. 

Fu'gle-man, n.; pi. fu'gle-men. [Ger. flugelmann, 
a file-leader, from flvgel, wing.] {Mil.) One who stands 
in front of soldiers at drill, as an example or model to 
them ; hence, a file-leader ; a director. [Written also 
flugelman.] 

Fugue (fug), n. [Fr., from Lat. fuga, flight.] (Mus.) 
A musical composition in contrapuntal style, in which a 
subject is proposed by one part, and then responded to 
by the others, according to certain rules. 

Fulcrum, n. ; Lat. pi. FiiL'- ■ 

CRA ; Eng. pi. FtJL'CRUMg. [Lat. TX /\ 

bed-post, from fulcire, to prop.] m, F 

1. A prop or support. 2. (Mech.) %& 
The point about which a lever 
turns in lifting or moving a body. 

Ful-f HI', v. t. [imp. & p. p. FULFILLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. fulfilling.] [A tautological compound of full and 
fill.] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up : to make full 
or complete. 2. To accomplish or carry into effect ; to 
bring to pass ; to effectuate. 

Ful-f Hl'ment, n. 1. Accomplishment ; completion. 

2. Execution ; performance. 
Ful'^en-cy, n. Brightness ; splendor ; glitter. 
Ful'gent, a. [Lat. fulgens, fulgcntis, p. pr. of fulgere, 

to flash, glitter, shine.] Exquisitely bright; shining; 
dazzling ; effulgent. 

Ful'gu-rite, n. [Lat. fidguritum, fulgurite, to strike 
with lightning, fulgur, lightning.] A vitrified sand-tube, 
supposed to have been produced by lightning. 

Ful'ham, n. [Because they were, as has been conjec- 
tured, chiefly made at Fulham, in Middlesex, Enpr.l A 
false die. (Cant.) 



Z 



F. Fulcrum. 



Fu-lig'i-nous, a. [Lat. fuliginosus , from fuligo, soot.] 
1. Pertaining to soot ; sooty ; dark ; dusky. 2. Per- 
taining to smoke ; smoky. 

Full, a. [compar. FULLER ; svperl. FULLEST.] [A.-S. 
full, Icel. fullr, Goth, fulls. Cf. Fill.] 1. Filled up; 
replete ; having within it all that it can contain ; not 
empty or vacant. 2. Abundantly furnished or provided ; 
sufficient; copious; ample. 3. Not wanting in any es- 
sential quality ; complete ; perfect. 

Full moon, the moon with its whole disk illuminated, as 
when opposite to the sun; also, the time when the moon is 
full. 

Full, n. Complete measure ; utmost extent. 
Full of the moon, the time of full moon. 

Full, adv. Quite; completely; exactly; entirely. 

Full, v. i. To become fully or wholly illuminated. 

Full, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FULL- 
ING.] [A.-S.fullian, to make full or perfect, to whiten 
as a fuller, fullere , fullo , a bleacher, L. Lat. fullare , to 
thicken cloth, folare, to smooth, bleach; Lat. fullo s 
fuller, cloth-fuller.] To cleanse, scour, and thicken in a 
mill, as cloth ; to mill. 

Full, v. i. To become fulled or thickened. 

FuJl'er, n. One whose occupation is to full cloth. 

Full'er'g- earth, n. A variety of clay. It is useful in 
scouring and cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the grease and 
oil used in preparing wool. [of cloth is carried on. 

Full'er-y, n. The place or the works where the fulling 

Full'ilig-mill, n. A mill for fulling cloth. 

Full'ness, n. The state of being full or filled ; repletion ; 
entireness ; completeness ; abundance ; sufficiency ; ade- 
quateness ; affluence ; perfection. 

Fully, adv. In a full manner or degree ; without lack 
o'r defect. 

Syn. — Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifully; abun- 
dantly; plenteously ; copiously; largely; amply ; sufficiently; 
clearly; distinctly; perfectly. 

Fixl'mi-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fulminated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. FULMINATING.] [Lat. fulminate, fulmina- 
tum, to lighten, from fulmen , thunderbolt, for fulgimen, 
from fulgere, to shine.] 1. To thunder ; hence, to make 
a loud, sudden noise ; to detonate ; to explode. 2. To 
issue denunciation or censure ; to thunder forth menaces. 

Fulminating powder {Cliem.), a detonating compound of sul- 
phur, carbonate of potash, and niter. 

Ful'mi-nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. 2. To ut- 
ter or send out, as a denunciation or censure. 

Ful'mi-nate, n. (Chem.) A compound of fulminic 
acid with a base, which detonates or explodes by percus- 
sion, friction, or heat. 

FuFmi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of fulminating ; detona- 
tion. 2. That which is fulminated ; menace or censure. 

Ful'mi-na-to-ry, a. Thundering ; striking terror. 

Ful-mm'i-e, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or capable of, 
detonation. 

Ful'some, a. [A.-S.fixl, foul, q. v., and the termination 
some.] Offending or disgusting by over-fullness, excess, 
or grossness. 

Ful'some-ness, n. The quality of being fulsome; 
nauseousness ; offensive grossness. 

Ful'vid, ) a. [L. Lat. fulvidus, from Lat. fulvus.] 

Ful'votis, ) Tawny ; dull yellow, with a mixture of 
gray and brown. 

Fum'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FUMBLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
FUMBLING.] [Prov. ~Eng.fmble, to fumble, to do im- 
perfectly,©. Eng. fam bles, hands, L. Gzr.fummeln,fom- 
meln, to touch, grope.] 1. To feel or grope about. 2. 
To seek awkwardly. 3. To handle much ; to turn over 
and over. [tumble together. 

Fumlble, v. t. To manage awkwardly ; to crowd or 

Fiim'bler, n. One who fumbles ; an awkward person. 

Fume, n. [L&t.fumus.] 1. Vapor from combustion, or 
exhalation ; smoke ; reek. 2. Any thing unsubstantial, 
or airy ; idle conceit. 

Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FUMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
FUMING.] 1. To smoke ; to throw off vapor, or exhala- 
tions. 2. To pass off in vapors. 3. To be in a rage. 

Fume, v. t, 1. To smoke; to dry in smoke. 2. To 
disperse or throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor. 

Fu'mi-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fumigated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. FUMIGATING.] [Lat. fumigate , fumigatum , from 
fumus, smoke.] 1. To apply smoke to ; to expose to 
smoke or gas, as in cleansing infected apartments, cloth- 
ing, &c. 2. To perfume. 

Fu'mi-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of fumigating. 2. Vapor; 
scent raised by fire. 



a,e, &c,j long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, w^lf, 



FUM1TER 



305 



FURTIVE 



Fu'mi-ter, \n. [L&t.fumare, to smoke, fumus, smoke, 

Fu'mi-to-ry, ) N. Lat. fumaria officinalis, fumus ter- 
rx.] (Bot.) A plant of several species, having a rank, 
disagreeable smell. 

Fum'oiis, ) a. [Lat. fumosus, from fumus, smoke.] Pro- 

Ftim'y, ) ducing fume ; full of vapor ; vaporous. 

Fun, n. [Cf. A.-S. fean, joys, fed, gefed, joy, gladness.] 
Sport ; merriment ; frolicsome amusement. 

Fu-nam'bu-la-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. funambulus, from 
funis, rope, and amhu'lare, to walk.] 1. Performing like a 
rope-dancer. 2. Narrow, like the walk of a rope-dancer. 

Fu-nam'hu-list, n. A rope-walker or dancer. 

Fune'tion (i'unk'shun), n. [Lat. functw, from fungi, 
functus, to perform, execute.] 1. Act of executing ; per- 
formance. 2. Peculiar or appointed action ; natural or 
assigned action. 3. {Math.) A quantity so connected 
with another quantity, that, if any alteration be made in 
the latter, there will be a consequent alteration in the 
former. The dependent quantity is said to be a function 
of the other. 

Fune'tion-al, a. Pertaining to functions ; required by, 
or involved in, the appropriate action. [of a function. 

Fune'tion-a-ry, n. One charged with the performance 

Fund, n. [Lat. fundus, bottom, ground, foundation.] 1. 
A stock or capital ; an invested sum whose income is de- 
voted to a specific object. 2. A store laid up, from 
which one may draw at pleasure ; a supply. 3. pi. The 
stock of a national debt ; public securities. 

Sinking fund, a sum of money set apart, usually at fixed in- 
tervals, for the redemption of the debts of government or of a 
corporation. 

Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. funded; p.pr. & vb. n. 
funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or 
permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of. 
2. To place in a fund, as money. 

Fund'a-fole, a. Capable of being funded. 

Fun'da-ment, n. [Lat. fundamentum , from fundare, 
to lay the bottom, to found, fvom fundus, bottom.] The 
seat ; the lower part of the body , on which one sits ; the 
buttocks ; also, the orifice of the intestines ; the anus. 

Fun'da-ment'al, a. Pertaining to the foundation or 
basis ; hence, essential, as an element, principle, or law ; 
elementary. 

Fu'ner-al, n. [See infra.] 1. The ceremony of bury- 
ing a dead human body ; obsequies ; burial. 2. The 
procession of persons attending the burial of the dead. 

Fu'ner-al, a. [L. Lat. funeral is, from funics, funeral.] 
Pertaiuing to burial ; used at the interment of the dead. 

Fu-ne're-al (89), a. [Lat. funereus, from funus, fu- 
neral.] Suiting a funeral ; hence, dismal. 

Fun-gos'i-ty , n. The quality of that which is fungous ; 
fungous excrescence. 

Fun'gous, a. [Lat. fungosus. See infra.] 1. Like 
fungus, or a mushroom ; excrescent. 2. Growing sud- 
denly, but not substantial or ^lurable. 

Fiin'gus, n. ; Lat. pi. fun'gT; Eng. pi. fun'gus-es,. 
[Lat. fungus, mushroom.] 1. (Bot.) A large natural 
order of plants, comprehending mushrooms, toadstools, 
the microscopic plants which form mold, mildew, smut, 
&c. The word is also applied to excrescences on plants. 
2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in 
animal bodies ; proud-flesh. 

Fu'ni-ele, n. (Bot.) [Lat. funiculus, dim. of funis, 
cord, rope.] A small cord, or ligature ; a fiber. 

Fu-nle'u-lar, a. 1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. 
2. Dependent on the tension of a cord. 

Funk, n. [0. Eng funke, a little fire, Prov. Eng. /im&, 
touch-wood. Cf. Ger. funke, spark, Goth, funa, fon, 
fire, Icel.funi, spark, Juki, rottenness, ftina, to become 
rotten.] An offensive smell ; a stink ; a stench. [Low.] 

Funk, n. Great fear and shrinking back. 

Funk, v. i. 1. To emit an offensive smell ; to stink. 
2. To be in great fear, and shrink back. 

Ftin'nel, n. [Prob. from Lat. infundibulum, funnel, from 
infundere, to pour in.] 1. A kind of inverted hollow 
cone with a pipe ; a tunnel. 2. A stove-pipe. 

Fiin'ny, a. [compar. funnier ; superl. FUNNIEST.] 
[From fun, q. v.] Droll ; comical ; sportive. 

Fur, n. [L. Lat. furra, a hairy skin, Fr. fourrure, fur, 
from Qoth.fodr, scabbard, orig. made of skin, Icel. fddr, 
lining.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals. 
2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur ; pel- 
try. 3. Any coating considered as resembling fur, as a 
coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in per- 
sons affected with fever. 

Fur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furred ; p. pr. & vb. n. FUR- 
RING.] 1. To line, face, or cover with Tur. 2. To cover 
with morbid matter, as the tongue. 3. (Arch.) To nail 



small strips of board upon, in order to make a level sur- 
face for lathing. 

Fur'toe-low, n. [Prov. Fr.farbala, Sp. & Bisc. far f aid, 
Fr., It., Sp., & Vg.falbald, Gev.falbeL] A flounce ; the 
plaited border of a petticoat or gown. 

Fur'foe-low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furbelowed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. furbelowing.] To put a furbelow on. 

Fur'toish, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. FURBISHED (iur'bisht) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. furbishing.] [From 0. H. Ger./ urban, 
to clean.] To rub or scour to brightness ; to polish. 

Fur'bish-er, n. One who furbishes or cleans. 

Fur'-eate, ) a. [From Lat. furca, fork.] Forked; 

Fur'-ea-ted, j branching like the prongs of a fork. 

Fur-ea'tion, n. A branching like the tines of a fork. 

Fur'fu-ra'ceous, a. [Lat. furfuraceus, from furfur, 
bran, scurf.] Made of bran ; like bran :, scurfy. 

Fu'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. furiosus, from furia, rage, fury.] 1, 
Transported with passion. 2. Rushing with impetuosity; 
moving with violence. 

Syn. — Impetuous ; vehement ; boisterous ; raging ; fierce; 
violent; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied. 

Fu'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a furious manner ; violently. 

Fu'ri-oiis-ness, n. The state of being furious ; violent 
agitation ; impetuous motion ; madness. 

Furl, v. t. [imp. & p.p. FURLED ; p. pr.&c vb. n. FURL- 
ING.] Contr. from furdle, a corruption of fardel, to 
make up in bundles, fardel, a bundle.] To wrap or roll, 
as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast. 

Fur'long, n. [A.-S. furlang, prop, the length of a fur- 
row, from fur,furh, furrow, and lang, long.] The eighth 
part of a mile. 

Fur'lough (ifir'lo), n. [Dan. forlov, Sw. forlof, D. ver- 
lof, Ger. verlaub, urlaub. See LEAVE.] (Mil.) Leave 
of absence ; especially, leave given to an officer or soldier 
to be absent from service for a certain time. 

Fur'lough. (iPuyio), v. t. [imp. & p. p. furloughed ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. furloughing.] (Mil.) To grant leave 
of absence, as to an officer or soldier. 

Fur'nace (45), n. [Lat. furnax.] An inclosed place 
where a hot fire is maintained, as for melting ores, for 
warming a house, for baking bread, or for other useful 
purposes. 

Fur'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furnished (iur'nisht) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. furnishing.] [From 0. H. Gev.frum- 
gan, to do, act, send.] 1. To supply with any thing 
necessary or useful ; to provide ; to equip. 2. To offer 
for use ; to afford. 3. To fit up ; to supply with the 
proper goods, vessels, or ornamental appendages. 

Fur'nish-er, n. One who supplies, fits out, or fits up. 

Fur'ni-ture (53) n. 1. That which furnishes, or with 
which any thing is furnished or supplied. 2. Whatever 
must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make 
it habitable, convenient, or agreeable ; chattels ; mova- 
bles ; effects ; also, the necessary appendages to any thing, 
as to a machine, a carriage, a horse, &c. 

Fur'ri-er, n. A dealer in furs. 

Fur'ri-er-y, n. 1. Furs in general. 2. The business 
of a furrier ; trade in furs. 

Fur'ring, n. ( Carp.) (a.) The nailing on of thin strips 
of board in order to level or raise a surface for lathing, 
boarding, &c. (b.) The strips thus laid on. 

Fur'row, n. [A.-S. fur h, fyrh, fur.] 1. A trench in 
the earth made by a plow. 2. Any trench, channel, or 
groove ; a wrinkle on the face. 

Fur'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FURROWED ; p.pr. 8c vb. 
n. furrowing.] 1. To cut a furrow in ; to plow. 2. 
To mark with channels or with wrinkles. 

Fur'ry, a. 1. Covered with fur ; dressed in fur. 2. 
Consisting of fur. 

Fur'ther, a. compar. [positive wanting; superl. fur- 
thest.] [See Farther.] 1. More remote ; more in 
advance : farther. 2. Additional. 

Fur'tiier, adv. To a greater distance ; moreover. 

Fur'tner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furthered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. furthering.] [A.-S. fyrdherian. See Far- 
ther.] To help forward ; to promote ; to advance ; to 
forward ; to assist. 

Fur'fcher-ance, n. Act of furthering ; advancement. 

Fur'tiier-er, n. One who furthers ; a promoter. 

Fur'tner-more, adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in 
addition to what has been said. 

Fur'ther-most, a. Most remote ; furthest. 

Fiir'tnest, a. superl. Most remote ; farthest. See 
Further, a. 

Fur'tnest, adv. At the greatest distance. 

Fur'tlve, a. [Lat. furtivus, from furtum, theft, from 
fur, thief.] Stolen ; obtained or characterized by stealth ; 
sly ; secret ; stealthy. 






food, fcfot : urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link 



this- 



FURUNCLE 



306 



GABION 



Fu'run-e-le (fu'runk-1), n. [Lat. furunculus, a petty- 
thief, a burning sore, boil, dim. of fur, thief.] (Med.) 
A superficial, inflammatory tumor ; a boil. 

Fii'ry (89), n. [Lat. furia, from furere, to rage.] 1. 
Violent passion ; over -mastering agitation or enthusiasm. 
2. Violent anger; extreme wrath. 3. (Myth.) A god- 
dess of vengeance ; hence, a stormy, turbulent, violent 
woman; a virago; a termagant. 

Syii. — Anger; indignation; resentment; wrath; ire; rage; 
vehemence; violence; fierceness; turbulence; madness; frenzy. 

Furze, n. [A.-S.fyrs, perh. from W.ferdd, thick, dense, 
firm, strong.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub with 
beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains 
and hills of Great Britain ; — called also gorse , and whin. 

Fus'eoiis, a. [Lat, fuscus.] Of a dark color ; brown or 
grayish-black. 

Fuse, v. t. [imp &p. p. fused ; p. pr. Scvb.n. FUSING.] 
[Lat. fundere, fusum, to pour, melt, cast.] To liquefy 
by heat ; to dissolve ; to melt. 

Fuge, v. i. To be melted ; to melt. 

Fiige, n. A tube filled with combustible matter, used in 
blasting, or in discharging a shell, &c. 

Fu-gee', n. [Fr. fusee, a spindleful, squib, rocket, fusee ; 
from L&t.fusus, spindle.] The conical wheel of a watch 
or clock, designed to equalize the power of the main- 
spring. 

Fu-gee', n. [See FUSE and Fusil.] 1. A small, fight 
musket; a fusil. 2. A fuse. 3. The track of a buck. 

Fu'sel, n. [Ger. fusel, bad liquor.] ( Chem .) A kind of 
alcohol, having a nauseous odor and poisonous properties. 

Fu/gi-bil'i-ty , n. The quality of being fusible. 

Fu'gi-ble, a. [Lat. fundere, fusum, to pour, to melt.] 
Capable of being melted or liquefied. 

Fu/si-form, a. [L&t.fusus, spindle, and. forma, shape.] 
(Bot.) Shaped like a spindle ; tapering at each end. 

Fu/gil, n. [From Lat. focus, hearth, fire-place, L. Lat. 
fire.] 1. Alight musket or firelock. 2. [See Fusee.] 
(Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal or spindle-shaped 
figure. 

Fu'gil-lade', n. (Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of 
fire-arms in a military exercise. 

Fii'gil-lade', v. t. [imp. fusilladed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fusillading.] To shoot down by a simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 

Fu/gil-eer', ) n. [Fr. fusilier, from fusil. See supra.] 

Fu'gil-ier', j (Mil.) Formerly, a soldier armed with a 
fusil ; but, in modern times, an infantry soldier distin- 
guished by wearing a bear-skin cap like that of a grena- 
dier. 

Fii'gion (fu'zhun), n. [Lat. fusio, from, fund ere, fusum, 
to pour, melt.] 1. Act or operation of melting, without 
the aid of a solvent. 2. State of being melted. 3. 
Union or blending together of things into oneness, as if 
melted together. 

Fuss, n. [A.-S. fits, ready, quick.] A tumult ; a bustle ; 
annoying ado. 

Fuss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fussed (102) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
fussing.] To make a bustle or ado. 

Fusi/y, a. [compar. fussier ; superl. fussiest.] Mak- 



ing a fuss : disposed to make an unnecessary ado about 

trifles. 
Fust,«. [Cf. Foist and 0. Fr. fust, N. Fr. fut, cask, 

taste or smell of the cask, fustiness.] A strong, musty 

smell ; mustiness. 
Fiis'tet, n. [Fr. fustet, L. Lat. fustetus, from Lat./ws- 

tis, stick, staff, L. Lat. tree.] The wood of a shrub of 

Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color. 
Fus'tian (fusVyan, 66, 97), n. [L. ~La,t.Justianum, fus- 

taneum , fustanum : — so called from Fostat, or Fossat, 

i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse 

twilled cotton stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, &c. 

2. An inflated style of writing ; a swelling style ; bom- 
bast. 
Fus'tian (fust'yan), a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Swelling; 

too pompous ; turgid ; inflated ; bombastic. 
Fiis'tie, n. [Fr. fustoc, Sp. fustoc, fustoque, fustete. 

See Fustet.] The wood of a tree growing in the West 

Indies, used in dyeing yellow. 
Fust'i-ness, n. A fusty state or quality ; moldiness. 
Fiist'y, a. [compar. fustier ; superl. fustiest.] [See 

Fust.] Moldy ; musty ; rank'; rancid. 
Fu'tlle, a. [Lat. futilis, that easily pours out or lets 

loose, worthless, from fundere, root fud, to pour out,] 

Of no weight or importance ; answering no valuable pur- 
pose ; failiDg of the designed effect. 

Syii.— Useless ; vain ; worthless ; trifling. 
Fu-til'i-ty, n. Want of importance or effect ; trifling- 

ness ; uselessness. 
Fut'tock, n. [Corrupted either from 

foot-lock or from foot-hook.] (Naut.) 

One of the middle timbers between 

the floor and the upper timbers, or 

of the timbers raised over the keel, 

which form the breadth of the ship. 
Futtock-plates (A T awr.) plates of iron to 

which the dead-eyes are seeured. — Fut- 
tock -shrouds, small shrouds over the 

lower ones. 
Fut'iire (fut'yur, 53), a. [Lat. fu- 

turus, prop. fut. p. of esse, to be.] 

About to be ; liable to be or come 

hereafter. 
Fiit'ure (fiit'yur), n. Time to come ; 

time subsequent to the present. 
Fu-tti'ri-ty , n. 1. The state of being 

yet to come. 2. Future time ; time to 




Futtock. 



aa, dead-eyes; bb, 
come ; the future. 3. A future event, futtock plates ; c, 

Fuze,«. See FUSE. futtock shrouds. 

Fuzz, v. i. [Seeinfra.] To fly off in minute particles. 

Fuzz, n. [Cf. Ger. fase, fasen, filament, fiber, L. Ger. 
fussig, loose, light, fibrous.] Fine, light particles ; loose, 
volatile matter. 

Fy, inter j. [0. Fr. fy, N. Fr. fi, H. Ger. pfui, Gr. <f>ev. 
Cf. Fie.] A word which expresses blame, dislike, disap- 
probation, abhorrence, or contempt. 

Fyke, n. [D. fuik, a bow-net.] A long bag- net dis- 
tended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without 
being able to return. 



G. 



G(je), the seventh letter, and the fifth consonant, of the 
English alphabet, has two sounds : one simple (called 
the hard sound) as in gave, go, gull ; the other compound, 
like that of j (called the soft sound), being nearly equiva- 
lent to dzh, as in gem, gin, gyve, dingy. See Frin- n 
ciples of Pronunciation, §§ 72-75. (Mus.) G is -^~- 
the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model fc 
scale ; — called also sol. It was also originally used ^P- 
as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into ?T 
the character represented in the margin. G g (G u Clet 
sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A. 

Gab, n. [Dan. gab, orifice, mouth, Sw. gap, Ir. cab and 
gob, mouth. See Gape.] The mouth; hence, idle prate ; 
loquacity. 

Crab, v. i. [A.-S. gabban, to scoff, jeer, Tcel. gabba, to 
delude. See supra, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To talk idly ; 
to prate. 2. To impose upon one ; to lie. 

Gab'ar-diine' (gab'ar-deen'), n. [Sp. gabardina, It. 
gavardina, 0. Fr. galleverdine, galvardine ; Sp. & 0. Fr. 
gaban, It. gabbdno, a great-coat, with a hood and close 



sleeves.] A kind of coarse frock or loose upper gar' 
ment. 

Gab'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GABBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GABBLING.] [Dim. of gab, q. v. Cf. 0. D. gabberen, 
to trifle, jest, 0. Fr. gaber, It. gabbare, to deride, de- 
ceive.] 1. To talk noisily, rapidly, and idly, or without 
meaning ; to prate ; to jabber ; to babble, to chatter. 2. 
To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity ; to cackle. 

Gab'ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. 2. 
Inarticulate sounds rapidly ut- 
tered, as of fowls. 

Gabbler, n. One who gabbles or 
jabbers ; one who talks loudly, 
rapidly, and without meaning ; a 
prater. 

Ga'bi-on, n. [From Lat. cavea. 
See Cage.] (Fort.) A hollow 
wicker cylinder filled with earth, 
and used in constructing parapets 
and temporary defenses. 




Gabion. 



a^&c.^ons"; a,6,&c. ,short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, -wolf, 



GABLE 



307 



GALLANT 



GaHble, »• [Norm. Fr. gable, gable, L. Lat. gabuhim ; 
Lat. gabulus, a kind of gallows, 0. H. 
Ger. gabala, Icel. gafl, fork, 0. H. Ger. 
gibil, gable, housetop.] (Arch.) The 
vertical triangular end of a house or 
other building,from 
the eaves to the top. 

Gable roof, the slop- 
ing roof which forms 
a gable. — Gable win- 
dow, a window in a 
gable, or pointed at 
top like a gable. 
Gad,n. [A.-S. gad.] 





Gable Roof. 



Gable. 



1. The point of a spear, or an ar- 
row-head. 2. A wedge-shaped instrument of metal. 
3. A goad. 4. A wedge or ingot of iron or steel. 

Gad, v. i. [imp. & p.p. GADDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAD- 
DING-.] [Cf. Ir. gad, Gael, goid, to steal, orig. to rove, 
W gadaio, to quit.] To rove or ramble idly. 

Gad'-a-bout 7 , n. One who roves idly ; a gadder. 

Gad'der, n. A rambler; one who roves about idly. 

Gad'fly, n. [Eng. & A.-S. gad, goad, sting, and fly, q. 
v.] (Entom.) An insect which stings cattle, and deposits 
its eggs in their skin. 

Gad'wall, n. [Written also gaddwell, from gad, to walk 
about,"and ivell.] ( Ornith.) A bird found in the northern 
parts of Europe and America, in marshes and along the 
shores ; the duck. 

Gael, n. sing. & pi. 1. A Scotch Highlander of Celtic 
origin. 2. An Irish Celt. 

Gae'lie (ga/lik), a. [Gael. Gdidhealach, Gaelach, from 
Gdidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] Belonging to the 
Gael, tribes of Celtic origin inhabiting the Highlands of 
Scotland. _ [Scotland. 

Gae'li-e (ga/lik), n. The language of the Highlanders of 

Gaff, n. [Fr. gaffe, Sp. & Pg. gafa; Ir. & Gael, gaf, 
gafa.] 1. A light spear or barbed iron used by fisher- 
men. 2. (Naat.) A sort of boom or yard, extending 
the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail. 

Gaffer, n. [Contracted from godfather, A.-S. gef'dder.] 
An old fellow ; an aged rustic. 

t&fGaffer was originally a word of respect, now a term of 
familiarity or contempt, when addressed to an aged man. 

Gaf'fle, n. [D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, Icel. gdffall, fork, H. 
Ger. gabel^Y. gafl, fork, angle, Ir. & Gael, gablial, fork.] 
An artificial spur put on cocks when they are set to fight. 

Gag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gagged ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAG- 
GING.] [L. Lat. gaggare ; A.-S. caggian, to lock, shut, 
cdg, key, W. cegian, to choke or strangle, ceg, mouth, 
opening.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting in 
something, so as to hinder speaking ; hence, to silence. 
2. To cause to heave with nausea. 

Gag, v. i. To heave with nausea. [hinder speaking. 

Gag, n. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to 

Gage, n. [Fr., Sp., & Pg. gage, It. gaggio, L. Lat. gad- 
ium, vadium, wadium, from Goth, vadi, pledge, earnest, 
from vidun, to bind, A.-S. wedd, pledge, promise.] 1. 
A pledge or pawn ; security. 2. A challenge to com- 
bat; that is, a glove, a gauntlet, or the like, cast on the 
ground by the challenger, and taken up by the accepter 
of the challenge. 

Gage, n. A measure or standard. See GAUGE. 

Gage,t>. t. [imp. & 2?. p. gaged \p. pr. & vb. n. GAGING.] 
To bind by pledge, caution, or security ; to engage. 

Gag'ger, n. One who gags. 

Gai'e-ty, n. The same as Gayeiy. See GAYETY. 

Gai'ly, adv. See Gayly. 

Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gained ; p. pr. & vb. n. gain- 
ing.] [L. Lat. gainare, to plow, till, from 0. H. Ger. 
weidanon, weidanjan, to feed, hunt, weida, pasture.] 1. 
To get, as a profit or advantage ; to acquire ; to win. 
2. To be successful in. 3. To win to one's side ; to con- 
ciliate. 4. To reach ; to attain to ; to arrive at. 

To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of an- 
other ship. 

Syn.— To obtain ; acquire ; get : procure : win : achieve ; 
earn.— Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; 
win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains 
knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins 
a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it from others in a strangle 
between them. 

Gain, v. i. To have advantage or profit ; to grow rich ; 
to advance in interest or happiness. 

To gain on or upon, to encroach on; to win ground upon, in 
a race ; hence, to get the better of. 

Gain, n. 1. That which is gained; profit; advantage; 

benefit ; winning. 2. Acquisition ; accumulation. 
Gain, n. [W.gan, a mortise.] (Arch.) A beveled shoul- 



der of a binding joist, for the purpose of giving addi- 
tional resistance to the tenon below. 

Gain'er, n. One who gains or obtains profit. 

Gain'ful, a. 1. Producing profit or advantage ; profita- 
ble; advantageous. 2. Productive of wealth; lucrative. 

Gain'f ul-ly, adv. In a gainful manner ; profitably. 

Gain'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being gainful. 

Gain'less, a. Not producing gain ; unprofitable. 

Gain-say', or Gain'say , v. t. [imp. & p. p. gainsaid ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. gainsaying.] [A.-S. gedn, against, and 
say.] To contradict ; to oppose in words ; to controvert ; 
to dispute. 

Gain-say'er, or Gain'say-er, n. One who gainsays, 
contradicts, or denies ; an opposer. 

Gair'ish, a. [Cf. A.-S. gearn, ready, prepared, gare, and 
Scot, gair, gare, stripe, streak, gaired, gairy, striped, and 

0. Eng. gare, game, to stare.] [Written also garish.] 

1. Gaudy ; showy ; fine ; affectedly fine. 2. Extrava- 
gantly gay ; flighty. 

Gait, n. [See Gate.] 1. Walk; march; way. 2. Man- 
ner of walking or stepping. 

Gai'ter, n. [Cf. Fr. guctre, Armor, giveltren, geltren, pi. 
gweltron, geltron.] 1. A covering of cloth for the an- 
kle, fitting down upon the shoe. 2. A kind of shoe, 
consisting chiefly of cloth, and covering the ankle. 

Ga'la, n. [Fr. gala, show, pomp ; It. gala, finery ; 0. 
Fr. gale, magnificence, banquet, from 0. H. Ger. geil, 
glad, wanton; A.-S. gal, wanton; merry; 0. H. Ger. 
geili, pride, boasting, wantonness.] Pomp, show, or fes- 
tivity. [Rare.] 
Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday. 

GaFa-e-tom'e-ter, n. [Gr. y&ka, yaKa/eros, milk, and 
fj.erpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the 
quality of milk, by indicating its specific gravity ; a 
lactometer. 

Gal'ax-y, n. [Gr. yaKa^ias (sc. kvkAos), from yd\a, yd- 
Acuctos, milk.] 1. (Astron.) The Milky Way. 2. An as- 
semblage of splendid persons or things. 

Gale, n. [Ir. gal, gale, blast of wind; Icel. giola,gola, 
cool wind; allied to Lat. gelu, cold; Skr. djala, cold; 
Prov. Eng. gale, to ache with cold ; A.-S. g'dlan, to con- 
geal, as with fear.] 1. A wind between a stiff breeze and 
a storm or tempest. 2. A moderate current of air ; a 
breeze. 3. A state of excitement, of hilarity, or pas- 
sion. 

Gale, v. i. (Naut.) To sail, or sail fast. 

Gal'e-as, n. [See Galley.] A form of galley used by 
the Yenetians and Spaniards , propelled by sails and oars. 

Ga'le-ate, ) a. [Lat. galeatus, p. p. of galeare, to cover 

Ga'le-a/ted, ) with a helmet, galea, helmet.] 1. Cov- 
ered, as with a helmet. 2. (Bot.) Having a flower like 
a helmet. 

Ga-le'na, n. [Lat.. lead-ore, lead.] Sulphuret of lead ; 
the principal ore from which the metal lead is ex- 
tracted. 

Gal/i-ma'tias (-ma'sha), n. [Fr. galimatias, — so 
called because a French lawyer, who pleaded, in Latin 
before a court, the cause of a certain Matthias, from 
whom a cock had been stolen, often changed the words 
gallus Matthix, the cock of Matthew, into galli Matthias, 
the Matthew of the cock.] Nonsense ; gibberish ; con- 
fused and unmeaning talk. 

Gal'i-ot, n. [0. Fr. galiot, N. Fr. galiote, Sp. galeota, It. 
galeotta. See GALLEY.] (Naut.) (a.) A small galley or 
sort of brigantine, built for chase, (b.) A Dutch vessel, 
carrying a main -mast and a mizzen-mast, and a large 
gaff-main -sail. 

Gal'i-pot, n. [Fr. galipot, Sp. galipodio, 0. Fr. garipot, 
the wild pine or pitch tree. Cf. GALLIPOT.] A white 
resinous juice, which flows from pine or fir trees. 

Gall, n. [A.-S. gealla, Icel. gall, allied to Gr. x ok V, Lat - 
fel, for hel.] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, viscid 
liquid found in the gall-bladder, beneath the liver. 2. 
Any thing bitter ; bitterness ; spite ; malignity. 

Gall, n. [Lat. galla.] A vegetable excrescence produced 
by an insect in the bark or leaves of a plant, as the oak- 
apple, &c. 

Gall, v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. GALLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. gall- 
ing.] [Fr. galer, to scratch, gale, scurf, scab ; Ger. galle, 
a disease in horses' feet, an excrescence under the tongue 
of horses. See Gall, supra.] 1. To fret and wear 
away by friction ; to excoriate ; to chafe. 2. To tease ; 
to vex ; to chagrin. 3. To injure ; to harass ; to annoy. 

Gall, n. A wound in the skin by rubbing. 

Gal'lant, a. [Fr. galant, It. galante, Sp. galante, galan, 
galano, from Fr., It., & Sp. gala. See GALA.] 1. 
Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay. 2. Noble in bear- 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 



GALLANT 



308 



GAMBOL 



ing or spirit ; high-spirited ; heroic. 3. (Pron. gal-lanP '.) 
Polite and attentive to ladies. 

Syn. — Courageous; brave. — Courageous is generic, denot- 
ing an inward spirit which rises above fear ; brave is more 
outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies danger ; gal- 
lant rises still higher, denoting bravery on extraordinary occa- 
sions in a spirit of adventure. A courageous man is ready for 
battle; a brave man courts it; a gallant man dashes into the 
midst of the conflict. 

Gal-l&nt' (116), n. 1. A gay, courtly, or fashionable 
man ; one fond of paying attention to ladies. 2. One 
who wooes ; a lover ; a suitor. 

Gal-lant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. gallanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GALLANTING.] To attend or wait on, as a lady. 

Gal'lant-ly, adv. In a gallant manner, spirit, or hear- 
ing ; gayly ; nobly ; bravely. 

Gal-lant'ly, adv. In a polite or courtly manner ; like a 
gallant or wooer. [nobleness ; braver}". 

Gal'lant-ness, n. The state of being gallant ; gayety ; 

Gal'lant-ry, n. [Fr. galanterie, It. & Sp. galanteria. 
See Gallant.] 1. Bravery ; courageousness ; intrepid- 
ity. 2. Civility or polite attention to ladies ; in a bad 
sense, intrigue. 

Gall'-hlad/der, n. (Anat.) A small, membranous sac, 
shaped like a pear, seated on the under side of the liver, 
and containing gall. 

Gal'le-on, n. [Sp. galeon, It. galeone, Fr. galion, L. Lat. 
galeo, galio. See GALLEY.] (Naut.) A large ship, with 
three or four decks, formerly used by the Spaniards as a 
man-of-war, and also in commerce. 

Gal'ler-y, n. [Fr. galerie, Sp. galeria, It. galleria, L. Lat. 
galeria, galleria, a gallery, orig. a banqueting hall, 0. 
Fr. galerie, a rejoicing, festival, from gale , magnificence, 
feast. See Gala.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or 
connecting passage-way. 2. A room for the exhibition 
of works of art; hence, also, a collection of paintings, 
sculptures, &c. 3. A long and narrow platform attached 
to one or more sides of the interior of a building, and sup- 
ported by brackets or columns. 4. (Naut. ) A frame like 
a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship. 

Gal'ley, n. ; pi. GAL'LEYS. [0. Fr. galie, galce, It. & 
0. Sp. galea, L. Lat. galea, galeida, M. H. Ger. gale, ga- 
lie, galeide. Cf. Lat. galea, helmet, dim. galeola, a hollow 
vessel, shaped like a helmet, and Ar. khaliyah, beehive, a 
large ship.] 1. (Naut.) (a.) A low, flat-built vessel, with 
one deck, and navigated with sails and oars, (b.) A light 
open boat, used on the Thames by custom-house officers, 
press-gangs, and for pleasure, (c.) The cook-room of a 
ship of war. 2. ( Chem.) An oblong reverberatory fur- 
nace, with a row of retorts whose necks protrude through 
lateral openings. 3. (Print.) A thin, flat strip of wood 
or metal with a raised edge, used for holding type that 
has been set up. 

Gal'ley- slave, n. A person condemned for a crime to 
work at the oar on board of a galley. 

Gall'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect that punctures plants 
and occasions galls. [rived from galls. 

Gal'li-e, a. ( Chem.) Belonging to galls or oak-apples ; de- 

Gal'li-e, a. Pertaining to Gaul or France ; Gallican. 

Gal'li-e-an, a. Pertaining to Gaul or France ; Gallic, 

Gal'li-cigm, n. A mode of speech peculiar to the French 
nation. 

Gal'li-clze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GALLICIZED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Gallicizing.] To render conformable to the 
French idiom or language. 

GaFli-gas'king, n. pi. [Either for Gallogascoins,he- 
cause these trowsers were first worn by the Gallic Gas- 
cons, or corrupted from Lat. caligse. Vasconum, Gascon 
hose.] 1. Large, open hose or trowsers. 2. Leather 
guards wd^i on the legs by sportsmen. 

Gal'li-mau'fry, n. [Fr. galimafree, a sort of ragout or 
mixed hash of different meats. Cf. Galimatias and Pr. 
Mat/re, Manfred.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats ; 
a ragout. 2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley. 3. 
A woman. [06s. and rare.] 

G&l'li-na'cean, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of the family which 
includes the common hen. 

GaPli-na'ceous, a. [Lat. gallinaceus, from gallina, hen, 
gallics, cock.] ( Ornith.) Belonging to an order of birds 
including the common domestic fowls. 

Gal'li-nip'per, n. [Prob. from gall, Lat. galla. gall- 
nut, and_n?>, q. v.] A large musquito. 

Gal'li-mile, n. [Lat. gallinula, dim. of gallina, hen.] 
(Ornith.) An aquatic bird which inhabits rivers, ponds, 
sedgy spots, and marshy places. 

Gal'li-pot, n. [Prop, a fine painted pot, from Fr., It. , & 
Sp. gala, show, pomp, finery. See GALA, and cf. GALI- 
POT.] A small, glazed earthen pot, used by apotheca- 
ries for containing medicines. 




Gallows. 



Gall'-rriit, n. An excrescence on a species of oak, used 
in dyeing, making ink, &c. See Gall. 

Gal'lon, n. [0. Fr. galon,jalon, L. Lat. galo, galona.] 
A measure of capacity for dry or liquid things, but usu- 
ally for liquids, and containing four quarts. 

Gal- loon', n. [Fr. & Sp. galon, It. galone, from gala, 
pomp, show, finery. See Gala.] 1. A ribbon-like tis- 
sue thickly woven, used for binding garments, &c. 2. 
A tape-like tissue of cotton, silk, &c, used for binding 
hats, shoes, and for other purposes. 

Gal'lop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. galloped (gaPlupt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. GALLOPING.] [From Goth, ga-hlanpan, 
0. H. Ger. gahlaufan, A.-S. gehleapan, N. H. Ger. lanfen, 
D. loopen. See LEAP.] 1. To move or run with leaps 
or bounds, as a horse. 2. To move very rapidly. 

Gal'lop, n. A mode of running by a quadruped, partic- 
ularly a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the 
hind feet together, in successive leaps or bounds. 

Gal'lop-er, n. One who, or that which gallops. 

Gal'lo-way, n. A horse, or a species of horses, of a 
small size, first bred in Galloway, in Scotland, character- 
ized by great spirit, endurance, and easiness of gait. 

Gal'lows (gSl'lus), n. sing. ; pi. 
gal'lows-Es. [A.-S. galga, geal- 
ga, Goth, galga, Icel. galgi.] 1. 
An instrument of punishment con- 
sisting of two posts and a cross- 
beam on the top, to which a crimi- 
nal is suspended by a rope fastened 
round his neck ; also, a like instru- 
ment for suspending any thing. 
2. pi. A pair of suspenders or 
braces. [ Colloq.] 

Gal'lows-bitts (gal'lus-), n. pi. 
(Naut.) A strong frame in the cen- 
ter of a ship's deck for supporting spare spars while in 

Gaily, n. See GALLEY. [port. 

GaFly-gas'king, n. pi. See Galligaskins. 

Ga-loche' (ga-losh 7 ), n. [Fr., from Lat. galliba (sc. solea, 
or crepida), a Gallic shoe.] 1. An overshoe. 2. A gaite* 
to cover the leg and upper part of the foot. 

Gal-van'ie, a. Pertaining to galvanism ; containing or 
exhibiting galvanism. 

Galvanic battery, an apparatus for generating galvanism. — 
Galvanic pile, an apparatus used to produce a current of dy- 
namical electricity. It consists of cipile of alternate silver (or 
copper) and zinc disks, laid up with disks of paper or cloth be- 
tween them, moistened with brine or acid water. 

Gal'va-nigm, n. [From Galvani, of Bologna, the dis- 
coverer.] 1. Electricity developed by chemical action 
between different substances without the aid of friction. 
2. That branch of physical science which treats of gal- 
vanic electricity. 

Gal'va-nist, ». One versed in galvanism. 

Gal'va-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. galvanized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GALVANIZING.] 1. To affect with galvanism. 

2. To plate or coat with metal, by means of galvanism. 

3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action. 

Galvanized iron, iron coated with zinc by galvanic deposi- 
tion ; more commonly by a peculiar process, in which the coat- 
ing is not produced by galvanism. 

GaPva-nom'e-ter, n. [From galvanism and Gr. (u.e- 

-rpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the force 
of minute quantities of galvanic electricity. 

Gal-van'o-seope, n. [From galvanism and Gr. ctkott6<;, 
viewing, from aKenreaOaL, to view.] An apparatus for 
detecting the presence of minute quantities of galvanic 
electricity. 

Gam-ba'do, n. ; pi. GAM-BA'DOES.. [It. & Sp. gamba, 
leg, of Celtic origin.] A case of leather, formerly used to 
defend the leg from mud, and in riding on horseback. 

Gam'bit, n. [Fr. gambit, gambis\ from 0. Fr. gambier, 
gamboier, to march, walk, gambeer, jambeer, to trip, from 
gambet, jambet, a tripping, from gambe, for jamb e, leg.] 
( Cliess-playing.) A mode of opening the game. 

Gam'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gambled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GAMBLING.] [Diminutive of game, q. v.] To play or 
game for money or other stake. 

Gam'ble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming. 

GamTbler, n. One who gambles. 

Gamboge', or Gain-boge', n. A concrete vegetable 
juice, or gum-resin, of a beautiful reddish -yellow color, 
produced by several species of trees growing in Siam, 
Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylin- 
drical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, whence iti 
name. It is used chiefly as a pigment. 

Gam'bol, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gamboled \ p.pr. k, vb. 



a, e,&c.,?ongva, e, &&r, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; gre, veil, term ; piique,firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



GAMBOL 



309 



GARDEN 



n. GAMBOLING.] [See infra.] To dance and skip about 

in sport ; to frisk. 
Gam'bol, n. [0. Eng. gambolde, gambald, from Fr. gam- 
bade, gambol, gambader, to gambol, frisk, from 0. Fr. 

gambe, for jambe, leg.] A skipping or leaping about in 

frolic ; a skip ; a hop. 
Gam'brel, n. [0. Fr. gambe, for jambe, leg.] 1. The 

hind leg of a horse. 2. A stick crooked like a horse's 

leg, used by butchers. 

Gambrel roof, a hipped roof; a mansard or curb roof. [Amer.] 

Gam-brdbn', n. (Manuf.) A kind of twilled linen cloth 
for lining. 

Game, n. [A.-S. gamen, gomen, play, joke, Icel. gaman, 
joke, 0. H. Ger. gaman, jo} T , jest, allied to Skr. kam, to 
love.] 1. Sport of any kind ; jest ; frolic. 2. A con- 
trivance, arrangement, or institution designed to furnish 
sport, recreation, or amusement. 3. Use or practice of 
such a game ; a single match at play ; a single contest. 
4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game. 5. 
Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen. 6. Scheme 
pursued ; plan ; project- 
To make game of, to make sport of; to mock; to ridicule. 

Game, a. 1, Eeady to fight to the last, like a game- 
cock ; courageous ; brave ; resolute. 2. Pertaining to 
such animals as are hunted for game. 

To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last. 

Game, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GAMING.] 1. To play at any sport or diversion. 2. To 
play for a stake or prize. 3. To practice playing for 
money or some other stake ; to gamble. 

Game'-eock, n. A cock bred or used to fight. 

Game'keep-er, n. One who has the care of game, es- 
pecially in a park or preserve. 

Game'-leg, n. [W. cam, or gam, crooked, wry, wrong.] 
A lame or crooked leg. [ Colloq.] 

Game 'some, a. Gay; sportive; frolicsome. 

Game'ster, n. [Eng. game and the suffix ster.] A per- 
son who plays at games ; especially, one accustomed to 
play for money or other stake ; a gambler. 

Gam'mer, n. [Contracted from godmother, A.-S. gem- 
ider, Cf. Gaffer.] An old wife ; — correlative of gaffer, 
as applied to an old man. 

Gam'mon, n. [0. Fr. gambon, N". Fr. jambon, from 
gambe, jambe, leg ; Sp. jamon, ham ; It. gambone, a big 
leg.] 1. The thigh of a hog, pickled and smoked or 
dried; a smoked ham. 2. Backgammon. 3. An impo- 
sition or hoax ; humbug. 

Gam'mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gammoned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GAMMONING.] 1. To make bacon of. 2. (Naut.) 
To fasten, as a bowsprit to the stem of a ship. 

Gam'mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, 
by withdrawing all one's counters from the board, before 
an antagonist has been able to withdraw any of his. 2. 
To impose on by improbable stories ; to humbug. 

Gam'ut, n. [Gr. ydi*txa, the third letter of the Greek 
alphabet, and ut, the name of a musical note.] (Mus.) 
The scale ; — so called from the first tone of the model 
scale of Guido, which was represented by gamma. 

Gam'y, a. 1. ( Cookery.) Having the flavor of dead game 
when kept uncooked until it verges on the state of being 
tainted, which is considered its highest excellence. 2. 
( Sporting. ) Showing an unyielding spirit to the last. 

Gan'der, n. [A.-S. gandra, ganra, N. H. Ger. ganser, 
from Ger. & D. gans, Icel. gas, A.-S. gas, Eng. goose, 

„ q. v.] The male of the goose. 

Gang, n. [A.-S., Dan., D., & Ger. gang, Sw. gang, a 
going pace, gait, way, gallery ; Ger. also a metallic vein ; 
Goth, gaggs, gagg, way, street, from gaggan, to go, A.-S. 
gangan.] 1. A number going in company ; hence, a 
company ; — ordinarily used in respect to persons in low 
or servile positions. 2. A combination of similar imple- 
ments arranged so as, by acting together, to save time or 
labor. 3. {Mining.) A gangue. See Gangue. 

Gang'-board, n. (Naut.) (a.) A board or plank, with 
cleats for steps, used for walking into or out of a boat. 
(b.) A plank placed within or without the bulwarks of a 
vessel's waist, for the sentinel to walk or stand on. 

Gang'-eask, n. A small cask used for bringing water 
aboard ships in boats. 

Gan'gli-on, n. [Lat., Gr. yayy\Cov, a sort of swelling, 
a tumor under the skin.] 1. ( Compar. Anat.) (a.) A 
collection of nerve cells from which nerve fibers are given 
off in one or more directions. (6.) (Human Anat.) A 
small mass of vesicular neurine in the course of a nerve, 
distinct from the brain and spinal cord ; also, a lymphat- 
ic gland. 2. (Surg.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, 
always situated somewhere on a tendon. 




Gannet. 



Lymphatic ganglion, a lymphatic gland. 

Gan'gli-on'ie, a. Pertaining to a ganglion. 

Gan'grene, n. [Lat. gangrsena, Gr. ydyypatva, from. 
ypav, ypeuVeiv, to gnaw, eat.] (Med.) The first stage of 
mortification of living flesh ; — so termed from its eating 
away the flesh. 

Gan'grene, v. t. To mortify. 

Gan'grene, v.i. To become mortified or putrescent ; to 
lose vitality. [flesh. 

Gan'gre-noiis, a. Mortified ; putrified ; — said of living 

Gangue (gang) n. [Fr. gangue, equiv. to Ger. gang, a 
metallic vein. See Gang. J (Mining.) The mineral sub- 
stance which incloses any metallic ore in the vein. 

Gang'way, n. [See Gang.] 1. A passage or way, into 
or out of any inclosed place. 2. (Naut.) The waist. 

To bring to the gangway, to punish, as a seaman, by tying 
lip and flogging at the' gangway, the usual place of punishment. 

Gan'net, n. [A.-S. ganet , ga- 
not, a sea-fowl, a fen-duck ; D. 
gent, 0. H. Ger. ganazzo,gan- 
zo, gans, Lat. ganta, goose; 
0. H. Ger. horgans, coot. See 
Gander.] ( Ornith.) The So- 
lan goose, a sea-fowl allied to 
the pelican. 

Gant'let, ) n. [ Gantlet, for 

Gant'lope, j gauntlet, an 
iron glove, corrupted from 
gantlope; gantlope, for gate- 
lope, Ger. gassen-laufen, from 
L. Ger. gate, H. Ger. gasse, a 
little street, lane, and L. Ger. lopen, H. Ger. laufen, to 
run. See Gate.] A military punishment in which the 
offender is made to run between two files of men facing 

. one another, who strike him as he passes. 

Gaol (jal), n. A place of confinement. See JAIL. 

Gaol'er (jaFer), n. See Jailer. 

Gap, n. [Icel. gap, mouth, opening. See Gab and 
GAPE.] An opening in any thing made by breaking or 
parting ; an opening for a passage or entrance ; an open- 
ing which is irreparable. 

Gape (in England co mm only pronounced gap), v. i. [imp. 
& p. p. GAPED (gapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAPING.] [A.-S. 
geapan, to open, Icel. gap, to open, Dan. gabe, D. gapen. 
Ger. gaffen.] 1. To open the mouth wide ; as, (a.) Ex- 
pressing a desire for food, (b.) Indicating sleepiness, 
indifference, dullness; to yawn, (c.) Showing surprise, 
astonishment, expectation, &c. (d.) Manifesting a desire 
to injure, devour, or overcome. 2. To open as a gap. 
Syn. — To gaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze. 

Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping. 2. (Zool.) The width 
of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, &c. 

The gapes, a disease of young poultry, attended with much 
gaping. 

Gar, n. [A.-S. gar, dart, spear, lance. The name is ap- 
plied to the fish on account of its long and slender body 
and pointed head.] (Ichth.) (a.) A fish of the pike fam- 
ily, having a long, pointed head, (b.) A fish having a 
similar general form to the above, but with rhombic 
scales, found in fresh waters, as those of America. 

Garb, n. [Norm. Fr. garbs, clothes, dress, from 0. H. Ger. 
garaw i, garw i, ornament, dress.] 1. Clothing; especi- 
ally, official or appropriate dress. 2. Fashion, or mode 
of dress ; hence, exterior appearance ; looks. 

Gar'bage, n. [0. Eng. also garbash, properly that which 
is purged or cleansed away, from 0. Fr. garber, to make 
fine, neat, from 0. H. Ger. garawan, A.-S. gearwian, to 
make ready , prepare . ] Refuse par ts of flesh ; offal ; hence , 
the refuse matter from a kitchen. 

Gar'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GARBLING.] [0. Fr. grabeler, for garbeler, to examine, 
to garble spices, &c, from Lat. cribellum, dim. of cribrum, 
sieve, allied to cemere, to separate, sift.] 1. To sift or 
bolt. 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a pur- 
pose ; to mutilate ; to corrupt. 

Gar'bler, n. One who garbles, sifts, selects. 

Gar'ble§ (g'aVblz), n. pi. The dust, soil, or filth, sep- 
arated from good spices, drugs, &c. 

Gar'board, n. (Naut.) The first plank fastened on the 
keel on the outside. 

Gar'den (gar'dn, 72), n. [0. H. Ger. garto, karto, whence 
also Fr. & Sp. jardin, It. giardino, from A.-S. geard, 0- 
Sax. gard, Goth, gards, Eng. yard, 0. H. Ger. gart, Icel. 
gardr, Sw. gard, Dan. gaard, an inclosed place, W. gardd, 
Gael, gart; allied to Lat. hortus, garden, Gr. x°Ptos, an 
inclosed place, Russ. gdrod, a town or city. See GlRD, 
v.] 1. A piece of ground for the cultivation of fruits, 



food, fribt ; urn, rude, pull; pell, fhaise, -ealL e-elio; gem, get ; a§; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 



GARDEN 



310 



GAS-METER 




flowers, or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot 
or tract of country. 

Gar'den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gardened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. gardening.] To lay out or to cultivate a garden ; 
to labor in a garden. 

Gar'den-er (g'ar'dn-er,), n. One who makes and tends 
a garden ; a horticulturist. 

Gar'den-ing, n. The art of laying out and cultivating- 
gardens ; horticulture. 

Gar'get, n. 1. A disease in the udders of cows. 2. A 
disease in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appe- 
tite. 3. (Bot.) A plant known commonly as poke, or 
poke-weed, having emetic and cathartic qualities. 

Gar'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gargled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GARGLING.] [Ger. gurgel, throat, gurgeln, to gargle. 
See Gurgle.] To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat. 

Gar'gle, n. A liquid preparation for washing the mouth 
and throat. 

Gar'goyle,w. [Fr. gargouille, 
from gargouiller. See Gar- ^^^^^^>"^^S'& 
GLE.] (Arch.) A projecting "" 
water-spout in ancient build- ^jdlt 
ings, carved grotesquely. 

Gar'ish, a. [See Gairish.] 

Gar'land, n. [0. Sp. guar- 

landa, It. ghirlanda, Sp. gun- Gargoyle. 

nalda, from 0. H. Ger. wiara, wiera, crown, M. H. Ger. 
wieren, to twist, dim. of hypoth. wierelen, with the suffix 
anda.] 1. A wreath or chaplet made of branches, flow- 
ers, feathers, &c. ; a coronal. 2. The top ; the principal 
thing, or thing most prized. 3. A collection of little 
printed pieces ; an anthology. 4. (Naut.) (a.) A sort of 
bag, used by sailors to keep provisions in. (b.) A ring of 
rope lashed on a mast. 

Gar'land, v. t. [imp. .& p. p. garlanded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GARLANDING.] To crown or deck with a garland. 

Gar'li-e, n. [A.-S. garleac, from gar, spear, lance, and 
leak, leek, from the leaves rising like lances or spears.] 
(Bot.) A plant, having a bulbous root, a very strong 
smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. 

Gar'ment, n. [0. Eng. & Norm. Fr. garnement, from 
garnir, to garnish. See Garnish.] Any article of cloth- 
ing, as a coat, a gown, &c. 

Gar'ner, n. [Lat. granarium , from granum. See GRAIN.] 
A granary ; a building or place where grain is stored. 

Gar'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garnered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GARNERING.] To store in a granary. 

Gar'net, n. [Fr. grenat, L. Lat. granatus (sc. lapis), from 
Lat. granatum (sc. malum), pomegranate, from granatus , 
having many grains or seeds, from granum, grain, seed, 
so called from its resemblance in color and shape to the 
grains or seeds of the pomegranate.] 1. (Mm.) A min- 
eral of a deep-red color. 2. (Naut.) A sort of tackle 
fixed to the main-stay, and used to hoist in and out the 
cargo. 

Gar'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garnished (gar'nisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [Fr. garnir, 0. Fr. guar- 
nir, warnir, to warn, protect, from A.-S. warnian, to take 
care, beware, to warn, 0. H. Ger. warnun, to fortify, ad- 
monish.] 1. To adorn ; to embellish. 2. To ornament, 
as a dish with something laid about it ; to furnish, as a 
fort with troops. [Colloq.] 3. (Law.) To warn ; to give 
notice to. See Garnishee. 

Gar'nish, n. 1. Decoration ; ornament; also, garments, 
especially such as are showy or decorated. 2. ( Cookery.) 
Something set round a dish as an embellishment. 3. 
(Jails.) (a.) Fetters, (b.) An entrance-fee demanded by 
the old prisoners of one just committed to jail. [ Cant.] 

Gar'nish -ee', n. ( Law.) One in whose hands the proper- 
ty of another has been attached ; a trustee. 

Gar'nish -ment, n. 1. Ornament ; decoration. 2. 
(Law.) (a.) Warning, or legal notice to one to appear 
and give information to the court on any matter, (b.) 
Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another 
are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods, 
but to appear in court and give information as garnishee. 
3. A fee. 
Gar'ni-ture (53), n. [See Garnish.] That which gar- 
nishes ; embellishment. 
Gar'ret, n. [0. Fr. garite, N. Fr. guerite, Sp. garita, a 
place of refuge ; dungeon of a fortress, whither the be- 
leaguered soldiers make their last retreat, sentinel-box, 
from 0. Fr. garir, to preserve, save, from Goth, varjan.] 
That part of a house which is on the upper floor, im- 
mediately under the roof; an attic. 
Gar'ret-eer', n. An. inhabitant of a garret; a poor 

author ; a literary hack. 
Gar'ri-son (gar'ri-sn), n. [0. Eng. garneson, garnisoun, 



Fr. garnison, garrison, from garnir, to garnish. See GAR 
nish.] (Mil.) (a.) A body of troops in a fort or fortified 
town, to defend it against an enemy, or to keep the in- 
habitants in subjection, (b.) A strong place, in which 
troops are quartered for its security. 

Gar'ri-son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garrisoned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GARRISONING.] (Mil.) (a.) To place troops in, 
as in a fortress, for its defense, (b.) To secure or defend 
by fortresses manned with troops. 

Gar-rote', n. [Sp. garrote. ; Fr. garrot, a bending lever, 
a stick for packing, from Sp. garra, claw, talon, Armor. 
& W. gar, leg, ham, shank.] A Spanish mode of execu- 
tion by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a 
post and tightened by a screw until life becomes extinct ; 
also, the instrument by means of which the punishment 
is inflicted. 

Gar-rote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. garroted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. garroting.] To strangle with the garrote ; 
hence, to seize by the throat from behind, with a view to 
strangle and rob. 

Gar-rot'er, n. One who seizes a person by the throat 
from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him. 

Gar-rxi'li-ty, n. [See infra.] Quality of being garru- 
lous ; talkativeness ; loquacity. 

Gar'ru.-loiis, a. [Lat. garrulus, from garrire, to chatter, 
talk.]" Indulging in, or characterized by, long, prosy 
talk, with repetition and excessive detail. 

Syn.— Talkative : loquacious.— A garrulous person in- 
dulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and length- 
ened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and 
loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talk- 
ative ; a lively woman is loquacious ; an old man in his dotage 
is garrulous. 

Gar'ter, n . [Fr.jarreticre. Sip.jarretera, from 0. Fr. garret, 
Sp. jarrete, It. garretto , bend of the knee, from Sp. garra, 
claw. See Garrote.] 1. A string or band used to tie a 
stocking to the leg. 2. The badge of the highest order of 
knighthood in Great Britain, instituted by Edward III. ; 
hence, also, the order itself. 

Gar'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gartered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter. 2. To invest 
with the order of the Garter. 

Garth, n. [W. gardd, inclosure, garden. See Garden.] 
1. A close; a yard; a croft ; a garden. 2. Adam or 
wear for catching fish. 

Gas (pron. gaz to some extent), n. [Fr. gaz ; a word in- 
vented by the chemist Van Helmont, who died in 1644. 
Cf. D. geest, A.-S. gast, Ger. geist, spirit, ghost ; M. H. 
Ger. gist, gest, N. H. Ger. gischt, gascht, yeast, froth, 
gischen, g'dschen, to foam, froth, ferment.] 1. An aeri- 
form elastic fluid. 2. (Popidar Usage.) A mixture of 
carbureted hydrogen and defiant gas or bi-carbureted 
hydrogen, commonly used for illuminating purposes. 

Gas'-burn'er, n. That part of a gas-fixture where the 
gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute 
orifices. 

Gas'eon-ade', n. [Fr., from Gascon, an inhabitant of 
Gascony, the people of which are noted for boasting.] A 
boast or boasting ; a vaunt ; a bravado. 

Gas'eon-ade', v. i. [imp. & p. p. gasconaded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. gasconading.] To boast ; to brag ; to vaunt; 
to bluster. 

Ga§'e-ou.s, a. 1. In the form of gas, or an aeriform 
fluid. 2. Lacking substance or solidity ; tenuous. 

Gas'-fixt'iire, n. A bracket or chandelier for gas, in- 
cluding a stop-cock and burner. 

Gash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GASHED (gasht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GASHING.] [Prob. from Fr. hacher, to hew, chop, from 
hache, hatchet, ax, from Ger. & D. hacke, hatchet, pick- 
ax.] To make a gash, or long, deep incision in. particu- 
larly in flesh. [ticularly in flesh. 

Gash, n. [From the verb.] A deep and long cut ; par- 

Gas'-hold'er, n. A vessel for containing and preserving 
gas ; a gasometer. [into gas. 

Gas'i-fi-ea/tion, n. The act or process of converting 

Gas'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gasified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GASIFYING.] [Eng. gas and Lat. facere, to make.] To 
convert into gas, as by the application of heat, or by 
chemical processes. 

Gas'ket, n. [Fr. garcette, Sp. caxeta.] 1. (Naut.) A 
flat, plaited cord used to furl the sail, or tie it to the yard 
when furled. 2. (Mech.) (a.) The platted hemp used for 
packing a piston, as of the steam-engine and its pumps. 
(b.) Any ring or washer of packing. 

Gas'-main, n. One of the principal pipes for conveying 
gas from the works. 

Gas'-me'ter, n. An instrument for measuring the quan- 
tity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular 
place. 



GASOMETER 



311 



GAZER 



Gag-5m'e-ter, n. [See Gas and Meter.] A gas-holder 
or reservoir. 

Ga§-6m'e-try, n. Art or practice of measuring gases. 

Gasp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gasped (gaspt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. GASPING.] [Icel. geispa, Sw. gaspa, Dan. gispe, to 
gape, yawn.] 1. To labor for breath ; to respire convul- 
sively or violently. 2. To pant with eagerness. 

Gasp. v. t. To emit with gaspings. [breath. 

Gasp, n. A labored respiration ; a painful catching of the 

Gas'sy, a. Full of gas ; hence, inflated ; exhilarated : full 
of ambitious or deceitful talk. [Colloq.] 

Gas'ter-o-pod, n. [Gr. ya.o-rf\p, stomach, and irov?, 
7to86s, foot.] (Zool.) A molluscous animal, having a 
fleshy ventral disk, which serves to take the place of 
feet. 

Gas'trie, a. [From Gr. yo.o~rr\p, yacrrpds, belly, stomach.] 
(Anat.) Belonging to the stomach. 

Gas-tril'o-quist, n. [Fr. gastriloque, from Gr. yao-nfp, 
belly, and Lat. loqui, to speak.] One who appears to 
speak from his stomach ; a ventriloquist. 

<&as-tril'o-quy, n. A voice or utterance which appears 
to proceed from the stomach ; ventriloquy. 

Gas-trVtis, n. [Gr. yao-Tiqp, stomach.] (Med.) Inflam- 
mation of the stomach. 

Gas-trol'o-gy, n. [Gr. yacrrpoXoyCa ; •yatrnjp, stomach, 
and Koyos, discourse.] A treatise on the stomach. 

Gas-tron'o-mer, n. [Gr. yao-Trjp, belly, and vo/xos, law, 
vefieiv, to distribute.] One who is fond of good living ; 
an epicure ; a glutton. 

gKtro'SK-al, } a - Pertaiai ^ t0 gastronomy. 

Gas-tron'o-mist, n. One who is fond of good living ; a 
gastronomer. 

Gas-tron'o-my, n. [Gr. yaaTpovofxCa..] The art or sci- 
ence of good eating ; epicurism. 

Gate,n. [A.-S. geat, gat, gate, door, Icel. gata, Goth. 
gatvo, path, from Goth, gitan, A.-S. getan, gitan, Icel. 
geta, Eng. get. Cf. GAIT.] 1. A passage-way in the 
wall of a city, a grand edifice, and the like ; also, the 
frame of timber, &c, which closes the passage. 2. A 
frame stopping the passage of water through a dam or 
lock ; an avenue : a means of entrance. 

Gate'-way, n. A passage through a fence or wall ; a 
gate; also, a frame, arch, or the like, in which a gate is 
hung. 

Gath'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gathered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GATHERING.] [A.-S. gaderian, gadrian, gadherian, from 
gndor, at the same time, together.] 1. To bring to- 
gether ; to collect ; to assemble ; to congregate. 2. To 
harvest ; to cull ; to pick ; to pluck. 3. To amass in 
large quantity or numbers. 4. To make compact ; to 
consolidate ; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth, 
by a thread; to pucker ; to plait. 5. To derive, as an 
inference; to infer ; to conclude. 

Gatii'er, v. i. 1. To come together ; to collect; to con- 
gregate. 2. To increase. 3. To come to a head, as a 
sore. 4. To draw an inference. 

Gatii'er, n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing 
the thread through it. 

Gath'er-er, n. One who gathers or collects. 

Gath'er-ing, n. That which is gathered or brought to- 
gether ; as, (a.) A crowd; an assembly, (b.) A tumor, 
suppurated or maturated ; an abscess. 

Gaud, n. [Lat. gaitdium, joy, gladness.] A piece of 
worthless finery ; a trinket. 

Gaud'i-ly, adv. In a gaudy manner ; ostentatiously. 

Gaud'i-ness, n. Quality of being gaudy ; showiness. 

Gaud'y, a. [compar. gaudier ; saperl. gaudiest.] 1. 
Ostentatiously fine ; showy. 2. Gay ; merry ; festal. 

Gauffer, v. t. [Fr. gaufrer, to figure cloth, velvet, and 
other stuffs, from gaufre, Eng. waffle, q. v.] To plait, 
crimp, or flute ; to goffer, as lace. See GOFFER. 

Gauge (gaj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. GAUGED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. GAUGING.] [0. Fr. ganger, gaugier, prob. from a 
hypoth. Lat. word qualijicare, to determine the qualities 
of a thing, 0. Fr. ganger, for galger.] 1. To measure or 
to ascertain the contents of, as of a pipe, puncheon, hogs- 
head, or the like. 2. To measure the capacity or ability 
of; to estimate. 

Gauge (gaj), n. 1. An instrument to determine dimen- 
sions or capacity ; a standard of any kind. 2. Dimen- 
sions ; estimate. 3. (Physics.) Any apparatus for meas- 
uring the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its 
numerical elements at any moment. 4. (Naut.) (a.) Po- 
sition with reference to a vessel and to the wind, (b.) The 
depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. 5. The dis- 
tance between the rails of a railway. 
ESP- When the gauge is four feet, eight and one half inches, 



it is called narrow gauge. Wide, or broad gauge, in the United 
states, is six feet; in England, seven feet. 
6. (Plastering.) (a.) The quantity of plaster of Paris 
used with common plaster to hasten its setting, (b.) The 
composition made of plaster of Paris and other materials 
used in finishing plastered ceilings, &c. 

Gau'ger, n. One who gauges ; an officer whose business 
it is to ascertain the contents of casks. 

Gault, n. ( Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl, the 
geological position of which is between the upper and 
lower green-sand. 

Gaunt (gint), a. [Perhaps contracted from A.-S. gewaned, 
p. p. of geivanian, to diminish, to wane, q. v. Cf. also 
W. givan, weak, poor.] Lean ; meager ; pinched and grim. 

Gaunt'let, n. [Fr. gantelet, from gant, glove, L. Lat. 
wantus, D. want, Icel. vottr, for vantr.] 1. A large glove 
with plates of metal on the back, worn as part of the de- 
fensive armor in ancient times. 2. A long glove, cover- 
ing the wrist. 

To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge.— To throw 
down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. 

Gauze, n. [So called because it was first introduced from 
Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very thin, slight, transpa- 
rent stuff, of silk or linen. [gauze. 

Gauz'y, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, gauze; thin as 

Gave, imp. of give. See GIVE. 

Gav'el,n. [0. Fr. gavelle, N. Fr. javelle , javeau ,dim. from 
Lat. capulus, handle, capere, to lay hold of, seize. Cf. W. 
gafael, a hold, grasp.] 1. A small heap of wheat, rye, or 
other grain, not tied up. 2. The mallet of a presiding 
officer. 

Gav'el-kind, n. [W. gafael cenedl, the hold or tenure 
of a family, from gafael, a hold, and cenedl, a kindred, 
clan, family.] ( O. Eng Law.) A tenure by which land 
descended from the father to all his sons in equal por- 
tions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, de- 
scended equally to his brothers. 

Ga'vi-al,«. [The East Indian name.] (Zool.) A species 
of crocodile, found in India. 

6awk,n. [A.-S. geac, gac, cuckoo, simpleton, Icel. gaukr, 
allied to Lat. cuculus.] 1. A cuckoo. 2. A simpleton; 
a booby. 

Gawk'y, a. [compar. gawkier; superl. gawkiest.] 
[See supra, and cf. Awk.] Foolish and awkward ; clumsy 
and clownish. 

Gawk'y, n. A fellow who is awkward from being over- 
grown, or from silly stupidity. 

Gay, a. ' [compar. gayer; superl. gayest.] [From 0. 
H. Ger. galii, headlong, swift, rapid, excellent.] 1. Ex- 
cited with merriment or delight. 2. Having many or 
showy colors. 

Syn. — Merry ; gleeful ; blithe ; airy ; lively ; sprightly ; 
sportive; light-hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; vivacious. 

Gay'e-ty, n. 1. State of being gay ; merriment; acts or 
entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight ; 
— used often in the plural. 2. Finery; show. 

Syn. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithe- 
someness; sprightliness; jollity. See Cheerfulness. 

Gay'ly, adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily. 2. 
Splendidly ; showily. 

Gay'ness, n. Gayety ; finery. [Rare.] 

Gaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. gaz- 
ing.] [Cf. Gr. ayageo-Oat. , to be astonished, and A.-S. gd- 
san, Goth, geisan, gaisjan, to smite, icsgaisjan, to terrify, 
us-geisnan, to be terrified.] To fix the eyes in a steady 
and earnest look. 

Syn. — To gape; stare; look. — To gaze is to look with fixed 
and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or ele- 
vated emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and 
feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixed- 
ness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with 
delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes with 
wonder at the strange sights of a large city; ^' 
those around with a vacant look. 

Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look ; a 
look of eagerness, wonder, or 
admiration. 2. The object 
gazed on. 

Gaze'liound, n. A hound that 
pursues by the sight rather 
than by the scent. 

Ga-zelle', n. [From Ar. g&zal, 
a wild goat.] (Zool.) A small, 
swift, elegantly formed species 
of antelope, celebrated for the ; 
luster and soft expression of its 
eyes. It is found in Northern 
Africa. 

Gaz'er, n. One who gazes, or looks steadfastly. 



the idiot stares on 




Gazelle. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, eall, echo-, gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 






GAZETTE 



312 



GENERANT 



Ga-z6tte', n. [From gazzetta, a Venetian coin, worth 
about three farthings. The first newspaper published at 
Venice was sold for this sum, whence the name.] A 
newspaper ; especially, an official newspaper or journal. 

Ga-zette',f. t. [imp. & p. p. gazetted ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. gazetting-.] To announce or publish in a gazette ; 
to annouuce officially. 

Gaz'et-teer', n. 1. A writer of news, or an officer ap- 
pointed to publish news by authority, 2. A geograph- 
ical dictionary. 3. An alphabetical descriptive list of 
any thing. 

Gaz'ing- stock, n. A person gazed at with scorn. 

Gear, n. [A.-S. geara, gearwa, provision, furniture, gearo, 
gearu, gearaiv, ready, yare, gearwian, gerwan, girian, 
to prepare.] 1. Manufactured stuff or material ; goods. 
2. Clothing ; ornaments ; dress. 3. Horse-trappings. 4. 
(Mach.) (a.) A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels collec- 
tively ; (b.) The connection of toothed wheels with each 

_ other ; gearing. 

Gear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. geared; p. pr. & vb. n. 

_ GEARING.] To dress ; to put on gear ; to harness. 

Gear'ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. {Mach.) The parts by 
which motion communicated to one portion of an engine 
or machine is transmitted to another, considered collec- 
tively ; especially, a train of wheels for transmitting and 

_ varying motion in machinery. 

Geck'o, n.; pi. geck^oe§. [So called from the sound 
which the animal utters.] (Zo'dl.) A nocturnal lizard, 
having flattened toes, and sharp claws, by means of which 

. it is enabled to run upon walls and ceilings. 

Gee, v. i. [imp. & p. p. geed; p. pr. & vb. n. GEE- 
ING.] [Prob. from A.-S. gegan, to go. Of., however, Fr. 
dia, gee.] To turn to the off-side, or from the driver ; 

_ said of cattle, or a team ; — used in the imperative. 

Ge-hen'na,«. [Lat. Gehenna, Gr. Yievva, Heb. Ge Hin- 
ndm.] (Jewish Hist.) The valley of Hinnom, near Jeru- 
salem, a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual 
fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential efflu- 
via ; hence the name is used in the New Testament for 

. hell. 

Gel'a-ble (jePa-bl), a. [From Lat. gelare, to congeal.] 
Capable of being congealed ; capable of being converted 

. into jelly. 

Ge-lat'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gelatinated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. GELATINATING.] To convert into gelatine, 
. or into a substance resembling jelly . 

Ge-lat'i-nate, v. i. To be converted into gelatine. 

Ge-lat'i-na'tion, n. Act or process of converting, or 
. being turned, into gelatine. 

Gel'a-tine, n. [Fr. gelatine, Sp. & It. gelatina, fr. Lat. 
gelare, to congeal.] ( Chem.) An animal substance whose 
distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, 
, and forming a jelly on cooling. 

Ge-lat'i-nize, v. t. or ?'. The same as Gelatinate. 

Ge-lat'i-noiis, a. Of the nature and consistence of gel- 

_atine; resembling jelly ; viscous. 

Geld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gelded, or gelt ; p.pr. & 

vb. n. gelding.] [Icel. gelda, A.-S. gylte, castrated.] 

1. To castrate ; to emasculate. 2. To deprive of any 

thing essential. 3. To deprive of any thing exception- 

_able ; to expurgate. 

Geld'ing, n. 1. Act of castrating. 2. A castrated ani- 
. mal, especially, a horse. [very cold. 

Gel'id, a. [Lat. gelidus, from gelu, frost, cold.] Cold ; 

Gel'iy ( jel'ly), n. See Jelly. 

Ge-los'-eo-py, n. [Gr. yeAav, to laugh, and 0-K.oireiv, to 
. see.] (A?itiq. ) Divination by means of laughter. 

Gem, n. [Lat. gemma.'] 1. (Bot.) A bud. 2. A pre- 
cious stone of any kind, especially when cut and polished 
m for ornament ; a jewel. 

Gem, v. t. [imp. & p.p. gemmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. gem- 
ming.] 1. To adorn with gems or precious stones. 2. 
. To embellish, as with gems. 

Ge/tn'i-nt,, n. pi. [Lat., twins, pi. of geminus ] (Astron.) 

(a.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two 

bright stars Castor and Pollux, (b.) The third sign of 

. the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 25th of May. 

Gem'mate, a. [Lat. gemmatus, p. p. of gem mare, to 

put forth buds, from gemma, bud.] Having buds; re- 

m producing by buds. 

Gem-ma/tion, n. 1. (Nat. Hist.) Formation of a new 

individual by the protrusion of any part of an animal or 

plant, which may then become free or remain connected 

with the parent stalk. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of 

. buds on the stalk. 3. The period of the expansion of buds. 

Gem'me-oiis, a. [Lat. gemmeus. See Gem.] Pertain- 

. ing to, or resembling, gems ; of the nature of gems. 

Gem-mif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. gemmifer, from gemma, bud, 



and ferre, to produce.] Producing gems or buds ; mul- 

, tiplying by buds. 

Gem-mlp'a-rous, a. [Lat. gemma, bud, and parere, 

. to produce.] Producing buds ; reproducing by buds. 

Gem'my, a. 1. Full of gems ; bright; glittering. 2. 
Sparkling like a gem. 

Gendarme (zhong-d'arm/), n. ; pi. GENS-tfARMES, or 
GENDARMES. [Fr., from the plural, gens d-armes, 

m men at arms.] An armed policeman. [France]. 

Gen'der, n. [Lat. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, 
kind, gender, from genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to 
be born.] 1. Sex, male or female. 2. ( Gram.) A dif- 

. ference in words to express distinction of sex. 

Gen'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gendered ; p.pr. & vb. 

. n. gendering.] To beget ; to engender. 

Gen'e-a-log'ic-al, a. 1. Pertaining to genealogy, or 
the descent of persons or families. 2. Exhibiting the 
. descent of a person or family from an ancestor. 

Gen'e-al'o-gist, n. One who traces the descent of per- 
. sons or families. 

Gen/e-al'o-gize, v. i. To relate the history of descents. 

Gen'e-al'o-gy, n. [Gr. yei/eaAoyia ; yevea, birth, race, 
descent, and Aoyos, discourse.] 1. An account or his- 
tory of the descent of a person or family from an ances- 
tor ; a pedigree. 2. Regular descent of a person or fam- 
. ily from a progenitor ; lineage. 

Gen'er-a, n. ; pi. of genus. See Genus. 

Gen'er-a-lble, a. [Lat. generabilis, generare, to beget.] 
e Capable of being generated or produced. 

Gen'er-al, a. [Lat. generalis. See GENUS.] 1. Relat- 
ing to a genus or kind ; pertaining to a whole class or or- 
der. 2. Comprehending many species or individuals. 
3. Not restrained or limited to a precise or detailed im- 
port ; lax in signification. 4. Widely spread ; preva- 
lent ; extensive, though not universal. 5. Having a re- 
lation to all ; common to the whole. 

General assembly, an assembly of a whole body, in fact or by 
representation ; hence, a legislature. — General court. See 
Court.— General issue (Laic), an issue made by a general 
plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at 
once, without offering any special matter to evade it.— General 
officer (Mil.), an officer having a rank above that of colonel.— 
General ship, a ship employed as a general carrier. — General 
term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception 
or notion. 

tsgfThe word general, annexed to a name of office, usually 
denotes chief or superior; as, a commissary-general, quarter- 
master-general. 

Syn. — Common; universal. — Common denotes that a thing 
is very often met with; general is stronger, denotingthat it per- 
tains to a majority of the individuals which compose a genus 
or whole; universal, that it pertains to all without exception. 
To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in 
this country that we may pronounce it general, though by no 
means universal. 

Gen'er-al, n. 1. The whole; the total; — used in the 
pi., or in the sing, with the definite article. 2. The chief 
or superior officer in an administration ; especially, one 
of the chief military officers of a government or country. 
In general, in the main; for the most part; not always or 
universally. 

Gen'er-al-Is'si-mo, n. [It., Sp. generalisimo , Fr. gen- 
eralissime. See supra.] The chief commander of an 
army or military force ; especially, the commander-in- 
chief of an army which consists of two or more grand 

m divisions under separate commanders. 

Gen'er-al'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being general. 2. 
That which is general ; a general or vague statement or 

. phrase. 3. The main body ; the bulk ; the greatest part. 

Gen'er-al-i-za/tion, n. Act of generalizing, or of 
bringing individuals or particulars under genera or 



Gen'er-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. generalized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. generalizing.] 1. To bring under a 
genus or under genera. 2. To use with a more exten- 
sive application ; to make universal in application, as a 
formula or rule. 3. To derive, as a genus, or as a gen- 

. eral conception, or general principle. 

Gen'er-al-ize, v. i. To form classes or genera ; to take 

. general or comprehensive views. 

Gen'er-al-ly, adv. 1 . In general ; commonly ; exten- 
sively, though not universally. 2. In the main ; with- 

m out detail ; upon the whole. 

Gen'er-al-ness, n. The condition or quality of being 

m general ; frequency ; commonness. 

Gen'er-al-ship, n. 1. Office of a general. 2. Exer- 
cise of the functions of a general. 3. Skill and conduct 

# of a general officer. 

Gen'er-ant, n. [Lat. generans, p. pr. of generare. Sea 
infra.] 1. That which generates. 2. ( Geom.) A line, 



a,e, 8cc.,long; a,e, See, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or. d{>, W9lf< 



GENERATE 



313 



GENTLEMAN 



surface, or solid, generated, or supposed to be generated, 
by the motion of a point, line, or surface, called the gen- 
eratrix, according to mathematical laws. 

Gen'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. generated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GENERATING-.] [Lat. generate, generatum. See 
Gender.] 1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; 
to engender. 2. To cause to be ; to bring into life. 3. 
To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process ; to 
. produce ; to cause. 

Gen'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of generating or begetting. 
2. Origination by some process , mathematical, chemical, 
or vital ; production ; formation. 3. That which is 
generated ; progeny ; offspring. 4. A single step or 
stage in the succession of natural descent ; hence, the 
mass of beings living at one period; also, the ordinary 
interval of time at which one rank follows another, or 
father is succeeded by child ; an age. 5. Race; kind; 
breed ; stock. 6. ( Geom.) Formation or production of 
any geometrical magnitude, by the motion of a point or 
other magnitude. 7. (Physiol.) The aggregate of the 
. functions and phenomena which attend reproduction. 

G£n'er-a-tlve, a. Having the power of generating or 
. producing ; prolific. 

Gen'er-a/tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, generates. 
2. A vessel in which steam is generated. 3. (Mus.) The 

. principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. 

Gen'er-a/trix, n. [Lat.] (Geom.) The point, or the 
mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, gener- 

m ates another magnitude. 

<^e-n6r'i«, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a genus or kind. 

Ge-nfir'i-e-al, J 2. Very comprehensive. 

Ge-ner'i«-al-ly, adv. With regard to a genus, or an 

. extensive class. 

Gen'er-os'i-ty, n. [Lat. generositas.] 1. Quality of 
being generous ; nobleness of birth or of soul. 2. Lib- 
erality in giving. 
Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality; munificence. 

Gen'er-oiis, a. [Lat. generosus. See Gender.] 1. 
Exhibiting those qualities popularly regarded as belong- 
ing to high birth ; noble ; honorable ; spirited ; courage- 
ous. 2. Open-handed ; munificent. 3. Characterized 
by generosity ; abundant. 4. Exciting feeling, or spir- 
ited feelings ; strong ; exciting. 

Syn. — Liberal; magnanimous; bountiful. See Libebal. 

</en'er-ous-ly, adv. In a generous manner. 

Gen'e-Sis, n. [Gr. yevecris, from yiveiv, yeivetv, yiveo-Qai, 
yCyveo-Qau, to beget, be born.] 1. Act of producing, or 
giving birth or origin to any thing ; production ; forma- 
tion ; origination. 2. The first book of the Old Testa- 

. ment. 3. (Geom.) The same as Generation. 

Gen'et, n. [Sp. ginete, a horse-soldier, 0. Sp., horse, Gr. 
yCvvos, a dwarfed horse or mule.] 1. A small-sized, well- 
proportioned, Spanish horse ; a. jennet. 2. [Fr. genette, 
Sp. gineta, N. Lat. genetta.] (Zool.) A carnivorous ani- 
mal, allied to the civet, of a gray color, spotted and 
banded with black or brown, and found in the south of 

. Europe and in Africa. 3. The same as Genette, q. v. 

Ge-net', In. Cat-skin, when made into muffs and 

<^e-ngtte', j tippets, as if they were skins of the genet. 

Ge-net'ic, )a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining or re- 

Ge-net'i«-al, ) lated to, concerned with, or determined 

. by, the genesis of any thing. 

^e-net'i-e-al-ly, adv. In reference to origin. 

Ge-ne'va, n. [Fr. genevre, genievre, juniper, juniper- 
berry, gin, from Lat. juniperus, the juniper-tree.] 1. A 
strongly alcoholic, and powerfully stimulating, fermented 
liquor, obtained from the berries of juniper. 2. A spirit 

. distilled from grain, and flavored with juniper-berries. 

Ge'ni-al, a. [Lat. genialis. See Genius.] 1. Contrib- 
uting to, or concerned in, propagation or production ; 
generative ; productive. 2. Sympathetically cheerful 

m and cheering ; exciting pleasure and sympathy. 

Ge'ni-al 'i-ty, n. Quality of being genial ; gayety ; sym- 
. pathetic cheerfulness. 

<jre-nic'u-late, ) a. [Lat. geriiculatus, from geniculum. 

Ge-nle'u-la-ted, ) a little knee, dim. of genu, knee.] 
m (Bot.) Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee. 

Ge-nle'u-la'tion, n. State of being bent abruptly at 

. an angle. 

Ge'nie, n. [See Jinnee.] One of a fabulous class of 
beings, regarded by the Arabians as intermediate between 
angels and men, created of fire, and capable of assuming 

. any form, or of becoming invisible, at pleasure. 

GSn'i-tal, a. [Lat. genitalis, from genere . gignere, to be- 

. get.] Pertaining to generation. 

Gen'i-tal§, n. pi. [Lat. genitalia, pi. of genitale, se. 
membrum. See supra.] The sexual organs ; the privates. 



Gen'i-trve, n. [Lat. genitivus, from gignere , gentium, to 
beget.] ( Gram.) A case in the declension of nouns, ex- 

# pressing such relations as are expressed in English by of. 

Gen'i-tive, a'. ( Gram.) Pertaining to, or indicating, 

. source, origin, possession, and the like. 

Gen'i-tor, n. One who procreates ; a sire ; a father. 

Gen'ius (jen'yus), n. ; pi. GEN'ius-Eg. [Lat. genius, 
prop, the divine nature which is innate in every thing, 
tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, talent, gen- 
ius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth.] 1. The 
peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is 
endowed by nature ; special taste, inclination, or disposi- 
tion. 2. Distinguished mental superiority ; especially, 
superior power of invention or origination of any kind. 
3. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind. 4. 
Peculiar constitution or character. 

Syn. — Talent. — Genivs implies high and peculiar gifts 
of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of 
mental effort, and producing new combinations of ideas, imag- 
ery, &c. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a 
peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific em- 
ployments, and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is con- 
nected more or less with the exereise of imagination, and 
reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power, lulent depends 
more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all 
the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, &c. Hence we 
speak of a genius for poetry, painting, &c,, and a talent for busi- 
ness or diplomacy. Among English orators, Lord Chatham 
was distinguished for his genius ; William Pitt for his pre-emi- 
nent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for reply. 

Ge'ni-us. n. ; pi. ge'ni-T. [See supra.] 1. A tutelary 
deity supposed by the ancients to preside over a man's des- 
tiny in life ; hence, a supernatural being ; a spirit good 

. or evil. 2. The animating spirit of a people or period. 

Gen-teel', a. [Fr. & Sp.gentil, It. gentile, Lat. gentilis, 
belonging to the same race, from gens, race, stock, fami- 
ly, and with the sense of noble, or at least respectable, 
birth, as we say, birth and family.] 1. Possessing or ex- 
hibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to 
high birth and breeding ; well bred ; easy in manners. 
2. Elegant in appearance, dress, or manner. 

Syn. — Polite ; refined ; polished ; elegant ; fashionable. 

Gen-teel'ly (109), adv. In a genteel manner. 

Gen-teel'ness, n. Quality of being genteel ; elegance ; 

> politeness. 

Gen'tian (jen'shan), n. [Lat. gentiana, so called after 
the Illyrian king Gentius, who is said to have first dis- 
covered the properties of this plant.] (Bot.) A plant 
whose root has a yellowish -brown color, and a very bitter 

t taste, and is used as an ingredient in stomachic bitters. 

Gen' tile, n. [Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same clan, 
stock, race, people, or nation ; in opposition to Roman, 
a foreigner ; in opposition to Jew or Christian, a heath- 
en. See Genteel.] One of a gentile or non- Jewish 

m nation ; a worshiper of false gods ; a heathen ; a pagan. 

Gen'tlle, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as 
distinguished from the Jews ; of pagan or heathen people. 

. 2. ( Gram.) Denoting a race or country. [false gods. 

Gen'til-I§m, n. Heathenism ; paganism ; worship of 

Gen-til'i-ty, n. [Lat. gentilitas, relationship of those 
who belong to the same clan. See Genteel.] Polite- 
ness of manner ; graceful and easy mien or behavior ; 

m state or quality of being genteel. 

Gen'tle (jen'tl), a. [compar. GENTLER; superl. GEN- 
TLEST.] [Lat. gentilis. See Genteel.] 1. Well-born; 
of a good family or respectable birth. 2. Soft and re- 
fined in manners ; not rough, harsh, or severe. 3. Quiet 
and docile. 4. Soothing. 

The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. 

Syn. — Mild ; meek ; placid ; dove-like ; quiet ; peaceful ; 
pacific; bland; soft; tame; tractable; docile.— Gentle de- 
scribes the natural disposition; tame, that which is subdued by 
training ; mild implies a temper which is, by nature, not easily 
provoked ; meek, a spirit which has been schooled to mildness 
by discipline or suffering. The lamb is gentle ; the domestie 
fowl is tame ; John, the apostle, was mild; Moses was meek. 

Gen'tle-f oik (-fok), or Gen'tle-f oiks (-foks), n. pi. 
[gentle and folk, q. v.] Persons of good breeding and 

. family. 

Gen'tle -man, n. ; pi. gen'tle -men. [See Gen- 
teel.] 1. A man who is well born; one who is of 
good family. 2. One of gentle or refined manners. 3. 
(Her.) One who bears arms, but has no title. 4. pi. 
Citizens : people ; — a common appellation by which men 
are addressed in popular assemblies, irrespective of their 
condition. 

Gentleman commoner, the highest class of commoners at the 
University of Oxford. — Gentleman nsher, one who ushers visit- 
ors into the presence of a sovereign.— Gentlemen at arms, a 
band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on occasions 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



GENTLEMAN-LIKE 



314 



GESTATION 



of solemnity, as to chapel, &c. 
sioners. \_Eng.~] 



formerly called gentlemen pen- 



Gen'tle-man-Klte, ) a. Pertaining to, resembling, or 

Gen'tle-man-ly, J becoming a gentleman ; polite ; 

„ complaisant. [ly ; well-bred behavior. 

Gen'tle-man-li-ness, n. The act of being gentieman- 

Gen'tle-ness, n. Quality or state of being gentle, mild, 

m benevolent, docile, and the like. 

Gen'tle-wom/an, n. ; pi. gen'tle-wom'en (-wlm'- 
en). 1. A woman of good family or of good breeding. 
2. A woman who waits about the person of one of high 

g rank. 

GSn'tly, adv. In a gentle manner ; softly ; meekly. 

Gen'try, n. [For gentlery, from gentle, q. v.] People of 
education and good breeding ; in England, in a restrict- 
ed sense, the class of people between the nobility and the 

. vulgar. 

Ge'nu-flee'tion, or Gen'u-flee'tion, n. [Lat. genu, 
knee, and flexio, a bending; fleeter e,flexum, to bend.] 

o Act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. 

Gen'u-Ine, a. [Lat. genuinus, from genere, gignere, to 
beget, in pass., to be born.] Belonging to or proceeding 
from, the original stock ; hence, not spurious, false, or 
adulterated. 

Syn. — Authentic ; real ; true ; pure ; unalloyed ; unadul- 
terated. See Authentic. 

Gen'u-ine-ly, adv. In a genuine manner. 

Gen'u-ine-ness, n. State or quality of being genuine ; 

. not altered or corrupted ; purity ; reality ; sincerity. 

Ge'nus, n. ; pi. gen'e-ra. [Lat. ; Gr. yeVos, from Lat. 
genere, gignere, to engender, Gr. yeVeiv, Skr. djan.] 1. 
(Logic.) A class of objects divided into several subordi- 
nate species. 2. (Science.) An assemblage of species pos- 
sessing certain characters in common by which they are 
distinguished from all others. It is subordinate to tribe 

. and sub-tribe. 

Ge'o-cen'trie, ) a. [Gr. ye'a, or yrj, earth, and k£v- 

Ge'o-^en'trie-al, J rpov, center.] (Astron.) (a.) Hav- 
ing reference to the earth as center ; in relation to or 
seen from the earth, in contradistinction to heliocentric, 
as seen from the sun. (b.) Having reference to the cen- 

. ter of the earth. 

Ge'ode, n. [Gr. yeioSrjs, yaicoSrj?, earth-like; yea, yrj, or 
yala, earth, and elSos, form.] (Min.) A rounded nodule 
of stone, containing a small cavity, usually lined with 
crystals. 

Ge-od'e-sy, n. [Gr. yewSaicria, from yea, yrj, earth, and 
Saieiv, to divide.] (Math.) That branch of surveying in 
which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, 
. as in the surveys of states, or of long lines of coast. 

Ge-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and yvwtris, 
knowing, knowledge, from yiyi/ajoxeiv, yvwi/at, to know.] 
. The subject matter of speculative geology. [ Rare.] 

Ge-og'o-ny, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and yovrj, gener- 
ation, birth, from yeVeiv, to beget.] The doctrine of the 

. formation of the earth. 

Ge-og'ra-pher, n. One who is versed in geography. 

J&Eti^feal, } »• *—"■■« *> ••*•**■ 

Ge-og'ra-phy, «. [Gr. yewypa^ia ; Yea, yrj, the earth, 
andypa^rj, description ; ypa(/)etv, to write, describe.] The 
science which treats of the world and its inhabitants ; a 

. description of the earth. 

Ge-ol'o-ger, n. One devoted to geology ; a geologist. 

Ge'o-log'ie, ) a. Pertaining to geology, or the sci- 

Ge'o-log'ie-al, ) ence of the earth. 

Ge-oPo-gist, n. One versed in the science of geology. 

Ge-6l'o-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. geologize B ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. geologizing.] To study geology ; to make 
. geological investigations. 

Ge-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and Aoyos, dis- 
course ; Ae'yetv, to speak.] The science which treats of 
the structure and mineral constitution of the globe, the 
. causes of its physical features and its history. 

Ge'o-man'cy, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and ixavreia, 
divination.] A kind of divination by means of figures or 
lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the 
. earth , and afterward on paper. 

Ge'o-man'tk, )a. Pertaining or belonging to geo- 

Ge'o-man'tie-al, I mancy. 

Ge-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. yewjueVpT)?, from ye'a,yrj, the earth, 
and fierpelv, to measure, from p-erpov, measure.] One 
. skilled in geometry ; a geometrician. 

Ge'o-met'rie, ) a. Pertaining to, or according to, 

Ge'o-met'rie-al, J the rules or principles of geometry ; 
determined by geometry. 

@3f- Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly techni- 
cal sense, as opposed to mechanical. 



Ge'o-mSt'rie-al-Iy, adv. According to the rules or 

. laws of geometry. 
Ge-om'e-tri'cian (-trish'an), n. One skilled in geome- 

. try ; a geometer. 

Ge-om'e-trize. v.i. [imp. & p. p. geometrized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GEOMETRIZING.] To recognize or ap- 
prehend geometrical quantities or laws ; to proceed in ac- 

. cor dance with the principles of geometry. 

Ge-6m'e-try, n. [Gr. yecu^erpia, from yeeoju-erpeiv, to 
measure land, from yea, yrj, the earth, and p.e-tpeiv, to 
measure ; — so called because one of its earliest and most 
important applications was to the measurement of the 
earth's surface.] That branch of mathematics which 
investigates the relations, properties, and measurement 

. of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. 

Ge'o-pon'ie, 1 a. [Gr. yeumovLKos, from yea, yrj, the 

Ge'o-pon'ie-al, ) earth, and ttovos, labor, 7tovik6s, 
toilsome.] Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agri- 
# culture. 

Ge'o-pon'ies, n. sing. [Gr. to. yecuTroi'iKa.] The art or 
science of cultivating the earth. See Note under MATH- 
. EMATICS. 

Ge'o-ra'ma, or Ge'o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and opajma, sight, view.] An invention for exhib- 
iting, on the inner surface of a large, hollow sphere, a 
. general view of the geography of the earth's surface. 
Geor'gi-e, n. [Lat. georgicum, (sc. carmen), and geor- 
gica, pi., Gr. jilfikiov yewpyiicov, and ra yetopyi/ca. See 
infra.] A rural poem ; a poetical composition on the 
. subject of husbandry. 

Geor'gi-e, ) a. [Lat. georgicus. Gr. yewpyt/eds, belong- 
Geor'gie-al, J ing to tillage, from yewpyux., tillage, ag- 
riculture ; ye'a, yrj, the earth.] Relating to agriculture 
. and rural affairs. 

Ge-os'eo-py, n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj, the earth, and a-Koirelv, 

aKeiTTeo-Oai, to look about, to view.] Knowledge of the 

e earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. 

Ge-ra'nl-iira, n. [Lat. ; Gr. yepaviov, from ye'pavos, 

crane.] (Bot.) A genus of plants having a beak-like 

torus or receptacle. Most of the species have showy 

. flowers and a pungent odor. 

Germ (14), n. [Lat. germen, for gerimen, from gerere, to 
bear, produce.] 1. (Physiol.) That which is to develop 
an embryo ; an ovary ; a bud. 2. That from which any 
. thing springs ; origin ; first principle. 
Ger-maiii', a. The same as Germane. 
Ger'man, a. [Lat. germanus, full, own, of brothers and 
sisters who have the same parents.] Nearly related; 
closely akin. 
Cousins german, cousins having the same grandfather. 
Ger'man, a. ( Geog.) Belonging to Germany. 

German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly 
cooked.— German silver, an alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, 
in different proportions for different uses. — German steel, a 
metal made of white iron in forges where charcoal is employed; 
the ores being either bog-iron or the sparry carbonate.— Ger- 
man tinder. See Amadou. 

Ger'man, n. ; pi. GLR'MANg. [Lat. Germanus, of 
Celtic origin, and signifying neighbor, i. e., of the Gauls.] 
1. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Germany. 2. The 
. German language. 

Ger-man'der, n. [Pr. germandree, Lat. chamiedrys, 

Gr. xap-ai'Spus, from x 01 !"- - 1 ') on tne earth or ground, and 

fipvs, Skr. dru, tree, especially the oak.] (Bot.) A plant 

of different genera and species, formerly much used, in 

, Europe, for medicine and in brewing. 

Germane', a. [Lat. germanus. See German.] Liter- 
ally, near akin; hence, closely allied ; appropriate or 
. fitting ; relevant. 

Ger'man-i§m, n. An idiom of the German language. 

Ger'mi'-nal, a. [Lat. germen. See Germ.] Pertaining 

, or belonging to a germ. 

Ger'mi-nant, a. [Lat. germinans,^. pr. of germinare.] 

. Sprouting ; sending forth germs or buds. 

Ger'mi-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. germinated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GERMINATING.] [Lat. germinare, germina- 
turn. See Germ.] To sprout ; to bud; to shoot. 

Ger'mi-nate, v. t. To cause to sprout. 

Ger'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of sprouting. 2. The 
. time in which seeds vegetate, after being planted or sown. 

Ge'ro-^o'mi-d, n. The same as Gerocomy. 

Ger'und, n. [Lat. gerundium , from gerere, to bear.] 
(Lat. Gram.) A kind of verbal neuter noun, governing 

. cases like a participle. [tloiple. 

Ge-riind'ive, n. (Lat. Gram.) The future passive par- 

Ges-ta'tion, n. [Lat. gestatio, from gestare, to bear, to 
carry, intens. form of gerere, gestum, to bear. | 1. The 
act of carrying young in the womb ; pregnancy. 2. 



a,e, &c.,Zong'; &,e,&,c, short ; care, far, ask, all, -what; gre, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, dr, dp. wolf, 



GESTATORY 



315 



GIGANTIC 



Exercise in which one is borne or carried about ; passive 
exercise. [nancy. 

Ges'ta-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to gestation or preg- 

Ges'tie, a. [From Fr. geste, Lat. gestus, carriage, mo- 
tion, gesture, from gerere, gestum, to bear. See GES- 
TURE.] 1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms ; legen- 
dary. 2. Relating to bodily motion ; — said especially 
with reference to dancing. 

Ges-tie'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gesticulated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GESTICULATING-.] [Lat. gesticulari, 
gesticulation ; gesticulus, a mimic gesture, gesticulation, 
dim. of gestus, gesture.] To make gestures or motions, 
as in speaking. 

£es-tie'u-late, v. t. To represent by gesture ; to act. 

Ges-tic'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of gesticulating. 2. A 
. gesture. 3. Antic tricks or motions. 

G3s-ti«'u-la/tor, n. One who gesticulates. 

G ^s-tle'u-la/to-ry, a. Representing by, or belonging 
to. gestures. 

Gest'ure (jest'yijr, 53), n. [L. Lat. gestura, from Lat. 
gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act.] A motion 

. of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion. 

Gest'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gestured ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. gesturing.] To accompany with gesture or action ; 

. to gesticulate. 

Gest'ure, v. i. To make gestures ; to gesticulate. 

Get, v. t. [imp. got (gat, obs.); p.p. got (gotten, 
obsolescent) ; p. pr. & vb. n. GETTING.] [A.-S. getan, 
gitan, Icel. geta, to produce, obtain, Goth, gitan, to 
obtain.] 1. To procure ; to obtain ; to gain possession 
of ; to acquire ; to come by : to win, by almost any means. 
2. To have ; to possess ; — only in the forms com- 
pounded with have and had. 3. To beget ; to procreate. 
4. To learn; to commit to memory. 5. To prevail on; 
to induce ; to persuade. 6. To procure to be, or to 
occur; — with a following participle. 7. To betake; to 

_ carry ; — in a reflexive use. 

Get, v. i. 1. To make acquisition ; to gain. 2. To fall 
or bring one's self into a state or condition; to come to 
be ; to become ; — with a following adjective belonging to 
the subject of the verb. 

To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. — To get along, to pro- 
ceed; to advance. — To get home, to arrive at one's dwelling. — 
To get up, to make ready; to prepare; also, to write, print, or 
publish. 

GST* Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following prep- 
osition, or adverb of motion, to indicate movement or action 
on the part of the subject of the act, of the kind signified by the 
preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to 
stir, to make one's way, to advance, to arrive, and the like. 

Gew'gaw, n. [0. Eng gigawe, gugawe, geivgaude. 
Cf. Yv'.'joujou, plaything, and Eng. gaud, ornament.] A 

_ showy trifle ; a toy ; a bauble ; a splendid plaything. 

Gey'ser (gi-'ser), n. [Icel. geysa, to be impelled, gey- 
silegr, vehement.] (Geog.) A fountain common in Ice- 
land, which spouts forth boiling water. 

Ghast'li-ness (gast/-), n. State of being ghastly; a 
death-like look. 

Ghast'ly, a. [compar. ghastlier ; superl. ghast- 
liest.] [A.-S. gastlic, ghostly, spiritual, from gast, 
ghost, spirit.] 1. Ghost-like; death-like; pale; dismal. 
2. Horrible ; shocking ; dreadful. 

Ghast'ly, adv. In a ghastly manner ; hideously. 

Ghat ) (gawt), n. [Hind, ghat.] 1. A pass through a 

Ghaut ) mountain. [India.] 2. A range or chain of 
mountains. [India.] 

Gher'kin, n. [Ger. gurke, 0. Ger. & Dan. agurhe, D. 
agurkje, dim. ; lluss. oguretz, Ar. al-khiyar, Hind, k/ura, 
kakri, khiyar.] A small species of cucumber used for 
pickling. 

Ghost (gost), n. [0. Eng. gast, A.-S. gast, breath, spirit, 
mind, genius.] 1. The spirit; the soul of man. 2. The 
soul of a deceased person ; an apparition. 

Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; 
(T/teol.) the third person in the Trinity.— To give up the ghost, 
to die; to expire. 

Ghost'ly (gost'ly), a. 1. Relating to the soul; not car- 
nal or secular ; spiritual. 2. Pertaining to apparitions. 

Ghoul (gcTol), n. [Per. ghol, an imaginary sylvan demon, 

supposed to devour men and animals, ghul, a mountain 

demon, ghuwal, a demon of the woods.] An imaginary 

evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to 

. prey upon human bodies. 

Gi'ant, n. [0. Eng. geant, from Fr. geant, A.-S. gigant, 
from Lat. gigas, gigantis, Gr. yiyas, ■ytyavros, properly 
i. q. yrjyevrjs, earth-born, gena, from yrj, the earth, and 
yiveiv. See Genesis. The ancients believed the first 
inhabitants of the earth to be produced from the ground, 
and to be of enormous size.] 1. A man of extraordinary 




bulk and stature. 2. A person of extraordinary strength 

. or powers, bodily or intellectual. 

Gi'ant, a. Like a giant ; extraordinary in size or strength. 

Gi'ant-ess/rc. A female giant. 

Giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaour, Per. gawr.] An infi- 
del ; — a term applied by the Turks to disbelievers in the 

_ religion of Mahomet. 

Gib, n. A piece or slip, in a machine or structure, to 
hold other parts together, or keep them in place, — 

_ usually held in its place by a wedge or key, or by a screw. 

Gib'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GIBBERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GIBBERING.] [Allied to jabber and gabble, q. v.] To 

_ speak rapidly and inarticulately. 

Gib'ber-ish, n. [From gibber.] Rapid and inarticulate 

_ talk ; unmeaning words. 

Gib'ber-ish, a. Unmeaning, as words. 

Gib'bet, n. [It. giubbetto, giub ,etta, dim. 
of giubba; Prov. It. gibba, an under 
waistcoat, doublet, mane ; so that it prob- 
ably originally signified a halter, a rope 
round the neck of malefactors ; or perhaps 
from Lat. gibbus, hunched, humped, con- 
vex.] 1. A kind of gallows ; an upright t 
post with an arm projecting from the top. 
2. The projecting beam of a crane, on which the pul- 

m ley is fixed. 

Gib'bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gibbeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gibbeting.] 1. To hang and expose on a gibbet or 
gallows, as an infamous punishment. 2. To expose to 

_ infamy. 

Gib'bon, n. (Zo'dl.) A kind of ape remarkable for the 
length of its arms, which, when the animal is standing, 

_ reach to the ankle joints. 

Gib-bos'i-ty, n. State of being gibbous ; gibbousness. 

Gib'bous, a. [Lat. gibbosus, from gibbus, gibba, hunch, 

_hump.] Protuberant; convex. 

Gib'boiis-iiess, n. Protuberance ; convexity. 

Gibe, v. i. [imp.k, p.p. GIBED; p. pr. & vb. n. GIB- 
ING.] [0. Fr. gaber, to deride. See Gabble.] To rail ; 
to utter taunting, sarcastic words ; to flout ; to fleer ; to 

. scoff. 

Gibe, v. t. To deride ; to scoff at ; to treat with sarcastic 

. reflections ; to taunt. 

Gibe, n. An expression of censure mingled with con- 

. tempt ; a scoff ; a railing. 

Gib'lets, n. ; pi. [0. Fr. giblet, gibelet, equivalent to 
gibier, game.] Those parts of a fowl which are removed 

_ before cooking, as the heart, liver, gizzard, &c. 

Gib'staff , n. [Prov. Eng. gib, a hooked stick.] A staff 

_ to gauge water, or to push a boat. [stantly. 

Gid'di-ly, adv. In a giddy, unsteady manner ; incon- 

Gid'di-ness, n. 1. The state of being giddy. 2. Qual- 

_ity of being inconstant ; levity. 

Gid'dy, a. [compar. GIDDIER ; superl. GIDDIEST.] 
[A.-S. gldig. Cf. A.-S. gad, point of a weapon, goad.] 
1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling 
about; light-headed; dizzy. 2. Promoting or inducing 
giddiness. 3. Bewildering on account of rapidity ; gyra- 
tory. 4. Inconstant ; unstable ; changeable. 5. Wild ; 

_ thoughtless ; excited. 

Gid'dy, v. i. To turn rapidly ; to reel. 

Gid'dy, v. t. To make dizzy ; to render unsteady. 

Gier'-ea'gle, n. [Ger. geieradler, i. e., vulture-eagle, 
from D. gier, N. H. Ger. geier, 0. H. Ger. gir, vulture.] 

_ A bird of the eagle kind mentioned in Leviticus xi. 18. 

Gift, n. [A.-S. gift, from gifan, to give.] 1. Any thing 
given or bestowed. 2. Some quality or endowment given 
to man by God. 3. (Law.) A voluntary transfer of real 
or personal property, from one to another, without any 
consideration. 

Syn. — Present ; donation ; grant ; largess ; benefaction ; 

_ boon ; bounty ; gratuity ; endowment ; talent ; faculty. 

Gift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GIFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. GIFT- 

_ING.] To endow with some power or faculty. 

Gig, n. [It. & 0. Sp. giga, Fr. gigue, a string, instrument, 
N. Sp. giga, N. Fr. gigue, jig, romp, from M. H. Ger. 
gige, fiddle, gigen, to fiddle, Icel. geiga, to tremble.] 1. 
A top or whirligig. 2. A light carriage, with one pair 
of wheels, drawn by one horse. 3. (Naut.) A ship's 
wherry, or long, light boat, designed for rapid motion. 
4. A playful or wanton person. 5. A rotatory cylin* 
der, covered with wire teeth, for teaseling woolen cloth. 

. 6. A dart or harpoon. See FISHGIG. 

Gi'gan-te'an, a. [Lat. giganteus, from gigas. Seo 

. Giant.] Like a giant ; mighty ; gigantic. 

Gi-gan'ti-e (110), a. [Lat. gigas, gigantis. See Giant.] 
1. Of extraordinary size ; very large ; huge. 2. Enorm- 
ous ; very great or mighty. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



GIGGLE 



316 



GIVE 



; gilding. 
i named from 



Gig'gle, n. [From the verb. See infra.] A kind of 

_ laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath. 

Gig'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GIGGLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GIGGLING.] [D. gigchelen, Ger. kicheln, kichem, from 
M. H. Ger. kachen, equiv. to Lat. cachinnare, to laugh 
aloud.] To laugh in a light, frolicsome, or silly manner ; 

_ to titter. 

Gig'gler, n. One who giggles or titters. 

Gild, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gilded or gilt ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. gilding.] [A.-S. gildan, gyldan, from gold, gold, 
gylden, golden.] 1. To overlay or overspread with a 
thin covering of gold ; hence, to cover or color with a 
gold-like color. 2. To illuminate ; to brighten. 3. To 
give a fair and agreeable external appearance to. 

Glld'er, n. One who gilds. 

Glld'ing, n. 1. Art or practice of overlaying things with 
gold leaf, or a thin coating of gold. 2. A thin surface 
of gold covering some other substance. 
<&ill, n. [A.-S. gedgl, gedhl, jaw, Dan. gidlle, gUlle, gelle, 
gill of a fish.] 1. (Physiol.) A ciliated organ of respira- 
tion, in fishes and other water animals. 2. The flap 
below the beak of. a fowl or bird. 3. The flesh on the 
lower part of the cheeks, or under the chin. 

Gill (jfl), n. [L. Lat. gillo, gello, guillo, flask, 0. Fr. 
gaille, an earthen vessel. Cf. GALLON.] A measure of 

. capacity containing the fourth part of a pint. 

Gill,™. [Abbreviated from Gillian. See infra.] 1. (Bot.) 
The ground-ivy . 2. Malt liquor medicated with ground- 

. ivy. 

Gill, n. [From Gillian, a woman's name.] A young 

. woman ; a sportive or wanton girl. 

Gll'ly-flow er, n. [0. Eng. jcrefloure, gillofre, gillofer, 
girofer, from Fr. giroflee, from girofie, clove, from N. 
Lat. caryophyllum, Gr. Kapvofyvkkov .] (Bot.) A plant 

_ called also stock. 

Gilt, imp. & p. p. of gild. See Gild. 

Gilt, 11. Gold laid on the surface of a thing 

Gilt'-liead, n. ( Ichth. ) A kind offish ; — s< 

_a golden-colored space over the eye-brows. 

Gim'bal, n. [See Gimmel.] A com- 
bination of rings for suspending any- 
thing, as a compass, so that it may 

m keep a constant position. 

Glin'erack (jim'krak), n. [0. Eng. 
a spruce and pert pretender, also a 
spruce girl, from jim and crack, lad, 
boaster.] A trivial mechanism; a 

_ device ; a toy. 

GIm/let, n. [0. Fr. guimbelet, from 0. D. wimpel, weme, 
a bore, wemelen, to bore, Eng. ivimple, q. v.] A small 

_ instrument for boring holes by turning it with the hand. 

GIm/mal, n. [Lat. gemellus.] 1. Joined work whose 
parts move within each other, as a bridle bit or inter- 

_ locked rings. 2. A quaint piece of machinery. 

Gimp, n. [0. Fr. guimpe, guimple, the pennon of a 
lance, from 0. H. Ger. wimpal, a summer garment, N. 
H. Ger. wimpel, pennon, pendant.] A kind of silk, 
woolen, or cotton twist or edging, used as trimming for 

. dresses, &c. 

Gln(jm), 11. [Contracted and corrupted from Geneva. 
See Geneva.] A distilled spirit or alcoholic liquor, 
manufactured from rye and barley, and flavored with 

.juniper berries and sometimes with hops. 

Gin, ii. [A contraction of engine.] 1. A machine or in- 
strument by which the mechanical powers are employed 
in aid of human strength ; especially, a machine consist- 
ing of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, for raising 
or moving heavy weights, &c. 2. A machine for separ- 

. ating the seeds from cotton. 

Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ginned ; p. pr. & vb. n. GIN- 

m NING.] To clear of seeds by a machine. 

Gln'ger, ii. [0. Eng. gingiber,gingiver, from Lat. zin- 
giber, zingiberi, Gr. £<.yyij3epi?, gtyyCfiepi, Ar. & Pers. 
zendjebil, from Skr. sringa-wcra, i. e., horn-shaped, from 
sringa, horn, and wera, shape.] (Bot.) A plant found 
in both the East and West Indies, the hot and spicy root 
. of which is extensively used in cookery and in medicine. 

Gln'ger-toread, n. A kind of plain sweet cake flavored 
with ginger. 

Ginger-bread vwrk, work cut or carved, in various fanciful 
shapes, like gingerbread. [Colloq.] 

Gln'ger-ly, adv. [Prov. Eng. ginger, brittle, tender. Cf. 
Ger. zimperlich, coy, cautious.] Nicely ; cautiously ; fas- 
_tidiously; daintily. 

Gliig'liam, n. [Fr. guingan, Jav. ginggang.] A kind 

of cotton cloth, the yarn of which is dyed before it is 

. woven. [the gums. 

GIn'gi-val, a. [Lat. gingiva, the gum.] Pertaining to 




Gimbal. 




Gin'seng, n. [Prob. a Chinese word ; said by Grosier to 
signify the resemblance of a man, or man's thigh. By 
others it is said to be from the Chinese word ginseng, 
first of plants.] (Bot.) A plant, the root of which is 

m highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. 

GIp, v. t. To take out the entrails of ; — said of herrings- 

Glp'sy, n. & a. See Gypsy. 

GI-raffe', n. [From Ar. zirafah, 
zorafeh, Egypt, soraphe, i. e. long- 
neck.] (Zool.) An African quad- 
ruped, whose fore legs are much 
longer than the hinder ones ; the 
camelopard. It is the tallest of 
animals, being sometimes twenty 

. feet in height. 

Glr'an-dole, n. [Fr. girandole, 
from Sp. girar, Lat. gyrare, to turn 
round in a circle ; gyrus, Gr. yvpos, 

m circle.] A chandelier. 

Gir'a-sole, j. n- [From It. girare, 

Glr'a-sol, j and sole, Lat. sol; 
the sun. See supra.] 1. (Bot.) A 
plant; the heliotrope. 2. (Min.)i 
A mineral, which, when turned' 
toward the sun, or any bright light, 

_ constantly reflects a reddish color. 

Gird (18), n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, Giraffe. 

gird, gyrd, rod, stick, twig ; Eng. yard, allied to Goth. 
gazds, goad ; Gr. /ceVrpoy, Icel. gaddr, nail ; Lat. hasta, 
lance, spear.] 1. The stroke of a rod; hence, a severe 

_ twitch or pang. 2. A cut ; a sarcastic remark ; a gibe. 

Gird, v. t. [imp. & p. p. girded, or GIRT ; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. GIRDING.] [A.-S. gyrdan, Goth, gairdan, Icel. 
girda.] 1. To encircle with any flexible band ; hence, 
to make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, band- 
age, or the like. 2. To surround ; to encircle ; to in- 
close. 3. To dress ; to invest. 4. [See GlRD, n.] To 

_ strike ; hence, to gibe. 

Gird, v. i. [See GlRD, v. t., 4.] To gibe; to sneer; to 

_ break a scornful jest ; to utter severe sarcasms. 

Gird'er, n. 1. One who girds ; a satirist. 2. (Arch.) The 
principal piece of timber in a floor, girding or binding 
the others together. 3. (Engin.) Any simple or com- 

_ pound beam supported at both ends. 

Gird'le, n. [A.-S. gyrdel. from gyrdan. See GlRD, v. t.] 
That which girds or encircles ; especially, a band which 

_ encircles the body, and binds together the clothing. 

Gird'le, v. t. [imp. &p. p. GIRDLED ; p. pr. St, vb. n. 
GIRDLING.] 1. To bind with a belt or sash ; to gird. 
2. To inclose ; to environ. 3. To make a circular in- 
cision through, as through the bark and alburnum of a 

_tree, to kill it. 

Gird'ler, n. 1. One who girdles. 2. A maker of girdles. 

Girl (72), n. [In 0. Eng. applied to a male as well as a 
female. Cf. A.-S. ceorl, man, husband, churl; Icel. kar- 
linna, married woman ; L. Ger. gdr, g'dhr, gdhre, child. 

_ See CHURL.] A female child, or young woman. 

GIrl'liobd, ii. The state or time of being a girl. 

GIrl'isli, a. 1. Like or befitting a girl. 2. Pertaining 

_to the youth of a woman. 

Glrl'ish-ness, n. The quality of being girlish ; the 

_ character or manners of a girl. 

Girt, imp. & p. p. of gird. See GlRD. 

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. girted ; £>. pr. & vb. n. 

_ GIRTING.] To gird ; to surround. 

Girt, \n. [A.-S. gyrd. See GlRD, v. t.] 1. A band 

Girth, ) or strap which encircles the body ; especially, 
one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a 
horse. 2. The measure round the body, as at the waist 
or belly ; the circumference of any thing. 

Gist, n. [0. Fr. giste, abode, lodgings, gist, situated, 
placed, from gesir, to he, Lat. jacere.] (Sometimes pro- 
nounced fit.) The main point of a question; the point 

_on which an action rests ; the pith of a matter. 

GIvo (57),^. t. [imp. GAVE ; p. p. GIVEN; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GIVING.] [A.-S. gifan, Icel. gefa, Goth. giban\ 

1. To bestow without receiving a return; to impart, 
as a possession ; to grant, as authority or permission. 

2. To yield possession of; to pay. 3. To communicate 
or announce, as tidings ; to render or utter, as an opin- 
ion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, and the like. 4. 
To permit; to allow; to license. 5. To exhibit as a 
product or result ; to produce. 6. To devote ; to apply. 

To aive chase, to pursue. — To give ear, to listen. — To give in, 
(a.) To allow by way of abatement or deduction from a claim; 
(h.) To declare; to make known. — To give one's self up, (a.) 
To despair of one's recovery, (b.) To resign or devote.— To 
give over, to yield completely; to quit; to abandon.— To give 



sL,e,&e.,long; a,,e,kc.,short; care, far, asls, all, what; 6re, ve.il, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



GIVE 



317 



GLAUCINE 



place, to withdraw. — To give tvay, (a.) To withdraw; to give 
place, (b.) To yield to force or pressure, (c.) (Xaut.) To be- 
gin to row; or to row with increased energy. 

Syiit — To confer; grant. — To give is generic. To confer 
was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent 
grants or privileges, as to confer the order of knighthood; and 
hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have 
been withheld, as to confer a favor. To grant is to give in an- 
swer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way de- j 
pendent or inferior. 

Give, v. i. 1. To yield to force or pressure. 2. To move ; ! 
to recede. 

To give in to, (a.) To yield assent; to adopt. (b.) To ac- I 
knowledge inferiority; to yield. — To give on or upon, to have 
a view of; to be in sight of ; to overlook; to look toward.— To 
give out, to expend all one's strength; hence, to cease from ex- 
ertion ; to yield. — To give over, to cease ; to desist. — To give 
up, to cease from effort; to yield. 

Glv'er, n. One who gives ; a donor ; a bestower. 

GIz'zard, n. [Fr. gdsier, allied to gosier, throat, from 
0. Fr. gueuse, geuse, throat.] An enlarged part of the 
alimentary canal in birds, having strong muscular walls. 
To fret the gizzard, to harrass; to vex one's self. 

Gla/forate, a. [Lat. glaber, smooth.] (Hot.) Becoming 
smooth or glabrous from age. 

Gla'broiis, a. [Lat. glaber.] Smooth ; having a surface 
without hairs or any unevenness. 

Gla'cial, a. [Lat. glacialis , from glacies, ice.] 1. Pertain- I 
ing to ice or its action ; icy ; especially, pertaining to 
glaciers. 2. (Chem.) Having a glassy appearance, as, 
crystals. 

Gla/ci-a'tion (-shi-), n. 1. Act of freezing. 2. That 
which is formed by freezing ; ice. 3. Process of becom- 
ing covered with glaciers. 

Gla'cier (gWseer or glas'i-er), n. [Fr., from Lat. glacies, \ 
ice.] An immense mass of ice. or snow and ice, formed 
in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down 
mountain slopes or valleys. 

Gla'cis, or Gla-cis', n. [Fr . , from L. Lat. glatia, smooth- 
ness, from Ger. glatt, smooth, even.] An easy, insensi- 
ble slope ; especially, (Fort.), one serving as a parapet to 
the covered way. 

Glad, a. [compar. GLADDER ; superl. gladdest.] [A.- 
S. glad, glad, Icel. gladhr ; 0. H. Ger. glat, smooth,! 
even.] 1. Well contented ; joyous ; pleased. 2. Wearing I 
a gay or bright appearance ; expressing or exciting joy. 

Syn.— Gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted: cheer- j 
ful ; joyful ; cheering ; exhilarating ; pleasing ; animating.— 
Delighted expresses a much higher degree of .pleasure than 
glad. Gratijied always refers to a pleasure conferred by some 
human agent, and the feeling is modified bv the consideration 
that we owe it in part to another. A person" may be glad or de- \ 
lighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by 
his visits. 

Glad,t'. t. [imp. & p. p. GLADDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gladding.] To make glad ; to affect with pleasure ; to 
cheer ; to gladden. 

Glad'den (glad'dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. gladdened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GLADDENING.] [A.-S. gladian. See 
supra.} To make glad; to cheer; to please; to exhil- 
arate. 

Glad'den (glad'dn), v. i. To be or become glad. 

Glade, n. [Cf. W. golead, goleuad, a lightning, illumi- 
nation, from goleu, light, clear, bright; 0. Eng. glade, 
shining, bright.] An open passage through a wood; a 
cleared space in a forest. 

Glad'i-ate, a. [Lat. gladins, sword.] (Hot.) Sword- 
shaped ; resembling a sword in form, as the legume of a 
plant. 

Glad'i-a/tor, n. [Lat., from gladius, sword.] A sword- 
player ; a prize-fighter ; especially, in ancient Rome, one 
who fought in the arena for the entertainment of the 
people. 

Glad'i-a-to'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to gladiators, or to 

Glad'i-a-to'ri-an, j combats for the entertainment of 
the Roman people. 

Glad'i-a-to-ry, a. Relating to gladiators ; gladiatorial, 

Gla-di'o-lus,n. [Lat., dim. of gladius, sword.] (ifr'.), 
A genus of plants having bulbous roots, some species of 
which are cultivated for their beauty. 

Glad'ly, adv. [See GLAD.] With pleasure ; joyfully. 

Glad'ness, n. State or quality of being glad ; joy ; 
cheerfulness. 

Glad'sdme, a. 1. Pleased ; joyful ; cheerful. 2. Caus- 
ing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness ; pleasing. 

Glad'some-ly, adv. Tn a gladsome manner ; with joy. 

Glair, n. [From A.-S. glare, amber, glare, L. Lat. glaria, 
any thing sticky.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. Any 
similar viscous, transparent substance. 

Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glaired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
glairing.] To smear with the white of an egg. 



Gl&ir'y, a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities. 

Glance, n. [Ger. glanz, luster, brightness, glimpse, 
glance, D. & Icel. glans, shining, lightning, Icel. gland, 
to grow light.] 1. A sudden shoot of light or splendor. 
2. A sudden look or darting of the sight. 

Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. glanced (glanst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. glancing,] 1. To shoot or dart a ray of light 
or splendor. 2. To fly off in an oblique direction. 3. 
To snatch a momentary or hasty view. 4. To make an 
incidental or passing reflection; to allude, 5. To be 
visible only for an instant at a time ; to twinkle. 

Glance, v. t. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely. 

Glance, n. (Min.) A dark -colored, metallic sulphuret, 
as the sulphuret of silver or copper. 

Gland, n. [Lat. glans, acorn, and glandula, gland, fit. 
a little acorn.] 1. (Anat.) A cell, or collection of cells, 
having the power of secreting some peculiar substance 
from the blood or animal fluids. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A small 
cellular spot or prominence which secretes oil or aroma, 
as in orange-peel, (b.) Any very small prominence. 3. 
(Steam-wiach.) The cover of a stuffing-box. 4. (JSIach.) 
A cross-piece or clutch for engaging and disengaging ma- 
chinery moved by belts or bands. 

Gland'erg, n. [From gland.] (-Far.) A contagious and 
very destructive disease of the mucous membrane in 
horses, 

Glan-dlf ' er-oiis, a. [Lat. glandifer, from glans, acorn, 
and ferre, to bear.] Bearing acorns, or other nuts. 

Gland'i-f orm, a. [Lat. glans, acorn, and forma, shape.] 
In the shape of a gland or nut. [sisting of glands. 

Gland'u-lar, a. Containing or supporting glands ; con- 

Gland'ule (gland'yul), n. [Fr. glandule, Lat. glandula.] 
A small gland or secreting vessel. 

Gland'u-loiis, a. [Lat. glandulosus.] Containing 
glands ; consisting of glands ; pertaining to glands ; re- 
sembling glands. 

Glans, n. [Lat. See Gland.] 1. {Anat.) The vascu- 
lar body which forms the apex of the penis, 2. (Bled.) 
(a.) An enlargement of the thyroid gland, known also as 
bronchocele and goiter, (b.) A pessary. 

Glare, n. [Allied to Lat. clarus, clear, bright, shining, 
A.-S. glare, amber, glare, any thing transparent.] 1. A 
bright dazzling light. 2. A fierce, piercing look. 

Glare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. glared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLARING.] 1. To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling 
light. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes. 3. To 
be ostentatiously splendid. 

Glare, v. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. 

Glare, a. Polished so as to reflect light brightly or clear- 
ly : hence, smooth ; slippery ; glib. 

Glar'e-ous, a. [See Glair.] Resembling the white of 
an egg ; viscous and transparent or white. [faced. 

Glar'ing,i?. a. Clear; notorious: open and bold ; bare- 
Glass, n. [A.-S. glds, Ger., D.,Dan., Sw., & Icel. glas, 
0. H. Ger. clas, also amber, A.-S. glare, Lat. glesum, 
glessum, glsesum.] 1. A hard, brittle, transparent sub- 
stance, formed by fusing sand with fixed alkalies. 2. 
Any thing made of glass : especially, (a.) A looking-glass; 
a mirror, (b.) A glass filled with running sand for meas- 
uring time ; and hence the time in which a glass is ex- 
hausted of its sand, (r.) A drioking-glass ; a tumbler. 
(d.) An optical glass; a lens; a spy -glass ; — in the pi. 
spectacles, (e.) A barometer. 

Glass v. t. [imp. & p. p. glassed (glast) : p. pr. & vb. 
n. glassing.] 1. To see, as in a glass. 2. To reflect, 
as in a mirror ; to mirror. 3. To cover with glass ; to 
glaze. [fashion glass. 

Glass'-blow'er, n. One whose business is to blow and 

Glass'ful, n. ; pi. GLASS'FULg. The contents of a glass. 

Glass'-fu.r ; nace, n. A furnace in which the materials 
of glass are melted. [ufactory of glass. 

Glass'-house, n. A house where glass is made : a inan-. 

Glass'i-ness, n. Quality of being glassy or smooth. 

Glass'- man, n. ; pi. glass'-men. One who sells glass. 

Glass'- work (-wdrk), n. 1. Manufacture of glass. 2. 
pi. The place or buildings where glass is made ; a glass ^ 
house. 

Glass'wort (-wfirt), n. (Bot.) A plant, so called from 
the fact that, when burned, it yields soda, which is used 
in the manufacture of glass. 

Glass'y, a. Made of glass; vitreous. 2. Resembling 
glass in its properties. 

Glau'ber'§-salt, n. [From Glauber, a distinguished 
German chemist ( 1604-1668 ) who discovered it. ] Sulphate 
of soda, a well-known cathartic. 

Glau-ces'cent, ] a, [Lat. glaucus, Gr, yko.v<6s, blue- 

Glau'^ine, j gray.] Having something of a blu- 

ish-hoary appearance. 



food, fo'bt; lirn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link; this. 



GLAUCOMA 



318 



GLORIFY 



Glau-eo'md, n. [Lat.; Gr. y\avKu>ixa, from y\av<ovv, to 
make grayish ; -j/Acwkos, light-gray, blue-gray, Lat. glau- 
cus.] A disease of the eye, giving it a bluish or greenish 
tinge. 

Glau'eoiis, a. [Lat. glaucus, Gr. y\av<6?.] 1. Of a sea- 
green color. 2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or fine 
white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, 
or on a cabbage -leaf. 

Glave,n. [Fr. glaive, L&t. gladius.] 1. A broadsword. 2. 
A curved cutting weapon used by infantry in repelling 
cavalry, having its edge on the outer curve, and fastened 
to the end of a pole. 

Glaze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GLAZED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLAZING.] [0. Eng. glase, glass, from glass, q. v.] 1. 
To furnish with glass, as a window. 2. To cover or over- 
lay with a thin surface like glass ; hence, to render 
smooth or glossy. 

Glaze, n. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain ; 
glazing. 

Glaz'er, n. 1. A workman who glazes pottery, &c. ; 
also, a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, &c. 2. A 
wooden wheel covered with emery or with an alloy-ring 
of lead and tin, for polishing cutlery, &c. 

Gla'zier (glaVzhur), n. [From glaze or glass.] One whose 
business is to set glass. 

Glaz'ing, n. 1. The act or art of setting glass ; the art 
of crusting with a vitreous substance, or of polishing, 
smoothing, or rendering glossy. 2. The glass or glass- 
like substance with which any surface is incrusted or 
overlaid. 3. {Paint.) Transparent, or semi-transparent, 
colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect. 

Gleam, n. [A.-S. gleam, gldrn, from glawan, to shine, 
gleam.] 1. A shoot of light ; abeam; a ray. 2. Bright- 
ness ; splendor. 

Gleam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GLEAMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLEAMING.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light. 2. 
To shine ; to cast light. 

Syn. — To glimmer, glitter. — To gleam denotes a faint 
but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indis- 
tinct and unsteady light. To glitter imports a brightness that 
is intense, but varying. The morning light gleams upon the 
earth; a distant taper glimmers through the mist; a dew-drop 
glitters in the sun. 

Gleam/y, a. Darting beams of light ; flashing. 

Glean, v. t. [imp. & p.p. gleaned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLEANING.] [Fr. glaner, to glean, L. Lat. glenare, Fr. 
glane, handful, cluster.] 1. To gather after a reaper, 
as grain. 2. To collect with patient and minute labor. 

Glean, v. i. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by 
reapers. 

Glean'er, n. One who gleans or gathers after reapers. 

Glebe, n. [Fr. glebe, Lat. gleba, clod, land, soil.] 1. 
Turf; soil; ground. 2. {Eccl. Law.) The land belong- 
ing to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice. 

Gleb'y, a. Pertaining to the glebe ; turfy ; cloddy. 

Glede, n. [A.-S. glida, glioda, probably from glidan, to 
glide.] (Ornith.) The common kite of Europe, a rapa- 
cious bird. 

Glee, n. [0. Eng. glS, glew, A.-S. glie, gled, gleov, gliv, 
glig, joy, song, gleowian, gliowian, gliwian, to jest, sing.] 
1. Joy; merriment; mirth; particularly, the mirth en- 
joyed at a feast. 2. (Mus.) A composition for three or 
more voices, generally of a light and secular character. 

Glee'f ul, a. Merry ; gay ; joyous. 

Gleet, n. [Cf. Icel. glata, to close, and A.-S. glidan, to 
glide.] {Med.) A transparent mucous discharge from 
the membrane of the urethra, an effect of gonorrhea. 

Gleet, i'. i. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor. 2. To 
flow slowly, as water. 

Gleet'y, a. Ichorous ; thin ; limpid. 

Glen, n. [A.-S. glen, from W. glyn.] A secluded and 
narrow valley ; a dale. 

Gle'noid, n. [Gr. ■yA^voeiSifc, from yXrjv-q, socket, and 
elSos, form.] {Anat.) A part having a shallow cavity, as 
the socket of the shoulder-joint, and the like. 

Glib, a. [compar. GLIBBER ; superl. GLIBBEST.] [Fr. 
glib, slippery, Gael, glib, sleet, D. glibber en, glippen, to 
slide, glibberig, glippc^ig, glib, slippery. Cf. A.-S. glid, 
slippery.] 1. Smooth; slippery. 2. Voluble; easily 
moving. 
Syn. v_ Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant. 

Glibly, adv. In a glib manner. 

Glib'ness, n. The quality or state of being glib. 

Glide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GLIDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLIDING.] [A.-S. glidan, D. glyden or glijden, M. H. 
Ger. ghten.] To move gently or smoothly ; to pass rap- 
idly and easily, as over a smooth surface. 

Glld'er, n. One who, or that which, glides. 



Glim, n. [Prov. Ger. glim, glowing, a spark. See infra.\ 
A fight or candle. 
Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang.'] 
Glim/mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. glimmered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GLIMMERING.] [Ger. glimmer, a faint, trembling 
light, mica, glimmern, to glimmer, glimmen, to shine 
faintly, glow.] To give feeble or scattered rays of light ; 
to shine faintly. 
Syn. — To gleam ; to glitter. See Gleam. 

Glim/mer, n. A faint light ; feeble, scattered rays of 

light. 

Glimpse, n. [D. glimpen and glimmen, to shine faintly. 
See supra.] 1. A sudden flash ; transient luster. 2. 
A short, hurried view. 

Glimpse, v. i. To appear by glimpses. 

Glimpse, v. t. To catch a glimpse of; to see by glimpses. 

Glis'ten (glls'n), v. i. [imp. & p.p. GLISTENED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GLISTENING.] [0. Eng. glissen, A.-S. glisian, , 
glisnian, 0. H. Ger. glizan, N. H. Ger. gleiszen.] To 
sparkle or shine ; especially, to shine with a mild, sub- 
dued, and fitful luster. 

Glis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GLISTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GLISTERING.] [Ger. glistern, glinstern, glitzern.] To 
be bright ; to sparkle ; to shine ; to glisten. 

Glit'ter, v. i. [imp. & p.p. glittered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GLITTERING.] [Sw. glittra, Icel. glitra, glita, A.-S. 
glitan, glitian, glitnian.] 1. To sparkle with light. 2. 
To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive. 

Syn. — To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; to glare. 
See Gleam. 

Glit'ter, n. A bright, sparkling light ; brilliancy. 

Gloat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gloated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gloating.] [Ger. glotzen, Icel. glotta, to smile indig- 
nantly.] To look steadfastly ; — usually in a bad sense, 
to gaze with malignant satisfaction, or passionate desire. 

Glo'bate, )a. [Lat. globatus, p. p. of globare, to 

Glo'ba-ted, j make into a ball, globus, ball.] Having 
the form of a globe ; spherical ; spheroidal. 

Globe, n. [Lat. globus.] 1. A round or spherical body ; 
a ball ; a sphere. 2. Any thing which is nearly spherical 
in shape. 3. The earth. 

Syn.— Sphere ; orb ; ball.— Globe denotes a round (and 
usually a solid) body ; sphere is the mathematical term for such 
a body; orb is used in the same sense, and also (contracted 
from orbit) for the pathway of a heavenly body ; ball is ap- 
plied to a heavenly body conceived of as thrown or impelled 
through space. 

Globe'-fish, n. {Ichth.) A fish 
which, by inflating an abdominal 
sac, can swell out its body to a glob- 
ular shape. 

Glo-bose', a. Round ; spherical ; 
globular, or nearly so. 

Glo-bos'i-ty, n. The quality of Globe-fish, 
being round ; sphericity. 

Glo'boiis, a. Round ; spherical ; globose. 

Glob'u-lar, a. Globe-shaped ; spherical, or nearly so. 

Glob'ule, n. [Lat. globulus, dim. of globus.] A little 
globe ; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form. 

Glob'u-lous, a. Having the form of a small sphere ; 
round ; globular ; spherical ; orbicular. 

Glom'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glomerated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. GLOMERATING.] [Lat. glomerare, glomeratus, 
from glomus, ball.] To gather or wind into a ball. 

Gloin'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of gathering, or form- 
ing into a ball or spherical body. 2. That which is 
formed into a ball. 

»Globm. n. [A.-S. gldm.] 1. Partial or total darkness. 
2. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; aspect of sorrow. 

Syn. — Darkness; dimness; obscurity; heaviness; dullness; 
depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Darkness. 

Gloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GLOOMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

glooming.] 1. To shine obscurely ; to glimmer. 2. 

To appear dark, dismal, or gloomy. 
Gloom, v. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark. 2. To make 

sad, dismal, or sullen. 
Globm'i-ly, adv. Obscurely ; dimly ; dismally. 
Globm/i-ness, n. State of being gloomy ; obscurity. 
Globm'y, a. [compar. gloomier ; superl. gloomi- 
est.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated. 2. Affected with, 

or expressing, gloom ; heavy of heart. 

Syn.— Dark; dim; dusky; dismal; cloudy; moody; sullen; 

morose ; melancholy ; sad ; downcast ; depressed; dejected ; 

disheartened. 
Glo'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of giving glory. 2. State 

of being glorified. 
Glo'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glorified ; p. pr. & vb. 




a,e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, vgil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, d«, wolf, 



GLORIOUS 



319 



GNU 



n. GLORIFYING.] [Lat. glorificare ; gloria, glory, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To irake glorious by bestowing 
glory upon ; to render illust ious or worthy of praise. 
2. To render homage to ; to worship ■, to adore. 
Glo'ri-ous (89), a. [See Glory, n.] 1. Exhibiting at- 
tributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of, or receive 
glory. 2. Eager for glory or distinction. 

Syn. —Eminent; noble; excellent; renowned; illustrious; 
celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid. 

Glo'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a glorious manner. 

Glo'ry (89), n. [Lat. gloria, allied to clarus, bright, clear.] 
1. High reputation ; honorable fame. 2. An object of 
pride or boast ; the occasion of praise. 3. Pride ; boast- 
fulness. 4. The presence of the divine Being; celestial 
honor; heaven. 5. (Paint.) A circle of rays round a 
head or entire figure. 

Syn. — Renown ; celebrity ; distinction ; luster; dignity ; 

• grandeur; nobleness. 

Glo'ry, v. i. [imp. Sop. p. GLORIED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
glorying.] 1. To exult with joy ; to rejoice. 2. To 
boast ; to be proud of. 

Gloss, n. [Cf. Ger. gleiszen, to shine, glitter ; Lat. glossa, 
Gr. yXSio-o-a, an obsolete or foreign word that requires ex- 
planation.] 1. Brightness or luster from a smooth sur- 
face ; polish. 2. A specious appearance, representation, 
and interpretation. 3. Comment; explanation. 

Gloss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glossed (glost) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. glossing.] 1. To make smooth and shining. 2. To 
render specious and plausible. 3. To illustrate ; to explain. 

Gloss, v. i. 1. To comment ; to make explanatory re- 
marks. 2. To make sly remarks. 

Glos-sa'ri-al, a. Containing explanation. 

Gloss'a-rist, n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary. 

G15ss'a-ry,w. [Lat. glossarium, from glossa. See Gloss, 
3.] A vocabulary of words requiring special elucidation. 

G15ss'er, n. A writer of glosses ; a commentator. 

Gloss'i-ness, n. Condition or quality of being glossy. 

Gloss-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yAwo-cra, andypa^eiv, to write. 
See Gloss, 3.] The writing of glossaries or glosses. 

Gloss-ol'o-glst, n. One who defines and explains terms. 

Gloss-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. yAwcra-a and Aoyos, discourse. See 
GLOSS, 3.] 1. Definition and explanation of terms. 2. 
Science of language ; comparative philology : linguistics. 

Gloss'y, a. [compar. glossier ; saperl. glossiest.] 

1. Smooth and shining. 2. Specious ; plausible. 
G16t'tis, It. [Gr. yAwTTi?, yAw<xo"i?, from yAwTra. yAaxraa, 

the tongue.] (Anat.) The narrow opening at the upper 
part of the larynx, between the vocal cords. 

Glot-tol'o-gy, n. Comparative philology ; glossology. 

Glove (gluv), n. [A.-S. glbf, Icel. glGfi.] A cover for 
the hand, with a separate sheath for each finger. 

Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gloved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLOVING.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. 

Glov'er, n. One who makes and sells gloves. 

Glow, v. i. [imp. & p.p. GLOWED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLOWING.] [A.-S. glowan, Icel. gloa, to shine.] 1. 
To shine with an intense or white heat. 2. To be bright 
or red with animation, blushes, or the like. 3. To feel 
hot, as the skin. 4. To feel the heat of passion. 

Glow, n. 1. Shining heat, or white heat ; incandescence. 

2. Brightness of color ; redness. 3. Intense excitement 
or earnestness. 

Glow'- worm (-wurm), n. (Entom.) A coleopterous in- 
sect. The female, which is wingless, emits, in the night- 
time, a shining green light from the extremity of the 
abdomen. 

Gloze, v. i. [imp. & p p. GLOZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GLOZING.] [A.-S. gldse, gloss, interpretation, glesan, 
to gloze.] 1. To flatter ; to wheedle. 2. To misinterpret. 

Gloze, v. t. To smooth over ; to palliate or extenuate. 

Gloze, n. Flattery ; adulation. 

Glue, n. [Lat. glus, glutis, i. e., gluten ; ghtere, to draw 
together.] A hard, brittle, brownish gelatine, obtained 
by boiling the skins, hoofs. &c, of animals. When 
heated with water, it becomes viscid and tena- 
cious, and is used as a cement. 

Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GLUED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. gluing.] 1. To join with glue. 2. To 
hold together ; to unite. 

Glu'ey, a. Viscous; glutinous. [lent. 

Glum, a. [See Gloom.] Sullen; moody; si- 
Glume, n. [Lat. gluma, hull, husk, from glu- 
berr, to bark or peel.] (Bot.) The floral cover- 
ering of grain or grasses. 

Glut, v. t. [imp. & p.p. glutted; p. pr. & Glume. 
vb. n. GLUTTING.] [Lat. glutire.) 1. To swallow 
greedily ; to gorge. 2. To satiate ; to sate. 





w 



Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed down. 2. Full sup- 
ply ; hence, often, supply beyond sufficiency or to loath- 
ing. 3. A large wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. 

Glu'ten, n. '[Lat. See Glue.] (Chem.) The viscid, 
tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough. 

Glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glutinated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. GLUTINATING.] [Lat. glutinare, glutinatum, 
from gluten.] To unite with glue. 

Glu'ti-na'tion, n. The act of uniting with glue. 

Glu'ti-na-tive, a. Tenacious ; viscous ; glutinous. 

Glu/ti-nous, a. [Lat. glutinosus, from gluten, q. v.] 
Resembling glue ; viscous ; viscid ; tenacious. 

Glfi'ti-nous-ness, n. The quality of glue ; tenacity. 

Glut'ton (gluten), n. 
[Lat. gtutto, gluto.] 1. 
One who eats voraciously ; 
a gormandizer ; hence, 
one eager for any thing to 
excess. 2. (Zoo I.) A car- , 
nivorous mammal, at one ' '^f' •S^vWo&y 
time regarded as inordi- 
nately voracious ; the wolverine. 

Gliit'ton-ous, a. Belonging to a glutton or to gluttony 
given to excessive eating. 

Glut'ton-y (glut'tn-y), n. Act or practice of a glutton ; 
excess in eating ; voracity. 

Glyc'er-Ine, n. [From Gr. yAv/cepd?, equiv. to yAv*vs, 
sweet.] (Chem.) A sweet viscid liquid, formed from 
fatty substances, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen. 

Glyph, n. [Gr. yAv^ij : yAv^etv, to hollow out, carve.] 
(Arch.) A sunken channel, usually vertical. 

Gly-phog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yAv^etv, to engrave, and 
ypa.07?, drawing.] A process of etching by means of vol- 
taic electricity. 

Glyp'ti-e, \n. sing. [See supra.] The art of engraving 

Glyp'ti-es, j figures on precious stones. [See NOTE 
under Mathematics.] 

Glyp-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yAv7TTOs, carved, and ypd<fiet,v, 
to write.] A description of the art of engraving on 
precious stones. 

Gnarl (narl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. GNARLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. gnarling.] LA.-S. gnyrran, N. II. Ger. knarren, 
knurren.] To growl ; to murmur ; to snarl. 

Gnarl (narl), n. A knot in wood. 

£E£(H2SH* Kao« y ; full cf knots. 

Gnash (nash), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. gnashed (nasht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GNASHING.] [0. Eng. gnaste, gnayste, 
Icel. gnista.] To strike together, as in anger or pain. 

Gnasli (nash), v. i. To grind or strike together the teeth. 

Gnat (nat), n. [A.-S. gnat, from A.-S. gnidan, to rub.] 
(Entom.) A delicate blood-sucking fly. 

Gnaw (naw), v. t. [imp. & p. p. GNAWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n." gnawing.] [A.-S. gnagan, Icel. gnaga.] 1. To 
bite, or wear away by scraping with the teeth. 2. To 
corrode ; to fret away. 

Gnaw (naw), v. i. To use the teeth in biting. 

Gnaw'er (naw'er), n. One who, or that which, gnaws 
or'corrodes. 

Gneiss (nis), n. [Ger. gneis or gneisz.] ( Geol.) A crys- 
talline rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica. 

Gneis'soid (ms'soid), a. [Eng. gneiss and Gr. elSos, form.] 
Having some of the characteristics of gneiss. 

Gnome (n5m), n. [Gr. yvdfiuv, one that knows, a guar- 
dian, i. e., of the treasures in the earth.] 1. An imagi- 
nary being, supposed to inhabit the inner parts of the 
earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, &c 
2. A dwarf; a goblin. 

Gno'mon (no'mon), n. [Gr. yvu>uwi>,from yviavav, yiyvta- 
o-Keiv, to know.] (Dialing.) 1. The style orpin of a 
sun-dial, which shows by its shadow the hour of the day. 
2. The index of the hour-circle of a globe. 

Gnos'tie (noVtik), n. [Gr. yvcocn-iKo?, sagacious, a man 
who claims to have a deeper wisdom, from yiyi/wavceiv, to 
know.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of so-called philos- 
ophers in the first age.s of Christianity. Their system, 
was a combination of oriental 
theology and Greek philoso- 
phy with the doctrines of 
Christianity. 

Gnos'tie (nos'tik), a. Pertain- 
ing to the Gnostics or their 
doctrines. 

Gnos'ti-cism (nos'tl-sizm), 
n. The doctrines taught by 
the Gnostics, 
Gnu(nu), n. [Hottentot gnu, Gnu. 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; tills. 



GO 



320 



GOLF 



or nju,] (Zool.) A South African antelope having the 
neck, body, and tail like those of a horse, and single, re- 
curved horns. 
Go, v.i. [imp. went ; p. p. gone; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GOING. Went comes from the A.-S. wendan,a, different 
word.] [A.-S. gangan, gan. Cf. GANG, v. i.] 1. To 
pass from one place to another ; to proceed ; to advance ; 
— employed in the most various applications of the move- 
ment of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever 
means, and also of the movements of the mind ; also fig- 
uratively applied to every thing conceived to have being 
or life. 2. To walk ; also, to walk step by step, or leis- 
urely, 3. To pass ; to circulate. 4. To be with young ; 
to be pregnant ; to gestate. 5. To pass away ; to leave ; 
to depart. 6. To be lost or ruined ; to perish ; to die. 

Go to, come ; move ; begin ; — a phrase of exhortation, serious 
or scornful. [Obs.] 
Go, v. t. To take, as a share in an enterprise ; to bear or 
enjoy a part in. 

To go it, to behave in a wild manner ; to be uproarious, to 
carry on ; also, to proceed ; to make progress. [Colloq.] 

Go, n. 1. A circumstance or occurrence. 2. The fash- 
ion or mode. [Collog.] 3. Noisy merriment. [Colloq.] 

Goad (20), n. [A.-S. ghd, gaed. See GAD.] A pointed 
instrument to urge on a beast ; hence, any thing that 
stimulates. 

Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GOADED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
goading.] To prick; to drive with a goad ; hence, to 
urge forward ; to stimulate. 

Syn. — To excite ; arouse ; irritate ; incite ; instigate. 

Goal, n. [Fr. gaule, pole ; Prov. Fr. waule, fr. Goth, valus, 
staff, stick, rod ; Armor, gwalen, staff; W. gwyal, goal.] 
1. The point set to bound a race ; the mark, 2. The 
end or final purpose. 

Goat, n. [A.-S. gat, Goth, gai- 
tei, gaitsa, allied to Lat. hadus, 
hsedus, a young goat; kid.] 
(Zool.) A mammiferous quad- 
ruped having cloven hoofs, and 
chewing the cud. It is allied 
to the sheep. 

Goat-ee', n. Part of the beard 
depending from the lower lips 
or chin, resembling the beard 
of a goat. Goat's head. 

Goat'-lierd, n. One who tends goats. 

Goat'isli, a. ' Resembling a goat in any quality, especial 
ly in smell or lustfulness. 

Goat'-suck/er, n. (Ornith.) 
A nocturnal swallow some- 
thing like the owl in appear- 
ance ; — so called from the 
mistaken notion that it sucks 
goats. 

Gob, n. [0. Fr. gob, morsel; 
Gael. & Ir. gob, mouth, 
snout.] 1. A small quanti- 
ty ; a mouthful. [Low.] 2. 
The mouth ; also, the spittle 
or saliva. [Prov. Eng.] 

Gob'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GOBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. gobbling.] [See GOB, n.] To swallow hastily ; to 
eat down voraciously. 

Gob'ble, v. i. To make a noise in the throat, as a turkey. 

Gob'bler, n. 1. A greedy eater ; a gormandizer. 2. A 
turkey-cock. [Colloq.] 

Go'-be-tween/, n. An interposer ; a broker. 

Gob'let, n. [Fr. gobelet, Sp. cubilete, from Lat. cupa, 
tub, cask.] A drinking vessel without a handle. 

Gob'lin, n. [Fr. goblin, gobelin, Lat. gobelinus, from Gr. 
ko/3ciaos, knave, a mischievous goblin; Ger. kobold.] An 
evil spirit ; a frightful phantom ; a gnome ; an elf; a 
spirit. 

Go'by, n. [Lat. gobius and gobio, Gr. kw/3i6s.] (Ir.hth.) 
A spiny -finned fish, having the ventral fins on the breast 
capable of forming a funnel-shaped sucker. 

Go'-by, n. 1. Evasion ; escape by artifice. 2. A thrust- 
ing away. 

Go'-eart, n. A small machine moving on castors, to 
. support children while learning to walk. 

G6d, n. [A.-S. god, Icel. gudh,gndh, 0. H. Ger. got, Goth. 
gutk, allied to Pers. hhodh, Hind, khuda.] 1. An object 
of worship ; a divinity ; a deity. 2. The Supreme Being ; 
Jehovah. [at baptism. 

God'cbild, n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor 
G8d'daugh-ter (-daw-ter), n. A girl for whom one 
becomes sponsor at baptism. 





Goat-sucker. 



God'dess, n. A female god. 

God'fa-tber, n. [A.-S. godfader. Cf. Gossip.] Amaa 
who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism. 

God'liead, n. [Eng. god, and suffix head, from A.-S. h&d t 
person, sex, habit, order,] 1. Deity ; divinity ; divine 
nature or essence. 2. A god or goddess. 3. The Deity ; 
God ; the Supreme Being. 

God'less, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God : un- 
godly ; irreligious ; wicked. 

God'like, a. Resembling a god or God ; divine. 

God'ly, a. 1. Reverencing God, and his character and 
laws. 2. Formed or influenced by a regard for God. 
Syn. — Pious ; holy ; devout ; religious ; righteous. 

God'motb-er (-muth-er), n. [A.-S godmbdor.] A wom- 
an who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. 

God'send, n. Something sent by God ; an unexpected 
acquisition or piece of good fortune. 

God'shlp, n. Deity ; divinity ; a god or goddess. 

God'son (-sun), n. One for whom another has been 
sponsor at the font. 

G6d' speed, n. Success; prosperous journeying ; — a 
contraction of the phrase, " I wish that God may speed 
you." [Written also as two separate words.] 

God'ward, adv. Toward God. 

GSd'wit, n. [Prob. from A.-S. god, good, and wiht, 
creature, wight.] (Ornith.) A European and North Af- 
rican bird, having long legs, and a long, flexible bill. 

Go'er, n. One who, or that which, goes ; a runner or 
walker. 

Goffer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. goffered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GOFFERING.] To plait or flute, as lace, &c. 

Gog'gle (gog'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. goggled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GOGGLING.] [Scot, gogge, to blindfold. Cf 
Lat. codes, surname of a person blind with one eye.] To 
strain or roll the eyes. [eyes. 

Gog'gle, a. Full and rolling or staring; — said of the 

Gog'gle, n. [See Goggle, v. ?'.]*!. A strained or affect- 
ed rolling of the eye. 2. pi. A kind of spectacles to 
protect the eyes from cold, dust, &c, or to cure squint- 
ing. 

Go'ing, n. 1. Act of moving in any manner. 2. De- 
parture. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Course of life. 

Goi'ter, ) n. [Fr. goitre, from Lat. 

Goi'tre, ) guttur, throat.] (Med.) 
Bronchocele ; an enlargement of 
the thyroid gland. See CRETIN- 
ISM. 

Gold, n. [A.-S. gold, Icel. gull, 
Goth, gulth.] 1. A precious metal of 
a reddish yellow color, and metallic 
luster, remarkable for its ductility 
and malleability. 2. Money ; rich- 
es ; wealth. 3. A yellow color like 
that of the metal. 

Gold'-beat'er, n. One who beats 
or foliates gold for gilding. 

Gold-beater's skin, the outside membrane of the large intes- 
tine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal in beat- 
ing. 

Gold'-dust, n. Gold in very fine particles. 

Gold'en (gold'n), a. 1. Made of gold; consisting of gold. 
2. Having the color of gold. 3. Very precious. 

Golden age, the fabulous age of primeval simplicity and pu- 
rity of manners in rural employments. —Golden number (Chro- 
not.~), a number showing the year of the lunar cycle; — so called 
from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. — 
Golden rule, the rule of doing as we would have others do to us. 
See Luke, vi. 31. 

Gold'fincli, n. (Ornith.) A. 
beautiful singing - bird — so ' 
named from the color of its 
wings. 

Gold'-fish, n. (Ichth.) A small 
fish so named from its color, 
being like that of gold. It is 
a native of China. 




Goiter. 




Gold beaten 

Goldfinch. 
One who manufactures vessels and or- 



Gold'-leaf, n. 

into a thin leaf. 
Gold'smlth, n. 

naments of gold. 
Gold'-st5ck,«. The colonel of a regiment of English 

lifeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions ; 

— so called from the gold rod presented to him by the 

sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of 

the regiment. [Eng.] 
G51f , n. [D. kolf, club or bat, Icel. kblfr.] A game played 

with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower 

end. 



a, e, be, long; a, 6, kc, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr. dft, wolf, 



GONDOLA 



321 



GORSE 




Gondola. 



Gon'do-la, n. [It., dim. 
of gonda, id.] 1. (Naut.) 
A flat-bottomed pleasure- 
boat, very long and nar- 
row, used at Venice, on 
the canals. 2. A kind 
of flat - bottomed boat. 
[Amer.] 3. A lpng plat- 
form car, used 'on rail- 
ways. 

Gon'do-lier', n. A man 
who rows a gondola. 

Gone (21), p. p. of go. See Go. 

Gon'fa-lon, I ii. [Prom 0. H. Ger. gundfano, war-flag, 

Gon'fa-non, ) from gund, war, and fano, cloth, flag, 
A.-S. gudhfana.] An ensign or standard ; colors. 

Gong, n. [Malayan (Jav.) gong.] A circular instrument 
of copper and tin, producing, when struck, a very loud 
and harsh sound. 

Go'ni-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. ywvCa, angle, and /jeVpov, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring angles, espe- 
cially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes. 

Go'ni-o-met'rie, ) a. Pertaining to, or determined 

Go'ni-o-met'rie -al, J by means of, a goniometer. 

Go'ni-om'e-try, n. The art of measuring solid angles. 

Gon'or-rhe'a (-rd'a), n. [Gr. yovoppoia, from -yo^r?, 
semen, and pe'eiv, to flow.] (Med.) A contagious inflam- 
matory discharge from the membrane of the genital or- 
gans. 

Good, a. [compar. BETTER ; superl. BEST.] [A.-S. god, 
Goth, gods, Icel. godr, allied to Gr. ayaOos-] 1. Pos- 
sessing desirable qualities ; adapted to answer the end 
designed. 2. Possessing moral excellence or virtue. 3. 
Kind; benevolent. 4. Serviceable ; suited ; adapted. 5. 
Clever ; skillful ; followed especially by at. 6. Adequate ; 
sufficient ; in a commercial sense, having pecuniary 
ability. 7. Considerable. 8. Pull ; complete. 9. Pair ; 
honorable. 

As good as, not less than. — As good as one's word, perform- 
ing to the extent promised. — To make good, to fulfill; to estab- 
lish; to maintain. — To think good, to regard as expedient or 
proper. 

Good, n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, 
promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, 
excellent, kind, benevolent, or the like. 2. Welfare; 
prosperity ; advantage ; benefit. 3. pi. Wares, commod- 
ities, chattels. 

For good, or for good and all, for the rest of the time; finally; 
permanently. 

Gobd, adv. 1. Well ; equally well. 2. To a good de- 
gree ; quite ; considerably. 
As good as, in effect; virtually. 

Gobd'-breed'ing, n. Polite manners or education. 

G6~bd-foy', ) n. or interj. [Either a contr. of God be 

G6~bd»bye', ) with ye, or compounded with by, bye, 
way, journey. See By.] Farewell ; — a form of address 
used at parting. 

Good-day', n. or interj. Farewell ; — a term of saluta- 
tion at meeting or parting. 

G6~od-Fri'day, n. A fast, in memory of our Savior's 
sufferings, kept on the Friday of passion-week. 

Gobd-lru/mored, a. Having a cheerful spirit and 
demeanor ; good-natured ; good-tempered. 

G6"bd'li-ness, n. Beauty of form ; grace; elegance. 

Gtfbd'ly, a. [compar. GOODLIER ; superl. GOODLI- 
EST.] 1. Pleasant ; agreeable. 2. Comely ; graceful. 
3. Large ; swelling. 

Gobd'man, »i. 1. A familiar appellation of civility. 2. 
A husband ; master of a house or family. 

GeJbd'-nat'ured, a. Naturally mild in temper ; not 
easily provoked. 

Syn. — Good-tempered; kind. — Good-natured denotes a 
disposition to please and be pleased; good-tempered, a spirit 
which is not easily ruffled by provocation or other disturbing 
influences; kind, a disposition to make others happy by sup- 
plying their wants and granting their requests. 

Gobd'ness, n. The quality of being good in any of its 
various senses ; excellence ; virtue ; kindness ; benevo- 
lence, [easily irritated or annoyed. 

Gcfod'-tem'perfd, a. Having a good temper ; not 

Gobd- will', n. 1. Benevolence. 2. (Law.) The cus- 
tom of any trade or business. 

Gtfbd'y, n. 1. [Probably contracted from good-wife.'] 
Good-wife; good-woman ; —a low term. 2. pi. Bon- 
bons, and the like. [ Colloq.] 

Goos'an-der, n. [0. Eng. gossander, a tautological 
word, formed from goose and gander, q. v.] ( Ornith.) A 





migratory duck, an inhabitant of the northern regions, 
and feeding chiefly on fish. 

Goose, n. ; pi. geese. [A.-S. gds, 
Icel. gas, Ger. gans, allied to W. 
gwydd, Ir. geadh, Lat. anser, for han- 
ser, Gr. xv v > Slav, gusj and gonsj, 
Skr. hangsa.] 1. A well-known 
aquatic fowl. 2. A tailor's smooth- 
ing iron , the handle of which resem- ^ 
bles the neck of a goose. 3. A sim- 
pleton. 4. A game of chance, for- Goose, 
merly common in England. 

Gob§e'toer-ry, n. [Corrupted for gossberry, or gcrse- 
berry, a name taken fx-om the roughness of the shrub, for 
goss, or gorse, has prickles like the gooseberry bush.] 
(Bot.) The fruit of a certain thorny shrub, and the shrub 
itself, found in all temperate regions of the world. 

Gdbse'-flesh, n. A peculiar roughness of the skin pro- 
duced by cold or fear. 

Go'pher , n. [Fr . gaufre, waffle , 
honeycomb. Cf. GAUFFER- 
ING.] A burrowing animal of _^ 
several different kinds. 

Go'pher, n. [Heb. gopher.] A 
species of wood used in the 
construction of Noah's ark. Gopher. 

Gor'-cock, n. [Either from gore, blood, i . e., red, or 
from gorse, furze or heath.] (Ornith.) A gallinaceous 
bird ; the moor-cock, red-grouse, or red-game. 

G6r'di-an, a. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, 
or to a knot tied by him, which could not be untied, but 
was cut by Alexander the Great ; hence, intricate ; com- 
plicated ; difficult. 

Gore, n. [A.-S. gor, gore, dirt, dung, W. gor, gore, pus, 
gwyar, gore.] Blood ; thick or clotted blood. 

Gore, n. [From A.-S. gar, Icel. geir, Ger. ger, dart, 
lance.] 1. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth, sewed into a 
garment, &c, to give greater width at a particular part. 
2. A triangular piece of land. 

Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GORING.] [A.-S. gar, spear.] To pierce ; to stab. 

Gore, v. t. To cut in a triangular form. 

Gorge, n. [From Lat. gurges, whirlpool, gulf, abyss.] 1. 
The throat ; the gullet . 2. A narrow passage or en- 
trance; as, (a.) A defile between mountains, (b.) The 
entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort. 3. 
That which is swallowed, especially by a hawk. 

G6rge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gorged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gorging.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with 
greediness. 2. To glut ; to satiate. 

Gorge, v. i. To feed greedily. 

Gor'geous (gor'jus)^ a. [0. Fr. gorgias, gorgiais, gor- 
giase, beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious, from gorgias, 
ruff, neck-handkerchief.] Imposing through splendid or 
various colors ; showy ; fine ; magnificent. 

Gor'geoiis-ly, adv. In a gorgeous manner ; splendidly. 

Gor'geous-ness, n. Quality of being gorgeous; splen- 
dor; magnificence. 

Gor'get (gor'jet), n. [0. Fr. gorgeite, gorgerette, equiv. 
to gorgerin, neck-armor. See GORGE.] 1. A piece of 
armor for defending the throat or neck. 2. (Mil.) A 
pendent metallic ornament, worn by officers when on 
duty. [Eng.] 3. (Surg.) A , 
cutting instrument used in li- 
thotomy. 

Gdr'gon, n. [Lat. Gor go, Gor- 
gon, Gr. Topydi, Topywv.] 1. 
(Myth.) A fabled monster, of 
terrific aspect, the sight of 
which turned the beholder to 
stone. 2. Any thing very ugly 
or horrid. 

Gor-go'ni-an, a. Pertaining 
to, or resembling, a Gorgon. 

Go-rll'la, n. (Zool.) A large 
monkey, inhabiting the west- 
ern shores of Africa. It is as large as man, and is re- 
markable for its strength and ferocity. 

G6r'mand, n. [Cf. Prov. Fr. gourmer, to sip, to lap, 
gourme, mumps, glanders, Prov. Eng. gorm, to smear, to 
daub.] A glutton ; a gourmand. 

G6r'man-dize, v. i. or t. [Fr. gourmandise, gluttony.] 
To eat greedily ; to feed ravenously. 

Gdr'mand-Iz'er, n. A greedy, voracious eater. 

Gdrse, n. [A. S. gorst, gost. Cf. 0. H. Ger. grasi, hay, 
equivalent to gras, A.-S. gears, gars, grass. See Grass.] 
(Bot.) A thick, prickly shrub, bearing yellow flowers in 
winter ; furze ; whin. 




Gorilla. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get 



a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



GORY 



322 



GRADE 




Gor'y, a. 1. Covered with gore. 2. Bloody ; murderous. 

6os'hawk,n. [A.-S. goshafuc, 
i. e.,"goosehawk; gds, goose, 
and hafuc, hawk.] (Ornith.) 
A short-winged, slender hawk, 
found in the temperate part of 
both hemispheres. ^$%' 

Gog'ling, n. [A.-S.g6s,agoose 
and the dim. termination ling. 
A young goose. 

Gos'pel, n. [A.-S. godspell, 
from god, good, andspeW, his- 
tory, story, tidings.] 1. Glad 
tidings ; especially, the good 
news concerning Christ and 
his salvation. 2. One of the Goshawk, 

historical narratives of the life and sayings of Jesus 
Christ. 3. Any system of religious truth or doctrine. 

Gos'pel-er, n. " 1. An evangelist. 2. A follower of 
Wyckliffe; hence, a Puritan. [Obs.] 3. A priest who 
reads the gospel at the altar during the communion ser- 
vice. 

Gos'sa-mer, n. [0. Eng. gossamer, gossamer e, gossa- 
more, prob. from gorse and summer, as this web is fre- 
quently seen on gorse or furze and other low bushes.] 
A filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air. 

Gos'sa-mer'y, a. Like gossamer ; flimsy ; unsubstantial. 

Gos'sip, n. [0. Eng. gossib, godsib, A.-S. godsibb, a rela- 
tion or sponsor in baptism, from god, God, and sib, alli- 
ance, relation.] 1. A sponsor. [Obs.] 2. A friend or 
comrade. [065.] 3. An idle tattler. 4. Talk or tattle ; 
idle and groundless rumor. 

Gbs'sip, v. i. [imp. & p.p. GOSSIPED (gos'sipt); p. pr. 
& vb. n. gossiping.] 1. To prate ; to talk much. 2. 
To run about and tattle. 

Got, imp. of get. See Get. 

G6t>tcn,}p-P- 0f Z et - SeeGET - 

Goth,n. [Goth.guthans,~L&t.gothi,GT.T66oi.] 1. One of 
an ancient tribe or nation, of Asiatic origin, who over- 
ran and took an important part in subverting the Roman 
empire. 2. A barbarian ; a rude, ignorant person. 

Gotli'i-e, a. 1. Pertaining to the Goths. 2. (Arch ) 
Pertaining to a style of architecture with high and 
sharply -pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. 3. 
Rude ; barbarous. 

Goth'ie, n. The language of the Goths. 

Goth'i-cI§m, n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 2. Conformity to 
the Gothic style of building. 3. Rudeness of manners ; 
barbarousness. 

Goth'i-cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GOTHICIZED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. gothicizing.] To make Gothic or barbarous. 

Gouge (gowj ; in most Eng. authorities, gooj), n. [Fr. 
gouge, Lat. gubia. Cf. Biscayan gubia, bow, gubioa, 
throat.] A chisel, with a semi-cylindrical blade. 

Gouge (gowj), v. t. [imp. & p.p. GOUGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GOUGING.] 1. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To 
force out, as the eye of a person, with the thumb or fin- 
ger. [Amer.] 3. To cheat. [Colloq. Amer.] 

Gourd, n. [Fr. gourde, also courge, from Lat. cucurbita, 
gourd.] (Bot.) A fleshy, one-celled, many -seeded fruit. 
The bottle-gourd has a hard outer rind, which, when dry, 
is used for cups, bottles, &c. 

Gourmand (gobr'mand). n. [Fr.] A greedy or ravenous 
eater ; a glutton. See Gormand. 

Gout, n. [Fr. goutte, a drop, the gout, the disease being 
considered as a defluxion ; from Lat. gutta, drop.] (Med.) 
A painful constitutional disease; inflammation of the 
joints. 

Gout (go~o), n. [Fr. ; Lat. gustus, taste.] Taste, relish. 

Gout'i-ness, n. State of being gouty ; gout. 

Gout'y. a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout. 2. 
Pertaining to the gout. 

Gov'ern (guVem). v. t. [imp. & p. p. governed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. GOVERNING.] [Fr. gouverner, Lat. gubernare, 
Gr. icvfiepvav.] 1. To regulate by authority. 2. To reg- 
ulate ; to influence ; to direct ; to manage. 3. ( Gram.) 
To require to be in a particular case. 

Gov'ern, v. i. To exercise authority ; to administer the 
laws ; to have the control. 

G6v'ern-a-ble (guVern-a-bl), a. Capable of being gov- 
erned ; controllable ; manageable ; obedient. 

Gov'ern-ante' (110), n. [Fr. gouvernante.] A lady who 
has the care and management of young women ; a gov- 
erness. 

Gdv'ern-ess, n. A female governor ; an instructress. 
Gov'ern-ment, n. 1. Act of governing ; exercise of 
authority ; restraint ; regulation. 2. The system of 




polity in a state ; established form of law. 3. Right or 
power of governing ; authority. 4. The ruling power; 
the administration. 5. A commonwealth ; a state. 6. 
( Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construc- 
tion, [by government. 
Gov'ern-mSnt'al, a. Pertaining to government ; made 
Gov'ern-or (gav'ern-ur), n. One 
who governs; especially, (a.) 
A chief ruler or magistrate, (b.) 
A tutor ; a guardian, (c.) (Naut.) 
A pilot. [Rare.] (d.) (Mach.) A 
contrivance connected with mills 
steam-engines, or other machin- 
ery, for maintaining uniform ve- 
locity with a varying resistance. 
Gown, n. [0. Eng. gonne, Lat. 
guntia, Late Gr. -yowa, a leathern 
garment, Albanian gunc, cloak, 
coat, VV. gwn, gown.] A loose, 
flowing upper garment ; especially, 
(a.) The ordinary outer dress of a Governor, 
woman, (b.) The official robe of certain professional men 
and scholars ; hence, civil officers, in distinction from 
military, (c.) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within 
doors. 
Gown § 'man, n. ; pi. gowns/men. One whose profes- 
sional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer ; hence, a 
civilian, in distinction from a soldier. 
Grab, n. A sudden grasp or seizure. 
Grab, v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. grabbed ; p. pr. & vb n. 
GRABBING.] [Sw. grappa, to grasp, 0. Ger. grabben, grap- 
pen, for gerappen, from L. Ger. rappen, H. Ger. raff en, to 
snatch away.] To gripe suddenly ; to seize ; to clutch. 
Grace, n. [Lat. gratia, from gratus, beloved, dear, agree- 
able.] 1. Exercise of love, kindness, or good-will; favor 
bestowed. 2. The divine favor toward man ; enjoyment 
of the divine favor. 3. Inherent excellence. 4. Beauty, 
physical, intellectual, or moral ; commonly, easy elegance 
of manners. 5. pi. (Myth.) Graceful and beautiful 
females, represented as the attendants of Tenus. 6. The 
title of a duke or an archbishop of England. 7. A short 
prayer before or after meat. 8. pi. (Mus.) Ornamental 
tones. 9. (Eng. Universities.) An act, vote, or decree 
of the government of the institution. 10. pi. A play 
consisting in throwing a small hoop by means of two 
sticks. 

Days of grace (Com.-), the days immediately following the 
day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed 
to the debtor or payer to make payment in. — Good graces, 
favor; friendship. 

Syn. — Mercy. —Grace is free, spontaneous favor to the un- 
deserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or 
condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for 
the exercise of mercy toward men. 

Grace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GRACED (grast) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. gracing.] 1. To adorn; to decorate. 2. To 
dignify ; to honor. [grace. 

Grace'-eiip, n. The cup or health drank after saying 

Grace'f nl, a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or 
action ; elegant ; easy ; agreeable in appearance. 

Grace'f ul-ly, adv. In a graceful manner ; elegantly. 

Grace'f ul-iiess, n. The quality or state of being grace- 
ful'; elegance of manner or deportment. 

Grace'less, a. Wanting in grace or excellence, especial- 
ly divine grace ; hence, depraved ; degenerate ; corrupt. 

Grace'less-ly, adv. In a graceless manner. 

Gra'cious (gra/shus), a. 1. Abounding in grace or 
mercy ; characterized by grace. 2. Winning regard or 
favor ; acceptable. 3. Beautiful ; graceful. 4. Produced 
by divine grace. 

Svn. — Favorable ; kind ; benevolent ; friendly ; beneficent; 
benignant ; merciful. 

Gra'cious-ly, adv. In a gracious manner ; kindly. 

Gra'cioiis-ness, n. The quality or state of being gra- 
cious ; kindness ; condescension. 

Graclt'le, ) (grak'kl), n. [Lat. graculus, jack-daw, so 

Grak'le, ) called from its notegra, gra.] ( Ormth.) A 
bird allied to the black-bird. 

Gra-da'tion, n. [Lat. gradatio. See Grade.] 1. Act 
of progressing by regular steps ; the state of being grad- 
ed, or arranged in ranks. 2. Any degree in an order or 
series 3 . The gradual blending of one tint with another. 

Grad'a-to-ry (50), a. [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding 
step by step ; gradual. 2. Adapted for progressive mo- 
tion. . [ohuxoh. 

Grad'a-to-ry, n. A step from the cloisters into the 

Grade, n. [Lat. gradus, from gradi, to step, go.] 1. A 
step or degree in any series, rank, or order. 2. (a.) In a 



5,e,&c.,fott£, a,e,&c.,short; c&re, f ar, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 



GRADE 



323 



GKANGE 



railroad or highway, the rate of ascent or descent, (6.) 
A graded ascending or descending portion of a road ; a 
gradient. 

Grade, v. t. [imp. & p.p. graded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRADING.] To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progres- 
sive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 

Gra'di-ent, a. [Lat. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi, to step, to 
go.] 1. Moving by steps ; walking. 2. Rising or de- 
scending by regular degrees of inclination. 

Gra'di-ent, n. 1. Rate of ascent or descent in a road, 
&c. ; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward 
or downward ; a grade. [sive ; slow. 

Grad'u-al, a. Proceeding by steps or degrees ; progres- 

Grad'u-al, n. 1. An order of steps. 2. An ancient 
book of hymns and prayers ; so called because some of 
the anthems were chanted on the steps [gradus) of the 
pulpit. 

Grad'u-al-ly, adv. In a gradual manner ; step by step. 

Grad'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. graduated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GRADUATING.] [L. Lat. graduare, gradua- 
tum, from Lat. gradus, a step.] 1. To mark with de- 
grees ; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals. 
2. To admit to a certain grade or degree ; especially to 
admit to an academical degree. 3. To prepare gradually. 

Grad'u-ate, v.i. 1. To pass to, or to receive, an academ- 
ical degree. 2. To pass by degrees ; to change gradually. 

Grad'u-ate (45), n. One who has been admitted to an 
academical degree. [graduated. 

Grad'u-ate, a. Arranged by successive steps or degrees ; 

Grad/u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of graduating. 2. Art of 
dividing into degrees, or other definite parts. 3. Marks 
or lines on an instrument to indicate degrees, &c. 

Grad'u-a'tor, n. [N. Lat. , from L. Lat. graduare. See 
Graduate, v.] 1. One who graduates. 2. An in- 
strument for dividing any line, right, or curve, into small 
regular intervals. 

Grd'dus, n. [Abbrev. from Lat. gradus ad Parnassum, 
a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody. 

Graff, n. & v. Same as Graft, q. v. 

Graft (6), n. [Lat. graphium, Gr. ypafyiov, ypatyelov, 
pencil, from ypafyeiv, to write ; from the resemblance of 
a scion to a pointed pencil.] A small shoot or scion of 
a tree inserted in another tree. 

Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRAFTING.] To insert, as a cutting from one tree in 
a branch or stem of another ; hence, to implant or incor- 
porate, as a bud upon a stem. 

Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree into another. 

Graf t'er, n. One who inserts scions on foreign stocks. 

Grail, n. [0. Fr. greel, contracted from L. Lat. gradale, 
graduate. See GRADUAL, n.] 1. A gradual. 2. A 
broad, open dish, or cup ; also, a chalice. [06s.] 

Grain, n. [From Lat. granum, grain, seed, small ker- 
nel.] 1. A kernel; especially of corn, wheat, &c. 2. 
The fruit of certain kindred plants which constitute the 
chief food of man, viz., corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
and the like; — used collectively. 3. Any small, hard 
particle; hence, any small portion. 4. A small weight, 
being the 20th part of a scruple, in apothecaries' weight, 
and the 24th of a pennyweight troy. 5. A reddish-col- 
ored dye from the coccus insect or kermes ; hence, a red 
color of any tint or hue, esp. (Poet.) Tyrian purple. 6. 
That arrangement of the particles of any body which de- 
termines its comparative roughness ; texture. 7. Ar- 
rangement or direction of the veins or fibers of wood. 8. 
pi. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any 
grain after distillation ; hence, any residuum. 

Against the grain, against the fibers of wood ; hence, unwil- 
lingly; unpleasantly ;' reluctantly ; with difficulty. — To dye in 
grain, to dye with the tint made from grain [see No. 6] ; hence, 
to dye firmly ; hence also, to dye in the wool. 

Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grained; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRAINING.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood. 2. To form into grains, as powder, sugar, and 
the like. 

Grain, v. i. To form grains, or assume a granular form. 

Grained a. 1. Divided into small particles or grains 
2. Roughened. [06s.] 3. Dyed in grain; ingrained 
4. (i?o£.)_ Having tubercles or grain-like processes. 

Gral'la-to'ri-al, )a. [N. Lat. grallatorius , from gral- 

Gral'la-to-ry (50), \ lator, grallse, stilts, contracted for 
gradula, from gradus. See Grade.] Pertaining to the 
gralla tores or waders. 

Gra-iner'cy (14), interj. [Fr. gran'-merci, great thanks.] 
A word formerly used to express thankfulness with sur- 
prise. 

Gram^i-na'ceous, a. [From Lat. gramen t graminis.] 
Pertaining to the grasses ; gramineous. 




Gra-min'e-al, ) a. [Lat. gramineus; gram^w, grass.] 
Gra-min'e-ous, ) (Bot.) Resembling, or pertaining to, 

grass ; grassy. 

Gram'i-nrv'i-roiis, a. [Lat. gramen, grass, and vorare, 
to eat greedily.) Feeding on grass and the like food. 

Gram'mar, n. [Fr. grammaire, from a hypoth. Lat. 
word grammaticaria.] 1. The science of language. 2. 
The art of speaking or writing with propriety or correct- 
ness, according to established usage. 3. A treatise on 
the principles of language. 4. A treatise on the elements 
or principles of any science. 

Gram-ma'ri-an, n. [0. Fr. gramaire, from a hypoth. 
Lat. word grammaticarius, from grammaticus, gramma- 
rian, Gr. ypo^UjuaTi/cds, from ypap-fia, letter, ypatyeiv, to 
write.] 1. A philologist. 2. One who teaches grammar. 

Gram'mar Sehobl (-skobl). A school in which gram- 
mar, or the science of language, is taught ; especially, a 
school in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught. 

Gram-mat'i-e, ) a. 1. Belonging to grammar. 2, 

Gram-mat'i-e-al, j According to the rules of grammar. 

Gram-mat'i-e-al-ly, adv. According to the principles 
and rules of grammar. 

Gram-mat'i-cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grammati- 
cized ; p. pr. & vb. n. grammaticizing.] To render 
grammatical. . 

Gramme (gram), n. [Fr. gramme, from Gr. ypa.fxfj.ai, that 
which is written, a letter, the twenty-fourth part of an 
ounce; yp£<f>e<.v, to write.] The French unit of weight, 
equivalent to 15.433 grains troy or avoirdupois. 

Gram'pus, n. [Probably corrupted from Fr. grand pois- 
son, great fish.] (Ichth.) A 
fish having socketed, conical 
teeth, and breathing by a 
spout-hole on the top of the 
head, as whales do. 

Gran'a-ry, n. [Lat. granari- Grampus. 

urn, from granum, grain.] A storehouse for grain after 
it is thrashed. 

Grand, a. [compar. GRANDEE; superl. GRANDEST.] 
[Lat. grand is.] 1. Of large size or extent 5 great; ex- 
tensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; prin- 
cipal. 2. Great in size and fine or imposing in appear- 
ance. 3. Holding an elevated or advanced rank, as in 
years or station. 

Grand juror, one of a grand jury. —Grand jury, (Law), jury 
ot not less than twelve nor more than twenty-three, whose duty 
is to examine iRtothe grounds of accusation against offenders, 
and, if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment 
against them to be presented to the court; — called also grand 
inquest. —Gra>id vizier, the chief member or head of the Turk- 
ish council of state. 

Syn. — Magnificent ; sublime ; majestic ; dignified ; elevat- 
ed; stately ; august; pompous; lofty ; exalted; noble. —Grand, 
in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands 
the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty ; magnificent is 
applied to any thing which is imposing from its splendor ; sub- 
lime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is 
grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an over- 
hanging precipice is sublime. 

Gran'dam, n. [See supra and Dame.] An old woman ; 
specifically, a grandmother. 

Grand'cliild, n. A son's or daughter's child. 

Grand'daugh'ter (-daw/ter), n. The daughter of a son 
or daughter. 

Gran-dee', n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of 
rank ; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. 

Grand'eur (grand'yur), n. [Fr., from grand. See 
Grand.] The quality of being grand ; splendor of ap- 
pearance ; elevation of thought or expression, or of mien 
or deportment ; nobility of action. 

Syn. — Sublimity ; majesty ; stateliness ; augustnesa ; loft- 
iness ; magnificence. 

Grand'f a-ther, n. A father's or mother's father. 

Gran-dil'o-quence, n. Lofty words or phrases ; bom- 
bast ; pomposity of speech. 

Gran-dil'o-quent, a. [Lat. grandis, grand, and loqui, 
to speak.] Pompous ; bombastic. 

Gran-dil'o-quous, a. [Lat. grandiloquus, from gran- 
dis, grand, and loqui, to speak.] Speaking in a lofty 
stvle ; bombastic. 

Grand'i-ose' (125), a. [Lat. grandis, grand.] 1. Im- 
posing ; striking. 2. Flaunting; turgid; bombastic. 

Grand'ly, adv. In a grand or lofty manner ; splendidly. 

Grand'moth-er (-muth-er), n. The mother of one's 
father or mother. 

Grand'sire, n. A grandfather; any ancestor. 

Grand'son (-sun), n. The son of a son or daughter. 

Grange, n. [L. ^ Lat. grangia, from Lat. granum, Eng. 
grain.] A granary ; a barn ; also, a farm, with its 
stables, &c. 



food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



GRANITE 



324 



GRATULATE 



Gran'ite, n. [From Lat. granum, grain.] (Geol.) A 
crystalline, unstratified rock, consisting of quartz, feld- 
spar, and mica. 

Gra-nit'ie, ) a. 1. Like granite in composition, 

Gra-nifie-al , J color, &c. 2. Consisting of granite. 

Gra-nit'i-f6rm, a. [Eng. granite and Lat. forma, form.] 
( Geol.) Resembling granite in structure or shape, 

Gran'i-tine, n. [See Granite.] (Geol.) A rock con- 
taining three species of minerals, some of which ditfer 
from those which compose granite, as quartz, feldspar, 
and shorl. 

Gra-niv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. granum, grain, and vorare, 
to eat greedily.] Eating grain or seeds. 

Gran'nam, ) n. [For grandam.} A grandmother; a 

Gran'ny, ) grandam. [Loiv.] 

Grant (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. granted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GRANTING.] [0. Fr. granter, creanter, cranter, to pro- 
mise, yield, from a hypoth. Lat. word credentare, to make 
believe, from credere, to believe.] 1. To allow ; to yield ; 
to concede. 2. To bestow or confer, in answer to prayer 
or request. 3. To make conveyance of ; to give the pos- 
session or title of. 

Syn. — To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; 
allow; concede. 

Grant, n. 1. Act of granting ; a bestowing or confer- 
ring ; admission of something as true. 2. The thing 
granted or bestowed; a gift; a boon. 3. (Law.) A 
transfer of property by deed or writing ; especially, an 
appropriation or conveyance by the government. 

Grant'a-ble, a. Capable of being granted. 

Grant-ee', n. (Law.) One to whom a grant is made. 

Grant'er, n. One who grants. 

Grant'or (127), n. (Law.) The person by whom a grant 
or conveyance is made. 

Gran'u-lar, ) a. Consisting of, or resembling, grains 

Gran'u-la-ry, j or granules. 

Gran'u-lar-ly, adv. In a granular form. 

Gran'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. granulated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. GRANULATING.] 1. To form into grains or 
small masses. 2. To raise in small asperities ; to make 
rough on the surface. 

Gran'u-late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains. 

Gran'u-late. ) a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, 

Gran'u-la'ted, ) grains. 2. Having numerous small 
elevations, as shagreen. 

Gran'u-la/tion, n. Act of forming into grains ; de- 
velopment of small grain-like cells in a sore, serving to 
fill up the cavity and unite the sides. 

Gran'ule, n. [From Lat. granum, grain. See GRAIN.] 
A little grain ; a small particle. 

Gran'u-loiis, a. Full of grains or granular substances ; 
granular. 

Grape, n. [Fr. grappe, It. grappo, grappolo, D. grappe, 
krappe, allied to It. grappa, Sp. grapa, a cramp-iron, 
crochet, grapling, from 0. H. Ger. krapfo, hook.] 1. 
The fruit of the vine ; commonly a single berry of the 
vine. 2. (Mil.) Grape-shot. 

Grap'er-y, n. A building for the cultivation of grapes. 

Grape'- shot, n. (Mil.) A number of iron balls, put to- 
gether by means of circular iron plates at top and bot- 
tom, with two rings, and a central connecting pin and 
nut. 

Grape'- stone, n. The stone or seed of the grape. 

Grape'-vine, n. (Bot.) A vine, having small green 
flowers, lobed leaves, and fruit called grapes, growing in 
clusters. 

Grapli'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to writing. 2. Writ- 

Graph'i-e-al, \ ten ; inscribed. 3. Well delineated or 
described. [ner. 

Graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In a graphic or picturesque man- 

Graph'ite, n. [From Gr. ypdfciv, to write.] (Min.) 
Carbon in one of its conditions, distinguished by its soft- 
ness, its metallic luster, and by leaving a dark lead- 
colored trace on paper. It is used for pencils, and is 
often called plumbago or black-lead. 

Grap'line, if n. [From Eng. 

Grap'nel, ) grapple, q. v.] 
(Naut.) A small anchor, with 
four or five flukes or claws, 
used to hold boats or small 
vessels; hence, any instrument 
designed to grapple or hold. 

Grap'ple (grap'pl), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. GRAPPLED ; p. pr. 
& vb.n. Grappling.] [Diminutive of gr ap, for grab.] 
To seize ; to lay fast hold on, either with the hands or 
with hooks. 
Grap'ple, v. i. To contend in close fight 




Grapnel. 



Gr&p'ple, n. [See supra, and cf. CraplE.] 1. A seiz- 
ing ; close hug in contest. 2. (Naut.) A hook by which 
one ship may fasten on another. 

Grap'pling-i'rong (-I'urnz), n. pi. Irons used as in- 
struments of grappling and holding fast. 

Grasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grasped (graspt); p.pr. & 
vb. n. grasping.] [L. Ger. grapsen, from 0. Ger. grap- 
pen, grabben. See GRAB.] To seize and hold ; to catch ; 
to take possession of. 

Grasp, n. 1. Gripe of the hand ; a seizure by embrace. 
2. The power of seizing and holding. 3. Wide-reaching 
power of intellect to comprehend subjects. 

Grasp'er, n. One who grasps or seizes. 

Grass (6), n. [A.-S. gras, gars, Goth. & Icel. gras. Cf. 
GORSE,and Lat. gramen, grass, Skr. gras, to devour, 
and Gr. ypaeiv, ypaiveiv, to gnaw, eat.] 1. Herbage; 
the plants which constitute the food of cattle and otliGr 
beasts. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple 
leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, a husky 
calyx, called glume, and the seed single. 

Grass, v. t. To cover with grass or with turf. 

Grass'— eloth, n. A fine, light quality of cloth, resem- 
bling linen. 

Grass'hop-per, n. (Entom.) A well-known jumping 
orthopterous insect, which feeds on grass or leaves. 

Grass'i-ness, n. State of aboundicg with grass ; a grassy 
state. [lawn. 

Grass'-plot, n. A plot or space covered with grass ; a 

Grass'y, a. 1. Covered or abounding with grass. 2. 
Resembling grass ; green. 

Grate, n. [From Lat. crates, hurdle.] 1. A kind of lat- 
tice-work, such as is used in the windows of prisons and 
cloisters. 2. A frame of iron bars for holding coals, used 
as fuel. 

Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRATING.] To furnish with grates or cross-bars. 

Grate, v. t. [Fr. gratter, 0. Fr. grater, to scrape, scratch, 
L. Lat. gratare, cratare, from 0. H. Ger. krazCn.] 1. To 
rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another. 
2. To wear away in small particles, by rubbing with any 
thing rough. 3. To fret ; to vex ; to irritate. 

Grate, v. i. 1. To rub hard, so as to offend. 2. To 
make a harsh sound by the friction of rough bodies. 

Grate'f ill, a. [From Lat. grains, agreeable, grateful, and 
Eng. termination, Jul.] 1. Having a due sense of ben- 
efits ; willing to acknowledge and repay benefits. 2. 
Affording pleasure ; pleasing to the taste. 

Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agree- 
able; welcome; delightful; delicious. 

Grate'ful-ly, adv. In a grateful manner. 

Grate'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being grateful ; grati- 
tude ; agreeableness to the mind or to the taste. 

Grat'er, n. [See GRATE.] He who, or that which, 
grates ; especially, an instrument for rubbing off small 
particles of_a body. 

Grat'i-fi-ea'ticn, n. 1. Act of gratifying, or pleasing, 
either the mind, the taste, or the appetite. 2. That 
which affords pleasure. 

Grat'i-fi'er, n. One who gratifies or pleases. 

Grat'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GRATIFIED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GRATIFYING.] [Lat. gratificari ; grains, pleasing, 
and facere, to make.] To please by satisfying some wish ; 
to give pleasure to. 

Syn.— To indulge; humor; please; delight; requite; rec- 
ompense. — Gratify is the generic term, and has reference 
simply to the pleasure communicated. To indidgc a person 
implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weak- 
nesses which he could not claim, and which had better, per- 
haps, have been spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the 
varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify 
a child by showing him the sights of a large city; -we indulge 
him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him, 
if he is taken ill when away from home. 

Grat'ing, n. [See Grate.] 1. A harsh sound of rub- 
bing. 2. A partition of parallel or cross bars. 

Gra'tis, adv. [Lat., contr. from gratiis, out of favor or 
kindness, without recompense, from gratia, favor.] For 
nothing; freely; gratuitously. 

Gr&t'i-tude (53), n. [L. Lat. gratitudo, from Lat. gratus, 
agreeable, grateful.] State of being grateful or thankful ; 
kindness awakened by a favor received ; thankfulness. 

Gra-tu'i-toiis, a. [Lat. gratuitus, from gratiis, gratis, 
q. v.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense. 
2. Without reason, cause, or proof. 

Gra-tu'i-toiis-ly. adv. In a gratuitous manner ; with- 
out claim or merit ; without proof. 

Gra-tn'i-ty, n. A free gift ; a present ; a donation. 

Grat'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gratulated ; p.pr: 
& vb. n. GRATULATING.] [Lat. gratulari, gratulaium, 



a, e, &c, long; a ; e, &c, short ; care, far, ask., all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf 



GRATULATION 



325 



GREED 



from gratus, pleasing, agreeable.] To salute with decla- 
rations of joy ; to congratulate. 

Grat'u-la'tion, n. The act of gratuiating or felicitating; 
a rejoicing with another on account of his prosperity, 
&c. ; congratulation. 

Grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expressing joy ; congratulatory. 

Gra-va'men, n. [Lat., from gravis, heavy, weighty.] 
(Law.) The grievance complained of; the substantial 
cause of the action. 

Grave, v.t. [imp. graved ;p.p. graven, or graved; 
p. pr. & vb. n. GRAVING.] [Fr. graver, from 0. H. Ger. 
& Goth, graban, Icel. grafa, A.-S. grafan, allied to Gr. 
ypafysLv , to grave, scratch, write.] 1. To carve or cut ; 
to engrave. 2. To give shape to, by cutting with a 
chisel. 3. (Naut.) To clean, as a ship's bottom, by burn- 
ing off filth, grass, or other foreign matter, and paying it 
over with pitch. 

Grave, v. i. To write or delineate on hard substances ; 
to practice engraving. 

Grave, n. [A.-S. graf, from grqfan, to dig, grave, carve. 
See supra.] 1. An excavation in the earth as a place of 
burial; hence, also, any place of interment; tomb; 
sepulcher. 2. Death, or destruction. 3. pi. The sedi- 
ment of melted tallow. 

Grave, a. [compar. GRAVER ; superl. GRAVEST.] [From 
Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. Of importance ; influential; 
serious ; — said of character, relations, &c. 2. Not light 
or gay; solemn; sober; plain. 3. (Mus.) Not acute or 
sharp ; low ; deep. 

Syn. — Solemn ; sober ; serious ; sage ; staid ? demure ; 
thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — Sober 
supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is op- 
posed to flighty ; as, so'xr thought. Serious implies consid- 
erateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as, 
serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, 
appearance, &c, which results from the pressure of weighty 
interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of 
manner; as, a grave remark, grave attire. Solemn is applied 
to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as, a 
solemn admonition, a solemn promise. 

Grave'— elotiieg, n. pi. The clothes or dress in which 

the dead are interred. 
Grav'el, n. [0. Fr. gravele, equiv. to N. Fr. gravier, of 

Celtic origin.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone. 

2. (Med.) A disease produced by small, calculous con- 
cretions in the kidneys and bladder. 

Grav'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. graveled ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. GRAVELING.] 1. To cover with gravel. 2. To stick 

in the sand; hence, to puzzle; to embarrass. 3. To 
— hurt, as the foot of a horse, by gravel lodged under the 

shoe. 
Grav'el-ly , a. Abounding with, or consisting of, gravel. 
Grave'ly, adv. In a grave, solemn manner ; soberly. 
Grave'ness, n. Quality of being grave ; seriousness. 
Grav'er, n. [See Grave.] 1. One who carves or en-' 

graves ; a sculptor. 2. An engraving tool ; a burin. 3. 

A tool for turning metals. 
Grave'-stone, n. A stone set by a grave, as a memorial. 
Grave'-yard, n. A yard for the interment of the dead ; 

a cemetery. 
Grav'id, a. [Lat. gravidus, from gravis , heavy, loaded.] 

Being with child ; pregnant. 
Gra-vlm'e-ter, n. [Lat. gravis* heavy, and Gr. /xerpov, 

measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific 

gravity of bodies. 
Grav'ing, n. 1. Act of one who graves or cuts figures 

in hard substances. 2. That which is graved or carved. 

3. The act of cleaning a ship's bottom. 4. Impression, 
as upon the mind or heart. 

Grav'ing- dock, n. A dock into which ships are taken 
to have their bottoms examined, cleaned, and the like. 

Grav'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gravitated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. gravitating.] [See Gravity.] To obey the 
law of gravitation ; to tend toward the center. 

Grav'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of gravitating. 2. (Physics.) 
That species of attraction or force by which all bodies 
or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each 
other. 

Grav'i-ty, n. [Lat. gravitas, from gravis, heavy.] 1. 
Sobriety of character or demeanor. 2. Relative impor- 
tance, significance, dignity, &c. 3. (Physics.) The ten- 
dency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction ; 
especially, the tendency of a body toward the center of 
the earth. 4. (Mus.) Lowness of sound. 

Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight 
of an equal voL>r~e of some other body taken as the standard 
or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, 
and air for gases. 

Gra'vy, n. [Either from A.-S. greofa, greoua, pot, or 



2. An 




allied to W. crau, gore, blood.] The juices obtained from 
meat in cooking, made into a dressing. 
Gray, a. [compar. grayer ; superl. grayest.] [A.-S. 
grog, greg, grig, Icel. grar, allied to Gr. -ypcuos, aged, 
gray.] 1. Hoary; hence, also, white mixed with black. 

2. Old ; mature. 
Gray, n. 1. Any mixture of white and black. 

animal of gray color. 

Gray'-beard, n. An old man. 

Gray'hound, n. See Greyhound. 

Gray'ish, a. Somewhat gray ; moderately gray. 

Gray'ling,?z. (Ichth.) A fish 
allied to the trout, found in 
the north of Europe. 

Gray'ness, n. The quality 
of being gray. 

Gray'wacke, n. [Ger. grau- Grayling. 

wacke; grau, gray, and wacke, wacke.] ( Geol.) A con- 
glomerate or grit-rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and 
sand firmly united together. 

Graze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GRAZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRAZING.] [A.-S. grasian, from grds, grass.] 1. To 
rub or touch lightly in passing. 2. To feed or supply, 
as cattle, with grass. 3. To eat from the ground, as 
growing herbage. 4. To tend grazing cattle. [grass. 

Graze, v . i. 1. To eat grass or herbage. 2. To supply 

Graz'er, n. One who grazes or feeds on herbage. 

Gra'zier (gra/zher), n. One who pastures cattle, and 
rears them for market. 

Graz'ing, n. 1. Act of feeding on grass. 2. A pasture. 

3. A light touch in passing. 

Grease, n. [From Lat. crassus, L. Lat. grassus, thick, 
fat, gross.] 1. Animal fat in a soft state ; especially, the 
fatty matter of land animals. 2. (Far.) An inflamma- 
tion of the heels of a horse. 

Greage, or Grease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. greased ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. GREASING.] 1. To smear or anoint with 
grease. 2. To bribe. 3. To cheat or cozen. 

Greag'i-ly, or Greas'i-ly, adv. 1. With grease, or an 
appearance of it. 2. Grossly ; indelicately. 

Greas/i-ness, or Greas'i-ness, n. State of being 
greasy ; oiliness. 

Greag'y, or Greas'y, a. [compar. greasier ; superl. 
GREASIEST.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, 
grease ; oily ; fat ; unctuous. 2. Smeared with grease. 
3. Like grease or oil ; smooth. 4. (Far.) Affected with 
the disease called grease. 

Great, a. [compar. GREATER ; superl. GREATEST.] 
[A.-S. great, 0. H. Ger. grOz, croz, allied to Lat. grandis, 
with insertion of n, and perhaps also to Lat. grossus and 
crassus, thick.] 1. Large in solidity, surface, or linear 
dimensions ; of wide extent ; big ; expanded. 2. Large 
in number; numerous. 3. Long continued. 4. Su- 
perior ; admirable ; commanding. 5. Endowed with ex- 
traordinary powers ; uncommonly gifted ; strong ; power- 
ful ; mighty ; noble. 6. Holding a chief position ; em- 
inent ; distinguished. 7. Weighty ; important. 8. 
( Genealogy. ) Older, younger, or more remote, by a single 
generation. 

Great'— eoat, n. An over-coat. [illustriously. 

Great'ly, adv. 1. In a great degree ; much. 2. Nobly ; 

Syn. — Badly. —In some parts of this country, not by the 
vulgar alone, but by educated persons, the word badly is'used 
- for greatly. Instead of saying, "I wish greatly to see him," 
they say, " I wish to see him verybadly." This is a gross error, 
and often becomes ridiculous, because the words seem to say 
of a friend, " I wish to see him in a very bad state of health." 

Great'ness, n. 1. Largeness of bulk, dimensions, num- 
ber, quantity, or the like. 2. High rank or place. 3. 
Magnanimity ; nobleness. 4. Strength or extent of in- 
tellectual faculties. 5. Force ; intensity. 

Greaveg, n. pi. [From Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. Ancient 
armor for the legs. 2. The sediment of melted tallow. 

Grebe, n. [From Armor. krib,comb, kribel, kriben, crest, 
W. crib, comb, crest, because one variety of it is called 
the crested grebe.] ( Ornith.) A marine bird, having a 
straight, sharp beak, flattened, lobated toes, and very 
short wings, and expert at diving. 

Gre'cian, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Greece. 

Gre'cian, n. 1. (Geog.) A native of Greece; a Greek. 
2. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or 
history. [guage ; a Hellenism. 

Gre'cigm, n. An idiom or peculiarity of the Greek lan- 

Gre'^ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grecized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. grecizing.] 1. To render Grecian. 2. To trans- 
late into Greek. 

Greed, n. [Goth, gridus, hunger, Icel. gr&d, avidity.] 
An eager desire or longing ; greediness. 



f ood> f «*i>V, ftrn, rude, pull j cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



GREEDILY 



326 



GRINDER 



Greed'i-ly, adv. In a greedy manner ; eagerly ; vora- 
ciously ; ravenously. 

Greed'i-ness, n. The quality of being greedy. 

Syn. — Ravenousness ; voracity ; eagerness ; avidity. 

Greed'y, a. [compar. greedier ; superl. greediest.] 
[A.-S. gradig, gredig, Icel. gradugr, Goth, gredags ; A.-S. 
grddan, to cry, call, Goth. gredon, to be hungry.] 1. 
Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; ravenous ; 
voracious ; very hungry. 2. Having a keen desire of 
any thing ; eager to obtain. [Grecian. 

Greek, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining or belonging to Greece ; 

Greek church (Eccl. Hist.), the eastern church; that part of 
Christendom which separated from the Eoman or western 
church in the ninth century. — Greek fire, a combustible com- 
position which burns under water. 

Greek, n. 1. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Greece ; 
a Grecian. 2. The language of Greece. 

Green, a. [compar. greener ; superl. GREENEST.] 
[A.-S. grene, Icel. grdnn, from A.-S.grGwan, Eng. grow, 
Icel. grOa.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh 
and growing ; having a color composed of blue and yel- 
low ; verdant ; emerald. 2. Full of life and vigor ; new ; 
recent. 3. Not ripe ; not fully grown or perfect. 4. 
Immature in age or experience ; young ; raw ; awkward. 
5. Not seasoned ; not dry ; containing its natural juices. 

Green, ». 1. The color of growing plants. 2. A grassy 
plain or plat. 3. pi. Fresh leaves or branches ; wreaths. 
4. pi. ( Cookery.) Leaves and stems of young plants 
dressed for food. 

Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. greened ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GREENING.] To make green. [beak. 

Green'f inch, n. ( Ornith.) A bird ; — called also gross- 

Green'-gro'cer, n. A retailer of vegetables or fruits in 
their fresh or green state. 

Green'horn, it. A raw youth. [Low.] 

Green'house, n. ,- pZ. GREEN'HOUg-Eg. A house to pre- 
serve tender plants in during the winter or cold weather. 

Green'ing, n. A sort of apple, of a green color. 

Green'isn, a. Somewhat green ; tinged with green. 

Green'ish-ness, n. The quality of being greenish. 

Green'ly, adv. With a green color ; newly ; immaturely. 

Green'ness (109), n. 1. Quality of being green ; virid- 
ity. 2. Freshness; vigor; newness. 3. Immaturity; 
rawness ; unripeness. 

Green'rdbm, n. The retiring-room of play-actors in a 
theater. [of snipe. 

Green'shank, n. ( Ornith.) A name given to a species 

Green'-sick'ness, n. (Med.) A disease of young 
women, in which the complexion is pale and unhealthy, 
the blood depraved, and the nervous system disordered. 

Green'stone , n. [So called from a tinge of green in 
the color.] ( Geol.) A rock sometimes call trap. 

Green'sward, n. Turf green with grass. 

Greet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. greeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GREETING.] [A.-S. gretan, 0. H. Ger. gruozan.] To 
salute ; to hail ; to address ; to accost. 

Greet, v. i. To give salutations. 

Greet'er, n. One who greets. 

Greet'ing, n. Salutation at meeting; compliment ad- 
dressed from one absent. 

Gre-ga/ri-oiis, a. [Lat. gregarius, from grex, gregis, 
herd.]_ Having the habit of living in a flock or herd. 

Gre-ga'ri-otis-ly, adv. In a gregarious manner. 

Gre-ga/ri-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
gregarious. 

Gre-go'ri-an, a. Belonging to, or established by, Greg- 
ory,^, the Gregorian chants, calendar, &c. 

Gre-nade', n. [Fr. grenade, pomegranate and grenade, 
so called from the resemblance of its shape and size to a 
pomegranate.] (Mil.) A hollow ball or shell filled with 
powder, and fired by means of a fuse. 

Gren'a-dier', n. (Mil.) Formerly, a soldier who threw 
grenades ; now, one of a company of tall, stout soldiers, 
which takes post on the right of a battalion, and leads 
it in every attack. 

Gren'a-dine, n. A thin 
silk used for ladies' dresses, 
shawls, &c. 

Gre-na'do, n. The same as 
Grenade, q. v. 

Grew (gru), imp. of grow. 
See Grow. 

Grey, a. See Gray, the cor- 
rect orthography. 

Grey'hound, n. fA.-S. 
grdghund, greghund, grig- 
hund; grog, greg, or grig, Greyhound. 





gray, and hund, hound.] A slender, graceful variety of 
dog, remarkable for its keen sight and swiftness. [Writ- 
ten also grayhound.] 

Grld'dle, n. [Scot, girdle, W. greidell, from greidiaw, 
to heat, scorch, parch.] 1. A pan, broad and shallow, 
for baking cakes. 2. A cover, or detached iron plate' 
which closes an opening in the top of a stove. 3. A sieve 
with a wire bottom, used by miners. 

Grid'i-ron (-I-urn), n. [Cf. W. greidiaw. See supra.] A 
grated utensil for broiling flesh and fish. 

Grief, n. [From Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. Pain of mind 
on account of something in the past ; a painful sense of 
loss. 2. Cause of sorrow or pain. 

Syn.— Sorrow ; sadness.— Sorrow is generic ; grief is sor- 
row for some definite cause — one which commenced, at least, in 
the past ; sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind. 
Sorrow is transient in many cases ; but the grief of a mother 
for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual sad- 
ness. 

Grievance, n. 1. A cause of grief or uneasiness; 
wrong done and stiffered. 2. Grief; affliction. 

Syn. — Burden ; oppression ! hardship ; trouble ; injury. 

Grieve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
grieving.] To occasion grief to ; to infli ct, mental 
pain upon ; to make sorrowful. 

Grieve, v. i. To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on ac- 
count of an evil ; to sorrow ; to mourn. 

Griev'oiis, a. [See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow; 
painful ; hard to bear. 2. Characterized by great atroc- 
ity ; heinous; flagitious. 3. Full of grief. 

Griev'oiis-ly, adv. In a grievous manner ; painfully. 

Griev'oiis-ness, n. Quality or condition of being griev- 
ous ; atrocity ; enormity. 

Griffin, ) n. [From Lat. gryphus, equiv. to gryps, Gr. 

Griffon, j ypu'i^, ypviros, from ypvnos, curved, hook^ 
nosed, because of their hooked 
beak.] 1. (Myth.) An imagi- 
nary animal, said to be gener- 
ated between the lion and the 
eagle. 2. (Zo'ol.) A species 
of vulture found in the moun- 
tainous parts of Europe, North 
Africa, and Turkey. 

Grig, n. [Cf. L. Ger. hricke, 
Sw. krdcka, a wild little duck.] 
Heath. 

Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grilled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GRILLING.] [Fr. griller, from gril, gridiron, L. Lat. 
graticula, Lat. craticida, fine hurdle-work, a small grid- 
iron, dim. of crates, hurdle.] 1. To broil on a grate or 
gridiron. 2. To torment as if by broiling. [grilled. 

Gril-lade', n. The act of grilling, or that which is 

Grim, a. [compar. GRIMMER ; superl. GRIMMEST.] 
[A.-S. grim, grimm, from grimman, to rage.] Of forbid- 
ding or fear-inspiring aspect. 

Syn. — Fierce ; ferocious ; furious ; horrid ; horrible ; fright- 
ful ; ghastly ; grisly ; hideous ; stern ; sullen ; sour ; surly. 

Gri-mace', n. [Fr. , from A.-S. & Icel. grima, 0. H. Ger. 
crima, mask, ghost.] A distortion of the countenance, 
to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, or 
the like ; a smirk ; a made-up face. 

Gri-mal'kin, n. [Corrupted from graymalkin, from 
grey or gray, and malkin, q. v.] An old cat. 

Grime, n. [A.-S. hryme, hriim, soot, Icel. hrim.] Foul 
matter ; dirt ; sullying blackness, deeply insinuated. 

Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. 

Grim'ly, a. Having a hideous or stern look. 

Grim'ly, adv. In a grim manner ; fiercely ; sullenly. 

Grim'ness, n. Fierceness of look ; sternness. 

Grim'y, a. [compar. grimier ; superl. grimiest.] 
Full of grime ; dirty ; foul. 

Grin, v.i. [imp. & p. p. GRINNED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GRINNING.] [A.-S. grinnian, grennian.] To open the 
mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to 
show them, as in laughter, scorn, or pain. 

Grin, n. The act of closing the teeth and showing them. 

Grin, v. t. To express by grinning. 

Grind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GROUND ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRINDING.] [A.-S. grindan.] 1. To reduce to powder 
by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth. 2. To wear 
down, polish, or sharpen by friction. 3. To prepare for 
examination. [Eng. Universities.] 4. To oppress by se- 
vere exactions ; to harass. 

Grind, v. i. 1. To perform the operation of grinding some- 
thing. 2. To become ground or pulverized by friction. 
3. To become polished or sharpened by friction. 4. To 
drudge. 

Grind'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds. 2. 



Griffin. 
The sand eel. 



2. 



&,e,8cc.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son, 6r,do,woJf, 



GRINDERY 



327 



GROTESQUE 



One of the double teeth used to grind or masticate the 
food; a molar. 

Grlnd'er-y, n. Shoemakers' materials. [Eng.] 

Grind/stone (colloq. grln'ston), n. A flat circular stone 
used for grinding or sharpening tools. 

Grin'ner, n. One who grins. 

Grip, n. [See Gripe.] 1. A grasp; a holding fast. 2. 
A peculiar mode of clasping the hand. 3. That by which 
any thing is grasped. 

Grip, v. t. To give a grip to ; to grasp ; to gripe. 

Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. griped (grlpt, 108) ; p.pr. & 
vb.n. GRIPING.] [A.-S. gripan, Goth, greipan, Icel. 
gripa, greipa, allied to Slav, grabiti, Lith. graibytl. Of. 
GRAB.] 1. To catch with the hand ; to clutch. 2. To 
seize and hold fast. 3. To give pain to the bowels of, as 
if by pressure or contraction. 4. To pinch ; to distress. 

Gripe, v. i. 1. To hold or pinch as with a gripe ; to get 
money by hard bargains or exactions. 2. To suffer 
griping pains. 3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the 
wind, as a ship. 

Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; clutch. 2. That on 
which the grasp is put ; a handle. 3. Oppression ; cruel 
exaction; pinching distress. 4. Pinching and spasmod- 
ic pain in the intestines ; — chiefly used in the plural. 5. 
{Naut.) (a.) The fore-foot, (b.) Sharpness of a ship's 
stern under the water, (c.) pi. Ropes, dead-eyes, and 
hooks, to secure the boats to the deck. 

Grip'er, n. One who gripes ; an extortioner. 

Grisette (gre-zef), n. [Fr., from grisette, a gray woolen 
cloth, from gris, gray, because women of the inferior 
classes wore gray gowns made of this stuff.] A young, 
laboring French woman who is fond of gallantry ; especi- 
ally, one who is kept as a servant and mistress. 

Gri§'li-ness, n. Quality of being grisly. 

Grig'ly (grls'ly), a. [A.-S. grisllc, gryslik, from grisan, 
agrisan, to dread.] Frightful; horrible; terrible. 

Gri'son, n. [Fr., from grison, gray, gray -haired, from 
gris, gray.] A South American animal, the glutton, 
which is a little larger than a weasel. 

Grist, n. [A.-S. grist, gerst, pearled barley, allied to Gr. 
icpiOrj, Lat. hordeum, barley.] 1. That which is ground 
at one time. 2. Supply ; provision. 

Gris'tle (grls'l), n. [A.-S. gristl, 0. H. Ger. krustila, 
krostela, krosel.] (Anat.) A smooth, solid, elastic sub- 
stance in animal bodies ; cartilage. [cartilaginous. 

Grist'ly (gris'ly), a. Consisting of gristle ; like gristle ; 

Grist'-mill, n. A mill for grinding grists, or portions 
of grain brought by different customers. [Amer.] 

Grit, n. [A.-S. grytt, grytte, bran, dust, grut, barley ; 0. 
H. Ger. gruzi, gruzzi, from kriozan, allied to Lith. 
grudas, grain.] 1. The coarse part of meal. 2. Oats 
or wheat hulled, or coarsely ground. 3. Sand or gravel. 

4. (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained silicious sand -stone. 

5. Structure adapted to grind or sharpen well. 6. 
Spirit; resolution; spunk. [Colloq.] 

Grit, v. i. To give forth a sound as of sand under the 

feet ; to grind. 
Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GRITTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

GRITTING.] To grind ; to grate. [ Colloq.] 
Grlt'stone, n. See Grit, 4. 
Grit'ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being gritty. 
Grit'ty , a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, sand or grit. 

2. Spirited and resolute. 
Griz'zle, n. [From Fr. gris, gray.] Gray ; a gray color ; 

a mixture of white and black. 
Griz'zled, a. Gray ; of a mixed white and black. 
Griz'zly, a. Somewhat gray. 

Grizzly bear {Zo'ol.), a large and ferocious bear of Western 
North America. 

Groan, v. i. [imp. & p. p. groaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GROANING.] [0. Eng. grane, grain, A.-S. granian, to 
groan. See Grin, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a 
low, moaning sound, as in pain or sorrow. 2. To strive 
after earnestly, as with groans. 

Groan, n. A low, moaning sound ; — usually uttered in 
pain ; sometimes, in derision. 

Groat (grawt,) n. [D. groot, that is, a great piece of coin, 
from D. groot, Ger. grosz, great.] An old English coin 
and money of account, equal to four pence. 

Groats (grawts), n.; pi. [A.-S. grat. See Grit.] Oats 
or_ wheat deprived of the hulls or outer coating. 

Gro'cer, n. [Formerly written grosser, originally one who 
sells by the gross, who deals by wholesale. See Gross.] 
A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, liquors, 
fruits, &c. 

Grf>'cer-y, n. 1. pi. The commodities sold by grocers. 
2. A grocer's store. [Amer.] 



Grog, n. [So called from Admiral Vernon (nicknamed 
" Old Grog,''' because he wore a grogram cloak), who first 
introduced rum, diluted with water, as a beverage, on 
board a ship.] A mixture of spirit and water, usually not 
sweetened. 

Grog'ger-y, n. A grog-shop. 

Grog'gi-ness, n. 1. State of being groggy. 2, Tender- 
ness or stiffness in the foot of a horse. 

Grog'gy, a. 1. Overcome with grog ; tipsy. 2. Weak- 
ened in a fight so as to stagger. 3. Moving in an un- 
easy, hobbling manner, owing to a tenderness about the 
feet ; — said of a horse. 

Grog'ram, )n. [0. Fr. gros-grain, i. e., gross-grain, or 

Grog'ran, j of a coarse texture.] A kind of coarse 
stuff made of silk and mohair ; also, a kind of strong, 
coarse silk. 

Grog'-shop, n. A shop where grog and other spirituous 
liquors are retailed. 

Groin, n. [Icel. grein, distinction, division, branch.] 1. 
The depressed part of the body between the belly and the 
thigh. 2. {Arch.) The angular curve made by the inter- 
section of two semi-cylinders or arches. 

Groin, v. t. {Arch.) To fashion into groins ; to adorn 
with groins. 

Groined, a. [From groin.] 
(Arch.) Having an angular curve 
made by the intersection of two 
semi-cylinders or arches. 

Grom/met, n. [Fr. gourmette, 
curb, curb -chain, from gourmer, 
to curb, thump, beat.] 1. 
{Naut.) A ring formed of a 
strand of rope laid round by 
others in a particular manner. 
2. (Mil.) A wad for cannon, 
made of rope. 

Groom, n. [0. D. grom, boy, 
youth ; A.-S. & Goth, guma, 
man, allied to Lat. homo.] 1. 
A servant; especially, a man or 
boy who has the charge of horses, 
officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord 
chamberlain's department. 3. A man recently married, 
or about to be married ; a bridegroom. 

Groom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. groomed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
grooming.] To tend or care for, as a horse. 

Groomg'man, n. ; pi. gkooms'men. Anattendant of 
a bridegroom at his wedding. 

Groove, n. [A.-S. & Icel. grbf, ditch, pool, Goth, gruba, 
from A.-S. grafan, Icel. grafa, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. gra- 
ban, to dig.] A furrow, channel, or long hollow cut by 
a tool. 

Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grooved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GROOVING.] [See supra.] To cut a groove or channel 
in ; to form into channels or grooves ; to furrow. 

Grope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. groped (gropt, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GROPING.] [Prov. Eng. grape, A.-S. grapian, 
gropian, allied to grip . See GRIPE.] To attempt to 
find something in the dark, or as a blind person, by feel 
ing ; to feel one's way. 

Grope, v. t. To search out by feeling in the dark. 

Gross, a. [compar. GROSSER; superl. GROSSEST.] [Fr. 
gros, L. Lat. grossus, from Lat. crassus, thick, dense, fat. 
See Great.] 1. Great; large; excessively or dispropor- 
tionately large; bulky. 2. Coarse; rough. 3. Not 
easily aroused or excited ; stupid. 4. Vulgar ; indeli- 
cate ; low; obscene; impure. 5. Thick; dense. 6. 
Great ; palpable. 7. Whole ; entire ; total. 

Gross, n. 1. The main body; the bulk ; the mass. 2. 
The number of twelve 




Groined Arch. 

2. One of several 



A great gross, twelve gross ; one hundred and forty-four 
dozen. — /?* the gross, in gross, in the bulk, or the whole undi- 
vided; all parts taken together. 

Gross'heak, n. ( Ornith. ) A sing- 
ing bird, allied to the finch and 

linnet. The bill is convex above, 

and very thick at the base, from 

which circumstance they take their 

name. ' 

Gross'ly, adv. In a gross manner ; 

greatly ; coarsely. 
Gross'ness, n. State or quality of 

being gross ; thickness ; corpulence ; 
Gr5t, n. A grotto. See Grotto. 
Gro-tesque', a. [See Grotto.] Like the figures found 

in grottoes ; wildly formed ; whimsical ; extravagant ; 

ludicrous ; antic. 




Grossbeak. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



GROTESQUELY 



328 



GRUFF 



Gro-tesque'ly, adv. In a grotesque manner. 

Gro-tesque'iiess, n. State of being grotesque. 

Grot'to, «.; pi. grot'toes. [Fr. grotte, L. l&t. grupta, 
A.-S. grut, from Lat. crypta, Gr. Kpvnrr), a concealed sub- 
terranean passage ; KpvnTOs, concealed ; Kpvnreiv, to con- 
ceal.] A natural cavern ; also, an ornamental, artificial 
cave or cavern-like apartment. 

Ground, n. [A.-S. & Ger. grund, Icel. grunnr, Goth. 
grundus, originally dust, earth, gravel, from A.-S. grin- 
dan, H.ng. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth ; hence, 
the surface of a floor or pavement. 2. Region ; territory ; 
land ; estate ; field. 3. The basis on which any thing 
rests ; foundation ; hence, a premise, reason, or datum ; 
originating force, agency, or agent. 4. (Faint.) The 
surface on which a figure or object is represented ; also, 
that portion of manufactured articles, of a uniform color, 
on which the figures are, as it were, drawn or projected. 
5. pi. Sediment; dregs; lees. 6. pi. (Arch.) Pieces 
of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, 
&c, are attached. 7. (Mus.) (a.) A composition in 
which the base, consisting of a few bars of independent 
notes, is continually repeated to a continually varying 
melody, (b.) The tune on which descants are raised. 

To gain ground, to advance: to proceed forward in conflict ; 
hence, to obtain an advantage ; to have some success. — To 
gwe ground, to recede; to yield advantage. — To Jose ground, 
to retire; to retreat; hence, to lose advantage, credit, or reputa- 
tion. 

Ground, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grounded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. grounding.] 1. To lay or set on the ground. 2. 
To found ; to fix or set, as on a foundation ; to fix firmly. 
3. To instruct in elements or first principles. 

Ground, v. i. To run aground ; to strike and remain 
fixed. 

Ground, imp. & p. p. of grind. See GRIND. 

Ground's ge, n. A tax paid by a ship for the ground 
or space it occupies while in port. 

Ground'-ash, n. A sapling of ash. 

Ground'-bait, n. Bait dropped to the bottom of the 
water to collect together the fish. 

Ground'-floor, n. The floor of a house on a level, or 
nearly so, with the exterior ground. 

Ground'-liog, n. 1. (Zool.) The American marmot, 
usually called, in New England, woodchuck. 2. A cer- 
tain animal of Australia. 

Groundless, a. Without ground or foundation ; want- 
ing cause or reason for support ; false. 

Ground'less-ly, adv. In a groundless manner. 

Ground'less-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
groundless. 

Ground'ling, n. 1. (Ichth.) A fish that keeps at the 
bottom of the water ; the spined loach. 2. A spectator 
in the pit of the theater, which was formerly on the 
ground. 

Ground'-nut, n. (Hot.) (a.) The peanut, (b.) A legu- 
minous, twining plant, producing clusters of dark purple 
flowers, and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the 
taste, (c.) The dwarf ginseng. [Amer.] (d.) A Euro- 
pean plant, having an edible root of a globular shape, 
and sweet, aromatic taste. 

Ground'-plan, n. The surface representation of the 
divisions of a building. 

Ground'-plate, n. (Arch.) One of the outermost pieces 
of framing placed on or near the ground ; a ground-sill. 

Ground'-plot, n. 1. The ground on which a building 
is placed. 2. The plan of the lower part of a building. 

Ground'-rent, n. Rent paid for the privilege of build- 
ing on another man : s land. 

Grountl'sel, ) n. [Eng. ground, A.-S. grund, and syl, 

Ground'sill, ) sill, q. v.] The timber of a building 
which lies next to the ground ; the ground -plate ; the sill. 

Ground'- squir'rel ( -skwir-rel or-skwur-rel), n. (Zool.) 
A kind of squirrel that burrows in the ground ; a chip- 
munk. 

Ground' swell, n. A broad, deep swell or undulation 
of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt 
even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. 

Ground'work (-wfirk), n. 1. Foundation ; basis. 2. 
The essential part , the ground. 3. First principle ; 
original reason. 

Group (grobp), n [Fr. groupe, grouppe, cluster, bunch. 
Of. A.-S. crop, crop, top, bunch.] 1. A cluster, crowd, 
or throng ; an assemblage, either of persons or things. 
2. An assemblage of figures or objects in a certain order 
or relation, or having some resemblance or common 
characteristic. 3. (Mus.) (a.) A number of eighth, six- 
teenth, &c, notes tied together, (b.) Any musical orna- 
ment consisting of several short tones. 



Group, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grouped (gro~opt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. grouping.] To form a group of; to form an 



assemblage. 




Grouse. 



Grouse, n. [Perhaps from 
gorse, furze or heath, whence 
gor-cock, for gorse-cock, the 
red grouse. Cf. Per. khurOs, 
or ktiorOs, a dunghill cock.] 
( Ornith. ) A stout-legged raso- 
rial bird, having feathered 
feet and a very short bill, and 
highly prized for food. 

Grout, n. [A.-S. gritt, Icel. 
I grautr. See Groat and 
Grit.] 1. Coarse meal ; pol- 
] lard. 2. A kind of thick ale. 3. Lees ; grounds; dregs; 
I sediment. 4. A thin, coarse mortar; also, a finer mate- 
I rial, used in finishing the best ceilings. 5. A kind of 
! wild apple. 

Grout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
grouting.] To fill up with grout, as the joints between 
stones. 

Grout'y, a. Cross; sulky; surly; sullen. [Colloq.] 

Grove, n. [A.-S. gr'df. grave, cave, grove, from grafan, 
to dig ; because an avenue or grove is cut oat or hollowed 
out of a thicket of trees. See GROOVE.] A cluster of 
trees shading an avenue or walk : a group of trees smaller 
than a forest ; a wood of small extent. 

Grov'el (grov'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. GROVELED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GROVELING.] [Cf. L. & H. Ger. krabbeln, D. 
grabbelen, krabbelen, to crawl, Icei. gruf a, to lie prostrate 
on the ground.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the 
face to the ground ; to act in a prostrate posture. 2. To 
be low or mean. 

Grov'el-er, n. One who grovels ; an abject wretch. 

Grow, v. i . [imp. GREW ; p. p. GROWN ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GROWING.] [A.-S. growan, Icel. groa.] 1. To in- 
crease in size by a natural and organic process. 2. To 
increase in anyway ; to be augmented. 3. To thrive ; to 
flourish. 4. To result as an effect from a cause ; to be- 
come. 5. To become attached or fixed ; to adhere. 
Syn. — To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve. 

Grow, v. t. To cause to grow ; to cultivate ; to produce ; 
to raise. 

Grow'er, n. One who grows, cultivates, or produces. 

Growl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GROWLED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GROWLING.] [D. grollen, to grunt, murmur, be angry.] 
To murmur or snarl, as a dog ; to utter an angry, grum- 
bling sound. 

Growl, v. t. To express by growling. 

Growl, n. The murmur of a cross dog. 
I Growl'er, n. One who growls. 

Grown,.??, p. of grow. See GROW. 

Growth, n. 1. Process of growing ; gradual increase of 
animal and vegetable bodies ; augmentation ; production. 
2. That which has grown ; product ; consequence ; effect ; 
result. 

Grub, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GRUBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRUBBING.] [Goth, graban, to dig, imp. grof for grCb. 
A.-S. grafan, imp. gruf.} 1. To dig in or under the 
ground ; to be occupied in digging. 2. To beg, especially 
food. [Colloq. and low.] 

Grub, v. t. To dig ; to dig up by the roots. 

Grub, n. [So called from grubbing or mining. See supra.] 
1. A fleshy, dingy -colored larve ; especially, a larve of a 
beetle or weevil. 2. A short, thick man : a dwarf. 3. 
That which is grubbed up for food ; victuals. [ Colloq. 
and low.] 

1. One who grubs. 2. An instrument 



[imp. & p. p. GRUDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
[0. Eng. grutche, gruiche, from Ger. grun- 
To part with reluctantly ; to desire to 



Grub'ber, 

for grubbing. 
Grudge, v. t. 

GRUDGING.] 

zen, Eng. grunt.] 

get back again. 
Grudge, v. i. To be covetous or envious ; to be unwilling 

or reluctant. 
Grudge, n. Uneasiness at the possession of something 

by another ; ill will ; envy ; secret enmity, 
gyn. — Pique; aversion; dislike; hatred; spite. 
Grudg'er, n. One who grudges ; a murmurer. 
Grudg'ing-ly, adv. In a grudging manner. 
Gru'el, n. [0. Fr. gruel, for grutel, from A.-S. grUt. 

See GRIT.] A kind of light, liquid food, made by boiling 

meal in water. 
Gruff, a. [r.ompar. GRUFFER ; superl. gruffest.] 

[D. grof, N. H. Ger. grab, 0. H. Ger. gerob, probably 

from A.-S. reofan, Icel. riiifa, to loose, break, split.] Of 



a,e,&c.,Zojigv a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



GRUFFLY 



329 



GUIDE 



a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance ; rugged ; 
harsh. 

Gruffly, adv. In a gruff manner. 

Gruff 'ness, n. The quality or state of being gruff. 

Grum, a. [A.-S. grum, grom, gram, grim. See GRIM.] 
1. Morose ; severe of countenance ; glum ; grim. 2. 
Low ; deep in the throat ; guttural. 

Griim'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. grumbled ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. GRUMBLING.] [L. Ger. grummeln, grumen, D. grom- 
melen, grommen. Cf. W. grivm, murmur, grumble, 
surly.] 1. To murmur with discontent. 2. To growl ; 
to snarl. 3. To rumble ; to roar. 

Grum'ble, v. t. To express or utter with grumbling. 

Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles or murmurs. 

Grume, n. [From Lat. grumus, a little heap.] A clot, 

Grum'ly, adv. In a grum manner. [as of blood. 

Gru'mous, a. [See supra.'] Resembling or containing 
grume ; thick ; clotted. 

Grunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GRUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GRUNTING.] [Ger. grunzen, A.-S. grunan, allied to Lat. 
grundire, grunnire.] To make a deep guttural noise, like 

Grunt, ii. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. [a hog. 

Griiiit 'er, n. One that grunts. 

Grunt'ling, n. A young hog. 

Gryph'on, n. A griffin. See GRIFFIN. 

Gua'ia-eilm (gwa'ya-kfim), n. [Sp. guayaco, from the 
language of Hayti.] 1. (Hot.) A genus of small, crooked 
trees, growing in several of the West India islands. 2. 
The resin of the lignum vitse, or boxwood, found in the 
West Indies and Central America. It is much used in 
medicine. 

Gua'no (gwa/no), n. [Sp. guano, or huano, from Peruv. 
huanu, dung.] The excrement of certain sea-fowls; — 
used as a manure. 

Guar'an-tee' (gaVan-tee'),^. (Law.) 1. A promise to 
answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance 
of some duty, in case of the failure of another person 
who is primarily liable ; a warranty ; a security. 2. A 
guarantor. 3. The person to whom a guaranty is made. 

Guar'an-tee' (gar'an-tee'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. guar- 
anteed; p. pr. & vb. n. GUARANTEEING.] (Law.) 
To undertake or engage for the payment of a debt, or the 
performance of a duty, by another person ; to make sure; 
to warrant. 

Guar'an-tSr' (gar'an-tor'), «. (Law.) (a.) One who 
makes or gives a guaranty ; a warrantor ; a surety, (b.) 
One who engages to secure another in any right or pos- 
session. 

Guar'an-ty (gar'an-ty), n. [0. Fr. guarantie, N. Fr. 
garantie, from 0. Fr. guarant, N. Fr. garant, L. Lat. wa- 
rens, 0. II. Ger. iverent, a warranter, from 0. H. Ger. 
weren, to warrant, guard, keep.] (Law.) An undertak- 
ing to answer for the payment of some debt, or the per- 
formance of some contract or duty, of another, in case 
of the failure of such other to pay or perform ; a war- 
ranty ; a security. 

Guar'an-ty (gar'an-ty), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. GUARAN- 
TIED ; p.pr. & vb. n. GUARANTYING.] 1. (Law.) 
To undertake or engage that another person shall per- 
form what he has stipulated. 2. To undertake to se- 
cure to another, at all events. 3. To indemnify ; to 
save harmless. 

tgg°- Guaranty is the prevalent form of writing the word 
among legal writers and in law-books, in the United States, 
both for the verb and the substantive. Guarantee is the form 
most commonly used in England. 

Guard (gard, 72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. guarded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GUARDING.] [0. Fr. guarder, warder, N. Fr. 
garder, from 0. H. Ger. warten, to see, look, observe, 
guard, A.-S. iveardian, Eng. ivard.] 1. To protect from 
danger ; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury ; to 
accompany for protection. 2. To protect the edge of, 
especially, with an ornamental border. 

Syn. — To defend; protect; shield; keep; watch. 

Guard (gard), v. i. To watch by way of caution or de- 
fense ; to be in a state of defense or safety. 

Guard (gard), n. 1. That which guards or secures ; as, 
(a.) A man or body of men stationed to protect a person 
or position; a watch; a sentinel, (b.) One who has 
charge of a mail coach or a railway train ; a conductor. 
[Eng.] (c.) An expression or admission to secure against 
objections or censure. 2. Any fixture or attachment to 
protect against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or 
loss; as, (a.) Part of a sword hilt which protects the 
hand, (b.) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge 
of a garment, (c.) A chain or cord for fastening a time- 
piece to one's person, (d.) A fence to prevent falling 




from the deck of a vessel, (e.) A widening of the deck 
of a steamboat by a framework of strong timbers, which 
curve out on e,ach side to the water-wheel, and protect it 
and the shaft against collision. 3. (Fencing.) A pos- 
ture of defense. 

Syn. — Defense ; shield ; protection ; safeguard ; convoy ; 
escort; care; attention; watch; heed. 

Guard'a-ble, a. Capable of being guarded. 

Guard'ant, a. (Her.) Having the face turned toward 
the spectator. 

Guard'ed-ly, adv. In a guarded or cautious manner. 

Guard'ed-ness, n. State or quality of being guarded. 

Guard'er, n. One who guards. 

Guard'i-an (g'ard'i-an), n. [0. Fr. guardain, gardian, 
N. Fr. gardien. See Guard, v.] 1. One who guards, 
preserves, or secures; a warden. 2. (Law.) One who 
has the custody of the person or property of an infant, a 
minor without living parents, or a person incapable of 
managing his own affairs. 

Guard'i-an, a. Guarding ; protecting. 

Guard'i-an-shlp, n. Tne office of a guardian. 

Guard'-room, n. A room for the accommodation of 
guards. 

Guard'- ship, n. A vessel of war to superintend the 
marine affairs in a harbor or river, and also, in the Eng- 
lish service, to receive impressed seamen. 

Gua'va (gwa/va), n. [Sp. guayaba, guayabo.] A trop- 
ical tree, or its fruit, which makes a delicious jelly. 

Gu'ber-na-to'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. gubernator, governor.] 
'er-taining to government, or to a governor. 

Gud'goon (gud'jun), n. [Fr. goujon, from Lat. gobio, or 
gobius, Gr. Kwj3(6?.] 1. A small fresh-water fish, allied 
to the carp. It is easily jpk 

caught, and often used for 
bait. 2. A person easily; 
cheated or insnared. 3. 
A bait; allurement. 4. 
( Mack. ) The piece of iron Gudgeon Q.) 

in the end of a wooden shaft on which it turns in a col- 
lar or on a gudgeon-block ; formerly, the part of any 
horizontal shaft on which it runs. 5. (Naut.) An eye 
or clamp fastened to the stern-post to hang the rudder 
on. 

Gue'ber, \n. A fire-worshiper ; a follower of Zoroas- 

Gue'bre, ) ter ; a Parsee. 

Guer'don (^eVdon, 14), n. [0. Fr. guerdon, guerredon, 
L. Lat. widerdonum, from 0. H. Ger. widar, N. H. Ger. 
wider, again, against, and Lat. donum, gift, present, or 
corrupted from 0. H. Ger. widarlGn, recompense, A.-S. 
widherlean.] A reward ; requital ; recompense. 

Guer-ril'la (^er-ril'la), n. [Sp., literally, little war, skir- 
mish, dim. of guerra, war, Eng. war.] X. An irregular 
mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of in- 
dependent bands. 2. One who carries on, or assists in 
carrying on, irregular or predatory warfare. 

Guess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. guessed (gest); p.pr. & vb. 
n. guessing.] [Allied to A.-S. gitan, Eng. get, to ob- 
tain.] 1. To judge of at random. 2. To form an opin- 
ion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are 
not decisive. 3. To conjecture rightly. 4. To hit upon 
by accident. 

Syn. — To think; reckon.— It is a gross vulgarism to use 
the word guess, not in its true and specific sense, but simply 
for think or believe, as, "I guess the mail has arrived ; " " I guess 
he is at home." It is equally vulgar to use reckon in the same 
way, as, " I reckon the mail has arrived;" "I reckon he is at 
home." These words are the shibboleth of the North and the 
South in this country. It would be better for each (in order to 
avoid so gross a vulgarism) to drop entirely its peculiar and 
abused term, substituting therefor some such word as think, 
believe, imagine, fancy, &c. 

Guess, v. i. To make a guess or random judgment ; to 
conjecture. 

Guess, n. Judgment without sufficient or decisive evi- 
dence or grounds ; conjecture. 

Guess'er, n. One who guesses. 

Guest, n. [A.-S. gest, Icel. gestr, Goth, gasts, allied to 
Lat. hostis, or fostis, stranger, enemy, Slav, gostj, guest, 
orig. one that is entertained, from Skr. ghas, to eat up./ 
A visitor entertained for a short time ; a lodger at a ho- 
tel, lodging or boarding house. 

Guf-faw', n._ A loud burst of laughter ; a horse-laugh. 

Guld'a-ble (gld / -), a. Capable of being guided. 

Guid'age, n._l. Reward given to a guide. 2. Guidance. 

Guid'ance (gid'anss), n. Act of guiding; direction; 
government ; a leading. 

Guide (gld, 72) v. t. [imp. & p. p. guided ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GUIDING.] [Fr. guider, from Goth, vitan, to 
watch over, give heed to, A.-S. witan.] 1. To lead or 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link: ; this- 



GUIDE 



330 



GUM-RASH 




Guillemot. 



direct ; to conduct in a course or path ; to pilot. 2. To 
regulate and manage ; to train ; to influence. 

Cruide, n. 1. One who leads or directs another in his 
way ; a conductor. 2. A director ; a regulator. 3. 
(Mil.) A non-commissioned officer, whose chief duty is to 
keep at the proper distance from the one in front, the 
men of the company, when dressing a line. 

Guide'-post, n. A post at the fork of a road, to direct 
travelers in the way. 

Gui'don (gi'don), n. [Ft. guidon. See Guide, v.] 1. 
A small flag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, or 
that used to make signals at sea ; also, the flag of a guild 
or fraternity. 2. One who carries a flag. 

Guild (gild), n. [A.-S. gild,- geld, tribute, a society, from 
A.-S. gildan , geldan , to pay.] An association of men be- 
longing to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, 
formed for mutual aid and protection. 

Guild'hall (gild'hawl), n. The hall where a guild or 
corporation usually assemble. 

(Gruile (gil, 72), n. [0. Fr. guile, from A.-S. wile, Eng. 
wile, Icel. vil.] Craft ; cunning ; artifice ; duplicity ; deceit. 

Guile'f ul, a. Full of guile ; characterized by cunning, 
deceit, or treachery ; guilty. 

Guile 'less (109), a. Free from guile 
or deceit; artless. 

Guile'less-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being guileless ; freedom from 
' deceit. 

Guil'le -mot' (gil'le-mof), n. [Fr. ; 
W. cfiwilaiog.] A marine diving 
bird, allied to the penguins, auks, 
and divers, and found in the north- 
ern parts of Europe, Asia, and 
America. 

Guil'lo-tine 7 (gil'lo-teen'), n. [Fr., 
from Guillotin, a French physician, 
who proposed, in the Constituent 
Assembly of 1789, to abolish the 
usual mode of decapitation, and use machinery which 
would dispense with the ax or 
sword.] A machine for beheading 
a person by the stroke of a heavy 
ax or cutter. 

GuiFlo-tine' (gTKlo-teen'), v. t. 

[imp. & p. p. GUILLOTINED; p. 
pr. & vb.n. GUILLOTINING-.] To 
behead with the guillotine. 

Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, crime, 
from A.-S. geld an, gild an, to pay ; 
prob. orig. signifying the fine paid 
for an offense, and afterward the 
offense itself.] 1. Criminality and 
consequent exposure to punishment 
right. 2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture. 

Guilt'i-ly, adv. In a guilty manner. 

Guilt'i-ness, n. State of being guilty ; criminality. 

Guilt'less, a. 1. Free from guilt ; innocent. 2. "With- 
out experience or trial . 

Guilt'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being guiltless. 

Guilt'y (gilt'y), a. [corn-par. GUILTIER ; superl. GUILT- 
IEST.] Evincing guilt ; crim- 
inal and ill-deserving ; wick- 
ed. 

Guin'ea (gin'e), n. [From 
Guinea, in Africa, abound- 
ing in gold.] An old gold 
coin of England current for 
twenty -one shillings ster- 
ling, or about five dollars. 

Guin'ea-drop'per (gm'e-) 
n. One who cheats by drop- 
ping guineas. 

Gum'ea-fowl (gih'e-), n. 
(Ornith.) A fowl closely al- 
lied to the peacocks and to the turkeys, orig. brought 
from Africa. 

Guin'ea-hen (gm'e-), n. See 
Guinea-fowl. 

(&uin'ea-pig(gin/e-),n. [Prob- 
ably a mistake for Guiana-pig.'] 
(ZooJ.) A small Brazilian ro- 
dent, of a white color, with 
spots of orange and black. 

Guige (glz, 72), n. [Fr. guise, 
from 0. H. Ger. wisa, A.-S., & 
Eng. wise.] 1. External appear- 
ance in manner or dress ; garb ; 
behavior; mien. 2. Custom 




Guillotine. 




Guinea-fowl. 




Guinea-pig. 
mode ; practice. 




Guitar. 





Gull. 



Gui-tar' (gi-tar'), n. [Fr. gui- 
tarre, from Gr. Ki6dpa, Lat.< 
cithara.] A stringed instru- 
ment of music resembling the 
violin, but larger, and having 
six strings, played upon with 
the fingers. 

Gulch, n. [Cf. Icel. gull, 
mouthful.] 1. A glutton. 
[Obs.] 2. A ravine; a gully. 

Guleg (gulz), n. [Fr. gueules, 
from L. Lat. gnla, reddened 
skin.] (Her.) A red color ; red ; 
— indicated in engraving by straight per-^ 
pendicular fines. 

Gulf, n. [From Gr. koXttos, bosom, bs 
gulf, Mod. Gr. koA^os.] 1. An abyss: 
deep chasm or basin. 2. ( Geog.) A large 
bay ; an open sea. 

Gulf y, a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. 

Gull, v. t. [imp. & p.p. GULLED; p. pr. Gules. 
& vb. n. GULLING.] [0. Sw. gylia, to deceive, D. kul- 
len. Cf. Guile, and Gull, a sea-fowl.] To deceive ; te 
cheat ; to trick ; to defraud. 

Gull, n. 1. A trick ; fraud. 2. One easily cheated ; a 
dupe. 

Gull, n. [W. gwylan. Cf. supra.] 
(Ornith.) A web-footed sea-fowl, 
with long, narrow wings, and with 
a straight beak hooked at the tip. 

Gul'let, n. [From Lat. gula, gul- 
let, throat.] 1. (Anat.) The 
esophagus. 2. Something shaped 
like the food-passage, or perform- 
ing similar functions. 

GiU/li-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being gullible. [Colloq.] 

Giil'lible, a. Easily gulled. [Colloq.] 

Gul'ly , n. [See Gullet.] A channel worn in the earth 
by a current of water ; a gulch. 

Gul'ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gullied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GULLYING.] To wear into a gully or into gullies. 

Gu-16s'i-ty, n. [Lat. gidosus, gluttonous, from gula, gul- 
let, throat.] Greediness ; voracity. [Rare.] 

Gulp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GULPED (gulpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. GULPING.] [D. gulpen, golpen, from golpe, whirl- 
pool, gulf. See Gulf.] To swallow eagerly ; to swallow up. 
To guty up, to throw up from the throat or stomach ; to dis- 
gorge. 

Gulp, n. 1. A swallow, or as much as is swallowed at 

once. 2. A disgorging. 

Gum, n. [A.-S. goma, palate, Icel. gtmr, 0. H. Ger. 
giumo, goumo.] The hard, fleshy substance covering 
the jaws and investing the teeth. 

Gum, n. [A.-S. gCma, Ger. gummi, Lat. gummi and 
commis, Gr. k6/u./uu ; Russ. kamedj, from Gr. KOfx.fxiai.ov, 
diminutive of koix^l.] A vegetable secretion in the juices 
of many plants which hardens when it exudes, but is sol- 
uble in water ; also, with less propriety, exudations that 
are not soluble in water. 

Gum arabic, a gum which flows from trees of several species 
of the genus Acacia. — Gum elastic, or elastic gum, caoutchouc 
or India rubber. — Gum lac. See Lac. — Gum Senegal, a gum 
resembling gum arabic, brought from near the River Senegal, 
in Africa.— Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth. 

Gum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GUMMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GUMMING.] To smear with gum ; to unite or stiffen by 
gum. 

Gum'too, n. [Written also gombo ; i. q. okra, and a soup 
into which this plant enters largely as an ingredisnt.] A 
dish composed of okra, tomatoes, and a little mustard 
together. 

Gum'-tooil, n. A boil or small abscess on the gum. 

Gum-mif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. gummi, gum, undferre, to 
bear.] Producing gum. 

Giim/mi-ness, n. State or quality of being gummj ; 
viscousness. 

Gum'mous, a. [Lat. gummosus.] Gum-like, or com- 
posed of gum ; gummy. 

Gum'my, a. [compar. GUMMIER ; superl. GUMMIEST.] 
1„ Consisting of gum ; viscous; adhesive. 2. Produc- 
tive of gum. 3. Covered with gum. 

G«mp,n. [Cf. Sw. & Dan. gump, buttocks, rump.] A 
foolish person : a dolt ; a dunce. [Low.] 

Gump'tioii (84), n. [Cf. 0. & Prov. Eng. gaum, to un- 
derstand, goam, to look after.] 1. Capacity; shrewd- 
ness; address. 2. (Paint.) (a.) The art of preparing 
colors, (b.) Magilp. See Magilp. 

Gum'-rash, n. (Med.) A cutaneous disease. 



&c. 



Zorcg7&,e,&c.,sAor*; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



GUM-RESIN 



331 



GYPSY 



Gum'-res/in, n. The milky juice of a plant solidified 

by exposure to air ; one of certain inspissated saps. 
Gum'- tree, n. 1. (Bot.) (a.) The black gum, one of 
the largest trees of the Southern States, (b.) A tree 
found in Australia, haying a straight, branchless stem 
from one to two hundred feet in height. 2. A hollow 
tree. [Southern States.] 
Gun, n. [Prob. like cannon, from Lat. canna, reed, tube, 
or abbrev. from L. Lat. mangona, mangonus, mango, 
manganum, Gr. pdyyavov, a machine for defending for- 
tifications ; or, perhaps from 0. Bug. gyn,gynne, gin, ab- 
brev. of engine.] 1. Any fire-arm or instrument, except 
the pistol and mortar, for throwing projectiles by the ex- 
plosion of gunpowder. 2. (Mil. ) A heavy cannon distin- 
guished from others by its great weight and strength, and 
the absence of a chamber. 

Gun, v.i. To practice fowling or hunting small game ; — 
used chiefly in the participial form. 

Gun'-Doat, n. (Mil.) A boat or small vessel of light 
draught, fitted to carry one or more guns. 

Giin'-eot/ton, n. A highly explosive substance obtained 
by soaking cotton, &c, in nitric and sulphuric acids. 

Gun'-deck, n. (Naut.) A lower deck of a ship where 
the gun-room is. 

Gun'-mgt/al, n. An alloy of nine parts of copper and 
one part of tin, used for cannon, &c. [Amer.] 

Gun'nel, n. 1. A gunwale. 2. (Ichth.) A little spotted 
fish, found on the Northern Atlantic shores. 

Giin'iier, n. One who works a gun ; also, a warrant- 
officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance. 

Gun'ner-y, n. The art and science of firing guns. 

Gun'ning, n. The act or practice of hunting or shoot- 
ing game with a gun. 

Gun'ny, n. [Hind. & Bengal, gon, a coarse sack or bag 
for grain.] A strong, coarse kind of sacking. 

Gun'pow-der, n. A mixture of saltpeter, sulphur, and 
charcoal pulverized, granulated and dried. 

Gitn'reach, n. The distance to which a gun will shoot ; 
gunshot 

Gun'-robm (28), n. (Naut.) An apartment on the after 
end cf the lower gun-deck of a ship of war, occupied by 
the gunner or as a mess-room by the lieutenants. 

Gun'shot, n. 1. (Mil.) The distance of the point-blank 
range of a cannon-shot. 2. The distance to which shot 
can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective. 

Gun' smith, n. A maker of small arms ; an armorer. 

Gun'stock, n. The stock or wood in which the barrel 
of a gun is fixed. 

Gun'ter'g Chain. [From Edmund Gunter, the inven- 
tor.] The chain commonly used for measuring land. It 
is four rods, or 66 feet, long. 

Giin'ter'g Scale. A rule, two feet long marked with 
graduated lines for solving questions in arithmetic and 
geometry, &c. 

Giin'wale (commonly pron. gun'nel), n. [From gun 
and wale, because the upper guns are pointed from it.] 
(Naut.) The upper edge of a ship's side ; the uppermost 
wale of a ship. 

Gur'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gurgled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GURGLING.] [Ger. gurgeln, to gargle. Cf. GARGLE.] 
To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current. 

Gur'gle, n. A gush or flow of liquid. 

Gur'nard, \ n. [0. Fr. gour- 

Gur'net, ) nal, gournauld, 
Ir. guirnead.] (Ichth.) A sea- 
fish, having a large and spiny 
head with mailed cheeks. 

Gush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 

GUSHED (gusht) ; p. pr. & vb. Gurnard. 

n. gushing.] [D. gudsen, allied to 0. H. Ger. giozan, 
giuzan, Goth, giutan, 'A.-S. geotan, to pour out.] 1. 
To flow copiously ; to rush forth as a fluid from confine- 
ment. 2. To act with a sudden and rapid impulse. 

Syn. — To flow. — To gusli is to break forth with violence ; 
to flow is to move on gently with little or no opposition. The 
fountain gushes from beneath the rocks, und flows quietly away 
in a winding stream. 

Gush, n. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an 
inclosed place ; the fluid thus emitted. 

Giish'ing, p. a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a 
fluid. 2. Emitting copiously, as tears ; hence, soft- 
hearted ; sentimental. [Colloq.] 

Giis'set, n. [Fr. gousset, arm-pit, fob, gusset, dim. of 
gousse, pod, husk.] A piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
ment, for the purpose of strengthening or enlarging some 
part. 

Gust, n. [Lat. gustus, Pr. gost, 0. Fr. goust, N. Fr. 
gout.] 1. The sense or pleasure of tasting ; relish. 2. 




Gratification of any kind ; enjoyment. 3. A capacity 
for any form of such enjoyment ; taste. 
Gust, n. [Icel. gustr, giostr, a cool breeze, gusta, giosta, 
to blow cofd.] 1. A sudden squall. 2. A sudden, 
violent burst of passion. 
Gust'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to gust or taste. 
Gus'to, n. [It. & Sp. See Gust.] Nice appreciation or 
enjoyment ; relish ; taste ; fancy. [pestuous. 

Gust'y, a. Subject to, or attended by, gusts ; tem- 
Giit, n. [Allied to Goth, qvithus, belly, womb ; A.-S. 
cwidh, womb.] 1. The intestinal canal of an animal. 
2. pi. The whole mass of intestines. 
Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
GUTTING.] 1. To take out the bowels from ; to evis- 
cerate. 2. To destroy the interior of. 
Gu.t'ta-per'cha, n. [From the Malay, gutta, gum, and 
percha, the particular tree from which it is procured.] An 
inspissated sap obtained from various trees found in the 
Malayan archipelago. In many of its properties it re- 
sembles caoutchouc. 
Giit'td Se-ve'nd. [Lat., literally serene or clear drop.] 

(Med.) Blindness occasioned by a palsied retina. 
Gut'ter, n. [From Lat. gutta, drop.] 1. A channel for 
conveying away the rain from a roof. 2. A small chan- 
nel at the road side or elsewhere. 
Gut'ter, v. t. [imp. k.p.p GUTTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
guttering.] To form into small, longitudinal hollows 
or channels. 
Gut'ter, v. i. To become hollowed or channeled. 
Gut'tle,-u.f. [From gut, q. v.] To swallow greedily. [Obs.] 
Giit'tler, n. A greedy eater. 

Giit'tur-al, a. [Lat. guttur, throat.] Pertaining to the 
throat ; formed in the throat. [Greek x- 

Giit'tur-al, n. A letter pronounced in the throat, as the 
Giit'tur-al-ly, adv. In a guttural manner. 
Gut'tur-al-ness, n. The quality of being guttural. 
Guy (gl), n. [See Guide.] A rope or rod attached to any 

thing to steady it. 
Guz'zle (ghVzl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. guzzled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. GUZZLING.] [A modification of guttle, q. v.] 
To swallow liquor greedily ; to drink frequently. 
Guz'zle, v. t. To swallow much or often. 
Guz'zle, n. An insatiable thing or person. 
Guz'zler, n. One who guzzles ; an immoderate drinker. 
Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. GYBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gybing.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to 
. the other. 

Gym-na/gi-areh, n. [Gr. yvixvao-iapxry;, and yvfxva- 
o-Capxos ', yvii.va.crt.ov and dpxet-v, to govern, j ( Gr. A?itiq.) 
. An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasium . 
Gym-na'§i-um, n. ; pi. gym-na'si-a. [Lat. gymna- 
sium, Gr. yvixvdo-Lov, from yvp.vd£eiv, to exercise, from 
yvfjivos, naked.] 1. A place where athletic exercises are 
performed. 2. A school for the higher branches of litera- 
. ture and science. 

Gym'nast (jlnVnast), n. One who teaches or practices 
. gymnastic exercises ; the manager of a gymnasium 
Gym-nas'tie, ) a. Pertaining to athletic exercises 
Gym-nas'tie-al, ) of the body, intended for health, 
. defense, or diversion. 

Gym-nas'tie, n. 1. Athletic exercise. 2. One who 
. practices or teaches athletic exercises. 
Gym-nas'tie-al-ly, adv. In a gymnastic manner. 
Gym-nas'ties, n. sing. The art of performing athletic 
. or disciplinary exercises. 

Gym-nos'o-phist, n. [Gr. yvp.voo-o<j)Lo-rq^ ; yvfxvo?, 
naked, and tro^icmfc, philosopher.] One of a sect of 
East Indian philosophers and religious teachers, who 
. went almost naked. 

Gym'no-sperm, n. [Gr. yv|uvo?, naked, and a-irepfna, 
seed, o-ireCpeiv, to sow.] (Bot.) A plant that bears naked 
m seeds, as the common pine and hemlock. 
Gyn'ar-ehy, n. [Gr. ywij. woman, and dpxecv, to rule, 
. govern.] Government by a female. 

Gyn'e-oe'ra-cy, n. [Gr. vwrj, genitive yvvaiKos, woman, 
and Kparelv, to rule.] Government administered by a 
. woman. 

Gyp'se-ous, a. [Lat. gypseus. See Gypsum.] Resem- 
. bling or containing gypsum. 

Gyp-sog'ra-phy, n. [Lat. gypsum and Gr. ypa.j>r), 
writing, from ypaipeiv, to write.] The act or art of en- 
. graving upon gypsum. 

Gyp'sum, n. [Lat. gypsum, Gr. yvipos, Ar. djibsin, Per. 

djahsin, Chald. giphes.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of 

sulphate of lime, and 21 per cent, of water. When burnt 

to drive off the water, and ground up, it forms plaster of 

m Paris. 

Gyp'sy, n. ; pi. gypsies. [0. Eng. Gyptian, from Fr. 



ftfbd, fobt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this 






GYRAL 



332 



HACKNEY 



Egyptien, an Egyptian, a gypsy.] [Also spelled gipsy and 
gypsey.] 1. One of a vagabond race, coming originally 
from India, and now scattered over Europe, living by 
theft, fortune-telling, tinkering, &c. 2. A cunning or 

m crafty person. [ Colloq.] 

Gy'ral (jl'ral), a. [See Gyre.] Moving in a circular 

, path or way ; whirling ; gyratory. 

Gy'rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gyrated ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
GYRATING.] [Lat. gyrare, gyratum. See GYRE.] To 

. revolve round a central point ; to move spirally. 

Gy-ra/tion, n. Act of turning or whirling around a 

. fixed center ; a circular or spiral motion ; rotation. 

Gy'ra-to-ry, a. Moving in a circle, or spirally. 

Gyre (jlr), n. [Lat. gyrus, Gr. ySpos, from yvpos, round.] A 
circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body. 



Gyr'f al-eon (jeVfaw-kn ), n. [L. Lat. gyrofalco , gyrofaU 
cus , a gyrando , from its circling around before descend- 
ing on the prey.] ( Ornith.) The peregrine falcon. See 

, Falcon. 

Gyr'o-man'cy, n. [Gr. yvpos, ring, circle, and ^avreCa, 
divination.] A kind of divination performed by drawing 

m a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. 

Gy'ro-s-eope, n. [Gr. yvpos, ring, circle, and <rK07retv, 
to view.] A rotating wheel mounted in a ring or rings, 
for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the com- 

. position of rotations, &c. 

Gyve (jiv), n. [W. gefyn, Tr. geibhion.] A shackle, eepe- 

m cially one to confine the legs ; a fetter. 

Gyve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gyved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
gyving.] To fetter ; to shackle ; to chain. 



H. 



H(aitch), the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is 
commonly classed among the consonants, but without 
sufficient reason, as no articulation or contact of the 
mouth-organs is necessary or possible in its formation. 
See Prin. of Pron., § 76. — (Mus.) H is the seventh de- 
gree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans 
for B natural. 

rgg^It is supposed that h was originally called ech, after the 
analogy of cf, el, em, &c, the ch having a guttural sound, like 
ch in Scotch and German, and representing the Anglo-Saxon 
h, which had a stronger sound than our English h, and was ut- 
tered not onlv at the beginning but also at the end of words, in 
which latter position it is with us always silent. This guttural 
sound was afterward corrupted, it is thought, into that of ch in 
church (a change of which etymology furnishes many exam- 
ples), and the short vowel e was replaced by its corresponding 
long sound a. 

Ha, interj. An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or 
grief. 

Ma'be-as -Cor'pits. [Lat., you may have the body.] 
(Law.) A writ having for its object to bring a party be- 
fore a court or judge ; especially, one to inquire into the 
cause of a person's imprisonment or detention by another, 
with the view to protect the right to personal liberty. 

Hab'er-dasli'er, n. [Either from Ger. habt ihr das, 
herr? i. e., have you that, sir? (cf. 0. Eng. haberdash 
ware) or, less probably, from berdash, a kind of neck- 
dress, formerly worn ; or from 0. Fr. aver, avoir, prop- 
ert}-, goods, and D. tuischer, Ger. tauscher, a barterer.] 
A seller of small wares, such as tapes, pins, needles, 
thread, &c. 

Hab'er-dasb/er-y, n. Goods sold by a haberdasher. 

Hab'er-diuie', or Hab'er-dliie, n. [Probably corrupt- 
ed from Aberdeen-fish.] A dried salt cod. 

Ha-ber'jsje-oii, n. [Fr. haubergeon, a small hauberk, 
dim. of 0. Fr. hauberc, halberc. See HAUBERK.] Defensive 
armor descending from the neck to the middle, and formed 
of little iron rings or meshes. 

Ha-bil'i-ment, n. [Fr. habillement, from habiller, to 
dress, clothe, from a hypoth. Lat. word, habitulare, from 
habitus, dress, attire.] A garment ; clothing. 

Hab'it, n. [Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, be in a 
condition.] 1. The usual condition of a person or thing; 
ordinary state ; especially, physical temperament. 2. 
Fixed or established custom ; hence, the involuntary ten- 
dency to perform certain actions which is acquired by 
their frequent repetition ; also, moral character. 3. At- 
tire ; dress; habiliment; hence, a garment; especially, 
a closely fitting coat worn by ladies. 

Syn.— Practice: mode; manner; way: custom. — Habit is 
an internal principle which leads us to do easily, naturally, 
and with growing certainty, what we do often: custom is exter- 
nal, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same 
act. The two operate reciprocallv on each other. The custom 
of giving produces a habit of liberalitv: habits of devotion pro- 
mote the custom of going to church. Custom also supposes an 
act of the will, selecting given modes of procedure; habit is a 
law of our being, a kind of " second nature" which grows up 
withm us. 

Hab'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. habited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
habiting.] To dress ; to clothe : to array. 

Hab'it-a-bil'i-ty, n. Habitableness. 

Hab'it-a-ble, a [Lat. habitabilis, from habitare, to 
dwell.] Capable of being inhabited or dwelt in. 

Hab'it-a-ble-ness, n. Capacity of being inhabi+ed. 

Hab'it-an-cy, n. [See supra.} The same as Inhab- 
itancy. 

Hab'it-ant, n. An inhabitant ; a dweller ; a resident ; 



specifically, pi. ('a'be-tong') a farmer of French descent 
or origin in Lower Canada. [of a plant or animal. 

Hab'i-tat, n. (Nat. Hist.) The natural abode or locality 
Hab'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inhabiting; state of dwell- 
ing. 2. Place of abode ; a settled dwelling ; a mansion ; 
a residence. 3. (Bot.) A habitat. 
Ha-bit'u.-al, a. 1. Formed or acquired by habit. 2. 
According to habit. 3. Rendered permanent by con- 
tinued 



Syn. — Customary; accustomed; usual; common. 

Ha-bit'ii-al-ly, adv. In an habitual manner ; custom- 
arily ; usually"; commonly. 

Ea-bit'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. habituated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. habituating.] To make accustomed; to ac- 
custom ; to familiarize. 

Ha-bit'u-a'tion, n. The act of habituating, or the 
state of being habituated. 

Hab'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. habitvdo. See Habit.] Fre- 
quent repetition of an act or feeling, and its resulting 
tendency or consequence ; customary manner or mode 
of living, feeling, or acting. 

Hacienda (i'the-Cn'da), n. [Sp., employment, estate, 
from ~L&t. facie n da, pi. of faciendum, what is to be done, 
from facere, to make, do.] An isolated farm or farm- 
house. 

Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HACKED (bakt) : p. pr. & vb. 
n. HACKING.] [A.-S. haccan,T>. hakken, Ger. hacken.] 

1. To cut irregularly and awkwardly ; to notch. 2. To 
speak with stops or hesitation. 

Hack, v. i. 1. To be exposed to common use for hire. 

2. To make an effort to raise phlegm ; to hawk. 
Eack, n. 1. A notch ; a cut. 2. Hesitating or falter- 
ing speech. 

Back, n. [0. Fr. haque. Cf. Icel. fdkr, horse. See 
Hackney.] 1. A horse, or coach, or other carriage, let 
out for common hire ; also, a family horse used in all 
kinds of work. 2. A man who hires himself out for any 
literary work; a drudge. 3. A large pick for working 
stone. 4. A rack for feeding cattle. 5. A frame for 
drying fish, or cheeses. 6. A place where bricks are 
dried before burning. 7. The wooden frame in the tail- 
race of a mill. 

Hack, a. Hackneyed ; hired ; mercenary. 

HackTber-rr, n. " (Bot.) An American tree, having the 
appearance of an elm, and bearing sweet, edible fruits 
about the size of a cherry. 

Hack'le (hak'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. hackled ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. HACKLING.] [See infra. Written also heckle.] 
1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from 
the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or 
hatehel.' 2. To tear rudely asunder. 

Hack'le (hak'l). n. [Allied to Ger. haken, Eng. hook, q. 
v.] 1. An instrument with teeth for separating the 
coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine. 2. Any flimsy 
substance unspun, as raw silk. 3. A fly for angling. 

Hack'ly, a. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 

Hack'matack', n. [A name of Indian origin.] The 
tamarack tree. See Tamarack. 

Hack'ney. n. ; pi. hack'NEY§. [Fr. haquenee, a pacing 
horse, an ambling nag. Cf. Hack.] 1. A horse for rid- 
ing or driving ; a pad ; a nag ; a pony. 2. A horse or 
pony kept for hire ; hence, a horse and carriage kept for 
hire; a hack. 3. A person worn by hired drudgery; 
a hireling ; a prostitute. 



HACKNEY 



333 



HALF-SISTER 



H&ck'ney, a. 1. Let out for hire. 2. Prostitute; 
vicious for hire. 3. Much used ; common ; trite. 

Hack'ney, v. t. [imp. & p.p. HArxNEYED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HACKNEYING.] To devote to common or frequent 
use, as a horse or coach ; to make trite or commonplace. 

H&ck'ney-eoach, n. A coach kept for hire ; hack. 

Had, imp. & p. p. of have. [Contracted from A.-S. hafde, 
hafed y hdfd, that is, haved.] See HAVE. 

Had'dock, n. [ W. hadog, had- 
awg ) from hadawg, having, 
seed, seedy.] (Ichth.) A sea- 
fish a little smaller than the cod, , , 
which it much resembles. Haddock. 

Ha'deg, n. [Gr. aSvjs, caS-rj?, usually derived from a priv. 
and iSslv, to see, but this is doubtful.] The habitation 
of the dead. 

Haft, n. [A.-S. haft, haft, haf tan, to take, seize, from 
Goth, hafts, sticking to, allied to Lat. captus, p. p. of ca- 

i pere, to take, seize.] A handle, as of a knife, sword, or 
dagger ; hilt. 

Hag, n. [A.-S. hdges, hdgesse, prob. from Ger. hag, hedge, 
bush, wood; orig. wood-woman, wild woman.] 1. An 
ugly old woman ; a fury ; a she-monster. 2. A witch ; 
a sorceress ; an enchantress. 

Hag'gard, a. [Fr. hagard, Ger. hagart, from 0. Eng. 
hauke, now hawk, and the suffix ard.] 1. "Wild or 
intractable, 2. Having the expression of one wasted by 
want or suffering. 

Hag'gard, n. 1. An untrained or refractory hawk. 2. 
Any thing wild and intractable. 3. A hag. 

Hag'gard-ly, adv. In a haggard manner. 

Hag'gess, \ n. [Scot, hag, to hack, to chop ; Gael, tat' 

Hag'gis, } geis.] A pudding containing the entrails 
of a sheep or lamb, chopped with fine herbs and suet, 
highly seasoned with leeks and spices, and boiled in the 
maw. [Scot.] 

Hag'gish, a. Like a hag ; deformed ; ugly ; horrid. 

Hag'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. haggled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
HAGGLING.] [Dim. of Scot, hag, for hack.] 1. To cut 
into small pieces ; to notch or make rough by cutting. 
2. To tease ; to worry. 

Hag'gle, v. i. To be difficult in bargaining ; to chaffer; 
to higgle. [stalls a market. [Eng.] 

Hag'gler, n. 1. One who haggles. 2. One who fore- 

Ha'gi-6ri t ra-plxcb,n.pl. [Lat.; Gr. dy<.6ypa(/>a.(sc. /3i/3Ata,) 
from ayioypa<|>os, written by inspiration, from ayios, sa- 
cred, holy, and ypd<£eiv, to write.] 1. That part of the 
Old Testament not embraced by the Law and the Proph- 
ets. 2. The lives of the saints. 

Ha'gi-Sg'ra-phal, a. Pertaining to the hagiographa, 
or to sacred writings. [rapha ; a sacred writer. 

Ha/gi-og'ra-pher, n. One of the writers of the hagiog- 

Ha/gi-og'ra-phy, n. The same as Hagiographa. 

Ha/gi-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. dyios, sacred, andAo-yos, speech, 
discourse.] A narrative of the lives of the saints. 

Hag'sliip, n. The state or title of a hag. 

Hague'but (hag'but), or Hag'ue-tout (hag'e-but), n. 
Same as ArquebUse, q. v. [ha. See Ha. 

Hall, interj. An exclamation expressing surprise or effort ; 

Ha-ha', n. [Probably from haw-haw, a reduplication of 
haw, hedge. See HAW.] A fence or bank sunk in a 
slope so as not to be seen until one is close upon it. 

Haik, n. [Ar. hd'ik, from haka, to weave.] A large piece 
of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs over the tunic. 

Hail, n. [A.-S. hagal, hdgel, Icel. hagall, hagl.] Frozen rain, 
or grains and lumps of ice precipitated from the clouds. 

Hail, v. i. [imp. & p.p. hailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAIL- 
ING.] To pour down masses of ice or frozen vapor. 

Hail, v.t. To pour down, as hail. 

Hail, a. Healthy; sound. See HALE. 

Hail, inter j. [See infra.] An exclamation, usually of re- 
spectful, and sometimes of reverent, salutation. 

Hail, n. [A.-S. hdl, hdlo, halu, safety. See HALE, a. and 
n,] A wish of health ; a salutation. 

Hail, v. t. [0. H. Ger. halon, holon, to call ; allied to Lat. 
calare, Gr. KakeZv, to call. See CALL.] 1. To call after 
loudly ; to salute. 2. To name ; to call. 

Hail, v. i. To report one's self, as when hailed from an- 
other ship at sea ; especially in the phrase to hail from, to 
report as one's home. 

Hail'-feTlow, n. An intimate companion. 

Hail'stone, n. A frozen rain-drop. 

Hail'y, a. Full of hail ; consisting of hail. 

Hair, n. [A.-S. hdr, Icel. hdr, allied to Skr. Mga, and 
Lat. cms in cxsaries.] 1. A small animal filament 
growing from the skin, or a mass of such. 2. (Bot.) 
A filament on the surface of plants. 3. (Mech.) A spring 
in a rifle or pistol lock, to unlock the tumbler. 




Halberd. 



To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety. — Not 
worth a hair, of no value. — To a hair, with the nicest distinc- 
tion. 

Hair'-breadth, n. [See Breadth.] The diameter or 
breadth of a hair ; a very small distance. [narrow. 

Hair'-breadth, a. Having the breadth of a hair ; very 

Hair '-brush, n. A brush for smoothing the hair. 

Hair'-eloth, n. Stuff or cloth made of hair, or in part 
with hair. 

Hair'-dress'er, n. One who dresses or cuts hair. 

Hair'i-ness, n. The state of abounding, or being cov- 
ered, with hair. 

Hair'less, a. Destitute of hair ; wanting hair. 

Hair'-pin, n. A pin used in dressing the hair. 

Hair'- spring, n. A fine wire in a watch, which gives 
motion to the balance-wheel. 

Hair'-stroke, n. A delicate stroke in writing. 

Halr'y , a. Made of, covered with, 
or resembling hair. 

Hake, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. hake, 
hook ; Ger. hecht, pike.] {Ichth.) 
A sea-fish of the cod family, hav- Hake, 

ing only two dorsal fins. 

Hal'foerd (hol'berd), n. [From M. H. Ger. helmbart, 
/ielmbarte, i. e., an ax to split a helmet, 
fr. Ger. barte, a broad ax, and helm, helmet.] 
(Mil.) A pole having a steel pointed head, 
and a steel cross-piece, with a cutting edge. 

HaFberd-ier', n. One who is armed with a 
halberd. 

Hal'cy-on (hal'sT-on), n. [Lat. halcyon, orj 
alcyon, Gr. akuviov, akicviav.] The king- If 
fisher. 

Hal'cy-on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, the halcyon, which was said to lay 
her eggs in nests near the sea during the 
calm weather about the winter solstice. 
2. Hence, calm ; quiet ; peaceful ; undis- 
turbed ; happy. 

Hale, a. [A.-S. hal, sound, whole; Ger. heil, Icel. heill, 
Goth, hails. See Whole.] Sound; entire; healthy; 
robust. 

Hale, or Hale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. haled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. haling.] [See Haul.] To drag ; to haul. 

Half (haf), n. ; pi. halves (havz). [A.-S. healf, half, 
Icel. halfr, Goth, halbs.] One of two equal parts of a 
thing. 

To go halves, to have an equal share. 

Half (haf), a. Consisting of a moiety, or half. 

Half (haf), adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. 

Half '-and-Half ' (haf'-and-haf , 128), n. A mixture of 
beer or porter and ale. 

Half -bind / ing (haf/-), n. A style of book-binding in 
which the backs and corners are in leather, and the sidea 
in paper or cloth. 

Half-blood (hafblud), n. Relation between persons 
born of the same father or of the same mother, but not 
of both. 

Half-blood'ed, a. 1. Proceeding from a male and 
female of different breeds or races. 2. Hence, degener- 
ate; mean. 

Half -breed, n. A person who is half-blooded; espe- 
cially, the offspring of Indians and whites. 

Half -brotfa/er (haf-bruth-er), n. A brother by one 
parent only. 

Half-easte (h'afM, n. One born of a Hindoo parent on 
the one side, and of a European on the other. 

Half-eock (hUf-), n. The position of the cock of a 
gun when retained by the first notch. 

Half-lieart'ed (haf-), a. Wanting in true affection; 
ungenerous ; illiberal ; unkind. 

Half -moon (haf-), n. 1. The moon when half its 
disk appears illuminated. 2. Any thing in the shape of 
a half-moon. 3. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two 
faces, forming a salient angle. 

Half -note (haf/not), n. 
(Mas.) A minim, in value 
one half of a semibreve, or 
whole note, and represented 
thus : — 

Half-pay (h'afpa). n. Half the amount of wages or 
salary ; more commonly, diminished or reduced pay. 

Half-pSn-ny (haf pen-ny, hap'pen-ny, or ha'pen-n^), 
n.; pi. HALF'-PENCE (haf/-). An English coin of tho 
value of half a penny ; also, the value of half a penny. 

Half-sea§-o'ver (haf-), a. Half-drunk. [Collog.] 

Half -sis'ter (haf-), n. A sister by one parent, but not 
by both. 




ifli 



Half-notes. 



food, foot; fir n, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-eho; gem, get; ag; e^ist; linger, li|jk ; this* 



HALF-STEP 



334 



HAND 



Half'-st6p (h£f'-),_n. (Mus.) A semitone. 

Half-way (h'afwa), adv. In the middle; at half the 
distance ; imperfectly ; partially. 

Half-way (hafwa), a. Equally distant from the ex- 
tremes, [ish. 

Half '-wit'ted (h'af-), a. "Weak in intellect ; silly; fool- 

Hal'i-but (hol'i-but), n. [D. heil- 
b'ot, helbut, Ger. heilbutt.] (Ichth.) 
A large sea-fish, of the flat-fish 
kind, having a dark back, and a 
■white belly. Halibut 

Hall-mas, n. [A.-S. halig, holy, 
and masse, mass, festival.] The feast of All Souls ; Hal- 



Hall, n. [A.-S. heal, heall, 0. H. Ger. holla, Icel. holl, 
Goth, alhs, Lat. aula, Gr. avkr/, palace.] 1. A covered 
edifice or a room, usually of stately dimensions, devoted 
to public business or domestic convenience ; especially, 
(a.) A passage-way at the entrance of a house or suite 
of chambers, (b.) A manor-house, (c.) A large edifice 
belonging to a collegiate institution, (d.) A place of 
public assembly. 2. A college in an English university. 

&alle-miah ) (halle-lu'ya), n. & interj. [See Alle- 

Halle-lii'jali ) LtrtAH.] Praise ye Jehovah; — an 
exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise and in thanks- 
giving to God. 

Hal-lob', v. i. [imp. & p. p. hallooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HALLOOING.] [From halloo, an exclamation, allied to 
Fr. haler, to set or excite a dog.] To cry out ; to call to 
bj name, or by the word halloo. 

Hal-lob', v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. 2. To 
chase with shouts. 3. To call or shout to. 

Hal-lbb', n. An exclamation, used as a call to invite at- 
tention ; a shout ; a call. 

Hal-lbb', interj. Ho, there! ho! — an exclamation to 
call attention or to encourage one. 

Hallow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hallowed (60); p. pr. 
& vb. n. HALLOWING.] [A.-S. hdlgian, haligan, from 
halig, holy.] To make holy ; to consecrate ; to treat as 
sacred. 

Hallow-een', n. The evening preceding All Hallows 
or All Saints' day. [Scot.] 

Hallow-mas, n. [See Mass.] The feast of All Souls, 
All Saints, or All Hallows. 

Hal-lu'ci-na'tion, n. [Lat. hallucinatio ,fc . hallucinari , 
or alucinari, to wander in mind, to talk idly, to dream.] 
1. Error; delusion; mistake. 2. An error or illusion 
of sensible perception, occasioned by some bodily or or- 
ganic disorder or affection. 

Halo, n. ; pi. HA'LOg. [Lat. halos, ace. halo; Gr. aAcos, 
a threshing-floor, and from its round shape also the disk 
of the sun or moon, and later a halo round it.] 1. A 
circle of fight ; especially, (Paint.) a glory. 2. A lumin- 
ous circle round the sun or moon. 

Halo, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. haloed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HALOING.] To form, or surround with, a halo. 

Ha'loid, a. [Gr. cUs, oiAos, salt, and ei'Sos, form.] ( Chem.) 
Resembling a salt ; — applied to binary compounds, such 
as chloride of sodium, or common salt. 

Halo-scope, n. [Gr. aAcos, halo, and o-kottslv, to view.] 
An instrument for exhibition, illustration, or explana- 
tion of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like. 

Hals'er (haws'er), n. [Ger. halse, a collar of hounds, 
halser, from hals, neck ; Ger. also haltseil. halser, from 
halten, to hold, and seil, rope.] A hawser. See Hawser. 

Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HALTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HALTING.] [A.-S. healtian, to limp, Icel. helta; Ger. 
halten, to hold, to stop, Icel. halda, A.-S. healdan.] 1. 
To stop in walking or marching. 2. To step with lame- 
ness ; to limp. 3. To hesitate. 4. To have an irregu- 
lar rhythm. 

Halt, v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease marching ; to stop. 

HJjlt, a. Halting or stopping in walking ; lame. 

Halt, n. 1. A stop in marching ; a stopping. 2. Act of 
hmping; lameness. 

Halt'er, n. One who halts or limps. 

Hal'ter, n. [A.-S. halfter, halter, noose.] A strong strap 
or cord ; especially, (a.) A rope or strap and head-stall 
for a horse, (b.) A rope for hanging malefactors. 

Hal'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HALTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
haltering.] To put a halter on. 

Halve (hav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. halved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HALVING.] [From half.] To divide into two equal 
parts. 

Halves, (havz), n. ; pi. of half. See Half. 

Hal'yard, n. [From hale, or haul, and yard, q. v.] 
(Naut.) A rope or tackle, for hoisting or lowering yards 
or sails. [Written also halliard, " 




Hammock. 



Ham, n. [A.-S. ham, from 0. H. Ger. ham, crooked, 
bent, Celt, cam.] 1. The inner or hind part of the knee. 
2. The thigh of any animal ; especially, the thigh of a 
hog cured by salting and smoking. 

Ham'a-dry'ad, n. ; Eng. pi. ham'A-dey'ads ; Lat. 
pi. ham'a-dry'A-DES. [Gr. A/u.a6pva?, from apa, to- 
gether, and Spvs, dpvos, oak, tree.] (Antiq.) A wood- 
nymph, feigned to five and die with the tree to which it 
was attached. 

Hames, n. [Allied to 0. H. Ger. ham, Celt, cam, crooked, 
curved.] The curved pieces of wood or metal by which 
the traces and body-harness of a horse are attached to 
the collar. 

Ham-it'ie, a. Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. 

Hamlet, n. [A.-S. ham, home, house, and let, a dimin- 
utive termination.] A small village ; a little cluster of 
houses in the country. 

Ham'mer, n. [A.-S. hamer.] 1. An instrument for 
driving nails, beating metals, and the like. 2. Somethmg 
which in form or action resembles the common hammer. 

Ham'mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HAMMERED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HAMMERING.] 1. To beat with a hammer. 2. 
To form or forge with a hammer. 3. To contrive by in- 
tellectual labor. 

Ham'mer, v. i. 1. To be busy. 2. To be working or 
in agitation. 

Ham'mer-clotli, n. The cloth which covers a coach- 
box ; — so called either from the old practice of carrying 
a hammer, nails, &c, in a pocket hid by this cloth, or as 
being a corruption of armor, hammock, or hamper-cloth. 

Harn'mer-er, n. One who works with a hammer. 

Ham'mer-liard'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hammer- 
hardened ; p. pr. & vb. n. hammer-hardening.] 
To harden, as a metal, by hammering in the cold state. 

Ham'mer-head, n. (Ichth.) A shark, having the eyes 
set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives 
it a hammer shape. 

Ham/mock, n. [Sp. hamaca. 
A word of Indian origin.] A^j 
kind of hanging bed. « 

Ha-mose', ) a. [Lat. Jiamus, |p 

Ha'mous, j hook.] (Bot.) " 
Having the end hooked or 
curved. 

Ham'per, n. [Contracted from hanaper, q. v.; 
basket for conveying things to market, &c. 

Ham'per, n. [Cf. Icel. hanpr, hemp.] An instrument 
that shackles ; a fetter. 

Ham'per, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. HAMPERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hampering.] [See the noun.] 1. To put in a 
hamper. 2. To put a hamper or fetter on ; to shackle ; 
to embarrass ; to encumber. 

Ham'- shackle (-shak'1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ham- 
shackled ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAM-SHACKLING.] [Eng. 
ham and shackle, q. v.] To fasten by a rope binding the 
head to one of the fore legs ; hence, to bind or restrain. 

Ham'ster, n. [0. H. Ger. hamistro, hdmastro.] (Zodl.) 
A species of rat ; remarkable for having a bag on each 
side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations. 

Ham'string, n. One of the tendons of the ham. 

Ham'string, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hamstrung, or 
HAMSTRINGED ; p. pr. & vb n. HAMSTRINGING.] To 
lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham. 

Han'a-per, n. [L. Lat. hanaperivm, a large vase, hana- 
pus, vase, bowl, cup, from 0. Fr. hanap, 0. H. Ger. hnapf, 
A-S. hndp, cup, bowl.] 1. A kind of basket, usually of 
wicker-work. 2. A bag or basket, in the English chan- 
cery, used to receive fees due the king ; hence, the ex- 
chequer of the chancery. 

Hand, n. [A.-S. hand, hond, Icel. hand, hond, Goth. 
handus.] 1. The outer extiemity of the human arm, 
consisting of the palm and fingers. 2. That which re- 
sembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human 
hand ; as, (a.) A limb of certain animals, (b.) An index 
or pointer of a dial. 3. A measure of the hand's 
breadth ; four inches ; a palm ; — applied to the measure- 
ment of a horse's height. 4. Side ; part ; direction. 5. 
Power of performance; skill; dexterity. 6. Actual 
performance; deed; act; hence, manner of performance. 
7. An agent, servant, or laborer. 8. Style of hand- 
writing ; penmanship ; chirography. 9. Possession ; 
ownership; course of performance or execution ; — usu- 
ally in the pi. 10. Agencv in the transmission from one 
person to another. 11. That which is, or may be, held 
in a hand at once. 

At all hands, or on all hands, from those in every direction; 
by all parties. — At hand, near in time or place. — By hand, 
with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, 



A large 



a,e,&c.,Zong; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, wnat; §re, v§il,term; pique,flrm; son,6r,do,woli, 



HAND 



335 



HAPPILY 



engines, or animals. — From hand to hand, from one person to 
another;— Hand in hand, in union; conjointly; unitedly.— 
Hand over hand, by passing the hands alternately one before or 
above another; as,"to climb ham over hand. — Hand to hand, 
in close union ; close hi fight.— Hand to mouth, precariously, 
from day to day. — Laying on of hands, a form used in conse- 
crating to office and in blessing persons.— Off hand, without 
delay, hesitation, or difficulty.— Off one's hand, out of one's 
possession or care .— On hand, in present possession. — To hear 
a hand (Xaut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. — To be hand 
and glove, to be intimate and familiar, as friends or associates. 

— To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. 

— To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. — To 
come to hand, to be received. — To have a hand in, to be con- 
cerned in. — To have in hand, to undertake; to be engaged 
upon.— To lend a hand, to give assistance. — To put the hand 
to, or lay hands on, to seize. — To strike hands, to make a con- 
tract, or to become surety for another's debt or good behavior. 

— To take in hand, (a.) To attempt; to undertake, (b.) To 
seize and deal with. — To wash the hands, to profess innocence. 

— Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or sig- 
nature of. 

Hand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. handed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
handing.] 1. To give or transmit with, the hand. 2. 
To lead, guide, and lift with the hand. 

Hand'-foar'row, n. A harrow or vehicle home by the 
hands of men, and without a wheel. 

Hand'-toell, n. A small bell rung by the hand. 

Hand'bill, n. A loose printed sheet to be circulated or 
stuck up for some public announcement. 

Hand'-bdbk. n. A small book of reference ; a manual, 

Hand'-lbreadth, n. A space equal to the breadth of 
the baud ; a palm. 

Hand'-eiiff , n. A fastening consisting of an iron ring 
around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one 
on the other wrist ; a manacle. 

Hand'-eiiff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. handcuffed (hand'- 
kaft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. handcuffing.] To put hand- 
cuffs on ; to manacle. 

Hand-er, n. One who hands or transmits. 

Hand'f ui, n. ; pi. hand'fuls.. 1. As much as the hand 
will grasp or contain. 2. A small quantity or number. 

Hand'-gal'lop, n. A slow and easy gallop, in which the 
hand pi'esses the bridle to hinder increase of speed. 

Hand'i-eap, n. 1. A race in which the horses carry dif- 
ferent weights, according to their age and character for 
speed, &c, with a view to equalize the chlkces as much 
as possible. 2. An allowance of a certain amount of 
time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the com- 
petitor possessing inferior advantages. 

BEand'i-eraf t, n. Manual occupation ; work performed 
by the hand. 

Hand'i-eraf ts'man, n. ; pi. hXnd'i-crafts/men. A 
man skilled in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. 

Hand'i-ly, adv. In a handy manner. 

Hand/i-ness, n. Quality or state of being handy. 

Hand'i-work (-wfirk), n. [A corruption of handwork.] 
Work done by the hands. 

Hand'ker-chlef (hank'er-chif), n. [From hand and 
kerchief, q. v.] 1. A cloth, for the purpose of wiping 
the face, &c. 2. A neckerchief ; a neckcloth. 

Hand'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. handled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HANDLING.] [From hand; A.-S. handelian, handli- 
an, to touch.] 1. To touch ; to use or hold with the 
hand. 2. To manage or wield ; often, to manage skill- 
fully. 3. To make familiar by frequent touching. 4. 
To deal with; to practice. 5. To treat. 6. To practice 
on; to transact with. 7. To discourse on ; to discuss. 

Hand'le, n. That part of a vessel or instrument which is 
held in the hand when used. 

To give a handle, to furnish an occasion. 

Handling, n. 1. A touching or use by the hand; 
action. 2. {Paint.) The mode of using the pencil. 

Hand'maid, ) n. A maid that waits at hand ; a fe- 

Hand'maid-en, j male servant or attendant. 

Hand'-dr'gan, n. A portable organ played by means 
of a cylinder set with pins and staples, and turned with 
a crank. 

Hand'-rail, n. A rail, usually supported by balusters, 
as in staircases, to hold by. 

Hand'saw, n. A saw to be used with the hand. 

BS» In the proverb, " not to know a hawk from a handsaw," 
denoting great ignorance, handsaw is a corruption of heron- 
ahaw, that is, the heron. 

Hand'sel, n. [A.-S. handselen, handsylen, a giving into 
hands, handsellan, handsyllan, to deliver up.] A sale, 
gift, or delivery which is the first of a series ; a first in- 

Hand'sel, v. t. To give a handsel to. [stallment. 

Hand'some (han'sum), a. [compar. handsomer ; su- 
perl. HANDSOMEST.] [D. handzaam, dexterous, ready, 
limber, manageable, from hand and the termination 
zaam, equiv. to Eng. some.] 1. Having a pleasing ap- 



pearance or expression ; comely ; good-looking. 2. 
Marked with propriety and ease ; becoming ; appropri- 
ate. 3. Liberal ; generous ; ample ; moderately large. 
Syn. — Pretty; elegant; graceful. 

Hand'some-ly (han'sum-), adv. In a handsome man- 
ner, [of being handsome. 

Hand'some-ness (han'sum-), n. The quality or state 

Hand'spike, n. A bar, usually of wood, used with the 
hand as a lever, for various purposes. 

Hand'writ'ing (-rising), n. 1. The form of writing 
peculiar to each hand or person ; chirography. 2. That 
which is written by hand ; manuscript. 

Hand'y, a. [compar. HANDIER ; superl. HANDIEST.] 1. 
Skillful in using the hand ; dexterous ; adroit. 2. Ready 
to the hand ; convenient. 

Hang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hanged, or hung ; p. p, & 
vb. n. hanging. The use of hanged is preferable to 
that of hung, when reference is had to death or execu- 
tion by suspension, and it is also more common.] [A.-S. 
hangan, hangian, Icel. hanga, hengia, Goth, hahan.] 1„ 
To suspend. 2. To fasten, so as to allow of free motion 
upon the point or points of suspension. 3. To put to 
death by suspending. 4. To decorate or furnish by 
hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, and the like. 5. 
To droop. 

To hang fire (Ml.), to be slow in discharging or communicat- 
ing fire through the vent to the charge; to be slow in explod- 
ing. — To Jiang a scythe, to fasten it to the snath at the proper 
angle. 

Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended ; to dangle ; to depend. 
2. To be fastened so as to allow of free motion on the 
point or points of suspension. 3. To rest for support; 
to depend. 4. To be a weight. 5. To hover ; to im- 
pend. 6. To incline downward ; to lean or incline. 

To hang by the eyelids, to be in an unfinished condition; to 
be left incomplete. — To hang on (with the emphasis on the 
preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick.— To hang to- 
gether, (a.) To remain united. (6.) To be self-consistent. 
[Colloq.] 

Hang, n. The manner in which one part hangs upon 
another ; connection ; arrangement ; plan. [ Colloq.] 

To get the hang of, to learn the arrangement of; hence, to be- 
come accustomed to. 

Hang'-bird, n. ( Ornith.) A bird, the Baltimore oriole ; 
— so called from its nest, which is suspended from the 
limb of a tree. 

Hang'dog, n. A base and degraded man, fit only to be 
the hangman of dogs. 

Hang'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, hangs ; specif- 
ically, a short, broad sword, incurvated toward the point. 
2. That by which a thing is suspended. 

Hang'er-6n, n. One who hangs on, or sticks to, a per- 
son, place, or plan ; a dependent. 

Hang'ing, n. 1. Death by suspension. 2. That which 
is hung as lining or drapery for a room ; — used chiefly in 
the plural. 

Hang'ing-but/tress, n. (Arch.) A buttress supported 
upon a corbel, and not standing solid on the foundation. 

Hang'man, n. ; pi. hang'men. One who hangs an- 
other ; a public executioner. 

Hang'nail, n. [Cf. Agnail.] A small piece of skin 
hanging from the root of a finger-nail. 

Hank, n. [Dan. hank, handle, hook, clasp ; Icel. hanki, 
cord.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of 
yarn or thread tied together. 2. (Naut.) A ring fixed 
to a stay to confine the sails when hoisted. 

Hank'er, t'. i. [imp. & p. p. hankered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HANKERING.] [D. hunkeren, allied to Eng. hwnr 
ger, q. v.] To desire vehemently. 

Hap, n. [Icel. happ, unexpected good fortune; W. hap, 
hub, luck, chance, fortune.] That which happens or 
comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; chance ; fortune ; ac- 
cident ; casual event ; fate ; lot. 

Hap, v. i. To happen ; to befall ; to come by chance. 

Hap'-Jiaz'ard, n. [This is tautological. See Hazard.] 
Extra hazard ; chance ; accident. 

Hap'less, a. Without hap or luck ; luckless ; unfortu- 
nate ; unlucky : unhappy. 

Hap'ly, adv. By hap, chance, or accident ; perhaps. 

Kap'pen (hap'pn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. happened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. HAPPENING.] [Eng. hap.] 1. To come 
by chance ; to fall out. 2. To take place ; to occur. 
To happen on, to meet with ; to fall or light upon. 

Hap'pi-ly, adv. 1. By good fortune. 2. In a happy 
manner, state, or circumstances. 3. With address or 
dexterity. 

Syn. — Fortunately ; luckily ; successfully ; prosperously; 
dexterously; felicitously; gracefully. 



food, f dot 5 urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



HAPPINESS 



336 



HARMLESSLY 



Hap'pi-ness, n. 1. An agreeable feeling or condition 
of the soul arising from good of any land ; the state of 
being happy. 2. Good luck ; good fortune. 3. Un- 
studied grace. 

Syn.— Felicity; blessedness; bliss. — Happiness is generic, 
and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that 
of the animal appetites; felicity is a more formal word, and is 
used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with ele- 
vated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined j 
enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and re- < 
ligious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and j 
is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven. 

Hap'py, «• [compar. HAPPIER; superl. HAPPIEST.] 
[Eng. hap.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune ; lucky; 
fortunate ; successful. 2. Enjoying good of any kind ; 
delighted; satisfied. 3. Secure of good; prosperous; 
blessed. 4. Furnishing enjoyment ; supplying happi- 
ness. 5. Propitious ; favorable. 

Ha-rangue' (-rang'), n. [Literally, speech before a mul- 
titude or on the hustings, from 0. H. Ger. hring, N. H. 
Ger. ring, arena, lists, ring.] A speech addressed to a 
large public assembly ; a popular oration ; declamation ; 
ranting. 

Syn.— Speech; oration.— Speech is generic: an oration is 
an elaborate and prepared speech; an harangue is a vehement 
appeal to the passions, or a noisy, disputatious address. A gen- 
eral makes an harangue to his troops on the eve of a battle; a 
demagogue harangues the populace on the subject of their 
wrongs. 

Ha-rangue' (ha-rangO, v. i. [imp. &p.p. HARANGUED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. haranguing.] To make an address or 
speech to a large assembly. 

Ha-rangue' (ha-rang'), v. t. To address by an harangue. 

Ha-rang'uer (ha-rang'er), n. One -who harangues, or 
is fond of haranguing. 

Har'ass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harassed (haVast); p.pr. 
& vb. n. HARASSING.] [Fr. harasscr, prob. from 0. Fr. 
harasse, a very heavy and large shield, -which fatigued 
the bearer of it.] 1. To fatigue to excess. 2. To weary 
■with importunity, care, or perplexity. 3. To annoy by 
repeated and unlooked-for attacks, as an enemy. 

Syn. — To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; vex; 
molest; trouble; disturb. 

Har'ass-er, n. One who harasses. 

Har'bin-ger, n. [Ger. herberger, D. herbergier, one -who 
provides or gives lodging.] 1. An officer of the English 
royal household who precedes the court when traveling, 
to provide lodgings, &c. 2. A forerunner ; a precursor. 

Har'bor, n. [0. Eng. herbour, herbergh, from A.-S. here- 
berga, a military station, a station where an army rests, 
from A.-S. A ere, army, and beorgan, Goth, bairgan, to 
shelter, defend, protect.] 1. A place of security and 
comfort ; a lodging ; an asylum. 2. A refuge for ships ; 
a port or haven. 

Har'bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harbored ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. harboring.] 1. To entertain as a guest ; to shel- 
ter. 2. To protect, as a ship from storms. 

Har'bor, d. ?'. To lodge or abide for a time; to take 
shelter. 

Har'bor-er, n. One who harbors. 

Har'bor-less, a. Without a harbor. 

Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who executes the reg- 
ulations respecting harbors. 

Hard, a. [compar. HARDER ; superl. HARDEST.] [A.-S. 
heard, Icel. hardr, Goth, hardus, allied to Gr. Kapros, for 
icpaTos, strength, vigor.] 1. Not easily penetrated, or 
separated into parts ; not yielding to pressure. 2. Diffi- 
cult to penetrate with the understanding. 3. Difficult 
to accomplish ; full of obstacles. 4. Difficult to resist 
or control. 5. Difficult to bear or endure ; hence, se- 
Tere ; rigorous ; oppressive ; unreasonable ; unjust. 6. 
Difficult to please or touch ; not easy to influence ; hence, 
proceeding from, or expressive of, such a disposition. 7. 
Not agreeable to the taste. 8. Rough ; acid ; sour, as 
liquors. 9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance. 

Hard money, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper 
money. — Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath 
the soil. — Hard water, water which contains some mineral 
Bubstance that decomposes soap, and thus renders it unfit for 
washing. 

Sy*»\— Firm ; compact; solid; arduous; powerful ; trying; 
unyielding ; stubborn ; stern ; laborious ; fatiguing ; distress- 
ing; unfeeling; cruel; rough; harsh; abusive; coarse. 

Hard, adv. 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, 
diligently ; earnestly. 2. With difficulty. 3. Uneasily ; 
vexatiously. 4. Vehemently ; vigorously ; energetic- 
ally; hence, rapidly ; nimbly. 5. Forcibly; violently. 

Hard by, near by ; close at hand ; not far off. — Hard up, with- 
out money or resources. [Colloq.'] 

Hard/en (hard'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. hardened; p. 

a, e, &c. 



pr. & vb. n. HARDENING.] [Eng. hard; A.-S. heard- 
ian.} 1. To make hard or more hard ; to indurate. 2. 
To strengthen ; to inure ; also, to confirm in wickedness, 
obstinacy, &c. 

Hard'cn (h'ard'n), v. i. 1 To become hard, or more 
hard ; to acquire solidity. 2. To become confirmed or 
strengthened. 

Hard'<-ii_-er (h'ard'n-er), n. One who hardens. 

Hard'-f a'vored, a. Having coarse or harsh features. 

Hard'-fist'ed, a. 1. Having hard or strong hands, as 
a laborer. 2. Covetous; niggardly. 

Hard'-fouglit (-fawt), a. Vigorously contested. 

Hard'hack, n. (Hot.) A very astringent plant, com- 
mon in pastures. 

Hard'-hand'ed, a. Having hard hands, as a laborer. 

Hard'-heart'ed, a. Cruel; pitiless; unfeeling. 

Hard'i-hdod, n. [Eng. hardy and the termination 
hood.] Boldness, united with firmness and constancy 
of mind. 

Syn. — Intrepidity; courage; stoutness; audacity; effront- 
ery; impudence. 

Hard'i-ly, adv. In a hardy manner ; boldly ; stoutly. 

Hard'i-ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hardy. 
2. Hardihood ; boldness ; firmness ; assurance. 

Hard'igli, a. Somewhat hard. 

Hard'ly, adv. 1. In a hard or difficult manner. 2. 
Scarcely; barely. 3. Severely; harshly; roughly. 

Hard'ness, n. The quality or state of being hard, in 
any sense of the word. 

Hard'ship, n. That which is hard to bear, as toil, in- 
jury, and the like. 

Hard'-taek, n. (Naut.) Sea-bread. 

Hard'ware, n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen 
furniture, and the like. 

Hard'y, a. [compar. hardier ; superl. hardiest.] 
[From A.-S. heardian, Eng. harden. See HARD.] .1. 
Bold ; brave ; stout ; intrepid. 2. Full of assurance ; 
impudent. 3. Strong; firm; compact. 4. Inured to 
fatigue. 5. Able to bear exposure to cold weather. 

Hare, n. [A.-S. hara, allied to Skr. gaga, from gag, to 
leap, spring.] (Zo'dl.) A swift, 
timid rodent, having long hind 
legs, a short tail, and a divided 
upper lip. 

Hare'bell, n. (Bot.) A plant hav- , 
ing blue, bell-shaped flowers, and 
an edible root. Hare. 

Hare'-brained, a. Wild ; giddy ; heedless. 

Hare'lip, n. A lip, more commonly the upper one, hav- 
ing a fissure or perpendicular division like that of a hare. 

Ha'rem, n. [Ar. haram, anything forbidden or sacred, 
from harama, to forbid, prohibit.] 1„ The apartments 
allotted to females in the East. 2. The wives and con- 
cubines belonging to one man. 

Har'i-eot (haVe-ko), n. [Fr. haricot, kidney-bean, prob. 
of Iberian origin.] 1. A kind of ragout of meat and 
vegetables. 2. The kidney -bean. 

Har'i-er, n. A harrier. See Harrier. 

Hark, t. ;'. [From hearken, q. v.] To listen; to hearken. 
[Obs., except in the imperative.] 

Har'le-quin (-km or -kwin), n. [Prob. from 0. Fr. hier- 
lelcin, hellequin, goblin, elf, from D. & 0. Ger. helle, hell.] 
A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes ; a merry- 
andrew ; a zany. 

Har'le-quin-ade' (-kin- or -kwin-), n. Exhibitions of 
harlequins. 

Har'lot, n. [Old Fr. harlot, herlot, arlot, from 0. H. 
Ger. harl, for karl, man, husband, A.-S. carl, male, ceorl, 
man, husband, churl.] A prostitute ; a common woman ; 
a strumpet. 

Har'lot-ry, n. The trade or practice of prostitution : 
prostitution. 

Harm, n. [A.-S. harm, hearm, Icel. harmr, allied to 0. 
Slav, sramiti, to shame, confound, Skr. hri, to he ashamed, 
to blush.] Injury ; hurt ; damage ; detriment ; mis- 
fortune. 
Syn. — Mischief ; evil ; loss ; wickedness. 

Harm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harried; p.pr. & vb. n. 
harming.] To hurt ; to injure ; to damage. 

Har-mat'tan, n. [An Arabic word.] A dry, and gener- 
ally very hot wind, from the interior of Africa. 

Harm'ful, n. Full of harm; injurious. 

Harmless, a, 1. Free from harm; unhurt. 2. Free 
from power or disposition to harm. 

Syn. — Innocent ; innoxious ; innocuous ; inoffensive ; un- 
offending ; unhurt ; uninjured ; unharmed. 

Harm'less-ly, adv. In a harmless manner. 




long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



HARMLESSNESS 



337 



HARVEST-MOON 



Harm'less-ness, n. State of being harmless. 

Har-mon'ie, I a. 1. Concordant; musical; con- 

Har-mon'i€-al, | sonant. 2. (Mus.) Relating to har- 
mony or music ; harmonious. 3. (Math.) Having rela- 
tions or properties bearing some resemblance to those of 
musical consonances. 

Har-mon'ie, n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a 
number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number 
producing some other. 

Har-mon'i-ea, ft. 1. A musical instrument in which 
the tones are produced by friction against the edges of a 
series of glasses. 2. A small, flat, wind instrument of 
music ; — used as a toy for children. 

Har-m5n'ie-al-ly, adv. 1. In an harmonical manner. 
2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody. 

Har-mon'ies, ft. sing. & pi. 1. sing. The doctrine 
or science of musical sounds. 2. pi. (Mus.) Secondary 
tones which accompany any principal, and apparently 
simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and 
the seventeenth. 

Har-mo'ni-ous, a. 1. Adapted to each other ; having 
the parts proportioned to each other ; symmetrical, 2. 
Agreeing in action or feeling. 3. Vocally or musically 
concordant ; symphonious. [relation. 

Har-mo'iii-oiis-ly, adv. In an harmonious manner or 

Har'mo-nist, ft. 1. One who shows the agreement or 
harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, 
as of the four evangelists. 2. (Mus.) A musical com- 
poser. 

Har-mo'ni-um, ft. [See Harmony.] A keyed instru- 
ment of music, in which the tones are produced by the 
vibration of metallic reeds. 

Har'mD-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. harmonized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HARMONIZING.] 1. To agree in action, 
adaptation, or effect on the mind. 2. To be in peace 
and friendship, as individuals or families. 3. To agree 
in vocal or musical effect. 

Har'mo-nize, v.t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions ; to 
cause to agree. 2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony. 

Har'mo-niz'er, n. One who harmonizes ; a harmonist. 

Har'mo-ny, n. [Lat. harmonia, Gr. ap/xovia, joint pro- 
portion, concord, from a.pjxo^eiv, to fit together, from 
apjAos, a fitting or joining, from a, for a/xa, copula, and 
apeu/, to join, fit.] 1. Just adaptation of parts to each 
other. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, man- 
ners, interests, &c. 3. A literary work which bring3 to- 
gether parallel passages respecting the same events, and 
shows their agreement or consistency. 4. ( Mus.) (a.) A 
succession of chords according to the rules of progression 
and modulation, (b.) The science which treats of their 
construction and progression. 

Syn. — Melody. — Harmony results from the concord of two 
or more musical strains which differ in pitch and quality ; the 
term may also be applied to sounds which are not musical. 
Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical 
and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single 
verse or strain. " Harmonious accents greet my ear ; " " Sing 
me some melodious measure." 

Har'ness, ft. [W. harnais, haiarnaez, from W. haiarn, 
iron, L. Lat. harnascha, hamesium.] 1. The iron cover- 
ing or dress which a soldier formerly wore ; also the 
armor §1 a horse. 2. The equipments of a draught 
horse ; tackle ; tackling. 3. The part of a loom com- 
prising the heddles with their means of support and 
motion. 

Har'ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harnessed (har'nest) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. harnessing.] 1. To dress in armor. 
2. To equip or furnish for defense. 3. To make ready 
for draught. 

Har'ness-er, ft. One who harnesses. 

Harp, ft. [A.-S. hearpe, 0. H. 
Ger. harpha, Lat. harpa, allied 
to Gr. oipTrrj, sickle.] A stringed 
instrument of music, of a trian- 
gular figure, usually played 
with the fingers. 

Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
harped (h'Arpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HARPING.] 1. To play on 
the harp. 2. To dwell tedious- 
ly or monotonously in speaking 
or writing. 

Harp'er, ft. A player on the 
harp. 

Harp'ing-I^on (-I'urn), n. 
[Fr. harper, \j take and grasp 
strongly.] A harpoon. 

Harp'ingg, n. pi. (Naut.)The 




Harp. 




fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of the 
ship. 

Harp'ist, ft., A player on the 
harp ; a harper. 

Har'po-neer', ft. An harpooner. 

Har-poon', ft. [Fr. harpon, L. 
Lat. harpo, from Pr. arpa, grif- 
fin, allied to Gr. apvrt), sickle.] 
A spear or javelin used to strike 
and kill large fish, as whales. 

Harpoon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harpoon. 

harpooned ; p.pr. & vb. n. harpooning.] To strike, 
catch, or kill with a harpoon. 

Har-pobn'er, n. One who throws the harpoon. 

Harp'si-ehdrd, n. [See Harp and Chord.] (Mus.) 
A harp-shaped instrument of music, now superseded by 
the piano -forte. 

Har'py, n. ; pi. HAR'PIEg. [Lat. harpyia, Gr. apnyta, fr. 
apneiv, for apnd^eiv, to snatch, to seize.] 1. (MytJ. ) 
A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having 
the face of a woman and the body of a vulture. 2. One 
who is rapacious ; an extortioner ; a plunderer. 3. ( Or- 
nitk.) (a.) A European buzzard, (b.) A crested, short- 
winged eagle inhabiting Mexico and New Granada. 

Har 'que -bu.se, ft. An arquebuse. See Arquebuse. 

Har'ri-dan, ft. [Fr. haridelle, a worn-out horse, jade.] 
A decayed strumpet. 

Har'ri-er, ft. [From hare.] 1. A kind of hound for 
hunting hares. 2. [From harry.] (Ornith.) A Europe- 
an buzzard. 

Har'row, ft. [A.-S. herewe, hyrive.] An iron-toothed 
instrument drawn over plowed land to level it and break 
the clods, and to cover seed when sown. 

Har'row, v. t. [imp. & p.p. harrowed; p.pr. & 
vb. ft. harrowing.] [A.-S. hyrwian, herewian, to vex, 
afflict, 0. H. Ger. harawan, to exasperate. See supra.] 

1. To draw a harrow over for the purpose of breaking 
clods and leveling the surface or for covering seed sown. 

2. To lacerate ; to torment ; to harass. 
Har'row-er, ft. 1 . One who harrows. 2. A hawk; a 

harrier. 
Har'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

HARRYING.] [A.-S. herian, hergian, to act as an army, 

to ravage, plunder, from he re, army.] 1. To strip; to 

pillage. 2. To worry ; to harrow. 
Harsh, a. [compar. harsher ; superl. harshest.] 

[Ger. harsch, 0. D. haersch, hoarse.] Rough to the 

touch, taste, or feeling. 

Syn. — Disagreeable ; grating; austere ; crabbed; abusive; 

severe. 

Harsh'ly, adv. In a harsh manner ; gratingly. 
Harsh'ness, ft. Quality or state of being harsh. 

Syn. — Acrimony ; roughness ; sternness ; asperity ; tart- 
ness. — See Aceimony. 

Hart, ft. [A.-S. heort, Icel. hi'drtr, allied to Lat. cervus-X 

A stag ; the male of the red deer. 
Harts'lidrn, n. The horn of the hart, or male deer. 

Salt of hartshorn, an impure solid carbonate of ammonia.-" 

Spirit of hartshorn, a solution of carbonate of ammonia. 

Har'um-s-ear'um, a. [Cf. hare, to fright, and scare, 
to terrify suddenly.] Wild ; precipitate ; giddy ; rash. 
[ Colloq.] 

Ha-rus'pice, ft. [Lat. haritspex, haruspicis, prob. from 
haruga, a ram for offering, and spicere, specere, to look, 
view.] A person in ancient Rome who professed to inter- 
pret the will of the gods by inspecting the entrails of 
beasts sacrificed, or by observing extraordinary natural 
phenomena ; a diviner ; a soothsayer. 

Har'vest, ft. [A.-S. harefest, hdrfest, harfest, harvest, 
autumn, 0. H. Ger. herbist, allied to Gr. /capjrd?, fruit.] 

1. The season of gathering a crop of any kind. 2. 
That which is reaped. 3 . The product of any labor ; 
gain. 

Har'vest, v. t. [imp. & p.p. harvested; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. HARVESTING.] To reap or gather, as corn and 
other fruits, for the use of man and beast. 

Har'vest-er, ft. One who harvests. 

Har'vest-fly, m. (Entom.) An hemipterous insect, often 
called locust, seventeen-year-locust, &c. The males of 
several species are remarkable for their loud buzzing 
noise. 

Har'vest-home, n. 1. The song sung by reapers at 
the feast made at the gathering of corn, or the feast itself. 

2. The time of harvest. 

Har'vest-moon, ft. The moon near the full at the time 
of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, 
when it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. 



food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 



HAS 



338 



HAUNT 



.Hag. Tliird person singular of the verb have. See HAVE. 
Hash, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hashed (hasht) ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. hashing.] [See Hack, v.] To chop into small 

pieces ; to mince and mix. 
Hash., n. 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; 

minced meat, or meat and vegetables minced. 2. A 

second preparation or exhibition. 
Hash'eesh, I n. A slightly acrid gum-resin produced by 
Has Wish, j the common hemp when cultivated in a 

warm climate. It is narcotic and intoxicating. 
Has'let, n. Inwards of a beast, especially of a hog, used 

for food. 
Hasp, n. [A.-S. hdspe or haps, Icel. hespa.] 1. A clasp, 

especially, one that passes over a staple to he fastened by 

a padlock, 2. A spindle to wind thread or silk on. 
Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hasped (haspt); p. pr. & 

vb. ii. HASPING.] To shut or fasten with a hasp. 
Has'sock, n. [Scot, hassock, hassick, a besom, any thing 
. bushy, a large round turf used as a seat, W. hesgog, 

sedgy, hesg, sedge, rushes, hesor, a hassock.] A thick 

mat for kneeling in church. 
Hast, v. The second person singular of have; I have, 

thou hast ; — contracted from hacest. 
Has'tate, ) a. [Lat. hastatus, from hasta, spear.] 
Has'ta-ted, ) (Bot.) Shaped like the head of a halberd. 
Haste, n. [Ger. hast, Icel. hastr, whence 0. Fr. haste, 

N. Fr. hate.} 1. Celerity of motion ;— applied only to 

men and other animals. 2. State of being urged or 

pressed by business ; sudden excitement of feeling or 

passion. 

Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; expedi- 
tion; dispatch; hurry; precipitance; vehemence; precipitation. 
— Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for 
getting on ; hurry includes a confusion and -want of collected 
thought not implied in haste ; speed denotes the actual progress 
which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with 
which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but 
never in a hurry. Speed usually secures dispatch. 

Haste, } v. t. [imp. & p. p. hasted, has- 

Has'ten (has'n), j TENED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HASTING, 
hastening.] To drive or urge forward ; to push on ; 
to precipitate ; to expedite ; to hurry. 

Haste, \ v. i. To move with celerity ; to be rapid 

Has'ten (has'n), ) in motion ; to be speedy or quick. 

Has'ten-er (has'n-er), n. One who, or that which, hast- 
ens or urges forward. 

Hast'i-ly, adv. 1. In haste ; speedily ; nimbly. 2. 
Precipitately ; rashly. 3. Passionately ; impatiently. 

Hast'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being hasty ; 
haste ; precipitation ; rashness ; irritability. 

Hast'y, a. [cornpar. HASTIER ; swperl. HASTIEST.] [See 
Haste.] 1. Quick ; speedy ; expeditious ; forward. 2. 
Eager; precipitate; rash. 3. Caused by, or indicating, 
passion. 

Hast'y-pud'ding, n. 1. A pudding made of Indian 
meal stirred into boiling water ; mush. [Amer.~\ 2. A 
batter or pudding of flour stirred into boiling water or 
milk till it becomes stiff. [Eng.] 

Hat, n. [A.-S. hat, hatt, Icel. hattr, hottr. Cf. HOOD.] 
A covering for the head, worn by men or women. 

Hat'a-ble, a. Capable of being, or deserving to be, 
hated ; odious. 

Hat'=band, n. A band round the crown of a hat. 

Hatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HATCHED (hatcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HATCHING.] [Ger. hecken, aushecken, allied to 
M. H. Ger. hage, bull.] 1. To produce from eggs by 
incubation, or by artificial heat. 2. To contrive or plot. 

Hatch, v. i. To produce young; to bring the young to 
maturity. 

Hatch, n. 1. As many chickens as are produced at 
once; a brood. 2. Act of exclusion from the egg. 3. 
Disclosure ; discovery. 

Hatch, v. i. [Fr. hacher, to chop, hack. See Hash.] To 
cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and en- 
graving. 

Hatch, n. [Cf. Hedge.] 1. A door with an opening 
over it. 2. A weir for catching fish. 3. A floodgate. 
4. Abed-frame. 5. The frame of cross-bars laid over 
the opening in a ship's deck ; the lid or cover of the 
opening in a deck or floor, or into a cellar. 6. The 
opening in a ship's deck ; the hatchway. 

To be under the hatches, to be confined below; to be in dis- 
tress. 

Hatch/el, n. [Ger. hechel, whence the common pron. in 
America, hetchel.] An instrument with long iron teeth 
set in a board, for cleansing flax or hemp. 

Hatch'el, v. t. [imp..& p. p. HATCHELED; p. trr. & 
vb. n. hatcheling.] 1. To draw through the'teeth 



of a hatchel, as flax or hemp. 2. To tease or vex by 
sarcasms or reproaches. 

Hatch'el-er, n. One who uses a hatchel. 

Hatch'er, n. One who hatches, or that which hatches. 

Hatch'et, n. [Fr. hachette, dim. of hache. See Hash, 
v. t.] A small ax with a short handle, to be used with 
one hand. 

To bury the hatchet, to make peace. — To take up the hatchet, 
to make war ; — phrases derived from the practice of the Ameri- 
can Indians. 




Hatch'meiit, n. [Corrupted 

from achievement.] 1. (Her.) 
A frame bearing the escutch- 
eon of a dead person, placed 
in front of the house, on a 
hearse at funerals, or in a 
church. 2. An ornament on 
the hilt of a sword. 

Hatch/way, n. An opening 
in a deck or floor, affording a 
passage from one deck or story 
to another. Hatchment (1. ). 

Hate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HATING.] [A.-S. hatian, Goth. hatan,hatjan, Icel. hata, 
alhed to Lat. odisse, for codisse.] To have a great aver- 
sion to ; to dislike ; to regard with ill-will. 

Syn. — To abhor; detest; loathe. — Hate is generic; toloathe 
is to regard with deep disgust; to abhor is to contemplate with 
horror; to detest is to reject utterly, as ii testifying against. 

Hate, n. Strong or extreme dislike or aversion ; hatred. 

Hate'ful, a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred. 2. Ex- 
citing or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust. 

Syn. — Odious ; detestable ; abominable ; execrable : loath- 
some ; abhorrent ; repugnant ; malignant ; malevolent. 

Hate'ful-ly, adv. In a hateful manner. 

Hate'fiil-ness, n. State or quality of being hateful. 

Hat'er, n. One who hates. 

Ha'tred, n. [From hate.] Very great dislike or aversion. 
Syn. — Odium ; ill-will ; enmity ; hate ; animosity ; malev- 
olence ; rancor ; malignity ; detestation ; loathing ; abhor- 
rence ; repugnance ; antipathy. 

Hat'ter, n. One who makes or sells hats. 

HauTberk, n. [0. Fr. havberc, halberc, from 0. H. Ger. 
i'ialsberg, A.-S. healsbeorg, orig. an armor protecting the 
neck, from Ger. hals, the neck, and bergen, to defend, 
protect.] A shirt of mail formed, of small steel rings in- 
terwoven ; an habergeon. 

Haugh/ti-ly (haw'ti-ly), adv. In a haughty manner ; 
proudly ; arrogantly. 

Haugh'ti-ness, (haw'-), n. Quality of being haughty. 

Syn.— Arrogance; disdain; contemptuousness; supercilious- 
ness ; loftiness. — Haughtiness denotes the expression of con- 
scious and proud superiority ; arrogance is a disposition to 
claim for one's self more than is justly due, and enforce it to 
the utmost; disdain is the exact reverse of condescension to- 
ward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how 
far below ourselves we consider them. A person is haughty in 
disposition and demeanor ; arrogant in his claims of homage 
and deference ; disdainful even in accepting the deference 
which his haughtiness leads him arrogantly to exact. 

Haugh'ty (haw'ty-), a. [compar. haughtier; superl. 

HAUGHTIEST.] '[From 0. Eng. haitght, haulte, 0. Fr. 

hault, halt, Fr. haut, high, hautain, haughty, from Lat. 

altus, high.] 1. High ; lofty. 2. Having a high opinion 

of one's self with contempt for others. 3. Expressing 

or indicating haughtiness. 

Syn. — Proud ; disdainful ; arrogant ; scornful ; imperious. 
Haul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hauled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

HAULING.] [Icel. hala, 0. II. Ger. halon, holdn, Fr. 

haler.] To pull or draw with force ; to drag. 
Haul, v. i. ( Naut.) 1. To change the direction of a ship ; 

to sail with changed course. 2. To pull apart, as badly 

trained oxen, when yoked. 
Haul, n. 1. A pulling with force ; a violent pull. 2. A 

draught of a net. 3. That which is taken at once, as by 

hauling a net, and the like. 
Haul'er, n. One who hauls. 
Haulm (hawm), n. [A.-S. & Ger. halm, Icel. halmr, 

allied to Lat. calamus, Gr. Ka\afx.os, reed.] The stem or 

stalk of grain, of all kinds. 
Haunch (hanch), n. [Fr. hanche, from 0. D. hancke, 

hencke, 0. H. Ger. ancha.] The hip ; that part of an 

animal body between the last ribs and the thigh. 
Haunches of an arch (Arch.), the parts between the crowa 

and the springing. 

Haunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HAUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HAUNTING.] [Fr. hanter, from A.-S. hentan, to pursue, 
go after.] 1. To frequent ; to resort to frequently ; also, 



HAUNT 



339 



HEAD 




to visit pertinaciously or intrusively. 2. To visit as a 
ghost or apparition. 

Haunt, v. i. To persist in staying or visiting. 

Haunt, n. A place to which one frequently resorts. 

Haunt'er, n. One who haunts a place. 

Haut'boy (hS'boy), n. [Fr. hautbois, i. e., high wood, 
haut, high, and bois, wood, on account of the high tone 
of the instrument ; It. oboe.] 1. A wind instrument of 
music, similar in shape and tone to the clarionet, only 
thinner. 2. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry. 

Hauteur (o-tur'), n. [Fr., from haut, high.] Haughty 
manner or spirit ; haughtiness ; pride. 

Have (hav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. had ; p. pr, & vb. n. 
HAVING-. Indie, present, I have, thou hast, he has; we, 
ye, they have.] [A.-S. habban, habban, Goth, haban, 
Icel. ha fa, allied to Lat. habere.] 1. To own ; to hold in 
possession. 2. To possess, as something which apper- 
tains to, is connected with, or affects one. 3. To hold, 
regard, or esteem. 4. To accept possession of. 5. To 
obtain ; hence, to beget or bear, as young. 6. To cause 
or procure to be ; to effect ; to require. 7. To cause or 
force to go ; to take. 8. To take or hold one's self. 9. 
To be under necessity or obligation. 

B®~ Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past partici- 
ple to form preterit tenses; as, I have loved, I shall have eaten. 
Had rather, had as lief, had better, are probably formed by 
corruption for would rather, &c, when contracted ; as, Id 
rather. 

Hav'e-lock, n. [From Haveloch, an English general.] 
A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by 
soldiers. 

Ha'ven, n. [A.-S, hafen, Icel. hofn.] 1. A harbor ; a 
port. 2. A place of safety ; a shelter ; an asylum. 

Hav'er-sack, n. [From Ger. habersack, 
sack for oats, haber, hafer, Prov. Eng. 
haver, oats. See supra.] 1. A bag or 
case, in which a soldier carries his ra- 
tions when on a march. 2. A gunner's 
case for ordnance. 

Hav'oe, n. [W. hafog, devastation, havoc, 
hafawg, abundant, common ; A.-S. hafoc, 
hawk, being a cruel and rapacious bird.] 
Wide and general destruction ; devasta- 
tion ; waste. 

Hav'o«, v. t. To waste; to destroy ; to 
lay waste. 

Hav'oe, inter]. [See swpra.] A cry originally used in 
hunting, but afterward in war as the signal for indis- 
criminate slaughter. 

Haw, n. [A.-S. hag, hedge, inclosure, haga, hedge, haw, 
garden, field, fruit of the haw.] 1. A hedge ;an inclosed 
garden or yard. 2. The berry and seed of the hawthorn. 

Haw, n. An hesitation or intermission of speech. 

Haw, v. i. [Cf. ha, an interjection of wonder, surprise, 
6"r hesitation.] To stop, in speaking, with a haw, or to 
speak with hesitation. 

Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. haw- 
ing-.] [Written also hoi.] [Perhaps connected with here, 
hither. Cf. however, Fr. huhau, hurhau, haw.] To turn 
to the near side, or toward the driver ; — said of cattle or 
a team. 

Haw, v. t. [See supra.] To cause to turn, as a team, to 
the near side, or toward the driver. 

Haw'f Inch, ra. ( Ornith. ) A small bird ; the grossbeak. 

Haw'- haw, n. [Duplication of haw, a hedge.] A fence 
6'r bank"sunk between slopes, so that it is not perceived 
till approached. See Ha-HA. 

Hawk, n. [A.-S. hafoc, Icel. 
hauler.] (Ornith.) A bird re- 
sembling the falcons, except 
iu the shortness of its wings. 

Hawk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
hawked (hawkt) ; p. pr. 
vb. n. HAWKING.] 1. To catch 
birds by means of hawks •■**» 
trained for the purpose ; to ^fTXS!^^ 
practice falconry. 2. To soar Hawk, 

or strike like a hawk. 

Hawk, v. i. [Scot, hawgh, W. hochi.] To make an effort 
to force up phlegm with noise. 

Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm. 

Hawk, n. An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, 
accompanied with noise. 

Hawk, v. t. [Ger. /taken, hocken, to higgle, to retail, from 
hocken, hucken, to take upon the back, hocke, hucke, the 
back.] To sell by outcry ; to cry. [falconer. 

Hawk'er^ n. 1. One who hawks ; a peddler. 2. A 

Hawk'-eyed (-Id), a. Having a keen eye or acute sight. 



Haversack. 




Hawge (hawz), n. [See Halser.] (Naut.) [a.) The 
situation of the cables before a vessel's stem, when moored 
with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on 
the larboard bow. (b.) The distance ahead to which the 
cables usually extend. 

Haw§e'-hole, n. (Naut. ) A hole in the bow of a ship, 
through which a cable passes. 

Haws'er, n. [See Halser.] (Naut.) A small cable ; or 
a large rope, in size between a cable and a tow-line. 

Haw'thorn, n. [A.-S. hagathorn, hdgthorn, from haga, 
hag, hedge, haw, fruit of the haw, and thorn.] (Bot.) A 
shrub or tree having a fruit called haw. It is much used 
in Europe for hedges. 

Hay, n. [A.-S. heg, hig, Icel. hey, ha, Goth, havi, from A.-S. 
hedvan, to cut, hew.] Grass cut and dried for fodder. 

Hay, v. i. To dry grass for preservation. 

Hay-cock, n. A conical pile of hay, in the field. 

Hay'- knife (-nlf), n. A sharp instrument used in cut- 
ting hay out of a stack or mow. 

Hay'-lof t, n. A loft or scaffold for hay. 

Hay'-mak/er, n. One who cuts and dries hay. 

Hay'-mak'ing, n. The business of cutting grass and 
curing it for fodder. 

Hay 'mow (-mou), n. A mow or mass of hay laid up in 
a barn for preservation. 

Hay'- rick, w. A rick of hay ; usually, a long pile for 
preservation in the open air. 

Hay'-stack, n. A stack or large conical pile of hay in 
the open air, laid up for preservation. 

Haz'ard, n. [From Ar. sehar, sar, a die, with the article aZ, 
the ; assehdr, assar, from Sahara, to be white, shine.] 1. 
That which comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; chance, 
accident; casualty. 2. Danger; peril; risk. 
Syn. — See Danger. 

Haz'ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hazarded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hazarding.] 1. To expose to chance or evil. 2. 
To venture to incur, or bring on. 

Syn. — To venture ; adventure ; risk : jeopard ; peril ; en- 
danger. 
Haz'ard, v. i. To encounter risk or danger. 
Haz'ard-a-lble, a. Liable to hazard or chance. 
Haz'ard-er, n. One who hazards. 
Haz'ard-oiis, a. Exposed to hazard ; risky. 

Syn. — Perilous ; dangerous ; bold ; daring ; adventurous ; 
venturesome; precarious; uncertain. 

Haz'ard-ous-ly, adv. In a hazardous manner. 

Haze, n. [Armor. <aez, warm vapor, zephyr. Cf. also 
A.-S. hasu, livid, russet, dusky.] A slight lack of trans- 
parency in the air ; hence, obscurity, dimness. 

Haze, v. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. 

Haze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAZ- 
ING-.] [Cf. Sw. hasa, to hamstring, from has, tendon, 0. 
D. hsessen, ham.] To vex with chiding or reproof; to 
play abusive tricks upon. 

Ha'zel (ha'zl), n. [A.-S. hdsl, h'dsel, Icel. hasl, allied to 
Lat. corylus, for cosylus.] (Bot.) A shrub or plant bear- 
ing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste ; 
the filbert. [nut. 

Ha'zel (ha'zl), a. Of a light brown color, like the hazel- 

Ha'zel-ly (ha'zl-ly), a. Of the color of the hazel-nut; 
of a light brown. 

Ha'zel-niit (ha'zl-), n. The nut or fruit of the hazel. 

Ha'zi-ness, n. The state of being hazy. 

Ha'zy, a. [See Haze.] Thick with haze. 

He, pron. [nom. HE; poss. his; obj. HIM; pi. nom. 
THEY ; poss. THEIRS.; obj. THEM.] [A.-S. he, f. hed or 
hid, neut. hit, pi. hi or hie, hig, Goth, his, neut. hita.] 
1. The man or male person named before. 2. Any man ; 
the man or person. 3. Man ; any male person. 

Head (hed), n. [A.-S. hedfud, heafd, Icel. hofudh, hafudh, 
Goth, haubith, allied to Lat. caput, Gr. Ke(j>a\-q.] 1. That 
part of any animal body which contains the collected per- 
ceptive organs of sense, and which is therefore foremost or 
uppermost in the creature's locomotion. 2. The upper- 
most, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate 
object ; often, also, the larger, thicker, or heavier part or 
extremity. 3. The place where the head should go. 4. 
The chief ; the leader. 5. The place of honor, or of com- 
mand. 6. An individual. 7. The seat of the intellect, 
the brain ; the understanding. S. The source, fountain, 
spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river ; hence, the 
altitude of the source, and also the quantity in reserve, 
and the pressure resulting from either ; also, sometimes, 
that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet 
or the sea. 9. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse. 
10. Culminating point or crisis ; hence, strength ; force ; 
height. 11. A rounded mass of foam on beer, &c. 12. 



food, fobt; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get 5 a§; e^ist; linger, link; this. 



HEAD 



340 



HEARTEN 



A head-dress; a covering of the head. 13. Power: 
armed force. 

Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; — a 
phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, 
or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or 
principal figure, and tail the other side.— To come to a head, 
to mature; to suppurate.— To his head, before his face.— To 
make head, or to make head against, to resist with success ; to 
advance. 

Head, v. t. [imp. & p. p. headed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HEADING.] 1. To be at the head of; to lead ; to direct. 
2. To fit or furnish with a head. 3. To get into the 
front of, so as to hinder or stop ; hence, to check or re- 
strain. 4. To set on the head. 

To head down, to trim or cut off the branches or tops of trees. 
— To head off, to intercept. 

Head, v. i. 1. To originate. 2. To go or tend. 3. To 
form a head. 

Head'aehe (hed'ak) n. Pain in the head. 

Head' -band, n. 1. A fillet ; a band for the head. 2. 
The band at each end of a book. 

Head'-cheege, n. A dish made of portions of the head 
and feet of swine cut up fine and pressed into the form 
of a cheese. [worn on the head 

Head'-dress (109), n. A dress or ornamental covering 

Head'er, n. 1. One who heads nails, pins, or the like. 
2. One who heads a mob or party. 3. (Arch.) A brick 
or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface 
of the wall. 

Head'-gear, n. Covering or ornament of the head. 

Head'i-ness, n. [See Heady.] 1. Rashness ; precip- 
itation. 2. Stubbornness ; obstinacy. 

Head'ing, n. 1. Act of providing with a head. 2. 
That which stands at the head; title. 3. Material for 
the heads of casks. 

Head'land, n. 1. ( Geog.) A cape ; a promontory. 2. 
A ridge or strip of unplowed land at the ends of furrows, 
or near a fence. 

Head'less, a. 1. Having no head ; beheaded. 2. Des- 
titute of a chief or leader. 

Head'-llght (hed'lit), n. (Engin.) A light, with a pow- 
erful reflector, at the head of a locomotive. 

Headlong, adv. 1. With the head foremost. 2. Rashly; 
precipitately. 3. Hastily ; without delay or respite. 

Head'long, a. 1. Acting without deliberation ; rash ; 
precipitate. 2. Steep ; precipitous. 

Head'-man, n. ; pi. head'-men. A chief; a leader. 

Head'-piece, n. 1. Head. 2. Armor for the head ; a 
helmet. 3. Understanding. 

Head'-quar'terg, n. pi. The quarters or place of res- 
idence of any chief officer ; hence, the center of author- 
ity or order. 

Head'-sea, n. A sea that meets the head of a ship, or 
rolls against her course. 

Head'ship, n. Authority or dignity ; chief place. 

Heads/man, n. ; pi. heads'men. An executioner. 

Head'spring, n. Fountain ; source ; origin. 

Head' stall, n. That part of a bridle which encompasses 
the head". 

Head'-stock, n. (Mack.) (a.) The part of a lathe that 
holds the revolving spindle and its attachments, (b.) 
The part of a planer that supports the cutter. 

Head'- stone, n. 1. The principal stone in a founda- 
tion ; the corner-stone. 2. The stone placed at the head 
of a grave. 

Head-strong, a. 1. Not easily restrained. 2. Directed 
by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy. 

Syn. — Violent ; obstinate ; ungovernable ; untractable ; 
stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady. 

Head'- tire, n. Dress or attire for the head- 

Head'way, n. 1. Progress made by a ship in motion ; 
hence, progress or success of any kind. 2. (Arch.) Clear 
space or height under an arch, over a stairway, and the 
like. 

Head'- wind, n. A wind that blows in a direction oppo- 
site to the ship's course. 

Head'y, a. [See Head.] 1. Willful ; rash; hasty ; hur- 
ried on by will or passion. 2. Apt to affect the head ; 
intoxicating ; inebriating, as spirituous liquors. 

Heal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. healed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
HEALING-.] [A.-S. halan, from k&l, hale, sound, whole. 
See Hale.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole ; to cure 
of a disease or wound. 2. To remove or subdue. 3. To 
restore to original purity or integrity. 4. To reconcile. 

Heal, v. i. To grow sound ; to return to a sound state. 

Heal'a ble, a. Capable of being healed. 

Healdg (heeldz), n. pi. [Cf. Heddle.] The harness for 
guiding the warp-threads in a loom 



Heal'er, n. One who, or that which, cures, or restores 

to soundness. 

Heal'ing, a. Tending to cure ; mild ; mollifying. 

Health, n. [A.-S. haldli, from hal, hale, sound, whole. 
See Hale.] 1. State of being hale, sound, or whole in 
body, mind, or soul ; especially, the state of being free 
from physical pain or disease. 2. A wish of health and 
happiness. 

2b drink a health, to drink with the expression of a wish for 
the health and happiness of some other person. 

Health/fill, a. 1. Free from illness or disease; well; 
healthy. 2. Serving to promote health ; wholesome ; 
salubrious ; salutary. 3. Indicating, characterized by, 
or resulting from, health. 

Health'ful-ly, adv. In health ; wholesomely. 

Health'f ul-ness, n. A state of being healthy or health- 
ful ; wholesomeness. 

Health'i-ly, adv. In a healthy manner. 

Health'i-ness, n. State of being healthy or healthful. 

Health'y, a. [compar. HEALTHIER ; superl. HEALTH- 
IEST.] 1. Being in a state of health. 2. Conducive to 
health. 

Syn. — "Vigorous ; sound ; hale ; salubrious ; healthful ; 
wholesome ; salutary. 

Heap, n. [A.-S. heap, Icel. hdpr, 0. H. Ger. hovf, hbfo, 
allied to Slav, kitpa.] 1. A pile or mass. 2. A crowd; 
a throng. [Colloq. and low.] 

Heap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heaped (heept, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. heaping.] 1. To throw or lay in a heap ; to 
make a heap of ; to pile. 2. To amass ; to accumulate. 

Heap'er, n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses. 

Hear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heard (herd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HEARING.] [A.-S. heran, hyran, Icel. heyra, 0. H. Ger. 
huran, huren, Goth, hausjan. Cf. Ear.] 1. To per- 
ceive by the ear. 2. To give attention to ; to listen to ; 
to heed ; to examine ; especially, to attend to for the 
purpose of judging a cause between parties. 3. To listen 
to and answer favorably ; to favor. 

Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving 
sound. 2. To perceive or apprehend by the ear ; to lis- 
ten. 3. To be told ; to receive by report. 

Hear'er, n. One who hears ; an auditor. 

Hearing, ». 1. Act of perceiving sound ; the sense by 
which sound is perceived. 2. Attention to what is de- 
livered ; audience. 3. A listening to facts and evidence, 
for the sake of adjudication. 4. Extent within which 
sound may be heard. 

Hearken (h'ark'n), v. i. [imp. & p.p. hearkened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HEARKENING.] [A.-S. hercnian, 0. H. 
Ger. horechOn, from huran, hCren, A.-S. heran, hyran. See 
Hear.] To listen ; to give heed ; to hear with attention, 
obedience, or compliance. 

Hearkjen-er, n. One who hearkens ; a listener. 

Hear'say, n. Report; rumor; fame; common talk. 

Hearse (14), n. [0. H. Ger. hiruz, hirz.] A carriage for 
conveying the dead to the grave. 

Hearse, v. t. To lay or inclose in a hearse. 

Hearse'-eloth, n. A pall ; a cloth to cover a hearse. 

Heart, n. [A.-S. heorte, Icel. hiarta, Goth, hairtu, O. H. 
Ger. herza, allied to Lat. cor, cordis, Gr. Kap8ia, irijp, neap, 
Skr. hrid, Slav, srd^ze.] 1. (Anal.) A hollow, muscular 
organ, contracting rhythmically, and serving to keep up 
the circulation of the blood. 2. The seat of the affec- 
tions or sensibilities, collectively or separately; rarely, 
the seat of the understanding or will ; the seat of moral 
life and character; the individual disposition and charac- 
ter. 3. The inmost or most essential part of any body 
or system ; the chief or vital portion. 4. Courage ; cour- 
ageous purpose; spirit. 5. Vigorous and effi-, 
cient activity ; power of fertile producti 
That which resembles a heart in shape 
dally a roundish or oval figure like that in the 
margin ; hence, one of a series of playing-cards, Heart, 
distinguished by that figure. 

At heart, in the true character or disposition ; really ; sub- 
stantially. — By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner. 
— To break the heart of, to bring to despair or hopeless grief. — 
To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. — To set 
the heart at rest, to put one's self at ease.— To set the heart 
upon, to long for earnestly. 

Heart'-aehe (h'aWak), n. Sorrow ; anguish of mind ; 
mental pang. 

Heart'-brok/en, a. Deeply affected or grieved. 

Heart'-burn, n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation 
in the stomach. 

Heart'-burn'ing, n. 1. (Med.) The same as HEART- 
BURN. 2. Discontent ; secret enmity. 

Heart'en, v. t. [A.-S. hiertan. See HEART.] To en- 



and effi-^->^-^. 
tion. 6.( ) 
pe; espe-\ J 
lat in the V 



; ca-re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



a,e,&c.,Zon< 



.kc, short 



HEARTH 



341 



HEBDOMADARY 



courage; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to em- 
bolden. 

Hearth (harth, 5). n. [A.-S. heordh, 0. H. Ger. hert, gen. 
hordes, ground, altar, allied to hero, ground.] 1. The 
floor of a fire-place. 2. The house itself, considered as 
the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to 
strangers. [side. 

Hearth'- stone, n. Stone forming the hearth ; fire- 

Heart'i-ly, adv. 1. From the heart ; with all the heart. 
2. With zeal or earnestness. 3. With eagerness ; freely ; 
largely. 

Syn.— Really; sincerely; fully; cordially; zealously; vig- 
orously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly. 

Heart'i-ness, n. The state of being hearty ; sincerity ; 
zeal ; ardor ; earnestness. 

Heart'less, a. 1. Without a heart. 2. Destitute of 
sensibility or courage ; unsympathetic ; cruel. 

2Ieart'less-ly, adc. In a heartless manner ; without 
courage, spirit, or affection. 

Heart'less-ness, n. The state of being heartless. 

Heart'-rend-ing, a. Breaking the heart. 

Heart's'-ease, n. 1. Peace or tranquillity of feeling. 
2. (Bot.) A "species of violet ; — called also pansy. 

Heart'-slck, a. Sick at heart ; depressed ; low-spirited. 

Heart'-slck'en-ing, a. Tending to make the heart 
sick or depressed. 

He art'- string, n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace 
and sustain the h«art. 

Heart'-wobd, n. The hard, central part of the trunk 
of a tree, differing in color from the outer layers. 

Heart'y, a. [compar. heartier; superl. HEARTIEST.] 
1. Exhibiting the action of the heart ; proceeding from 
the heart. 2. Exhibiting strength ; sound ; firm. 3. 
Promoting strength ; nourishing ; rich. 

Syn.— Sincere ; real; unfeigned; unassembled; cordial; 
earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous; en- 
ergetic. — Heart)/ implies honesty and simplicity of feelings and 
manners; cordial refers to the warmth and" liveliness with 
which the feelings are expressed; sincere implies that this ex- 
pression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A 
man should be hearty in his attachment to his friends, cordial 
in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to 
assist them. 

Heat, n. [A.-S. hate, h'dto, hdtn, Icel. hita, hiti, 0. H. 
Ger. hiza, hizea. Cf. Goth, heito, fever-heat.] 1. Ca- 
loric : the force, agent, or principle in nature upon which 
depends the state of bodie? as solid, fluid, or aeriform, and 
which beer mes directly known to us through the sense 
of feeling. 2. The sensation caused by caloric, when 
present in excess. 3. High temperature, as distinguished 
from low temperature, or cold. 4. Indication of high 
temperature; redness; high color; flush. 5. The state 
of being once heated or hot. 6. A single effort, as in a 
race ; a course. 7. Utmost violence ; rage ; vehemence. 
8. Agitation of mind : exasperation. 9. Animation in 
thought or discourse ; ardor. 10. Fermentation. 

Heat, i'. f. [imp. Sep. p. HEATED, formerly, and still 
vulgarly, HEAT ; p. pr. & vb. n. HEATING.] To make 
hot ; to communicate heat to ; — said (a.) Of inanimate 
objects, (b.) Of animals, to excite by action, or to make 
feverish, (c.) Of the passions, to inflame; to excite. 

Heat, v. i. 1. To grow warm or hot by the action of 
fire. 2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or by 
chemical action. 

Heat'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, heats. 2. Any 
contrivance or implement, as a heated body, a vessel, 
&c, used to impart heat to something else, or to contain 
something else to be heated. 

Heath, n. [A -S. hddk, Icel. heidhi, Goth, haithi, 0. H. 
Ger. heida, Scot, haddyr, hadder, heather.] 1. (Bot.) A 
plant, be ring beautiful flowers. 2. A place overgrown 
with heath. 3. A desert ; a cheerless tract of country. 

Heath '-eock, n. (Ornith.) A large bird which fre- 
quents heaths ; the black grouse. 

Hea'then (he'thn, 58), n. [A.-S. hddhen, Goth, haithns, 
i. haithno. Icel. heidhinn, from heath, i. e., one who lives 
in the country or on the heaths and in the woods, as 
pagan, from pagus. village.] A pagan ; an idolater ; an 
irreligious, unthinking person. 

Hea'then (hS'thn), a. Gentile; pagan. 

Hea'then-dom. n. 1. That part of the world where 
heathenism prevails. 2. The heathen nations considered 
collectively. 

Hea'then-IshfluVthn-ish), a. 1. Belonging, or pertain- 
ing, to the heathen. 2. Rude ; savage ; cruel : inhuman. 

Hea'then-ish-ness, n. State of being heathen. 

Hea'then-i§m, n. 1. The religious system or rites of 
a heathen nation ; idolatry ; paganism. 2. The manners 
or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country. 



Hea'then-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HEATHENIZED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. HEATHENIZING.] To render heathen or 
heathenish. 

Heath'er (heth'er. This is the only pronunciation in 
Scotland), n. [See HEATH.] Heath. [Scot.] 

Heath'er-y, a. Heathy : abounding in heather. 

Heath'-game, n. See Heath-cock. 

Heath'-grass, n. (Bot.) A kind of perennial grass, 
having a leafy stem . 

Heath'-hen, n. (Ornith.) A kind of bird ; the female 
of the black grouse. 

Heath'y, a. Full of heath ; abounding with heath. 

Heave, v. t. [imp. heaved, or hove ; p. p. heaved, 
hoved, formerly hoven ; p. pr. & vb. n. heaving.] 
[A.-S. hebban, he/an, Goth, hafjan, 0. H. Ger. heffan, 
hevan, hep/an, Icel. hejia, allied to Lat. capere.] 1. To 
move upward ; to lift. 2. To raise ; to elevate. 3. To 
throw ; to cast ; to send. 4. To force from or into any 
position ; also, to throw off. 5. To raise or force froaa 
the breast. . 

To heave a ship to, to bring the ship's head to the wind, and 
stop her motion. — To heave up, (a.) To relinquish ; to give up. 
(b.) To vomit out. [Colloq.] 

Heave, i'. i. 1. To be thrown up ; to be raised. 2. To 
rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy 
breathing, as waves in a heavy sea , as shi ps on the billo ws , 
&c. ; to swell ; to dilate ; to expand ; to distend ; hence, to 
labor ; to pant. 3. To make an effort to vomit ; to retch. 
To heave in sight, to come in sight ; to appear. —To heave up, 
to vomit. [Colloq.] 

Heave, n. 1. An upward motion ; swell or distension, 
as of the breast, of the waves, and the like. 2. An effort 
to raise up something, as the contents of the stomach, 
&c. 3. (Geol.) An horizontal dislocation in a metallic 
lode, taking place at an intersection with another lode. 
4. pi. A disease of horses characterized by difficult 
breathing. 

Heav'en (heVn 58), n. [A.-S. heofon, heben, prob. from 
he/an, hebban, to heave, and signifying elevated or 
arched.] 1. The arch which overhangs the earth ; the 
sky ; the atmosphere ; — often used in the pi. 2. The 
dwelling-place or immediate presence of God ; the home 
of the blessed. 3. The sovereign of heaven ; the Om- 
nipotent ; Jehovah ; God. 4. Supreme happiness ; great 
felicity ; bliss. 

Heav'en-li-ness, n. Supreme excellence. 

HeavVn-ly (h&Vn-ly), a. 1. Pertaining to, resembling, 
or inhabiting heaven; celestial. 2. Appropriate to 
heaven in character or happiness ; perfect ; pure ; su- 
premely blessed. 

Heav'en-ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of 
heaven. 2. By the influence or agency of heaven. 

Heav'm-ly-mind'ed, a. Having the thoughts and 
affections placed on heaven and heavenly objects. 

Heav'en-ward, a. & adv. Toward heaven. 

Heave'-of'fer-ing, n. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or 
oblation made to God ; — so called because it was to be 
heaved or elevated. [bar used as a lever. 

Heav'er, n. 1. One who heaves or lifts. 2. (Naut.) A 

Heaves, n. pi. See Heave, n. 4. 

Heav'i-ly, adv. [From heavy.] 1. With great weight. 

2. With great weight of grief ; grievously ; sorrowfully. 

3. Slowly and laboriously ; with difficulty. 
Heav'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being heavy in 

its various senses. 

Heav'y, a. [compar. HEAVIER ; superl. HEAVIEST.] 
[A.-S. hefig, hdfig, lifted with labor, from hefan, hebban, 
to lift, heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor ; weighty ; 
ponderous ; hence, sometimes large in size, extent or quan- 
tity ; bulky ; also, difficult to move. 2. Not easy to bear ; 
burdensome ; oppressive ; hard to endure. 3. Laden with 
that which is weighty ; incumbered ; burdened ; bowed 
down. 4. Showing the effects of being laden with bur- 
dens ; hence, slow, sluggish, dilatory ; or lifeless, dull, in- 
animate, stupid. 5. Strong; violent; forcible. 6. Loud; 
low, or deep. 7. Clammy ; solid. 8. Not easily digest- 
ed. 9. Impeding motion ; cloggy ; clayey. 10. Hav- 
ing much body or strength. 11. Dark with clouds, or 
ready to rain. 

Heav'y, adv. "With great weight ; ponderously. 

Heav'y, a. Having the heaves. 

HSav'y-spar, n. (Min.) Sulphate of barytes, often oc- 
curring in large crystals remarkable for their great weight. 

Heb-dom'a-dal, ) a. [Lat. hebdomalis, L. Lat. heb- 

Heb-dom'a-da-ry, ) domadarius, Gr. e/3So|u<xs, the 
number seven ; seven days, e|35o/u.os, the seventh, kirra, 
seven.] Weekly ; consisting of seven days, or occurring 
every seven days. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



HEBDOMADARY 



342 



HIGHT 



Heb-d5m'a-da-ry, ». (Rom.Cath. Church.) A mem- 
ber of a chapter or conyent, whose week it is to officiate 
in the choir, and perform other services, which, on ex- 
traordinary occasions, are performed by the superiors. 

HSb'e-tate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hebetated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. hebetating.] To render obtuse; to dull; 
to blunt ; to stupefy. 

Heb'e-tate (45), a. Obtuse ; dull. 

Heb'e-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of making blunt, dull, or 
stupid. 2. State of being blunted or dulled. 

He-bra'k, a. Pertaining to the Hebrews ; designating 
the language of the Hebrews. 

He-bra/ie-al-ly, adv. After the manner of the Hebrew 
language ; from right to left. 

He'bra-i§m, n. A Hebrew idiom ; a peculiar expression 
or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. 

He'bra-ist (44), n. One versed in the Hebrew language 
and learning. 

He'bi-a-ist'ie, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, Hebrew. 

He'bra-ize, v. t. To convert into the Hebrew idiom ; to 
make Hebrew or Hebraistic. 

He'bra-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hebraized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform 
to the Hebrew idiom. 

He'brew (he'bru), n. [Lat. Hebreeus, Gr. 'E|3pcuos, Fr. 
Hebreu, Heb. ibrln, i. e., coming from beyond the Eu- 
phrates, from ebher, the country beyond the Euphrates, 
or, according to the conjecture of some, one of the de- 
scendants of Eber or Heber, a descendant of Shem.] 1. 
One of the ancient inhabitants of Palestine ; an Israelite ; 
a Jew. 2. The Hebrew language. 

He'brew (he'bru), a. [See supra.] Pertaining to the 
Hebrews, or to their language. 

He-e'a-tomb (hek'a-to"om), n. [Gr. e/card^jBrj, from e/cardv, 
hundred, and fiovs, ox.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hun- 
dred oxen or beasts of the same kind ; hence, any large 
number of victims. 

Heek'le (hek'l), n. & v. t. The same as Hackle. 

JELectare (ek-tar'), n. [Fr., from Gr. kna-rov, hundred, and 
Lat. area, apiece of level ground.] A French measure of 
area, or a superficies, containing a hundred ares, or ten 
thousand square metres, and equivalent to 2.4711 English 
acres. 

Hee'tie, } a. [Gr. e/criKos, habitual, consumptive, 

Hee'tie-al, j from e£is, habit, from ex eiv » to have.] 1. 
Pertaining to hectic ; habitual ; constant. 2. Affected 
with hectic fever. 

Hee'tie, n. (Med.) The fever of irritation and debility, 
occurring usually at an advanced stage of exhausting 
disease, as in pulmonary consumption. 

Hee'to-gram, n. [Fr. hectogramme, from Gr. e/caroV, 
hundred, and ypd/x^a, the twenty-fourth part of an 
ounce.] A French measure of weight, containing a hun- 
dred grammes or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois. 

Hee-tol'i-ter, or Hee'to-li'ter, n. [Fr. hectolitre, from 
Gr. eKaTov, hundred, and kirpa., pound.] A French 
measure of capacity for liquids, containing a hundred li- 
tres ; equal to a tenth of a cubic metre, nearly 26-| gal- 
lons of wine measure. 

Hee-tom'e-ter, or Hee'to-me'ter, n. [Fr. hectome- 
tre, from Gr. kicarov, hundred, and p.irpov, measure. See 
METER.] A French measure of length, equal to a hun- 
dred meters. It is equivalent nearly to 328.09 English feet. 

Hee'tor, n. [From Hector, a brave Trojan warrior.] A 
bully ; a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow ; hence, one 
who teases or vexes. 

Hee'tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HECTORED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hectoring.] To bully ; to bluster ; hence, to tease ; 
to irritate ; to vex. 

Hee-tor, v. i. To play the bully ; to bluster. 

Sectostere (ek'to-star'), n. [Fr., from Gr. ckou-oV, hun- 
dred, and orepeos, solid.] A French measure of solidity, 
containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 
3531.66 English or 3531.05 Amer. cubic feet. 

Hed'dle, n. ; pi. hed'dles (hed'dlz). [Cf. Healds.] 
( Weaving. ) One of the sets of parallel doubled threads 
which compose the harness employed to guide the warp 
threads to the lathe or batten ; heald. 

Hgd'e-ra'ceoiis, a. [Lat. hederaceus, from hedera, ivy.] 
Pertaining to, resembling, or producing ivy. 

Hed'e-ral, a. Composed of, or pertaining to ivy. 

Hedge, n. [A.-S. hege, hegge, hdge, haga, hag, 0. H. 
Ger. hegga, Icel. hagi.] A thicket of bushes, usually 
thorn-bushes; especially, such a thicket planted as a 
fence between any two portions of land. 

IBS'" Hedge is sometimes prefixed to another word, or used in 
composition to denote something rustic, outlandish, poor, or 



to skulk. 




Hedge-hog. 



Hedge, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hedged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HEDGING.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge 
2. To hinder from progress or success. 3. To surround 
for defense ; to protect ; to hem in. 4. To surround so 
as to prevent escape. 

To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides, thus guarding against 
great loss, whatever may be the result. 

Hedge, v. i. 1. To hide as in a hedge : 
To bet on both sides. 

Hedge'hog, n. (Zool.) A small 
animal having the hair on the up- 
per part of its body mixed with 
prickles or spines, and endowed 
with power of rolling itself into a 
ball. 

Hedge'-priest, n. A low ignor- 
ant priest. 

Hedg'er, n. One who makes or mends hedges. 

Hedge'-row, n. A row or series of shrubs, or trees, 
planted for inclosure, or separation of fields. 

Hedge'-spar'row, n. (Ornith.) A European bird 
which frequents hedges. 

Heed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HEEDING.] [A.-S. hedan, 0. H. Ger. huotan, allied to 
Lat. caututn, cavitum, cavere, cautio.] To mind ; to re- 
gard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to 
observe. 

Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation ; regard. 2. 
Careful; reverential, or fearful attention. 

Heed'fiil, a. Full of heed ; cautious ; circumspect ; vig- 
ilant ; attentive. 

Heed'ful-ly, adv. In a heedful manner; attentively. 

Heed'fiil-ness, n. State of being heedful ; caution. 

Heed'less, a. Without heed ; careless ; thoughtless. 

Heed'less-ly, adv. In a heedless manner ; carelessly. 

Heed'less-ness, n. The state of being heedless; inat- 
tention : carelessness ; thoughtlessness. 

Heel, n.' [A.-S. Ml, pi. hela, Icel. holl, hoi, allied to Lat. 
calx.] 1. The hinder part of the foot. 2. The hinder 
part of any covering for the foot. 3. The latter or re- 
maining part of any thing. 4. Something shaped like a 
human heel; a protuberance. 5. A spur, as being set 
on the heel of a boot. 6. The part of a thing correspond- 
ing in position to the human heel ; especially, (Naut.) (a ) 
The after end of a ship"s keel, (b.) The lower end of a 
mast, boom, bowsprit, &c. 

Keck and heels, the whole length of the body. — To be at the 
heels of, to pursue closely. — To be out at the heels, to have on 
stockings that are worn out ; hence, to be in bad condition. — 
To cool the heels, to wait. — To go heels over head, to move in a 
hasty, inconsiderate, or rash manner. — To lay by the heels, to 
fetter ; to shackle ; to confine. — To show the heels, to flee ; to 
run from. — To take to the heels, to flee. 

Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heeded; p.pr. & vb. n. 
heeling.] 1. To use the heels in, as in dancing, run- 
ning, and the like. 2. To add a heel to. 

Heel, v. i. (Naut.) To incline ; to lean, as a ship. 

Heel'-piece, n. 1. Armor for the heels. 2. Apiece 
of leather on the heel of a shoe. 

Heel'-tap, n. 1. A small piece of leather for the heel 
of a shoe. 2. A small portion of liquor at the bottom of 
a glass after drinking. [as of a shoe. 

Heel'-tap, v. t. To add a piece of leather to the heel of, 

Heft, n. [From Eng. heave.] Weight ; ponderousness. 
[Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 

Heft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hefted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hefting.] 1. To heave up ; to lift. 2. To prove or 
try the weight of by raising. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 

He-gem'o-ny, n. [Gr. riyefxovia, from riyefidov, guide, 
leader, from -qyelo-Oat, to go before.] Leadership ; pre- 
ponderant influence or authority, as of a government or 
state. 

He-gl'ra, or Heg'i-ra, n. [Ar. hidjrat, hidjrah, depart- 
ure, from hadjara, to separate, to desert one's country or 
friends.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, 
A. D. 622 ; — from which date time is reckoned by the 
Mohammedans ; hence, any flight or exodus. 

Heifer (hgfer), n. [A.-S. heahfore, perh. from heath, hea, 
high, chief, and fear, bull, ox, 0. H.farri,farro,far, bull, 
allied to Gr. Trdpis, 7rdpTis, calf, heifer.] A young cow. 

Heigh'-ho (hf/ho), interj. An exclamation expressing 
surprise, uneasiness, or weariness. 

Height \ (hit), n. [A.-S. heahdho, headho, hehdho, hyhd- 

Higbt ) ho, from hecth, heag, hea, high.] 1. Condi- 
tion of being high ; elevated position. 2. The measure 
of the distance to which any thing rises ; altitude. 3. 
That which is elevated ; an eminence ; a hill or moun- 
tain. 4. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in pow- 
er, learning, arts ; also, an advanced degree of social 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ^re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



HEIGHTEN 



343 



HELVETIC 



rank. 5. Utmost degree in extent or violence. 6. Pro- 
gress toward eminence ; grade ; degree. 
Heighten 1 (hlt'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. heightened, 
Higlit'en j hightened; p. pr. & vb. n. height- 
ening, hightening.] 1. To raise higher ; to elevate. 

2. To carry forward ; to make better ; to increase. 3. 
To advance toward a worse state ; to intensify. 4. To 
set off to advantage by means of contrast. 

Hei'noiis (ha'nus,) a. [Fr. haineux, from haine, hatred, 
from ha'ir, to hate, 0. Fr. hadir, from Goth, hat an, A.-S. 
hatian. See Hate.] Hateful; odious; hence, great, 
enormous. 

Syn. — Excessive ; aggravated ; monstrous ; flagrant ; flagi- 
tious ; atrocious. 

Hei'noiis-ly. adv. In a heinous manner ; hatefully. 

Hei'noiis-ness, n. State of being heinous ; odiousness. 

Hgir (ar), n. [Lat. hseres.] 1. One who receives, inherits, 
or is entitled to succeed to the possession of any propertj- 
after the death of its owner. 2. One who receives any en- 
dowment from an ancestor or relation. 

Heir apparent {Law.), one whose right to an estate is inde- 
feasible if he survives the person in possession. — Heir at law. 
one who, after the death of an ancestor or relation, has a riiht 
to inherit all his intestate estate. — Heir presumptive, one who, 
if the person in possession of an estate should die immediatelv, 
would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be 
defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other 
contingency. . 

HSir'dom (ar'dum), n. Succession by inheritance. 

Heir'ess (ar'es), n. A female heir. 

Heirloom (ar'lJbm), n. [Eng. heir, and A.-S. loma, 
geloma, household stuff. See LOOM.] Any piece of per- 
sonal property, which descends to the heir along with 
the inheritance. 

Heir'ship (ar'ship), n. The state, character or privil- 
eges of an heir ; right of inheriting. 

Held, imp. & p. p. of hold. See Hold. 

He'li-ae, ) a. [Gr. t^Aiokos, belonging to the sun, from 

He-li'ae-al, j rjAios, the sun.] (Astron.) Rising or set- 
ting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. 

He-H'ae-al-ly, adv. In a heliacal manner. 

Hel'i-eal, a. Of, or pertaining to, a helix ; having- a 
spiral form ; spiral. 

Hel'i-eoid, n. [Gr. eA.t/coetS^? ; e'Ai£, spiral, and elSos, 
shape, j (Geom.) A warped surface which maybe gen- 
erated by a straight line moving in a certain manner. 

Hel'i-eoid, I a. Spiral ; spirally curved, like the 

HeFi-eoid'al, j spire of a univalve shell. 

He'li-o-cen'trie, ) a. [Gr. rjAios, sun, and /ceVrpov, 

He'li-o-ceii'tri-e-al, j center.] (Astron.) Pertainiug 
to the sun's center, or appearing to be seen from it. 

He'li-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. t/Aios, the sun, and ypafyetv, 
to write.] The art of taking pictures on any prepared j 
material by means f the sun and a camera obscura ; 
photography. 

He'li-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. tjAios, the sun, and Aarpeia., ser- 
vice, worship.] The worship of the sun, a branch of Sa- 
bianism. 

He'li-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. t/Aio?, the sun, and fxirpov, 
measure.] (Astron.) An instrument used for delicate 
measurements, as the distance between double stars. 

He'li-o-seope, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and o-Konelv, ra- 
dix tTKeir, to look carefully, to spy.] (Astron.) A tele- 
scope fitted for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes. 

He'li-o-stat, n. [Gr. tjAios, the sun, and cttcitos, placed, 
standing; toravat, to place, stand.] An instrument by 
which a sunbeam may be introduced into a dark room, 
and by means of clock-work, kept in a fixed position. 

He'li-o-trope, n. [Gr. ^AioTpoTriof ; rjAios, the sun, and I 
rpiireiv, to turn, Tpo7ros, turn.] 1. (Bot.) A very fra- 
grant plant, called also turnsole. 2. ( Geodesy.) An in- j 
strument for making signals to an observer at a distance, 
by means of the sun's rays thrown off from a mirror. 

3. (Min.) A variety of chalcedony , of a deep-green color, 
variegated with blood-red or yellowish spots. 

Hel'i-spher'ie, 1 a. [For he/icospheric, from Gr. eAi£, 

HeFi-spher'ie-al, ) helix, and cr^atptKos. spherical.] 
Spiral. 

He'lix, n. ; pi. HEl/I-CEg. [Lat. helix, Gr. I\i|, twisted, 
spiral, from e\Ca-o-etv, to turn round.] 1. A spiral line, 
as of wire in a coil ; something that is spiral. 2. ( Arch.) 
A little volute under the flowers of the Corinthian cap- 
ital. 3. (Anat.) The whole circuit or extent of the ex- 
ternal border of the ear. 4. ( Zool.) The snail-shell. 

H6U, n. [A.-S. hell, 0. H. Ger. hella, hellia, Goth, halja, 
Icel. hel, death : originallv Icel. Hel. A.-S. HeU, 0. H. Ger. 
Hella. Hellia, Goth. Halja is the Goddess of Death, from 
A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. helan, 0. Eng. heie, to conceal.] 1. The 




Barred Helmet. 



place of the dead ; the lower regions, or the grave. 2, 
The place or' state of punishment for the wicked after 
death. 3. A place wiiere outcast persons or things are 
gathered; as, (a.) A dungeon or prison; also, in certain 
games, a place to which those who are caught are car- 
ried for detention, (b.) A gambhng-house. (c.) A place 
into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his 
broken type. 

Hel'le-bore, n. [Gr. eAAe'/Sopos, Lat. helleborus.] (Bot.) 
A plant used in medicine. 

Hel-len'i-e, or Hel-le'nle, a. Pertaining to the Hel- 
lenes, or inhabitants of Greece ; Greek , Grecian. 

Hel'len-i§in, n. A Greek phrase, idiom, or construction ; 
a Grecism. 

Hel'len-Ist, n. 1. A person of Jewish extraction who 
used the Greek language as his mother tongue. 2. One 
skilled in the Greek language ; a Grecian. 

Hell'-hound, n. A dog of hell ; an agent of hell. 

Hell'ish, a. Pertaining to hell; fit for hell; infernal; 
malignant ; wicked ; detestable. 

Hell'isli-ly, adv. In a hellish manner ; infernally. 

Hell'ish-ness, n. The qualities of hell, or of its inhab- 
itants ; extreme wickedness, malignity, or impiety. 

Helm, n. [A.-S. helma, heahna, rudder. Cf. Helve.] 

1. (Naut.) The instrument by which a ship is steered. 

2. The place of direction or management. 
Helm, v. t. To cover with a helmet. 
Helm, \n. [A.-S. helm, Goth. 
Helm'et, j hilms, Icel. hialmr, 

from A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. helan, to 
hide.] 1. Defensive armor for the 
head ; a head-piece ; a morion. 2. 
That which resembles a helmet in 
form, position, &c. ; as, (a.) The 
upper part of a retort, (b.) The 
hood-formed upper sepal of some 
flowers. 

Hel-mln'tlii-e, a. [From Gr. e'A- 
ju.tvs, HXixlvQos, worm, especially a 
tape-worm.] Relating to worms ; expelling worms. 

Hel-mln'tliie , n. [See infra.] A medicine for expel- 
ling worms ; a vermifuge. 

Hel'min-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. e'Ap-tvs, eAutvAos, worm, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] The science or description and 
natural history of worms. 

Helmg'man, n. ; pi. helms/men. The man at the 
helm. 

He'lot, or Hel'ot, n. [Gr. Ei'Aws and EiAcurrjs, a bond- 
man of the Spartans, from "EA09, a town of Laconia, 
whose inhabitants were enslaved ; or perhaps from e'Aeti/, 
ekeiv, to take, conquer, second aor. of alpelv.] A slave 
in ancient Sparta ; hence, a slave. 

He'lot-igm, or Hel'ot-igm, n. The condition of the 
Helots, slaves in Sparta ; slavery. 

Help, v. t. [imp & p. p. helped (helpt) (imp. holp, 
p. p. HOLPEN, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. HELPING.] [A.-S. 
helpan, Goth, hilpan, Icel. hialpa, 0. H. Ger. helfan, 
allied to Lith. gelbeti, and A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. helan, 
to hide, cover.] 1. To aid; to assist. 2. To fur- 
nish with the means of deliverance. 3. To furnish 
with relief in pain or disease. 4. To change for the bet- 
ter; to remedy. 5. To prevent ; to hinder. 6. To for- 
bear ; to avoid. 

Help, v. i. To lend aid or assistance. 

To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply. 

Help, n. 1. Aid; assistance. 2. Remedy; relief. 3. 
One who helps ; a domestic servant. [Araer.] 

Help'er, n. One who helps, aids, or assists; an assist- 
ant ; au auxiliary. 

Help'f ul, a. Furnishing help ; useful ; wholesome. 

Help'f iil-ness, n. State of being helpful ; assistance ; 
usefulness. 

Help'less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength ; feeble ; 
weak. 2. Beyond help ; irremediable. 3. Bringing no 
help. 

Help'less-ly, adv. In a helpless manner ; irremediably. 

Help'less-iiess, n. The state of being helpless. 

Help'mate, \n. [From help and mate, or meet, cor- 

Help'meet, j rupted for mate.] An assistant ; a help- 
er : a companion ; a consort ; a wife. 

Hel'ter-skel'ter, adv. [An onomatopoetic word.] In 
hurrv and confusion. [ Colloq.] 

Helve, n. [A.-S. hielfa, helf, hi/If. Cf. Helm.] Th« 
handle of an ax or hatchet : sometimes the head of the ax. 

Helve, v. t. [imv & p. p. helved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HELVING.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax. 

Hel-vet'i-e, a. Pertaining to the Helvetii, the inhabitants 



food, fdbt ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, e«ho ; gem, get; as. ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



HEM 



344 



HERBARIUM 



of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states 
and inhabitants of the Alpine regions. 

Hem, n. [A.-S. hem, hemm, W. hem, margin.] 1. The 
border of a garment, doubled and sewed, to strengthen 
it. 2. A particular sound of the human voice, expressed 
by the word hem. See Hem, interj. 

Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hemming.] 1. To fold and sew down the edge of. 2. 
To border ; to edge. 

Hem, interj. An exclamation whose utterance is a sort 
of voluntary half cough, often indicative of hesitation or 
doubt. It would be better expressed by hm. 

Hem, v. i. To make the sound expressed by the word 
hem ; hence, to hesitate in speaking. 

Hem'a-tite, n. [Lat. haematites ; Gr. ai/u.aTiTrjs, blood- 
like, from aljaa, blood.] (Mia.) An important ore of 
iron, the sesqui-oxide , so called because of the red color 
of the powder. 

JELem'i-ple'gi-d, ) n. [Gr. i\p.nr\v)yLa., r}p.nr\y)£La., from 

Hem'i-ple'gy, j ij,"i, half, and 7rAijcro-6tv, to strike, 
7rAr}£is, TrArjyq, a stroke.] (Med.) A palsy that affects one 
side only of the body. 

He-mip'ter, ) n. [Gr. r/fxi, half, and irrepoV, feather, 

He-mlp'ter-an, ) wing, from -niTop.o.1, nreaOai, to fly.] 
(Entom.) One of an order of insects having the anterior 
wings or wing-covers transparent toward the end, the 
true wings straight and unplaited, and feeding on vege- 
table or animal juices by means of a sucking-tube. 

He-mip'ter-al, ) a. (Entom.) Of, or pertaining to, 

He-mip'ter-oiis, J the hemipterans. 

Hem'i-spliere, n. [Lat. hemisphserium , Gr. 7)p.i<r§a.L- 
pCov, from 17/ai, half, and crcpalpa, sphere.] 1. A half 
sphere ; one half of a sphere or globe. 2. Half of the 
terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or 
picture. 

Hem/i-spiier'i-e, ) a. Containing, or pertaining to, 

Hem'i-splier'i^-al, ) a hemisphere. 

Hem'i-sti-eli (-stik), n. [Lat. Iiemistichium, Gr. r)p.i- 
(ttLxiov, from tjixl, half, and o-ti'xo?, row, hue, verse, from 
cn-ei'x etl/ > to go up, to go in line or order.] Half a poetic 
verse, or a verse not completed. 

He-mls'ti-eli-al (-mls'tik-), a. Pertaining to, or written 
in, hemistichs ; by, according to, or into, hemistichs. 

Hem'i-tone, n. [Lat. hemitonium, Gr. r\p.noviov, from 
tj/u.1, half, and twos, tone.] Same as SEMITONE. 

Hem'lock, w. [A.-S. hemleac, hemlyc] (Bot.) (a.) An 
umbelliferous plant having active properties which fre- 
quently render it poisonous, (b.) An evergreen tree com- 
mon in North America ; hemlock spruce. 

Hem'or-rhage, n. [Gr. alp.oppa.yLa., from alp.a, blood, 
a,ndpriyvvvou, to break, burst ; Lat. h&morrhagia.] (Med.) 
Any discharge of blood from the blood-vessels. 

Hem'or-rhoid'al, a. Pertaining to the hemorrhoids. 

Hem'or-rlioid§, n. pi. [Gr. alpLoppoiSeg (sc. $Ae/3es), 
veins liable to discharge blood, the piles, from ai/xoppoos , 
flowing with blood, alp.a, blood, and peeiv, to flow ; Lat. 
hsemorrhois.] (Med.) Tubercles around the anus, from 
which blood or mucus is discharged ; piles. 

Hemp, n. [A.-S. henep, hdnep, Icel. hanpr, 0. H. Ger. 
hana.f, allied to Lat. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. /cawa/Hts, 
Kavva/3o5, Pol. honopj , Per. kunnap, Skr. cana.] 1. 
(Bot.) A plant whose fibrous skin or bark is used for 
cloth and cordage. 2. The skin or rind of the plant, pre- 
pared for spinning. 

HempVn (hemp'n), a. Made of hemp. 

Hem'stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HEMSTITCHED (hem'- 
sticht, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. HEMSTITCHING.] To orna- 
ment at the head of a hem by drawing out a few parallel 
threads, and fastening the cross-threads in successive 
small clusters. 

Hen, n. [A.-S. henn, hen, 0. H. Ger. henna, Icel. hdna, 
from A.-S. & Goth, hana, 0. H. Ger. hano, Icel. hani, a 
cock, orig. the singer, allied to Lat. canere, to sing.] The 
female of any kind of fowl ; especially, the female of the 
domestic fowl. 

Ben'bane, n. [Eng. hen and bane.] A plant which is 
poisonous to domestic fowls. All parts of the plant are 
highly narcotic, and it is used in medicine as a substitute 
for opium. 

Hence, adv. [0. Eng. hennes, hens, and henen, henne, 
A.-S. lunan, hinane. heonane, heonan, heonun, heonon, 
hence, thither; N. H. Ger. hin, orig. ace. of Goth, his, 
this, accusative hina ; Eng. hennes, hens, hence, is the ter- 
mination of a genitive.] 1. From this place. 2. From 
this time. 3. From this cause or reason. 4. From this 
source, origin, or cause. ' 

rg^-From hence, though a pleonasm, is authorized by the 
usage of good writers. 



Hence-forth', or Hence'f orth, adv. From this time 
forward ; henceforward. [forth. 

H6nce-f dr'ward, adv. From this time forward ; hence- 

Hench'man, «. ; p/. hench'men. [For haunchman, 
from foliosviug the haunch of his master.] A page ; a 
servant. 

Hen-de-e'a-gon, n. [Gr. evSeica, eleven, sudytovCa, angle.] 
(Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and as many 
angles. 

Hen-dZ'a-dps, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. kv fiia 6vo?v, one by 
two.] ( Gram.) A figure in which the same idea is pre- 
sented by two words or phrases. 

Hgn'-har'ri-er, n. (Ornitli.) A species of falcon or 
kite, found in many parts of Europe and North America. 

Hen'-lieart'ed, a. Cowardly ; timid ; dastardly. 

Hen'na, n. [Ar. hinna-a, the dyeing or coloring shrub, 
Cyprus.] 1. (Bot.) A thorny tree or shrub of the genus 
Lawsonia. 2. A paste made of the pounded leaves of the 
henna-tree, and much used by the Egyptians and Asiat- 
ics for dyeing then- nails, &c, of an orange hue. 

Hen'ner-y, n. An inclosed place for hens. [Amer.] 

Hen'-pecked (-pekt), a. Governed by one's wife. 

Hen'-roost, n. A place where poultry rest at night. 

He-pat'ie, ) a. [Gr. ^ttotikos. from r\irap, the liver; 

He-pat'i«-al, ) Lat. hepaticus.] 1. Pertaining to the 
liver. 2. Having the color of the liver. 

Hep'a-ti-za'tion, n. (Med.) Conversion of the lungs 
into a substance resembling the liver. 

Hep'ta-ehord (-kord), n. [Gr. inraxopSos, seven- 
stringed ; kiTTa, seven, and x°P^> chord.] 1. (Anc. 
Mus.) (a.) A system of seven sounds, (b.) A lyre with 
seven chords. 2. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to 
the sound of seven chords. 

Hep'ta-glot, n. [Gr. enrdyXwrTO';, from ewra, seven, and 
yAcoTra, yAwcr<ra, tongue, language.] A book in seven 
languages. 

Hep'ta-gon, n. [Gr. enrdyuivos, seven-cornered, from 
eirra, seven, and ycovta, angle.] ( Geom.) A plane figure 
consisting of seven sides and as many angles. 

Hep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven angles or sides. 

Hep-tan'gu-lar, a. [From Gr. inrd, seven, and Eng. 
angular.] Having seven angles. 

Hep'tar-eh-y , n. [Gr. eWo, seven, and dpxn, sovereignty, 
rule, apxeiv, to be first, to lead, rule.] A government by 
seven persons, or the country governed by seven persons. 

Her, pron. & a. [0. Eng. hire, here, hir, hure, A.-S. hire, 
heore, gen., ace, and dat. sing, of heo, she.] 1. The ob- 
jective case of the personal pronoun she. 2. Eelonging 
to a female, or a noun in the feminine gender ; being the 
possessive case of the personal pronoun she. 

I33f Some grammarians call7;er, when thus used, an adjective 
pronoun agreeing with the following noun. It is written hers 
when the noun which it governs, or with which it agrees, is 
not given, but implied. By some it is said to be used abso- 
lutely, or as a substantive. 

Her'ald, n. [L. Lat. heraldvs, haraldns, Ger. herold, 
from a liypoth. 0. H. Ger. hariwalto, heriualt,hariowalt, 
a (civil) officer who serves the army , from hari, heri, army, 
and waltan, to manage, govern.] 1. (Antia.) An officer 
whose business was to proclaim war or peace, and to bear 
messages from the commander of an army. 2. An offi- 
cer whose business is to regulate royal cavalcades and 
other public ceremonies; also, to record and blazon the 
arms of the nobility and gentry. [Eng.] 3. A pro- 
claimer ; a publisher. 4. A forerunner ; a precursor ; a 
harbinger. 

Her'ald, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. HERALDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. heralding.] To introduce, or give tidings of, as by 
a herald ; to proclaim. 

He-ral'dre, a. Pertaining to heralds or heraldry. 

Her'ald-ry, n. The art or office of a herald; the art, 
practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazon- 

Her'ald-fhip, n. The office of a herald. [ing arms. 

Herb (erb, 14), n. [Lat. herba.] A plant having a soft 
or succulent stalk or stem, that dies to the root every 
year. 

Her-ba'ceous (her-ba'shus), a. Pertaining to herbs; 
having the nature of an herb. 

Herb'age (erb'ej or hcrb / ej, 45), n. 1„ Herbs collec- 
tively ; grass; pasture. 2. (Law.) Liberty or right of 
pasture in the forest or grounds of another man. 

Herb'al (herb'al), n. 1. A book containing the names 
and descriptions of plants. 2. A collection of dried 
plants : a hortus siccus : an herbarium. 

Herb'al (herb'al), a. Pertaining to herbs. 

Herb'al-ist (herb'al-ist), n. A person skilled in plants; 
one who makes collections of plants. _ 

Her-ba'ri-um, n. ; Eng. pi. HER-BA'Ri-trMS ; Lat. pi. 



a,e,&c.,Zo»^; ajej&c.jsAort/carejfa^askjall, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, o^dp^wolfi 



HERBARY 



345 



HEROISM 



HER-BA'RI-A. [L. Lat., from Lat. herba. See HERB.] 
1. A collection of dried plants. 2. A book for preserv- 
ing plants ; a hortus siccus. 

Herto'a-ry, n. A garden of herbs ; a cottage garden. 

Her-bes'cent, a. [Lat. herbescens, p. pr. of herbescere, 
to grow into herbs.] Growing into herbs. 

Her-bif'er-ous, a. [Lat. herbifer, from herba, herb, and 
ferre, to bear.] Bearing herbs. 

Her-blv'o-rous, a. [Lat. herba, herb, and vorare, to 
devour.] Eating herbs ; feeding on vegetables. 

Herfo'o-ri-za/tion (herb'-), n. 1. Act of seeking plants 
in the field. 2. The figure of plants in mineral sub- 
stances. See ARBORIZATION. 

Herfo'o-rize (herb'-), v. i. [imp. & p.p. HERBORIZED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HERBORIZING.] To search for plants, 
or to seek new species of plants. 

Her-bose', ) a. [Lat. herbosus.] Abounding with 

Hero'ous, j herbs. [ered with, herbs 

Herb'y, a. Having the nature of, pertaining to, or cov- 

Her-eu/le-an (124), a. [Lat. Herculeus, from Hercules, 
the most famous of the Greek heroes, celebrated for his 
strength , and especially for twelve difficult labors.] 1. 
Very great, difficult, or dangerous. 2. Having extraor- 
dinary strength and size. 

Herd (14), n. [A.-S. heard, 0. H. Ger. herta, Icel. hidrdh, 
Goth, hairda, allied to Slav, tshrieda.] 1. A number of 
beasts assembled together. 2. A company of men or 
people ; a crowd ; a rabble. 

HSrd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HERDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
herding-.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd, as 
beasts. 2. To unite in a company by custom or inch- 
Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd. [nation. 

Herd'man, )n.;pl. hErd'jien, hErds'men. The 

Herdg'man, ) owner or keeper of herds. 

Herdg'-grass, n. (Bot.) One of several species of 
grass which are highly esteemed for hay, especially in 
New England that species called timothy, and in Penn- 
sylvania that called red-top. 

Here, adv. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. her, 0. H. Ger. hiar, 
hear, from Goth, his, hija, hita, this.] 1. In this place ; 
— opposed to there. 2. In the present life or state. 

Here'a-bout', ) adv. About this place ; in this vicin- 

Here'a-bouts', ) ity or neighborhood. 

Here-aft'er, adv. In time to come ; in some future state. 

Here-aft'er, n. A future existence or state. 

Here-at', adv. At, or by reason of, this. 

Here-by', adv. By means of this. 

He-red'i-ta-ble, a. [L. L"t. hereditabilis , from heredi- 
tare, to inherit, Lat. hereditas, heirship, inheritance, he- 
res, heredis, heir.] Capable of being inherited. 

Her'e-dit'a-ment, n. (Law.) Any species of property 
that may be inberited. 

He-red'i-ta-ri-ly, adv. By inheritance. 

He-red'i-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. hereditarius , from heredi- 
tas.] 1. Descended by inheritance. 2. Capable of de- 
scending from an ancestor to an heir. 3. Transmitted, 
or capable of being transmitted, from a parent to a child. 
Syn. — Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable. 

Herein', adv. In this. 

Here-In'to, adv. Into this. 

Here-of ' (heer-off or heer-5V, 71), adv. Of this ; con- 
cerning this ; from this. 

Here-on', adv. On this ; hereupon. 

Her'e-si-areli, or He-re'gi-ar-eli, n. [Gr. cupecriap- 
v»js, atpecrtapxos, from aipea-is, heresy, and apxos, leader, 
ap\etv, to lead ; Lat. hseresiarcha.] A leader in heresy ; 
chief heretic. 

Her'e-sy, n. [Gr. ai'pea-is, a taking, a choosing, a sect, a 
heresy,* from alpslv, to take, choose ; Lat. h&resis.] An 
opinion opposed to the established or usually received 
doctrine ; especially ( Theol.), a lack of orthodox or sound 
belief; heterodoxy. 

Her'e-tic (123), n. 1. One who holds to a heresy ; one 
who believes some doctrine contrary to the Christian re- 
ligion. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A Protestant. 

Syn. — Schismatic; sectarian. — A heretic is one whose er- 
rors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tend- 
ing to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a 
schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, 
practice, &c, usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. 
A sectarian is one who originates or promotes a sect, or distinct 
organization, which separates from the main body of believers. 
Hence the expression " a sectarian spirit " has a slightly bad 
sense,, which does not attach to " denominational." 

He-ret'ie-al, a. Containing, or pertaining to, heresy. 

He-ret'ie-al-ly, adv. In an heretical manner. 

Here-to', adv. To this. [merly. 

Here'to-f ore', adv. In times before the present; for- 

Here'un-to', adv. Unto this or this time ; hereto. 



Here'up-on/j adv. On this ; hereon. 

Here-with', or Here-with', adv. With this. 

Her'i-ot, n. [L. Lat. heriotum, arms of war, A.-S. here* 
geatu, heregeatve, what was given the lord of the manor 
to prepare for war, from here , army, and geatu, geatve, 
provision, supply, from getan, gitan, to get.] (Eng. 
Law.) A payment of arms or military accouterments, or 
the best beast ; or, in modern use, a customary tribute 
of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, made on the 
decease of a tenant. 

Her'it-a-ble, a. [See Hereditably.] 1. Capable of 
being inherited ; inheritable. 2. Capable of inheriting. 

Her'it-age, n. That which is inherited ; inheritance. 

Her-maph'ro-dite, n. [From Hermapkroditus, son 
of Hermes, or Mercury, and Aphrodite, or Tenus, who, 
when bathing, grew together with Sahnacis, a nymph, 
into one person.] 1. An animal or human being hav- 
ing both the male and the female generative organs. 2. 
(Bot.) A flower that contains both the stamen and the 
pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. 

Hermaphrodite brig (Naut.), a brig that is square-rigged for- 
ward and schooner-rigged aft. 

h£SS£S3»Sa I «■ »»«** ° f "-» —• 

Her-mapli'ro-dit-I§ixi, n. Union of two sexes in the 
same individual. 

Her'me-neu/tic, ) a. [Gr. epixr)i>evTUi6<;, from 'Ep- 

Her'me-neu'tic-al, j jut}?, Mercury, the tutelary god 
of all skill and accomplishment.] Pertaining to inter- 
pretation ; exegetical. 

Her'me-neu'ties, n. sing. Science of interpretation ; 
exegesis ; — especially applied to the interpretation of the 
Scriptures. 

Her-met'ic, \ a. [From the Egyptian Hermes Iris* 

Her-met'i-e-al, j megistus, the fabled inventor of al- 
chemy.] 1. Pertaining to chemistry ; chemical. 2. 
Pertaining to that species of philosophy which pretends 
to solve and explain all the phenomena of nature from 
the three chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury. 
3. Pertaining to the system which explains the causes 
of diseases, &c, on the principles of the hermetical phi- 
losophy , and particularly on the system of an alkali and 
acid. 4. Perfectly close, so that no air, gas, or spirit 
can escape. [chemically. 

Her-mSt'le-al-ly, adv. In an hermetical manner ; 

Her'mit, n. [Lat. eremita, Gr. ep-r/juiTrjs, from epr/juos, 
lonely, solitary.] A recluse ; an anchoret ; especially, 
one who lives in solitude from religious motives. 

Her'mit-age, n. The habitation of a hermit. 

Her'mit-ess, n. A female hermit. 

Hern, n. The same as Heron. See Heron. 

Her'ni-a, n. [Lat., probably from Gr. epvos, a young 
sprout, shoot.] (Surg.) An external tumor formed by 
the protrusion of any internal part through a natural or 
accidental opening in the enclosing membrane. 

Her'ni-al, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, hernia. 

He'ro (89), n. ; pi. HE'ROES. [Lat. heros, Gr. rjpws.] 

1. A man of distinguished "valor, intrepidity, or enter- 
prise in danger ; hence, a great or extraordinary person. 

2. The principal personage in a poem, stor} r , and the 
like. 3. (Myth.) An illustrious man, supposed after his 
death to be placed among the gods. 

He-ro'k, a. 1. Pertaining to, or like, a hero or heroes. 
2. Becoming a hero. 

Heroic age, the age when the heroes are supposed to have 
lived. — Heroic poetry, that in which the life of a hero is cele- 
brated; epic poetry. — Heroic treatment, remedies {Med.), those 
of a violent character. — Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of he- 
roic poetry, being in English the iambic of ten syllables. 

Syn. — Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; 
gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous ; illustri- 
ous. 

He-ro'i-e-aJ, a. The same as Heroic. [Rare.] 

He-ro'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a hero ; with 
valor ; bravely ; courageously ; intrepidly. 

He'ro-i-com'ic, la. [See Heroic and Comic] 

He'ro-i-eom'i-e-al, j Consisting of the heroic and the 
ludicrous. 

Her'o-ine, n. [Lat. heroina, Gr. r\pu>ivr\, fern, of 7Jpws. 
See HERO.] A female hero. 

Her'o-Igm, n. The qualities or character of a hero. 

Syn. — Courage ; fortitude ; braverv ; valor ; intrepidity ; 
gallantry. —Courage is generic, denoting fearlessness of dan- 
ger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly 
under trials, dangers, and sufferings; bravery and valor are 
courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; in- 
trepidity is firm, courage, which b.irinks not amid the most ap- 
palling dangers- gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing in- 
to the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all 
these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eaU, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link : this- 



HERON 



346 



HIDDEN 





from ignorance or inconsiderate levity, but from a noble devo- 
tion to some great cause, and a just confidence of being able to 
meet danger m the spirit of such a cause. 

Her'on, n. [From 0. H. Ger. hei- 
gir, heigero, heigro, heron, Icel. he- 
gri.] ( Ornith .) A wading bird with 
long legs and neck. It is remarka- 
ble for its directly ascending flight, 
and was formerly hunted by hawks. 

Her'on-ry, n. A place where her- 
ons breed. 

Her'peg, n. [Lat., Gr. ep^s, from 
epnetv, to creep, from its tendency 
to creep or spread from one part of 
the skin to another.] (Med.) An 
eruption of the skin ; especially, an 
eruption of vesicles in small dis- 
tinct clusters, accompanied with xieron. 
itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, and 
the like. [or cutaneous eruptions. 

Mer-pet'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes, 

Her'pe-tol'o-gist, n. A person versed in herpetology, 
or the natural history of reptiles. 

Her'pe-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. epnerov, reptile, from ep'neiv, 
to creep, and Ao-yos, discourse.] The natural histoiy or 
description of reptiles, including oviparous quadrupeds. 

Her'ring, n. [A.-S. hav- 
ing, hering, 0. H. Ger. 
herinch, karinc, probably 
from 0. H. Ger. heri, hart, 
A.-S. here, Goth, harjis, 
army, multitude, because Herring 

they usually appear in 
large numbers.] (Ichth.) A small fish. Herrings move 
in vast shoals, coming from high northern latitudes in 
the spring, to the shores of Europe and America, where 
they are taken and salted in great quantities. 

Her§, pron. Belonging to her ; of her. See HER. 

Her'schel (her'shel), n. (Astron.) A planet discovered 
by, and named for, Dr. Herschel, in 1781 ; — now called 
Uranus. 

Herse (14), n. [L. Lat. hercia, hersia, from Lat. hirpex, 
gen. hirpicis, harrow ; also a kind of candlestick in the 
form of a harrow, placed at the head of graves ; whence 
herse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest con- 
taining the dead.] 1. (Fort.) (a.) A lattice or portcul- 
lis in the form of a harrow, (b.) A harrow used instead 
of a cheval-de-frise. 2. The same as Hearse. See 
Hearse. 

Her-self', pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third 
person feminine pronoun she. 2. In her ordinarj", true, 
or real character ; hence, in her right mind ; sane. 
By herself, alone ; apart; unaccompanied. 

He§'i-taii-cy, n. 1. The act of hesitating or doubting ; 
doubt. 2. Action or manner of one who hesitates ; in- 
decision. 

Heg'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. hesitated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HESITATING.] [Lat. hsesitare, hsssitatum, intens. 
form of hserere, to hang or hold fast.] 1. To stop or 
pause respecting decision or action ; to be in suspense or 
uncertainty. 2. To stop in speaking. 

Syn. — To doubt; waver; scruple; deliberate; demur; fal- 
ter; stammer. 

Hes/i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of hesitating ; doubt; vacil- 
lation. 2. A stopping in speech ; stammering. 

Hes'per, n. The evening star ; Hesperus. 

Hes-pe'ri-an, a. [Lat. hesperius, from hesperus, the 
evening star, Gr. eWepos, Lat. vesper, evening, ecnrepos 
aa-rrip, the evening star.] Western ; occidental. 

Ues'pe-rus, n. [Lat.] The evening star, especially Ve- 
nus ; Hesper. 

Hes'sian Fly, n. (Entom.) A small, two-winged fly, or 
midge, nearly black, very destructive to young wheat ; — 
so called from the opinion that it was brought into Amer- 
ica by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. 

Hest, n. [A.-S. has, from hatan, to call, bid.] Com- 
mand ; precept ; injunction ; order. 

Hetch'el, v. t. Same as Hatched, q. v. 

Het'er-o-elite, n. [See infra.] 1. ( Gram.) A word 
which is irregular or anomalous ; especially, a noun 
which is irregular in declension. 2. Any thing or per- 
son deviating from common forms. 

Het'er-o-elite, } a. [Gr. e T epo/cAiTos, otherwise (t. 

Hel er-o-elit'i-e, \ e., irregularly) declined, from 

Het'er-o-elit'ie-al, ) . erepo<;, other, and kAito?, inflect- 
ing, from KkCveiv, to lean, incline, inflect. 1 Deviating 
from ordinary forms or rules ; irregular ; "anomalous ; 
abnormal. 



Het'er-o-d5x, a. [Gr. erepoSo^os, from erepo?, other, 
and S6£a, opinion.] 1. Contrary to some acknowledged 
standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, and the 
like ; not orthodox. 2. Holding opinions or doctrines 
contrary to some acknowledged standard. 

Het'er-o-dox'y, n. Heresy ; an opinion or doctrine 
contrary to some established standard of faith, as the 
Scriptures, &c. 

Het'er-o-ge'ne-al, ) a. [Gr. erepoyevifc, from eVepo?, 

Het/er-o-ge'ne-oiis, j other, and -yeVos, race, kind, 
from yiveiv, to beget.] Differing in kind ; having unlike 
qualities ; dissimilar. 

Hgt'er-o-ge-ne'i-ty, ) n. State of being hetero- 

Het'er-o-ge'iie-oixs-ness, j geneous ; dissimilarity. 

Het'man, n.; pi. Hermans,. [Pol. hetman, Buss. 
ataman, from Ger. hauptmann, head man, chieftain.] A 
Cossack commander-in-chief. 

Hew (hu), v. t. [imp. hewed ; p. p. hewed, or HEWN; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HEWING.] [A.-S. heawan, 0. H. Ger. 
houwun, Icel. hbggva.] 1. To cut with an ax. 2. To 
form or shape with a sharp instrument. 3. To chop; 

Hew'er, n. One who hews wood or stone. [to hack. 

Hex'a-eliord, n. [Gr. e£axopSos, from e|, in compos. 
e£a, six, and x°P^V, string, chord.] (Mus.) A series of 
notes, consisting of four tones and one semitone. 

Hex'a-gon, n. [Gr. efaycoi/os, six-cor- 
nered, for e|, six, and yon-La, angle.] 
( Geom.) A plane figure of six sides and 
six angles. 

Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Having six sides and^ 
six angles. 

Hex'a-he'dral, a. Of the figure of a 
hexahedron ; having six equal sides or „ 
faces ; cubic. .Hexagon. 

Hex'a-he'dron, n. [Gr. e|, six, and e'Spa, seat, base, 
from e£eaOat, to sit.] A regular solid body of six equal 
sides or faces ; a cube. 

Hex-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. egafierpos, of six meters, from 
e£, six, and ixerpov, measure; Lat. hexameter.] (Gr. & 
Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, either dactyls or 
spondees. [dactyls and spondees. 

Hex-am'e-ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially 

Hex'a-met'rk , 




Hex'a-met'rie-al, 



Consisting of six metrical feet. 



Hex-an'gu-lar, a. [Gr. e£, six, and Lat. angularis, 
angular.] Having six angles or corners. 

Hex'a-pld, n. [Gr. efuTrAci, from e£a7rAoos, contracted 
e£an\ovs, six fold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures 
in six languages. 

Hex'a-plar, a. Sextuple ; containing six columns. 

Hey (ha), interj. An exclamation expressive of joy or 
mutual exhortation. 

Hey'day (ha'da), interj. [Ger. heida, or hei da.] An 
expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of 
wonder. 

Hi-a'tus, n. ; Lat. pi. id. ; Eng. pi. Hi-A/TUS-E§. [Lat., 
from Mare, to gape.] 1. An opening ; a gap ; a 
chasm. 2. A chasm in a manuscript, where some part 
is lost or effaced. 3. (Gram.) Concurrence of two 
vowels in two successive syllables or words. 

Hi-l>er'nal, a. [Lat. hibernus, from hiems, winter.] 
Belonging or relating to winter ; wintry ; winterish. 

HI'ber-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hibernated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. hibernating.] To winter ; to pass the win- 
ter in seclusion, as birds or beasts. 

Hi'ber-na'tion, n. The act of hibernating. 

Hi-ber'ni-an, a. (Geog.) Pertaining to Hibernia, novr 
Ireland ; Milesian. [a Milesian. 

Hi-ber'ni-an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Ireland ; 

Hi-toer'iii-an-igm, ) n. An idiom or mode of speech 

Hi-ber'ni-cTgmi, I peculiar to the Irish. 

Ht,-b%s'^ws,n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some 
species of which have large, showy flowers ; rose-mallow, 

Hie'cough (hik'kup), n. [0. Eng. hicket, L. Ger. hick, 
hickup, W. ig, igiad, Fr. hoquet.] A spasmodic inspi- 
ration, accompanied with a closure of the glottis, produc- 
ing a sudden sound ; also, the sound itself. 

Hiccough (-kup), v. i. [imp. & p. p. HICCOUGHED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HICCOUGHING.] To have a convulsive 
catch of some of the respiratory muscles, causing a sud- 
' den and peculiar sound. 

Hick'o-ry, n. (Bot.) An American tree of several 6pecies. 

Hick'up, n. & v. i. See Hiccough. 

Hid, \p. p. of hide. 1. Concealed. 2. p. a. Se- 

Hid'den, J cret ; not seen or known ; mysterious. 

Syn. — Secret; covert. — Hidden may denote either "known 
to no one," as chidden disease, or "intentionally concealed," 
as a hidden purpose of revenge. A secret must be known to 



a,,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; £re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



HIDAGE 



347 



HIGHWROUGHT 



gome one, but only to the party or parties concerned; as, a 
secret conspiracy. Covert (covered) means not open or avowed; 
as, a covert plan; the word, however, is often applied to what 
■we mean to be understood without openly expressing it; as, a 
covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to 
concealed. 

Hid/age, n. A tax formerly paid to the kings of Eng- 
land for every hide of land. 

Ht-dal'go, n. [Sp., contr. from hijo de algo, i. e., son of 
something; hijo, Sp.J%o, from La.t.filius.] A noble- 
man of the lowest class. [Spain.] 

Hide, v. t. [imp. HID ; p. p. HID, hidden ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HIDING-.] [A.-S. hydan; Icel. hyda, to spread skins 
over.] 1. To withhold, or withdraw from sight. 2. To 
conceal from knowledge ; to keep secret. 3. To protect 
from danger ; to defend. 

Syn.— To conceal; disguise; dissemble; cover; screen; shel- 
ter; protect; secrete. 

Hide, v. i. To he concealed or secreted; to keep one's 
self out of view. 

Hide-and-seek, a play of children, in which some hide them- 
selves, and another seeks them. 

Hide, n. [A.-S. hyd. Cf. Icel. haudhr, uncultivated 
land.] (O. Eng. Law.) (a.) A house or dwelling, (b.) 
A certain portion of land, differently estimated at 60, 80, 
or 100 acres. 

Hide, n. [A.-S. hyd, h&d, Icel. hydi, 0. H. Ger. hiit, 
alhed to Lat. cutis.] 1. The skin of a beast, either raw 
or dressed. 2. The human skin ; — so called in con- 
tempt. 

Hlde'-bound, a. 1. Having the skin stuck so closely 
to the ribs and back, as not to be easily loosened or raised. 
2. Having the bark so close or firm that it impedes the 
growth. 

Hid'e-oiis (77), a. [0. Fr. hidous, hidus, hidens, N. Fr. 
hideux, from 0. Fr. hide, hisde, fright, from Armor, heuz, 
eilz, horror, terror, Ir. uadh, uath, dread, fear.] 1. 
Frightful or shocking to the eye. 2. Distressing to the 
ear. 3. Detestable; hateful. 

Syn. —Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; 
terrible. 

Hid'e-ous-ly, adv. In a hideous manner ; dreadfully. 

Hid'e-oiis-ness, n. The state of being hideous. 

Hid'er, n. One who hides or conceals. 

Hie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HYING.] 
[0. Eng. highe, hieghe, A.-S. higan, hiegian, to strive, 
make haste, hige, hyge, mind, thought, study, Goth. 
hugjan, to think, hvgs, mind, thought.] To hasten. 
[Rare, except in poetry.] 

Hi'e-rareh, n. [Gr. tepapx^s, from tepos, sacred, and 
dpxos, leader, ruler.] One who rules or has authority in 
sacred things. 

Hi'e-rar«h/al, a. Pertaining to a hierarch. 

Hi'e-rareh/ie-al, a. Pertaining to a hierarchy. 

HI'e-rareh/y, n. 1. Dominion or authority in sacred 
things. 2. The body of persons having ecclesiastical au- 
thority. 3. A form of government administered solely 
by the priesthood. 

Hi'e-rat'le, a. [Gr. tepartKos, lepareveiv, to be a priest ; 
tepos, sacred; Lat. hieraticus.] Consecrated to sacred 
uses ; sacerdotal ; pertaining to priests ; — applied to a 
mode of ancient Egyptian wilting, being the sacerdotal 
character. 

Hi'e-ro-glyph, } «■ [See infra.] 

Hi'e-ro-glyph'ie, J 1. A sacred 
character; — specifically, the picture- 
writing of the ancient Egyptian 
priests. 2. Any character or figure 
having a mysterious significance. 

Hi'e-ro-glyph'ie, ) a. [Gr. tepo- 

Hi'e-ro-glyph'ie-al, ) yXvayiKos, hi- 
eroglyphic, iepoyXv^iKOV, (scypafJi/xa), 
an hieroglyphic character; tepos, sa- 
cred, and y\v(f>6Lv, to hollow out, 
carve.] 1. Emblematic ; expressive of some meaning by 
characters, pictures, or figures. 2. Obscure; enig- 
matical, [ner. 

Hi'e-ro-glyph'ie-al-ly , adv. In an hieroglyphic man- 

Hi'e-ro-gram, n. [Gr. tepos, sacred, and ypdp.ua, letter, 
writing.] A species of sacred writing. 

Hi'e-ro-graph'ie, ) a. [Gr. urpoypa$tK6s,from iepos, 

Hi'e-ro-graph'ie-al, ) sacred, and ypd^eiv, to write.] 
Pertaining to sacred writing. 

Hi'e-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. lepokoyia, from tepos, sacred, 
and A.6vos, discourse.] A discourse on sacred things ; 
especially, the science which treats of the ancient writ- 
ings and inscriptions of the Egyptians. 

Hi'e-ro-man'cy, n. [Gr. iepouavrta, from tepos, sacred, 



awaT 

em 

Hieroglyphics. 



and ixavTeCa, divination.] Divination by observing the 
various things offered in sacrifice. 

Hl-er'o-phant, or Hi'e-ro-phant, n. [Gr. Jepo^dvnjs, 
from tepos, sacred, and (paiveiv, to show, make known.] 
A priest ; one who teaches the mysteries of religion. 

Hig'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. higgled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
higgling.] [See Haggle and Hawk, to sell by out- 
cry.] 1. To carry provisions about for sale. 2. To 
chaffer. [turvy. [Colloq.] 

Hig'gle-dy-pig'gle-dy, adv. In confusion ; topsy- 

Hig'gler, n. 1. One who carries about provisions for 
sale. 2. One who is tedious and nice in bargaining. 

High (hi), a. [compar. higher; superl. highest.] 
[A.-S. hedh, hedg, lied, hch, Goth, hauhs.] 1. Elevated; 
lifted or raised up ; lofty ; sublime. 2. Regarded as 
raised up or elevated ; distinguished ; remarkable ; some- 
times equivalent to great, used indefinitely ; sometimes 
used in figurative senses, which are understood from the 
connection. 3. Possessing some characteristic quality 
in a marked degree. 4. Prominent ; eminent ; — used 
in various technical senses ; as, (a.) (Fine Arts.) Wrought 
so as to be prominent from the surface ; also, in an ele- 
vated style, (b.) (Law & Politics.) Relating to, or de- 
rived from, the sovereignty of a state ; as, A/g-A-treason. 
(c.) (Chron.) Remote in time or antiquity, (d.) (Cook- 
ery.) Strong-scented, as tending toward putrefaction, (e.) 
( Geog.) Remote from the equator, north or south. (/.) 
(Mus.) Acute or sharp. 

High day (Script.), a. holy or festive day. — High Dutch, or 
High German, the German language, as spoken in the elevated 
southern part of Germany ; the cultivated German, or lan- 
guage spoken by the educated classes. — High life, life among 
the aristocracy or the rich. — High living, a feeding upon rich and 
costly food. — High mass (Rom. Cath. Church), that mass which 
is performed by a choir in a specially formal and solemn manner. 
— High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. — High 
seas, the waters of the ocean without the boundary of any coun- 
try. — High steam, steam having a high pressure, or a pressure 
greater than about fifty pounds on the square inch. — High 
tide, the greatest flow of the tide. — High time, quite time. — 
High treason, treason against the state, being the highest civil 
offense. — High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation 
of the tide; also, the time of such elevation. — High wine, dis- 
tilled wine; brandy; also, pure or undiluted alcohol. 

Syn. — Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; 
proud; ostentatious; violent; tumultuous; full; dear. 

High (hi), adv. In a high manner ; to a great altitude ; 
eminently ; profoundly ; powerfully. 

High, (hi), n. An elevated place ; superior region. 

High'-born, a. Being of noble birth or extraction. 

High'-fored, a. Bred in high life. 

High'-church, a. Inclined to magnify a particular 
form of church government or ecclesiastical rites and cer- 
emonies ; — more usually applied to such as attach the 
highest importance to the episcopal office and the apos- 
tolic succession. [party. 

High'-church'igm, n. Principles of the high-church 

High'- church/man, n. One who holds high-church 
principles. [or manners. 

High'-fli'er, n. One who is extravagant in pretensions 

High'-flown (hi'flon), a. 1. Elevated; swelled ; proud. 
2. Turgid ; swelled ; extravagant. [arbitrary. 

High'-hand'ed, a. Overbearing ; oppressive ; violent ; 

High'land, n. Elevated land ; a mountainous region. 

High'land-er, n. An inhabitant of highlands ; especial- 
ly of the Highlands of Scotland. [degree. 

High'ly (hi'ly), adv. In a high manner, or to a high 

High'-mind/ed, a. 1. Proud ; arrogant. 2. Of, or 
pertaining to, elevated principles and feelings ; magnani- 
mous. 

High'ness (hFnes), n. 1. The state of being high, in 
all its various senses. 2. A title of honor given to princes 
or other men of rank. 

High'-press'ure (M'preWur), a. (Steam-eng.) Ex- 
ceeding about fifty pounds on the square inch. 

High'-road, n. A highway ; a much frequented or 
traveled road. [or other seasoning. 

High'- seasoned (hl'se'znd), a. Enriched with spices 

High'- sounding, a. Pompous; noisy; ostentatious. 

High'-spir'it-ed, a. 1. Full of spirit or natural fire; 
easily irritated ; irascible. 2. Bold; daring. 

Hight (hit), n. The same as Height. [elevated. 

High'-toned, a. High in tone or sound; hence, nobly 
! High'way, n. A public road ; a way that is open to all 
| passengers. 

Syn. — Way; road: path; course. 

High'way-man, n. ; pi. high'way-mek. One who 

robs on the public road ; a highway robber. 
I High'- wrought (-rawt), a. 1. Wrought with exqui- 
' site art or skill. 2. Inflamed to a high degree. 



food, fd"ot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



HILARIOUS 



348 



HISTOLOGY 



Hl-la'ri-oiis, or HI-la/ri-ou.s, a. [Lat. hilaris,hilarus, 
Gr. iAapos-] Mirthful; merry ; jovial ; jolly. 

Hi-lar'i-ty, or Hi-lar'i-ty, n. A pleasurable excite- 
ment of the animal spirits. 

Syn. — Glee; cheerfulness; mirth; merriment; gayety;joy- 
ousness; exhilaration; jovialty; jollity. 

Hill, n. [A.-S. hill, hyll, hyl, allied to Lat. collis.] 1. An 
eminence less than a mountain. 2. The earth raised 
about the root of a plant or cluster of plants. [Amer.] 
3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close to- 
gether, and having the earth heaped up about them. 

Hill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. HILL- 
ING.] To surround -with earth. 

Hill'i-ness, n. The state of being hilly. 

Hill'ock, n. A small hill. 

Hill'y, a. Abounding with hills. 

Hilt, n. [A.-S. hilt, hilte, helt, hielt, Icel. Malt, hilt, hialti, 
sword.] The handle of any thing, especially of a cutting 
instrument. 

HVlum, n. [Lat., a little thing, trifle.] (Bot.) The mark 
or scar of the point of attachment of an ovule or seed 
to its base. 

Him, pron. [A.-S.] The objective case of he. See He. 

Him-self, pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third 
person masculine pronoun he. 2. Having the command 
of himself; in his true character. 
By himself, alone; unaccompanied; sequestered. 

Hind, n. [A.-S. hind, hinde, Icel. hind, 0. H. Ger. hinda, 
hinta.] The female of the red deer or stag. 

Hind, n. [0. Eng. hyne, hine, A.-S. hhie, hina, with d 
suffixed.] A peasant ; a rustic ; a countryman ; a swain ; 
a boor ; or a husbandman"s servant. 

Hind, a. [compar. HINDER; superl. HINDMOST, or 
HINDERMOST.] [A.-S. hind, hindan, after, back, from 
hina, heona, hin, thither, hence.] Placed in the rear, 
and not in front. 

Hind'er, a. [compar. of hind. See HIND.] Of, or be- 
longing to, that part which is in the rear, or which fol- 
lows. 

Hin'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hindered; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HINDERING.] [A.-S. hindrian, from hinder, back, 
after, Goth, hindar.] 1. To prevent from moving for- 
ward. 2. To check or retard in progress or motion. 3. 
To embarrass ; to shut out. 

thwart 



Syn.— To stop ; interrupt ; counteract ; 
obstruct ; debar ; arrest ; impede ; delay. 



oppose 



Hin'der, v. i. To interpose or cause obstacles or im- 
pediments. 

HIn'der-ance, n. [Written also hindrance.'] 1. Act 
of impeding or restraining motion. 2. That which stops 
progression or advance ; obstruction. 

Syn. — Impediment ; obstacle ; difficulty ; restraint. 

HIn'der-er, n. One who, or that which, hinders. 

HInd'm55° St ' I a The superlative of Amrf. SeeHlND. 

HIn'doo, ) n. ; pi. hin'door or hin'dus. [Hind. Hin- 

Hin'dit, ) di, Hinduwi, Hindustani, "an Indian, from 
Hind, Hindustan, India.] A native inhabitant of Hin- 
dostan. 

Hin'dob-i§m, ) n. The doctrines, rites, or religious 

HIn'dvi-i§in, ) principles of the Hindoos. 

Hln'doo-stan'ee ?(112), a. Of, or pertaining to, the 

Hin'dii-staii'i j Hindoos or their language. 

HIn'dS b staS% e ' } n - The lan S ua S e of the Hindoos. 

Hln'drance, n. See Hinderance. 

Hinge, n. [0. H. Ger. ango, connected with hang, v., 
because the door hangs upon it.] 1. The hook or joint 
on which a door, gate, or lid, &c, turns. 2. That on 
which any thing depends or turns ; a governing princi- 
ple, rule, or point. 

Hinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hinged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hinging.] To furnish with hinges. 

Hinge, v. i. To stand, depend, or turn, as on a hinge. 

Hin'ny, n. [Lat. hinnv.s, Gr. LWos, twos, vvvos, yCvvos, 
mule.] The produce of a stallion and a she-ass ; a mule. 

Hint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HINTING.] [A.-S. hentan, to pursue, seize.] To bring 
to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion ; to al- 
lude to. 

Syn. — To suggest ; intimate ; insinuate ; imply. 

Hint, v. i. To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or 
allusion. 

To hint at, to allude to. 

Hint, n. A distant allusion ; slight mention ; intimation ; 
insinuation ; a suggestion. 




Hip, n. [A.-S. hype, hipe, Goth, hups.] 1. The lateral 
parts of the pelvis and the hip-joint, with the flesh cov- 
ering them ; the haunch. 2. (Arch.) The external angle 
formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof. 

To have on the hip, to have the advantage of. ICotloq. and 
obs.] — To smite hip and thigh, to defeat utterly. 

Hip, n. [A.-S. heap, hiop.] The fruit of the dog-rose. 

Hip'po-eamp, n. [Lat. hippocampus, Gr. iir-noK.aii.Tros, 
iTrTroic6.fj.Trr), from t7j-7ros, horse, and KafATneiv, to bend.] 
The sea-horse. 

Hip'po-cen'taur, n. [Lat. hippocentaurus, Gr. 177770- 
/ceVraupos, from 1777705, horse, and /ceVravpos, centaur, q. v.] 
(Myth.) A fabulous monster, half man and half horse. 

Hip'po-eras, n. [i. e., wine of Hippocrates ; — so called 
by the apothecaries because it is supposed to be made 
according to the prescription of Hippocrates.] (Med.) 
Wine with an infusion of spices and other ingredients, 
used as a cordial. 

HIp'po-drome, n. [Gr. i7777o8p6ju.o?, from 177770s, horse, 
and 6p6ju.os, course.] A circus, or place in which horse- 
races and chariot-races are performed. 

Hip'po-griff , n. [From Gr. 177770s, horse, and ypvxfi, 
griffin.] (Myth.) A fabulous animal or monster, half 
horse and half griffin ; a winged horse. 

Hip-poph'a-goiis, a. [Gr. (Wos, horse, and <f>ayelv, 
to eat.] Feeding on horses. [horses. 

Hip-poph'a-gy, n. The act or practice of feeding on 

Hip'po-pot'a-miis, n. ; 
Eng. pi. HIP'PO-POT'A- 
MUS-ES; lidX.pl.HIP'PO- 
POT'A-MI. [Lat. hippo- 
potamus, Gr. i77770770Ta.jU.OS, 

from 177770s, horse, and 770- 
rap-os, river.] (Zobl.) A 
pachydermatous mammal of Hippopotamus. 

Africa, allied to the hog, having a very large muzzle, 
small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, short legs, 
a short tail, and skin without hair, except at the ex- 
tremity of the tail. [sides. 

Hip'-rdbf , n. A roof having sloping ends and sloping 

Hip'shot, a. Having one hip lower than the other. 

Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HIRING.] [A.-S. hyrian, hyr, hire, wage.] 1. To pro- 
cure from another person, and for temporary use, for a 
compensation. 2. To contract with for wages. 3. To 
bribe. 4. To grant the temporary use of, for compen- 
sation ; to let ; to lease ; — usually with out . 

Hire, n. 1. Price, reward, or compensation for the tem- 
porary use of any thing. 2. Recompense for personal 
service. 3» A bribe. 

Syn. — Wages ; salary ; stipend ; allowance ; pay. 

Hlre'ling, n. One who is hired ; a mercenary ; a prosti- 
tute. 

Hire'ling, a. Serving for wages ; venal ; mercenary. 

Hir'er, n. One who hires. 

Hir-su.te', a. [Lat. hirsutus, from hirsus, a variation of 
hirtus, hairy, shaggy.] Rough with hair ; set with 
bristles ; hairy ; shaggy. 

Hir-siite'iiess, n. Hairiness. 

Hi§,prow. [A.-S. his, or hys.] 1. Of him; the possessive 
of he ; — formerly used as the possessive of it, for its. 2. 
Belonging or pertaining to a male person. 
Of his, still used as an equivalent for of him. 

His-pan'i-£l§m, n. A Spanish phrase or idiom. 

His'pid, a. [Lat. hispidus.] Rough with bristles or 
minute spines ; bristly. 

Hiss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HISSED (hist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HISSING.] [A.-S. hysian.] 1. To make a sound like 
that of the letter s, especially in contempt or disapproba- 
tion. 2. To make a like sound, as a goose or serpent 
does, or as water thrown on hot metal, or steam escaping 
through a narrow orifice. 3. To glide with a whizzing 
noise. 

Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn by hissing. 2. To procure 
hisses or disgrace for. 

Hiss, n. 1. The sound made in pronouncing the letter 
s, especially as a mark of disapprobation or contempt. 
2. Any sound resembling this ; as, (a.) The noise made 
by a serpent, (b.) The note of a goose when irritated, 
(c.) The noise made by escaping steam, by water falling 
on hot metal, &c. 

Hiss'ing, n. 1. A hiss. 6 2. Occasion of contempt ; ob- 
ject of scorn and derision. [commanding silence. 

Hist, inter] '. [Cf. Whist.] Hush; be silent; — a word 

His-t51'o-gy , n. [Gr. to-ros, tissue, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
The science which treats of the minute structure of the 
tissues of plants, animals, &c. 



„c.,lonpr 



g; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do.wolft 



HISTORIAN 



349 



HODIERNAL 



His-to'ri-an, «. A writer or compiler of history ; a 
chronicler ; an annalist. 

His-tor'le, I a» 1. Containing history. 2. Pertain- 

His-tor'ie-al, j ing to history. 3. Contained or ex- 
hibited in history. 4:. Deduced from history. 5. Repre- 
senting history. 

Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents 
the events of history with a scrupulous regard to time, place, 
and accessories, and at the same time with a proper exercise of 
imaginative art. — The historic sense, the capacity vividly to 
conceive and represent the unity of a past era or age. 

His-tor'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of history ; ac- 
cording to history ; by way of narration. 

His-to'ri-Sg'ra'pher, n. [Lat. historiographus, Gr. 
i<rropioyp6.(pos, from tcrropta, history, and ypd<f>eiV, to 
write.] An historian ; a writer of history ; especially , an 
officer employed to write the history of a prince or state. 

His-to'riog'ra-phy, n. The art or employment of an 
historian or historiographer. 

His'to-ry, n. [Lat historic/,, Gr. ia-ropCa, from lo-Topetv, 
to learn or know by inquiry, from eifieVai, to know.] 1. 
A written statement of what is known ; a record ; a 
description. 2. A narrative of events ; a true story ; a 
statement of the progress of a nation or an institution, 
with philosophical inquiries respecting effects and causes. 
Natural kistory, a description and classification of objects in 
nature, as minerals, plants, animals, &c., and the phenomena 
which they exhibit to the senses. 

Syn. — Chronicle ; annals ; relation ; narration. — History 
is a methodical record of the important events which concern 
a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the con- 
nection of causes and effects. A chronicle is a record of such 
events, when it conforms to the order of time as its distinctive 
feature. Annals are a chronicle divided out into distinct years. 

His'tri-on'ie. ) a. [Lat. histrionicus, from histrio, a 

His'tri-on'ie-al, j player.] Pertaining to a stage- 
player, or to stage-playing ; theatrical ; pantomimic. 

His'tri-on'ie-al-ly, adv. Theatrically. 

Hit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HIT ; p. pr. & vb. n. hitting.] 
[Icel. hitta, to hit, find; A.-S. hettan, hetian, to pursue, 
drive, 0. H. Ger. hezan, orig. to make to hate, from hazcn, 
Goth. Iiatan, A.-S. hatian.] 1. To reach with a stroke 
or blow ; especially, to reach or touch an object aimed at, 
as a mark, usually with force. 2. To reach or attain 
exactly ; to accord with ; to suit. 

To hit off, to describe with hits or characteristic strokes. 

Hit, v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact ; to strike. 2. 
To succeed in an attempt. 

To hit on, or upon, to light upon i to come to by chance. 

Hit, n. 1. A collision ; the stroke or blow that touches 
any thing ; — often with implied luck or chance. 2. A 
peculiarly apt expression or turn of thought. 

Hitch., v. i. [Cf. Scot, hitch, a motion by a jerk, and 
Prov. Ger. hilcsen, for hinken, to limp, hobble, H. Ger. 
haken, hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught by a 
hook, or as by a hook. 2. To move spasmodically or by 
jerks, as if caught on a hook. 3. To fidget ; to move. 

Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HITCHED (hitcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. hitching.] To hook ; to catch or fasten as by a 
hook. 

Hitch., n. 1. A catch ; any thing that holds, as a hook. 
2. Act of catching, as on a hook, &c. 3. A sudden 
halt in walking or moving. 4. (Naut.) A knot or noose 
in a rope for fastening it to a ring or other object. 

Hith'er, adv. [A.-S. hidher, Goth, hidre, Icel. hedhar> 
hedhra.] To this place. 

Hith'er, a. Being on the side or direction toward tha 
person speaking ; nearer. 

Hith'er-tp/, adv. 1. To this place, 2. Up to this time ; 
as yet ; until now. [hither. 

Hith'er-ward, adv. This way ; toward this place ; 

Hive, n. [A.-S. hyfe, hive, hiw, family, Goth, heiva, 
family, house, 0. H. Ger. Aiwa, family, marriage.] 1. 
A box or chest, for the reception of a swarm of honey- 
bees. 2. A swarm of bees. 3. A company ; a crowd. 

Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hived ; p. pr. & vb. n. HIV- 
ING.] 1. To collect into a hive ; to cause to enter a 
hive. 2. To collect and lay up in store. 

Hive, v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together. 

Hiv'er, n. One who collects bees into a hive. 

Hiveg, n. [Scot., allied to heave, q. v.] {Med.) (a.) A 
disease ; the croup, (b.) An eruptive disease, allied to the 
chicken-pox. 

Ho, ) interj. [Ger. & Fr. ho. Cf. Lat. eho, ohe, oho.] 

Hoa, J 1. Halloo ! oho ! oh ! attend ! — a call to excite 
attention, or to give notice of approach. 2. [Perhaps 
corrupted from hold. Cf., however, Fr. hau, houoi, stop !] 
Stop ! stand still ! hold ! — a word used by teamsters in 
stopping their teams. 



Hoar, a. [A.-S. har, hoar, hoary, gray.] 1. White, or 
grayish-white. 2. Gray or white with age ; hoary. 

Hoard, n. '[A.-S. hord, heord, Icel. hodd, hddd, Goth. 
huzd.\ A store, or large quantity of any thing laid up ; 
a hidden stock ; a treasure. 

Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoarded ; p. pr. & vb. n, 
hoarding.] To collect and lay up ; to store secretly. 

Hoard, v. i. To collect and form a hoard ; to lay up a 
store. 

Hoard'er, n. One who hoards. [gelation of dew. 

Hoar'-frost, n. The white particles formed by the con- 

Hoar'hound, n. [Also written horehound ; A.-S. hune, 
harahune, from har, hoar, gray.] A plant which has a 
bitter taste, and is a weak tonic. 

Hoar'i-ness, n. State of being hoary, whitish, or gray. 

Hoarse, a. [compar. hoarser, superl. hoarsest.] [0. 
H. haersch, N. D. heesch.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, 
grating voice, as when affected with a cold. 2. Rough ; 
discordant. 

Hoarse'ly, adv. With a rough, harsh sound. 

Hoarse'ness, n. Harshness or roughness of voice or 
sound ; unnatural asperity of voice ; raucity. 

Hoar'y, a. [See Hoar.] 1. White or whitish. 2. 
White or gray with age ; hoar. 3. (Bot.) Covered with 
short, dense, grayish-white hairs. 

Hoax, n. [A.-S. hues, hux, husc, hoh, hoc, mockery, con- 
tempt, or contr. from hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A trick 
played off in sport ; a practical joke. 

Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoaxed (hokst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hoaxing.] To play a trick upon for sport, or with- 
out malice. 

Hob, n. [Cf. Ger. hub, a heaving, lifting, W. hob, any 
thing which can rise or swell out.] 1. The nave of a 
wheel. [See Hub.] 2. The flat part of a grate at the 
side, where things are placed to be kept warm. 

Hob'ble (hob'bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. hobbled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. hobbling,] [Dim. of hop, q. v.] 1. To walk 
lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg ; to limp. 2. To move 
roughly or irregularly. 

Hob'ble, v . t. To hopple ; to clog. [perplexity. 

Hob'ble, ra. 1. An unequal, halting gait. 2. Difficulty ; 

Hob'ble-de-hoy', 1 n. [See Hobble.] A stripling. 

Hob'ble-te-hoy', j (Colloq.) 

Hob'bler, n. One who hobbles. 

Hob'bly , a. Full of holes ; rough ; uneven ; hubby ; — 
said of a road. 

Hdb'by, ) n. [Dan. hoppe, a mare, perhaps al- 

HSb'by-hdrse, j lied to Gr. imroff.] 1. A strong, ac- 
tive horse, of a middle size ; a nag. 2. A stick on which 
boys ride. 3. A subject or plan upon which one is con- 
stantly setting off ; a favorite theme of discourse, thought, 
or effort. 

Hob'gob-lin, n. [See Hob and Goblin.] A fairy ; a 
frightful apparition ; an imp. 

Hob'nail, n. [Ger. hufnagel, hoof-nail.] 1. A thick- 
headed nail for shoes. 2. A clownish person. 

Hob'nob, adv. [A.-S. habban, to have, and nabban, to 
have not, from ne, not, and habban, to have.] Take or 
not take ; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. 

Hob'nob, v. i. To drink familiarly. 

Hob'son'g Choice. A choice without an alternative ; 
the thing offered or nothing. 

rag?* This expression is said to have had its origin in the name 
of one Hobson, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and 
obliged every customer to take in his turn the horse which 
stood next the stable-door. 

Hock, n. See Hough. 

Hock, v. t. To hamstring ; to hough. 

Hock, n. [From Hochheim, in Germany.] Alight-yellow, 
ish Rhenish wine, which is either sparkling or still. 

Hock'ey, n. A game at ball played with a club curved 
at the bottom. 

Ho'cus, v. t. To deceive or cheat ; to adulterate. 

Ho'cus, n. One who cheats or deceives. 

Ho'cus-po'cus, n. [D. hokus bokus, 0. Ger. okes boks, 
ockes bockes. According to Turner, from Ochus Bochus, 
a magician and demon of the northern mythology ; ac- 
cording to Tillotson, a corruption of hoc est corpus, ut- 
tered by Romish priests on the elevation of the host.] A 
juggler; a juggler's trick. 

Ho'eus-po'-eus, v. t. To cheat. 

Hod, n. [Fr. hotte, a basket for the back, Prov. Ger. 
hotte, huttc, id.] 1. A kind of tray for carrying mortar 
and brick. 2. A coal-scuttle. 

HSdge'-p5dge. n. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake, 
and'^o^, pot.] A mixed mass ; a medley of ingredients. 
[ Colloq.] 

Ho'dl-er'nal, a. [Lat. hodiemus, from hodie, to-day, 



food, foot ; firn, r^de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



HODMAN 



350 



HOLY 



contracted from hoc die, on this day.] Of this day ; be- 
longing to the present day. [Rare.] 

Hod/man, n. ; pi. hod'men. A man who carries a 
hod ; a mason's tender. 

Hoe (ho), n. [0. Fr. hoe, 0. H. Ger. houwa, howa.] An 
instrument for cutting up weeds and loosening the earth. 

Hoe,v. t. [imp. & p.p. hoed ; p. pr. & vb. n. hoe- 

# ING.] To cut, dig, scrape, or clean with a hoe ; also, to 
clear from weeds, or to loosen the earth about, with a 

Hoe, v. i. To use a hoe ; to labor with a hoe. [hoe. 

Hoe'-eake, n. A coarse cake, of Indian meal, baked 
before the fire, and sometimes on a hoe ; a johnny-cake. 

Hog, n. [W. hvjch, swine, sow.] 1. (Zool.) A well- 
known domesticated animal, of gluttonous and filthy 
habits, kept for the fat and meat, called, respectively, 
lard and pork, which it furnishes; swine; porker; — 
specifically, a castrated boar. 2. A mean, filthy, or 
gluttonous fellow. [Low.] 

Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hogged ; p. pr. & vb. n. hog- 
ging.] To cut short the hair of. 

H5g, v. i. To become bent upward in the middle. 

Hog'gish, a. Having the qualities of a hog ; brutish ; 
gluttonous ; filthy ; mean ; selfish ; swinish. 

Hog'-herd, n. A keeper of swine. 

Hog'-pen, n. A pen or sty for hogs. 

Hogs/hgad. (hogz'hed), n. [Either so called from its 
form or make, or corrupted from D. okshoofd, Ger. ox- 
hoft, i. e. ox-head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, 
containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52J? imperial gallons. 
2. A large cask, of indefinite contents. [Amer.] 

Hog'sty, n. A pen or inclosure for hogs. 

Hoi'den (hoi'dn), n. [0. Eng., also hoydon, hoyd, ap- 
plied to youth of either sex ; also a leveret ; W. hoeden, 
flirt, wanton.] A rude, bold girl ; a romp. 

Hoi'den (hoi'dn), a. Rude ; bold ; inelegant ; rustic. 

Hoi'den-isli, a. Like, ov appropriate to, a hoiden. 

Hoist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoisted ; p. pr. & vb. it. 
HOISTING.] [0. Eng. hoise, D. hijzen, hijschen, Icel. 
hisa.] To raise; to lift; especially, to raise or lift up- 
wards by means of tackle. 

Hoist, n. 1. That by which any thing is hoisted. 2. 
The act of hoisting. [Colloq.] 3. (Naut.) The perpen- 
dicular height of a flag or sail. 

Hoi'ty-toi'ty, a. [From hoit (obs.), to caper.] Thought- 
less, giddy, flighty ; — used also as an exclamation, de- 
noting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of 
contempt. 

Hold (20), v. «. [imp. k,p.p. held ; p.pr. &,vb.n. hold- 
ing. Holden, p. p., is used in legal language.] [A.-S. 
healdan, Icel. hallda, 0. H. Ger. haltan, to hold, to keep.] 

1. To sustain ; to restrain ; to keep in the grasp ; to re- 
tain. 2. To maintain possession of, or authority over ; 
to keep ; to defend. 3. To be in possession of; to derive 
title to. 4. To impose restraint upon. 5. To keep up 
in being or action ; to carry on ; to continue. 6. To 
prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is 
the result of united action. 7. To contain, as a vessel, 
any thing put into it ; hence, to have capacity for. 8. 
To accept, as an opinion ; to maintain. 9. To consider ; 
to regard ; to account. 

To hold forth, to offer; to put forward.— To hold in, to re- 
strain; to curb.— To hold off, to keep at a distance.— To hold 
one's own, (a.) To keep good one's present condition. (6.^ 
(Naut.) To keep up; not to be left behind.— To hold out, (a.) 
To extend; to stretch forth. (&.) To continue to suffer; to en- 
dure. — 2b hold up, to raise; to lift. 
Hold, v. i. 1. To keep one's self in a given position or 
condition ; to remain fixed ; as, (a.) To halt ; to stop ; — 
mostly in the imperative, (b.) To remain unbroken or un- 
subdued, (c. ) To last ; to endure, (d. ) To be valid ; to con- 
tinue on being tested, (e.) To remain attached ; to cleave. 

2. To derive right or title. 

To hold, forth, to speak in public; to harangue. — To hold in, 
to restrain one's self.— To hold off, to keep at a distance.— To 
hold on, to continue; to go on.— To hold out, to last, to en- 
dure.— To hold over, to remain in office, possession, &c., beyond 
the regular term. — To hold to, or with, to take sides -with a 
person or an opinion. — To hold together, to remain in union. 
To hold up, (a.) To support one's self. (6.) To cease raining, 
(c.) To keep up; not to fall behind. 
Hold, n. 1. Act of holding ; manner of holding, whether 
firm or loose ; seizure ; grasp ; clasp ; gripe. 2. Authority 
or ground to take or keep ; claim. 3. Binding power and 
influence. 4. Something which may be seized for sup- 
port. 5. A place of confinement; a prison; confine- 
ment ; custody. 6. A fortified place ; a fort ; a castle. 
7, The interior cavity of a vessel in which the cargo. &c, 
is stowed. 8. (Mus.) A character [thus, ^] placed 
over or under a note or rest, and indicating that it is to 
be prolonged. 



Hold'haek, n. 1. Check ; hindrance ; restraint. 2. 
The iron or strap on the thill of a vehicle, to which a 
part of the harness is attached, in order to holdback the 
carriage when going down hill, &c. 

Hold'er, n. 1. One who holds, grasps, embraces, con- 
fines, restrains, believes, possesses, and the like. 2. 
Something by which a thing is held. 

Hold'-f ast, n. Something used to secure and hold in 
place something else, as a catch, a hook, &c. 

Hold'ing, n. 1. A tenure ; any thing that is held. 2. 
Hold ; influence ; power. 

Hole, n. [A.-S. hoi, from helan, to conceal, allied to Gr. 
koiAos, hollow.] 1. A hollow place or cavity. 2. An 
excavation in the ground, or a natural cavity inhabited 
by an animal ; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging. 

Syn. — Hollow : concavity; aperture; interstice; perfora- 
tion; excavation; pit; cave; den; cell. 

Hol'i-day, n. [holy and day.] 1. A consecrated day; 
a religious anniversary. 2. A day of exemption from 
labor. 

Hol'i-day, a. Pertaining to a festival ; gay. [tity. 

Ho'li-ly, adv. In a holy manner ; piously ; with sanc- 

Ho'li-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being holy ; free- 
dom from sin. 2. State of any thing consecrated to God. 
His Holiness, a title of the pope of Rome and also of Greek 
bishops. 

Syn. — Piety; devotion; godliness; religiousness; Banctity; 
Bacredness; righteousness. 

Hol'la, interj. Hollo. See Hollo. 

Hol'la, v . i. [imp. & p. p. hollaed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hollaing.] To hollo. See Hollo. [land. 

Hol'land, n. A kind of linen first manufactured in Hol- 

Hol'landg, n. Gin made in Holland. 

Hol'lo, ) interj. & n. [Fr. hold, from ho and Id, there, 

Hol'loa, j from Lat. iliac, that way, there.] Ho ; at- 
tend ; here. [to halloo. 

Hol'lo (hoPlo or hol-lo'), v. i. To call out or exclaim; 

Hol'low, a. [A.-S. hoi. See Hole.] 1. Containing 
an empty space, within a solid substance. 2. Rever- 
berated from a cavity, or resembling such a reverberated 
sound. 3. Not sincere or faithful. 

Syn. — Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; false; 
faithless; deceitful; hollow-hearted. 

Hol'low, n. 1. A cavity, natural or artificial ; a hole ; 
a cavern ; an excavation. 2. A low spot surrounded by 
elevations ; a concavity. 

Hol'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOLLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hollowing.] To make hollow ; to excavate. 

Hol'low, adv. So as to make hollow, or empty of re- 
sources, strength, and the like ; completely. 

Hol'low, interj. Hollo. See HOLLO. 

Hol'low, v. i. To shout ; to hollo. [sound and true. 

Hol'low-heart'ed, a. Insincere ; deceitful ; false ; not 

Hol'low-ness, n. The state of being hollow; cavity; 
excavation. 2. Insincerity ; deceitfulness. 

Hol'ly, n. [A.-S. holen, holegn, from W. celyn, celynen.] 

1. (Hot.) An evergreen tree or shrub having glossy green 
leaves, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about 
Michaelmas. 2. (Bot.) The holm oak, an evergreen oak. 

Hol'ly -hock, n. [A.-S. holihdc; hoc, hook, hdcleaf, 
mallows, hollyhock.] (Bot.) A plant bearing flowers of 
various colors ; — called also rose-mallow. 

Holm (horn), n. [From A.-S. holen, holly, as the holly is 
also called holm, and the leaves of one sort of the ever- 
green oak is called holly -leaved. (Bot.) The evergreen 
oak ; the ilex. 

Holm (horn), n. [A.-S. holm, Icel. hdlmi, allied to Russ. 
chohn, Slav, chlom, chlum, hill.} 1. An islet, or river isle. 

2 . A low, flat tract of rich land on the banks of a river. 
Hol'o-eaust, n. [Lat. holocaustum, Gr. oAoKavorov, 

from oAo?, whole, and /cowards, burnt, /catetv, to burn.] 
A burnt sacrifice or offering, the whole of which was 
consumed by fire. 

Hol'o-graph, n. [Gr. 6A6ypa<£os, wholly written, from 
oAos, whole, and ypd<f>eiv, to write.] Any writing, as a 
letter, deed, will, &c, wholly in the handwriting of the 
one from whom it proceeds. 

HoFo-graph'ie, a. Of the nature of a holograph; 
pertaining to holographs. 

Hol'ster (20), n. [From 0. H. Ger. hvlst, hulft, covering, 
saddle, Icel. hulstr, case, Goth, hulistr, covering, veil.] A 
leathern case for a pistol, carried by a horseman. 

Holt, n. [A.-S. holt, grove, wood, allied to Gael. & Ir. 
coil, coille, pi coillte, wood, W. eel, celt, shelter, covert.] 
A wood, or piece of woodland ; especially, a woody hill. 
[06s., except in poetry.] 

Ho'ly, a. [compar. HOLIER; superl. holiest.] [A.-S. 



a, e > &c.^o»^,a,g,&c.,5Aort/care,far,ask,all,wliat; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



HOLY-DAY 



351 



HONEY-COMB 



fuzlig, futile, hali, from hdl, halo, h'dlu, safety, salvation, 
from hal, sound, safe, whole.] 1. Set apart to the ser- 
vice or worship of God ; hahowed; sacred. 2. Acceptable 
to God ; hence, free from sinful affections ; pure ; irre- 
proachable ; guiltless. 

Holy office, the Inquisition. — Holy of holies {Script.), the in- 
nermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where 
the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high 
priest once a year. — Holy One, the Supreme Being; — so called 
by way of emphasis. —Holy Water (Gr.8i Bom. Cath. Cliurches), 
water 'which has been consecrated by the priest. — Holy week 
(Eccl), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our 
Savior is commemorated. — Holy Writ, the Sacred Scriptures. 

Ho'ly-day, n. 1. A religious festival. 2. A festival of 
any kind ; a holiday. [Rare.] 
E3= In the latter sense, holiday is the preferable spelling. 

Ho My- stone, n. (Naut.) A stone used by seamen for 
cleaning the decks of ships. 

Hom'age, n. [L. Lat. homagium, from Lafr. homo, a 
man, L. Lat. client, servant, vassal.] 1. (Feud. Law.) 
An acknowledgment made by a tenant to his lord, on re- 
ceiving investiture of fee, that he was his man, or vassal. 
2. Respect or reverential regard ; especially, respect paid 
by external action ; obeisance. 3. Reverential worship ; 
devout affection. 

Syn. — Fealty. — Homage was originally the act of a feudal 
tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be the 
man (homo) or bondsman of the lord ; hence the term is 
used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealty was 
originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence 
the term" denotes a faithful and solemn adherence to the obli- 
gations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our 
liomaqe to men of pre-eminent usefulness and virtue, and pro- 
fess oiir/eo Ity to the principles by which they have been guided. 

Home (20), n. [A.-S. ham, Icel. heimr, Goth, haims, al- 
lied to Gr. kcojutj, Lith. kaimas, village.] 1. The house 
in which one resides ; residence. 2. The place or coun- 
try in which one dwells ; and, also, all that pertains to a 
dwelling-place. 

To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar 
with it. 
Syn.— Tenement; house; dwelling; abode. 
Home, a. 1. Pertaining to one's dwelling, country, or 

family ; domestic. 2. Close ; severe. 
Home, adv. 1. To one's home or country. 2. Close ; 
closely ; to the point. 

To come home (Ndut.), to become loosened from the ground 
by the violence of the wind or current ; — said of an anchor. 

Home'-bred, a. 1. Bred at home ; native ; domestic. 

2. Rude ; uncultivated. 
Homeless, ff. Destitute of a home. 
Home'li-ness, n. 1. Plainness of features ; want of 

beauty. 2. Rudeness ; coarseness. 
Home'ly (20), a. [compar. homelier ; superl. HOME- 
LIEST.] [From home.] 1. Belonging to home ; domes- 
tic ; familiar. 2. Plain ; rude in appearance ; unpolished. 

3. Of plain features ; not handsome. 
Home'-made (109), a. Made at home ; of domestic 

manufacture. [opathy. 

Ho'me-o-path'i-e (110), a. Of, or pertaining to, home- 

Ho'me-Sp'a-thist, n. A believer in, or practitioner of, 
homeopathy. 

Ho'me-op'a-thy, n. [Gr. 6juoio7ra0eia, likeness of con- 
dition or feeling] (Med.) The theory and its practice 
that disease is cured by remedies which produce on a 
healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the 
complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies 
being usually administered in minute doses. 

Ho'mer, n. [Heb. khOmer, from khamar, to move to and 
fro, to swell.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid 
measure, seventj T -five wine gallons, and, as a dry meas- 
ure, eleven and one ninth bushels. 

Ho-mer'ie, a. Pertaining to Homer, the great poet of 
Greece, or to his poetry. [aration from home. 

Home'sick, a. Depressed in spirits, or grieved at a sep- 

Home'sick-ness, n. A morbid and uncontrollable 
sorrowing for home when absent. 

Home'spun, a. 1. Spun or wrought at home ; coarse; 
plain. 2. Plain in manner or style ; rude. 

Home'spun, n. Cloth made at home. 

Home'stead, «. 1. The inclosure or ground immedi- 
ately connected with a mansion. 2. The home or seat 
of a family. 3. (Law.) A person's dwelling-place, with 
that part of his landed property which is about and con- 
tiguous to it. 

Home'ward, adv. Toward home. 

Hdm'i-cl'dal, a. Pertaining to homicide ; murderous. 

H5m/i-plde, n. [Lat. homicidium, from homo, man, and 
csedere, to cut, kill.] 1. The killing of any human being 



by the act of man ; manslaughter. 2. A person who 
kills another ; a manslayer. 

H5m/i-let'i-e, I a. [Gr. o/xiAtji-ikos, from 6/aiA.eu', to 

Hom/i-let'i-e-al, J be together, to converse, 6ju.tA.os, an 
assembled crowd, ojuos, one and the same, common, and 
iAtj, crowd.] Pertaining to homiletics. 

Hdm/i-let'ies, n. sing. The science of preaching or 
of preparing and delivering homilies or sermons. 

Hom'i-list, n. One who preaches to a congregation. 

H6m'i-ly, n. [Gr. ojuiAia, communion, assembly, con- 
verse, sermon. See Homiletic] A plain and familiar 
sermon ; a serious discourse. 

Hom'i-ny, n. [Written also homony.] [From Indian 
auhuminea, parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, 
but coarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water 
and boiled. [Amer.] 

Hom'mock, n. [Probably an Indian word.] A hillock, 
or small eminence of a conical form. 

Ho'mo-cen'trie, a. [Gr. bfj.6>cevTpo<; ; 6ju.6s, one and the 
same, and /ceVrpov, center.] Having the same center. 

Ho'moe-op'a-thy, n. The same as Hobie opathy. 

Ho'mo-|e'ne-al, ) a. [Gr. ojuoyeiojs, from ojuos, the 

Ho'mo-ge'ne-oiis, j same, and ye'vos, race, kind, from 
yeveiv, to beget.] Of the same kind or nature ; consist- 
ing of elements of the like nature. 

Ho'mo-ge-ne'i-ty, ) n. Sameness of kind or na- 

Ho'mo-ge'ne-oiis-ness, j ture ; uniformity of struct- 
ure or material. 

Ho'moi-ou'gi-an, n. [Gr. ojuoiovo-ios, ojuoioovcrtos, of 
like substance, from ojuoios, like, and ovaia, substance, 
being, essence, from elvai, to be, p. pr. <i>v, oScm, 6v.] 
(Eccl. Hist.) One who held that the Son was of like, but 
not the same, essence with the Father. 

Ho-mol'o-goiis, a. [Gr. ojuoAoyos, agreeing, from ojuos, 
the same, and Aoyos, speech, discourse, proportion.] 
Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or 

Hom'o-ny, n. See Hominy, [structure. 

Hom'o-nym, n. [See infra.] A word having the same 
sound as another, but differing from it in meaning ; as 
the noun bear and the verb bear. 

Ho-mon'y-mous, a. [Gr. 6ju.cowju.os, from ojuos, the 
same, and oVojua, Folic bvvfxa, name.] Having different 
significations, or applied to different things ; equivocal ; 
ambiguous. 

Ho-mon'y-my, n. Sameness between words which differ 
in signification ; ambiguity. 

Ho'mo-ou'gi-an, n. [Gr. 6juoc.ven.os, from ojuos, the 
same, and ov at a, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a 
sect in the fourth century, who maintained that the Son 
had the same essence with the Father. 

Ho-mopli'o-noiis, a. [Gr. ojuocjWos, from ojuos, the 
same, and c6wvtj, sound, tone.] 1. Of the same pitch ; 
unisonous. 2. Expressing tbe same sound or letter with 
another. [in unison. 

Ho-moph'o-ny, n. 1. Sameness of sound. 2. Singing 

Hone, n. [A.-S. hanan, to stone ; probably allied to Gr. 
6.mvt\, whetstone, Syr. akana.} A stone of a fine grit, 
used for sharpening instruments. 

Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HONED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
honing.] To rub and sharpen on a hone. 

Hon'est (on'est), a. [Lat. honesties, from honos, honor, 
honor; as if furnished or clothed with honor.] 1. De- 
cent; honorable. 2. Fair ; good ; unimpeached. 3. Fair 
in dealing with others ; upright ; just. 4. Free from 
fraud; equitable. 5. According to truth. 6. Proceed- 
ing from pure or just principles, or directed to a good ob- 
ject. 7. Chaste; virtuous. 

Syn. — Trusty; faithful; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; 
unreserved. 

H5n'est-ly (5n'est-ly), adv. In an honest manner. 

Syn. — Justly ; fairly ; equitably ; faithfully ; truly ; up- 
rightly ; sincerely ; frankly. 

H5n'es-ty (on'es-ty), n. Quality or state of being hon- 
est ; upright disposition or conduct. 

Syn. — Integrity ; probity ; uprightness ; trustiness ; faith- 
fulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain deal- 
ing; veracity. 

Hon'ey (hQn'y), n. [A.-S. hiinig, 0. H. Ger. honic, 
honag.] 1. A sweet, thick fluid, collected by bees from 
flowers. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant, 3. Sweet 
one : darling. 

Hon'ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HONEYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
honeying-.] To use endearments; also, to practice 
servile flattery ; to fawn. 

Hon'ey, v. t.' To make luscious ; to sweeten, [in a bee. 

Hon'ey-bag (huVy-bag), n . The receptacle for honey 

Hon'ey-eomb (hun'y-kom), n. 1. A mass of cells, 
formed by bees, and used as repositories for their honey- 



food, fo'ot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag; e^ist, linger ; Halt ; this 



HONEY-DEW 



352 



HOPELESSNESS 



2. Any substance, perforated with cells like those of a 
honey-comb. 

Hon'ey-dew (hOn/y-du), n. 1. A sweet, saccharine 
substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants 
in small drops, like dew. 2. A kind of tobacco moistened 
with molasses. 

Hon'ey-guide (72), n. ( Ornith.) An African bird allied 
to the cuckoo, which, by its motions and cries, conducts 
persons to hives of wild honey. 

Hdn'ey-lo'-eust, n. (Bot.) A North American tree, 
having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. 

Hon'ey-moon, n. The first month after marriage. 

Hon'ey-suck'le, n. (Bot.) One of several species of 
flowering plants, much admired for their beauty, and 
some for their fragrance. 

Bong, n. [Chinese hang, or hong, a mercantile house, 
factory.] A large factory or mercantile house in Canton, 
where each nation has a separate department, which is 
likewise called hong. 

Hon'or (on/ur), n. [Lat. honor, honos.] 1. Esteem due 
or paid to worth ; — when said of the Supreme Being, 
reverence ; veneration. 2. That which rightfully attracts 
esteem, respect, or consideration ; — especially, excellence 
of character ; — and more particularly, in men, integrity ; 
in women, chastity. 3. A nice sense of what is right, 
just, and true, with a course of life correspondent thereto. 
4. Dignity ; high rank ; sometimes, reputation. 5. A 
mark of respect. 6. pi. Academic or university prizes 
or distinctions. 7. pi. ( Card-playing.) The four highest 
cards — the ace, king, queen, and jack. 

Honors of ivar (3fil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished 
enemy. — Law or code of honor, certain rules by which social 
intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion. — On one's 
honor, on the stake of one's reputation for integrity. — To do 
the honors, to show civility or attention to a guest. 

Hon'or (on'ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. honored ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. honoring.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, 
esteem, or respect, when said respecting the Supreme 
Being ; to adore ; to worship. 2. To dignify ; to elevate in 
rank or station. 3. ( Com.) To accept and pay when due. 

Hon'or-a-lble (on'ur-), a. 1. Worthy of honor ; estima- 
ble. 2. Actuated by principles of honor, or noble mo- 
tives. 3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause. 
4. Conferring honor. 5. Performed or accompanied with 
marks of honor. 6. An epithet of respect or distinction. 
7. Becoming men of rank and character. [orable. 

Hon'or-a-ble-ness (on'ur-), n. The state of being hon- 

H6n'or-a-My (on'ur-), adv. In a manner conferring, 
or consistent with honor. 

Syn. — Magnanimously ; generously ; nobly ; worthily ; 
justly i equitably ; fairly ; reputably. 

Hon 1 o-ra'ri-um, ) n. [Lat honorarium (sc. donnm,) 

Hon'or-ary (on'-), J from honorarius, honorary, from 
honor.] A fee offered to professors in universities, and to 
medical or other professional gentlemen. [Europe.] 

Hon'or-a-ry (oVur-a-ry), a. 1. Conferring honor, or 
intended merely to confer honor. 2. Possessing a title 
or place without performing services or receiving a re- 

Hon'or-er (on'ur-er,) n. One who honors. [ward. 

Hood, n. [A.-S. hdd, hat, Dan. hdtte, hood, cowl, from 
A.-S. hedan, 0. H. Ger. huotan, to heed, take care of. Cf. 
HAT.] 1. A covering for the head, or for the head and 
shoulders. 2. Any thing resembling a hood in form or 
uses ; as, (a.) The top or head of a carriage, (b.) A chim- 
ney-top, often movable on a pivot. 

Hood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hooded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hooding.] 1. To cover or furnish with a hood. 2. To 
cover ; to hide. 

Hobd'wink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoodwinked 
(-wtnkt) ; p. pr. & vb n. HOODWINKING.] [From hood 
and wink.] 1, To blind by covering the eyes. 2. To 
cover ; to hide. _3. To impose on. 

Hoof, n. ; pi. HOOFS, very rarely HOOVES- [A.-S. hof, 
Icel. hZfr, 0. H. Ger. huof.] 1. The horny substance that 
covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, 
oxen, sheep, goats, deer, &c. 2. An animal ; a beast. 

Hoof '-bound, a. (Far.) Having a dryness and con- 
traction of the hoof, occasioning pain and lameness. 

Hook (27), n. [A.-S. hoc, allied to hdcce, hook, crook.] 
1. Some hard material, bent into a curve for catching, 
holding, and sustaining any thing. 2. [W. hoc, a scythe.] 
A scythe or sickle. 

By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct 
or indirect. — On one's own hook, on one's own account or re- 
sponsibility. [Amer.] 

H6"bk, v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. hooked (hookt, 108); p.pr. 
& vb. n. HOOKING.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook ; 




Hookah. 



to seize or draw as with a hook. 2. To draw or obtain by 

artifice; to in snare. 3, To steal or rob. [Colloq.] 
Hook, v. i. To bend ; to be curved. 
Hobk'ah, n. A pipe. 
Hobk'ed (hdbk'ed or ho"bkt, 

60), a. 1. Having the form of 

a hook ; curvated. 2. Provided 

with a hook or hooks. 
Hdbk'ed-ness, n. State of 

being bent like a hook ; incur- 
vation . 
Hoop, or Hoop, n. [A.-S. 

hup.] 1. A ring of wood or 

metal, for holding together the 

staves of casks, &c. 2. Some- 
thing resembling a hoop ; any 

thing circular. 3. A circle, or 

combination of rings of whale- 
bone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding 

the skirts of ladies' dresses ; — chiefly in the plural. 4. A 

quart pot ; — so called because originally bound with 

hoops, like a barrel. 
Hoop, or Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOOPED (hdbpi) ; 

p.pr. & vb. n. HOOPING.] 1. To bind or fasten with 

hoops. 2. To clasp ; to encircle. 
Hoop, v. i. See WHOOP. 
Hoop'er, or Hobp'er, n. 1. One who hoops casks or 

tubs ; a cooper. 2. ( Ornith.) A wild swan, which utters 

a note like hoop. 
Hobp'ing-eough (-kawf), n. A cough in which the 

patient hoops, or whoops, with a deep inspiration of 

breath. [Written also ivhooping-cough.] 
Hobp'oe, I n. [Also whoop ; 
Hobp'ob, J so called from its 

cry.] (Ornith.) A bird, whose 

head is adorned with a beautiful 

crest, which it can erect or de- 
press at pleasure. It is found 

in Europe and Northern Africa. 
Hoop'-skirt (hoop 7 - or 

hobp 7 -), n. A frame-work of 

hoops for expanding the skirts 

of a lady's dress. 
Hdb'gier (hob'zher), n. [Either :!p 

from husher, because they were 

considered as bullies, or from 

their rough exclamation when 

one knocks at a door, " Who's yere? "] 

State of Indiana. [Amer.] 
Hoot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HOOTED; 

HOOTING.] [Prov. Fr. holder, hutier 

W. hwt, off ! off with it ! away !] 1. To cry out or shout 

in contempt. 2. To cry as an owl. 
Hoot, v. t. To utter contemptuous cries or shouts at. 
Hoot, n. A cry or shout in contempt. 
Hoove, U. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle 
Hov'en, J consisting in the' excessive inflation of the 

stomach by gas. 
HSp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HOPPED (hopt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

hopping.] [A.-S. hoppan, Icel. hoppa.] To leap or 

jump on one leg ; also, to skip, as birds do. 
Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg ; a leap ; a jump ; a spring. 

2. An informal dance ; also, any dance. [ Colloq.] 
Hop, n. [D. hop, hoppe, 0. H. Ger. hopfo, L. Lat. hupa, 

W. hopez.] (Bot.) A plant having a long, twining stalk. 

The aromatic flower-scales and fruit are largely used in 

brewing aud in medicine. 
Hop'-Tblnd, n. The stalk or vine on which hops grow. 
Hope (20), n. [A.-S. hopa.] 1 A desire of some good, 

accompanied with at least a slight expectation of obtain- 
ing it, or a belief that it is obtainable. 2. That which 

gives hope or furnishes ground of expectation. 3. That 

which is hoped for. 

Syn. — Confidence ; expectation ; anticipation ; trust ; be- 
lief. 
Hope, v. i. [imp. Sc p. p. HOPED (hopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. hoping.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope. 2. To 

place confidence. 
Hope, v. t. To desire with expectation, or with belief in 

the possibility or the prospect of obtaining. 
Hope'ful, a. 1. Full of hope. 2. Having qualities 

which e'xcite hope ; promising. [hope ; with hope. 

Hope'f ul-ly, adv. In a manner to excite or encourage 
Hope'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being hopeful. 
Hope'less, a. 1. Destitute of hope ; despairing. 2. 

Giving no ground of hope ; desperate. 3. Unhoped for ; 
Hope'le^s-ly, adv. Without hope. [unexpected. 

Hope'less-iiess, n. A state of being hopeless ; despair. 




Hoopoe. 

A citizen of the 

p. pr. & vb. n. 
to call, cry. Cf. 



e,&c, long; a,8,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



HOPPER 



353 



HORSE 



H5p'per, n. [See HOP.] 1. One who hops. 2. A 
wooden trough through which grain passes into a mill 
by jolting or shaking. 3. A vessel in which seed-corn is 
carried for sowing. 

Hop'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOPPLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hoppling.] [From hop. Cf. Hobble.] To tie the 
feet of loosely together, to prevent running or leaping. 

Hop'ple, n. A fetter for horses, or other animals, when 
turned out to graze. 

Hop'- scotch, n. A child's game, in which a stone is 
driven by the foot of the player from one compartment 
to another of a figure traced or scotched upon the 
ground. [to an hour, or to hours. 

Ho'ral, a. [Lat. horalis, hora, hour. See Hour.] Relating 

Ho'ra-ry, a. [L. Lat. horarius, from Lat hora, hour.] 
1. Pertaining to an hour ; noting the hours. 2. Oc- 
curring once an hour ; continuing an hour ; hourly. 

Horde, n. [From Turk. ordU, ordi, camp; Per. ordil, 
court, palace, camp, a horde of Tartars ; Hind. urdii, 
army, camp, market.] A wandering troop or gang; es- 
pecially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people possessing 
no fixed habitations. 

Hore'hound, n. See Hoarhound. 

Ho-rl'zon (118), n. [Gr. bpt.£u>v (sc. /akA.os),the bound- 
ing line, horizon ; from bpi^eiv, to bound, from opos, 
boundary, limit.] 1. The apparent junction of the 
■ earth and sky. 2. (Astron.) (a.) A plane passing through 
the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the verti- 
cal at a given place ; — called the sensible horizon, (b.) 
A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and 
passing through the earth's center ; — called also the ra- 
tional or celestial horizon. 

Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in 
a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level 
artificially. — Z)/> oft he horizon, the vertical angle contained 
between the visible horizon and the sensible horizon. 

Hor'i-zon'tal. a. 1. Pertaining to, or near, the hori- 

. zon. 2. Parallel to the horizon ; on a level. 3. Meas- 
ured or contained in a plane of the horizon. 

Hor'i-zSn'tal-ly, adv. In an horizontal direction or 
position ; on a level. 

H6rn, n. [A.-S. & Icel. horn, Goth, haurn, allied to W. 
corn, Lat. cornu, Gr. /cepas.] 1. A hard, projecting, and 
usually pointed organ, growing from the heads of certain 
animals, 2. Hence, something made of a horn, or re- 
sembling a horn in form, use, and the like; as, (a.) A 
wind instrument of music, (b.) A drinking-cup, or 
beaker, (c.) A utensil for holding powder. 3. Some- 
thing resembling a horn in position or projection. 4. 
The material of which horns are composed. 5 . ( Script.) 
A symbol of strength, power, exaltation. 6. An emblem 
of a cuckold ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

To draiv, pull, or haul in the horns, to repress one's ardor; to 
restrain one's pride; to withdraw from pretension ; to take back 



arrogant or boastful words; 
ior of a snail or some insects, 
alarmed. ■ 



to give the 



used in allusion to the behav- 
retracting the feelers when 
To take a horn, to take a drink. [Colloq and low.] 
Hdrn, v. t. 1. To furnish with horns 

shape of a horn to. 2. To cuckold. 
Horn'beam, n. [See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree having a 

smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being 

white and very hard. 
Horn'bill, n. (Ornith.) A large bird, 

found in Africa and Asia, having a 

large bill curving downward, on which 

is a process resembling another growing 

upward. 
Horn/blende, n. [Ger., from horn, 

horn, and blende, blende, q. v.] (Min.) 

A common mineral, occurring massive, 

or in prismatic crystals, and of various 

colors. It consists essentially of silica 

combined with magnesia, lime, or iron. 
Horn'-book, n. 1. A primer; — so 

called because formerly covered with 

horn to protect it. 2. Any elementary 

text-book ; a hand-book. 
Horned (hornd, 60), a. 1. Furnished with horns. 2. 

Shaped like a horn. 
Hor'net, n. [A.-S. hyrnet, hirnet, from hyrne, horn, 

horn; so called from its antennae or horns.] (Entom.) 

A large, strong wasp of a dark brown and yellow color. 
H6rn'-mad, a. Mad as one who has been horned or 

cuckolded ; hence, stark mad ; raving crazy. 
H6rn'-owl, n. ( Ornith.) A species of owl, so called 

from two tufts of feathers on its head. 
HSrn'pipe, n. [W. pib-gorn.] (Mus.) (a.) An instru- 
ment of music consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes, 

and a horn at each end. (b.) A lively air or tune, of 




Hornbill. 



compound triple time, (c.) A characteristic British 
dance. _ , [sembling flint, but more brittle. 

Horn'-stone, n. (Min.) A silicious stone closely re- 
Horn'worJk (-wurk), n. (Fort.) An outwork composed 
of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain. It is con- 
nected with the works in rear by long wings. 
Hdrn'y, a. [compar. HORNIER; superl. HORNIEST.] 

1. Consisting of horn or horns. 2. Composed of horn, 
or of a substance like horn. 3. Hard; callous. 

Ho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. oipa, hour, and ypacj>et.v, to de- 
scribe.] ' 1. An account of the hours. 2. Art of con- 
structing dials ; dialing. 

Hor'o-loge, n. [Lat. horologium , Gr. topoAoyiov, from 
oipa, hour, and Aeyeii', to say, tell.] A time-piece of any 
kind. ^ [horology. 

Hdr'o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to a horologe, or t* 

Ho-rol'o-glst, n. One versed in horology. 

Ho-rol'o-gy, n. [See Horologe.] The science oi 
measuring time. 

Ho-rom'e-try, n. [Gr. oipa, hour, and fxerpov, measure.] 
The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours 
and subordinate divisions. 

Hor'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. cbpoo-KoVos, observing hours or 
times, esp. observing the hour of birth, from tipa, hour, 
and o-koVos, observing.] (Astrol.) (a.) An observation of 
the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, by which 
the astrologer claimed to foretell the events of his life. 
(b.) The scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, 
into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided 
for the purposes of such prediction of fortune. 

Ho-ros'-eo-py, n. 1. Art or practice of predicting fu- 
ture events by the disposition of the stars and planets. 

2. Aspect of the stars at the time of birth. 
Hor'rent, a. [Lat. horrens, p. pr. of horrere, to bristle.] 

Standing erect, as bristles ; bristled. 

Hor'ri-ble, a. [Lat. horribilis. See supra.] Exciting, 
or tending to excite, horror. 

Syn. — Dreadful ; frightful ; fearful ; terrible ; awful ; ter- 
rific; shocking; hideous; horrid. 

Hor'ri-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being horrible. 

Hor'ri-bly, adv. In a manner to excite horror ; dread- 
fully ; terribly. 

Hor'rid, a. 1. Rough; ragged; bristling; prickly. 2. 
Fitted to excite horror ; hence, very offensive or disagree- 
able. 

Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; 
awful; terrific; terrible; horrible. 

Hor'rid-ly, adv. In a manner to excite horror ; dread- 
fully ; shockingly. 

Hor'rid-ness, n. Quality of being horrid ; hideousness. 

Hor-rif'i-e, a. [Lat. horrificus, from horror and/acere, to 
make.] _Causing horror ; frightful. 

H6r'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. horrified; p.pr. & vb. 
n. HORRIFYING.] To make horrible ; to strike with 
horror. 

Hor'ror, n. [Lat. horror, from horrere, to bristle, to 
shiver, to be dreadful.] 1. A shaking, shivering, or 
shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever. 2. 
A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence. 3» 
That which excites horror or dread. 
The horrors, delirium tremens. 

Hdrse, n. [A.- 
S. hors, for hros, 
Icel. & 0. H. 
Ger. hros. Cf. 
Skr. hresh, to 
neigh.] 1. (Zo- 
ol. ) A well- 
known hoofed 
quadruped 
used for 
draught or the 
saddle. 2. The 
male of the ge- 
nus horse, in 
distinction 
from the fe- 
rn ale . 3 . 
Mounted 




Horse. 

1, ears ; 2, forelock ; 3, forehead ; 4, eye ; 5, 

oi " eye-pits; 6, nose; 7, nostril ; 8, point of nose ; 



diery; cavalry ; 9, lips; 10, nether jaw; 11, cheek; 12, poll; 13, 
— used with- mane ; 14, withers ; 15, parotid glands ; 16, 
n „t ti, wi t„ throat; 17, neck ; 18, jugular vein ; 19, shoul- 
out tne pi. ter- der . g0 chegt . a ribg . g„ back; ^ loins . u 

mmation. 4. hip ; 25, flank ; 26, belly ; 27, haunch ; 28, thigh ; 
A frame with 29, buttock; 30, stifle; 31, leg; 32, tail; 33, hock 
legs used for or ham; 34, cannon or shank-bone; 35, arms; 
BiiniinrHnif36i knees; 37, passage for the girths; 38, el- 
supporrmg bow . 39i shank . ^"bullet; 41, pasterns ; 42, 
SO me t n in g. CO ronet; 43, foot; 44, hoof; 45, fetlock. 
5. (Mining.) 



food, idiot 



tirn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get 

23 



a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this; 



HORSE 



354 



HOTEL 



A mass of earthy matter inclosed between branches of a 
vein. 6. (Naut.) (a.) A foot-rope from the middle of a 
yard to its extremity, (b.) A thick rope near the mast 
for hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it. 

Horse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. horsed (horst); p. pr. & 
vb. n. HORSIJNG.J 1. To provide with a horse, or with 
horses. 2. To ride or sit on any thing astride. 3. To 
cover, as a mare ; — said of the male. 

Horse'baek, n. 1. The back of a horse. 2. State or 
condition of being mounted on the back of a horse. 

Horse'-bean, n. A kind of small bean usually given to 
horses. 

Horse'-bloclc, n. A block on which one steps in mount- 
ing and dismounting from a horse. 

H6rse'-fooat, n. 1. A boat for conveying horses over 
water. 2. A boat moved by horses. 

Horse'-break'er, n. One whose employment is to 
break horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. 

Horse'-- ear, n. A railroad car drawn by horses. 

Horse'-cliest/ivut (-ches'nut), n. [So called because 
the nut was formerly ground and given to horses.] 
(Bot.) A large nut, the fruit of a tree which was brought 
from Constantinople in the beginning of the 16th cen- 
tury, and is now common in the temperate zones of both 
hemispheres. 

Horse'-eloth, n. A cloth to cover a horse. 

Horse'-doe'tor, n. One whose business is to cure sick 
horses ; a farrier. [their blood. 

H6rse'-fly, n. A large fly that stings horses and sucks 

Horse'-guardg (-g'-irdz, 72), n. pi. (Mil.) A body of 
cavalry for guards. 

Horse'- hair, n. The hair of horses, especially that of 
the mane and tail. [of horses. 

Horse'-joclt'ey, n. A dealer in the purchase and sale 

Horse'-laugli ( -lUf ) , n. A loud, coarse, boisterous 
laugh. [veterinary surgeon. 

Horse '-leecli, n. 1. A large leech. 2. A farrier; a 

Horse'-lit'ter, n. A carriage hung on poles which are 
borne by and betsveen tsvo horses. 

Horse'- iraack'er-el, n. (Ichth.) A spiny, finned fish, 
about the size of the mackerel, distinguished by having 
a lateral line of larger keeled scales. 

Horse'man, n. : pi. horse'Men. 1. A rider on horse- 
back. 2. ( Mil. ) A mounted soldier. 

Horse'man-eliip, n. The act or art of riding, and of 
training and managing horses ; manege. 

Horse'-mar'ten, n. (Entom.) A kind of large bee. 

Horse'-niill, n. A mill turned by a horse. 

Horse'-play, n. Rough, rude play. 

H6rse'-pow'er, «. 1. The power which a horse is ca- 
pable of exerting. 2. (Mach.) A standard by which the 
capabilities of steam-engines and other prime-movers are 
measured ; estimated as 33,000 pounds raised one foot in 
a minute. 3. A machine operated by one or more 
horses. [in running. 

H6rse'-race, n. A race by horses ; a match of horses 

Horse'-ratl'i^li, n. (Bot.) A species of scurvy grass, 
having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when 
grated, as a condiment. 

Horse'-rake, n. A rake worked by horse-power. 

Horse'-raiFroad, n. A railroad running through the 
streets of a town or city, on which the cars are drawn by 
horses. 

Hdrse'slioe (-sh<7b), n. 1. An iron shoe for horses, in 
shape somewhat like the letter U. 2. Any thing shaped 
like a horseshoe. 

Horse'- way, ) n. A way or road in which horses may 

H6rse'-road, J travel. 

H6rse'wliip, n. A whip for driving or striking horses. 

Hdrse'wliip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. horsewhipped 
(-hwipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. HORSEWHIPPING.] To strike 
with a horsewhip. 

H6rse'wom-an. n.; pi. horse'wom-en (-wim-en). 
A woman" who rides on horseback. 

Hor-ta'tion, n. [Lat. h ortatio, from hortari, to incite, 
exhort.] The act of exhorting, or giving advice. 

Hor'ta-tive, a. Giving exhortation ; advisory. 

Hor'ta-tive, n. A precept ; exhortation. 

H6r'ta-to-ry (50), a. Giving exhortation or advice. 

Hdr'ti-eult'ur-al, a. Pertaining to horticulture, or the 
culture of gardens. 

Hor'ti-eult'ure (-kuhVyur, 53), n. [N. Lat. horticult- 
ural from hortus, garden, and cultura, culture, colere, to 
cultivate.] The art of cultivating gardens. 

Hdr'ti-eult'ur-i.ft, n. One who practices the art of 
cultivating gardens. 

Hdrt'u-lan, a. [Lat. hortulanus, from hortulus, dim. of 
hortus, garden.] Belonging to a garden. 



Hdr'tus St-e'-eus. [Lat., a dry garden.] A collection 
of specimens of plants, carefully dried and preserved ; an 
herbarium . 

Ho-gan'iia, n.; pi. HO-gAN'NAs. [Gr. ua-awa, from 
Heb. hQshidhnna, save now, save, we pray.] An excla- 
mation of praise to God. 

Hoge, n.; pi. HOSE, formerly HO'sen (ho'zn). [A.-S. 
hose, hose, 0. H. Ger. hosa, Icel. Iiosa, stocking, boot.] 

1. Close-fitting breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to 
the knee. 2. Stockings. 3. A flexible pipe for convey- 
ing water to extinguish fires. 

Ho'gier (ho'zher), n. One who deals in hose, or in goods 

knit or woven like hose. 
Ho'gier-y (ho'zher-y), n. 1. The business of a hosier 

2. Stockings in general. 

Hos'pice (hos'pees), n. [Fr., from Lat. hospitium, hos- 
pitality, from hospes, stranger, guest.] A place of refuge 
or entertainment for travelers among the Alps, kept by 
monks, who also occupy it as a convent. 

Hos'pi-ta-ble, a. [Lat. hospitalis, from hospes, guest.] 

1. Receiving and entertaining strangers without reward ; 
kind to strangers and guests. 2. Proceeding from or 
indicating kindness to guests. 

Hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In a hospitable manner. 

Hos'pi-tal (76), n. [From Lat. Itospitalis, relating to a 
guest, hospitalia, apartments for guests, from hospes, 
guest.] A building in which the sick or infirm are re- 
ceived and treated. 

HSs'pi-tal-er, n. 1. One residing in a hospital for the 
purpose of receiving the poor and strangers. 2. One of 
an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem, 
in A. D. 1042, for pilgrims. 

Hos'pi-tal'i-ty, n. The act or practice of one who is 
hospitable. 

Hos'po-dcir', n. [O. Slav. & Russ. gosvodarj, gospodj, 
gospodin, lord, master, allied to Gr. Seanorrig.] A title 
of a prince or Turkish governor in Moldavia and Walla- 
chia. / - 

Host, n. [Fr. hoste. from Lat. hospes, a stranger treated 
as a guest, a host.] One from whom another receives 
food, lodging, or entertainment ; a landlord. 

Host, ti. [Lat. hostis, enemy, L. Lat. army.] X. An 
army. 2. Any great number or multitude. 

Host, n. [Lat. hostia, sacrifice, victim, from hostire, to 
strike.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) The consecrated wafer, 
believed to be the body of Christ, which in mass is offered 
as a sacrifice. 

Hos'tage, n. [O. Fr. hostage, L. Lat. hostagium, hosta- 
ticum, as if contracted from a Lat. word obsidaticum, 
from obsidatus; obses, obsidis, hostage. J A person given 
as a pledge or security for the performance of conditions. 

HSs'tel, I n. [0. Fr. hostel, hostellerie, from Lat. hos- 

H6s'tel-ry. ) pitalis, hospitalia. See Hospital, and 
cf. HOTEL.] An inn. [Rare.] 

Host'ess, n. 1. A female host. 2. A female innkeeper. 

Hos'tile, a. [Lat. hostilis, from hostis, enemy.] Be- 
longing, or appropriate to, an enemy. 

Syn. — Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; adverse; opposite; 
contrary; repugnant. 

Hos'tile-ly (109), adv. In a hostile manner. 

Hos-til'i-ty, n. 1. State of being hostile. 2. An act 
of an open enemy ; especially, in the plural, acts of war- 
fare. 

Syn.— Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggres- 
sion. 

Hos'tler (hos'ler or cs'ler), n. [See Hostel.] 1. On© 
who has the care of horses at an inn. 2. A stable-boy ; a 
groom. 

Hot, a. [compar. HOTTER : superl. HOTTEST.] [A.-S. 
hat, Icel. heilr, O. H. Ger. heiz, allied to Gr. KaUiv, to 
burn.] 1. Having much sensible heat. 2. Character- 
ized by heat, ardor, or animation. 3. Lustful ; lewd. 
4. Acrid ; biting ; pungent. 

Syn. — Burning; fiery; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; 
brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious. 

Hot'-bed. n. 1. ( Gardening.) A bed of earth well ma- 
nured, and covered with glass, for raising early plants. 

2. A place which favors rapid development. 
Hot'-braincd, a. Ardent in temper ; violent ; rash. 
Hotcb'potch, n. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake. 

See Hodgepodge.] 1. A confused mixture of ingre- 
dients. 2. (Law.) A blending of property for equality 
of division. 

H6t'-eock/le§ (kok'lz), n. [Eng. hot and cockle ; cockle 
perhaps corrupted from knuckle.] A childish play, in 
which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him. 

Ho-teT, n. [Fr. hotel, for 0. Fr. hostel. See Hostel.] 



a,e,&c. ,long; a,e, &,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf, 



HOTEL-DE-VILLE 



355 



HUBBLE-BUBBLE 



An inn or public house ; especially, one of some style or 
pretensions. [town house. 

H6tel-de-ville (o-tel'du-veel), n. [Fr.] City hall or 

Hotel-Dteu (o-tel'deii'), n. [Fr.] A hospital. 

Hot'-head'ed, a. Of ardent passions ; vehement. 

HSt'-house, n. ; pi. hot'-hous-es. A house kept 
warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold 
air. 

Hot'ly, adv. 1. In a hot manner ; ardently ; vehe- 
mently ; violently. 2. Lustfully. 

Hot'ness, n. 1. Condition or quality of being hot. 2. 
Violence ; vehemence ; fury. 

Hot'-pr6ss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hot-pressed (-prest) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. HOT-PRESSING.] To press between hot 
plates for giving a smooth and glossy surface. 

Hot'spur, n. [hot and spur.] A man violent, passion- 
ate, rash, or precipitate. 

Hou'dah, n. See Howdah. 

Hough (hok), it. [A.-S. hOh, ho, the heel or the hough.] 

1. The joint on the hind leg of a quadruped, between 
the knee and fetlock. 2. The posterior part of the knee- 
joint in man. 

HSugh (hok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOUGHED : p. pr. & 

vb. n. HOUGHING.] To disable by cutting the sinews 

of the ham ; to hamstring. 
Hound, it. [A.-S. hand, Icel. hundr, Goth, hvnds, allied 

to Lat. cam's, Gr. kvwv, kvvos, Skr. gva, gen. gunas.] A 

dog used for hunting ; properly, one which hunts game 

by the scent. 
Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

HOUNDING.] 1. To incite, as a hound, to pursuit. 2. 

To hunt ; to chase. 3. To urge on, as by hounds ; to 

incite or spur on. 
Hour (our), n. [Lat\ hora, Gr. upa. a season, 

time of day, an hour.] 1. Sixty minutes. 

2. The time of the day, as indicated by a 
timepiece. 3. Fixed or appointed time ; 
conjuncture. 

Hour'-glass (our'glas), n. An instrument 
for measuring time, especially the interval 
of an hour, by the running of sand out of a 
glass vessel. 

Hour'-hand (our'-), n. The hand or index 
which shows the hour on a chronometer. 

Hour'i (hour'y), n. [Per. hxir'i, hhra, hhr, from Ar. htir, ! 
pi. of ahwar, beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.]. A nymph of 
paradise ; — so called by the Mohammedans. 

Hour'ly (our'ly), a. Happening or done every hour ; 
occurring hour by hour ; frequent : often repeated. 

Hour'ly (our'ly), adv. Every hour; frequently. 

Hour'-plate (our'plat), n. The dial of a timepiece. 

House, n. ; pi. houses.. [A.-S., Goth., Icel., & 0. H. ! 
Ger. hits.] 1. A building used as a habitation or shelter 
for animals of any kind ; especially, one for the habita- ' 
tion of man : a dwelling ; mansion ; tenement. 2. House- 
hold affairs; domestic concerns. 3. A household; a 
family. 4. A race of persons from the same stock ; a 
tribe ; especially, a noble or illustrious race. 5. A body 
of men united in their legislative capacity. 6. {Com.) 
A firm or commercial establishment. 7. (Astrol.) A 
twelfth part of the heavens. 8.- An inn ; a hotel. 

House of correction, a prison for the punishment of idle and 
disorderly persons, vagrants, trespassers, &c. — House of God, a 
temple or church. — Religious house, a monastery or convent. 
— To bring down the whole house, to draw forth a burst of ap- 
plause from a whole audience. 

Houge (houz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOUSED ; p. pr. & vb. 
ii. HOUSING.] To shelter: to protect by covering. 

Houge (houz), v. i. To take shelter or lodgiugs ; to abide ; 
to dwell. [a house. 

House'-break'er, n. One who feloniously breaks into 

House'-break'ing, n. The act of feloniously break- 
ing into a house. 

House'hold, n. Those who dwell under the same roof 
and compose a family. [domestic. 

House'hold. a. Belonging to the house and family ; 

House'hold-er, n. The master of a family. 

House'keep-er, n. 1. One who occupies a house with 
his family ; a householder. 2. A female servant who 
has the chief care of the family. 

House'keep-ing, n. 1. Care of domestic concerns. 
2. Hospitality ; a plentiful and hospitable table. 

House'leek, n. [See Leek] (Bot.) A succulent plant 
found very generally on old walls and roofs. 

House'less, a. Destitute of a house or habitation ; with- 
out shelter. 

House'maid, n. A female servant. 

House'-robm (28), n. Room or place in a house. 




House'- warm' in g, n. A feast or merry-making at 
the time a family enters a new house. 

House'wife (or hSz'wif), n. 1. The mistress of a fam- 
ily. 2. A little case or bag for materials used in sew- 
ing, &c. 

House'wif e-Iy ( or huz'wif-ly ), a. Pertaining to a house- 
wife, or to female management of home affairs ; like a 
housewife. 

House'wife-ry (huVwif-ry), n. The business of the 
mistress of a family ; female management of domestic 
concerns. 

Hous/ing, n. [From house, v. t.] 1. A saddle-cloth ; 
a horse-cloth. 2. The act of putting under shelter. 3. 
(Arch.) (a.) The space taken out of one solid, to admit 
the insertion of another. (6.) A niche for a statue. 4. 
( Mach.) (a. ) The part of the framing which holds a jour- 
nal-box in place, (b.) The uprights supporting the crosa- 
slide of a planer. 

Hove, imp. of heave. See Heave. 

Hov'el, n. [Cf. W. hogyl, hogl, hovel, shed, A.-S. hOf, 
palace, house, cave, den.] 1. An open shed for shelter- 
ing cattle, protecting produce, &c, from the weather. 
2. A small, mean house. 

Hov'el. v. t. [imp. &,p.p. hoveled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hoveling.] To put in a hovel ; to shelter. 

Hov'en (hoVn), a. Swelled or puffed out ; — applied 
mostly to cattle when distended with gas from eating too 
much green food. 

Hov'er (hav'er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. hovered ;p.pr.& 
vb. n. hovering.] [W. hqfiaiu hofiaw, to hang over, 
hover.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or upon the 
wing. 2. To move to and fro in the neighborhood of. 

How, adv. [A.-S. hit, hwU, prop, instrum. of tuna, u-h'dt, 
who, what, proa, interrog., Goth, hvaiva.] 1. In what 
manner or way ; by what means. 2. To what degree 
or extent ; in what proportion. 3. For what reason. 
4. in what state, condition, or plight. 

£©"■ How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjection- 
ally, and relatively; it is often employed by itself, as an inter- 
rogation, interjection, or exclamation. With a following that, 
it is superfluous, and no longer in good use. 

Moiv-ddj'i (hou-iij'y), n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. A mer- 
chant ; — so called in the East because merchants were 
formerly the chief travelers. 

How -he'it, conj. [Compounded of how, be, and it.] Be 
it as it may ; nevertheless ; noth withstanding ; yet j but; 
however. 

How'dah, n. [Hind. & Ar. haudah or haudadj.] A 
seat on the back of an elephant or camel, to ride in. 

How'el, n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing their 
work, especially the inside of a cask. 

How-ev'er, adv. 1. In whatever manner or degree. 
2. At all events ; at least. [still ; though. 

How-ev'er, conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; yet; 
Syn. — At least; nevertheless; y et. — However, signifies that 
in whatever way a truth or fact may be viewed, certain other 
facts are true, as " However, we shall perform our duty." At 
least, indicates the lowest estimate or concession, as, " This, 
at least, must be done." Nevertheless, denotes that though the 
concession be fully made, it has no effect on the question, as, 
'■ Nevertheless, we must go forward." Yet signifies that, admit- 
ting every thing supposed down to the present moment, the 
expeeted'eonsequence can not be drawn, as, " Though he slay 
nie, yet will I trust in him." 

How'itz-er (hou'its-er, 109), n. [Ger. haubitze.] (Mil.) 
A short, light cannon, having a chamber, intended to 
throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges. 

Howl, v.i. [imv. & p. p. HOWLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
howling.] [O.H. Ger. hiinvilon, Icel. yla, Lat. uhdare, 
Gr vAoV.] 1. To cry as a dog or wolf: to utter a loud, 
protracted, and mournful sound. 2. To utter a sound 
expressive of distress ; to wail. 3. To roar, as a tempest. 

HoavI, v. t. To utter or speak with outcry. 

Howl, n. The cry of a dog or wolf, or other like sound ; 
a loud, piercing cry of distress ; a yell. 

Howl'et, n. [Equivalent to owlet, diminutive of owl.] 
An owl ; an owlet. 

How'so-ev'er, adv. [Compounded of how, so, and ever.] 
In what manner soever ; to whatever degree : however. 

Hoy, n [D. heu, heude, hode, Ger. & Fr. heu.] (Naut.) 
A small coasting vessel for passengers and goods, usually 
rigged as a sloop. 

Hub, n. [See Hob.] 1. The central part or nave of a 
wheel. 2. The hilt of a weapon. 3. A projecting ob- 
struction. [Amer.] 4. A goal or mark at which quoits, 
&c, are cast. 5. A projection on a wheel for a pin. 

Hub'ble-buVble, n. A tobacco-pipe so arranged that 
the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling 
noise ; hence its name. 



food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull ; ceU, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get : a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



HUBBUB 



356 



HUMILIATION 



Hubbub, n. [Cf. Whoop, and Hoop.] A great noise 

of many confused voices ; a tumult ; uproar ; riot. 
Hiick'a-back, n. A kind of linen with raised figures on 

it, used for table-cloths and towels. 
Huck'le-backed (hiik/1-bakt), a. [Huckle, a dim. of 

Ger. hucke, the back.] Having round shoulders. 
Hiick'le-ber'ry (huM-), n. [Cf. Ger. puckelbeere, 

puckelbeere, pikelbeere, bickelbeere.] (Bot.) (a.) A low 

branching shrub, with very stiff and crooked branches, 

and producing a small, black, edible berry, of pleasant 

flavor, (b.) The fruit of this shrub, [written also 

whortleberry.] 
Huck'ster, n. [From Eng. huck, to haggle. Cf. Hawk, 

v.] 1. A retailer of small articles ; a peddler ; a hawker. 

2. A mean, trickish fellow. [bargains. 

Huck'ster, v. i. To deal in small articles, or in petty 
Hud'dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. huddled; p. pr. & vb. 

n. HUDDLING.] [Ger. hudeln, to bungle, 0. Ger. hudel, 

huddel, rag, trash.] To press or hurry in disorder ; to 

crowd. 
Hud'dle, v. t. 1. To hurry and slight. 2. To put on; 

to do in haste or roughly. 
Hud'dle, n. A crowd; tumult; confusion, [a bungler. 
Hud'dler, n. One who throws things into confusion ; 
Hu'di-bras'tie, a. Similar in manner to Hudibras, 

the hero of a burlesque poem ; hence, in the style of 

doggerel poetry. 
Hue, n. [A.-S. hiw, Mow, heow, appearance, form, color, 

Goth, hivi, shape, form, color.] Color ; tint ; dye. 
Hue, n. [Norm. Fr. hue, cry, clamor. Cf. Ahoy.] A 

shouting or vociferation. 

Hue and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which a felon was 
anciently pursued; m later usage, a written proclamation re- 
quiring all persons to aid in retaking him. 

Huff, n. [See infra.] 1. A fit of disappointment and 
anger. 2. A boaster. 

Huff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. huffed (huft, 108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HUFFING.] [A modification of 0. Eng. hoove, 
hove, equiv. to heave, q. v.] 1. To swell ; to puff up. 
2. To treat with insolence and arrogance ; to bully. 

Huff, v. i. 1. To dilate; to swell up. 2. To bluster; 
to storm. 

Huffish, a. Disposed to put on swelling, petulant, or 
bully ish airs ; arrogant. 

Huff 'isli-ness, n. Arrogance ; noisy bluster. 

Huffy, a. 1. Puffed up ; swelled. 2. Characterized by 
arrogance, bluster, or petulance. 

Hug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HUG- 
GING.] [A.-S. hogian, to meditate, think, Goth, hugjan, 
to think, Icel. huga, to think, care, hugga, to console, 
A.-S. hegan, hegian, to wall in. guard, hege, haga, hedge. 
See Hedge.] 1. To embrace closely; to clasp to the 
bosom. 2. To hold fast; to treat with fondness. 3. 
(Naut.) To keep close to. 

Hug, n. A close embrace ; a clasp or gripe. 

Huge, a. [compar. HUGER; superl. HUGEST.] [See 
High.] 1. "Very large or great ; monstrous , immense. 
2. Extended ; carried to a high degree. 

Syn. — Enormous ; gigantic ; colossal ; prodigious ; vast. 

Huge'ly, adv. Very greatly ; enormously ; immensely. 

Huge'ness, n. Enormous bulk or largeness. 

Hug'ger-miig'ger, n. [Prov. Eng. hugger, to lie in 
ambush, to lurk, mug, fog, muggard, sullen.] Privacy ; 
secrecy. [ C olio q. and low.] 

Hug'ger-mug'|er, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; close; 
sly. 2. Confused; disorderly ; mean ; contemptible. 

Hu'gue-not (hu'ge-not), n. [Fr., prop. dim. of Hugon, 
Hugo, and orig. a heretic and conspirator of this name.] 
(Eccl. Hist.) A French Protestant of the period of the 
religious wars in France in the sixteenth century. 

Hu'gue-not-Igm, n. The religion of the Huguenots in 
France. 

Hulk, n. [A.-S. hidce, a light, swift ship, hide, a cabin, 
cottage, den, 0. H. Ger. holcho, a swift ship, from Gr. 
6A.k<x9.] 1. The body of a ship or vessel ; especially the 
body of an old ship or vessel laid by as unfit for service. 
2. Any thing bulky or unwieldy. 

Hull, n. [A.-S. hide, hulu, the hard shell, hull, or crust 
of a thing, from Goth, huljan, to cover, 0. H. Ger. & 
A.-S. hclan, to conceal.] 1. The outer covering of any 
thing, particularly of a nut or of grain ; the husk. 2. 
(Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel. 

Hull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hulled ; p. pr. & vb. n. HULL- 
ING.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of. 
2. To pierce the hull of, as of a ship. 

Hull-gull', n. A play or game of children. 

Hum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hummed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



HUMMING.] [Ger. hummen, humsen, D. hommelen.] 1. 
To make a dull, prolonged, nasal sound, like that of a bee 
in flight ; to drone ; to murmur ; to buzz. 2. To make 
as if speaking, but without opening the mouth, or arti- 
culating ; to mumble. 

Hum, v. t. To sing with shut mouth ; to murmur with- 
out articulation. 

Hum, n. 1. The noise of bees in flight, of a swiftly re- 
volving top, of a whirling wheel, or the like. 2. Any 
inarticulate and buzzing sound. 3. An imposition or 
hoax. 

Hum, inter j. [Cf. Hem.] Ahem ; hem ; a sound with a 
pause implying doubt and deliberation. See HEM. 

Hu'man, a. [Lat. humanus, from homo, man.] Belong- 
ing to man or mankind ; having the qualities or attri- 
butes_of man. 

Humane', a. [Lat. humanus. See HUMAN.] 1 . Per- 
taining to man ; human. [ Obs.] 2. Having the feelings 
and dispositions proper to man, and a disposition to treat 
other human beings or animals with kindness. 

Syn. — Kind ; sympathizing ; benevolent ; mild ; compas- 
sionate; tendor; merciful. 

Hu-mane'ly, adv. In a humane manner ; kindly. 
Hu-mane'ness (109), n. The quality of being humane ; 

tenderness. 
Hii'man-Ist, n. 1. One who pursues the study of the 

humanities or polite literature. 2. One versed in the 
knowledge of human nature. 

Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds that Jesus Christ 
was merely a man. 

Hu-mau'i-ta'ri-an, a. Pertaining to humanitarians. 

Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an-igm, n. The doctrine of the hu- 
manitarians. 

Hu-man'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being human. 2. Man- 
kind collectively. 3- The quality of being humane; 
kindness ; benevolence. 4. Mental cultivation ; liberal 
education. 5. pi. The branches of polite or elegant 
learning ; belles-lettres. 

Hu'man-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. humanized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. HUMANIZING ] To render human or humane. 

Hu'rnan-ize, v. i. To become or be made more humane ; 
to become civilized ; to be ameliorated. 

Hii'man-ly, adv. In a human manner ; after the man- 
ner of men. 

Hum/Me (76), a. [compar. HUMBLER: superl. hum- 
blest.] [From Lat. humilis, on the ground, low, from 
humus, the earth, ground.] 1. Low; unpretending; 
mean. 2. Thinking lowly of one's self; not proud, ar- 
rogant, or assuming ; modest ; lowly ; meek. 

To cat humble pie, to take up with mean fare, and hence, to 
submit tamely to insult or iniury; — said to be derived from pie 
made of the entrails or Jiumbles of a deer. See Humbles. 

Hum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMBLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HUMBLING.] 1. To bring low ; to reduce the power, 
independence, or exaltation of ; to bring down. 2. To 
make humble or lowly in mind ; to abase the pride of. 

Syn. — To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; disgrace; de- 
grade; sink. 

Hiim'ble-bee, n. [Prob. from hum, q. v. Cf. Bumble- 
bee.] (Entom.) A large, hairy bee, of a black color, 
with bands of yellow or orange ; a bumblebee. 

Hum'ble-ness, n. State of being or feeling humble. 

Hiim'bler, n. One who, or that which, humbles. 

Hum'bleg (-biz), n. pi. [See Umbles and Nombles.] 
Entrails of a deer. 

Hum'bly, adv. In a humble manner ; with humility. 

Hum'bug, n. [Probably from hum, to impose on, de- 
ceive, and bug, a frightful object, bugbear.] [ Colloq.] 1. 
A piece of trickery ; a hoax. 2. Trickishness. 3. One 
who deceives or hoaxes. 

Hum'bug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMBUGGED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. humbugging.] To deceive ; to impose on ; to 
cajole; to hoax. [Colloq.] 

Hum'bug-ger-y, n. The practice of imposition. 

Hum'drum, a. [Probably from hum and drum, for 
drone, q. v ] Dull ; stupid. 

Hu'mer-al, a. [Lat. humerus, the shoulder.] Belong- 
ing to the shoulder. 

Hu'mid, a. [Lat. humidus, from humere, to be moist.] 
Containing sensible moisture ; damp ; moist. 

Hu-mid'i-ty, n. Moisture ; dampness. 

Hu-mil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMILIATED : p. pr. 
& vb. n. HUBHLIATING.] [Lat. humiliare, humiliatum. 
See Humble.] To reduce to a lower position ; to 
humble ; to depress ; to abase. 

Hu-mlFi-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of humiliating or humbling ; 
abasement of pride ; mortification. 2. State of being 
humiliated. 



9,,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



HUMILITY 



357 



HURRY 



JIu-mil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being humble ; low- 
" mind. 




Humming-bird. 



Syn.— Modesty ; diffidence. — Diffidence is a distrust of 
one's powers, and, as it may be carried too far, is not always 
(like modesty and humility) a virtue; modesty, without sup- 
posing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves 
forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own 
powers; humility consists in rating our claims low, in being 
willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might 
be our due. It does not require us to underrate ourselves. Ihe 
humility of our Savior was perfect, and yet he had a true sense 
of his own greatness. 

Hum'mer,n. One who hums ; an applauder. 

Huin'ming-bird, n. ( Ornith.) 
A very small bird remarkable for 
tbe metallic brilliancy of its plu- 
mage, and for tbe swift motion 
and noise of its wings in flight. 

Hum/mock, n. [Prob. an Ind. 
word.] 1. A rounded knoll or 
hillock, 2. A ridge or pile of ice 
on an ice-field. 3. Timbered 
land. [Florida.] 

Hii'mor (or yu'mur, 76), n. [Lat., from humere, to be 
moist, allied to Gr. x^M-os, liquid, juice.] 1. Moisture ; 
especially, tbe moisture or fluids of animal bodies. 2. 
{Med.) {a.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as 
often causes an eruption on the skin, (b.) An eruptive 
affection of the skin ; a rash. 3. State of mind (for- 
merly fancied to depend on tbe condition of tbe fluids of 
the body) ; disposition ; temper. 4. pi. Changing and 
uncertain states of mind. 5. That quality of the im- 
agination which tends to excite laughter or mirth by 
ludicrous images or representations. 

Syn. — Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; 
frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit. 

Hii'mor {or yi]/mur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMORED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. HUMORING.] 1. To comply with the hu- 
mor of; to indulge by gentle and skillful adaptation. 2. 
To help on by indulgence. 

Syn. — To gratify; indulge; favor. See Gratify. 

Hu'mor-al {or yu/mur-al), a. Pertaining to, or proceed- 
ing from, the humors. 

HCi'mor-al-igm {or yu/mur-al-izm), n. 1. State of be- 
ing humoral. 2. The doctrine that diseases have their 
seat in the humors or fluids of the body. 

Hu'mor-igm {or yu/mur-Izm), n. 1. {Med.) Humor - 



2. Humorousness. 

Hii'mor-ist {or yu/mur-ist), n. 1. One who attributes 
diseases to the diseased state of the humors. 2. One 
who has some strong peculiarity of character, which he 
indulges in ways that are odd or whimsical. 3. One who 
has a playful fancy or genius ; also, a wag ; a droll. 

Hii'mor-ous (or yu/mur-us), a. 1. Subject to be gov- 
erned by humor or caprice. 2. Full of humor ; exciting 
laughter. 

Syn. —Jocose; jocular; playful; witty; pleasant; merry; 
capricious; whimsical. 

Hu/mor-oiis-ly {or yu/mur-us-ly), adv. In a humorous 
manner ; capriciously ; jocosely. 

Hu'mor-oiis-ness (or yu'mur-), n. State or quality of 
being humorous. 

Hu'mor-some (or yu'mur-), a. Influenced by humor. 

Hump, n. [Prob. allied to Lat. umbo, any convex eleva- 
tion, boss of a shield.] A protuberance ; a bunch ; es- 
pecially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back ; a 
hunch. 

Hiimp'back, n. 1. A crooked back ; a hunchback. 
2. A humpbacked person. 

Jlu'tmis, n. [Lat., earth, ground, soil.] A pulverulent 
brown substance formed by the action of air on solid 
animal or vegetable matter. 

Hunch. (66), n. [Ger. hucke, hoclce, back, bunch, heap, 
with an n inserted. Cf. Bunch and Hump.] 1. A 
hump ; a protuberance. 2. A thick piece ; a hunk. 3. 
A push or jerk with the fist or elbow. 

Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hunched (huncht); p. pr. 
& vb. n. HUNCHING.] 1. To push with the elbow or 
with a sudden jerk. 2. To crook, as the back. 

Huneh'back, n. A humpback. 

Hun'dred, n. [A.-S. hund, hundred, hundred, century, 

0. H. Ger. hunt, huntari, hundert, Goth, hund, allied to 
Lat. centum, Gr. cko-top, Skr. catam, Per. szad, Ir. cead.] 

1. The number of ten times ten. 2. A division or part 
of a county in England, supposed to have originally con- 
tained a hundred families, or freemen. 

Hundred-weight, a denomination of weight, usually denoted 



by cwt., containing 112 pounds avoirdupois, according to the 
usual legal standard. But often in practice, and sometimes by 
legislative enactment, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois. 

Hiin'dred, a. Ten times ten; ninety and ten. 

Hun'dredth (108), a. 1. Next following in order the 
ninety-ninth. 2. Forming one of a hundred parts into 
which anything is divided. 

Hun'dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into 
which one whole is, or may be, divided. 

Hung, imp. & p. p. of hang. See HANG. 

Hiing'-beef , n. The fleshy part of beef slightly salted 
and hung up to dry ; dried beef. 

Hun'ger, n. [A.-S. hungur, hunger, Goth, huhrus, hunger, 
huggrjan, to hunger.] 1. A craving or desire for food. 
2. Any strong or eager desire. 

Hun'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hungered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. hungering.] 1. To crave food. 2. To long for. 

Hun'ger, v. t. To make hungry ; to famish. 

Hun'gri-ly, adv. In a hungry manner ; voraciously. 

Hun'gry , a. [compar. HUNGRIER ; superl. HUNGRIEST.] 
1. Feeling hunger ; having a keen appetite ; hence, hav- 
ing an eager desire. 2. Showing hunger or a craving 
desire. 3. Not rich or fertile ; poor; barren. 

Hunk, n. A large lump or piece ; a hunch. [Prov. Eng. 
and colloq. Amer.] 

Hink'er, n. One opposed to progress in politics ; hence, 
one opposed to progress in general; a conservative; a 
fogy. [Amer.] 

Hunks, n. [Prov. Eng. hunk, hunch, hump.] A cove- 
tous, sordid man ; a miser ; a niggard. 

Hunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HUNTING.] [A.-S. huntian, to hunt, allied to hentan, to 
follow, pursue.] 1. To follow after, as game or wild an- 
imals ; to chase. 2. To search diligently after ; to 
pursue. 

Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase ; to go out in pursuit 
of game. 2. To seek by close pursuit ; to search. 

Hunt, n. 1. A chase of wild animals for catching them ; 
chase ; hence, pursuit ; search. 2. An association of 
huntsmen. 

Hiint'er, n. 1. One who pursues wild animals ; a hunts- 
man. 2. A dog that is employed in tbe chase. 3. A 
horse used in the chase. 4. A watch which has the 
crystal protected by a metallic cover. 

Hunt'ing-horn, n. A bugle ; a horn used to cheer the 
hounds in pursuit of game. 

Hunt'ress, n. A female hunter. 

Hunts'man, n.; pi. hunts'men. 1. One who hunts, 
or who practices hunting. 2. A servant whose office it is 
to manage the chase. 

Hur'dle, n. [A.-S. hyrdel, hyrdhil, allied to Lat. crates.] 
A texture of twigs, osiers, or sticks; a crate of various 
forms and used for various purposes. 

Hur'dy-gur'dy, n. A stringed 
instrument of music, whose sounds 1 
are produced by the friction of a 
wheel, and regulated by the Hurdy-gurdy. 



Hurl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HURLED ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
HURLING.] [Probably from Lat. ululare, to howl, trans- 
ferred from the voice to a noisy and tumultuous throw- 
ing ; but perhaps hurl is only a modification of whirl.] 
To send whirling or whizzing through the air ; to throw 
with violence. 

Hurl, n. Act of hurling ; a cast ; a fling. 

Hurl'-bone, n. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the 
buttock of a horse. 

Hurl'er, n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling. 

Hurl'ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force. 2. 
A certain game of ball. 

Hur'ly, \ n. [Eng. hurl, and Prov. Eng. burly, 

Hur'ly-bur'ly, j big, strong.] Tumult ; bustle ; con- 
fusion. 

Hur-ra' J (hu-ra/), inter j. [Cf. HUZZA.] Huzza ! a shout 

Hur-rah' } of joy or exultation. 

Hur'ri-eane, n. [Originally a Carib word, signifying a 
high wind.] A violent storm, characterized by the ex- 
treme fury of the wind and its sudden changes. 
Hurricane deck (Naut.~), the upper deck of steamboats. 

Hur'ri-er, n. One who hurries, urges, or impels. 

Hiir'ry, v. t. [imp. & p.p. HURRIED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HURRYING.] [M. H. Ger. hurren, to move hastily, Icel. 
hurra, to rattle over hardened snow, or frozen ground, 
hurr, noise of sledges.] 1. To hasten ; to urge onward. 
2. To impel to violent or thoughtless action. 

Syn. — To precipitate; expedite; quicken; accelerate. 

Hiir'ry, v. i. To move or act with haste or precipitation. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tlais. 



HUEEY 



358 



HYDROGEN 



Hur'ry , n. The act of hurrying ; the act of driving or 

pressing forward. 

Syn.— Haste ; speed ; dispatch ; expedition ; pressure ; ur- 
gency; precipitation; bustle. 

Hurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HURT ; p. pr. & vb. n. HURT- 
ING.] [A.-S. hyrt, hurt, wounded, W. hivrdd, thrust, 
hyrddu, hyrddiaw, to push, drive, assault.] 1. To wound 
or bruise painfully. 2. To damage ; to injure ; to harm. 
3. To wound the feelings of ; to annoy ; to grieve. 

Hurt, n. 1. A physical injury causing pain. 2. Dam- 
age ; detriment. 

Syn. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm; loss; mischief; 
bane; disadvantage. 

Hurt'er, n. One who hurts or does harm. 
Hurt'f ul, a. Tending to impair or destroy. 

Syn. — Pernicious ; destructive ; harmful ; baneful ; preju- 
dicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; 
noxious; unwholesome. 

Hurt'f ul-ly, adv. Injuriously ; mischievously. 

Hurt'f ul-ness, n. Injuriousness ; mischievousness. 

Hur'tle (hfir'tl), v. i. [Dim. of hurt.] 1. To clash ; to 
jostle. 2. To move rapidly ; to skirmish. 3. To make 
a clashing, terrifying, or threatening sound. 

Hur'tle, v. t. 1. To brandish. [Obs.] 2. To push 
forcibly. 

Hur'tle-ber'ry, n. [A.-S- heort-berie, heorot-beri e , i. e., 
hart-berry] The same as Huckleberry and Whor- 
tleberry. 

Hurt'less, a. Doing no injury ; innoxious ; harmless ; 
innocuous ; innocent. 

Hiis/band (hiiz'band), n. [A.-S. httsbonda, the master 
of the house or family from hus, house, and bonda, boor, 
peasant, buan to dwell.] A married man. 

A ship's husband (Naut.), the owner of a ship who manages 
its concerns in person. 

Hug'band. v. t. [imp. & p.p. husbanded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. HUSBANDING.] 1. To direct and manage with 
frugality. 2. To cultivate, as land ; to till. 

Hu§'baiid-man, n. ; pi. husband-men. A farmer; 
a cultivator or tiller of the ground. 

Hiis/band-ry, n. 1. Care of domestic affairs ; domestic 
economy. 2. The business of a husbandman or farmer ; 
agriculture ; tillage. 

Hush, a. [An onomatopoetic word.] Silent ; still ; quiet. 

Hush,i>. I. [imp. Si, p. p. hushed (hasht); p. pr. & 
vb.n. HUSHING.] 1. To still; to silence; to calm. 2. 
To calm, as commotion or agitation. 

Hiisli, v. i. To be still ; to be silent; — especially , used 
in the imperative, as an exclamation. 

Hush'-moii'ey, n. A bribe to secure silence. 

Husk, n. [0. H. Ger. hulsa, from 0. H. Ger. & A.-S. 
hclan, to conceal, cover.] The external covering of cer- 
tain fruits or seeds of plants. 

Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUSKED (huskt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HUSKING.] To strip off the external covering of. 

Husk'i-ness, w. 1. State of being husky. 2. Rough- 
ness of sound ; harshness ; hoarseness. 

Husk'ing, n. 1. Act of stripping off husks, as from In- 
dian corn. 2. A meeting of neighbors or friends, to 
assist in husking Indian corn. [Amer.] 

Husk'y, a. 1. Abounding with, consisting of, or resem- 
bling husks. 2. Rough in tone ; hoarse ; raucous. 

Hus-|ar' (ho r bz-zar / ), n. [Hung, huszar, from husz, 
twenty, because under King Matthias I., in the fifteenth 
century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse- 
soldier.] (Mil.) Originally one of the national cavalry of 
Hungary and Croatia ; now one of the light cavalry of 
European armies. 

Hus/§y, n. [Contr. from huswife, housewife.] 1. An ill- 
behaved woman or girl ; a jade. 2. A pert girl. 3. A case 
or bag containing thread, needles, &c. See Housewife. 

Hiis'ting§, n. pi. [A.-S. /nesting, a place of council, fr. 
hhs, house, and thi ng, thing, cause, council.] 1. The 
principal court of the city of London, held before the 
lord mayor, recorder, and aldermen. 2. The place where 
the election of a member of Parliament is held ; hence, 
the platform on which candidates stand. 

Hus'tle (huVl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUSTLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. hustling.] [D. hutselen. hutsen, to shake.] 
To shake together in confusion ; to handle roughly. 

Hus/wife (hQVzif or huVwif), n. [From house-wife.] 
1. A female economist or housekeeper. 2. A worthless 
woman. [See Hussy.] 3. A case for sewing materials 
See Housewife. 

Hiis/wif e-ry (huz'zif-ry" or huVwif-r?), n. The busi- 
ness of managing the concerns of a family by a female. 

Hut, n. [0. H. Ger. hutta; Goth, hethjo, store-room ; al- 



lied to Gr. KevSetv, to hide, conceal.] A small house, 
hovel, or cabin. 

Hut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HUT- 
TING.] To place in huts, as troops encamped in winter 
quarters. 

Hutch, n. [0. Eng. hur.che. Cf. A.-S. hwecca, chest, 
hutch.] A chest, box, or other place in which things 
may be stored, or animals confined. 

Huz-za', n. [Perhaps from Fr. kou ga, an exclamation 
in hurling.] A shout of joy. [ultation. 

Huz-za', interj. Hurrah ; — an expression of joy or ex- 

Huz-za', v. i. [imp. & p. p. huzzaed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
HUZZAING.] To utter a loud shout of joy, or an excla- 
mation in joy or praise. 

Hy'a-cinth, n. [Lat. hyacinthus, Gr. vdicivOos, orig. a 
beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, who killed 
him by an unlucky cast of his quoit, from whose blood 
the flower of the same name is said to have sprung up.] 
1. (Bot.) (a.) A bulbous plant bearing beautiful spikes 
of fragrant flowers, (b.) A phmt called also Eastern 
quamash ; wild hyacinth, (c. ) The name is also given to 
an evergreen, one variety of which produces white, and 
another blue, flowers. 2. (Mm.) A red variety of zircon, 
sometimes used as a gem. 

Hy'a-yinth'ine, a. Made of, or resembling hyacinth ; 
of a violet, purple, dark auburn, or brown color. 

Hy'a-de§, ) n. pi. [Lat. Hyades, Gr. 'YaSes, i. e., the 

Hy'adg, ) Rainers, from veiv, to rain.] (Astron.) A 
cluster of five stars in the constellation Taurus, supposed 
by the ancients to indicate the approach of rainy weath- 
er, when they rose with the sun. 

Hy'a-llne, a. [Lat. hyalinus, Gr. vd\ivos, from {iaAos, 
glass.] Glassy ; crystalline ; transparent. 

Hy'brid, or Hyb'rid, n. [Lat. hybrid a, hibrida, prob. 
allied to Gr. v/3pis, wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, 
unnatural).] An animal or plant produced from the 
mixture of two species ; a mongrel ; a mule. 

Hy'brid, or Hyb'rid, a. Produced from the mixture 
of two species ; mongrel. 

H5 T d'a-tid, n. [Gr. vScm'?, -t'fios, a watery vesicle under 
the upper eyelid, from vfiwp, {JSai-o?, water.] (Zo'c'l.) A 
parasitic membranous sac filled with a pellucid fluid, 
found in various parts _of the body of organized beings. 

Hy'dra, n.;iing.pL hy'dras, Lat. pi. jiTbr^:. [Lat. 
hydra, Gr. iiSpa, i/Swp, water.] 1. (Myth.) A water-ser- 
pent having many heads, one of which, being cut off, was 
immediately succeeded by another, unless the wound 
was cauterized. 2. Hence, a multifarious evil, or one 
not to be repressed by a single effort. 

Hy-dran'ge-a, n. [From Gr. vSwp, water, and dyyelov, 
vessel, capsule.] (Bot.) A shrubby genus of plants bear- 
ing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers of a 
rose color naturally, but varying in color with the soil. 

Hy'drant, n. [Gr. vSpaiveiv, to irrigate ; i8wp, water.] 
A. pipe or spout at which water may be drawn from the 
mains of an aqueduct ; a water-plug. 

Hy-driir 1 'gy-riim, n. [Lat. hydrar gyrus, Gr. iSpapyvpo?, 
fluid silver, quicksilver, from v$wp, water, and apyvpos, 
silver.] Quicksilver ; mercury. 

Hy'drate, n. [From Gr. vSwp, water.] ( Client.) A com- 
pound formed by the union of water with some other 
substance, generally forming a neutral salt. 

Hy-drau'li-e, ) a. [Lat. hydraulicvs,Gr.v8pav\iK6s, 

Hy-drau'lie-al, ) from v8pa.vX.is, or v&pavkcs, a wa- 
ter-organ, from v8u>p, water, and avAds, flute, pipe.] Per- 
taining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. 

Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hydraulic 
lime, to be used under water. — Hydraulic press, a press in 
which great power is obtained from a small forcing-pump 
which forces water into a large cylinder. — Hydraulic ram, a 
machine for raising water by means of the momentum of the 
water of which a portion is to be raised. 

Hy-drau'li-es, n. sing. That branch of science or of 

engineering which treats of fluids, especially water in 

motion. 
Hy'dro-cele, n. [Gr. vopo/ojAv}, from vSvp, water, and 

ktjAtj, tumor.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the 

areolar texture of the scrotum or the coverings of the 

testicles or spermatic cord. 
Hy'dro-cepb'a-liis, n. [Gr. v8poice4>a\os, and vSpoKefy- 

akov, water in the head, from vScop, water, and K€<pa\.r), 

head.] (Med.) Dropsy of the brain. 
Hy'dro-dy-n&m'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or derived from, 

the force or pressure of water. 
Hy'dro-dy-nam'ics, n. sing. [Gr. v'Swp, water, and 

dynamics, q. v.] The principles of dynamics, as applied 

to water and other fluids. 
Hy'dro-gen, n. [From Gr. v8u>p, water, and yevetv, to 



a, e, ho.ylong; a, e, &c, slwrt; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



HYDROGENATE 



359 



HYPERBOREAN 



beget, generate ; so called as being considered the gener- 
ator of water.] ( Ciem.) An inflammable colorless gas of 
extreme lightness, which constitutes one of the elements 
of water. 

Hy'dro-gen-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hybrorenat- 
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HYDROGENATING.] ( Ckem.) To 
combine with hydrogen. 

Hy'dro-gen-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hydrogenized ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. hydrogenizing.] To combine with 
hydrogen; to hydrogenatc. [ing hydrogen. 

Hy-tlrog'e-nous, a. Pertaining to hydrogen ; contain- 

Hy-drog'ra-pher, n. One who draws maps of the sea, 
lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores. 

gp£gt$&al, ! «■ '.»**• '° **<*•**■ 

Hy-drog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. (JScop, water, and yp<x$eiv, to 
write, describe.] Art of measuring and describing the 
sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, or of forming charts 
of the same. 

Hy-dr61'o-gy,n. [Gr. v8u>p, water, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and 
laws, its distribution in lakes, rivers, &c, over the 
earth's surface. 

Hy'dro-man'cy, n. [Gr. v8u>p, water, and p-avreia, 
divination.] A method of divination or prediction of 
events by water. 

Hy'dro-mel, n. [Lat. hydromel, Gr. vSp6p.eAi, from 
tiScop, water, and p-e'Ai, honey.] A liquor consisting of 
honey diluted in water. 

Hy-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. uScop, water, and ixerpov, meas- 
ure.] 1. An instrument lor determining the specific 
gravities and thence the strength of liquids. 2. An in- 
strument for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, 
as in rivers, from reservoirs, &c. 

Hy'dro-met'ric, (a. 1. Pertaining to an hydrome- 

Hy'dro-met'rie-al, j ter. 2. Made by means of an 
hydrometer. 

Hy-drom'e-try, n. 1. The determining the specific 
gravity, and thence the strength, of liquids. 2. The art 
or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of 
running water. 

Hy'dro-path'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to hydropathy, or 

Hy'dro-path'ie-al, ) the water-cure. 

Hy-drop'a-thist, n. One who practices hydropathy; 
a water-cure doctor. 

Hy-drop'a-thy, n. [Gr. vScup, water, and 7rd0os, suffer- 
ing.] The water-cure, a mode of treating diseases by the 
use of pure water. 

Hy'dro-pho'toi-a, n. [Lat. hydrophobia, Gr. v&poQofSCa, 
from uSop, water, and tpojSo?, fear.] (Med.) A preternat- 
ural dread of water ; a S} mptom of canine madness ; 
hence, the disease caused by inoculation with the saliva 
of a rabid dog. 

Hy'dro-phob'ie, a. Pertaining to a dread of water, or 
canine madness. 

Hy-drop'i-e, ) a. [Lat. hydropicus, Gr. v5pw7n*cos. 

Hy-drop'ie-al, ) See Dropsy.] 1. Dropsical. 2. 
Resembling dropsy. 

Hy'dro-seope, n. [Gr. v8a>p, water, and o-K07ros, spy- 
ing; viewing.] 1. An instrument to mark the presence 
of water in air. 2. A kind of water clock used by the 
ancients. 

Hy'dro-stat'i-e, I a. [From Gr. v&op, water, and 

Hy'dro-stat'ie-al, ) crraTi/cos, causing to stand, skilled 
in weighing, from laravai, to stand.] Relating to hydro- 
statics ; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the princi- 
ples of the equilibrium of fluids. 

Hy'dro-stat'icg , n. sing. That branch of science which 
relates to the pressure and equilibrium of non-elastic 
fluids, as water, mercury, &c. 

Hy'dro-tho'rax. n. [Gr. uSwp, water, and 0<opa£, chest.] 
(Med.) Dropsy in the chest. 

Hy'di-oiis, a. Containing water ; watery. 

Hy-e'mal, a. [Lat. hyemalis, hiemalis, from hyems, or 
hiems, winter.] Belonging to winter ; done in winter. 

Hy-e'na, n. ; pi. HY-E'NAg. 
[Lat. hysena, Gr. vaiva, orig. 
a sow, but usually a Libyan 
wild beast, prob. the modern 
hyena, which has a bristly 
mane like the hog, from Ss, jfi^fl 
hog.] (Zo'Jl.) A carnivorous ! S^HHP^ 
mammal of Asia and Africa, / 40r$fc£ 
allied to the dog. Its habits '*****%,»£ 
are nocturnal, and it gener- * 

ally feeds upon carrion. Hyena. 

Hy-ge'ian, a. [Gr. uyieivos, uyiifc, sound, healthy, 
'Y-yurta, 'Y-yeca, health, the goddess of health, Lat. Hy- 




giea, Hygea, Hygeia.] Relating to Hygeia, the goddesa 
of health ; pertaining to health or its preservation. 

Hy'gi-ene', n. That department of medical science 
which treats of the preservation of health. [tory. 

Hy'gi-en'ie, a. Pertaining to health or hygiene ; sana- 

Hy-grol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. uypos, wet, moist, and 
Aoyos, discourse.] The doctrine of the fluids of the body. 

Hy-grom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. uypos, wet, moist, and 
ju.eVpoi', measure.] (Physics.) An instrument for meas- 
uring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-met'rie, la. 1. Pertaining to, made by, 

Hy'gro-inet'rie-al, J or according to, the hygrometer. 
2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture. 

Hy-grom/e-try, n. That branch of physics which re- 
lates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, par- 
ticularly of the atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-scope, n. [Gr. uypos, wet, moist, and eveon-os, 
spying, viewing.] ( Physics.) An instrument which shows 
whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, 
without indicating its amount. 

Hy'lo-the'ism, n. [Gr. uArj, wood, matter, and ©eos, 
God.] The doctrine or belief that matter is God. See 
Materialism. 

Hy'lo-zo'igm, n. [Gr. vArj, wood, matter, and £o?j, life, 
from £p, to live.] The doctrine that matter possesses a 
species of life. 

Hy'men, n. [Lat., Gr. 'Y/jl^v, the god of marriage, u/xtji/, 
skin, membrane.] 1. (Myth.) The god of marriage and 
nuptial solemnities. 2. (Ana.t.) The virginal membrane. 

Hy'men-e'al ) (124), a. Pertaining to marriage or a 

Hy'men-e'an ) wedding ; nuptial. 

Hymem-eal, I n> ^ marriage song ; an epithalamium, 

Hy'men-op'ter-al, ) a. [Gr. up-evoTrrepos, membrane- 

Hy'men-op'ter-ous, ) winged, from v\i-r\v, skin, mem- 
brane, and Ttrepov, feather, wing, from we'rop-ai, irriaOai., 
to fly.] Belonging, or pertaining, to an order of insects 
having four membranous wings, as the bee, the wasp, &c 

Hymn (him), n. [Lat. hymnus, Gr. v/xvos, a festive song. 
a song of praise. ] An ode or song of praise ; especially', 
a religious ode ; a sacred lyric. 

Hymn (him), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HYMNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. HYMNING.] To worship or extol by singing hymns ; 

Hym/nal, n. A sacred lyric ; a hymn. [Rare.] [to sing. 

Hym'nie, a. Relating to hymns. 

Hym-nog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. vjxvos, hymn, and ypdfyeiv, 
to write.] The science which treats of the writing of 
hymns ; hymnology. 

Hym-nol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. vp.vo?, hymn, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] 1. A body or collection of hymns. 2. The 
science pertaining to hymns ; also, a treatise on hymns. 

Hy'oid, ) a. [Gr. ijoeio^s, from letter v, and eloos, 

Hy-oid'e-au , ) form.] Having the form of an arch, or 
of the Greek letter upsilon [v]. 

Hyp, n. [Contraction of hypochondria, q. v.] A morbid 
depression of spirits ; melancholy. 

Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy ; to depress the spirits of. 

My-pal'la-ge,n. [Lat., from Gr. u7ra.AAa.yi) , prop, inter- 
change, exchange, from vnaWda-creiv, to interchange.] 
(Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of at- 
tributes from their proper subjects to others. 

Hy-per'ba-ton, n. [Gr. vnep^arov, prop, neut., from 
v7rep|3u.T6s, transposed, inverted, from V7rep|3aivetv, to step 
over or beyond.] (Gram.) A figurative construction, 
changing the natural and proper order of words and 
sentences. 

Hy-per'too-la, n. [Gr. vnepfloKri, overshoot- 
ing, excess, from virepfiaWeiv, to throw over 
or beyond, from vnep, over, beyond, and 
^aAAeu', to throw.] ( Gcom.) A curve formed 
by a section of a cone, when the cutting- 
plane makes a gi-eater angle with the base 
than the side of the cone makes. 

Hy-per'too-le, n. [See supra.] (Rhet.) A 
figure of speech which expresses more or less 
than the truth ; exaggeration. 

Hy'per-bol'Le, \a. 1. (Math.) Belong- Hyperbola. 

Hy'per-fool'i-e-al, ) ing to or having the nature of the 
hyperbola. 2. Relating to, or containing, hyperbole. 

Hy'per-lbol'i-e-al-ly, adv. 1. In the form of an hyper- 
bola. 2. With exaggeration. 

Hy'per-bol'i-form, a. Having the form, or nearly the 
form, of an hyperbola. 

Hy-per'Tbo-list, n. One who uses hyperboles. 

Hy'per-too're-an (89, 124), a. [Lat. hyperboreus, Gr. 
v7repj36peos, u7rep/3dpei.os, beyond Boreas, ?'. e., in the ex- 
treme north.] Northern; very far north ; arctic; hence 
very cold ; frigid. 




food, fc»bt; ixrn, riide, pyll; £ell, ^liaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



HYPERBOREAN 



360 



IAMBIC 



Hy'per-bo're-an, n. An inhabitant of the most north- 
ern region of the earth. 

Hy'per-eat'a-lee'ti-e, a. [Gr. virepKaTaKnuTaco? , from 
virep, over, beyond, and KaTaknicTucos ; Lat. hypei catalec- 
ticus. See CATALECTIC] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Having 
a_ syllable or two beyond the regular measure. 

Hy'per-erlt'ie, n. [Gr. i>7rep, over, beyond, and /cpiriKos, 
critical, critic] One who is critical beyond measure or 
reason ; a captious censor. 

Hy/per-erlt'ie, ) a. 1. Over-critical; critical be- 

Hy'per-erit'ic-al, j yond use or reason. 2. Exces- 
sively nice or exact. [zoilism. 

Hy'per-erit'i-cigm, n. Excessive rigor of criticism : 

Hy-per'me-ter, n. [Gr. vTrepp-erpo? , beyond all meas- 
ure, from V7re'p, over, beyond, and jaeVpov, measure.] 
An hypercatalectic verse ; hence, any thing exceeding the 
ordinary standard of measure. 

My-per'tro-phy, n. [Gr. V7re'p, over, beyond, and Tpo$r), 
nourishment.] (Med.) State of an organ or part of the 
body in which, from increased nutrition, its bulk is 
augmented. 

Hy'plien, n. [Gr. v<f>ev, for, v<£' eV, under one, into one, 
together, a sign for joining two syllables.] (Print.) A 
mark, thus [-], used to connect syllables or compound 
words. 

Hyp-n ot'i-e , a . [Gr . vttvu>tik6<; , inclined to sleep , putting 
to sleep, from vttvovv, to lull to sleep, from vttvos, sleep.] 
1. Tending to produce sleep ; soporific. 2. Characterized 
by unnatural or morbid sleep. 

Hyp'no-tism, n. A kind of mesmeric sleep or somnam- 
bulism ; also a similar condition produced by gazing at a 
very bright object. 

Hy'po, n. [A contraction of hypochondria.] A morbid 
depression of spirits ; hyp. [Colloq.] 

Hyp'o-elion'dri-a, n. (Med.) A mental disorder, in 
which one is tormented by melancholy and gloomy views, 
particularly about his own health. 

Hyp'o-ehon'dri-a-e, a. 1. Pertaining to the hypo- 
chondrium, or tbe parts of the body so called. 2. Af- 
fected, characterized, or produced by, hypochondria. 3. 
Producing melancholy, or low spirits. 

Hyp'o-ehoii'dri-ae, n. A person affected with hypo- 
chondria. 

Myp'o-^hon'dri-inn, n. ; pi. hyp' o-chon'dri-a. 
[Gr. vnoxovSpiov, from vTroxovSpios, under the cartilage 
ef the breast-bone, from vtto, under, and xovSpos, gristle, 
cartilage.] (Anat.) That part of the cavity of the abdo- 
men which, on either side, is beneath the cartilages of 
the false ribs. 

By-po-e'ri-sy, n. [Lat. hypocrisis, Gr. vwoKpio-i?, simu- 
lation, outward show, from inroKpCveo-QaL, to play a part, 
from vtto. under, and /cpiVetv, to decide, question.] The 
act or practice of a hypocrite; simulation, or dissimu- 
lation -.'especially, the assuming of a false appearance of 
virtue or religion. [deceiver ; a cheat. 

Hyp'o-erite, n. A false pretender to virtue or piety ; a 

Hyp'o-erit'i-e, 1 a. Belonging to a hypocrite; ex- 

Hyp'o-erit'ie-al, ) hibiting hypocrisy. 

Hyp'o-erit'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an hypocritical manner. 

Hyp'o-gas'tri-e, a. [Gr. vnoydarpios, from vtto, under, 
and yao-rrip, belly.] (Anat.) Relating to, or situated in^ 
the lower part of the abdomen. 
Hy^pos'ta-sis, or Hy-pos'ta-sis, n. ; pi. hy-pos'ta- 
SES (hy- or hy-). [Gr. v7ro<rTaa-i?, subsistence, sub- 
stance, from vtto, under, and 'io-rao-9a.L, to stand ; Lat. 
hypostasis.'] Substance, or subsistence; hence, each of 
the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, 
and Holy Spirit. 
Hy'po-stat'i-e, or Hyp'o-stat'i-e 1 (110), a. 1. 

Hy'po-stat'ie-al, or Hyp'o-stat'i-e -al j Relating to 




hypostasis, or substance ; hence, constitutive, or i 

tary. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal. 
Hy'po-stat'ie-al-ly, or Hyp'o-stat'ie-al-ly, ado. 

In an hypostatical manner. 
Hy-pot'e-niise, or Hy-pot'e-nixse, n. 

[Gr. vnoTeCvovo-a, subtending (sc. ypa/j.^), 

from vnoTeiveiv, to subtend ; from vtto, 

under, and reiveiv, to stretch.] (Geom.) 

The longest side of a right-angled triangle, 

or the line that subtends the right angle. 
Hy-polli'e-eate, or Hy-poth'e-eate, 

V. t. [imp. & p.p. HYPOTHECATED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. hypothecating.] [L. Lat. a& > hypotenuse. 
hypothecare, hypothecation, from Lat. hypotheca, Gr. 
viToBrjun, support, base, pledge, security.] (Law.) To 
confer on — said of one's creditor — a right in or to a 
thing, by which the creditor obtains the power to cause 
that thing to be sold for the discharge of a debt or en- 
gagement out of the proceeds ; to subject, as property, to 
liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of 
possession or transfer of title. 
Hy-poth/e-ea'tion, or Hy-poth'e-ea'tion, n. 1. 
(Civ. Law.) The act or contract by which property is 
hypothecated. 2. (Laio of Shipping.) A contract 
•whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the 
necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is 
made liable for its repayment. 

US" This term is often applied to mortgages of ships. 

Hy-poth'e-iriise, or Hy-poth'e-iruse, n. (Geom.) 
The side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right 
angle. See Hypotenuse. 

Hy-potli/e-sls, or Hy-poth'e-sis, n. ; pi. hy-poth'- 
E-ses (hi- or hi-). [Gr. v-noOeo-is, foundation, supposition, 
from v-OTi6£vo.i, to place under.] 1. A supposition ; 
something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of 
argument. 2. A theory assumed to account for known 
facts or phenomena. 

Hy'po-tliet'ie, or Hyp'o-tliet'ie, ) a. Char- 

Hy'po-thet'ie-al, or Hyp'o-thet'-i-e-al, j acterised 
by an hypothesis ; conditional ; assumed without proof 
for the purpose of reasoning. 

Hy'po-thet'ie-al-ly, or Hy-p'o-thet'le-al-ly, adv. 
In an hypothetical manner ; conditionally. 

Hy'son, n. [Chin, hi-tshvn, i. e. , lit. , first crop, or bloom- 
ing spring.] A fragrant species of green tea. 

Hyson skin, the refuse portion of the fine tea called Hyson. 
Skin is a Chinese word meaning refuse. 

Hys'sop (hls'sup orhvzup), n. [Gr. vcto-wttos, from Heb. 
tsubh, Ar. sbfa.] (Bot.) A plant, the leaves of which 
have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. 

Hys-te'ri-a, n. [N. Lat. from Gr. t<x uo-rept/cd (sc. na6n), 
from varepa, womb.] (Med.) A species of nervous affec- 
tion, the principal characteristics of which consist in 
alternate fits of laughing and crying, with a sensation of 
strangulation. 

Hys-ter'i-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, hysterics; af- 

Hys-ter'ie-al, J fected, or troubled, with hysterics ; 
convulsive ; fitful. 

Hys-ter'ies, n. pi. (Med.) See Hysteria. 

Hijs'te-ron-pvot'e-ron, n. [Gr. licrrepos, the latter, 
following, and TrpoYepos, before others, sooner.] (Rhet.) 
(a.) A figure in which the word that should follow comes 
first, (b.) An inversion of logical order, in which the 
conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved 
before the evidence. 

Hys'ter-ot'o-my, n. [From Gr. vcrrepa, womb, and 
to/t>7, a cutting, from rijxveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The op- 
eration of cutting into the uterus, for taking out a fetus ; 
the cesarean section. 



1(1), the ninth letter, and the third vowel, of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, has two principal sounds : the long sound, 
as inpine, fine, ice ; and the short sound, as mpin, fin, 
gift. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 15-18, 48, 49. land J were 
formerly regarded as the same character, and in many 
English dictionaries words containing these letters were, 

_ till quite recently, classed together. 

I, pron. [poss. MY or MINE ; objective ME ; pi., nom. WE ; 
poss. OUR, or OURS ; objective us.] [A.-S. ic, Goth, ik, 
Icel. ek, eg, 0. H. Ger. ik, N. H. Ger. ich, allied to Lat. 



ego, Gr. eyco, Skr. aham, for agam, Slav. az\ Rusa. ia.] 
The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person ; 
— the word by which a speaker or writer denotes him- 

_ self. 

I'amb, n. [See Iambus.] An iambus or iambic. 

I-am'bi-e, \a. 1. Consisting of a short or an unac- 

I-am'hie-al, j cented syllable followed by a long or an 
accented one. 2. Pertaining to. or composed of, iambics. 

I-am'bi-e, «. [See Iambus.] 1. (Pros.) A foot consist- 
ing of two syllables, the first short and the second long, 



a,e,&c.,long; a,e,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



IAMBUS 



361 



IDENTITY 





or the first unaccented and the second accented. 2. A 
verse composed of such feet. 3. pi. A satirical poem, as 
such poems were often written in 

_ iambic verse ; a satire. 

I-am'fous, n. ; Lat. pi. T-am'bi; 
Eng. pi. i-Im'bus-es. [Lat. ; Gr. 
ia.|Uj3o5.] (Pros.) A foot consisting 
of a short syllable followed by a 
long one, or of an unaccented syl- 
lable followed by an accented one ; 

_ an iambic. 

I'foex, n. [Lat., a kind of goat, the 
chamois.] ( Zool. ) A species of goat, 
found in the Alps and other moun- 
tainous parts of Europe, remark- 
able for having long, recurved 

_ horns. Ibex. 

X-bVdem, adv. [Lat.] In the same place ; — abbreviated 

_ ibid. 

I'fois, n. [Lat. ibis, Gr. i'j3<.s, 
Coptic hiboi.] (Ornith.) A 
genus of grallatory birds, one 
species of which was regarded 
in ancient Egypt with a de- 
gree of respect bordering on 

_ adoration. 

I-ca/ri-an, a. [From Icarus, 
the son of Daedalus, who fled 
on wings to escape the resent- 
ment of Minos ; but his flight, 
being too high, was fatal to 
him, as the sun melted the wax 
that cemented his wings, and 
he fell into the sea.] Adven- Ibis. 

_ turous in flight ; soaring too high for safety. 

Ice, n. [A.-S., 0. H. Ger.. & Icel. is, from an hypoth. A.- 
*S. root isan, Goth, eisan, to shine, and allied to Ger. 
eisen, iron, and Lat. ies, brass, copper.] 1. Water in a 
solid state. 2. Concreted sugar. 3. Frozen cream or 
milk sweetened. 

To break the ice, to make the first opening to any attempt ; 
to remove the first obstructions or difficulties; to open the way. 

Ice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. iced (1st); p. pr. & vb. n. 
ICING.] 1. To cover with ice ; to convert into ice. 2. 

_ To cover with concreted sugar ; to frost. 3. To freeze. 

Ice'berg, n. [Ger. eisberg, from eis, ice, and berg, moun- 

_ tain.] A hill or mountain of ice floating on the ocean. 

Ice'-lblinlc, n. A bright appearance near the horizon, 
occasioned by the reflection of light from ice, and visible 

' before the ice itself is seen. 

Ice'-cream, n. Cream or milk, sweetened, flavored, and 

_ congealed by a freezing mixture. 

Ice'-floe, n. A large mass of floating ice. 

Ipe'-honse, n. ; pi. iCE'-nous-Eg. A repository for 

_ the preservation of ice during warm weather. 

Ice-land'ic, n. The language of the inhabitants of Ice- 
land. It is of Scandinavian origin, and is more nearly 
allied to the old Norse than any other language now 

_ spoken. 

Ice'land-moss, n. (Bot.) A kind of lichen, found in 

_ the mountainous districts of Europe. 

Ice'-plaiit, n. (Bot.) A plant sprinkled with glittering, 
watery vesicles , which make it appear as if covered with 
ice. It is a native of South Africa. 

Ich-neu/moii, n. [Gr. t^- 
yevfxcjv, strictly the tracker, 
because it tracks or hunts out 
the eggs of the crocodile ■ 
from Ixveveiv, to track o 
hunt after, from i\vo<;, track, Ichneumon, 

footstep.] 1. (Zool.) A carnivorous animal which in- 
habits Egypt, and is very destructive to the eggs of the 
crocodile, and of poultry. 2. A genus of hymenopterous 
insects whose larves are parasitic in other insects. 

Ich-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. lxvoypa<j>Ca, from 'ix v0 ^i track, 
footstep, and ypi(/)6tv, to describe.] (Drawing.) An hor- 
izontal section of a building or other object ; a ground- 
plan. 

I'chor (I'kor), n. [N. Lat. ichor, Gr. ix<V] 1« (Myth.) 
An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the 
veins of the gods. 2. Colorless matter flowing from an 
ulcer. [watery. 

I'chor-oiis, a. Composed of, or resembling, ichor ; thin ; 

ieh/thy-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. IxQvs, fish, and \oyos, dis- 
course'.] The science of the systematic arrangement or 
classification of fishes. 

Ich'thy-ftpn'a-goiis, a. [Gr. Ix0vo<f>dyo<; , from 'X^s, 
fish, and (f>ayelv, to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on fish. 




ich'thy-o-saiir / , )n. [From Gr. ix^v'?, fish, and 
Ich'thy-o-s'an'rus, J <rcu)pos, lizard.] (Paleon.) An 
extinct carnivorous reptile of enormous size, lizard -like 
both in shape and habits. The vertebrae resemble much 
those of fishes ; hence the name. 
I'ci-cle (I'si-kl), n. [A.-S. isgicel, or ises-gicel, fr. is, ice, 
and gicel, icicle ; D. ijskegel, from ijs, ice, and kegel, a 

_ cone or ninepin.] A pendent conical mass of ice. 
I'ci-ness, »■ State of being icy, or very cold. 
I'cing, n. A covering of concreted sugar ; frosting. 
I-eon'o-elast, n. [Gr. eiKoj/o/cXao-Trj?, from ei/ctiv, im- 
age, and KAao-TTjs, a breaker, from k\S.v, to break.] 1. 
A breaker or destroyer of images or idols. 2. One who 

_ exposes or destroys impositions or shams of any kind. 

I-con'o-clast'ic, a. Breaking images. 

I'con-Sg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. eiicovoypa.<f)ia, from elie&v, an 

image, and ypd.sj>eiv, to describe.] The description of 

ancient images or representations, as statues, paintings 

in fresco, mosaic, engravings on gems or metals, and the 

_ like. 

I'con-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ekovoAoyia, from euaov, image, 
and Xoyos, discourse.] 1. Pictorial or emblematical rep- 

_ resentation. 2. A description of pictures or statues. 

I'co-sa-lie'dron, n. [Gr. ei/coo-t, twenty, and eSpa, seat, 
base, from e^eaOai, to sit.] ( Geom.) A regular solid, con- 
sisting of twenty equal and similar triangular pyramids 
whose vertices meet in the center of a sphere supposed to 
circumscribe it. 

Ic-ter'ic, n. A remedy for the jaundice. 

le-ter'ic, )a. [Gr. iKrepiKos, from i'/cTepos, jaundice.] 

Ic-ter'ic-al, ) 1. Pertaining to, or affected with, jaun- 

w dice. 2. Good against the jaundice. 

I^'tus, n. [Lat., from icere, ictum, to strike.] (Pros.) 
The stress of voice laid upon the accented syllable of a 

_ word. 

I'cy, a. [compar. ICIER ; svperl. ICIEST.] [From ice.] 
1. Pertaining to, composed of, resembling, or abounding 
in ice ; cold ; frosty. 2. Characterized by coldness, as 
of manner, influence, &c. ; chilling. 

I'd. A contraction from Iivould or I had. 

I-de'a, it. ; pi. I-DE'Ag. [Gr. ISea, from iSetv, to see.] 1. 
The image or picture of a visible object, that is formed by 
the mind ; also, a similar image of any object whatever, 
whether sensible or spiritual. 2. A general notion or 
conception formed by generalization. 3. Hence, any 
object apprehended, conceived, or thought of by the 
mind; a notion, conception, or thought. 4. A belief, 
doctrine, or opinion. 5. A rational conception; the 
complete conception of an object when thought of in its 
necessary elements or constituents. 6. One of the arch- 
etypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the 
Platonists to have existed from eternity in the mind of 
the Deity. 

I-de'al, n. A conception proposed by the mind for imi- 

_ tation, realization, or attainment. 

I-de'al (124), a. 1. Existing in idea or thought; intel- 
lectual ; mental. 2. Proposed for imitation, realization, 
or obedience. 3. Existing in fancy or imagination only. 
4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism. 

Syn. — Intellectual ; mental ; visionary ; fanciful ; imagi- 
nary ; unreal. 

I-de'al -i§m, n. 1. The system or theory that makes 
every thing to consist in ideas. 2. The doctrine or the- 
ory that teaches that we have no rational grounds to 
believe in the reality of any thing but ideas and their re- 
lations. 

I-de'al-Ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of idealism. 

I'de-al'i-ty, n. A lively imagination, united to a lov» 
of the beautiful. 

I-de'al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. idealized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. idealizing.] To make ideal; to give an ideal 

_ form or value to. 

I-de'al-ize, v.i. To form ideas. 

I'dem. [Lat.] The same as above ; — abbreviated id. 

I-den'tic-al, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. identicus, from 
idem, the same.] 1. The same; not different. 2. Utter- 
ing sameness or the same truth. 

I-den'tle-al-ly, adv. In an identical manner. 

I-dfin'ti-f i-ca'tion, n. The act of identifying, or prov- 
ing the same. 

I-den'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. identified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. IDENTIFYING.] [From a hypoth. Lat. word, 
identicus, from idem, the same, and facere, to make.] 
1. To make to be the same; to treat as being one. 2. 
To determine or establish the identity of. 

I-den'ti-fy, v. i. To become the same ; to coalesce m 
interest, purpose, use, effect, &c. 

I-den'ti-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being identical, or 



food, foot ; flrn, rude, pull ; cell, cliaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link I this- 



IDEOGEAPHIC 



362 



ILIAD 



the same ; sameness. 2. Condition of being the same 
with something described or asserted, or of possessing a 
character claimed. 

f-de'o-grapli'i-e WHO), a. [From Gr. iSea, idea, and 

I-de'o-grapli'ie-al J ypd<£eiv, to -write.] Standing for 
and representing a notion or idea, without reference to 
the name given to it, as by means of figures, symbols, or 

_ hieroglyphics. 

I'de-og'ra-pliy, n. The science of representing ideas 
independently, or in an ideographic manner, as in short- 

_ hand writing, and the like. 

I'de-61'o-gy, n. [From Ur. ifie'a, idea, and Aoyo?, dis- 
course.] l". The science of ideas. 2. (Metaph.) A view 
of the formation of ideas which derives them exclusively 

_ from sensation. 

Ide§, n. pi. [Lat. idus.] (Ann. Rom. Calendar.) The 
fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the 

^ thirteenth day of the other months. 

Id'i-o-e'ra-sy, n. [Gr. iStog, proper, peculiar, and/cpacris, 

^ a mixture.] Peculiarity of constitution ; idiosyncrasy. 

Id'i-o-cy, ii. [See Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] The con- 
dition 'of being idiotic ; natural absence or marked defi- 
ciency of sense and intelligence. 

Id'i-om., n. [Gr. iSi'w/aa, from iSiovv, to make one's own, 
to make proper or peculiar, from iSios, proper, peculiar.] 
1. A peculiar modi of expression ; a language. 2. The 
genius or peculiar cast of a language. 3. Dialect ; pecu- 
liar form or variety of language. 

Syn. — Dialect.— The idioms of a language belong to its very 
structure; its dialect.? are varieties of' expression ingniftod 
upon it in different localities or by different professions. Each 
county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so 
have most of the professions, while the great idioms of the lan- 
guage are everywhere the same. 

Id'i-o-mat'i-e, \ a. Peculiar to a language; con- 



formed to the particular genius of 



Id' I-o-mai'i-e-al, 
a language. 

Id'i-o-patli'i-e , a. Pertaining to, or indicating, a dis- 

w ease not preceded and occasioned by any other disease. 

Idl-op'a-tliy, n. [Gr. iSiOTrdflcia, from t'Stos, proper, pe- 
culiar, and irdOog, suffering, disease.] (Med.) A morbid 
state or condition not preceded and occasioned by any 

w other disease. 

Id'i-o-syn'-era-sy, n. [Gr. iSioo-vyKpacria, from i'8tos, 
proper, peculiar, and o~vyK.pa.o-is , a mixing together.] A 
peculiarity of constitution and susceptibility. 

Id'i-ot, n. [Lat. idiota, from Gr. iSiurTTjs, a private, un- 
educated, ignorant, ill-informed person, from L'Sios, prop- 
er, peculiar.] 1. A person in private life. [Obs.] 2. 
An unlearned, ignorant, or foolish person. [Obs.] 3. A 

v natural fool, or fool from birth ; a simpleton. 

Id'I-ot-cy, n. State of being an idiot or idiotic. 

Id'i-ot'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or like an idiot ; fool- 

Idl-ot'i-c-al, I ish ; sottish. 

td'i-ot-j.§m, n. [Gr. iSuotict/uo?, way or fashion of a 
private person, common or vulgar manner of speaking. 
See Idiot.] An idiom. 

I'clle (Ml), a. [compar. IDLER ; supcrl. IDLEST.] [A.-S. 
idcl, ydel.] 1. Of uo account; useless; vain; unprofit- 
able. 2. Not called into active service. 3. Inactive ; 
doing nothing. 4. Averse to labor or employment. 

gyn.- Indolent; lazy. — Indolent denotes an habitual love 
of ease, a settled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed 
to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. An idle 
person may be active in his way, but is reluctant to force him- 
self to what he does not like. Lazy is only a stronger and 
more contemptuous term for indolent. 

J'dle, v. t. To spend in idleness ; to waste ; to consume. 

I'dle-ness, n. Condition or quality of being idle. 

Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth; laziness. 

I'dler, 11. One who idles ; a lazy person ; a sluggard. 

I'dly , adv. In an idle manner ; vainly ; lazily ; carelessly. 

I'dol, ii- [Lat. idolum, Gr. elStokov, from ei'Sos, that which 
is seen, form, figure, from elosiv, iSelv, to see.] 1. An 
image or representation of asiy thing. 2. An image of 
a divinity, made as an object of worship. 3. Hence, that 
on which the affections are strongly, excessively, and im- 

_ properly set. 4. A deceitful image ; a phantom. 

1-dol'a-ter, n. [Gr. eiStoAoAdrp-qs, from eiScoAov, idol, 
and Aarp-17?, servant, worshiper.] 1. A worshiper of 
idols ; a pagan. 2. An adorer ; a great admirer. 

I-dol'a-trePP, n. A female worshiper of idols. 

I-dol'a-tTotiP, a. 1. Pertaining to. or partaking of the 
nature of, idolatry. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, 
an excessive attachment or reverence. 

I-dol'a-try, n. 1. The worship of idols. 2. Excessive 
attachment or veneration for any thing. 

f'dol-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. idolized ; p. pr. & vb. 



n. idolizing.] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idol- 
atrous worship to. 2. To love or reverence to adoration. 

I'dol-iz'er, n. One who idolizes ; an idolater. 

I-do'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. idoneus.] Suitable ; convenient ; 

_ fit ; proper. 

I'dyl, or Id'yl, ii. [Lat. idyllium, Gr. elSvAAioj^dhn. of 
elSo?, form ; lit., a little form or image.] A short pastoral 
poem ; also a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an 
elevated and highly finished st)le. 

If, v. t., but commonly called a conj. [0. Eng. and A.-S. 
gif, commonly explained as the hnper. of gijan, to give, 
but this derivation is doubtful ; lcel. ef, Goth, iba, ibai.] 
1. In case that ; granting, allowing, or supposing that. 

w 2. Whether. 

Ig'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. igneus, from ignis, fire.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or consisting cf, fire ; containing fire ; resem- 
bling fire. 2. ( Geol.) Resulting from the action of fire. 

Ig-nes'cent, a. [Lt;t. igneseens, p. pr. of ignescere, to 
become fire, or inflamed, from ignis, fire.] Emitting 
sparks of fire when struck with steel ; scintillating. 

Ig-iiif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. ignifer, from ignis, fire, and 
ferre, to bear, produce.] Producing fire. 

Ig-mp'o-teiit, a. [Lat. ignipotens, from ignis, fire, and 

^potens, powerful.] Presiding over fire. 

Iff'nis-ffit'u-us, n.; pi. Ig'nes-fat'V-I. [Lat. ignis, 
fire, and fatuus, foolish ; — so called in allusion to its 
tendency to mislead travelers.] A light that appears, in 
the night, over marshy grounds, supposed to be occa- 
sioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable sub- 
stances, or by some inflammable gas. 

Ig-nite', v. t. [imp. & p.p. ignited ; p. pr. & vb. n: 
igniting.] [Lat. ignire, ignitum, from ignis, fire.] To 
kindle, or set on fire. 

Ig-nite', v. i. To take fire ; to begin to burn. 

Ig-nlt'i-lb-le, a. Capable cf being ignited. 

Ig-m'tloii (ig-nlsh'uu), n. 1. The act of igniting. 2. 
The state of being ignited. 

Ig-niv'o-moiis, a. [Lat. ignivomus, from ignis, fire, 
and voinere, to vomit.] Vomiting fire. 

Ig-no'ble, a. [Lat. ignobilis, from in, not, and nobilis, 
noble.] 1. Of low birth or family ; not noble or illus- 
trious. 2. Moan,- worthless. 3. Not honorable, eleva- 
ted, or generous ; base. 

Syn. — Degenerate ; degraded; base; dishonorable; re- 
proachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous. 

Ig-noHble-iiess, n. The condition or quality of being 
ignoble ; want of dignity ; meanness. 

Ig-no'bly, adv. In an iguoble manner. 

Ig'no-min/i-oiis, a. 1. Marked with ignominy ; in- 
curring public disgrace ; dishonorable ; infamous ; shame- 

_ ful. 2. Deserving ignominy ; despicable. 

Ig / np-min'i-ou.s-ly, adv. In an ignominious manner. 

Ig'no-min/y, n. [Lat. ignominia, from in, un-, not, 
and nomen, name, (as if) a deprivation of one's good 
name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor. 2. An act 
deserving disgrace. 

Syn.— Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor; shame; contempt; 
infamy. 

ig'iio-ra/mus, n. ; pi. ig'no-ra'mus-er. [Lat., we are 
ignorant, from ignorare, to be ignorant of] An ignorant 

w person ; a vain pretender to knowledge. 

Ig'no-rance, n. [Lat. ignorantia.] The condition of 

^ being ignorant ; want of knowledge. 

ig'no-raiit, a. 1. Destitute of knowledge ; uninstructed 
or uninformed. 2. Unacquainted ; unconscious ; un- 
aware. 3. Displaying ignorance ; resulting from igno* 
ranee. 

Syn.— Illiterate. — Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, 
either as to a single subject or to information in general; illit- 
erate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired 
by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion 
of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were for from being 
ignorant, especially in regard to war and other active pursuits. 

Ig'no-raiit-ly, adv. In an ignorant manner. 

Ig-nore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ignored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IGNORING.] [Lat. ignorare, from ignarus, ignorant, 
from in, un-, not, and gnarus, knowing.] 1. To be 
ignorant of. 2. (Law.) To throw out as false or un- 
grounded ; — said of a bill. 3. Hence, to refuse to take 

_ notice of; to leave out of account or consideration. 

I'lex, n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen trees and 

w shrubs, including the common holly. 

Jl'i-a-e, ) a. [N. Lat. iliacus, from ilia, groin, flank, 

I-li'a-e-al, ) small intestines.] 1. Pertaining to the 
ilium or flank bone. 2. Pertaining to the third division 

w of the lower intestine. 

Il'i-ad, n. An epic poem, composed by Homer, on th* 
destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. 



a,e,&c.,Zon<r; &,&,&c.,slwrt; care, far, ask, all, what; £re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



ILIUM 



363 



ILLUSTRATOR 



Xl't*fi<&i,n. [See ILIAC] (Anat.) The upper part of the 
hip-bone; the flank-bone, which in the fetus is a dis- 

w tinct bone from others of the hip. 

Ilk, a. [Scot, ilk, eik, A.-S. ate, etc, each, ylc, ylca, the 
same. See Each.] The same ; also ; each ; every. 

laSf-In Scottish usage, the phrase of that ilk denotes that a 
person's surname and title are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, 
1. e., Grant of Grant. In England and the United States, it is 
sometimes iguorantly used to signify of that same kind; as, 
others of that ilk. 

Ill, a. [The regular comparative and superlative are want- 
ing, their place3 being supplied by worse and worst, from 
another root.] [Contracted from evil, 0. Eng. ivele, eile.] 
1. Contrary to good in a physical sense ; contrary or op- 
posed to advantage, to happiness, &c. 2. Contrary to 
good, in a moral sense. 3. Sick; indisposed; unwell. 
4. Not accordant with rule, fitness, or propriety. 5. 
Cross ; crabbed ; surly ; peevish. 

Syn. — Evil; bad; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable; 
wicked; wrong; iniquitous; naughty; incorrect; rude; unpol- 
ished; inelegant. 

Ill, n. 1. Evil of any kind ; misfortune; calamity; dis- 
ease ; pain. 2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral 
sense ; wickedness ; depravity ; iniquity. 

ill, adv. 1. With pain or difficulty ; not easily. 2. Not 
rightly or perfectly ; not well. 

Il-lapse', n. [Lat. illapsus, from illabi, illapsus ; prefix 
il, for in, and labi, to fall, slide.] A sliding in ; sudden 
entrance. . [trapped. [Rare.] 

Il-la'qus-a-tole, a. Capable of being insnared or en- 

Il-la'que-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. illaqueated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ILLAQUEATING.] [Lat. illaqueare, illaque- 
atum ; prefix il, for in, and laqueare, to insnare.] To in- 
snare; to entrap ; to entangle; to catch. [Rare.] 

Il-la'tion, ii. [Lat. illatio, from inferre, illatum, to carry 
or bring in.] Act of inferring from premises or reasons ; 

w that which is inferred ; inference ; deduction ; conclusion. 

il'la-tlve, a. 1. Relating to, formed by, or dependent 
on, illation ; inferential. 2. Denoting an inference or 

w rational connection or justification. 

il'la-tlve, n. An illative particle. 

Il-laiid'a-ble, a. [Lat. illaudabilis, from prefix il, for in, 
and lauJabilis, laudable.] Not laudable ; worthy of cen- 

w sure or dispraise. 

Ill'-bred, a. Not well-bred ; badly educated or brought 
up ; impolite ; uncivil. 

Il-le'gal, a. [Lat. prefix il, for in, and legalis, legal.] Not 

w according to law ; contrary to law ; unlawful ; illicit. 

il'le-gal'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being illegal ; 
unlawfulness. 

Il-le'gal-iza, v. t. To render unlawful. 

Il-le'gi-1-ly, adv. In an illegal manner ; unlawfully. 

Il-leg'i-bll'i-ty, n. The quality of being illegible. 

Il-leg'i-ble, a. [Lat. prefix il, for in, and legibilis, legible.] 
Incapable of being read ; not legible or readable. 

Il-leg'i-bly. adv. In a manner not to be read. 

il/le-glt'i-ma-cy, n. 1. State of being illegitimate; 

w state of bastardy. 2. State of being not genuine. 

Il'le-gli'i-mate (45), a. 1. Not regular or authorized; 
unlawful. 2. Unlawfully begotten ; born out of wedlock. 

w 3. Illogical. 4. Not authorized by good usage. 

ll'le-git'i-mate.r. *•; [imp. Sep. p. illegitimated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ILLEGITIMATING.] To render illegit- 

' imate. 

il'le-glt'i-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of illegitimating. 2. 
State of being illegitimate ; illegitimacy. 

ill'-f a/vor<?d, a. Ill-looking ; wanting beauty ; de- 
formed ; ugly. 

D-lib'er-al, a. [Lat. illiberalis, from prefix il, for in, and 
liberalis, liberal.] 1. Not liberal ; not free, generous, or 
noble, or t'ae like ; close ; niggardly ; mean ; base. 2. 
Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like. 

Il-llb'er-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being illiberal. 

Il-lib'er-al-ly, adv. In an illiberal manner ; ungener- 
ously ; uncharitably; parsimoniously. 

Il-llc'it, a. [Lat. illicitus, from prefix il, for in, and licitus, 
p. p. ot'licere, to be allowed or permitted.] Not permitted 
orjallowed ; prohibited; unlawful. 

Il-lic'it-ly, adv. In an illicit manner ; unlawfully. 

H-lic'it-ness, n. The quality of being illicit ; unlawful- 
ness ; illegality. 

Il-lim'it-a-bie, a. [Prefix il, for in, and limitable, q. v.] 
Incapable of being limited or bounded. 

Syn. — Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; im- 
measurable; infinite; immense; vast. 
Il-Ht'er-a-cy, n. [From illiterate.] 1. State of being 
illiterate ; ignorance. 2. A literary blunder 



Il-Ht'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. illiteratus, prefix il, for in, and 
literatus, learned.] Ignorant of letters or books. 
Syn. — Ignorant ; untaught ; unlearned ; unlettered. See 

Ignukani. 

Xl-lit'er-ate-ness, n. Want of learning. 

ill'-nat/ured (-nai/yurd), a. 1. Of habitual bad tem- 
per ; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly. 2. 

w Dictated by, or indicating, ill-nature. [ly ; unkindly. 

Ill'-nat'ured-ly , adv. in an ill-natured manner ; cross- 

Ill'ness, ii. [tfroin ill.] 1. Disease ; indisposition ; mal- 
ady. 2. Wrong moral conduct ; wickedness ; iniquity ; 
unrighteousness. 

Syn. — Sickness.— Originally, sickness was the English term 
for a continuous disease, as in our version of the Scriptures, 
&c. Within the present century, there lias been a tendency in 
England to use illness exclusively in this sense, and to confine 
sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or " sickness of 
the stomach ; " hence it is there common to say of a friend, "He 
has been ill for some weeks," " He has had a long illness." This 
practice is gaining ground in America to some "extent; but as 
the Scriptures, the .Book of Common Prayer, and most of the 
great English writers use " sick " and " sickness " in these cases, 
it is probable the change will be slow, if ever made. 

Il-log'i-e-al, a. [Prefix il, for in, and logical, q. v.] 1. 
Ignorant or negligent of the rules of logic. 2. Contrary 
to the rules of logic. 

Il-lSg'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an illogical manner. 

Il-log'i-e-al-ness, n. The quality of being illogical. 

Ill'- starred (-stard), a. [From ill and star.] Fated to be 
unfortunate. 

Il-lude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. illuded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ILLUDING.] [Lat. illudere, illusum, from prefix il for in 
andZw/ere,toplay.] To play upon by artifice ; to deceive; 
to mock. 

Il-liime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. illumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
illuming.] [See Illuminate.] To make light or 
bright ; to illuminate ; to enlighten. 

Il-lu/mi-na-ble, a - Capable of being illuminated. 

Il-lu/mi-iiate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. illuminated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ILLUMINATING.] [Lat. illuminare, from 
il, for in, and luminare, to enlighten, from lumen, light.] 
1. To enlighten ; to supply with light ; — literally and 
figuratively. 2. To light up, as a building or buildings, 
in token of rejoicing. 3. To adorn, as a book or page, 
with colored decorations or illustrations. 

Il-lii'mi-na'Vi, n. pi. [Lat. illuminatus. See supra.] 
Literally, those who are enlightened : — a name assumed 
by persons claiming a superior light on some subject, 
particularly by certain philosophers at the commence- 
ment of the nineteenth century, who conspired against 
Christianity. 

Il-lii'mi-iia'tion, n. 1. Act of illuminating, or state 
of being illuminated. 2. Festive decoration of houses 
or buildings with lights. 3. Adornment of books and 
manuscripts with colored illustrations. 4. That which 
is illuminated, as a house ; also, an ornamented book or 
manuscript. 5. That which illuminates or gives light ; 
brightness ; splendor. [illustrative. 

Il-lu'mi-na/tive, a. Tending to illuminate or illustrate ; 

Il-lu'mi-na/tor, n. [Lat.] One who, or that which, 
illuminates ; especially, one whose occupation is to illu- 
minate manuscripts and books. 

Tl-lu/mine, v. t. To illume ; to illuminate ; to adorn. 

ll-lu'mi-nee', n. One of the Illuminati. See Illu- 

MINATI. 

Il-lu'§ion, n. [Lat. illusio, from illudere, illusum, to 
illude.] An unreal image presented to the bodily or 
mental vision. 

Syn. — Delusion ; mockery ; deception ; chimera ; faUacy ; 
error; hallucination. See Delusion. 

Il-lu'§ioii-ist, n. One given to illusion. 

Il-Iu'slve, a. Deceiving by false show; deceitful. 

Il-lu'sive-ly, adv. In an illusive manner. 

Il-lu'sive-ness, »■ The quality of being illusivo. 

Il-lu'so-ry, a. Deceiving, or tending to deceive, by false 
appearances ; fallacious. 

Il-lus'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. illustrated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ILLUSTRATING.] [Lat. illustrare, illustratum, 
from illustris, bright.] 1. To make clear or bright. 2. 
To set in a clear light ; to exhibit distinctly. 3. To ex- 
plain ; to exemplify, especially by means of figures, com- 
parisons, examples, and the like. 4. To ornament and 
elucidate with pictures or figures. 

il'lus-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of illustrating ; explanation; 
elucidation. 2. State of being illustrated. 3. That 
which illustrates ; especially, an illustrative engraving, 
picture, &c. [exemplifying ; explaining. 

Il-lils'tra-tive, a. Tending, or intended, to illustrate; 

Il-liis'tra-tor, n. [Lat.] One who illustrates. 



food, fribt ; ftrn, r^ide, pwll ; fell, cliaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



ILLUSTRIOUS 



364 



IMMATERIALITY 



H-lus'tri-oiis, a. [Lat. illustris, from prefix il, for in, and 
lustrare, to purify by means of a propitiatory offering, 
from lustrum, a purificatory sacrifice.] 1. Possessing 
luster, brightness, or brilliancy. 2. Characterized by 
greatness, nobleness, &c. 3. Conferring luster or honor; 
brilliant. 

Syn. — Distinguished; famous ; remarkable ; conspicuous; 
noted; celebrated; signal; renowned; eminent; exalted; no- 
ble; glorious. See Distinguished. 

Il-lizs'tri-oiis-ly, adv. In an illustrious manner. 

Ill'- will', n. Enmity ; malevolence. 

Il'ly , adv. In an ill or evil manner ; not well. 

ESf A word sometimes used, though improperly, for ill. 

Im'age, n. [Lat. imago, from the root im, whence im- 
itari, to imitate.] 1. A similitude of any person or 
thing, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made 
perceptible to the sight ; a likeness ; an effigy. 2. Hence, 
an idol. 3. Semblance; appearance. 4. A representa- 
tion of any thing to the mind. 5. (Rhet.) A picture, 
example, illustration, or lively description. 6. (Opt.) 
The figure of any object formed at the focus of a lens or 
mirror, by rays of light ; the view of an object by reflec- 

w tion. 

im'age,r. t. [imp. & p. p. imaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMAGING.] 1. To represent or form an image of. 2. 
To represent to the mental vision. 

Im'age-ry, n. 1. Images in general, or in mass. 2. 
Hence, unreal show. 3. Work of the imagination or 
fancy ; false ideas. .4. Rhetorical decoration ; figures in 
discourse. 

Im-ag'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being imagined. 

Im-ag'i-na-ry, a. Existing only in imagination or fancy. 
Syn. — Ideal ; fanciful ; chimerical ; visionary ; fancied ; 
unreal. 

Im-ag'i-na'tion, n. 1. The power to create or repro- 
duce an object of sense previously perceived, or to recall 
a mental or spiritual state that has before been expe- 
rienced. 2. The power to recombine the materials fur- 
nished by experience or direct apprehension ; fancy. 3. 
The power to recreate or recombine with readiness, un- 
der the stimulus of excited feeling, for the accomplish- 
ment of an elevated end or purpose. 

Syn. — Fancy. — These terms are often confounded, but 
more properly apply to distinct exercises of the same general 
power, the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination is the higher 
exercise ; it creates by kvws more closely connected with the 
reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative 
cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. 
Milton's fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the ex- 
quisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagina- 
tion. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed bylaws 
of association which are more remote, and sometimes arbitrary 
or capricious; it has for its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, 
gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected 
combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant 
imagery, &c. Pope's "Kape of the Lock" is an exhibition of 
fancy, which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any 
country. 

Im-ag'i-na/tive, a. 1. Proceeding from, and charac- 
terized by, the imagination. 2. Given to imagining ; full 
of images, fancies, &c. 

Im-ag'ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMAGINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. imagining.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or 
idea of. 2. To contrive in purpose. 3. To represent to 
one's self. 

Syn. — To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; 
suppose; deem; plan; scheme; devise; frame. 

Im-ag'iiie, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions. 2. 
To think ; to suppose. 

Im-ag'in-er, n. One who forms ideas or conceptions ; 

w one who contrives. 

X-mam', \ n. [Ar. imam., from amma, to walk before, 

X'man, v to preside.] 1. A minister or priest among 

I-mquin,' , ) the Mohammedans. 2. A Mohammedan 
prince who has supreme spiritual and temporal power. 

Im-baiik'meiit, n. 1. Act of surrounding or defend- 
ing with a bank. 2. Banks or mounds of earth raised to 
defend a place, especially against floods. [Written also 
embankment.} 

Im-batbe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMBATHED ; p. pr. & vb. 

w n. imbathing.] To bathe all over. 

Im'be-cile (mVbe-sil or Tm/be-seel'), a. [Lat. imbecillis 
and imbecillus, from prefix im, for in, and bacillum, a 
small staff, because he who is weak or infirm leans upon 
a staff.] Destitute of strength, either of body or of mind ; 
decrepit. 

Syn. — Weak; debilitated; feeble; infirm; impotent. 

Im1>e-clle (lm/be-sil or Im'be-seel'), n. One destitute of 
strength, either of body or mind. [of body or of mind. 

Im/lbe-cll'i-ty, n. Quality of being imbecile ; feebleness 



Syn. — Debility ; infirmity ; weakness ; feebleness ; im- 
potence. See Debility. 

Im-b6d', v. t. To sink or lay, as in a bed. 

Im-b6z'zle,f. t. See Embezzle. 

Im-bibe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbibed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
imbibing.] [Lat. imbibere ; prefix im, for in , and bibere, 
to drink.] 1. To drink in ; to absorb. 2. To receive or 

^ admit into the mind and retain. 

Im/bi-bl'tion (-blsb/un), n. The act of imbibing. 

Im-blt'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbittered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. imbittering.] 1. To make bitter; hence, to 
make unhappy or grievous. 2. To render more violent ; 

Im-bod'y, v. i. See EMBODY. [to exasperate. 

Im-bold'en, *. t. See Embolden. 

Im-bor'der, v. t. [Cf. Emborder.] 1. To furnish, in- 
close, or adorn, with a border. 2. To set as in a border ; 
to form a border of. 

Im-bo§'om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMBOSOMED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. imbosoming.] 1. To hold in the bosom ; to 
caress ; hence, to admit to the heart or affection. 2. To 
surround. [vault. 

Im-bdw', v. t. To make of a circular form ; to arch ; to 

Im-bow'er, v. t. & i. See Embower. 

Im'bri-eate, \ a. [Lat. imbricatus, p. p. of imbricare, 

Im'bri-ea'ted, J to cover with tiles, to form like a gut' 
ter-tile ; imbrex, a hollow tile, gutter-tile.] 1. Bent and 
hollowed like a roof or gutter-tile. 2. Lying over each 

w other in regular order, like tiles or shingles on a roof. 

Im'bri-ea'tion, n. An overlapping of the edges, like 
that of tiles or shingles. 

Im-brogl'io (im-brohyo), n. [It. See Broil.] 1. 
(Drama.) An intricate, complicated plot. 2. A compli- 
cated and embarrassing state of things. 

Im-brown', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbrowned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. imbrowning.] To make brown ; hence, to 
darken the color of ; to tan. 

Im-binie' (im-bru/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMBRUED ; p. 
pr. Sc'vb. n. IMBRUING.] [Prefix im, for in, and 0. Eng. 
brue, to imbrue, allied to brew.] To soak; to drench in 
a fluid, as in blood. 

Im-brute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbruted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMBRUTING.] To degrade to the state of a brute. 

Im-brute', v. i. To sink to the state of a brute. 

Im-bue', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMBUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMBUING.] [Lat. imbuere; prefix im, for in, and the 
root bi, Skr. pi, pa, whence Lat. bibere, to drink.] 1. 
To tinge deeply ; to dye. 2. To cause to become im- 

_ pressed or penetrated. 

Im/i-ta-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being imitable. 

Im'i-ta-ble , a. 1. Capable of being imitated. 2. 
Worthy of imitation. 

Im'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMITATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. imitating.] [Lat. imitari , imitatus . Cf. Image.] 
X. To follow as a pattern, model, or example ; — to copy. 
2. To produce a likeness of, in form, color, qualities, 
conduct, manners, and the like ; to counterfeit. 3. To 

w produce by imitation. 

im/i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of imitating. 2. That which 

w is made or produced as a copy ; likeness ; resemblance. 

Im'i-ta'tive, a. 1. Inclined to imitate ; imitating ; ex- 
hibiting, or designed to exhibit, an imitation of a pat- 
tern or model. 2. Formed after a model, pattern, or 
original. 

Im'i-ta/tor, n. One who imitates, copies, or follows. 

Im-ma«'u-late, a. [Lat. immaculatus ; prefix im, for 
in, and macula, spot.] 1. Spotless ; without blemish ; 
unstained ; undefiled ; pure. 2. Limpid ; pure. 

Im-mal'le-a-ble, a. Not malleable ; not capable of be- 

^ ing extended by hammering. 

Im'ma-nenfe, ) n. Condition of being immanent ; in- 

Im'ma-iien-cy, j herence ; an indwelling. 

Im'ma-neiit, a. [Lat. immanens, p. pr. of immanere, 
to remain in or near.] Remaining within ; hence, in- 
herent ; internal or subjective ; — opposed to emanent, or 
tran ntive. 

Im-man'i-ty, n. [Lat. immanitas, from immanis, huge, 
monstrous.] Monstrosity ; atrocity. 

Imman'u-el, n. [Heb., from im, with, anu, us, and 

w il, God.] God with us ; — an appellation of the Savior. 

Im/ma-te'ri-al, a. 1. Not consisting of matter ; in- 
corporeal ; spiritual. 2. Of no essential consequence ; 
unimportant. 

fm/ma-te'ri-al-igm, n. The doctrine that immaterial 

w substances or spiritual beings exist or are possible. 

Im/ma-te'ri-al-Ist, n. One who believes in, or pro- 
fesses, immaterialism. 

Im / ma-te / ri-al'i-ty , n. Quality of being immaterial, or 
not consisting of matter. 



IMMATURE 



365 



IMMUTABLE 



Im'ma-ture', \a. 1. Not mature or ripe ; unripe ; not 

Xm/ma-tured', ) arrived at perfection or completion; 
crude. Z. Too early ; premature. 

Im/ma-ture'ly, adv. In an immature manner; un- 
ripely ; crudely ; unseasonably ; prematurely. 

Im'ma-ture'ness, ) n. Condition or quality of being 

Im'ma-tu'ri-ty, j immature. 

Im-mea§'ur-a-fole (-mtizh'ur-), a. Incapable of being 
measured; illimitable. [ured. 

Im-meas/ur-a-foly, adv. To an extent not to be meas- 

Im-me'di-ate, a. [L. Lat. immediatus ; prefix im, for 
in, and medius, middle, midst.] 1. Not separated in re- 
spect to place by any thing intervening ; proximate ; 
close. Z. Not deferred by an interval of time ; present. 
3. Producing its effect by direct agency ; acting directly. 

Im-me'di-ate-ly, adv. 1. In an immediate manner; 
■without intervention of any thing. Z. Without interval 
of time ; without delay. 

Syn.— Directly ; instantly ; quickly ; presently. See Di- 
rectly. 

Im-me'di-ate-ness, n. Quality or relation of being 

w immediate ; exemption from second or intervening causes. 

Irn'me-lo'di-oiis, a. Not melodious ; harsh. 

Im'me-ino'ri-al, a. 1. Beyond memory ; out of mind. 

^ Z, [Eng. Law.) Previous to the reign of Richard I. 

Im'me-mo'ri-al-ly, adv. Beyond memory. 

Im-inense', a. [Lat. immensus, from prefix im, for in, 
and mensus, p. p. of metiri, to measure.] Unlimited; 
unbounded ; very great ; huge. 

Syn. — Infinite ; immeasurable; illimitable ; unbounded; 
interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. 

Im-mense'ly, adv. Without limits or measure. 

Im-men'si-ty, n. 1. Unlimited extension ; infinity. 
Z. Vastness in extent or bulk ; greatness. [surable. 

Im-men'su-ra-foil'i-ty, n. Quality of being immen- 

Iixi-men'su-ra-tole, a. [Lat. im, for in, and mensura- 
bilis, measurable.] Not to be measured ; immeasurable. 

Im-men'su-rate (45), a. [Lat. im, for in, and mensu- 
ratus, p. p. of mensurare, to measure.] Unmeasured. 

Im-merse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. immersed (im-merst / ) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. IMMERSING-.] [Lat. immergere, immer- 
sum. See IMMERGE.] 1. To plunge into anything 
that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid. Z. To 
engage deeply ; to involve. 

Im-mer'sion, n. 1. Act of immersing, or state of be- 
ing immersed. Z. State of being overwhelmed or deeply 
engaged. 3. (Astron.) Disappearance of a celestial body, 
by passing either behind another, or into its shadow. 

Im-m&sh', v. t. [imp. & p. p. immeshed (-meslnV) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. immeshing.] To entangle in the meshes 

w of a net, or in a web. 

Im/me-thod'ie-al, a. Not methodical ; wanting meth- 
od ; without systematic arrangement. 
Syn. — Irregular; confused; disorderly. 

lm/me-thod'ic-al-ly, adv. Without order or regu- 

w larity ; irregularity. 

Im'me-thod'ic-al-ness, n. Want of method. 

Im/mi-grant, n. One who removes into a country for 

w the purpose of permanent residence. 

Im'mi-grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. IMB1IGRATED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. IMMIGRATING.] [Lat. immigrare, immigra- 
tum, from prefix im, for in, and migrate, to migrate.] To 
remove into a country for the purpose of permanent resi- 

w deuce. 

Im/mi-gra'tion, n. Act of immigrating. 

Im'mi-nence, n. 1. Quality or condition of being im- 
minent, or threatening. Z. That which is imminent ; 
impending evil or danger. 

Im'mi-nent, a. [Lat. imminens, p. pr. of imminere, 
to project, from prefix im, for in, and minere, to jut, 
project.] Threatening immediately to fall or occur. 

Syn. —Impending; threatening; near; at hand. — Imminent 
is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall on the 
instant; as, in imminent danger of one's lite. Impending denotes 
that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain 
indefinitely; as, the impending evils of war. Threatening sup- 
poses some danger in prospect, but more remote; as, threaten- 
ing indications for the future. 

Im-mis'ci-hil'i-ty, n. Incapacity of being mixed. 

Im-mis'ci-ble, a. Not capable of being mixed. 

Im-mTs'sion (-mlsh'un), n. Act of sending or thrusting 
in ; injection. 

Im-mtt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMMITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMMITTING.] [Lat. immittere, from prefix im. for in, 
and mittere, to send.] To send in ; to inject ; to infuse. 

Im-mit'i-ga-fole, a. [Lat. immitigabilis, from prefix 
im, for in, and mitigare, to mitigate.] Not capable of be- 
ing mitigated or appeased. 



Im-mix', v M t. To mix ; to mingle. 

Im/mo-toil'i-ty, n. [Lat. immobilitas, from immobilis, 
immovable, from pref. im, for in, and mobilis, movable, 
from movere, to move.] Condition or quality of being 
immobile ; fixedness. [suitable limits. 

Im-mSd'er-ate, a. Not moderate ; not confined to 
Syn. — Excessive; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant; 
intemperate. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ly, adv. In an immoderate degree ; ex- 
cessively ; unreasonably. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ness, n. The quality of being im- 
moderate ; excess : extravagance. 

Im-mod'est, a. 1. Not limited to due bounds ; im- 
moderate ; exorbitant. Z. Wanting in the reserve or re- 
straint which decorum and decency require. 

Syn. — Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; impudent; in- 
decent; impure; unchaste; lewd; obscene. 

Im-mod'est- ly, adv. Without due reserve or restraint; 
indecently ; unchastely ; obscenely. 

Im-mod'est-y, n. 1. Want of modesty; indecency; 

w unchastity. Z. Want of delicacy or decent reserve. 

Im'mo-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. immolated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. IMMOLATING.] [Lat. immolare, immolatum, 
to sacrifice, orig. to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal, 
from prefix im, for in, and mola, grits mixed with salt.] 

w To sacrifice ; to kill, as a victim. 

Im/mo-la'tion, n. 1. Act of immolating, or state of 
being immolated. Z, That which is immolated ; a 

w sacrifice. 

Im'mo-la'tor, n. One who offers in sacrifice. 

Im-mor'al, a. Not moral ; inconsistent with rectitude ; 
contrary to conscience or the divine law. 

Syn. — "Wicked; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; im- 
pure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; 
lewd; obscene; debauched. 

Im'mo-ral'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being immoral. Z, 
An immoral act or practice. 

Syn. — Injustice; dishonesty; pride; slander; profaneness; 
gaming ; intemperance ; wickedness ; viciousness ; impurity; 
licentiousness. — All crimes are immoralities, but crime ex- 
presses more than immorality. 

Im-mor'al-ly, adv. In violation of morality. 

Im-mor'tal, a. [Lat immortalis, from prefix im, for in, 
not, and mortalis, mortal.] 1. Not mortal; exempt from 
liability to die. Z. Connected with, or terminating in, 
immortality. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this 
world. 

Syn.— Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; per- 
petual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorrup- 
tible; deathless. 

Im'mor-tal'i-ty, n. 1. 'Quality of being immortal ; 
unending existence. Z. Exemption from oblivion. 

Im-mor'tal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. immortalized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. IMMORTALIZING.] 1. To render im- 
mortal. Z. To exempt from oblivion ; to perpetuate. 

Im-mor'tal-ly, adv. In an immortal manner; with 
exemption from death. [immovable. 

Im-mov / a-foil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being 

Im-mov'a-fole, a. 1. Incapable of being moved ; firmly 
fixed "fast. Z. Steadfast; not to be induced to change 
or alter. 3. Incapable of being altered or shaken ; un- 
alterable. 4. Not capable of being easily affected or 
moved; unimpressible ; hard-hearted. 5. (Law.) Per- 
manent in place or tenure ; fixed. 

Im-mov'a-fole, n. 1. That which can not be moved. 
Z. pi". ( Civil Law.) Lands, and things adherent thereto ; 
i by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings 
j and their accessories ; by their destination, as seeds, 
' plants, manure, &c. ; and by the objects to which they 
| are applied, as servitudes. 

I Im-mov'a-fole-ness, n. Quality of being immovable. 
j Im-mov'a-foly, adv. In an immovable manner ; unal- 
terably ; unchangeably. 

Im-mu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. immunitas, from immunis, free 
from a public service ; prefix im, for in, not, and munus, 
' service, duty.] 1. Exemption from any charge, duty, 
| office, tax, or imposition ; a particular privilege. 2. 
j Freedom. 

| Im-mure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMMURED ; p. pr. & vb. 
I n. immuring] To inclose within walls ; to confine ; to 
imprison ; to incarcerate. 

i Im-mu'gi-e-al, a. Not harmonious ; unmusical. 

Im-mu'ta-foil'i-ty, n. Quality of being unchangeable ; 
unchangeableness *; invariableness. 

Im-mu/ta-fole, a. [Lat. immutabilis; prefix im, for in, 
not, and mutabilis, mutable.] Not mutabie ; not sus- 
ceptible of change ; unchangeable ; invariable ; unal- 

I terable. 



lood, foot ; dm, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



IMMUTABLENESS 



366 



IMPENDENCY 



Im-mu'ta-ble-ness, n. Unchangeableness ; immuta- 
bility. 

Im-mu'ta-bly, adv. Unchangeably ; invariably. 

Imp, n. [See infra.] A young or inferior devil; a little 

w demon. 

Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPED (impt): p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMPING.] [A.-S. impan, impian, to imp, ingraft, plant, I 
from Gr. et*<j)VTeve<,v, to plant in, from ev, in, and <j)VTevetv, 
to plant.] lo insert as a feather into a broken wing ; 
hence, to increase, to strengthen, to plume. 

Im-paet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impacted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPACTING.] [Lat. impingere, impactum, to push, 
strike against ; prefix im, for in, and pangere, to strike 
or driv?.] To drive close ; to press or drive firmly to- 
gether. 

Im'paet, n. 1. Collision ; force communicated. 2. 
(Meek.) The single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body 
in moton against another either in motion or at rest. 

Ira-pair', v. t. [imp & p. p. impaired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMPAIRING.] [From a hypoth. Lat. impejorare, from 
prefix im . for in , and pejorare, to make worse ; pejor, 
worse.] To make worse ; to diminish in quantity, value, 
excellence, or strength. 

Syn.— To diminish ; decrease ; injure ; weaken ; enfeeble. 

Im-pair'er, n. One who, or that which, impairs. 

Im-pale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMPALING.] 1. To fix on a stake ; to put to death by 
fixing on an upright, sharp stake. 2. To inclose, as 
with stakes, posts, or palisades. 3. (Her.) To join, as 
two coats of arms, pale-wise. 

Im-pale'ment, n. 1. Act of impaling. 52. A space 
inclosed by stakes or pales, and the like. 3. (Her.) The 
division of a shield pale-wise, or by a vertical line. 

Im-pal / pa-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of not being palpable, 
or perceptible by the touch. 

Im-pal'pa-ble, a. 1. Not palpable; not to be felt or 
perceived by touch. 52. Not obviously or readily appre- 
hended by the mind. [apprehended. 

Im-pal'pa-fely, adv. In a manner not readily felt or 

Im/pa-na'tioii, n. [From L. Lat. impanare, from Lat. 
prefix im, for in, and panis, bread.] The supposed real 
presence and union of Christ's material body and blood 
with the substance of bread, in the eucharist ; consub- 
stantiation. 

Im-pan'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impaneled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. impaneling.] To write or enter, as the names 
of a jury, in a list ; to form, as a list of jurors. 

Im-par'a-dlse, v. t. [imp. & p.p. imparadised (im- 
par'a-dist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPARADISING.] To put in 
a place of supreme felicity. 

Im-par'i-ty, n. 1. Inequality; disproportion. 52. Dif- 
ference of degree, rank, excellence, number, and the like. 
3. Indivisibility into equal parts. 

Im-park', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imparked (-p'irkf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. IMPARKING.] To inclose for a park ; hence, 
to iuclose or shut up. 

Im-part', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imparted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPARTING.] [Lat. impartire, impertire ; prefix????, 
for in, and partirc, to part, divide, from pars, partis, 
part.] 1. To bestow a share or portion of: to allow 
another to partake in. 2. To make known ; to show by 
words or tokens. 

Syn. — To communicate; share; yield: confer; grant; give; 
reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate. 

Im-part', v. i. To give a part or share. 

Im-part/er, n. One who imparts. 

Im-par'tial, a. Not partial ; unprejudiced ; disinter- 
ested ; equitable ; just. 

Im-par'ti-al'i-ty (-par'shi-al'i-t^ or -par-shaPl-ty), n. 
Freedom from bias ; disinterestedness ; equitableness. 

Im-par'tial-ly, adv. In an impartial manner. 

Im-part'i-bil'i-ty. n. 1. Quality of being impartible ; 
indivisibility. 52. Quality of being imparted or com- 
municable. 

Im-part 'i-ble, a. [Prefix im, not, and partible.] 1. 
Not partible ; indivisible. 52. [From impart.] Capable 
of being imparted or communicated. 

Im-pass'a-ble, a. Incapable of being passed. 
Syn. — Impervious ; impenetrable ; pathless. 

Im-pas'si-bil'l-ty, n. Quality or condition of being im- 
passible. 

Im-pas'si-ble, a. [Lat. impassibilis, from prefix im, for 
in, not. and passibilis, passible.] Incapable of suffering ; 
without sensation. [passible. 

Im-pas'ei-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being im- 

Im-pas'sion (im-pash/un), v. t. To move or affect 
strongly with passion 



Im-pas'sion-ate, v. t. [Lat., from prefix im, for in, 
a.nd passio, a suffering, passion.] To affect powerfully. 

Im-pas'sioned (-pash'und), p. a. Actuated or agitated 
by passion ; animated ; excited. 

Im-pas'slve, a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; 
insensible ; impassible. [pain. 

Im-pas'slve-ness, n. State of being insusceptible of 

im/pas-ta'tioii, n. [See infra.] 1. Act of making into 
paste. 52. That which is formed into paste ; especially, 
a combination of different substances by means of ce- 
ments capable of resisting fire or air. 

Im-paste', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impasted : p. pr. & vb. 
n. impasting.] [Prefix im and paste, q. v.] 1. To 
knead ; to make into paste. 2. (Faint.) To lay on colors 
thick and told. 

Im-pat'i-ble. a. [Prefix im, not,&ndpatible, q. v.] In- 
capable of suffering ; impassible. 

Im-'pa'tience, n. 1. Quality of being impatient ; want 
of patience. * 2. Tiolence of temper ; vehcn.ent passion. 

Im-pa'tient, a. 1. Not patient ; not bearing with com- 
posure ; intolerant ; restless ; hasty. 2. Prompted by, 
or exhibiting, impatience. 

Im-pa'tient-ly, adv. In an impatient manner. 

Im-pat'ron-ize, v. t. To gain to cne"s self the whole 
power of ; — said of a seigniory. 

Impawn', v. t. [imp. & p". p. impawned; p. pr. & 
vb. ri. impawning.] To pawn ; to pledge. 

Im-peach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impeached (im-pechf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. impeaching.] [Ev. empcther, to pre- 
vent, hinder, bar, It. impacciare, freq. form cf Lat. im- 
pingere, impactum, to thrust or drive against, hence, to 
hinder, to stop.] 1. To charge with a crime or misde- 
meanor ; especially, to charge, as an officer, with misbe- 
havior in office. 2. Hence, to charge with impropriety ; 
to call in question. 

Syn. — To accuse ; arraign ; censure ; criminate : indict. See 
Accuse. 

Im-peacli'a-bie, a. Liable to impeachment. 

Im-peacli'er, n. One who impeaches ; an accuser. 

Im-peacli'ment, ». Act of impeaching, or state of 
being impeached ; as, (a.) A calling to account ; arraign- 
ment ; especially, arraignment of a public officer for n:ai- 
administration. (b.) A calling in question as to puiity 
of motives or the rectitude of conduct, &c. 

Im-pearl', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPEAKLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. IMPEARLING.] 1. To form into pearls or their 
likeness. 2. To decorate with pearls, or with things 
resembling pearls. 

Im-pe-e'-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being impeccable; 
exemption from sin, error, or offense. 

Im-pe-e'-ea-ble, a. [Lat. impeccabilis ; prefix im, for in, 
not, and peccarc, to err, to sin.] Not liable to rin ; ex- 
empt from the possibility of doing wrong. 

Im-pe-e'-ean-f.y, n. Quality of being impeccable ; im- 
peccability. 

Im / pe-«u. / iii-os'i-ty, n. The want, of money. 

Im'pe-euii'i-o'u.gi, a. [Lat. im, for in, not, and pecunia, 
money.] Not having money ; poor. 

Im-pede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impeded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPEDING.] [Lat. impedire, lit. to entangle the feet, 
from prefix im, for in, and pes, pedis, foot.] To hinder ; 
to obstruct. [progress or motion. 

Im-ped'i-ment, n. That which impedes or hinders 
Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct utter- 
ance. 

Syn. — Hindrance ; obstruction : obstacle: difficulty. — An 
impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our prog- 
ress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises up before us in our 
path, and we surmount it. A difficulty sets before us something 
hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hin- 
drance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it. 

Im-ped'i-tlve, a. Causing hindrance ; impeding. 

Im-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impelled ; p.pr. & vb. n~ 
IMPELLING.] [Lat. impellere ; prefix im, for ?'??, and 
pellere, to drive.] To drive or urge forward ; to incite to 
action in any way. 

Syn.— To instigate ; incite ; induce ; influence ; actuate t 
move. 

Im-pel'lent, a. Having the quality of impelling. 

Im-pel'lent, n. A power or force that drives forward. 

Im-pel'ler, n. One who, or that which, impels. 

Im-pen', v. t. To pen ; to inclose in a narrow place. 

Im-pend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. IMPENDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPENDING.] [Lat. impend ere ; prefix im, for in, 
and pendere, to hang.] To hang over ; to be suspended 
above ; to be imminent. 

Im-pend'emje, \n. The state of impending; near ap. 

Im-pend'en-cy, j proach ; a menacing attitude. 



e, &<s.,long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, wliat ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



IMPENDENT 



367 



IMPIOUSLY 



Im-p€nd'ent. a. Impending ; imminent ; threatening ; 
pressing closely. 

Im-pend'ing, p. a. Hangin r over ; impendent. 

Syn. — Imminent; menacing; threatening. See Immixext. 

Im-pen'e-tra-bil'i-iy, n. 1. Quality of being impen- 
etrable. 2. (Physics.) That property of matter by which 
it excludes all other matter from the space it occupies. 
3. Obruseness : stupidity. 4. Want of sympathy or 
susceptibility ; coldness. 

Im-pen'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being penetrated 
or pierced, 2. Hence, inaccessible,- as to knowledge, 
reason, sympathy, &c. 

Im-pen'e-tra-ble-ness, n. Impenetrability. 

Im-pen'e-tra-l>ly, adv. In an impenetrable manner. 

Im-pen'i-tence," \ n. Condition of being impenitent; 

Im-pen'i ten-cy r 1 obduracy of heart. 

Im-peii'i-teiit, a. [Lat. hnpceniiens ; prefix im, for in, 
not, and pcenitens, penitent.] Not penitent; not re- 
penting of sin ; not contrite ; obdurate. 

Im-pen'i-tent, n. One who does not repent ; a hard- 
ened sinner. [rately. 

Im-pen'i-tent-ly, adv. "Without repentance ; obdu- 

Irn-per'a-trve, a. [Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to 
command.] 1. Expressive of command; commanding; 
authoritative. 2. Not to be avoided or evaded : obliga- 
tory ; binding. [authoritatively. 

Im-per'a-tive-ly, adv. In an imperative manner ; 

Im per-ceiv'a-ble, a. Imperceptible. [Rare.] 

1 m'per-cep ti-bil'i-ty, n . The state or quality of being 

w imperceptible : imperceptibleness. 

Imper-cep'ti-ble, a. 1. Not perceptible ; insensible; 
impalpable : not easily apprehended. 2. Very small ; 

^ fine or very slow in progress. 

Im/per-cep'ti-ble, n. That which can not be perceived 
on account of its smallness. [ceptible. 

Im / per-eep'li-ble-iies?, »• Quahty of being imper- 
ial per-fep'ti-bly, adv. In a manner not to be per- 
ceived. 

Im-per'f eet (14), a. 1. Not perfect or complete in all 
its parts. 2. Wanting in some essential elementary organ. 
3. Not fulfilling its design ; esthetieally or morally de- 
fective. 4. Marked by, or subject to, defects or evil. 

Imperfect tense (Gram.), a tense expressing an action in time 
past, then present, but not finished. 

Im'per-fee'tion, n. Quahty or condition of being im- 
perfect ; want of perfection. 

Syn. — Defect ; deficiency : incompleteness ; fault ; failing; 
weakness ; frailty ; foible ; blemish ; vice. 

Im-per'fe€t-ly, adv. In an imperfect manner or de- 
gree. 

Im-per'f o-ra-ble, a. Incapable of being perforated. 

Im-per'f o-rate, a. [Lat. prefix im, for in, and perfora- 
tum, p. p. of perforare.] Not perforated or pierced. 

Im-per'fo-ra'tion, n. State of being imperforated, or 
without aperture. 

Im-pe'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. imperial) 's, from imperium, 
command, sovereignty, empire, from imperare, to com- 
mand.] 1. Pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor. 
2. Belonging to supreme authority, or one who wields 
it; royal; sovereign; supreme. 3. Of superior size or 
excellence. 

Im-pe'ri-al, n. 1. (Arch.) A kind of dome, such as is 
found in Moorish buildings. '2. A tuft of hair on a 
man's lower lip. 3. An outside seat on a diligence. 4. 
A case for luggage on top of a coach. 

Im-pe'ri-al-Ir?t, n. A subject or soldier of an emperor. 

Im-pe'ri-al 'i-ty, n. 1. Imperial power. 2. An im- 
perial right or privilege. 

Im-pe'ri-al ly, adv. In an imperial manner. 

Im-per'il. v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPERILED; p. pr. & 
vb. rc. imperiling.] To bring into peril ; to endanger. 

Im-pe'ri-oils (89), a. 1. Commanding; authoritative: 
especially, in a bad sense, dictatorial : haughty ; arrogant ; 
overbearing. 2. Commanding ; indicatiug an imperious 
temper. 3. Authoritative ; commanding with rightful 
authority. 

Syn. — Domineering- ; lordly ; tyrannical ; despotic ; im- 
perative ; pressing. — One who is imperious exercises his au- 
thority in a manner highly offensive for its spirit and tone; one 
who is lord!;/ assumes a lofty air in order to display his im- 
portance ; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to 
make others feel their inferiority. 

Im-pe'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In an imperious manner. 

Im-pe'ri-ous-ness, n. The quality of being imperi- 
ous ; authority : arrogance ; haughtiness. 

Im-per'i.*h-a-ble, a. Not perishable : indestructible. 

Im-per'me-a-bfl'i-ty, n. The quality of being imper- 
meable ; impermeableness. 



Im-pSr'me-a-ble, a. Not permeable : not permitting 
passage, as of a> fluid, through its substance ; impervi- 
ous. 

Im-per'son-al. a. Not personal ; not representing a 
person ; not having personality. 

Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb without the inflections ap- 
propriate to the first and s-eeond persons: one without a defi- 
nite subject; as, it ruins. 

Im-per'son-al 'i-ty, n. The condition or quahty of be- 
ing impersonal. 

Im-per'son-al-ly, adv. In an impersonal manner. 

Im-per'son-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impersonated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. impersonating.] I. To invest with 
personality. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to ; 
to personify. 3. To represent tne person of ; to person- 
ate. 

Im-per'son-a'tion, In. Act of impersonating ; 

im/per-sSirl-f i-ea'tion, J personification. 

Im-per'spi-«u'i-ty, n. Want of perspicuity ; vagus- 

„ ness. [vague. 

Im'per-sple'u-ous, a._ Not perspicuous ; obscure ; 

Im'per-sua'gi-ble (-swa'zi-bi), a. Not to be moved by 
persuasion ; not yielding to arguments. 

Im-per'ti-nence, In. 1. Condition or quality of be- 

Im-per'ti-neii-cy, J ing impertinent : irrelevance. 2. 
Unbecoming conduct; rudeness; incivility. 3. That 
which is impertinent ; a thing out of place, or of no 
vaiue, &c. 

Im-per'ti-nent (14),a. [Lat. impertinent, from prefix 
im, for in, not, and pertine ?is.] 1. Not pertinent; hav, 
ing no bearing on the subject ; irrelevant ; inapplicable. 
2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propria 
ety or good-breeding. 3. Of no account ; trifling ; friv- 
olous. 

Syn. — Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; impudent; inso- 
lent. — A person is ojricious who obtrudes his offices or assist- 
ance where they are' not needed: he is impertinent when he in- 
termeddles in things with which he has no concern. The for- 
mer shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, 
more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. 

Im-per'ti-nent-ly, adv. In an impertinent manner; 
officiously : rudely : foolishly. 

Im'per-tur'ba-bil'i-ty, n. State of being impertur- 
bable ; self-possession ; coolness. 

Im'per-tur'ba-ble, a. [Lat. ijnperturbabilis, from pre- 
fix im, for in, not, and perturbare, to disturb.] Incapa- 
ble of being disturbed or agitated. 

Im-per'tur-ba'tion, n. Freedom from agitation of 
mind ; calmness ; quietude. 

Im-per'vi-a-ble, a. Not pervious ; impervious. 

Im-per'vi-oiis, a. Not pervious; not admitting of en- 
trance or passage through. 
Syn. — Impassible ; pathless; impenetrable; imperviable. 

Im-per'vi-ous-ly, adv. In an impervious manner ; im- 
penetrably. 

Im-per'vi-oiis-ness, n. State of being impervious. 

Im-pet'u-ds'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being 
impetuous; fury; violence. 2. Tehemence of temper. 

Im-pefu-oiis, a. [Lat. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 
1. Rushing with force and violence. 2. Vehement in 
feeling. 

Syn. — Forcible: rapid; hasty; precipitate ; furious ; boia- 
_ terous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate. 

Im-pet'u-ovis-ly, adv. In an impetuous manner. 

Im-pet'u-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being impetuous. 

Im'pe-tiis, n. [Lat., from impetere, to rush upon, at- 
tack, from prefix im, for in, and pet ere, to fall upon.] 
The force with which any body is driven or impelled ; 

w momentum. 

Im'phee, n. (Bot.) The African sugar-cane, resembling 
the Sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane. 

Im-pierce', v. t. To pierce through ; to penetrate. 

Im-pi'e-ty, n. [Lat. impietas, from impius, impious.] 

1. Quality of being impious ; irreverence toward the 
Supreme Being. 2. An impious act. 3. Want of rev- 
erence, filial affection, or obedience, to parents. 

Syn. —Ungodliness ; irreligion ; unrighteousness ; sinful- 
ness; profaneness. 

Im-pinge', v. i. [imp. & p. p. impinged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. IMPINGING.] [Lat. imjringere, from prefix z'm, 
for in, and pangere, to fix, strike.] To fall or dash 

w against ; to strike : to hit. 

Im'pi-oiis, a. [Lat. impius, from prefix im, for in, not, 
and pius, pious.] I. Not pious ; irreligious ; profane. 

2. Proceeding from, or manifesting, a want of reverence 
_ for the Supreme Being. 
Im'pi-ous-ly, adv. In an impious manner ; profanely. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, e<?ho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis- 






IMPIOUSNESS 



368 



IMPOTENCY 



Im'pi-ous-ness, n. Impiety ; contempt of God and 
his laws. 

Im-pla/ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being implacable. 

Im-pla'-ea-ble, a. [Lat. ■implacabilis, from prefix im, 
for in, not, and placabilis, placable.] Not placable ; in- 
capable of being pacified. 

Syn.— Unappeasable ; inexorable; irreconcilable; unre- 
lenting; relentless. 

Im-pla'-ea-foly, adv. In an implacable manner ; with 
unappeasable enmity ; inexorably. 

Im-plant', v. i. [imp. & p. p. implanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. IMPLANTING.] To set, plant, or infix, for the 

w purpose of growth. 

Im'plan-ta'tion, n. Act of implanting, setting, or in- 
fixing in the mind or heart. [pearance of truth. 

Im-plau'§i-ble , a. Not plausible ; not wearing the ap- 

Im-plead', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impleaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. IMPLEADING.] (Law.) To institute and prose- 
cute a suit against in court ; to sue at law. 

Im-plead'er, n. (Law.) One who prosecutes another. 

Im/ple-ment, n. [Lat. implementum, from implere, to 
fill up ; prefix im, for in, and plere, to fill.] Whatever 
may supply a want ; especially, an instrument or utensil 
as supplying a requisite to an end. 

Im-ple'tion, n. 1. Act of filling; state of being full. 

w 2. That which fills up ; filling. 

Im'plex, a. [Lat. implexus, p. pr. of implectere, to 
infold, entangle.] Infolded; intricate; entangled; com- 

w plicated. 

Im'pli-eate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. implicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. IMPLICATING.] [Lat. implicare, implication 
and implicitum ; prefix im, for in. and plicare, to fold.] 
1. To infold ; to connect in many relations. 2. To bring 
into connection with ; to show to be connected or con- 

, cemed. 

Im'pli-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of implicating, or state of 
being implicated ; involution ; entanglement. 2. That 

^ which is implied, but not expressed. 

Im'pli-ea/tive, a. Tending to implicate. 

Im'pli--ea / trve-ly, adv. By implication. 

Im-plic'it, a. [Lat. implicitus. See IMPLICATE.] 1. 
Fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words ; 
implied. 2. Trusting to the word or authority of an- 
other, without doubting or reserve. 

Im-pllc'it-ly, adv. 1. By implication ; impliedly. 2. 
With unreserved confidence. 

Im-plic'ii-ness, n. State of trusting without reserve. 

Im-pli'ed-ly, adv. By implication. 

Im-plore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. implored ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. imploring.] [Lat. implorare, from prefix im, for 
in, and plorare, to cry aloud, to cry out.] To call upon, 
or for, in supplication ; to pray earnestly. 

Syn. — To beseech ; supplicate ; crave ; entreat ; beg ; so- 
licit. 

Im-plor'er, n. One who implores, or prays earnestly. 

Im-plumed', ) a. [Prefix im and plume , plumous , q. 

Im-pln'moiis, 1 v.] Having no plumes or feathers. 

Im-ply', v. t. [imp. & p. p. implied ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
implying.] [See Implicate.] To contain by implica- 
tion ; to include virtually. 

Syn. — To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; de- 
note; signify. See Involve. 

Im-poi'gon, v. t. 1. To impregnate or affect with poi- 
son. 2. To imbitter ; to impair. 

Im-pol'i-cy, n. Quality of being impolitic : inexpedi- 

^ ence ; bad policy. [Rare.] 

Im'po-Hte', a. Not polite; not of polished manners; 

w unpolite ; uncivil. 

Im'po-lite'ly, adv. In an impolite manner ; uncivilly. 

Im'po-lite'ness, n. The quality of being impolite ; 
incivility ; want of good manners. 

Im-pol'i-ti-e, a. Not politic; wanting in policy or pru- 
dent management ; unwise. 
Syn. — Indiscreet ; incautious ; imprudent ; inexpedient. 

Im-p61'i-tie-ly, adv. In an impolitic manner. 

Im-pSn'der-a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being im- 
ponderable, [ble weight. 

Jm-pon'der-a-ble, a. Not ponderable; without sensi- 

Xm/po-ros'i-ty, n. Want of poroshy ; compactness 
that excludes pores. [solid. 

Im-po'rous, a. Destitute of pores ; compact in texture ; 

Im-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imported ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPORTING.] [Lat. importare ; prefix im, for in, and 
portare, to bear.] 1. To bring in from abroad; espe- 
cially, to bring, as wares or merchandise from another 
State or country , in the transactions of commerce. 2. 



To include, as signification or intention ; to imply ; to 
signify. 3. To be of importance or consequence to. 

Syn. — To denote ; mean ; signify ; imply ; interest ; co»- 
cern. 

Im'port, n. 1. That which is imported, or brought in 
from abroad. 2. Purport ; meaning ; intended signifi- 
cance. 3. Importance ; consequence. 

Im-port'a-ble, a. Capable of being imported. 

Im-por'tance, m. Quality of being important; conse- 
quence ; moment ; significance. 

Im-por'tant, a. Carrying or possessing weight or con- 

" sequence ; significant ; weighty. 

Im'por-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or practice of importing, or 
of bringing from another country or state. 2. Goods 
introduced into a country from abroad. 

Im-port'er, n. One who imports or brings goods from 
another country or state. 

Im-port'u-na-cy, n. Quality of being importunate. 

Im-p6rt'u-nate (45), a. Troublesomely urgent ; perti- 
nacious in solicitation. 

Jm-p6rt'u-nate-ly, adv. In an importunate manner. 

Im/por-tune', v . t. [imp. & p. p. importuned : p. 
pr. & vb. n. importuning.] [L. Lat. importunate, 
from Lat. importunus ; prefix im, for in, and portare, to 
bear, (as if) not conducive, not proper.] To request with 

w urgency ; to press with solicitation ; to tease. 

Im'por-tu'ni-ty, n. Quality of being importunate: 
pressing solicitation ; urgent request. 

Im-pos/a-ble, a. Capable of being imposed. 

Im-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imposed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMPOSING.] [Lat. imp one re, imp os; turn ■'; prefix im, for 
in, and ponere, to place.] 1. To lay on ; to set or place ; 
to put ; to deposit. 2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, 
duty, obligation, command, or the like ; to levy. 3. To 
pass off; to palm. 4. (Eccl.) To lay, as the hands in 
confirmation or ordination. 5. (Print.) To prepare for 
printing, as a form, by arranging the pages upon the 
stone, and confining them in the chase. 

Im-po§'er, n. One who imposes or enjoins. 

Im-po§'ing, p. a. Adapted to impress forcibly ; impres- 
sive ; commanding. 

Im-po§'ing- stone, n. (Print.) A stone on which the 

w pages or columns of type are imposed or made into forms. 

InVpo-gl'tion (-zJsh'un), n. 1. Act of imposing, lay- 
ing on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, &c. 2. 
That which is imposed ; charge ; burden ; injunction ; 
levy ; tax. 3. A trick or deception put or laid on oth- 
ers. 4. (Eccl.) Act of laying on the hands as a relig- 
ious ceremony, in ordination and the like. 

Syn. — Delusion ; deceit ; fraud ; imposture. See Decep- 
tion. 

Im-pos'si-toil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being impossible ; 
impracticability. 2. An impossible thing. 

Im-pos'si-ble, a. [Lat. impossibilis ; prefix im, for in, 
not, and possibilis, possible.] Not possible ; incapable 
of being done ; impracticable. 
Syn.— See Impracticable. 

Im'post, n. [From Lat. imponere, impositum. See IM- 
POSE.] 1. A tax, tribute, or duty ; often a duty or tax 
laid by government on goods imported into a country. 2. 
(Arch.) That part of a pillar in vaults and arches on 
which the weight of the building rests ; or the capital of 
a pillar or cornice which receives an arch. 
Syn.— Tribute ; toll ; excise ; custom ; duty. 

Im-post'hu-mate, v. i. [See Imposthubie.] To 
form an abscess^ to gather. 

Im-post'lm-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imposthu- 
mated ; p.pr. & vb. n. imposthubiating.] To affect 
with an imposthume or abscess. 

Im-post/liu-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of forming an ab- 
scess. 2. An abscess. 

Im-post'hume, n. [A corruption of aposteme. See 
Aposteme.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in 
any part of an animal body ; an abscess. 

Im-post'Imme, v. i. & t. Same as Imposthumate. 

Im-pos'tor, n. [Lat., from imponere, to impose upon, 
deceive.] One who imposes upon others. 
Syn. — Deceiver ; cheat ; rogue ; pretender. 

Im-pos'tor-ship, n. The condition, character, or prac- 
tice of an impostor. 

Im-post'tire (53), n. Act or conduct of an impostor; 
deception practiced under a false or assumed character. 
Syn.— Cheat ; fraud ; trick ; imposition ; delusion. 

Jm'po-tence, | n. 1. Quality or condition of being 

Im'po-ten-fy , j impotent ; want of strength or power, 



a,e,&c,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, aslt, all, wliat ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



IMPOTENT 



369 



IMPROVE 



animal, intellectual, or moral. Z. (Law & Physiol.) 
Want of procreative power. 

fm'po-teiit, a. [Lat. impotens ; prefix im, for in, not, 
andpcrte/i.s, potent, powerful.] 1. Not potent ; wanting 
power, strength, or vigor, whether physical, intellectual, 
or moral. Z. (Law.) Wanting the power of procreation. 

fm'po-tent, n. One who is feeble, infirm, or languish- 
ing under disease. 

Im'po-tent-ly. adv. Weakly ; without power oTer the 
passions. 

Lux-pound', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impounded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. impounding.] To confine in a pound or close 
pen ; to restrain within limits. 

Iin-pov'er-ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impoverished 
(im-pjv'er-isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. impoverishing.] 
[Prefix im, not, and 0. Fr. povere, povre, poor. See 
Poor.] 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty. Z. 
To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of. 

Im-pov'er-ish-ment, n. Act of impoverishing ; state 
of being impoverished ; reduction to poverty. 

Im-prae'ti-ca-biFi-ty, n. State or quality of being 
impracticable ; impracticableness. 

Im-prac'ti-ea-tole, a. 1. Not practicable; incapable 
of being accomplished by the means employed or at com- 
mand. Z. Not easily managed ; untractable ; stubborn. 
3. Not to be overcome or persuaded by any reasonable 
method ; not capable of being easily dealt with. 4. In- 
capable of being passed or traveled. 

Syn. — Impossible ; infeasible. — A thing is impracticable 
when it can not be accomplished by any human means at pres- 
ent possessed ; a thins is impossible when the laws of nature 
forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impractica- 
ble, but not impossible, because the existing obstructions may 
yet be removed. 

Im-prae'ti-ea-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
impracticable ; impracticability. 

Im-pra-e'ti-ea-bly, adv. In an impracticable manner. 

Im'pre-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imprecated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. IMPRECATING.] [Lat. imprecari, imprecatum, 
from prefix im, for in, and precari, to pray.] To call 
doTvn by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous ; to 

w invoke, as evil. 

Im/pre-ea'tioii, n. The act of imprecating, or invok- 
ing evil on any one. 

Syn. — Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. 

Im'pre-ea-to-ry, a. Of the nature of imprecation ; 
maledictory. [actness. 

Im'pre-clg'ion (-sizb/un), n. Want of precision or ex- 

Im-pregiV (-preen 7 ), v. t. To impregnate ; to fecundate. 

Im-preg'na-ble, a. 1. Not to be stormed, or taken by 
assault. Z. Not to be moved, impressed, or shaken ; in- 
vincible. 

Im-preg'iia-bly, adv. In an impregnable manner. 

Im-preg'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impregnated; 
p. pr. &i vb.n. IMPREGNATING.] [L. Lat. imprsegnare, 
imprxgnatum, from Lat. prefix im, for in, and prsegnans, 
prxgnas, pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant ; to get with 
child. Z. To render fruitful or fertile in any way ; to 
fertilize. 3. To infuse particles of another substance 
into. [nated. 

Im-pr6g f nate, a. Rendered prolific or fruitful ; impreg- 

Im'preg-iia'tion, n. 1. Act of impregnating ; fecunda- 
tion. Z. State of being impregnated. 3. Intimate 
mixture of parts or particles ; infusion; saturation. 

Im'pre-serlp'ti-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being lost 
or impaired by neglect to use, or by the claims of another 
founded on prescription. Z. Not derived from, or depend- 
ent on, external authority. 

Im-prgss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impressed (-prCsf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. IMPRESSING.] [Lat. imprimere, impress- 
urn; prefix im, for in, anil premere, to press.] 1. To 
press, or stamp, iu or upon ; to make a mark or figure 
upon. Z. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, 
image, &c. 3. To inculcate; to imprint. 4. To take 
by force for public service. 

Im'press, n. 1. A mark made by pressure ; indenta- 
tion ; imprint ; stamp ; mold. Z. Mark of distinction. 
3. Impression or influence wrought on the mind. 4. 
The act of impressing for the public service. 

Im-press'I-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being impressible. 

Im-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being impressed ; yield- 
ing to an impression ; susceptive. 

Im-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of impressing or 
stamping. Z. That which is produced by pressure ; — as, 
(a.) A stamp made by pressure; mark, (b.) Sensible 
result of an influence exerted from without, (c.) Influ- 
ence on the purposes, feelings, or actions, (d.) Effect or 
influence on the organs of sense, which is the condition 



of sensation <or sensible perception ; hence, an indistinct 
notion, remembrance, or fcenef. (p.) A copy taken by 
pressure from type, from an engraved plate, or the like ; 
hence, also, all tne copies taken at once ; an edition. 3. 
That which impiesses, or exercises an effect, action, or 
agency. 4. (Paint.) (a.) The ground-color, (b.) A stra- 
tum of a single color laid upon a wall or surface. 

Im-pres'sion-a-ble, a. Susceptible of impression ; ca- 
pable of being molded ; susceptive. 

Im-press'ive, a. 1. Making, or tending to make, an 
impression. Z. Capable of being impressed ; susceptible ; 
impressible. [cibly. 

Im-press'ive-ly, adv. In an impressive manner ; for- 

Im-press'ive-iiess, n. Quality of being impressive. 

Im-pr6ss'ment, n. Act of seizing for public use, or of 

w impressing into public service. [to print a book, &c. 

Im'pin-md'tur, n. [Lat., let it be printed.] A license 

Itn-prVmis, adv. [Lat., for in primis, among the first, 
chiefly ; in, in, and primus, first.] In the first place; 

w first in order. 

Im'print, n. [See infra.'] Whatever is printed on the 
title-page of a book ; especially, the name of the printer 
or publisher, with the time and place of publishment. 

Im-print', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imprinted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IMPRINTING.] 1. To impress; to mark by pressure ; 
to stamp. Z. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by 
means of types. 3. To fix indelibly, as on the mind or 
memory ; to impress. 

Im-prig'on (im-priz'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. impris- 
oned ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPRISONING.] 1. To put into 
a prison ; to confine in a prison or jail. Z. To limit, 
hinder, or restrain in any way. 

Syn. — To incarcerate ; confine; immure. 

Im-prig'on-ment, n. Act of imprisoning, or state of 
being imprisoned ; restraint of liberty. 

Syn. — Incarceration; custody; confinement; durance. 

Im-prob'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being improbable ; 
unlikelihood. 

Im-prob'a-ble, a. Not probable ; unlikely to be true. 

Im-prob'a-bly, adv. In an improbable manner. 

Im-prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. improbitas ; prefix im, for in, 
not, and probitas, probity.] Absence of probity ; want 

w of integrity or rectitude of principle ; dishonesty. 

Im'pro-fl'cience (-iish'ens), ) n. Want of profi- 

Im'pro-fl'cien-cy (-flsh'en-sy), j ciency. 

Im-promp'tu, adv. or a. [Lat. in promptu, in readi- 
ness, at hand, from promptus, visibility, readiness, from 
proynptus, visible, ready.] Off-hand; without previous 
study. [position. 

Im-promp'tu, n. An off-hand or extemporaneous com- 

Im-prop'er, a. Not proper: not fitted to the circum- 
stances, design, or end ; unfit ; indecent. 

Improper fraction (Arith.), a fraction whose denominator is 
less than its numerator; as, -i- 

Im-prop'er-ly , adv. In an improper manner ; not fitly ; 
unsuitably ; incongruously ; inaccurately. 

Im-pro'pri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impropriated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. IMPROPRIATING.] [Lac. im, for in, and 
propriare,propriatum, to appropriate.] 1. To appropri- 
ate to private use. [Obs.) Z. (Eng. Heel. Law.) To 
place the profits of, for care and disbursement, in the 
hands of a layman. 

Im-pro'pri-a'tion, n. 1. Act of impropriating; espe- 
cially, (Eng. Eccl. Lavj.) (a.) The act of putting an eccles- 
iastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corpora- 
tion, (b.) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a 
lay corporation. Z. That which is appropriated, aa 
thanks, or ecclesiastical property. 

Im-pro'pri-a/tor (110), n. One who impropriates ; es- 
pecially, a layman who has possession of the lands or a 

w living of the church. 

Im/pro-pri'e-ty, n. 1. Unfitness or un suitableness to 
character, time, 'place, or circumstances. 2. That which 
is improper ; an unsuitable act, expression, or the like. 

Im-prov'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being improved ; sus- 
ceptible of improvement. Z. Capable of being used to 
advantage. 

Im-prov'a-ble-ness, n. Susceptibility of improvement ; 
capabieness of being made better. 

Im-prove' (-probv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. improved; 
p. pr."&, vb. n. IMPROVING.] [Prefix im and 0. Fr. 
prover, Lat. probare, to esteem as good.] 1. To make 
better ; to advance in value or good qualities. Z. To use 
or employ to good purpose. 

Syn. — To better ; meliorate ; advance ; heighten ; mend j 
correct ; rectify. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-cho ; gem, get : 

"24 



a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



IMPROVE 



370 



INADEQUATE 



Im-prove', f. i. 1. To grow better ; to make or show 
improvement. 2. To grow worse. 3. To increase ; to 
be enhanced ; to rise. 

Im-prove'meut, n. 1. Act of improving, or state of 
being 'improved ; progress toward what is better ; melior- 
ation. 2. Act of making profitable use or application of 
any thing, or the state of being profitably employed ; 
hence, also, practical application, as of the doctrines and 
principles of a discourse. 3. That which improves any 
thing, or is added to it by way of improving it. 

Im-prov'er, n. One who, or that which, improves. 

Im-pr5v'i-dence, n. Quality of being improvident ; 
neglect of foresight. 

Im-prov'i-dent, a. Not provident ; wanting forecast. 
Syn.— Inconsiderate; negligent; careless; heedless. 

Im-prov'i-dent-ly , adv . Without foresight or forecast. 

Im-prov'i-s-ate, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. improvi- 
SATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPROVISATING.] To compose 
and utter extemporaneously ; to improvise. 

Im-prov'i-sa'tion, n. 1. Act or art of making poetry, 
or performing music extemporaneously. 2. That which 
is improvised. 

Im-prov'i-fia-to're, n. See Improvvisatore. 

Im-prov'i-^a-tr'i'ce (-trG'cha), n. See Improwisa- 
TRICE. 

Im'pro-vlge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. improvised ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. IMPROVISING.] [Lat. improvdsus, from prefix 

im, for in, smdprovisus, foreseen, provided.] 1. To speak 

extemporaneously, especially in verse. 2. To bring 

about on a sudden, off-hand, or without previous pre- 
w paration. 
Im/pro-vige', i». i. To utter compositions, especially in 

verse, without previous preparation; hence, to do any 
w thing off-hand. [tor. 

Im/pro-vis/er, n. One who improvises ; an improvisa- 
Im-prdv'v'i-sa-to're, n. [It. See Improvise.] A 

man who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short 

poems extemporaneously and immediately. 
Im-prov'v'i-sa-tri'ce (im-prov've-za-trS'cha), n. [It. 

See supra.] A woman who composes and sings or recites 

rhymes or short poems extern poraneously. 
Im-prii'denee, n. Quality of being imprudent; want 

of prudence : 'indiscretion ; in consideration ; rashness. 
Im-pru'dent, a. [Lat. imprudens, from prefix im, for 

in, not, and prudens, prudent.] Not prudent; wanting 

prudence or discretion. 

Syn. — Indiscreet ; injudicious ; incautious ; unadvised ; 

heedless ; rash. 
Iin-prii'dent-ly, adv. In an imprudent manner ; in- 
w discreetly. [lessness ; want of modesty. 

Im'pu-dence, n. Quality of being impudent ; shame- 

Syn. — Effrontery ; saucincss. — Impudence refers more es- 
pecially to the feelings; effrontery (lit., meeting face to face) to 
some gross and public exhibition cf shamelessness ; saucinest, 
(from Lat. mlsns, 6alt, sharp), to a sudden outbreak of impu- 
dence, especially from au inferior. 

Im'pu-dent, a. [Lat. impudens, from prefix im, for in, 
not, and pudens, ashamed, modest.] Bold, with con- 
tempt or disregard of others ; unblushingly forward ; 
wanting modesty. 

Syn.— Shameless ; audacious ; brazen ; bold-faced ; pert ; 
immodest ; rude ; saucy ; impertinent ; insolent. 

Im'pu-dent-ly, adv. In an impudent manner; with 

w indecent assurance ; shamelessly. 

Im/pu-dic'i-ty, n. [Lat. impudicitia, from impudicus, 
immodest, fr. prefix im, for in, not, and pudicus, shame- 
faced, modest.] Immodesty. 

Im-pugii' (im-pun'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPUGNED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. IMPUGNING.] [Lat. impvgnare, from 
Lat. prefix im, for in, and pugnare. to fight.] To attack 
by words or arguments ; to contradict ; to call in ques- 
tion. 

Im-pugn'a-lble (im-pun'a-bl or im-pug'na-bl), a. Ca- 
pable of being impugned. 

Im-pugn'er, n. One who impugns. 

Im'pulse,n. [Lat. impulsus. See Impel.] 1. Act of 
impelling ; impulsion ; the action of a force so as to pro- 
duce motion suddenly. 2. Effect of an impelling force. 
3. Sudden motion exciting to action ; hasty inclination ; 
impression; instigation. 

Im-pul'sion, n. 1. Act of impelling or driving onward. 
2. Influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the 
mind, from without or within ; impulse. 

Im-pul/sive, a. 1. Having the power of driving or im- 
pelling. 2. Actuated by impulse. 3. (Mech.) Acting 
momentarily, or by impulse. 

Im-pill'srve-ly, adv. With force ; by impulse. 



Im-pu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. impunitas, from impunis, withou* 
punishment, from prefix im, for in, not, and pana, pun- 
ishment.] 1. Exemption from punishment or penalty- 
2. Exemption from injury or loss ; security. 

Im-pure', a. 1. Mixed or impregnated with extraneous 
substances ; not pure ; foul. 2. Defiled by sin or guilt ; 
unholy. 3. Unhallowed ; unholy. 4. Unchaste ; lewd; 
unclean. 5. Obscene. 6. (Old Test.) Not purified ac- 
cording to the law of Moses ; ceremonially unclean. 

Im-pure'ly , adv. In an impure manner ; with impurity. 

Im-pure'ness, ) n. 1. Condition or quality of being 

Im-pu'ri-ty, I impure; want of purity; foulness; 
pollution ; defilement. 2. That which is impure ; foul 
matter, action, language, &c. 3. ( Old Test.) Want of 
ceremonial purity. 

Im-pxir'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impurpled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. impurpling.] To color or tinge with purple ; to 
make red or reddish. 

Im-piit/a-ble , a. Capable of being imputed or charged; 
chargeable ; ascribable ; attiibutable. 

Im-pu.t'a-'ble-ness, n. Quality of being imputable. 

Im'pu-ta'tioii, n. 1. Act of imputing or charging; 
any thing imputed or charged. 2. Chaige of evil ; cen- 
sure ; reproach. 3. (Thcol.) Attribution of personal 
guilt, or of penal consequences appropriate to the same, 
to one person or to many on account of an offense com- 
mitted by another. 4. Hint; intimation. [Cts.] 

Im-put'a-tlve, a. Ccming by imputation ; imputed. 

Im-put'a-trve-ly, adv. By imputation. 

Impute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imputed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IMPUTING.] [Lat. imputare, ficm prefix im, for t», 
andputare, to reckon, think.] 1. To charge ; toascribe; 
to attribute. 2. To charge to one as the author, respon- 
sible originator, or possessor of. 3. (Theol.) To set to 
the account of another as the ground of judicial pro- 
cedure. 

Syn. — To ascribe ; attribute; charge; reckon. See As- 
cribe. 

Im-put'er, n. One who imputes or attributes. 

Im/pu-tres'ci-ble, a. Not subject to putrefaction or 
corruption. 

In, prep. [A.-S., Goth.,D. & Ger. in, Icel. ?', allied to 
Lat. in, Gr. ev.] Within ; inside of; surrounded by ; not 
outside of; — used to indicate a variety of relations, (a.) 
Existence or activity, as a part or constituent of; in re- 
spect to, or consideration of; on account of; according 
to. (b.) Entrance with respect to a new state, condition, 
or sphere of activity. 

In the name of, in behalf of ; on the part of ; by authority ; — 
often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like; — 
To be or keep in icith, (a.) To be close or near. (6.) To be on 
terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. [Colloq.] 

i.rt, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. 2. (Law.) With 

w privilege or possession. 

In, n. 1. A person who is in office; — the opposite of 

w out. 2. A re-entrant angle ; a nook or corner. [ity. 

in/a-Tbil/i-ty, n. Quality of being unable ; lack of abil- 
Syn. — Disabilitv; impotence; incapacity; incompetence; 
weakness. See Disability. 



Quality or state of being 
inaccessible, or not to be 



In / a-e-9ess / i-lbiPi-ty, 
in'a-e-^ess'i-ble-ness 

w reached. 

In'ae-cess'i-ble, a. Not accessible ; not to be reached, 
obtained, or approached. [approachably. 

In'a-e-c ess'i-lbly, adv. In an inaccessible manner ; un- 

Iii-a«'cu-ra-cy, n. Quality of being inaccurate ; want 
of accuracy or exactness. 
Syn.— Mistake; fault; defect; error; blunder. 

Iii-ae'-eu-rate (45), a. Not accurate ; displaying a want 
of careful attention ; erroneous. 

In-a-e'-eu-rate-ly, adv. In an inaccurate manner ; in- 
correctly ; erroneously. 

In-ae'tion, n. Want of action; idleness; rest. 

In-aet'ive, a. 1. Not active ; having no power to move. 
2. Not disposed to action or effort ; not busy ; idle. 3. 
( Chem.) Not exhibiting any action or activity. 

Syn. — Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. 
SeeluERT. 

In-a-etlve-ly, adv. In an inactive manner ; idly ; slug- 
gishly. 

in/a-e-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being inactive; inert- 
ness. 2. Idleness ; sluggishness. 

In-ad'e-qua-cy, n. 1. Quality of being inadequate; 
defectiveness; inequality. 2. Unjust or improper defect. 

In-ad'e-quate (45), a. Not adequate; unequal to the 
purpose ; insufficient to effect the object. 

Syn.— Unequal ; incommensurate ; disproportionate ; in- 
sufficient; incompetent; incapable. 



a,e,&c.,Zo?ig; a,e,&c.,s/ior£; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son or, do, wolf, 



INADEQUATELY 



371 



INCARNATE 



In-ad'e-quate-ly, adv. Not fully or sufficiently. 

In-ad'e-quate-ness, n. Quality of being inadequate ; 
inadequacy ; inequality ; incompleteness. 

In / ad-mis / si-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being inadmissi- 
ble, or not proper to be received. 

In'ad-mls'si-ble, a. Not admissible ; not proper to be 

^ admitted, allowed, or received. 

Iii'ad-vert'ence, ) n. 1. Quality of being inadvert- 

In'ad-vert'en-cy, J ent; lack of needfulness or at- 
tentiveness. 2. An oversight, mistake, or fault, pro- 
ceeding from negligence of thought. 

Syn. — Inattention ; carelessness ; heedlessness ; thought- 
lessness. See Inattention. 

Jn'ad-vert'ent, a. Not turning the mind to a matter. 

In/ad-vert'eiit-ly, adv. From want of attention. 

In-af'f a-bil'i-ty, n. Want of affability ; reticence. 

In-af fa-ble, a. Not affable ; reserved. 

Iii-al'ien-a-ble (-IPyen-a-bi), a. Incapable of being 
alienated, or transferred to another. 

In-al'ien-a-ble-ness, n. State of being inalienable. 

In-al ; ien-a-bly, adv. In a manner forbidding aliena- 
tion. 

In-am'o-ra'td, n. f. ) [It. innamorata, innamorato, p. 

In-am'o-ra'to, n. m. j p. of innamorare, to inspire 
•with love. See Enamor.] One who is enamored or in 

w love ; a lover = [parentage. 

In- a rid -in, a. [Breeding.) From animals of the same 

In-ane', a. [Lat. inanis.] Destitute of contents ; empty ; 
void of sense or intelligence. 

In-an'i-mate, a. Not animate ; destitute of life or spirit. 
Syn. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spir- 
itless. 

In'a-ni'tion (-nish/un), n. [See Inane.] Condition 
of being inane ; emptiness; hence, exhaustion from want 
of food. 

In-an'i-ty, n. 1. Inanition; void space ; emptiness. 2. 
Deficiency of contents ; senselessness ; frivolity. 

In-ap'pe-tence, ) n. 1. Want of appetence, or of a 

In-ap'pe-t jn-cy, j disposition to seek or imbibe nu- 
triment. S. Want of desire or inclination. 

In-ap'pl <:a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being inappli- 
cable ; unfitness. 

In-ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Not applicable ; not suited or 
suitable to the purpose. 

Syn. — Unsuitable ; unsuited ; unadapted ; inappropriate ; 
inapposite. 

In-ap'pli-ca'tion, n. Want of application or attention ; 
negligence ; indolence. 

In-ap'po-§Ite, a. Not apposite ; not fit or suitable ; 

w not pertinent. 

In'ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-prS'shT-, 92), a. Not appreciable ; 
incapable of being duly valued or estimated. 

In-ap'pre-hen'si-ble, a. Not apprehensible ; unintel- 

w ligible. [sible. 

In'ap-proach/a-ble, a. Not approachable; inacces- 

In / ap-pro'pri-ate, a. Unbecoming ; unsuitable, as in 
manners, moral conduct and the like. 

In-apt'i-tiide (53), n. Want of aptitude ; unfitness ; 
unsuitableness. 

In-ar'a-ble, a. Not arable ; not capable of being plowed. 

In-arch.', v.t. [imp. & p. p. inarched (in-'Archf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. INARCHING-.] To graft by uniting, as a 
scion, to a stock, without separating it from its parent 

w tree. 

In'ar-tie'u-late, a. 1. Not articulate ; not distinct, or 
with distinction of syllables. 2. (Zob'l.) Not jointed or 

w articulated. [indistinctly. 

In'ar-tie'u-late-ly, adv. Not with distinct syllables ; 

lii'ar-tie'u-late-ness, n. Indistinctness of utterance. 

In'ar-tie'u-la'tion, n. Indistinctness of sounds in 
speaking. 

In-ar'ti-fi'cial (-fish'al), a. 1. Not artificial ; not made 
or performed by the rules of art. 2. Characterized by 

w artiessness or simplicity. 

in'ag-much', adv. Seeing that ; considering that ; since ; 

w — followed by as. 

In'at-ten'tion, n. Want of attention or consideration. 

Syn. — Inadvertence; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; neg- 
lect. — We miss seeing a thing through inadvertence when we 
do not look at it; through inattention when we give no heed to 
it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse. 
Inadvertence may be an involuntary accident: inattention is 
culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent ; a 
careless or stupid one is inattentive. 
In'at-ten'tive, a. Not attentive ; not fixing the mind 
on an object. 

Syn. — Careless: heedless; regardless; thoughtless; negli- 
gent; remiss. 



In'at-tSn'tlve-ly, adv. Without attention ; carelessly. 

In-aud'i-ble, a. 1. Not audible ; incapable of being 
heard. 2. Making no sound ; noiseless ; silent. 

In-aud'i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be heard. 

In-au'gu-ral, a. Pertaining to, or performed or pro- 
nounced at, an inauguration. 

In-au'gu-ral, a. An inaugural address. [Amer.] 

Iii-au'gu-i'ate, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. inaugurated; 
p."pr. & vb. n. inaugurating.] [Lat. inaugurare, in- 
auguratum, from pref. in and augurare, augurari, to au- 
gur.] 1. To induct into an office in a formal manner. 
2. To cause to begin ; to set in motion, or action; also, 
to make a public exhibition of for the first time. 

In-au'gu-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of inaugurating, or in- 
ducting into office with appropriate ceremonies. 2. Sol- 
emn or formal beginning of any movement, course of 
action, public exhibition, and the like. [ration. 

In-au'gu-ra-to-ry, a. Suited or pertaining to inaugu- 

In'aus-pl'cious (-pTsh'us), a. Not auspicious ; ill- 

w ohiened ; unfortunate ; unlucky ; evil ; unfavorable. 

Iii / aus-pi'cious-ly, adv. In an inauspicious manner; 
unfortunately ; unfavorably. [ness. 

Iii'aus-pl'cious-ness, n. Unluckiness ; unfavorable- 

Iii-be'ing, n. Inherence ; inherent existence. 

Iii'borii. a. Bom in or with ; implanted by nature. 

In-breathe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inbreathed ; p. pr- 

w & vb. 11. INBREATHING.] To infuse by breathing. 

In'bred, a. Bred within ; innate ; natural. 

In-breed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inbred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INBREEDING.] To produce or generate within. 

In'ea, n. ; pi. in'cas. A king or prince of Peru, before 
the conquest of that country by the Spaniards. 

In-eage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
incaging.] To confine in a cage ; to inclose. 

In-eftl'eu-la-ble, a. Not capable of being calculated ; 

w beyond calculation. 

In / -ea-les'cence, \n. A growing warm; incipient or 

In/-ea-les'ceii-cy, j increasing heat ; calefaction. 

In'ea-les'cent, a. [Lat. incalescens, p. pr. of incalescere, 
to grow hot; prefix in and calesce.re, to grow warm or 

w hot.] Growing warm ; increasing in heat. 

Iii'eaii-des'ceiice, n. A white heat, or the glowing 

^ whiteness of a, body caused by intense heat. 

in'eaii-des'cent, «. [Lat. incandescens,^. pr. of incan- 
descere, to become warm or hot.] White or glowing with 

w heat. 

In'can-ta'tion, n. [Lat. incantatio, from incantare, to 
chant a magic formula over one. See ENCHANT.] Act 
of enchanting ; enchantment. 

In-eant'a-to-ry, a. Dealing by enchantment ; magical. 

In-ea'pa-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being incapable ; in- 
capacity ; want of power. 2. {Law.) Want of legal quali- 
fications. 

In-ea/pa-ble, a. 1. Not large or wide enough to con- 
tain or hold. 2. Wanting physical strength for an effort 
or effect. 3. Mentally insufficient. 4. Morally weak with 
respect to a purpose. 5. Not capable of being brought 
to do or perform, from being morally strong or secure. 

6. Not in a state to suffer or receive ; not admitting. 

7. (Law.) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense. 
Syn.— Incompetent; unfit; unable; disqualified. See In- 



competent. 



In-ea'pa-bly, adv. In an incapable manner. 

Iii'-ea-pac'i-tate,!-. t. [imp. kp.p. incapacitated; 
p.pr. & vb. n. incapacitating.] 1. To deprive of 
capacity or natural power. 2. To disable ; to deprive of 
competent power or ability. 3. (Law.) To deprive of 

w legal or constitutional requisites ; to disqualify. 

In'-ea-pac'i-ta'tion, n. Want of capacity ; disquali- 

__ fication. * 

Iii'ea-pac'i-ty, n. 1. Want of capacity ; defect of in- 
tellectual power. 2. (Law.) Want of legal ability er 
competency. 

Syn.— Inability ; incapabilfty ; Incompetency ; unfitness ; 
disqualification. 

In-ear'cer-ate, v. t. [imp. &p.p. incarcerated: 
p. pr. & vb. n. INCARCERATING.] [Lat. prefix in and 
carcerare, carceralum, to imprison.] 1. To imprison; 
to confine in a jail or prison. 2. To confine ; to shut 
up or inclose. 

In-ear'cer-ate (45), a. Imprisoned ; confined. 

Iii-ear'cer-a'tion, n. Act of imprisoning or confining ; 
imprisonment. 

In-ear'nate, v. t. [imp. So p. p. incarnated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INCARNATING.] [L. Lat. incarnare, incarna- 
tum, from Lat. in and caro, carnis, flesh.] To clothe 
with flesh ; to embody in flesh. 



food, foot : urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this 



INCARNATE 



372 



INCLEMENT 



In-ear'nate (45), a. Invested with flesh ; embodied in 

w a fleshy nature and form. 

In'-ear-na'tion, n. 1. Act of assuming flesh, or of 
taking a human body and the nature of man. 2. An 
incarnate form. 3. A striking exemplification in person 
or act; a manifestation. 

In-car'na-tive, a. Causing new flesh to grow. 

In-case', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incased (in-kasf) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INCASING.] To inclose in a case ; to surround 
with something solid. 

In-case'ment, n. 1. Act or process of inclosing with 
a casement^ 2. Any inclosing or encasing substance. 

In-eat'e-na'tion, n. [From Lat. in and catena, chain.] 
Act of linking together. 

In-cau'tioiis, a. Not cautious ; not circumspect. 

Syn. — Unwary ; indiscreet; inconsiderate- imprudent; im- 
politic; careless; heedless; thoughtless; improvident. 

In-eau'tioiis-ly, adv. In an incautious manner. 

In-eau'tioiis-ness, n. The quality of being incautious ; 

^ want of caution ; unwariness. 

Xn'ca-va/tion, n. [From Lat. incavare, to make hol- 
low, from prefix in and cavare, from cavus, hollow.] 1. 
The act of making hollow. 2. A hollow ; an excava- 
tion ; a depression. 

In-cen'di-a-rl§m, n. The act or practice of mali- 
ciously setting fire to buildings. 

Xn-cen'di-a-ry, n. 1. One who maliciously sets fire to 
another's dwelling-house or other building. 2. A per- 
son who excites or inflames factions ; an agitator. 

In-cen'di-a-ry, a. [Lat. incendiarius, from incendium, 
a fire, conflagration.] 1. Pertaining to the malicious 
burning of a dwelling. 2. Inflammatory ; seditious. 

Intense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incensed (m'senst); 
p. pr. & vb. n. incensing.] [L. Lat. incensare. See 
supra.] To perfume with incense. 

In-cense', v. t. [Lat. i"ncendere,incensum, from m and 
candere, to glow.] To enkindle or inflame to violent anger. 
Syn. — To enrage ; exasperate ; provoke ; anger ; irritate ; 
heat; fire. 

Intense, n. 1. Odors of spices and gums burned in 
religious rites. 2. A mixture of fragrant gums, spices, 
and the like, for producing a perfume. 

In-cen'sion, n. Act of kindling, or state of being kindled 
or on fire. [matory. 

In-cen'slve, a. Tending to excite or provoke; infiam- 

In-cen'tive, a. [Lat. incentivus, from incinerc, to strike, 
up or set the tune, from prefix in and canere, to sing.] 
Inciting ; encouraging or moving. 

In-cen'trve, n. That which incites, or has a tendency 
to incite, to determination or action. 

Syn. — Motive ; spur ; stimulus ; incitement ; encourage- 
ment. 

In-cep'tion, n. [Lat. inceptio, from incipere, to begin, 
from prefix in and capere, to take.] Beginning ; com- 
mencement, [ginning. 

In-cep'tlve, a. Beginning ; expressing or indicating be- 

In-^er'ti-tude (53), n. Uncertainty ; doubtfulness ; 
doubt. [mitted continuance. 

In-ces'san-cy, n. Quality of being incessant ; uninter- 

Tn-^es'saiit, a. [L. Lat. inr.essans, from Lat. prefix in and 
cessare, to cease.] Continuing or following without inter- 
ruption. 

Syn. — Unceasing ; uninterrupted; unintermitted ; cease- 
less; continual; constant; perpetual. 

In-ces'sant-ly, adv. Without ceasing ; continually. 

in'^est, n. [Lat. incestum, from incestus, unchaste, from 
prefix in, not, and rastus, chaste.] The crime of cohabi- 
tation or sexual commerce between persons related within 
the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited. 

In-cest'u-oiis, a. Guilty of incest ; involving the crime 
of incest. 

In-cest'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a manner to involve the 
crime of incest. [incestuous. 

In-cest'u-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality of being 

Inch (66), n. [A.-S. ince, inch, from Latin uncia, the 
twelfth part.] 1. The twelfth part of a foot. 2. A 
small distance or degree. 

Inch'-meal, n. A piece an inch long. 
By inch-meal, by small degrees. 

Inch'-meal, adv. By small degrees ; little by little. 

In'cho-ate, a. [Lat. inchoatus, p. p. of inchoare, to be- 
gin.] Recently, or just, begun ; incipient ; also, incom- 
plete. [inception. 

In'cho-a'tion, n. Act of beginning ; commencement ; 

In-eho'a-tive, a. Expressing or indicating beginning ; 
inceptive. 

Jn'ci-dence, n. 1. An accident or casualty. 2. (Phys- 



ics.) Direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, 
falls on any surface. 

Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or body, 
falling on auy surface, makes with a perpendicular to that sur- 
face. 

In'ci-dent, a. [Lat. incidens, p. pr. of incidere, to fall 
into or upon, from prefix in and cadere, to fall.] 1. 
Falliug upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. 
2. Coming or happening accidentally ; casual ; fortui- 
tous. 3. Liable to happen ; hence, naturally happening 
or appertaining. 4. (Law.) Dependent upon, or apper- 

w taining to, another thing, called the principal. 

In'ci-dent, n. 1. That which usually falls out or takes 
place. 2. That which happens aside of the main design ; 
an episode or subordinate action. 3. (Laiv.) Something 
appertaining to, and depending on, another, called the 
principal. 

Syn.— Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; 
chance; accident; casualty. See Circumstance. 

In'ci-dgnt'al, a. 1. Happening, as an occasional event, 
without regularity. 2. Not necessary to the chief pur- 
pose ; occasional. 

Syn.— Accidental ; casual; fortuitous; contingent. — Inci- 
dental should never be confounded with accidental. A meet- 
ing with a friend is accidental-when it is simply casual or unde- 
signed; it is incidental to a journey which brings us together, 
whether by design or not. A remark incidentally made during 
a conversation may be taken up by one accidentally present, 
and reported to our disadvantage. 

In'ci-dent'al, n. An incident. 

In'^i-dent'al-ly, adv. 1. Without intention ; acciden- 
tally ; casually. 2. Beside the main design. 

In-cin'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incinerated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INCINERATING.] [Lat. incinerare, incin- 
eratum, from Lat. prefix in and cinis, cineris, ashes.] To 
burn to ashes. [bustion. 

In-cm'er-a/tion, n. Act of reducing to ashes by com- 

l£-c3p''i-e"n^y, } n ' Be S inmn S ! commencement. 

In-^ip'i-eiit, a. [Lat. incipiens, from incipere, to begin.] 
Beginning; commencing. 

In-cip'i-ent-ly, adv. In an incipient manner. 

In-^ar'cum-spe-e'tion, n. Want of circumspection ; 
heedlessness. 

In-ci§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INCISING.] [Lat. incidere, incisum, from in and csedere, 
to cut, to cut off.] To cut in ; to carve ; to engrave. 

In-ci§'ion (-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of cutting into a sub- 
stance. 2. Separation of the surface of any substance 
made by a cutting or pointed instrument ; a cut ; a gash. 

In-ci'sive, a. Having the quality of cutting, or pene- 
trating, as with a sharp instrument ; hence, sharp ; 
acute ; sarcastic ; biting. 

In-ci'§or, n. A cutter; hence, in general, a fore tooth, 
which cuts, bites, or separates. 

Iii-cl'so-ry, a. Having the quality of cutting. 

In-£i§'iire (in-sTzh'vjr), n. A cut; an incision. [lant. 

In-^I'tant, n. That which incites or causes ; a stimu- 

In'^i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inciting ; incitement. 2. 
That which incites ; incitement ; motive ; incentive. 

In-cite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inctted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INCITING.] [Lat. incitare, from prefix in and citare, to 
rouse, stir up, intens. form of ciere, cire, to put into mo- 
tion.] To move to action ; to stir up ; to spur on. 

Syn. — Excite ; stimulate ; instigate ; goad ; urge ; rouse ; 
provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite. 

In-cite'ment, n. 1. Act of inciting. 2. That which 

incites, or moves to action. 

Syn. — Motive ; incentive ; spur ; stimulus ; impulse ; en- 
couragement. 

Jn-clt'er, n. One who, or that which, incites. 
In'ci-vil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being uncivil ; want of 

civility. 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding. 

Syn. — Uncourteousness ; unmannerliness ; disrespect ; 

rudeness ; impoliteness. 

Xn-civ'i§m, n. Want of civism ; want of patriotism or 

love to one's country. [Rare.] 
In-clasp', v. t. [imp. Ik p.p. INclasped (in-klaspf); 

p. pr. & vb. n. inclasping.] To clasp within or into ; 

to hold fast to ; to embrace or encircle. 
In-clem'en-cy, n. 1. Condition or quality of being in- 
clement ; want of clemency ; harshness ; severity. 2. 

Physical severity or harshness ; boisterousness ; stormi- 

ness ; severe cold. 
In-elem'ent, a. 1. Not clement ; void of tenderness ; 

unmerciful ; severe ; harsh. 2. Physically severe," 

stormy ; boisterous ; rigorously cold, &c. 



a,e,&c.,Zorcgv a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



INCLINABLE 



373 INCOMPREHENSIBILITY 




AD, Inclined Plane. 



In-elin'a-ble, a. Having a propension of will ; some- 
what disposed. 

In'-eli-na/tion, n. 1. Act of inclining ; leaning. 2. 
( Geom.) The angle made by two lines or planes, which 
meet, or which would meet, if produced. 3. Propension ; 
a disposition more favorable to one thing than to anoth- 
er. 4. Love ; affection ; regard ; desire. 

Syn. — Bent; disposition; tendency; proneness; bias; pro- 
pensity; prepossession; predilection; attachment. See Dispo- 
sition. 

In-elln'a-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of leaning 
or inclining. 

In-eline', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inclined ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INCLINING.] [Lat. inclinare, from prefix in and cli- 
nare, Gr. kXCvsiv, to bend, incline, allied to Eng. lean, q. 
v.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course to- 
ward an object ; to learn. 2. To favor an opinion, a 
course of conduct, or a person ; to be disposed. 

En-eline', v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, po- 
sition, or direction. 2. To give a tendency or propension ; 
to, as to the will or affections ; to dispose. 3. To bend ; 
to cause to stoop or bow. D 

Inclined plane (3fec7i.), a plane 
that makes an oblique angle with 
the plane of the horizon; n sloping 
plane. It is one of the mechanical 
powers. . 

In-eline', n. An ascent or de- 
scent, as in a road or railway ; 
a grade. 

In-elin/er, n. One who, or that which, inclines. 

In-elais'ter, v. t. To shut up or confine in a cloister. 

In-elo§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inclosed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INCLOSING.] 1. To surround; to shut in; to con- 
fine on all sides ; to encompass. 2. To put within a case, 
envelope, or the like. 

In-e1o§'er, 11. One who, or that which, incloses. 

In-elos'ure (in-klo'zhur), n. [See Inclose.] 1. Act 
of inclosing ; state of being inclosed, shut up, or encom- 
passed. 2. That which is inclosed ; a space contained or 
fenced up. 3. That which incloses ; a barrier or fence. 

In-eloud', v. t. To envelop in clouds ; to darken ; to 
obscure. 

In -elude', v. t. [imp. & p.p. included; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INCLUDING.] [Lat. includere, from prefix in and clu- 
dere, claudere, to shut.] 1. To confine within ; to con- 
tain; to shut up. 2. To comprehend, as a genus the 
species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the in- 
ference ; to embrace. [eluded. 

In-«lu'§ion, n. Act of including, or state of being in- 

In-elu'sive, a. 1. Inclosing; encircling. 2. Compre- 
hending the stated limit or extremes. [include. 

In-elu/sive-ly, adv. In an inclusive manner ; so as to 

In-eog', adv. [Contracted from incognito.] In conceal- 
ment ; in disguise ; in a manner not to be known. 

In-eog'i-tant, a. Not thinking ; thoughtless. [Rare.] 

In-eog'i-ta-tlve, a. Not cogitative ; wanting the power 
of thought. 

In-^or/'ni-to, a. or adv. [It., Sp., & Fr. incognito, from 
Lat. incognitus, unknown.] Unknown; in a disguise ; in 
an assumed character, and under an assumed title. 

In-^og'ni-to, n. 1. One unknown or in disguise, or 
under an assumed character. 2. The assumption of a 
feigned character ; the state of being in disguise or as- 

w sumed character. 

In'eo-her'ence, ) n. 1. Want of coherence ; want of 

Iii'-eo-herfeii-cy, j cohesion or adherence. 2. Want 

w of connection ; incongruity ; inconsistency. 

In/eo-her'ent, a. 1. Not coherent ; wanting cohesion ; 
loose ; unconnected. 2. Wanting agreement ; incon- 

w gruous; inconsistent. 

In'eo-her'ent-ly, adv. In an incoherent manner ; in- 

w consistently ; without coherence of parts. [tible. 

In'eom-bus'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incombus- 

In'-eom-Tbus'ti-ble, a. Not combustible ; not capable 

w of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire. 

In'oom-bus'ti-ble-ness, n. Incombustibility. 

In'eome (In'kum ), n. That gain which proceeds from 
labor, business, or property of any kind ; revenue ; re- 
ceipts ; especially, the annual receipts of a private per- 
son^or a corporation, from property. 

Incoming (hVkum-ing), a. 1. Coming in ; accruing. 
2. Coming in as occupant or possessor. 

In ^om-meridam. [Law Lat. See Commendam.] 
By favor; as, to hold a vacant living in commendam, is 
to hold it bv favor of the crown, till a proper pastor is 
provided. [Eng.] 

GST" In Louisiana, this term is applied to a kind of limited 
partnership. 



In / -eom-men / «u-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 
being incommensurable. 

In/eom-men'su-ra-ble (-men'shu-), a. Not commen- 
surable ; having no common measure or standard of com- 

w parison. 

In'eom-men'su-rate (45), a. 1. Not commensurate ; 
not admitting of a common measure. 2. Not of equal 
measure or extent. 
Syn. — Unequal; inadequate; insufficient. 

In'-eom-mode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incommoded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. incommoding.] [Lat. incommodare, 
from incommodus, inconvenient, from prefix in, not, and 
commodus, convenient.] To give inconvenience to ; to 
give trouble to. 

Syn. — To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; inconvenience; 
disquiet; vex. 

In'eom-mo'di-ous (77), a. Tending to incommode; 
not affording ease or advantage ; giving trouble. 

In'eom-mo'di-oiis-ly, adv. In an incommodious 

w manner ; inconveniently ; unsuitably. 

In^eom-mo'di-ous-ness, n. The quality of being hv 

^ commodious ; inconvenience ; unsuitableness. 

In'eom-mu/ni-ea-bil'i-ty , n. Quality of being incom- 
municable ; incommunicableness. 

Iii'eom-mtL'iii-ea-ble, a. Not communicable; inca- 

^ pable of being imparted to others. 

Iii'-eom-mu/iii-ea-ble-ness, n. Incommunicability. 

In'eom-mu'ni-ea-bly, adv. In a manner not to be 

w imparted or communicated. 

Iii / eom-mti'iii--ea-tive, a. Not communicative; not 
disposed to hold conversation or intercourse with ; unso- 

w cial. [mutable. 

In^om-mu'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incom- 

In'eom-mut'a-ble, a. Not commutable ; not capable 
of being exchanged with another. 

In-eom'pa-ra-ble, a. Not comparable ; admitting of 
no comparison with others ; peerless ; matchless ; tran- 
scendent. 

In-eom'pa-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality of being incom- 
parable, [competition. 

In-eom/pa-ra-bly, adv. Beyond comparison ; without 

In'-eom-pas'sion-ate (-pash'un-), a. Not compassion- 

w ate ; void of compassion or pity. 

In'com-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. Without pity or ten- 
derness, [morselessness. 

In'eom-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Want of pity ; re- 

In^om-pat'i-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being incompat- 

w ible ; inconsistency. 

Iii'-eom-pat'i-ble, a. Not compatible ; incapable of 
co-existence ; irreconcilably opposed. 

Syn. — Inconsistent; incongruous; dissimilar; irreconcil- 
able; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See INCONSIST- 
ENT. 

In'eom-pat'i-bly,*^. Inconsistently; incongruously. 

Iii--e6m/pe-tence, \ n. 1. Quality of being incom- 

In-eom'pe-ten-cy, j petent; want of sufficient power, 
either physical, intellectual, or moral. 2. (Law.) Want 
of competency or legal fitness to be heard or admitted as 
a witness, or to sit or act as a juror. 

In-eom'pe-tent, a. 1. Not competent; wanting in 
adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifica- 

_ tions, or the like. 2. Wanting the legal or constitu- 
tional qualifications. 3. Not lying within one's compe- 
tency, capacity, or authorized power ; unfit. 

Syn. — Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; unfit; 
improper. — Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of 
the requisite qualifications for performing a given act, service, 
&c; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of 
power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incom- 
petent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, &c. "We say 
of an idiot, that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a 
man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a mean 
action. 

In-eom/pe-tent-ly, adv. In an incompetent manner ; 
inadequately ; not suitably. 

in'eom-plete', a. 1. Not complete ; unfinished ; im- 
perfect ; defective. 2. (Bot.) Lacking calyx or corolla, 
or both. 

In'eom-plete'ness, n. An unfinished state; imper- 

w fectness ; defectiveness. 

In^eom-ple'tion. n. Incompleteness ; defectiveness. 

In'eom-plex', a. Not complex ; simple. 

In'eom-pli'ance, n. 1. Want of compliance; un- 
yielding temper or constitution. 2. Refusal or failure to 

v comply. [simple. 

In'eom-p5§'Ite, n. Not composite; uncompounded ; 

In-eSm'pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being in- 
comprehensible ; inconceivableness. 



food, fcTot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, eelxo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; tnis- 



INCOMPREHENSIBLE 



374 



INCORRECT 



In-eom/pre-hen/si-ble, a. Not comprehensible ; in- 
capable of being comprehended or understood; incon- 
ceivable. 

Iii-^Sm'pre-lieii'si-ble-iiess, n. Incomprehensibility. 

In-eom/pre-heii'si-bly, adv. In an incomprehensible 
manner ; so as not to be intelligible; [ited. 

In-eom'pre-heii'give, a. Not comprehensive ; lim- 

In / -eom-press / i-l)Il'i-ty, n, Quahty of being incom- 

w pressible, or of resisting compression into a smaller space. 

Iii/eom-press'i-ble, a. Not compressible ; resisting 
compression. 

In / coin.-put'a-ble, a. Incapable of being computed. 

In/«oii-ceal'a-ble, a. Not concealable ; not to be hid 

w or kept secret. 

In'eon-ceiv'a-bil'i-ty, n. Inconceivableness. 

In'^on-ceiv'a-ble, a. Not conceivable ; incapable of 

_ being conceived by the mind ; incomprehensible. 

in'-eon-^erv'a-ble-ness, n. The quahty of being in- 
conceivable ; incomprehensibility. [hension. 

In/eon-ceiv'a-bly, adv. In a manner beyond compre- 

In'-eon-elu/sive , a. Not conclusive; not setthng a 

w point in debate ; or a doubtful question. 

Jii'-eon-elu/sive-ly, adv. In an inconclusive manner. 

In/eoii-elu'sive-iiess, n. Qualify of being inconclu- 

In/con-eiis'si-ble, a. Unable to be shaken. [sive. 

In'-eoii-den'sa-ble, a. Incapable of condensation. 

In-eon'dlte, a. [Lat. inconditns, from prefix in, not, 
and ennditus, p. p. of condere, to put or join together.] 
Inartificial ; rude ; unpolished. [ Obs.] 

In'-eon-ge'iii-al, a. Not congenial ; uncongenial. 

In-eon'grii-eiice, n. Want of congruence, adaptation, 
or agreement. [Rare.] [consistent. 

In-eon/grii-ent, a. Not congruent ; unsuitable ; in- 

inZ-eon-gryi/i-ty, n. "Want of congruity ; unsuitable- 
ness of one'thing to another ; inconsistency ; impropriety. 

Iii-eon'grii-ous, a. Not congruous to a standard or 
end ; not reciprocally agreeing. 

Syn.— Inconsistent ; unsuitable; unsuited; inappropriate; 
unfit; improper. See Inconsistent. 

In-eon/grii-oiis-ly, adv. Unsuitably; unfitly. 

In-eon'se-queiice, n. Quality of being inconsequent ; 
inconclusiveness. 

In-eoii'se-quent, a. 1. Not following from the prem- 
ises; invalid; illogical. 2. Inconsistent. 

In-eon'se-quen'tial (-kwen'shal), a. 1. Not regularly 
following from the premises. 2. Not of consequence ; 

w of little moment. 

In'-eoii-sid'er-a-ble, a. Unworthy of consideration ; 

w unimportant ; trivial. 

In'-eon-sid'er-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being incon- 

o siderable ; small importance. 

In/eon-sid'er-ate, a. 1. Not considerate ; not attend- 
ing to the circumstances which regard safety or propriety. 
2. Proceeding from heedlessness ; rash. 

Syn. — Thoughtless; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; 
negligent; improvident ; careless ; imprudent ; indiscreet; in- 
cautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. 

In'-eon-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. In an inconsiderate man- 
ner ; without due regard to consequences. 

In'eon-sid'er-ate-ness, n. Want of due regard to 
consequences. 

Syn. — Carelessness ; thoughtlessness ; inadvertence ; inat- 
tention; imprudence. 

in / -eon-sid / er-a'tioii, n. Want of due consideration ; 

w inattention to consequences. 

In'-eon-sist'ence, I n. 1. Quality of being inconsist- 

in/-eon-sist'eii-£y, ) ent ; such contrariety between 
two things that both can not exist or be true together. 
2. Absurdity in argument or narration. 3. Unsteadi- 

w ness ; changeableness. 

In'-eon-sist'ent, a. 1. Not consistent ; at variance, es- 
pecially as regards character, sentiment, or action 2. 
Not exhibiting conformity of sentiment, steadiness to 
principle, &c. 

Syn. — Incompatible: incongruous: irreconcilable : discord- 
ant; repugnant: contradictory. — Things are incongruous when 
they are not suited to each other, so that their union is unbe- 
coming; inconsistent when they are opposed to each other, so 
as to render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can 
not co-exist, and it is therefore impossihle to unite them. Hab- 
itual levity of mind is incongruous with the profession of a 
clergyman; it is inconsistent with his ordination vows; it is in- 
compatible with his permanent usefulness. 

fn'-eon-sist'ent-ly, adv. In an inconsistent manner ; 

without steadiness or Uniformity. 
fn/eon-sol'a-ble, a. Not consolable ; not to be consoled. 
JLn'^on-sol'a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree that 

does not admit of consolation. 



In-eon'so-nance , ) n. 1. Want of consonance oi 

In-eon'so-nan-cy, { harmony of action or thought. 
2. (Mils.) Disagreement of sounds ; discord, [cernible. 

In'-eon-spi-e'ii-ous, a. Not conspicuous ; hardly dis- 

In-eoii'stan-cy, n. 1. Quality of being inconstant; 
want of constancy : mutability ; fickleness. 2. Want of 
uniformity ; dissimilitude. 

In-eon'stant, a. 1. Not constant; subject to change 
of opinion, inclination, or purpose. 2. Changeable ; 
variable. 
Syn. — Mutable ; fickle ; volatile ; unsteady ; unstable. 

In-eon'stant-ly, adv. In an inconstant manner. 

In'-eoii-sum'a-ble, a. Not consumable. 

In'-eon-sum/mate, a. Not consummate ; not finished .; 
not complete. 

In'-eon-teist'a-ble, a. Not contestable ; not to be dis- 
puted ; too clear to be controverted. 

Syn. — Incontrovertible ; indisputable ; irrefragable; unde- 
niable; unquestionable; indubitable. 

In'-ecn-test'a-bly, adv. Indisputably ; incontrovertibly. 

iii'-ecn-tig'u-ous:, a. Not contiguous ; separate. 

Iii-eoii'ti-neiice, ) n. Quality of being incontinent ; 

Iu-e5n'ti-iieii-<py, J "want of restraint of the passiots 
or appetites ; lewdness. 

In-eon'ti-nent, a. 1. Not continent; not restraining 
the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appe- 
tite ; unchaste; lewd. 2. (Med.) Unable to restrain 
natural evacuations. 

In-eon/ti-nent, n. One who is unchaste. 

Iii-eoii'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. Without due restraint of 
the passions or appetites ; unchastely. 2. Immediately ; 
at once ; suddenly. [Antiquated.] [ble. 

Iii'-eon-trol'Ia-lLle, a. Not controUable ; uncontrolla- 

In-eon'tro-vert'i-ble, a. Not controvertible ; too clear 
or certain to admit of dispute ; indisputable. 

Tn-eon'tro-vert'i-bly, adv. Beyond dispute. 

Iii'-eon-veii'iciice, ) n. 1. Want of convenience. 2. 

In'-eon-ven'ien-'^y, j That which gives trouble or un- 
easiness. 

Syn. — Incommodiousness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasi- 
ness; disturbance; annoyance; molestation; trouble. 

i™/eo:n--ven'ie:nce, v. t. To bring to inconvenience; 
to occasion inconvenience to ; to incommode. 

in/con-Teii'ieiit (-vGn'yent), a. 1. Not becoming or 
suitable ; unfit ; inexpedient. 2. Giving trouble or un- 

w easiness ; incommodious ; disadvantageous ; inopportune. 

IiiZ-eon-ven/ieiit-ly, adv. In an inconvenient manner; 

w unsuitably ; incommodiously ; unseasonably. 

In'-eon-vers'a-ble, a. Not conversable ; incommuni- 
cative ; unsocial. 

Iii / -eon-vert / i-bIl'i-ty, n. Not capable of being ex- 

w changed for, or converted into, something else. 

Iii'-eon-vert'i-tole, a. Not convertible ; not capable of 

w being changed into something else. 

JiV-eon-verfi-ble-iiess, n. Inconvertibility. 

in'eon-vin'ci-ble, a. Not convincible; incapable of 

w being convinced. [conviction. 

in'eoii-viii'ci-bly, adv. In a manner not admitting of 

In-cor'po-rate, a. 1. Not consisting of matter ; not 
having a material body. 2. United in one body. 3. 
Not incorporated ; not existing as a corporation. 

In-eor'po-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incorporated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INCORPORATING.] [Lat. incorporare, 
incorporatum , from prefix in, not, and corpus, corporis, 
body.] 1. To combine, as different ingredients, into one 
body or mass. 2. To give a material form to ; to em- 
body. 3. To unite with a substance or mass already 
formed or in being. 4. To combine into a structure or 
organization, whether material or mental. 5. To form 
into a legal body, or body politic ; to constitute into a 
corporation. 

Iii~e6r'po-rate, v. i. To unite so as to make a part of 
another body ; to be mixed or blended. 

In-eor'po-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of incorporating, or 
state of being incorporated. 2. Union of different in- 
gredients in one mass. 3. Combination into a structure 
or organization. 4. (Law.) The formation of a legal or 
political body by the union of individuals. 

in'eor-po're-al (89), a. 1. Not corporeal : not con- 
sisting of matter. 2. (Law.) Existing only in contem- 
plation of law ; intangible. 

Syn. — Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual. 

f n'-eor-po'ro-al-ly , adv. Without body ; immaterially. 

In-eor'po-re'i-ty, n. Quality of being incorporeal; 

w immateriality. 

In/cor-rfiet', a. 1. Not correct ; not according to a 
copy or model, or to established rules. 2. Not in ac- 



a,e, &,c.,long; a-,e, &c.,sAorf; care, far, aslt, all, what; ere, veil, term; p'ique.flrm; son, or, do, wolfc 



INCORRECTLY 



375 



INDECISIVE 



cordanee with the truth. 3. Not accordant with the 
rule of duty or of morality. 

Syn.— Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong;. faulty. 

In'-cor-rect'ly, ado. In an incorrect manner; inaccu- 

_ lately ; not exactly. 

In'-eor-reet'ness, n. Want of conformity to truth or 
to a standard ; inaccuracy. 

In-eor'ri-gi-blTi-ty, n. Quality of being incorrigible ; 
hopeless depravity. 

In-eor'ri-gi-ble, a. Not corrigible ; incapable of being 
corrected or ameaded ; irreclaimable. 

In-eor'ri-gi-ble-nsss, n. Incorrigibility. 

In-eor'ri-gi-foly, a J v. In an incorrigible manner. 

InZ-cor-rupt', a. 1. Not affected with corruption or 

w decay. 2. Not defiled or depraved ; pure; untainted. 

In'-eor-rupt'i-bll'i-ty, n. IncapabUity of corruption. 

In'eor-riipt'i-ble, a. 1. Incapable of corruption, de- 

w cay. oi- dissolution. 2. Inflexibly just and upright. 

In'-eor-riipl'i-ble-iiess, n. The quality of being in- 
• corruptible, or not liable to decay. [corruption. 

Jn'eor-rup'tioii, n. Absence of, or exemption from, 

In'-eor-rupt'ive, a. Not liable to corruption. 

In'€orrupt'nesS, n. 1. Exemption from decay or 
corruption. 2. Purity of mind or manners; probity; 
integrity. 

In-eras'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incrassated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INCRASSATING.] [Lat. innrassare, incras- 
satum, from prefix in and crassu*, thick.] 1. To make 
thick or thicker ; to thicken. 'Z. (P.mrmacy.) To make 
thicker by the mixture of other substances less fluid, or 
by evaporating the thinner parts. 

In-eras'sate, v. i. To become thick or thicker. 

In-eras'sate, ) a. 1. Made thick or fat ; thickened ; 

ln-eras'sa-ted, ) inspissated. 'Z. (Bot.) Thickened; 
becoming thicker. 

In'eras-sa/tion, n. 1. Act of thickening, or becoming 
thick. 2. State of being incrassated, or made thick ; 
inspissation. 

In-eras'sa-tlve, a. Ilaving the quality of thickening. 
In-eras'sa-tlve, n. That which has the power to 
thicken. 

In-ereas'a-ble, a. Capable of being increased. 

In-erease', v. i. [imp. & p. p increased (-kreesf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] [Lat. increscere, from 
prefix in and crescere, to grow.] 1. To become greater 
in bulk, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, au- 
thority, reputation, &c. ; to grow ; to augment ; to ad- 
vance. 2. To multiply by tae production of young. 

Syn. — Enlarge. — Enlarge implies a widening of extent; 
incrMii an accession in point of size, number, strength, &c. A 
kingdom is enlargzl by conquest, and the mind by knowledge; 
a man has enlnrgzl views, plans, prospects, &c. Riches, wis- 
dom, appetite, &c, are increased. 

In-erease', v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, 
quantity, or amount ; to improve in quality. 

In-erease', or In'erease (115), n. 1. A growing 
larger in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, 
&c. 2. That which results from growth ; produce ; 
profit; interest. 3. Progeny; issue; offspring. 
_ Syn. — Augmentation ; enlargement ; extension ; growth ; 
increment; addition; accession. 

In'ere-ate, ) a. [Prefix in, not, and create, created.] 

In'ere-a'ted, I Uncreated. [Rare.] 

In-ered'i-bll'i-ty, n. Qualitv of being incredible, or 
surpassing belief. [lieved : not to be credited. 

In-ered'i-ble, a. Not credible ; impossible to be be- 

In-ered'i-ble-iiess, n. Incredibility. 

In-ered'i-bly, adv. In a manner to preclude belief. 

In'ere-du'li-ty, n. Qualitv of being incredulous ; in- 
disposition to believe ; skepticism ; unbelief ; disbelief. 

In-ered ; u-lou.s (77), a. Not credulous; indisposed to 
believe ; skeptical. 

In-ered'u-lous-ness, n. Incredulity. 

lu'cre-ment, «. [Lat. incrementum. See INCREASE.] 
1. Increase ; augmentation. 2. Matter aided ; increase ; 
produce. 3. {Math.) The increase of a variable quan- 
tity or fraction from its present value to its next ascend- 
ing value. 4. {Rhet.) An amplification without strict 
climax. 

In-eres'cent, a. Increasing ; growing ; augmenting. 

In-eriist', i". t. [imp. & p. p. incrusted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. incrusting.] To cover with a crust, or with a hard 

w coat. 

In'eru's-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of incrusting, or state of 
being incrusted. 2. A crust or coat of any thing on the 
surface of a body. 

In'-eu-bnte, v. i. [imp. & p. p. incubated ; p. pr. & 



vb. n. INCUBATING.] [Lat. incubare, incubatum, to lio 
on, from prefix in ana cubare, to lie down.] To sit, as on 
^ eggs for_hatching. [pose of hatching young. 

In'eu-ba'tion, n. Act of sitting on eggs lor the pur- 
In'eu.-bus, n.; Eng. pi. in'cu-bDs-es : Lat. pi. lN'CJT- 
Bl. [Lat., from incubare. See Incubate.] (Med.) The 
nightmare ; hence, generally, any oppressive or stupefy- 
ing influence. 
In-eul'eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inculcated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INCULCATING.] [Lat. inculcare, i nculpatum, 
to tread on, from prefix in and calcare. to tread, from 
calx, the heel.] To impress by frequent admonitions ; to 

w urge on the mind. [peated admonitions. 

In'eul-ea'tion, n. The action of impressing by re- 

In-enl'pa-ble, a. Without fault ; blameless. 

In-eui'pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inculpated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INCULPATING.] [L. Lat. inculpare, inculcatum, 
from prefix in and culpa, fault.] 1. To blame ; to cen- 

w sure. 2._( Law.) To accuse of crime ; to impute guilt to. 

In'eul-pa'tion, n. Blame ; censure ; crimination. 

In-eul'pa-to-ry, a. 1. Imputing blame. 2. (Law.) 
Tending to establish guilt ; criminatory. 

In-eiim/ben-cy, n. 1. State of being incumbent. 2. 
That which is incumbent; a weight. 3. That which is 
imposed, as a rule, a duty, or an obligation. 4. (Eccl.) 
State of holding a benefice, or office. 

In-eum'bent, a. [Lat. incumbens, p. pr. of incumbere, 
to lie down upon, from prefix in and cumbere, cubare, to 
he down.] 1. Lying or resting upon. 2. Supported; 
buoyed up. 3. Lying or resting, as duty or obligation ; 
indispensable. 

In-eum'bent, n. The person who is in present posses- 
sion of a benefice, or any office. 

In-eur', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INCURRING (in-kur'ring).] [Lat. incurrere, to run into 
or toward ; from prefix in and currere, to run.] To meet 
or fall in with, as something from which inconvenience 
or harm is to be apprehended ; to expose one"s self to. 

In-eur'a-bxl'i-ty, n. State of being incurable. 

In-eur'a-ble, a. 1. Not curable: incapable of being 
cured. 2. Not admitting remedy or correction. 

Syn. — Irremediable ; remediless ; irrecoverable ; irretriev- 
able. 

In-eur'a-ble, n. A person diseased beyond the reach of 
cure ; a sick person who can not be cured. 

In-eiir'a-ble-ness, n. State of not admitting cure. 

In-eiir'a-bly, adv. So as to be incurable. 

Iii-€u'ri-ou.s, a. Not curious or inquisitive ; destitute 
of curiosity ; uninquisitive. 

Iii-e-ur'sion, n. [Lat. incursio. See INCUR.] Entering 
into a territory with hostile intention , a predatory or 
harassing inroad. 

Syn. — Invasion ; inroad ; raid ; foray. 

In-eiir'srve , a. Making an attack or incursion. 

In-€iirv'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incurvated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INCUR VATING.] [Lat. incurvare, incurvatum, 
from prefix in and curvus, bent.] To bend ; to crook. 

In-e-irrv'ate, a. Curved inward or upward. 

InZ-eur-va/tioii, n. 1. The act of bending, or of being 
curved. 2. The state of being bent ; curvature. 3. The 
act of bowing. 

In-eiirve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incurved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INCURVING.] To bend ; to make crooked. 

In-eu.rv'i-ty, n. A state of being bent or crooked; 
crookedness ; curvature. 

In-dart', v. t. To dart or strike in. 

In-debt/ (-det'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. indebted ; /;. pr. 
& vb. n. indebting.] To bring into debt ; to place 
under obligation. 

In-debt'ed. (in-deVed), a. 1. Placed in debt; being 
under obligation. 2. Obliged by something received, for 
which restitution or gratitude is due. 

In-debt'ed-ness (-det'-), n. State of being indebted. 

In-de'cence, ) n. 1. Want of decency ; lack of modesty. 

In-de'cen-cy, ) 2. That which is indecent ; an inde- 
cent word, act, or the like. 

Syn. — Indelicacy ; indecorum ; immodesty ; impurity ; 
obscenity. 

In-de'^ent, c. Not decent ; unfit to be seen or heard. 
Syn. — "Unbecoming : indecorous ; indelicate ; unseemly ; 
immodest; gross; shameful; impure; unchaste; obscene; filthy. 

Tn-de'cent-ly, adv. In a manner to offend delicacy. 

In^le-fid'ii-ous, a. Not deciduous ; evergreen. 

In'de-ci'pber-a-bJe, a. Incapable of being deciphered. 

In'de-pTg'ion (-sTzh'un), n. Want of decision ; wavering 

^ of mind ; irresolution. 

In'de-ci'sive, a. 1. Not decisive: not bringing to a 



INDECISIVENESS 



376 



INDICATE 



final close. 2. Prone to indecision ; wavering ; vacil- 
w lating ; hesitating. 

In'de-ci'sive-ness, n. State of being indecisive. 
in'de-elin'a-ble, a. ( Gram.) Not declinable; not va- 
w ried by terminations. [tion. 

Iii'de-elin'a-bly, adv. Without variation of termina- 
In'de-eo'roiis, or In-dee'o-rous, a. Not decorous; 

violating good manners. 
Syn. — Unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; coarse ; impolite ; 

uncivil. 

In'de-eo'i'ous-ly, or In-de-e'o-rous-ly, adv. In an 

indecorous or unbecoming manner. 
In/de-eo'roiis-iiess, or In dec'o-roiis-ness, n. Vio- 

w lation of propriety. 

In'de-eo'rum, n. 1. Want, of decorum ; impropriety 
of behavior. 2. A breach of decorum. 

3Ln-deed', adv. In reality ; in truth ; in fact ; — some- 

w times used interjectionally, as an expression of surprise. 

En 7 de-f at'i-ga-ble , a. Incapable of being fatigued. 
Syn. — Unwearied; untiring; persevering; assiduous. 

In'de-fat'i-ga-ble-ness, n. Unweariedness ; persist- 

w ency. [yielding to fatigue. 

In'de-f at'i-ga-bly, adv. Without weariness : without 

In'de-f ea'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being indefeasible. 

In'de-fea'gi-ble, a. Not to be defeated ; incapable of 
being made void. 

In'de-f e-et/i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being indefectible. 

In'de-fe-et'i-ble, a. Not liable to defect, failure, or 

w decay. 

In'de-feet'ive, a. Not defective ; perfect ; complete. 

In'de-f en'si-ble, a. Not defensible ; not capable of 
being maintained, vindicated, or justified. 

In'de-f en'sive, a. Having no defense. 

In'de-f Iii'a-ble , a. Incapable of being defined. 

In-def i-nite, a. 1. Not defined; not limited or de- 
fined; hence, not precise or certain. 2. Having no 
determined or certain limits. 3. ( Bot. ) More than twelve, 
especially when the number is not constant ; - — said of 
the parts of a flower, and the like. [precisely. 

In-def 'i-nite-ly, adv. In an indefinite manner ; not 

In-def i-nite-ness, n. The quality of being undefined, 
unlimited, or not precise and certain. 

in'de-his'cence, n. (Bot.) The property of not open- 

^ ing at maturity. [at maturity. 

In'de-his'cent, a. (Bot.) Not opening spontaneously 

in'de-Kb'er-ate, a. Done or performed without delib- 
eration ; sudden ; unpremeditated. 

In-deFi-biFi-ty, n. Qualify of being indelible. 

In-del'i-ble, a. [Lat. indelebilis; prefix in, not, and 
delebilis, capable of being destroyed, from delere, to de- 
stroy, blot out.] Not to be blotted out ; incapable of 
being effaced, lost, or forgotten. 

In-del'i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be effaced. 

In-del'i-ea-cy, n. Want of delicacy ; coarseness of 
manners or language. 

In-del'i-eate (45), a. Not delicate ; offensive to good 
manners, or to purity of mind. 

Syn.— Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; 
broad; impolite; gross; indecent. 

In-del'i-eate-ly, adv. In an indelicate manner ; in- 
decently ; coarsely ; grossly. 

In-dem'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of indemnifying ; 
reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty. 2. That 
which indemnifies. 

En-dem'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indemnified ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. indemnifying.] [L. Lat., from prefix in, 
not, and damnificare, from damnum, damage, loss, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To save harmless ; to secure against 
future loss or damage. 2. To make up for that which 
is past ; to reimburse. j 

In-«iem'iii-ty, n. [Lat. indemnitas, from indemnis, 
uninjured, from prefix in, not, and damnum, damage, 
loss.] 1. Security to save harmless ; exemption from 
loss or damage, past or to come. 2. Compensation or 

^ remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained. 

In'de-mon'stra-ble, a. Incapable of being demon- 
strated ; not susceptible of proof. 

In-den'i-zen, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. indenizened; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INDENIZENING.] To naturalize. 

Im-dent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INDENTING.] [L. Lat. indenture, from Lat. in and 
dens, tooth.] 1. To cut into points or inequalities, like 
a row of teeth. 2. To bind out bv indenture or con- I 
tract. 3. (Print.) To begin further in from the margin 
than the rest of a paragraph. 

In-dent', v. i. I. To be cut or notched. 2. To crook I 
or turn ; to wind in and out. | 



In-dent' L ra. A cut or notch in the margin of any thing, 

In'den-ta'tion, n. 1. A notch ; a cut in the margin 
of paper or other things. 2. A recess or depression in 
any border. 3. (Print.) Act of beginning the first line 
of a paragraph farther, or less far, from the margin than 
the other lines. 

In-dent'ed, p. a. 1. Jagged ; notched. 2. Bound out 
by indented writings. 

In-dent'ure (53), n. 1. Act of indenting, or state of 
being indented. 2. (Law.) A mutual agreement in 
writing between two or more parties, whereof each party 
has usually a part. 

In-dent/iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indentured ; p. pr. 

^ & vb. n. INDENTURING.] To bind by indentures. 

In'de-pgnd'eiice, n. State or quality of being inde- 
pendent ; exemption from reliance on others, or control 
from them. 

In-cle-pend'en-cy, n. Independence. [Obsolescent.] 

Iii/de-peiid'eiit, a. 1. Not dependent ; not subject to 
the control of others. 2. Affording a comfortable liveli- 
hood. 3. Not subject to bias or influence ; self-direct- 
ing. 4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of inde- 
pendence ; free ; easy ; bold. 5. Separate from ; ex- 
clusive. 6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to the Inde- 
pendents. 

In'de-pend'ent. n. (Eccl.) One who believes that an 
organized Christian church is complete in itself, and 

w independent of all ecclesiastical authority. 

In'de-pend'ent-Iy, adv. Without control. 

In'de-s-erib'a-ble, a. Incapable of being described. 

In'de-gert', n. Want of merit or worth. 

In'de-striie'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incapable 

w of destruction. [decomposition. 

In'de-striie'ti-ble, a. Not destructible ; incapable of 

in'de-ter'mi-na-hle, a. Impossible to be determined, 

w ascertained, or fixed. 

In'de-ter'mi-nate (45), a. Not determinate ; not settled 

^ or fixed ; uncertain ; not precise. 

in'de-ter'mi-nate-ly, adv. Not in any settled man- 

^ ner ; indefinitely ; not with precise limits. 

in / de-ter f mi-nate-ness, n. Want of precision ; in- 

^ definiteness. 

In'de-ter'mi-na'ticn, n. 1. Want of determination ; 
an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. 2. Want 

w of fixed or stated direction. 

In'de-vo'tion, n. Want of devotion ; impiety. 

In'de-vout', a. Not having devout affections ; undevout. 

In'dex, «. ; Eng. pi. ik'dex-er ; ~L&t. pi. Iiv'ni-pEg. 
[Lat., from indiccre. to proclaim, announce, indicare, to 
point out, indicate, q. v.] 1. That which points out, 
shows, indicates, or manifests ; especially, a pointer or a 
hand that directs to any thing, as the hour of the day, 
the road to a place, and the like. 2. Any table for facil- 
itating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book. 
3. (Anat.) The fore finger, or pointing finger. 4. (Aritk. 
& Alg.) The figure or letter ■which shows the power or 
root of a quantity ; the exponent. [In this sense, the 
plural is always indices.] 

In'dex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indexed (in'dekst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. indexing.] To provide with an index or 
table of references. 

In-dex'ie-al, a. Having the form of an index; per- 

w taining to an index. 

In'dex-ter'i-ty, n. Want of dexterity ; awkwardness. 

In'dia-man ('ind'ja- or m'di-a-), n.; pi. indiamen. 

w (Naut.) A large ship employed in the India trade. 

In'dian (Tnd'yan or Tn'di'-an), a. [From India, and this 
from Indus, the name of a river in Asia; Skr. sindku, 
river.] 1. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, either of the 
Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America. 
2. Made of maize or Indian corn. [Colloq. Amer.] 

In'dian (md'yan or m'di -an), n. 1. (Geog.) A native 
or inhabitant of the Indies. 2. One of the aboriginal 
inhabitants of America ; — so called by the discoverers or 
early settlers of the country from their fancied resem- 
blance to the people of India. 

Indian fie, single file; arrangement of persons in a row fol- 
lowing one after another, the usual way among Indians of 
traversing woods, &c. — Indian ink, a substance brought chiefly 
from China, used for water colors. Itconsistsof lamp-blackand 
animal glue. — Indian summer, a period of warm and pleasant 
weather occurring late in autumn. See Summek. 

In'dia Riib'ber (ifnd'ya or m'di-a). See Caoutchouc. 

in'di-eant, a. Serving to point out, as a remedy ; indi- 
cating, [out. 

in'di-eant, n. (Med.) That which indicates or points 

In'di-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indicated ; -p. pr. & 
vb. n. INDICATING.] [Lat. indicare, indicatum, from 



a, e, &c.,lo?ig ; a, e, &c ,short; care, far, a.-k, all, what ; ere,veil, term , pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 



INDICATION 



377 



INDISTINCTNESS 



prefix in and dicare, to proclaim.] 1. To point out ; to 
discover; to show. 2. {Med.) To manifest by symp- 

w toms ; to point to as the proper remedies. 

In'di-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of pointing out or indicating. 
2. That which serves to indicate or point out ; mark ; 
token; sign; symptom. 

In-dJe'a-tive, a. Pointing out ; bringing to notice ; 
giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible 
or obvious. 

Indicative mode (Gram.), that mode of the verb which indi- 
cates, that is, which affirms or denies. It is also used in asking 
questions. Indicative is also sometimes used substantively to 
denote this mode. 

In-dle'a-tive-ly, adv. In a manner to indicate. 

In'di-c a/tor, n. One wbo, or that which, shows or 
points out; specifically, an instrument by which the 
working steam records its working pressure, from which 
. the power of the engine may be calculated. 

In'di-<:a-to-ry, a. Serving to show or make known. 

ln'dl-ce§, n. pi. See Index. 

In-dlcV (in-dfl/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. INDICTED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INDICTING-.] [Lat. indicere, indictum, to pro- 
claim, from prefix in and dicere, to say, speak.] (Law.) 
To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the find- 
ing or presentment of a grand jury. 

Iii-cllct'a-ble (in-dit'a-bl), a. Capable of being, or liable 
to be, indicted ; subject to indictment. 

In-dlct'er (in-drt'er), n. One who indicts. 

Iii-di-e'tion, n. [See supra.] (Chron.) A cycle of fif- 
teen years, instituted by Constantine the Great, and af- 
terward made a substitute for Olympiads in reckoning 

In-di-e'tive, a. Proclaimed ; declared. [time. 

In-diet'ment (m-dlt'ment), n. 1. Act of indicting, or 
state of being indicted. 2. A written accusation, or 
formal charge of a crime, preferred to a court by a grand 
jury under oath ; hence, an accusation in general. 

In-cllct'or (-dlt'-), n. (Law.) One who indicts. 

In-dlf'f er-em.ee, n. 1. Quality of being indifferent, or 
not making or measuring a difference, 2. Passableness ; 
mediocrity. 3. Impartiality ; freedom from prejudice 
or bias. 4. A state of the mind when it feels no anxiety 
or interest in what is presented to it. 

Syn. — Carelessness; negligence ; unconcern ; apathy; in- 
sensibility. 

In-dif f f cr-en-cy, n. Absence of interest in, or influ- 
ence from, any thing ; equilibrium ; indifferentism. 

In-dif 'f er-ent, a. 1. Not making a difference ; having 
no influence or preponderating weight ; of no account. 
2. Neither particularly good, nor very bad; passable. 
3o Neutral; impartial; unbiased; disinterested. 4. 
Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting any 
thing. 

In-dif 'fer-ent-igin, n. State of indifference. 

In-dif 'f er-emt-ly, adv. In an indifferent manner ; im- 

w partially ; tolerably ; passably. 

In'di-gence, \n. Want of estate, or means of com- 

In'di-gen-cy, ) fortable subsistence. 

Syn. — Poverty ; penury ; destitution ; want ; need ; pau- 
perism. — I'overtt/ is generic, denoting a deficiency in the 
means of living; indigence is stronger, implying an absence of 
the necessaries of life. Both express permanent states. Want 
and need are applied usually to states which arc temporary or 
occasional, as want of clothing, need of fuel; but arc sometimes 
used in a more abstract sense, as a state of want or of need, be- 
ing then identical with poverty. 

In-dlg'e-nous, a. [Lat. indi genus, from 0. Lat. indu, 
for in, and Lat. genere, gignere, to beget, to be born.] 

1. Native ; born or originating in, as in a place or coun- 
try. 2. Produced naturally in a country or climate ; 

w not exotic. 

fn'di-gent, a. [Lat. indigens, p. pr. of indigere, to 
stand in need of; prefix indu, for in, and egere, to be 
need/.] Destitute of property or means of comfortable 

w subsistence ; needy ; poor. 

In'di-gest'ed, a: 1. Not digested ; undigested ; crude. 

2. Not regularly disposed and arranged. 3. (Med.) 

_ Not brought to suppuration. 

In'di-gest'i-ble, a. 1. Not digestible ; not easily con- 
verted into chyme. 2. Not to be received or patiently 

w endured. 

In'dl-ges'tion (-jest'yun, 68), n. Want of due diges- 
tion ; a failure of the natural changes which food under- 
goes in the alimentary canal ; dyspepsia ; difficult or 
painful digestion. 

Tn-dig'nant, a. [Lat. indignans, p. pr. of indignari, to 
be indignant, disdain ; prefix in and dignari, to deem 
worthy; dignus, worthy.] Affected with indignation; 
feeling wrath and scorn or contempt. 

In-dig'nant-ly, adv. In an indignant manner. 



In/dig-na'tioii, n. A strong and elevated disapproba- 
tion of what is flagitious in character or conduct ; anger 
mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. 

Syn. — Anger ; ire ; wrath ; resentment ; fury ; rage. See 
Anger. 

In-dig'ni-ty, n. Unmerited contemptuous treatment ; 
w contumely ; injury accompanied with insult. 
In'di-go, n. [Lat. indicum, indigo, from Indicus, Indian, 

from India, India.] A blue coloring matter obtained 
w from woad and other plants. 
Iii/dl-re-et/, a. 1. Not direct ; not straight or rectilinear. 

2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the most 

plain and direct method or course ; by remote means. 3. 
w Not straightforward or upright ; unfair ; dishonest. 
in'di-re^'tion, n. Oblique course or means ; dishonest 

practices ; indirectness. 
In'dl-re-et'ly, adv. In an indirect manner. 
In'dig-cern'i-ble (-diz-zern'-), e. Incapable of being 

discerned ; not discoverable. 
In'dis-cerp'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Incapacity of dissolution. 
In'dis-cerp'ti-ble, a. Not discerptible ; incapable of 

being destroyed by dissolution. 
In-dls'ci-plin-a-ble, a. Not disciplinable; incapable 
^ of being subjected to discipline. 

Jiv'dis-eov'er-a-'ble, a. Incapable of being discovered. 
In/dis-ereet', a. Not discreet ; wanting in discretion. 
Syn. — Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; 

incautious; heedless. 

In'dis-creet'ly, adv. Not discreetly ; inconsiderately. 

Xii/dis-erete', a. Not discrete or separated. 

In'dis-ei'e'tioii (-kresh / un), n. 1. Want of discretion ; 

w imprudence. 2. An indiscreet act ; indiscreet behavior. 

In/dis-erim'i-nate, a. Wanting discrimination; not 

w making any distinction. 

In/dis-crim'i-iiate-ly, adv. In an indiscriminate 

___ manner ; without distinction ; in confusion. 

In / dis~erim / i-iia'tioii, n. Want of discrimination or 
distinction. 

In'dis-pen'sa-ble, a. 1. Not dispensable; impossible 
to be omitted or spared ; absolutely necessary. 2. Not 
admitting dispensation ; not providing for release or ex- 

^ emption. 

In'dis-pen'sa-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of 

w being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. 

In'dis-pen'sa-bly, adv. In an indispensable manner ; 

w necessarily. 

In'dis-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indisposed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. indisposing.] 1. To render unfit or unsuited; 
to disqualify. 2. To disqualify for the exercise of proper 
functions; hence, to make somewhat ill. 3. To disin- 
cline ; to render averse or unfavorable. 4. To make 

w unfavorable or disinclined ; — with toward. 

In'dis-pog'ed-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
indisposed ; disinclination ; slight aversion ; indisposition. 

In-dis'po-gi'tion (-zTsh / un), n. 1. Condition of want- 
ing adaptation or affinity. ' 2. Slight disorder of the 
healthy functions of the body. 3. Want of fitness in 
feeling; disinclination; aversion. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. Not disputable; too evident to 
admit of dispute. 

Syn. — Incontestable; un questionable ; incontrovertible; 
undeniable ; irrefragable ; indubitable ; certain ; positive. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
indisputable. [ably. 

In-dls'pu-ta-bly, adv. Without dispute ; unquestion- 

In-dis / so-lu-bIl'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being indissol- 
uble, or incapable of being dissolved. 2. Perpetuity of 
union, obligation, or binding force. 

In-dls'so-lu-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being dissolved, 
melted, or liquefied. 2. Perpetually binding or obliga* 

In-dis'so-lu-ble-ness, n. Indissolubility. [tory. 

In-dis'so-lu-bly, adv. In a manner resisting separa- 
tion ; inseparably ; firmly. 

In'dig-golv'a-ble (-diz-zolv'a-bl), a. Incapable of being 

^ dissolved ; indissoluble. 

In'dis-tijvet', a. 1. Not distinct or distinguishable. 2. 

Obscure to the mind ; confused. 3. Not presenting clear 

and well-defined images or perceptions ; imperfect ; faint. 

Syn. — Undefined; undistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; 

vague; ambiguous; uncertain. 

fn/dis-tm-e'tion, n. 1. Want of distinction or distin- 
guishableness ; confusion ; indiscrimination. 2. Equal- 
ity of rank or condition. 

In'dis-tinet'ly. adv. In an indistinct manner; not 

__ clearly ; confusedly ; obscurely. 

In'dis-tin-et/nees, n. 1. Want of distinctness ; con- 
fusion : uncertainty. 2. Obscurity ; faintness. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



INDISTINGUISHABLE 



378 



INDULGER 



In'dis-tin'guish-a-ble (-tmg'gwish-a-bl), a. Not dis- 
tinguishable ; unable to be distinguished. 

In-dlte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indited; p.pr. & vb. n. 
INDITING.] [Lat. indicere, indictum. Cf. INDICT.] 

1. To direct or dictate what is to be uttered or written. 

2. To compose ; to write ; to be author of. 
In-dite'ment, n. The act of inditing. 
In-dlt'er, ft. One who indites. 
In'di-vid'u-al, a. [Lat. individuus, indivisible, from 

preiix in, not, and dividuus, divisible, from dividere, to 
divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; single; 
one. 2. Of, or pertaining to, one only ; hence, peculiar 
to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing ; distinc- 

„ five. 

In'dl-vid'u-al, n. A single person, animal, or thing of 

w any kind; especially, a human being ; a person. 

In'dl-vld'u-al-igm, ft. 1. Quality of being individ- 
ual ; individuality. 2. An excessive or exclusive regard 

w to one's personal interest ; selfishness. 

Jln'dl-vid'u-al'i-ty, ft. 1. Condition or quality of be- 
ing individual ; separate or distinct nature or existence. 
2. Character or property appropriate or peculiar to an 

w individual ; distinctive character. 

Iii'dl-vid'u.-al'1-za'tion, n. Act of individualizing ; 
state of being individualized. 

In'di-vid'u-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. individual- 
ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. individualizing.] To select 

w or mark as an individual. 

In'da-vid'u-al-ly, adv. 1. In an individual manner or 

w relation ; separately. 2. Inseparably ; incommunicably. 

In'di-vld'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. individuated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INDIVIDUATING.] 1. To distinguish 
from others of the species. 2. To cause to exist as an 

^ individual whole. 

In'di-vid'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of making single, or the 
same, to the exclusion of others. 2. Act of endowing 
with individuality. 3. Act of separating into individ- 

w uals by analysis. 

in / cll-vig / i-bil'i-ty, ft. State or property of being indi- 

w visible ; inseparable. 

InVdi-vig'i-ble (Tn'di-vTz'i-bl), a. 1. Not divisible ; not 
separable into parts. 2. (Math.) Not capable of exact 
division ; incommensurable. 

In'di-vig'i-ble, ft. 1. That which is indivisible. 2. 
( Geom.) One of the elements or principles, supposed to 
be infinitely small, into which a body or figure may be 

w resolved ; an infinitesimal. 

3£n / di-vig'i-ble-ness, ft. Indivisibility. 

In'dl-vig'i-bly, adv. So as not. to be capable of division. 

In-di c'i-bil'i-ty, n. Indocibleness ; indocility. 

In-doc'i-ble, a. Incapable of being taught, or not 
easily instructed ; intractable. 

In-doc'i-ble-ness, n. Indocility. 

In-doc'ile, a. Not teachable; not easily instructed; 

w dull ; intractable. 

fn'do-cil'i-ty, n. Dullness of intellect ; intractableness. 

In-do-e'tri-nate,r. t. [imp. & p.p. indoctrinated; 
p.pr. & vb. n. INDOCTRINATING.] [Lat. prefix in, in, 
and doctrina, doctrine.] To instruct in the rudiments or 
principles of learning, or of a branch of learning. 

In-do-e'tri-na'tion, n. Act of indoctrinating, or the 

w condition of being indoctrinated : information. 

In'do-lence, ) ft. [Lat. indolentia, from prefix in, and 

!fn'do-len-cy, j dolere, to feel pain.] Habitual idle- 

w ness ; indisposition to labor ; laziness. 

In'do-lent, a. Indulging in ease ; avoiding labor and 
exertion ; habitually idle. 
Indolent tumor {Med.), a tumor causing little or no pain. 
Syn. — Idle ; lazy ; sluggish ; listless ; inactive. See Idle. 

tii'do-lent-ly, adv. In an indolent manner ; lazily. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. in and domitare, intensive 
form of domare, to tame.] Not to be subdued ; untama- 
ble ; invincible. 

In'-dobr, a. Being within doors. 

In-dor'sa-ble, a. Capable of being indorsed, assigned, 
and made payable to order. 

In-dorse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indorsed (in-dorsty ; p. 
pr. & vb. ii. indorsing.] [L. Lafc. indorsare, from Lat. 
in and dorsum, the back.] 1. To write upon the back 
or outside of. 2. (haw.) To write one"s name upon the 
back of, as a paper, for the purpose of transferring it, or 
to secure the payment of, as a note, draft, &c. 3. Hence, 
to give one"s name or support to ; to sanction. 

fn'dor-see', n (Law.) The person to whom a note or 
bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement. 

In-dorse'ment, ft. 1. Act of writing on the back of a 
note, bill, or other written instrument. 2. A writing, 



usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a 
negotiable instrument, by which the property theaein is 
assigned and transferred. 3. Sanction or support given. 

In-dors'er / (127), n. One who indorses ; the party by 

In-dors'or J whom a bill, note, or check is indorsed. 

In'drawn, a. Drawn in. 

In-du"fci-ou.s, a- Not dubious or doubtful ; certain. 

In~du/bi-ta-ble, a. Not dubitable ; too plain to admit 
of doubt. 

Syn. — Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incon- 
testable ; undeniable ; irrefragable. 

In-du'bi-ta-bly, adv. Undoubtedly ; unquestionably. 

In-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INDUCED (in-dust'); p. 
pr. & vb. n. INDUCING.] [Lat. inducere, from prefix in 
and ducere, to lead.] 1. To lead in ; to introduce. 2. 
To prevail on ; to move by persuasion or influence. 3. 
To effect by persuasion or influence. 4. (Physics.) To 
cause by proximity without contact or transmission. 

Syn. — To move ; instigate ; urge ; impel ; incite ; press: 
effect ; cause. 

In-duce'ment, n. 1. That which induces; a motive 
or consideration that leads on or persuades to action. 2. 
( Law. ) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble ox 
introduction. 

Syn. — Motive ; reason ; incitement ; influence. 

In-du'cer, n. One who, or that which, induces. 

In-du'fi-ble, a. Capable of being induced. 

Iii-duet', v. t. {imp. & p. p. INDUCTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INDUCTING.] [Lat. inducere, inductum. See IN- 
DUCE.] 1. To bring in; to introduce. 2. (Bed.) To 
introduce, as to a benefice or office. 

In-dii-c'tiie, a. Not ductile ; incapable of being drawn 
into threads, as a metal. 

In-due'tion, ft. 1. Act of inducting or bringing in; 
introduction. 2. (Philos.) Actor process cf reasoning 
from a part to a whole, or from particulars to generals. 

3. Introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of a 
person into an office by the usual forms and ceremonies. 

4. (Physics.) The property by which one body, having 
electrical, galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes or in- 
duces it in another body without direct contact. 5. 
(Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general 
truth is gathered from an examination of particular 
cases. 

Syn. — Deduction. — In indvetion we observe a sufficient 
number of individual facts, and, on the ground cf analogy, 
extend what is true of them to others of the same class, thus 
arriving at general principles or laws. This is the kind of rea- 
soning in physical science. In deduction we begin with a gen- 
eral truth, and seek to connect it with some individual case by- 
means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equal- 
ly connected with both. Thus we bring down the general into 
the individual, affirming of the latter the distinctive qualities 
of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction 
Franklin established the identity of lightning and electricity ; 
by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by 
lightning-rods. 

In-du-e'tion -a 1, a. Pertaining to, or proceeding by, in- 
duction ; inductive. [Rare.] 

In-duet'ive, a. 1. Leading or drawing ; tempting. 2. 
Proceeding or derived by induction. 3. (Eke.) (a.) Op- 
erating by induction, (b.) Facilitating induction. 

In-du«t'ive-ly, adv. By induction or inference. 

In-diiet'or, ii. The person who inducts another into an 
office or benefice. 

In-due', v. t. [imp. & p.p. indued; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INDUING.] [Lat. induere, allied to Gr. evSveiv, to put 
on.] 1. To put on, as clothes ; to draw on. 2. To 
clothe ; to invest ; hence, to endow ; to furnish ; to supply. 

In-diilge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INDULGED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. INDULGING.] [Lat. indulgere, from prefix, in, and 
dulcis, sweet, kind.] 1. To be complacent towards ; to 
give way to ; to yield to the desire of. 2. To grant as by 
favor. 

Syn. — To gratify ; humor; cherish; foster; harbor; allow; 
favor. See Geatify. 

In-diilge', v. i. To give one's self up ; to practice a for- 
bidden, or questionable, act without restraint. 

In-diil'gence, ) n. 1. The quality of being indulgent; 

In-dul'gen-cy, I forbearance of restraint or control. 
2. Favor granted ; liberality; gratification. 3. (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) Remission of the temporal punishment 
due to sins, granted by the pope or church, and supposed 
to save the sinne- from purgatory. 

In-diil'gent, a. Prone to indulge or humor ; not op- 
posing or restraining. 

In-dul'gent-ly, adv. In an indulgent manner ; mildly; 
favorably ; not severely. 

In-dul'ger, n. One who indulges. 



a, e, 8ie..,long ; a, e,&c, short; care, far, aslt, all, what ; ere,veil, term , pique, firm; .s6n, or, do, wolf, 



INDURATE 



379 



INEXPRESSIBLE 



in'du-rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. indurated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INDURATING.] [Lat. indurare, induration, from 
prefix in and durare, to harden, from durus, hard.] To 

w grow hard ; to harden, or become hard. 

In'du-rate, v. t. 1. To make hard. 2. To deprive of 
sensibility ; to render obdurate. 

In'du-rate, a. 1. Hardened ; not soft ; indurated. 2. 
Without sensibility ; unfeeling ; obdurate. 

In'du-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of hardening or process of 
growing hard. 2. State of being indurated. 3. Obdu- 
racy ; stiffness; want of pliancy. 

In-dus'tri-al, a. [See Industry.] Consisting in in- 
dustry ; pertaining to industry, or the arts of industry. 

Iii-dus'tri-ous, a. 1. Given to industry ; characterized 
by diligence. 2. Diligent in a particular pursuit, or to 
a particular end. 

Iii-dus'tri-ous-ly, adv. In an industrious manner ; 

w diligently ; assiduously. 

iii'dus-try, n. [Lat. industria.] Habitual diligence in 
any employment, either bodily or mental. 

Syn. — Diligence ; assiduousness ; laboriousness. See Dil- 
igence. 

In-dwell', v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. indwelt ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. indwelling.] To dwell in ; to abide within. 

In-dwell'er, n. An inhabitant. 

In-dwell'ing, n. Residence within, or in the heart or 
soul ; interior abode. 

In-e'bri-ant, a. [Lat. inebriai s, p. pr. of inebriare. See 
Inebriate.] Intoxicating. 

In-e'bri-ant, n. Any thing that intoxicates. 

In-e'bri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inebriated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INEBRIATING.] [Lat. inebriare, ine.briatum, 
from prefix in, used intensively, and ebriare, to make 
drunk, from ebrius, drunk.] 1. To make drunk ; to in- 
toxicate. 2. To stupefy, or to make furious or frantic ; 
to exhilarate. 

In-e'bri-ate, v. i. To be or become intoxicated. 

In-e'bri-ate (45), n. One who is drunk; especially, an 
habitual drunkard ; a sot ; a toper. 

In-e'bri-a'tion, n. Condition of being inebriated. 
Syn. — Drunkenness ; intoxication ; inebriety. 

In'e-bri'e-ty, n. Drunkenness ; inebriation. 

In-ed'it-ed, a. Not edited ; unpublished. 

In-ef'fa-bil'i-ty, ». Unspeakableness. [Rare.] 

In-ef 'fa-ble, a. Incapable of being expressed in words ; 
unspeakable ; unutterable. 

In-ef 'fa-ble-ness, n. Quality of being unutterable ; 
unspeakableness. 

In-ef 'f a-bly, adv. In a manner not to be expressed in 

w words : unspeakably ; unutterably. 

In'ef-face'a-ble, a. Incapable of being effaced. 

In/ef-f eet'Ive, a. Incapable of producing any effect, or 
the effect intended. 

Syn. — Useless ; inefficient ; inefficacious ; vain ; fruitless; 
weak. 

In'ef-fect'u-al, a. Not producing the proper effect ; 

w inefficient ; weak, 

In'ef-f eet'u-al-ly, adv. Without effect ; in vain. 

In'ef-feet'u-al-ness, n. Want of effect, or of power 
to produce it ; inefficacy. 

In-ef'f er-ves'cent, a. Not effervescing, or not suscep- 
tible of effervescence. 

In-ef 'fer-yes'ci-ble, a. Not capable of effervescence. 

In-ef 'fi-ea'cioiis, a. Not efficacious ; not having power 
to produce tlie effect desired, or the proper effect. 

In-ef 'fi-ea'cious-ness, n. Want of effect, or power to 
produce the effect. 

In-ef'f i-ea-cy, n. Want of power to produce the desired 

v or proper effect ; inefficiency ; ineffectualness. 

In'ef-f I'cien-cy (-ef-flsh'en-sy), n. Want of power or 

u exertion of power to produce the effect; inefficacy. 

In/ef-f I'cient (-ftsh'enfc), a. 1. Not efficient; not pro- 
ducing the effect ; inefficacious. 2. Habitually slack or 

^ remiss ; effecting nothing. 

In'e-las'tie, a. Not elastic ; wanting elasticity. 

In-el'e-gance, \n. Quality of being inelegant ; want of 

In-el'e-gan-cy, ( elegance. 

In-el'e-gant, a. Not elegant ; wanting in any thing 
which correct taste requires. 

In-el'e-gant-ly, adv. In an inelegant or unbecoming 
manner; coarsely; roughly. 

In-eTi-gi-bil'i-ty, n. I. Incapacity of being elected to 
an office. 2. State or quality of not being worthy of 
choice. 

In-eTi-gi-ble, a. Not eligible ; incapable of being elect- 
ed to an office ; not worthy to be chosen or preferred. 

In-8pt', a. [Lat. ineptus, from prefix in, not, and aptus, 



apt, fit.] 1, Not apt or fit ; unfit ; unsuitable ; improp- 
er. 2. Foolish ; silly ; nonsensical. 

In-gpt'i-tude (53), n. 1. The quality of being inept; 

w unfitness ; unsuitableness. 2. Foolishness ; nonsense. 

In'e-qual'i-ty (-kwol'i-ty), n. 1. Quality of being un- 
equal; lack of uniformity ; diversity. 2. Uneveuness; 
want of levelness. 3. Disproportion to any office or pur- 
pose ; inadequacy. 4. (Alg.) The expression of two un- 
equal quantities, with the sign of inequality between 
thetn. 5. (Astron.) An irregularity or deviation in the 
motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean 
motion. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. Not equitable ; not just. 

In-ert' (14), a. [Lat. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle, from 
prefix in, not, and ars, art.] 1. Destitute of the power 
of moving itself, or of activo resistance to motion im- 
pressed. 2. Indisposed to move or act ; dull. 3* 
Powerless for an effect or influence. 

Syn. — Inactive ; sluggish. — A man may be inactive from 
mere want of stimulus to effort, but one who is inert has some- 
thing in his constitution or his habits which operates like a 
weight holding him back from exertion. Sluggish (from slug) 
is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which 
directly impedes action. 

In-er'ti-a (in-Cr'shl-a), n. 1. (Physics.) That property 
of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, 
and when in motion to continue in motion. 2. Indispo" 
sition to move. 

In-ert'ly, adv. Without activity ; sluggishly. 

In-ert'ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion ; slug» 
gishness. 2. Absence or destitution of the power of 
self-motion. 

In-es'ti-ma-ble, a. Incapable of being estimated oi 
computed ; above all price. 

Syn. — Incalculable ; invaluable. 

In-es'ti-ma-bly, adv. In a manner not to be estimated. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble, a. 1. Not evitable ; incapable of being 
avoided ; unavoidable. 2. Not to be withstood or Re- 
sisted . 

In-ev'i-ta-ble-ness, a. State of being unavoidable. 

In-ev'i-ta-bly, adv. Unavoidably; certainly. 

In'ex-aet', a. Not exact ; not precisely corrector true, 

In'ex-cit'a-ble, a. Not susceptible of excitement. 

In'ex-eug'a-ble, a. Not admitting excuse or justifi- 
cation. 

In'ex-eus/a-ble-ness, n. Quality of not being excusa- 

w ble ; enormity beyond forgiveness or palliation. 

In'ex-ciig 'a-bly, adv. So as not to be excusable. 

In'ex-er'tion, n. Want of exertion ; want of effort. 

In'ex-haust'ed, a. Not exhausted ; not emptied ; not 

w spent. " [emptied. 

In'ex-haust'i-ble, a. Incapable of being exhausted or 

In'ex-haust'i-ble-ness, n. The state of being inex- 

w haustible. 

In'ex-Ist'ence, n. 1. Want of existence. 2. Inherence. 

In'ex-ist'ent, n. 1. Not having being ; not existing. 
2. Existing in something else ; inherent. 

In-ex'o-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being inexorable, or 
unyielding to entreaty. 

In-ex'o-ra-ble, a. Not to be persuaded or moved by 
entreaty or prajer ; unyielding ; unchangeable. 

In-ex'o-r a-bly , adv. So as to be immovable by entreaty. 

In'ex-pe'di-ence, ) n. Quality of being inexpedient ; 

In'ex-pe'di-en-cy, ) want of fitness ; hence, impro- 
priety ; unsuitableness to the purpose. 

In'ex-pe'di-ent, a. Not expedient ; not tending to a 

w good end ; hence, unfit, improper. 

In'ex-pen'sive, a. Not expensive. 

In'ex-pe'ri-ence, n. Absence or want of experience. 

In'ex-pe'ri-en^ed (-p5'ri-enst), a. Not having experi- 
ence ; unskilled. 

1 n'ex-pert' (14). a. Not expert ; without knowledge or 
dexterity derived from practice. 

In-ex'pi-a-ble, a. 1. Admitting of no atonement or 
satisfaction. 2. Incapable of being appeased by atone- 
ment; implacable. [atonement. 

In-6x'pi-a-bly, adv. To a degree that admits of no 

In-ex'pli-ea-bil'i-ty,^. Quality of being inexplicable. 

In-ex'pli-ea-ble, a. Not explainable ; incapable of 
being explained, interpreted, or accounted for. 

In-ex'i>li-ea-ble-ness, n. State of being inexplicable', 
inexplicability. 

Tn-ex'pli-ea-bly, adv. In an inexplicable manner. 

In'ex-plic'it, a. Not explicit; not clearlv stated. 

In'ex-plor'a-ble, a. Incapable of being explored, 
searched, or discovered. 

1 n'ex-press'i-ble, a. Not capable of expression ; not 
to be uttered. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this 



INEXPRESSIBLY 



380 INFIDEL 



Syn. — Unspeakable ; unutterable; ineffable; indescrib- 
able; untold. 

In'ex-press'i-bly, adv. In an inexpressible manner or 

degree ; unspeakably ; unutterably. 

In/ex-press'ive, a. Not expressing or intending to ex- 

^ press ; inexpressible. 

In'ex-pug'na-ble, or In'ex-pugn'a-ble (-pun'-), a. 
Incapable of being subdued by force ; impregnable. 

iii'ex-trnct', a. Not quenched ; not extinct. 

In'ex-tin'guisli-a-ble, a. Not capable cf being ex- 
tinguished ; unquenchable. 

In'ex-tlr'pa-ble, a. Not capable of being extirpated. 

In-ex'tri-ea-ble, a. Not capable of being extricated. 

In-ex'tri-ea-bly, adv. In an inextricable manner. 

In-eye' (in-I 7 ), v. t. To inoculate, as a tree or plant, by 
the insertion of a bud. [empt from error. 

In-f alli-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being infallible, or ex- 

In-f al'li-ble , a. 1. Not fallible; entirely exempt from 
liability to mistake. 2. Not liable to fail, or to deceive 
confidence ; certain. [ble. 

In-f aFli-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being infalli- 

Jn-f al'li-bly, adv. Certainly ; unfailingly. 

In'fa-moiis, a. 1. Of ill report ; having a reputation 
of the worst kind; held in abhorrence. 2. [Law.) 
Branded with infainy by conviction of a crime. 

Syn. — Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; 
shameful; ignominious. 

In'fa-moiis-ly, adv. In an infamous manner or de- 
gree ; scandalously ; disgracefully ; shamefully ; with 

w open reproach. 

In'fa-my, n. 1. Total loss of reputation ; public dis- 
grace. 2. Extreme baseness or vileness. 3. (Laic.) 
That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a con- 
vict incurs, and by which a person is at common law 
rendered incompetent as a witness. 

In'fan-cy, n. 1. State of being an infant. 2. The first 
age of any thing. 3. (Law.) State or condition of one 

u under age ; nonage ; minority. 

In'fant, n. [Lat. in fans, from prefix in, not, and fart, 
to speak.] 1. A young babe; sometimes, a child sev- 
eral years of age. 2. (Laiv.) A person not of full age ; 

w a minor. 

In'fasit, a. 1„ Pertaining to infancy. 2. Intended for 
young children. 

In-fcin'td,n. [Sp. & Pg. See infra.'] Any princess of 
the royal blood, except the eldest daughter when heiress 
apparent. [Spain and Portugal.] 

In-fdn'te, n. [Sp. & Pg. See Infant.] Any son of 
the king, except the eldest, or heir apparent. [Spain 
and Portugal.] 

In-fant'i-clde, n. [Lat. infanticidium , child murder, 
and infanticida, a child-murderer, from infans, child, 
and cxdere, to kill, murder.] 1. (Law.) The murder of 
a newly-born child. 2. Specifically , the slaughter of 
infants by Herod. 3. A slayer of infants. 

In'fan-IIle, or In'fan-tile, a. Pertaining to infancy, 

w or to an infant. 

In'fan-tine, or In'fan-tine, a. Pertaining to, or 

_ characteristic of, infants or young children ; infantile. 

In'fant-ry, n. [Sp. infantcria, It. infanteria, fanteria, 
from Sp. infante, It. infante, fante, infant, child, boy, 
servant, foot-soldier.] (Mil.) Foot-soldiers, in distinc- 
tion from cavalry. 

In-fat'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. infatuated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. infatuating.] [Lat. infatuare, infattiatum, 
from prefix in and fattens, foolish.] 1. To make foolish ; 
to weaken the intellectual powers of. 2. To inspire with 
an extravagant or foolish passion. 
Syn. — To besot; stupefy; mislead. 

In-fat/u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of infatuating. 2. State 
of being infatuated; folly. 

In-fea'gi-bll'i-ty, n. The state of being infeasible; 
impracticability. 

In-f ea'gi-ble, a. Not capable of being done or accom- 
plished ; impracticable. 

In-f eet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INFECTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INFECTING.] [Lat. inficere, infection, to put or dip 
into, to stain, infect, from prefix in and facere, to make.] 
1. To taint with disease. 2. To taint or affect with 
morbid or noxious matter. 3. To communicate bad 
qualities to; to corrupt. 4. (Law.) To contaminate 
with illegality, or expose to penalty. 
Syn.— To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile. 

In-feet'er, n. One who, or that which, infects. 

In-f ee'tion, n. 1. Act or process of infecting. 2. That 
which infects. 3. Result of infecting influence ; a pre- 
vailing disease. 4. That which taints, poisons, or cor- 



rupts, by communication from one to another. 5. Con- 
tamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods. 

Syn. — Contagion.— Medical writers in Europe do not, most 
of them, recognize any difference between contagion and infec- 
tion. In America, the distinction referred to under Conta- 
gion is, to a considerable extent, admitted, in general litera- 
ture, this distinction is well established. We use contagion and 
contagious in respect to things which spread by intercourse or 
imitation; as, the contagious influence of example; while we 
apply infection and infectious to a more hidden and diffusive 
power; as, the injection, of vice; the infectious influence of evil 
principles. 

In-f ee'tioiis, a. 1. Haying qualities that may infect ; 

pestilential. 2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or 

contaminate; vitiating. 3. (Law.) Contaminating with 

illegality. 4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread. 

Syn. — See Contagious. 

In-f e«'tiou.s-ly, adv. By infection ; contagiously. 

In-fee 'tious-ness, n. Quality of being infectious. 

In-feet'ive, a. Communicating disease ; infectious. 

Iii-fee'iuid,a. Unfruitful; not producing young; barren. 

In'fe-eun'di-ty, n. Want of fecundity; unfruitful- 

w ness ; barrenness. [nate. 

In'f e-lic'i-tous, a. Not felicitous ; unhappy ; unfortu- 

In'f e-li£'i-ty, n. 1. Unhappiness ; misery ; misfortune. 

2. Unfortunate state ; unfavorableness. 
In-f er' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. inferred ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. INFERRING (in-feVring).] [Lat. inferre, from prefix 
insmdferre, to carry, bring.] To derive either by de- 
duction or induction ; to draw or derive, as a fact or 
consequence. 

In-fer'a-ble, a. Capable of being inferred or deduced 

_ from premises. [Written also inferrible.] 

In'fer-ence, n. 1. Act of inferring. 2. That which 
is inferred ; a truth or proposition drawn from another 
which is admitted or supposed to be true. 

Syn. — Conclusion; deduction; consequence. — An infer- 
ence is literally that which is brought in ; and hence, a deduc- 
tion or induction from premises, — something which follows 
as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than 
inference; it shuts us up to the result, and terminates inquiry. 
In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead 
to the ultimate conclusion. 

In'f er-en'tial, a. Deduced or deducible by inference. 

In-fe'ri-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of inferus, that is, 
below, underneath, the lower.] 1. Lower in place, social 
rank, or excellence ; subordinate. 2. (Astron.) (u.) Be- 
tween the earth and the sun. (b.) Below the horizon. 

3. (Bot.) Growing below some other organ. 
In-fe'ri-or, n. A person who is younger, or of a lower 

station or rank in society, than another. 

In-f e'ri-or'i-ty, n. State of being inferior ; a lower 
state or condition. 

In-fer'nal (14), a. [Lat. infernalis, from infernus, that 
which lies beneath, the lower.] 1. Pertaining to the 
lower regions, or regions of the dead. 2. Pertaining to 
hell ; resembling hell ; inhabiting hell ; hellish ; dia- 
bolical. 

Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus contrived so as to 
explode unexpectedly or under certain conditions, for the pur- 
pose of assassination or other mischief. 

Syn. — Tartarean ; Stygian ; hellish ; devilish ; diabolical ; 
satanic; fiendish; malicious. 

In-fer'nal, n. An inhabitant of hell, or of the lower 

In-fer'nal-ly, adv. In an infernal manner, [regions- 

In-fer'ri-ble, a. The same as Inferable, q. v. 

Jn-fer'tile, a. Not fertile or productive ; barren. 

In'f er-til'i-ty, n. State of being infertile ; unproduc- 
tiveness ; barrenness. 

In-fest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. infested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INFESTING.] [Lat. infestare, from infestus, disturbed, 
hostile, troublesome.] To trouble greatly; to disturb; 

w to annoy ; to harrass. 

In'fes-ta'tion, n. Act of infesting ; molestation. 

In-f est'er, n. One who infests. 

In-fes'trve,a. Having no mirth ; dull; cheerless. [Rare.] 

In'fe^-tiv'i-ty, n. Want of festivity; dullness; cheer- 

___ lessness. [Rare.] 

In'feil-da'tion, n. 1. (Law.) Act of putting one in 
possession of an estate in fee. 2. The granting of tithes 
to laymen. 

In-fib'n-la'tion, n. [Lat. infibulare, infibnlatum, to 
clasp, buckle, or button together, from prefix in and 
fibula, clasp, buckle.] Act of clasping, or confining, as 

^ with a buckle or padlock. 

In'fi-del, a. [Lat. infidelis, from prefix in, not, and 
fidelis, faithful, from fides, faith.] Unbelieving ; disbe- 
lieving the inspiration of the Scriptures, or the divine 

^ institution of Christianity. 

In'fi-del, n. One who is without faith, or unfaithful; 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, &c ,short; care, far, ask, all,what ; ere,veil, term , pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



INFIDELITY 



881 



INFORM 



hence, a disbeliever; a freethinker; especially, (a.) A 
heathen, (b.) A Mohammedan, (c.) One who disbe- 
lieves in Christ, or the divine origin and authority of 
Christianity. 

Syn.- Unbeliever; freethinker; deist; atheist; skeptic — 
Some iiave endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to 
embrace atheism and every form of unbelief, but this has failed. 
A freethinker is now only another name for an infidel. An un- 
believer is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he 
may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind. 

Xn/fi-del'i-ty, n. 1. Want of faith or belief. 2. Dis- 
belief of the divine origin of Christianity ; unbelief. 3. 
Unfaithfulness to the marriage contract. 4. Breach of 
trust ; treachery ; deceit. 

In-fTl'ter, v. t. or i. To filter or sift in. 

In-fil'trate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. infiltrated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INFILTRATING.] To enter by penetrating the 

^ pores or interstices of a substance. 

In'fil-tra'tion, n. 1. Act or process of infiltrating. 2. 
The substance which has entered the pores or cavities 
of a body. 

In'fi-nSte, a. 1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or 
space. 2. Without limit in power, capacity, intensity, 
or moral excellence; perfect. 3. Indefinitely large or 
extensive. 4. {Math.) Greater than any assignable quan- 
tity of the same kind. 5. (Mus.) Capable of endless 
repetition. 

Syn. — Immeasurable; illimitable; interminable; limitless; 
unbounded. 

jfn'fi-nlte, n. 1. Infinite space or extent. 2. (Math.) 
An infinite quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity ; an 

w incalculable or very great number. 

In'fi-nite-ly, adv. Without bounds or limits. 

Jn'fi-mte-ness, n. State of being infinite ; infinity. 

In'fin-i-tes'i-mal, a. Infinitely small ; less than any 
assignable quantity. 

In'fin-i-tes'i-mal, n. (Math.)_ An infinitely small 
quantity, or one less than any assignable quantity. 

In-f In'i-tive, a. Unlimited ; not bounded or restricted. 
Infinitive mode (Gram.), that mode of the verb which ex- 
presses the action of the verb without limitation of person or 
number; as, to love. The word infinitive is often used as a noun 
to denote this mode. 

In-fin'i-tude (53), n. 1. Quality of being infinite ; in- 
finiteness. 2. Infinite extent, immensity. 3. Bound- 
less number ; countless midtitude. 

In-f In'i-ty, n. [Lat. infinitus, from prefix in, not, and 
finis, boundary, limit, end ] 1. Unlimited extent of 
time, space, or quantity ; boundlessness. 2. Unlimited 
capacity, energy, or excellence. 3. Endless or indefinite 
number; immense multitude. 4. {Math.) The state of\ 
a quantity when greater than any assignable quantity of 
the same kind. 

In-firm' (18), a. 1. Not firm or sound ; weak. 2. 
weak of mind ; irresolute. 3. Not solid or stable. 
Syn. — Debilitated ; sickly ; feeble ; enfeebled ; imbecile. 

In-flrm'a-ry, n. A hospital, or place where the infirm 
or sick are lodged and nursed. 

In-f Irm'i-ty, n. 1. State of being infirm ; an imper- 
fection or weakness ; especially, a disease ; a malady. 2. 
Weakness ; feebleness ; failing ; foible ; defect. 
Syn. — Debility; imbecility; imperfection. 

In-firm'ness, n. Infirmity ; feebleness ; debility. 

In-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INFIXED (in-ilksf) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INFIXING.] [Lat. inflgere, infixum, from prefix 
in &ndfigere, to fix.] 1. To fix by piercing or thrusting 
in. 2. To implant or fix, as principles, thoughts, in- 
structions. 

Inflame', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inflamed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INFLAMING.] [Lat. inflammare, from prefix in, 
andflammare, to flame, flamm.a, flame.] 1. To set on 
fire ; to kindle. 2. To excite to an excessive and unnatu- 
ral action. 3. To excite, as passion or appetite. 4. To 
provoke to anger or rage. 

Syn.— To provoke; fire; irritate; exasperate; incense; en- 
rage; anger. 

In-flame', v. i. To grow hot, angrv, and painful. 

In-f lam'er, n. The person or thing that inflames. 

In-flam'ma-bil'i-ty, n. Susceptibility of readily tak- 
ing fire. 

In-flarn'ma-ble, a. Capable of being set on fire ; easily 
enkindled. 

In-flam'ma-ble-ness, n. The quality of being in- 
flammable ; inflammability. 

In'flam-ma'tion, n. l.'Act of inflaming or setting on 
fire. 2. State of being in flame or on fire. 3. (Med. & 
Surg.) A redness and swelling of any part of an animal 



body, attended with heat, pain, and febrile symptoma 

4. Violent excitement ; heat ; passion. 
In-flam'ma-to-ry (50) a. 1. Tending to inflame ; tend- 
ing to excite heat or inflammation. 2. Accompanied 
with preternatural heat and excitement of arterial ac- 
tion. 3. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or 
sedition ; seditious. 

In-flate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inflated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INFLATING.] [Lat. injlare, inflatum, from prefix in 
and flare, to blow.] 1. To swell or distend with air ; to 
blow into. 2. To puff up : to elate. 3. To cause to 
become unduly expanded or increased. 

In-flate', I a. 1. Filled with air ; blown up ; distended. 

In-flat'ed, ) 2. Puffed up ; turgid ; swelling ; bom- 
bastic, [inflated. 

In-f la'tion, n. 1. Act of inflating. 2. State of being 

In-fleet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inflected; p. pr & 
vb. n. INFLECTING.] [Lat. inflectere, inflexum, from 
prefix in and flectere, to bend.] 1. To bend ; to turn 
from a direct line or course. 2. ( Gram.) To vary, as a 
noun or a verb, in its terminations ; to decline ; to con- 
jugate. 3. To modulate, as the voice. 

In-flec'tion, n. 1. Act of inflecting, or state of being 
inflected. 2. A bend ; a fold. 3. A slide or modula- 
tion of the voice in speaking. 4. ( Gram.) The variation 
of nouns, &c, by declension, and verbs by conjugation. 

5. (Mus.) Any change or modification in the pitch or 
tone of the voice. 6. (Opt.) The peculiar modification 
or deviation which light undergoes in passing the edges 
of an opaque body. 

In-fle-e'tion-al, a. Pertaining to inflection. 
In-fle-et'ive, a. Capable of inflection. 
In-flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being inflexible; 

unyielding stiffness. 2. Obstinacy of will or temper ; 

unbending pertinacity. 
In-flex'i-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being bent; firm. 

2. Firm in purpose ; not to be changed or altered. 3. 

Incapable of change. 

Syn. — Unbending ; unyielding ; rigid ; inexorable; perti- 
nacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting. 

In-flex'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inflexible ; inr 

flexibility. 
In-f lex'i-bly, adv. In an inflexible manner ; firmly. 
In-flex'ion, n. The same as Inflection. 

In-fll-et', v. t. [imp. & ;;. p. inflicted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. inflicting.] [Lat. infligere, inflictum, from prefix 
in and fligere, to strike, allied to Eng. flog.] To lay, or 
send, as a punishment, &c. ; to apply ; to impose. 

In-flict'er, n. One who inflicts. 

In-flic'tion, n. 1. Act of inflicting or imposing. 2* 
That which is inflicted or imposed. 

In-f 11-et'ive, a. Tending or able to inflict. 

Sn'flo-reVcence, n. [Lat. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflo- 
rescere, to begin to blossom, from prefix in and florescere, 
to begin to blossom.] 1. A flowering ; the unfolding of 
blossoms. 2. (Bot.) (a.) Mode of flowering, or general 
arrangement and disposition of the flowers, (b.) An 

w axis on which all the buds are flower-buds. 

In'flu-ence, n. [From hypoth. Lat. influentia, from in- 
fluens, p. pr. of influere, to flow in, from prefix in and 
flucre, to flow.] 1. A flowing in or upon ; influx. 2. 
Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physi- 
cal or moral, by a gradual, unobserved, and easy process ; 
controlling power quietly or efficaciously exerted. 3. 
Power or authority arising from elevated station, excel- 
lence of character, intellect, wealth, and the like. 

In'flu-ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. influenced (in 'flu, 
enst); p. pr. & vb. n. INFLUENCING.] To control ot 
move by hidden, but efficacious, power, physical or 

w moral ; to persuade ; to lead ; to direct. 

In'flu-en'tial, a. Exerting influence or power by in- 
visible operation, as physical causes on bodies or as moral 
causes on the mind. [rect. 

In'flu-en'tial-ly, adv. So as to incline, move, or di- 

In'flu-en'za, n. [It. See Influence.] (Med.) A 
violent form of catarrh. Often occurring much in the 

w manner of an epidemic. 

In'flux, n. [Lat. influxus , from influere, influxum, to 
flow in. 1 1. Act of flowing in. 2. Infusion ; intromis- 
sion. 3. Introduction ; importation in abundance. 

In-fold', v. i. [imp. & p. p. INFOLDED ; p. pr.k, vb. n. 
infolding.] 1. To wrap up or inwrap ; to inclose. 
2. To embrace. 

In-fo'li-ate, v. t. [From Lat. prefix in and folium, 
leaf.] To cover or overspread with leaves, or with ob- 
jects or forms resembling leaves. 

In-f6rm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INFORMED ; p. pr. & vb. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, linfe ; this- 



INFORM 



382 



INGRATITUDE 



n. informing,] [Lat. informare, from Lat. in and 
formare, to form, shape, from forma, form, shape.] 1. 
To give organizing power to ; to animate. 2. To make 
known to ; to advise ; to instruct ; to tell. 3. To com- 
municate a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation. 
Syn.— To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct. 

In-f 6rm/, v. i. To give intelligence or information. 

In-f ormal, a. Not in the regular, usual, or established 

w form ; heuce, without ceremony. 

In'for-mal'i-ty, n. Want of regular or customary form. 

In-form'al-ly, adv. Without the usual forms. 

In-forin'ant, n. One who informs or gives intelligence. 
Syn. —Informer. — These two words should never be con- 
founded. An informer is one who, for selfish ends, volunteers 
accusations with a view to have others punished ; an inform- 
ant is one who simply acquaints us with something we had 
not known before. 

In'for-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of informing, or communi- 
cating knowledge. 2. News or advice communicated by 
word or writing ; intelligence ; knowledge derived from 
reading or instruction. 3. (Law.) A proceeding in the 
nature of a prosecution for some offense against the gov- 
ernment. 

In-form'er, n. 1. One who informs, animates, or 
gives intelligence. 2. (Law.) One who informs against 
another for the violation of some law. 3. One who 
makes a business of informing against others. 
Syn.— See Informant. 

In-fra«'tion, n. [Lat. in/radio, from infringere, infrac- 
tion, from prefix in undfrangere, to break.] Breach ; 
violation ; non-observance. 

Tii-fraet'or,^. One who infringes ; a violator ; a breaker. 

In/fra-lap-sa'ri-an, n. [Lat. infra, below, under, after, 
and lapsus, fall.] (Ecrl. Hist.) A Calvinist who con- 
siders the decree of election as contemplating the apos- 
tasy as past, and the elect as being already in a fallen 
and guilty state. 

In-fran'gi-lble, a. 1. Not capable of being broken or 
separated into parts. 2. Not to be violated. 

In-f re'quence, / n. State of rarely occurring ; un- 

In-f re'quen-cy, ) commonness ; rareness. 

In-fre'quent, a. Seldom happening or occurring to 
notice ; unfrequent ; rare ; uncommon. 

In-fre'qnent-ly, adv. Not frequently. 

In-fringe', v. t. [imp. & p.p. infringed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INFRINGING.] [Lat. infringere, from prefix in 
and frangere. to break.] 1. To break, as contracts. 2. 
To break ; to violate ; to transgress ; to neglect to fulfill 
or obey. [croach ; to trespass. 

In-fringe', v. i. 1. To violate some rule. 2. To en- 

In-f rlnge'ment, n. Act of violating ; breach ; viola- 
tion ; non-fulfillment. 

In-frin'ger, n. One who violates ; a violator. 

In'fun-difo'u-Iar, la. [Lat. infundibulum, a funnel, 

In'fun-dib'u-late, I from infundere, to pour in or in- 

w to.] Having the form of a funnel. 

In'fun-difo'u-li-fdrm, or In-fun/di-lbu'li-form, 
a. [Lat. infundibulum , funnel, and forma, form.] Hav- 
ing the form of a funnel ; funnel-shaped. [gry. 

In-f u'ri-ate, a. Enraged ; mad ; raging ; furiously an- 

In-f u'ri-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. infuriated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INFURIATING.] [L. Lat. infuriare, infuriatum, 
from Lat. in and furiare, to enrage, from furia, fury, 
rage.] To render furious or mad ; to enrage. 

In-fus'cate, v. t. [Lat. infuscare, infuscatum, from pre- 
fix in and fit scare, to make dark, fuscus, dark.] To 
darken ;_to make black ; to obscure. 

Xn'f us-«a'tion, n. Act of darkening or blackening. 

In-fuse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. infused ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
INFUSING.] [Lat. infundere, infusum, from prefix in 
and fundcre, to pour.]' 1. To pour in, as a liquid. 2. 
To instill, as principles or qualities. 3. To inspirit or 
animate. 4. To steep in liquor without boiling, for the 
purpose of extracting medicinal qualities. 

In-fu'gi-bil'i-ty, n. 1. [From infuse. ,] Capability of 
being infused, or poured in. 2. [Prefix in, not, and 
fusibility.) Incapability of being fused or dissolved. 

In-fu'§i-fole, a. 1. [From m/j(se, v.] Capable of being 
infused. 2. [Prefix in, not, and fusible.] Not fusible ; 
incapable of fusion. 

In-fu'sion, n. 1. Act of infusing, pouring in. or in- 
stilling ; instillation ; zeal. 2. That which is infused ; 
suggestion. 3. (Pharmacy.) (a.) Act or process of 
steeping any insoluble substance in water in order to ex- 
tract its virtues, (b.) The liquid which is obtained by 
this process. 

In-fu'sSve, a. Having the power of infusion. [Rare.] 



Xn'fu-so'ri-a, n. pi. [N. Lat., from infundere, infusum. 
See Infuse.] (Zoiil.) Microscopic animals found in 

w water and other fluids, and multiplying by gemmation. 

In'gath-er-ing, n. Act or business of collecting and 
securing the fruits of the earth ; harvest. 

In-gel'a-ble, a. Incapable of being congealed. 

In-gem'i-na'tion, n. Repetition ; reduplication. 

In-gen'er-a-hle, a. [Lat. in and generabilis, that has 
the power of generating, from generare, to engender.] 
Incapable of being engendered or produced. 

In-gen'er-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. ingenerated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INGENERATllSG.] [Lat. ingenerare, in- 
generat um , from prefix in and generare, to engender.] 
To generate or produce within. 

In-gen'er-ate, a. Generated within ; inborn ; innate. 

In-gen'ioiis (in-jGn'yus), a. [Lat. ingeniosus, from in- 
genium, natural capacity, genius, from prefix in and ge- 
nere, gignere, to beget, in passive to be born.] 1. Pos- 
sessed of genius, or the faculty of invention ; hence, 
skillful or prompt to invent. 2. Proceeding from, or 
pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity. 
3. Witty; well formed; well adapted. [ner. 

In-een'ioiis-ly (-jen'yus-), adv. In an ingenious man- 

In-gen'ious-ness (in-jSn'yus-), ». The quality of being 

w ingenious ; ingenuity. 

In'ge-nu'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or power of ready inven- 
tion; quickness or acuteness in combining ideas, or in 
forming new combinations. 2. Curiousness in design. 

Syn. — Inventiveness ; ingeniousness ; skill. — Cleverness. 
— Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverness of talent. The 
former implies invention, the latter a peculiar dexterity and 
readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks', that 
the English overdo in the use of the words clever and clever- 
ness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual 
ability. Thus they speak of a clever article in a magazine ; 
a clever review; a clever speech in Parliament; of a book very 
cleverly written; of great cleverness in debate ; and, in accord- 
ance with this use of language, Mr. Macau lay would be called 
a very clever writer of history, and Mr. Fox a very clever 
debater. 

In-gen'ti-oiis (in-jen'yyi-us), a. [Lat. ingenuus, in- 
born, free-born, noble, frank, from ingenere, ingigncre. 
See supra.] 1. Of honorable extraction. 2. Noble; 
generous. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, 
or dissimulation. 

Syn.— Open; frank; unreserved ; artless ; plain ; sincere; 
candid; fair; noble; generous. — One who is open, speaks out 
at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is. frank does 
it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who 
is ingenuous is actuated by a noble candor and love of truth, 
which makes him willing to confess his faults, and make 
known all his sentiments without reserve. 

In-gen'vL-oiis-ly, adv. Openly; fairly; candidly. 

In-gen'u-otis-ness, n. State or quality of being in- 
genuous ; openness of heart ; frankness ; fairness. 

In-ges'tion (in-jest'yun), n. [Lat. ingestio, from inge- 
rere, ingestum, to place in, from prefix in, and gerere, to 
bear.] Act of throwing into the stomach. 

In'gle (Ing'gl), n. [Lat. igniculus, dim. of ignis, fire; 
Gael. & Ir. aingcal, cingeal.] A fire, or fireplace. 

In-glo'ri-oiis (89), a. 1. Not glorious ; not bringing 
honor or glory. 2. Shameful ; disgraceful. 

Tn-glo'ri-ous-ly, adv. In an inglorious manner. 

In'got, n. [Fr. lingot. L. Lat. lingotus, a mass of gold or 
silver, extended in the manner of a tongue ; Lat. lingua, 
a tongue.] A mass or wedge of gold, silver, or other metal, 
cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought metal. 

In-graft', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ingrafted ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. INGRAFTING.] 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree 
or plant into another for propagation ; hence, to insert ; 
to introduce. 2. To subject to the process of grafting. 
3. To set or fix deeply and firmly. 

In-graft'ment. n. 1. Act of ingrafting. 2. The thing 

w ingrafted ; a scion. [as color. 

In'grain, a. Dyed in the grain ; thoroughly inwrought, 
Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. 

In'grain, or In-grain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. in- 
grained ; p. pr. & vb. n. INGRAINING.] 1. To dye 
in the grain, or before manufacture. 2. To work into 

j the natural texture, as color. 

In'grate, a. [Lat. ingratus, from prefix in, not, and 
gratiis, beloved, dear, grateful.] 1. Ungrateful. 2. Un- 
pleasing to the sense. 

In'grate, n. An ungrateful person. 

In-gra'ti-ate (in-gra'shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. in- 
gratiated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ingratiating.] [Lat. 
in and gratia, favor.] To introduce or commend to the 
favor of another. 

In-grat'i-tude (53), n. Want of gratitude ; insensibil- 
ity to favors ; unthankfulness. 



S,e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



INGREDIENT 



383 



INJECTION 



In-gre'di-ent (77), n. [From Lat. ingredient, entering 
into, p. pr. of ingredi, ingressus, to enter, from prefix in 
and gradi, to walk, go.] Tr xt which is a component 
part of any compound or mixture ; an element. 

In'gress, n. [See supra.] 1. Entrance. 2. Power, 
liberty, or means, of entrance or access. 

In-gres'sion (-grdsh'un), n. Act of entering ; entrance. 

In'gui-nal (Ing'gwI-nal), a. [Lat. inguinalis, from in- 
guen, inguinis, the groin.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the 
groin. 

Ingulf ', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INGULFED (in-gulff) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INGULFING.] 1. To swallow up in a vast 
deep, gulf, or whirlpool, 2. To cast into a gulf; to over- 
whelm. 

In-gur'gi-tate, v. t. [Lat. ingitrgitare, ingurgitatum, 
from prefix in and gurges, whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swal- 
low greedily, or in great quantity. 2. To swallow up, 
as in a gulf; to ingulf. 

In-hab'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inhabited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. inhabiting.] [Lat. inhabitare, from prefix in and 
habitare, to dwell.] To live or d'.vell in. 

In-hab'it, v. i. To have residence ; to dwell ; to live ; 
to abide. [able. 

In-hab'it-a-ble, a. Capable of being inhabited ; habit- 

In-hab'it-ance, ) n. Condition of an inhabitant; le- 

In-hab'it-an-cy, ) gal residence ; especially, the right 
to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a 
town. 

In-hab'it-ant, n. 1. One who dwells or resides perma- 
nently in a place. 2. (Law.) One who has a legal settle- 
ment in a town, city, or parish ; a resident. 

In-hahi-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inhabiting, or state of 
being inhabited. 2. Abode ; place of dwelling. 

In-hab'it-a-tlve-ness, n. ( Phrenol. ) An organ supposed 
to indicate the desire of permanence in place or abode. 

In-hab'jt-er, n. One who inhabits ; an inhabitant. 

In'ha-la'tioii, n. Act of inhaling. 

In-hale', v. t. [imp. & p.p. inhaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INHALING.] [Lat. inhalare, from prefix in and halare, 
to breathe.] To draw into the lungs ; to inspire. 

In-hal'er, n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An apparatus 
for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, for medici- 
nal purposes. 3. A contrivance to protect the lungs 

w from injury by inhaling damp or cold air. 

In'har-mon'ie , 1 a. Not harmonic ; unharmoni- 

In'har-mon'i-e-al, J ous. 

In/har-mo'ni-ous, a. Not harmonious ; discordant. 

In-hearse' (14), v. t. To put or place in a hearse; to 
bury ; to inhume. 

Iii-here', v. i. [imp. & p. p. INHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INHERING.] [Lat. inhserere, from prefix in and hxrere, 
to stick, hang.] To be fixed or permanently incorpo- 
rated. 

In-her'ence, ) n. State of inhering ; existence in some- 

In-her'en-cy, j thing. 

In-her'ent, a. 1. Existing in something, so as to be 
inseparable from it. 2. Naturally pertaining to. 

Syn. — Innate ; inborn ; native ; natural ; inbred ; in- 
wrought. 

In-her'ent-ly, adv. By inherence ; inseparably. 

In-her'it, v. t. [imp. & p.p. inherited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INHERITING.] [Lat. inhereditare, inhseredare, to 
appoint as an heir, from kseres, heir.] 1. (Law.) To take 
by descent from an aucestor. 2. To receive or take by 
birth; to have by nature. 3. To become possessed of; 
to own. 

In-her'it, v. i. To take or have as an inheritance, pos- 
session, or property. 

In-her'it-a-ble,a. 1. Capable of being inherited. 2. 
Capable of being transmitted from the parent to the 
child. 3. Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiv- 
ing by descent. 

In-her'it-a-bly, adv. By inheritance. 

In-hSr'it-ance, n. 1. (Law.) An estate which a man 
has by descent as heir to another, or which he may 
transmit to another as his heir. 2. That which is or 
may be inherited. 3. A permanent or valuable posses- 
sion or blessing. 4. A possession received by gift, or 
without purchase ; also, possession ; ownership. 

In-h€r'it-or, n. One who inherits, or may inherit ; an 
heir. 

In-h€r'it-ress, ) n. An heiress ; a female who inherits, 

In-hSr'it-rix, j or is entitled to inherit. 

In-he'§ion, n. [Lat. inhsesio. See Inhere.] State of 
existing, or belonging to something ; inherence. 

In-hib'it, v. t. [imp.. & p. p. INHIBITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INHIBITING.] [Lat. inkibere, inhibitum, from prefix 



in, not, and habere, to have.] 1. To check; to repress-, 

^ to restrain ; to hinder. 2. To forbid; to prohibit. 

In'hi-bi'tion (-bish'un), n. 1. Act of inhibiting, or 
state of being inhibited ; restraint. 2. Prohibition ; em- 
bargo, [hibitory. 

In-hib'i-to-ry, a. Tending or serving to inhibit; pro- 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble, a. Not hospitable ; not disposed to 
entertain strangers, 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble-iiess, n. Want of hospitality or 
kindness to strangers. 

In-hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In an inhospitable manner. 

In-hos'pi-tal'i-ty, n. Quality of being inhospitable ; 
inhospitableness. 

In-hu'man, a. 1. Destitute of the kindness and ten- 
derness that belong to a human being. 2. Characterized 
by, or attended with, cruelty. 

Syn.— Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; bar- 
barous. 

In'hu-man'i-ty, n. The state of being inhuman ; cru- 
elty ; barbarousness. 

Iii-hu'man-ly, adv. Cruelly ; barbarously. 

In-hu'mate, v. t. [Lat. inhumare, inkumatum, from 

w in and kumare, to cover with earth.] To inhume. 

In'hu-ma'tion, n. Act of inhumating or burying ; in- 
terment. 

Inhume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inhumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INHUMING.] [Sec INHUMATE.] To bury ; to inter. 

In-im'i-eal, a. [Lat. inimicalis, from inimicus, un- 
friendly, from prefix in and atnicus, friendly, from amare, 
to love.] 1. Having the disposition cr temper of an en- 
emy; unfriendly. 2. Opposed in tendency, influence, 
or effects ; repugnant. 

In-Im'i-eal-ly, adv. In an inimical manner. 

In-im/i-ta-bll'i-ty, n. The quality of being inimitable*; 
inimitableness. [copied. 

In-im'i-ta-ble, a. Not capable of being imitated or 

In-Im'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Inimitability. 

In-im'i-ta-bly, adv. In an inimitable manner. 

In-iq'ui-tous, a. Characterized by iniquity. 

Syn. — "Wicked ; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; crim- 
inal. — Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, de- 
noting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or 
circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach 
of the most sacred obligations. 

In-iq'ui-tous-ly, adv. Unjustly ; wickedly. 

In-iq'ui-ty, n. [Lat. iniquitas, from iniquus, unjust, 
from prefix in, not, and xquus, even, equal.] 1. Ab- 
sence of, or deviation from, equal or just dealing ; want 
of rectitude. 2. An act of injustice or unrighteousness. 
3. A character in the old English moralities, or moral 
dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and some- 
times of another. 
Syn. — Injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; sin; crime. 

In-i'tial (-ish / al), a. [Lat. initialis, from initium, en- 
trance, beginning, from inire, to go into, enter, begin, 
from prefix in and ire, to go.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, 
the beginning ; incipient. 2, Placed at the beginning 
or head, as of a list or series. 

In-i'tial, n. The first letter of a word. 

In-i'ti-ate (in-Tsh'I-iit, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. INITI- 
ATED ; p.pr. & vb. n. INITIATING.] 1. To introduce 
by a first act ; to begin. 2. To instruct in the rudiments 

. or principles. 3. To introduce into a society or organi- 
zation, or secret ceremonies. 

In-i'ti ate (45), a. Begun ; commenced ; incomplete, as 
a right, and the like ; introduced to a knowledge of. 

In-i'ti-a/tion (in-ish'i-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
initiating. 2. The form or ceremony by which a person 
is introduced into any society ; introduction into the 
principles of any thing unknown or mysterious. 

In-i'ti-a-tive (-lSh/i-), a. Serving to initiate ; initiatory. 

In-i'ti-a-tive, n. 1. An introductory step or movement. 
2. Right or power to introduce a new measure jr law, as 
in legislation. 

In-i'ti-a-to-ry (in-Tsh'T-a-to-ry, 50), a. 1. Suitable for 
an introduction or beginning"; introductory. 2. Tend- 
ing or serving to initiate. 

In-jeet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. injected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INJECTING.] [Lat, injicere, injectum, from prefix in 
SLuCjacere, to throw.] To throw in ; to dart in. 

In-je-e'tion, n. 1. Act of injecting or throwing in ; — ap- 
plied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, 
or aeriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, &c. 2. 
That which is injected; especially, a, liquid medicine in- 
jected into a cavity of the body. 3. (Anat.) The act of 
filling the vessels of an animal body with some colored 
substance, in order to render visible their figures and 
ramifications. 4. A preserved specimen of some part of 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



INJECTOR 



384 



INNUMERABLE 



an animal body, thus injected, 5. (Steam-eng.) (a.) 
Act of throwing cold water into a condenser, (b.) The 
cold water thrown into a condenser to produce a vacuum. 

In-je-et'or, n. A person or thing that injects. 

Iii-join', v. t. See Enjoin. 

In'ju-dl'cious (-dish'us), a. 1. Not judicious ; void of 
judgment. 2. Not according to sound judgment or dis- 
cretion. 

Syn. — Indiscreet; inconsiderate; incautious; unwise; 
rasli ; hasty ; imprudent. 

Inju-dl'eioiis-ly, adv. In an injudicious manner. 

Iii / jii-dI'cious-iiess, n. Quality of being injudicious. 

In-june'tion, n. [Lat. injunction from injungere, to 
join into, to enjoin, from prefix in and jungere, to join.] 
1. Act of enjoining or commanding. 2. That which is 
enjoined; an order ; a command ; a precept. 3. (Laiv.) 
A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, whereby 
a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain 
acts. 

Sn'jure (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. injured ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INJURING.] [Lat. injuriari, from injuria. See IN- 
JURY.] To do harm to ; to hurt ; to damage ; — used in 
a variety of senses ; as, (a.) To hurt or wound, as the 
person ; to impair soundness, as of health, (b.) To dam- 
age or lessen the value of, as goods or estate, (c.) To 
Blander, or impair, as reputation or character, (d.) To 
impair or diminish, as happiness, (e.) To give pain to, 
as the sensibilities or the feelings. (/. ) To impair, as the 

^ intellect or mind. 

In'ju-rer, n. One who injures or wrongs. 

In-ju'ri-oiis (89), a. [Lat. injurius, from prefix in, not, 
and jus, juris, right, law, justice.] 1. Not just; wrong- 
ful ; hurtful or prejudicial to the rights of another. 2. 
Tending to injure; pernicious; baneful. 3. Contume- 
lious; hurting reputation. 

In-ju'ri-oiis-] y, adv. Wrongfully; hurtfully. 

In-jii'ri-ous-ness, n. The quality of being injurious or 
hurtful ; injury. 

In'ju-ry, n. [Lat. injuria, from injurius, injurious, 
wrongful, unjust.] That which injures or brings harm ; 
that which occasions loss or diminution of good ; mis- 
chief ; detriment ; damage. 

In-jiis'tice, n. Want of justice and equity ; violation of 

_ the rights of an individual ; wrong. 

Ink,??. [0. Eng. enke, inke, from LaL encaustum, Gr. 
eyKava-TOV, from eyfcavcrros, burnt in, encaustic, from 
iyicaieiv, to burn in, to paint in encaustic, i. e., with 
colors mixed with wax.] A colored fluid, used in writing, 

w printing, and the like. 

Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inked (lnkt); p. pr. & vb. n. 

w INKING.] To black or daub with ink. 

Ink'lidrn, n. An inkstand; — so called as formerly 

_ made of horn. 

Ink'i-ness, n. State or quality of being inky. 

Ink'ling, n. [Contracted from inclining, with the accent 
on the first syllable.] 1. Inclination ; desire. 2. Hence, 

^ a hint or whisper ; an intimation. [terials. 

Ink/stand, n. A vessel for holding ink and writing ma- 

Ink'y, a. Consisting of ink ; resembling ink ; black; tar- 
nished or blackened with ink. 

In-lace',^. t. [imp. & p. p. iNLACEDfin-last'); p. pr. & 
vb. n. inlacing.] To work in, as lace; to embellish 

w with work resembling lace. 

In'la-ga'tion, n. [L. & Law Lat. inlagatio, from inla- 
gare, to restore to law, from in and A.-S. lagn, lag, lah, 
law.] {Law.) The restitution of an outlawed person to 
the_protection of the law. 

In-laid', p. p. of inlay. See Inlay. 

In'land, a. 1. Within the land ; remote from the sea ; 
interior. 2. Carried on within a country ; domestic ; 

w not foreign. 3. Drawn and payable in the same country. 

In'lanJ, n. The interior part of a country. [try. 

In'land-er, n. One who lives in the interior of a coun- 

In-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inlaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. in- 
laying.] To insert, as pieces of pearl, ivory, choice 
woods, or the like, in a groundwork of some other ma- 

w terial. 

In'lay, n. Pieces of wood, ivory, &c, inlaid, or prepared 
forjnlaying. [to inlay. 

In-lay'er, n. One who inlays, or whose occupation it is 

In'let, n. 1. A passage or opening by which an inclosed 
place may be entered. 2. A bay or recess in the shore 
of the sea, or of a lake or large river, or between isles. 

In'Iy, a. Internal ; interior ; secret. 

Sn'ly, adv. Internally ; in the heart ; secretly. 

In'mate, n. [Eng. inn, q. v., and mate.] One who lives 
in the same apartment or house with another. 

fn'most (20), a. Deepest or furthest within. 



Inn, n. [A.-S. inne,inn, house, chamber, inn.] 1. A house 
for the lodging and entertainment of travelers ; a tavern ; 
a public house ; a hotel. 2. One of the four colleges of 
students of law, and also one of the buildings in which 
students at law have their lodgings. [Eng.] 

Inn, v. t. 1. To put under cover; to shelter. 2. To 

w afford lodging and entertainment to ; to lodge. 

In'nate, or ln-niite', a. [Lat. innatns, irom prefix in 
and natus, born, p. p. of nasci, to be born.] 1. Inborn; 
native ; natural. '2. Originating in, or derived fiom, the 
constitution of the intellect, as opposed to being acquired 

w from experience. 

In'nate-ly, or In-nate'ly, adv. Naturally. 

In'nate-ness, or In-nate'ness, n. Quality of being 
innate or inborn. 

In-nav'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable of being navigated. 

In'ner, a. 1. Further in; inteiior ; internal. 2. Not 
obvious or easily discovered ; obscure. 3. Pertaining to 
the spirit or its phenomena. 

Iii'ner-most (£0), a. Furthest inward ; most remote from 

w the outward part. 

In'ner-va'tion, n. [Lat. in, an&nervvs, sinew, nerve.] 
1. Act of iunerving. 2. (Physiol.) Nervous activity. 

In-nerve', v. t. [imp. & p p. innerved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. innerving.] To give nervous energy or power to ; 

___ to invigorate ; to strengthen. 

Inn'hold-er, n. A person who keeps an inn or house 

w for the entertainment of travelers. 

Inn'ing, n. [Eng. in, prep. & adv., q. v.] 1. In- 
gathering of grain. 2. ( Cricket Playing.) Time or turn 
for using the bat. 3. pi. Lands recovered from the sea. 

Inn'keep-er, n. An innholder. 

In'no-cence, n. 1. State of being innocent; innocu- 
ousness. 2. The state of being not chargeable with 
guilt or sin ; purity of heart. 3. Ignorance; imbecility, 

In'no-cen-cy, n. The same as Innocence, but ob- 

w solete or antiquated. 

In'no-cent, a. [Lat. innocens, from prefix in, not, and 
nocens, p. pr. of nocere, to harm, hurt.] 1. Not harm- 
ful; free from that which can injure. 2. Free from 
guilt; not tainted with sin. 3. Free from the guilt of a 
particular crime or evil action. 4. Lawful ; permitted. 
5. Not contraband. 

Syn. — Harmless ; innoxious ; inoffensive ; guiltless : spot- 
less ; immaculate ; pure ; unblamable ; blameless ; faultless ; 
guileless; upright. 

In'no-cent, n. 1. One free from guilt or harm. 2. An 
ignorant person ; hence, an idiot ; a dolt ; a dmpleton. 

In'no-cent-ly, adv. In an innocent manner; vithout 
guilt ; harmlessly. 

In-noe'u-oiis, a. [Lat. innocvus, from in and nocuus, 
hurtful, nocere, to hurt.] Harmless ; safe ; producing no 
ill effect ; innocent. 

In-noe'u-otis-ly, adv. Without injurious effects. 

Jn-noc'u-ous-ness , n. Quality of being innocuous. 

In'no-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. innovated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INNOVATING.] [Lat. innovare, innovatvm, from 
prefix in and novare, to make new.] 1. To change by 

^ introducing something new. 2. To introduce as a nov- 

In'no-vate, v. i. To introduce novelties. [elty. 

In'no-va/tion, n. 1. Act of innovating. 2. A change 

w effected by innovating. 

In'no-v a/tor, n. One who innovates. 

In-nox'ioiis (-nok'shus), a. 1. Free from mischievous 
qualities ; harmless in effects ; innocent. 2. Free from 
crime ; guiltless. 

In-nox'ioiis-ly (-nok'shus-), adv. Harmlessly. 

In-iiox'ious-ness (-nok'shus-), n. State of beiDg in- 
noxious. 

In'nu-en'do (52), n.; pi. iN'NU-EN'DOEg. [Lat. from 
innuere, to give a nod, from prefix in and an hj pothetical 
nuere, to nod.] 1. An oblique hint ; a remote intimation 
or allusion. 2. (Law.) An averment employed in pro- 
ceedings for libel or slander, to point the application to 
persons or subjects, of the alleged libelous or defamatory 
matter. 

Syn. — Insinuation. — An innuendo supposes a representa- 
tion so framed as to point distinctly (lit., by nodding) at some- 
thing beyond which is injurious to the character, &c, of the 
person aimed at. An insinuation turns on no such double use 
of language ; but consists in artfully winding into the mind 
imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct 
charge, and is therefore justly regarded as one of the basest 
resorts of malice and falsehood. 

In-nu'mer-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being innumerable 
In-nu'mer-a-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being num- 
bered, for multitude. 2. Very numerous. 
„Syn.— Countless ; numberless ; unnumbered. 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, kc, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r , do, wolf, 



INNUMERABLENESS 



385 



INSECT 



In-nu'mer-a-ble-ness, n. State of being innumerable. 
In-nu'mer-a-bly, adv. Without number. 
In'nu-trl'tion (-nu-trish'un), n. Want of nutrition. 
In'nu-trl'tious ( -nu-trish'us), a. Not nutritious, or 

nourishing ; innutritive. 
In-nu'tri-trve, a. Not nourishing ; innutritious. 

In'ob-gerv'an^e, n. Want of observance ; neglect of 
j observing ; negligence. 

in'ob-ge'rv'ant, a. Not taking notice ; heedless. 

In-5e'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inoculated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INOCULATING.] [Lat. inoculare, inoculatum, 
prefix in and ocular e, to furnish with eyes, from oculus, 
an eye.] 1. To bud ; to insert, as the bud of a tree or 
plant in another tree or plant, for the purpose of propa- 
gation. 2. To insert a foreign bud into. 3. (Med.) To 
communicate, as a disease to a person by inserting in- 
fectious matter in his skin or flesh. 

In-oe'u-late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. 2. 
To communicate disease by inserting infectious matter. 

In-oe'u-la'tion, n. Act or art of inoculating. 

In-oe'u-la'tor, n. One who inoculates. 

In-o'dor-ous, a. Wanting scent ; having no smell. 

in/of-fen/sive, a. 1. Giving no offense, provocation, 
or disturbance. 2. Harmless ; doing no injury or mis- 
chief. 

In'of-f en'sive-iy, adv. Without giving offense. 

fn'of-fen'sive-ness, n. Quality of being inoffensive. 

In'of-fi'^ial (-of-iish'al), a. Not official; not done in 

w the usual forms or by the proper officer. 

In'of-fi'cial-ly (-of-iTsh'al-), adv. Without the usual 

_ forms, or not in the official character. 

In / of-fi'cioiis(-of-iish / us), a. 1. Not civil or attentive. 
2. [Law.) Regardless of natural obligation ; contrary to 
natural duty. 

In-op'er-a-trve, a. Not operative ; producing no effect. 

In-op'por-tune', a. Not opportune ; unseasonable in 
time. [venient time. 

In-op'por-tune'ly, adv. Unseasonably ; at an incon- 

In-5p'u-lent, a. Not opulent ; not wealthy. 

In-6r'di-na-cy, n. 1. Deviation from order or rule 
prescribed. 2. Excess, or want of moderation. 

In-6r'di-nate (45), c- [Lat. inordinatus.] Not limited 
to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds. 

Syn. — Irregular; disorderly; excessive; immoderate. 

In-dr'di-nate-ly, adv. Irregularly ; immoderately. 

In-6r'di-nate-ness, n. Quality of being inordinate ; 

w want of moderation ; inordinacy. 

In'or-gan'ic, \a. 1. Not organic; devoid of an 

In'or-gaii'le-al, j organized structure ; unorganized. 
2. Pertaining to the department of unorganized sub- 
stances or species. 

In-6r'gan-ized, t. Not having organic structure. 

In-os'cu-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. inosculated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. inosculating.] [Lat. in and osculari, 
osculatum, to kiss.] 1. To unite, as two vessels at their 
extremities ; to anastomose. 2. To blend, or become 
united. 

In-os'-eu-late, v. t. 1. To unite by apposition or con- 
tact, as two vessels in an animal body. 2. To unite in- 
timately. 

In-os'cu-la/tion, n. 1. Junction of different branches 
of tubular vessels, so that their contents pass from one 
to the other; anastomosis. 2. An inherent union or 

w blending. 

In/quest, n. [Lat. inquisita, from inquisitus, p. p. of 
inquirere. See Inquire.] 1. Act of inquiring; in- 
quiry; quest. 2. (Law.) [a.) Judicial inquiry ; official 
examination, (b.) A jury, particularly a coroner's jury. 

In-qul'e-tude (53), n. Disturbed state ; uneasiness 
either of body or mind. 

In-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being inquired into. 

In-quire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inquired ; p. pr. 8c. vb. 
n. INQUIRING.] [Lat. inquirere, from prefix in and 
quserere, to seek.] 1. To ask a question or questions. 
2. To make examination or investigation. 

In-quire', v. t. To ask about ; to make examination or 
inquiry respecting. 

In-qulr'er, n. One who inquires or examines. 

In-quir^y (89) n. 1. Act of inquiring. 2. Search for 
truth, inform ition, or knowledge ; examination into 
facts or principles. 3. A question ; a query. 

Writ of inquiry, a writ issued in certain actions at law, where 
the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by 
default, in order to ascertain and assess the plaintiff's damages, 
where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. 
Syn. — Interrogation ; interrogatory ; scrutiny ; investiga- 
tion ; research. 

In'qui-§i'ti<Ptt (-zlfsb/un), n. 1. Act of inquiring ; in- 



quiry ; examination; investigation. 2. (Law.) (a.) Ju- 
dicial inquiry ; inquest, (b.) The finding of a jury. 3. 
(Rom. Cat/i. Church.) A court or tribunal for the ex- 

w animation and punishment of heretics. 

In'qui-gi'tion-al, a. 1. Relating to inquiry or inqui- 
sition ; making inquiry. 2. Of, or pertaining to, the 
Inquisition. [search. 

In-quig'i-tlve, a. Apt to ask questions ; given to re- 

Syn. — Inquiring ; prying ; curious. — Curious denotes a 
feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire 
to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set our- 
selves to gain it by inquiry or research. Prying implies in- 
quisitiveness when carried to an extreme, and is more com- 
monly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate 
into the secrets of others. 

In-qui§'i-tive-ly, adv. With curiosity to inquire. 

In-quis/i-tive-ness, n. Quality of being inquisitive. 

Iii-quig'i-tor, n. 1. One who inquires ; especially, one 
whose official duty it is to inquire and examine. 2. ( Rom. 
Cath. Church. ) A member of the Court of Inquisition. 

In-quis/i-to'ri-al(89), a. 1. Pertaining to inquisition. 
2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition, or resembling 
its practices. 

In-rail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inrailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

w INRAILING.] To inclose or surround with rails. 

In'road, n. A sudden or desultory incursion or inva- 

w sion ; irruption. [unwholesome. 

In'sa-lu/bri-ous, a. Not salubrious ; not healthful ; 

In'sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Unhealthfulness ; unwholesomeness. 

In-san'a-ble, a. Not admitting of cure ; incurable ; 
irremediable. 

In-sane', a. 1. Unsound in mind. 2. Used by, or ap- 
propriated to, insane persons. 

Syn. — Crazy ; distracted ; delirious ; demented ; frantic ; 
raving; mad. 

In-sane'ly, adv. Without reason ; madly. 

In-san'i-ty, n. The state of being insane ; unsoundness 
of mind ; derangement of intellect. 

Syn.— Lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; aberra- 
tion ; mania; delirium; frenzy; monomania; dementia.— In- 
sanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now 
an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote peri- 
odical insanity ; madness has the same extent, though orig- 
inally referring to the rage created by the disease ; derange- 
ment, aberration, alienation, are popular terms for insanity ; 
delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the dis- 
ease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; 
monomania is insanity upon a single subject. 

In-sa'ti-a-ble (in-sa'shi-a-bl, 95), a. [Lat. insatiabilis, 
from prefix in, not, and satiare, to satiate.] Incapable of 
being satisfied or appeased. 

In-sa'ti-a-ble-ness (-sa/shi-), n. Greediness of appetite 
that can not be satisfied or appeased. [satisfied. 

In-sa'ti-a-bly (-sa'sM-), adv. With greediness not to be 

In-sa'ti-ate (in-sa'shi-at, 45, 95), a. Not to be satisfied ; 

In'sa-ti'e-ty, n. Insatiableness. [insatiable. 

In-sat'u-ra-ble, a. Not capable of being saturated. 

In'sci-ent (m'shl-ent), or In-sci'ent, a. [Lat. insciens, 
inscientis, ignorant, from in, not, and sciens, from scire, 
to know ; also, knowing, from in, used intensively, and 
sciens.] 1. Having little or no knowledge; ignorant. 
2. Having knowledge or insight ; intelligent. [Rare.] 

In-scribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INSCRIBED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. inscribing.] [Lat. in.scri.bere, from prefix in, and 
scribere, to write.] 1. To write or engrave ; to imprint. 
2. To mark with letters, characters, or words. 3. To 
commend by a short address, less formal than a dedi- 
cation. 4. To imprint deeply; to impress. 5.(Geom.) 
To draw within as one figure within another. 

In-scriib'er, n. One who inscribes. 

In-scrip'tion, n. 1. The act of inscribing. 2. That 
which is inscribed ; especially, any thing written or en- 
graved on a solid substance for duration. 3. An address 
or consignment of a book to a person, as a mark of re- 

In-scrip'tive, a. Bearing inscription. [spect. 

In-s-eroll', v. t. To write on a scroll. 

In-scru'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being inscrutable ; 
inscrutableness. 

In-scru'ta-ble , a. 1. Incapable of being searched into 
and understood by inquiry or study. 2. Incapable of 
being discovered, or understood by human reason. 

In-seru'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inscrutable ; 
inscrutability. 

In-scru'ta-bly, adv. So as not to be found out. 

In-seam', v. t. To impress or mark with a seam. 

In-see'a-ble, a. [Lat. insecabilis, from prefix, in, not, 
and secabilis, that may be cut, from secare, to cut.] In- 

^ capable of being divided by a cutting instrument. 

In'se-et, n. [Lat. insectum, from insectus, p. p. of inse- 
care, to cut in, applied to certain small animals, whose 



food, ftfbt 5 urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo • gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiii* 

^5 



INSECTILE 



386 



INSOLVENCY 



bodies appear cut in , or almost divided.] 1. (Zo'dl.) An 
articulate animal that, in its mature state, has the body 
divided into three distinct parts, the head, the thorax, 
and the abdomen, has six legs, never more than four 
wings, and that breathes air through the body in tubes 
opening externally by spiracles. 2. Any thing small or 
contemptible. 

In-se-et'ile , a. Having the nature of insects. 

In-se-e'tion, n. A cutting in ; incisure ; incision. 

In-see'ti-vore, n. ; pi. in-se-c'ti-vores.. [See infra.] 
(Zo'dl.) One of an order of plantigrade mammals, of small 

^ size, that feed chiefly upon insects. 

In'see-tiv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. insectum, an insect, and 
vorare, to devour.] 1. Feeding or subsisting on insects. 
2. Belonging, or pertaining to the Insectivores. 

in'se-eure', a. 1. Not secure ; not safe. 2. Exposed 

^ to danger or loss. 

in/se-cilre'ly, adv. Without security or safety. 

In'se-eu'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being insecure ; dan- 
ger; hazard. 2. Want of confidence in safety. 3. Want 
of confidence in one's opinion. 

In-s6n'sate, a. Destitute of sense ; stupid; foolish. 

In-sen'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Want of sensibility, or the 
power of feeling or perceiving. 2. Want of tenderness 
or susceptibility of emotion and passion. 

Syn.— Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity; tor- 
por; apathy; indifference. 

In-s6n'si-bl e , a. 1. Destitute of the power of feeling or 
perceiving. 2. Void of feeling ; wanting tenderness. 3. 
Incapable of being perceived b} r the senses ; hence, pro- 
gressing by imperceptible degrees. 

Syn. — Imperceptible ; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; 
Benseless; unfeeling; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous. 

In-sen'si-bly, adv. Imperceptibly ; by slow degrees. 

In-sen'tient, a. Not having perception, or the power of 
perception. [inseparableness. 

In-sep'a-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being inseparable ; 

In-sep'a-ra-ble, a. Not separable ; incapable of being 
separated or disjoined. 

In-sep'a-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inseparable. 

In-sep'a-ra-bly, adv. So as to prevent separation. 

In-sert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inserted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INSERTING.] [Lat. inserere,insertum, from prefix in and 
serere, to join, connect.] To bring into ; to introduce. 

In-sert'ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. Something inserted 
or set in, as lace, &c, into garments. 

In-ser'tion, n. 1. Act of inserting, or setting or placing 
in or among other things. 2. Condition of being inserted ; 
the mode, place or the like, of inserting. 3. That which 
is set in, as lace, narrow rnuslin, or cambric, in narrow 

w strips, and the like. 

In'set, n. That which is set in ; an insertion. 

In-shrlne', v. t. See Enshrine. 

In'side, prep, or adv. Within the sides of; in the inte- 

w rior ; contained within. 

jn'slde, a. Being within ; contained ; interior ; internal. 

In'side, n. 1. The part within; interior portion. 2. 
pi. The inward parts ; the entrails; the bowels. 3. One 
who, or that which, is within, or inclosed ; hence, an in- 
side passenger of a coach or carriage. 

In-sid'i-oiis (77), a. [Lat. insidiosus, from insidiie, an 
ambush.] 1. Lying in wait ; watching an opportunity to 
insnare or entrap. 2. Intending or intended to entrap. 

Syn.— Crafty; wily: artful; sly; designing; guileful; cir- 
eumventive ; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive. 

In-sid'i-otis-ly, adv. In an insidious manner. 

In-sid'i-oiis-ness, n. A watching for an opportunity 
to insnare ; deceitfumess ; treachery. 

In' sight (lo/slt), n. 1. Sight or view of the interior of 
any thing ; introspection ; thorough knowledge. 2. Pow- 
er of acute observation and deduction ; 

In-sig'ni-a, n. pi. [Lat. insigne, pi. insignia, from in- 
signis, distinguished by a mark, from prefix in, and 
signum, a mark, sign.] 1. Badges of office or honor. 
2. Marks or signs by which any thing is known or dis- 
tinguished. 

In'sig-nif 'i-eance, \n. 1. Want of significance or 

In'sig-nif 'i-ean-cy, j meaning. 2. Want of force or 
effect ; unimportance. 3. Want of claim to considera- 
tion or notice. 

In'sig-nlf'i-eant, a. 1. Not significant; destitute of 
meaning. 2. Having no weight or effect. 3. Without 
weight of character. 

Syn. —Unimportant ; immaterial ; inconsiderable; trivial ; 
trifling; mean; contemptible. 

in'sig-nif' i-eant-ly, adv. 1. Without meaning. 2. 
Without importance or effect. 



In'sin-cere', a. 1. Not being in truth what one ap^ 
pears to be ; not sincere. 2. Deceitful ; hypocritical ; 
false; — said of things. 3. Not to be trusted or relied 
upon. 

Syn. — Dissembling; hollow; deceptive; disingenuous. 

In'sin-cere'ly, adv. Without sincerity. 

In'sin-fer'i-ty, n. Want of sincerity , or of being in re- 
ality what one appears to be ; dissimulation ; hypocrisy ; 
deceitfulness. 

In-sin'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. insinuated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INSINUATING.] [Lat. insinuate, insinuatum, 
from prefix, in, an&sinus, the bosom.] 1. To introduce 
gently, or as by a winding or narrow passage ; to wind in. 
2. To introduce artfully; to instill. 3. To bint; to 
suggest by remote allusion. 4. To push or work one's 
self into favor. 

In-sin'u-ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow, in. 2. 
To ingratiate one's self. 

In-sin'n-a'tion, n. 1. Act of insinuating ; a creeping 
or winding in. 2. Act of gaining favor or affection by 
gentle or artful means. 3. Art or power of pleasing and 
stealing on the affections. 4. A hint ; a suggestion by 
distant allusion. 
Syn.— See Innuendo. 

In-sin'u-a'tive, a. 1. Stealing on the confidence or 
affections. 2. "Using insinuations ; giving hints. 

In-sln'u-a/tor, n. One who, or that which insinuates. 

In-slp'id, a. [Lat. insipidus, from prefix in, not, and 
sapidus, savory, from sapere, to taste.] 1. Destitute of 
taste. 2. Wanting spirit, life, or animation. 

Syn. — Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless; unanimated; life- 
less; flat. 

In'si-pid'i-ty, \n. 1. Quality of being insipid ; want 

In-sip'id-ness, j of taste ; tastelessness. 2. Want of 
interest, life, or spirit. 

In-slp'id-ly, adv. In an insipid manner ; without taste. 

In-sist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. INSISTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INSISTING.] [Lat. insistere, from prefix in and sistere, 
to stand.] To rest or dwell upon as a matter of special 
moment ; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing. 

In-slst'ent, a. Standing or resting on. 

In-sl'tion (in-sish'un or in-sizh'un), n. [Lat. insitio, 
from inserere, insitum, to ingraft, from prefix in and 
serere, satum, to sow.] Insertion of a scion in a stock. 

In-snare', v. t. [imp. & p. p. insnared ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. insxaring.] 1. To catch in a snare ; to entrap. 2. 
To inveigle ; to seduce by artifice. 

In-snar'er, n. One who insnares. 

In / so-bri'e-ty, n. Want of sobriety ; intemperance. 

In-so'cia-lble (-sS'sha-bl), a. Not sociable ; not given to 

w conversation ; taciturn. 

In'so-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. insolated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INSOLATING.] [Lat. insolare, insolatum, from 
prefix in and sol, the sun.] To dry in the sun's rays ; to 

w ripen or prepare by exposure to the sun. 

In^o-la'tion, n. 1. Act or process of exposing to the 

w rays of the sun. 2. A stroke of the sun. 

In/so -len^e, n. Pride or haughtiness manifested in con- 
temptuous and overbearing treatment of others. 

Syn. — Insult. — Insolence is a spirit engendered by bloated 
pride or unbridled passion; an insult is a personal attack Hit., 
leaping or dancing upon), indicating scorn and triumph. The 
one leads usually to the other. 

In'so-lent, a. [Lat. insolens, from prefix in and solens, 
accustomed, p. pr. of solere, to be accustomed.] 1. Proud 
and haughty, with contempt of others. 2. Proceeding 
from insolence. 

Syn. — Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; 
impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; 
opprobrious. 

In'so-lent -ly, adv. In an insolent manner ; unusually : 

_ haughtily ; rudely ; saucily. 

In'so-Hd'i-ty, n. Want of solidity ; weakness. 

In-sol/u-lbll'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of not being soluble or 
dissolvable, particularly in a fluid. 2. Quality of being 
inexplicable. 

In-sol'u-lble, a. 1. Not soluble ; incapable of being 
dissolved, particularly by a liquid. 2. Not to be solved 
or explained. 

In-solv'a-lble, a. 1. Not solvable ; not capable of solu- 
tion or explication. 2. Incapable of being paid or dis- 
charged. 

In-solv'en-^y, n. (Law.) (a.) The condition of one who 
is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual 
course of trade and business, (b.) Insufficiency to dis- 
charge all debts of the owner. 



a,e,&e.,Zons-; a,e, bc^short; care, far, ask, all, -what ; 6re,veil,ternx; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



INSOLVENT 



387 



INSTITUTION 



In'solv'ent, a. {Law.) (a.) Not solvent; not having 
sufficient estate to pay one's debts. (b.) Not sufficient to 
pay all the debts of the owner, (c.) Respecting persons 
unable to pay their debts. 

In-solv'ent, n. (Law.) One who is unable to pay his 
debts ; one who is not solvent. 

In-som'ni-ous, a. Restless in sleep, or being without 

_ sleep. [wise. 

In'so-much', adv. So ; to such a degree ; in such 

In-speet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INSPECTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INSPECTING.] [Lat. inspicere, inspection, from prefix 
in and specere, to look at, to view.] 1. To view narrowly 
and critically, 2. To view and examine officially, as 
troops, arms, goods offered for sale, &c. 

In-spee'tion, n. 1. Act of inspecting ; close or careful 
survey ; official view or examination. 2. Act of over- 
seeing ; superintendence. 

In-spect'or, n. One who inspects, views, or oversees ; 
a superintendent. 

In-speet'or-ate, ) n. 1. The office of an inspector. 

In-speet'or-ship, ) 2. The residence of an inspector ; 
the district embraced by an inspector's jurisdiction. 

In-sphere', v. t. [imp. & p. p. insphered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. insphering.] To place in a sphere. 

In-splr'a-lble (89), a. Capable of being inspired. 

In'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of inspiring, breathing in, 
infusing, and the like ; inhalation. 2. An extraordinary 
elevation of the imagination or other powers of the soul. 
3. The result of such extraordinary elevation in the 
thoughts, emotions, or purposes inspired. 4. Specifically, 
a supernatural divine influence on the sacred writers, by 
which they were qualified to communicate moral or re- 
ligious truth with authority. 

In-spir'a-to-ry, or In'spi-ra-to-ry (50), a. Pertain- 
ing to or aiding inspiration. 

In-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. INSPIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INSPIRING.] [Lat. inspirare, from in and spirare, to 
breathe.] 1. To draw in breath ; to inhale air into the 
lungs. 2. To breathe ; to blow gently. 

In-spire', v. t. 1. To breathe into ; to fill with the 
breath. 2. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breath- 
ing. 3. To infuse into the mind ; to convey, as by a su- 
perior or supernatural influence. 4. To affect, as with 
a superior or supernatural influence. 5. To inhale. 

In-splr'er, n. One who inspires. 

In-spir'it, v . t. [imp. & p. p. inspirited ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. inspiriting.] To infuse or excite spirit in ; to give 
new life to. 

Syn.— To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; 
encourage. 

In-spis'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inspissated ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. INSPISSATING.] [Lat. inspissare, inspissatum, 
from prefix in and spissare, to thicken, from spissus, 
thick.] To thicken, as fluids, by evaporation. 

In-spis'sate, a. Thick; inspissated. 

in'spis-sa'tion, n. Act of inspissating, or rendering a 

w fluid substance thicker by evaporation. 

In/sta-foil'i-ty, n. Want of stability ; want of firmness 
in purpose. 

Syn. — Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; 
unsteadiness; unstableness. 

In-sta'fole, a. Not stable ; prone to change or recede 
from a purpose ; mutable ; inconstant. 

In-stall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. installed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. installing.] [L. Lat. installare, from in and 0. H. 
Ger. stal, a place, Eng. stall, q. v.] 1. To set in a seat ; 
to give a place to. 2. To instate in an office, rank, or 
order, with the usual ceremonies. 

In/stal-la'tion, n. 1. Act of installing or giving pos- 
session of an office, rank, or order, with the customary 
ceremonies. 2. Act or ceremony of instating an ordained 
minister in a parish ; institution. [Amer.] 

In-stall'ment, n. 1. Act of installing. 2. A part of a 

w sum'of money paid or to be paid at a particular period. 

In'stance, n. [See Instant.] 1. Quality or act of being 
instant or pressing. 2. Occurrence ; occasion ; order of 
occurrence. 3. Something cited in proof or exemplifica- 
tion ; a case occurring. 

Syn. — Urgency ; solicitation; application ; example; case. 

fn'stance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. instanced (Tn'stanst); 
p. pr. & vb. n. instancing.] To mention as an ex- 
ample or case. 

In'stant, a. [Lat. instans, p. pr. of instare, to stand 
upon, to press upon, from prefix in and stare, to stand.] 
1. Pressing ; urgent ; importunate ; earnest 2. Closely 

Dressing or impending in respect to time ; immediate. 3. 
faking no delay ; quick. 4. Present; current. 



In'stant, n. 1. A point in duration ; a moment. 2. 

A particular time. 3. A day of the present or current 

month. 
In-stan'ta-ne'i-ty, n. The quality of being instan- 
w taneous ;_instantaneousness. 
In'stan-ta/ne-ous, a. Done in an instant. 
Iii/stan-ta'ne-ous-ly,adu. Inau instant; inamoment. 
In'stan-ta'ne-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being instan- 
taneous. 
In-stan'ter, adv. [Lat.] Immediately ; at the present 
w time ; without delay ; instantly. 
in'stant-ly, adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval. 

2. With urgency or importunity. 

Syn. — Directly ; immediately ; at once. See Directly. 
In-star', v. t. To set with stars, or with brilliants. 
In-state', v. t. [imp. & p.p. instated ; p.pr. & vb. n. 

instating.] To set or place ; to establish, as in a rank 

or condition ; to install. 
In-stau'rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. instaurated; p. 

pr. & vb. n. INSTAURATING.] [Lat. instaurare, instau- 
^ ration.] To renew or renovate. [Rare.] 
Iu/stau-ra'tion, n. Restoration of a thing to its former 

state", after decay, lapse, or dilapidation ; renewal ; repair ; 

renovation. 
In-stead', adv. 1. In the stead, place, or room. 2. 

Equivalent to ; equal to. 
In-steep', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INSTEEPED (in-steept') ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. insteeping.] To steep or soak; to 
w drench. 
In'step, n. [Prefix in and step.] 1. The projection on 

the upper side of the human foot, near its junction with 

the leg. 2. That part of the hind leg of a horse which 
w reaches from the ham to the pastern-joint. 
In'sti-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. instigated; p. pr. 

& vb. n. INSTIGATING.] [Lat. instigare, instigatum, 

from instinguere, to incite.] To goad or urge forward ; 

to set on. 
Syn. — To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; 

impel; encourage; animate. 

In'sti-ga'tion, n. Act of instigating, or state of being 

w instigated ; incitement as to evil or wickedness. 

In'sti-ga/tor, n. One who instigates ; a tempter. 

In-still', v. t. [imp. & p. p. instilled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INSTILLING.] [Lat. instillare, from in and stillare, 
to drop, stilla, a drop.] [Written also instil.] 1. To 

w pour in by drops. 2. To infuse slowly, or by degrees. 

In'stil-la'tion, n. 1. Act of instilling, or infusing 
by drops or by small quantities. 2. Act of infusing 
slowly into the mind. 3. That which is instilled or in- 

^ fused. 

In'stil-la'tor, n. One who instills ; an instiller. 

In-stlll'er, n. One who instills ; an instillator. 

In-still'ment, n. 1. The act of instilling ; instillation. 
2. That which is instilled. 

In-stinet', a. [Lat. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere, to 
instigate, incite. ] Urged from within ; moved ; animated ; 

w excited. 

In'stinet, n. Unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning 
prompting to action ; specifically, the natural, unreason- 
ing impulse in an animal, by which it is guided to the 
performance of any action, without thought of improve- 
ment in the method. 

In-stinet'ive, a. Prompted by instinct; acting with- 
out reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience. 

In-stinet'ive-ly, adv. By force of instinct. 

In'sti-tute (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. instituted; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INSTITUTING.] [Lat. instituere, institution, 
from in and statuere, to cause to stand, to set, from 
stare, statum, to stand.] 1. To set up ; to establish ; to 
appoint ; to ordain. 2. To originate ; to found. 3. To 
begin; to commence; to set in operation. 4. (Eccl. 
Law.) To invest with the spiritual part of a benefice, or 

w the care of souls. 

In'sti-tute, n. 1. Any thing instituted ; established 
law ; settled order. 2. That which is established as 
authoritative ; precept ; maxim ; principle. 3. An in- 
stitution ; a literary and philosophical society. 4. pi. 
(a.) A book of elements or principles; especially, a work 
containing the principles of jurisprudence, (b.) Physiol- 

^ ogy applied to the practice of medicine. 

In^ti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of instituting ; as, (a.) Estab- 
lishment ; foundation ; enactment, (b. ) Instruction ; 
education, (c.) (Eccl. Lavj.) Act or ceremony of in- 
vesting a clerg/man with the spiritual p^ t of a benefice. 
2. That which is instituted or establisned. (a.) Estab- 
lished order, or method, or custom ; enactment ; or- 
dinance, (b.) An established or organized society; a 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; thi»> 



INSTITUTIONAL 



388 



INTEGRAL 



foundation. 3. A treatise or text-book ; a system of 

w elements or rules. 

In'sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Instituted by authority. 2. 
Elementary ; rudimental. 

In'sti-tu'tion-a-ry, a. 1. Relating to an institution, 

w or to institutions. 2. Elemental ; rudimentary. 

In'sti-tu/tlve, a. 1. Tending or intended to institute ; 
having the power to establish. 2. Established ; depend- 
ing on institution. 

In'sti-tu'tor, n. One who institutes or establishes. 

In-strat'i-fied, a. Stratified within something else. 

In-strilet', v. t. [imp. & p.p. instructed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INSTRUCTING.] [Lat. instruere, instructum, from 
prefix in and stniere, to pile up, to set in order.] To 
furnish with requisite outfit or preparation ; to make 
ready; as, specifically, (a.) To impart information to; 
to enlighten ; to teach, (b.) To furnish with directions. 
Syn.— To teach ; educate ; inform ; indoctrinate ; direct ; 
enjoin ; order ; command. — The word instruct is used as a 
milder term for direct or command in issuing orders to officers 
under the government, as the President has instructed minis- 
ters at foreign courts so and so. 

In-struet'er, n. See Instructor. 

In-struet'i-ble, a. Capable of being instructed. 

In-strue'tion, n. 1. Act of instructing, or teaching. 
2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed ; 
as, (a.) Precept ; information; teachings, (b.) Direction ; 
order ; command. 

Syn. — Education; teaching; breeding; indoctrination; in- 
formation; advice; council; mandate. 

In-struet'ive, a. Conveying knowledge ; serving to in- 
struct. 

In-struet'ive-ly, adv. In an instructive manner. 

In-struet'ive-ness, n. Quality of being instructive. 

In-struet'or, n. One who instructs ; a teacher. 

In-struet'ress, n. A female instructor ; a preceptress. 

In'stru-ment, n. [Lat. instrumentum. See Instruct.] 

1. That by which work is performed ; a tool ; a utensil ; 
an implement, 2. A contrivance, by which musical 
sounds are produced. 3. (Law.) A writing, expressive 
of some act, contract, process, or proceeding. 4. One 
who, or that which, is made a means, or caused to serve 

w a purpose. 

In'stru-ment'al, a. 1. Acting as an instrument ; 
serving as a means ; conducive ; helpful. 2. Pertaining 

^ to, made by, or prepared for, musical instruments. 

In'stru-men-tal'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of 
being "instrumental. 2. That which is instrumental; 
agency. 

In'stru-ment'al-ly, adv. 1. In the nature of an in- 
strument, as means to an end. 2. With instruments 
of music. 

In'stru-men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of using, or the sub- 
ordination of, as an instrument ; means ; agency. 2. 
{Mus.) (a.) Instrumental composition, (b.) Act or man- 

w ner of playing upon musical instruments. 

In'sub-jee'tion, n. Want of subjection ; disobedience 

w to government. 

In'sub-dr'di-nate (45), a. Not submissive ; mutinous. 

In'sub-or'di-na'tion, n. Want of subordination ; dis- 
obedience to lawful authority. 

In-siif' fer-a-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, 
insupportable ; unendurable ; intolerable. 2. Disgusting 
beyond endurance. 

In-siif 'fer-a-bly, adv. To a degree beyond endurance. 

In'suf-fi'cience (-iish'ens), In, 1. Want of suf- 

In'suf-fi'cien-cy (-fish/en-sj' 7 ), J ficiency; deficiency; 
inadequateness. 2. Want of power or skill ; inability ; 
incapacity. 

In'suf-fi'cient (-iTsh'ent), a. 1. Not sufficient ; in- 
adequate to any need, use, or purpose. 2. Wanting in 
strength, power, ability, or skill. 

Syn. — Inadequate ; incommensurate; unequal; incompe" 
tent ; unfit ; incapable. 

In'suf-fi'dent-ly, adv. With want of sufficiency. 
In'su-lar, ) a. [Lat. insularis, from insula, island.] 
In'su-la-ry, } Belonging to an isle ; surrounded by 
In/su-lar'i-ty, n. State of being insular. [water. 

In'su-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. insulated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INSULATING.] [Lat. insulare, from insula, isl- 
and.] 1. To place in a detached situation; to isolate. 

2. To prevent the transfer to, or from, of electricity or 
heat, by the interposition of non-conductors. 

In'su-la'ted, p. a. 1. Standing by itself. 2. (Elec.) 
Separated, as body, from others, by means of non-con- 
ductors of elect, "city. 3. ( Thermotics.) Separated, as a 
heated body, from other bodies, by non-conductors of 
heat. 



In'su-la'tion, n. Act of insulating, or state of being 
_ insulated ; detachment from other objects. 
In'su-la/tor, n. 1. One who insulates. 2. The sub- 
^ stance or body that insulates ; a non-conductor. 
In' suit, n. [Lat. insultus, from insilire, insultum, to 
leap upon, from in and salire, to leap.] Gross abuse 
offered to another, either by words or actions. 

Syn. — Affront ; indignity ; outrage ; contumely. See In- 
solence. 

Insult', v . t. [imp. & p. p. INSULTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
insulting.] To treat with abuse, insolence, or con- 
tempt, by words or actions. 

In-su.lt', v. i. To behave with insolent triumph. 

In-sult'er, n. One who insults. 

In-su'per-a-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being insuperable. 

In-su'per-a-ble, a. Not superable ; incapable of being 
passed over, overcome, or surmounted. 

Syn. — Insurmountable : unconquerable ; invincible. 

In-su/per-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being insuperable 

or insurmountable. 

In-su'per-a-bly, adv. So as not to be overcome. 

In'sup-port'a-ble, a. Incapable of being supported or 

w borne ; insufferable ; intolerable. [portable. 

In'sup-port'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being insup- 

In'sup-port'a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree that 

___ can not be supported or endured. 

In'sup-pog'a-ble, a. Incapable of being supposed ; 
inconceivable. 

In'sup-press'i-ble, a. Not to be suppressed. 

In-sur'a-ble (-shur'a-bl), a. Capable of being insured 
against loss or damage. 

In-sur'ance (-shj}r / -), n. 1. Act of insuring, or assur- 
ing," against loss or damage; a contract wherebj 7 , for a 
stipulated consideration, called a premium, one party 
undertakes to indemnify the other against loss by certain 
risks. 2. Premium paid for insuring property or life. 

In-sure' (-shur 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. insured ; p.pr. & 
vb. "n. insuring.] 1. To make sure or secure. 2. 
Specifically, to secure against a possible loss on certain 
stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium. 

In-sure', v. i. To underwrite ; to practice making in- 
surance. 

In-sur'er (-shyr'-), n. One who insures ; an underwriter. 

In-sur'gent, a. [Lat. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere, to 
rise up, from prefix in and surgere, to rise.] Rising in 
opposition to lawful civil or political authority ; insub- 
ordinate ; rebellious. 

In-sur'gent, n. A person who rises in revolt or opposi- 

w tion to civil or political authority ; a rebel. 

In'sur-mount'a-ble, a. Incapable of being sur- 
I w mounted, or overcome; insuperable. 
I in'sur-mount'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being in- 
I w surmountable ; insurmountability. 

In'sur-mount'a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree not 

w to be overcome. 

In'sur-re-e'tion, 72. [Lat insurrectio. See INSURGENT.] 
A rising against civil or political authority. 

Syn.— Sedition; revolt; rebellion.— Sedition is the raising 
of commotion in a state -without aiming at open violence 
against the laws ; insurrection is a rising up of individuals to 
prevent the execution of law by force of arms; revolt is a cast- 
ing off the authority of a government with a view to put it down 
by force; rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt. 

In'sur-ree'tion-al, a. Pertaining to insurrection ; 

w consisting in insurrection. 

In / sur-re-e'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining or suitable to 

w insurrection ; rebellious ; seditious. 

In'sur-ree'tion-ist, n. One who favors insurrection. 

In'sus-cep'ti-bll'i-ty, n. Want of susceptibility. 

In'sus-cep'ti-ble, a. Not susceptible; not capable of 
being moved, affected, or impressed. 

In-taet', a. [Lat. intactus, from prefix in, not, and tac- 
tics, p. p. of tangere, to touch.] Untouched, especially 
by any thing that harms, defiles, or the like. 

In-tagl'io (in-tal / yo), n. [It., from intagliare, to en- 
grave, carve.] A figure cut into a material, as a seal, 
matrix, or the like ; a stone or gem in which a figure is 
cut so as to form a depression or hollow. 

In-tan'gi-bil'i-ty , n. The quality of being intangible ; 
intangibleress. * [touch. 

In-tan 'gi-ble, a. Not tangible ; not perceptible to the 

In-tan 'gi-ble-nes», n. Quality of being intangible. 

In-tast'a-ble, a. Incapable of being tasted ; tasteless ; 

^ unsavory. 

In'te-ger (in'te-jer), n. [Lat. , untouched, whole, entire.] 
A whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a 

w mixed number. 

In'te-gral, a. 1. Complete; whole; entire; not frac- 



si,e,&c.,tong; a,,e,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique , firm ; son, 6r,dt>,wolf# 



INTEGRAL 



389 



INTERCEDE 



donal. 2. (Math.) (a.) Pertaining to, or being a whole 
/lumber, (b.) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration. 

In'te-gral, n. 1. A whole ; an entire thing ; a whole 
number. 2. (Math.) An expression wbich, being dif- 
ferentiated, will produce a given differential. 

I n'te-gral-ly, adv. Wholly ; completely. 

fn'te-grant, a. Making part of a whole ; necessary to 
constitute an entire thing. 

In'te-grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. integrated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INTEGRATING.] 1. To make entire; to re- 
store. 2. To give the sum or total. 3. (Math.) To 
find the integral of. 

In'te-gra/tion, n. 1. Act of making entire. 'Z. (Math.) 
Operation of finding the primitive function which has a 
given function for its differential co-efficient. 

In-teg'ri-ty, n. [Lat. integritas. See Integer.] 1. 
State of being entire or complete ; wholeness, 2. Moral 
soundness; honesty; uprightness. 3. Unimpaired, or 
genuine state ; purity. 

Syn. — Probity ; honesty; uprightness; virtue; rectitude. 

In-t6g'u-ment, n. [Lat. integumentum, from integere, 
to cover, from in and tegere, to cover.] That which 
naturally invests or covers another thing ; specifically 
(Anat.), a covering which invests the body, as the skin, 
or a membrane that invests a particular part. 

In'tel-leet, n. [Lat. intellectus , from intelligere, intel- 
lectum, to understand, from inter, between, and legere, 
to gather, collect.] The part or faculty of the human 
soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power 

w to feel and to will ; the power to judge and comprehend. 

In/tel-le-e'tion, n. Act of understanding ; simple ap- 
prehension of ideas ; intuition. 

In'tel-leet'ive, a. 1. Having power to understand. 
2. Produced by the understanding. 3. Capable of being 

w perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses. 

in'tel-leet'ive-ly, adv. With, intellection. 

in'tel-le-et'u-al, a. 1. Belonging to, or performed by, 
the mind ; mental. 2. Formed by, and existing for, the 
intellect alone. 3. Having the power of understanding. 

w 4. Relating to the understanding. 

In'tel-leet'u-al-Igm, n. 1. Intellectual power. 2. 

^ The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason. 

In'tel-leet'u-al-ist, n. 1. One who overrates the un- 
derstanding. 2. One who believes or maintains that 
human knowledge is derived from pure reason. 

In-tel'li-gence, n. [Lat. intelligentia.] 1. Act of 
knowing. 2. The intellect as a gift or endowment. 3. 
Capacity for the higher functions of the intellect. 4. 
Information communicated. 5. General information. 
6. An intelligent being or spirit. 

Intelligence office, a place where information may be obtained, 
particularly respecting servants to be hired. 

Syn. — Understanding ; intellect ; instruction ; advice ; 
notice ; notification ; news. 

In-tel'li-gen-cer, n. One who, or that which, sends or 
conveys intelligence. 

In-tel'li-gent, a. 1. Endowed with the faculty of un- 
derstanding or reason. 2. Endowed with a good intel- 
lect ; well informed. 

Syn. — Sensible ; understanding ; skillful. 

In-tePIi-gen'tial, a. 1. Pertaining to the intelligence ; 
intellectual. 2. Consisting of unbodied mind. 

In-tel'li-gent-ly, adv. In an intelligent manner. 

In-teFli-gi-bll'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being intel- 
ligible. 

In-tel'li-gi-ble, a. Capable of being understood or 
c omprehended . 

Syn. — Comprehensible ; perspicuous ; plain ; clear. 

In-teFli-gi-ble-ness, n. The quality of being intelli- 
gible ; intelligibility. 

In-tel'li-gi-bly, adv. In an intelligible manner. 

In-tem'per-an^e, n. 1. Want of moderation or due 
restraint ; excess in any kind of action or indulgence. 

2. Habitual indulgence in drinking spirituous liquors. 

3. Act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate. 
In-t6m'per-ate, a. 1. Indulging to excess any appe- 
tite or passion, either habitually or in a particular in- 
stance. 2. Excessive ; ungovernable ; inordinate. 3. 
Addicted to an excessive or habitual use of spirituous 
liquors. 

In-t6m'per-ate-ly, adv. In an intemperate manner ; 

immoderately ; excessively. 
In-t6m'per-ate-ness, n. State of being intemperate. 
In-ten'a-ble, a. Incapable of being held ; untenable. 
"Jji-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intended ; p.pr. & vb. 

n. INTENDING.] [Lat. intendere, intentum and inten- 



sion, fr. prefix jn and tendere, to stretch, stretch out.] 
To fix the mind upon, as tne object to be effected. 

Syn. — To contemplate ; meditate; attend to; purpose; de- 
sign ; mean. 

In-tend'an-cy, n. 1. Office or employment of an in- 
tendant. 2. The distrftt committed to the charge of an 
intendant. 

In-tend'ant, n. One who has the charge of some pub- 
he business ; a superintendent. 

In-tend'ed, n. One who is betrothed ; an affianced lover. 

In-tend'er, n. One who intends. 

In-tend/ment, n. 1. Intention; design. 2. (Law.) 
The true meaning or intention of a law, or of any legal 
instrument. 

In-ten'er-a'tion, n. Act of making soft or tender; 
state of being- made tender. 

In-ten'sa-tlve, a. Adding intensity ; intensifying. 

In-tense', a. [Lat. intensus, stretched, tight," p. p. of 
intendere, intensum, to stretch.] 1. Strained ; stretched; 
tightly drawn ; kept on the stretch. 2. Extreme in de- 
gree ; as, (a.) Ardent; fervent, (b.) i Keen ; biting, (c.) 
Vehement; earnest, (d.) Severe; violent. 

In-tense'ly, adv. 1. To an extreme degree. 2. Atten- 
tively. 

In-tense'ness, n. State of being intense ; intensity. 

Jn-ten'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intensified; p. pr. 
& vb. n. intensifying.] [Lat. intensus and facere, to 
make.] To render more intense. 

In-ten'si-fy, «■ i- To become intense, or more intense. 

In-ten'sion, n. 1. A straining, or the state of being 
strained. 2. Increase of power or energy of any quality. 
3. (Logic fy Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, 
or marks that make up a complex general notion. 

In-ten'si-ty, n. 1. State of being intense ; intenseness ; 
extreme degree. 2. (Physics fy Mech.) Effectiveness, as 
estimated by results produced. 

In-ten'sive, a. 1. Stretched, or admitting of extension, 
or increase of degree. 2. Assiduous ; intense. 3. (Gram.) 
Serving to give force or emphasis. 

In-ten'sive-ly, adv. In a manner to give force. 

In-tent', a. [See Intend.] Having the mind strained 
or bent on an object ; hence, fixed closely ; anxiously 
diligent. 

In-tent', n. Act of turning the mind toward an object ; 
hence, a design ; a purpose. 
Syn. — Intention ; meaning; view; drift; object; end; aim. 

In-ten'tion, n. 1. A bending of the mind toward an. 
object ; closeness of application. 2. Fixed direction of 
the mind to a particular object, or in a particular way of 
acting. 3. Object intended. 4. State of being strained. 
5. (Logic.) Any mental apprehension of an object. 

To heal by the first intention (Surg.'), to cicatrize, as a wound 
without suppuration. 
Syn. — Design; purpose; aim; intent; drift. See Design. 

In-ten'tion-al, a. Done by intention or design ; in- 
tended ; designed. 

In-ten'tion-al-ly, adv. With intention ; by design. 

In-tent'ly, adv. In an intent manner ; with eagerness. 
Syn. — Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly ; attentively ; sedu- 
lously; diligently; eagerly. 

In-tent'ness, n. State of being intent ; close applica- 
tion. 

In-ter' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. interred ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INTERRING.] [L. Lat. & It. interrare, from Lat. 
in and terra, the earth.] To deposit and cover in the 

^ earth ; to bury ; to inhume. [in a play. 

In'ter-a^t', n. A short act or piece between others, as 

In-ter'-ea-lar, I a. Inserted or introduced in the midst 

In-ter'-ea-la-ry, ) of others ; applied particularly to 
the odd day (Feb. 29th) inserted in leap-year. 

In-ter'-ea-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intercalated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTERCALATING.] [Lat. intercalare, in- 
ter calatum, from inter, between, and calare, to call, pro- 
claim.] To insert between others ; as. (a.) ( Chron.) To 
insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar. 
(b.) ( Geol.) To insert, as a bed or stratum, between the 
layers of a regular series of rocks. 

In-ter^a-la/tion, n. Insertion of any thing between 
others ; introduction ; as, (a.) ( Chron.) Insertion of a 
day in a calendar, (b.) (Geol.) Intrusion of a bed or 

w laj T er between other layers. 

In'ter-cede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interceded ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INTERCEDING.] [Lat. intercedere, from inter, 
between, and cedere, to pass.] To act between parties 
with a view to reconcile those who differ or contend ; to 
interpose ; to mediate. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tni* 



INTERCEDENT 



390 



INTERLARD 



fn'ter-ced'ent, a. Passing between ; mediating. 

In'ter-ced'er, n. One who intercedes ; a mediator. 

In'ter-cept', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intercepted; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INTERCEPTING.] [Lat. intercipere, intercep- 
tum, from inter, between, and caper e, to take, seize.] 1. 
To stop on its passage ; to tak^or seize by the way. 2. 
To obstruct the progress of. 3. To interrupt cornmuni- 
* cation with, or progress toward. 4. {Math.) To take, 

^ include, or comprehend between. 

In'ter-eept'er. n. One who intercepts. [hindrance. 

In'ter-cep'tion, n. Act of intercepting or stopping; 

In'ter-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of interceding ; 
mediation ; interposition between parties at variance. 
2. Prayer or solicitation to one party in favor of, or, less 
often, against another. 

in/ter-ces'sor, n. 1. One who intercedes ; a mediator. 
2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, 
administers the bishopric till a successor is elected. 

In'ter-ces'so-ry, a. Containing intercession ; inter - 
ceding.' 

lh/ter-change', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interchanged : 
p.pr. & vb. n. INTERCHANGING.] 1. To put each in 
the place of the other ; to exchange ; to reciprocate. 2. 

w To cause to follow, or to alternate. 

In'ter-change', v. i. To succeed alternately. 

In'ter-change', n. 1. Act of mutually changing : ex- 
change. 2. State of being mutually changed ; alternate 
succession. 3. Barter ; commerce. 

In'ter-change'a-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being inter- 

___ changeable ; interchangeableness. 

In'ter-change'a-ble, a. 1. Admitting of exchange. 

j 2. Following each other in alternate succession. 

In/ter-change'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being in- 
terchangeable. 

In'ter-change'a-bly, adv. In an interchangeable 

w manner ; alternately. 

In'ter-cip'i-ent, a. Intercepting ; seizing by the way. 

lifter-elude', v. t. [imp. & p.p. intercluded ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INTERCLUDING.] [Lat. intcrcludrrc , from 
inter, between, and cludere, claudcre, to shut.] To shut 
off or out from a place or course, by something interven- 

w ing ; to intercept ; to interrupt. 

In/ter-elii'gion, n. Interception ; a stopping. 

In'ter-eo-lo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the mutual rela- 

^ tions of, or existing between, different colonies. 

in'ter-eo-lunVni-a'ticn, *. [Lat. inter, between, and 
columna, column.] (Arch.) The clear space between two 

w columns, measured at the lower parts of their shafts.. 

In'ter-eom'mon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. interccoi- 

MONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERCOMMONING.J 1. To 
share with others ; to participate ; especially, to feed at 
the same table. 2. ( O. Law.) To graze cattle in a com- 

^ mon pasture. 

!tn/ter-«om':m.on-age, n. ( O. Law.) Mutual common- 

_ age. See Intercommon. 

In'ter-eom-inii'ni-eate, v. i. To communicate mu- 

^ tually ; to hold mutual communication. 

tn'ter-eom-mil/ni-ea'tion, n. Reciprocal commu- 

w nication or intercourse. 

In / ter-eom-iii'uii'ion, n. Mutual communion. 

In'ter-eom-mu'ni-ty, n. 1. A mutual communica- 
tion or community. 2. Mutual freedom or exercise of 
religion. 

jEn/ter-cos'tal, a. [Lat. inter, between, and costa, lib.] 
(Anat.) Placed or lying between the ribs. 

tn'ter-eourse, n. Connection by concurrent or recip- 
rocal action or dealings between persons or nations, either 
in common affairs and civilities, in trade, language, or 
correspondence ; especially, interchange of thought and 
feeling. 

Syn. — Communication ; commeree ; communion ; fellow- 
ship; familiarity; acquaintance. 

In'ter-exir'rence, a. A passing or running between ; 
occurrence. 

In'ter-eur'rent, a. [Lat. intercurrens, p. pr. of inter- 
currere, to run between, from inter, between, and currere, 
to run.] 1. Running between or among. 2. Occurring; 

w intervening. 

In'ter-de-pend'ence, n. Mutual dependence. 

In'ter-dxet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interdicted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. interdicting.] [Lat. interdicere, inter dictum, 
from inter, between, and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. To 
forbid by order or charge ; to prohibit or inhibit. 2. 
(Eccl.) To cut off from the enjoj-ment of communion 
with a church. 

In'ter-dlet', n. 1. A prohibition. 2. (Eccl.) A pro- 
hibition of the pope, by which the clergy are restrained 
from performing, or laymen from attending, divine ser- 



vice, or from administering or enjoying some privileges 

w of the church. [inhibition. 

In'ter-die'tion, n. Act of interdicting; prohibition; 

In'ter-dlet'ive, ) a. Having the design, power, or ef- 

In'ter-dlet'o-ry, j feet, to prohibit. 

In'ter-est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interested; p.pr. & 
vb. n. INTERESTING.] [From the noun.] 1. To excite 
emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing. 2. 
To excite in behalf of another, or of some other object ; 

w — used reflexive!}". 

In'ter-est, n. [Prom Lat. interest, it interests, is of in- 
terest ; from inter esse, to be between, to be of importance, 
from inter, between, and esse, to be.] 1. Special atten- 
tion to some object ; concern ; sympathy. 2. Excite- 
ment of feeling, especially of pleased or gratified feeling, 
regard, or affection. 3. Share; portion; part. 4. Ad- 
vantage, personal or general ; lot. 5. Premium paid for 
the use of monej- ; the profit per cent, derived from money 
lent, or property used by another person, or from debts 
remaining unpaid. 6. Any surplus advantage, or un- 
expected advance in returning what has been received. 

Compound interest, that which arises from the principal with 
the interest added; interest on interest. — Simple interest, that 
which arises from the principal sum only. 

In'ter-6st-ed, p. a. Having an interest ; concerned in 
a cause or in consequences ; liable to be affected. 
| In'ter-est-ing (110), p. a. Engaging the attention or 

w curiosity ; exciting emotions or passions. 

In ; ter-f ere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interfered ; p. pr. 
& vb. 7i. interfering.] [Lat. inter, between, and fe- 
rire, to strike.] 1. To come in collision; to clash. 2. 
To enter into or take a part in the concerns of others. 
3. (Far.) To strike one foot against its opposite, so as to 
break the skin or injure the flesh. 4. (Physics.) To act 
reciprocally, so as to augment, diminish, or otherwise 
affect one another. 
Syn. — To interpose ; intermeddle. See Interpose. 

In'ter-fer'ence, n. [See supra.] 1. Act or state of 
interfering: interposition. 2. Collision; clashing. 3. 
(Physics.) The mutual influence, under certain condi- 
tions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of 

^ sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any 

In'tcr-f er'er, n. One who interferes. [kind. 

In'ter'flu-ent, ) a. [Lat. intcrfluens, interfiuus, from 

In-ter'flu-ous, J interfluere, to flow between, from in- 
ter, between, andjluere, to flow.] Flowing between. 

in/ter-fiil'geiit, a. [Lat. intcrfulgens, p. pr. of inter- 

^fulgere, to shine between.] Shining between. 

In'ter-fUged', a. [Lat. interfusus, p. p. of interf under e, 

w to pour between.] Poured or spread between. 

in / ter-fii'§ion (-iu'zhun), n. A pouring or spreading 

w out between. 

In'ter-Im, n. [Lat. inter, between, and im, contracted 
from ipsum (sc. tempus).] The mean time ; time inter- 
vening. 

In-te'ri-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of interns, for inter- 
nus, inward, internal,] 1. Being wi thin any limits, in- 
closure, or substance; internal; inner; — opposed to 
exterior, superficial. 2. Remote from the limits, front- 
ier, or shore ; inland. 

In-te'ri-or, n. 1. Internal part of a thing ; the inside. 
2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom. 

In-te'ri-oi'-ly, adv. Inter nally ; inwardly. 

In'ter-ja'cence, I »■ That which is interjacent ; hence, 

In/ter-ja'cen-cy, } a space or region between some 
other known or specified places. 
i In'ter-ja'cent, a. [Lat. interjacens, p. pr. of interja- 
1 cere, to lie* between, from inter, between, and jacere, to 

w lie.] Lying or being between ; intervening. 

In'ter-jeet', v. t. [imp. & p.p. interjected; p.pr. 
& vb. n. INTERJECTING.] [Lat. inter jicere , interjectum, 
from inter, between, and jacere, to throw.] To throw in 

w between ; to insert. 

In'tei'-jee'tion, n. 1. Act of throwing between. 2. 
A word, thrown in between words connected in construc- 
tion, to express some emotion or passion. See Excla- 

w MATION. 

In'ter-jee'tion-al, a. 1. Thrown in between other 
words or phrases. 2. Having the nature of an inter- 

w jection. 

In'ter-lace', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlaced (Tn'ter- 
last') ; p. pr. & vb. n. interlacing.] To unite, as by 
lacing together ; to insert or interpose one thing with an- 

^ other ; to intermix. 

In'ter-lard', v. t. [imp. & p.p. interlarded; p. 
pr. & vb. n. interlarding.] To mix in, as fat with 
lean ; to diversify by mixture ; hence, to interpose ; to 
insert between. 



a, e,kc.,long;a, e, &c, sAori; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique,flrm; son, or, do jW olf, 



INTERLAY 



391 



INTERPOLATION 



In'ter-lay', t<. t. [imp. & p. p. interlaid ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INTERLAYING.] To lay or place among or be- 

In'ter-leaf', n. A blank leaf inserted. [tween. 

In'ter-leave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interleaved ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. interleaving.] To insert a leaf into ; 
to insert, as a olank leaf, or blank leaves, in a book, be- 
tween other leaves. 

fn'ter-lliie', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlined ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INTERLINING.] 1. To write in alternate lines. 
2. To write between lines already written or printed, for 
the purpose of adding to or correcting what is written. 

In/ter-lln'e-al, I a. Written or inserted between other 

In'ter-lln'e-ar, J lines. 

Iii'ter-lln/e-a'tion, n. 1. Act of interlining. 2. A 
passage, word, or line inserted between lines before writ- 

w ten or printed. 

In'ter-lirrk/, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlinked (ln'- 
ter-linkt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. interlinking.] To con- 

^ nect by uniting links. 

Iii'ter-lo-ea/tion, n. A placing between ; interposition. 

Iii/ter-loek', «. i. [imp. & p.p. interlocked (In'- 
ter-lokt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERLOCKING.] To unite, 

^ embrace, communicate with, or flow into one another. 

In'ter-loek/, v. t. To unite by locking together. 

In'ter-lo-eil'tion, n. [Lat. interlocutio , from interlo- 
gici, interlocutus, to speak between, from inter, between, 
and loqui, to speak.] 1. Dialogue ; conference. 2. 
(Law.) An intermediate act or decree before final de- 

w cision. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion. 

in/ter-loe'u-tor, n. One who speaks in dialogue ; a 
dialogist. 

In'ter-loe'u-to-ry (50), a. 1. Consisting of dialogue. 

w 2. (Law.) Intermediate; not final or definitive. 

In'ter-lope', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interloped (Tn'- 
ter-bpt ; ); p. pr. & vb. n. interloping.] To traffic 

w without_a proper license ; to forestall ; to prevent right. 

In/ter-lop'er, n. One who interlopes or runs into busi- 
ness to which he has no right ; one who interferes 
wrongfully or officiously. 

In/ter-lu/cent, a. [Lat. interlucens, p. pr. of interlu- 

w cere, to shine between.] Shining between. [Rare.] 

In'ter-liida (53), n. [From Lat. inter, between, and 
lulus, play, from ludere, to play.] 1. A theatrical en- 
tertainment between the acts of a play or between the 
play and the afterpiece. 2. (Mux.) A short piece of in- 
strumental music played between the parts of a song or 

. hymn. 

Jn'ter-lu'nar, } a. Belonging to the time when the 

iii/ter-lu'na-ry, j moon, at or near its conjunction 
with the sun, is invisible. 

In'ter-mar'rlage, n. Marriage between two families, 
where each takes one and gives another. 

In/ter-mar'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intermarried; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTERMARRYING.] To become con- 
nee ted by a marriage between two of their members. 

In / ter-med'dle. v. i. [imp. & p. p. intermeddled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. intermeddling.] To meddle in the 
affairs of others, in which one has no concern ; to med- 
dle officiously. 

Syn. — To interpose ; interfere. See Interpose. 

lin'ter-med'dler, n. One who intermeddles with, or 
intrudes rito, business which does not concern him. 

In'ter-me'di-a-cy, n. Interposition ; intervention ; 

w [Rare.] _ ^ [intermediate. 

In'ter-me'di-al (77), a. Lying between ; intervening ; 

In'ter-me'di-a-ry (44), a. [Lat. intermedius, from in- 
ter, between, and medius, the middle or midst.] Lying 
between ;_intermediate. 

In/ter-me'di-ate, a. Lying or being in the middle 
place or degree between two extremes ; intervening ; in- 
terjacent. 

Jn'ter-me'di-ate, v. i. To intervene ; to interpose. 

In'tei-me'di-ate-ly, adv. By way of intervention. 

In'ter-me'di-a'tion, n. Intervention ; common means. 

Iii'ter-me'di-um, n. 1. Intermediate space. [Rare.] 
2. A.n intervening agent or instrument. 

In-tei-'ment, n. Act of depositing a dead body in the 

w earth; burial j_ sepulture. 

In'ter-mi-gra'tion, n. Reciprocal migration. 

In-ter'mi-na-lble, a. Without termination : a 
no limit. 



Without termination ; admitting 



S ^ n *. — Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeas- 
urable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited. 

In-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. Without end or limit. 

In-ter'mi -nate , a. [Lat. interminatus, from in, not, 
and terminatus, p. p. of terminare, to terminate.] Un- 
bounded ; unlimited ; endless. 



In'ter-min/gle (-mTng'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. inter- 
mingled ; p. pr. & vb. n. intermingling.] To 

_ mingle or mix together ; to put with other things. 

In'ter-mlii'gle , v. i. To be mixed or incorporated. 

In'ter-mis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. [Lat. intermissio. See 
Intermit.] 1. Cessation for a time ; an intervening 
period of time ; a temporary pause. 2. ( Med. ) The 
temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever. 

Syn. — Cessation ; interruption ; interval ; pause ; stop : 
rest. 

In'ter-mis'slve, a. Coming by fits, or after temporary 

w cessations. 

in/ter-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intermitted; p. pr. 
& vb. n. intermitting.] [Lat. intermittere, from in- 
ter, between, and mittere, to send.] To cause to cease 

^ for a time ; to interrupt ; to suspend. 

In/ter -rn.it', v. i. To cease for a time ; to go off at in- 
tervals, as a fever. 

In'ter-mit'teiit, a. Ceasing at intervals. 

In/ter-mlt'teiit, n. (Med.) A disease which entirely 

_ subsides or ceases at certain intervals. 

In'ter-mlt'ting-ly, adv. With intermission. 

In'ter-mix', v. t. To mix together ; to intermingle. 

Iii'ter-mix', v. i. [imp. & p. p. intermixed (m'ter- 
mlkst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. intermixing.] To be mixed 
together ; to be intermingled. 

In / ter-mixt'u.re (53), n. 1. A mass formed by mix- 
ture. 2. Admixture ; something additional mingled in 
a mass. 

In'ter-mori'tane, a. [Lat. inter, between, and mon- 
tanus, belonging to a mountain ; from mons, montis, 

__ mountain.] Between mountains. 

Iii / ter-niu.n'dane , a. [Lat. inter, between, and mun- 
danus, mundane, from mundus, the world.] Being be- 

w tween worlds or between orb and orb. 

Iii'ter-mti'ral, a. [Lat. intermuralis, from inter, be- 
tween, and muralis.] Lying between walls. 

Iii-ter'nal, a. [Lat. internus.] 1. Inward; interior; 
not external ; derived from, or dependent on, the object 
itself. 2. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests ; said 
of a country, domestic, as opposed to foreign. 3. In- 
trinsic ; real. 4. Pertaining to the heart. 

In -ter 'rial -ly, adv. 1. Inwardly ; beneath the surface. 

w 2. Hence, mentally ; spiritually. 

In'ter-na'tioii-al (-nash'un-al), a. Pertaining to the 
the relations of two or more nations. 

In'ter-ne'clne, a. [From Lat internecare, to kill, to 
slaughter, * from inter, between, and necare, to kill.] 

w Mutually destructive ; deadly ; destructive. 

In'ter-ne'cive, a. Killing ; tending to kill. 

In'ter-nu.n'ci-0 (-nun'shl-o), n. [Lat. internuncius, 
from inter, between, and nuncius, messenger; Sp. inter- 
nuncio.] 1. A messenger between two parties. 2. The 

w pope's representative at republics and small courts. 

In'ter-o'ce-an're (-o'she-), a. Between oceans. 

In/ter-pel-la'tion, n. [Lat. interpellatio , from inler- 
pellere.] 1. The act of interrupting ; interruption. 2. 
The act of interfering, interposing, or interceding ; in- 
terposition ; intercession. 

In'ter-plead', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interpleaded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTERPLEADING.] (Law.) To discuss 
or try a point incidentally happening, before the princi- 
pal cause can be tried. 

In/ter-plead'er, n. 1. One who interpleads. 2. 
(Law.) A proceeding to enable a person, of whom the 
same debt, duty, or thing is claimed adversely by two or 
more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title 
between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself from 
the suits which they might otherwise bring against him. 

Ir^ter-piedge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interpledged ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. interpledging.] To give and take 
as a mutual pledge. 

In-ter'po-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interpolated; 
p.pr. & vb. n. INTERPOLATING.] [Lat. interpolate, in- 
terpolatum, from inter, between, and polire, to polish.] 
1. To insert, as a spurious word or passage in a manu- 
script or book ; to foist in. 2. To alter or corrupt by 
the insertion of foreign matter ; especially, to change, 
as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new 
or foreign to the purpose of the author. 3. (Math.) To 
fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to 
the law of the series. 

In-ter'po-la'tion, n. 1. Act of foisting a word or pas- 
sage into a manuscript or book. 2. A spurious word or 
passage in the genuine writings of an author. 3. (Math.) 
The operation of finding from a few given terms of a se- 
ries, as of numbers or observations, other intermediate 
terms in conformity with the law of the series. 



food, foot; vim, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, echo; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link ; tiiis- 



INTERPOLATOR 



392 



INTHRALLMENT 



In-ter'po-la/tor, n. One who interpolates. 
In'ter-pos/al, n. 1. Act of interposing ; interposition; 
w interference. 2. Intervention. 
Ir^ter-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interposed ; p.pr. 

& vb. n. INTERPOSING.] [Lat. interponere , interposi- 
tum, from inter, between, and ponere, to place.] 1. To 
place between. 2. To intrude, as an obstruction, inter- 
ruption, or inconvenience. 3. To offer, as aid or services. 

Syn.— To intervene; intercede; mediate; interfere; inter- 
meddle. — A man may often interpose with propriety in the 
concerns of others; he can never intermeddle without being 
impertinent or officious; nor can he interfere without being lia- 
ble to the same charge, unless he has rights which are inter- 
fered with. 

In'ter-poge', v. i. 1. To step in between parties at va- 
riance ; to mediate. 2. To put in by way of interrup- 

^ tion. 

JLn/ter-po§'er, n. One who interposes. 

In'ter-po-gl'tion (-po-zish'un), n. 1. A being, placing, 
or coming between ; intervention. 2. Intervenient 
agency. 3. Mediation; agency between parties. 4. 
Any thing interposed. 

In-ter'pret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interpreted ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. interpreting.] [Lat. interpretari, from inter- 
pres, interpreter.] 1. To explain the meaning of; to ex- 
pound. 2. To free from mystery or obscurity ; to make 
clear ; to unfold. 

In-ter'pre-ta/tion, n. 1. The act of interpreting: 
explanation of what is unintelligible, not understood, or 
not obvious ; translation ; version ; construction. 2. 
The sense given by an interpreter ; exposition or explan- 
ation rendered; meaning; sense. 3. The power of ex- 
plaining. 

In-ter'pre-ta'tive, a. 1. Designed or fitted to explain. 

2. Collected or known by interpretation. 
In-ter'pret-er, n. One M'ho interprets or explains. 
In'ter-pilne'tion, n. [Lat. interpunctio, from inter- 

pungere, interpunctum, to iuterpoint.] Punctuation. 

In'ter-reg'num, n. [Lat. inter, between, and regnum, 
dominion, reign.] 1. The time a throne is vacant be- 
tween the death or abdication of a king and the acces- 
sion of his successor. 2. Any period during which the 
executive branch of a government is for any cause sus- 
pended or interrupted. 

In-ter'rer, n. [From Eng. inter.'] One who inters. 

In'ter-rex, n. [Lat. inter, between, and rex, king.] A 
regent ; one_who governs during an interregnum. 

In-ter'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. interrogated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. interrogating.] [Lat. interrogare, 
interrogatum, from inter, between, and rogare, to ask.] 
To question formally ; to examine by asking questions. 
Syn. — To question; inquire; ask. See Question. 

In-ter'i*o-gate, v. i. To ask a question or questions ; 
to inquire ; to ask. 

In-ter'ro-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of questioning ; exami- 
nation by questions. 2. A question put ; an inquiry. 

3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [?], indicating that the 
sentence immediately preceding it is a question. 

In'ter-rog'a-tlve, a. Denoting a question ; expressed 

^ in the form of a question. [questions. 

In/ter-rog'a-tive, n. ( Gram.) A word used in asking 

In'ter-rog'a-tive-ly, adv. In the form of a question. 

In-ter'ro-ga'tor, n. One who asks questions ; a ques- 

j tioner. 

Jn'ter-rog'a-to-ry (50), n. A question or inquiry. 

In'ter-rog'a-to-ry, a. Containing or expressing a 
question. 

In'ter-rupt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interrupted; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INTERRUPTING.] [Lat. interrumpere, in- 
terrnptum, from inter, between, and rumpere, to break.] 
1. To break into or between ; to interfere with the cur- 
rent or motion of. 2. To break the even surface or uni- 
form succession or order of. 

In/ter-riipt'er, n. One who interrupts. 

Inter-rup'tion, n. 1. Act of interrupting, or break- 
ing in upon. 2. Obstruction caused by breaking in 
upon any course, current, progress, or motion ; hin- 
- drance. 3. Stop; cessation; intermission. 

In'ter-s-eap'u-lar, a. (Anat.) Situated between the 

^ shoulder-blades. 

tn'ter-seribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interscribed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTERSCRIBING.] [Lat. interscribere , fr. 
inter, between, and scribere, to write.] To write between. 

In'ter-se'eant, a. [Lat. intersecans, p. pr. of intersecare. 
See infra.] Dividing into parts ; crossing. 

In/ter-se-et', v. t. [Lat. intersecare, intersectum, fr. inter, 
between, and secare, to cut.] To cut into or between ; to 
divide into parts. 



In'ter-se-et', v. i. [imp. & p. p. intersected ; p. pr 

& vb. n. intersecting.] To cut into one another ; to 
w meet and cross each other. 
In'ter-see'tion, n. 1. Act or state of intersecting. 2» 

( Geom.) The point or fine in which two lines or two 
^ planes cut each other. 
In'ter-space, n. An intervening space. 
In'ter-sperse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interspersed 

(m'ter-spSrst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. interspersing.] [Lat. 

interspergere , inter sper sum, from inter, between, among. 

and sparger e, to scatter.] To scatter or set here and there. 
Iiv'ter-sper'sion, n. Act of interspersing. 

IS/tl^tJIrla'ry, } a ' Situated ■""»* the stars ' 

In'ter-stic e, or In-ter'stice , n. [Lat. interstitium, fr. 
inter, between, and sistere, stiti, to stand.] An empty 
space between things closely set, or the parts which ccni- 

_ pose a body. [ing, interstices. 

In/ter-stl'tial (-stish'al), a. Pertaining to, or contain- 

In'ter-text'iire, n. The act of interweaving, or the 
state of things interwoven. 

Jn/ter-trop'i-e-al, a. Situated between the tropics. 

In'ter-twlne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTERTWINED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. intertwining.] To unite by twining on© 
with another. 

jn'ter-twine', v. i. To be twined or twisted together. 

In'ter-twist', v. t. [imp. & p p. intertwisted ;p. 
pr. & vb. n. intertwisting.] To twist one with an- 

w other. 

In'ter-val, n. [Lat. intervallum, fr. inter, between, and 
vallum, an earthen wall set with palisades, from vallus, 
stake, palisade.] 1. A space between things. 2. Space 
of time between any two points or events. 3. Space of 
time between two paroxysms of disease, pain, or delirium. 
4. {Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones. 5. 
A fertile tract of low or plain ground between hills, or 
along the banks of rivers. [In this sense written also 

w intervale.] 

In'ter-vene', v. i. [imp. & p.p. intervened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INTERVENING.] [Lat. intervenire, from inter, 
between, and venire, to come.] 1. To come or be between 
persons or things. 2. To occur, fall, or come between 
points of time or events. 3. To happen in a way to dis- 
turb, cross, or interrupt. 4. To interpose or undertake 

^ an action voluntarily for another. 

In'ter-ven'er, n. One who intervenes. 

In'ter-vgn'tion, n. 1. Act of intervening ; interposi- 
tion. 2. Any interference that may affect the interests 
of others, especially of one or more states with the affairs 
of another. 3. ( Civil Law.) The act by which a third 
person, to protect his own interest, interposes and be- 
comes a party to a suit pending between other parties. 

In'ter-view, n. A mutual sight or view ; a meeting for 

w some conference on an important subject ; a conference. 

In'ter-vSrve', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. intervolved ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INTERVOLVING.] [Lat. inter, between, 
among, and volvere , to roll.] To involve one within an- 

w other. 

In'ter-weave', v. t. [imp. interwove ; p. p. inter- 
woven; p.pr. & vb. n. INTERWEAVING.] 1. To 
weave together ; to unite in texture or construction. 2. 
To intermix ; to set among or together. 3. To inter- 
mingle ; to unite intimately ; to connect closely. 

In-tes'ta-ble, a. [Lat. intestabilis, from in, not, and 
testabilis, having a right to give testimony, from testari, 
to be a witness, to make a will.] Not legally qualified or 
competent to make a testament. [made a valid will. 

In-tes'ta-cy, n. The state of one dying without having 

In-tes'tate, a. [Lat. intestatus, from in, not, and testa- 
tits, p. p. of testari, to make a will.] 1. Dying without 
having made a valid will. 2. Not devised or bequeathed ; 
not disposed of by will. [valid will. 

In-tes'tate, n. A person who dies without making a 

In-tes'ti-nal, a. Pertaining to the intestines of an ani- 
mal body. 

In-tes'tlne, a. [Lat. intestinus, from intxis, on the in- 
side, within.] 1. Internal ; inward. 2. Depending 
upon the internal constitution ; subjective. 3. Interna] 
with regard to a state or country ; domestic, not foreign ; 
— applied usually to that which is evil. 

In-tes'tlne, n.:pl. in-tes'tines. (Anat.) The canal 
or tube that extends from the right orifice of the stomach 
to the anus. 

In-thrall', v. t. [imp. & p.p. INTHRALLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INTHRALLING.] To reduce to bondage or servi- 
tude ; to enslave. 

In-thrall'ment, n. Act of in thralling, or state of being 
inthral'led ; servitude ; slavery ; bondage. 



a,e, &c.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf* 



INTHKONE 



393 



INTROMIT 



Jn-throne', v. t. Same as enthrone. See ENTHRONE. 

In'ti-ma-cy , n. State of being intimate ; close familiar- 
ity or fellowship. 

In'ti-mate (45), a. [Lat. intimus, from intns, within.] 
1. Innermost ; inward ; internal. 2. Near ; close. 3. 

w Close in friendship or acquaintance ; familiar. 

In'ti-mate, n. A familiar friend or associate. 

tn'ti-mate (45), v. t. [imp. & p. p. intimated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INTIMATING.] [Lat. intimare, intimatum, 
to put, bring, drive, or press into, to make known, from 
intimvs, inmost.] To suggest obscurely, indirectly, or 

w not very plainly ; to give slight notice of; to hint. 

In'ti-mate-ly, adv. In an intimate or close manner. 

Iii'ti-ma'tion, n. Act of intimating ; that which is in- 
timated ; a hint. 

In-tiin'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTIMIDATED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTIMIDATING.] [L. Lat. intimidare, 
intimidatum, to frighten, from Lat. in and timidus, fear- 
ful, timid.] To make timid or fearful ; to inspire with fear. 
Syn. — To dishearten ; dispirit ; abash ; deter ; frighten ; 
terrify. 

In-tim'i-da'tion, n. Act of making timid or fearful ; 
state of being abashed. 

In-tit'ule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intituled ; p. pr. & 

w vb. n. INTITULING.] To entitle ; to give a title to. 

1 n'to, prep. To the inside of ; within ; — used in a variety 
of applications. 

In-tol'er-a-Tble, a. Not tolerable ; not capable of being 
borne or endured ; insufferable. [ble. 

In-tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being not tolera- 

In-tol'er-a-bly, adv. In an intolerable manner. 

In-tol'er-ance, n. State of being intolerant; refu- 
sal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, 
chosen modes of worship, and the like; illiberality ; big- 
otry. 

In-tol'er-ant, a. 1. Not enduring difference of opinion 
or sentiment, especially in relation to religion. 2. Not 
able or willing to endure. 

In-toFer-a'tion, n. TTant of toleration ; intolerance. 

In-tomb' (in-tobm 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTOMBED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. intombing.] To deposit in a tomb ; to 
bury. 

In'to-nate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. intonated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INTONATING.] [Lat. intonare, intonation, from 
in and tonare, to thunder, to make a loud, thundering 
noise, from tonus, sound, tone.] 1. To sound the tones 
of the musical scale ; to practice sohnization. 2. To 

^ read, as in liturgical services, in a musical manner. 

In'to-na'tion, n. 1. (Mus.) (a.) Act of sounding the 
tones of the musical scale, {b.) The peculiar quality of 
a voice or musical instrument as regards tone. 2. Act 
or manner of modulating the voice musically ; especially, 
the act of reading, as a liturgical service, with a musical 
accentuation and tone. 

In-tone', v. i. [imp. & p. p. intoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
intoning.] To utter a sound ; to give forth a deep, 
protracted sound. 

Iii-tone', v. t. To utter with a musical or prolonged 
note or tone ; to chant. 

In-tox'i-eate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. INTOXICATED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INTOXICATING.] [L. Lat. intoxicare, in- 
toxicatum, to drug or poison, from Lat. toxicum, Gr. to£- 
ikov (sc. (j>apfx.aKov),a poison in which arrows were dipped , 
from Tot-ov, bow, arrow.] 1. To make drunk ; to inebri- 
ate. 2. To excite to a kind of delirium. [the like. 

Iri-tox'i-eate, a. Over-excited, as with joy, grief, and 

In-tox'i-ea'tion, n. 1. State of being intoxicated; the 
act of making drunk. 2. Elation which rises to enthu- 
i, frenzy, or madness. 



Syn. — Drunkenness ; inebriation ; inebriety ; ebriety; in- 
fatuation ; delirium. 

In- tract' a-toil'i-ty, n. Quality of being intractable. 

In-tract'a-lble, a. 1. Not tractable, easily governed, 
managed, or directed. 2. Indisposed to be taught, dis- 
ciplined, or tamed. 

Syn. — Stubborn ; perverse ; obstinate ; refractory ; cross ; 
unmanageable ; unruly; headstrong ; violent ; ungovernable; 
indocile ; unteachable. 

In-traet'a-tole-ness, n. Quality of being not tractable. 

In-tract'a-bly, adv. In an intractable manner. 

In-tra'dos, n. [Fi\, from Lat. intra, within, and Fr. 
dos, equiv. to Lat. dorsum, the back.] (Arch.) The inte- 
rior and lower line or curve of an arch. 

In-tran'si-tive, a. (Gram.) Expressing an action or 
Btate that is limited to the agent, or in other words, an 
action that does not pass over to, or operate upon, an 
object. 



In-tran'si-tive-ly, adv. Without an object following. 

In'trans-mis'si-lble, a. Not capable of being trans- 

w mitted. [mutable. 

In'traiis-mut'a-bil'i-ty , a. Quality of not being trans- 

In'trans-miit'a-ble , a. Not capable of being trans- 
muted, or changed into another substance. 

In-treat', r. t. See Entreat. 

In-trench' (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. intrenched (in- 
trenchV); p. pr. & vb. n. INTRENCHING.] 1. To sur- 
round with a trench, as in fortification ; to fortify with a 
ditch and parapet. 2. To make hollows or trenches in 
or upon. 

In-trench', v. i. To invade ; to encroach. 

In-trench'ment, n. 1. Act of intrenching. 2. (Mil.) 
A trench or ditch dug out for a defense against an ene- 
my ; also, the earth thrown up in making such a ditch ; 
and, hence, a slight fortification or field-work. 3. Any 
defense or protection. 4. Any encroachment on tho 
rights of another. 

In-trep'id, a. [Lat. intrepidus.] Fearless ; bold ; brave ; 
undaunted. 

In'tre-pid'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being in- 
trepid ; fearless bravery. 

Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; bravery ; fortitude ; gallantry ; 
valor. 

In-trep'id-ly, adv. In an intrepid manner ; fearlessly- 
In'tri-ea-cy, n. State of being intricate or entangled. 

Syn. — Perplexity ; complication ; complexity. 
In'tri-cate, a. [Lat. inlricatus, p. p. of intricare , intri- 
catum, from prefix in, and tricari, to make hiudrancesor 
perplexities, from tricse., hindrances.] Entangled; in- 
volved ; perplexed ; complicated ; obscure. 

Syn. — Complex ; complicated. — A thing is complex when 
it is made up of parts ; it is complicated when those parts are 
so many or so arranged as to make it difficult to grasp them ; 
it is intricate {lit., having many folds) when it has numerous 
windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow 
out. Vomj)lexity puzzles ; complication confounds ; intricacy 
bewilders. What is complex must be resolved into its parts ; 
what is complicated must be drawn out and developed ; what 
is intricate must be unraveled. 

In'tri-cate-ly, adv. In an intricate manner. 

In'tri-eate-ness, n. The state of being intricate. 

In-trigue', n. [See infra.] 1. A complicated plot or 
scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifices. 
2. The plot of a play or romance. 3. Secret commerce 
of forbidden love between two persons of different sexes ; 
amour. 

In-trigue' (in-treg'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. intrigued ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. INTRIGUING.] [Fr. intriguer. See IN- 
TRICATE, v.] 1. To form a plot or scheme, usually 
complicated, and intended to effect some purpose by se- 
cret artifices. 2. To carry on a commerce of forbidden 
love. 

In-trigu'er (in-treg'er), n. One who intrigues- 

In-trigu'er-y, n. Arts or practice of intrigue. 

Iii-trin'si-e, la. [L. Lat. intrinsicus, Lat. intrinsecus, 

In-trin-sie'al, ) from intra, within, and secus, side.] 
Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essen- 
tial; inherent. L tru ly- 

In-trin'sie-al-ly, adv. Internally ; in its nature ; really ; 

In'tro-^es'sion (-sesh / un), n. [Lat. introcedere, to go in, 
from intro, inwardly, within, and cedere, to go, to pass.] 
(Med.) A depression, or sinking of parts inward. 

In^ro-dnce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. introduced (in'- 
tro-dust'); p. pr. & vb. n. INTRODUCING.] [Lat. intro- 
ducere, from intro, inwardly, within, and duce.re, to lead.] 
1. To lead or bring in ; to conduct or usher in. 2. To 
bring to be acquainted. 3. To bring into notice or prac- 
tice. 4. To produce ; to cause to exist. 5. To open to 

w notice ; to begin. 

jn'tro-du/^er, n. One who introduces. 

In'tro-diie'tion, n. 1. Act of introducing, or bringing 
to notice. 2. The act of making persons known to each 
other. 3. Preliminary matter. 4. Hence, a formal and 
elaborate preliminary treatise ; specifically, a treatise in- 

^ troductory to other treatises, or to a course of study. 

Jn'tro-due'tive, a. Serving to introduce ; introductory. 

In'tro-dii-e'to-ry, a. Serving to introduce something 
else ; previous ; preliminary ; prefatory. 

In-tro'it, n. [Lat. introitus, from introire, introitum, to 
go into, to enter, from intro, within, and ire, itum, to go.] 
Any musical vocal composition appropriate to the open- 

^ ing of church services, or church service in general. 

In'tro-mis'sion ( -mlsh'un), n. The action of sending or 

w conveying in. 

In'tro-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intromitted ; p. pr. 
vb. n. intromitting.] [Lat. intromittere, intromis- 



lood, fo~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «aU, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



INTROSPECT 



394 



INVENTORY 



sum, from intro, within, and mittere, to send.] 1. To 
send in ; to let in ; to admit. 2. To allow to enter. 

Ii^tro-spe-et', v. t. [Lat. introspicere , introspectum, fr. 
intro, inward, and spicere, specere, to look.] To look into 

w or within ; to -view the inside of. 

In'tro-spee'tion, n. A view of the inside or interior. 

In'tra-spee'tiveja. Inspecting within ; seeing inwardly. 

In'tro-ver'sion, n. Act of introverting, or state of 

w being introverted. 

In'tro-vert', v. t. [imp. Scp.p. introverted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INTROVERTING.] [Lat. intro, within, and 
rertere, versum, to turn.] To turn inward. 

In-triide', v. i. [Lat. intrudere, from in and trudere, to 
thrust] 1. To thrust one's self in ; to enter, unwelcome 
or uninvited, into company. 2. To enter or force one's 
self in without permission. 

In-trude', v. t. [imp. &,p. p. INTRUDED ; p pr. & vb. 
n. INTRUDING.] 1. To thrust in, or cause to enter 
without right or welcome. 2. To force or cast in. 3. 
( Geol.) To force into, as the clefts or fissures of rocks. 

Syn. — To obtrude ; encroach ; infringe ; intrench ; tres- 
pass. See Obtkude. 

In-trud'er, n. One who intrudes. 

In- trii'§ion (-trvyzhun), n. 1. Act of intruding; en- 
trance without invitation, right, or welcome ; encroach- 
ment. 2. ( Geol.) The penetrating of one rock, while in 
a melted state, into the cavities of other rocks. 3. 
(Law.) The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate 
of freehold is determined, before him in remainder or 
reversion. 
In-tru'§ion-ist, n. One who intrudes into the place of 

another, or who favors such intrusion. 
In-tru'sive, a. Tending or apt to intrude; entering 

without right or welcome. 
In-trust', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intrusted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. intrusting.] To deliver in trust ; to confide to 
the care of. 

Syn. — To commit; consign; confide. 
In'tu-i'tion (-ish'un), n. [Lat. intueri, intuitus, to look 
on, from prefix in and tuen, to look.] 1. An act of im- 
mediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness. 2. 
A truth that can not be acquired by, but is assumed in, 
^ experience. 
In'tu-i'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, 

intuition ; derived or obtained by intuition ; intuitive. 
In-tii'i-tive (30), a. 1. Seeing clearly. 2. Knowing 

by intuition. 3. Received or obtained by intuition. 
In-tu/i-tive-ly, adv. In an intuitive manner ; without 
w reasoning. 

In'tu-mesce' (nytu-meV), v. i. [imp. & p. p. intu- 
MESCED (ln'tu-mest') ; p pr. & vb. n. INTUMESCING.] 
[Lat. intumescere, from prefix in and tumescere, to swell 
up.] To enlarge or expand with heat ; to swell. 
in/tu-mes'cence, n. 1. Action of swelling. 2. A 
w swelling with bubbles ; a tumid state. 
In'tus-sus-cep'tion, n. [Lat. intus, within, and sus- 
ceptio, a taking up or in.] 1. Reception of one part 
within another. 2. (Anat.) The abnormal reception of 
a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a con- 
tiguous part of it. 
In-twlne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intwined ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. intwining.] To twine or twist into, or together ; to 
wreathe. 
In-twist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTWISTED ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. INTWISTING.] To twist into or together. 
In-um'brate, v. t. [Lat. inumbrare, inumbratum, from 
prefix in and umbrare, to shade, from umbra, shade ; It. 
inombrare.] To shade. 
In-un'daiit, a. Overflowing. [Rare.] 
In-iiii'date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inundated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INUNDATING.] [Lat. inundare, inundatum, from 
prefix in and undare, to rise in waves, to overflow, from 
unda, a wave.] 1. To overflow; to deluge; to flood. 
w 2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity. 
In'un-da'tion,^. 1. Act of inundating, or state of being 
inundated ; a flood. 2. An overflowing or superfluous 
___ abundance. 

In'ur-lbaii'i-ty, n. Want of urbanity or courtesy ; in- 
civility. 
In-fire' (in-yiir'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. INURED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. inuring.] [Prefix in and ure (obs.), to use, prac- 
tice, from Lat. avgurium, augury. Cf. Inaugurate.] 
To apply or expose in use or practice till use gives little 
or no pain or inconvenience ; to harden ; to habituate ; 
to accustom. 
In-ure', v. i. To take or have effect ; to be applied ; to 
serve to the use or benefit of. 



Iii-ure'ment (-yur'ment), n. Use ; practice ; habit; 
custom ; frequency. 

Iii-urn', v . t. 1. To bury ; to inter ; to in tomb. 2. To 

w put in an urn. 

iii'u^til'i-ty, n. TJselessness ; unprofitableness. 

In-vade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. invaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INVADING.] [Lat. invadere, invasum, from prefix in 
and vadere, to go.] 1. To enter with hostile intentions ; 
to attack. 2. To infringe ; to encroach on ; to violate. 

In-vad'er, n. One who invades ; an assailant ; an en- 
croacher. 

In-val'id, a. [Lat. invalidus, from prefix in and validus, 
from valere, to be strong, to be in force.] 1. Of no force, 
weight, or cogency ; weak. 2. (Law.) Having no force, 
effect, or efficacy ; void ; null. 

In'va-lid, a. In ill health ; feeble ; infirm. 

Iii'va-lid (110), n. A person who is weak and infirm ; a 

w person sickly or indisposed. 

In'va-lid, v. t. To enroll or register on the list of in- 
valids in the military or naval service. 

In-val'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. invalidated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INVALIDATING.] [See supra.] To render 
invalid ; to destroy the strength or validity of. 

In-val'i-da'tioii, n. Act or process of rendering invalid. 

In'va-lid'i-ty, n. Want of cogency ; want of legal force 
or efficacy. 

In-val'u-a-Tble, a. [Prefix in, used intensively, and 
valuable.] Dear beyond any assignable value ; ines- 
timable. 

In-val'u-a-bly, adv. Inestimably. 

In-va/ri-a-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being invariable. 

In-va'ri-a-fole, a. Not given to variation or change; 
immutable ; unalterable ; unchangeable ; always uni- 
form. 

In-va'ri-a-ole-ness, n. Constancy of state, condition, 
or quality ; immutability ; unchangeableness. 

In va'ri-a-hly, adv. Without alteration or chaDge. 

In-va'gion, n. [See Invade.] 1. Act of encroaching 
upon the rights or possessions of another ; encroach- 
ment. 2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the posses- 
sions or domains of another ; a raid. 3. Approach of 
any foe, or any thing hurtful or pernicious. 

Syn.— Incursion; irruption; inroad. — Invasion is generic, 
denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion 
signifies a hasty and sudden invasion: irruption denotes a par- 
ticularly violent invasion; inroad includes the idea of invasion 
with a design to occupy. 

In-va'sive, a. Tending to invade ; aggressive. 

In-ve-e'tive,n. [Seeinfra.] A severe or violent utterance 
of censure or reproach ; a harsh or reproachful accu- 
sation. 
Syn. — Abuse; censure; reproach. 

In-ve-e'tive, a. [Lat. invectivus, from invehere. See 
Inveigh.] Satirical ; abusive ; railing. 

In-veigh' (in-va'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. inveighed (in- 
vade ; p. pr. & vb. n. INVEIGHING.] [Lat. invehere, to 
carry or bring into or against, to inveigh, from prefix in 
and vehere, to carry.] To exclaim or rail against ; to ex- 
press reproach. 

In-veigh'er (in-va'er), n. One who rails ; a railer. 

In-vei'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inveigled; p. pr. & 
vb. n. INVEIGLING.] [Norm. Fr. enveogkr, to inveigle, 
to blind ; Fr. aveugler, from aveugle, blind, from Lat. 
ab and oculus, eye.] To persuade to something evil by 
deceptive arts or flattery ; to entice ; to seduce ; to 
wheedle. 

In-vei'gle-ment, n. Act of inveigling ; that which in- 
veigles ; enticement. 

In-vei'gler, n. One who inveigles. 

In-vent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. invented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INVENTING.] [Lat. invenire, inventum, to come upon, 
to find, from prefix in and venire, to come.] 1. To dis- 
cover, commonly by study or inquiry ; to find out. 2. 
To make ; to manufacture ; hence, to fabricate ; to frame. 

Syn. — To discover ; contrive ; devise ; frame. See Dis- 
cover. 

In-vent'ful, a. Full of invention. 

In- vent 'i-fole, a. Capable of being invented. 

In-ven'tion, n. 1. Act of finding out ; contrivance of 
that which did not before exist. 2. That which is in- 
vented ; an original contrivance. 3. Power of inventing. 

In-vent'ive , a. Able to invent ; quick at contrivance. 

In-vent'or, n. One who finds out something new ; a 

w contriver. 

In^en-to'ri-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, an inventory. 

In'ven-to-ry (50), n. [Lat. inventarium. See INVENT.] 
1. A list of the property of which a person or estate is 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dfi, wolf, 



INVENTORY 



395 



INVOLUTION 



found to be possessed. 2. Any catalogue of movables, 
as the goods or wares of a merchant, and the like. 
Syn. — List; register; roll; schedule; catalogue. 

In'ven-to-ry, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. inventoried; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INVENTORYING.] 1. To make an inventory 
of. 2. To insert or register in an account of goods. 

In-vent'ress, n. A female who invents. 

In-verse' (14), a. [Lat. inversus, p. p. of invertere. See 
INVERT.] 1. Opposite in order or relation ; reciprocal. 
2. (Bot.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attach- 
ment the reverse of that which is usual. 3. (Math.) 
Opposite in nature and effect. 

In-verse'ly, adv. In an inverted order or manner. 

In-ver'sion, n. 1. Act of inverting. 2. A complete 
change of order ; a reversed position. 3. (Gram.) A 
change of the usual order of words. 

In-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inverted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INVERTING-.] [Lat. invertere, inversion, from prefix in 
and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn over; to put upside 
down ; to place in a contrary order ; to give a contrary 
direction to. 2. (Mus.) To change the position of; — 
said of the tones which form a chord, or the parts which 
compose harmony. 

In-ver'te-bral, a. (Zo'dl.) Destitute of a vertebral 
column, as some animals ; invertebrate. 

In-ver'te-brate, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal having no ver- 
tebral column. 

In-ver'te-brate, ) a. (Zo'dl.) Destitute of a back- 

In-ver'te-bra'ted, j bone ; having no vertebrae ; in- 
vertebral. 

In-vert'ed, p. a. 1. Changed in order ; reversed. 2. 
(Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata 
when folded back upon themselves by upheaval and the 
like. 

In-vert'i-ble , a. Incapable of being inverted or turned. 

Ill-vest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INVESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
INVESTING.] [Lat. investire, from prefix in and vestire, 
to clothe.] 1. To put garments on ; to clothe ; to dress ; 
to array. 2. To endow; hence, to confer ; to give. 3. 
To clothe, as with office or authority ; to grace ; to be- 
deok. 4. (Mil.) To inclose ; to surround, so as to inter- 
cept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape ; 
to lay siege to. 5. To place, as property, so that it will 
be safe and yield a profit. 

In -vest', v. i. To make an investment. 

Iii-ves'ti-ga-hle, a. Admitting of being investigated or 
searched out ; discoverable by search. 

In-ves'ti-gate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. investigated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. investigating.] [Lat. investigare, in- 
vestigation , from prefix in and vestigare, to track, trace, 
from vestigium, footstep, track.] To follow up; to pursue; 
to search into. 

In-ves'ti-ga'tion, n. Act of investigating ; research ; 
study ; inquiry. 

Iii-ves'ti-ga/tive,a. Given to investigation ; inquisitive. 

In-ves'ti-ga'tor, n. One who searches diligently into a 
subject. 

In-vest'i-ture (53), n. 1. (Feudal Laiv.) The action of 
investing, giving possession, or livery of seizin. 2. The 
right of giving possession of any manor, ofiice, or bene- 
fice. 3. That with which any one is invested or clothed. 

In-vest'ment, n. 1. Action of investing. 2. That 
with which any one is invested ; a vestment. 3. (Mil.) 
Act of besieging by an armed force. 4. The laying out 
of money in the purchase of some species of property, 
usually of a permanent nature. 

In- vest 'or, n. One who invests. 

In-vet'er-a-cy, n. Long continuance, or the firmness 
or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired 
by time. 

In-vet'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. inveteratus, p. p. of invete- 
rare, to render old, from prefix in, not, and ve.tus, veteris, 
old.] 1. Firmly established by long continuance ; obsti- 
nate ; deep-rooted. 2. Having habits fixed by long con- 
tinuance ; confirmed ; habitual. 

In-vet'er-ate-ly, adv. With obstinacy ; violently. 

In-vet'er-ate-ness, n. Obstinacy confirmed by time ; 
inveteracy. 

In-vid'i-ous (77), a. [Lat. invidiosus, from invidia, 
envy.] 1. Enviable; desirable. 2. Likely to incur ill- 
will or hatred, or to provoke envy ; hateful. 

In-vid/i-oiis-iy, adv. In an invidious manner. 

In-vid'i-ous-ness, n. The quality of provoking envy 
or hatred. 

In-vig'i-lance, ) n. Want of vigilance ; neglect of 

In-vig'i-lan-cy, j watching. 

In-vig'or-ate, v. t. [imp. & vb. n. invigorated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. invigorating.] [Lat. prefix in and 



vigor, force, strength, vigor.] To give vigor to ; to 
strengthen^ to animate. 

In-vig'or-a'tion, n. Act of invigorating, or state of 
being invigorated. 

In-vin'ci-bU'i-ty, n. Quality of being invincible; in- 
vincibleness. 

In-vin'ci-ble , a. Incapable of being conquered or over- 
come ; unconquerable ; insuperable. 

In-vln'ci-ble-ness, n. Quality of being unconquerable ; 
insuperableness. 

In-vln'ci-bly, adv. Unconquerably ; insuperably. 

In-vr'o-la-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being inviolable ; in- 
violableness. 

In-vi'o-la-ble, a. 1. Not violable ; not capable of being 
broken or violated ; not to be profaned ; sacred. 2. Not 
susceptible of hurt or wound. 

In-vi'o-la-bly, adv. Without violation. 

In-vi'o-late, ) a. [Lat. inviolatus, from prefix in, not, 

In-vi'o-la'ted, j and violatus, p. p. of violare, to vio- 
late.] Unhurt ; uninjured ; unprofaned ; unpolluted ; un- 
broken. 

Iu-vis/i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. State of being invisible. 2. 
That which is invisible. 

In-vis/i-ble, a. Incapable of being seen ; imperceptible 
by the sight. 

In-vis/i-bly, adv. In a manner to escape the sight. 

In'vi-ta'tion, n. Act of inviting; the requesting of a 
person's company to visit, to dine, or to accompany one 
to any place. 

In-vi'ta-to-ry (50), a. Using or containing invitations. 

In-vite', v. t. [imp. &p.p. INVITED; p. pr. & vb. n- 
INVITING.] [Lat. invitare.} 1. To ask; to request; 
especially, to ask to an entertainment or visit. 2. To 
allure ; to tempt to come. 

Syn. —To solicit; bid; call; summon; attract; entice. 

In-vite', v. i. To ask or call to any thing pleasing. 

In-vit'er, n. One who invites. 

In'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. invocated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. invocating.] [Lat. invocare, invocatum, from 
prefix in and vocare, to call.] To invoke ; to call on in 

w supplication ; to address in prayer. 

In'vo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of addressing in prayer. 2. 
The form or act of calling for the assistance or presence 
of any being, particularly of some divinity. 3. (Law.) 
A call or summons ; especially, a judicial call, demand, 

w or order. 

In'voice, n. [Ft. envois, things sent, goods forwarded, 
pi. of envoi, a sending or things sent, from envoyer, to 
send. See Envoy.] (Com.) A written account of the 
particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, 
consignee, factor, &c, with the value or prices and 
charges annexed. 

in'voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. invoiced (Tn'voist) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. INVOICING.] To make a written account 
of, as goods ; to insert in a priced list. 

In-voke', v. t. [imp. &,p.p. invoked (in -vokt'); p.pr. 
& vb. n. invoking. See Invocate.] 1. To call for 
or ask ; to invite earnestly or solemnly. 2. To address 
in prayer. 

In-vol'u-cel, or In'vo-lu/cel, n. [Diminutive of in- 

w volucre, q. v.] (Bot.) A partial or small involucre. 

Invo-lu'^re, n. [Lat., from 
involvere, to wrap up, envelop.] 
(Bot.) A whorl or set of bracts 
around a flower, umbel, or head. 

In-vol'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. Not 
by choice; not spontaneously, 

In-vol'un-ta-ri-ness,n. Qual-« 
ity of being involuntary ; unwil- 
lingness. 

In-vol'un-ta-ry, a. 1. Not 
having will or the power of 
choice. 2. Independent of will Involucre, 

or choice. 3. Not proceeding from choice ; not done 

^ willingly. 

In'vo-lute, n. [See infra.] ( Geom.) A curve traced by 
the end of a string wound upon another curve, or un- 

w wound from it. 

fn'vo-lute, \ a. [Lat. involutus,-j>. p. of involvere. 

In'vo-lu'ted, j See Involve.] (Bot.) Rolled inward 
from the edges. 

In'vo-lu'tion, n. [Lat. involutio. See Involve.] 1. 
Action of involving. 2. State of being involved ; com- 
plication. 3. That in which any thing is involved ; 
envelope. 4. ( Gram.) The insertion of one or more 
clauses between the agent or subject and the verb, in a 
way which involves or complicates the construction. 5. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, link; tnis. 



INVOLVE 



396 



IRONY 



{Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any 
power assigned. 

In-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. involved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. INVOLVING.] [Lat. involvere, involutum, to roll 
about, wrap up, from prefix in and volvere, to roll.] 1. | 
To roll up ; to wind round. 2. To envelop in any thing 
which exists on all sides. 3. To complicate or make 
intricate. 4. To connect by way of natural consequence 
or effect. 5. To include by rational or logical construc- 
tion ; to comprise ; to contain. 6. To overwhelm ; to 
embarrass. 7. To take in; to catch. 8. (Math.) To 
raise to any assigned power. 

Syn. — To imply ; implicate ; complicate ; entangle ; em- 
barrass ; overwhelm. — Imply is opposed to express, or set forth ; 
thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood 
from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though 
not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpre- 
tation of things into their necessary relations ; and hence, if 
one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must 
go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, 
involves wide-spread misery and death ; the premises of a syl- 
logism involve the conclusion, so that this kind of reasoning is 
a simple process of evolution. 

In-volv'ed-ness, n- State of being involved. 

Iii-volve'ment, n. Act of involving ; state of being in- 
volved, [invulnerable. 

In-vuFner-a-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being 

In-vul'ner-a-lile, a. Incapable of being wounded, or 
of receiving injury. 

In-viil'iier-a-lble-ness, n. Invulnerability. 

In-wall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INWALLED ; p. pr. & vb. 

w n. IN WALLING.] To inclose or fortify with a wall. 

in'ward, a. 1. Placed or being within; interior. 2. 

w Seated in the mind or soul. 

In'ward, n. That which is inward or within ; especially, 

w in the plural, the inner parts of the body ; the -viscera. 

In'ward, ) adv. 1. Toward the inside, 2. Toward the 

In'wardg, ) center or interior. 3. Into the mind or 

w thoughts. 

in'ward-ly, adv. 1. In the inner parts ; internally. 
2. In the heart; privately; secretly. 3. Toward the 

w center or interior part. 

In'wardg, adv. See Inward. 

In-weave', v. t. [imp. inwove : p. p. inwoven, 
inwove ; p. pr. & vb. n. inweaving.] To weave to- 
gether ; to intermix or intertwine by weaving. 

In-work' (-wurk'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. inworked (in- 
wurkt'); p. pr. & vb. n. INWORKING.] To work in or 
within. 

In-wrap' (-rap'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwrapped (in- 
rapt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. inwrapping.] 1. To cover by 
wrapping ; to infold. 2. To involve in difficulty or per- 
plexity, [wreath. 

In-wreathe' (-reth/), v. t. To surround as with a 

In- wrought' (-rawt 7 ), p. p. or a. Wrought or worked 
in or among_other things. 

I'o, n. ; pi. I'og. [Lat., oh ! ah ! huzza ! ] An exclama- 

_ tion of joy or triumph ; — often used interjectionally . 

I'o-date, n. ( Chem.) A compound of iodic acid with a 

_ base. 

I'o-dide (49), n. ( Chem.) A non-acid compound of iodine 

_ with a metal or other substance. 

I'o-dine, n. [From Gr. [cofirjs, violet-like, from lov, a 
violet, and elfios, form.] (Chem.) A grayish or bluish- 
black solid, of a metallic luster, obtained from the ashes 
of sea- weed. At 347° of Fahrenheit, it becomes a beauti- 

_ ful violet vapor, whence its name. 

I-o'ni-an, la. (Geog.) Pertaining 

i-on'i«, ) to Ionia, in Greece, 
or to the Ionians. 

Ionic dialect {Or. Gram.), a dialect 
of the Greek language, used in Ionia.— 
Ionic mode {Mus.), an airy kind of an- 
cient music. — Ionic order {Arch.), an 
order characterized by a species of 
column whose distinguishing feature is 
the volute of its capital, and so called 
from Ionia, in Greece. — Ionic sect, a 
sect of philosophers founded by Thales 
of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguish- 
ing tenet was, that water is the princi- 
ple of all natural things. 

I-o'ta, n. [Gr. 'ItoTa, the smallest 
letter of the Greek alphabet, and 
corresponding to the English t'.] A 
tittle ; a very small quantity or de- 
gree ; a jot. 

I O U, n. [i. e., I owe you.] A paper having on it these 
letters with a sum named, and duly signed ; — in use in 
England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as 
evidence thereof ; a due bill. 




Ionic Order. 



Ip'e-ea-e, _ )n. [Braz.] (Hot. & Med.) A low, 

ip'e-ea-e'u-an'ha, j creeping, perennial plant of Bra- 

_ zil, the root of which is largely used as an emetic. 

i-ras'ci-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being irascible; irrita- 
bility of temper. 

I-ras'ci-ble, a. [Lat. irascibilis, from irasri, to be angry, 
from ira, anger.] Susceptible of anger ; easily p rovoked ; 

_ irritable. [cibility. 

I-ras'cl-ble-ness, n. Quality of being irascible ; iras- 

I-ras'fi-lbly, adv. In an irascible manner. 

I-rate', a. [Lat. iratus, angry, from irasci, to be angry.] 
Angry ; incensed ; enraged. 
iKf- A recent word, as yet little used by good writers. 

Ire, n. [Lat. ira ] Anger ; wrath ; keen resentment. 

Ire'f ul, a. Full of ire ; angry ; wroth. 

Ir'i-des'cence, n. Exhibition of colors like those of the 

w rainbow. 

Ir'i-des'cent, a. [Lat. iris, iridis, the rainbow.] Hav- 

_ ing colors like the rainbow. 

I-rid'i-iim, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. iris, iridis, the rain- 
bow, in allusion to the iridescence of some of its solu- 
tions.] ( Chem.) One of the metallic elements, the 

_ heaviest of known substances. 

I'ris (89), n. ; Eng. pi. I'Ris-Eg ; Lat. pi. ir'i-de§. [Lat. 
iris, iridis, Gr. tpts, tpiSos, the rainbow.] 1. The rain- 
bow. 2. An appearance resembling the rainbow. 3. 
(Anat.) A colored membrane at the anterior part of the 
eye in the midst of the aqueous humor, and perforated 
by a circular opening called the pupil. 4. (Bot.) A 
genus of bulbous or tuberous rooted plants, of which the 
flower-de-luce, orris, and other species of flag, are ex- 

_ am pies. 

I'ri-s-eope, n. [Gr. tpt?, rainbow, and o-Koirhv, to see.] 

_ An instrument for exhibiting the colors of thin plates. 

I'rish (89), a. Pertaining to, or produced in, Ireland. 

I'rish, n. 1. pi. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland. 

_ 2. The language of the Irish. 

l'rish-i§m, n. A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish. 

I'rish Moss. See Carrageen. 

Irk (18), v. t. [A.-S. carg, lazy, timid, evil ; Ger. arg, bad, 
orig. avaricious, cowardly, whence argern, to vex, fret.] 

^ To weary ; to give pain to ; — used impersonally. 

Irk'some, o. Wearisome; tiresome; giving uneasiness. 
Syn. — Tedious. —A task is irksome from the kind or sever- 
ity of the labor it involves ; it is rendered tedious by the 
length of time occupied in its performance. 

Irk's6me-ly, adv. In a wearisome manner. 

Irk/some-ness, n. Tediousness ; wearisomeness. 

I'ron (l'urn), n. [A.-S. iren, isen, isern, Goth, eisarn, 
Icel. jam, W. haiarn.] 1. One of the metallic elements. 
It is hard, and very malleable when hot, and oxidizes 
under moisture. It is very widely diffused, and the most 
useful of all the metals. 2. An instrument or utensil 
made of iron. 3. pi. Fetters; chains ; manacles ; hand- 

_ cuffs. 

I'ron (I'urn), a. 1. Made of iron. 2. Resembling iron 

_ in color. 3. Like iron in hardness, strength, &c. 

I'ron (l'urn), v. t. [imp. & p.p. ironed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
IRONING.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of iron ; 
especially, to smooth with a heated flat-iron. 2. To 
shackle with irons ; to fetter or handcuff. 3. To fur- 
nish or arm with iron. 

I'ron-foound (T'urn-), a. 1. Bound with iron. 2. 

_ Faced or surrounded with rocks. 

I'ron— elad (I'urn-), a. Protected or covered with iron, 

_ as a vessel for naval warfare. 

I'ron-elad (T'urn-), n. A vessel prepared for naval war- 

_ fare by having the parts above water plated with iron. 

I-r6n'i«, la. [See IRONY.] 1. Pertaining to, or con- 

I-ron'ie-al, ) taining or expressing, irony. 2. Ex- 
pressing one thing and meaning the opposite. 

I-ron'ie-al-ly, adv. By way of irony. 

I'ron-mon'ger (I'urn-mung/ger), n. A dealer in iron 

_ wares, or hardware. 

iVroii-oideg (T'urn-),^. 1. A strong man. 2. A cuiras- 

_ sier ; — applied especially to Cromwell's cavalry. 

I'ron- wood (I'urn-), n. (Bot.) A tree of species belong- 

_ ing to several different genera. 

I'ron-work (T'urn-wurk), n. 1. Any thing made of 
iron. 2. pi. A furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, 
rolling-mill, or foundery, where it is made into heavy 

_ work. 

I'ron-y (T'urn-y), a. 1. Made or consisting of iron ; par- 
taking of iron. 2. Resembling iron ; hard. 

I'ron-y, n. [Lat. ironia, from Gr. elpooveia, dissimula- 
tion, from elpetv, to speak.] A kind of ridicule which 
exposes the errors or faults of others by seeming to adopt, 
approve, or defend them. 



5,e,&c.,Zonj; a, e,&c, sAort ,care,far, ask, all, -what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



IRRADIANCE 



397 



IRRITABILITY 



. 1. Emission of rays of light, 2. 
That which irradiates or is irradiated ; 



Ir-ra'di-ance, ) 
Ir-ra'di-ancy, j 

luster ; splendor. 

Ir-ra/di-ate (77), v. t. [imp, & p. p. irradiated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. IRRADIATING.] [Lat. irradiare, irradia 
turn, from prefix ir, for in, and radiare, to shine, radiate, 
from radius, beam, ray.] 1. To cast a bright light upon ; 
to illuminate, 2. To enlighten intellectually. 3. To 
animate by heat or light. [shining. 

Ir-ra'tli-ate, a. Adorned with brightness, or any thing 

Ir-ra'di-a'tion, n, 1. Act of emitting beams of light. 
2. That which is irradiated; illumination. 3. (Opt.) 
An apparent enlargement of brilliant objects beyond their 
proper bounds. 

Ir-r action- al (-rash'un-al), a. 1. Not rational; -void 
of reason or understanding. 2. Contrary to reason. 3. 
(Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an 
integral number, or by a vulgar fraction. 

Syn. — Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable. 

Ir-ra'tion-al'i-ty (-rash/un-), n. Want of reason or the 
powers of understanding. % 

Ir-ra/tion-al-ly (-rash/un-al-ly), adv. Without reason ; 

w in a manner contrary to reason ; absurdly. 

Ir're-elaim'a-lble, a. Incapable of being reclaimed. 

Ir're-claim'a-bly, adv. In an irreclaimable manner. 

Ir-ree'on-cll'a-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being recon- 
ciled, or appeased ; implacable. 2. Incapable of being 
made to agree or harmonize. 

Syn. — Incongruous; incompatible; inconsistent. 

Ir-ree'on-cil'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being 
irreconcilable ; incongruity ; incompatibility. 

Ir-rec'on-cil'a-bly, adv. In a manner that precludes 
reconciliation. 

Ir-re-e / on-£il / i-a/tion, n. Want of reconciliation. 

tr're-eov'er-a-ble (-kiiv / er-), a. Not capable of being 
recovered, restored, remedied, or regained. 

Syn. — Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; incurable. 

fr / i*e-eov'er-a-'bly, adv. In an irrecoverable manner ; 

w beyond recovery. 

Ir're-deem'a-ble, o. 1. Not redeemable. 2. Not 
subject to be paid at the nominal value, as a note or bill 
of indebtedness. 

fr're-dii'ci-ble, a. Incapable of being reduced, or 
brought into a different state or form of expression. 

Ir-ref 'ra-ga-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being irrefragable. 

Ir-ref ra-ga-ble, a. Not refragable ; not to be refuted. 
Syn. — Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; un- 
questionable; incontestable ; indubitable ; undeniable; irrefut- 
able. 

Ir-ref ra-ga-bly, adv. With certainty beyond refuta- 
tion ; incontrovertible . 

Ir-ref u-ta-ble, or Ir're-fut'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being refuted or disproved. 

Ir-ref u-ta-bly, or Ir're-fut'a-bly, adv. Beyond the 
possibility of refutation. 

Ir-reg'u-lar, a. 1. Not regular; not according to 
common form or rules. 2. Not according to established 
principles or customs. 3. Not conformable to nature or 
the usual operation of natural laws. 4. Not according 
to the rules of art. 5. Deviating from the rules of moral 
rectitude. 6. Not straight. 7. Not uniform. 8. 
( Gram.) Deviating from the ordinary form in respect to 
the inflectional terminations. 

Syn. — Immethodical ; unsystematic ; abnormal ; anoma- 
lous ; erratic ; devious ; eccentric ; crooked ; unsettled ; vari- 
able ; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; 
immoderate ; intemperate ; inordinate ; vicious. 

Ir-rgg'u-lar'i-ty, n. 1. State of being irregular ; de- 
viation from symmetry, or established form, custom, or 
rule. 2. Deviation from moral rectitude ; an act of vice. 

Ir-reg'u-lar-ly, adv. Without rule, method, or order. 

tr-rel'a-tive, a. Not relative ; withoutmutual relations ; 
unconnected. 

Ir-rel'e-van-cy, n. Quality of not being applicable, or 
of not serving to aid and support. [tine'it. 

Ir-rel'e-vant, a. Not relevant ; not applicable or per- 

Ir-rel'e-yant-ly, adv. In an irrelevant manner. 

Ir're-liev'a-ble, a. Not admitting relief. 

Ir're-lig'ion, n. Want of religion, or contempt of it. 
Syn. — Ungodliness; worldliness; wickedness; impiety. 

Ir're-lig'ious (-lij'us), a. 1. Destitute < f religion ; im- 
pious ; ungodly. 2. Indicating a want of religion ; pro- 
fane ; wicked. 

Ir're-lig'ious-ly, adv. With impiety ; wickedly. 

Ir're-me'di-a-ble, a. Not to be remedied, cured, cor- 
rected, or redressed. [ble. 

Ii^re-me'di-a-ble-ness, n. State of being irremedia- 



Ir're-me'di-a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree that 
_ precludes remedy, cure, or correction. 
Ir're-mls'si-ble, a. Not remissible ; unpardonable. 
Ir're-mls'si-bly, adv. So as not to be remitted. 
Ir're-mov'a-ble, a. Not removable ; immovable. 
Ir're-mQv'a-bly, adv. So as not to admit of removal. 
Ir/re-mu/ner-a-ble, a. Not remunerable ; not to be 

rewarded. [arable 

Ir-rep'a-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being irrep- 
Ir-rep'a-ra-bl e , a. Not reparable ; not capable of being 

recovered or regained. 
Ir-rep'a-ra-bly, adv. In an irreparable manner. 
Ir/re-peal'a-ble, a. Not capable of being repealed. 
Ir're-pent'ance, n. Want of repentance ; impenitence. 
Ir're-plev'i-a-ble, \a. (Law.) Not capable of being 
Ir're-plev'i-sa-ble, ) replevied. 

Ir-rep're-hen'si-ble, a. Not reprehensible ; not to be 
w blamed or censured. 

Ir're-press'i-ble, a. Not capable of being repressed. 
Ir're-proach'a-ble, a. Incapable of being justly re- 
__ proached ; free from blame ; upright. 
Ir're-proach'a-bly, adv. In a manner not to deserve 
w reproach ; blamelessly. 

Ir're-prov'a-ble, a. Incapable of being justly re- 
w proved ; blameless ; upright. [or blame. 

Ir're-prov'a-bly, adv. So as not to be liable to reproof 
Ir're-gist'ance, n. Forbearance to resist ; passive sub- 



Ir're-glsfi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being irresistible. 
Ir're-gist'i-ble, a. Incapable of being successfully re- 

w sisted. 

Ir're-gist'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being irresistible. 

Ir're-gist' i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be success- 
fully "resisted or opposed. 

Ir-reg'o-lu-ble, a. Incapable of being dissolved, set 
free, or released. [doubt. 

Ir-reg'o-lute, a. Not resolute ; not decided ; given to 
Syn. — Wavering ; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; 
unsettled; unstable; unsteady. 

Ir-r6g'o-lute-ly, adv. Without resolution. [tion. 

Ir-reg'o-lute-ness, n. Want of resolution ; irresolu- 

Ir-reg'o-Lu'tion, n. Want of resolution ; fluctuation 

w of mind ; irresoluteness. 

Ir're-gSlv'a-ble, a. Incapable of being resolved. 

Ir're-speet'ive, a. Not having respect or regard. 

Ir're-spgef ive-ly, adv. Without regard ; not taking 
circumstances into consideration. 

Ir-res'pi-ra-ble, a. Unfit for respiration. 

Ir're-spon'si-blFi-ty, n. Want of responsibility. 

Ir're-spon'si-ble, a. Not responsible ; not liable or 

w able to answer for consequences. 

Ir're-ten'tive, a. Not retentive or apt to retain. 

Ir / re-triev'a-ble, a. Incapable of recovery or repair. 
Syn. — Irremediable; incurable; irreparable; irrecoverable. 

Ir/re-triev'a-bly, adv. In a manner not to be re- 
trieved ; irreparably. 

Ir-rev'er-ence, n. Absence or defect of reverence. 

Ir-r&v'er-ent, a. 1. Not reverent ; not entertaining or 
manifesting due regard to the Supreme Being ; wanting 
in respect to superiors. 2. Proceeding from or expres- 
sive of irreverence. 

Ir-rev'er-ent-ly, adv. In an irreverent manner. 

Ir're-vers'i-ble, a. Incapable of being reversed. 
Syn. — Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable. 

Ir're-vers'i-ble-ness, n. State of being irreversible. 

Ir're-vers'i-bly, adv. In a manner which precludes a 
reversal or repeal. 

Ir-rev'o-ea-bil'i-ty, n. State of being irrevocable. 

Ir-rev'o-ea-ble, a. Incapable of being recalled or re- 
voked. 

Ir-rev'o-ea-ble-ness, n. State of being irrevocable; 
irrevocability. 

Ir-rev'o-ea-bly, adv. Beyond recall ; in a manner pre- 
cluding recall or reversion. 

Ir'ri-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. IRRIGATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IRRIGATING.] [Lat. irrigare, irrigatum, from prefix 
in and rigare, to water.] 1. To water ; to wet ; to moist- 
en. 2. To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow 

^ upon and over it. 

Ir'ri-ga'tion, n. Act of watering or moistening ; espe- 
cially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, 
for nourishing plants. 

Ir-rlg'u-ous, a. [Lat. irriguus. See IRRIGATE .] Wa- 
tered ; watery ; moist. 

Ir'ri-ta-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being easily irri- 
tated ; susceptibility to excitement. 2. (Physiol.) (a.) 
A healthful vital susceptibility to the influence of nat- 



food, foot ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e^ho ; gem, get ; as ; ejist ; linger, link J tiiis. 



IRRITABLE 



398 



IT 



ural, medicinal, and mechanical agents. (b.) A morbid 
and plainly excessive vital susceptibility to the influence 
of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents, (e.) The 
general vital activity of any and every part of the living 

u animal body, whether in health or disease. 

Ir'ri-ta-ble, a. 1. Capable of being irritated. 2. Easily 

w inflamed or exasperated. 

Ir'ri-ta-lbly, adv. In an irritable manner. 

Ir'ri-tant, a. 1. [Lat. irritans, irritantis, p. pr. of irri- 
tate. See IRRITATE.] Irritating. 2. [From Lat. irri- 
tus, from in, not, and ratus, established.] Rendering 
null and void. 

Ir'ri-tant, n. That which irritates ; that which in any 
way causes pain, heat, or tension. 

Ir'ri-tate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. irritated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. IRRITATING.] [Lat. irritare, irritatum, allied to Icel. 
reita, to pluck, pull, irritate.] 1. To excite heat and 
redness in, as the skin or flesh of living animal bodies, 
as by friction ; to fret. 2. To increase the action or vio- 
lence of. 3. To excite anger in ; to tease. 4. (Physiol.) 
To produce irritation in. See Irritation. 

Syn. — To provoke; exasperate. — Whatever comes across 
our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; what- 
ever raises anger to a high point exasperates. 

Ir'ri-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of irritating; undue excite- 
ment ; especially, excitement of anger or passion ; prov- 
ocation ; exasperation; anger. 2. (Physiol.) (a.) A nor- 
mal and appropriate action of an organized being under 
appropriate stimulus or conditions of action, (b.) A viti- 
ated and abnormal sensation or action, or both in con- 
junction, produced by natural, medicinal, or mechanical 
agents. 3. (Med.) Act or process of stimulating mus- 
cular fiber. 

Ir'ri-ta'tive, a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irri- 
tatory. 2. Accompanied witb, or produced by, increased 
action or irritation. 

Ir'ri-ta-to-ry, a. Exciting ; producing irritation. 

Ir-rup'tion, n. [Lat. irruptio, from irruptus, p. p. of 
irrumpere, to break in, from prefix in and rumpere, to 
break or burst.] 1. A breaking, or sudden, violent 
rushing into a place. 2. A sudden invasion or incursion. 

Ir-rup'tlve, a. Rushing in or upon. 

I§, v. i. [A.-S. is, Goth, ist, allied to Lat. est; Gr. ecrri, 
Skr. asti, Pol. jest, from Skr. as ; Lat. esse, to be.] The 
third person singular of the substantive verb, in the in- 
dicative mood, present tense. See Be. 

I'sa-gon, n. [From. Gr. icros, equal, and yovCa, angle.] 

w (Math.) A figure whose angles are equal. 

Is'-elii-at'i-e, a. [From Gr. icrx<W, hip.] Pertaining to 

_ the hip. 

I'gin-glass (I'zing-glas), n. [That is, iceglass, from 
icing, ice, and glass, q. v.] 1. A semi-transparent, 
whitish form of gelatine, chiefly prepared from the sounds 
or air-bladders of various species of sturgeons. 2. Sheets 

w of mica ; — popularly so called. 

Is/lam, n. [Ar. islam, obedience to the will of God, from 
salama, to submit to God.] The religion of Mohammed, 
and also the whole body of those who profess it through- 

w out the world. 

Is'lam-igm, n. The faith or creed of the Mohammedans ; 

^"Mohamuiedism ; Mahometanism. 

Is/lam-It'ic, a. Pertaining to Islam ; Mohammedan. 

f sl'and (Il'and), n. [0. Eng. Hand, yland, A.-S. ealand, 
igland, iegland, ig, compounded of A.-S. ed, eah, water, 
river, Goth, aliva, and land, q. v. The s is inserted by 
corruption, after tbe analogy of isle.] 1. A tract of land 
surrounded by water. 2. A large, floating mass, resem- 
bling an islaud. 

f sl'and (TPand), v. t. To cause to become an island, as 
by surrounding with water ; hence, to surround ; to in- 

_ sulate. 

Isl'and-er (TPand-er), n. An inhabitant of an island. 

Isle (il), n. [0. Fr. isle, It. isola, Lat. insula.] An island. 

Isle (II), v. t. To cause to become *»a island, or like an 

_ island. [isle. 

Isl'et (il'et), n. [Diminutive of isle. See supra.] A little 

Igm, n. [From the English termination -ism, denoting 
the theory, doctrine, spirit, or abstract idea of that sig- 
nified by the word to which it is appended.] A doctrine 
or theory ; especially, used contemptuously or in a bad 
sense, a specious, but wild or visionary theory. 

X'so-enro-mat'i-e, a. [From Gr. taos, equal, andxpwjua, 
color.] ( Opt. ) Having the same color ; — a term applied 
to two rings, curves, or lines, having the same color or 
tint. 

I-s5«h'ro-nal, a. [Gr. laoxpovos, from Io-os, equal, and 
Xpovos, time.] Uniform in time ; of equal time ; per- 
formed in equal times. 



1-soch'ro-mgm, n The state or quality of being isocbr 

_ ronous. 

I-soch'ro-noiis, a. The same as Isochronal. 

I'so-ge'o-therm, n. [Gr. «ros, equal, yrj, earth, and 
Oepp-n, heat.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line or curved 
surface passing beneath the earth's surface through 
points having the same mean temperature. 

I'so-ge'o-therm'al, a. Pertaining to, or having the 
nature of, an isogeotherm. 

ts'o-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. isolated; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ISOLATING.] [It. isolare, from isola, Lat. insula, 
island.] 1. To place in a detached situation ; to place 
by itself; to insulate. 2. (Chem.) To separate from 
other substances : to obtain in a pure state. 

Is'o-la'tion, n. State of being- isolated. 

I'so-mer'i-e, a. [From Gr. icros, equal, and fiipos, part.l 

_ ( Chem.) Having the quality of isomerism. 

I-som'er-i§m, n. ( Chem.) An identity of elements and 
of atomic proportions, with a difference in the amount 
combined in the compound molecule, and of its essential 
qualities. 

I'so-met'ri-e, ) a. [Gr. io-os, equal, and p.eVpov, meas- 
ly'' so-met'rie-al, j ure.] Pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, equality of measure. 

Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, 
in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named 
from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, pnrallel 
respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. 

I'so-per'i-met'rie-al, a. [Gr. icro7repi/u.e7po?, from tcro?, 
equal, and ireptjaerpov, circumference.] Having equal 

_ perimeters or circumferences. 

I'so-pe-rlm'e-try, n. (Geom.) The science of figures 

_ having equal perimeters or boundaries. 

I'sos'ce-leg (I-sos'se-lez), a. [Gr. icroo-KeAifc, from io-os, 
equal, and o-(ce'A.o?, leg ; Lat. isosceles.] (Geom.) Having 

_ only two legs or sides that are equal ; — said of a triangle, 

I'so-tlierm, n. [Gr. icros, equal, and Oipfin, heat.] (Phys. 
Geog.) An imaginary line over the earth's surface pass- 
ing through points having the same mean annual tem- 

_ perature. 

I'so-therm'al, a. Having reference to the geographical 
distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of 
isotherms ; having the nature of an isotherm ; illustrat- 
ing the distribution of temperature by means of a series 

w of isotherms. [a Jew. 

Is/ra-el-Ite (44), n. A descendant of Israel, or Jacob ; 

Js/ra-el-it'ie, ) a. Pertaining to Israel ; Jewish ; He- 

Ji'ra-el-it/ieh, j brew. 

Is'sii-a-lble (Ish'shu-a-bl), a. [From issue.] Leading to, 

w producing, or relating to an issue. 

Is'su e (ish/shu ), n. [Fr. , from 0. Fr. issir, eissir, to go out, 
from Lat. exire, to go out, from prefix ex, out of, from, 
and ire, to go.] 1. Act of passing or flowing out; a 
moving out of any inclosed place ; egress. 2. Act of 
sending out, or causing to go forth ; delivery. 3. That 
which passes, flows, or is issued or sent out ; as, (a.) The 
whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; (b.) 
Ultimate result or end ; (c. ) Progeny ; a child or children ; 
offspring ; (d.) Produce of the earth, or profits of land, 
tenements, or other property. 4. Evacuation ; disharge ; 
a flux or running. 5. (Med.) An artificial ulcer designed 
to promote a secretion of pus. 6. (Laiv.) In pleading, the 
close or result of pleadings, by which a single material 
point of law or fact depending in the suit, is presented 
for determination. 7. Any point made in debate or con- 
troversy ; the presentation of alternatives between which 
to choose or decide. 

At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; 
hence, at variance; disagreeing. —Jssue pea {Med.), a pea, or a 
similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, 
and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. 

Is'sue (ish'shij), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ISSUED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. issuing.] 1. To pass or flow out. 2. To go out ; to 
rush out. 3. To proceed, as from asource. 4. To pro- 
ceed, as progeny ; to spring. 5. To be produced as an 
effect or result ; to arise; to proceed. 6. (Legal Plead- 
ings.) To come to a point in fact or law, on which the 
parties join and rest the decision of the cause. 7. To 
close ; to end ; to terminate. 

Is'sue (lsh'shij) v. t. 1. To send out ; to put into circu- 
lation. 2. To deliver for use. 3. To send out ; to de- 
liver by authority. 

Isth'mus (is'mus or Ist'inus. 100), n. ; pi. IsTH'MUS-Eg 
(iVmus-ez or Ist'mus-ez). [Lat. isthmus, Gr. io-0/u.os,] 
(Geog.) A neck or narrow strip of land by which two 
continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is 
united to the main land. 

It, pron. [0. Eng. it, hit, A.-S. hit, Goth, ita, allied to Lat. 



a,e> &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dfi, W9M, 



ITALIAN 



899 



JACK-BOOTS 



id, Skr. it.] An impersonal or neuter pronoun, usually re- 
garded as a demonstrative, corresponding to themasculine 
prououn he and the feminine she, and having the same 
plural. The possessive form ics, is modern. It is used, — 
1. As a demonstrative, pointing to that which is about to 
be stated, named or mentioned, or referring to that which 
is apparent or well known. 52. As a substitute for any 
noun of neuter gender. 3. As a substitute for such 
general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of 
things, and the like. 4. As»an indefinite nominative for 
an impersonal verb. 5. As an indefinite object after 
some intransitive verbs, or after a, substantive used humor- 
ously as a verb. 

i-tal'iara (I-tal'yan), a. ( Geog. ) Of, or pertaining to, Italy, 
its inhabitants, or their language 

I-tal'ian (I-tal'yan), n. ( Geog.) 1. A native or natural- 
ized inhabitant of Italy. 53. The language used in Italy, 
or by the Italians. 

I tal'ian-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ITALIANIZED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ITALIANIZING.] To play the Italian ; to speak 
Italian. 

I-tal'i-e (110), a. Relating to Italy ; — applied especially 
to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright 
but slope toward the right; — so called because dedicated 
to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, 
about the year 1500. 

I-tal'i-e, ra.;j?U-TAL'l€S. (Print.) An Italic letter or 
character, as the letters in which this clause is printed. 

I-tal'i-cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. italicized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. italicizing.] To write or print in Italic char- 

^ acters. 

Itch, n. [A.-S. gictha, gicenes, itching, scab.] 1. An 
eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced 
by the entrance of a parasitic animal, and attended withse- 
vere itching. 52. The sensation in the skin which is occa- 

w sioned by the disease. 3. A constant irritating desire. 

Itch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ITCHED (Ttcht) ; p pr. & vb. n. 
itching.] 1. To feel a particular uneasiness in the 
skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part. 52. 
To have a constant desire or teasing inclination. 

Itch'y, a. Infected with the itch. 

I'tem, adv. [Lat.] Also ; at the same time. 

I'tem, n. An article ; a separate particular in an account. 

I'tem, v. t. [imp. & p.p. itemed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
iteming.] To make a note or memorandum of. 

St'er-ant, a. Repeating. 



It'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. iterated ; p. pr. & vb n. 
ITE RATING.] [Lat. iterare, iteratum , from iterum , itera, 

w again.] To utter or do a second time ; to repeat. 

It'er-a'tion, n. Recital or parformance a second time; 

It'er-a-tlve, a. Repeating. [repetition. 

1-tin'er-a-cy, n The practice of itinerating. 

I-tin/er-an.-cy, n. 1. A passing from place to place. 
52. A discharge of official duty by constantly or frequent- 
ly changing residence ; also, a body of persons who thus 
discharge official duty. 

I-tiii'er-ant, a. [L. Lat. itinerans, p. pr. of itinerare, to 
make a journey, from Lat. iter, itineris, a walk, way, 
journey.] Passing or traveling about a country ; wan- 

_ dering. 

I-tiix'er-ant, n. One who travels from place to place, 

_ particularly a preacher ; one who is unsettled. 

I-tln'er-a-ry, n. An account of travels, or a register of 

_ places and distances as a guide to travelers. 

I-tlii'er a-ry, a. Traveling ; passing from place to place, 

_ or done on a journey. 

I-tiii'er-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. itinerated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ITINERATING.] [L. Lat. itinerare, itinerari, 
itineratum. See Itinerant.] To travel from place to 
place, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lectur- 
ing, &c. [tute applied to things. 

It-self, pron. The neuter reciprocal pronoun, or substi- 

I'vo-ry, n. [From Lat. eboreus, made of ivory, from ebur, 
eboris, ivory, from 0. Egypt, ebur, elephant, Skr. iblia.] 
1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance con- 
stituting the tusks of the elephant. 52. The tusks them- 
selves of the elephant. 3. Any white organic structure 
resembling ivory. 

Vegetable ivory. See Ivory-Nut. 

I'vo-ry-blaek, n. A kind of charcoal in powder, made 

_ by charring ivory or bones. 

I'vo-ry-nut, n. The nut of a species of palm. When 
young, the seed contains a fluid which gradually hard- 
ens into a whitish, close-grained, albuminous substance, 

_ resembling the finest ivory in texture and color. 

I'vy, n. [A.-S. ifig, from Lat. apium, parsley, from apis, 
a bee, because it was especially loved by bees.] (Bot.) A 
climbing plant common in Europe. Its leaves are dark, 
smooth, shining, and five-pointed; the flowers yellowish 
and small ; the berries black or yellow. 

Iz'zard, n. [Probably a corruption of 5 hard.] The letter 
z, — formerly so called. 



J(ja) is the tenth letter, and seventh articulation or con- 
sonant, of the English alphabet, to which it has been 
added in modern days, the letter i being written former- 
ly in words where j is now used. The English sound of 
this letter, which is precisely the same as that of g soft, 
as in genius, may be very nearly expressed by dzh. See 
Principles of Pronunciation, § 77. 

Jab'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jabbered; p. pr. & vb. 
n. JABBERING.] [Allied to gibber and gabble, q. v.] To 
talk rapidly or indistinctly. 

Jab'ber, v. t. To speak rapidly or indistinctly, [words. 

Jab'ber, n. Rapid talk, with indistinct utterance of 

Jab'ber-er, n. One who jabbers. [at length. 

Ja'cent, a. [Lat. jacens, p. pr. of jacere, to lie.] Lying 

Ja'cinth, n. The same as Hyacinth. See Hyacinth. 

Jack, n. [Cf. Fr. Jacques, James.] 1. A nickname or 
diminutive of Jo hi ; as, (a.) A saucy or paltry fellow ; — 
said in contempt or ridicule, (b.) A play- 
ing-card marked with the figure of a ser- 
vant. [See Knave.] (c.) A sea-faring 
man. 52. An instrument that supplies 
the place of a boy; as, (a.) An instru- 
ment to pull off boots ; a boot-jack. (6.) A 
portable machine, variously- constructed, 
for raising great weights through a small 
space, (c.) An engine to turn a spit. (d. 
In general, any appendage to a machine, 
rendering convenient service. 3. A young 
pike. 4. [Ir.jaque,jacque.] A buff jerkin ; 
rarely, a coat of mail. 5. The male of 
certain animals, as of the ass. 6. A wood- T t^TTTZy. 

i. (0.) 




en frame on which wood or timber is sawed 
7. (Mus.) The quill of the hammer which 
strikes the strings in a harpsichord, piano 



&o. 8. 



(Naut.) A small flag containing only the union without 
the fly. 



h'""~"^-— -~ 



§ 



American Jack. 



English Jack. 

Jack-at-all-trades, a person who can turn his hand to any 
kind of business. — Jack-at-a-pinch, a person who receives un- 
expected calls to do any thing. — Jack-with-a-lantern, an ignia- 
fatuus, a meteor that appears in low, moist lands. 

JachZ-a-daii'dy, n. [See Dandy.] A little, foppish, 
impertinent fellow. 

Jaclc'al, n. [Per. shagal, shigal, Skr. 
srigaia. Cf. Heb. shiictl, a fox.] 
( Zojl. ) A carnivorous animal of In- 
dia and Persia, allied to the wolf. It 
is gregarious and nocturnal in its 
habits, and remarkable for its pierc- 
ing wail. 

Jack/a -lent, n. [For Jack of Lent.] A sort of puppet 
formerly thrown in at Lent. Hence, a boy, in ridicule. 

Jack'a-napes, n. [Eng. jack and ape.] 1. A monkey; 
an ape. 52. A coxcomb ; an impertinent fellow. 

Jack'ass, n. 1. The male of the ass. 2. A dolt ; a 
blockhead. 

Jack'-bdbts, n. pi. Large boots reaching above the 
knee, and serving to protect the leg. 



■dSiii? 



Jackal. 



JACKDAW 



400 



JAR 




Jack'daw, n. (Ornith.) A 
bird allied to the crows, of 
which it is the smallest exam- 
ple. 

Jack'et, n. [Er.jaquette, dim. 
of jaque.] A short, close gar- 
ment, extending downward to 
the hips. Jackdaw. 

Jack'knife (-nlf), n. A large strong clasp-knife for the 
pocket. 

Jack'-plane, n. A plane about eighteen inches long, 
used by joiners for coarse work. [zany. 

Jack'-piid'ding, n. A merry-andrew ; a buffoon; "a 

Jack'-s-erew (-skru), n. A portable machine for raising 
heavy weights through a small distance. 

Jack'- stay §, n. pi. (Naut.) Ropes or strips of wood or 
iron stretching along the yards of a ship and used to bind 
the sails to. 

Jack'- straw, n. 1. A low, servile fellow. 2. One of a 
set of straws or strips of ivory, bone, &c, for playing a 
child's game. [roller. 

Jack'-tow'el, n. A long, endless towel placed upon a 

Jae'o-bin, n. [So named from the place of meeting, 
which was the monastery of the monks called Jacobines.] 
(Hist.) One of a society of violent revolutionists in 
France, during the revolution of 1789. Hence, a turbu- 
lent or factious demagogue. 

Jae'o-bine, n. 1. A Dominican friar. 2. A pigeon 
with a high tuft. 

Jae'o-bin'ie, ) a. Resembling, or pertaining to, the 

Jae'o-bin'ie-al, ) Jacobins of France ; holding revo- 
lutionary principles. 

Jae'o-bin-igm, n. The principles of the Jacobins ; vi- 
olent and factious opposition to legitimate goA 7 ernment. 

Jae'o-bite, n. [N. Lat. Jacobus, James.] (Eng. Hist.) 
A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after he ab- 
dicated the throne, and of his descendants. 

Jae'o-bite, a. Pertaining to the partisans of James 
the Second of England. 

Jae'o-bit'ie, ) a. Belonging to the Jacobites, or par- 

Jae'o-Mt'ie-al, J tisans of James II. of England. 

Jae'o-bit-3s_m, n. The principles of the adherents of 
James the Second. 

Ja'cob'g-lad'der, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant having numer- 
ous flowers of a blue or white color, somewhat drooping. 
2. (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going 
aloft. 

Ja-eo'bus, n. ; pi. ja-cS'bus-es.. [N. Lat. See Jaco- 
bite.] An English gold coin of the value of twenty -five 
shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James the First. 

Ja«'o-net, ». [Fr. jaconas.] A thin cotton fabric, for 
dresses, neck-cloths, and the like. 

Jae'ti-ta/tion, n. [From Lat. jactitare, to bring for- 
ward in public, to litter, frequentative form of jactare, to 
throw, cast, boast.] 1. Restlessness. 2. Vain boasting ; 
vaunting. 

Jae'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jactjlated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. JACULATING-.] [Lat. jaculari , jaculatus, from 
jaculum, dart, javelin, from jacere, to throw.] To throw 
like a dart ; to throw out ; to emit. 

Jae'u-la'tion, n. Action of darting or throwing, as mis- 
sive weapons. 

Jae'u-la-to-ry, a. Darting or throwing out suddenly, 
or suddenly thrown out. 

Jade, n. [Of Oriental origin.] (Min.) A hard stone of a 
dark -green color, used for ornamental purposes. 

Jade, n. [Prov. Eng. yaud, Scot, yade, yad, yaud.] 1. 
A mean or poor horse. 2. A mean woman ; a wench. 3. 
A young woman ; — in irony or slight contempt. 

Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. JAD- 
ING.] 1. To reduce to the condition of a jade ; to tire 
out. 2. To exhaust by excessive labor of any kind. 

Syn.— To fatigue ; tire ; weary ; harass. — Fatigue is the 
generic term ; tire, denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; 
weary, implies that a person is worn out by exertion ; .jade re- 
fers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of 
the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a 
weak person ; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the 
body and the mind ; the most powerful horse becomes jaded 
on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. 

Jad'ish, a. 1. Vicious ; bad ; like a jade. 2. Unchaste ; 

— applied to a woman. 
Jag, n. [Scot, jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. 

See JAG, »., infra.] A. small load, as of hay or grain in 

the straw. 
Jag, n. [W.,Ir.,& Gael, gag, aperture, cleft, chink.] 

A notch ; a ragged protuberance. 
Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jagged; p. pr. & vb. n. jag- 




ging.] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw : 
to notch. [vided. 

Jag'ged (60 j, p. a. Having notches or teeth ; cleft ; di- 

Jag'ged-ness, n. State of being jagged ; unevenness. 

Jag'u-ar', n. [Braz. jagoara.] 
(Zobl.) A carnivorous animal 
often called the American ti-^ 
ger. It is found from Brazil 
to Texas. 

Jail, n. [Fr. gedle, 0. Fr. gaole, 

gaiole, jaiole.] A prison ; a Jaguar. 

place for the confinement of persons arrested for debt or 

for crime. [in pri£011) 

Jail'-bird, n. A prisoner ; one who has been confined 

Jail'er, n. The keeper of a jail or prison. 

Jail'-fe ver, n. (Med.) A dangerous fever of the ty- 
phoid character, generated in jails and other places 
crowded with people. 

Jal'ap, n. [So called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, 
wheuce it was first imported in 1610.] (Med.) The root 
of a plant found in Mexico. It is much used in powdei 
as a cathartic. 

Jam, n. [Of Oriental origin. Cf. Ar. jamad, ice, jelly.] 
1. A mass of people crowded together ; also, the pres- 
sure from a crowd. 2. A conserve of fruit boiled in 
mass with sugar and water. 

Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JAMMING.] [Fr. jambe, 0. Fr. jame, a leg. See JAMB.] 
To press ; to crowd ; to squeeze tight. 

Jamb (jam), n. [O. Fr. gambe, from Celt. cam. camb, 
bent, crooked, allied to Gr. Ka^ne, a bending, winding, 
bend of a limb.] (Arch.) The side-piece of a door, a fire- 
place, or any other aperture in a building. 

Jan'gle (jfing'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. jangled ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. JANGLING.] [From L. Ger. & D. jangelen, 
janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.] 1. To 
sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune. 2. 
To bicker ; to wrangle. 

Jan'gle, v. t. To cause to sound harshly, inharmoni- 
ously, or discordantly. [ble. 

Jan'gle, n. Discordant sound ; contention; prate; bab- 

Jan'gler, n. A wrangling, noisy fellow. [porter. 

Jan'i-tor,7i. [Lat., fr. janua, a door.] A door-keeper ; a 

Jan'i-za-ry, n. [Turk. yeh\-tsheri, new soldiers or 
troops.] A soldier of a privileged military class, which 
formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was sup- 
pressed in 1826. 

Jan'sen-igm, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Jansen 
in regard to free will and grace. 

Jan'sen-Ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius 
Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, 
who received certain views of grace similar to those 
taught by Calvin. 

Jant, v. i. See JAUNT. 

Jan'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. Januarius, from Janus, an old 
Italian deity, to whom this month was sacred.] The first 
month of the year. 

Ja-pan', n. [From the country in Asia so called.] 1. 
Work varnished and figured in the manner practiced by 
the natives of Japan. 2. The peculiar varnish or lacquer 
used in japanning metallic or other articles. 

Ja-pan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. JAPPANNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. japanning.] 1. To cover with a thick coat of hard, 
brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese. 2. To 
black and gloss, as in blackiDg shoes or boots. 

Jap'a-nege' (91), a. ( Geog. ) Of, or pertaining to, Japan, 
or its inhabitants. 

Jap'a-nege', n. ; pi. jap'a-ne§e'. 1. (Geog.) A 
native or inhabitant of Japan ; in the plural, the people 
of Japan. 2. The language of the people of Japan. 

Ja-pan'ner, n. One who varnishes in the manner of 
the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 

Ja-phet'ie, a. Pertaining to Japheth, the eldest son of 
Noah ; as, the Japhetic nations, which people the north 
of Asia and all Europe. 

Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jarred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Jarring.] [Allied to O. H. Ger. kerran, to chatter, 
croak, N. H. Ger. quarren, to grumble, and Lat. garrire, 
to chatter, prate.] 1. To give forth a short rattle or 
tremulous sound; to vibrate harshly or discordantly. 
2. To clash ; to interfere. 3. To vibrate regularly. 

Jar, v. t . To cause to tremble ; to shake. 
Jar, n. 1. A rattling vibration of sound. 2. Clash of 
interest or opinions ; discord. 3. A vibration of the 
pendulum of a clock. 

On the jar, or ajar, not q^' te closed ; — said of a door. 
Jar, n. [Per. & Ar. janah, jar, ewer.] 1. A vessel, as 



fi,e,8cc.,long; a,6, &e., short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, dq, wolf, 



JARGON 



401 



JEST 




of earth or glass, -with a large belly and broad mouth. 
2. The measure of what is contained in a jar. 

Jar'gon, n. [Fr. jargon, It. gergo?ie, Sp. jerga,jerigon- 
za.] 1. Confused, unintelligible talk or language ; gab- 
ble ; gibberish. 2. Cant language ; slang. 

Jar'go-nelle', n. A variety of pear which ripens early. 

Jas/inlne, or Jas'mine, n. [From Ar. & Per. jasa- 
man, jasmin, jasamln, jasamiin.} (Bot.) A climbing 
plant, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. 

Jas'per, n. [Lat. iaspis, Gr. lacnris, Per. yashp, yashf, 
yashm, yashim, Ar. yasheb, yashef, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. 
Diaper.] (Min.) An opaque, impure variety of quartz, 
of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a 
smooth surface. 

Jaun'dice (j'an'dis), n. [Fr. jaunisse, fr.jaune, yellow, 
orig. jalne, from Lat. galbinus, galbanus, yellowish, from 
galbm, yellow.] (Med.) A disease, in its most common 
form characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and 
urine, and supposed to be caused by a suffusion of the 
biliary secretions. 

Jaun'dic<?d (jau'dist), a. 1. Affected with the jaun- 
dice. 2. Prejudiced; seeing with discolored organs. 

Jaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted ; p. pr. & vb. n 
JAUNTING.] [Written also jant.] [Scot, jauntier.} To 
ramble here and there ; to make an excursion ; to stroll. 

Jaunt, n. An excursion ; a ramble ; a short journey. 

Jaun'ti-ly, adv. In a jaunty manner. [airiness. 

Jaun'ti-ness, n. Quality of being jaunty ; showiness ; 

Jaun'ty, a. [compar. jauntier ; superl. jauntiest.] 
Airy ; showy ; finical ; hence, characterized by an affected 
or fantastical manner. 

J&ve'lin ( jSVlin), n. [M. H. Ger. g&bildt, 
Ir. gabkla, spear, lance, gabhal, fork ; W. 
gaflar.k, fork or angle, a barbed or 
bearded spear, a kind of hunting-pole, 
gafl, fork or angle.] A sort of spear 
about five feet and a half long, anciently 
used by horse or foot. 

Jaw, n. [A modification of chaw , formed 
'under the influence of Fr. joue, the 
cheek.] 1. The bone of the mouth in Javelm. 
which the teeth are fixed ; hence, also, the bone with its 
. teeth aud covering ; in the plural, the mouth. 2. Scold- 
ing; abusive clamor. [Low.] 3. Any thing resembling 
the jaw of an animal in form or action. 

Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. JAW- 
ING-.] To scold ; to clamor. [Low.] 

Jaw, v. t. To abuse by scolding. [Low.] 

Jay, n. [Fr. geai, 0. Fr. gai, jaie, 
Sp. gayo, gaya.] (Ornith.) (a.) A 
rather showy bird, common in 
Europe, of red-brown color above, 
and a faint yellow below, and hav- 
ing a low, erectile crest of feathers. 
(b.) A common American bird, hav- 
ing the larger part of the feathers 
of a brilliant sky-blue ; — called 
also blue-jay . 

Jeal'oiis, a. [0. Fr. jalous, L. Lat. 
zelosus, from Lat. zelus, Gr. £rjAos, 
emulation, zeal, jealousy.] 1. 
Filled with anxious apprehension. 
2. Suspiciously vigilant ; solicitous in a matter affecting 
character or honor. 3. Pained by suspicions of prefer- 
ence given to another. 

Syn.— Suspicious ; anxious ; envious.— Suspicious. — Sus- 
picious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we dis- 
trust his honesty and imagine he lias some bad design. We 
are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of 
what is our own, and what we dearly prize. Iago began by 
awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last 
into the deadliest jealousy. 

J€aFous-ly, adv. "With jealousy or suspicion ; emu- 

lously. 
JgaVoixs-ness, n. State of being jealous ; suspicion. 
J6al'ous-y, n. Quality of being jealous ; suspicious fear 

or apprehension ; painful apprehension of rivalship in 

cases nearly affecting one's happiness. 
Jean ( jln), n. A twilled cotton cloth. 
Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jeered; p. pr. & vb. n. 

JEERING.] [Perhaps a modification of cheer, taken in an 

ironical sense. Cf. jaw for chaw.] To make a mock of 

some thing or person. 

Syn. — To sneer; scoff; deride; flout; gibe; mock. 
Jeer, v. t. To treat with scoffs or derision. 
Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection ; a scoff; taunt ; 

biting jest ; flout ; jibe ; mockery. 
Jeer'er, n. A scoffer ; a railer ; a scorner ; a mocker. 




Je-ho'vah,n.' [Heb. liawah, to be.] A Scripture appeU 
latiou of the Supreme Being. 

Je-ho'vist, n. 1. (Heb. Gram.) One who maintains 
that the vowel-points annexed to the word Jehovah, in 
Hebresv, are the proper vowels of the word, and express 
the true pronunciation. 2. The supposed writer of the 
Jehovistic passages of the Old Testament, especially those 
of the Pentateuch. See Elohistic. [God. 

Je'ho-vist'i-e, a. Relating to Jehovah, as a name of 

Je-june', a. [Lat. jejunus, fasting, hungry, dry, barren.] 
1. Craving food ; hungry ; starving. '2. Wanting con- 
tents ; empty ; void of interest ; barren. 

Je-june'ly, adv. In a jejune, barren manner. 

Je-june'ness (109), n. Quality or condition of being 
jejune ; especially, want of interest. 

Jel'lied ( jeTlid), a. Brought to the consistence of jelly. 

Jel'ly, n. [Fr. gelee, from geler, to freeze.] 1. Something 
gelatinous: a stiffened solution of gelatine, gum, or the 
like. 2. The inspissated juice of fruits or meat boiled 
with sugar. 

Jel'ly- fish, n. (Zool.) One marine species of radiate 
animals which have a jelly-like appearance. 

Jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. See Genet. 

Jen'net-ing, n. [Said to be corrupted from junetting, 
juneating, an apple ripe in June, or at St. Jean.] A 
species of early apple. 

Jen'ny, n. [Corruption of gin, a contraction of engine.] 
A machine for spinning, moved by water or steam, and 
used in manufactories. 

Jeop'ard, v. t. [imp. & p.p. jeoparded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. JEOPARDING.] [See infra.] To put in danger; to 
expose to loss or injury. 

Syn.— To hazard; risk; peril; endanger; expose. 

Jeop'ard-ize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. jeopardized;^. 
pr. & vb. n. jeopardizing.] To expose to loss or 
injury : to jeopard. [ous. 

Jeop'ard-oiis, a. Exposed to danger ; perilous ; hazard- 

Jeop'ard-y, n. [0. Eng. jupartie, juperti, jeupertys, 
jeupertye, from Fr. jeu parti, an even game, a game in 
which the chances are even. It was afterward con- 
founded with the Fr. jeu perdu, a lost game.] Exposure 
to death, loss, or injury. 
Syn. — Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Dangeb. 

JerHbo-a, or Jer-foo'a, n. 

[Ar. yerbGa, yarbiia.] (Zool.) 
A small, jumping, rodent ani- 
mal, having very long hind 
legs and a long tail. It bur- 
rows in the ground. 

Jer'e-mi'ad, ) n. [From 

Jer'e-mi'ade, ) Jeremiah, Jerboa. 

the prophet, and author of the book of " Lamentations."] 
A tale of grief, sorrow, or complaint ; a doleful story. 

Jerk (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. JERKED (jerkt); p. pr. 
& vb. n. JERKING.] [Written also yerk. Cf. 0. Eng. 
girk, a rod, to chastise, to beat ; Icel. jarki, outside edge 
of the sole of the foot, a kick.] 1. To throw with a quick 
and suddenly arrested motion ; to give a sudden pull, 
twitch, thrust, or push. 2. To cut into thin slices or 
strips, and dry in the sun. 

Jerk, v. i. To make a sudden motion ; to start quickly ; 
to move with a start, or by starts. 

Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden thrust, push, or twitch ; a 
motion suddenly arrested. 2. Unsustained or unsteady 

Jerk'er, n. One who moves with a jerk. [motion. 

Jer'kin, n. [Dim. of D. jurk, a frock.] A jacket ; a kind 
of short coat or close waistcoat. 

Jer'§ey ( jer'zy), n. [From the island so called.] 1. The 
finest of wool separated from the rest ; also, fine yarn of 
wool. 2. A kind of jacket of coarse woolen cloth. 

Je-rii'sa-lem Ar'ti- choke. [In this name, Jerusa- 
lem"'\s a corruption of the It. girasole, i. e.. sunflower.] 
(Bot.) A plant, cultivated in Europe and the United 
States. It is a species of sunflower, the roots of which 
are used as food, and the leaves given to cattle. 

J6ss, n. [L. Lat. j actus, a jess, from ~L&t.jacere,jactum,. 
to throw.] A short strap of leather or silk tied round 
the legs of a hawk, to fasten it to the wrist. 

J6s'sa-mlne, n. (Bot.) A plant of certain species of the 
genus Jasminum ; jasmine. 

Jest, n. [0. Eng. jest and gest, deed, action,. story, tale.] 
1. Something done or said in order to amuse ; something 
ludicrous meant only to excite laughter. 2. The object 
of laughter or sport ; a laughing-stock. 
Syn.— Joke; fun; burlesque; raillery; sport. 

J6st, v. i. [imp. & p. p. JESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JEST- 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; ag 
26 



ejist j linger, link; t • 



JESTER 



402 



JOCULARLY 



ING.] To make merriment by words or actions ; to talk I 
jokingly; to joke. 

Syn. — To joke; sport; rally. — One jests in order to make ] 
others laugh ; one jokes to please himself. A jest is always at 
the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a. joke is a 
6portive sally designed to promote good humor without wound- 
ing the feelings of its object. 

J6st'er, n. 1. One given to jesting, sportive talk, and 
merry pranks. 2. A buffoon ; a person formerly re- 
tained by princes to make sport for tbem . 

Je§'u.-it, n. 1. (Rom.Cath. Church.) One of a religious 
order founded by Ignatius Loyola, under tbe title of Tbe 
Society of Jesus. 2. A crafty person ; an intriguer ; — 
an opprobrious use of the word. 

Jesuits'-bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species 
of Cinchona ; — so called because its medicinal properties were 
first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South 
America. 

Jes/u-it'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to the Jesuits, or to 

Jes/u-it'ie-al, j their principles and arts. 2. Design- 
ing ; cunning ; deceitful ; — an opprobrious use of the 

Jes/u-it'i«-al-ly, adv. In a Jesuitical manner. [word. 

Jes'u-it-i§m, n. 1. The arts, principles, and practices 
ot the Jesuits. 2. Cunning ; deceit ; deceptive practices 
to effect a purpose ; — an offensive sense. 

Jet, n. [Fr. jayet, ja'iet, jais, from Lat. gagates, Gr. 
yayaTTjs, nerpa •yayyTJTis, so called fr. Tdycu or Tdyyai, a 
town and river in Lycia.] (Mm.) A variety of lignite, of 
a very compact texture, and velvet-black color, and often 
wrought into toys, buttons, jewelry, &c. 

Jet, n. [Lat. jactus, a throwing, a throw, from jctcere, 
jactum, to throw.] A sudden rush, as of water from a 
pipe, or of name from an orifice ; also, that which issues 
in a jet. 

Jet,t'. i. [imp. & p. p. JETTED; p. pr. & vb. n. JET- 
TING.] To shoot forward; to shoot or stand out; to 
project ; to jut. 

Jet, v. t. To spout forth ; to emit in a stream or spout. 

tfet-d'eau' (zh3L-dd'),n. [Fr.,a throw of water. See Jet, 
n.] A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe- 

Jet'sam, 1 n. [Fr.jeter, jetter, to throw.] (Mar. Law.) 

Jet'son, ] (a.) The voluntary throwing of goods over- 
board, in order to lighten a ship and preserve her. (b.) 
The goods thus thrown away , and which remain under 
water. 

Jet'ty, n. [Fr. jetee, 0. Fr. jettee, from jeter, jetter, to 
throw.] 1. A part of a building that jets or projects 
beyond the rest. 2. A kind of pier, mostly constructed 
of timber, with open spaces for the sea to play in. 

Jet'ty, a. Made of jet, or black as jet. 

Jew (ju or ju), n. [From Lat. Judsca, Gr. 'IouScuoi, the 
country of the Jews, Judea.] A Hebrew, or Israelite. 

Jew (ja or ju), v. t. To cheat or defraud. [ Colloq.} 

Jew'el ( ju / el or ju/el), n. [0. Eng. juelle,jowele,~L. Lat. 
jocale, for gaudiale, as if from Lat. jocare, jocari, to jest, 
joke, play.] 1. An ornament of dress in which the 
precious stones form a principal part. 2. A precious 
stone ; a gem. 3. Any object very highly valued ; a 
precious thing. 

Jew'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jeweled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
jeweling.] 1. To dress or adorn with jewels. 2. To 
fit or provide with a jewel. [other ornaments. 

Jew'el-er, n. One who makes or deals in jewels and 

Jew'el-ler-y, n. See JEWELRY. [jeweler. 

Jew'el-ry, n. Jewels in general ; the art or trade of a 

Jew'ess, n._ A Hebrew woman. 

Jew'ish. ( ju'ish or ju/ish), a. Pertaining to the Jews or 
Hebrews ; Israelitish. 

Jew'ry (ju'ry or ju/rv), n. Judea; also, a district in- 
habited by Jews, and hence the name of a street in 
London. 

Jew'g'-harp ( juV- or juz'-), n. A small musical instru- 
ment, held between the teeth, and having a metal tongue, 
which when struck by the finger produces musical sounds 
that are modulated by the breath. 

Jez'e-bcl, n. [From Jezebel, the wife of Ahab, king of 
Israel.] An impudent, daring, vicious woman. 

Jib, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. jibs, tatters.] 1. (Naut.) The 
foremost sail of a ship, being a large, triangular stay-sail 
extended from the outer end of the jib-boom toward the 
fore topmast-head. In sloops, it is on the bowsprit, and 
extends toward tbe lower mast-head. 2. (Mach.) The 
projecting beam of a crane. 
Jih'-boom, n. {Naut,) A spar which is run out from 
the extremity of the bow-sprit, and which serves as a 
continuation of it. 
Jibe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JIBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JIBING.] 
[Written a\so gybe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of 
a vessel to the other, as a sail. 



Jibe, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To shift, as a boom-sail, from one 
side of a vessel to the other. 2. To agree ; to harmonize. 
[Low.] 

Jif 'fy, n. [Perhaps derived and corrupted from gliff, a 
transient glance.] A moment ; an instant. [ Colloq.] 

Jig, n. [0. Fr. gigue, gige, a string-instrument, N. Fr. 
gigue, dance, tune, gig. See GlG.] 1. (Mus.) A light 
brisk musical movement. 2. A frolicsome, quick dance, 
to such a movement. 3. A piece of sport ; a trick ; ca- 
jolery. 

Jig, v. t. 1. To sort or separate by shaking, as ore. 2* 
To trick, or cheat ; to delude. 

Jig'ger, n. [Eng. jig, v. t. See supra.] 1. One who, 
or that which, jigs, as a miner who sorts or cleans ore by 
passing it through a wire sieve. 2. A troublesome in- 
sect of tropical regions. 3. A machine on which earthen 
vessels are shaped by rapid motion. 4. (Naut.) A small 
tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the 
fall. 

Jig'gle, v. i. [From jig, n.] To move in an affected or 
awkward manner ; to shake up and down. 

Jill, n. [Equiv. to Gill, q. v.] A young woman; — so 
called in contempt. 

Jill'-flirt, n. [Also gill-flirt.] A light, wanton woman. 

Jilt, n. [Contracted from Scot. jUlet, a giddy girl, a jill- 
flirt, dim. of jill. q. v.] A woman who capriciously de- 
ceives and disappoints" her lover ; a coquette ; a flirt. 

Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JILTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JILT- 
ING.] To encourage, and then frustrate the hopes of, as 
a lover. 

Jilt, v. i. To play the jilt ; to practice deception in love, 
and discard lovers. [open doors. 

Jim'my, ft. A short bar used by burglars in breaking 

Jimp, a. Neat ; handsome ; elegant of shape. See Gimp. 

Jin'gle (jmg-'gl), v. i. [See Gingle and CHINK.] To 
sound with a fine, sharp rattle ; to clink. 

Jin'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jingled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
jingling.] To cause to give a sharp sound, as a little 
bell, or as pieces of metal. 

Jlri'gle, n. 1. A rattling or clinking sound, as of little 
bells or pieces of metal. 2. That which makes such a 
sound. 3. Correspondence of sound in rhymes. 

Jin'go (jmg'go), n. [Said to be a corruption of St. Gin- 
goulph.] A word often used in a vulgar oath. 

Jin'nee,ft. ,• pi. JINN. [Ai\] (Mohammedan Myth.) A 
genius or demon ; — a name applied to genii, angels, or 
demons, supposed to have transparent bodies, with the 
power of assuming various forms. 

Job, n. [A modification of chop, to cut off, to cut into 
small pieces.] 1. A piece of work ; any thing under- 
taken, or assumed to be done. 2. An undertaking with 
a view to profit ; a public transaction done for private 
profit . 

Job, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JOB- 
BING.] 1. To hire by the job. or period of use and 
service. 2. To do by separate portions cr lots. 3. 
(Com.) To buy and sell as a broker; to purchase of 
importers for the purpose of selling to retailers. 

Job, v . i. [Cf. Chop, to barter, exchange.] 1. To per- 
form pieces of work; to work by the job. 2. To seek 
private gain under the pretense of public service. 

Job'ber, ft. 1. A worker by the job. 2. A dealer in 
the public stocks or funds. 3. One who purchases goods 
from importers, and sells to retailers. 4. One who turns 
official actions to private advantage. 

Job'ber-nowl, n. [From 0. Eng. jobarde, a stupid 
fellow, and noul, nole, a head, from knoll, q. v.] A log- 
gerhead ; a blockhead. [Low.] 

Job'bing-liouse, n. A mercantile establishment which 
purchases from importers and sells to retailers. [Amer.] 

Jock'ey, n. ; pi. j6ck/ey§. [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock, 
diminutive of John.] 1. A man who rides horses in a 
race. 2. A dealer in horses. 3. One who cheats in trade. 

Jock'ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jockeyed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. JOCKEYING.] To play the jockey toward ; to cheat; 

Jock'ey, v. i. To play or act the jockey. [to trick. 

J6ck'ey-I§m, n. Practice of jockeys. 

Jo-cose', a. [Lat. jocosus, from jocus, joke.] 1. Given 
to jokes and jestings. 2. Containing a joke. 

Syn. — Jocular; facetious; witty; merry ; pleasant; -waggish; 
sportive. 

Jo-eose'ly, adv. In jest ; for sport or game. 

Jo-cose'ness, n. Quality of being jocose ; merriment. 

Jo-cos'i-ty, n. A jocose act or saying ; jocoseness._ 

Joc'u-lar , a. [Lat. jocularis, from joculus, dim . of jocus, 
joke.] 1. Given to jesting; jocose. 2. Containing jokes, 

; Joc'u-lar'i-ty, n. Merriment ; jesting. [sportive. 

' J6c'u-lar-ly, adv. In jest ; ior sport or mirth. 



a,e, &c. , long ; a, e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sou, or, do, wolf, 



JOCUND 



403 



JOURNEY 



JSe'und, a. [Lat. jocundus. jucundas, from jocus, a jest, 
joke.] Merry ; gay ; airy ; lively ; sportive. 

Jo-eun'di-ty , n. State of being merry ; gayety. 

Joe'und-ly, adi\ Merrily ; gayly. 

Joe'und-ness, n. State of being jocund ; jocundity. 

Jog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JOG- 
GING.] [Allied to Ger. schocken, to jolt or shake, Eng. 
shock,] To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to 
urge gently or repeatedly. 

Jog, v. i. 1. To move by jogs, like those of a slow trot, 
2. To walk or travel idly, heavily, or slowly. 

Jog, n. A slight shake ; a shake or push intended to give 
notice or awaken attention. 
Jog-trot, a slow, regular pace. 

JSg'ger, n. 1. One who walks or moves heavily and 
slowly. 2. One who gives a sudden push. 

Jog'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOGGLED ; p. pr. & vb, n. 
JOGGLING.] (Dim. of jog, q. v.] 1. To shake slightly ; 
to jostle, or cause to move irregularly. 2. {Arch.) To 
join or match by jogs or notches, so as to prevent sliding 

J6g'gle,t". i. To shake or totter. [apart. 

Jog'gle, n. 1. {Arch.) A joint between two bodies so 
constructed by means of jogs or notches, as to prevent 
their sliding past each other. 2. {Masonry.) A similar 
joint held in place by means of pieces of stone or metal 
introduced into it. 3. pi. The pieces of stone or metal 
used in a joggle-joint. 

Jo-han'ne§, n. {Numis.) A Portuguese gold coin of the 
value of eight dollars ; so named from the figure of King 
John (Lat. Johannes) which it bears. 

John Do'ry. [Formed from Fr. jaune doree, golden 
yellow; doree, i. e., gilt (sc. la poisson, fish).] {Ichth.) 
A small golden-colored sea-fish. See Dory. 

John'ny-eake, n. A cake made of the meal of maize 
or Indian corn, mixed with water, and originally baked 
on the hearth. [Amer.] 

Join (38), t". t. [imp. & p. p. joined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JOINING.] [From Lat. jungere, to yoke, bind together.] 
1. To bring together, literally or figuratively ; to place 
in contiguity ; to league. 2. To associate one's self to ; 
to be or become connected with. 3. To effect a union. 

Syn. — To add ; annex ; unite ; connect ; combine ; conso- 
ciate ; couple ; link. See Add. 

Join, v. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact ; to form 
a league or contract together ; to unite. 

Join'der, n. 1. Act of joining ; conjunction. 2. {Law.) 
(a.) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a 
suit, or of causes of action. (6.) Acceptance of an issue 
tendered in law or fact. 

Join'er, n. 1. One who joins; auniter. 2. A mechanic 
who does the wood-work in the covering and finishing of 
buildings. 

Join'er-y, n. Art of a joiner ; the work of a joiner. 

Joint, n. [See Join.] 1. The place or part in which 
two things are joined or united ; junction. 2. The part 
or space included between two joints, knots, or articula- 
tions. 3. (Geol.) One of a system of regular and exten- 
sive cracks or seams transverse to the stratification. 

Joint, a. 1. Joined ; united ; combined ; concerted. 2. 
Uniting or sharing with another or with others. 3. 
Shared among more than one ; held in common. 

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jointed; p. pr. & vb, n. 
jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints ; to fit to- 
gether. 2. To provide with a joint or joints ; to articu- 
late. 3. To separate the joints of; to cut up, as meat ; 
to disjoint. 

Joint, v. i. To fit perfectly ; to coalesce as joints do. 

Joint'er, n. 1. The longest plane used by a joiner. 2. 
( Masonry. ) A bent piece of iron used to secure the joints 
of a wall in order to strengthen it. 

Joint'ly, adv. In a joint manner; together ; unitedly ; 
in concert. 

Joint'ress, n. {Law. ) A woman who has a jointure. 

Joint'-stock, n. Stock held in company. 

Joint'- stool, n. A stool consisting of parts inserted in 
each other. 

Joint'-ten'an-cy, n. {Law.) A tenure of estate by 
unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which 
the survivor takes the whole. [joint-tenancy. 

Joint'-t&n'ant, n. {Law.) One who holds an estate by 

Joint'ure (53), n. [L&t.junctura, from jungere, junctum, 
See JOIN and JUNCTURE.] {Law.) An estate settled 
on a wife, and which she is to enjoy after her husband's 
decease for her own life at least, and in satisfaction of 
dower. 

Joint'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jointured; p. pr. & 
vb. n. JOINTURING.] To settle a jointure upon. 



Joist, n. [L. Lat, gistum, equiv. to Lat. jatitum, p. p. 
of jacere, to lie.] A small piece of timber to which the 
boards of a floor or the laths of ceiling are nailed. 

Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOISTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JOISTING.] To fit or furnish with joists. 

Joke, n. [L&t.jocus,] 1. Something said for the sake 
of exciting a laugh ; a jest ; a witticism, 2. What is not 
in earnest, or actually meant. 

Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. joked (jokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JOKING.] To make merry with ; to rally ; to banter. 

Joke, v. i. To do something for sport, or to make sport. 
Syn. — To jest ; sport ; rally. 

Jok'er, n. A jester ; a merry fellow. 

JoFli-fi-ea'tion, n. [Eng. jolly and Lat. facere, to 
make,] Noisy festivity and merriment. [Cottoq.] 

Jol'li-ly, adv. [See Jolly.] With noisy mirth. 

Jol'li-ness, ) n. Noisy mirth ; gayety ; merriment ; fes- 

J6Fli-ty, J tivity ; hilarity ; jovialty. 

JoFly, a. [compar. JOLLIER; supcrl. JOLLIEsT.] [0. 
Fr. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, N. Fr. joli, pretty, from 
Icel, jol, Goth, jiuleis, Eng. yule, Christmas-feast. See 
Yule.] 1. Full of life and mirth ; jovial ; joyous ; 
merry. 2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it. 3. Of 
fine appearance ; handsome ; plump. 

Jol'ly-boat, n. [A sailor's corruption of yawl-boat. See 
YAWL.] {Naul.) A small boat belonging to a ship. 

Jolt (20), v. i. [imp. & p. p. jolted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
jolting.] [Cf. 0. Eng, jolle, to beat, to come in col- 
lision, Ger. schollern, sc/wldern, scholtern, to roll down, 
to bowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fall- 
ings, as a carriage moving on rough ground. 

Jolt, v. t. To shake with sudden jerks. 

Jolt, n. A shock or shake by a sudden jerk. 

Jolt'er, n. One who, or that which, jolts. 

Jolt'head, n. A great head ; a dunce ; a blockhead. 

Jon/quil, ) n. [Fr. jonquille, from Lat, juncus, a rush, 

Jon'quille, ) because it has rush-like leaves.] {Bot.) 
A bulbous plant, allied to the daffodil. It has long, lily- 
like leaves, and spikes of yellow or white fragrant flowers. 

Jo'ram, ) n. [Probably corrupted from 0. Eng. jorden, 

Jo'rlim, j an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel, 
and also its contents, namely, nut-brown ale and toast, 
with sugar and spice. [ Colloq. Eng.] 

Joss'-stick (109), n. [Chinese joss, deity.] A small 
cylinder, made of gum mixed with the dust of odoriferous 
woods, which the Chinese burn before their idols. 

Jos'tle (josa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. jostled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. jostling.] [SeeJusTLE.] To run against and 
shake ; to crowd against. 

Jot, n. [Gr. iajra, the name of the letter ?', Heb. yod. See 
Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the least quantity 
assignable. 

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOTTED; p. pr. & vb n. JOT- 
TING.] To set down ; to make a memorandum of. 

Jounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOUNCE D (jounst) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. jouncing.] To jolt ; to shake, especially by 
rough riding. 

Jounce, n. A jolt ; a shake ; a hard trot. 

Jour'nal (jPuVnal), n. [L. Lat. journale, from Lat. diur- 
nalis, diurnal, from diurnus, belonging to the day, from 
dies, a day.] 1. An account of daily transactions and 
events; hence, specifically, (a.) { Com.) A book in which 
every particular article or charge is fairly entered under 

t the date of each day. (6.) {Naut.) A daily register of 
the ship's course and distance, &c. (c) A paper pub- 
lished daily ; hence, also, a periodical publication giving 
an account of passing events, the proceedings and me- 
moirs of societies, &c, 2. ( Mach.) The short, cylindrical 
portion of a shaft or other revolving piece which turns in 
some other piece, or in a journal-box ; a bearing. 

Jour'nal-box, n, The part of a machine in which the 
journal of a shaft, axle, or pin bears and moves ; strictly, 
a box in two or more parts, so that it can be opened and 
adjusted. 

Jour'naM§m, n. 1. The keeping of a journal. 2. 
The profession of editing, or writing for, journals. 

JoUr'nal-ist, n. 1. The writer of a journal or diary. 
2. The conductor of, or contributor to, a public journal. 

Jour'nal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. journalized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. JOURNALIZING.] To enter in a journal an 
account of. [public journal. 

Jour'nal-Ize, v. i. To aid by writing in carrying on a 

Jour'ney, n. ; pi. JOUR^NEYg. [Fr. journee, a day, a 
day's work, a day's journey, from Lat. diurnus. See 
Journal.] Travel from one place to another ; passage; 
voyage. 

Syn.— Tour ; excursion ; trip ; expedition ; pilgrimage.— 



food, f6*bt ; urn, r^de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; thift 



JOUENEY 



404 



JUGGLE 



The word./owrne?/ suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged 
traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly 
from one point to another. In a tour, we take a round-about 
course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though 
sometimes on business. An excursion is never on business, but 
always for pleasure, health, &c. In a pilgrimage., we travel to a 
place hallowed by our religious affections, or by some train of 
sacred or tender associations. 

Jour'ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. journeyed ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. JOURNEYING.] To travel from place to place. 
Jour'ney-man, n. ; pi. jour'ney-men. A man hired 

to work by the day ; hence, any mechanic hired to work 

for another, whether by the month, year, or other term. 
Jour'ney-work (-wurk), n. Work done for hire by a 
Joust, n. The same as Just, q. v. [mechanic. 

Jove, n. 1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans ; 

Jupiter. 2. The planet Jupiter. [Rare.] 
Jo'vi-al, a. [From Lat. Jovialis, because the planet 

Jupiter was considered to make those who were born un- 
/ der it jojful or jovial.] 1. Under the influence of Jupiter, 
' the planet. 2. Gay ; merry ; airy ; joyous ; jolly. 
Jo'vi-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being jovial ; jovialness. 
Jo'vi-al-ly, adv. Merrily ; gayly ; with noisy mirth. 
Jo'vi-al-ness, n. Noisy mirth ; gayety. 
Jo'vi-al-ty, n. Merriment ; joviality. 
Jowl, n. [Fr. gueule, mouth, jaws, from Lat. gida, throat. 

Cf. A.-S. ceole, geagl, the jaw, throat, Ir. & Gael, gial, 

giall, the jaw, cheek.] The cheek. 

Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together. 
Jowl'er, or Jowl'er, n. [Eng. jowl, or jole, the cheek, 

beca,use it is a thick-jawed dog.] A hunting-dog, beagle, 

or other dog. 
Joy, n. [0. Fr. joye, joie, goie, from Lat. gaudium, joy, 

from gaudere, to rejoice.] 1. The emotion excited by 

the acquisition or expectation of good ; exhilaration of 

spirits. 2. The cause of joy or happiness. 

Syn.— Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; 

transport ; felicity ; ecstasy : rapture ; bliss ; gayety ; mirth; 

merriment; festivity; hilarity. 
Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. joyed ; p.pr. & vb. n. joying.] 

To rejoice ; to be glad ; to exult. 
Joy'ance, n. Gayety ; festivity. 

Joy 'ful, a. Full of joy ; very glad ; gay ; exulting ; joyous. 
J6y'ful-ly, adv. With joy; gladly. 
Joy'ful-iiess,w. Great gladness ; joy. 
Joy'less, a. 1. Destitute of joy ; wanting joy. 2. 

Giving no joy or pleasure ; unenjoyable. 
Joy'less-ly, adv. Without joy. 
Joy'less-ness, n. State of being joyless. 
Joy'oiis, a. Full of joy ; joyful ; glad. 

Syn. — Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; 
sportive; festive; happy; blissful; charming; delightful. 

Joy'oiis-ly, adv. AVith joy or gladness. 

Joy'oiis-iiess, n. The state of being joyous. 

J-u'toi-lant, a. [Lat. jubilans, p. pr. of jubilare, to shout.] 
Uttering songs of triumph ; rejoicing; shouting with joy. 

Ju/bi-la'te, or Ju'foi-la'te, n. [Lat. jubilate, impera- 
tive of jubilare, to shout for joy.] The third Sunday 
after Easter ; — so called because the church service, in 
early times, began, on that day, with the words of the 
66th Psalm, " Jubilate Deo," &c. 

Jii'bi-la'tioiijn. Act of declaring triumph. 

Jii'bi-lee, n. [Lat. jubilseus, Gr. uojEhjAaios. from Heb. 
yubel, blast of a trumpet, and the grand sabbatical year, 
which was announced by sound of trumpet.] 1. ( Jew- 
ish Hist.) Every fiftieth year, at which time all the 
slaves were liberated, and all lands which had been 
alienated during the whole period reverted to their for- 
mer owners. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A church solem- 
nity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, 
latterly of twenty-five years. 3. A season of great pub- 
he festivity and joy. 4. Joyfulness ; exultation. 

Ju-dt'ie-al \ a ' [ SeejEW -] Pertaining to the Jews. 

Ju-da'ie-al-ly, adv. After the Jewish manner. 

Ju'da-i§m (44), n. 1. The religious doctrines and rites 
of the Jews, as enjoined in the laws of Moses. 2. Con- 
formity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. 

Ju'da-ist (44), n. One who conforms to, or believes in, 
the doctrines of Judaism. 

Jii'da-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. judaized ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JUDAIZING.] 1. To conform to the religious doctrines 
and rights of the Jews. 2. To reason and interpret like 
a Jew. 

Ju'da-iz'er, n. 1. One who conforms to the religion of 
the Jews. 2. One who reasons like a Jew. 

Judge, n. [Lat. judex, from judicare. See infra."] 1. 
(Law.) A civil officer invested with authority to hear 



and determine causes, civil or criminal. 2. The Su- 
preme Being. 3. One who has skill to decide on the 
merits of a question, or on the value of any thing ; a 
connoisseur; an expert. 4. (Jewish Hist.) A chief 
magistrate with civil and military powers, such as those 
who governed the nation more than three hundred years. 
5. pi. The title of the seventh book of the Old Testa- 
ment. 

Judge-Advocate {Mil."), a person appointed to act as public 
prosecutor at a court-martial. 

Syn. — Umpire; arbitrator; referee. — A judge, in the legal 
sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. 
An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more 
who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot 
to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds 
of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a ease 
is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references arc 
sometimes voluntary, and sometimes appointed by a court. 

Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. JUDGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JUDGING.] [Lat. judicare, from jus, law or right, and 
dicare, to proclaim, pronounce.] 1. To hear and deter- 
mine, as in causes on trial ; to pass sentence. 2o To 
assume authority to try any thing and pass judgment on 
it. 3. To form an opinion ; to determine ; to distinguish. 

Judge, v.t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as 
a case before a court, or a controversy between two 
parties. 2. To examine and pass sentence on. 3. To 
sit in judgment upon ; to be censorious toward. 4. To 
determine upon inquiry or deliberation ; to esteem ; to 
think ; to reckon. 

Judg'er, n. One who judges or passes sentence. 

Judge'ship, n. The office of a judge. 

Judg'nient, n. 1. Act of judging ; the act or process 
of the mind in comparing ideas, to find their mutual re- 
lations, and to ascertain truth. 2. That which is dis- 
cerned by the mind in judging; opinion; notion. 3. 
Facility in judging; correctness; taste. 4. (P/iilos.) The 
act or faculty of comparing objects of any kind, and dis- 
cerning their relations, attributes, or properties ; the re- 
sult of the act thus performed. 5. (Laiv.) (a.) The 
sentence of the law, pronounced by a court, or by a 
judge thereof, (b.) Decision of a court. 6. A calamity 
regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong 
committed. 7. (Theol.) The final punishment of the 
wicked. 

Judg'ment-day, n. ( Theol.) The last day, when final 
judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God's 
moral government. 

Judg'ment-seat, n. The seat or bench on which judges 
sit in court ; hence, a court ; a tribunal. 

Ju'di--ea/tive, a. Having power to judge. 

Ju'di-ea-to-ry (50), a. Dispensing justice. 

Ju'di-ea-to-ry, n. 1. A court of justice; a tribunal. 
2. Distribution of justice. 

Ju'di-ea-ture (53), n. 1. Power of distributing justice 
by legal trial and determination. 2. Right of judicial 
action ; jurisdiction. 3. A court of justice. 4. Extent 
of jurisdiction of a judge or court. 

Ju-di'cial (-dish'al), a. [Lat. judicialis, from judicium, 
judgment.] 1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of jus- 
tice, or to a judge thereof. 2. Practiced or employed in the 
administration of justice. 3. Proceeding from a court 
of justice. 4. Positive or established by statute. 5. 
Inflicted, as a penalty or in judgment. 

Ju-di'cial-ly (-dlsh'al-), adv. 1. In the forms of legal 
justice. 2. By way of penalty. 

Ju-di'ci-a-ry (-dlsli'i-, 44, 95), a. 1. Passing judgment 
or sentence. 2. Pertaining to the courts of judicature. 

Ju-di'ci-a-ry, n. That branch of government in which 
judicial power is vested ; the judges taken collectively. 

Ju-di'cioiis (-dish'us), a. According to sound judgment. 
Syn. — Prudent ; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; 
sagacious. 

Ju-di'cious-ly (-dish'us-), adv. In a judicious manner ; 

with good judgment ; skillfully. [dicious. 

Ju-di'cious-necs (-di'sh'us-), n. Quality of being ju- 

Jug, "• [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cuach, bowl, cup, pail, A.-S. ceac, 
basin, cup, pitcher.] 1. A vessel, with a swelling belly 
and narrow mouth ; a large earthen or stone bottle. 2. 
A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.] 3. A prison; a jail. [Colloq 
and low.] 

Jug, v. t. 1. To boil or stew, as in a jug. 2. To com- 
mit to jail ; to imprison. [ Colloq. and loiv.] 

Jiig'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. juggled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
JUGGLING.] [From Lat. joculari, to jest, joke.] 1. To 
play tricks by sleight of hand ; to conjure. 2. To practice 
artifice or imposture. 

Jiig'gle, v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. 



a,e,&c.,long; a,&,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



JUGGLE 



405 



JURIST 



Jug'gle, 11. 1. A trick by legerdemain. 2. An impos- 
ture ; a deception. 

Jiig'gler, n. [From Lat. joculator, a jester, joker, from 
joculari, to jest, joke.] One who practices or exhibits 
tricks by slight of hand ; a cheat ; a deceiver. 

Jiig'gler-y, n. Art or act of a juggler ; legerdemain ; 
trickery ; imposture. 

Ju'gu-lar, a. ■ [N. Lat. jugularis, from Lat. jugulum, the 
collar-bone, the throat, from jungere, to yoke, to join.] 
(Anat.) Pertaining to the neck or throat. 

Ju'gu-lar, n. (Anat.) One of the large veins by which 
the blood is returned from the head to the heart. 

Juice (jus), ii. [Fr. & Lat. jus, broth, gravy, juice; 0. 
D. juys.] The sap; the watery part of vegetables, es- 
pecially of fruits ; hence, also, the fluid part of animal 
substances. 

Juice'less, a. Destitute of juice ; dry. 

Jui'ci-ness, n. State of being juicy ; succulence. 

Jui'cy, a. [compar. JUCIER ; superl. JUCIEST.] Abound- 
ing with juice ; moist ; succulent. 

Ju'jube, ii. [From Lat. zizyphum, Gr. £C£v<f>ov, Per. zlz- 
fun, zizqfan, zayzafun, z'irfun, the barren jujube tree; 
Ar. zivzhf, zufayzaf.] The fruit of a species of plant, 
a native of Syria, but now cultivated in the south of Eu- 
rope ; it is of a blood-red or saffron color, and has a sweet, 
granular pulp. 

Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, 
an expectorant made of gum arabic sweetened. 

Ju'lep, ii. [From Ar. & Per. julab,jullab, from Per. gu- 
lab, rose-water and julep, from gul, rose, guli-mukarrar , 
sirup of roses, and ab, water.] 1. A sweet drink ; espe- 
cially (Med.), a demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous 
mixture. 2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, 
or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, 
and sprigs of mint. [ius Caesar. 

Jul'ian ( jaPyan), a. Belonging to, or derived from, Jul- 

Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, in 
which the year was made to consist of 305 days, G hours, instead 
of 365 days. — Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement 
of the Julian calendar, or 40 B. C. — Julian period, a chrono- 
logical period of 7980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and 
indiction cycles. — Julian year, the year of 303 days, hours, 
adopted in the Julian calendar. 

Ju-ly', n. The seventh month of the year ; — so called 
from Julius, the surname of Caius Csesar, who was born 
in this month. 

Ju'mart, n. [Either from Lat. jumentum, a beast of 
burden, or from Lat. Clumxra.] The supposed offspring 
of a bull and a mare. 

Jum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jumbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
JUMBLING.] [Prob. from Fr. comblcr, to heap up, load, 
overwhelm, from Lat. cumularc, to heap.] To mix in a 
confused mass ; to put or throw together without order. 

Jum'ble, v. i. To meet, mix, or unite in a confused 
manner. 

Jum'ble, n. 1. Confused mixture; orderless mass or 
collection. 2. A small, sweet cake, often in shape like a 
ring. 

Jum'bler, n. One who mixes things in confusion. 

Jump, f. ». [imp. & p. p. JUMPED (jamt)84); p. pr. 
& vb. n. JUMPING.] [0. D. gumpen, Prov. Ger. gumptn, 
jumpen.] To life the feet wholly from the ground and 
alight again upon them ; to skip ; to spring ; to bound. 

Jump, v. t. To pass by a leap ; to pass over eagerly or 
hastily ; to skip over. 

Jump, n. 1. Act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a 
bound. 2. ( Geol.) A dislocation in a mineral stratum ; 
a fault. 3. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in 
a piece of brick-work or masonry. 

Jump, n. [From Ar. al-jubbah, a cotton waistcoat.] A 
kind of loose or limber stays or waistcoat worn by females . 

Jump'er, n. 1. One who jumps. 2. A long iron chisel 
or borer. 3. A rude kind of sleigh. 4. One of a certain 
religious sect, characterized by many remarkable eccen- 
tricities. 

Jump'- seat, n. A carriage with a movable seat, readily 
changed from the one-seated to the tsvo-seated form. 

Jiin'eate (jQnk'et), n. [L. Lat. juncata, cream-cheese, 
made in a wicker basket or basket of rushes, from Lat. 
juncus, rush.] 1, A cheese-cake ; hence, any kind of 
delicate food. 2. A furtive or private entertainment. 

Jiinc'tion, n. [Lat. junclio. from jungere, to join.] 1. 
Act of joining, or state of being joined ; union ; combina- 
tion ; coalition. 2. Place or point of union ; specifically, 
the place where two lines of railway meet. 

Jiinet'ure (53), n. [Lat. juncture/,, from jungere, to join.] 
1. The line or point at which two bodies are joined ; a 
joint or articulation. 2. A point of time ; especially, a 



point rendered critical by a concurrence of circumstances, 
an exigency ; an emergency. 

June, n. [Lat. Junius, from Juno, because it was sacred 
to this goddess.] The sixth month of the year. 

June'a-ting, n. [See Jenneting.] A kind of early 
apple, which ripens in June. 

Jun'gle ( jung'gl), n. [Hind, jangal, desert ; forest ; jun- 
gle ; Skr. janggala, desert.] Land mostly covered with 
forest-trees, brush-wood, &c, or coarse, reedy vegetation, 
but not wholly uninhabited. 

Jiin'gly, a. Consisting of, or abounding with jungles. 

Jun'ior (jan'yur), a. [Lat., contracted from juvenior, 
compar. of juvenis, young.] 1. Less old; younger. 2. 
Belonging to a younger person, or to a junior. 

Jun'ior, n. 1. A younger person. 2. Hence, of a lower 
or younger standing ; as, specifically, (a.) One in the third 
year of his collegiate course in an American college, (b.) 
One in the first year of his course at a theological semi- 

Jun-ior'i-ty, n. The state of being junior. [nary. 

Ju'ni-per, ii. [Lat. juniperus. See Geneva.] (Bot.) 
An evergreen coniferous shrub or tree. 

Junk, n. [Lat. juncus, a bul- 
rush , of which ropes were made 
in early ages.] 1. Pieces of old 
cable or old cordage. 2. (Naut.) 
A ship used in China. 3. A 
thick piece. [See CHUNK.] 4. 
(Naut.) Hard salted beef sup- J 
plied to ships. 



Junk-bottle, a bottle, usually of 
green glass, made thick and strong, 
for holding liquors, as ale, and the 
like. 




Junk. 
1. A sweetmeat. 



2. A 



Jiink'et, n. [See Juncate.] 
stolen entertainment. 

Jiink'et, v. i. 1. To make a private entertainment - 
2. To feast ; to banquet. 

Jiink'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. junketed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. JUNKETING.] To give entertainment to ; to feast. 

Jiink'et-ing, n.^ A private feast or entertainment. 

Jixn'ta, n. ; pi. jun'tar. [Sp., from Lat. junctus, joined, 
p. p. of jungere, to join.] A grand council of state in 
Spain or her possessions. 

Jun'to, n. f pi. juntos. [Sp. junta. See supra.] A 
select council or assembly, which deliberates in secret on 
any affair of government ; a faction ; a cabal. 

Ju'pi-ter,n. [Lat., from Jovis pater.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) 
The supreme deity ; the son of Saturn ; Jove. 2. (As- 
tron.) One of the planets, the largest, and, next to Venus, 
the brightest. 

Ju-pon', \n. [Fr. See Jump.] 1. A sleeveless jacket 

Jup-pon', ) or overcoat, composed of several thicknesses 
of material sewed through, and faced with silk or velvet. 
2. A petticoat. 

Ju-ras'sie, a. ( Geol.) Of the age of the middle second- 
ary, or the oolite and lias ; — named from certain rocks 
of the Jura mountains. 

Ju-rld'ie, ) a. [Lat. juridicus, relating to the admin- 

Ju-rid'ie-al, j istration of justice, from ./Ms^Mn's, right, 
law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. Pertaining to a 
judge ; acting in the distribution of justice. 2. Used in 
courts of law. 

Ju-rid'ic-al-ly, adv. According to forms of law. 

Ju/ris-con'sult (110), n. [Lat. jurisconsultus, from jus, 
juris, right, and consulere, consultum, to consult.] A 
man learned in the law, and who is consulted thereon ; 
a jurist ; a counselor. 

Jii/ris-dle'tion, n. [Lat. jurisdictio, from jus, juris, 
right, law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. The legal 
power or authority of hearing and determining causes. 
2. Power of governing or legislating ; the power or right 
of exercising authority. 3. The limit within which 
power may be exercised. 

Ju/ris-die'tion-al, a. Pertaining to jurisdiction. 

Ju/ris-di-e'tive, a. Having jurisdiction. 

Ju/ris-pru'dence, n. [Lat. jurisprudentia, from jus, 
juris, right, law, and prudentia, a foreseeing, knowledge 
of a matter.] The science of law ; the knowledge of the 
laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community. 

Medical jurisprudence, the science of the application of anat- 
omy, physiology, and therapeutics, to the determination of cases 
in law. 

Ju/ris-pru'dent, a. Understanding law ; jurispruden- 
tial, [in, law, 
Ju'ris-pru'dent, n. One who understands, or is skilled 
Jii / ris-pru-den'tial, a. Pertaining to jurisprudence. 
Ju'rist (89), n. 1. One versed in the law ; especially, one 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



JUROR 



406 



KANGAROO 



versed in the civil law ; a civil lawyer. 2. One versed in 
the law of nations, or any other legal subject. 

Ju'ror, n. [Lat. jurator, a swearer, a sworn witness or 
magistrate, from jurare, jurari, to swear.] 1. (Law.) 
One who serves on a jury ; a juryman. 2. One of a 
committee chosen to adjudge prizes at a public exhibition. 

Ju'ry (89), n. 1. (Law.) A body of men, selected and 
sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to 
declare the truth of it on the evidence given them in the 
case. 2. A committee for adjudging prizes at a public 
exhibition. [Eng.] 

Ju'ry-man, n. ; pi. ju'ry-men. One who is impaneled 
on a jury, or who serves as a juror. 

Ju'ry- mast, n. [Probably for injury-mast, i. e., a mast 
in the room of one carried away by the injury of weather.] 
(Naut.) A temporary mast erected in a ship, to supply 
the place of one carried away in a tempest or an engage- 
ment, &c. 

Just, a. [Lat. Justus, from jus, right, law, justice.] 1. 
Rendering, or disposed to render, to each one his due. 2. 
Conformed to fact, to the truth of things, to a proper 
standard, to reasonable expectations, and the like. 

Syn. — Equitable ; upright ; honest ; true ; fair; impartial; 
proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular; tasteful. 

Just, adv. Precisely ; exactly ; closely ; nearly. 

But just, that and no more; barely; scarcely. — Just now, the 
least possible time since; a moment ago. 



See infra.] A mock en- 
one of the exercises at 



Just, n. [Written also joust. 
counter on horseback; a tilt 
tournaments. 

Just, v. i. [0. Fr. juster, jouster, from Lat. juxta, near 
to, nigh, L. Lat. juxtare, to approach, join.] 1. To en- 
gage in a mock fight on horseback. 2. To push ; to 
drive ; to justle. 

Jus'tice,w. [Lat. justitia, from Justus, just.] 1. Quality 
of being just ; the rendering to every one his due, right, 
or desert. 2. Conformity to truth and reality ; fair rep- 
resentation of facts respecting merit or demerit. 3. Just 
treatment ; merited reward or punishment. 4. Agree- 
ableness to right ; equity : justness. 5. [L. ~L&t. justici- 
arius.] A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to 
try and decide controversies and administer justice. 

Syn.— Equity; law; rectitude; honesty.— Justice and equity 
are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure jus- 
tice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal 
is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of 
equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so as distin- 
guished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled 
coiirts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this ease a 
conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against 
the worlincf of the law ; this a court of equity brings into accord- 
ance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate 
use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might 
have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). 

Jus'tice-ship, n. The office or dignity of a justice. 
Jus-ti'ci-a-fole (-tisb/I-a-bl), a. Proper to be examined 

in courts of justice. 
Jus-ti'ci-ar (-tish'i-ar), ) n. 1. A judge or justice. 
Jus-ti'ci-a-ry (-tish'i-, 95), J 2. A lord chief justice. 
Jus'ti-fi'a-lbie, a. Capable of being proved to be just. 
Syn.— Defensible; vindicahle; warrantable; excusable. 



Jus'ti-fi'a-Dle-ness, n. Quality of being justifiable; 
rectitude ; possibility of being defended or vindicated. 

Jus'ti-f l'a-bly, adv. In a manner that admits of vin- 
dication or justification ; rightly. 

Jus'ti-f i-ea/tion, n. 1. Act of justifying ; vindication ; 
defense. 2. State of being justified. 3. (Law.) The 
showing of a sufficient reason in court why a party 
charged or accused did what he is called to answer. 4. 
( Theol.) The treating of sinful man as though he were 
just. 

Jus'ti-f i-ea'tive, a. Justifying ; having power to jus- 
tify ; justificatory. 

Jus'ti-f i-ea/tor, n. One who justifies ; ajustifier. 

Jus'ti-f i-ea'to-ry, a. Vindicatory ; defensory ; justifi- 
cative. 

Jus'ti-fl'er, n. 1. One who justifies. 2. One who par- 
dons and absolves from guilt and punishment. 

Jus'ti-f y,f- 1. [imp. & p. p. justified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. JUSTIFYING.] [Lat. justificare, from Justus, just, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To prove or show to be just, or 
conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty ; to 
vindicate as right. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or 
blame. 3. ( Theol.) To treat as just, though guilty and 
deserving punishment. 4. (Print.) To form even or true 
lines of, as type, by proper spacing ; to adjust. 

Syn. — To defend ; maintain ; vindicate ; excuse ; excul- 
pate ; absolve ; pardon. 

Jus'tle (jus'l), v. i. [Written also jostle.] [Diminutive 
of just, v. i., q. v.] To run or strike against ; to encoun- 
ter ; to clash. 

Jus'tle (jus'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. JUSTLED : p. pr. & 
vb. n. JUSTLING.] To push ; to drive ; to force by rush- 
ing against ; — commonly followed by off or out. 

Jus'tle (jus'l), n. An encounter or shock. 

Just'ly, adv. In a just manner ; fairly; exactly. 

Just'ness, n. Quality of being just ; justice ; reasona- 
bleness ; equity. 

Jiit, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. JUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JUT- 
TING.] [A different spelling of jet.] To shoot forward ; 
to project beyond the main body. 

Jiit, n. A shooting forward ; a projection. 

Jute, n. A substance resembling hemp, used in the man- 
ufacture of mats, coarse carpets, and the like ; also, the 
plant which produces it. 

Jut'ty, ii. [See Jettee.] A projection in a building ; 
also, a pier or mole ; a jettee. 

Ju've-nes'cence, n. A growing young. 

Ju've-nes'cent, a. [Lat. juvenescens, p. pr. of juve- 
nescere, to grow young again, from j uveitis, young.] Be- 
coming young. 

Ju've-nile, a. [Lat. juvenilis, from juvenis, young.] 
1. Young; youthful. 2. Pertaining or suited to youth. 

Ju've-nile, n. A young person or youth. 

Ju've-nile-ness, 1 n. 1. Youthfulness ; youthful age. 2. 

Ju've-nil'i-ty, ) The manners or customs of youth. 

Jiix'ta-pos/it, v. t. [Lat. juxta, near, and Eng. posit.] 
[imp. & p.p. JUXTAPOSITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JUXTA- 
POSITING.] To place in close connection or contiguity. 

Jux'ta-po-sTtion (-zish'un), n. A placing or being 
placed in nearness or contiguity. 



K. 



K(ka), the eleventh letter, and eighth consonant, of the 
English alphabet, is called a pure mute, because it 
has no proper sound of its own, but merely gives a cer- 
tain peculiar abruptness to the sound which precedes or 
follows it, according as it is final or initial. It is usually 
denominated a guttural, but is more properly a palatal. 
See Principles of Pronunciation, § 78. 

Kail, n. See Kale. 

Kai'ger, n. [Ger., from Lat. Csesar.] An emperor. 

Kale, n. [Scot, kale, kail, colewort; A.-S. cal, cawl, 
cawel. See Cole.] A kind of cabbage, having the 
leaves generally curled or wrinkled, but not formed into 
a close, round head. 

Ka-lei'do-seope, n. [Gr. *aA6s, beautiful, e!8o?,form, 
and awoTreiv, crieiineotiai, to look carefully.] An instru- 
ment which, by an arrangement of reflecting surfaces, 
exhibits its contents in an endless variety of beautiful 
colors and symmetrical forms. 



Kal'en-dar, n. See Calendar. 

Kal'en-der, n. A sort of dervis. See CALENDER. 

Kal'eiidg, n. See Calends. 

Ka'li, n. [Ar.qali. See ALKALI.] (Bot.) A species of 
glasswort, the ashes of which are used in making glass. 

Ka'lif ,n. The same as Calif or Caliph, q. v. 

Ka'li-um, n. (Chem.) Potassium ; — so called by the 
German chemists. 

Kal'mi-a, n. [So called by Linnseus, in honor of Peter 
Kalm, 1715-1779.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, native 
to North America, having corymbs of showy flowers ; — 
sometimes called laurel. 

Ka-loy'er, n. See Caloyer. 

K&m'sin, n. [Ar. khamsin, from khamsun, fifty, be- 
cause it blows for about fifty days.] A hot southerly 
wind in Egypt ; the simoom. 

Kan'ga-rob', n. (Zool.) A ruminating, marsupial 
animal, found in Australia and the neighboring islands. 



5,e f &c, long , a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere,veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



KAOLIN 



407 



KENNEL 




Kangaroo. 



The fore legs are very short, 

useless in walking, but used 

for digging or bringing food 

to the mouth. The hind legs, 

which are long, are used in 

moving, enabling it to make 

enormous bounds, sometimes 

a rod at a time. 
Ka'o-lm, I n. [Chin, kao- 
Ka'o-llne , J ling. ] ( Min. ) A 

variety of clay used for making 

porcelain. 
Ka'rob, n. With goldsmiths, 

the twenty-fourth part of a grain. 
Ka'ty-dld, n. (Entom.) An insect of a pale-green color, 

closely allied to the grasshoppers. 

EST* The katydids are abundant in the United States during 
the autumn, and at night the males, by means of membranes 
in their wing-covers, make a peculiar harsh sound, resembling 
the combination ka-ty-did; whence the name. 

Kay'ak, n. (Naut.) Alight boat used by fishermen in 
Greenland, made of seai-skins stretched upon a frame, 
and coming dose round the body of the oarsman. 

Kayle,«. [0. H. Ger. kegil.] A nine-pin ; a kettle-pin. 

KSb'lah, n. [Ar. kiblah, any thing opposite, the south, 
from kabalah, to be or lie opposite.] The point toward 
which Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer, being 
the direction of the temple at Mecca. 

Keck, v . i. [imp. & p. p. kecked (kekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. KECKING.] [Prov. Ger. k'Jcken, koken.] To heave 
the stomach ; to retch, as in an effort to vomit. 

Keck, n. A reaching or heaving of the stomach. 

Keck'le (kek'1), n. The same as Keck, q. v. 

Keck'le (kek'l), v. t. [imp. So p. p. keckled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. KECKLING.] [Perh. allied to Gr. kvkAos, ring, circle, 
round.] To wind old rope round, as a cable, to preserve 
its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains 
round to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or 
from the ice. 

Keck'sy, n. [Allied to Lat. cicuta.] The dry stalk of 
the hemlock, and other umbelliferous plants. 

KSdge,n. [See infra.] (Naut.) A small anchor used 
to keep a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, 
and particularly at the turn of the tide, to keep her 
clear of her bo .ver anchor. 

Kedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kedged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
KEDGING.] [Scot, kedge, cadge, cache, to toss about, to 
move a thing quickly from one place to another.] (Naut.) 
To warp, as a ship ; to move by means of a kedge, as in a 

Kedg'er, n. (Naut.) A kedge. [river. 

Keel, n. [A.-S. ceol, 0. H. Ger. kiol.] 1. The principal 
timber in a ship, extending from stem to stern at the 
bottom, and supporting the whole frame ; hence, a ship. 
2. A low, fiat-bottomed vessel, used in the river Tyne to 
convey coals from Newcastle for loading the colliers. 3. 
A broad, flat vessel, used for cooling 
liquids; a keeler. 4. (Bit.) The two 
lowest petals of the corolla of a papil- 
ionaceous flower inclosing the stamens 
and pistil. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A pro 
jecting ridge along the middle of a 
flat or curving surface. 

Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. KEELED; Keel (Bot.) 
p. pr. & vb. n. KEELING.] [A.-S. 
cSlan, 0. H. Ger. chuolan. See COOL.] 1. To plow 
with a keel ; to navigate. 2. To turn up the keel ; to 
show the bottom. 

Keel'age, n. The right of demanding a duty or toll for 
the bottom of ships resting in a port or harbor ; the 
duty so paid. 

Keel'-boat, n. 1. A large, covered boat, with a keel, 
but no sails, used on American rivers for the transporta- 
tion of freight. 2. A low, flat-bottomed freight-boat. 

Keel'er, n. A shallow tub for holding materials for 
calking ships, or for other uses. 

Keel'haul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. keelhauled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. KEELHAULING.] (Naut.) To haul under the 
keel of a ship, as a punishment, by ropes attached to the 
yard-arms on each side. 

Keel'ing, n. [Tcel. keila.] (Ichth.) A kind of small cod. 

Keel'son (kePsun), n. [From keel. Cf. Flotson, Jet- 
SON.] (Ship-building.) A piece of timber in a ship laid 
on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and 
binding the floor timbers to the keel. 

Keen, a. [compar. keener ; superl. KEENEST.] [A -S. 
cene, czn, 0. H. Ger. kuoni, bold, stout, eager.] 1. Ea- 
ger ; vehement ; sharp. 2. Sharp ; having a fine, cut- 
ting edge. 3. Piercing; penetrating; severe. 4. Bit- 




ter ; acrimonious. 5. Acute of mind ; sharp ; penetra- 
ting ; also expressing mental acuteuess. 

Keen'ly, adv. In a keen manner ; sharply ; eagerly, 
vehemently ; severely ; bitterly. 

Keen'ness (109), n. Quality of being keen ; eagerness; 
vehemence ; sharpness ; asperity ; acuteness. 

Keep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kept ; p. pr. & vb. n. keep- 
ing.] [0. Eng. kepen, A.-S. cepan, to intercept ; Icel. 
kippa, to seize, pull. Cf. Cheapen, Cheap.] 1. To 
cause to remain in a given positiou, as within one's grasp 
or control. 2. To cause to remain in a given situation or 
condition; to maintain unchanged. 3. To have in cus- 
tody ; to take care of. 4. To preserve from discovery or 
publicity. 5. To attend upon. 6. To maintain, as an 
establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to 
manage. 7. To supply with necessaries of life ; to en- 
tertain. 8. To have and maintain, as an assistant, a 
servant, a horse, and the like. 9. To continue in, as a 
course or mode of action. 10. To adhere to ; to prac- 
tice or perform, as duty. 11. To confine one's self to ; 
to remain in ; hence, to haunt ; to frequent. 12. To 
celebrate ; to solemnize. 

To keep company with, (a.) To frequent the society of. (b.) 
To accompany; to go with; also (Amer.), to give or receive at- 
tentions, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] — To keep good or 
bad hours, to be customarily early or late in returning home or 
in retiring to rest. — To keep school, to govern and instruct or 
teach a school, as a preceptor. 

Syn. — To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; main- 
tain ; sustain ; support ; observe ; withhold. — To retain, 
preserve. — Keep is the generic term, and is often used where 
retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as, to 
keep silence, &c. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, 
as against influences which might deprive us of them, or 
reasons which might lead us to give them up; as, to retain vi- 
vacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one's 
servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we 
keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being de- 
stroyed or broken in upon ; as, to preserve one's health amid 
many exposures, to preserve appearances, &c. 

Keep, v. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to 
continue ; to stay. 2. To last ; to endure. 3. To re- 
side for a time ; to dwell. 

Keep, n. 1. State of being kept ; hence, resulting con- 
dition ; case. 2. Maintenance ; support. 3. That 
which keeps or protects ; a stronghold ; a castle ; specifi- 
cally, the strongest and securest part of a castle ; the 
donjon. 4. That which is kept or had in charge. 

Keep'er, n. 1. One who keeps, or has possession of 
any thing. 2. One who has the care of a prison and 
the custody of prisoners. 3.. One who has the care, cus- 
tody, or superintendence of any thing. 4. One who 
keeps himself or remains. 5. A ring which serves to 
keep another on the finger. 

Keep'er-ship, n. The office of a keeper. 

Keep'ing, n. 1. A holding ; restraint ; custody ; guard. 
2. Maintenance; support. 3. Just proportion; con- 
formity ; congruity. 

Keep'ing-room, n. A common parlor or sitting-room. 
[New Eng. and Prov. Eng.] 

Keep'sake, a. Any thing kept, or given to be kept, for 
the sake of the giver ; a token of friendship. 

Keeve, n. [A.-S. cyf, 0. H. Ger. chuofa, from Lat. cupa, 
a tub, cask.] 1. A large vessel for fermenting liquors. 

2. (Mining.) A large vat used in dressing ores. 

Keeve, v. t. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation. 

Keg, n. [See CAG.] A small cask or barrel ; a cag. 

Kelp, n. [0. Eng. kilpe.] 1. The calcined ashes of sea- 
weed, used in the manufacture of glass. 2. (Bot.) The 
sea-weed from which kelp is produced. 

Kelp'Ie, ) n. [Perhaps allied to Gael. & Tr. cealg, to de- 

Kel'py, | ceive, tempt, or to ceal, death, every thing 
terrible, prophecy.] An imaginary spirit of the waters, 
in the form of a horse, who is vulgarly believed to warn, 
by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be 
drowned in that neighborhood. [Scot.] 

Kelt, n. The same as Celt, q. v. 

Kel'ter, n. [Written also kilter.] [Gael. & Ir. cealtair, 
dress, clothes, spear, castle, cause or matter. Cf. KlLT.j 
Regular order or condition. 

Ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kenned ; p. pr. & vb. n. ken- 
ning.] [0. Eng. kennen, kenne, to know, know by sight, 
teach, A.-S. cunnan, present tense cann, Goth, kunnan, 
kannjan.] 1. To know ; to understand. 2. To recog- 
nize ; to descry. 

Ken, n. Cognizance ; view ; especially, reach of sight or 
knowledge. 

Ken'nel, n. [Fr. chenil, It. canile, from Lat. canis, a 
dog.] 1. A house or cot for dogs. 2. A pack of hounds. 

3. The hole of a fox or other beast. 

Ken'nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. kenneled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, link ; this. 



KENNEL 



408 



KIDNEY 



kenneling.] To lodge ; to lie ; to dwell ; — as a dog or 
a fox. 

Ken'nel, v. t. To keep or confine in a kennel. 

Ken'tle (ken'tl), n. [Eng. quintal, q. v.] (Com.) A 
hundred pounds in weight ; a quintal. 

Kent'ledge, n. [D. hunt, edge, corner, and the termi- 
nation ledge. See CANT.] (ISau t.) Pigs of iron for bal- 
last laid on the floor of a ship. 

Kept, imp. & p. p. of keep. See Keep. 

Ker'chief , n. [Contr. from 0. Eng. covercheif, 0. Fr. 
couvrechief, couvrechef, from couvrir, to cover, and chief, 
chef, the head.] A square of fine linen used by women to 
cover the head ; hence, any cloth used in dress, especially 
on the head. 

Kerf (14), n. [A.-S. cyrf, a cutting off, from ceorfan, to 
cut, carve.] The cut of an ax, a saw, or other instru- 
ment ; the notch or slit made in wood by cutting or 
sawing. 

Ker'meg, n. [Ar. & Per. karmas, kermes, kirmis, from 
Skr. krunidja, engendered by a worm, from krimi, Per. 
kirm, worm, and dja, engendered, born.] The dried 
bodies of the females of an insect found on various spe- 
cies of oaks around the Mediterranean. They contain 
coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in 
dyeing. 

Kermes mineral, an artificial sulphuret of mercury, in the 
state of fine powder. It is of a brilliant red color, whence the 
name. 

Kern, n. [0. Gael. & Ir. cearn, a man.] 1. An Irish 
foot-soldier of the lowest rank. 2. Any kind of boor. 
3. [Eng. Law.) An idle person or vagabond. 

Kern, n. [A.-S. cweorn, civym.] 1. A hand-mill; a 
quern. 2. ( Type-founding.) That part of a type which 
hangs over the body, or shank. 

Kern (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. kerned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. KERNING.] ( Type-founding. ) To form with a kern. 

Ker'nel, n. [A.-S. cyrnel, a little corn, grain, kernel, 
N. H. Ger. & D. kern, 0. II. Ger. cherno, Icel. kiarni, 
allied to Eng. corn, and Lat. granum, grain, seed. Cf. 
KERN, v. i.] 1. A little grain or corn ; hence, any 
thing included in a shell, husk, or integument. 2. A 
small mass around which other matter is concreted ; a 
nucleus ; the central part of any thing. 

Ker'o-sene,)i. [From Gr. tempos, wax, with termination 
ene, as in camphene, q. v.] A liquid hydrocarbon, or oil 
extracted from bituminous coal, used for illumination 
and other purposes. 

Ker'gey, n. [D. karsai, Ger. kersey, kirsei. Cf. Gael. & 
Ir. ceart, ceirt, rag, old garment.] A species of coarse 
woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from long wool. 

Ker'gey-mere, n. A thin woolen cloth, generally woven 
from the finest wool ; cassimere. 

Kes'trel, n. [Fr. cresscrelle, cristel.] ( Ornith.) A small, 
slender hawk, of a reddish fawn color, streaked and 
spotted with white and black. 

Ketch, n. [Fr. caiche, quaiche, L. Ger. and D. hits; al- 
lied to Fr. ca'ic, caique, cague, N. Gr. ka'iki, Turk, kalk, 
D. caag, Icel. kuggr, kuggi, Eng. cog.] (Naut.) A ves- 
sel with two masts, a main and mizzen-mast, usually 
from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. 

Ketch'up. n. A sauce. Sec Catchup. 

Ket'tle, n. [A.-S. cetel, celil. cytel, Goth, katils, from 
Lat. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep vessel, bowl.] A 
metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, used for heating and 
boiling water or other liquor. 

Ket'tle- drum, n. A drum made 
of a copper vessel, usually hemis- 
pherical, or shaped like a kettle, 
covered with parchment. 

Kex, a. [See Kecicsy.] The dry 
stock of the hemlock, or of other 
plants ; a dry husk or covering. 

Key, n. [A.-S. cog, cage.] 1. 
That which fastens ; as a piece of 
wood in the frame of a building, or 
in a chain. 2. An instrument which serves to shut or 
open a lock, by turning its bolt one way or the other. 
3. Hence, an instrument which is used by being inserted 
and turned ; as, a watch-ke?y, bed-key, &c. 4. That 
which serves as a means to unlock a secret or mystery, 
or to disclose any thing difficult : a solution ; an explan- 
ation. 5. That which serves to lock up and make fast ; 
as, (a.) (Arch.) A piece of wood let into another across 
the grain to prevent warping, (b.) (Masonry.) The 
highest central stone of an arch ; the key-stone, (c.) 
(Mech.) Apiece of wood or metal, placed in coincident 
slots or mortises, to hold parts together ; a cotter. 6. 
(Mus.) (a.) A lever of wood, or ivory, or metal, in an 




Kettle-drum, 



organ, piano-forte, &c, struck or pressed by the fingers 
in playing the instrument, (b.) The fundamental tone 
of a movement; key-note. 

Key of a position, or country {Mil.), a point the possession of 
which gives the control of that position or country. 

Key, n. [Fr. quay, quai, D. kaai, a bank or wharf on the 
side of a river, 0. Fr. caye, Sp. cayo, sand-bank, rock, or 
islet in the sea. of Celtic origin ; W. cae, an inclosure.] 

1. An island rising little above the surface, as in the 
West Indies. 2. A quay. 

Key, v. t. [imp. & p. p. keyed; p. pr. & vb. n. key- 
ing.] To fasten with keys or wedge-shaped pieces of 
wood or iron. [quay. 

Key'age (45), n. Money paid for the use of a key or 

Key'-board, n. (Mus.) The whole range of the keys 
of an organ or piano-forte. 

Keyed (keed), a. 1. Furnished with keys. 2. Set to a 
key, as a tune. 

Key '-hole, n. 1. A hole in a door or lock, for receiving 
a key. 2. (Carp.) An excavation in beams intended to 
be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. 

Key'-note, n. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of tho 
scale in which a piece or passage is written. 

Key '-seat, n. (Mach.) A rectangular groove, especially 
in a wheel and shaft, to receive a key 7 , so as to prevent 
one part from turning on the other. 

Key'-stone, n. (Arch.) The wedge-shaped stone on the 
top or middle of an arch or vault, which binds the work. 

Kha'lif (ka'lif), n. See CAEIPH. 

Khan(kawn or kan), n. [Tart, and Turk, khan.] A 
prince ; a king ; a chief ; — so called among the Tartars, 
and in countries now or formerly governed by them. 

Khan, n. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] An 
Eastern inn or caravansary. 

Khan'ate (kawn'- or kan'-, 45), n. The dominion or 
jurisdiction of a khan. 

Kibe, n. [W. cib, a vessel, shell, husk, cibwst, chilblains, 
from cib and gwst, humid, moist, fiuid.] An ulcerated 
chilblain, as in the heels. 

Kl-blt'kd, n. ; pi. ki-bitkas. [Rus., from Ar. kub- 
bah, vault, tent, parasol.] A rude kind of covered wagon, 
without springs, often used by the Tartars as a movable 
habitation. 

Kick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kicked (kikt ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
kicking.] [W. ciciaw. from cic, foot.] To strike, thrust, 
or hit violently with the foot. 

To kick the heam, to fly np and strike the beam : — said of the 
lighter arm cf'n loaded balance ; hence, to he fcitrd w.-.nting in 
weight. — To lick the hnclct, to lose one's life; to decease; to 
die; — alluding to a bent puce cf weed, locally called a ticket, 
by which a slaughtered pig is hung up, it being passed behind 
the tendons of the hind legs. [Colloq. and low.] 

Kick, v. i. 1. To practice striking with the foot or feet. 

2. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence : to man- 
ifest opposition. 3. To recoil : — said cf a musket, &c. 

Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet. 2. The recoil 
cf a musket or other fire-arm, when discharged. 

Kick'er, n. One who kicks. 

Kick'fhaw, n. [Corrupted from Fr. quelque chose, 
something.] 1. Something fantastical or urccirir.on, 
or that has no particular name. 2. A fantastical dish. 

Kid, n. [Icel. kidh, 0. H. Ger. kiz, kizzi, probably not 
allied to Lat. hscdus, or Erg. goat, q. v.] 1. A young 
goat. 2. A bundle of heath and furze. 3. A small 
wooden tub or vessel ; — applied, among seamen, to one 
in which they receive their food. 4. A glove cf kid 
leather. [Colloq.] 

Kid'dle,. n. [L. Lat. kidellus.] A kind of wear in a 
river for catching fish ; — corruptly prcnoUnced kittle. 

Kid'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kiddied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
KIDDYING.] To deceive ; to hoax ; to take advantage 
of. [Slang.] 

Kid'ling, n. [Dim. of kid.] A young kid. 

Kid'nap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kidnaped ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. kidnaping.] [Ger. kind, Prov. Eng. kid, child, and 
Prov. Eng. nap, to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, 
and Nab.] To steal and carry away or secrete, as a hu- 
man being, man, woman, or child. 

Kid'nap-er, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away 
a human being ; a man-stealer. 

KId'ney, n. ; pi. KlD'NEYg. [Prob. from A.-S. cuidh, 
cwidh, Icel. qvidr, 0. H. Ger. quiti, Goth, qvithus, belly, 
womb, and Eng. nigh.] 1. (Anat.) One of two oblong, 
flattened glands, situated at each side cf the lumbar 
vertebrae, and surrounded with an abundant fatty tis- 
sue. They constitute the secretory organs cf the urine. 
2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. [Colloq.] 3. A 
waiting-servant. [Cant.] 



a, e, &c, long; a, e,&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



KIDNEY-BEAN 



409 



KINNIKINIC 



Kid'ney-foean, n. (Bol.) A sort of bean ; — so named 
from its resemblance in shape to the kidney. 

Kil'der-kin, n. [0. D. kindekin, kinnekin, Scot, kin- 
ken, a small barrel.] A small barrel ; a liquid measure 
containing sixteen or eighteen gallons. 

Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. KILLE D ; p. pr. & vb. n. KILL- 
ING.] [0. Eng. quelle n, A.-S. cwellen, cwelian, to kill, 
torment, 0. H. Ger. queljan, to torture, kill. See 
Quell.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in 
any manner or by any means ; to put to death ; to slay. 

2. To quell : to calm ; to still. 

Syn. — To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy.— 
To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of 
•life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, 
without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with 
malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is to 
murder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may kill without 
murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his 
antagonist; the assassin kills and murders in the meanest and 
most ignoble manner. 

Kill'er, n. One who kills or deprives of life. 

Kil'li-ki-nick', n. See Kinnikinic. 

Kiln (kil), n. [A.-S. cyln, W. cyl, cylyn.] 1. A large 
stove or oven, which may be heated for the purpose of 
hardening, burning, or drying any thing. 2. A pile of 
brick constructed for burning or hardening. 

Kiln'-dry (kil/drl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. kiln-dried ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. kiln-drying.] To dry in a kiln. 

Kil'o-gram, n. [Fr. kilogramme, from Gr. x^ov, thou- 
sand, and ypajjifxa, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce. 
See Gram.] A French measure of weight, being a thou- 
sand grammes, equal to 2.67951 pounds troy, or 2.20485 
pounds avoirdupois (15442.42 grains). 

Ki-loi'i-ter or Kil'o-li'ter, n. [Fr. kilolitre, from Gr. 
\C\lov, thousand, and AtVpa, a certain coin and weight. 
See Liter.] A French measure of capacity equal to a 
cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 
35.3133 English, or 35.3105 American, cubic feet, and to 
220.0337 imperial gallons, or 264.14 American gallons of 
231 cubic inches. 

Ki-lom'e-ter, or Kil'o-me'ter, n. [Fr. kilometre, 
from Gr. ^tAio^, thousand, and /xerpov, measure.] A 
French measure of length, being a thousand meters. It 
is equal to 3280.893 English, or 3280.709 American, feet, 
or .62135 of a mile. 

Kilosici'e (ItS'lo-stir'), n. [Fr., from Gr. xi'Aiov, thou- 
sand, and orepeos, solid.] A French measure of solidity 
or volume, containing one thousand cubic meters, and 
equivalent to 35316.6 English, or 35310.5 American cubic 
feet. 

Kilt, n. [0. Gael. & Ir. cealt, clothes, kilt.] A kind of 
short petticoat, worn by men in the Highlands of Scot- 
land, and by children in the Lowlands. 

Kil'ter, n. See Kelter. 

Kim'foo, a. [Gelt, cam, crooked, bent, bowed, and Eng. 
bow, to bend, any thing bent.] Crooked ; arched ; bent. 
To set the arms a-kimbo, to set the hands on the hips, with 
the elbows projecting outward. 

Kin, 11. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, race, offspring, kind, sort ; 
Goth, kuni, Icel. kyn, allied to Lat. genus, Gr. yeVo?, 
birth, offspring, race, from genere, gignere, yeVeii>, to be- 
get.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity ; kin- 
dred. 2. Relatives ; kindred. 

Of kin, allied; related by birth or marriage. 

Km, a. Of the same nature or kind ; kindred ; akin. 

Kind (72), n. [A.-S. cynd. See Kind, a.] 1. Race ; 
genus ; generic class ; especially, one fixed by the laws of 
nature. 2. Sort; nature; style; manner; character. 

3. Native character. 

In kind, in things or property of the same sort. 

Kind (72), a. [compar. kinder ; superl. KINDEST.] 
[A.-S. cynde, gecynde, natural, harmonious. See Kind 
and KIN, n.] Having feelings befitting a common na- 
ture ; especially, showing tenderness or goodness ; dis- 
posed to do good and confer happiness. 

# Syn. — Obliging; congenial; sympathetic; benevolent; be- 
nign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; 
indulgent; tender; hunvuie ; compassionate ; good ; lenient; 
clement; mild; gentle ; bland ; friendly; amicable; affection- 
ate; loving. See Good-Natuked. 

Kind'-heart'ed, a. Having much kindness of nature. 

Kin'dle (kin'di), v. t. [imp. & p. p. kindled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. kindling.] [Icel. kinda, to kindle ; W. 
cynneu, allied to Lat. cendere, candere, in ac.cendere, in- 
cendere.] 1. To set on fire ; to light. 2. To inflame, 
as the passions ; to exasperate ; to rouse ; to provoke. 

Kin'dle, v. i. 1. To take fire. 2. To begin to be ex- 
cited ; to grow warm or animated. 

Kin'dler, n. One who, or that which, kindles. 



Kind'li-ness, n. Quality of being kindly ; benignity; 

benevolence ; gentleness ; softness. 

Kin'dling, n. 1. Act of causing to burn, or of ex- 
citing. 2. pi. Materials for causing flame. 

Kind'ly, a. [compar. kindlier; superl. KINDLIEST.] 
[See Kind, n.] 1. Belonging to the kind or species ; 
natural ; homogeneal ; kindred. 2. Sympathetic ; con- 
genial ; hence, disposed to do good ; benevolent ; gra- 
cious. 3. Favorable; mild; gentle. [olently. 

Kind'ly, adv. In a kind manner ; with good will ; benev- 

Kindness, n. [From kind, adj.] 1. Quality of being 
kind ; good will ; benevolence ; benignity of nature. 2. 
A kind act ; an act of good will. 

Syn.— Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compas- 
sion ; humanity ; indulgence ; clemency ; mildness ; gentle- 
ness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor; affection. 

Kin'dred, n. [0. Eng. kinrede, kynrede, kunrede, with 
d euphonically inserted, from A.-S. cynn, offspring, and 
the termination rxden, which orig. signifies a state or 
condition.] 1. Relation by birth or marriage ; consan- 
guinity ; kin. 2. Relatives by blood or marriage, more 
properly the former ; relations. 

Kin'dred, a. Related; congenial. 

Kine, n.; pi. of cow. Cows. Sec Co W. 

King, n. [A.-S. cyng, cynig, cyning, Icel. konungr, from 
A.-S. cijn, Icel. kyn, konr, Goth, kuni, race, the primary 
sense being head or chief of the race.] 1. A sovereign ; 
a monarch. 2. A playing-card having the picture of a 
king. 3. The chief piece in the game of chess. 4. pi. 
The title of two books in the Old Testament. 

King at arms, an officer in England whose business is to 
direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the juris- 
diction of armory. — King's English, correct or current lan- 
guage of good speakers; pure English. (Colloq.) 

King, v. t. To supply with a king ; to make royal. 

Kmg'-blrd, n. ( Omith.) A small bird, native to North 
America, noted for its courage and persistency in attack- 
ing larger birds. 

King'-crato, n. (Zo'dl.) A very large crustacean, having 
the form of a horse's foot ; hence often called horse-foot, 
and horse-shoe. 

King'craft, n. The craft of kings ; art of governing. 

King'-eup, n. The buttercup. See Buttercup. 

King'dom, n. [Eng. king and termination dom.] X. 
Quality and attributes of a king ; royal authority ; mon- 
archy. 2. The territory or country subject to a king. 
3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by lead- 
ing or ruling characteristics ; a department. 

King'f isli, n. The opah, a fish having splendid colors. 

King'fish-er, n. ( Omith. 
A bird of the genus Alcedo. 
It has a gay plumage, in- 
habits the borders of 
streams, and lives on fish, 
which it takes by darting j 
down on its prey in the' 
water. 

King'-kilFer, n. One who 
kills a king ; a regicide. 

King'li-ness, n. State of 
being kingly. 

King'ly, a. [compar. KINGLIER ; superl. KINGLIEST.] 
1. Directed or administered by a king; monarchical; 
royal. 2. Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king. 
Syn. — Regal. — Kingly is Saxon, and refers especially to 
the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more 
to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feel- 
ings, and purposes, which are king-like ; the latter of external 
state, pomp, &c. 

King'ly, adv. With an air of royalty : 
manner. 

King'-post, n. (Arch.) A beam in the 
frame of a roof, or any compound girder 
rising from the tie-beam to the ridg 

King'g Bench. [Law.) The highest) 
court of common law in England ; — so [ 
called because the king used to sit there 
in person. 

King's/- e'vtl (-e'vl), n. A disease of the scrofulous 
kind, formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a 
king. 

King' ship, n. State, office, or dignity of a king ; royalty. 

Kink, n. [D. kink, a bend or turn.] 1. A twist of a 
rope or thread, spontaneously formed. 2. A crotchet ; 
a whim. 

Kink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. kinked (kmkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. KINKING.] To twist spontaneously. 

Kin'ni-ki-nic', ». [Indian.] A preparation for smoking 
used by the Indians of North America, consisting of the 




Kingfisher. 



king-like 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist, linger; link; this- 






KINO 



410 



KNIFE 



bark and leaves of red sumac or the red willow. [Some- 
times spelled killikinick.] 

Ki'no, n. [Supposed to be an East Indian word.] An 
astringent extract of a deep brownish-red color, obtained 
from certain tropical trees. [same family. 

Kins/folk (-fok), ft. Relations ; kindred ; persons of the 

Kin/ship, n. Relationship. 

Kins/man, n. ; pi. kins/men. A man of the same race 
or family ; one related by blood. [female relation. 

Kins/wom-an, n. ; pi. KiNsywoM-E n (-wlm-en). A 

Ki-6sk',*ft. [Turk, kiushk, kixishk, from Per. kiishk.] A 
Turkish open summer-house, supported by pillars. 

Kip, ft. The skin of a young beast. 

Kip'per. »■ *■ [imp- & P- P- kippered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
kippering.] To cure, as fish, by means of salt and 
pepper, and by hanging up. 

Kip'per, n. 1. A salmon in the state of spawning. 2. 
A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked. 

Kip'-skin, n. [Compounded of kip, q. v., and skin.] 
Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, inter- 
mediate between calf-skin and cow-hide. 

Kirk (18), n. [A.-S. circe. See Church.] 1. A place 
of worship ; a church. [Scot.] 2. The regular or es- 
tablished church in Scotland. [Scotland. 

Kirk'inan, ft./ pi. Kirk'men. One of the church of 

J£irscJitcasser (keersh 'vaster or keersh'wos-ser), n. 
[Ger., from kirsche, cherry, and wasser, water.] A dis- 
tilled liquor, obtained by fermenting the small black 
cherry. 

Hir'tle, n. [A.-S. cyrtel, Icel. kyrtell.~\ An upper gar- 
ment ; a gown : a short jacket. 

Kiss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kissed (kist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
kissing.] [A.-S. cyssan, Icel. kyssa, 0. II. Ger. kussan, 
Goth. kukjnn.~\ To salute with the lips ; to buss. 

Kiss, v. i. To salute with the lips. 

Kiss, n. 1. A salute made by touching with the lips 
pressed closely together and suddenly parting them ; a 
buss. 2. A small piece of confectionery. 

Kiss'er, n. One who kisses. 

Kiss'iiig-eom'fit (-kum'fit), n. A perfumed sugar- 
plum to sweeten the breath. 

Kiss'ing-erust, n. (Cookery.) A protruding or over- 
hanging portion of the upper crust of a loaf. 

Kit, n. [D. kit, a large bottle, 0. D. kitte, beaker, de- 
canter.] 1. A vessel of various kinds and uses ; espe- 
cially, a wooden tub or pail. 2. That which contains 
or comprises a necessary outfit, as of tools, necessaries, 
&c, as of a workman, a soldier, and the like ; hence, a 
whole outfit. 3. A small violin or fiddle. 

Kit'-cat, a. Designating a canvas used for portraits of 
a peculiar size, viz., 28 or 29 inches by 36 : — so called 
because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller 
for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kit- 
cat Club, a club to which Addison and Steele belonged, 
and which was so called from Christopher Cat, a pastry 
cook, who served the club with mutton pies. 

Kitcli'en (58), n. [A.-S. cycene, 0. II. Ger. chuhhina, 
kuchma, from Lat. coquina, equiv. to culina, kitchen, 
from coquere, to cook.] 1. The room of a house appro- 
priated to cookery. 2. A utensil for roastiug meat. 

Kiteh'eiJ-gar'deii (-gar'dn), n. A garden appropriated 
to the raising of vegetables for the table. 

Kitch'en-maid, n. A woman emplo3ed in the kitchen. 

Kitcli'en-stiiff , n. Fat collected from pots and drip- 
ping-pans. 

Kite, ft, [A.-S. cita, cyta, W. 
cud, cut.] 1. (Ornith.) A ra- 
pacious bird of the hawk kind, 
distinguished from hawks and 
falcons by having a forked tail 
and by the length of its wings. 
2. One who is rapacious. 3. 
A light frame of wood covered 

with paper, for flying in the air. 4. Fictitious com- 
mercial paper designed to deceive and delude. 

Kite, v. i. [Literall}-, to fly a kite.] To raise money, or 
sustain one's credit, by the use of mercantile paper 
which is fictitious. 

Kith, n. [A.-S. cydh, cydhdh, 0. H. Ger. kundi.] A 

person or persons well known ; acquaintance. [ Obs.] 

Kith and kin, intimate acquaintance and relationship. 

Kit'isli, a. Resembling the bird called a kite ; of, or per- 
taining to, the kite. 

Kit'ten (klt'tn), n. [Dim. of cat.] A young cat, or the 
young of the cat. 

Kit'ten (kit'tn), v. i. [imp. tt p. p. kittened ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. kittening-.] To bring forth young, as a cat. 

Klep'to-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. KAeVrr;?, thief, and ixavia, 





madness.] A morbid impulse or desire to steal ; propen- 
sity to thievishness. 

Klick, v. i. To click. See CLICK. 

Kiiab (nab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNABEED ; p. pr, & 
vb. n. knabbing.] [Written also nab.] [A modifica- 
tion of knap, q. v.] To seize with the teeth ; to lay hold 
of or apprehend. [ Vulgar.] 

Knack (nak), n. [Ger. knacken, to break ; Icel. gnaka, 
to crack, gnak, cracking.] 1. A petty contrivance ; a 
toy. 2. Something requiring skillful or neat perform- 
ance. 3. Habitual facility of performance ; dexterity ; 
adroitness. [work. 

Knack'er (nak'er), n. A maker of knacks, toys, or small 

Knag (nag), n. [Sw. knagg, a knot in wood, Dan. knag, 
a hook to hang clothes on, Gael. & Ir. cnag, peg, knob.] 
1. A knot in wood, or a protuberant knot, t£. A. peg 
for hanging things on. 3. A shoot of deer's horn. 

Knag'gy (nag'gj-), a. Knotty; full of knots; rough 
with knots ; hence, rough in temper. 

Knap (nap), n. [A.-S. cnap, cnapp, top, nob, button, 
Icel. knappr, knob, W., Gael., & Ir. cnap, knch, button.] 

1. A protuberance; a knob or button. 2. Rising 
ground ; a summit. 

Knap (nap), v. t. [imp. & p.p. KNAPPED (napt);p. 
pr. & vb. n. KNAPPING.] [D. knappen, to chew, bite, 
crack, take hold of; Ger. knappen, to knap, crack. Cf. 
Knab.] 1. To bite; to bite off. 2. To strike with a 
loud noise ; to snap. [snap. 

Knap (nap), v. i. To make a short, sharp sound; to 

Knap'sack (nap's&k), n. [D. knapzak, fr. 
knappen, to eat; H. Ger. schnappsack.] A 
frame of leather, for containing necessaries 
of food and clothing, borne on the back by 
soldiers, travelers, &c. 

Knar (nar), I ft. [0. D. knorre, Ger. knorre, 

Knarl (n'arl), ) knorren.] A knot in wood. 

Knarl^d (n'arld), a. Knotted. [See 

GNARLED.] Knapsack. 

Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnapa, or cnafa, offspring, boy, 
youth, orig. a boy or young man, then a servant, and 
lastly a rogue.] 1. A dishonest person ; a rascal ; a vil- 
lain. 2. One of a set of plaj ing-cards marked with the 
figure of a servant or soldier ; a jack. 

Knav'er-y (nav'er-y), n. 1. Dishonesty ; petty villainy ; 
fraud ; trickery. 2. Mischievous tricks or practices. 

Knav'ish (nav'ish), a. Like a knave ; fraudulent ; vil- 
lainous. 

Knav'ish -ly (naVish-ly), adv. In a knavish manner ; 
dishonestly ; fraudulently. [knavery ; dishonesty. 

Knav'ish-ness (nirv'ish-nes), n. Quality or habit of 

Knead, (need), v. I. [imp. & p.p. kneaded ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. KNEADING.] [A.-S. cnedan, Icel. knodha, hnod- 
ha, 0. H. Ger. cnetan, allied to Slav, gnesti.] To work 
and press into a mass ; especially, to work into a well- 
mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, or paste. 

Knead'er (need / -), n. One who kneads ; hence, a baker. 

Knee (uee), n. [A.-S. knco. kneoiv, Goth, kniu, Icel. kne, 
hnie, allied to Lat, genu, Gr. -yow, Skr. janu.] 1. (Anat.) 
The joint connecting the two principal parts of the leg. 

2. (Mech.) A piece of timber or metal with an angla 
somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent. 

Knee'-deep (nee'deep), a. 1. Rising to the knees. 2. 

Sunk to the knees. [the knees. 

Knee'-high (nee'hT), a. Rising or reaching upward to 
Knee'-joint (nee'-), «. (Mach.) A joint consisting of 

two pieces butting on each other like the knee bent, so as 

to thrust with increasing power when pressed into a 

straight line ; a toggle-joint. 
Kneel (neel), v. i. [imp. & p. p. KNELT or KNEELED ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. kneeling.] [A.-S eneowian.] To bend 

the knee ; to fall on the knees. 
Kneel'er (neeFer), n. One who kneels. 
Knee'-pan (nee'-), n. (Anat.) The patella, a flattened 

round hone on the front part of the knee-joint. 
Knell (nel), n. [A.-S. cnyll, from cnyllan, cnellan, to 

sound a bell.] The stroke of a bell, rung at a funeral, or 

at the death of a person ; hence, a death-signal. 
Knell (nel), v. i. [inp. & p. p. KNELLED ; p.pr. & vb. 

n. knelling.] To sound as a knell ; hence, to sound 

as a warning or evil omen. 
Knelt (nelt), imp. & p. p. from kneel. See KNEEL. 
~K.ia.exv (rm), imp. of knoiv. See Know. 
Knick'kn&ck (nik'nak), ft. A trifle or toy ; a bawble j 

a gewgaw. [Colloq.] 
Knife (hff), n. ; pi. KNIVES (nTvz). [A.-S. cn\f, Icel. 

kn'fr, hntfr.] An instrument usually consisting of a thin 

blade of steel, having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened 

to a handle, but of many different forms and names for 



a, e,kc, long; a, e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



KNIGHT 



411 



KRAAL 



different uses in household economy and the various 
trades, &c. 

Knight (nit), n. [A.-S. cniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, at- 
tendant, military follower.] 1. A military attendant ; a 
follower, 2. A young man when admitted to the privi- 
lege of bearing arms ; hence, one of a certain chivalric or 
feudal rank. 3. (a.) One admitted, in feudal times, to 
a certain military rank, with special and appropriate cer- 
emonies, (b. ) One on whom knighthood is conferred by 
the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir. [Eng.] 
4. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a 
horse's head. 

Knight (nit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNIGHTED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. KNIGHTING.] To dub or create a knight. 

Knight- er 'rant (nit-), n. A knight who traveled in 
search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting mili- 
tary skill, prowess, and generosity. 

Knight- er'rant-ry (nit-), n. The practice of wander- 
ing in quest of adventures. 

Knight'hobd (nit 7 -), n. 1. Character, dignity, or con- 
dition of a knight. 2. The whole body of knights at a 
particular time. 

Knight'li-ness (nlt'li-nes), n. Duties of a knight. 

Knlght'ly (nhVly), a. Pertaining to a knight ; becom- 
ing a knight. 

Knlght'ly (hhVly), adv. In a manner becoming a knight. 

Knit (nit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNIT or KNITTED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. KNITTING.] [A.-S. cnytan, cnyttan, Icel. knyta, 
hnyta.] 1. To form into a knot or into knots ; to he. 2. 
To form, by the interlooping of yarn or thread in a series 
of connected knots, by means of needles. 3. To join; to 
cause to grow together. 4. To unite closely ; to con- 
nect. 5. To draw together ; to contract. 

Knit (nit), v.i. 1. To unite or weave any thing by 
making knots. 2. To be united closely. 

Knit'ter (nit'ter), n. One who knits. 

Knit'ting (nit'ting), n. 1. The work of a knitter. 2. 
The net-work formed by knitting. 

Knit'ting-nee'dle (nit'ting-ne/dl), n. A long needle 
used for knitting threads into stockings, and the like. 

Kniveg (nlvz), n. pi. of knife. See Knife. 

Knob (nob), n. [A modification of knop, q. v.] A hard 
protuberance ; a bunch ; hence, a round ball at the end 
of any thing. 

Knob'bi-ness (nob'bT-nes), n. Quality of having knobs, 
or protuberances. [ances. 

KnSb'by (nob'by), a. Full of knobs or hard protuber- 

Knock (nok), v. i. [imp. & p.p. knocked (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. KNOCKING.] [A.-S. cnocian, cnucian, W. cno- 
ciaw.] 1. To strike or beat with something hard or 
heavy. 2. To strike against ; to clash. 

To l-nock up, to become fatigued ; to fail of strength ; to be- 
come wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out.— To knock 
off, to cease ; to desist. — To knock under, to yield ; to submit. 

Knock (nok), v. t. 1. To strike ; to drive against. 2. 
To strike for admittance ; to rap upon as a door. 

To knock down, (a.) To strike down ; to fell. (b.) (Auctions.) 
To assign to a bidder by a blow or knock ; to knock off.— To 
knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill bv a blow upon 
the head : hence to put an end to ; to frustrate. [Collon.] — To 
knock off (Auctions), to assign to a bidder by a blow on the 
counter.— To knock up, (a.) To arouse by knocking. (6.) To 
beat out ; to fatigue till unable to do more, it'olloq.] 

Knock (nok), n. 1. A stroke with something thick or 
heavy. 2. A stroke on a door ; a rap. 

Knock'down (nok'doun), n. A blow which strikes a 
person to the ground. 

Knock'er (nok'er), n. One who or that which, knocks ; 
specifically, a kind of hammer fastened to a door, to be 
used in seeking for admittance. 

Knock'-kneed (nok'need), a. Having the legs bent 
inward, so that the knees touch in walking. 

Knoll (nol), v. t. [A.-S. cnyllan, cnellan. See Knell.] 
To ring, as a bell ; to knell. 

Knoll (nol), v. i. To sound, as a bell. 

Knoll (nol), n. The ringing of a bell ; knell. 

Knoll (nol), n. [A.-S. cnoll, Ger. knolle, knollen, clod, 
lump^knob, bunch, W. cnol.] The top or crown of a 
hill ; especially, a little round hill or mount ; a small ele- 
vation of earth. 

Knop (nop), n. [A.-S. cnsep, cnsepp, D. knop, knoop, 
button, bud, Icel. gnop, prominence, Ger. knopf, button, 
knob, knot, top. See Knap and Knob.] 1. A knob ; a 
tufted top; a button. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) A round 
bunch of flowers or leaves ; also, the foliage on the capi- 
tal of a pillar. 

Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnot, cnotta, 0. H. Ger. chnodo, 
Icel. knutr, hnutr, allied to Lat. nodus, for gnodus.] 1. 
A complication of threads, cords, or ropes, formed by 



tying, knittrng, or entangling, which resists separation 
or loosing. 2. A bond of union ; a connection. 3. 
Something not easily solved ; a difficulty ; a perplexity. 
4. A figure, the lines of which are interlaced or intri- 
cately iuterwoven. 5. A collection ; a band ; a clique. 
6. A joint in the stem of a plant. 7. (Mec/t.) The point 
where cords, ropes, &c., meet from different directions in 
funicular machines. ». (Naut.) A division of the log- 
line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. 
9. A nautical mile of 6086.7 ft. 10. ( Ornitli.) A bird 
allied to the snipe. 

Knot (not), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNOTTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. KNOTTING.] 1. To form a knot. 2. To unite 
closely. 3. To entangle; to perplex. 

Knot (nQt), v. i. 1. To form knots or joints. 2. To 
knit knots for fringe. 

KnSt'-grass (ndt'gras), n. (Bot.) A weed-like plant of 
several species ; — so called from the joints of its stem. 

Knot'ted (not'ted), a. 1. Full of knots. 2. Having 
intersecting lines or figures. 

Knot'ti-ness (not'tl-nes), n. 1. Quality of being 
knotty. 2. Difficulty of solution ; intricacy. 

Knot'ty (not'ty), a. [compar. knottier ; superl. KNOT- 
TIEST.] 1. Having many knots. 2. Hard ; rugged. 
3. Difficult ; intricate ; perplexed. 

Knout (nowt or nobt), n. [Russ. Icnut, Goth, hnuto.] 
An instrument of punishment in Russia, with which 
stripes are inflicted on the bare back. 

Knout (nowt or nobt), v. t. To punish with the knout. 

Know (no), v. t. [imp. KNEW ; p. p. known ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. KNOWING.] [A.-S. cnawan, 0. H. Ger. chnahan, 
to know ; allied to Lat. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. yvu>ixi, Slav. 
znati, Skr. jna.] 1. To be aware of as true or actual ; 
to have mental cognition of; to perceive or apprehend 
clearly. 2. To be acquainted with ; to possess experi- 
ence of. 3. To recognize. 4. To acknowledge ; to 
countenance ; to approve. 5. To have sexual commerce 
with. 

To know how, to understand the manner of; to be wise or 
enlightened enough. 

Know (no), v. i. 1. To have knowledge ; to possess in- 
formation. 2. To take cognizance. 

Know'a-ble (no'a-bl), a. Capable of being known. 

Know'ing (no'ing), p. a. Skillful ; well informed ; in- 
telligent, [ligently ; deliberately. 

Know'ing-ly (no^ng-ly), adv. 'With knowledge ; intel- 

Knowl'edge (noFej, 39), n. [Eng. know and the ter- 
mination ledge.] 1. Act of knowing ; certain apprehen- 
sion. 2. That which is known; a cognition ; — chiefly 
used in the pi. 3. Actual acquaintance gained by learn- 
ing ; learning ; scholarship. 4. That familiarity which 
is gained by actual experience ; practical skill. 5. In- 
formation ; cognizance ; notice. 6. Sexual intercourse. 

Known (non), p. p. from know. See Know. 

Kniick'le (nuk^),?*. [A.-S. cnucl, allied to Ger. knochen, 
bone.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made 
protuberant by the closing of the fingers. 2. The knee- 
joint, especially of a calf. 

Kniick'le (nuk'l), v. ?. [imp. & p. p. knuckled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. KNUCKLING.] To submit in contest to an 
antagonist ; to yield. 

BEt= This use of the word is said to be derived from the old 
custom of striking the under side of a table when defeated in 
argument. 

Kniick'le (nuk'l), v. t. To beat or strike with the 

Knur (nur), n. A knurl. [Obs.] [knuckles. 

Knurl (nurl), n. [See Knar.] A knot ; a hard sub- 
stance. 

Knurl'y (nur'ly), a. [compar. KNURLIER; superl. 
knurliest.] [See Knar. Cf. Gnarly.] Full of 
knots ; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much. 

Ko'balt, n. See Cobalt. 

Ko'bold, or Kob'old, n. [See Goblin.] A kind of 
domestic spirit or elf among the Germans. 

Ko'peck,?*. [Russ. kopcika, from kopy'e, a lance, be- 
cause there was on it originally a horseman armed with a 
lance.] A Russian coin of about the value of two-thirds 
of a cent. 

Ko'ran (89), n. [See Alcoran.] The sacred writings 
of the Mohammedans ; — the same as Alcoran. 

Kmi'miss, n. [Russ. kumys, of Mongolian origin.] A 
liquor made among the Calmucks by fermenting mare's 
or camel's milk, from which they obtain, by distillation, 
an intoxicating spirit. 

Kow-tow', n. A prostration by way of salutation. 
[China.] [prostration. 

Kow-tow', v. ?'. To perform the Chinese ceremony of 

Kraal, or Kraal (kr'al or krawl), n. [D. kraal, prob. 



food, f 6*bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, c'laise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



KRAKEN 



412 



LACKER 



from the language of the Hottentots.] A village ; a col- 
lection of huts ; sometimes a single hut. [South Africa.] 

K.ra/ken, n. [Prob. from 0. Sw. krake, 0. Dan. krage, 
trunk or stem of a tree, to which it was compared, from 
its clumsy form.] A fabled sea animal of enormous size. 

Kre'o-sote, n. See Creosote. 

Ku/fie, a. Of, pertaining to, or used in, ancient Arabic ; 
— said of the characters employed in writing it, which 
were so called from Kufa, on the Euphrates. 

Ku'miss, n. See Koumiss. 



Ky'an-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kyanized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. kyanizing.] [From Kyan, the inventor of the 
process.] To render proof against decay, as wood, by 
subjecting it for a time to a solution of corrosive subli- 
mate, or other appropriate agents. 
Kyr'i-o-log'ie, ) a. [Gr. Ki/pioAoyixos, speaking or 
Kyr'i-o-log'ie-al, j describing literally or properly, 
from icvpios, proper, strict, literal, and \6yos, speech, dis» 
course.] Serving perfectly to denote objects by conven- 
tional signs or alphabetical characters. 



L(el), the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, has 
only one sound in English, as in like, canal. In 
English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, 
the e is silent, and I forms a syllable by itself, as in able, 
eagle, pronounced abl, eegl. See Prin. of Pron., § 79. 

L of a house, a wing, or part attached to the main building; 
properly, a wing joined at right angles to the main building, 
giving it the shape of the letter L. 

La. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the 
scale in music for the purpose of solmization. 

La, interj. [A.-S. la. See Lo.] Look ; see ; behold. 

jfab'a-rum, n. [Late Lat. ; Late Gr. Xafiapov, from ihe 
Celt, lavar, word, sentence, command (of God), so called 
in commemoration of Constantine's vision of a flaming 
cross in the heavens, with the inscription, In hoc signo 
vinces.] The standard borne before the Emperor Con- 
stantine after his conversion to Christianity. 

Lab'e-fae'tion, n. [From Lat. labefacere. from labare, 
to totter, and facere, to make.] Act of making weak ; 
state of being weakened. 

La'bel, n. [Lat. labellum, diminutive of labrum, lip, 
edge, margin ; hence, tassel, shred, rag.] 1. A narrow 
slip of paper, parchment, &c, affixed to any thing, de- 
noting its contents, ownership, &c. 2. Any paper an- 
nexed to a will by way of addition, as a codicil. 3. (Her.) 
A fillet with pendants or points, usually three. 4. 
( Goth. Arch.) A projecting tablet or molding over door- 
ways, windows, &c. ; dripstone. 

La'bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. labeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
labeling.] To affix a label to. 

La'bent, a. [Lat. labens, p. pr. of labi, to slide, glide.] 
Sliding ; gliding. [Rare.] 

La/bi-al, a. [L. Lat. labialis, from Lat. labium, lip.] 1. 
Pertaining or belonging to the lips. 2. [Pron.) Uttered 
principally with the lips ; as, b, m, and p. 

La/bi-al, n. (Pron.) A letter representing a sound 
formed chiefly with the lips. 

La/bi-ate, I a. [N. Lat. labiatus, from Lat. labium, lip.] 

La'bi-a/ted, ) (Bot.) Having the limb of a tubular 
corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one pro- 
jecting over the other like the lips of a mouth. 

La'bi-o-dent'al, a. [Lat. labium, lip, and dens, tooth.] 
(Pron.) Formed or pronounced by the co-operation of 
the lips and teeth, as/and v. 

La'bor, n. [Lat.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, 
especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable. 2. 
Intellectual exertion ; mental effort. 3. That which re- 
quires hard work for its accomplishment. 4. Travail ; 
the pangs and efforts of childbirth. 

Syn. — Work ; toil ; drudgery ; task ; exertion ; painstak- 
ing. 

LaTboi*, v. i. [imp. & p. p. labored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
laboring.] 1. To exert muscular strength ; to work ; 
to toil. 2. To exert one's powers of mind in the prose- 
cution of any design. 3. To be oppressed with difficul- 
ties. 4. To be in travail. 5. (Naut.) To pitch and roll 
heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. 

La'bor, v. t. 1. To work at ; hence, to attain by labor. 
2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. 3. 
To finish or prosecute with effort ; to urge. 

Laboring oar, the oar which requires the most strength or 
exertion, or on which most depends. 

Lab'o-ra-to-ry (50), n. [Low Lat. laboratorium, from 
Lat. laborare, to labor.] 1. A place for operations and 
experiments in chemistry, pharmacy, pyrotechny, &c. 
2. A place where any thing is prepared for use. 

La/borcd, a. Bearing marks of constraint in execution. 

La'bor-er, n. One who labors in a toilsome occupation. 

La-bo'ri-oiis (89), a. 1. Requiring or employing labor, 



perseverance, or sacrifices ; toilsome ; tiresome. 2. Dil- 
igent ; industrious. 

La-bo'ri-oiis-ly, adv. With labor or difficulty. 

La-bo'ri-oiis-iiess, n. 1. Quality of being laborious ; 
toilsomeness. 2. Diligence ; assiduity. 

La'boi*-s6me, a. (Naut.) Likely or inclined to roll or 
pitch , as a ship in a heavy sea. 

Lab'y-rlnth, n. [Gr. KafivpivOos, Lat. labyrinthus.] 1. 
An edifice or place full of intricacies, or formed with 
winding passages. 2. Any intricate or involved inclos- 
ure. 3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or 
involved form. 4. An inextricable or bewildering diffi- 
culty. 

Syn. — Maze. — A labyrinth among the ancients was a 
building constructed with a multitude of winding passages, so 
that a person could hardly avoid being lost. Hence, figura- 
tively, the word denotes any thing extremely intricate, as the 
labyrinth of the human heart. Maze (lit., whirlpool) denotes 
the perplexity and confusion in which the mind is thrown by 
unexpected or inexplicable events; as, a maze of thought. 

LaVy-rinth/i-aii, a. Winding ; intricate. 

LaVy-riiitli'ie, ) a. Like a labyrinth ; pertaining 

Lab'y-rintli'ie-al, j to a labyrinth. 

LjUyy-rintli'Ine, a. Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth. 

Lae, n. [From Per. lak, Skr. lakscha and rakscha, from 
randj, to dye.] A resinous substance produced by an in- 
sect, mainly upon the banyan tree. 

Iia-e, n. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha, mark, sign, 
a hundred thousand.] One hundred thousand ; as, a lac 
of rupees.] [East Indies.] 

Lace, n. [From Lat. laqueus, nooee, snare.] 1. A string 
or cord. 2. A fabric of fine threads of linen, silk, or 
cotton, interwoven in a net. 

Lace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LACED (last) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LACING.] 1. To fasten with a lace or string. 2. To 
adorn or deck with lace. [lace or string. 

Lace, v. i. To have a lace ; to be fastened or tied with a 

Lac'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being lacerated. 

La£'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. lacerated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LACERATING.] [Lat. lacerare, laceratum, from 
lacer, mangled, lacerated.] To tear; to rend; hence, to 
wound ; to injure or afflict. 

Lac'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of tearing or rending. 2. 
The breach made by rending. 

Lac'er-a/tive, a. Tending to lacerate. 

Laclie, } n. [0. & Norm. Fr. lachesse, from Fr. lache, 

Lacli'eg, ) lax, indolent, from Lat. laxus, loose, lax.] 
(Law.) Negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at 
the proper time. 

Laeh'ry-mal, a. 1. Generating or secreting tears. 2. 
Pertaining to, or conveying, tears. 

L3,eli'ry-ma-to-ry, n. [L. Lat. lacrymatorium, from 
lacryma, a tear.] A vessel found in sepulchers of the 
ancients, in which it has been supposed the tears of a 
deceased person's friends were collected and preserved. 

Laeh'ry-mose', a. Generating or shedding tears. 

La/oing, n. 1. A fastening with a string or cord through 
eyc'et-holes. 2. A cord used in drawing tight or fastening. 

Lack, v. t. [imp. & p.p. lacked (lakt) : p. pr. & vb. 
n. LACKING.] [0. Sw. lacka, to fail, lack, 0. D. laecken, 
to decrease, fail, 0. H. Ger. lahan, to reproach.] To be 
destitute of; to be in need of; to want. 

Lack, v. i. 1. To be in want. 2. To be wanting. 

Lack, n. Want ; destitution ; need ; failure. 

Lack, n. See LAC. 

Lack/a-day', interj. [Abbreviated from alack-a-day, q. 
v.] Alas ; — an expression of sorrow or regret. 

Lack'a-dai'gi-eal, ) a. Affectedly pensive ; sentimen- 

Lack'a-dai'gy, ) tal. 

Lack'brain, n. One who is deficient in understanding. 

Lack'er, n. See Lacquer. 



LACKEY 



413 



LAMB 



Lacls'ey, «. ; pi LACK/E Y§. [From 0. Ger. Idcken, Goth. 
laikan, to run, jump.] An attending servant ; a footman. 

Lack'ey, v. t. To attend as a lackey ; to wait upon. 

Laclt'lus'ter, a. Wanting luster or brightness. 

I<a-e6ii'i-e, a. 1. Pertaining to Lacedemonia, or to the 
Lacones, its inhabitants. 2. Expressing much in few 
■words ; brief; concise. 

Syn. — Concise. — The term laconic is derived from the La- 
cones or Spartans, who affected to give short, pithy answers. 
Laconic, then, implies few words; concise., only the necessary 
words. A work may be a long one, and yet the language be 
concise ; a reply can not be long and yet laconic. Laconic car- 
ries with it the idea of incivility or affectation ; concise is a 
term of unmixed praise. 

La-€on'i«, a. 1. A concise, sententious method of 
speaking ; laconism. 2. A concise phrase or expression. 

La-eon'ie-al, a. The same as Laconic. [concisely. 

La~eon'i~eal-ly, adv. In a laconic manner ; briefly ; 

La~eon f i-ci§m, n. See Laconism. 

Lae'o-nigm, n. 1. A concise manner of expression ; la- 
conic style. 2. A brief, sententious phrase; a laconi- 
cism. 

Lae'o-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. laconized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. laconizing.] To speak in a concise, sententious 
manner. 

Lae'quer (lak^r), n. [Written also lacker. See LAC] 
A yellowish varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac 
in alcohol, colored by gamboge, saffron, and the like. 

Lae'quer (lak'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. lacquered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LACQUERING.] To varnish with lacquer. 

Lae'quer-ing, n. 1. Act of putting on lacquer. 2. 
The covering of lacquer or varnish thus put on. 

Lac'tate, n. (Cliem.) A salt formed by the union of 
lactic acid, or acid of milk, with a base. 

Lae-ta'tion, n. Act of giving suck, or time of suckling. 

Lac'te-al, a. [See LACTEOU3.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, milk ; milky. 2. (Anat.) Conveying chyle. 

Lae'te-al, n. (Anat. ) An absorbent vessel of the mesen- 
tery , for conveying chyle from the intestines to the tho- 
racic duct. 

Lae'te-an, a. [Lat. lacteus, from lac, lactis, milk.] 1. 
Miiky ; resembling, or consisting of, milk. 2. Conveying 
chyle. [teal ; conveying chyle. 

Lae'te-ous, a. 1. Milky ; resembling milk. 2. Lac- 

Lae-tes'^ence, n. 1. Tendency to milk; milkiness or 
milky color. 2. (Bot.) The juice, commonly white, 
which flows from a plant when wounded. 

Lae-tes'cent, a. [Lat. lactescent, p. pr. of laclescere, to 
turn to milk, inchoative form of lactere, to be milky , from 
lac, lactis, milk.] 1. Producing milk or white juice. 2. 
Abounding with a thick, colored juice. 

Lae'tie, a. [Lat. lac, lactis, milk.] ( C/iem.) Pertaining 
to milk, or procured from sour milk or whey. 

!La-e-tif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. lac, lactis, milk, and ferre, to 
bear.] 1. Bearing or conveying milk or white juice. 2. 
Producing a thick, colored juice, as a plant. 

La«-t5m'e-ter, n. [Lat. lac, lactis, milk, and Gr. ixer- 
pov, measure.] 1. An instrument for ascertaining the 
proportion of cream in milk; a galactometer. 2. A kind 
of hydrometer for ascertaining the value of milk by not- 
ing its specific gravity. 

La-eiis'tral, I a. [Lat. lacus, lake.] Pertaining to lakes 

La-eiis'trine, J or swamps. [a stripling. 

!Lacl, n. [A.-S. leod ; W. llawil.] A young man. or boy ; 

Lad'a-ntim, ii. [Lat. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. AaSavof, 
k-qbavov, Per. ladan, laden, Heb. loth, the resinous juice 
obtained from a shrub called lada, leda, Gr. AtjSov, ArySos.] 
A gum-resin of a dark color and pungent odor, chiefly 
used as an external stimulant. 

Lad'der, n. [A.-S. hlsedder, 0. II. Ger. hleitar, leitra, lei- 
tera.] 1, A frame of wood, rope, &c, consisting of two 
side-pieces, connected by rounds, thus forming steps by 
which persons may ascend a building, &c. 2. That which 
resembles a ladder in form or use ; hence, that by means 
of which one attains to eminence. 

Lade, v. t. [imp. LADED ; p. p. laded, LADEN; p. vr. 
& vb. n. lading.] [A.-S. hladan, Goth, hlathan, Icel. 
hladha. Cf. Load.] 1. To load; to put on or in, as a 
burden or freight. 2. To throw in or out, as a fluid, 
with a ladle ; to dip. 

Lad'ing, n. That which lades or constitutes a load or 
cargo ; freight ; burden. 

La/dle (la/dl), n. [A.-S. hlddle, from liladan, to load, 
drain. See Lade, v.] 1. A cup with a long handle, 
used in lading or dipping. 2. The float of a mill-wheel. 
3. ( Gun.) An instrument for drawing the charge of a 
cannon. 

La/dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ladled; p pr. & vb. n. 
ladling.] To use a ladle for dipping or drawing out. 



La-dr5ne', ti. [Sp. ; Lat. latro, servant, robber.] A 
robber ; a pirate ; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal. 

La'dy, n. [A.-S. hlsefdige, klsefdie, idafdie; i. a.,hlaf- 
weardige, bread-keeper, from hlaf, bread, loaf, and wear- 
dian, to take care of.] 1. A mistress ; the lemale head 
of a household. 2. A woman of social distinction or 
position ; the feminine corresponding to lord. 3. A woman 
of gentle or refined manners. 4. A wife, or spouse. 
Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. 

La/dy-lblrd, n. (Entom.) A small beetle of various 
brilliant colors, feeding on plant-lice. 

La'dy-toug, n. Same as LADY-BIRD, q. v. 

La'dy-day , n. The day of the annunciation of the Vir- 
gin Mary, March 25. 

La'dy-kln, n. [Dim. for lady.] A little lady ; — applied 
by the writers of Queen Elizabeth's time, in the abbre- 
viated form Latin, to the Virgin Mary. 

La/dy-I6ve, n. A sweetheart or mistress. [as a title. 

La'dy-ship, n. The rank or position of a lady ; — given 

La'dy'g-slip'per, n. ('Bot.) A plant cultivated for its 
flowers, the front segment of which resembles a slipper. 

La/dy'g-tress'eg, n. (Bot.) A little herbaceous plant 
of several species. It has an erect spike about which the 
white flowers are arranged in a spiral, somewhat resem- 
bling a tress of hair, as they bloom. 

Lag, a. [Gael. & Ir. lag, weak, feeble, faint, W. Hag, 
llac, slack, loose, sluggish. Cf. Low.] 1. Slow; tardy. 
2. Last ; long-delayed. 

Lag, n. 1. One who lags ; that which comes in last. 2. The 
fag-end ; the rump ; hence, the lowest class. 3. Amount 
of retardation of any thing, as a valve in a steam-engine. 

Lag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lagged ; p. pr. & vb. n. lag- 
ging.] To walk or move slowly ; to stay behind. 
Syn.— To loiter; linger; saunter; delay. See Loitek. 

iJa'ger-lbeer, n. [Ger. lager, bed, storehouse, and bier, 
beer. See Lair.] A German beer ; — so called from its 
being laid up or stored for some months before use. 

Iiag'gard, a. [Eng. lag.] Slow : sluggish ; backward. 

Lag'gard, n. One who lags ; a loiterer. 

Lag'ger, n. A laggard ; a loiterer ; an idler. 

Lia-goon', n. [It. & Sp. laguna, from Lat. laguna, from 
Gr. aocko?, hole, pit, tank.] 1. A marsh, shallow pond, 
or lake, especially one into which the sea flows. 2. A 
lake in a coral island. 

Iia'i€, a. [Lat. laicics, Gr. AaiKos, from Aads, the people.] 
Belonging to a layman or the laity. 

Lia/ie, n. A layman. 

lia'i€-al, n. The same as laic. See LAIC. 

Laid, imp. & p. p. of lay. See Lay. 

Laid paper, writing paper having a ribbed surface, as if in- 
laid with lines. 

Lain, p. p. of lie. See Lie. 

Lair, 11. [Ger. lager, couch, lair ; 0. II. Ger. legar, Goth. 
ligrs, allied to Gr. Ae'xos, couch, bed, bird's nest.] 1. A 
place in which to lie or rest ; especially, the bed or couch 
of a wild beast. 2. Any couch or resting-place. 

Laird, a. [Contr. from A.-S. hlafweard, Idaford. See 
Lord.] 1. A lord. [Scot.] 2. A landholder under 
the degree of a knight or squire. [Scot.] 

La'i-ty, n. [See LAY, a., and LAIC] The people, as dis- 
tinguished from the clergy. 

Lake, n. [Lat. lacus, A.-S. l&c, lata, allied to 0. H. Ger. 
lack, lah, lacha, lahha, puddle, pool, lake.] A large col- 
lection of water contained in a cavity or hollow of the 
earth. 

Lake, n. [See Lac] 1. A deep-red coloring matter, 
consisting of aluminous earth and cochineal or other red 
substance. 2. A compound of animal or vegetable col- 
oring matter and a metallic oxide. 

Lalce'let,«. A little lake. 

La'Jkin, n. [Abbreviation of ladykin.] A little lady. 
Sec Ladykin. 

Lal-la'tion, n. [Lat. lallare, to sing lalla, or lullaby, 
allied to Gr. AaAetv, to chatter, babble, and Ger. lallen, 
to speak imperfectly.] An imperfect pronunciation of 
the letter r, in which it sounds like I. 

La/ma, n. [Thibetan llama, pronounced lama, a chief, 
a high priest.] A superior ; the name of a Boodhist priest 
in Thibet, Mongolia, &c. 

835™ The Grand. Lama, or Delai-Lama, is the Boodhish pon- 
tiff of Thibet, and is supreme ruler in ecclesiastical and secu- 
lar affairs. 

Lamlb (181m), n. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. The 
young of the sheep kind. 2. Any person who is as in- 
nocent and gentle as a lamb. 

Lamb of God (Script.), the Savior Jesus Christ, who was 
typified by the paschal lamb. 



LAMB 



414 



LANDGRAVIATE 



Lamb (15m), v. i. To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as 

sheep. 
Lam'ba-tive, a. [Lat. lambere, to lick. See infra.] 

Taken by licking. [tongue. 

Lam'ba-tive, n. A medicine taken by licking with the 
Lamb-doid'al ) (lam-), a. [Gr. Aa/u/SSoeiSr/s, from A.cux/3- 
Lam-doid'al J 6a, the name of the letter A, and 

elSos, snape.] In the form of the Greek letter lambda (A). 
Lam'bent, a. [Lat. lambens, p. pr. of lambere, to lick.] 

1. Playing on the surface ; gliding over. 2. Twinkling 
or gleaming. 

Lamb'hin (lam'kin), n. A small lamb. 

iamb V- wool (laniz'-), n. 1. The wool of lambs. 2. 
[Said to be corrupted fr. the Ir. la meas ubhall. day of 
the apple fruit, but probably called so from the resem- 
blance of the soft pulp of roasted apples to the wool of a 
lamb.] Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples till 
the mixture formed a smooth beverage. 

Lam-doid'al, a. See Lambdoidal. 

Lame, a. [compar. lamer; superl. lamest.] [A.-S., 
& 0. H. Ger. lam, Icel. lama.] 1. Crippled or disabled 
in a limb, or otherwise injured so as to be unsound and 
impaired in strength. 2. Imperfect; not satisfactory. 
3. Hobbling ; not smooth. 
Lame duck, a defaulter at the stock exchange. [Colloq.] 

Lame, v. t. [imp. &p.p. lamed; p.pr. Scvb. n. LAM- 
ING-.] To make lame ; to cripple ; to render imperfect 
and unsound. 

Lam'el-lar, a. [From Lat. lamella, dim. of lamina, 
plate, leaf, layer.] Composed of, or disposed in, thin 
plates, layers, or scales. 

Lam/el-late, ) a. Composed of, or covered with, thin 

Lam'el-lil/ted, J plates or scales. 

Lame'ly, adv. 1. In a lame, crippled, disabled, or im- 
perfect manner. 2. Weakly; unsteadily; feebly 7 . 

Lame'nssf, n. The condition of being lame. 

La-ment', v. i. [Lat. lamentari.] 1. To weep or wail ; 
to mourn. 2. To feel deep regret or sorrow. 

La-ment', u. t. [imp. & ;;. p. lamented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. lamenting.] To mourn for; to bemoan; to de- 
plore ; to bewail. 

La-ment', n. [Lat. lamentum, lamenta.] 1. Grief or 
sorrow expressed in complaints or cries ; lamentation. 

2. An elegy or mournful ballad. 
Lam'ent-a-ble, a. 1. Mourning; sorrowful; express- 
ing grief. 2. Fitted to awaken lament ; pitiable. 3. 
Miserable ; pitiful ; low ; poor. 

Lam'ent-a-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to cause or ex- 
press sorrow. "2. Pitifully; despicably. [sorrow. 

Lam'en-ta'tion, n. Act of bewailing ; expression of 

La-ment'er, n. One who mourns or laments. 

Lam'i-na, n.; pi. lam'i-nje. [Lat.] 1. A thin plate 
or scale, lying over another. 2. (Anat.) A bone, or part 
of a bonej resembling a thin plate. 3. (Bot.) The blade 
of a leaf. 

Lam'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being formed into lamime 
or thin plates. , 

Lam'i-nar, a. Consisting of thin plates or layers. 

Lam'i-na-ry, a. Composed of plates or layers. 

Lam'i-nate, )a. [See LAMINA.] Consisting of plates, 

Lam'i-na'ted, j scales, or layers, one over another. 

Lamm, v. t. [icel. hlemma, to beat, hlomm, club, a 
beating] To beat. [Low.] 

Lam'mas, n. [A.-S. hlammesse, hlafmsesse, loaf-mass, 
bread-feast, or feast of first fruits, from hlaf, loaf, and 
mxsse, feast.] The first day of August. 

Lam'mer-jjelr, \n. [Ger. Idmmergeier, from lamm, 

Lam'mer-gey'er, J pi. lammer, lamb, and geier, vul 
ture.] ( Ornith.) A vulture of 
the Eastern hemisphere, re 
markable for having the neck 
covered with feathers like the 
true eagles, and like them, 
seeking for food in a predatory 
manner, instead of living on 
carrion. 

Lamp, n. [Lat. lampas^lam^ 
padis, Gr. Kaunas, torch, fr. Lammergeir. 

\dixireiv, to give light, to shine.] 1. A vessel used for 
the combustion of liquid inflammable bodies, for the pur- 
pose of producing artificial light. 2. Whatever resembles 
a light-giving vessel, as a source of light or cheerfulness. 

Lamp'-black, n. [lamp and blacky being originally 
made by means of a lamp or torch.] A fine soot formed 
by the condensation of the smoke of burning resinous 
substances. 

Lam'per-eel, n. The same as the Lamprey. 

Lam-poon', n. [0. Fr. lampon, a drinking song, from 



imer, lamb, and geier, vul- 



k 



lampons, let us drink, the burden of such a song, from 
lamper, to guzzle ; probably so called because drinking 
songs often contain personal slander or satire.] A per- 
sonal satire in writing. 

Syn. —Satire. — The appropriate object of satire is found 
in trie vices and follies of the times. It is usually general, and 
designed to expose and reform. A lampoon is a bitter personal 
satire, dictated by malignant feelings, and intended only to 
distress and degrade. Most of the pieces published by Pope 
under the name of satires were a string of lampoons. 
Lampoon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. lampooned ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. LAMPOONING.] To abuse in written satire. 

Syn. — To libel ; defame ; slander ; calumniate ; satirize ; 
lash. 

Lam-pobn'er, n. The writer of a lampoon. 

Lam/prey, n. [A.-S. lamprede, L. Lat. lampreta, Late 
Lat. lampetra, from lambere, to lick, and petra, rock, 
stone ; — so called because these fishes attach themselves 
with their circular mouths to rocks and stones.] (Ickth.) 
An eel-like fish, having a round, sucking mouth, set 
with numerous minute teeth. 

La'na-ry, n. [Lat. lanaria, from lanarius, belonging to 
wool ; lana, wool.] A store-place for wool. 

La/nate, 1 a. [Lat. lanatus, from lana, wool, down.] 

La'na-ted, j 1. Wooly. 2. {Bot.) Covered with a 
substance like curled hairs. 

Lance, n. [Lat. lancea, of Celtic origin, allied 
to Gr. Koyxn-] 1. A weapon of war, consisting 
of a long shaft or handle, and metal point ; a 
spear. 2. A soldier armed with a spear ; a 
lancer. 

Lance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lanced (lanst) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. LANCING.] [See supra.] 1. To 
pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon. 
2. To open with a lancet ; to pierce. 3. To 
throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch. 

Lan'ce-o-late, I a. [Lat. lanceolatus, from 

Lan'ce-o-la'ted, j Lat. lanceola, a little lance, 
dim. of lancea, lance.] (Bot.) Oblong and gradu- 
ally tapering toward the outer extremity. 

Lan'cer, n. One who lances ; one who carries a T 
lance. LaTlces - 

Lan'cet, n. [Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.] 1. A surgical 
instrument, sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in ven- 
esection, and in opening tumors, abscesses, &c. 2. 
(Arch.) A high and narrow window pointed like a lancet. 

Lanch, i\ t. [imp. & p. p. lanched (lancht) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. LANCHING.] [Lat. lanceare, to wield or handle 
the lance.] 1. To throw, as a lance; to dart. 2. To 
pierce with a lance, or as with a lance. 

Lan'ci-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LANCINATED ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. lancinating.] [Lat. lancinare, lancinatum.] 
To tear ; to lacerate. 

Lan'ci-na'tion, n. A tearing ; laceration. 

Land, n. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. land, orig. a Celtic word.] 
1. Earth, or the solid matter which constitutes the 
fixed part of the surface of the globe. 2. Any portion, 
large or small, of the solid surface of the globe, consid- 
ered as set apart or belonging to an individual, or a peo- 
ple. 3. Ground: soil, or the superficial part of the 
earth in respect to its nature or quality. 4. The inhab- 
itants of a country or region. 5. The main land, in 
distinction from an adjacent island. 6. The ground or 
floor. 7. (Law.) Any earth whatsoever ; real estate. 

Land, v. t. [imp. & p. p. landed: p.pr. & vb. n. 
LANDING.] To set on shore ; to disembark ; to debark. 

Land, v. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat ; to dis- 
embark. 

Lan'dam-man, n. [Ger. landamtmann, from land, 
land, country, and amtmann, bailiff.] 1. A chief mag 
istrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 2. The president 
of the diet of the Helvetic republic. 

Lan'dau, n. A kind of coach or carriage whose top 
may be opened and thrown back ; — so called from Lan- 
dau, a town in Germany. 

Land'ed, a. 1. Having an estate in land. 2. Consist- 
ing in real estate or land. 

Land'fall. ». 1. A sudden transference of property in 
land by the death of its owner. 2. (Naut.) The first 
land discovered after a voyage. 

Land'-flood (-flud), n. An overflowing of land by 
water, especially by inland waters ; a freshet. 

Land'-f orce, n. " A military force, army, or body of 
troops serving on land. 

L&nd'grave, n. [Ger. landgraf, from land, land, and 
graf, earl, count.] A German nobleman of a rank cor- 
responding to that of an earl in England and of a count 
in France. 

Land-grav'i-ate, n. 1. The territory held by a land- 



a,e,&c.,ton£; &, e,&c.,jAor*; care, far, ask, aU, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do,, wolf, 



LANDGRAVINE 



415 



LAPIDESCENT 



grave. 2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a 
landgrave. 

Land'gra-vine, n. The wife of a landgrave. 

Land'-liold'ei*, a. A holder, owner, or proprietor of 
land. 

Land'ing, n. 1. Act of going or setting on shore from 
a vessel. 2. A place for going or setting on shore. 3. 
(Arch.) The level part of a staircase, connecting one 
flight with another. 

Land'ing- place, n. A place for the landing of persons 
or goods from a vessel. 

Land'la-dy, n. 1. A woman who has tenants holding 
from her. 2. The mistress of an inn or lodging-house. 

Land'less, a. Having no property in land. 

Land'loclc, v. t. To inclose or encompass by land. 

Land'lord, n. [A.-S. land-hlaford .] 1. The lord of a 
manor or of land ; the owner of land or houses who has 
tenants under him. '2. The master of an inn or lodging- 
house. 

Land'loup-er, n. [D. landlooper, literally landrunner, 
from land and loopen, to run or ramble.] A vagabond 
or vagrant. 

Land'lilb-ber, n. [Properly from land and lubber, but 
prob. corrupted from landlouper, q. v.] One who passes 
his life on land ; — so called among seamen in contempt 
or ridicule. 

Land'man, n. ; pi. land'men. A man who lives or 
serves on land ; — opposed to seaman. 

Land'mark, n. 1. A mark to designate the boundary 
of land. 2. (Naut.) Any elevated object on land that 
serves as a guide to seamen. 

Lsind'-of'flce, n. A government office in which the 
sales of public land are registered, and other business 
respecting unsettled land is transacted. [Amer.] 

Land'scape, n. [A.-S. landscipe, from land, land, and 
the termination scipe, equivalent to Eng. ship.] 1. A 
portion of land or territory which the eye can compre- 
hend in a single view. 2. A picture exhibiting some 
real or fancied scene in nature. 

Land'- slide, I n. 1. The sliding down of a considera- 

Land'-slip, i ble tract of land from a mountain. 2. 
The land which slips or slides down. 

Land§'man,«.;p/. landsmen. 1. One who lives 
on the land ; — opposed to seaman. 2. (Naut.) A sailor 
on board a ship who hus not before been at sea. 

Land'-tax, n. A tax assessed on land and buildings. 

L&nd'ward, adv. Toward the land. 

Lane, n. [D. laan, 0. D. laen.] 1. A narrow way or 
passage, or a private passage. 2. A passage between 
lines of men, or people standing on each side. 

Lan'grage (laug'grej), ) n. A kind of shot used at sea 

Lan'grel (laug'grel), J for tearing sails and rigging. 
It consists of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fast- 
ened together. 

Lan'guage (45), n. [L. Lat. lingaugium, langagium, fr. 
Lat. lingua, the tongue, speech, language.] 1. Human 
speech ; the expression of ideas by the voice. 2. The 
expression of ideas by writing, or any other instrumen- 
tality. 3. The forms of speech peculiar to a particular 
nation. 4. The characteristic mode of arranging words 
peculiar to an individual speaker or writer ; style. 5. 
The ideas suggested by, or associated with, inanimate ob- 
jects. 6. A nation, as distinguished by their speech. 

Syn.- Speech; tonsue: idiom; dialect— Language is gen- 
eric, denoting any mode of conveying ideas, as the language of 
the deaf and dumb, &c.; speechis the language of articulate 
sounds; tongue is the Saxon term for the language of a partic- 
ular people; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms 
of construction peculiar to a language; dialects are varieties 
of expression which spring up in different parts of a country, 
or in different professions, &c. 

L&n'guid (lang'gwid), a. [Lat. languidus, from Inn- 
guere, to be faint or languid.] 1. Drooping or flagging 
from exhaustion ; indisposed to exertion. 2. Slow in 
progress ; tardy. 3. Promoting or indicating weakness. 
Syn. — Feeble; weak ; faint ; sickly ; pining ; exhausted ; 
heavy; dull; weary; heartless. 

Lan'guid-ly, adv. Weakly ; feebly ; slowly. 

Lan'guid-ness, n. 1. Weakness from exhaustion of 
strength. 2. Sluggishness. 

Syn. — Feebleness; dullness; languor; heaviness; slowness. 

Lan'guish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. languished (lang'- 
gwisht) ; p.pr. & vb. n. languishing.] 1. To become 
languid or weak. 2. To suffer, as from heat or drought. 
3. To grow dull. 4. To look with softness or tender- 
ness. 

Syn. — To pine ; wither ; fade ; droop ; faint. 

Lan'guish (lang'gwish), n. 1. Act or condition of lan- 



guishing ; languishment. 2. A soft and tencfer look or 

appearance. 
Lan'guish-er, n. One who languishes or pines. 
Lan'guish-ment, n. 1. State of languishing. 2. 

Softness of look or mien. 
Lan'guor (lang'gwur), n. [Lat.] 1. State of being Ian. 

guid; lassitude of body. 2. Dullness of the intellectual 

faculty. 

Syn. — Feebleness ; weakness ; faintness ; weariness ; dull- 
ness ; heaviness ; lassitude ; listlessness. 

Lan'iard (lan'yard), n. See Lanyard. 

La'ni-a-ry, a. [Lat. laniarius, from lanius, butcher, 
laniare, to tear in pieces.] Lacerating or tearing. 

La-nif'er-ous, a. [Lat. lanifer, from lana, wool, and 
ferre, to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 

La-nig'er-ous, a. [Lat. laniger, from lana, wool, and 
gerert, to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 

Lank, a. [compar. LANKER ; superl. LANKEST.] [A.-S. 
hlanc. Cf. H. Ger. schlank, slender, lank, thin.] 1. 
Loose or lax, and easily yielding to pressure. 2. Weak 
and slender ; so slender as to appear weak. 

Lank'ly, adv. In a lank manner ; weakly ; thinly. 

Lank'ness, n. Condition of being lank ; flabbiness. 

Lank'y, a. Somewhat lank ; slender ; slim. 

Lan'ner, n.f. 1 [From Lat. laniarius. SeeLANlARY, 

Lan'ner-et, n. m. ) a.] (Omith.) A long-tailed species 
of hawk found in Europe. 

Lans'que-net (lans'ke-net), n. [Fr.; Ger. landsknecht, a 
foot-soldier, and a game of cards introduced by these 
foot-soldiers, from land, country, and knecht, boy, ser- 
vant.] 1. A German foot-soldier. 2. A game at cards. 

Lan'tern, n. [Lat. lanterna, latema.] 1. Something 
inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, &c. ; 
— sometimes portable, and sometimes fixed. 2. (Arch.) 
A little dome over the roof of a building to give light. 

3. (Mach.) A kind of pinion. 

Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be 
closed so as to conceal the light. 

Lan-tha'ni-um, ) n. [Gr. KavOaveiv, to lie hid, to be 
Lan'tha-num, ) concealed.] (Min.) A metal occur- 
ring with cerium, and so called because its properties 
were concealed by those of the latter metal. 
La-nu'^i-nose', ) a. [Lat. lanuginosus, from lanugo, 
La-nu'gi-nous, ) woolly substance, down, from lana, 

wool.] Covered with down, or fine, soft hair ; downy. 
Lan'yard, n. [From Fr. laniare, thong, strap.] 1. 
(Naut. ) A short piece of rope or line for fastening some- 
thing in ships. 2. (Mil.) A piece of strong twine, with 
an iron hook at one end, used in firing cannon with a 
friction-tube. 
Lap, n. [A.-S. Iseppa, lappa, Icel. lappi, 0. H. Ger. lappa.] 

1. The loose part of a coat. 2. The part of the clothing 
that lies on the knees when one sits down ; that part of 
the body thus covered. 3. Tha„ part of any substance 
or fixture which extends over or lies upon another ; hence 
an edge ; a border or hem. 4. (Mach.) A piece of brass, 
lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or pol- 
ishing powder in cutting glass, gems, &c, or in polishing 
cutlery, &c. 

Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LAPPED (lSpt): p. pr. & vb. 
n. LAPPING.] 1. To fold ; to bend and lay over or on. 

2. To wrap or twist round. 3. To infold ; to involve. 

4. (Mach.) To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, 
cutlery, &c. 5. To lay partly over something else. 

Lap, v. i. To be spread or laid on or over ; to be turned 

over or upon. t 

Lap, v. i. [A.-S. lapian, lappian, Icel. lepia, allied'to Gr. 

ka.nreiv, Lat. lambere, W. llepiaw.] 1. To feed or drink 

by licking. 2. To make a sound like that produced by 

taking up drink with the tongue. 
Lap, v. t. To lick up. 

Lap'-dog, n. A small dog fondled in the lap. 
La-pel', n. [Eng. lap.] That part of a coat which lapt! 

over the facing. 
Lap'ful, n. / pi. lap'fuls.. As much as the lap can 

contain. 
Lap'i-da'ri-an, a. Inscribed on stone. 
Lap'i-da-ry (44), n. [Lat. lapidarius, from lapis, stone.] 

1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious 

stones. 2. A dealer in precious stones. 3. A virtuoso 

skilled in gems or precious stones. 
Lap'i-da-ry, a. Pertaining to the art of cutting stones. 
Lap/i-des'cenpe, n. 1. A hardening into a stony 

substance. 2. A stony concretion. 
Lap'i-deVfent, a. [Lat. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapides* 

cere, to become stone, fr. lapis, lapidis, Btone.] Growing 

or turning to stone. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get; ag ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



LAPIDESCENT 



416 



LAST 




Lapwing. 



Lap'i-des'cent, n. Any substance which has the qual- 
ity of petrifying a body, or of being converted to stone. 

Lap'i-dif'ie, ) a. [Lat. lapis, lapidis, stone, and 

Lap'i-dif 'i-e-al, ] facer e, to make.] Forming or con- 
verting into stone. 

La-pid'i-fi-ea'tion, n. The operation of forming or 
converting into a stony substance. 

La-pid'i -iy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lapidified ; p. pr. & 
vb. 11. LAPIDIFYING.] To form into stone. 

La-pid'i-f y, v. i. To become stone or stony. 

Lap'i-dist, n. A lapidary. 

Lap'per, n. 1. One who wraps or folds. 2. One who 
takes up with his tongue. 

Lap'pet, n. [Dim. of 'lap.] A part of a garment or dress 
that hangs loose. 

Laps'a-fole, a. Capable of lapsing or falling. 

Lapse, n. [Lat. lapsus, from labi, lapsus, to slide, to 
fall.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling ; an un- 
observed progress or passing away. 2. A slip; an error; 
a failing in duty. 3. (Eccl. Law.) Omission of a patron 
to present a clerk to a benefice within six months after it 
becomes void. 

JLapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lapsed (lapst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LAPSING.] 1. To pass slowly, silently, or by degrees. 
2. To deviate from rectitude ; to commit a fault by in- 
advertence or mistake. 3. To fall or pass from one pro- 
prietor to another, by the omission, negligence, or failure 
of some one. 4. (Laiv.) To become ineffectual or void. 

Lap'sid-ed (lop'sTd-ed), a. Having one side heavier than 
the other, as a ship. 

Lap'stone. 11. A stone for the lap, on which shoe- 
makers beat leather. [over another. 

tap'- streak, a. Made with boards whose edges lap one 

Lap'- wing, n. [A.-S. lepewinc, 
hleapwince , kleafwinge , from A.- 
S. hleapan, to leap, jump, and 
hlifian, to arise, soar, because it 
quickly moves, expands, and 
flaps its long wings.] (Ornith.)' 
A wading bird of the plover q 
family found on the borders of " 
rivers and lakes, on plains and 
marshes, in England. 

liar, ii. ; pi. LA'RE^. [Lat.] 

(Rom. Antiq.) A household deity among the ancient 
Romans, regarded as the soul of a deceased ancestor. 

Lar'fooard (-burd), n. [Lar seems to be contracted from 
lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side 
is considered by mariners as higher in rank.] (Naut.) 
The left-hand side of a ship, when one stands with his 
face to the head ; port. 

Lar'ce-ny, n. [Contracted from obs. latrociny, from Lat. 
latrociniiim, from latro, a freebooter, robber. (Law.) 
Unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal 
with intent to deprive the right owner of the same ; theft. 

Larch, n. [From Lat. larix, 
laricis, Gr. Aapi£.] (Hot.) A 
coniferous tree, having decidu- 
ous leaves, in whorls or clus- 
ters. 

Lard,«. [Lat. lardum,laridum, 
allied to Gr. Aapivos, fattened, 
fat.] The fat of swine, after 
being melted and separated 
from the flesh. 

Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
larded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LARDING.] 1. To smear or 
mix with lard ; to grease. 2. 
To fatten; to enrich. 3. To 
mix with something by way of 
improvement ; to interlard. 

Lar-da'ceous, a. Consisting of, or resembling, lard. 

Lard'er, n. A room where meat and other articles of 
food are kept before they are cooked ; a pantry. 

Lard'er-er, n. One who has charge of the larder. 

TJa're^, n. pi. See Lar. 

Large, a. [r.ompar. LARGER ; superl. LARGEST.] [Lat. 
largus.] Having great size ; specifically, (a.) Wide, exten- 
sive, broad ; — said of surface or area, (b.) Abundant ; 
plentiful ; — of quantity ; also, with reference to num- 
ber, numerous ; populous, (c.) Bulky; huge; — in ref- 
erence to size, (d.) Diffuse; full; — with reference to 
language, style, &c. (e.) Liberal; comprehensive; — of 
the mind. (/. ) Generous ; noble ; — of the heart or 
affections. 

At large, (a.) Without restraint or confinement, (b.) Dif- 
fusely ; fully, — To go or sail large (Naut.), to have the wind 




Larch. 



T-] 




crossing the direction of a vessel's course in such a way that 
the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed; 
especially, to have the wind on the beam or the quarter. 
Syn. — Big; capacious; ample; copious; diffusive. 

Large'ly, adv. In a large, abundant, or copious man- 
ner ; amply ; liberally ; bountifully ; abundantly. 

Large'ness, n. The condition of being large. 

Syn. — Bigness; magnitude; bulk: greatness; extent; com- 
prehension; amplitude; generosity; liberality. 

Lar'gess, n. [Fr. largesse, equiv. to Lat. largitio, from 
large.] A present ; a gift or donation. 

Larghetto (lar-get'to), a. [It., dim. of largo, q. 
(Mas.) Somewhat slowly, but not so slowly as largo. 

Ijar'ffO,a. [It., broad, large.] (Mus.) Slowly. 

Lar'i-at, n. [Sp. lariata.] The lasso, a long cord or 
thong of leather with a noose, for catching wild horses, 
&c. 

Lark, it. [0. Eng. leveroch, A.-S. 
lawerce, lawerc, la fere] 1. ( Or- 
nith.) A singing bird, character- 
ized by having a long, straight 
hind claw, and a rather long bill. 
It is generally crested. £. A 
frolic; a jolly time. [Colloq.] 

Lark, v. i. [imp. & p.p. LARKED 
(llrkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. lark- 
ing.] 1. To catch larks. 2. To 
make sport ; to frolic. [Colloq.] 

Lark' spur, n. (Bot.) A plant 
with showy flowers, usually of a 
vivid brae color. Lark. 

Lar'mi-er, n. [Fr., from larme, tear or drop, equiv. to 
Lat. lacrima.] 1. (Arch.) The eave or drip of a house. 
2. (Zob'l.) A membranous pouch, at, or below, the inner 
corner of the eye in the deer and antelope. 

Lar'rup, v. t. To beat or flog. 

Lar'um, n. [Abbi-ev. of alarum, for alarm, q. v.] Any 
thing used for giving an alarm or notice, as at particular 
times ; an alarm. 

Lar'va, n. ; pi. lar'vjE. [Lat. ghost, specter, mask.] 
(Entom.) An insect in the first stage after leaving the 
egg ; a caterpillar, grub, or maggot. 

Lar'va-ted, a. Masked ; clothed as vith a mask. 

Larve, n.± pi. larver. (Entom.) The same as Larva. 

Lar'yn-ge'al, or La-ryn'ge-al, ) a. Pertaining to 

Lar'yn-ge'an, or La-ryn'ge-an, ) the larynx. 

Lar'yn-got'o-my, n. [Gr. Aapvyyoro/na, from Aapuyl 
and Tefxveiv, to cut, to/liij, a cutting.] (Surg.) The op- 
eration of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the 
neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for 
removing foreign bodies. 

Lar'ynx, n. [Gr. Aapuy£, gen. Aapvyyo?.] (Anat.) The 
upper part of the trachea or windpipe, constituting the 
organ of voice. 

Las'ear, or Las-ear', n. [Per. & Hind, lashkar, an 
army, an inferior artillery-man, a cooly, a camp follower, 
a native sailor.] A native sailor, employed in European 
vessels. [East Indies.] 

Las-civ'i-ous, a. [Lat. lascivia, wantonness, from las- 
civus, wanton, from laxus, loose, lax.] 1. Loose; wan- 
ton ; lewd ; lustful. 2. Tending to produce voluptuous 
or lewd emotions. 

Las-civ'i-ous-ly, adv. In a lascivious manner. 

Las-^iv'i-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being las- 
civious ; wantonness ; lustfulness. 

Lash, n. [Ger. lasche, latchet, laschen, to furnish with 
flaps, to lash or slap ; Icel. laski, gusset, flap ; laska, to 
tear.] 1. The thong of a whip ; a cord ; a string. 2. 
A stroke with a whip, or any thing similar. 3. A stroke 
of satire or sarcasm ; a cut. 

Lash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lashed (lasht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LASHING.] 1. To strike with a lash ; to whip or 
scourge. 2. To satirize. 3. To throw up with a sud- 
den jerk. 4. To dash against. 5. To tie or bind with 
a rope or cord. 

Lash, v.i. To ply the whip ; to make a severe attack. 

Lash'er, n. 1. One who whips or lashes. 2. A piece 
of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another. 

Lass, n. [Contracted for laddess, f. of lad.] A young 
woman ; a girl. 

Las'si-tude (53), n. [Lat. lassitudo, from lassus, faint, 
weary, allied to laxus, wide, loose, lax.] State of being 
relaxed or weak ; languor of body or mind ; weakness ; 
dullness ; heaviness ; weariness. 

Las'so, n. ;pl. LXs'sog. [Sp. lazo, from Lat. laqueus. See 
Lace.] A rope or cord with a noose, used for catching 
wild horses, &c. 

Last (6), a. [Contracted from latest, superl. of late.] 1, 



5,e,&c.,Z<wgv a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



LAST 



417 



LAUD 



Following all the rest ; final ; closing ; hindmost. 2. 
Next before the present. 3. Incapable of being increased 
or surpassed ; utmost. 4. Most unlikely ; having least 
fitness. 

"Last, adv. 1. The last time ; the time before the present. 
2, In conclusion ; finally. 3. After all others in order 
or time. 

Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LASTING-.] [A.-S. Ixstan, to perform, follow, last, Goth. 
laistyan, from A.-S. last, laest, trace, course, last, Goth. 
laists, track, trace.] 1. To continue in time ; to endure. 
2. To continue unimpaired or unconsumed ; to hold out. 

Last, n. [A.-S. hlsest, from hladan, to lade.] 1. A cer- 
tain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4000 lbs., 
but varying exceedingly as to different articles. 2. The 
burden of a ship. 

Last, n. [A.-S. last, Isest. See Last, v. i.] Arnold or 
form of the human foot, made of wood, on which shoes 
are formed. [or endure. 

Last'ing, p. a. Of long continuance ; that may continue 
Syn. — Durable ; permanent. — Lasting is more commonly 
applied to things abstract, which from their very nature en- 
dure ; as, a lasting remembrance, effect, &c. Permanent ap- 
plies chiefly to things established, and designed to remain 
unchanged; as, a permanent situation, a. permanent change, 
&c. Durable is applied to material substances or fabrics, so far 
as they resist agencies which tend to destroy them ; as, a dura- 
ble foundation, &c. 

Last'ing, n. A species of very durable woolen stuff. 

Last'ing-ly, adv. Durably ; with continuance. 

Last'ly, adv. 1. In the last place ; in conclusion. 2. 
At length ; at last ; finally. 

Lat'a-ki'a (-ke'a), n. [Turk.] A superior quality of 
Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where 
produced, the ancient Laodicea. 

Latch, n. [See Lace, and cf. Latchet.] 1 . A small 
piece of iron or wood used to fasten a door. 2. (Naat.) 
A latching. See Latching. 

Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. latched (latcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LATCHING.] To catch or fasten by means of a 
latch. 

Latch'et, n. [Dim. of latch. Cf. Fr. lacet, plaited string, 
lace, dim. of lacs, a string.] The string that fastens a 
shoe. 

Latch'ing, n. (Naut.) A loop on the head rope of a 
bonnet, by which it is connected with the foot of the 
sail. 

Late, a. [compar. later, or latter ; superl. LAT- 
TER, or last.] [A.-S. lat, Goth, lats, Icel. latr, late, 
slow, lazy.] 1. Coming after others, or after the usual 
or expected time ; slow ; tardy. 2. Far advanced to- 
wards the end or close. 3. Existing not long ago, but not 
now; deceased; out of office. 4. Happening not long 
ago ; recent. 

Late, adv. 1. After the usual time, or the time appoint- 
ed. 2. Not long ago ; lately. 3. Far in the night, day, 
week, or other particular period. 

Of late, in time not long past; lately. — Too late, after the 
proper time ; not in due time. 

La-teen'-sail, n. [See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular 
sail, extended by a long yard, — used in small boats, fe- 
luccas, xebecs, &c, especially in the Mediterranean and 
adjacent waters. • 

Late'ly, adv. Not long ago ; recently. 

Late'ness, n. 1. State of being late or tardy, or of 
coming after the usual or appointed time. 2. Time far 
advanced in any particular period. 

La'tent, a. [Lat. latens, p. pr. of latere, to lie hid or 
concealed, allied to Gr. Kadtiv, kav6dveiv.] Not visible 
or apparent ; hid ; concealed ; secret. 

Latent heat (Physics.), that quantity of heat which disappears 
or becomes concealed in a body, while producing some change 
in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or 
expansion. 

Lat'er, a. [Compar. of late.] Posterior ; subsequent. 

Lat'ei'-al, a. [Lat. lateralis, from latus, lateris, side.] 
1. Proceeding from, or attached to, the side. 2. Di- 
rected to the side. 

L&t'er-al-ly, adv. 1. By the side ; sidewise. 2. In 
the direction of the side. 

Lat'er-i-f o'li-ous, a. [Lat. latus, lateris, side, and foli- 
um, leaf.] (Hot.) Growing on the side of a leaf at the 
base. 

Lat'est, a. [Superl. of late.] Longest after the usual 
time ; tardiest. 

Lath, n. ; pi. LATHS, (l'athz). [A.-S. lattu, for laddu, 0. 
H. Ger. latta, lata, whence Fr. latte, It. latta. Cf. W. Hath, 
a rod. staff, yard.] A thin, narrow board, or slip of wood 
used to support the tiles, or covering, or the plastering. 



Lath, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
lathing.] To cover or line with laths. 

Lathe, n. [Allied to lath, a narrow board.] 1. (Mach.\ 
A machine-tool for turning or shaping articles of wood, 
metal, or other 'material. 2. The movable swiug -frame 
of a loom. 

Lath'er (99), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lathered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LATHERING.] [See infra.] To form a foam with 
water and soap. 

Lath'er, v. t. To spread over with lather. 

Lath'er, n. [A.-S. leadhor, leadhur, niter, leadhorwyrt, 
latherwort, soapwort.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap 
moistened with water. 2. Froth from profuse sweat, as 
of a horse. 

Lath'ing, n. A covering of laths on a wall ; also the 
act or process of covering with laths. 

Lath'y, a. Thin as a lath ; long and slender. 

Lat'i-elave, n. [Lat. laticlavus, laticlavium, from latus, 
broad and clavus, nail, a purple stripe on the tunic] 
(Rom. Antiq.) A distinctive badge worn by Roman sen- 
ators, supposed to have been a broad stripe of purple on 
the fore part of the tunic. 

Lat'in, a. 1. Pertaining to the Latins, a people of La- 
tium, in Italy; Roman. 2. Pertaining to, or composed 
in, the language used by the Romans or Latins. 

Lat'in, n. 1. (Anc. Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
Latium. 2. The language of the ancient Romans. 

Lat'in-igm, n. A Latin idiom ; a mode of speech pecu- 
liar to the Latins. 

Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin ; a Latin scholar. 

La-tin'i-ty, n. The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the 
use thereof; specifically, purity of the Latin style or 
idiom. 

Lat'in-Ize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. LATINIZED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. latinizing.] 1. To give Latin terminations or 
forms to, as foreign words, in writing Latin. 2. To turn 
or translate into Latin. 

Lat'ish, a. [Eng. late.] Somewhat late. 

JLdt'i-tdt, n. [Lat., he lies hid, from latitare, intens. form 
of latere, to be or lie hid.] (Law.) A writ by which a 
person was summoned into the King's Bench, to answer, 
as supposing he lay concealed. 

Lat'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. latitudo, from latus, broad, 
wide.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise 
from a given point or line ; breadth ; width. 2. Room ; 
space; hence, looseness ; laxity; independence. 3. Ex- 
tent or breadth of signification, application, &c. ; extent 
of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, and the 
like. 4. Extent ; size ; amplitude; scope. 5. (Astron.) 
The angular distance of a heavenly body from the eclip- 
tic. 6. ( Geog.) The distance of any place on the globe 
north or south of the equator. 

Lat'i-tud'i-nal, a. Pertaining to latitude ; in the di- 
rection of latitude. 

Lat'i-tud'i-na'ri-an, a. 1. Not restrained ; not con- 
fined by precise limits. 2. Lax in religious principles or 
views. 

Lat'i-tud'i-na'ri-an, n. 1. One who indulges freedom 
in thinking. 2. (Theol.) One who departs in opinion 
from the strict principles of orthodoxy. 

Lat i-tud'i-na'ri-an-igm, n. A latitudinarian system 
or state ; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to re- 
ligious belief. 

La'tri-a, or La-trl'a, n. [Lat., Gr. Xarpeia, from Aarpev- 
eiv, to serve, from kdrpr)?, Aarpis, servant, worshiper.] 
The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God. 

Lat'ten, n. [From It. la'ta, a sheet of iron tinned, tin- 
plate. Cf. Lath, a thin lip of wood.] 1. A fine kind 
of brass or bronze, used in the middle ages. 2. Sheet 
tin; iron plate, covered with tin. 3. Milled brass, re- 
duced to different thicknesses. 

Lat'ter, a. [An irregular compar. of late.] 1. More late 
or recent. 2. Mentioned the last of two. 3. Lately 
done or past ; modern. 4. Last ; latest ; final. 

Lat'ter-ly, adv. In time not long past ; lately ; of late. 

Lat'tice (lat'tis), n. [Fr. lattis, lath-work, from latte, 
lath, q. v.] 1. Any work made by crossing laths, rods 
or bars, and forming a net- work. 2. Any thing made of, 
or covered with, strips interwoven so as to form a sort of 
net-work ; especially, a window or window-blind. 

Lat'tice, v. t. [imp. & p.p. latticed (lat'tist) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. LATTICING.] 1. To form into open work. 2. 
To furnish with a lattice. 

Laud, n. [Lat. laus, laudis.] 1. A eulogy; praise; 
commendation. 2. That part of divine worship which 
consists in praise. 3. Music or singing in honor of any 
one. 

Laud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LAUDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; this. 

27 



LAUDABLE 



418 



LAWYER 



LAUDIN&.] To praise in words alone, or with words and 
singing ; to extol. 

Laud'a-ble, a. Worthy of being lauded ; praiseworthy ; 
commendable. [worthiness. 

Laud'a-fole-ness, n. Quality of being laudable ; praise- 

L&ud'a-foly, adv. In a manner deserving praise. 

Lan'da-niim, n. [Orig. the same word as ladanum, 
labdanum. See LADANUM.] A preparation of opium, 
especially in spirit or wine ; tincture of opium. 

Lau-da'tion, n. Praise ; commendation. 

Laud'a-to-ry, a. Containing praise ; expressing praise. 

Laud'a-to-ry, n. That which contains praise. 

Laugh (laf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. LAUGHED (l'aft) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LAUGHING.] [A.-S. hleahhan, hlihhan, 
Goth, hlahyan, Icel. hlda.] 1. To have the countenance 
change, so as to express merriment, in connection with a 
chuckling sound of the voice. 2. To appear gay, cheer- 
ful, pleasant, lively, or brilliant. 

To laugh at, to ridicule ; to deride.— To laugh in the sleeve. 
to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while 
apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the 
person or persons laughed at— To laugh out of the other corner 
or side, of the mouth, to weep or cry; to be made to feel regret, 
vexation, or disappointment, especially after exhibiting a boast- 
ful or exultant spirit. 

Laugh, v. t. 1. To express by laughing. 2. To ridi- 
cule or deride. 

To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery and scorn. 

Laugh (laf), n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the 
human species ; laughter. 

Laugh'a-ble (lafa-bl), a. Fitted to excite laughter. 
Syn. — Droll ; ludicrous ; mirthful ; comical. See Ludi- 
cbous. 

Laugh'a-ble-ness (laf-), n. Quality of being laughable. 

Laugh'a-bly (laf-), adv. In a manner to excite laughter. 

Laugh'er (laf er), n. One who laughs, or who is fond of 
merriment. 

Laugh'ing-gas (-lafing), n. ( Chem.) Nitrous oxide, or 
protoxide of nitrogen ; — so called from the exhilaration 
and laughter which it ordinarily produces when inhaled. 

Laugh' ing- stock (lafing-), n. An object of ridicule. 

Laugh'ter (laf ter), n. An involuntary movement of 
the muscles of the face, or a peculiar expression of the 
eyes, indicating merriment or satisfaction, and usually 
attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air 
from the lungs. 

Launch (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. launched (lancht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. LAUNCHING.] [0. Fr. lancer, lanchier. 
Cf. Lanch.] 1. To cause to slide from the land into 
the water. 2. To send forth or dispatch. 3. To throw, 
as a spear or dart. 

Launch, v. ?'. 1. To go forth, as a ship into the water. 
2. To expatiate in language. 

Launch, n. 1. The sliding of a ship from the land into 
the water. 2. (Nant.) The largest size of boat belong- 
ing to a ship. 

Laun'der-er (larfder-er), n. A man who follows the 
business of washing clothes. 

Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. A female whose employment 
is to wash clothes ; a washerwoman. 

Laun'dry (lan/dry), n. [0. Eng. lavendry, 0. Fr. lavan- 
derie, from Lat. lavare, Fr. laver, to wash.] 1. A wash- 
ing. 2. The place or room where clothes are washed. 

Lau're-ate, a. [Lat. laureatus, from laurea, laurel-tree, 
from laurus, laurel.] Decked or invested with laurel. 

Poet laureate, an officer of the king's household, whose busi- 
ness is to compose an ode ior the king's birthday, and other 
suitable occasions. [Eng.'] 

Lau're-ate-ship, n. Office of a laureate. 

Lau're-a'tion, n. Act of crowning with laurel, as in 
bestowing a degree. 

Lau'rel, n. [Lat. laurus.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, 
having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clus- 
ters of small, yellowish-white flowers in their axils. Ac- 
ademic honors were formerly indicated by a crown of 
laurel. 

Lau'res-tine, ». [N. Lat. laurus tinus, from Lat. lau- 
rus and tinus, & plant. See LAUREL.] (Bot.) An ever- 
green shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers 
during the winter months. 

La'va, or La'va, n. [It., from It. & Lat. lavare, to 
wash.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano. 

Lav'a-to-ry, a. Washing, or cleansing by washing. 

Lav'a-to-ry, n. [Lat. lavatorium, from lavare, to wash.] 
1. A place for washing. 2. A wash or lotion for a dis- 
eased part. 3. A place where gold is obtained by wash- 
ing. 

Lave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. laved ; p. pr. & vb. n. lav- 



ing.] [Lat. lavare, allied to Gr. Aov«v.] To wash ; to 
bathe. 

Lave, v. i. To bathe ; to wash one's self. 

Lav'en-der, n. [L. Lat. lavendula, Lavandula, from Lat. 
lavare, to wash, — so called because it was used in bath- 
ing and washing.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant common 
in the south of Europe. It yields an oil used in medi- 
cine and perfumery. 

Lavender-color, the color of lavender flowers, being nearly a 
grayish-blue. 

La'ver, n. [From Lat. lavare, to wash.] 1. A vessel for 
washing. 2. (Script. Hist.) A basin placed in the court 
of the Jewish tabernacle, where the officiating priests 
washed their hands and feet, and the entrails of victims. 

Lav'ish, n. [Eng. lave (obs.), to throw out, from Lat. 
levare, to raise.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely. 
2. Expending excessively and foolishly. 3. Wild; unre- 
strained. 

Syn. — Profuse ; prodigal ; wasteful ; extravagant ; exuber- 
ant ; immoderate. 

Lav'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lavished (lav'isht) ; p.pr. 
& vb n. lavishing.] 1. To expend or bestow with 
profusion. 2. To expend prodigally ; to squander. 

Lav'ish -ly, adv. With profuse expense ; wastefully. 

Lav'ish-ment, n. The state of being lavish ; profuse 
expenditure ; prodigality. 

Lav'ish-ness, n. Profusion ; prodigality. 

Law, n. [0. Eng. lay, lagh, A.-S. legu, lag, lah, from the 
root of lie, lay. A law is that which is laid, set or fixed, 
like statute, constitution, from Lat. statuere.] 1. A rule 
of order or conduct established by authority. 2. The 
appointed rules of a community or state, for the control 
of its inhabitants, whether unwritten, or enacted by 
formal statute. 3. (Nature.) The regular method or 
sequence by wbich certain phenomena or effects follow 
certain conditions or causes, &c. ; a rule for the working 
of a force; hence, any force, tendency, propension ; or 
instinct, whether natural or acquired. 4. (Morality.) 
The will of God, as the supreme moral ruler, concerning 
the character and conduct of all responsible beings. 5. 
Established usage ; a rule, principle, or maxim of science 
or art. 6. The Jewish or Mosaic code, in distinction 
from the gospel ; hence, the entire Old Testament. 7. 
Litigation. 8. Legal science ; jurisprudence. 

Syn. — Statute; common law; regulation; edict; decree — 
Law is generic, and denotes, in this connection, whatever is 
commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A 
statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly 
enacted and proclaimed. Common la wis a rule of action which 
derives its authority from long usage or established custom, 
which has been immemorially received and recognized by 
judicial tribunals. Its rules or principles are to be found only 
in the records of courts, and in the reports of judicial decisions. 
A regulation is a limited and often temporary law, intended to 
secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command 
or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic gov- 
ernment. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of 
the executive government. 

Law'-lbdok, n. A book containing, or treating of, laws. 

Law'ful, a. 1. Agreeable to law; conformable to law ; 
competent. 2. Constituted by law. 

Syn. — Legal ; constitutional ; allowable ; regular ; legiti- 
mate ; rightful. 

Law'ful-ly, adv. In accordance with law; without 
violating law ; legally. 

Law'ful-ness, n. Quality of being conformable to law ; 
legality. [lator. 

Law'giv-er, n. One who makes or enacts a law ; a legis- 

Law'less, a. 1. Not subject to, or unrestrained by, the 
law of morality or of society. 2. Contrary to, or un- 
authorized by, the civil law. 3. Not subject to the laws 
of nature. 

Law'less-ly, adv. In a lawless manner. 

Law'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being lawless. 

Law'-mak'er, n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 

Lawn, n. [W. llan, an open, clear place, llawnt, a smooth 
rising hill, lawn.] An open space between woods ; a 
space of ground covered with grass, generally in front of 
or around a house or mansion. 

Lawn, n. [Contracted from Fr. linon, lawn, from Lat. 
linum, flax.] A sort of fine linen or cambric, used espe- 
cially for certain parts of the official robes of a bishop, 
and hence, generally, the official dress itself. 

Lawn'y, a. 1. Level, as a plain; like a lawn. *. 
Made 6f lawn. 

Law'suit, n. A process in law instituted for the recov- 
ery of a supposed right ; an action. 

Law'yer, n. [From law, like bowyer, from bow.] One 
versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law ; — a general 



a, e,&c.Jon^;a,6,&c.,3Aorf,care,far,ask,all,whatj ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dg, wolf. 



LAX 



419 



LEAD-PENCIL 



term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, 
barristers, sergeants, and advocates. 
Lax, a. [compar. LAXER ; superl. LAXEST.] [Lat. 
laxus.] 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid ; flabby ; soft. 2. 
Not tight or tense. 3. Sparse ; not crowded. 4. Not 
firmly united ; of loose texture. 5. Easy or indulgent 
in principles or discipline. 6. Having too frequent 
alvine discharges. 

Syn. — Loose ; slack ; vague ; unconfined ; unrestrained ; 
dissolute ; licentious. 

Lax, n. A looseness ; diarrhea, 

Lax-a'tion, n. [Lat. laxatio, from laxare, to loosen, to 
Blacken, from laxus, loose, slack.] Act of loosening or 
slackening, or the state of being loose or slackened. 

Lax'a-tive, a. (Med.) Having the power or quality of 
loosening or opening the intestines. 

Lax'a-trve, n. ( Med.) A medicine that relaxes the bow- 
els ; a gentle purgative. 

Lax'i-ty, n. [Lat. laxitas, from laxus, loose, slack.] 
Quality of being lax or loose ; as, (a.) Slackness, as of a 
cord, (b.) Looseness, as of a texture, (c.) Want of ex- 
actness or precision, (d.) Defect of exactness, (e.) 
Looseness, as of the intestines. (_/'.) Openness. 

Lax'ly, adv. In a lax or loose manner ; loosely. 

L&x'ness, n. The same as laxity. See Laxity. 

Lay, imp. of lie. See Lie. 

Lay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LAID ; p. pr. & vb. n. LAYING-.] 
[A.-S. lecgan, causative form of licgan } to lie; Goth, lag- 
yan.] 1. To cause to lie flat ; to put down ; to establish 
in a firm or fixed manner ; sometimes, to beat down ; to 
prostrate. 2. To place in order ; to arrange with regu- 
larity. 3. To prepare ; to make ready ; to provide. 4. 
To spread on a surface. 5. To calm; to appease; to 
allay. 6. To prevent from manifesting itself, as a spirit. 
7. To deposit, as a wager ; to stake ; to hazard. 8. To 
bring forth and deposit, as eggs. 9. To apply ; to put. 
10. To assess, as a tax ; to impose, as a burden, suffer- 
ing, or punishment. 11. To charge or ascribe the origin 
of, or responsibility for. 12. To enjoin, as a duty. 13. 
To present or offer. 14. (Naut.) To depress and lose 
sight of, by sailing or departing from. 15. (Law.) To 
state ; to allege. 

To lay a cable, or rope {Naut.), to twist or unite the strands. 
— To lay heads together, to consult together ; to compare 
opinions ; to deliberate. — To lay hold of, or to lay hold on, to 
seize ; to catch. —To lay one's self out, to exert strength ; to 
6trive earnestly. — To lay to (Naut), To check the motion of 
a ship, and cause her to be stationary.— To lay to heart, to 
permit to affect greatly ; to feel deeply. — To lay wait for, to lie 
in ambush for. — To lay waste, to destroy ; to desolate. 
Syn. — See Lie. 

Lay, v. i. 1. To bring or produce eggs. 2. (Naut.) To 
take a position ; to come or go. 

To lay about, to strike, or throw the arms on all sides ; to act 
with vigor.— To lay in for, to make overtures for ; to engage 
or secure the possession of. — To lay on, to strike ; to beat ; to 
deal blows incessantly and with vehemence. 

Lay, n. [Ger lage, from liegen, to lie.] 1. That which 
lies, or is laid ; a row ; a stratum ; a layer. 2. A por- 
tion of the proceeds of labor, &c, undertaken on shares. 
[Amer.] 

Lay, n. [A.-S. ley, Ugh, from W. llais, sound, melody, 
voice; A.-S. leodh, leod, allied to Goth, liuthon, to sing, 
play.] 1. A song. 2. A species of narrative poetry 
among the ancient minstrels. 

lay, n. ( Weaving.) A swinging frame in a loom, by the 
movements of which the weft-threads are laid parallel to 
each other against the cloth previously woven. 

lay, a. [See Laic] Pertaining to the laity or people, as 
distinct from the clergy ; not clerical. 

Lay figure, a figure madeof wood or cork, in imitation of the 
human body, used by artists. 

Lay'er (4), n. 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. That 
which is laid ; as, (a.) A stratum ; a bed ; a body spread 
over another, (b.) A course, as of bricks, stones, and the 
like, (c.) A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from 
the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation. 

Lay'man, n.; pi. lay'men. [Eng. lay and man; 0. 
Eng. lewdeman (Selden).] One of the people, in distinc- 
tion from the clergy ; sometimes, a man who does not 
belong to one of the other learned professions, in distinc- 
tion from one who does. 

La/zar, n. [From Lazarus, the leprous beggar. See Luke 
xvi. 20.] A person infected with a foul and pestilential 
disease. 

Laz'a-rgf, )n. A public building, hospital, or pest- 

Laz'a-ret'to, j house for the reception of diseased per- 



La/zar-house, n. A lazaretto ; also, a hospital for quar- 
antine. 

laze, v. i. [See LAZY.] To live in idleness ; to be idle, 
[Collog.] 

laze, v. t. To waste in sloth ; to spend, as time, in idle- 
ness. [ Colloq.] 

La/zi-ly, adv. In a lazy manner ; sluggishly. 

La'zi-ness, n. The state or quality of being lazy ; indo- 
lence ; sluggishness ; habitual sloth. 

Laz'u-H, n. [L. Lat. lazulum, lazurius, lazur, Sp. azul, 
blue. See Azure.] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure- 
blue color, much valued for ornamental work. — Called 
also lapis lazuli. 

La/zy, a. [compar. LAZIER; superl. LAZIEST.] [0. 
Eng. lasie, laesie, from 0. H. Ger. laz, weary, lazy, from 
lazan, to leave, permit, cease.] 1. Disinclined to action 
or exertion ; naturally or habitually slothful. 2. Moving 
slowly or apparently with labor ; sluggish. 
Syn. — Idle ; indolent ; sluggish ; slothful. 

Laz'za-ro'ni, n. pi. [It.] (Naples.) The poor whw 
live by begging, or have no permanent habitation ; — so 
called from the hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as 
their refuge. 

lea, n. [A.-S. Uag, leah, ley.] A meadow or sward 
land ; a field. 

leach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LEACHED (leecht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LEACHING.] [See infra.] To wash, as ashes, by 
causing water to pass through them, and thus to sepa- 
rate from them the alkali. 

Leach, v. i. To pass through by percolation. 

Leach, n. [A.-S. leah, Ger. lauge. See LYE.] 1. A 
quantity of wood-ashes, through which water passes, and 
thus imbibes the alkali. 2. A tub in which ashes are 
leached. 

Lead (led), n. [A.-S. lead, Ised, Icel. lodh.] 1. A well- 
known metal of a dull white color, with a cast of blue. 
2. An article made of lead ; as, (a.) A plummet, used in 
sounding at sea. (b.) (Print.) A thin plate of type- 
metal, used to separate lines in printing, (c.) A small 
cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils, (d.) 
Sheets of lead used as a covering for roofs ; hence, a roof 
covered with lead-sheets. 

Lead (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LEADED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
leading.] 1. To cover with lead ; to fit with lead. 2. 
(Print.) To widen, as the space between lines, by insert- 
ing a lead or leads. 

Lead (leed), v. t. [imp. & p.p. LED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LEADING.] [A.-S. Isedan, Icel. leidha,0. H. Ger. leitan, 
prop, causative form of A.-S. lidhan, Icel. lidha, 0. H. 
Ger. lidan, Goth, leithan, to go, to travel.] 1. To show 
the way to ; to conduct or guide in a way. 2. To guide 
by the hand, as a child, or animal. 3. To direct, as a 
chief or commander ; to govern. 4. To introduce by 
going first; to precede. 5. To draw; to entice; to 
allure ; to influence. 6. To pass ; to spend. 7. To 
cause to pass or spend. 

To lead the way, to show the way ; to act as guide. 

Lead, v. i. 1. To go before and show the way. 2. To 
conduct, as a chief or commander. 3. To put forth, or 
exercise, a tendency or influence. 

Lead, n. 1. Precedence ; guidance. 2. A navigable 
opening or lane in an ice-field. 

Lead'ed. (led'ed),/). a. 1. Fitted with lead ; set in lead. 
2. ( Print.) Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. 

Lead'en (led'n), a. 1. Made of lead. 2. Heavy ; indis- 
posed to action ; dull. 

Lead'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or con- 
ducts ; a guide; a conductor; especially, (a.) One who 
goes first. (&.) A chief; a commander, (c.) The chief 
of a party or faction, (d. ) (Mus.) A performer who 
leads a band or choir in music ; also, in an orchestra, 
the performer on the principal violin, (e.) The leading 
editorial article in a newspaper. (/.) Ahorse placed in 
advance of others to incite them forward ; or one of a 
forward pair. 2. pi. (Print.) A row of dots or periods, 
used in tables of contents, &c. , to lead the eye to the end 
of a line. 

Lead'er-ship, n. The state, condition or office, of a 
leader ; command ; guidance ; lead. 

Lead'ing (leed'ing), p. a. 1. Chief; principal; most 
important or influential. 2. Showing the way by going 
first. [collectively. 

Lead'ing (led'ing), n. Lead, or sheets or articles of lead 

Lead'ing-stringg, n. pi. Strings by which children 
are supported when beginning to walk. 

Lead'-pen/cil, n. An instrument for drawing, made 
of plumbago or black lead. 



food, foot ;urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist; linger, link ; this- 



LEAF 



420 



LEATHER-DRESSER 




Leaf , n. ; pi. leave§. [A.-S. leaf, Icel. 
Zaw/, Goth, to/5.] 1. (a.) (£of.) One of 
the three principal parts or organs of veg- 
etation. 

8^°" Leaves perform various functions, as 
cotyledons, scales, spines, tendrils. Every 
part of a plant that is not stem is leaf. 

(b.) That form of such an organ having a 
flattened shape and greenish color, and in 
"which the descending sap is elaborated for 
the nutrition of the plant. 2. Something 
which folds, bends over, or otherwise re- 
sembles a leaf; as, (a.) A part of a book 
containing two pages, (b.) A side, divis- 
ion, or part, as of window-shutters, fold- 
ing-doors, &c. (c.) The movable side of 
a table, (d.) A very thin plate, as of gold. 
(e.) A portion of fat lying in a separate 
fold or layer. (/.) A tooth of a pinion- wheel, especially 
when small. 

Leaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leafed (leeft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LEAFING.] To shoot out leaves ; to produce leaves. 

Leafage, n. Leaves collectively ; foliage. 

Leaf -bridge, n. A drawbridge having a leaf or plat- 
form on each side, which rises and falls. 

Leaf-hud. n. (Bot.) The rudiment of a young branch, 
or a growing point covered with rudimentary leaves 

Leaf ed (leeft), a. Having leaves. [called scales. 

Leaf i-ness, n. A state of being full of leaves. 

Leafless, a. Destitute of leaves. 

Leaflet, n. 1. A little leaf. 2. {Bot.) One of the 
divisions of a compound leaf. 

Leafy, a. [compar. leafier ; superl. leafiest.] 
Full of leaves. 

League, n. [From Lat. ligare, to bind.] 1. A combi- 
nation of two or more parties for promoting their mutual 
interest, or for executing any design in concert. 2. A 
national contract or compact. 

Syn. — Alliance ; confederacy ; coalition ; combination. 

League, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leagued ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
leaguing.] To unite in a league or confederacy ; to 
confederate. 

League, n. [Low Lat. lega, leuga, Gr. kevyq, of Celtic 
origin, from W. llech, a flag, a broad, flat stone.] A 
measure of length or distance, equal, in England and the 
United States, to three geographical miles ; — used chiefly 
at sea. [federate. 

Leag'uer (leeg'er), n. One who unites in a league ; a con- 
Leak, n. [A.-S. hlecc, leaky, Icel. lekr. See infra.] 1. 
A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole in a vessel, that admits 
water, or permits a fluid to escape, 2. The oozing or 
passing of water, or other fluid or liquor, through a 
crack, fissure, or aperture in a vessel, either into it, or 
out of it. 

To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water. 

Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leaked (leekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LEAKING.] [Icel. Icka, to drop ; A.-S. leccan, to wet, 
moisten, leccing, leacinc, a leaking.] To let water or 
other liquor into or out of a vessel, through a hole, crev- 
ice, or other defect. 

To leak out, to find publicity in a clandestine or irregular 
way. 

Leak'age, n. 1. A leaking ; or the quantity of a liquor 
that enters or issues by leaking. 2. (Com.) An allow- 
ance of a certain rate per cent, for the leaking of casks. 

Leak'i-ness, n. The state of being leaky. 

Leak'y, a. [compar. leakier ; superl. leakiest.] 

1. Admitting water or other liquor to leak in or out. 

2. Apt to disclose secrets ; tattling ; not close. 

Leal, a. [0. Fr. leal. See Loyal.] Faithful ; loyal ; 
true. 

Lean, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leaned, sometimes leant 
(lent); p. pr. & vb. n. LEANING.] [A.-S. hlinian, hle- 
onian, linian, allied to Lat. clinare,, inclinare, Gr. /cAiveiv, 
Gael, claon.] 1. To deviate or move from a perpendicu- 
lar position or line ; to be in a position thus deviating. 
2. To incline in opinion or inclination ; to conform in 
conduct. 3. To bend. 4. To depend for support, com- 
fort, and the like. [rest. 

Lean, v. t. To cause to lean; to incline; to support or 

Lean, a. [compar. LEANER ; superl. leanest.] [A.-S. 
Isene, allied to Lat. lenis, soft, mild, moderate.] 1. Want- 
ing in flesh. 2. Deficient in good qualities ; bare; bar- 
ren. 3. Barren of thoughts ; jejune. 4. Low; poor. 
[Rare.] 



Syn. 

gaunt. 



Slender ; spare ; thin ; meager ; lank ; skinny ; 



Lean, n. That part of flesh which consists of muscle with- 
out the fat. 

Lean'ness (109), n. Condition of being lean ; meager- 
ness ; hence, poverty ; emptiness ; want. 

Lean'-tq, n. (Arch.) A building whose rafters pitch or 
lean against another building, or against a wall. 

Leap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leaped (leept), rarely LEAPT ; 
p. pr. & vb.n. LEAPING.] [A.-S. hleapan, to leap, jump, 
run, Goth, hlaupan, Icel. hlaupa, to run.] 1. To spring 
from the ground ; to jump ; to vault. 2. To make a 
sudden jump ; to bound; to skip. 3. To manifest joy 
or vivacity. 

Leap, v. t. 1. To pass over by leaping. 2. To copulate 
with ; to cover. 

Leap, ii. 1. Act of leaping ; a jump ; a spring ; a bound. 
2. Space passed by leaping. 3. A hazardous or venture- 
some act. 4. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female 
beast. 

Leap'er, n. One that leaps. 

Leap'- frog, n. A play among boys, in which one stoops 
down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on 
the shoulders of the former. 

Leap'-year, n. Bissextile ; a year containing 366 days ; 
every fourth year, which leaps over a day more than a 
common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. 

Learn (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. learned, or learnt ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. LEARNING.] [A.-S. leornian, liornian, 
allied to Iseran, to teach, Goth, laisyan, causative form 
of leisan, to know, to learn.] 1. To acquire new knowl- 
edge or ideas from or concerning. 2. To acquire skill in 
any thing. 3. To teach. 

Syn. — To teach; instruct; inform. — Learn originally had 
the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French 
and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in 
Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has 
now passed away. To learn is to receive, and to teach is to 
give, instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches. 

Learn, v.i. 1. To receive information or intelligence. 

2. To gain or receive knowledge. 

Learn'ed (60), a. 1. Versed in literature and science ; 
literate. 2. Well acquainted with arts ; knowing ; skill- 
ful. 3. Containing or exhibiting learning. 4. Versed 
in scholastic, as distinct from other, knowledge. 

Learn'ed-ly, adv. With learning or erudition, [learn. 

Learn'er, n. One who learns, or is disposed or apt to 

Learn'ing (lending), n. 1. The knowledge of principles 
or facts received by instruction or study. 2. Knowledge 
acquired by experience, experiment, or observation. 3. 
Skill in any thing, good or bad. 

Syn. — Literature ; erudition ; lore ; scholarship ; science ; 
letters. See Literature. 

Lease, n. [See infra.] 1. A letting of lands or tene- 
ments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, 
for a rent or compensation reserved. 2. The contract 
for such letting. 3. Any tenure by grant or permission ; 
the time f®r which such a tenure holds good. 

Lease, v. t. [imp. & p.p. leased (leest); p. pr. & vb. 
n. LEASING.] [Fr. laisser, to leave, transmit, from Lat. 
laxare, to loose, to slacken, from laxus, loose, wide.] To 
grant the temporary possession of lands, tenements, or 
hereditaments, to another, for a rent reserved ; to let. 

Lease'hold, a. Held by lease. 

Lease'hold, n. A tenure held by lease. 

Leash, n^. [L. Lat. laxa, lexa, from Lat. laxa (sc. restis), 
a rope, from laxus, loose.] 1. A thong of leather, or 
long line, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a cour- 
ser his dog. 2. (Sporting.) A brace and a half; three 
creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, 
bucks, and hares ; hence, the number three in general. 

3. A band wherewith to tie any thing. 

Leash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. leashed (leesht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. leashing.] To bind ; to hoi* by a string. 

Least, a. [A.-S. last, Idsest, superl. of lassa, m., lasse, f. 
and neut. , compar. of lytel, little.] 1. Smallest; little 
beyond others, either in size or degree. 2. Of the small- 
est worth or importance. 

At least, or at the. least, at the lowest estimate, or at the small- 
est concession or claim. 
Syn. — However; nevertheless; yet. 

Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree. 

Least'wayg, ) adv. At least ; however ; at all events. 

Least 'wise, J [Colloq. or vulgar.] 

Leath'er (letb/er, 99), n. [A.-S. ledher, lydher, Icel. 
ledhr, 0. H. Ger. ledar.] 1. The skin of an animal 
dressed and prepared for use. 2. Dressed hides col- 
lectively. 

Leath'er-dress'er (letb/er-), n. One who 
leather ; one who prepares hides for use. 



»,e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short, -care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf. 



LEATHERN 



421 



LEGALIZE 



Leath'ern (leth'ern), a. Made of leather ; consisting of 
ieather. 

Leath'er-y (IStb/er-y), a. Resembling leather ; tough. 

Leave, n. [A.-S. leaf, Icel. leyfi.] 1. Liberty granted; 
permission ; allowance ; license. 2. A formal parting 
of friends ; farewelL ; adieu. 

Syn. — Liberty ; permission ; license. — Leave denotes that 
he who obtains it may decide whether to use it or not; liberty, 
that all obstructions in the way of his using it are removed and 
set aside. Permission implies a formal consent given by one 
who had the right to refuse it. License denotes that this con- 
sent extends to a mode of acting for which special permission 
is required. An orator asks leave to speak; lioerty is granted 
him; he construes this permission into a license to abuse his op- 
ponents, and acts accordingly. 

Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LEFT ; p. pr. & vb. n. LEAV- 
ING.] [A.-S. Isefan, to leave, Icel. lei/a, to leave, have 
left, from hypoth. Goth, leiban, allied to Lat. linquere, 
liqui, and Gr. Aewreiv.] 1. To withdraw or depart from. 
2. To forsake ; to desert ; to abandon ; to relinquish. 3. 
To suffer to remain. 4. To have remaining at death ; 
hence, to give by will ; to bequeath. 5. To commit or 
trust to, as a deposit ; to intrust. 6. To permit or allow ; 
to refer. 7. To cease or desist from. 

Syn. — To quit; commit; give; desist; forbear. 

Leave, v. i. To cease; to desist. 

To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. 

Leave, v. i. [Eng. leaf.] To send out leaves; to leaf. 

Leav'en, n. [Fr. levain, from lever, levar, to raise. See 
LAVE.] 1. A mass of sour dough, which, mixed with a 
larger quantity, produces fermentation in it, and renders 
it light ; yeast ; barm. 2. Any thing which makes a 
general, especially a corrupting, change in the mass. 

Leav'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. leavened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. leavening.] 1. To excite fermentation in. 2. To 
taint ; to imbue. 

Leav'en-ing, n. 1. Act of making light by means of 
leaven. 2. That which leavens or makes light. 

Leav'er, n. One who leaves or relinquishes. 

Leav'ingg, n. pi. 1. Things left ; remnant ; relics. 2. 
Refuse ; offal. 

Lech'er, n. [0. Pr. lecherre, lecheur, gormand, glutton, 
libertine, parasite, from L. Lat. lecator, gluttonous. Cf. 
A.-S. liccsra, glutton, flatterer, from liccian, to lick.] A 
man given to lewdness. 

Lech'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lechered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LECHERING.] To practice lewdness; to indulge 
lust. 

Lech'er-oiis, a. 1. Addicted to lewdness ; lustful ; 
lewd. 2. Provoking lust. 

Lech'er-ous-ly, adv. Lustfully ; lewdly. 

Lech'er-ous-ness, n. Strong propensity to indulge the 
sexual appetite ; lust. 

Lech'er-y, n. Free indulgence of lust ; practice of in- 
dulging the animal appetite. 

Le-e'tion, n. [Lat. lectio, from legere, tectum, to read.] 

1. A difference in copies of a manuscript or book ; a 
reading. 2. A portion of Scripture read in divine 
service. 

Lec'tion-a-ry, n. The Roman Catholic service-book. 

Leet'ure (lekt'yur, 53), n. [L. Lat. lectura, from legere, 
ledum, to read.] 1. Act or practice of reading. 2. A 
discourse on any subject ; especially, a formal or methodi- 
cal discourse, intended for instruction. 3. A magisterial 
reprimand ; a formal reproof. 

Leet'ure (lekt'yijr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LECTURED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. LECTURING.] 1. To instruct by dis- 
courses. 2. To instruct authoritatively ; to reprove. 

Leet'ure (lBkt'yur), v. i. 1. To read or deliver a formal 
discourse. 2. To practice reading lectures for instruction. 

Leet'ur-er,». 1. One who reads or pronounces lectures. 

2. A preacher in a church, hired by the parish to assist 
the rector, vicar, or curate. 

L6efu.re-sh.ip, n. The office of a lecturer. 

Lec'turn, n. [Lat. lectrinum, lectrum, from legere, tec- 
tum, to read.] A reading-desk, in churches, from which 
the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read ; 
hence, a reading-desk. 

Led, imp. & p. p. of lead. See Lead. 

Led'-cap'tain, n. [Prom led and captain.] An ob- 
sequious follower or attendant. 

LSdge, n. [A.-S. licgan, liggan, to lie, p. Ixg, leac, lage.] 
1. A shelf on which articles may be laid ; also, that 
which resembles such a shelf in form or use. 2. A shelf 
of rocks ; a ridge of rocks near the surface of the sea. 

3. A layer or stratum. 4. A small molding. 5. (Naut.) 
A small piece of timber athwart ships, under the deck, 
between the beams. 



LSdg'er, n. [A.-S. leger, lying, a lying down, bed, couch, 
from licgan, to he.] 1. A book in which a summary of 
accounts is laid up or preserved. 2. (Arch.) (a.) A large, 
flat stone, such as is frequently laid over a tomb, (b.) 
One of the pieces of timber used in forming a scaffolding. 

Ledg'er-line, n. See Leger-line. 

Led'-horse, n. [From led and horse.] A sumpter-horse. 

Lee, ». ; pi. lees. [From Lat. levare, to lift up, raise, as 
Ger. hefen, lees, from heben, to lift.] The coarser parts 
of a liquor, which settle at its bottom ; sediment ; dregs. 

Lee, n. [Icel. klie, A.-S. hied, hleow, shelter, refuge, 
shade; Icel. hlif, scutum, Goth, hlija, a tent.] (Naut.) 
A place defended from the wind ; hence, that part of the 
hemisphere toward which the wind blows, as opposed to 
that from which it proceeds. 

Lee, a. (Naut.) Of, or pertaining to, the part or side op- 
posite to that against which the wind blows. 

Leech, n. [A.-S. Isece, ISce, physician, leech ; Goth. 
leikeis, lekeis, Icel. Idkna, A.-S. lacnian, Isecnian, Goth. 
leikinon, lekinon, to heal.] 1. A physician. 2. (Zool.) 
An aquatic sucking worm, largely used for the local ab- 
straction of blood ; — called also blood-sucker. 

Leech, n. [Allied to Lat. licium, a thread of the web, 
leach.] (Naut.) The border or edge of a sail at the 
sides. 

Leech, v. t. 1. To treat with medicine ; to heal. 2. To 
bleed by the use of leeches. 

Leek, n. [A.-S. leac, Icel. laukr.] ( Bo t.) A plant having 
a cylindrical body of succulent leaves, which are eatable. 

Leer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
leering.] To look obliquely, either in contempt, de- 
fiance, or with sly allurement. 

Leer, n. [A.-S. hleor, hlear, the cheek, face, countenance, 
Icel. hlyr.] 1. An oblique view. 2. An affected cast of 

Leeg, n. See Lee. [countenance. 

Leet, n. [L. Lat. leta. Cf. Fr. lit de justice, a solemn sit- 
ting of the king in parliament, Lat. lis, litis, a lawsuit.] 
(Eng. Law.) A court of criminal jurisdiction within 
a township or manor; an assemblage of persons to nom- 
inate for some office. 

Lee'ward (or lu'ard), a. (Naut.) Pertaining to, or in 
the direction of, the part toward which the wind blows. 

Lee'ward (or lu'ard), adv. (Naut.) Toward the lee, or 
that part toward which the wind blows. 

Lee'way, n. (Naut.) The lateral movement of a ship 
to the leeward of her course, or the angle which the line 
of her way makes with her keel. 

Left, imp. & p. p. of leave. See Leave. 

Left, a. [Prob. allied to 0. Sax. & Fries, lef, weak, in- 
firm, and Slav. Ijev, Lat. Isevus, Gr. Actios, left.] In the 
direction, or on the side of, the part opposed to the right 
of the body. 

Left, n. 1. The side opposite to the right. 2. (Legis- 
lative Bodies.) The left side of the speaker's chair, where 
the opposition usually sits. 

Lef t'-hand, n. The hand on the left side. 

Left'-hand'ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm 
more strong and dexterous than the right. 2. Hence, 
clumsy; awkward. 3. Unlucky; inauspicious; also, 
insincere ; sinister ; malicious. 

Leg, n. [Icel. leggr, leg, shin.] 1. The limb of an ani- 
mal, used in supporting the body ; especially, that part 
of the limb from the knee to the foot. 2. That which 
resembles a leg in form or use ; especially, any long and 
slender support on which any object rests. 

L6g'a-cy, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. word, legatia, for 
legatum, from legare, to bequeath as a legacy.] A gift, 
by will, of personal property ; a bequest. 

Le'gal, a. [Lat. legalis, from lex, legis, law.] 1. Accord- 
cording to, in conformity with, or relating to, law. 2. 
Lawful; permitted bylaw. 3. (Theol.) (a.) According 
to the law of works , as distinguished from free grace ; or 
resting on works for salvation, (b.) According to the old 
or Mosaic dispensation. 4. (Law.) Governed by the 
rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity. 

Syn. — Lawful ; constitutional ; legitimate ; licit ; author- 
ized. 

Le'gal-i§m, n. Strictness in adhering to law, or trust- 
ing to conformity to law. 

Le'gal-ist, n. 1. One who desires a strict adherence to 
law. 2. ( Theol. ) One who regards conformity to law as 
a ground of salvation. 

Le-gal'i-ty, n. 1. State of being legal ; conformity to 
law. 2. ( Theol.) An outward conformity to law without 
the inward principle. 

Le'gal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. legalized ; p. pr. So 
vb.n. legalizing.] 1. To make lawful; to author- 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; thia* 



LEGALLY 



422 



LENIENTLY 



ize. 2. To sanction after being done. 3. (Theol.) To 
interpret or apply in a legal spirit. 

Le'gal-ly, adv. According to law ; in a manner permit- 
ted by law ; lawfully. 

Leg'ate, n. [Lat. legatus, from legare, legatum, to send 
with a commission or charge.] 1. An embassador or 
envoy. 2. The pope : s embassador to a foreign prince or 
state. 

Leg'a-tee', n. [See Legacy.] (Law.) One to whom a 
legacy is bequeathed. 

Leg'ate-ship, n. The office of a legate. 

Leg'a-tine, a. 1. Pertaining to a legate. 2. Made by, 
or proceeding from, a legate. 

Le-ga/tion, n. 1. The sending forth or commissioning 
one person to act for another. 2. A legate, or envoy, 
and the persons associated with him in his mission. 3. 
The official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign 
court. [a legacy. 

Leg'a-tor', n. (Lavj.) A testator; one who bequeaths 

Leg'-ball, n. Running away ; flight. [ Colloq.] 
To give leg-bail, to escape from custody and run away. 

Le'gend, or Leg'end, n. [L. Lat. legenda, a book con- 
taining the acts of the saints, so called because they were 
to be read on certain days, from Lat. legendus, to be 
read, from legere, to read.] 1. A chronicle or register 
of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins. 2. A 
story respecting saints ; especially, one of a marvelous 
nature. 3. Hence, any remarkable story handed down 
from early times ; or, less exactly, any story or narra- 
tive. 4. An inscription or motto, as that placed on a 
shield or coat of arms. 

Leg'end-a-ry (110), a. 1. Consisting of legends; 
strange; fabulous, 2. Like a legend; exaggerated; ex- 
travagant. 

Leg'er, n. See Ledger. 

Leg'er, a. [Fr. leger, light, nimble, slight, from a hy- 
poth. Lat. leviarius, from Levis, light in weight.] Light ; 
slender ; slight ; hence, unimportant ; trifling. [ Obs.] 

Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff to ex- 
tend its compass. 

Iieg'er-de-main', n. [Fr. leger, light, nimble, de, of, 
and main, Lat. manus, hand. See supra.] A trick per- 
formed with such art and adroitness, that the manner or 
art eludes observation ; sleight of hand. 

Legged (legd, 60), a. [From leg.] Having legs; — used 
in composition ; as, a two-legged animal. 

Leg'gin, ) n. [From leg.] A cover for the leg, like a 

Leg'ging, j long gaiter. 

Leg'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being legible. 

Leg'i-ble, a. [Lat. legibilis, from legere, to read.] 1. 
Capable of being read. 2. Capable of being discovered 
or understood by apparent marks or indications. 

Leg'i-ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being legible; 
legibility. 

Leg'i-bly, adv. In such a manner as may be read. 

Le'gion (lectin), n. [Lat. legio, from legere, to gather, 
collect.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of infantrj 7 , con- 
sisting of from three to five thousand men. 2. A mil- 
itary force. 3. A great number ; a multitude. 

Le'gion-a-ry, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a le- 
gion, or of legions. 2. Containing a great number. 

Leg'is-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. legislated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LEGISLATING.] [Lat. lex, legis, law, and ferre, 
latum, to bear, bring forward, propose.] To make or en- 
act a law or laws. [laws. 

Leg'is-la'tion, n. The act of legislating, or enacting 

Leg'is-la'tive, a. 1. Giving or enacting laws. 2. Per- 
taining to the enacting of laws. 3. Done by enacting. 

Leg'is-la/tive-ly, adv. In a legislative manner. 

Leg'is-la'tor, n. A lawgiver ; one who makes laws for 
a state or community. 

Leg'is-la/tiire (-lat'yur, 53), n. The body of men in a state 
or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws. 

Le'gist, n. One skilled in the laws. 

Le-git'i-ma-cy, n. [See infra.] 1. Accordance with 
law. 2. Lawfulness of birth. 3. Genuineness, or real- 
ity. 4. Logical sequence or validity. 5. The accord- 
ance of an action or institution with established law. 

Lie-git'i-mate (45), a. [See infra.] 1. Accordant with 
law. 2. Lawfully begotten or born. 3. Genuine ; real. 
4. Following by logical or natural sequence. 5. In ac- 
cordance with established law. 6. Acknowledged as re- 
quisite, or in accordance with rule. 

te-glt'i-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. legitimated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LEGITIMATING.] [L. Lat. legitimare , legit- 
imatum, from Lat. legitimus, lawful, legitimate, from 
lex, legis, law.] 1. To make lawful; to legalize. 2. 



To render legitimate ; to communicate the rights of a legit- 
imate child to one that is illegitimate. 

Le-git'i-mate-ly, adv. In a legitimate manner; law- 
fully ; genuinely. [gality. 

Le-git'i-mate-ness, n. State of being legitimate ; le- 

Le-glt'i-ma'tion, n. The act of rendering legitimate. 

Le-glt'i-nia-tist, n. The same as Legitimist. 

lie-git'i-mlst, n. 1. An adherent of divine or hered- 
itary rights. 2. Specifically , in France, an adherent of 
the elder branch of the Bourbon family, which was 
driven from the throne in 1830. 

L.e-git'i-mlz,e, v. t. [imp. & p.p. legitimized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. legitimi zing.] To legitimate or make lawful. 

Leg'ume, or Le-gume f , n. [Lat. legumen, 
from legere, to gather ; so called because they 
may be gathered without cutting.] 1. (Eot.) A 
pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and hav- 
ing the seed attached at one suture, as that of 
the pea. 2. pi. The fruit of leguminous 
plants of the pea kind ; pulse. 

Le-gii'mi-nous, a. 1. Pertaining to pulse ; 
consisting of pulse. 2. (Eot.) Bearing legumes, 
as seed-vessels. 

Lei'gure (le'zhur), n. [0. Eng. leiserefeiser, from 
Lat. licere, to be permitted.] 1. Freedom from 
occupation or business ; vacant time. 2. Con- Legume, 
venient opportunity ; hence, also, convenience ; ease. 

Lei'§ure-ly , a. Exhibiting, or employing, leisure ; delib- 
erate ; slow. 

Lei'§ure-ly, adv. In a deliberate manner ; slowly. 

Lem'ma, n. ; Lat. pi. zem'ma-ta ; 'Eng. pi. LEM'MAg. 
[Lat. lemma, Gr. krux/xa, any thing received, an assump- 
tion or premise, from XanPaveiv , to take, assume.] ( Math.) 
An auxiliary proposition demonstrated for immediate use 
in the demonstration of some other proposition. 

L,em'ming, n. [Dan. lemming, leming, Norw. lemming, 
leman, Lapp, lummik.] (Zo'dl.) A burrowing animal of 
the rat family found in the north of Europe, and re- 
markable for its periodic migrations in great swarms 
southward. 

Iiem'on, n. [From Per. & Turk, limtin, Ar. laimfto.] 1. 
An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and con- 
taining an intensely acid pulp. 2. The tree that pro- 
duces lemons. 

Lem'on-ade', n. A beverage consisting of lemon-juice 
mixed with water and sweetened. 

Le'mur, n. [Lat. lemur, pi. lemures, ghost, specter, on 
account of their habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoiil.) 
One of a family of nocturnal mammals allied to the mon- 
keys, but of small size, and having a sharp, fox-like muz- 
zle. They are natives of Madagascar and the neighboring 
islands. 

Lem'u-re§, n. pi. [Lat. See supra.] Spirits or ghosts 
of the departed ; specters. 

Lend, v. t. [imp. & p.p. LENT; p. pr. & vb. n. LEND- 
ING.] [A.-S. Isenan, lihan, Goth, leihvan.] 1. To grant 
to another for temporary use or on condition of receiving 
an equivalent in kind ; to loan . 2. To afford ; to grant 
or furnish in general. 3. To let for hire or compensation. 

Lend'er, n. One who lends ; especially, one who makes 
a business of lending money. 

Length, n. [A.-S. lengdh, from lang, long, long.] 1. The 
longest measure of any object, in distinction from depth, 
thickness, breadth, or width. 2. A superficial measure ; 
portion of space considered as measured by its length ; — 
used in the plural. 3. A determined portion of time ; 
long continuance. 4. Detail or amplification. 

At length, (a.) At or in the full extent. (&.) At last; at the 
end or conclusion. 

Length'en (length'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LENGTH- 
ENED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LENGTHENING.] 1. To extend 
in length ; to make longer ; to elongate. 2. To extend 
in time ; to protract. 3. To occupy time with ; to ex- 
pand. 4. To draw out in pronunciation. 

Lengthen, v. i. To grow longer ; to extend in length. 

L,ength'wi§e, adv. In the direction of the length ; in 
a longitudinal direction. 

Lengtli'y, a. [compar. LENGTHIER ; svperl. LENGTH- 
IEST.] Having length ; immoderately long ; prolix. 

Le'ni-ence, j Lenity ; clemency ; 

Le'ni-en-cy, ) J ' J ' 

Le'ni-ent' a. [Lat. leniens, p. pr. of lenire, to soften, 
from lenis, soft, mild.] 1. Emollient. 2. Softening ; 
mitigating. 3. Acting without rigor or severity ; mild ; 
clement ; merciful. 

Le'ni-ent, n. (Med.) That which softens or assuages; 
an emollient. 

Le'ni-ent-ly, adv. In a lenient manner. 



a,e,&c.,Zo»g7 &,e,&c.,short; care, far.aslc, all, what; Sre, veil, term; p'ique,firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



LENITIVE 



423 



LETTER 



Len'i-tive, a. Having the quality of softening or miti- 
gating, as pain or acrimony ; emollient. 

Len'i-tive, n. 1. (Med.) (a.) A medicine or application 
that has the quality of easing pain, (b.) A mild purga- 
tive ; a laxative. 2. That which tends to allay passion 
or excitement ; a palliative. 

Len'i-ty, n. [Lat. lenitas, from lenis, soft, mild.] Mild- 
ness of temper ; gentleness of treatment. 

Syn.— Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; softness; human- 
ity; clemency; mercy. 

Len§, n. ; pi. lens'er. [L&t. lens, lentil, on account of 
the resemblance of shape to the seed 
of a lentil.] ( Opt.) A piece of glass, 
or other transparent substance, 
ground with two opposite regular 
surfaces, either both curved., or one 
curved and the other plane, used, 
either singly or combined, in optical 
instruments for changing the direc- 
tion of rays of light, and thus mag- 
nifying objects, or otherwise modify- 
ing vision. 

B3" Of spherical lenses, there are six 
varieties, as shown in section in the fig- 
ures, viz., a, plano-concave ; 6, double- 
concave ; c, plano-convex; d, double- 
convex; e, meniscus;/, concavo-convex. 



4H 



Lenses. 

JL6nt, n. [0. Eng. lenten, leynte, A.- 

S. lengten,lencten, spring, lent, perh. from A.-S. lencgan, 
to lengthen, because at this season of the year the days 
lengthen.] (Eccl.) A fast of forty-days, beginning with 
Ash Wednedsay and continuing till Easter, commemo- 
rative of the fast of our Savior. 

Lent'en, a. Pertaining to Lent ; used in Lent ; hence, 
spare, plain ; not abundant or showy. 

Len-tic'u-lar, a. [Lat. lenticularis, from lenticida, dim. 
of lens, lentil.] 1. Resembling a lentil in size or form. 
2. Having the form of a double convex lens. 

Leii-tig'i-nous, a. [Lat. lentiginosus , from lens, lentis, 
lentil.] Freckly ; scurfy; furfuraceous. 

Len'til, n. [From Lat. lenticida, dim. of lens, lentis, 
lentil.] (Bat.) A leguminous weed of small size, common 
in the fields in Europe, and its seed, which is used for 
food on the continent. 

Iign-tls'-eus, ) n. [Lat. lentiscus, lentiscum.] (Bot.) A 

Len'tisk, j tree; the mastich. See Mastic H. 

JL^envoy (long'vwa'), n. [Fr. le, the, and envoy, envoi, a 
sending, from envoyer, to send.] 1. One or more de- 
tached verses at the end of a piece, serving to convey the 
moral, or to address the poem to a particular person. 2. 
A conclusion ; result. 

Le'o-nine, a. [Lat. leoninus, from leo, leonis, lion.] Be- 
longing to, or resembling, a lion. 

Leonine verse, a kind of verse, the end of which rhymes with 
the middle; — so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine 
and canon of Paris in the 12th century, who wrote largely in 
this measure, though he did not invent it. 

Leop'ard (lep'ard), n. [Lat. 

leopardus, Or. AeoVapSos, from 

AeW, lion, and irapSos, pard.] 

(Zobl.) A carnivorous digiti- 

grade mammal of the genus Fe- 

lis. It is of a yellow or fawn 

color, with black spots along 

the back and sides. It is found 

in India and Africa. 
Lep'er, n. [Lat. leprse, lepra, 

Gr. ke-rrpa, the leprosy, from ketrpos. 

AeTj-ts, scale.] A person affected with leprosy', 
Lep'o-rine, or Lep'o-rine, a. [Lat. leporinus, from 

lepits, leporis, hare.] Pertaining to a hare ; having the 

nature or qualities of the hare. 
Lep'ro-sy, n. [See Leper and infra.] (Med.) (a.) A 

cutaneous disease characterized by scaly spots, usually 

of a whke color, but sometimes gray or black, (b.) A 

form of elephantiasis. See ELEPHANTIASIS. 

©2f The leprosy of the ancients was a cutaneous disease, 
some species of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person 
ceremonially unclean. It was an incurable disease. 

Lep'roiis, a. [Lat. leprosus, from lepra, leprx, leper, q. 
v.] Infected with leprosy. 

L6p'_rous-ness, n. The state of being leprous. 

Le'gion, n. [Lat. Izesio, from liedere, Isesum, to hurt, in- 
jure.] A hurt; an injury ; specifically, (a.) (Law.) Loss 
from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract, (b.) (Med.) 
Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the 
texture of organs. 




Leopard, 
scaly, from AeVos, 



Lfiss, a. [A.-S. Idssa, m., Idsse, f. and neut.,for Idsra, 
lasre.] Smaller ; not so large or great. 

Less, adv. Not so much ; in a smaller or lower degree. 

Less, n. 1. A smaller portion. 2. The inferior; the 
younger. 

Les-see', n. (Law.) One to whom a lease is given, or 
who takes an estate by lease. 

LSss'en (les'n), v. t. 1. To make less or smaller ; to re- 
duce in bulk, size, quantity, number, or amount. 2. 
To diminish in quality, state, ov degree. 3. To reduce 
in dignity. 

Syn. — To diminish ; reduce ; abate ; decrease ; lower ; im- 
pair ; weaken ; degrade. 

Less'en (les / n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lessened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. lessening-.] 1. To become less ; to contract 
in bulk, quantity, number, or amount ; to be diminished, 
2. To become less in degree, quality, or intensity ; to 
decrease. 

Less'er, a. [A.-S. Idssa, Idsse, for Idsra, lasre. It is not 
properly a corruption of less, but is rather a return to the 
primitive A.-S. form Idsra, lasre. See Less, a.] Less; 
smaller ; inferior. 

Egg" Lesser is rarely used for less, the comparative of little, 
except in poetry and in certain special instances in which its 
employment has become established by custom. 

Les'son (leVn), n. [Fr. legon, Lat. lectio. See LECTION.] 

1 . Any thing read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or 
learner. 2. That which is learned or taught by a 
specific effort. 3. A portion of Scripture read in divine 
service. 4. Severe lecture ; reproof; rebuke. 

Les'son (leVn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. lessoned; p. pr. 
& vb. n. LESSONING-.] To teach; to instruct. 

Les'sor, n. [See Lease, v. t.] (Law.) One who leases, 
or gives a lease. 

Lest, conj. [0. Eng. leste, least, from A.-S. last, leastly, 
minime. See Least.] That not ; for fear that. 

Let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. let (letted is obsolete) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LETTING.] [A.-S. l&tan, Goth, letan, 
leitan, Icel. lata.] 1. To give leave or power by a posi- 
tive act; or, negatively, to withhold restraint; not to 
prevent ; to permit ; to allow ; to suffer. 2. To grant 
possession and use for a compensation ; to lease ; — often 
followed by out. 

eg- In the imperative mode, let is used as an auxiliary to ex- 
press, (a.) Desire or wish, (b.) Command, or permission, (c.) 
Exhortation, (d.) Allowance or concession. — To let alone, to 
leave ; to suffer to remain without interference. — To let blood, 
to cause blood to flow, as from a vein ; to bleed. — To let down, 
to permit to sink or fall ; to lower. — To let drive or fly, to send 
forth or discharge with violence, as an arrow or stone. — To 
let in or into, (a.) To admit. (6.) To insert, as a piece of wood, 
into a space formed for the purpose. — To let loose, to sutler to 
go free. — To let out, (a.) To suffer to escape. (6.) To extend or 
loosen, as a rope, or the folds of a garment. — To let off, («.) To 
discharge ; to cause to explode, as a gun. (6.) To release, as 
from an engagement or penalty. [Couoq.] 

Let, v. t. [A.-S. letian, lettan, to delay, to hinder, from 
lat, late.] To retard ; to hinder ; to impede. 

Let, n. A hindrance ; obstacle; impediment; delay. [Obs.] 

Letcli,^. t. To leach. See Leach. 

Le'thal, a. [Lat. letkalis, from let/mm, death.] Deadly ; 
mortal ; fatal. 

Le-thar'gi-e, ) a. 1. Given to lethargy ; preternat- 

Le-thar'gie-al, ) urally inclined to sleep ; drowsy. 

2. Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by, lethargy. 
Leth'ai'-gy, n. [Lat. lethargia, Gr. \y\9apyla, from Arj- 

Bapyos, forgetful, from Ar?0r), forgetful ness, and apyos, 
idle, lazy.] 1. Preternatural sleepiness ; morbid drowsi- 
ness. 2. Dullness ; inaction ; inattention. 

Le'the, n. [Gr. \r\Q-t), forgetfulness, the river of oblivion.] 
1. ( Gr. Myth.) One of the rivers of hell, feigned to cause 
forgetfulness of all that was past to those who drank of 
its waters. 2. Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion ; forget- 
fulness. 

Le-tlie'an, a. Inducing forgetfulness or oblivion. 

Le-tliif ' er-otis, a. [Lat. lethifer, from lethum, death, and 
ferre, to bear, to bring.] Deadly ; mortal ; bringing death 
or destruction. 

Let'ter, n. [Eng. let.] 1. One who lets or permits. 2. 
One who retards or hinders. 

Let'ter, n. [Lat. littera, litera, fr. linere, litum, to spread 
or rub over (with wax), for writing with a stylus.] 1. 
A mark or character, used as the representative of an 
articulate elementary sound. 2. A written or printed 
message ; an epistle. 3. Mere verbal expression ; the 
literal statement. 4. (Print.) (a.) A character formed 
of metal or wood, and used in printing, (b.) Type used 
for printing ; — spoken of in general or collectively. 5* 
pi. Learning ; erudition. 



food, fdbt; ftrn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



LETTER 



424 



LEXICOGRAPHICAL 



L,et'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LETTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. lettering.] To impress or form letters on. 

ILet'tered, a. 1. Literate ; educated. 2. Belonging to 
learning. 3. Furnished, marked, or designated with 
letters. [founder. 

!Let'ter-f oiuid/er, n. One who casts letters ; a type- 

iet'ter-lng, n. 1. The act of impressing letters. 2. 
The letters impressed. 

Iiet'ter-press, n. 1. Print; reading matter ; — in dis- 
tinction from plates or engravings. 2. [Print.) Any 
work printed directly from the type; — in distinction 
from that printed from stereotype or other plates. 

Jlet'tuce (let'tis), n. [Lat. lactuca, from lac, milk, on 
account of the milky white juice which flows from it 
when cut.] (Bot.) A composite plant, the leaves of which 
are used as salad. 

Lieu. / -eoi*-rlice'a, n. [Gr. A.ev*6s, white, and pelv, to flow.] 
[Med.) A white, yellowish, or greenish mucus, resulting 
from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining 
the genital organ of the female. 

Le'vant, a. [See infra.'] Eastern. 

Le-Yant', n. [Fr. levant, from lever, to raise.] The 
countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, 
&c, which are washed by the eastern part of the Mediter- 
ranean and its contiguous waters. 

Le-vant'er, n. [See supra.] 1. A strong easterly wind 
in the Mediterranean. 2. One who bets at a horse-race, 
and runs away without paying the wagers he has lost ; 
hence, one who runs away disgracefully. [Cant. Eng.] 

!Le-Yant'iiie, or Iigv'ant-ine, a. Pertaining or be- 
longing to the Levant. 

lie-vant'ijue, or Lev'aiit-irie, n. 1. (Geog.) A native 
or inhabitant of the Levant, 2. A particular kind of 
silk cloth. 

I,ev'ee, n. [Fr. levee, from lever, to raise, se lever, to 
rise.] 1. A morning assembly of visitors ; also, any 
general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, 
usually in the evening ; as, the presidents levee. 

tgif In this sense, usually but improperly pronounced le-vetf, 
in the "United States. 

2. A bank or causeway, especially along a river, to 
prevent inundation. 

L,ev'el, a. [See Level, n.] 1. Not having one part 
higher than another ; even ; flat ; smooth. 2. Horizon- 
tal. 3. Even with any thing else ; of the same height. 
4. Equal in rank or degree. 

Liev'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. leveled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
leveling.] 1. To make smooth or even. 2. To 
make horizontal. 3. To reduce or bring to the same 
height with something else ; to lay flat ; to reduce to an 
even surface or plane. 4. To reduce to equaiify of con- 
dition, state, or degree. 5. To point, in taking aim ; to 
aim. 6. To point ; to direct; to utter. 7. To adapt to 
the capacity of. 

JLev'el, v. i. 1. To aim ; to point a gun or an arrow to 
the mark. 2. To direct the view or purpose ; to aim ; — 
usually with at. 

liev'el, n. [A.-S. lafel, a level, from Lat. libella, level, 
water-level, plummet-level, dim. of libra, balance, water- 
poise, level.] 1. A line or plane, which is every-where 
parallel to the surface of still water ; — a curve, the cen- 
ter of which coincides with the earth's center. 2. A hori- 
zontal line or surface. 3. A smooth or even line, plane, 
or surface. 4. Equal elevation with something else ; a 
state of equality. 5. Degree of energy, intensity, or at- 
tainment ; rate ; standard. 6. Fixed or quiet condition ; 
a position of rest. 7. Rule ; plan ; scheme. 8. Line of 
direction in which a missive weapon is aimed. 9. (Mech.) 
An instrument by which to find an horizontal line, or 
adjust something with reference to such a line. 10. 
[Mining.) An horizontal gallery excavated in a mine at 
different depths. 

JLev'el-er, n. 1. One who levels or makes even. 2. 
One who destroys, or attempts to destroy, distinctions, 
and reduce to equality. 

iev'el-iiig, n. 1. "The reduction of uneven surfaces 
to a level or plane. 2. ( Surveying.) The art or opera- 
tion of ascertaining the differences of level between differ- 
ent points of the earth's surface included in a survey, as 
in finding the descent of a river. 

Iigv'el-iiess, n. Condition of being level ; equality. 

J^e'ver, or r,6v'er, n. [Fr. 
levier, from lever, to raise.] 
(Mech.) A bar of metal, wood, 
or other substance, used to 
exert a pressure, or sustain a 
weight, at one point of its 
length, by receiving a force or Lever. 




power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed 
point called & fulcrum. 

Lev'er-age (HO), n. 1. The action of a lever. 2. 
Mechanical advantage gained by the use or operation of 
the lever. 

L,ev'er-et. n. [0. Fr., dim. of lievre, liepvre, hare.] A 
hare in the first year of its age. [sessed and collected. 

L,ev'i-a-ble, a. Fit to be levied ; capable of being as- 

Le-vi'a-tliaii, n. [Heb. livyathan, properly an animal 
bent, twisted in curves, from Ar. lawa-, to bend, wind, 
twist.] 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of 
Job, xli. and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. 
2. The whale, or a great whale. 

Lev'i-gate, v. I. [imp. & p. p. levigated ; p, pr. & 
vb. n. LEVIGATING.] [Lat. levigare, levigatum, from 
lev is, smooth, Gr. A.eZos.] 1. To rub or grind tb a fine, 
impalpable powder ; to make fine ; to comminute. 2. 
To polish. 

Iiev'i-ga'tion, n. Act or operation of levigating. 

Le'vlte, n. (Jewish Hist.) One of the tribe or family of 
Levi ; a descendant of Levi ; especially, one of those in 
the tribe employed in various duties connected with the 
tabernacle first, and afterward the temple. 

Iie-vit'i-e-al, a. Belonging, or relating, to the Levites. 
Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, 
within which marriage is forbidden. 

L.e-vlt'i-eu.s, n. The third book of the Old Testament, 
containing the laws and regulations which relate to the 
priests and Levites among the Jews. 

L,ev'i-ty, n. [Lat. levitas, from levis, light in weight.] 
1. Want of weight in a body, compared with another 
that is heavier ; lightness. 2. Ease ; buoyancy ; hence, 
frivolity ; vanity. 3. Lightness of temper or conduct ; 
want of seriousness ; disposition to trifle. 

Syn. — Inconstancy ; thoughtlessness ; unsteadiness ; in- 
cqnsideration; volatility; flightiness. — Levity, volatility, and 
flightiness relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a 
lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties 
of" time and place. Volatility is a degree of levity which causes 
the thoughts to fly from one object to an other, "without resting 
on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an 
extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety 
or weakness. 

L,ev'y, v. t. [imp. & p.p. levied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LEVYING.] [Fr. lever.] 1. To raise ; to collect ; — said 
of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscrip- 
tion, &c. 2. To raise or collect by assessment. 3. 
(Law.) (a.) To gather or exact; to erect, build, or set 
up. (b.) To take or seize on execution; to collect by 
execution. 

To levy war, to raise or begin war ; to take arms for attack ; 
to attack. 

liev'y, n. 1. The act of levying or taking by authority or 
force for public service, as troops, taxes, &c. 2. That 
which is levied or taken by authority, as an army, 
tribute, &c. 3. A small coin, or its value, being twelve 
anda half cents. [Local. Amer.] 4. (Law.) The taking 
or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, 
or on warrants for the collection of taxes ; a collecting by 
execution. 

Levy in mass [Fr. levee en masse], a requisition of all liable to 
bear arms for service. 

Lewd (lud), a. [compar. LEWDER; superl. lewdest.] 
[A.-S. Isewed, Isewd, lewd, lediced, laical, belonging to 
the laity. Cf. Layman.] 1. Given to the unlawful in- 
dulgence of lust ; eager for sexual indulgence. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from unlawful lust. 

Syn. —Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; 
sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous. 

l,ewd'ly (lud'lv), adv. With the unlawful indulgence 
of lust; lustfully. 

ILewd'ness (lud'nes), n. The unlawful indulgence of 
lust ; fornication or adultery. 

Syn. — Lasciviousness; impurity; unchastity ; debauchery; 
lechery; licentiousness; sensuality; profligacy. 

JLew'is (lu'is), I »• An iron clamp 

Lew'is-som, j dove -tailed into a 
large stone to lift it by. 

Lex'i-e-al, a- Pertaining to a lexicon, 
or to lexicography ; settled by lexi- 
cography. 

L,ex / i-«og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. Aefi- 
Koypd<£os, from ke£uc6v, dictionary, 
and ypd4>eiv, to write.] The author or— 
compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. s 

Lex'i-eo-grapli'i-e, \a. Pertain- 

L,ex'i--eo-grapli'i-e-al, I ing to the 
wilting or compilation of a lexicon or 
dictionary. 




Lewis. 



», e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; piique.firm; son, 6r, do, wolij 



LEXICOGRAPHY 



425 



LIBRATE 



Liex'i-eSg'ra-pliy, n. 1. Act of writing a lexicon or 
dictionary, or the art of composing dictionaries. 2. The 
principles in accordance with which dictionaries should 
be constructed. 

Iiex'i-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Aefi/cos, A.e£i/cdV, and Aoyo?, dis- 
course. See Lexicon.] The science of the derivation 
and signification of words. 

Iiex'i-eon, n. [Gr. Ae£i/coV, (sc. ($l[S\i.6v), from A.e£i/c6?, 
of, or belonging to, words, fr. Ae'£is, speech, a way of 
speaking, a word or phrase, from Ae'yeiv, to say, to speak.] 

1. A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical 
arrangement of the words in a language, with the defini- 
tion of each; a dictionary. 2. A dictionary of words in 
a foreign language. 

Ley (II), n. See LYE. 

L.ey'den-jar ) (li/dn- or la'dn-), n. (Elec.) A glass jar 

iLey'deii-phFal j or bottle used to accumulate electric- 
ity ; — so named from having been invented in Leyden, 
Holland. 

iLeze-maj'es-ty, n. [From Isesus, f. Isesa, injured, p. p. 
of Isedere, to injure, hurt, and majestas, majesty ; that 
is, crimen Ixsse. majestatis.] (Law.) Any crime com- 
mitted against sovereign power. 

15'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. State of being bound or obliged in 
law or justice ; responsibility. 2. Tendency; a state of 
being subject. 3. pi. That which one is under obliga- 
tion to pay ; debts. 

Ia/a-ble, a. [From Lat. ligare, to bind.] 1. Obliged in 
law or equity ; answerable. 2. Subject ; exposed ; — 
used with reference to evils. 

Syn. — Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; ob- 
noxious; exposed. — Liable denotes something external which 
may befall us ; subject refers to evils which arise chiefly from 
internal necessity, and are likely to do so. Hence the former 
applies more to what is accidental, the latter to things from 
which we often or inevitably suffer. Every one, from his tem- 
perament, is subject to certain diseases, while he is liable to be 
attacked by many others. 

H'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being liable ; liability. 

Liaison (le'a-zong'), n. [Fr., from Lat. ligare, to bind.] 
An intimacy ; especially, a secret, illicit intimacy between 
a man and a woman. 

Ia'ar, n. [Eng. lie.] A person who knowingly utters 
falsehood ; one who lies. 

M-ba'tion, n. [Lat. libatio, from libare, to taste, to pour 
out as an offering, Gr. A.etjSeii'.] 1. Act of pouring a 
liquor, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim, 
in sacrifice, in honor of some deity. 2. The wine, or 
other liquor, poured out in honor of a deity. 

Iil'bel, n. [From Lat. libellas, a little book, pamphlet, 
dim. of liber, a book. The word derived its bad sense 
from the Latin phrase libellus famosus, a defamatory 
book or pamphlet.] 1. (Law.) A defamatory writing ; 
a published defamation ; a lampoon ; a satire. 2. ( Civil 
Law and Courts of Admiralty.) A written declaration 
or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and 
of the relief he seeks. 3. The crime of publishing a 
defamatory writing. 

Iil'bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. libeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
libeling.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred 
and contempt by a writing, picture, sign, and the like. 

2. (Law.) To proceed against by filing a libel, particu- 
larly against a ship or goods. 

Iii'bel-ant, n. (Law.) One who libels ; one who brings a 
libel or institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty 
court. 

Iii'bel-er, n. One who libels or defames. 

Iii'bel-oiis, a. Defamatory ; containing that which ex- 
poses a person to public hatred, contempt, and ridicule. 

Iilb'er-al, a. [Lat. liberalis, from liber, free.] 1. Free 
by birth ; refined. 2. Befitting a freeman or gentleman. 

3. Bestowing with a free hand ; open-hearted. 4. Not 
narrow or contracted in mind; catholic. 5. Bestowed 
with a free hand ; bountiful ; — said of a gift ; hence, also, 
profuse ; not confined or restricted. 6. Not bound by 
orthodox or established tenets in political or religious 
philosophy ; friendly to great freedom in the forms of 
administration of government ; evincing, or caused by, 
such a spirit. 

Liberal arts, such as depend more on the exertion of the 
mind than on the labor of the hands, as grammar, rhetoric, 
painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and the like. 

Syn.— Generous ; munificent ; beneficent ; ample ; large ; 
profuse ; free. — Liberal is free-born, and generous is high-born. 
The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, 
and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, &c. 
The latter expresses that nobleness of soul which is peculiarly 
appropriate to those of high rank — a spirit that goes out of 
self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the feelings and 
happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of 



the sacrifices It makes ; liberality, by the warmth of feeling 
which it manifests. 

Iiib'er-al, n. One who advocates greater freedom from 

• restraint, especially in political or religious matters. 

Iiib'er-al-Igm., n. Liberal principles or feelings ; free- 
dom from narrowness or bigotry ; especially in matters of 
religion or politics. 

I.ib'er-al-ist, n. A liberal. 

Liib'er-al'i-ty, n. 1. Munificence ; bounty. 2. A par- 
ticular act of generosity ; a donation ; a gratuity ; — 
sometimes in the plural. 3. Largeness of mind ; Catholi- 
cism ; candor ; impartiality. 

Iiib'er-al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. liberalized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LIBERALIZING.] To render liberal or 
catholic ; to free from narrow views or prejudices ; to 
enlarge. 

Irib'er-al-ly, adv. 1. In a liberal manner ; generously ; 
freely ; bountifully. 2. With generous and impartial 
regard to other interests than our own ; with enlarged 
views. 3. Freely ; not literally. 

Lib'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. liberated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LIBERATING.] [Lat. liberare, liberatum, from 
liber, free.] To release from restraint or bondage ; to set 
at liberty. 

Syn. — To deliver ; to discharge ; to free ; to release ; to 
manumit. 

Llb'er-a'tion, n. Act of delivering, or state of being 
delivered, from restraint, confinement, or slavery. 

Iiib'er-a/tor, n. One who liberates or sets free ; a de- 
liverer. 

lab'er-tine, n. [Lat. libertinus, from libertus, one made 
free, from liber, free.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A person 
manumitted, or set free from servitude ; a freedman. 
2. One free from restraint. 3. One who leads a disso- 
lute, licentious life; a rake; a debauchee. 4. A skep- 
tic ; a freethinker. 

Iilb'er-tine, a. 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. 
2. Hence, dissolute ; licentious. 

!Lib'er-tiii-i§m, n. 1. The conduct of a libertine ; de- 
bauchery ; lewdness. 2. Licentiousness of principle or 
opinion. 

lab'er-ty, n. [Lat. libertas, from liber, free.] 1. State 
of a freeman ; ability to do as one pleases ; freedom from 
restraint. 2. Permission granted ; leave. 3. Privilege ; 
immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant. 4. The 
place within which certain privileges or immunities are 
enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.] 5. Per- 
mission to go about freely within certain limits, as in a 
place of confinement ; also, the place or limits within 
which such freedom or privilege is had. 6. Freedom 
from, or neglect of observance of, the laws of etiquette, 
propriety, or courtesy. 7. The power of choice ; free- 
dom from physical or fatal necessity ; freedom from com- 
pulsion or constraint in willing. 

Syn. — Leave ; permission ; license, freedom. — Liberty 
and freedom, though often interchanged, are distinct in some 
of their applications. Liberty has reference to previous re- 
straint, freedom to the simple, spontaneous exercise of our 
powers. A slave is set at liberty ; his master had always been 
in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty 
(exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with free- 
dom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings). The 
liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought. 

Iii-bid'i-iious, a. [Lat. libidinosus, from libido, libidi- 
nis, pleasure, desire, lust, from libet, it pleases.] Eager 
for sexual indulgence ; fitted to excite lustful desire. 

Syn. — Lewd ; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sen- 
sual ; licentious ; lecherous ; salacious. 

Iii-bid'i-noiis-ly, adv. With lewd desire ; lustfully. 
Xii-bid'i-nous-ness, n. The state or quality of being 

lustful ; lasciviousness. 
T,Vbra,n. [Lat.] (Astron.) The Balance; the seventh 

sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal 

equinox in September. 
M-bra/ri-an, n. [Lat. librarius, transcriber of books, 

bookseller, from liber, book.] One who has the care of a 

library or collection of books. 
M-bra/ri-an-ship, n. The office of a librarian. 
Il'bra-ry, n. [Lat. librarium, book-case, libraria, book- 
seller's shop.] 1. A collection of books belonging to a 

private person or to a public institution or a company. 

2. An edifice or an apartment for holding a collection 

of books. 
Ia'brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. librated ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. LIBRATING.] [Lat. librare, libratum, from libra, a 

balance.] To poise ; to balance ; to hold in or bring to 

an equipoise. 
ILi'brate, v. i. To move, as a balance ; to oscillate ; to 

be poised. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull; fell, (liaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



LIBRATION 



426 



LIFE-BOAT 



Li-Dra'tion, n. 1. Act of librating or balancing, or 
state of being balanced. 2. (Astron.) A real or appar- 
ent libratory motion, like that of a balance before com- 
ing to rest. 

Libration of the moon, any one of certain small periodical 
changes in the position of the moon's surface relatively to the 
earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite 
limbs become visible or invisible alternately. 

Li'fora-to-ry (50), a. Balancing ; moving like a balance, 
as it tends to an equipoise or level. 

Li-bret'to, n. ; pi. LI-BRET'TOS. [It., diminutive of 
libro. See Libel.] (Mus.) (a.) A book containing the 
words of an opera or extended piece of music, (b.) The 
words themselves. 

Lice, n. ; pi. of louse. See LOUSE. 

Li'ceiise. n. [Lat. licentia, from licere, to be permitted.] 
X. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act ; 
especially, a formal permission from the proper authori- 
ties to perform certain acts. 2. The written document 
by which a permission is conferred. 3. Excess of lib- 
erty ; exorbitant freedom. 

Syn. — Leave ; liberty ; permission. 

License, v. t. [imp. & p. p. licensed (li'senst); p. 
pr. & vb. n. LICENSING] 1. To permit by grant of 
authority ; to authorize to act in a particular character. 
2. Hence, to tolerate ; to permit. 

Li/cen-see', n. (Law.) One to whom a license is given. 

Li'cens-er, n. One who grants permission. 

Li-cen'ti-ate (-sen'shi-, 95), n. [L. Lat licentiatus, 
from licentiare, to allow to do any thing, from Lat. licen- 
tia. See supra.] One who has a license to exercise a 
profession. 

Li-cen'tioiis, a. 1. Using license ; indulging freedom ; 
free. 2. Unrestrained by law or morality. 

Syn. —Unrestrained ; uncurbed ; uncontrolled ; unruly ; 
riotous ; ungovernable ; wanton ; profligate ; dissolute ; lax ; 
loose ; sensual ; impure ; unchaste ; lascivious ; immoral. 

Li-cen'tioils-ly, adv. In a licentious manner ; freely ; 
loosely ; dissolutely. 

Li-ceii'tioiis-iiess. n. State of being licentious ; ex- 
cess of liberty or freedom ; dissoluteness. 

Li'clien (ll'ken or ITch'en), n. [Lat. ; Gr. \eixqv.] 1. 
(Bot.) One of an order of cellular, flowerless plants, hav- 
ing no distinction of leaf and stem, and usually of scaly, 
expanded, frond-like forms. 2. (Med.) A cutaneous 
eruption, attended with tingling and pricking. 

Lick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. licked (likt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LICKING.] [A.-S. liceian, Goth, laigon, allied to Gr. 
A.etxeu', Lat. lingere, Slav, lizati, Skr. liz.] 1. To pass 
or draw the tongue over. 2. To lap ; to take in by the 
tongue. 

Lick, n. [Properly a stroke with the tongue ; hence, a 
stroke, as with the hand or a whip.] 1. A blow; a 
stroke. (Colloq.) 2. A place where salt is deposited 
from springs, resorted to by animals, which lick the sur- 
face to obtain the salt. [ Western States.] 

Lick, v. i. To strike repeatedly for punishment ; to flog ; 
to beat ; to whip ; to castigate. [Colloq.] 

Lick'er-ish, a. [Eng. licker, n. Cf. Lecher.] 1. 
Nice in the choice of food ; dainty. 2. Eager or greedy 
to swallow or taste. 3. Tempting the appetite. 

Lick'ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A 
flogging or castigation. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Lick'-spit'tle, n. A flatterer or parasite of the most 
abject character. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Lle'o-rice, n. [Lat. liquiritia, corrupted from glycyrrh- 
iza, Gr. yX.vKvppiga, from j\vkv<;, sweet, and pi£a, root.] 

1. (Bot.) A plant the root of which abounds with a 
sweet juice, and is much used in demulcent compositions. 

2. A dark-colored, sweet substance, consisting of the in- 
spissated juice obtained from the root of this plant, much 
nsed as a remedy for coughs or colds. 

Lic'tor, n. [Lat., from ligare, to bind.] (Rom. Antiq.) 
An officer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns 
of his office. 

Lid, n. [A.-S. Mid, from hlidan, to cover.] 1. A cover 
of a vessel or box. 2. The cover of the eye ; the eyelid. 

Lie, n. Water impregnated with alkaline salt. See Lye. 

Lie, n. [See infra.] 1. A criminal falsehood ; an inten- 
tional violation of truth. 2. Any thing which misleads • 
or disappoints, as false doctrine and the like. 
To give the lie to, to charge with falsehood. 
Syn. —Untruth ; falsehood ; fiction ; deception. — A man 
may state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception ; 
but to say he lies, is to charge him with the highest dishonor. 
Hence the word untruth is sometimes used as a softened ex- 
pression when we do not wish to make the charge of lying in 
the grossest form. 



Lie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LYING.] 

[0. Eng. lee, A.-S. leogan, Goth, liugan, Icel. liuga.] To 
utter falsehood with an intention to deceive ,' to exhibit 
a false representation. 
Lie, v. i. [imp. LAY ; p. p. LAIN (LIEN, obs.) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LYING.] [A.-S. licgan, ligean, liggan, Goth, li- 
gan, Icel. liggia.) 1. To be low; to rest extended on 
the ground, or on a bed or couch ; to be in an hori- 
zontal position, or nearly so. 2. To be situated. 3. To 
abide ; to remain. 4. To belong, or pertain ; to consist. 
5. To lodge ; to sleep. 6. (Law.) To be capable of be- 
ing maintained. 

To lie at the heart, to be fixed, as an object of affection or 
anxious desire. — To lie down, to lay the body on the ground, 
or other level place ; also, to go to rest.— To lie in, tc be in 
child-bed ; to bring forth young. — To lie on the hands, to re- 
main unoccupied or unemployed ; to be tedious.— To lie to 
(Xaut.), to be checked or stopped, either by counterbracing 
the yards or taking in sail ; — said of a vessel. 

Syn. — To lay. — Lay is a transitive verb, and has for ita 
preterit laid ; as, he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. 
Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay ; as, he told me to 
lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using 
laid for the preterit of lie ; as, he told me to lie down, and I 
laid down. So persons often say, the ship laid at anchor ; they 
laid by during the storm ; the book laid on the shelf, &c. It is 
only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the 
preterit of lay, and not of lie. This would save many respect- 
able writers from a gross error, which seems to be increasing 
among us. 

Lief (leef), adv. [See supra.] Gladly ; willingly ; freely ; 
— used in the phrase, I had as lief go as not. 

C@~ Mad, in this phrase, is probably a corruption of icould. 

Liege, a. [L. Lat. lights, legius, perhaps from Lat. li- 
gare, to bind ; but more probably from Ger. ledig, free 
from bonds and obstacles.] 1. Bound by a feudal ten- 
ure ; subject. 2. Enforcing allegiance ; sovereign. 

Liege, n. [See supra.] 1. One who owes allegiance ; a 
vassal ; a liegeman. 2^ A lord or superior ; a sovereign. 

Liege'man, n. ; pi. liege'MEN. A vassal ; a subject. 

Li'en (leten or llten), n. [From Lat. ligamen, from ligare, 
to bind.] (Law.) A legal claim ; a charge upon real or 
personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or 
duty. 

Li'en-ter-y, n. [Gr. keiev-repia, from Aeios, smooth, soft, 
and evrepov, an intestine.] (Med.) A diarrhea, in which 
the food is discharged only half digested. 

Li'er, n. One who lies down ; one who rests or remains. 

Lieii (hi), n. [Fr., from Lat. locus, place.] Place ; room; 
stead. 

Lieu.-ten'aii-cy (hi- or lef-), n. 1. The office or com- 
mission of a lieutenant. 2. The body of lieutenants. 

Lie-u-ten'ant (lu- or lef-), n. [Fr., from lieu, place, 
and tenant, holding, p. pr. of tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] 
1. An officer, either civil or military, who supplies the 
place of a superior in his absence. 2. (a.) A commis- 
sioned officer in the arm}', next below a captain, (b.) A 
commissioned efficer in the navy, next in rank below 
commander. 

Lieutenant-colonel, an officer next in rank above major, and 
below colonel. — Lieutenant-general, an officer next m rank 
above major-general. — Lieutenant-governor, (a.) An officer 
of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and, in case of 
the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as gov- 
ernor. [Arner.] (6.) A deputy-governor. [Eng.] 

Lieii-ten'ant-snip, n. The same as Lieutenancy. 

Lieve, a. The same as lief. See Lief. 

Life, n.; pi. LIVES. [A.-S. lif, Icel. lif Goth, libains* 
See Live.] 1. Animate existence; vitality; also, the 
time during which this state continues. 2. The present 
state of existence ; sometimes, the perpetual existence of 
the soul in the present and future state. 3. External 
manifestation of life ; manner of living, as morally good 
or bad; conduct. 4. A person or thing which impartu 
or excite3 spirit, vigor, or enjoyment. 5. Animation^ 
spirit ; vivacity ; energy. 6. The living form ; real per 
son or state. 7. A living being, usually or always a hu, 
man being. 8. Animals in general, or considered coK 
lectively. 9. Narrative of a past life ; biographical nar; 
ration. 10. Happiness in the favor of God ; heavenly 
felicity, in distinction from eternal death. 11. Position 
in society : social state. 12. Course of things : human 
affairs. 13. That which is dear as one's existence ; a 
darling. 

Lif e'-tolood (-blQd), n. 1. The blood necessary to life ; 
vital blood. 2. That which constitutes or gives strength 
and energy. 

Lif e'-boat, n. A boat so constructed as to have great 
strength and buoyancy, for preserving lives in cases of 
shipwreck or other destruction of a vessel at sea. 



^e, See, long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



LIFE-ESTATE 



427 



LIGHTNING 



Life'-es-tate', n. An estate that continues during the 
life of the possessor. [vigorating. 

LIf e'-giv'ing, a. Giving life or spirit ; inspiriting ; in- 

Lif e'-guard, n. A guard that attends the person of a 
prince or other high officer ; a body-guard. 

Life'-in-sur'aiice (-shjjr'-), n. A contract for the pay- 
ment of a "certain sum of money on a person's death. 

LIf e'less, a. »1, Dead ; deprived of life. 2. Destitute 
of life. 3. Destitute of power, force, vigor, or spirit. 

4. Void of spirit ; insipid ; tasteless, as liquor. 5. 
Wanting physical energy ; sluggish. 

Syn. — Dead ; soulless ; inanimate; torpid; inert; inac- 
tive ; dull ; heavy ; unanimated ; spiritless ; frigid; pointless; 
vapid ; flat ; tasteless. — In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a 
want of vital energy ; inanimate, a want of expression as to 
any feeling that may be possessed ; dull implies a torpor of soul 
which checks all mental activity ; dead supposes a destitution 
. of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spir- 
its which he once had ; he is said to be inanimate when he is 
/ naturally wanting in spirits ; one is dull from an original defi- 
/ ciency of mental power ; he who is dead to moral sentiment is 
wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature. 

LIf e'less-ly, adv. In a lifeless manner. 

LIf e'less-ness, n. Destitution of life, vigor, and spirit ; 
inactivity. 

Life'- like, a. Like a living person ; resembling life. 

Mfe'-pre-gerVer, n. An apparatus for preserving 
lives of persons in cases of shipwreck. [of life. 

LIf e'-tlme, n. The time that life continues ; duration 

Lift, v. t. {imp. & p. p. LIFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIFT- 
ING.] [Icel. lypta, 0. H. Ger. luftan, to lift up, prop, 
to raise into the air, from A.-S. lyft, Icel. lopt, Goth, luf- 
tus, air.] 1. To raise; to elevate ; to bring up from a 
lower place to a higher. 2. To exalt ; to improve in es- 
timation or rank. 3. To cause to swell, as with pride ; 
to elate. 4. To take and carry away ; to remove by 
stealing. 

To lift up the eyes, to look ; to raise the eyes. — To lift up the 
face, to look with confidence, cheerfulness, and comfort. — To 
lift up the voice, to cry aloud ; to call out, either in grief or 

joy. 

Lift, v . i. 1. To try to raise something heavy. 2. To 
rise ; to be raised ; to seem to rise. 

lift, n. 1. Act of raising or lifting. 2. That which is 
to be raised. 3. Assistance in lifting, and hence assist- 
ance in general. [Colloq.] 4. An elevator ; a lifter. 5. 
A rise ; a degree of elevation. 

Dead lift, a lift at the utmost disadvantage, as of a dead 
body ; hence, an extreme emergency. 

Lift'er, n. One who, or that which, lifts or raises. 

Lig'a-ment, n. [Lat. ligament urn, from ligare, to bind.] 
1. Any thing that ties or unites one thing or part to an- 
other; a bond. 2. (Anat.) A strong, compact substance, 
serving to bind one bone to another. 

Lig'a-ment'al, \ a. Composing a ligament ; of the 

Lig'a-ment'ou^, ) nature of a ligament. 

LI'gan, n. [Lat. ligare, to bind, to tie, ligamen, band, 
bandage.] (Law.) Goods sunk in the sea, but tied to a 
cork or buoy in order to be found again. 

Li-ga'tion, n. [Lat. ligatio, from ligare, to bind.] 1. 
Act of binding, or state of being bound. 2. That which 
binds ; bond ; Mgature. 

Lig'a-tiire (53), n. [Lat. ligatura, from ligare, to bind.] 
1. Any thing that binds ; a band or bandage. 2. Act 
of binding. 3. State of being bound; stiffness. 4. 
(Mus.) A band or line connecting notes. 5. (Print.) 
A double character, or a type consisting of two or more 
letters or characters united. 6. (Surg.) (a.) A string 
for tying the blood-vessels, to prevent hemorrhage, (b.) 
A thread or wire used to remove tumors, &c. 

light (lit), n. [A.-S. led/it, lyht, Goth, liuhath, from 
liuhan, equivalent to Lat. lucere.] 1. That agent or 
force in nature by the action of which upon the organs 
of sight, objects from which it proceeds are rendered 
visible. 2. That which gives light, or renders objects 
distinct, as the sun, a star, a candle, a light-house, and 
the like. 3. The medium through which light is admit- 
ted, as a window, or window-pane. 4. Life; existence. 

5. That which illumines or makes clear to the intellect ; 
hence, also, mental or spiritual illumination ; enlighten- 
ment ; instruction ; information ; especially, the source 
of moral or religious enlightenment. 6. The dawn of 
day. 7. Open view ; a visible state or condition ; pub- 
licity. 8. A time of prosperity and happiness. 9. 
( Paint. ) The manner in which the light strikes upon a 
picture ; also, the illuminated part cf a picture. 10. 
The point of view or position in which any thing is seen, 
or from which instruction or illustration is supposed to 
be derived. 11. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy. 



Light (Ht),'a. [compar. LIGHTER ; superl. LIGHTEST.] 

1. Not dark or obscure ; bright ; clear. 2. White or 
whitish ; not intense or very marked. 

Light (lit), a. [compar. lighter ; superl. LIGHTEST.} 
[A.-S. liht, ledht, leht, Icel. lettr, Goth, leikts, lightness ; 
allied to Skr. lagku, Gr. eAa^u's, Lat. levis.] 1. Having 
little weight ; not heavy. 2. Easy to be lifted, borne, or 
carried. 3. Easy to be suffei'ed or performed. 4. Easy to 
be digested ; also, containing little nutriment. 5. Armed 
with weapons of little weight. 6. Clear of impediments ; 
hence, active; nimble. 7. Not deeply laden ; not suffi- 
ciently ballasted. 8. Slight ; trifling ; not important. 
9. Not dense ; not gross ; inconsiderable ; not copious or 
vehement. 10. Not strong ; not violent ; moderate. 
11. Easy to admit influence ; inconsiderate; unsteady; 
unsettled ; volatile. 12. Wanting dignity or solidity ; 
trifling; gay; airy. 13. Wanton; unchaste. 14. Not 
of legal weight ; clipped ; diminished. 15. Loose ; san- 
dy ; easily pulverized. 

K3T- Light is used in the formation of many compounds of 
very obvious signification; as, light-armed, light-bodied, light- 
colored, light-complexioned, light-haired, light-spirited, light- 
winged, and the like. 

To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight ; 
to disregard. 

Light (lit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. lighted (sometimes, 
but less properly, LIT) ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIGHTING. 
See Light, n.] 1. To set fire to; to kindle ; to inflame ; 
— sometimes with up. 2. To give light to; to illumi- 
nate. 3. To attend or conduct with a light. 

Light (Ht), v.i. [imp. & p. p. lighted (sometimes, 
but less properly, LIT) ; p. pr. & vb. n. lighting.] 
[A.-S. lihtan, to raise, lighten, alihtan, to leap out. Cf. 
Alight.] 1. To come to by chance ; to happen to 
find ; to fall. 2. To stoop from flight ; to settle ; to rest. 

3. To alight. [person. 
Light'-hrain (lit-), n. An empty-headed or weak-minded 
Light'en (Ht'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. LIGHTENED ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. LIGHTENING.] [A.-S. leohtan, ly/itan, to 
shine.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning ; to shine 
like, lightning; to flash. 2. To grow lighter ; to become 
less dark or lowering. 

Lighten (Ht'n), v. t. [See Light, v. t.] 1. To make 
light or clear ; to illuminate ; to enlighten. 2. To illu- 
minate with knowledge. 3. To free from trouble and 
fill with joy. 

Light'en (llt'n), v. t. [A.-S. lihtan, to lift, gelihtan, to 
alleviate. See Light, not heavy.] 1. To make lighter, 
or less heavy ; to reduce in weight. 2. To make less 
burdensome or afflictive ; to alleviate. 3. To cheer; ft 
exhilarate. 

LIght'er (Ht'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, lights. 

2. (Naut.) A large, open boat or barge, used in lighten- 
ing or unloading ships ; sometimes, also, in loading them. 

LIght'er-man (lifer-man), n.; pi. lighter-men. A 
man who manages a lighter ; a boatman. 

LIght'-fin/gere-d (lit'-), a. Dexterous in taking and 
conveying away : addicted to petty thefts. 

Light'-f obt'ed (lit'-), a. Nimble in running or dancing. 

LIght'-hand'ed (lit'-), a. (Naut.) Not having a full 
complement of men. 

LIght'-head'ed (lit'-), a. [See Head.] 1. Disordered 
in the head ; dizzy ; delirious. 2. Thoughtless ; heed- 
less ; volatile. 

LIght'-heart'ed (lit 7 -), a. Free from grief or anxiety ; 
gay ; cheerful ; merry. 

LIght'-house (lit'-), n. ; pi. light'-hous/es. A tower 
with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a 
port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a 
guide to mariners at night. 

LIght'-in'f ant-ry (lit'-), n. (Mil.) A body of armed 
men, trained for rapid evolutions. 

LIght'ly (Ht'ly), adv. 1. With little weight. 2. With- 
out deep impression. 3. Without dejection ; cheerfully. 

4. With little effort or difficulty; easily; readily. 5. 
Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. 6. Wan- 
tonly. 7. Nimbly ; with agility. 8. With levity ; with- 
out heed or care. [tile. 

Llght'-mlnd'ed (lit'-), a. Unsettled ; unsteady ; vola- 
Llght'ness (lit'nes), n. 1. Want of weight. 2. Incon- 
stancy ; unsteadiness. 3. Levity ; wantonness ; lewd- 
ness. 4. Agility ; nimbleness. 

Syn. — Levity ; volatility ; instability ; giddiness ; flighti- 
ness ; airiness ; gayety ; liveliness ; sprightliness ; briskness ; 
swiftness; ease; facility. 

LIght'ning (lit'ning), n. [For lightening, from lighten, 
v. i.] A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompa- 
nied by a vivid flash of light. 



food, f o~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this 






LIGHTNING-ROD 



428 



LIMIT 



Zight'niJig-rod (lit'-), n. A metallic rod erected to 

protect buildings or vessels from lightning. 
Lights (fits), n. pi. [So called from their lightness.] The 

lungs ; the organs of breathing in brute animals. 
Light'some (llt'sum), a. Luminous; not dark. 
Lign-al'oeg (lm-al'oz or lig-nal'oz), n. [Lat. lignum, 
wood, and Eng. aloes, q. v.] Aloes-wood, or agallochum, 
a sweet-scented tree allied to sandal-wood. 
Lig'ne-ous, a. [Lat. ligneus, from lignum, wood.] Made 
of wood ; consisting of wood ; resembling wood ; woody. 
Lig'ni-fi-ea/tioii, n. The process of becoming or of 
converting into wood, or the hard substance of a vegeta- 
ble. 
Lig'ni-form, a. [Lat. lignum, wood, andforma, form.] 

Like wood ; resembling wood. 
Lig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIGNIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LI&NIFYING.] [Lat. lignum, wood, and facere, to 
make.] To convert or change into wood. 
Lig'ni-fy, v. i. To become wood. 
Lig'nine, n. (Chem.) An essential constituent of the 

ligneous fiber in plants. 
Lig'nite, n. [From Lat. lignum, wood.] (Min.) Miner- 
al coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it 
was formed. 
Ijlg'num-vVtse, n. [Lat., wood of life.] (Bot.) A tree 
found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the 
guaiacum of medicine is procured. Its wood, from its 
hardness, is used for various mechanical purposes. 
Li'guxe, or Lig'iire, n. [Gr. ktyvpiov, A.ty/covptov, Xvy- 
Kovpiov, a hard, transparent gem, from kvyicos ovpov, as, 
according to the opinion of the ancients, it was formed 
of lynxes' urine.] A kind of precious stone. 
Like, a. [compar. liker ; superl. LIKEST.] [A.-S. lie, 
gelic, Icel. lllcr, Goth, leiks, galeiks, from A.-S. lie, Tcel. 
Ilk, Goth, leik, body, flesh, kind, form.] 1. Equal in 
quantity, quality or degree. 2. Nearly equal ; having 
resemblance ; similar. 3. Likely. 
Had like, had nearly; came little short of. 
Like, n. A counterpart ; an exact resemblance ; a copy. 
Like, n. A liking ; fancy, or inclination. 
Like, adv. 1. In a like manner. 2. In a manner be- 
coming. 3. Likely ; probably. 
Like, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIKED (likt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LIKING.] [A.-S. lician, gelician, Goth. leikan,galeikan, 
Icel. Ilka.] To be pleased with in a moderate degree ; to 
enjoy. 
Like,t).i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. 2. To come 

near ; to escape narrowly. [ Colloq.] 
Like'li-kobd, n. Appearance of truth or reality ; prob- 
ability ; verisimilitude. 
Like'li-ness, n. 1. Probability. 2. The qualities that 

please. See Likely. 
Like'ly, a. [compar. LIKELIER ; superl. LIKELIEST.] 
[That is like-like.] 1. Worthy of belief ; probable ; cred- 
ible. 2. Having or giving reason to expect ; — followed 
by an infinitive. 3. Such as may be liked ; of honor- 
able or excellent qualities. 

E@=" The English and their descendants in America differ in 
the application of this word, when used in the third sense. The 
English apply the word to external appearances, and with them 
likely is equivalent to handsome, well-formed; as, a likely man; 
a likely horse. In America, the word is often applied to the 
endowments of the mind, or to pleasing accomplishments. A 
likely man is a man of good character, and talents, or of good 
dispositions or accomplishments, that render him pleasing or 
respectable. 
Lik'en (lik'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIKENED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LIKENIJMG.] To represent as like or similar ; to 
compare. 
Like'ness, n. 1. State of being like ; resemblance. 2. 
That which resembles or copies ; especially, a portrait of 
a person, or a picture of an animal or thing. 

Syn. — Similarity ; parallel ; similitude ; representation ; 
effigy. 
Like'wige, conj. In like manner; also ; moreover ; too. 
Syn. — Also ; too. — Likewise (like and wise) always sign- 
ifies (with greater or less obviousness) in like manner. Also (all 
and so) implies that what is thus subjoined may be said with 
[all] the same truth and propriety as that which preceded. Too 
(to) signifies that what follows may be added to what was said 
before. Hence too gives a slighter and more familiar connec- 
tion than also, and likewise a more marked one, as in the fol- 
lowing sentence : " I may add, too, that there were also others 
present who likewise shared in the commission of the act. 
Lik'ing, n. 1. Inclination; pleasure. 2. Pleasure; a 
feeling of satisfaction in, or of attraction toward, some 
object. 
Li'la-e, n. [Turk, leilak. Cf. Per. lilaj, lilanj, or lilang, 
the indigo-plant.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Syringa, 
a native of Persia. 



LiFi-a/ceous, a. (Bot.) Pertaining to lilies; lily -like. 

Lil'ied (lil'id), a. Embellished with lilies. 

Lil/i-pu/tian, n. 1. One belonging to a diminutive 
race described in Swift's " Voyage toLiliput." 2. Hence, 
a person of very small size. 

LiFi-pu/tian, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the imaginary 
island of Liliput described by Swift, or to its pigmy in- 
habitants. 2. Hence, of very small size ; diminutive ; 
dwarfed. 

Lil'y, n. [Lat. lilium, Gr. ketptov.] (Bot.) An endoge- 
nous, bulbous plant, having a regular perianth of six 
colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three-celled 
ovary. The flowers are generally very showy, and some 
are very fragrant. 

Li-ma/tion, n. [Lat. limare, limatum, to file, from 
lima, file.] Act of filing or polishing. 

Ll'ma-ttire (53), n. [Lat. limatura, from limare, to file.] 

1. Act of filing. 2. That which is filed off; filings. 
Limb (11m), n. [A.-S. Urn, leom, Icel. limr, Urn.] 1. 

Edge or border ; extremity. 2. An extremity of the hu- 
man body, as the arm or leg ; a member. 3. The branch 
of a tree larger than a twig. 4. Any thing or person 
regarded as a part or member of something else. 5. (Bot.) 
The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous 
corol, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. 6. (Astron.) (a.) 
The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, es- 
pecially of the sun and moon. (b. ) The edge of a gradua- 
ted circle in an instrument. 

Syn. — Member. — A member of the body is any part capa- 
ble of performing a distinct office, as the eye, ear, &c.-. alimb (as 
shown above) is one of the extremities, and hence the term is 
restricted to the legs and arms. So, in reference to public 
bodies, we speak of their members, though an attorney is some- 
times sportively called a limb of the law." 

Limb (lim), v. t. 1. To supply with hmbs. 2. To dis- 
member ; to tear off the limbs of. [ble ; pliant. 

Lim'foer, a. [Eng. limp, a., q. v.] Easily bent; flexi- 

Lim/ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. limbered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. limbering.] 1. To attach to a limber. 2. [Prom 
the a.] To cause to become limber. 

Lim/her, n. 1. (Mil.) The forward part of a gun-car- 
riage, to which the horses are 
attached, and from which the 
gun is detached (unlimbered) 
when in action. 2. A shaft of a 
carriage. 3. pi. (Naut.) Holes 
cut through the floor timbers, to 
afford a passage for water to the 
pump-well. Limber (1.). 

Lim'foer-ness, n. Quality of being limber ; fiexibleness ; 
pliancy. 

Lim'bo, ft. [Lat. limbus, border, edge.] 1. (Scholastic 
Theol.) A region bordering on hell. 

g@f» The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the 
souls of good men until the coming of our Savior. The limbus 
infantum was a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. 
To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuo- 
rum, or fools' paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and 
nonsense. 

2. Hence, any real or imaginary place of restraint or 
confinement. 

Lime, n. [A.-S. lim, Icel. lim.] 1. A viscous substance 
laid on twigs for catching birds. 2. (Chem.) Oxide of 
calcium ; the white, caustic substance obtained from 
limestone, shells, &c, by heat. 3. (Bot.) The linden- 
tree. See Linden. 

Lime, n. [Per. limto,,limun. Cf. Lem- 
on.] A fruit allied to the lemon, but 
smaller, and more intensely sour. 

Lime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. limed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LIMING.] [See supra.] 1. 
To smear with a viscous substance. 2. 
To entangle ; to insnare. 3. To manure 
with lime. 4. To cement. 

LIme'kiln (linVkil), n. A kiln or fur- 
nace in which limestone or shells are 
burnt to make lime. 

Lime'stone, n. A kind of stone consist- 
ing largely or chiefly of carbonate of 
lime, from which lime is obtained. 

Lime'-wa'ter, n. Water impregnated with lime. 

Lim/it, n". [Lat. limes, limitis.] 1. That which termi- 
nates, circumscribes, or confines ; bound, border, or edge. 
2. (Logic. & Metaph.) A distinguishing characteristic; 
a differential. 3. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to 
which a variable one continually approaches, but can 
never go beyond it. 

Syn. — Boundary. — A limit (from limes, a landmark) is a 
prescribed termination ; a boundary is something which binds 





Lime. 



a, e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care,far ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son or, do, wolf, 



LIMIT 



429 



LINNEAN 



or hems us In. The former arises from the nature of the ewe 
or from some established restriction ; thus we speak of the lim- 
its of the human understanding; a limited monarchy, &c. The 
latter is a line (either real or imaginary), which circumscribes 
and restrains, as the boundaries of an empire, of knowledge, 
&c. " Providence," says Johnson, " has fixed the limits of hu- 
man enjoyment by immovable boundaries." 

Lim'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIMITED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
limiting.] 1. To bound; to set bounds to. 2. To 
confine within certain bounds. 3. To restrain or con- 
fine the signification of; to define exactly. 

Llm'it-a-ble, a. Capable of being limited. 

Lim'it,-a-ry, a. 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. 2. 
Confined within limits ; limited in extent, authority, 



LinVit-a/tion, n. 1. Act of bounding or circumscrib- 
ing. 2. Condition of being limited, restricted, or cir- 
cumscribed. 3. Means of limiting or circumscribing, 
qualifying or restricting ; hence, restraining conditions ; 
defining circumstances. 4. (Law.) A certain period 
limited by statute after which the claimant shall not en- 
force his claims by suit. 

Lim'it-ed, a. Narrow ; circumscribed. 

Lim'it-er, n. One who, or that which limits or confines. 

Lim'it-less, a. Having no limits ; unbounded ; bound- 
less. 

liimi (lim), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIMNED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. LIMNING.] [Abbrev. from Fr. enluminer, to illumi- 
nate, to limn.] To draw or paint ; especially, to paint in 
water colors ; to illumine, as books or parchments. 

Lim'ner, n. 1. One who limns, or decorates books with 
initial pictures. 2. A portrait or miniature painter. 

limp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LIMPED (limt, 84) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LIMPING.] [Cf. A.-S. limp-healt, lame, 0. H. Ger. 
limfan, limphen, to limp, be weak, allied to A.-S. & 0. H. 
Ger. lam, lame.] To halt ; to walk lamely. 

Limp, n. A halt ; act of limping. 

Limp, a. [See supra.] Lacking stiffness ; flexible ; limpsy. 

Limp'er, n. One who limps. 

Lim'pet, n. [Lat. lepas, lepadis, Gr. A.e7ras, A.e7ra8os.] 
( Conch.) (a.) A certain univalve shell found adhering to 
rocks, (b.) A certain fresh -water mollusk. 

Lim'pid, a. [Lat. limpidus, allied to Gr. Kdp.netv, to 
shine.] Characterized by clearness or transparency. 

Syn. — Clear ; transparent ; pellucid ; lucid ; pure ; crystal; 
translucent. 

Lim-pid'i-ty, n. State or quality of being limpid or 
clear ; clearness ; purity. 

Liin'pid-ness, n. Limpidity ; clearness. 

Limp'sy, ( a. [See Limp, a. W. ttymsi, having a fickle 

Lim'sy, j motion, weak, vain. Cf. FLIMSY.] Weak ; 
flexible ; flimsy. [Local. Amer.] 

Lim/y, a. 1. Covered or bedaubed with lime ; viscous. 
2. Containing lime. 3. Resembling lime. 

Linch'pln, n. [A.-S. lynis, the axle-tree.] A pin used 
to prevent the wheel of a carriage from sliding off the 
axle-tree. 

Lin'den, n. [A.-S. and Icel. lind, 0. II. Ger. linta.] 
(Bot.) (a.) A handsome tree, having panicles of light yel- 
low flowers, and large cordate leaves, common in Europe. 
(b.) In America, the bass-wood. 

Line, n. [Lat. linea, a linen thread, string, line, from 
linum, flax, lint.] 1. A linen thread or string; a slen- 
der cord. 2. A thread-like mark of the pen ; an ex- 
tended stroke, whether straight or crooked. 3. (Math.) 
That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. 
4. The exterior limit of a figure ; boundary ; contour ; 
outline. 5. A long thread-like mark upon the face or 
hand ; lineament ; hence, characteristic mark. 6. A 
straight row ; a continued series or rank. 7. A short 
letter; a note. 8. (Poet.) Averse. 9. Course of con- 
duct, thought, occupation, or policy, conceived as direc- 
tion toward an end or object ; department. 1 0. A series 
or succession of progeny or relations descending from a 
• common progenitor. 11. A connected series of public 
conveyances ; and hence, an established arrangement for 
forwarding merchandize. 12. (Geog.) The equator ; — 
usually called the line, or equinoctial line. 13. ( Script.) 
(a.) That which is measured by a line or cord; boun- 
dary ; hence, place of abode, (b.) Instruction ; doctrine. 
14. (Mach.) The proper position or adjustment of parts, 
with reference to smooth working. 15. (Mil.) The reg- 
ular infantry of an army. 16. (Fort.) (a.) A trench 
or rampart, (b.) pi. Dispositions made to cover ex- 
tended positions, and presenting a front in but one direc- 
tion to an enemy. 17 . The twelfth of an inch. 

Line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIN- 
ING]. [See supra and Linen.] 1. To mark out or cover 



with lines. 2. To cover or put in the inside of. 3. To 
place along the side of for security or defense. 4. To 
read or repeat line by line. 

Lin'e-age, n. [From Lat. linea, line.] Race ; progeny; 
descendants in a line from a common progenitor. 

Lin'e-al (124), a. [Lat. linealis, from linea, line, q. v.] 
1. Composed of lines. 2. Descending in a direct line 
from an ancestor ; hereditary ; derived from ancestors. 
3. In the direction of a line ; pertaining to, or ascer- 
tained by, a line or lines. 

Lln'e-al-ly, adv. In a direct line. 

Lin'e-a-ment, n. [Lat. lineamentum, from linea, line, 
q. v.] The outline or exterior of a body or figure, par- 
ticularly of the face ; feature ; form ; mark. 

Lin'e-ar, a. [Lat. linearis, linearius, from linea, line, 
q. v.] Pertaining to a line ; consisting of lines ; in a, 
straight direction. 

Lin'e-ate, I a. [Lat. lineatus, p. p. of lineare, to re- 

Lin'e-a'ted, j duce to a straight line, from linea, line, 
q. v.] (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed 
parallel lines. 

Lin'en, n. [A.-S. lin, flax, linen, made of flax, Goth. 
lein, linen, from Lat. linum, flax, Gr. kivov. See Line.] 
1. Thread or cloth made of flax or hemp. 2. The un- 
der part of dress, as being chiefly made of linen. 

Lin'en, a. 1. Made of linen. 2. Resembling linen 
cloth. [ets. 

Lin'er, n. A vessel belonging to a regular line of pack- 
Ling, n. [From A.-S. lang, long.] (Ichth.) A marine 
fish, something like the cod, but more slender, and hav- 
ing only two dorsal fins. 

Lin'g-er, v. i. [imp. & p.p. LINGERED; p.pr. & vb. 
n LINGERING.] [A.-S. lengra, compar. of lang, long.] 
1. To delay; to loiter. 2. To be in suspense; to hesi- 
tate'. 3. To remain long in any state. 
Syn.— To lag; saunter; tarry; stop. 

Lin'ger-er, n. One who lingers. 

Lin'ger-ing, n. A delaying; tardiness; protraction. 

Lin'go, n. [Lat. lingua, tongue, speech, language.] Lan- 
guage ; speech. [Vulgar.] 

Lin/gua-dent'al, a. [Lat. lingua, tongue, and dens, 
tooth.] (Pron.) Formed or uttered by the joint use of 
the tongue and teeth, or of the tongue and that part of 
the gum just above the front teeth. 

Lin/gua-dent'al, n. (Pron.) An articulation pro- 
nounced by aid or use of the tongue and teeth. 

Lin'gual (Hng'gwalJ.a. [Lat. lingua, tongue.] Pertain- 
ing to the tongue. 

Lin'gual (lmg'gwal), a. A letter pronounced with the 
tongue. 

Lin/gui-f6rm (Hng'gwi-), a. [Lat. lingua, tongue, and 
forma, form.] Having the form of the tongue. 

Lin'guist (Hng'gwist), n. [From Lat. lingua, tongue, 
speech, language.] One skilled in languages. 

Lin-guist'ie, \ a. Relating to linguistics, or to the 

Lin-guist'ie-al, ) affinities of languages. 

Lin-guist'ies, n. sing. The science of languages, or of 
the origin, signification, and application of words. 

Lm'i-ment, n. [Lat. linimentum, from linire, linere, 
to besmear, anoint.] A species of soft ointment. 

Lin'ing, n. The covering of the inner surface of any 
thing. 

Link, n. [Sw. lank, ring of a chain, Icel. hleckr, chain, 
Ger. gelenk, joint, link, ring of a chain, from Ger. lenken, 
to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 2. 
Any thing doubled and closed like a link. 3. (Mech.) 
Any intermediate rod or piece transmitting motive power 
from one part of a machine to another. 4. Any thing 
connecting or binding together ; hence, any constituent 
part of a connected series. 5. (Surveying.) The length 
of one joint of Gunter's chain, being 7.92 inches. 

Link, n. [Allied to Lat. lychnus, Gr. Av^os, ligbt, lamp.] 
A torch made of tow and pitch. 

Link, v . t. [imp. & p. p. linked (linkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. linking.] 1. To complicate. 2. To unite or con- 
nect by means of something intervening. 

Link, v. i. To be connected. 

Link'boy, \n. A boy or man who carried a link or 

Link'man, ) torch to light passengers. 

Link'-mo'tion, n. (Steam-eng.) A valve gear consist- 
ing of two eccentrics and their rods, connected by an 
adjustable piece, called the link, to the valve, in such a 
way as to reverse the steam when the engine is in motion. 

Lin-nse'an, ) a. Pertaining to Linnaeus, the celebrated 

Lin-ne'an, ( botanist. 

Linnsean system (Bot.\ the system in which the classes are 
founded upon the number of stamens, and the orders upon the 
pistils ; the artificial or sexual system. 



food,fo"ot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link; this. 



LINNET 



430 



LITER 




liJvi 



Lion. 



"Lln'net, n. [Lat. linum, flax, so 

called because it feeds on the seeds 

of flax and hemp.] (Ornith.) A 

small European singing bird. 
Lln'seed, to. [Eng. line, lint, flax, 

and seed; A.-S. linssed.] Flax- 

»-5 e , d - v „ »„. ^ i Linnet. 

Lin'sey-wooFsey, to. Made of 
linen and wool ; hence, of different and unsuitable parts ; 
Tile; mean. [mixed. 

Lin'sey-wobl'sey, n. Stuff made of linen and wool, 

Lln'stoclt, n. [Corrupted fv.luntstock, Ger. luntenstock, 
from lunte, lunt, and stock, stock, stick.] A pointed or 
forked staff, to hold a lighted match; — used in firing 
cannon. 

Iiint, n. [A.-S. Itnet, flax, hemp, Lat. linteum, a linen 
cloth, linen, from linteus, linen, a., from linum, flax, 
lint.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen raveled, or scraped into a 
soft substance, and used for dressing wounds and sores. 

tan'tel, to. [Low Lat. lintellus, as if from a Lat. word 
limentellum, from limentum, for limen, a threshold.] 
{Arch.) An horizontal piece of timber or stone placed 
over a door, window, or other opening. 

Iii'on, n. [Lat. leo, leonis, Gr. 
AeW.] 1. (Zotil.) A carnivor- 
ous mammal, characterized by 
great size and strength. It is 
found in Asia, and all over Af- 
rica. 2. (Astron.) A sign in 
the zodiac ; Leo. 3. An object 
of interest and curiosity. 

JH'on-ess, n. The female of the 
lion kind. 

Iii'on-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
LIONIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LI- 
ONIZING.] To treat as a lion, or object of interest. 

Iiip, to. [A.-S. lippa, allied to Lat. labium, labrum, Per. 
lab, leb, Lith. lupa.] 1. One of the two fleshy parts 
composing the exterior of the mouth in man and many 
other animals. Hence, the lips, by a figure, denote the 
mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes 
speech itself. 2. The edge of any thing. 

Irip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIPPED (Kpt); p. pr. & vb. to. 
LIPPING.] To touch with the lips ; hence, to kiss. 

Iiip'o-gram, to. [Gr. AetVeiv, Atn-eiv, to leave, omit, and 
ypd[j.fi.a, letter.] A writing in which a particular letter 
is wholly omitted. 

!Li-potli'y-my, n. [Gr. XLnoBvjxCa, swoon, from AeiVeiv, to 
leave, to lack, and Ovpos, soul, life.] A fainting ; a swoon. 

L.ip'pi-tutle (53), n. [Lat. lippitudo, from lippus, blear- 
eyed.} Soreness of eyes ; blearedness. 

L.iq'iia-'ble (lik'wa-bl), a. [Lat. Uquabilis,fY. liquare,liq- 
uatum, fr. liquere, to be fluid.] Capable of being melted. 

ll-qua'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of melting. 2. 
Capacity of being melted. 3. (Metal.) The process of 
separating, by a regulated heat, an easily fusible metal 
from one less fusible. 

liiq'ue-f a/cient, to. That which serves to liquefy. 

Iaq'ue-f ae'tion, to. 1. Act or operation of melting or 
dissolving, &c. 2. The state of being melted. 

Iiiq'ue-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being melted, or changed 
from a solid to a liquid state. 

Iiiq'ue-fy (lhVwe-fy), v. t. [imp. & p.p. LIQUEFIED ; 
p. pr. & vb. to. LIQUEFYING.] [Lat. liquefacere, from 
liquere, to be liquid, and facere, to make.] To melt; to 
dissolve ; technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat 
or caloric. 

Iiiq'ue-fy, v. i. To become liquid. [to melt. 

13-qugs'cen-cy, n. State of being liquescent ; aptness 

Jjl-ques'cent, a. [Lat, liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere, 
to become liquid, inchoative form of liquere, to be liquid.] 
Tending to become liquid ; inclined to melt. 

Liqueur' (le-kur'), n. [Fr. See LIQUOR.] A delicate 
preparation of distilled spirits, usually flavored with 
fruits, spices, and various aromatic substances. 

Iaq'uid (InVwid), a. [Lat. liquidus, from liquere, to be 
fluid or liquid.] 1. Having liquidity. 2. Flowing 
smoothly or easily ; sounding agreeably to the ear. 3. 
Pronounced without any jar or harshness. 

laq'uid (lik'wid), n. 1. A substance whose parts change 
their relative position on the slightest pressure, and, 
therefore, retain no definite form ; a fluid that is not 
aeriform. 2. (Gram.) A letter which has a smooth, 
flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute ; 
one of the letters I, m, n, r. 

I>iq'uid-am / har, ) to. [From liquid and amber, q, v.] 

iLIq'uid-am'lber, J (Bot.) A genus of trees growing in 
tropical regions, several species of which produce a trans 



parent, balsamic juice, whence the name; also, the juict 
itself. 

L.Iq'ui-date (Hk'wT-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. liqui- 
dated ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIQUIDATING.] [Low Lat. 
liquidare, liquidatum, fr. Lat. liquidus, liquid, clear.] 1. 
To make liquid. 2. To make clear or transparent, as by 
melting. 3. To reduce in amount, as if by melting 
down ; to settle ; to adjust ; to pay. 

Iaq'ui-da'tion, to. Act of liquidating ; act of settling 
and adjusting debts. 

Li-quid'i-ty, to. 1. State or condition of being liquid; 
fluidity. 2. Quality of being smooth and flowing; 
agreeableness of sound. 

L.iq'uor (llk'ur), n. [Lat., from liquere, to be liquid]. 
1. Any liquid or fluid substance. 2. Especially, alco- 
holic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented ; a 
decoction, solution, or tincture. 

L.iq'uor-ice (llk/ur-), to. See LICORICE. 

Lrisp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LISPED (lispt) ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
LISPING.] [A.-S. wlisp, wlips, stammering, lisping; 0. 
H. Ger. lispian, UspSn, to lisp.] 1. To give s the sound 
of th in thin, and z that of th in this. 2. To speak im- 
perfectly ; hence, to make feeble beginnings or imperfect 
efforts. 

Lilsp, v. t. To pronounce with a lisp. 

Lisp, to. Habit or act of lisping, as in uttering an aspi- 
rated th for 5, and a vocalized th for z. 

Iilsp'er, to. One who lisps. 

list, n. [A.-S. list, a list of cloth; Icel. listi, fillet; 0. 
H. Ger. llsta, border, fringe.] 1. The outer edge or sel- 
vage of cloth ; a strip of cloth forming the border. 2. 
A limit or boundary ; a border. 3. A roll or catalogue, 
that is, a row or line. 4. (Arch.) A little square mold- 
ing ; a fillet. 

Syn.— Roll; catalogue; register; inventory.— A listis prop- 
erly a simple series of names, &c, in a brief form, such as 
might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll 
was originally a list containing the names of persons belong- 
ing to a public body (as Parliament, &c.), which was rolled 
up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list 
of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing 
some description of the same, more or less extended. A regis- 
ter (lit., a setting down) is designed for record or preservation. 
An inventory (lit., what is found) is a list of articles, &c, found 
on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased per- 
son, or under similar circumstances. 

!LIst, to. [L. Lat. liciee, from Lat. licium, thread, girdle.] 
A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a field of 
combat ; hence, in the plural, the ground or field inclosed 
for a race or combat. 

To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in con- 
test. 

Hist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LISTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIST- 
ING.] [From list, a roll.] 1. To sew together, as strips 
of cloth, so as to make a party-colored show, or to form 
a border. 2. To cover with a list, or with strips of 
cloth ; hence, to mark as if with list. 3. To inclose for 
combat. 4. To enroll ; to enlist. 5. To engage in the 
public service, as soldiers. 6. To listen to. 

List, v. i. To engage in public service by enrolling one's 
name ; to enlist. 

1/ist, v . i. [A.-S. lystan, lustan. See LUST. The pri- 
mary sense seems to be, to lean, incline.] 1. To lean or 
incline ; hence, to desire, or choose ; to please. 2. [See 
LISTEN.] To hearken; to attend ; to listen. 

List, to. (Naut.) An inclination to one side. 

List'el, to. [See List.] (Arch.) A list or fillet. See List. 

Listen (lis'n), v. i. [imp. & p.p. listened ; p. pr. & 
vb. to. LISTENING.] [A.-S. hlystan, Icel. hlusta, to hear, 
listen ; Lat. cluere, Gr. kK-uslv, Goth, hliuth, hliuma, at- 
tention.] 1. To attend closely with a view to hear ; to 
hearken. 2. To yield to advice ; to obey. 

List'en-er, to. One who listens ; a harkener. 

List'less, a. Not listening ; not attending ; indifferent to 
what is passing. 

Syn. — Heedless ; careless : thoughtless ; inattentive ; 5n-» 
different; vacant; uninterested; languid; weary; supine; in-. 
dolent. 

List'less-ly, adv. Without attention ; heedlessly. 

List/less-ness, to. The state of being listless; indiffer- 
ence to what is passing ; indifference. 

Lit'a-ny, to. [Lat. litania, Gr. \iraveCa, from Xiraveveiv, 
to pray, allied to Airecrflat., A.<We<r0a<., to pray.] A solemn 
form of supplications for mercy and deliverance, used in 
public worship. 

Li'ter, to. [Fr. litre, from Gr. Xtrpa, a silver coin, also 
equiv. to Lat. libra, a pound of 12 ounces.] A French 
measure of capacity, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 
61.016 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 61.027 
cubic inches, or 1.76 English pints. 



a,e,&c.,ZoTOg, a,6,&c.,*A' M ^,- care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t§rm; pique, firm; s6n,6r ! do,W9l£ 



LITERAL 



431 



LIVE 



Lit' er-al, a. [Lat. literalis, from litem, a letter.] 1. 
According to the letter ; primitive ; real ; not figurative 
or metaphorical. 2. Following the letter or exact words ; 
not free. 3. Consisting of, or expressed by, letters. 

Lit'er-al-i§m, n. A mode of interpreting literally. 

Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or exact 
word ; an interpreter according to the letter. 

Lif er~al'i-ty, n. Quality of being literal. 

Lit'er-al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. liberalized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. LlTERALiziNG.] To interpret or put in prac- 
tice according to the strict meaning of the words. 

Lifer-al-ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and 
natural import of words. 2. Word by word. 

Lif er-a-i*y (44), a. [Lat. literarius, from litera, a letter.] 

1. Pertaining to letters or literature. 2. Versed in, or 
acquainted with, literature. 3. Consisting in letters, or 
written or printed compositions. 

Lifer-ate, a. [Lat. literatus, from litera, a letter.] In- 
structed in learning and science ; learned ; lettered. 

Lifer-ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a 
university degree. [Eng.] 2. A literary man. 

lAt'ev-a'tim, adv. [Low Lat., from Lat. litera, letter.] 
Letter for letter. 

Lifer-a-ture (53), n. [Lat. literatura, from litera, a 
letter.] 1. Learning ; acquaintance with letters or books. 

2. The collective body of literary productions. 3. The 
class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or ex- 
pression, as poetry, essays, or history. 

Syn. — Science; learning; erudition; belles-lettres. See 
Science. — Literature, in its widest sense, embraces all com- 
positions except those on the positive sciences, mathematics, 
&c. It is usually confined, however, to the belles-lettres, or 
works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, history, 
&c, excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A 
man of literature is one who is versed in the belles-lettres ; a 
man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and 
has a wide extent of knowledge, especially in respect to the 
past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more re- 
condite branches of learned inquiry. 

Ltt'er-a'tus, n.; pi. liT'ER-a'tT. [Lat.] A learned 

man ; a man of erudition ; — chiefly used in the plural. 
Lith'arge, n. [Lat. lithargyrus, Gr. Ai0<£pyupos, scum 

or foam of silver, from Ai'0o?, stone, and apyvpo?, silver.] 

( Chem.) Protoxide of lead, produced by exposing melted 

lead to a current of air. 
Lithe, a. [A.-S. Udhe, for lindhe, tender, mild, gentle.] 

Capable of being easily bent ; pliant ; flexible ; limber. 
Lithe'ness, n. State of being lithe ; flexibility ; limber- 
Lithe'some, a. Pliant; limber; nimble. [ness. 

Lith'ie, a. [Gr. A<.0ik6s, of, or belonging to, stones, from 

\i'0os, stone.] (Chem.) Pertaining to the stone in the 

bladder ; uric. 
Lith'i-iim, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. Ac'flos, stone.] ( Chem.) 

One of the alkaline metals, so called because obtained 

from a mineral. It is the lightest metal known. 
Lith'o- graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lithographed 

(lith'o -graft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. LITHOGRAPHING.] [Gr. 

Ai'0os, stone, and ypa^etv, to write, engrave.] To trace on 

stone, and transfer to paper by printing. 
Lith'o- graph, n. A print from a drawing on stone. 
Li-thog'ra-pher, n. One who practices lithography. 
Lith'o- graph'ic, ) a. Pertaining to lithography ; en- 
Lith'o-graph'ie-al, j graved upon, or printed from, 

stone. 
Li-thog'ra-phy, n. The art by which impressions or 

prints are obtained by a chemical process, from designs 

made with a greasy material upon stone. 
L,Ith / o-lo^'i-e, 1 a. ( Gcol.) Pertaining to the charac- 
Lith'o-log'ie-al, ) ter of a rock, as derived from the 

nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. 
Li-thol'o-^jist, n. One skilled in the science of stones. 
Li-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and Aoyos, discourse.] 

1. The science which treats of the characteristics and 

classification of rocks. 2. (Med.) A treatise on stones 

found in the body. 
Lith/o-man/cy, n. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and fiavTeia, divi- 
nation.] Divination or prediction of events by means of 



Lith'on-trip'tie, a. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and TpCfieiv, to 
rub, grind.] (Med.) Having the quality of destroying 
the stone in the bladder or kidneys. 

Littv'on-trip'tie, n. (Med.) A medicine which has the 
power of destroying the stone in the bladder or kidneys. 

Lith'on-trip'tor, n. (Surg.) An instrument for tritu- 
rating the_stone in the bladder. 

Lith'o-phyte, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, stone, and $vtov, plant.] 
IZool.) A production apparently both stone and plant, as 
ihe corals and sea -fans. They are now known to be either 
animals or plants. 



Li-th5f o-mist, n. One who performs the operation 
of cutting for^the stone in the bladder. 

Li-thof ©-my) n. [Gr. Ai0oTo/u.i'a, from Ai'0os, stone, and 
refjiveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The operation, art. or practice 
of cutting for the stone in the bladder. 

Lith'o-trip'sy, n. [Gr. Ai0o?, stone, and Tpu/us, a rub- 
bing, grinding.] (Surg.) The operation of triturating 
the Stone in the bladder. 

Li-thof ri-ty, n. [From Gr. At0os, stone, and Lat. terere, 
tritum, to rub, grind.] ( Surg. ) The operation of break- 
ing a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of 
being voided. 

Lif i-gant, a. [Lat. litigans, p. pr. of litigare. See LIT- 
IGATE.] Disposed to litigate ; engaged in a lawsuit. 

Lit' i-gant, n. A person engaged in c. lawsuit. 

Lifi-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. litigated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. LITIGATING.] [Lat. litigare, litigatum, from lis, 
litis, dispute, contest, lawsuit, and agere, to carry on.] 
To contest in law. 

Lifi-gate, v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. 

Lifi-ga'tion, n. Act or process of litigating ; a suit at 
law ; a judicial contest. 

Li-tig'ioiis (li-ty'us), a. [Lat. litigiosus, from litigium, 
dispute, quarrel.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest ; quar- 
relsome; contentious; fond of litigation. 2. Subject to 
contention ; disputable ; controvertible. 3. Pertaining 
to legal disputes. 

Li-ti^'ioiis-ly, adv. In a litigious manner. 

Li-tig'ioiis-iiess, n. Disposition to engage in lawsuits. 

Lit' mus, n. [H. Ger. lackmvs, from lack, lacker, and 
mus, a thick preparation of fruit, pap.] A purple dye 
obtained from a lichen, the archil, and from a kind of 
spurge common in the south of Europe. It turns blue 
with alkalies and red with acids. 

lAtre (li'ter or le'tr), n. The same as LITER. 

Lifter, n. [Low Lat. lectaria, from Lat. lectus, couch, 
bed.] 1. A bed so furnished with supports that it may 
be easily carried about with a person in it. 2. A coarse 
bed of straw or hay for animals to rest upon ; alfo, a 
covering of straw for plants. 3. A confused mass of ob- 
jects little valued ; rubbish. 4. A condition of disorder 
or confusion. 5. The number of pigs or other small 
brutes born at once. 

Lifter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LITTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LITTERING.] 1. To supply -with litter. 2. To put into 
a confused or disordered condition. 3. To give birth to ; 

Lifter, v. i. To produce a litter. [to bear. 

Jjitt6ratexir (le-ta'r'a-tfir'), n. [Fr.] One versed in litera- 
ture ; a literary man. 

Lit' tie, a. [compar. LESS ; superl. LEAST.] [A.-S. lytel, 
litel, lyt, Icel. litill, Goth, leitils.] 1. Small in size or ex- 
tent ; diminutive. 2. Short in duration ; brief. 3. Small 
in quantity or amount. 4. Small in dignity, power, or 
importance ; insignificant ; contemptible. 5 . Small in 
force or efficiency ; weak ; slight ; inconsiderable. 6. 
Small in generosity ; mean. 

Lit' tie, n. 1. A small quantity, amount, space, and the 
like. 2. Small degree or scale ; miniature. 

A little, by a small degree ; to a limited extent ; somewhat ; 
for a short time. 

Lit 'tie, adv. In a small quantity or degree ; not much ; 

slightly. 
Lit' tle-ness, n. The state or quality of being little ; 

smallness of size or bulk ; want of grandeur. 

Syn.— Smallness ; slightness ; inconsiderableness ; insig- 
nificance; meanness; penuriousness. 

Lit' to-ral, a. [Lat. littoralis, litoralis, from littus, litus, 
the sea-shore.] 1. Belonging to a shore, as of the sea. 
2. Pertaining to the interval or zone on a sea-coast, be- 
tween high and low water mark. 

Li-tur'gie, ) a. Pertaining to a liturgy, or to public 

Li-tur'gie-al, J prayer and worship. 

Lit' ur-gist, n. One who favors or adheres strictly to 
a liturgy. 

Lifur-gy, n. [Gr. XeiTovpyCa, a public service, public 
worship, from Ae'iVos, Aeiros, belonging to the people, 
public, and the root epyeiv, to work.] 1. The established 
formulas or entire ritual for public worship in those 
churches which use prescribed forms. 2. (.Rom. Cath. 
Chwch.) The mass, or entire ritual. 

Live (liv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. LIVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LIVING.] [A.-S. libban, lifian, leqfian, Goth, liban, Icel. 
Ufa, allied to leave, q. v.] 1. To have life ; to be ani- 
mated. 2. To pass one's life or time as to habits or con- 
stitution. 3. To abide; to dwell; to reside. 4. To 
continue in existence; to remain; to last. 5. To live, 
emphatically ; to enjoy life. 6. To feed; to subsist; to 



food, ftfbt ; ton, r\}de, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, link i this 



LIVE 



432 



LOATHLY 



be nourished. 7. To be maintained in life ; to acquire a 
livelihood. 8. (Script ) (a.) To be exempt from spiritual 
death, (b.) To be inwardly quickened, and actuated by 
divine influence or faith. 

Live (liv), v. t. 1. To spend, as one's life. 2. To act 
habitually in conformity to. 

Live, a. 1. Having life. 2. Full of earnestness ; active ; 
wide awake. 3. Containing fire ; ignited. 4. Vivid ; 
bright ; glowing, as color. 

Live'li-hobd, n. [A.-S. llflhdu, course of life, main- 
tenance, from lif, life, and ladu, way, journey.] Means 
of maintaining existence ; support of life ; maintenance. 

Live'li-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being lively or 
animated ; spirit. 2. An appearance of life, animation, 
or spirit. 3. Effervescence, as of iiquors. 

Syn.— Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smart- 
ness; briskness; activity. — Liveliness is an habitual feeling of 
life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement 
of the animal spirits ; animation implies a warmth of emotion 
and a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened by 
the presence of something which strongly affects the mind'; 
vivacity is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having 
the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of 
the other. Liveliness of imagination ; gayety of heart; anima- 
tion of countenance; vivacity of gesture or conversation. 

Live'long (liv'long), a. Long in passing. 

Live'ly, a. [compar. livelier ; superl. LIVELIEST.] 
1. Endowed with or manifesting life ; living. 2. Brisk; 
vivacious; active. 3. Gay ; animated ; spirited. 4. Repre- 
senting life ; life-like. 5. Strong ; bright ; vivid ; glowing. 
Syn. — Vigorous ; quick ; nimble ; smart ; active ; alert ; 
sprightly; prompt; energetic; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; 
jocund. 

Live'ly, adv. "With strong resemblance of life. 

Live'-oak, n. (Bot.) A species of oak growing in the 
Southern States, of great durability. 

Liv'er, n. X. One who lives. 2. A resident ; a dweller. 
3. An eater or provider of food, &c. 

Iiiv'er, n. [A.-S. lifer, Icel. lifur.] (Anat.) The largest 
gland of the body, situated immediately beneath the 
diaphragm. It secretes the bile. 

Liv'er-wort (-wfirt), n. (Bot.) A plant between the 
lichens and mosses, of a loose cellular texture, found in 
moist places, on rocks ? &c. 

Liv'er-y, n. [0. Fr. livree, a gift of clothes made by the 
master to his servants, prop, a thing delivered, from Fr. 
livrer, to deliver. See DELIVER.] 1. (Eng. Law.) (a.) 
Act of delivering possession of lands or tenements, (b.) 
The writ by which possession is obtained. 2. Deliver- 
ance. 3. That which is delivered out statedly or for- 
mally, as clothing, food, &c. ; especially, (a.) The peculiar 
dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman 
are distinguished, (b.) The peculiar dress or garb ap- 
propriated by any association or body of persons to their 
own use ; also, the whole body or company of those wear- 
ing such a garb, (c.) Any characteristic dress or outward 
appearance, (d.) An allowance of food statedly given 
out ; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, &c. 

Liv'er-y, v. t. To clothe in livery. 

Liv'er-y-man, n. ; pi. Liv'ER-Y-MEN. 1. One who 
wears a livery, as a servant. 2. A freeman of the city, 
in London, entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or 
livery of the company to which he belongs. 

Liv'er-y-sta'fole, n. A stable where horses are kept for 
hire, and where stabling is provided. See LIVERY, n., 
No. 3(d). 

Liv'id, a. [Lat. lividus, from livere, to be of a bluish 
color, to be black and blue.] Black and blue ; of a lead 
color ; discolored, as flesh by contusion. 

Li-vid'i-ty, n. A dark or black and blue color, like that 

Iiiv'id-ness,n. Lividity. [of bruised flesh. 

Liv'ing, a. 1. Having life ; active ; lively. 2. Issuing 
continually from the earth ; flowing. 3. Producing 
action, animation, and vigor. 

Liv'ing, n. 1. Means of subsistence; livelihood. 2. 
Act of living, or living comfortably. 3. The benefice of 
a clergyman. [Eng.] 4. One who is alive, or those 
who are alive. 

Li'vre (li'ver or le'vr), n. [Fr., from Lat. libra, a pound 
of 12 oz.] A French money of account, afterward a sil- 
ver coin equal to 20 sous, or 18£cents. It is not now in use. 

Lix-iv'i-al, a. [Lat. lixivius, from lix, ashes, lye.] 1. 
Obtained by lixiviation. 2. Containing salt extracted 
from the ashes of wood. 3. Of the color of lye; resem- 
bling lye. 4. Having the qualities of alkaline salts from 
wood-ashes. 

Lix-iv'i-ate, )a. 1. Pertaining to lye or lixivium; 

Lix-iv'i-a/ted, j 2. Impregnated with salts from wood- 
ashes. 




Lizard. 




Lix-iv'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lixiviated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. LIXIVIATING.] To subject to the process of 
lixiviation ; to leach. 

Lix-iv'i-a'tion, n. Operation or process of extracting 
alkaline salts from ashes. 

Lix-iv'i-iim, n. [Lat. lixivium and lixivia.] Water 
impregnated with alkaline salts imbibed from wood ashes. 

Liz'ard, n. [Lat. lacerta and la- 
certus.] (Zo'dl.) A four-footed rep- ' 
tile, having an elongate, round 
body, a very long, round tail, 
a head covered with polygonal 
plates, and a free tongue, more or 
less divided at the end. The lizards 
are found in most of the warm parts of the world. 

Llama (la/ma or la/ma), n. 
[Peruv.] (Zo'dl.) An ungulate 
ruminating mammal allied to 
the camel. It is found in 
South America. 

IiO, interj. [A.-S. la. See La.] 
Look ; see ; behold ; observe. 

Loach, ra. [Fr. loche, Sp. loja._ 
( Ic hth.) A small fish, allied to ^Hb^ 
the minnow, inhabiting small, 
clear streams, and esteemed 
dainty food. Llama. 

Load(20),n. [See infra.'] 1. Aburden; that which is laid 
on or put in any thing for conveyance ; a weight. 2. 
Amount or quantity which one can carry ; contents of a 
cart, barrow, or vessel ; hence, a heavy hurden. 3. That 
which oppresses or grieves the mind or spirits. 4. A par- 
ticular measure for certain articles, being as much as can 
be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used 
for the article measured. 5. The charge of a fire-arm. 
Syn. — Burden; lading; weight; cargo. 

Load, v. t. [imp. & p. p. loaded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
loading-.] [A.-S. hladan. See Lade.] 1. To lay a bur- 
den on ; to cause to bear ; to furnish with a lading or 
cargo. 2. Hence, to weigh down ; to encumber ; to bestow 
or confer in great abundance. 3. To add to the weight 
of, by some heavy, extraneous addition. 4. To charge, as 
a gun, with powder, or with powder and shot or ball. 

Load'star, n. [A.-S. ladu, lad, course, a leading, from 
lidhan, to go, l&dan, to lead.] The star that leads ; the 
polestar. [Written also lodestar.] 

Load'stone, n. [A.-S. ladu, lad, course, conduct.] 
(Min.) A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity 
like a magnetic needle. [Written also lodestone.] 

Loaf, n. ; pi. l5ave§. [A.-S. Idbf, laf, Goth, klaifs, hlaibs.] 
Any thick lump or mass ; especially, a large regularly 
shaped mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. 

Loaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. loafed (loft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
loafing.] To spend time in idleness ; to lounge ; to loiter. 

Loaf, v. t. To pass or spend in idleness ; to waste lazily. 

Loafer, n. [N. H. Ger. Idufer, Prov. Ger. laufcr, lofer, 
from laufen, lofen, lopen, to run.] An idle man ; a va- 
grant who seeks his living by sponging or expedients. 

Loam, n. [A.-S. lam, allied to Lat. limus, slime, mud.] 
A rich friable soil chiefly composed of silicious sand, clay, 
and carbonate of lime. 

Loam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LOAMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOAMING.] To cover with loam. 

Loam'y, a. Consisting of loam ; partaking of the nature 
of loam , or resembling it. 

Loan, n. [A.-S. Ixn, for Ixhen, from liken, to lend. See 
Lend.] 1. Act of lending. 2. That which is lent ; any 
thing lent on condition that the specific thing shall be re- 
turned, or its equivalent in kind. 3. A permission to use ; 
grant of the use. 

Loan, v.*t. [imp. & p. p. LOANED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
loaning.] To lend. 

Loan, v.i. To lend money or other valuable property ; 
to negotiate a loan ; — said of the lender. 

Loath, a. [A.-S. ladh, hostile, odious. Cf. Loth.] Filled 
with aversion ; unwilling ; backward ; reluctant. See 
Loth. 

Loathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. loathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOATHING.] 1. To have an extreme aversion of the 
appetite to food or drink. 2. To dislike greatly. 
Syn. — To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. See Detest. 

Loath'er, n. One who loathes or abhors. 

Loath'ful, a. 1. Full of loathing. 2. Awakening or 
exciting 'loathing or disgust ; disgusting. [tion. 

Loath'ing, n. Extreme disgust ; abhorrence ; detesta- 

Loath'ly, a. [compar. LOATHL1ER ; superl. LOATH- 
liest.J Loathsome. 



a, e, &c. , long ; a, 8, Sec, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do,wolf, 



LOATHSOME 



433 



LODGMENT 



Loath'some (loth'sum), a. 1. Causing to loathe ; ex- 
citing disgust, 2. Exciting hatred or abhorrence ; de- 
testable ; odious. [disgust or abhorrence. 
Loatb/some'ness, n. The quality of exciting extreme 

Loaveg (lovz), n. ; pi. of loaf. See Loaf. 

Lob, n. [W. llob, an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a 
blockhead. Cf. Lubber.] 1. A dull, heavy, sluggish 
person. 2. Something thick and heavy. 

Lob, v . t. To let fall heavily or lazily. 

Lo'bate, \a. (Nat. Hist.) Consisting of, or having 

Lo'ba-ted, j lobes ; lobed. 

Lob'by, n. [Low Lat. lobium , lobia, lobbia, a covered por- 
tico fit for walking, from Ger. laub, foliage, because places 
of this kind are often covered with leaves and boughs ; N. 
H. Ger. laube, arbor, bower.] 1. (Arch.) An inclosed 
place surrounding or communicating with one or more 
apartments ; also, a small hall or waiting-room. 2. That 
part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the official 
use of the assembly ; hence, the men who frequent such a 
place for the sake of business with the legislators. [Amer.] 
3. (Naut.) An apartment close before the captain's cabin. 

^Lob'by, v. i. [imp. & p.p. LOBBIED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
LOBBYING.] To solicit members of a legislative body 
in the lobby or elsewhere away from the House, with a 
view to influence their votes. [Amer.] 

Lobe, n. [Lat. lobus, from Gr. Ao/36s, from \erreiv, to 
peel.] Any projection or division, especially of a some- 
what rounded form. 

Lobed, a. Having lobes ; lobate. 

Lo-be'li-a, n. [From Lobel, botanist to King James I.] 
(Bot.) A genus of plants, including a great number of 
species, one of which is used in medicine as an emetic, 
expectorant, &c. 

Lob'lol-ly, n. [From lob and loll, q. v.] Water-gruel, 
or spoon-meat ; — so called among seamen. 

Lob'lol-ly-boy, n. A surgeon's attendant on shipboard. 

L6b'lol-ly-tree, n. (Bot.) A West Indian tree growing 
to the height of about thirty feet, and producing a fruit 
which is sometimes eaten. 

Lob's«ouse, n. [From lob and course, q. v.] (Naut.) A 
hash of meat with vegetables of various kinds ; an olio. 

Lob'ster, n. [A.-S. loppestre, lo- 
pystre, lopustre, most probably 
corrupted from Lat. locusta, lo- 
custa marina, a marine shell-fish.] 
(Zool.) A large, long-tailed crus- 
tacean, used for food. 

Lob'ule, n. [Lat. lobulus, dim. of 
lobus. See Lobe.] A small lobe. 

ILo'-eal, a. [Lat. localis, from locus, Lobster, 

place.] 1. Pertaining to a particular place, or to a fixed 
or limited portion of space. 2. Limited or confined to 
a spot, place, or definite district. 

Lo'-eal-Igm, n. 1. State of being local. 2. A local 
idiom, phrase, or custom. 

Lo-eal'i-ty, n. 1. Existence in a place, or in a certain 
portion of space. 2. Position ; situation ; place. 3. 
Limitation to a county, district, or place. 

Lo'-eal-Ize,t>. t. [imp. & p.p. localized; p.pr. fkvb. 
n. localizing.] To fix in, or assign to a definite place. 

IiO'-eal-ly, adv. With respect to place ; in place. 

Locate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. located ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOCATING.] [Lat. locare, locatum, from locus, place.] 
1. To place ; to set in a particular spot or position. 2. 
To designate the site or place of. 3. To select or deter- 
mine the bounds or place of. [Amer.] 

Lo~ea/tion (110), n. 1. Act of placing, or of designating 
a place. 2. The place where something spoken of is lo- 
cated or permanently fixed. 3. A tract of land desig- 
nated in place. 4. (Law.) (a.) (Civil Law.) A leasing 
on rent, (b.) (Amer. Law.) The marking out of the 
boundaries, or identifying the place or site, of a piece of 
land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, 
map, and the like. [where, or wherein. 

Lo'-ea-tive, (a ) ( Gram.) Indicating place, or the place 

L6«h (lok), n. [Gael. & Ir. loch, W. llwch, A.-S. luh, al- 
lied to N. H. Ger. lache, Lat. lacus. See Lake.] A lake ; 
a bay or arm of the sea. [ Scot.] 

Lock, n. [A.-S. lot, inclosure, an inclosed place, the 
fastening of a door, locan, Hi can, to lock, fasten, locc, 
lock of hair, loca, a flock of wool, lycean, luccan, lucian, 
locian, to pluck up.] 1. Any thing that fastens ; specifi- 
cally,^ a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, and the 
like, in which a movable bolt is projected or withdrawn by 
the action of a separate piece, called a key. 2. A fastening 
together ; a state of being fixed or immovable. 3. A place 
which is locked up. 4. The barrier or works which confine 
the water of a stream or canal. 5 . An inclosure in a canal 




■with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boatP 
as they pass from one level to another. 6. That part of 
a fire-arm by which fire is produced for the discharge of 
the piece. 7. A tuft of hair ; a flock ; a ringlet of hair. 

Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LOCKED (lokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
locking.] [See Lock, n.] 1. To fasten with a lock 
and key. 2. To fasten so as to impede motion. 3. To 
shut up or confine, as with a lock. 4. To close fast. 5. 
To encircle or inclose. 6. To furnish with locks , as a canal. 

Lock, v. i. 1. To become fast. 2. To unite closely by 
mutual insertion. 

Lock'age,w. 1. Materials for locks in a canal. 2. Toll 
paid for passing the locks. 3. Amount of elevation and 
descent made by the locks. 

Locked'-jaw (lokfrjaw),?!. (Med.) A violent contraction 
of the muscles of the jaw, by which its motion is sus- 
pended ; a variety of tetamis. 

Lock'er, n. A close place, as a drawer or an apartment 
in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. 

Lock'et, n. [Fr. loquet, dim. of 0. Fr. loc, latch, lock, 
from A.-S. loc. See Lock, n.] 1. A catch or spring to 
fasten a necklace or other ornament. 2. A little gold 
case worn as an ornament, often containing a lock of hair 
or a miniature. 

Lock'-jaw, n. See Locked-JAW. 

Lock'- smith, n. An artificer whose occupation is to 
make or mend locks. 

Lock'-iip, n. A place where bailiffs temporarily confine 
persons under arrest ; a watch-house. 

Lo'«o-f o'-eo, n. [From a self-lighting cigar, with a match 
composition at the end, called loco-foco cigar, a word 
coined in imitation of the word locomotive , which by the 
vulgar was supposed to mean self-moving.] 1. A friction 
match. [Amer.] 2. A member of the Democratic party. 
[Amer.] 

Lo'eo-mo'tion, n. [Lat. locus, place, and vnotio, motion, 
from movere, motum, to move.] Act or power of moving 
from place to place. 

Lo'-eo-mo'trve (110), a. 1. Changing place, or able to 
change place. 2. Occupied in producing motion, or in 
moving from place to place. 

Lo'co-mo'tive, { n. A wheel-carriage sup- 

Lo'fio-mo'tive-en'gine, ) porting and driven by a 
steam-engine, and used to convey goods or passengers, or 
to draw railway carriages or cars. 

Lo'-eo-mo-tiv'i-ty, n. The power of changing place. 

Lo'-eust, n. [Lat. locusta, locust, 
grasshopper.] 1. (Entom.) A 
jumping, orthopterous insect, close- 
ly resembling the grasshopper. 2. 
(Bot.) The locust-tree. 

Lo'-eust- tree, n. (Bot.) A large 
North American tree, producing 
large, slender racemes of white, fra- Locust, 

grant flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. 

Lo-eu'tion, n. [Lat. locutio, from loqui, to speak.] 
Speech, or discourse. 

Lode, n. [A.-S. lad, ladu, course, conduct, lidhan, to 
be borne, to go, Isedan, to lead.] 1. (Mining.) A me- 
tallic vein, or any regular vein or course, whether metal- 
lic or not. 2. A cut or reach of water. 

Lode'star, n. See Loadstar. 

Lode'stone, n. See Loadstone. 

Lodge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lodged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
lodging.] [See infra.] 1. To lay or deposit for keep- 
ing or preservation. 2. To infix, to throw in ; to place ; 
to plant. 3. To fix in the heart, mind, or memory. 4. 
To furnish with a temporary habitation ; hence, to har- 
bor ; to cover. 

Lodge, v. i. 1. To reside ; to dwell ; to rest. 2. To rest 
or dwell for a time. 

Lodge, n. [From 0. H. Ger. lauba, L. Lat. laubia, N. H. 
Ger. laube, arbor, bower, from laub, foliage.] A place 
in which one may lodge or find shelter; as, (a.) A 
small house in a park or forest, (b.) The house of the 
gate-keeper on a gentleman's estate, (c.) A secret asso- 
ciation, as of the Freemasons, &c. ; also, the place in 
which they assemble. 

Lodg'er, n. 1. One who lives at board, or in a hired 
room, or who has a bed in another's house for a night. 
2. One who resides in any place for a time. 

Lodg'ing, n. 1. A place of rest for a night, or of resi- 
dence for a time. 2. Place of residence or rest ; harbor ; 
cover. 

Lodg'ment, n. 1. Act of lodging, or state of being 
lodged. 2. A lodging-place ; room. 3. Accumulation 
of something deposited or remaining at rest. 4. (Mil.) 
Occupation of a position, by a besieging party, and the 




food, ftfbt; 



urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; 



as; ejist; linger, link; this. 



LOFT 



434 



LONGEVAL 




Log, Line, and 

Glass. 



formation of an intrenchment thereon to maintain it 

against recapture. 
!Loft(21), n. [Icel. lopt, air, heaven, height ; A.-S. lyft, 

air, cloud, allied to lift, q. v.] That which is lifted up ; 

an elevation; hence, especially, (a.) The room or space 

under a roof, (b.) A gallery or raised apartment in a 

church, hall, &c. (c.) A floor or room placed above 

another. 
"Loft'i-ly, adv. In a lofty manner or position. 
Ii5ft'i-ness, n. 1. Condition of being lofty ; elevation , - 

height. 2. Grandeur ; sublimity. 3. Haughtiness ; 

arrogance. 
L.oft'y, a. [compar. LOFTIER ; superl. LOFTIEST.] [Ger. 

luftig, airy, aerial, lofty ; A.-S. Iqften, airy, high.] 1. 

Lifted high up ; much elevated in position ; towering. 

2. Elevated in character or rank. 3. Characterized by 

pride. 4. Elevated in language or style. 

Syn. — Tall ; high ; exalted ; dignified ; stately ; majestic; 
sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall. 

!L5g, n. [Cf. clog and D. log, heavy, 
dull.] 1. A bulky piece or stick of 
wood or timber. 2. (Naut.) An ap- 
paratus for measuring the rate of a 
ship's motion through the water. 3. 
Hence, the record of the rate of a 
ship's velocity ; a log-book. 

Log, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LOGGED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. logging.] To cut and 
get out logs. [Amer.] 

L.6g'a-ritlim, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, account, proportion, 
and dpifyios, number.] (Math.) One of a class of auxili- 
ary numbers, designed to abridge arithmetical calcula- 
tions, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of 
multiplication and division ; the exponent of a power to 
which another given invariable number, called the base, 
must be raised in order to produce that given number. 

Log'a-rltli'mie , ) a. Pertaining to logarithms ; con- 

IiOg'a-rith/mi-e-al, } sisting of logarithms. 

Log'-book, n. (Naut.) A book in which is entered the 
daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, 
with notes on the weather, &c. 

XrOg'-KJalb/iii, n. A log-house. 

Log'ger, n. One engaged in getting timber. 

Log'ger-liead, n. [From log and head.] 1. A block- 
head ; a dunce. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long 
handle, used to heat tar. 3. (Naut.) A piece of round 
timber, in a whale-boat, over which the line is passed, to 
make it run more slowly. 

Tobe at loggerheads, to fall to loggerheads, or to go to log- 
gerheads, to come to blows; to be at strife. 

I/Oggia (lod'ja), n. [It., from Lat. locus, place.] A gal- 
lery or portico ornamented with paintings, &c. 

tog'- house, ) n. A house or hut whose walls are com- 

Log'-liiit, J posed of logs laid on one another. 

LiOg'i*^ n- [Lat. logica, logice, Gr. koyiKTj, (sc. tc'xvt), fr. 
Aoyi/cos, belonging to speaking or reason ; Aoyos, speech, 
reason.] The science of pure and formal thought, or of 
the laws according to which the process of pure thinking 
should be conducted. 

L.og'ie-al, a. 1. Pertaining to logic ; used in logic. 2. 
According to the rules of logic. 3. Skilled in logic. 

IiOg'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a logical manner. 

Lo-gi'cian (lo-jlsh'an), n. One skilled in logic. 

Log'-Kne, n. (Naut.) A line or cord about a hundred 
and fifty fathoms in length, used for ascertaining the 
speed of a vessel. 

Log'man, n. ; pi. log'men. One whose occupation is 
to cut and convey logs to a mill. [Local. Amer.] 

IiOg'o-gram, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, and ypd/x/xa, letter.] 
A word-letter ; a character, that, for the sake of brevity, 
represents a word ; as, | , i. e., t, for it. 

SSSSSSK&i, } «• Pert ™'"s '° ■•<««»*. 

L.o-gog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. Aoyoypa^ia, from Aoyos, word, 
speech, and ypcu^eu/, to write.] 1. A method of printing 
in which whole words, cast in a single type, are used in- 
stead of single letters. 2. A mode of reporting speeches 
by a number of reporters, each of whom in succession 
takes down three or four words. 

IiO-gom'a-ehlst, n. One who contends about words. 

L.o-g6m/a-ehy, n. [Gr. koyofxaxia, from Aoyos, word, 
and ixd-xr], fight, battle, contest.] Contention in words 
merely : a war of words. 

Log'o-type, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, and twos, type.] 
(Print.) A single piece, or type, containing two or more 
letters^ as, &, fi, fl, ffl, and the like. 

LSg'-roll, v. i. 1, To assist in rolling and collecting 



logs for burning. 2. Hence, to help another in expecta- 
tion or consideration of help from him to carry a point or 
scheme, especially in matters of legislative action. [ Cant. 
Amer.] 

L6g'w<>bd, n. [So called from being imported in logs.] 
The heart-wood of a tree found in South America. It is 
a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline yellow sub- 
stance, used largely in red dyes. 

Lioin, n. [From Lat. lumbus, loin.] 1. That part of an 
animal just above the hip-bone, on either side of the 
spinal column, extending upward to the false ribs. 2. 
pi. A corresponding part of the human body ; — called 
also the reins. 

Loi'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. loitered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOITERING.] [D. leuteren, loteren, to delay, loiter, 0. 
H. Ger. lotar.] To be slow in moving ; to be dilatory ; to 
spend time idly. 

Syn. — To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry. — Loiter and 
lag have a bad sense, denoting that a person is d'ila torn through 
laziness, or remains behind while others are advancing. One 
may linger or lengthen out his time or stny from a regret to 
leave scenes which had been dear to him. 'To saunter is the 
act of a mere idler, who moves about carelessly with no defi- 
nite end or object. 

Loi'ter-er, n. One who loiters ; an idler. 

Loll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LOLLED ;p. pr. & vb. n. LOLL- 
ING.] [Icel. lolla, to act lazily.] 1„ To act lazily or 
indolently ; hence, to throw one's self down ; to lie at 
ease. 2. To hang extended from the mouth, as the 
tongue of an ox or a dog. 3. To put out the tongue, as 
an ox, dog, &c. 

1(611, v. t. To thrust out, as the tongue. 

Lol'lard, n. [From Walter Lolhardus, a German. Cf. L. 
Ger. and D. lollen, to mumble, to hum, to sing in a mur- 
muring strain.] (Eccl. Hist ) (a.) One of a sect of early 
reformers in Germany, (b.) One of the followers of 
Wycliffe in England. 

Lol'li-pop, n. [Perhaps from Prov. Eng. loll, to fondle, 
soothe, and pope, a mixed liquor.] A kind of sugar con- 
fectionery which dissolves easily in the mouth. [ Vulgar.] 

IiO'ment, n. [Lat. lomentum, a mixture of bean meal 
and rice, used by the Roman ladies as a cosmetic, from 
lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, con- 
sisting of two valves, but divided transversely into small 
cells, each containing a single seed. 

Lone, a. [Abbreviated from alone, q. v.] 1. Having no 
company ; solitary ; retired ; unfrequented. 2. Stand- 
ing by itself; single. 3. Single ; unmarried, or in widow- 
hood. 

Lone'li-ness, n. 1. Condition of being lonely. 2. Love 
of retirement ; disposition to solitude. 
Syn. — Solitude; retirement; seclusion. See Solitude. 

Lone'ly, a. [compar. lonelier; superl. loneliest.] 
1. Sequestered from company or neighbors. 2. Alone, 
or in want of company. 

Syn.— Solitary ; lone ; lonesome ; retired ; unfrequented ; 
sequestered ; secluded. 

Lone'some, a. [compar. lonesomer ; superl. LONE- 
somest.] Secluded from society ; solitary. 

Lone'some-ly, adv. In a lonesome manner. 

Lone'some-ness, n. State of being solitary ; solitude. 

Long (21), a. [compar. longer (long'ger, 82); superl. 
LONGEST (long'gest, 82).] [A.-S. long, lang, Icel. langr, 
Goth, laggs, allied to Lat. longus,] 1. Drawn out in a 
line ; protracted ; extended. 2. Drawn out or extended 
in time. 3. Far away; distant. 4. Extended to any 
specified measure. 5. Slow in coming ; dilatory. 6. 
Continued through a considerable time, or to a great 
length, as a look, a sound, a story, a line of ancestors, 
and the like. 7. Far-reaching ; extensive. 

In Hie long run, the whole course of things taken together ; 
and hence, in the ultimate result. — Long dozen, one more than 
a dozen; thirteen. — Long home, the grave, or death, 

Long, adv. 1. To a great extent in space. 2. To a 
great extent in time. 3. At a point of duration far dis- 
tant, either prior or posterior. 4. Through the whole 
extent or duration. 

L5ng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LONGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LONGING.] [A.-S. langian, to lengthen, to stretch out 
the mind after, to crave, from lang, long.] 1. To desire 
earnestly or eagerly. 2. To have an eager, preternatural, 
or craving appetite. 

Liong'-boat, n. (Naut.) The largest and strongest boat 
belonging to a ship. 

ILonge, n. [Abbreviated from allonge, q. v.] A thrust. 
See Lunge. 

Lon-ge'val, a. [See Longevous.] Long-lived ; lon- 
gevous. [Rare.] 



a,e,&c.,;ons-; a,,&,&.c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



LONGEVITY 



435 



LOQUACIOUS 



Lon-gev'i-ty , n. Length or duration of life ; especially, 
uncommonly long duration of life. 

Lon-ge'voiis, a. [Lat. longievus, from longus, long, and 
asvum, lifetime, age.] Living a long time ; of great age. 

Long'-head'ed, a. Having a great extent of thought ; 
of penetrating mind ; discerning. 

Long'ing, n. An eager desire ; a craving or preternat- 
ural appetite ; an earnest wish ; an aspiration. 

Lon'gi-ros'ter, n. [Lat. longus, long, and rostrum, 
beak.] ( Ornith.) One of a tribe of grallatory birds, hav- 
ing long, slender beaks, which they thrust into the mud 
in search of food, as the snipes, &c. 

Lon/gi-ros'tral, a. Having a long bill. 

Long'ish, a. Somewhat long ; moderately long. 

Lon'gi-tude (53), n. [Lat. longitudo, from longus, long.] 

1. Length j measure or distance along the longest line. 

2. ( Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intercepted 
between the meridian of a given place, and the meridian 
of some other place from which longitude is reckoned. 

3. (Astron.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the 
vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles 
to it passing through the heavenly body whose longitude 
is designated. 

LSn'gi-tud'i-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to longitude or 
length. 2. Running lengthwise. 

Lon/gi-tud'i-nal-ly, adv. In the direction of length. 

long'-meas'ure (-mezh'ur), n. Lineal measure ; the 
measure of length. 

Long'-prim'er, n. (Print.) A kind of type, in size be- 
tween small pica and bourgeois. 

ie- This line is printed in long-primer. 

Long'shore-man, n. [Abbreviated from along shore 
man.] One of a class of laborers employed about the 
wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading 
vessels. 

Long'-sight'ed (-slt'ed), a. 1. Able to see at a great 
distance ; hence, of acute intellect ; sagacious ; far-see- 
ing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but 
not close at hand. 

Long'- sigh t'ed-ness (sit/-), n. 1. Faculty of seeing 
objects at a great distance. 2. (Med.) A defect of sight, 
inconsequence of which objects near at hand are seen 
confusedly, but at remoter distances distinctly. 

Long'-suf/f er-ance, n. Forbearance to punish. 

L6ng'-suf/f er-ing, a. Patient ; not easily provoked. 

Long'-suf'f er-ing, n. Long endurance ; patience of 
offense. 

Long'- win d'ed, a. Long -breathed ; hence, tedious in 
speaking, argument, or narration. 

Lob, n. [Probably from Fr. lot (pronounced Id), a lot, a 
prize.] A game at cards. 

Lob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LOOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOO- 
ING.] To beat in the game of loo, by winning every trick 
at the game. 

-^ob'by, n. [L. Ger. lubbe, Icel. lubbi. Cf. LOB.] An 
awkward, clumsy fellow ; a lubber. 

^dbf , or Loof, n. [Also written luff.] [D. locf, Ger. luf, 
luv, allied to A.-S. lyft, Ger. luft, Goth, luftus, the air.] 
(Naut.) The after part of a ship's bow. 

Loof, or Loof, v. i. (Naut.) The same as LUFF. 

Look (27), v. i. [imp. & p. p. looked (ldbkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. looking.] [A.-S. locian, 0. H. Ger. luogen, 
luoken, allied to Skr. Idk and lOtsh, to see.] 1. To direct 
the eye toward an object so as to see it. 2. To direct the 
attention to ; to consider. 3. To make an effort to see ; 
hence, to wait for expectantly. 4. To penetrate; to 
solve, as a mystery. 5. To direct the gaze in all direc- 
tions; to be circumspect; to watch. 6. To observe 
narrowly ; to examine. 7. To examine one by one ; to 
scrutinize. 8. To seem; to appear. 9. To face; to 
front. 10. In the imperative, see ; behold ; take notice ; 
observe. 

Look, v. t. 1. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks 
or presence. 2. To express or manifest by a look. 

To look out, to search for and discover ; to choose ; to select. 
— To look up a thing, to search for it and find it. 

Look, n. 1. Cast of countenance; air of the face; as- 
pect. 2. Act of looking or seeing. 3. View ; watch. 

Lbbk'er, n. One who looks. 

Lbbk'ing-glass, n. A glass which reflects the form of 
the person who looks on it ; a mirror. 

Ldok'out, n. 1. A careful looking for any object or 
event. 2. The place from which such observation is 
made. 3. A person engaged in watching. 

Loom, n. [A.-S. IGma, geldma, pi. ICman, household 
stuff, furniture, utensils.] 1. A frame or machine of 



poor, needy.] A sorry fellow; a 




wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out 
of thread. 2. The indistinct appearance of any thing, as 
land, whose outline only is visible. 

Loom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. loomed ; p. pr. & vb. ru 
LOOMING.] [A.-S. leomian, lyman, to shine.] 1. To 
appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to 
appear larger than the real dimensions, and indistinctly, 
as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain. 2. To 
rise and to be eminent. 

Loon, n. [A.-S. lun, 
rogue ; a rascal. 

Lbbn, n. [A modification of 0. 
Eng. loom, Icel IGmr, Ger. loh- 
me,lomme.] ( Ornith.) A swim- 
ming and diving bird, allied to 
the grebe, but having toes fully 
webbed. It is found in the arc- 
tic regions. 

Loop, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael, lub, 
luba, loop, noose, fold, thong, 
bend, lub, lubaim, to bend, in- 
cline.] 1. A doubling of a string through which a lace 
or cord may be run for fastening. 2. A small, narrow 
opening ; a loop-hole. 

Loop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. looped (lo~opt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. looping.] To fasten, secure, or ornament, by means 
of a loop , or of loops. 

Ldbp'-hole, n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening in the waDs 
of a fortification, or in the bulk-head of a ship, through 
which small arms are discharged at an enemy. 2. A 
hole or aperture that gives the means of escape. 

Loose, v. t. [imp. & p.p. LOOSED (lobst); p. pr. & vb. 
n. LOOSING.] [A.-S. lesan< lysan, Icel. leysa, Goth. 
lausjan.] 1. To untie or unbind ; to free from any fast- 
ening ; to relieve. 2. To release from any thing obliga- 
tory or burdensome; hence, to absolve; to remit. 3. 
To relax ; to loosen. 4. To unfasten ; to undo ; to un- 
lock. 

Loose, v. i. To set sail ; to leave a port or harbor. 

Loose, a. [compar. LOOSER; svperl. LOOSEST.] [A.-S. 
leas, Icel. & Goth, laus, allied to lose, q. v.] 1. Un- 
bound ; untied ; unsewed. 2. Free from obligation ; 
disengaged. 3. Not tight or close. 4. Not crowded, 
close, or compact. 5. Not concise ; not precise or ex- 
act ; vague ; indeterminate. 6. Not strict or rigid. 7. 
Unconnected ; rambling. 8. Having lax bowels. 9. 
Dissolute ; wanton ; unchaste. 10. Containing un- 
chaste language. 

Loose'ly, adv. 1. Not fast ; not firmly. 2. Without 
confinement. 3. Without order, union, or connection. 
4. Wantonly; unchastely. 5. Negligently ; heedlessly. 

Loos'en (lobs'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. loosened; p. 
pr. & vb. n. LOOSENING.] [A.-S. lesan, lysan. See 
Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose ; to free from tightness, 
firmness, or fixedness. 2. To render less dense or com- 
pact. 3. To free from restraint. 4. To remove cos- 
tiveness from. 

Loos'en (lobs'n), v. i. To become loose ; to become less 
tight, firm, or compact. 

Loose'ness, n. The state of being loose or relaxed. 

Loose'strife (109), n. (Bot.) (a.) A plant of several 
species, having small, star-shaped flowers, usually of a 
yellow color, (b.) A plant having purple, or, in some 
species, crimson flowers. 

Loot, n. [Hind.] Act of plundering in a conquered or 
sacked city ; also, plunder. [Recent.] 

Loot, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. LOOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
looting.] To plunder ; to carry off as plunder or 
prize lawfully obtained by war. [Recent.] 

Lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LOPPED (lopt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOPPING.] [I).hibbfn,tocut,ge]d, allied to Gr. /ud/3<xV, to 
mutilate.] 1. To cut off, as the top or extreme part of 
any thing. 2. To cut partly off and bend down. 3. 
To let fall. 

Lop, v. i. To fall or hang downward ; to be pendent. 

Lop, n. 1. That which is cut off, as from trees. 2. 
That which lops or falls over. 

Lop'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LOPPERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LOPPERING.] [0. H. Ger. liberen, liberon, giliberon, 
to curdle, coagulate.] To turn sour and coagulate from 
too long standing, as milk. 

Lop'ping, n. A cutting off, as of branches ; that whick 
is cut off ; leavings. 

Lop'sid-ed, a. Heavier on one side than the other, a» 
a ship. 

Lo-qua'cioiis, a. [Lat. loquax, loquacis, talkative, from 
loqui, to speak.] 1. Given to continual talking. 2. 
Speaking ; noisy. 



food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this- 



LOQUACIOUSNESS 



436 



LOVE 



Syn. — Garrulous ; talkative ; babbling. See Garru- 
lous. 
Lo-qua'cioiis-ness, n. Loquacity. 
Lo-quac'i-ty, n. The habit or practice of talking con- 
tinually or excessively. 

Syn. — Talkativeness ; garrulity ; babbling. 
L6rd, n. [0. Eng. laverd, loverd, A.-S. hlaford, laford, 
for hlafiveard, i. e., bread-keeper, from hlaf, bread, loaf, 
and weardian, to look after, take care of. Cf. Lady.] 
1. A superior ; a master ; a ruler ; a governor. 2. A 
nobleman of any rank above that of a baronet ; hence, 
by courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest 
son of an earl; and also a bishop, if a member of Par- 
liament. [Eng.] 3. A title bestowed on the persons 
above named; and also, for honor, on certain official 
characters, attendants, or representatives of majesty. 4. 
A husband. 5. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah. 
Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LORDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

LORDING-.] To play the lord ; to domineer. 
Lord'li-ness, n. 1. Dignity ; high station. 2. Pride ; 

haughtiness. 
L6rd'ling, n. A little or diminutive lord. 
Lord'ly, a. [corn-par. LORDLIER ; superl. LORDLIEST.] 
[From lord and termination ly.~\ 1. Becoming a lord ; 
pertaining to a lord. 2. Proud ; haughty ; imperious. 

Syn. — Overbearing ; tyrannical ; despotic ; domineering ; 
arrogant ; insolent. 
Ldrd'ship, n. 1. State or quality of being a lord; 
hence (with his, your, or their), a title applied to a lord, 
except to an archbishop or duke. 2. Territory of a 
lord over which he holds jurisdiction ; a manor. 3. Do- 
minion ; power ; authority. 
Lore, n. [A.-S. lar, from Ixran, to teach.] 1. Erudi- 
tion ; knowledge gained from reading or study. 2. In- 
struction ; wisdom ; advice ; counsel. 
IiO-rette', n. [Fr.] One of a certain class of females in 
Paris devoted to intrigue and gaining their support by 
prostitution ; — so called from the church of Notre Dame 
de Lorette, near which many of them reside. 
Xiorcjnette (lorn-yet 7 ), n. [Fr.] An opera-glass. 
Lor'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. loricated: p. pr. 
& vb. n. LORICATING.] [Lat. loricare, loricatum, to 
clothe in mail, lorica, a leather cuirass, from lorum, 
thong.] 1. To plate over. 2. To cover with a coating 
or crust, as a chemical vessel, for resisting fire. 
Lor'i-eate, a. Covered with a shell or hard exterior 

made of plates somewhat like a coat of mail. 
Lor'i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of loricating. 2. A surface 
covered with plates like mail ; also, the covering thus 
put on. [forsaken ; lonely. 

Lorn, a. [A.-S. loren, p. p. of leosan, to lose.] Lost ; 
Los/a-Tble, a. Capable of being lost ; liable to be lost. 
Loge (lo~bz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LOST.; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOSING.] [A.-S. leosan, forleosan, Goth, liusan.] 1. 
To be rid of unintentionally. 2. To forfeit by unsuc- 
cessful contest. 3. To part with ; to be deprived of. 4. 
To throw away ; to employ ineffectually ; to waste ; to 
squander. 5. To wander from ; to miss, so as not to be 
able to find. 6. To perplex or bewilder. 7. To ruin; 
to destroy. 8. To cease to view. 9. To fail to obtain. 
Loge, v. ?'. 1. To forfeit any thing in contest. 2. To 

suffer loss by comparison. 
Log'er, n. One who loses, or is deprived of any thing 

by defeat, forfeiture, or the like. 
LSss (21), n. [A.-S. los, loss, losing. See Lose.] 1. 
Act of losing ; failure ; destruction ; privation. 2. State 
of having lost or having been deprived of. 3. That 
which is lost ; waste. 4. (Mil.) Killed, wounded, and 
captured persons, or captured property. 

Syn. —Privation ; detriment ; injury ; damage ; disadvan- 
tage. 
Lost (21), a. [From lose.] 1. Parted from unwillingly ; 
unintentionally rid of: missing. 2. Forfeited in an 
unsuccessful contest. 3. Deprived of; no longer held or 
possessed. 4. Thrown away ; employed ineffectually ; 
wasted; squandered. 5. Bewildered; perplexed. 6. 
Ruined or destroyed, either physically or morally. 7. 
Hardened beyond sensibility or recovery. 8. Not per- 
ceptible to the senses ; not visible. 
Lot, n. [A.-S. hlot, lot, Goth, hlauts, Icel. hlutr, from A.- 
S. hleotqn, 0. H. Ger. hliozan, to draw lots.] 1. That 
which happens without human design or forethought ; 
chance ; accident ; hazard ; fortune. 2. A contrivance 
to determine a question by chance, or without the action 
of man's choice or will. 3. The part, or fate, which 
falls to one by chance, or without his planning. 4. The 
separate portion belonging to one person ; hence, a dis- 



tinct parcel ; a separate part. 5. A quantity or large 
number. [Colloq. Amer.] 6. Any distinct portion of 
land. [Amer.] 

L6t,t\ t. [imp. & p. p. LOTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOT- 
TING.] 1. To allot; to assign. 2. To separate into 
lots or parcels ; to assort. 

Lote, n. [Lat- lotus, Gr. Awtos.] (Hot.) A large, hard- 
wooded tree, found in the south of Europe, which bears 
a cherry -like fruit. 

Loth, a. [See Loath, the more correct and usual or- 
thography.] 1. Hating ; detesting. 2. Unwilling ; 
disliking ; reluctant. 

Lo'tion, n. [Lat. lotio, from lavare, lotum, to wash.] 
1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of 
rendering it fair. 2. A liquid preparation for washing 
some part of the body. 3. (Med.) A healing applica- 
tion in a fluid form, to be applied externally to the body. 

Lo'tos, n. (Bot.) See Lotus. 

L6t'ter-y, n. [Fr. loterie, from lot, a lot, prize. Sec 
Lot.] A distribution of prizes by lot or chance. 

Lo'tus, n. [Lat. lotus, Gr. Aiotos.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of 
several genera ; as, (a.) The Egyptian lotus, an aquatic 
plant, something like the water-lily. (6.) The lotus of 
the lotus-eaters, probably a tree found in Northern Af- 
rica, the fruit of which was fabled to make strangers 
who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all de- 
sire to return to it. (c.) The lote, or nettle-tree. [See 
LOTE.] 2. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of the 
Egyptian water-lily. 

Loud, a. [compar. LOUDER; superl. LOUDEST.] [A.-S. 
kind, allied to Lat. clutus, clytus, in inclutus, inclytus, 
celebrated, renowned, and Gr. kAvtos, heard, loud, fa- 
mous.] 1. Making a great sound. 2. Clamorous ; 
boisterous. 3. Emphatical ; impressive. 

Syn. — Noisy; vociferous; obstreperous; tumultuous; tur- 
bulent; blustering; vehement. 

loud, a*. With loudness ; loudly. 

Loud'ly, adv. In a loud manner ; clamorously ; noisily. 

Loud'ness, n. 1. Great sound or noise. 2. Clamor ; 
turbulence ; uproar. 

Lough (16k), n. [Celt, loch, llwch,A.-S. luh. See LOCH.] 
A loch. See Loch. 

Z,ouis-d'or (lob'e-dor'), n. [Fr., a Louis of gold.] A 
gold coin of France, first struck in the reign of Louis 
XIII., equivalent in value to twenty shillings sterling, 
equal to about $4.84. 

Lounge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lounged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. LOUNGING.] [Lat. longe, long, for a long time; 
hence, 0. Eng. lungis, a slow, heavy, awkward fellow.] 
1. To spend time lazily ; to move idly about. 2. To re- 
cline at ease ; to loll. 

Lounge, ». 1. An idle gait or stroll. 2. Act of re- 
clining at ease. 3. A place for lounging. 4. A piece 
of furniture on which one may recline. 

Loun'ger, n. An idler ; one who loiters away his time. 

Louse, n. ; pi. lice. [A.-S. lbs, pi. lys, 0. H. Ger. lbs, 
pi. h 'usi, from Goth, liusan, to destroy, devour.] (En- 
tom.) A wingless, hemipterous insect having a sucking 
mouth. It is found parasitic upon mammals. 

Lous/i-ness, n. The state of abounding with lice. 

!Lous/y, a. Swarming with lice ; infested with flee. 

Lout, n. [From A.-S. lutan, to bow, he hid.] A mean, 
awkward fellow ; a bumpkin. 

Lout'ish, a. Clownish ; rude ; awkward. 

Lpu'ver i (hro'ver), n. [Fr. Vouvert, 

Lou'vre J the opening, prop. p. p. 
of ouvrir, to open, from Lat. deope- 
rire, with a prefixed, from operire, to 
cover, to shut.] An opening in the 
roof of ancient buildings for the es- ' 
cape of smoke or for ventilation, often 
in the form of a turret or small Ian- ' ^ 
tern. -^ 

Louver window (Arch.), an opening in __ 
a bell-tower or church steeple, crossed by 
a series of slats or sloping boards. 




Lov'a-ble 

able. 



a. Worthy of love ; ami- 



Louver "Window. 



Lov'age (lQVej), n. [Corrupted from Fr. liveche 
lev' 



from 
Lat. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Ligu- 
ria, a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] (Bot.) An umbellifer- 
ous plant, sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic 
stimulant. 
Love (lflv), n. [A.-S. lufe, lufu.] 1. Act of loving. 2. 
Pre-eminent kindness or devotion to another ; affection. 
3. Courtship. 4. Devoted attachment to one of the 
opposite sex. 5. Fondness; satisfaction ; devotion. 6. 



si,e,&,c.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



LOVE 



437 



LUCIFER 



The object of affection. 7. Moral good-will ; benevo- 
lence ; kindness ; charity. 8. Cupid, the god of love. 

L,6ve (hlv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. loved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOVING.] [A.-S. lufian, 0. H. Ger. liuban, liupan, al- 
lied to Lat. libere, lubere, Skr. lubh, to desire.] 1. To be 
pleased or delighted with ; to be fond of; to like. 2. To 
have benevolence or good-will toward. 3. To delight in, 
with pre-eminent or exclusive affection. 

!L6ve, v. i. To delight ; to take pleasure ; to be in love. 

Love'-ap'ple, n. The tomato. See Tomato. 

Liove'-feast, n. A religious festival, held quarterly by 
some religious denominations. 

ILove'-kmot (luv'not), n. An intricate kind of knot ; — 
so called from being used as a token of love, or as repre- 
senting mutual affection. 

L,6ve'less, a. 1. Void of love. 2. Not attracting love. 

ILove'-let'ter, n. A letter professing love ; a letter of 
courtship. 

ILove'li-ness, n. State of being lovely ; qualities of 
body or mind that may excite love ; amiableness. 

love'-lock, n. A curl or lock of hair plaited and tied 
with ribbon, and hanging at the ear. 

Ii6ve'-16rn, a. Forsaken by one's love. 

L6ve'ly,a. [compar. LOVELIER; superl. LOVELIEST.] 
Fitted to excite, or worthy of, love. 

Syn. — Amiable; pleasing; charming; delectable; delight- 
ful ; .enchanting. 

Hov'er, n. 1. One who loves ; a friend. 2. Especially, 
one who is in love with a person of the opposite sex. 3. 
One who likes or is pleased. 

love'-sick, a. 1. Sick or languishing with love. 2. 
Expressive of languishing love. 

Iiove'-sick/ness, n. State of being love-sick ; languish- 
ing and amorous desire. [riage. 

love'-suit, n. Courtship; solicitation of union in mar- 

Iiov'ing-kiiid'ness, n. (Script.) Tender regard ; mer- 
cy ; favor. 

Low (15), a. [compar. LOWER; superl. LOWEST.] [Icel. 
lagr, B. laag, allied to Eng. lie, A.-S. licgan.] 1. Occu- 
pying an inferior position or place. 2. Not rising to the 
usual height. 3. Near the horizon. 4. Descending far 
below the adjacent ground ; deep. 5. Sunk down to, or 
below, the natural level of the ocean by the retiring of 
the tide. 6. Below the usual rate, amount, or value. 
7. Not high or loud. 8. (Mus.) Depressed in the scale 
of sounds ; grave. 9. ( Geog.) Near, or not very distant 
from the equator. 10. Late in time; modern. 11. De- 
pressed ; dejected. 12. Humble in rank ; mean in con 
dition. 13. Abject; groveling; vulgar; base; dishon- 
orable. 14. Not elevated or sublime. 15. Submissive 
humble; reverent. 16. Feeble; weak. 17. Moder 
ate ; not intense. 18. In reduced circumstances ; im 
poverished. 19. Moderate ; reasonable. 20. Not high 
seasoned or nourishing ; plain ; simple. 

Low Dutch, or Low German, the German language as spoken 
in the northern parts of Germany. — Low life, life among the 
poorer or uneducated elapses of a country. — Low steam, steam 
pressing less than fifty pounds on the square inch. — Low Sun- 
day, the Sunday next after Easter, — popularly so called.— 
Loiv tide, the tide at its lowest point. — Low water, the lowest 
point of the ebb or receding tide. — Low wine, a liquor produced 
by the first distillation of alcohol. 

]Low (15), adv. 1. In a low position or manner. 2. Un- 
der the usual price ; cheaply. 3. Near the ground. 4. 
In a mean condition; humbly; meanly. 5. In time 
approaching our own. 6. With a depressed voice. 7. 
In a state of subjection, poverty, or disgrace. 8. (As- 
tron.) In a path near the equator, or so that the declina- 
tion is small. 

Low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOW- 
INS.] [A.-S. hlbwan, 0. H. Ger. hldjan, hluojan, Moon.] 
To bellow as an ox or cow. 

ILoW, n. The noise made by a bull, ox, cow, &c. 
L.5\v'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOWERING.] [Eng. lower, compar. of low.] 1. To 
cause to descend; to let down; to take down. 2. To 
bring down ; to humble. 3. To reduce in value, amount, 
&c. [crease. 

Low'er, v. i. To fall ; to grow less ; to diminish ; to de- 
IiOw'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LOWERING.] [N. H. Ger. lauern, to lurk ; be on the 
watch, M. H. Ger. liiren, D. loeren, Icel. hlera, lurking, 
lurking-place, ambush.] 1. To be clouded ; to threaten 
a storm. 2. To frown ; to look sullen. 
Iiow'er-ease, a. (Print.) Pertaining to, or kept in, the 
lower case ; — used to denote the small letters in distinc- 
tion from capitals. 
How'er-most, a. [Irreg. superl. of low.] Lowest. 
Low'er-y (lou'er-y), a. Cloudy ; gloomy. 



Low'ing, n. The bellowing or cry of cattle. 
Low'land,n. ,A low or level country. 
Low'li-ness, n.' State of being lowly ; humility ; hum- 
bleness of mini. 
Low'ly, a. [compar. LOWLIER; superl. LOWLIEST.] 
[Eng. loiv , and termination ly.] 1. Not high; not ele- 
vated in place. 2. Mean ; low ; wanting dignity or rank. 
3. Humble. 4. Meek; free from pride. 
JLow'ly, adv. 1. In a low manner ; humbly ; meekly ; 

modestly. 2. In a low condition : meanly. 
Iiow'ness, n. 1. State of being low or depressed. 2. 
Meanness of condition. 3. Meanness of mind or charac- 
ter. 4. Want of sublimity in style or sentiment. 5. 
Submissiveness ; modesty ; humility. 6. Want of cour- 
age or fortitude ; dejection. 7. A state of poverty. 8. 
Depression in strength or intensity. 9. Depression in 
cost or worth. 10. Graveness of sound. 11. Mildness 
or gentleness of utterance. 
IiOw'-press'ure, a. Having, employing, or exerting a 
low degree of pressure ; especially, in a restricted sense, 
employing or exerting a pressure of less than fifty pounds 
to the square inch. 
I.ow'-spJr'it-ed, a. Not having animation and cour- 
age ; dejected ; depressed. 
low'-stuxl/ded, a. Furnished or built with short studs. 
!Lox / o-clrom/i-e, a. Pertaining to oblique sailing, or 

sailing by the rhumb. 
liOx'o-tlrom'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. Ao|os, slanting, oblique, 
and Spojuos, a running, course.] The art or method of 
oblique sailing by the loxodromic or rhumb line. 
lioy'al, a. [Lat. legalis, from lex, legis, law. Cf. LEAL.] 
1. Devoted to the maintenance of law ; faithful to the 
lawful government, whether parental, civil, or divine. 2. 
Faithful to the sovereign. 3. Faithful to a lover or 
friend, especially under trying circumstances. 
IiOy'al-ist, n. One who adheres to his sovereign, or to 
the constitutional authority, especially in times of revolt 
or revolution. 
L,oy'al-ly, adv. In a loyal manner ; faithfully. 
Iioy'al-ty, n. State or quality of being loyal ; fidelity to 

a superior, or to duty, love, &c. 
Loz'enge, n. [Prob. from Gr. Aofds, oblique, and Lat. an- 
gulus.] 1. A figure with four equal sides, 
having two acute and two obtuse angles ; a 
rhomb. 2. (Confectionery.) A small cake 
of sugar, &c, often medicated, originally in 
the form of a lozenge, but now usually Lozenge, 
round. 
liib'ber, n. [See LOOBY and Lob.] A heavy, clumsy 

fellow ; a sturdy drone ; a clown . 
Lub'ber-ly, a. Like a lubber; clumsy. 
Hu'brle, la. [Lat. lubricus.] 1. Having a smooth 
!Lu'brie-al, ) surface ; slippery. 2. Wavering ; un- 
steady. 3. Lascivious; lewd. 
Ivu/'bri-eaiit, n. That which lubricates. 
liil'bri-eate, v. t. [Lat. lubricare, lubricatum. See LTJ- 

BRIC] To make smooth or slippery. 
IiU/bri--ea'tion, n. Act of lubricating or making slippery. 
Iiii'bri-ea'tor, n. One who, or that which, lubricates. 
Lu-bric'i-ty, n. 1. State of being slippery; slipperi- 
ness. '2. Aptness to glide over any thing, or to facili- 
tate the motion of bodies in contact by diminishing 
friction. 3. Instability. 4. Lasciviousness ; propen- 
. sity to lewdness ; incontinency. [unstable. 

Iiu/bri-eous, a. 1. Smooth ; slippery. 2. Wavering ; 
Hu/bri-fi-ea'tion, ) n. [Lat. lubricus, lubric, and fa- 
IiU'bri-fa-e'tion, ) cere, to make.] Act of lubricat- 
ing, or making smooth. 
1/u.ce, n. [Lat. lucius, a fish, perhaps the pike.] (Ichth.) 

A pike when full grown. 
I,ti/£ent, a. [Lat. lucens, p. pr. of lucere, to shine, from 

lux, lucis, light.] Shining ; bright ; resplendent. 
liii'fern, n. [Fr. luzeme, of Celtic origin. Cf. W. lly- 
sian, herbs, plants.] (Hot.) A leguminous plant culti- 
vated for fodder. 
JLu-^er'nal, a. [From Lat. lucerna, lamp, from lucere, 

to shine.] Of, or pertaining to, a lamp. 
I/H/cid, a. [Lat. lucidus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. 
Shining ; bright. 2. Clear ; transparent. 3. Easily 
understood ; clear ; distinct. 4. Bright with the radi- 
ance of intellect. 
Syn. —Luminous ; sane ; reasonable. See Luminous. 

IiS'^id-ness, n. The quality or state of being lucid. 

Lu'^i-fer, n. [Lat., light-bringing, the morning star, 
from lux, lucis, light, and ferre, to bring.] 1. The 
planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star ; — ap- 
plied, in Isaiah, by a bold metaphor, to a king of Baby- 



f dbd. f obt ; firn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, liuk: ; this' 



LUCIFEROUS 



438 



LUNATIC 



Ion. 2. Hence, Satan. 3. A match made of a sliver of 

wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited 

by friction. 
LLu-cifer-ous, a. Giving light; affording light or means 

of discovery. 
ILu-cifie, a. [Lat. lucificiis , from lux,lucis, light, and 

facere, to make.] Producing light. 
jLu'ci-form, a. [Lat. lux, lucis, light, and forma, form.] 

Having the form of light ; resembling light. 
Illicit, n. [Icel. lukka, D. Ink, geluk, M. H. Ger. geliicke, 

N. H. Ger. gluck, allied to 0. H. Ger. lokon, N. H. Ger. 

locken, to favor, entice.] 1. That which happens to a 

person ; chance ; hap ; fate ; fortune. 2. Good fortune. 
JLuclt'i-ly, adv. In a lucky manner : by good fortune. 
jLuck'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being fortunate. 

2. Good fortune ; a favorable issue or event. 
IiUck'less, a. Without luck ; unpropitious ; unfortu- 
nate ; meeting with ill -success. 
LLuek/y, a. [compar. LUCKIER; superl. LUCKIEST.] 1. 

Favored by luck ; fortunate. 2. Producing good by 

chance, or unexpectedly. 

Syn. — Successful ; fortunate ; prosperous ; auspicious. 
L/u'-era-trve, a. [Lat. lucrativus, from lucrari, lucratus, 

to gain, from lucrum, gain.] Yielding lucre, gainful ; 

profitable. [goods ; profit. 

I/u'ere (lu'ker), n. [Lat. lucrum.'] Gain in money or 
LLu'eu-brate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lucubrated ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. LUCUBRATING.] [Lat. lucubrare, lucubratum, 

to work by lamp-light, from lux, light.] To study by 

candle-light or a lamp. 
JLu/eu-bra'tion, n. 1. Act of studying by candle-light ; 

nocturnal study. 2. That which is composed by night. 
I/u'eu-bra/to-ry, a. Composed by candle-light, or by 

night. 
JLu'eu-lent, a. [Lat. lucuUntus, from lux, lucis, light.] 

1. Lucid ; clear ; transparent. 2. Clear ; evident. 
Liii'di~erous, a. [Lat. luiicrus, from ludus, play, sport, 

from ludere, to play.] Adapted to raise laughter, with- 
out scorn or contempt. 

Syn. — Laughable; sportive ; burlesque ; comic ; droll ; ri- 
diculous. — We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to 
produce laughter ; as laughable when the impression is strong- 
er, resulting in a hearty Hugh ; as ridiculous when contempt is 
more or less mingled with the merriment created ; as, his sto- 
ries were highly ludicrous, representing his friends, some in a 
laughable, and some in a ridiculous point of view. 

LLu'di-eroiis-ly, adv. In a ludicrous manner. 

L.u'di-erous-ness, n. Quality or state of being ludi- 
crous. 

JLu'es (lu'eez), n. [Lat.] {Med.) Poison ; pestilence. 

Iiiiff "-u. i. [imp. & p. p. luffed (lliffc) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LUFFING.] [D. loeven.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a 
ship toward the wind ; to sail nearer the wind. 

Luff, n. [See LOOF.] (Naut.) \ (a.) The side of a ship 
toward the wind, (b.) Act of sailing a ship close to the 
wind, (c.) The roundest part of a ship's bow. (d.) 
The forward or weather leech of a sail. 

Lug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LUG- 
GING.] [A.-S. lyccan, luccan, to pluck out. Cf. Pluck.] 
1. To pull with force ; to haul ; to drag. 2. To carry 
or convey with labor. 

Lug, n. [See supra, and cf. Sw. lugg, logg, a flock of 
wool.] 1. Any thing drawn or carried with difficulty ; 
a weight ; also, the effort of drawing or carrying any thing 
heavy. 2. The ear, especially its lobe. [Scot and Prov. 
Eng.] 3. That which projects like an ear, as the handle 
of a pitcher ; a projecting piece iu machinery, to commu- 
nicate motion, &c. ; especially, a short flange by or to 
which something is fastened. 

Liig'gage, n. [Fvom lug.] 1. That which is lugged or 
carried with difficulty ; any thing cumbrous and heavy 
to be carried ; especially, a traveler's trunks, baggage, 
&c. 2. Something of more weight than value. 

Lug'ger, n. [From Eng. lug, v. t.] (Naut.) A small 
vessel carrying three masts, with a running bowsprit and 
long or lug sails. 

Lug'- sail, n. (Naut.) A square sail bent upon a yard 
that hangs obliquely to the mast. 

Lu-gu'bri-oiis, a. [Lat. lugubris, from lugere, to mourn ; 
Mournful ; indicating sorrow. 

Luke'warm, a. [A.-S. wlsec, warm, warmish, remiss.] 
1. Moderately warm ; neither cold nor hot ; tepid. 2. 
Not ardent ; not zealous ; indifferent. 

Luke'warm-ly , adv. In a lukewarm manner : indiffer- 
ently. " [difference. 

Luke'warm-ness, n. State of being lukewarm ; in- 

Lull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LULL- 
ING.] [Ger. lullen, D. lollen, lullen, to cry like a cat. to 



sing badly. Cf. Lat. lallare, to sing lalla or lullaby.] Tl» 
cause to rest by soothing influences ; to quiet. 

IjU.11, v. i. To become gradually calm ; to subside. 

Lull, n- 1. Power or quality of soothing. 2. A season 
of temporary quiet after storm or confusion. 

Lull'a-by, n. [From lull, q. v.] A song to quiet babes ; 
that which quiets. 

Lum-bag'i-iioiis, a. Pertaining to lumbago. 

Lum-ba'go, n. [0. Lat., from lumbus, loin.] (Med.) A. 
rheumatism or rheumatic pain in the loins and small of 
the back. 

Liiin'bar, a. [Lat. lumbus, loin.] (Anat.) Pertaining 
to, or near the loins. 

Liim/ber, n. [Probably from Lombard, q. v., the Lom- 
bards being the money-lenders and pawnbrokers of the 
middle ages. But cf. also D. lomp, Ger. lumpe, lumpen ; 
lumperei, trifles, trumpery.] 1. A pawnbroker's shop ; 
hence, a pledge or pawn. [06s.] 2. Any thiug useless 
and cumbrous, or things bulky and thrown aside as oi 
no use. 3. Timber sawed or split for use. [Amer.] 

Lmn'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lumbered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. 2. 
To fill with lumber. 

Liim'ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened with 
bulk. 2. To rumble. 3. To cut lumber in the forest, 
and prepare it for market. [Amer.] 

Lum'ber-er, n. One employed in getting lumber from 
the forest. [Amer.] 

Lum'ber-room, n. A room for lumber or useless things. 

Lum-bri-e-al, a. [Lat. lumbricus, a worm.] (Anat.\ 
Resembling a worm. 

Lu'mi-na-ry, n. [Lat. luminar, luminaris, a light o* 
lamp, lighted in the churches in honor of the martyrs, 
from lumen, luminis, light.] 1. Any body that gives 
light ; especially, one of the heavenly bodies. 2. One that 
illustrates any subject, or enlighteus mankind. 

Lu'mi-iiif 'er-oils, a. [Lat. lumen, light, and ferre, to 
bear, produce.] Producing light ; yielding light. 

Lu'mi-nos'i-ty, n. Quality of being luminous ; lumi- 
nousness. 

Lu'mi-nous, a. [Lat. luminosus, from lumen, light,] 
1. Shining; emitting light. 2. Bright. 3. Clear, as 
if illuminated. 

Syn. — Lucid. — A thing is lucid when pervaded by light, 
as a lucid stream ; it is luminous when it sends forth light to sur- 
rounding objects, as, a luminous body. Hence, we speak of an 
argument as lucid, when it is remarkably clear, and as lumi- 
nous, when it pours upon a subject the mingled light of rea- 
soning and illustration. 

Lu'mi-noiis-ly, adv. In a luminous manner. 

Lu'mi-nous-ness, n. The quality of being luminous ; 
brightness ; clearness. 

Lump, n. [0. D. lompe, piece, mass, allied to Eng. 
clump, q. v.] 1. A small mass of matter, of no definite 
shape. 2. A mass of things blended or thrown together 
without order or distinction. 

Lump, v. t. [imp. & p.p. lumped (lumpt, 84); p.pr. 
& vb. n. lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass. 2. To 
take iu the gross ; to speak of collectively. 

Lump'-f Isli, n. [Eng. hnnp, — so called on account of 
its bulkiness.] ( 1c h t h.) A certain sea -fish. Its head and 
body are deep, thick, and short ; the pectoral fins unite 
under the throat, and with the ventral fins form a single 
disk. 

Liimp'ish, a. 1. Like a lump ; bulky ; gross. 2. Dull ; 
inactive ; stupid. 

Lump'isb-ness, n. The state of being lumpish. 

Liimp'y, a. [compar. lumpier ; superl. LUMPIEST.] 
Full of lumps, or small, compact masses. 

Lu/na-cy, n. [See Lunatic] A species of insanity or 
madness ; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken 
by intervals of reason, formerly supposed to be influenced 
by the changes of the moon. 
Syn. — Insanity ; derangement; craziness ; mania. 

Lu'nar, a. [Lat. lunaris, from luna, the moon.] 1, 
Pertaining to the moon. 2. Resembling the moon ; 
orbed. 3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon. 

Lunar caustic ( Chem.), fused nitrate of silver ; — so named be- 
cause silver was called luna by the old chemists. — Lunar ci/cle, 
the same as the cycle of the Golden Number, q. v.— Lunar 
month. See Month. — Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar 
months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48' minutes, and 34.28 seconds. 

jLu/nate, ) a. [Lat. lunatus, from luna, the moon.] 
I/u/na-ted, ) (Bot. ) Having a form resembling that of 

the half-moon ; crescent-shaped. 
jLu'na-ti-e , a. [Lat. lunaticus, from luna, the moon.] 

1. Affected by lunacy ; insane ; mad. 2. Exhibiting 

lunacy. 



a, e, &c, long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, wbat ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf 



LUNATIC 



439 



LUXURIANT 



(Bot.) Resembling a small crescent. 



Liil/na-ti-e, n. A person affected by lunacy ; a madman ; 
a person of unsound mind. 

IiU-iia'tion, n. The period of a synodic revolution of 
the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next. 

ILuiicli (66), n. [l J rov. Eng., a large lump of bread or 
other edible, nunc, a thick lump. Cf W. llwnc, llwng, 
ttivngc, a gulp, a swallowing, the gullet, llynou, llyngou, 
to swallow.] 1. A slight repast between breakfast and 
dinner ; luncheon. 2. A place for taking a luncheon. 

launch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lunched (luncht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. LUNCHING.] To take a lunch. 

IAiiicli'eon (lunch/un), n. [Frov. Eng. luncheon, lunch- 
ion, Uinshin, a large lump of food, from lunch.] A por- 
tion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal. 

tune, n. [Lat. luna, moon.] 1. Any thing in the shape 
of a half moon. 2. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a 
crescent. 

ILu-nette', n. [Fr., from Lat. & It. luna, Fr. lune, the 
moon.] 1. (Fort.) A detached bastion. 2. (Far.) A 
half horse-shoe. 3. A kind of watch-crystal more than 
ordinarily llattened in the center ; also, a species of con- 
vexo-concave lens for spectacles. 4. A piece of felt to 
cover the eje of a vicious horse. 5. (Arch.) An aperture 
for the admission of light into a concave ceiling. 

Lung, n. [A.-S. lunge, pi. lungen.] (Anat.) One of the 
two organs of respiration in an air-breathing animal. 

Iaiiige, n. [Also longe, q. v.] A sudden push or thrust. 

I/u'ni-f 6rm, a. [Lat. luna, moon, and forma, shape.] 
Resembling the moon. 

ILu'iii-so'lar, a. [Lat. luna, the moon, and Solaris, be- 
longing to the sun, from sol, the sun.] Resulting from 
the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, 
of the sun and moon. 

L<u'iiu-lar, a. [Lat. lunula, dim. of luna, the moon.] 
(Bot.) Having a form like that of the new moon ; shaped 
like a crescent. 

IiU'nu-late, 

Liu'ini-la'ted, 

Lu-per'-eal, n. sing. ) [Lat. lupercalis, from Lupercal, 

Tixl'per-eu'li-d, n. pi. I a grotto, sacred to Lupercus, 
the Lycean Pan.] (Rom. Antiq.) A feast of the Romans 
in honor of Pan. 

Iai'pine, n. [Lat. lupinus, htpinum, from lupinus, be- 
longing to a wolf, from lupus, wolf; so called because it 
eagerly penetrates into the soil.] (Bot.) A leguminous 
plant, having showy racemes of flowers. 

liU'i?u-liiie, h. [From lupulus, dim. of Lat. lupus, hop, 
hops.] 1. (Chem.) The bitter principle of hops. 2. 
The fine yellow powder of hops, which contains that 
principle. 

JLureli, n. [W. llerch, or Here, a frisking, a loitering, a 
lurking.] (Naut.) A sudden roll of a ship to one side. 

To leave in the lurch, to leave in a difficult situation, or in 
embarrassment ; to leave in a forlorn state, or without help. 

iLurcli, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LURCHED (lurcht); p. pr. & 
vb. n. LURCHING.] [See supra.] 1. To withdraw to 
one side, or to a private place ; to lie in ambush ; to lurk. 
2. To dodge ; to play tricks. 3. To roll or pass sud- 
denly to one side, as a ship in a heavy sea. 

iLureii'er, re. [See supra and Lurk.] 1. One that 
lurches or lies in wait. 2. Especially, a dog that lies 
in wait for game, and seizes them, as hares, rabbits, and 
the like. 3. [Lat. lurco, a glutton.] A glutton ; a gor^ 
mandizer. 

I/ure, n. [From M. IT. Ger. luoder, N. H. Ger. luder, 
lure, decoy.] 1. An object, not unlike a fowl, held out 
by the faiconer to call a hawk. 2. Any enticement ; a 
decoy. 

Iitire, v. i. To call a hawk or other animal. 

Iiiire, v. t. [imp. & p.p. LURED ; p.pr. & vb. n. LUR- 
ING.] 1. To draw to the lure. 2. Hence, to entice ; 
to attract. [dismal. 

!Lu/ritl (89), a. [Lat. luridus.] Ghastly pale ; gloomy ; 

I/uric, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LURKED (lfirkt); p. pr. & 
vb. 11. lurking. See Lurch, n.] 1. To he hid ; to lie 
in wait. 2. To keep out of sight. 

I/urk'er, n. One who lurks or keeps out of sight. 

I/urli'ing-place, n. A place in which one lurks. 

liUS'cious (lush^us), a. [Prob. a corruption of luxurious.] 
1 . Sweet ; delicious. 2. Sweet or rich so as to cloy ; 
hence, fulsome. 

Hus'cious-ly (lush'us-), adv. In a luscious manner. 

IjUs'cious-nesg, n. The state of being luscious. 

Iaisli, a. [Probably an abbreviation of luscious, q. v.] 
Full of juice or succulence. 

Iaist, n. [A.-S. last, lyst, Icel. lyst, Goth, lustus, from 
Icel. lidsta, to strike, beat ; Goth, liustan.] 1. Longing 



desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy. 2. Carnal ap- 
petite ; concupiscence. 

Lust, v. i. [hfip. & p. p. lusted ; p. pr. & vb. m^ust- 
ING.] 1. To desire eagerly ; to long. 2. To desire 
eagerly the gratification of carnal appetite. 3. To have 
irregular or inordinate desires. 

Lus'ter, ) n. [Lat. lustrum, a purificatory sacrifice, from 

L,us'tre, j lucere, to be light or clear, to shine.] 1. A 
sacrifice. [Rare.] 2. That which is purified or polished ; 
that which shines or is brilliant ; brilliancy ; splendor ; 
brightness. 3. Renown ; splendor ; distinction. 4. A 
candlestick ornamented with drops or pendants of cut 
glass. 5. [Lat. lustrum.] The space of five years. See 
Lustrum. 

Lust'f ul, a. 1. Having lust, or eager desire of carnal 
gratification. 2. Provoking to sensuality ; inciting to 
lust. 

Syn.— Sensual ; fleshly ; carnal ; inordinate ; licentious; 
lewd ; unchaste ; impure ; libidinous : lecherous. 

Liist'f ul-ly, adv. In a lustful manner. 
!Lust'ful-ness, n. The state of being lustful. 
Liis'ti-iy, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner. 
Liis'ti-ness, n. State of being lusty ; vigor ; strength. 
L.us'tral, a. [Lat. lustralis, from lustrum. See Luster.] 

1. Used in purification. 2. Pertaining to purification. 
Hus-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of purifying. 2. (Antiq.) A 

sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or 

people, defiled by crimes, were purified. 
Lus'tring, n. [Eng. luster, lustre, q. v.] A species of 

glossy silk cloth. 
Lus'troiig, a. Bright ; shining ; luminous. 
Liis'trum, n. [Lat. , a lustration or purification, especially 

the purification of the whole Roman people, which was 

made once in five years.] (Anc. Rome.) The space of 

five years. 
Liiis'ty, a. [compar. lustier ; superl. LUSTIEST.] [From 

Eng. lust; N. H. Ger. & D. lustig.] 1. Exhibiting 

vigor; able of body. 2. Bulky; large; of great size. 
Syn.— Robust ; stout ; strong ; vigorous ; healthful ; large ; 

bulky ; corpulent. 

Hut'an-ist, n. [Lat. lutanista, from lutana, lutina, a 
lute. See Lute.] A person that plays on the lute. 

Lu-ta'ri-ous, a. [Lat. lutarius, from lutum, mud.] 1. 
Pertaining to mud ; living in mud. 2. Of the color of 
mud. 

Lu-ta'tion, n. Act or method of luting vessels. 

X,ute, n. [From Ar. aPiid, i. e., 
^ud, with the article al prefixed, 
wood, timber, trunk or branch 
of a tree, staff, stick, lute or 
harp.] (Mus.) A stringed in- 
strument formerly much in use. 
The strings are struck with the 
right hand, and with the left the 
stops are pressed. 

Lute, n. [Lat. lutum, mud, clay.] 
(Chem.) A composition of clay 
or other tenacious substance, 
used for making the joints air- 
tight when exposed to heat. 

I/iite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. luted 
ING.] To close or coat with lute. 

Hu'te-oiis, a. [Lat. luteus, from lutum, y r ellow-weed, 
dyer's-weed, weld.] Of a deep-yellow, golden-yellow, or 
orange-yellow color. 

I/u'tlier-an, a. (Eccl. Hist.) Pertaining to Luther, the 
reformer. 

I/u/ther-aii, n. (Feci. Hist.) A disciple or follower of 
Luther ; an adherent to the doctrines of Luther. 

ILu'tlier-aii-igm, ) n. The doctrines of religion as 

liu'ther-igm, j taught by Luther. 

Liu/thern, n. [From Lat. lucerna, lamp, from lucere, to 
be light or clear, lux, lucis, light.] (Arch.) A kind of 
window over the cornice, in the roof of a building, to 
admit light into the upper story ; a dormer. 

Liit'iiig, n. ( Chem.) See LUTE. 

Liix'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. luxated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LUXATING.] [Lat. luxare, luxatum, from luxus, dislo- 
cated, allied to Gr. Ao|os, slanting, oblique.] To put 
out of joint ; to dislocate. 

L,ux-a'tion, n. 1. Act of luxating, or putting out of 
joint. 2. That which is luxated. 

Lux-u'ri-ance | (lugz-yu/- or luks-yu'-), n. State of 

L,ux-u'ri-an-cy, ) being luxuriant ; rank growth ; 
strong, vigorous growth ; exuberance. 

IiUX-u'ri-ant (lugz-yu/- or luks-yi}/-), a. 1. Exuberant 
in growth. 2. In great abundance. 




Lute. 
p. pr. & vb. n. LUT- 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eelio ; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link ; tiiis* 



LUXURIANTLY 



440 



MACERATE 



IiUX-u'ri-ant-ly, adv. In a luxuriant manner ; very 
abundantly ; exuberantly. 

Lux-u/ri-ate (lugz- or luks-), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lux- 
uriated ; p.pr. & vb. n. LUXURIATING.] [Lat. lux- 
uriare, luxuriatum. See LUXURY.] 1. To grow ex- 
uberantly, or to superfluous abundance. 2. To feed or 
live luxuriously. 3. To indulge to excess ; to delight 
greatly. 

Lux-u'ri-a'tion (lugs- or luks-), n. Act of luxuriat- 
ing ; process of growing exuberantly. 

Lux-u'ri-oiis (lugz-yu/- or luks-yu'-), a. 1. Given to 
luxury ; voluptuous.' 2. Administering to luxury. 3. 
Furnished with luxuries. 4. Softening by pleasure, or 
free indulgence in luxury. 

Ijux-ii'ri-ou.s-ly, adv. In a luxurious manner. 

LiUX-fi'ri-oiis-ness, n. The state or condition of being 
luxurious. 

3Lux'u.-ry (luk'shyj-ry), n. [Lat. luxuria, from luxus, 
excess.] 1. A free or extravagant indulgence in the 
pleasures of the table, and in costly dress and equipage. 
2. Any thing delightful to the senses ; a dainty ; any 
delicious food or drink. 

Syn.— Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; 
lasciviousness ; dainty ; delicacy ; gratification. 

Ly-ean'thro-py , n. [Gr. kvKa.v9poinia, fr. Avko?, a wolf, 
and avdpioTTos, man.] A kind of insanity, in which the 
patient imagined himself a wolf, and imitated his actions 

Ly-ce'um (118), n. [Lat. lyceum, Gr. Av/ceioi/, so named 
after the neighboring temple of Apollo Aii/ceios, or the 
wolf-slayer, from Avkos, wolf] 1. A place in Greece 
near the River Ilissus , where Aristotle taught philosophy. 
2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by 
lectures or disquisitions. 3. A higher school, in Europe, 
which prepares youths for the university. 4. An asso- 
ciation for literary improvement. 

Lyd'i-an, a. Pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia 
Minor, or to its inhabitants ; hence, soft ; effeminate; — 
said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, 
the music in which was of a soft, pathetic character. 

Lye, n. [A.-S. leak, Iseg, 0. H. Ger. louga, allied to Icel. 
laug, a bath, lauga, to wash, bathe.] Water impregnated 
with alkaline salt imbibed from the ashes of wood. 

Lymipli, n. [Lat. lympha, prob. allied to Gr. vv^r), a 
nymph of those springs, the waters of which were im- 
pregnated with exciting or entrancing fumes.] 1. Water, 
or a pure, transparent fluid like water. 2. A colorless 
fluid in animal bodies, contained in certain vessels called 
lymphatics. 

Lym-pliat'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to, containing, or con- 
veying lymph. 2. Madly enthusiastic ; frantic. 




Lym-phat'ie, n. (Physiol.) A vein-like, valved 

in vertebrate animals, that contains a transparent fluid { 

an absorbent. 
Lyn'c e-an, a. [Lat. lynceus.] Pertaining to the lynx. 
Lynch, v . t. [imp. & p. p. lynched (lmcht) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. lynching-.] To inflict pain or punishment 

upon without the forms of law, as by a mob or by unau- 
thorized persons. [Amer.] 
Lynch'-law, n. The practice of 

punishing men for crimes or of- 
fenses, by private, unauthorized 

persons , without a legal trial. The 

term is said to be derived from a 

Virginia farmer, named Lynch, 

who thus took the law into his 

own hands. [Amer.] 
Lynx, n. [Lat. lynx, Gr. Av'yf .] Lynx. 

( Zo'JL.) An animal of several spec ies, much resembling the 

common cat, but having longer ears and' 

a shorter tail. The lynx has a brilliant 

eye, and prowls about at night, and this 

may have given rise to the notion of its 

sharp sight. 
Lynx'- eyed, a. Having acute sight. 
Ly'ra, n. [Lat. lyra, Gr. Xvpa, lyre or 

lute.] (Astron.) A northern constella- 
tion, situated directly in front of Ursa 

Major. 
Lyre, n. [Lat. lyra. See LYRA.] 1. 

(Mus.) A stringed instrument of music; 

a kind of harp much used by the ancients 

tron.) One of the constellations; 

Lyra. See Lyra. 
Lyre'-bird, n. (Ornith.) Abird, 

remarkable for having the sixteen 

tail-feathers of the male arranged 
. in the form of a lyre. It is a 

native of Australia, and is the only 

known species of the genus to 

which it belongs. 
Lyr'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to 
Lyr'ie-al, j a lyre or harp. 2. 

Fitted to be sung to the lyre ; 

hence, also, appropriate for song. 
Lyr'i-e, n. 1. A lyric poem ; a 

song. 2. A verse of the kind 

usually employed in lyric poetry ; 

— chiefly in the plural. 
Ly'rist, n. A musician who plays 

on the harp or lyre. Lyre-bird. 





M. 



M(em), is the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
and represents a labial articulation. As the closure of 
the lips by which it is formed is accompanied with a hum- 
ming sound through the nose, it is called the labial nasal. 
See Prin. of Pron., § 80. — (Print.) A quadrat, the face 
or top of which is a perfect square, as formerly the letter 
m also was. It is the unit of measurement in ascertain- 
ing the amount of type in any work. This page in length 
is equal to 94 lines of nonpareil, in breadth 56 ; it would 
therefore measure 56 X 94 = 5264 m's. [Written also em.] 

Ma, n. Mother ; an abbreviation of mamma, a child's 
title for mother. 

Ma'am, n. Madam ; — a colloquial and usual contraction 
of madam. 

Mae-ad'am-ize, v . t. [imp. & p. p. macadamized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MACADAMIZING.] [From Mac Adam, 
the inventor.] To cover, as a road, with small, broken 
stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface. 

Ma«'a-ro'ni, n. [Prov. It. ; It. maccheroni, from Gr. 
fAoucapia, prop, happiness, bliss, i. e., a very dainty food, 
from fj.a.K.ap, /u-aKapto?, blessed, happy.] 1. An article of 
food composed of a paste chiefly of wheat flour made into 
long, slender tubes. 2. A medley ; something extrava- 
gant, to please an idle fancy. 3. A sort of droll or fool ; 
a fop ; a beau ; an exquisite. 

Mae'a-ron'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to, or like, a macaroni ; 
empty ; trifling ; vain ; affected. 2. Consisting in the 
addition of Latin terminations to the vernacular roots of 
Borne one modern language, combined with the additional 
use of genuine Latin and vernacular words. 




Macaw. 



Ma-eaw', n. [The native name 
in the Antilles.] ( Ornith.) A large 
and very showy bird, allied to %, 
the parrots. It is a native of the ij§: 
warmer parts of America. 

Mae'ea-bee§,n._pZ. Two apocry- 
phal books of the Old Testament, 
which give an account of Jewish 
affairs in the time of the Macca- 
bean princes. 

Mae'ea-boy, } n. [So called after 

Mae'co-boy, j a district in the 
Island of Martinique, where it is 
cultivated and made.] Rose- fla- 
vored snuff. 

Mace, n. [0. Fr. mace, a club, from a hypoth 
word matea, of which the dim. mateola, a kind 
of mallet or beetle, is still existing.] 1. A 
heavy staff or club of metal, anciently used as a 
weapon. 2. Hence, a staff borne by, or carried 
before, a magistrate as an ensign of his atithority. 
a scepter. 3. The heavier rod used in billiards. 

Mace, n. [Lat. maris, macir, Gr. ixaKep, Cf. Skr. 
makar-anda, the nectar or honey of a flower, a 
fragrant mango.] The second coat or aril which 
covers the nutmeg. It is extremely fragrant and 
aromatic. 

Ma'cer, n. A mace-bearer ; an officer of a court. £B 

Mac'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. macerated; W 
p. pr. & vb. n. MACERATING.] [Lat. macerare, Mace. 



Lat. 



R,e,Scc.,long; a,e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, do, wolf, 



mm 



MACERATION 



441 



MAGIAN 




maceratum, from macer, lean, meager, thin.] To soften 
and separate the parts of by steeping, as in a fluid, or by 
the digestive process. 

Mac'er-a'tion, n. The act, process, or operation of 
softening and almost dissolving by steeping in a fluid. 

Maeh'i-a-vel'ian^vSFyan), a. Pertaining to Machia- 
vel, an Italian writer, or to his supposed principles ; po- 
litically cunning ; crafty. 

Maeh/i-a-vel'i-an-Igm, ) n. Political cunning and ar- 

Ma-eli'i-a-vel-Igm, J tifice, intended to favor 

arbitrary power. 

Macn'i-eo-la/tion, n. [Fr. machicoulis, niachecoulis, 
from meche, match, combustible matter, and 0. Fr. 
coulis, flowing, from couler, to flow, from Lat. colare, to 
filter. See Match.] 1. (Mil. 
Arch.) (a.) A parapet projecting 
from the upper part of the wall of 
a house or fortification, supported 
by corbels, and furnished with aper- 
tures in the lower part, through 
which the assailed may fire or hurl 
missiles down upon their assail- Machicolation. 
ants. (b.) The apertures themselves. 2. The act of 
pouring or hurling missiles, &c, upon assailants through 
such apertures. 

Maeh'i-nal (mak/I-nal), a. [Lat. machinalis. See Ma- 
chine.] Pertaining to machines. 

Maeh'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. machinated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MACHINATING-.] [Lat. machinari, machi- 
natus- See Machine.] To plan ; to form, as a plot or 
a scheme. 

Maeh'i-na/tion, n. 1. Act of machinating, or of con- 
triving a scheme for executing some purpose, particularly 
an evil one. 2. A hostile or treacherous scheme formed 
with deliberation and cunning. 

Maeh'i-na'tor, n. One who plots with evil designs. 

Ma-chine' (ma-sheen 7 ), n. [Lat. machina, machine, de- 
vice, Gr. firixa-vri, from /u.tjx°?) means, expedient.] 1. 
In general, any body or assemblage of bodies used to 
transmit and modify force and motion, as a lever, pulley, 
wedge, screw, &c. ; especially, a construction, more or 
less complex, in which the several parts unite to produce 
given results. 2. Any instrument or organization by 
which power is applied and made effective, or a desired 
effect produced. 3. Supernatural agency in a poem. 

Ma-chm'er-y (ma-sheen'er-y), n. 1. Machines in gen- 
eral, or collectively. 2. The working parts of a ma- 
chine, arranged and constructed so as to apply and regu- 
late force. 3. Hence, the means and appliances by 
which any thing is kept in action ; and, specifically , the 
extraordinary or supernatural means by which the action 
of a poetic or fictitious work is carried on and brought to 



[chines and engines. 
A constructor of 




Mackerel. 



a catastrophe. 

Ma-chiin'ist (ma-sheen'Tst), n 

Mack'er-el, n. [0. Fr. maque- 
rel, from 0. Eng. mackerel, a 
pander or pimp, (from 0. H. 
Ger. mahhari, broker, agent, 
haor-mahhari , pimp, fr. mah- 
hon, to do, machinate), there 
being a popular tradition in France that this fish in 
spring follows the female shads, which are called vierges, 
or maids, and leads them to their mates.] (Ichth.) A 
marine fish, spotted with blue, and largely used for food. 
It is found in the North Atlantic. 

Hacker el-sky, a sky in which the clouds are broken into 
fleecy masses usually believed to portend wind and rain. 

Mack/in-tosh/, n. A water-proof outer garment ; — so 
called from the name of the inventor. 

Mack-le (mak'l), n. [Lat. macula, a spot, stain, blot.] 
(Print.) A blur causing a part of the impression to ap- 
pear double. 

Mae'ro-eosm, or Ma'cro-co§m, n. [Gr. ju.accp6?, 
long, great, and koctixos, the world.] The great world ; 
the universe ; — opposed to microcosm, or the little world 
constituted by man. 

Ma-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. fxaKpog, long, and ^erpov, 
measure, an instrument for measuring inaccessible ob- 
jects by means of two reflectors on a common sextant. 

Ma-e'ti-ld, n. ; pi. MA-e'u-LM. [Lat., spot, stain, blot.] 
A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun, or 
other luminous orb. 

Mae'u-late, v. t. [Lat. maculare, maculatum. See su- 
pra.] To spot ; to stain ; to blur. [ish ; a stain. 

Mae'u-la'tion, n. The act of spotting ; a spot ; a blem- 

Mk'ule,*.!. To maculate; to blur ; especially (Print.) 
to blur or double an impression from type. 

Mae'ule, n. [See Macula.] Same as Mackle, q. v. 



MJld, a. [compar. MADDER; superl. MADDEST.] [A.-S. 
gemsed, gemad, man, Goth, gamaids, weak, broken.] 

1. Disordered in intellect ; distracted ; crazy ; insane. 2. 
Made beside one's self, by a violent mental excitement, 
as fear, pain, appetite, rage, or the like; especially, (a.) 
Excited with violent or unreasonable desire or appetite. 
(6.) Excited with wrath; enraged; angry. 3. Proceed- 
ing from, or indicating, madness or fury. 

Mad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. madded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MADDING.] To make mad, furious, or angry. 

Mad'am, n. The same as Madame. 

Madame (ma-dim'), n.; pi. mesdames (ma-dam'). 
[Fr. ma, my, and dame, dame, q. v.] My lady;— a 
complimentary form of address to a lady, especially an 
elderly or a married lady. [hot-headed person. 

Mad'-eap, n. A person of wild behavior ; a violent, rash, 

Mad'den (mad'dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. maddened: 
p. pr. & vb. n. maddening.] To make mad ; to drive 
to madness ; to craze; to enrage. 

Mad'den, v. i. To become mad ; to act as if mad. 

Mad'der, n. [A.-S. mdddre, maddere.] (Bot.) A cer- 
tain plant, cultivated in France and Holland. The root 
is muchjised in dj eing red. 

Mad'e-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MADEFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MADEFYING.] [Lat. madefacere, from madere, to be 
wet, and facere, to make.] To make wet or moist ; to 
moisten. _ [on the Isle of Madeira. 

Ma-dei'ra (ma-de'ra or ma-da'ra), n. A rich wine made 

Mademoiselle (mad'mwa-zel'), n.; pi. MESDEMOI- 
SELLES (mad'mwsj-zel'). [Fr., from ma, my, f. of mon, 
and demoiselle, a young lad}'.] Young woman ; miss ; 
girl ; — used especially in address. 

Mad'-house, n. A house where insane persons are con- 
fined for cure or for restraint ; a bedlam. 

Mad'ly, adv. 1. In a mad manner; rashly; wildly. 

2. With extreme folly. [lunatic ; a crazy person. 
Mad'man, n.;pl. mad'men. A man who is mad ; a 
Mftd'ness, n. 1. Condition of being mad; disorder of 

intellect. 2. Wildness of passion. 

Syn.- Insanity; distraction: derangement; delirium; cra- 
ziness ; lunacy; mania; frenzy; franticness; rage; fury; aber- 
ration; alienation; monomania. See Insanity. 

Ma-don'na, «. , - ^/. ma-don'nas. [It., my lady. See 
Donna.] 1. Madam; my lady ; a term of address. 2. 
A picture of the Yirgin Mary, to whom the title Our 
Lady especially belongs. 

Mad're-pore, n. [Fr. madrepore, from madre, spotted, 
and pore, a pore ; madre, from 0. H. Ger. masar, a knot, 
grain or vein in wood, speck.] (Min . ) A genus of corals, 
the species of which usually branch like trees and shrubs, 
and have the surface covered with small prominences, 
each containing a cell. 

Ma-drier', or Mad'ri-er, n. [Fr., from Lat. materia, 
stuff, materials, timber.] A thick plank, used for several 
mechanical purposes, especially for supporting the earth 
in mines. 

Mad'ri-gal, n. [From Lat. mandra, Gr. fj.dvSpa, stall, 
herd of cattle, hence, madrigal, originally a pastoral 
song.] A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pas- 
toral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though 
simple thought. 

Ma'es-to'so, a. [It.] (Mus.) Majestic ; — a direction to 
perform a passage or piece of music in a dignified and 
majestic manner. 

Mag'a-zine' (mag'a-zeen'), n. [Fr. magazin, magasin, 
from Ar. makhzan, almaklizan, a storehouse, granary, 
or cellar, from prefix ma, the place of a thing, and 
khazana, to lay up in a storehouse, cellar, or treasury.] 
1 . A warehouse, or storehouse ; especially, a storehouse 
for military stores. 2. The building or room in which 
the supply of powder is kept in a fortification or ship. 3. 
A pamphlet periodically published, containing miscel- 
laneous papers or compositions. 

Mag'da-len, n. [From Mary Magdalene, the repentant 
sinner forgiven by Christ. See Luke vii. 36.] A reformed 
prostitute. 

Mag'got, n. [Allied to A.-S. madha, madhu, earth-worm, 
Goth, matha, 0. H. Ger. mado. Cf. Scot, mauk, mach, 
maggot, Icel. madkr, worm, W. macai, a worm or grub ; 
magu, to breed.] The larval form of a fly ; a grub ; a 
worm. 

Mag'got-y, a. 1. Full of maggots ; infested with mag- 
gots. 2. Full of whims ; capricious ; whimsical. 

Md'gx, n. pi. [Lat., pi. of Magus, Gr. /uayos, Ar. madjhs, 
orig. from the Persian, mag or mog signifying priest.] 
Holy men or sages of the East. 

Ma'gi-an, a. Pertaining to the Magi, a sect of philos- 
ophers in Persia. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this* 



MAGIAN 



442 



MAGUEY 



Ma'gi-an, n. One of the Magi, or priests of the Zoroas- 
trian religion in Persia. [Magi. 

Ma'gi-an-i§m, n. The philosophy or doctrines of the 
Mag'i«, n. [Lat. magice, Gr. /wa-yuoj (sc. reKvr]). See 
Magi.] The science or practice of evoking spirits or 
educing the occult powers of nature, and performing 
things wonderful by their aid. 

Syn. — Sorcery ; witchcraft ; necromancy ; conjuration ; 
enchantment. 

Mag'ie, ) a. Relating to, performed by, or proceeding 
Mag'i-e-al, J from, occult and superhuman agencies ; 
done by enchantment or sorcery ; hence, imposing or 
startling in performance. [ment. 

Mag'le-al-ly, adv. By the arts of magic ; by enchant- 
Ma-gi'cian (uia-jish'an), n. One skilled in magic; an 

enchanter ; a necromancer ; a sorcerer or sorceress. 
Ma-gilp', \n. (Paint.) A gelatinous compound of lin- 
Ma-gllpli', ) seed oil and mastic varnish, used by art- 
ists as a vehicle for colors. 
Mag'is-te'ri-al, a. [Lat. magisterius, magisterial, from 
magister, master, chief, head.] Pertaining or appropriate 
to a master. 

Syn. — Authoritative; stately; august; pompous; dignified; 
lofty ; commanding ; imperious ; lordly ; proud ; haughty ; 
domineering ; despotic ; dogmatical; arrogant. — One who is 
magisterial, assumes the air of a master toward his pupils; one 
who is dogmatical lays down his positions in a tone of authority 
or dictation; one who is arrogant insults others by an undue 
assumption of superiority. Those who have long'been teach- 
ers sometimes acquire, unconsciously, a manner which borders 
too much on the magisterial, and which may be unjustly con- 
strued as dogmatical, or even arrogant. 

Mag'is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. With the air of a master. 

Mag'is-te'ri-al-ness, n. Air and manner of a master ; 
haughtiness ; imperiousuess ; peremptoriness. 

Mag'is-tra-cy, n. 1. The office or dignity of a magis- 
trate. 2. The body of magistrates. 

Mag'is-trate, n. [Lat. magistratus, from magister, 
master, chief.] A person clothed with power as a public 
civil officer. 

Mdg'n a -€7i a r'td (kar'ta). [Lat., great charter.] 1. 
The great charter, so called, obtained by the English 
barons from King John, A. D. 1215. 2. Hence, a funda- 
mental constitution which guaranties rights and privi- 
leges. 

Mag'na-raim'i-ty, n. Quality of being magnanimous ; 
greatness of mind ; elevation or dignity of soul. 

Syn. — Magnanimity; generosity. In generosity there is 
more of heart, in magnanimity more of soul. The former is the 
virtue of an individual, the latter of one who is elevated by 
station or influence. Magnanindty is shown not only by giv- 
ing, but by enduring, — by sacrificing one's feelings and inter- 
ests, or yielding up one's claims for the accomplishment of 
some noble object. " Strike, but hear me ! " has, in like cir- 
cumstances, been the response of magnanimity in every age. 

Mag-nan'i-mous, a. [Lat. magnanimus, from mag- 

nns, great, and animus, mind.]. 1. Great of mind; 

raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty 

spirit. 2. Exhibiting nobleness of soul; liberal and 

honorable. 
Mag-iiaii'i-moii$-ly, adv. In a magnanimous manner. 
Mag'nate, n. [L. Lat. (pi.) 'magnates, magnati, from 

Lat. magnns, great.] A noble or grandee ; a person of 

note or distinction in any sphere. 
Mag-me'si-a ( -nd'zhi-a or nS'zha), n. [N. Lat., from Gr. 

Aiflos MayvrjStos, the magnet, also a mineral that looked 

like silver, a kind of talc. Cf. Magnet.] ( Chem.) An 

earth ; the oxide of magnesium. 

Carbonate of magnesia (Med.), a white pulverulent earth 

used as a mild cathartic. — Sulphate of magnesia, Epsom salts. 

Mag-ne'siaii, a. Pertaining to magnesia, or partaking 
of its qualities ; containing magnesia ; resembling mag- 
nesia. 

Mag-ne'si-um (-zhl-um), n. [See supra.] (Cliem.) The 
undecomposable metallic base of magnesia. 

Mag'net, n. [Lat. magnes, magnetis, Gr. Aiflo? Mccy- 
jT7T7js, or Mayvr/Siog, i. e., Magnesian stone, from Mag- 
nesia, Gr. Mayvqcrto., a country in Thessaly.] 1. The 
loadstone ; a species of iron ore, which has the property 
of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely 
suspended, of pointing to the poles. 2. A bar or mass 
of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the 
loadstone have been imparted, either by contact or by 
other means ; — called an artificial magnet. 

Mag-net'ie, la. 1. Pertaining to the magnet ; pos- 

Mag-net'i-e-al, 1 sessing the properties of the magnet, 
or corresponding properties. 2. Pertaining to the earth's 
magnetism. 3. Attractive. 

Magnetic battery, a combination of bar or horse-shoe mag- 
nets with the like poles adjacent, so as to act together with great 



power. — Magnetic equator, the line around the equatorial parts 
of the earth at which there is no dip, the dipping-needle being 
horizontal. — Magnetic meridian. See Me i; i di an. — Magnetic 
needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its 
center on a sharp-pointed pivot, so that it may take freely the 
direction of the magnetic meridian. — Magnetic poles, the two 
points in the opposite polar regions of the earth, at which the 
direction of the dipping needle is vertical. 

Mag-net'i-e-al-ly, adv. By means of magnetism. 

Mag-net'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being magnetic. 

Mag-net'i-es, n. sing. The science or principles of mag- 
netism. 

Mag'net-i§m, n. 1. The agent or force in nature 
which gives rise to the phenomena of attraction , polarity, 
&c, exhibited by the loadstone and other magnetic 
bodies. 2. The science which treats of magnetic phe- 
nomena. 3. Power of attraction. 
Animal magnetism. See Mesmerism. 

Mag'net-ist, n. One versed in magnetism. 

Mag'net-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. P- biagnetized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MAGNETIZING.] 1. To communicate mag- 
netic properties to. 2. To attract as if by a magnet ; to 
move ; to influence. 

Mag'net-ize, v. i. To acquire magnetic properties ; to 
become magnetic. [magnetism. 

Mag'net-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, imparts 

Mag'net-o-e-le-e-tric'i-ty, n. 1. Electricity evolved 
by the action of magnets." 2. That branch of science 
which treats of phenomena in which the principles of 
both magnetism and electricity are involved. 

Mag'net-om'e-ter, n. [From Gr. pay vr)Tr)s, magnet, 
and fjierpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring any 
of the terrestrial magnetic elements. 

Mag'ni-fi'a-ble, a. [See Magnify;.] Capable or wor- 
thy of being magnified. 

Mag-iiif'ie, ) a. [Lat. magnijicus, from magnus, 

Mag-nif i-e-al, } great, andfacere, to make.] Grand; 
splendid ; illustrious ; magnificent." 

Wag-nif'i-edt, n. [Lat., it magnifies, from magnificare. 
See supra.] The song of theVirgin Mary, Luke i. 48 ; — 
so called because it commences with this word in the 
Latin Vulgate. 

Mag-iiif'i-cenfe, n. Condition or quality of being 
magnificent; grandeur of appearance ; pomp. 

Mag-mf 'i-c ent, a. 1. On a grand scale ; imposing with 
splendor ; grand in appearance. 2. Exhibiting grandeur. 
Syn. — Splendid ; pompous ; gorgeous ; grand ; brilliant j 
imposing. See Grand. 

Mag-iiif'i-£eiit-ly, adv. In a magnificent manner. 

Mag'ni-f i'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, magnifies. 
2. An optical instrument, which increases the apparent 
magnitude of bodies. 

Mag'ui-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. magnified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MAGNIFYING.] [Lat. magnificare, from magnus, 
great, an&facere, to make.] 1. To make great or greater. 
2. To increase the power or glory of; to sound the 
praises of. 

Syn. — To enlarge; amplify; augment; exaggerate; exalt; 
extol; praise. 

Mag'ni-fy, v. i. To increase the apparent dimensions 
of objects. [loftiness of speech. 

Mag-nil'o-quence, n. Quality of being magniloquent ; 

Mag-nil'o-quent, a. [Lat. magnus, great, and loqui, 
to speak, p. pr. loquens.] Speaking loftily or pompously ; 
bombastic. 

Mag'ni-tude , n. [Lat. magnitudo, from magnus, 
great.] 1. Extent of dimensions or parts ; bulk ; size. 

2. (Geom.) That which has one or more of the three 
dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness ; any thing 
of which greater or less can be predicated, as time, angles, 
as well as weight, and that which possesses extension. 

3. Greatness ; grandeur. 4. Importance. 
Mag-no'li-a, n. [Named after Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, 

professor of botany at Montpellier.] (Bot.) A tree having 
large fragrant flowers, found in the southern parts of the 
United States. 

Mag'pie, n. [From Mag, 
Maggot, equiv. to Meg, Mag- 
gie, equiv. to Margaret, and 
pie.] (Ornith.) A bird, allied 
to the crow, but smaller, and 
snowy white below. It is 
noisy and mischievous, and 
may be taught to speak. 

Ma-guey' (ma-gwa'), n. [Sp. ; ^ 
Mexican maguei.] (Bot.) A ^ 
species of aloe, in Mexico, val- 
uable for paper, clothing, cord- Magpie, 
age, &c. 





MAHOGANY 



443 



MAJOR 



Ma-hog'a-ny, n. [The native South American name.] 
(Bot.) A large tree, found in tropical America ; also, the 
wood of the tree, which is of a reddish-brown color, very 
hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. 

Ma-liom'ed-an, ) gee MoH ammedan. 

Ma-hom'etan, j 

Maid, n. [A.-S. mdgedh, m'dgdh, magden, mseden, Goth. 
magaths, from A.-S. mag, Goth, magus, Icel. m'dgr, boy, 
son.] 1. An unmarried woman ; a virgin ; a maiden. 
2. Hence, a female servant. 

Maid'en (mad'n), n. [See supra.] 1. A maid. 2. An 
instrument resembling the guillotine, formerly used in 
Scotland for beheading criminals. 3. A machine for 
washing linen. 

Maid'en (mad'n), a. 1. Pertaining to a young unmar- 
ried woman or virgin. 2. Consisting of virgins. 3. 
Fresh ; new ; pure ; virgin. 

Maiden assize (Eng. Law.), an assize at which there is no 
criminal prosecution. — Maiden speech, the first speech of a 
new member in a public body. 

Maid'en-hair, n. (Bot.) A plant, having very slender, 
graceful stalks. It is found in the United States, and is 
sometimes used in medicine. 

Maid'en-head, ) n. 1. State of being a maid or vir- 

Maid'en hood, ) gin ; virginity. 2. Newness ; fresh- 
ness ; uncontaminated state. 

Maid'en-ly (mjupn-ly), a. Becoming a maid; gentle; 
modest ; reserved. 

Maid'hobd, n. Virginity ; maidenhood. 

Maid'-serv'ant, n. A female servant ; a serving-girl. 

Mai'hem, n. See Maim. 

Mail, n. [From Lat. macida, a 
spot, a mesh of a net.] 1. De- 
fensive armor composed of stee 
rings or plates. 2. Hence, gen- ["",'''" '' '.- - . ._." 

erally, armor; defensive cover- b.'V; ■ ;.;),-» J '{-'- - -- -, 
ing. 3. (Naut.) A square ma- _. .. _, . .. 

chine composed of rings inter- Rin g" mai1 - Cham-mail, 
woven, used for rubbing off the loose hemp on lines and 
white cordage. 

Mail, v. t. To put a coat of mail or armor upon. 

Mail, n. [Ir. & Gael, mala, bag, budget, or sack, 0. H. 
Ger. malaha, malha, wallet, allied to Gr. ju.oA.yos, hide, 
skin.] 1. A bag for the conveyance of letters and papers. 
2. Hence, the contents of such a bag, &c. 3. The per- 
son who carries the mail, or the coach or carriage in which 
the mail is conveyed. 

Mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
mailing.] To prepare for transmission by the mail ; to 
post. 

Mail'a-ble, a. Usually admitted, or proper to be ad- 
mitted, into the mail. 

Mail'-coach, n. A coach that conveys the public mails. 

Maim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. maimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MAIMING-.] [L. Lat. mahamiare, mahennare, probably 
of Celtic origin. Cf. Armor, machana, to mutilate.] 1. 
To deprive of the use of a limb. 2. To deprive of a 
necessary part. 

Syn.- To mutilate; mangle; cripple; disable. 

Maim, n. [Written in law language maihem, and may- 
hem.] 1. Privation of the use of a limb or member of 
the body. 2. Privation of any necessary part ; mutila- 
tion; injury. 

Main, n. [A.-S. m'dgen, mdgyn, mdgn, strength, force, 
from magan, to be able or strong, may, can. See May.] 
1. Strength; force; might. 2. The chief or principal 
part; specifically, {a.) The great sea, as distinguished 
from an arm, bay, &c. ; the ocean, (b.) The continent, 
as distinguished from an island; the main land, (c.) A 
principal duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones ; 
especially, a principal pipe leading from a reservoir. 

Main, a. 1. Mighty; powerful; vast. 2. First in size, 
rank, importance, &c. . 
Syn.— Principal; chief; leading; cardinal; capital. 

Main'-deck, n. (Naut.) The deck next below the spar- 
deck in frigates and seventy-fours. 

Main' -land, n. The continent ; the principal land; — 
opposed to island. 

Main'ly, adv. 1. Chiefly ; principally. 2. Greatly ; 
mightily. [other vessel. 

Main'mast, n. (Naut.) The principal mast in a ship or 

Main'per-nor, n. [0. Fr. main, hand, and pernor, for 
preneur, a taker, from prendre, to take.] (Law.) A 
surety for a prisoner's appearance in court at a day. 

MSin'prlge, n. [Fr. main, hand, and prise, a taking, 
from prendre, p. p. pris, to take, from Lat. prehendere, 
prehensum.] (Laiv.) (a.) A writ directed to the sheriff, 




^- 



Maintop. 



commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, 
for the prisoner's appearance, and to let him go at large. 
(b.) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appear- 
ance at a day. 
Main'prige. v. t. [imp. & p. p. mainprized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. mainprizing.] (Law.) To suffer to go at 
large, on his finding sureties for his appearance at a day ; 

— said of a prisoner. 

Main'sail, n. (Naut.) The principal sail in a ship. 

Main'-sheet, n. (Naut.) The sheet that extends and 
fastens the mainsail. 

Main'spring, n. The principal spring in a piece of 
mechanism ; especially, the moving spring cf a watch or 
clock ; hence, the chief or most powerful motive. 

Main'-stay , n. 1. ( Naut. ) The stay extending from the 
foot of the' foremast to the maintop. 2. Main support; 
principal dependence. 

Main-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. maintained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MAINTAINING.] [Fr. maintenir, from main, Lat. 
manus, hand, and tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] 1. To 
hold or keep in any particular state or condition ; to 
keep up. 2. To keep possession of : to hold and defend. 
3. To continue. 4. To bear the expense of; to supply 
with what is needed. 5. To support by assertion or ar- 
gument. 

Syn.— To support ; sustain ; uphold ; assert ; vindicate; 
allege. 

Main-tain', v. i. To affirm a position ; to assert. 
Main-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being maintained. 
Main-tain'er, n. One who maintains. 
Main'te -nance, n. 1. Act of maintaining ; sustenance ; 
support ; defense ; vindication. 

2. That which maintains or 
supports; means of sustenance. 

3. (Crim. Law.) An officious 
intermeddling in a cause de- 
pending between others. 

Main't6p,w. (Naut.) The top 
of the mainmast of a ship or 
brig. 

Main'yard, n. (Naut.) The 
yard on which the mainsail is 
extended, supported by the 
mainmast. 

Maize, n. [From m'ahiz or mahis, in the language of the 
Island of Hayti.] (Bot.) A plant and 
its fruit, indigenous to America; In- 
dian corn. 

Ma-jes'ti-e, a. Possessing or exhibit- 
ing majesty ; of august dignity, or im- 
posing grandeur. 

Syn. — August; splendid; grand; sub- 
lime; magnificent; imperial; regal; royal; 
pompous ; stately ; lofty ; dignified ; ele- 
vated. 

Ma-jes'tie-al-ly, adv. With majesty; 
with dignity or grandeur. 

Ma-jes'ti-e-al-ness, n. State or man- 
ner of being majestic. 

Maj'es-ty, n. [Lat. majestas, from ma- 
jus, an old word for magnus, great. 
1. Grandeur; exalted dignity; impos 
ing loftiness. 2. Hence, used with the possessive pro- 
noun, the title of a king or queen, in this sense taking a 
plural. 

Ma-jol'i-ea, n. A kind of fine pottery or earthen ware 
with painted figures, first made in Italy in the sixteenth 
century. 

Egf- The term is said to be derived from Majorca, which was 
an early seat of this manufacture. 

Ma'jor, a. [Lat. major, comparative of magnus, great.J 
1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent. 2. Of 
greater dignity ; more important. 

Major interval (3fus.), an interval greater by a half-step 
(semitone) than the minor interval of the same denomination, 

— Major mode, that mode in which the third and sixth tones 
of the scale form major intervals with the tonic or key-note. -> 
Major premise (Logic), that premise of a syllogism which con> 
tains the major term. — Major term, that term of a syllogism 
which forms the predicate of the conclusion. 

Ma'jor, n. 1. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a 
captain and below a lieutenant colonel. 2. ( Civil Law.\ 
A person of full age. 3. (Logic.) That premise which 
contains the major term. 

Aid-major (Mil.), an officer appointed to act as major on cer- 
tain occasions. — Drum-major, the first drummer in a regiment, 
who has authority over the other drummers. — Fife-major, the 
first or chief fifer in a military band. — Sergeant-major, a non- 
commissioned officer, subordinate to the adjutant. 




Maize. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



MAJOR-DOMO 



444 



MALIGNANT 



Ma'jor-do'mo, n. [Low Lat. majordomus, from Lat. 
major, greater, and domus, house.] A steward ; also, a 
chief minister. 

Ma/jor-gen'er-al, n. See General. 

Ma-jor'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. majoritas, from Lat. major, 
greater.] 1. Quality or condition of being greater ; spe- 
cifically, (a.) The military rank of a major, (b.) The con- 
dition of being of age, to manage one's own concerns. 

2. The greater number; more than half. 

Syn. — Plurality. — In elections, he has a plurality who has 
more votes than any other candidate; he has a majority who 
has more than half the votes given for all the candidates. 

Ma-jiis'eiile, n. [Lat. majusculus, somewhat greater 
or great, diminutive of major ,• majus, greater.] A capi- 
tal letter used in ancient Latin manuscripts. 

Make, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MADE ; p. pr. & vb. n. MAK- 
ING.] [A.-S. macian, 0. H. Ger. machon, to join, fit, 
prepare, make.] 1. To cause to exist ; to produce ; to 
frame ; to fashion ; to create ; hence, in various specific 
uses or applications, (a.) To form of materials ; to con- 
struct ; to fabricate, (b.) To produce, as something arti- 
ficial, unnatural, or false, (c.) To bring about ; to effect, 
do, perform , or execute, &c. (d . ) To gain, as the result of 
one's efforts ; rarely, to have result to one as a loss or 
misfortune; to suffer, (e.) To find, as the result of cal- 
culation or computation. (/.) To pass over the distance 
of; to travel over, (g.) To put in a desired or desirable 
condition. 2. To cause to be or become ; to constitute. 

3. Hence, to cause to appear to be ; to esteem, or repre- 
sent. 4. To require ; to compel; to force. 5. To com- 
pose, as parts, ingredients, or materials; to form. 6. 
Hence, to serve or answer as ; to become. 7. To reach, 
or arrive at ; also, to come near, so as to have within 
sight. 

To make away, to put out of the way ; to kill ; to destroy. — 
To make believe, to pretend; to act as if. — To make free with, 
to treat with freedom. — To make good, (a.) To maintain ; to 
defend. (6.) To fulfill; to accomplish, (c.) To make compen- 
sation for. — To make light of, to treat with indifference or con- 
tempt. — To make much of, to treat with fondness or esteem. — 
To make no difference, to be a matter of indifference. — To 
make no doubt, to have no doubt. — To make of, (a.) To under- 
stand. (&.) To produce from ; to effect, (c.) To consider ; to 
esteem. — To make out, (a.) To learn ; to discover. (6.) To 
prove ; to establish by evidence or argument.— To make over, 
to transfer the title of; to convey.— To make sail (Naut.), to 
increase the quantity of sail already extended. — To make 
strange, to make objection to. — To make up, (a.) — To collect 
into a sum or mass. (&.) To reconcile; to compose, (c.) To 
supply what is wanting in. (d.) To compensate, (e.) To set- 
tle; to adjust, or to arrange for settlement, (/.) To determine; 
to bring to a definite conclusion. — 7b make water, (a.) (Naut.) 
To leak. (5.) To void the urine; to urinate. — To make way, 
(a.) To make progress; to advance. (&.) To open a passage; 
to clear the way. 

Make^.f. 1. To tend; to proceed; to move. 2. Hence, 
to contribute ; to have effect. 3. To increase ; to aug- 
ment ; to accrue. 

To make as if, to pretend that; to make show that. — To make 
away with, to 'kill; to destroy.— To make bold, to venture; to 
take liberty. — To make out, to succeed; to be able at last. — To 
make up, to become reconciled or friendly.— To make up for, to 
compensate ; to supply by an equivalent. 

Make, to. Structure ; texture ; constitution of parts ; 
construction ; shape ; form. 

Make'- toe-lie ve', n. A mere pretense. 

Mak'er, n. 1. One who makes, forms, shapes, or molds ; 
a manufacturer ; often, specifically, the Creator. 2. 
(Law.) One who signs or makes a promissory note. 

Make'-shlf t, n. That with which one makes shift ; a 
temporary expedient. [scale to make weight. 

Make'-weiglit (-wat), n. That which is thrown into a 

Mal'a-ehite (49), n. [From Gr. (x.a.kaxq, a mallow, so 
named from its resembling the green color of the leaf of 
mallows.] (Min.) Native carbonate of copper. 

MaFa-e6Fo-gy, n. [From Gr. /u-aAa/co?, soft, and Adyos, 
discourse.] The science which relates to the structure 
and habits of mollusks. 

MaFad-min'is-tra/tioii, n. Faulty administration ; 
bad management of business. 

Mal-a-droit', a. [Fr.] Of a quality opposed to adroit- 
ness ; clumsy ; awkward ; unskillful. 

MaFa-dy, n. [Fr. maladie, from Lat. male aptus, ill fit- 
ted, i. e., indisposed.] 1. Any sickness or disease of the 
human body ; especially, a lingering or deep-seated dis- 
order or indisposition. 2. A moral defect or disorder. 

Syn. — Disorder ; distemper ; sickness; ailment ; disease; 
illness. See Disease. 

MaFa-ga, n. A species of wine imported from Malaga, 

in Spain. 
MaFa-pert', a. [0. Fr. apert, open, adroit, intelligent, 

from Lat. aperire, apertum, to open ; hence, mal-apert, 



unskillful, ill-taught, ill-bred.] Inappropriate through 
pertness ; without respect or decency ; saucy ; bold ; for- 
ward. 

MaFa-pert', n. A pert, saucy person. 

Mal-ap / ro-pos' (mal-ap/ro-po'), adv. [Fr. mal dpropos, 
from mal, evil, and dpropos, to the purpose.] Unseason- 
ably, unsuitably. 

Ma-la'ri-a, n. [It., contr. from mala aria, bad air, from 
Lat. malus, bad, and aer, air.] Air tainted by deleterious 
emanation from animal or vegetable matter. 

Ma-la'ri-oiis, a._ Pertaining to, or infected by, malaria. 

Mal-eoiFf or-ma'tion, n. Imperfect or disproportion- 
ate formation ; ill form. 

MaFeon-temV, n. One who is discontented ; especially, 
a discontented subject of government. 

MaF-eon-tent 7 , la. Discontented; dissatisfied with 

MaF-eon-tent'ed, j the government. 

Male, a. [Fr. male, 0. Fr. masle, mascle, from Lat.was- 
culus, male, masculine ; dim. of mas, maris, a male.] 1. 
Pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young, as 
distinguished from the female; masculine. 2. (Bot.) 
Having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing ; stam- 
inate. 

Male screw (Mec7i.),the screw whose threads enter the grooves 
of the corresponding or female screw. 

Male, n. 1. An animal of the male sex ; a he. 2. (Bot.) 
A plant which bears only staminate flowers. 

MaFe-dl-e'tion, n. Denunciation of evil ; declaration 
of a wish of evil. 

Syn. —Curse; imprecation; execration. —Malediction is the 
most general term, denoting bitter reproach or wishes and pre- 
dictions of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil, de- 
clared upon oath or in the most solemn manner. Imprecation 
is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. Execration 
is literally a putting under the ban of excommunication, a 
curse which excludes from the kingdom of God. In ordinary 
usage, the last three words describe profane swearing, execra- 
tion being the strongest. 

MaFe-f ae'tor, n. [Lat. , from malefacere, to do evil, from 
male, ill. evil, and facere, to make, do.] One who com- 
mits a crime. 

Syn. — Evil-doer; criminal; culprit; felon; convict. 

Ma-lev'o-lence, n. Quality of being malevolent; evil 
disposition toward another. See MALICE. 

Ma-lev'o-lent, a. [Lat. malevolens, from male, ill, and 
volens, p. pr. of velle, to be willing or disposed, to wish.] 
Wishing evil ; ill-disposed, or disposed to injure others. 

Syn. — Ill-disposed ; envious ; mischievous ; evil-minded ; 
spiteful; resentful; malicious; malignant; rancorous; wishing 

Ma-1 ev'o-lent-ly, adv. In a malevolent manner. 

Mal-fea'§ance, n. [Fr. malfaisance. See Malefac- 
tion.] (Law.) Evil conduct ; illegal deed. 

MaFf or-ma'tion, n. Irregular or anomalous formation 
or structure of parts. 

MaFIce, n. [Lat. malitia, from malus, bad, ill, evil.] A 
disposition to injure others without cause; unprovoked 
malignity or spite. 

Syn. — Spite; ill-will; malevolence; grudge; pique; bitter- 
ness; malignity; maliciousness; rancor. See Spite. — There 
is the same difference between malevolence and malice as be- 
tween wishes and intentions. A malevolent man desires to see 
others unhappy, and rejoices when they are so; a malicious 
man is habitually bent upon injuring others without cause. 
Malignity goes further; it is not only bent on evil, but loves it 
for its own sake. One who is malignant must be both malev- 
olent and malicious ; but a man may be malicious without being 
malignant. 

Ma-li'cioiis (ma-lish / us), a. 1. Indulging or exercising 
malice ; malignant in heart. 2. Proceeding from hatred 
or malice. 

Syn. — Ill-disposed ; evil-minded; mischievous ; envious; 
malevolent; invidious; spiteful; resentful; bitter ; malignant; 
rancorous. 

Ma-lFcioiis-ly, adv. With malice, enmity, or ill-will. 

Ma-li'cioiis-ness, n. Quality of being malicious ; ma- 
lignity. 

Ma-I£giF (ma-lin 7 ), a. [Lat. malignus, for maligenus, i. e., 
of a bad kind or nature, from malus, bad, and genus, 
birth, race, kind.] 1. Having a very evil disposition to- 
ward others ; malignant ; malicious. 2. Unfavorable ; 
pernicious ; tending to injure. 

Ma-lign' (ma-lln / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. maligned ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. maligning.] To. speak great evil of; to 
traduce ; to vilify. 

Ma-lig'nan-cy, n. 1. Quality of being malignant ; ex- 
treme malevolence ; malice. 2. ( Med. ) Virulence ; ten- 
dency to mortification or to a fatal issue. 

Ma-Hg'nant, a. [Lat. malignans, p. pr. of malignare or 
malignari, to do or make maliciously. See Malign.] 



2L,e,&c.,long; a, e,8cc, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, d$, wolf, 



MALIGNANT 



445 



MANCHINEEL 



1. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause dis- 
tress ; virulently inimical, 2. Exerting a pernicious in- 
fluence; heinous. 3. (Med.) Tending to produce death. 

Syn. — Malicious; malevolent; bitter; rancorous; spiteful; 
resentful; envious; malign. 

Ma-llg'nant, n. [Obs.] 1. A man of extreme enmity 
or evil intentions. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of the adherents 
of the house of Stuart ; a cavalier. 

Ma-lig'nant-ly, adv. 1. With extreme malevolence. 

2. With pernicious influence. [a defamer. 
Ma-IIgn'er (ma-lln'er), n. One who maligns ; a traducer ; 
Ma-lig'ni-ty, n. 1. Quality of being malign ; extreme 

malevolence ; virulent enmity. 2. Deadly quality. 

Syn. — Malice; maliciousness; rancor; spite; malevolence; 
ill-will; virulence; malignancy; animosity. 

Ma-Kgn'ly (ma-lin'ly), adv. In a malign manner. 

Ma-lin'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. malingered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MALINGERING.] [Fr. malingre, sickly, weakly, 
from mal, ill, and 0. Fr. heingre, haingre, thin, lean, in- 
firm, from Lat. seger, with n inserted.] (Mil.) To feign 
illness or to protract disease, in order to avoid duty. 

Mal'i-gon (mal'i-zn), n. [0. Fr., contracted from male- 
diction. See Malediction.] Malediction ; curse ; ex- 
ecration, [dirty drab. 

Mal'kin (maw'kin), n. [Dim. of Mary.] A mop ; hence, a 

Mall (mawl), n. [Lat. malleus.] A large, heavy, wooden 
beetle ; a maul. 

Mall (mawl), v. t. [imp. & p.p. MALLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
ri. MALLING.] To beat with a mall ; to maul. 

Mall (mal), n. [Orig. a walk where they played with 
malls and balls.] A level, shaded public walk. 

Mal'lard, n. [Fr. malart, from male, male, and termi- 
nation art, ard.] 1. A drake. 2. (Ornith.) The common 
duck in its wild state. 

Mal'le-a-foil'i-ty, n. Quality of being malleable, or sus- 
ceptible of extension by beating. 

Mal'le-a-tole, a. [From Low Lat. malleare. See infra.'] 
Capable of being drawn out and extended by beating. 

Malleable iron, cast iron, which by a peculiar process has 
been deprived of its carbon and thus freed from its brittleness. 

Mal'le-a-lble-ness, n. Malleability. 

Mal'le-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. malleated ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. MALLEATING.] [L. Lat. malleare, malleatum, to 
beat with a hammer ; from Lat. malleus, a hammer.] To 
hammer ; to draw into a plate or leaf by beating. 

Mal/ie-a'tion, n. Act of beating into a plate or leaf, as 
a metal. 

Mal'let, n. [Fr. maillet, dim. of mail, a mall. See 
Mall.] A wooden hammer; particularly used, in car- 
pentry, for driving the chisel. 

Mal'low, ) n. [A.-S. mealwe, malu, from Lat. malva, 

Mal'low§, 1 Gr. fjLakdx*}, from ixakdaaeiv , to soften, 
juaAa/cos, soft, either because of its softening or relaxing 
properties, or its soft, downy leaves.] (Bot.) A plant of 
the genus Malva ; — so called from its emollient qual- 
ities. 

Malmsey (mam'zy), n. [0. Eng. malvesie, from Mal- 
vasia, in the Morea.] A sort of grape ; also, a kind of 
strong and sweet wine. [offensive odor. 

Mal-o'dor, n. [Lat. malus, bad, and odor, odor.] An 

Mal-prac'tice, n. Evil practice ; illegal or immoral 
conduct ; especially, professional misconduct of a phy- 
sician. 

Malt, n. [A.-S. mealt,malt, from meltan, to melt, dis- 
solve, cook.] Barley, or other grain, steeped in water 
till it germinates, and then dried in a kiln, thus evolving 
the saccharine principle. It is used in brewing. 

Malt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MALTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MALTING.] To make into malt. 

Malt, v. i. To become malt. 

Malt'man, n. ; pi. malt'men. A man whose occupation 
is to make malt. 

Mal-treat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. maltreated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. maltreating.] To treat ill; to abuse; to 
treat roughly, rudely, or with unkindness. 

Mal-treat'ment, n. Ill treatment ; ill usage ; abuse. 

Malt'ster, n. A maltman. 

M&l'ver-sa'tion, n. [From Lat. male, ill, and versatio, 
from versari, to move about in a place, to occupy one's 
self.] Evil conduct ; corruption or extortion in office. 

Mam'a-luke, ) n. [Ar. mamlfik, a purchased slave or 

Mam'e-luke, ) captive properly possessed or in one's 
power, p. p. of malaka, to possess.] One of the former 
mounted soldiery of Egypt, formed of Circassian slaves ; 
later, the actual or virtual masters of the country until 
their destruction by Mohammed Ali in 1811. 



Mam-ma', n. [Lat. mamma, Gr. jua^a, /xd/oi^i). Sp. 
mama, breaist, pap, mother.] Mother ; — a word of ten- 
derness and familiarity, used chiefly by young children. 

Mam'mal, n. ; pi. MAM'MALg. [Lat. mammalis, be- 
longing to the breast, from mamma, breast, pap.] (Zo'6l.\ 
An animal of the highest class of vertebrates, character- 
ized by the female suckling its young. 

Mam-ma r li-d,n. pi. [Lat. mammalis. See supra.] A 
class of animals, comprehending the mammals. 

Mam-ma'li-an, a. Pertaining to the mammalia. 

Mam-mal'o-gy, n. [Lat. mamma, the breast, and Gr. 
kayos, discourse.] The science which relates to mam- 
miferous animals, or mammals. 

Mam'ma-ry, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the breasts or paps. 

Mam'mi-fer, n. [Lat. mamma, the breast, and/erre, to 
bear.] (Zool.) An animal which has breasts for nour- 
ishing its young ; a mammal. 

Mam-mif'er-ous, a. Having breasts, and nourishing 
the young by the milk secreted by them. 

Mam'mif6rm, a. [Lat. mamma, the breast, nndforma, 
shape.] Having the form of paps. 

Mam'mil-la-ry, a. [Lat. mammilla, dim. of mamma, 
the breast or pap.] Pertaining to the paps ; resembling 
a pap. 

Mam'mon, n. [Chald. mammdn, mamdn, Heb. mat-, 
mdn, a place where something is hid, treasury, from ta- 
man, to hide, especially in the earth.] Riches ; wealth •, 
also, the god of riches. 

Mam'mon-Ist, n. A person devoted to the acquisition, 
of wealth ; a worldling. 

Mam'moth, n. [Russ. mamont, mamant, from Tartai 
mamma, the earth, because the Tungooses and Yakoots 
believed that this animal worked its way in the earth 
like a mole.] (Zool.) An extinct elephant, of which there 
are several species. 

Mam'moth, a. Resembling the mammoth in size ; very 
large ; gigantic. 

Man, n. ; pi. MEN. [A.-S. mann, man, monn, mon, Goth. 
manna, man, from an hypoth. Goth, minan, imp. man, 
Skr. man, to think.] 1. An individual of the human race ; 
a human being. 2. Especially, an adult male person. 3. 
The human race ; mankind ; sometimes, the male part of 
the race, as distinguished from the female. 4. One of 
manly strength or virtue. 5. A servant of the male sex ; 
a male attendant. 6. A married man ; a husband. 7. 
Sir ; — used as a familiar term of address. 8. A piece with 
which a game, as chess or draughts, is played. 

Man of straw, one who has no character or influence; also, a 
candidate; a nominee. — Man-of-war, a first class ship of war. 

Man, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manned ; p. pr. & vb. n. man- 
ning.] 1. To supply with men. 2. To furnish with 
strength for action ; to fortify. 

Man'a-ele, n. [Lat. manicida, dim. of manica, the long 
sleeve of a tunic, handcuff, from manus, hand.] An in- 
strument of iron for fastening the hands ; handcuff ; 
shackle. 

Man'a-ele, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manacled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MANACLING.] To put handcuffs or other fastening 
upon, for confining the hands ; to shackle. 

Man'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. managed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. managing.] [0. Eng. menage, Fr. menager, to keep 
house, from Lat. mansio, habitation, mansion.] 1. To 
have under control and direction. 2. Hence, especially, 
to guide by careful or delicate treatment ; to bring around 
cunningly to one's plans. 3. To train, as a horse; to 
exercise in graceful or artful action. 

Syn. — To direct; govern; control; wield; order; contrive) 
concert; conduct; transact. 

Man'age, v. i. To direct or conduct affairs. 

Man'age-a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being managed ; ad- 
mitting or suffering management. 2. Easily made sub- 
servient to one's views or designs. 

Syn. — Governable ; tractable ; tamable ; controllable ; do- 
cile. 

Man'age-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being manageable. 

Man'age-ment, n. 1. Act of managing ; the manner 

of treating, directing, carrying on, or using for a purpose. 

2. Cunning practice ; conduct directed by art or address. 

3. Board of managers. 

Syn. — Conduct ; administration; government; direction; 
guidance; disposal ; care; charge ; contrivance; intrigue. 

Man'a-ger.n. 1. One who manages; a conductor or 

director. 2. One who conducts business with economy 

and frugality ; a good economist. 

Mancn'i-neel^mantch/-), n. [^.l&t.mancanilla,man- 

' cinella, from Lat. malum Matianum, a kind of apple, be- 



fdbd, fo~ot; urn, rude, piill ; cell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link: ; tills. 



MANCIPLE 



446 



MANIFESTO 



cause its fruit resembles an apple.] ( Bot.) A lofty tree 
of the West Indies possessing poisonous properties. 

Man'ci-ple. n. [0. Fr. mancipe, with. I inserted, as in 
participle, from part tape ; Lat. mancipiurn, from rnan- 
ceps, purchaser at a public auction, fr. manus, hand, and 
capere, to take, seize.] A steward ; a purveyor, particu- 
larly of a college. 

JUan-dci'mus, n. [Lat. , we command, from mandate, 
to order, command.] {Law.) A writ issued by a superior 
court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some 
corporation or person exercising public authority, com- 
manding the performance of some specified duty. 

Man'da-rin', n. [Skr. mantrin, a counselor, from man- 
tra, a counsel, from man, to think, know.] A Chinese 
public officer ; a civil or military official in China. 

Man'da-ta-ry, n. [Lat. mandatarius, from mandatum, 
a charge, commission, order, from mandare, to commit to 
one's charge, to commission, to order.] 1. One to whom 
a command or charge is given ; specifically, one to whom 
the pope has given a mandate or order for his benefice. 
2. (Law.) One who undertakes, without a recompense, 
to do some act for another iu respect to a thing bailed to 
him. 

Man'date. n. [See supra.'] 1. An official or authorita- 
tive command. 2. ( Canon Law.) A rescript of the pope, 
requiring a person therein named to be put in possession 
of a vacant benefice. 

Man'da-to-ry (50), a. Containing a command. 

Maxi'di-l>le, n. [Lat. mandibula, mandibulum, from 
mandere, to chew.] (Zool.) The lower jaw of vertebrates ; 
— also applied to designate both jaws of birds, and the 
anterior or upper pair of jaws in invertebrates. 

Man-dib'u-lar, a. Belonging to or resembling the jaw, 
or mandible. 

Man'dralve, n. [A.-S. & Lat. mandragora, Gr. /xavSpayo- 
pas.] [Bot.) (a.) A low plant, having a fleshy root, often 
forked, and supposed to resemble a man. It was there- 
fore supposed to have animal life, and to cry out when 
pulled up. (b.) The May-apple. 

ggp- The mandrake of Scripture was quite a different thing, 
but what it was is uncertain. 

Mftn'drel, n. [From Gr. /xai/Spa, an inclosed space, the 
bed in which the stone of a ring is set.] (Mack.) (a.) A 
bar of metal inserted in the work to form it, or to hold 
it as in a lathe, (b. ) The spindle which carries the center- 
chuck of a lathe, and communicates motion to the work, 
and which is usually driven by a pulley, (c.) An arbor. 

Mane, n. [0. D. mane, Icel. mon, 0. H. Ger. mana.] 
The long hair on the neck of some quadrupeds, as the 
horse, the lion, &c. 

Ma-nege' (ma-nazh 7 ), n. [Fr. manege, from Low. Lat. 
managium, management, conduct, from Lat. manus, 
the hand.] 1. The art of horsemanship, or of training 
horses. 2. A school for teaching horsemanship, and for 
training horses. 

JUa'nef, n. pi. [Lat., from 0. Lat. manus, good.] (Rom. 
Antiqt) The benevolent infernal deities ; souls of the 
departed. 

Ma-neii'ver, \ n. [Fr. manoeuvre, L. Lat. manopera, 

Ma-noeu'vre, ) lit. hand-work, from Lat. manus, hand, 
and opera, from opus, work, labor.] 1. Management; 
dexterous movement ; specifically, an evolution, or change 
of position among military or naval bodies. 2. Adroit 
proceeding; iutrigue; stratagem. 

Ma-neu'ver, )v. i. [imp. & p. p. maneuvered, 

Ma-noeii'vre. ) or manoeuvred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
maneuvering, or manoeuvring.]. 1. To make an 
evolution. 2. To manage with address or art. 

Ma-neii'ver, ) v. t. To change the positions of, as 

Ma-noeii'vre, ) troops or ships. 

Ma-neu'ver-er 

Ma-noeu'vrer, 

Man'ful, a. Showing manliness, or manly spirit. 
Syn. — Bold; brave; courageous; noble. See Manlt. 

Man'f ul-ly, adv. In a manful manner. 

Man'f nl-ness, n. Quality of being manful ; boldness. 

Man'ga-nege', n. [Corrupted from Lat. magnes, be- 
cause of its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet.] 
( Ckem.) A metal of a dusky white or whitish-gray color, 
yery hard and difficult to fuse. 

G@- The name is very often applied to the black oxide of the 
metal. 

Mange, n. [Fr. manger, to eat, from Lat. manducare. 
See Manger.] The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, and 
other beasts. 

Man'gel-wur'zel (mang'gl-wur'zl), n. [Ger., a corrup- 
tion from Ger. mangold, beet, mangold wurzel, beet- 



One who maneuvers. 



root.] (Bot.) A plant, by some considered a mere variety 
of the ordinary beet. 

Man'ger, n. [Fr. mangeoire, from Fr. manger, to eat, 
Lat. manducare.] 1. A trough or box inwhich fodder 
is laid for cattle, in a barn or stable. 2. ( ISaut .) A space 
across the deck, within the hawse-holes, having a coam- 
ing high enough to prevent the water which enters the 
hawse-holes from running over the deck. 

Man'gi-ness, n. Quality or condition of being mangy ; 
scabbiness. 

Man'gle (mang'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MANGLED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MANGLING.] [A.-S. be-mancian, to maim, 
behead, Icel. minlca, to lessen, decrease ; allied to Lat. 
mancus, maimed, infirm. 0. H. Ger. mangalun, to be 
wanting.] 1. To cut in a bungling manner, as flesh ; to 
hack ; to lacerate ; to mutilate. 2. To curtail ; to take 
by piecemeal. 

Man'gle (niang / gl), n. [From 0. Fr. mangonel, Gr. p.dy 
yavov, a machine for throwing stones ; the axis of a 
pulley.] A rolling press or calender for smoothing linen. 

Man'gle, v. t. To smooth with a mangle, as linen. 

Man'gler (mang'gler), n. 1. One who mangles or tears 
in cutting. 2. One who smooths linen with a mangle. 

Man'go (mang'go), n. [Malay, mangga.] 1. The fruit 
of the mango-tree, of the East Indies, often pickled. 2. 
A green musk -melon pickled. 

Man'go-stan, ) n. [Malay, mangusta, mangis.] (Bot.) 

Man'go-steen, ) A tree of the East Indies which bears 
fruit, also called mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, 
the pulp of which is very delicious food. 

Man'grove, n. [Malay, manggimanggi .] (Bot.) A 
tree found all along the shores of the tropics, rooting in 
the mud, and forming dense forests even at the verge of 
the ocean, and below high-water mark. 

Man'gy, a. [compar. MANGIER ; superl. MANGIEST.] 
[Exam mange.] Infected with the mange ; scabby. 

Man ha 'den, n. See Menhaden. 

Man'hobd, n. [Eng. man and the termination hood, q. 
v.] 1. State of being man, or man as distinguished from 
other beings. 2. Manly quality ; courage ; bravery ; 
resolution. 

Ma'ni-a, n. [Lat. mania, Gr. p.avia, from /u.cuVeo-0ai , to 
rage.] 1. Violent derangement of mind. 2. Excessive 
or unreasonable desire ; insane passion. 

Syn. — Insanity; derangement : madness ; lunacy; aliena- 
tion; aberration ; aelirium ; frenzy ; monomania ; dementia. 
See Insanity. 

Ma'ni-a-e, a. Raving with madness ; raging with disor- 
dered intellect ; mad. 

Ma'ni-ae, n. One raving with madness ; a madman. 

Ma-ni'a-e-al, a. Affected with madness. 

Man'i-ehe'an, a. Pertaining to the Manichees. 

Man'i-ehe'an, 1 n. A follower of Manes, a Persian, who 

Man'i-eliee, J maintained that there are two su- 
preme principles, the first of which, lig/it,-svas held to be 
the author of all good, the second, darkness, the author 
of all evil. 

Man'i-ehe-I§m, n. The doctrines taught, or system of 
principles maintained, by the Manichees. 

Man'i-f est, a. [Lat. rnanifestus.] Clearly visible to the 
eye ; obvious to the understanding. 

Syn. — Open ; clear ; apparent ; evident; visible ; conspicu- 
ous ; plain ; obvious. —What is clear can be seen in all its 
bearings ; what is plain can be seen by any man without study 
or reflection ; what is obvious lies directly in our way, and 
must be seen by every one ; what is evident is seen forcibly, 
and leaves no hesitation on the mind ; what is manifest is evi- 
dent in a verv high degree, striking upon the mind at once 
with overpowering conviction. 

Man'i-f est, n. [From Lat. manifestare.] A list or in- 
voice of a ship's cargo, to be exhibited at the custom- 
house bv the proper person. 

Man'i-f est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MANIFESTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. manifesting.] 1. To disclose to the eye or to 
the understanding ; to show plainly. 2. To exhibit the 
manifests or prepared invoices of, at the custom-house. 

Syn. — To reveal; declare; evince; make known ; disclose; 
discover; display. 

Man'i-fest'a-ble, a. Capable of being manifested. 

Man'i-f es-ta'tion, n. Act of manifesting or disclosing ; 
exhibition ; display ; revelation. 

Man'i-f est-ly, adv. In a manifest manner ; clearly ; ev- 
idently ; plainly. 

Man'i-fes'to, n. ; pi. mXn'i-fes'toes.. [See Mani- 
fest.] A public declaration, usually of a prince or sov- 
ereign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opin- 
ions and motives in reference to some act done or con- 
templated by him. 



a, e,&c, long; a,e, &c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, dft, wolf, 



MANIFOLD 



447 



MANUFACTURER 



Man'i-fold, a. [Eng. many and fold.] 1. Various in 
kind or quality ; many in number ; numerous. 2. Ex- 
hibited at divers times or in vr :ious ways. 

Man'i-fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manifolded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. BIANIFOLDING.] 1. To double or fold in 
many complications or thicknesses. 2. To take many 
copies of by a mechanical process. [ways. 

MSn'i-f old-ly, adv. In a manifold manner ; in many 

Man'i-fcin, n. [Eng. man and dim. termination kin.} 
An artificial preparation exhibiting the different parts 
and organs of the human body. 

Ma'ni-o€,)i. [Pg. & Braz. mandioca.] 1. The tropical 
plant from which cassava and tapioca are prepared. 2. 
The cassava itself. 

Man'i-ple, n. [Lat. manipulus, maniplus, a handful, a 
certain number of soldiers, from manus, the hand, and 
plere, to fill, plenus, full.] 1. A handful, 2. A small 

\ band of soldiers ; a company. 3. A kind of scarf worn 
about the left arm of a Roman Catholic priest ; ' stole. 

Ma-nip'u-lar, a. Pertaining to the maniph 7 or com- 
pany. 

Ma-iiip'u-laie, v. t. [imp. & p.p. manipulated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MANIPULATING.] [L. Lat. manipulate, 
manipulation, to lead by the hand, from Lat. manipulus. 
See Maniple.] To treat, work, or operate with the 
hands. 

Ma-nip'u-late, v. i. To use the hands ; specifically, to 
manage apparatus in the experiments of physics and 
chemistry. 

Ma-nip'u-la'tion, n. Act of manipulating ; use of the 
hands, in an artistic or skillful manner, in science or art. 

Ma-nip'u-la/toi\ n. One who practices manipulation. 

Man-kind' (72), n. 1. The human race; man taken 
collectively ; man. 2. Men as distinguished from 
^women. 

Man'Ii-ness, n. The quality of being manly, or of pos- 
sessing the attributes of a man, especially boldness and 
courage. 

Man'ly, a. [compar. manlier ; superl. manliest.] 
[From Eng. man, and the termination ly.] Having 
qualities becoming a man; firm; brave; undaunted; 
dignified ; noble ; stately. 

Syn. — Manful.— Manful refers to vigor and resolution as 
attributes of our race, and is opposed to weak or cowardly ; 
mania has reference to maturity of years or elevation of spirit, 
and is opposed to puerile or mean. Hence we speak of a man- 
fid endurance of evil, and of manly conduct or deportment. 

Man'ly, adv. With courage like a man. 

Man'-mid'wife, n. A man who practices obstetrics. 

Man'na, n. [Heb. man, Ar. mann, prop, gift (of heaven), 
from manna, Heb. manan, manah, to share, bestow.] 

1. (Script.) A substance miraculously furnished as 
food for the Israelites in their journey through the wil- 
derness ; hence, divinely supplied food. 2. (Med.) A 
sweetish secretion from many trees, as the manna ash, 
the European larch, &c. 

Man'ner, n. [Lat. manarius, for manuarius, belonging 
to the hand, from manus, the haud.] 1. Mode of action ; 
way of performing or effecting any thing. 2. Charac- 
teristic mode of acting, conducting, carrying on one's 
self, or the like; habitual style; specifically, (a.) The 
style of writing or thought in an author, (b.) pi. Car- 
riage ; behavior;' deportment ; also, decent and respect- 
ful deportment, (c.) Customary method of acting ; habit. 
3. Certain degree or measure. 4. Sort; kind; style. 

To maTce one's manners, to make a bow or courtesy ; to offer 
salutation. 

Syn. — Method ; mode ; custom ; habit ; fashion ; air ; 
look ; mien ; aspect ; appearance. See Method. 

Man'ner-igm. n. Adherence to a peculiar style or man- 
ner ; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treat- 
ment, carried to excess. 

Man'ner-ist, n. One addicted to mannerism. 

Man'ner-li-ness, n. The quality of being mannerly, 
or civil and respectful in behavior ; civility. 

Man'ner-ly, a. Showing good manners ; civil ; respect- 
ful ; complaisant ; not rude or vulgar. 

Man'nish, a. 1. Having the nature of man ; human. 

2. Having the appearance or qualities of a man ; mas- 
culine ; bold. 

Ma-nceii'vre, n. See Maneuver. 

Man'- of -war', n. A government vessel employed for 

the purposes' of war ; a ship of war; a war vessel. 
Man-of-war bird (Omit?).), a large, black tropical sea-fowl, 

belonging to the pelican family ; the fngate-bird. 
Man'or, n. [0. Fr. manoir, maneir, maner, habitation, 

village, L. Lat. manerium, from 0. Fr. manoir, maneir, 

maner, Lat. manere, to stay, remain, dwell, because it 



was the permanent residence of the lord and of his ten- 
ants.] (Eng. Law.) The land belonging to a lord or no- 
bleman. 

Man'or-house, n. The house belonging to a manor. 

Ma-no'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to a manor. 

Man'sard-roof , n. [So called from its inventor, Man- 
sard, a French architect, who died in 1666.] (Arch.) A 
kind of roof formed with an upper and under set of raf- 
ters, the upper set more inclined to the horizon than the 
under set ; — called also curb-roof. 

Manse, n. [Low Lat. mansa, massa, from Lat. manere, 
mansum, to stay, dwell. Cf. Mansion.] 1. A house 
or habitation ; especially, a parsonage-house. 2. A 
farm . 

Man'si on, n. [Lat. mansio, a staying, remaining, a 
dwelling, habitation, from manere, mansum, to stay, 
abide, dwell.] 1. A house ; an abode ; especially, one of 
some size or pretension. 2. The house of the lord of a 
manor. 

Man'sion- house, n. The house in which one resides ; 
specifically, the official residence of the Lord Mayor of 
London. 

Man'slaugh-ter (-slaw-ter), n. 1. The slaying of a 
man or' of men ; murder. 2. (Law.) The unlawful kill- 
ing of a man without malice, express or implied. 

Man'tel (man'tl), n. (Arch.) The work over a fire-place 
in front of the chimney, especially a narrow shelf above 
the fire-place. 

Man'tel-et, n. [Fr. mantelet, dim. of 0. Fr. mantel. 
See Mantle.] 1. A small cloak worn by women. 2. 
(Fort.) A musket-proof shield of wood, metal, or rope, 
sometimes used for the protection of sappers, riflemen, 

Man'tel-piece, ) [or gunners. 

Man'tel-shelf , [ n. See Mantel. 

Man'tel- tree, ) 

Man-tll'la, n. [See Mantle.] 1. A lady's cloak of 
silk or velvet. 2. A kind of vail covering the head and 
falling down upon the shoulders. 

Man'tle (man'tl), n. [A.-S. mentel, m&ntel,0. Fr. man- 
tel, N. Fr. manteau, 0. H. Ger. mantal, lcel. motlull, L. 
Lat. mantellus, from Lat. mantellum, mantelum.] 1. A 
loose garment to be worn over other garments ; a cloak ; 
hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope. 
2. (Zool.) (a.) The outer soft membrane of the body of 
a mollusk. (b.) Any free outer membrane. 3. (Arch.) 
A mantel. See Mantel. 

Man'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MANTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MANTLING.] To cover or envelop, as with a mantle ; 
to cloak ; to hide ; to disguise. 

Man'tle, v.i. 1. To rise and spread ; to expand ; to be 
spread out, especially in a graceful or elegant manner. 
2. Hence, to revel in pleasure. 3. To become covered, 
as a liquid, on the surface. 

Man'tle-piece, ) 

Man'tle- slieif , J n. (Arch.) A mantel. See Mantel. 

Man'tle-tree, ) 

Man'-trap, n. A machine for catching trespassers. 

Man'tu-a (man'tu-a. or man'tu), n. [Either corrupted 
from It. manto, Fr. manteau, or from Mantua, in Italy. 
See Mantle.] A woman's gown or dress. 

Man'tua-maJk / er (man'tu-mak'er), n. A ladies' dress- 
maker ; one who makes women's clothes. 

Man'u-al, a. [Lat. manualis, from manus, the hand.] 
1. Pertaining to, or performed by, the hand. 2. Used 
or made by hand. 

Manual exercise (Mil), the exercise by which soldiers ore 
taught the use of their muskets and other arms. 

Man'u-al, n. 1. A small book, such as may be carried 

in the hand, or conveniently handled ; a hand-book. 2. 
Specifically, the service-book of the Roman Catholic 
church. 3. (Mus.) The key-board of an organ or har- 

Man'u-al-ly, adv. By hand. [monium. 

Man'u-fae'to-ry, n. [Lat. mantis, the hand, and fac- 
torium, a place where something is made, from factor, a 
maker, from facere, factum, to make.] A house or place 
where any thing is manufactured ; a factory. 

Man'u-faet'ure (53), n. [Lat. manus, the hand, and 
factum, a making, from facere, factum, to make.] 1. 
The operation of making wares of any kind, by the 
hands, by art, or machinery. 2. Any thing made from 
raw materials by the hand, by machinery, or by art. 

Man'u-faet'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manufactured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MANUFACTURING.] 1. To make or fab- 
ricate from raw materials, by the hand, by art, or ma- 
chinery. 2. To work, as raw materials, into suitable 
forms for use. 

Man'u-f aet'Cir-er, ». One who manufactures. 



*ood,fdbt; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist, linger; link; this. 



MANUMISSION 



448 



MARIOLATRY 



Man'u-mis'sion (-mish'un), ft. Act of manumitting, 

or of liberating a slave from bondage. 
Man'u-mit' (110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. manumitted; 

p. pr. & vb. ft. MANUMITTING.] [Lat. manumittere , 
from mantis, the hand, and mittere, missum, to send, 
send off.] To release from slavery ; to free, as a slave. 

Ma-nur'a-ble, a. Capable of being manured, or of be- 
ing cultivated. 

Ma-mire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MANURED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MANURING.] [Contracted from Fr. manceuvrer, to 
work with the hand. See Maneuver.] To enrich, as 
land, by the application of a fertilizing substance. 

Ma-ntire', ft. Any matter which makes land productive ; 
a fertilizing substance. 

Ma-nur'er, ft. One who manures land. 

Man'u-seript, a. Written with the hand ; not printed. 

Man'u-seript, ft. [Low Lat. manuscriptum, literally 
something written with the hand, from Lat. manus, the 
hand, and scribere, scriptum, to write.] A book or paper 
written with the hand. 

Man'y (men'y), a. [compar. MORE ; superl. MOST ; 
both from a different root.] [A-S. maneg, manig, menig, 
Goth, manags.] Comprising, or consisting of, a great 
number of individuals. 

Many a, a large number taken distributively ; each one of 
many. 

Syn. — Numerous ; multiplied ; frequent ; manifold ; va- 
rious ; divers ; sundry. 

Man'y (men'y), ft. A numerous company ; a multitude ; 
a great number ; a crowd ; — chiefly in the phrases a 
great many, a good many. 

Map, n. [Lat. mappa, napkin, signal-cloth, a Punic 
word.] A representation of the surface of the earth, or 
of any part of it, drawn on paper or other material ; a 
chart ; — applied also to representations of the celestial 
sphere. 

Map, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MAPPED (mapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. mapping.] To draw or delineate, as the figure of 
any portion of land; hence, figuratively, to delineate or 
describe well. 

Ma'ple, 1 ft. [A.-S. mapeltreo, 0. H. Ger. mazal- 

Ma'ple-tree, ) tra.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Acer, 
of several species. 

Mar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MARRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. mar- 
ring.] [A.-S. merran, mirran, mearrian, to obstruct, 
impede, dissipate ; Icel. meria, Goth, marzjan.] 1. To 
injure by cutting off a part, or by wounding and mak- 
ing defective ; to damage ; to hurt ; to harm ; to impair ; 
to spoil. 2. To impair the good looks of; to disfigure. 

Mar, n. A mark or blemish made by bruising, scratch- 
ing, or the like ; an injury. 

Mar'a-naih'a, or Mar-a-na'tha, ft. [Syriac] The 
Lord comes, or has come ; a word used by the apostle 
Paul in expressing a curse. This word was used in 
anathematizing persons for great crimes. 

JUtar'as-eh'i'no (-ke-'no), n. [It., from marasca, ama- 
rasca, a sour cherry, from Lat. amarus, bitter.] A deli- 
cate spirit distilled from cherries. 

JUa-rd^'mus, n. [Gr. fj.apao-fj.6?, from fxapaiveiv, to 
quench, as fire (in the passive), to die away, decay.] 
(Med.) A wasting of flesh without fever or apparent dis- 
ease ; atrophy ; phthisis. 

Ma-raud', v. i. [imp. & p. p. MARAUDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. MARAUDING.] [Fr. marauder, from maraud, 
rogue, rascal, Lat. male ruptus, badly broken, ruined, 
debauched.] To rove in quest of plunder ; to plunder. 

Ma-raud'er, ft. A rover in quest of booty or plunder ; 
a plunderer. 

Mar'a-ve'di, ft. [Sp. ; — so called from the Marabitln, 
an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Africa and Spain.] 
(Numis.) A small copper coin of Spain, equal to three 
mills American money, less than a farthing sterling. 

Mar'ble, ft. [Lat. marmor, Gr. fj.dp/xapos, from fxapp.aC- 
peiv, to sparkle, flash.] 1. Any species of calcareous stone 
or mineral, of a compact texture, and of a beautiful ap- 
pearance, susceptible of a good polish, 2. A thing 
made of, or resembling, marble ; as, (a.) A work of art, 
or record, in marble. (b.) A little ball of marble, or 
other hard substance, used as a plaything by children, 
(c.) pi. A collection of antique works of art in marble. 

Mar'ble,?). t. [imp. & p. p. marbled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
marbling.] To stain or vein like marble ; to variegate 
in color. [marble. 

Mar'bler, ft. One who paints or stains in imitation of 

Mare, n. [Fr., probably fro^ Lat. emarcus, a kind of 
wine of middling quality; or.g. a Gallic word.] The 
refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, 
particularly of grapes. 



Mar-ces'cent, a. [Lat. marcescens, p. pr. of marceseere^ 
to wither, pine away, decay, from marcere, to wither, 
droop.] (Bot.) Withering without falling off; fading; 
decaying. 

March, n. [Lat. Martins mensis, from Martins, belong- 
ing to Mars, the god of war.] The third month of the 
year. 

March, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marched (m'archt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. MARCHING.] [From 0. Fr. marche, border, 
boundary, hence, orig. , to go to the boundary in order to 
defend it. See March, n.] 1. To move by steps and 
in order, as soldiers. 2. To walk in a grave, deliberate, 
or stately manner. [troops. 

March, v. t. To cause to move in military array, as 

March, ft. 1. Military progress ; advance of troops. 
2. Measured and regular advance like that of soldiers 
moving in order. 3. A piece of music, designed to ac- 
company and guide the movement of troops. 4. Th« 
distance passed over. 

March, n. [A.-S. mearc, mark, sign, boundary ; Goth. 
marka, allied to Lat. margo, border, margin. See 
Mark.] A frontier of a territory ; a border ; a con- 
fine ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

Mar'chion-ess (iniir'shun-es), n. [L. Lat. marchionissa, 
from marchio, a marquis, q. v.] The wife or widow of a 
marquis. 

March/pane, ft. [Prob. from Lat. maza, Gr. (idga, fru- 
menty, a barley-cake, from /aacro-eiv, to knead, ;tnd Lat. 
panis, bread.] A kind of sweet bread or biscuit ; spice 
cakes of sugar, nuts, poppy seeds, and Indian corn. 

Mar'cid, a. [Lat. marcidns, from marcere, to wither, 
droop, pine.] Pining ; wasted away ; lean. 

Mar-cid'i-ty, ft. State of great leanness. 

Mare, n. [A.-S. mere, myre, merihe, Icel. meri, 0. H. 
Ger. merha, meriha, from A.-S. mear, mearh,horse ; Icel. 
man, 0. H. Ger. marah.] The female of the horse, or 
equine genus of quadrupeds. 

Mare's-nest, any thing very absurd or ludicrous; as, a person 
is said to find a mare's-nest, when he chuckles over the discov- 
ery of something which is absurdly ridiculous or a hoax. 

Mare'schal (mar'shal), n. [0. Fr.] This word is now 
written marshal, q. v.] A military officer of very high 
rank ; a marshal. 

Marge, 

Mar'gent, 

Mar'gin, ft. [Lat. margo, marginis.] 1. A border; 
edge ; brink ; verge. 2. Specifically, the part of a page 
at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. 3. 
(Com.) Difference between the price of purchase and 
sale of an article, which leaves room for profit. 4. 
Hence, the difference between the outlay, expense, num- 
ber, or amount of any thing as estimated, and that 
which is actually required or incurred. 

Mar'gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. margined; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. MARGINING.] 1. To furnish with a margin ; to 
border ; to leave room to be filled up by anticipated 
profits, or by the discretion of an agent, 2. To enter in 
the margin of a page. 

Mar'gin-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a margin. 2. Written 
or printed in the margin. 

Mar'gi-nate, ) a. [Lat. marginatus, p. p. of mar- 

Mar'gin-a'ted, j ginare.] Having a margin. 

Mar'gra-vate, ) ft. The territory or jurisdiction of a 

Mar-gra'vi-ate, ) margrave. 

Mar'grave, ft. [Ger. markgraf, i. e., lord chief justice 
of the march, from mark, bound, border, march, and 
graf, earl, count, lord chief justice ; 0. H. Ger. marc- 
gravo. See Mark and March.] 1. Originally, a lord 
of the borders or marches, in Germany. 2. A noble- 
man of a rank equivalent to that of an English marquis. 

Mar'gra-viine, ft. The wife of a margrave. 

Mar'i-gold, ft. [From Mary and gold.] (Bot.) A plant, 
bearing a yellow flower. There are several plants of 
different genera bearing this name. 

Ma-r'ine', a. [Lat. marinus, from mare, the sea.] 1. 
Pertaining to the sea ; relating to the ocean, or to navi- 
gation, naval affairs, &c. ; naval ; nautical. 2. ( Geol.) 
Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea. 
Syn. — See Maritime. 

Ma-rine', ft. 1. A soldier serving on shipboard. 2. 
The sum of naval affairs or interests ; naval economy; 
the collective shipping of a country. 

Mar'i-ner, n. One who pursues a sea-faring life ; a sea- 
man or sailor. 

Ma/ri-51'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapia, Lat. Maria, the Yirgin 
Mary, and karpeCa, worship.] The worship of the Virgin 
Mary. 



n. [See Margin.] A margin. 



a,e, kc.,long; &,e, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dft,w9lf, 



MARITAL 



449 



MARRY 



Mar'i-tal, a. [Lat. maritalis, from maritus, belonging 

to Diarriage, a married man.] Pertaining to a husband. 

Mar 'i -time, a. [Lat. maritimus, from mare, the sea.] 

1. Bordering on the ocean ; connected with the sea by 
* site, interest, or power. 2. Relating to navigation and 

naval affairs. 

Syn. — Marine. —Maritime denotes primarily, " bordering 
on the sea," as a maritime town, coast, nation, &c, and secon- 
darily, " belonging to those who border on the sea," as mari- 
time laws, rights, pursuits, &c. Marine denotes, primarily, " of 
or pertaining to the sea," as a. marine shell, marine productions, 
&c. ; and secondarily, " transacted at sea," as marine service; or 
"doing duty on the sea," as marine forces, &c. Hence, also, 
marines are soldiers who do service in ships; the marine of a 
nation is its shipping taken -collectively, and also the entire 
economy of its naval affairs. 

Mar'jo-ram, n. [L. Lat. majoraca, from Lat. amara- 
cus, amaracum , Gr. aju.apa/<o;, 6.\x6.qo.kov .] (Bot.) A plant 
of the genus Origanum, of several species. The sweet 
marjoram is peculiarly aromatic and fragrant, and much 
used in cookery. 

Mark, n. [A.-S. mearc, mark, sign, limit, boundary, 
Icel. mark, 0. Fr. mere] 1. A visible sign, as a line, 
point, stamp, figure, or the like, made or left upon any 
thing ; a token ; a trace. 2. A significative token ; 
specifically, a permanent impression of one's activity or 
character. 3. Distinguished pre-eminence. 4. Speci- 
fically, a character made, instead of signature, by one 
who can not write. 5. A thing aimed at ; what one 
Beeks to hit or reach. 6. (Logic.) A characteristic or 
essential attribute ; a differential. 

Syn. — Impress; impression; stamp; print; trace; vestige; 
track; characteristic; evidence ; proof; token; badge; indica- 
tion; symptom. 

Mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. marked (m'arkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. marking.] 1. To make a visible sign upon ;, to 
affix a significant mark to. 2. To notice the marks of; 
to give attention to ; to remark ; to regard. 

Syn. — To note; notice; observe; heed; show; evince; in- 
dicate; point out; betoken; denote; characterize; stamp; im- 
print; impress; brand. 

Mark, v.i. To take particular notice ; to note. 

Mark'er, n. 1. One who marks, affixes a sign, or takes 
notice. 2. One who, or that which, serves to indicate or 
keep account; especially, (a.) A counter used in card- 
playing, (b.) One who keeps account of a game played. 
(c.) (Mil.) The soldier who forms the pivot of a wheeling 
column, or marks the direction of an alignment. 

Mar'ket, n. [Lat. mercatus, trade, market-place, from 
mercari, mercatus, to trade, traffic, from merx, mercis, 
merchandise.] 1. A public place in a city or town where 
provisions or cattle are exposed to sale. 2. A building 
where wares are bought and sold ; a market-house. 3. 
A town, region, couutry, &c, where there is a demand 
for an article, and where it may be disposed of by sale or 
barter ; hence, demand and sale, or exchange. 

Mar'ket, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marketed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. marketing.] To buy or sell ; to make bargains. 

Mar'ket-a-ble, a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale ; salable. 

2. Current in market. 

Mar'ket-er, n. One who brings any thing to market for 

sale ; one who attends a market. 
Mar'ket-town (109), n. A town that has the privilege 

of a stated public market. 
Marks/man, n.; pi. marks'men. One who is skillful 

to hit a mark ; one who shoots well. 
Marl, n. [From L. Lat. margila, dim. of Lat. marga, 

marl. Originally a Celtic word according to Pliny, W. 

marl; Ir. & Gael, marla.] A mixed earthy substance, 

consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and silicious sand. 
Marl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. marled; p. pr. & vb. n. 

MARLING.] 1. To overspread or manure with marl. 

2. [See infra.] (Nant.) To wind or twist a small line or 

rope round another. 
Marl-a'ceous, a. Resembling marl, or partaking of its 

qualities. 
Mar'llne, n. [Perhaps from 0. IT. Ger. marrjan, marrcn, 

D. marren, to hinder, stop, check, and L. Ger. lien, N. 

H. Ger. leine, line, rope.] (Nant.) A small line composed 

of two strands a little twisted, used for winding round 

ropes and cables, to prevent their being fretted 

by the blocks, &c. 
Mar'line, v. t. ( Navt.) To wind marline around. 
Mar'llne- spike, n. (Naut.) An iron tool, 

tapering to a point, used to separate the strands 

of a rope, in splicing. 
Marl'y, a. [compar. MARLIER ; svperl. MAR- 

LIEST.] Consisting or partaking of marl ; re- Marline' 

6embling marl ; abounding with marl. spike. 




Mar'ma-lade, n. [From Gr. ixeX^kov, a sweet apple, 
an apple grafted on a quince, from /ue'Ai, honey, and 
ixrjkov, applfe.j A pasty preserve made of the pulp of 
any of the firmer fruits, as the quince, pear, orange, 
&c, boiled with sugar, and usually evaporated so as to 
take form in a mold. 

Mar-mo're-al ) (124), a. [Lat. marmorevs, from mar- 

Mar-mo're-an j mor, marble.] Pertaining, to, or re- 
sembling, marble ; made of marble ; having the qualities 
of marble. 

Mar'mo-get', n. [Fr. marmonset, a grotesque figure, 
an ugly little boy, dim. of marmot, a marmoset.] (Zo'dl.) 
A small monkey, having soft fur, hooked claws, a long, 
thick tail, and much resembling a squirrel. It is a na- 
tive of South America. 

Mar'mot, n. [From Lat. mvs 
montanus, i. e., mountain- 
mouse, or mountain -rat.] 
(Z'dol.) A rodent, of about the 
size of the rabbit, which in- 
habits the higher regions of the . 
Alps and Pyrenees. The Amer- ; 
ican marmot is the woodchuck. ' 

Ma-rdbn', n. [Abbreviated 

and corrupted from Sp. cimar- Marmot. 

ron, wild, unruly, from cima, the summit of a mountain; 
hence, negro cimarron, a runaway negro that lives in the 
mountains.] A fugitive slave living on the mountains in 
the West Indies and in Guiana. 

Maroon', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MAROONED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. marooning.] To put ashore on a desolate isle, 
as a sailor, under pretense of his having committed some 
great crime. 

Ma-rdbn', a. [Fr. marron, chestnut-colored, from mar- 
ron, a large French chestnut; L. Gr. fx6.pa.ov, /uapaos.] 
Brownish-crimson ; of a claret color. 

Maroon', n. A brownish-crimson or claret color. 

Mar'plot, n. One who, by his officious interference, 
marsx>r defeats a design or plot. 

Marque (mark), n. [Fr. marque, mark, sign, landmark. 
See Mark.] 1. (Laiv.) A license to pass the limits of a 
jurisdiction, for the purpose of making reprisals. 2. A 
ship commissioned for making reprisals. 

Letters of marove, a license granted by the supreme power 
of one state to its subjects, to make reprisals at sea on the sub- 
jects of another. 

Mar-quee' (mar-kS'), n. [Fr. marquise.] A large field- 
tent. [Written also markee.] 

Mar'quess (-kwess), n. A marquis. See Marquis. 

Mar'quet-ry (-ket-), n. [Fr. marqueterie, fr. marqueter, 
to checker, inlay, from rnarque, mark, sign.] Inlaid 
work ; work inlaid with different pieces of divers colored 
fine wood, shells, &c. 

Mar'quis (mar'kwis), n. [Fr.; L. Lat. marchis, from Ger. 
mark, bound, border, march. See Margrave, Mark, 
and Marches.] A nobleman in England, France, and 
Germany, of a rank next below that of duke. 

Mar'qui§-ate, n. The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of 
a marquis. 

Mar'rer, n. One who mars, hurts, or impairs. 

Mar'riage (mar'rij), n. [Fr. mariage, from marier, to 
marry, from mari, husband.] Act of marrying, or state 
of being married. 

Syn. — Matrimony ; wedlock ; wedding ; nuptials. — Mar- 
riage is properly the act which unites the two parties, and mat- 
rimonii the state into which they enter. Marriage is, however, 
often used for the state as well as the act. Wedlock is the old 
Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony. 

Mar'riage-a-fole (-rij-), a. Of an age suitable for mar- 
riage. 

Mar'ried (mar'rid), a. Formed by marriage ; conjugal ; 
connubial. 

Mar-rdbn', n. & a. The same as Maroon. 

Mar'row, n. [A.-S. mearg, mearh, Icel. mergr, W. mer.] 

1. (Anat.) A soft, oleaginous substance contained in the 
cavities of animal bones. 2. The essence ; the best 
part. 

Mar'row-bone, «. 1. A bone containing marrow. 

2. pi. [Supposed to be a burlesque corruption of Mary- 
bone, in allusion to the genuflections made to the Virgin 
Mary.] The bone of the knee ; the knees. 

Mar'roAV-f at, n. A rich but late variety of pea. 

Mar'row-1 ess, a. Destitute of marrow or pith. 

Mar'row-y, a. Abounding in marrow or pith ; pithy. 

Mar'ry, v.'t. [imp. & p. p. MARRIED ; p. pr. & vb, n. 
marrying.] [Lat. maritare, from Lat. maritus, hus- 
band, from mas, maris, a male.] 1. To unite in wed- 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; 

29 



fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this- 



MARRY 



450 



MASK 



lock or matrimony. 2. To dispose of in wedlock ; to 
give away as wife. 3. To take for husband or wife. 4. 
Hence, figuratively, to unite in the closest connection. 

Mar'ry, v. i. To enter into the conjugal state ; to unite 
as husband and wife. 

Mar§, n. 1. (Myth.) The son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
the god of war. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the 
solar system, the next beyond the earth. It is conspicu- 
ous for the redness of its light. 

Marsh, n. [A.-S. mersc, marsh, bog, L. Lat. mariscus, 
from A.-S. mere, mare, sea, lake, Goth, marei, Icel. mar, 
allied to Lat. mare, Russ. more.] A tract of losv land, 
usually or occasionally covered with water ; a fen ; a 
swamp ; a morass. 

Mar'shal, n. [0. Fr. mareschal, from 0. II. Ger. marak- 
scalc, rn.arah-s.calh, from marah, horse, and scale, sca'Ji, 
servant.] An officer of high rank, charged with the 
arrangement of ceremonies, the conduct of operations, 
or the like; as, specifically, (a.) A harbinger; a pur- 
suivant, (b.) One who regulates rank and order at a 
feast or any other assembly, directs the order of proces- 
sion, and the like, (c.) The chief officer of arms, whose 
duty it is to regulate combats in the lists, (d.) (France.) 
The highest military officer, (e.) (Am. Law.) A minis- 
terial officer, whose duty it is to execute the process of 
the courts of the United States. His duties are similar 
to those of a sheriff. The name is also sometimes ap- 
plied to certain police officers of a city. 

Mar'slial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. marshaled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. marshaling.] 1. To dispose in order ; to ar- 
range in a suitable manner, as troops or an army. 2. To 
lead as a harbinger. 

Mar'shal-er, n. One who marshals. 

Mar'shal-ship, n. The office of a marshal. 

Marsh'- har'ri-er, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the 
Falcon family, found in most of the countries of Europe, 
and not uncommon in the British Isles. 

Marsli'-mallow, n. (Bot.)A plant common in marsh- 
es near the sea-shore. 

Marsh'y, a. 1. Resembling a marsh ; wet ; boggy ; fenny. 
2. Pertaining to, or produced in, marshes. 

Mar-su/pi-al, a. [From Lat. marsupium, Gr. fxapowi- 
ov, a pouch, bag, purse.] (ZoUl.) (a.) Having a pouch 
for carrying the immature young ; pertaining to the 
group of quadrupeds characterized by a pouch or marsu- 
pium. (b.) Pertaining to the pouch of the marsupials. 

Mar-sii'pi-al, n. ( Zool. ) One of the marsupial animals. 

Mar-su/pi-ate, a. Related to the marsupial animals ; 
furnished with a pouch for the young. 

Mart, n. [Contracted from market, q. v.] A place of sale 
or traffic ; a market. 

Mar-tel'lo Tow'er. [It. martello, hammer, from Lat. 
martulus, dim. of marcus, hammer.] (Fort.) Around 
tower of masonry, erected on the sea-coast, with a gun 
on the summit capable of being fired in any direction. 

Mar'ten (58), n. See Martin. 

Mar'ten, n. [A.-S. meardh, allied to Lat. martes.] (Zool.) 
A carnivorous animal allied to the 
weasel. Its fur is used in making 
hats and muffs. 

Mar'-text, n. A blundering or ig- 
norant preacher. 

Mar'tial (marshal), a. [Lat. mar- 
tialis, from Mars, the god of war.] 
1. Pertaining or suited to war ; mil- 
itary. 2. Given to war; brave. 3. 
Belonging to war or to an army and 
navy ; — opposed to civil. 

Martial law, an arbitrary kind of law, extending to matters 
of civil as well as of criminal jurisdiction, and proclaimed only 
in times of war, insurrection, rebellion or other great emer- 
gency. It is quite distinct from military law. 

Syn. — Warlike. — Martial (from Mars, the god of war) re- 
fers more to war in action, its array, its attendants. &a, as, mar- 
tial music, a martial appearance, martial array, courts-martial, 
&c. Warlike describes the feeling or temper 'which leads to 
war, and the adjuncts connected with it, as, a warlike nation, 
warlike preparations, a warlike attitude of things, &c. The 
two words thus approach each other very nearly, and are often 
interchanged. 

Mar'tin, n. [Fr. martinet, Sp. martinete, a little white 

heron.] ( Ornith.) A bird of the 

swallow kind, which forms its 

nest about buildings. 
Mar'tin-et', n. [So called from 

an officer of that name in the 

French army under Louis XIV.] 

(Mil.) A strict disciplinarian. 
Mar'ti-net/, n. (Naut.) A small 




- 



Marten. 




Martin. 



line fastened to the leech of a sail, to bring it close to the 
yard when the sail is furled. 

Mar'tin- gal, ) n. [Fr. martingale, It. martingala, a 

Mar 'tin-gale, j sort of hose, Sp. martingala, a greave, 
cuish.] 1. A strap fastened to a horse's girth, passing 
between his fore legs, and ending in two rings, through 
which the reins pass. It is intended to hold down the 
head of the horse, and prevent him from rearing. 2. 
(Naut.) A short, perpendicular spar, under the bowsprit 
end, used for reeving the stays. 

Mar'tin-mas, n. (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, the 
eleventh of November. 

Mart'let, n. [Fr. martinet. See MARTIN.] A kind of 
swallow ; a martin. 

Mar'tyr, n. [Lat. martyr, Gr. jaapTup, a witness who 
testifies with his blood, from /udpn/s, a witness.] 1. One 
who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gos- 
pel. 2. One who sacrifices his life, or whatever is of 
great value to him, for the sake of any principle or 
cause. 

Mar'tyr, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MARTYRED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. martyring.] 1. To put to death for adhering 
to what one believes to be the truth ; to sacrifice on ac- 
count of faith or profession. 2. To persecute as a mar- 
tyr ; to torment ; to torture. 

Mar'tyr-clom, n. The condition of a martyr ; the death 
of a martyr. 

Mar'tyr-o-log'ie, \a. Pertaining to martyrology ; 

Mar'tyr-o-log'ie-al, j registering, or registered in, a 
catalogue of martyrs. 

Mar'tyr-ol'o-glst, n. An historian of martyrs. 

Mar'tyr-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ixaprvp, martyr, and Ao-yos, 
discourse.] A history or account of martyrs, with their 
sufferings ; a register of martyrs. 

Mar'vel, n. [From Lat. mirabilia, wonderful things, pi. 
of mirabilis, wonderful, from mirari, to wonder or marvel 
at.] That which arrests the attention, and causes ad- 
miration or surprise ; a wonder ; a prodigy ; a miracle. 

Syn. — Wonder; admiration; astonishment; miracle; prod- 
igy- 

Mar'vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marveled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MARVELING.] To be struck with surprise, astonish- 
ment, or admiration ; to wonder. 

Mar'vel-ous, a. 1. Exciting wonder or surprise ; pro- 
digious. 2. Surpassing belief ; partaking of the charac- 
ter of miracle. 

Syn. — Wonderful ; astonishing ; surprising ; strange ; im- 
probable ; incredible.— We speak of a tiling as wonderful when 
it awakens our surprise and admiration ; as marvelous when it 
is so much out of the ordinary course of things as to seem near- 
ly or quite incredible. The victories of Napoleon were luon- 
derful; the sleight-of-hand tricks which are sometimes exhib- 
ited are so marvelous that they would appear incredible if not 
publicly performed. 

Mar'vel-oiis-ly, adv. In a marvelous manner. 

Mar'vel-ous-ness, n. Quality of being marvelous. 

Mas'eu-line, a. [Lat. masculinus, from maseidus,ma,le, 
manly, dim. of mas, maris, a male.] 1. Of the male 
sex; not female, 2. Having the qualities of a man; 
virile ; not feminine or effeminate. 3. ( Gram.) Having 
inflections, or construed with words, pertaining especiak 
ly to male beings, as distinguished from feminine and neu- 
ter. 

Mas'eu-line-ly, adv. In a masculine manner ; like a 
man. 

Mas'eu-line-ness (109), n. The quality or state of being 
masculine ; resemblance to man in qualities. 

Mash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mashed (masht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MASHING.] [Ger. meischen, maischen, to mash, 
mix.] 1. To crush by beating or pressure ; to bruise. 
2. Hence, specifically, to mix malt and water together in 
brewing. 

M&sh, n. 1. A mixture or mass of ingredients, beaten or 
blended together in a promiscuous manner. 2. (Brew^ 
ing.) A mixture of ground malt and warm water. 

Mash'y, a. Produced by crushing or bruising ; resem, 
bling, or consisting of, a mash. 

Mask, n. [From Ar. maskharat, buffoon, fool, pleasantry, 
any thing ridiculous or mirthful, from sakhira, to ridU 
cule, to laugh at.] 1. A cover for the face, with apertures 
for the eyes and mouth ; a visor 2. Hence, that which 
disguises; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A festive enter- 
tainment in which the company all wear masks ; a mas- 
querade ; hence, a revel ; a piece of mummery. 4. A 
kind of dramatic performance written in a tragic style, 
introducing such characters that the actors must bo 
masked. 

Mask, v. t. [imp. & p.p. masked (maskt) ; p. pr. & 



a,e,&c.,Zcmg; a,e,&c.,s/ior£; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 



MASK 



451 



MAT 



vb n. masking.] 1. To conceal with a mask or visor. 
2. To disguise ; to cover : to hide. 

Mask, v. i. 1. To revel. 2. To be disguised in anyway. 

Mask'er, n. One who wears a mask. 

Mag'lin. n. [0. Eng. missellane, meslin, from miscel- 
lane. See Miscellaneous.] A mixture of different 
materials, especially of different sorts of grain. 

Mag'lin, a. Composed of different sorts ; as, maslin 
bread, which is composed or wheat and rye. 

Ma/son (ina/sn), n. [L. Lat. macio, macerio, from Lat. 
maceria, inclosure, wall.] 1. A man whose occupation 
is to lay bricks and stoues in walls or structures of any 
kind. 2. A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. 

Ma-s6n'ie, a. Pertaining to the craft or mysteries of 
Freemasons. 

Ma'son-ry ,n. 1. Art or occupation of a mason. 2. 
AVork or performance of a mason. 3. The craft or mys- 
teries of Freemasons. 

Wa-so'rd, n. {N. Heb. massOrah, massC-reth, i. e. tradi- 
tion, from masar, to hand down.] A critical Rabbinical 
work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures. 

Mas'o-ret'ie, ) a. Relating to the Masora, or to its 

Mas'o-ret'i-e-al, j authors, who were the inventors of 
the Hebrew vowel-points and accents. 

Masque (mask), n. A mask ; a masquerade. 

M&s'quer-ade' (mas'ker-ad'), n. [See Mask.] 1. An 
assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing them- 
selves with dancing, conversation, &c. 2. Intentional or 
elaborate hiding of what is real or true under a false 
show ; disguise. 

Mas'quer ade', v. i. [imp. & p. p. masqueraded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MASQUERADING.] 1. To assemble in 
masks. 2. To go in disguise. 

Mas'quer-ad'er (mas'ker-ad'er), n. One who masquer- 
ades ; a person wearing a mask ; one disguised. 

Mass, n. [Lat. massa ; Ger. masse, allied to Gr. /u.a£a, a 
barley-cake, from (jLao-a-eiv, to knead.] 1. A body of 
matter assembled or formed into a lump ; a great quan- 
tity collected ; a heap ; an assemblage. 2. Bulk ; mag- 
nitude; size. 3. Chief component portion; principal 
part: main body. 4. (Physics.) The quantity of mat- 
ter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or 
volume. 

TJie masses, the people in general ; the populace. 

Mass, n. [A.-S. masse, messe, L. Lat. missa, from Lat. 
mittere, missum, to send, dismiss. In the ancient 
churches, the public services at which the catechumens 
were permitted to be present were called missa catecku- 
menorum, because at the close of them proclamation 
was made thus: Ite, missa est, sc. ecdesia. Then followed 
the communion service, which was called missa fid elium.] 
The communion service, or the consecration and oblation 
of the host, in the Roman Catholic churches. 

Mass, v. t. To form into a mass ; to form into a collect- 
ive body ; to assemble. 

Mas'sa-ere (maVsa-ker), n. [From Prov. Ger.. metz- 
gern, metzgen, to kill cattle.] The killing of human 
beings by indiscriminate slaughter ; cold-blooded de- 
struction of life. 

Syn. — Butchery ; carnage. — Massacre denoted originally 
the killing of victims for sacrifice, and now denotes the pro- 
miscuous slaughter of many without restraint or remorse, 
Butchery refers to cold-blooded cruelty in slaughtering, as if 
brute beasts. Carnage refers to the heaped up bodies of the 
slain. 

Mas'sa-ere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. massacred ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. massacring.] To murder with circumstances 
of cruelty ; to butcher ; to slaughter. 

Mas-f e'ter, n. [Gr. fxaa-a-q-njp. jaacnjnjp, a chewer, from 
(j.o.aaaaQa.1. fxaa-acrOat, to chew.] (Anat.) A muscle which 
raises the under jaw, and assists in chewing. 

Mas'si-eot, n. [Fr. massicot ; Eng. mastirot is a corrup- 
tion.] (Chem.) Protoxide of lead, or yellow oxide of 
lead, which has not been fused. 

Mass'i-ness, n. State of being massy; ponderousness. 

Mass'ive, a. 1. Forming, or consisting of, a mass; 
compacted ; weighty ; heavy ; massy. 2. [Mm.) Having 
a crystalline structure, but not a regular form. 

Mass'ive-ness, n. State or quality of being massive. 

Mass'-meet / ing, n. A large assembly of the people to 
be addressed on some public occasion. [Amer.] 

Mass'y, a. [compar. massier ; superl. massiest.] Com- 
pacted into, or consisting of, a mass ; weighty ; ponder- 
ous ; bulky and heavy. 

Mast, n. [A.-S. mast, Icel. mastr.] (Ncut.) A pole set 
upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rig- 
ging, &c. 

Hast, n. [A.-S. mast, from Goth, matan, 0. H. Ger. ma- 



zan, to nourish. Cf. Meat.] The fruit of the oak and 
beech, or othecforest trees ; nuts ; acorns. 

Mast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MASTED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
MASTING.] To furnish with a mast or masts. 

Mast'ed, a. Furnished with a mast or masts ; — chiefly 
used in composition. 

Mas'ter, n. [From Lat. magister] 1. A superior; a 
leader; a chief ; — employed as a title of respectful ad- 
dress, but more usually in a familiar way to an inferior 
or a boy. 2. A ruler, governor, director, or manager ; 
hence, specifically, (a.) An owner or possessor; a pro- 
prietor, (b.) A person having others under his control 
and authority, (c.) The director of a school ; a teacher ; 
an instructor, (d.) (Naut.) The commander of a mer- 
chant ship. Also an officer on a ship of war, who takes 
rank immediately after the lieutenants. 3. One highly 
skilled in any occupation, art or science. 

Mas'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. mastered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
mastering.] 1. To become the master of ; to conquer; 
to overpower ; to subdue. 2. To become an adept in. 

Mas'ter-key, n. The key that opens many locks ; hence 
a general clew to lead out of many difficulties. 

Mas'ter-ly, a. 1. Indicating thorough knowledge or 
superior skill ; most excellent. 2. Imperious ; domi- 
neering; arbitrary. [vre. 

Mas'ter-piece, n. A capital performance ; a chef-d'oeu- 

Mas'ter-ship, n. 1. The state or office of a master. 

2. Mastery ; superiority. 

Mas'ter- stroke, n. Capital performance; a masterly 
achievement ; a consummate action. 

Mas'ter-y, n. 1. Act of mastering. 2. Position or au- 
thority ot a master; supremacy. 3. Superiority in 
competition ; pre-eminence. 4. Victory in war. 5. Em- 
inent skill. 

Mast'-head, n. (Naut.) The top or head of a mast. 

Mas'ti-e, n. [Lat. mastiche,mastichum, Gr. fxaarixn, from 
fi.aa-a.a6ai. to chew, because of its being used for chewing 
in the East.] 1. (Bot.) A low, shrubby tree growing upon 
the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, and produc- 
ing a valuable resin. 2. A resin exuding from the mas- 
tic-tree. It is used as an ingredient in drying varnishes. 

3. A kind of cement used for plastering walls, &c. 
Mas'ti-ea-ble, a. Capable of being masticated. 
Mas'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. masticated ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. MASTICATING.] [Lat. masticare, masticatum, 
allied to Gr. fxaa-rd^eiv .] To grind with the teeth, and 
prepare for swallowing and digestion ; to chew. 

Mas'ti-ea'tion, n. Act or operation of masticating or 
of chewing solid food. 

Mas'ti-ea-to-ry (50), a. Chewing; adapted to perform 
the office of chewing food. 

Mas'ti-ea-to-ry, n. (Med.) A substance to be chewed 
to increase the saliva. 

Mas'tieh, n. See Mastic 

Mas'ti-eot, n. Yellow oxide of lead. See Massicot. 

Mas'tiff, n. ; pi. mAs'tiffs. [L. Lat. rnastivus, masti- 
nus, It. mastino, for masnadi- 
no, from It. masnada, as if from 
a Lat. woid mansionata, domes- 
tics, family, hence N. Lat. canis 
familiaris, s. domesticus, house- 
dog.] A large variety of dog, 
remarkable for strength and 
courage. 

Mast'lin (maz'lin or mast'lin), n. 

Mas'to-don, n. [From Gr. /u.ao- 
to%, the breast of a woman, and 
68ovs, bSovros, a tooth ; so called 
from the conical projections upon 
its molar teeth.] (Zocl.) An extinct 
mammal resembling the elephant, 
but larger, and having tubercular 
teeth, whence the name. 

Mas'toid, a. [Gr. /u.acn-oe<.8?j?, from 
/aaa-ros, the breast of a woman, and eTSos, form.] Resem- 
bling the nipple or breast. 

Mas-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^.aerrd?, the breast of a woman, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] The natural history of animals 
which suckle their young. 

Mas'tur-Tba'tion, n. [Lat. masturbare, to practice onan- 
ism, prob. from manvs, the hand, and stuprare, to defile.] 
Onanism ; self-pollution. 

Mat, n. [A.-S. meatte, meatta, from Lat. matta, a mat 
made of rushes.] 1. A texture of sedge, rushes, husks, 
straw, or other material, to be laid on a floor for various 
purposes of cleanliness. 2. Any similar fabric for va- 
rious uses ; also any thing growing thickly, or closely 
interwoven. 




Mastodon. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link ; this. 



MAT 



452 



MATRONAGE 



Mat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. matted ; p. pr. & vb. n. mat- 
tins.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. 2. To twist to- 
gether ; to interweave like a mat. 

Mat, v. i. To become interwoven like a mat. 

Mat'a-chin 7 (-sheen / ), n. [Sp. ; It. mattacino, mimic, 
puppet, from matto, mad, extravagant.] An old dance 
with swords and bucklers, 

Mat'a-dore', n. [Sp. matador, a murderer, and one of 
the three cards in the game of omber, from matar, to 
kill, from Lat. tnactare, to sacriiice, kid.] 1. One of the 
three principal cards in the game of omber and quadrille. 
2. The man appointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. 

Match, n. [L. Lat. myxus, mixus, mixa, from Lat. myx- 
us, Gr. /u.v£a, a lamp-nozzle.] A combustible substance 
used for lighting a fire, firing artillery, &c. 

Match, n. [0. Lng. mac die, A.-S. maca, gemaca, gemdc- 
ca, Icel. maki. See Make.] 1. A person or thing equal 
or similar to another in quality ; an equal ; a mate ; a 
companion. 2. A bringing together of two parties suited 
to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, 
a contest, or the like ; as, specifically, (n.) A contest to 
try strength or skill, or to determine superiority, (b.) A 
marriage. 3. Hence, a candidate for matrimony. 

Match, v. t. [imp. & p. p. matched (inaeht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. matching.] 1. To be a mate or match for ; 
to rival successfully. 2. To furnish with its match ; to 
bring a mate, match, or equal, against. 3. To set in 
competition. 4. To make equal, proportionate, or suit- 
able. 5. To marry ; to give in marriage. 

Match, v. i. 1. To be united in marriage. 2. To be of 
equal size, figure, or quality ; to tally ; to correspond. 

Match'a-ble, a. Fit to be joined ; suitable ; equal. 

Match'er, n. One who matches. 

Match'less, a. 1. Having no equal ; unequaled ; un- 
rivaled. 2. Ill-adapted; unsuited. 

Match'loch, n. The lock of a musket containing a 
match for firing it ; hence, a musket fired by means of a 
match. 

Match'-mak'er, n. 1. One who makes matches for 
burning. 2. One who coutrives a union by marriage. 

Match'-mak/iiig, n. The act of making matches. 

Mate, n. [Icel. mati, equal, companion.] 1. One who 
customarily associates with another ; a companion. 2. 
Hence, specifically, a husband or wife. 3. (Naut.) An 
officer in a merchant vessel ranking next below the cap- 
tain. 4. In general, a subordinate officer ; an assistant. 
5. A suitable companion ; a match. 

Mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mated; p. pr. & vb. n. MAT- 
ING-.] [See MATE, a companion.] 1. To match; to 
many. 2. To match one's self against ; to compete with. 

Mate'less, a. Having no mate or companion. 

Ma-te'ri-d, n. [Lat.] Matter ; substance. 

Materia medica, (Med.) (a.) All substances used as cura- 
tive agents in medicine, (b.) That branch of medical science 
which treats of the nature and properties of the substances used 
for the cure of diseases. 

Ma-te'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. materialis, from materia, stuff, 
matter.] 1. Consisting of matter ; physical. 2. Hence, 
pertaining to, or affecting, the physical nature of man, as 
distinguished from the moral or religious nature. 3. Of 
solid or weighty character ; of consequence, not to be 
dispensed with. 4. (Logic.) Pertaining to the matter, 
as opposed to the form, of a thing. 

Syn. — Corporeal ; bodily ; important ; weighty ; momen- 
tous ; essential. 

Ma-te'ri-al, n. The substance or matter of which any 
thing is made or to be made. 

Ma-te'ri-al-I§m, n. 1. The doctrine of materialists. 

2. The tendency to give undue importance to material 
interests ; devotion to the material nature and its wants. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. One who denies the existence of 
spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul of man 
is the result of a particular organization of matter in the 
body. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist'ie, ) a. Pertaining or relating to 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist'ie-al, J materialism or materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being material ; ma- 
terial existence ; corporeity. 2. Importance. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. materialized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MATERIALIZING.] 1. To reduce to a 
state of matter ; to regard as matter. 2. To Consider or 
explain by the laws or principles appropriate to matter. 

3. To occupy with material instead of moral or religious 
interests. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 1. In the state of matter. 2. In 
its essence ; substantially. 3. In an important manner 
or degree ; essentially. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ness. n. State of being material; importance. 



Matiriel (ma-ta^re-Sl'), w- [Fr. See MATERIAL.] That 
in a complex system which constitutes the materials, oi 
instruments employed, in distinction from the personnel, 
or men. 

Ma-ter'nal, a. [Lat. maternits, motherly, from mater, 
mother.] Pertaining to a mother; becoming a mother ; 
motherly. 
Syn.— See Mothef.lt. 

Ma-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a motherly manner. 

Irla-ter'ni-ty, n. State, character, or relation of amother. 

Math'e-mat'ie, ) a. [Lat. mutkematicus, Gr. /xa- 

Math'e-mat'ie-al, } 0r?ju.aTifc6?, disposed to learn, be- 
longing to learning or the sciences, esp. to mathematics, 
from ixaOyixa, pi. f/.a0?jfAaTa., learning, science, esp. math- 
ematical science, from ixavddveiv, to learn.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to mathematics. 2. According to the principles of 
mathematics ; theoretically precise. 

Math/e-mat'ie-al-ly, adv. According to the laws ov 
principles of mathematical science; demonstrably. 

Math / e-ma-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. One versed in math- 
ematics. 

Math/e-mat'ies, n. sing. [Gr. /u.a0rjju.aTi(oj (sc. en-io-- 
njjurj), science.] That science, or class of sciences, which 
treats of the exact relations existing between quantities 
or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accord- 
ance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible 
from other quantities known or supposed. 

C@~ The names of sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, me- 
chanics, metaphysics, optics, &c, are, with respect to their form, 
nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably 
introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences. Pre- 
viously to the present century, nouns of this class were con- 
strued with a verb or a pronoun in the plural ; but it is now 
generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. 

Mat'in, a. Pertaining to the morning; used in the 
morning. 

Mat'in, n. [From Lat. matutinum, the morning, from 
matutinus, belonging to the morning.] 1. Morning 
worship or service ; morning prayers or songs. 2. Time 
of morning service ; the first canonical hour in the Ro- 
man Catholic church. 

3fatinee (m&t'e-na f ), n. [Fr., from matin. See Matin.] 
A reception or musical entertainment held in the early 
part of the day. 

Mat'rass, n. [From 0. Fr. matras, large arrow, dart ; Lat. 
materis, mataris, matara, a Celtic javelin, pike : a Celtic 
word. So called from its narrow, long neck] A chem- 
ical vessel, formerly in use, having the shape of an egg, 
or with a tapering neck open at the top, and serving the 
purposes of digestion, evaporation, &c. 

Mat'ress, n. See Mattress. 

Ma'trice, or Mat'rice, n. The same as Matrix, q. v. 

Mat'ri-ci'dal, a. Pertaining to matricide. 

Mat'ri-cide, n. [Lat. matricidium and matricida, from 
mater, mother, and csedere, to kill, slay.] 1. The killing 
or murder of a mother. 2. The killer or murderer of his 
mother. 

Ma-tri-e'u-late, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. matriculated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MATRICULATING.] l [Lat. matricida, a 
public roll or register, dim. of matrix, a mother in re- 
spect to propagation, a public register.] To enter or 
admit to membership in a body or society, esp. in a 
college or university, by enrolling the name in a register. 

Ma-trle'u-late, n. One who is matriculated. 

Ma-trie'ti-la'tion, n. Act of matriculating or of regis- 
tering a name, and admitting to membership. 

Mat/ri-mo'ni-al, a. 1. Pertaining to marriage. 2. 
Derived from marriage. 

Syn.— Connubial ; conjugal; sponsal ; spousal; nuptial; 
hymeneal. 

Mat'ri-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. According to the manner or 
laws of marriage. 

Mat'ri-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. matrimonium, from mater, 
mother.] Union of man and woman as husband and 
wife ; the nuptial state. 
Syn.— Marriage ; wedlock. See Makkiage. 

Ma'trix, n. ; pi. mXt'RI-CES.. [Lat., from mater, moth- 
er.] 1. (Anat.) The womb. 2. Hence, that which 
gives form or modifies any thing; as, (a.) (Meek.) A 
mold, (b.) (Mm.) The earthy or stony substance in 
which metallic ores or crystalline minerals are found. 
(c.) pi. (Dyeing.) The five simple colors, black, white, 
blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 

Ma'tron, n. [Lat. matrona, from Lat. mater, mother.] 

1. An elderly woman ; the female head of a household. 

2. Specifically , a nurse in a hospital. 

Mat'r on-age, n. 1. The state of a matron. 2. Th* 
collective body of matrons. 



a,e, &c, long ; a, e, 8cc, short , care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dft, wolf. 



MATRONAL 



453 



HAZARD 




MSt'ron-al, or Ma'tron-al, a. Pertaining or suitable 
to a matron; grave; motherly. 

Ma'tron-ly, a. 1. Advanced in years; elderly. 2. 
Like, or befitting, a matron ; grave ; sedate. 

Mat'ter, n. [Lat. materia, from Lat. mater, mother.] 1. 
That of which the sensible universe and all existent 
bodies are composed ; body ; substance. 2. That of 
which any thing is composed ; material ; hence, material 
or substantial part of any thing. 3. That with regard 
to, or about which, any thiug takes place. 4. That 
which one has to treat, or has to do ; concern ; affair ; 
business. 5. Thing of consequence ; importance; sig- 
nificance ; moment. 6. Inducing cause or occasion. 7. 
Indefinite amount, quantity, or portion. 8. Pus; puru- 
lent substance. 9. (Metaph.) That which is permanent, 
or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which changes 
are effected by psychological or logical processes and rela- 
tions ; — opposed to form. 

Matter of fact, a real occurrence or existence, as distin- 
guished from any thing fancied or supposed; a verity; a fact. 

^ilat'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MATTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
7i. MATTERING.] 1. To be of importance; to import ; 
to signify. 2. To form pus or matter ; to maturate. 

Mat'ter-of-f a-et', a. Adhering to facts ; not fanciful 
or imaginative ; dry. 

Mat'ting, n. 1. Mats in generator collectively; mat 
work. 2. Materials for mats. 

Mat'tock, n. [A.-S. mattoc, 
W. matog.] A kind of pick- 
ax, having the iron ends 
broad, instead of pointed. 

Mat'tress, n. [From Ar. 
rnathrah, a place where any 
thing is thrown, what is 
thrown under something, 
from tharaha, to throw.] A 
bed stuffed with hair, moss, 
or other soft material, and 3iattocit. 

quilted. [promotes suppuration. 

Mat'u-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine, or application, which 

Mat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. maturated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MATURATING.] [Lat. maturare, maturatum, to 
make ripe, from maturus, ripe, mature.] 1. To bring to 
ripeness or maturity. 2. To promote the perfect sup- 
puration of. 

Mat'u-rate, v. i. To suppurate perfectly. 

Mat'u-ra'tion, n. 1. Process of ripening or coming to 
maturity ; ripeness. 2. Suppuration ; the forming of pus. 

Mat'u-ra'tive, a. 1. Conducing to ripeness ; ripening. 
2. Conduciug to perfect suppuration. 

Ma-ture', a. [covipar. maturer ; superl. MATUREST.] 
[Lat. maturus.] 1. Brought by natural process to com- 
pleteness or perfection of growth or development. 2. 
Completely worked out : fully digested. 3. Come to 
suppuration. 

Syn.- Ripe; perfect; completed; prepared; digested; ready. 
— Both mature and ripe describe fullness of growth. Ma- 
ture brings to view the process; ripe indicates the result. We 
speak of a thing as mature when thinking of the successive 
stages through which it has passed; as ripe, when our attention 
is directed to its ends or uses. A mature judgment, mature con- 
sideration; ripe fruit; a ripe scholar. A character is matured 
by experience or by time; it is ripened for great usefulness or 
for the enjoyments of heaven. 

Ma-ture', v. t. 1. To bring or hasten to perfection or 
maturity ; to perfect ; to ripen. 2. To make fit or ready 
for a special use. 

Ma-ture', v. i. 1. To become ripe or perfect. 2. 
Hence, specifically, to become due, as a note. 

Ma-ture'ly, adv. In a mature manner ; with ripeness ; 
completely. [maturity. 

Ma-tvire'ness, n. State or quality of being mature ; 

Mat'u-res'cent, a. [Lat. maturescens, p. pr. of matu- 
rescere, to become ripe, inchoative form of maturus. See 
Mature.] Approaching to maturity. 

Ma-tu'ri-ty, n. 1. State of being mature; ripeness. 
2. Termination of the period a note has to run. 

M&fu-ti'nal, ) a. [Lat. matutinalis, matutinus, from 

Mat'u-tine, ) mane, morning.) Pertaining to the 
morning ; early. 

Maud'lin, a. [From Maudlin, contr. from Magdalen, 
who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with 
weeping.] 1. Drunk; fuddled; stupid. 2. Weak or 
silly, as if half drunk; sickly sentimental. 

Mau'ger, ) prep. [0. Fr. maugre, N. Fr. malgre, Lat. 

Mau'gre, ) male gratum, something not agreeable, 
used as an adv. and prep., the prep, a, equiv. to Lat. ad, 
being suppressed.] In spite of; in opposition to; not- 
withstanding. 



Maul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy wooden hammer. 

Maul, v. t. [imp- & p. p. MAULED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
mauling.] To beat and bruise with a heavy stick or 
cudgel. 

Maul'-stick, n. [From Ger. maler-stock, from maler,& 
painter, and stock, stick.] The stick used by painters to 
keep the hand steady in working. 

Maund, or Maund, I v. i. [Fr. mendier, to beg. 

Maund'er, or'Maund'er, j See Mendicate.] 1. 
To mutter; to murmur; to beg. 2. To talk incoher- 
ently or idly. 

Maund'er-er, or Maund'er-er, n. A grumbler. 

Mauu'dy-Tliurg'd'ay, n. [0. Hug. maund, a basket, 
because on that day the King of England distributes 
alms to a certain number of poor persons at Whitehall, 
from baskets, in which the gifts are contained.] (Eccl.) 
The Thursday in Passion-week, or next before Good Fri- 
day, [mental. 

Mau/so-le'an, a. Pertaining to a mausoleum ; monu- 

Mau'so-le'um (124), n. [Lat. Mausoleum (sc. sepul- 
c'rum), from Ma.usole.us; Gr. Mavo-ccAeioi/, from Mauso- 
lus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, erected 
a stately monument.] A magnificent tomb, or stately 
sepulchral monument. 

Ma'vis, n. [Fr. mauvis, Corn, melhuez.] (Ornitli.) The 
throstle or song-thrush. 

Maw, n. [A.-S. maga, Icel. magi, 0. H. Ger. mago, N. 
H. Ger. magen.] A stomach of one of the lower animals, 
or, in contempt, of a man ; in birds, the craw. 

Mawk'ish, a. [See Maggot.] Apt to cause satiety or 
loathing ; nauseous ; disgusting. 

Maw'-worm (-worm), n. (Med.) An intestinal worm. 

Max'il-lar, \a. [Lat. maxillaris, from maxilla, jaw- 

Max'il-la-ry, ) bone, jaw, dim. of mala, cheek-bone, 
jaw, from mandere, to chew.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the 
jaw ; properly, restricted to the upper jaw. 

Max'im, n. [From Lat. maxima (sc. sententia), the great- 
est sentiment, proposition, or axiom, i. e., of the greatest 
weight.] An established principle or proposition ; a con- 
densed proposition of important practical truth. 

Syn. —Axiom; aphorism; apothegm; adage; proverb; say- 
ing. See Axiom. 

Maaz'i-miim, n. ; pi. max'i-ma. [Lat. , from maximus, 
the greatest, superlative of magnus. great.] (Math. & 
Physics.) The greatest quantity or value attainable in a 
given case ; or, the greatest value attained by a quantity 
which first increases and then begins to decrease. 

May, v. [imp. might.] [A.-S. magan, to be able, pres. 
mag, pret. meahte, mihte ; Goth. & 0. II. Ger. magan.] 
An auxiliary verb qualifying the meaning of another 
verb, by expressing either, (a.) Ability or competency. 
(b.) Moral power, liberty, permission, allowance, (c.) 
Contingency or liability, (d.) Modesty, courtesy, or con- 
cession, or a desire to soften a question or remark, (e.) 
Desire or wish. 

May, n. [A.-S. m'dg, Icel. mey, Goth, mavi.] 1. The 
early part of life. 2. The flowers of the hawthorn ; — 
so called because they bloom in the last of May, old style. 
[Colloq. Eng.] 

May, n. [So named in honor of the goddess Maia, daugh- 
ter of Atlas and mother of Mercury by J upiter , Gr. Mala, 
i. e., properly, mother.] The fifth month of the year. 

May, v. i. To gather flowers on May morning. 

May'-ap'ple, n. (Hot.) The fruit of an American plant, 
the mandrake. The leaves and root are dangerously 
drastic. 

31ay'»bug, n. (Entom.) A kind of beetle ; a dor-fly, or 
cockchafer. 

May'-day, n. The first day of May. 

May'-flow'er, n. (Bot.) A flower that appears in May ; 
in* England, the hawthorn ; in New England, the trailing 
arbutus. 

May'hem, n. (Law.) The maiming of a person by de- 
priving him of the use of any of his members which are 
necessary for defense or protection. 

May'or (colloq. mar), n. [Lat. major, greater, higher, 
nobler, compar. of magnus, great.] The chief magistrate 
of a city or borough ; the chief officer of a municipal cor- 
poration, [mayor. 

May'or-al-ty (colloq. mar'al-ty), n. The office of a 

May'or-ess (colloq. mar'es), n. The wife of a mayor. 
j May'-pole, n. A pole to dance round in May. 

May'-queen, n. A young woman crowned with flowers 

as'queen at the celebration of May-day. 

, Maz'ard, n. 1. [Prob. made from mazer, q. v., the 

head being compared to a large goblet.] The head or 

skull. [065.] 2. [Cf. Fr. me rise, a wild cherry.] A kind 

I of small, black cherry. [Written also mazzard.] 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



MAZE 



454 



MECHANIC 



Maze, n. [A.-S. mase, whirlpool, gulf; Icel. meis, wind- 
ing, curve ; 0. H. Ger. meisa, pack, coffer.] 1. A con- 
fusing and baffling net-work of paths or passages. 2. 
Confusion of thought. 
Syn. — Labyrinth; perplexity; intricacy. See Labyrinth. 

Maze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
mazing.] To confound with intricacy ; to amaze ; to 
bewilder. 

Ma'zer, n. [0. Fr. mazarin, mazerin, cup, goblet ; L. 
Lat. scyphus maserinus, from 0. Fr. mazre, madre, a 
kind of knotty wood. Cf. Madrepore.] A large bowl 
or goblet of value or fine material. 

Ma-zol'o-gy, n. [Gr. /ua£6s, the breast, and Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] That branch of zoology which treats of mam- 
miferous animals. 

Ma/zy, a. Perplexed with turns and windings ; winding ; 
intricate ; confusing ; perplexing. 

Maz'zard, n. The same as Mazard, q. v. 

Me, pron. pers. [A.-S. me, mec, Goth, mik, Icel. mile, 
allied to Lat. me, Gr. jue, e>e, Skr. ma, mam.] Myself; 
the person speaking ; — objective case of I, 

Mead, n. [A.-S. medu, medo, Icel. mib'dhr, Ir. 
meadh, miodh, W. medd, allied to Slay, med, Skr. madhu, 
honey, Gr. ixeOv, wine.] A drink made of honey and 
water ; also, of a sirup of sarsaparilla, or other flavoring 
extract, and water, sometimes impregnated with carbonic 
acid gas. [Amer.] 

Mead, ) n. [A.-S. mxd, mtidu, madu, meadu, 0. H. 

Mead'ow, ) Ger. mato.] A tract of low or level grass 
land, especially land somewhat wet, but covered with 
grass. 

Mead'ow-larlt, n. ( Ornith.) An American singing bird, 
of a dark -brown color above, and yellow below. 

Mead'ow-y, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or consisting 
of, meadow. 

Mea'ger ) (me'gur), a. [A.-S. mdger, Icel. magr, 0. H. 

Mea'gre J Ger. magar, Lat. macer.] 1. Having little 
flesh ; thin ; lean. 2. Destitute of richness, fertility, 
strength, or the like ; defective in quantity, or poor in 
quality ; wanting strength of diction or affluence of im- 
agery. 

Syn. — Thin; lean; lank; gaunt; starved; hungry; poor; 
emaciated; scanty; barren. 

JVLea ger-ly, I a( j v j Q a mea g er ma nner ; poorly ; thinly. 

Mea'ger-ness, ) n. 1. Quality of being meager ; lean- 

Mea'gre-ness, J ness ; want of flesh. 2. Poorness ; 
barrenness. 3. Scantiness. 

Meal. n. [A.-S. msel, part, portion, repast; Goth, mel.] 
A portion of food taken at one time ; a repast. 

Meal, n. [A.-S. melu, me'lo, meolo ; 0. H. Ger. melo, from 
Goth, malan, to grind in a mill, allied to Lat. molere.] 
Flour, especially of a coarser kind, as of oats or maize. 

Meal '-time, n. The usual time of eating meals. 

Meal'i-ness, n. The quality of being mealy. 

Meal'y, a. [compar. mealier; superl. mealiest.] 
1. Having the qualities of meal, as soft, smooth. 2. Like 
meal ; farinaceous ; dry and friable. 3. Overspread with 
something that resembles meal. 

Meal'y-moutiied, a. Having a soft mouth ; unwilling 
to tell the truth in plain language. 

Mean, a. [compar. meaner ; superl. meanest.] [A.-S. 
man, msene, gemxne, Goth, gamdins, allied to Lat. com- 
munis.] 1. Destitute of distinction or eminence. 2. 
Wanting dignity of mind ; destitute of honor. 3. Of lit- 
tle value or account. 

Syn. —Base ; ignoble ; humble ; poor ; abject ; beggarly ; 
wretched ; degraded ; degenerate : vulgar ; vile ; servile ; me- 
nial; spiritless; groveling; slavish; dishonorable; disgraceful; 
shameful; despicable ; contemptible ; paltry; sordid ; penuri- 
ous; niggardly. See Base. 

Mean, a. [Lat. medianus, that is in the middle, from 
medius, id.] 1. Occupying a middle position ; middle ; 
intervening ; intermediate. 2. Intermediate in excel- 
lence of any kind. 3. {Math.) Average ; having an in- 
termediate value between two extremes. 

Mean, n. [See supra.] 1. That which is intermediate 
between two extremes ; middle point, place, rate, or de- 
gree ; medium. 2. (Math.) A quantity having an in- 
termediate value between several others, from which it is 
derived, and of which it expresses the resultant value ; av- 
erage. 3. Intermediate agency or measure ; instrument. 
$3F In this sense the word is most usually employed in the 
plural form means, and often with a singular attribute or pred- 
icate, as if a singular noun. 

4. pi. Hence, resources ; property, revenue, or the like, 
considered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an in- 
strumentality at command for effecting any purpose. 



By all means, certainly; without fail; at any rate. — By any 
means, in any way ; possibly. — By no means, or by no manner 
of means, not at all ; certainly not ; not in any degree. 

Mean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. meant (ment) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MEANING.] [A.-S. msenan, to recite, tell, complain, 
lament, intend, wish, Go"h. munan, minan.] 1. To 
have in view or contemplation ; to intend, 2. To pur- 
pose ; to design. 3. To signify ; to indicate ; to denote. 

Me-an'der, n. [Lat. Mseander, Gr. Mcuavfipos, a river 
in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings.] 1. A 
winding course ; a winding or turning in a passage. 2. 
An intricate or tortuous movement. 

Me-an'der, v. t. To wind, turn, or flow round. 

Me-an'der, v. i. [imp & p. p. meandered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. meandering.] To wind or turn in a course or 



Meaning, n. 1. That which is meant or intended ; in- 
tent ; purpose ; aim ; object. 2. That which is signi- 
fied, whether by act or language; signification; sense; 
import. 

Mean'ly, adv. [See Mean.] 1. In a mean manner', 
in a manner indicating poverty, low position, churlish- 
ness, low tastes, or narrow views. 2. Dishonorably and 
unworthily ; depreciatingly ; disrespectfully. 

Mean'ness (109), n. Quality of being mean ; poorness ; 
lowness ; humility ; baseness ; sordidness. 
Syn.— See Littleness. 

Meang, n. pi. See Mean. 

Meant (ment), imp. & p. p. of mean. See MEAN. 

Mean/time, ) adv. In the intervening time ; during 

Mean'while, J the interval. 

Mease, or Meage, n. [0. H. Ger. mez, measure, from 
O. H. Ger. mezzan, mezan, to measure, Goth, mitan.] 
The number of five hundred ; as, a mease of herrings. 

Mea'gleg (me'zlz), n. pi. [D. mazelen, Ger. masern, pi., 
from mase, masel, maser, a speck, spot, knot in trees, 0. 
H. Ger. masa, masar.] 1. (Med.) A contagious febrile 
disorder, marked by the appearance of an eruption of 
distinct red circular spots. 2. A disease of swine. 

Mea'gly (me'zly), a. Infected with measles or eruptions. 

Meag'-ur-a-lble (mCzh/yiir-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
measured. 2. Moderate ; in small quantity or extent. 

Meag'tir-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being measurable. 

Meag'ur-a-lbly (mezh/yyjr-), adv. In a measurable man- 
ner ; to a limited extent ; moderately. 

Meag'ure (mezh^vyjr), n. [Lat. mensura, from metiri, 
mensus, to measure.] 1. Dimensions of any thing, reck- 
oned according to some standard. 2. Limit ; allotted 
share, as of action, influence, ability, or the like. 3. 
Hence, moderation ; due restraint. 4. A standard of 
dimension ; hence, a rule by which any thing is adjusted 
or judged. 5. An instrument by means of which size or 
quantity is measured. 6. The contents of a vessel by 
which quantity is measured ; a stated or limited quantity 
or amount. 7. Undefined quantity ; extent ; degree. 8. 
Regulated division of movement ; as, (a.) (Dancing.) A 
grave, solemn style of dance, with slow and measured 
steps, (b.) (Mus.) That division of the time by which 
the air and motion of music are regulated, (c.) ( Poetry.) 
Meter ; rhythm ; hence, a foot. 9. An act, step, or pro- 
ceeding designed for the accomplishment of an object. 
10. pi. ( Geol.) Beds or strata. 

Lineal or Jong measure, the measure of lines or distances. — 
Square measure, the measure of the superficial area of surfaces 
in square units, as inches, feet, miles, &c. 

Meag'ure (mezh'yijr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. measured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MEASURING.] 1. To take the dimensions 
of ; hence, to estimate ; to value ; to appraise. 2. To 
pass through or over in journeying. 3. To adjust; to 
proportion. 4. To allot or distribute by measure. 

Measure (mezh'yur), v. i. To have a certain length, 
breadth, or thickness. 

Meas'ure-less (mezh'yur-les), a. Without measure. 
Syn. — Boundless ; limitless ; endless ; unbounded ; un- 
limited; vast ; immense ; infinite ; immeasurable. 

Meag'ure-ment (mezh'yvjr-ment), n. 1. Act of meas- 
uring ; mensuration. 2. Amount or quantity ascertained 
by measuring ; the area. 

Meag'ur-er (mezh/yur-er), n. One who measures. 

Meat, n. [A.-S. mate, mete, Icel. matr, mata, Goth. 
mats.] 1 . Food in general. 2. The flesh of animals used 
as food. 

Meat'-Sf'fer-ing, n. (Script.) An offering consisting of 
meat or food. 

Meat'y, a. Abounding in meat ; fleshy. 

Me-ehan'ie, n. One who works with machines or instru- 
ments ; a workman or laborer other than agricultural. 
Syn. — Artificer; artisan; operative. 



H.e,&c.,long ; a, e,Scc,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; p5ique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



MECHANIC 



455 



MEEKLY 



Me-ehan'i-e, \ a. [Lat. mechanicus, Gr. /u.ijxai'iKos, 

Me-ehan'ie-al, J from fxrixavri, a machine. £ee Ma- 
chine.] 1. Pertaining to, governed by, or in accord- 
ance with, mechanics, or the laws of motion ; depending 
upon mechanism or machinery. 52. Hence, done as if by 
a machine, or without conscious exertion of will. 3. 
Belonging or relating to those who live by hand labor. 
4. Made by mechanical means, and not by chemical 
action. 

Me-elian'ie-al-ly, adv. In a mechanical manner. 

Me-eliaii'i-e-al-iiess, n. The state of being mechani- 
cal, or governed by mechanism. 

Meeh'a-iii'ciaii (-nish'an), n. One skilled in mechan- 
ics ; a machinist. 

Me-ehan'ies, n. sing. [Gr. jx-qxavLKa, pi. neut., from 
fj.y\Xa-viK.6<;. See MECHANIC] That science, or branch 
of applied mathematics, which treats of the action of 
forces on bodies. 

Meeh'a-ni§m, n. The construction of a machine ; the 
parts of a machine taken collectively. 

Mech'a-nist (mek'a-nist), n. A maker of machines ; 
one skilled in mechanics. 

Me-eho'a-ean, or Me-eho'a-ean, n. A species of 
jalap, of very feeble properties ; — so called from Mecko- 
acan, in Mexico. 

Me-eo'ni-iim,??. [Lat.; Gr. ^kwviov, fr. |u/>j/«ov, poppy.] 
1. (Med.) The inspissated juice of the poppy. 52. The 
first feces of infants. 

Med'al, n. [From Lat. metallum, metal ; L. Lat. medalea, 
medalia, medalia, medala.] A coin struck with a device 
intended as a memento of any event or person. 

Med'al-ist, n. - 1. One skilled or curious in medals. 52. 
One who has gained a medal as the reward of merit. 

Me-dal'lie, a. Pertaining to a medal, or to medals. 

Me-dall'ion, n. [See Medal.] 1. A large antique 
medal or memorial coin. 52. Any thing resembling in 
form such a coin. 

Med'dle (med'dl), v.i. [imp. & p. p. meddled; p. 
pr & vb. n. MEDDLING.] [D. middelen, to mediate, from 
middel, means, medium.] To mix one's self in an un- 
necessary, impertinent, or improper manner ; to interpose 
officiously. 
Syn. — To interpose; interfere; intermeddle. 

Med'dler, n. One who meddles ; a busybody. 

Med'dle-&6me, a. Given to meddling ; officiously in- 
trusive. 

Med'dle-eome-ness, n. Quality of being meddlesome. 

Me'di-Ee'valtllO), a. [Lat. medhts, middle, and ssvum, 
age.] Of, or relating to, the middle ages. 

Me'di-al (110), a. [Lat. med talis, from medius, middle.] 
Pertaining to a mean or average ; mean. 

Me'di-an, a. [Lat. medianus, from medius, middle.] 
Running through the middle. 

Me'di-ant, n. [From Lat. mediare, to halve, from 
medius, middle.] (Mus.) The third above the key-note ; 
— so called because it divides the interval between the 
tonic and dominant into two thirds. 

Me'di-ate, a. [Lat. mediatus, p. p. of mediare, to halve.] 
1. Being between the two extremes ; middle ; interven- 
ing. 52. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause 
or instrument. 

Me'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mediated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. mediating-.] [See infra.'] To interpose between 
parties, as the equal friend of each ; to arbitrate ; to in- 
tercede. 

Me'di-ate, v. t. [Lat. mediare, mediatum, to halve, 
divide in the middle, Low Lat. to mediate, from Lat. 
medius, middle.] To effect by mediation or interposition. 

Me'di-ate-ly, adv. In a mediate manner; by a sec- 
ondary cause. 

Me'di-a'tion , n. 1. Act of mediating; action as a 
necessary condition, means, or instrument ; interposi- 
tion ; intervention. 52. Hence, specifically, agency be- 
tween parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. 

Me'di-a-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mediatized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MEDIATIZING.] To render mediate; specifi- 
cally, to make mediately, not immediately, dependent. 

Me'di-a/tor, n. One who mediates ; especially, one who 
interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of 
reconciling them ; hence, by way of eminence, Christ is 
called the Mediator. 

Syn. — Intercessor ; advocate ; propitiator ; interceder ; ar- 
bitrator ; umpire. 

Me'di-a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to a mediator, or to his 
agency or office. 

Me'di-a/tor-ship, n. The office of a mediator. 

Med'i-ea-ble, a. [Lat. medicabilis, from medicare, med- 



icari, to heal.] Capable of being medicated, cured or 
healed. 

Med'i-e-al, a. [Lat. medicus, belonging to healing, from 
mederi, to heal.] 1. Pertaining to, or having to do with, 
medicine, or the art of healing disease. 52. Tending to 
cure ; medicinal. 3. Adapted, intended, or instituted 
to teach medical science. 

Med'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a medical manner; in relation 
to the healing art. 

Med'i-ca-ment, n. [Lat. medicamentum, from med- 
icare, medicari, to heal.] Any thing used for healing 
di?eases_or wounds ; a medicine ; a healing application. 

Med'i-eate, v . t. [imp. & p. j>. medicated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MEDICATING.] [Lat. medicare, medicari, p. p. 
medicatus, to heal.] 1. To tincture or impregnate with 
any thing medicinal. 52. To heal ; to cure. 

Med/i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act or process of medicating. 52. 
Use or application of medicine. 

Med'i-ea'tlve, a. Tending to cure ; curing. 

Me-dic'i-nal, a. 1. Having the property of healing or 
of mitigating disease. 52. Pertaining to medicine. 

Me-dic'i-nal-ly, adv. In a medicinal manner ; with 
medicinal qualities. 

Med'i-cine (colloq. med'sin or mCd'sn), n. [Lat. medi' 
cina (sc. ars), from medicinus, medical, from medicus, a 
physician.] 1. Any substance administered in the treat- 
ment of disease ; remedy ; physic. 52. That branch of 
science which relates to the prevention, cure, or allevia- 
tion of disease. 

Me'di-e'val, a. Of, or relating to, the middle ages. See 
Mediaeval. 

Me'di-o'-ere (mS'dl-o'kr), a. [Lat. mediocris, from 
medius, middle.] Of a middle quality ; indifferent ; or- 
dinary ; common-place. [abilities. 

Me'di-o'ere, n. One of indifferent talents or ordinary 

Me'di-oe'ri-ty, n. The quality of being mediocre ; a 
moderate degree or rate. 

Med'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MEDITATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MEDITATING.] [Lat. meditari, meditatus, allied 
to Gr. lAcSerav.] To dwell on any thing in thought; 
to turn or revolve any subject ia the mind. 

Syn. — To contemplate ; to intend ; to muse ; to think ; to 
recollect ; to ruminate ; to cogitate ; to study. See Contem- 
plate. 

Med'i-tate, v. t. To plan ; to contrive ; to intend. 

Med'i-ta'tion, n. Act of meditating ; close or con- 
tinued thought ; contemplation ; reflection ; musing. 

Med'i-ta/tive, a. 1. Addicted to meditation. 52. Ex- 
pressing, devoted to, or appropriate to, meditation or 
design. 

Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an (124), a. [Lat. medite rraneus, from 
medius, middle, and terra, land.] Inclosed, or nearly 
inclosed, with land. 

Me'di-um, n.; Lat. pi. me ! di-A, ~Eng.pl. ME'Di-tJMS. 
[Lat. medium, the middle, from medius, middle.] 1. 
That which lies in the middle ; intervening body or 
quantity ; hence, specifically, (a.) Middle place or de- 
gree ; mean, (b.) (Math.) See Mean, (c.) (Logic.) The 
mean or middle term of a syllogism. 52. An intervening 
or pervading substance ; hence, instrumentality of com- 
munication ; agency of transmission ; specifically, in 
animal magnetism, spiritualism, &c.,a person through 
whom the action of another being is said to be manifested 
and transmitted. 3. A kind of printing paper of middle 
size. 

Med'lar, n. [A.-S. mad, 0. Fr. mesple. mesle, Lat. mes- 
pilum, mespilus, Gr. ixecririXov, /ueaTriAij.] A kind of 
tree and its fruit, which is eaten only when in a state of 
decay. 

Med'ley, n. [0. Fr. meslee, medlee, mellee, N. Fr. melee, 
from Low Lat. miscidare, from Lat. miscere, to mix.] 1. 
A mixture; a jumble ; a hodge-podge. 52. (Mus.) A 
composition which consists of detached passages from 
several different compositions. 

Me-diil'lar, )a. [Lat. medidlaris, from medulla, mar- 

Med'ul-la-ry, ) row, from medius, middle.] 1. Per- 
taining to marrow ; consisting of, or resembling, marrow. 
52. (Bot.) Filled with spongy pith ; pithy. 

Meed, n. [A.-S. mid, Goth. mizdH, allied toGr. ju.icr06s.] 
That which is bestowed in consideration of merit ; re- 
ward ; recompense. 

Meek, a. [compar. MEEKER; superl. MEEKEST.] [Tcel. 
miiikr, mild, soft, Goth, muks.] 1. Not easily provoked 
or irritated. 52. Specifically, submissive to the divine 
will. 

Syn. — Gentle; mild; soft; yielding; pacific; unassuming; 
humble. See Gentle. 

Meek'ly, adv. In a meek manner ; mildly ; gently. 



food, f*>bt\ urn, rude, pull ; peV- chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; this. 






MEEKNESS 



456 



MEMBRANOUS 



Meek'ness. n. Quality of being meek ; forbearance ; 
gentleness. 

Meer'seliaum (meer'shawm), n. [Ger., lit. sea-foam, 
but it seems orig. rather to be a corruption of the Tar- 
taric name myrsen.] 1. (Min.) A fine white clay, con- 
sisting of one part each of magnesia, silica, and water. 
When first taken out it is soft, and makes lather, like 
soap. It is manufactured into tobacco-pipes. 2. A 
tobacco-pipe made of this mineral. 

Meet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. met ; p. pr. & vb. n. meet- 
ing.] [A.-S. metan, Icel. ?nata, Goth, motjan.] 1. To 
come together with from an opposite direction ; to fall in 
with. 2. To come upon with a hostile object ; to en- 
counter. 3. To have befall one ; to light on ; to find ; 
to receive. 

Meet, v. i. 1. To come together by nmtual approach : 
hence, to converge ; to join. 2. To come together with 
hostile purpose. 3. To assemble together; to congre- 
gate ; to collect. 4. To agree ; to harmonize. 

Meet, a. [A.-S. gemSt, with the prefix ge, from mitan, 
gemctan, to meet, find, that is, to come to.] Adapted, 
as to a use or purpose ; fit ; suitable ; proper ; convenient. 

Meet'ing, n. 1. A coming together ; an interview. 2. 
A congregation ; a collection of people ; a convention. 
3. A religious assembly ; in England, applied distinc- 
tively and disparagingly to a congregation of dissenters. 

Syn.— Conference; company; auditory; junction; conflu- 
ence ; union. 

Meet'ing-house, n. A place of worship; a church; 
in Englaud, a place of worship for dissenters. 

Meet'ly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; properly. 

Meet'ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness ; propriety. 

Meg'a-lo-saur', ) n. [Gr. /ueyas, /aeyaArj, great, and 

Meg'a-lo-sau'rus, ) aavpos, <ravpa, lizard.] (Paleon.) 
A gigantic "saurian or lizard, now extinct, whose fossil 
remains have been found in various places. 

Meg'a-tlie'ri-iim, n. [N. Lat.,from Gr. jaeya?, great, 
and 6-qpiov, beast.] An extinct and gigantic mammifer- 
ous quadruped allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. 

Me'grim, n. [Fr. migraine, for ke.micraine , Lat. hemi- 
cranium, Gr. yip.LK.pcx.via, thai, half, and Kpavlov, skull.] 
1. A vehement pain confined to one side of the head, 
sometimes to the forehead. 2. A whim ; a freak ; a 
humor. 

Mel-o'sis, n. [Gr. jueiwins, from /ueiovv, to make smaller, 
to lessen.] A rhetorical figure, representing a thing less 
than it is. [melancholy. 

Mel'an-eliol'ie, a. Given to melancholy; depressed; 

Mel'aii-eliol/i-ness, n. State of being melancholy. 

Mel'ail-eliol-y, n. [Gr. /u.eAayx oAta j fr. jue'Aa?, /ueAav, 
black, and x ^7> X° A °S) S au > bile.] A gloomy state of 
mind, often a gloomy state that is of some continuance, 
or habitual ; depression or dejection of spirits. 

Mel'aii-eliol-y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits. 2. Caus- 
ing dejection. 

Syn. — Gloomy ; sad ; dispirited ; low-spirited ; unhappy ; 
hypochondriac; disconsolate; heavy; doleful; dismal; calam- 
itous ; afflictive. 

Melange (ma-longzh'), n. [Fr., from miler, L. Lat. mis- 
culare. to mix.] A mixture ; a medley. 

Melee (ma-la'), n. [Fr., from meter, to mix. See Mell.] 
A fight in which the combatants are mingled in one con- 
fused mass ; a hand to-hand conflict. 

Mel'ior-ate (mdPyor-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. melior- 
ated ; p.pr. & vb. n. meliorating.] [Lat. meliorare, 
melioratum, from melior, better, compar. of bonus, good.] 
To make better ; to improve ; to ameliorate. 

Mel'ior-ate, v. i. To grow better. 

MePior-a'tion, n. Act or operation of meliorating, or 
state of being meliorated ; improvement. 

Mel-lif ' er-oiis, I a. [Lat. mellifer, from mel, mellis, 

Mel-lif 'i«, J honey, and /erre, to bear. See infra.] 

Producing honey. 

MePli-fi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. mellificare, to make honey, 
from mel, mellis, honey, and facere, to make.] Produc- 
tion of honey. 

Mel-lif 'lu-eiice, n. A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, 
smooth flow. [mellifluous. 

Mel-lif 'lu-ent, a. Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; 

Mel-lif 'lu-oiis, a. [Lat. melliffuus, from mel, mellis, 
honey, and fluere, to flow.] Flowing as with honey ; 
smooth ; sweetly flowing. 

Mellow, «. [compar. mellower; superl. MELLOW- 
EST.] [Cf. A.-S. milisc, milsc, sweet, pleasant, ripe. 
Cf. also Lat. midsus.] 1. Soft ; not hard, harsh, tough, 
or unyielding; as, (a.) Soft with ripeness; ripe, (b.) 
Well broken and lying lightly, as soil, (c.) Not hard 
ooarse, or rough to the senses ; soft ; rich ; delicate ; — 



said of sound, color, flavor, and the like. 2. Well ma- 
tured ; genial ; jovial. 3. Jovial with liquor ; slightly 
intoxicated ; fuddled. 

Mel'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MELLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. mellowing.] 1. To make mellow; to ripen; to 
soften by ripeness or age. 2. To pulverize. 

Mel'low, v. i. To become soft ; to be ripened, matured, 
or brought to perfection. 

Mel'low-ness, n. 1. The quality of yielding easily to 
pressure ; ripeness, as of fruit ; softness. 2. Maturity ; 
smoothness from age, as of wine. 

MeFo-eo-ton' ) (-toon'), n. [Sp. melocoton, a peach- 

Mel'o-eo-toon' J tree grafted into a quince-tree, or 
the fruit of thai tree; Lat. malum cotonium, or coto- 
neum, or Cydonium, a quince or quince-apple, from 
Cydonia, a town in Crete, whence it came.] A quince ; 
also, a large kind of peach. 

Me-lo'de-011, n. [Gr. ju-e'Aos, a song, and wSeiov, odeon.] 
1. (Mus.) A kind of reed instrument, furnished with a 
key-board, and bellows moved by pedals worked by the 
feet. 2. A music-hall. 

Me-lo'di-ous (77), a. Containing melody ; agreeable to 
the ear by a sweet succession of sounds. [ally. 

Me-lo'di-oiis-ly, adv. In a melodious manner ; music- 

Me-lo'di-ous-ness, n. Quality of being melodious. 

Mel'o-dist, n. A composer or singer of melodies. 

Mel'o-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. melodized ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. melodizing.] To make melodious. 

Mel'o-dize, v. i. To make or compose melodies. 

Mel'o-dra'ma, n. [From Gr. /ue'Aos, song, and Spcuxa, 
drama.] A dramatic performance in which songs are 
intermixed, and effect is sought by startling, exagger- 
ated, or unnatural sentiment or situation. 

Mel'o-dra-mat'ie, a. Pertaining to, or of the nature, 
of, melodrama ; done for effect merely ; overstrained. 

Mel'o-drame, n. The same as Melodrama. 

Mel'o-dy, n. [Lat. melodia, Gr. /u.eAyo'ia, a singing, a 
tune to which lyric poetry is set, a choral song, from 
jixeAo?, song, tune, and o56^, contracted from aot8rj,song.] 
1. (Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, so 
related together as to form a musical whole. 2. The 
air or tune of a musical piece. 
Syn.— See Harmony. 

Mel'on, n. [Lat. melo, for melopepo, an apple-shaped 
melon, Gr. |u.rjAo7re7ro)v, from ju.rjAoi', apple, and irenuiv, 
Lat. pepo,a. species of large melon.] (Bot.) The fruit of a 
cucurbitaceous plant, which is eaten raw. The plant is 
also so called. 

Melt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MELTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MELTING.] [A.-S. meltan,miltan, Icel. mella, allied to 
Gr. /ueASeiv. The old participle, molten, is used only as 
an adjective.] 1. To reduce from a solid to a liquid 
state by heat. 2. Hence, to soften, as by a warming or 
kindly influence. 

Syn.— To liquefy; dissolve ; fuse; thaw; relax ; mollify; 
soften; subdue. 

Melt, v. i. 1. To become liquid ; to dissolve. 2. Hence, 
to be softened to love, pity, tenderness, sympathy, or 
the like. 3. To become dissipated or weak. 

Melt'er, n. One who melts. 

Mem'ber, n. [Lat. membrum.} 1. A part of an ani- 
mal body capable of performing a distiuct office ; a vital 
organ ; a limb. 2. Hence, a part of a whole ; an inde- 
pendent constituent of a body ; as, (a.) A part of a dis- 
course, or of a period or sentence ; a clause. (6.) (Arch.) 
A subordinate part of a building, as a frieze, cornice, or 
molding, (c.) One of the persons composing a society, 
community, or the like, (d.) (Math.) Either of the two 
parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the sign of 
equality. 
Syn.— See Limb. 

Mem'ber-sliip, n. 1. State of being a member. 2. 
The collective body of members. 

Mem'toraiie, n. '[Lat. membrana, the skin that covers 
the members of the bodv, from Lat. membrum, member.] 
( Anat. ) A thin, extended, soft, transparent tissue, serving 
to cover some part of the body. 

Mem/lbra-na'ceou.s, ) a. Belonging to, or resembling, 

Mem-bra'ne-ous, j a membrane ; consisting of 
membranes. 

Mem/tora-mf'er-ous, a. [La,t. membrana, membrane, 
and ferre, to bear.] Having or producing membranes. 

Mem'bra-nol'o-gy, n. [Lat. membrana, membrane, 
and Gr. Ao-yos, discourse, treatise.] The science which 
relates to membranes. 

Mem'bra-nous, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or 
resembling membrane ; membraneous. 



a,e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; £on, or, do, wolf. 



MEMENTO 



457 



MEPHITISM 



Me-men'to, n. ; pi. me-men't6§. [Lat., remember, 
be mindful, imper. of meminisse, to remember.] A hint, 
suggestion, notice, or memorial, to awaken memory ; a 
souvenir. 

Mem'oir (mem'wor or me'mwor), n. [From Lat. me- 
moria, memory.] 1. A memorial account ; a species of 
familiar history composed from personal experience and 
memory. 2. A memorial of any individual ; a biog- 
raphy. 3. A record ot investigations of any subject ; 
the journals and proceedings of a society. 

Mem'o-ra-bil'i-d, n. pi. [Lat., from memorabilis, me- 
morable.] Things remarkable and worthy of remem- 
brance or record. 

Mem'o-ra-ble, a. [Lat. memorabilis, from memorare, 
to bring to remembrance, from meminisse, to remember.] 
Worthy to be remembered. 

Syn. — Illustrious ; celebrated ; signal ; distinguished ; ex- 
traordinary; remarkable; famous. 

Mem'o-ra-bly, adv. In a memorable manner. 

Mem'o-raii'dnm, n. ; Eng. pi. HEM'o-RAN'DUMg, 
Lat. pi. 3IEJI' o-ran'da. [Lat., something to be re- 
membered, from memorandus, p. p. of memorare. See 
supra.] 1. A record of something which it is desired to 
remember, 2. (Law.) A brief note in writing of some 
transaction, or an outline of an intended instrument. 

Me-mo'ri-al, n. 1. Preservative of memory. 2. Con- 
tained in memory. 

Me-mo'ri-al, a. 1. Any thing intended to preserve 
the memory of a person, an occurrence, or the like. 2. 
A written representation of facts made to a legislative or 
other body. 3. (Diplomacy.) A species of informal 
state paper, much used in negotiation. 

Syn. — Monument; memento; remembrancer. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who writes or presents a me- 
morial. 

Me-ni^'ri-al-ize,^. t. [imp. & p.p. memorialized ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. memorializing.] To present a me- 
morial to ; to petition by memorial. 

Mem'o-iize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. memorized; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. memorizing.] 1. To cause to be remem- 
bered; especially, to record. 2. To commit to memory ; 
to learn by heart. 

Mein'o-ry, n. [Lat. memoria, from memor, mindful, 
from meminisse, to remember.] 1. The faculty of 
the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous 
thoughts or events. 2. The time within which past 
Events can be remembered. 3. Remembrance of a per- 
son, or event, preserved to after-times ; state of being 
remembered. 

Syn. — Remembrance; recollection; reminiscence. — Mem- 
ory ~i* generic, denoting the power by which we reproduce 
past impressions. Remembrance is an exercise of that power 
•when tilings occur spontaneously to our thoughts. In recollec- 
tion we make a distinct effort to collect again, or call back, what 
we know has been formerly in the mind. Reminiscence is in- 
termediate between remembrance and recollection, being a con- 
scious process of recalling past occurrences, but without that 

• distinct reference to particular things which characterizes rec- 
ollection. 

Men, n. ; pi. of man. See Man. 

Meii'ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. menaced (men'est) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. menacing.] [See infra.] 1. To threaten. 
2. To inspire with apprehension. 

Men'ace, n. [From Lat. minacise, for minx, fr. minax, 
projecting, threatening, from minere, to jut, project.] 
The show of a disposition or intention to inflict an evil ; 
a threat or threatening. 

Men'a-cer, n. One who menaces or threatens. 

dlenaf/e (nien-'izh'), n. [Fr. a household, for mesnage, 
L. Lat. mansionaticum.] 1. Training of animals, as of 
horses. 2. A collection of animals for exhibition ; a 
menagerie. 

Men-ag'e-rie (men-azh'e-ry), n. [Fr. menagerie. See 
supra.] 1. A place where animals are kept and trained. 
2. Especially, a coUection of wild or exotic animals, 
kept for exhibition. 

Mend. v. t. [imp. & p. p. MENDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MENDING.] [Abbrev. from amend, q. v.] 1. To re- 
pair, as any thing that is torn, broken, defaced, decayed, 
or the like. 2. To alter for the better ; to set right ; 
specifically , to quicken ; to hasten. 3. To help ; to ad- 
vance ; to further. 

Syn. — To improve ; better; emend; amend; correct; rec- 
tify; reform. 

Mend, v. i. To grow better ; to become improved. 
Mend'a-ble, a. Capable of being mended. 
Men-da'cioiis, a. [Lat. mendax, lying, from mentiri, 
to lie.] Given to deception ; lying ; false. 



Men-dac'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being mendacious; 
disposition to deceive ; a habit of lying. 2. A falsehood; 
a lie. 

Syn. — Lying; deceit; untruth. 
Mend'er, n. One who mends or repairs. [beggary. 

Men'di-ean-cy, n. Condition of being mendicant; 
MSn'di-eant, a. [Lat. mendicans, p. pr. of mendicare, 

to beg, from mendicus, beggarly, beggar.] 1. Begging; 

poor. 2. Practicing beggary. 
Men'di-eant, n. One who makes it his business to beg 

alms ; a beggar ; especially, one of the begging fraternity 

of the Roman Catholic church. 
Men-dic'i-ty, n. State of begging ; life of a beggar. 
Men-ha'den, n. [Written also manhaden.] (lchth.) A 

salt-water fish. 
Me'ni-al, a. [0. Fr. meignial, from meignee, maisgnee, 

maisnie, family, household, or company.] 1. Belonging 

tb a retinue of servants ; performing servile office. 2. 

Pertaining to servants ; servile ; low ; mean. 
Me'ni-al, n. 1. A domestic servant. 2. A person of 

a servile character or disposition. 
Me-nin'geg, n. pi. [Gr. /u.7]viy£, /u-r/viyyos, a membrane.] 

(Anat. ) The three membranes that envelop the brain 

and spinal cord. 
Me-nls'-eus, n. ; pi. me-nis'€US-es. [Gr. p.r\vio-Ko<;, 

dim. of ju-ijvY), moon, hence, any moon-shaped body.] 

(Opt. ) A lens convex on one side and concave on the 

other, having the concavity less than the convexity. 
Men'i-ver, n. [0. Fr. menuvtr, menitveir, menvvair, a 

grayish fur, from menu, small, and vair, vair, a kind of 

fur. See Vair.] A small, white animal in Russia, or 

its fur, which is Tery fine. 
Me-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. fi.rjv, month, and Aoyos, discourse, 

account.] 1. A register of months. 2. ( Gr. Church.) 

Martyrology, or a brief calendar of the lives of the saints 

for each day in the year. 
Men/sal, a. [Lat. mensis, month.] Occurring once in 

a month ; monthly. 
Jtfeii'ses, n. pi. [Lat. mensis, month, pi. menses , months, 

and the monthly courses of women.] (Bled.) The cata- 

menial or menstrual discharges, a periodic flow of blood 

from the mucous coat of the uterus. 
Men'strii-al, a. 1. Recurring once a month ; monthly. 

2. Pertaining to a menstruum. 3. (Astron.) Making a 

complete cycle of changes in a month. 
Men'strii-ant, a. Subject to monthly flowing. 
Men'strii-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. menstruated ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. MENSTRUATING.] To discharge the 

menses. 
Men/strii-a'tion, n. 1. Discharge of the menses. 2. 

The state or the period of menstruating. 
Men'sti'ii-ous, a. [Lat. menslruus, fr. mensis, month.] 

1. Having the monthly flow or discharge. 2. Pertain- 
ing to the monthly flow ; catamenial. 
Men/stru-um, n.; Eng. pi. men'stru-ums ; Lat. pi. 

MEN'STRU-A. [Lat. menstruus. See supra.] Any fluid 

or subtilized substance which dissolves a solid body ; a 

solvent. 

G@~ The use of this word is supposed to have originated in 
some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the 
moon in the preparation of solvents. 

Men'su-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being mensurable. 

Men'su-ra-ble (men'shu-ra-bl), a. [Lat. mensxtrabilis, 
from mensurare, to measure, from mensura, measure.] 
Capable of being measured ; measurable. 

Men'su-ral, a. Pertaining to measure. 

Men'su-ra'tion (-shyi-), n. 1. Act. process, or art, of 

. measuring. 2. That branch of applied geometry which 
gives rules for finding the dimension of objects from 
certain simple data of lines and angles. 

Men'tal, a. [Lat. mentalis, from mens, mentis, the 
mind.] Pertaining to the mind ; intellectual. 

Men'tal-ly, adv. In the mind ; intellectually ; in idea. 

Men'tion, n. [Lat. mentio, from meminisse , to remem- 
ber.] A memorial notice ; a cursor}' speaking of any thing. 

Men'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mentioned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MENTIONING.] To direct attention to by a sim- 
ple reference, speaking of a name, or the like ; to name. 

Men'tion-a-ble, a. Capable of being mentioned. 

Men'tor, n. [From Mentor, the counselor of Telem- 
achus.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. 

Me-phit'i-e, )a. [Lat. mephiticus, from mephitis.] 

Me-phit'ic-al, ) Offensive to the smell ; foul ; poison- 
ous ; noxious ; pestilential ; destructive to life. 

3Ie-phVtis, } n. [Lat. mephitis.] Foul, offensive, or 

Meph'i-tism, J noxious exhalations from decompos- 
ing substances, &c. 



food, foot; flrn, rude, pull, fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link; this. 



MERCANTILE 



458 



MERMAID 



Mer'-can-tile, a. [Lat. mercans, p. pr. Of mercari, to 
traffic] Pertaining to merchants, or the business of 
merchants. 

Syn. — Commercial. —Commercial is the wider term, being 
sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use, 
commercial relates to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and 
other business connected with the commerce of a country 
(whether external or internal), that is, the exchange of com- 
modities; while mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise 
and goods when brought to market. As the two employments 
are to some extent intermingled, the two words are often inter- 
changed. 

Mer'ce-na-ri-ly, adv. In a mercenary manner. 

Mer'ce-na-ri-ness, n. Quality of being mercenary ; 
venality. 

Mer'ce-na-ry (44), a. [Lat. mercenarius, from merces, 
wages, reward.] 1. Acting for reward ; serving for pay. 
2. Hence, in a bad sense, moved by considerations of 
pay or profit. 
Syn. — Paid; hired; hireling; venal; sordid; selfish. 

Mer'ce-na-ry, n. One who is hired ; a hireling ; espe- 
cially, a soldier hired into foreign service. 

Mer'cer, n. [From Lat. merx, mercis, wares, merchan- 
dise.] One who deals in silks and woolen cloths. 

Mer'cei'-y, n. The trade of mercers ; the goods in 
which a mercer deals. 

Mer'ehan-dise, n. [See Merchant.] 1. Act or busi- 
ness of trading ; trade ; traffic ; commerce. 2. What- 
ever is usually bought or sold in trade ; wares ; goods ; 
commodities. 

Mer'chaii-dlge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. merchandized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. merchandizing.] To trade ; to carry 
on commerce. 

Mer'cliant, n. [From Lat. mercans, p. pr. of mercari, 
to trade, traffic] One who traffics or carries on trade, 
especially on a large scale : a trafficker ; a trader. 

Mer'cliant, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, trade or 
merchandise. 

Merchant service, the mercantile marine of a country. — Mer- 
chant tailor, a tailor who keeps and sells materials for the gar- 
ments made by him. 

Mer'cliant-a-fole, a. Fit for market; such as is usu- 
ally sold in market, or such as will bring the ordinary 
price. [ing vessel. 

Mer'cliant-man, n. ; pi. mEr'chant-Men. A trad- 

Mer'ci-f ill, a. 1. Full of mercy; having or exercising 
mercy. "2. Unwilling to give pain ; not cruel. 

Syn. — Compassionate; tender; humane ; gracious; kind; 
mild ; clement ; benignant. 

Mer'ci-f ul-ly, adv. In a merciful manner ; tenderly. 

Mer'cl-f ijl-ness, n. The quality of being merciful ; 
tenderness toward offenders ; readiness to forgive. 

Mer'ci-less, a. 1. Destitute of mercy, 2. Acting with- 
out mercy ; unsparing ; relentless. 

Syn. — Cruel ; unfeeling ; unmerciful ; remorseless ; ruth- 
less ; pitiless ; hard-hearted ; Gevere ; barbarous ; savage. 

Mer'ci-less-ly, adv. In a merciless manner ; cruelly. 
Mer'ci-less-ness, n. Want of mercy or pity. 
Mer-€u'ri-al, a. 1. Having the qualities fabled to be- 
long to Mercury : active ; sprightly ; full of fire or vigor. 

2. Pertaining to Mercury, as god of trade ; hence, money- 
making. 3. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, 
mercury. 

Mer-cu'ri-al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mercurial- 
ized; p. pr. & vb. n. MERCURIALIZING.] 1. [Med.) 
To affect with mercury. 2. (Photography.) To expose 
to the vapor of mercury. 

Mer'-eu-i'y, n. [Lat. Mercurius, said to be formed from 
merces, wares, or mercari, to traffic] 1. (Rom. Myth.) 
The son of Jupiter and Maia, the messenger and inter- 
preter of the gods, and the god of eloquence and of com- 
merce. 2. (Chem.) A certain metal, white like silver, 
liquid at common temperatures ; quicksilver. It acts as 
a poison, and its compounds are largely used in medicine. 

3. (Med.) A salt or preparation of mercury, used as a 
remedial agent, as calomel, blue-pill, &c 4. (Astron.) 
One of the planets of the solar system, being the one 
nearest the sun. 5. A news-boy ; a messenger ; hence, 
also, a newspaper. 6. (Bot.) A plant, the leaves of 
which are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe. 

_ tgjf The name is also applied, in America, to certain climb- 
ing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, especially 
to the poison ivy. 

Mer'cy. n. [From Lat. merces, mercedis, hire, pay, re- 
ward, L. Lat. equivalent to misericordia, pity.] 1. Dis- 
position to overlook injuries, or to treat an offender better 
than he deserves. 2. An act or exercise of mercy or 
favor. 



Merganser. 



Syn.— Clemency; tenderness; pity; compassion; leniency' 
mildness. See Grace. 

Mer'cy-seat, n. The place of mercy or forgiveness ; the 

covering of the ark of the covenant, among the Jews. 
Mere, a. [superl. MEREST. The compar. is rarely or 

never used.] [A.-S. msere, Lat. merits.] 1. Unmixed ; 

pure ; entire ; absolute. 2. Only this, and nothing else ; 

simple ; bare. 
Mere, n. [A.-S. mere, mare, Goth, marei, Icel. mar, 

allied to Lat. mare.] A pool or lake. 
Mere, n. [A.-S. msere, gemsere, Icel. mssri.] A boundary. 
Mere'ly, adv. 1. Purely ; absolutely ; utterly ; entirely. 

"2. Not otherwise than ; simply ; barely ; solely. 
Mer'e-tri'cious ( -trismus), a. [Lat. meretriciits, from 

meretrix, a prostitute, from merere, to earn, gain.] 1. 

Pertaining to prostitutes ; lustful. 2. Resembling the 

arts of a harlot; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental,' 

tawdry ; showy. 
Mer'e-tri'cioiis-ness, n. The quality of being mere- 
tricious ; the art of a prostitute. 
Mer-gan'ser n. [Sp. mergdnsar, 

from mergo, Lat. mergus, a diver, 

from mergere, to dive, and Sp. 

ansar, Lat. anser, goose.] ( Ornith. ) 

A duck having a straight, narrow, 

and slender bill, wide at the base 

and hooked at the tip. 
Merge (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

merged; p.pr. & vb. n. MERGING.] [Lat. mergere.] 

To cause to be swallowed up ; to immerse ; to immerge ; 

to sink. 
Merge, v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. 
Mer'ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, merges or 

swallows up. 2. (Law.) Absorption of one estate, or 

one contract, in another. 
Me-rid'i-an (77), n. [See infra.] 1. Midday; noon. 

2. Hence, the highest point, as of success, prosperity, or 
the like; culmination. 3. (Astron.) A great circle of 
the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and 
the zenith of the spectator. 4. (Geog.) An imaginary 
great circle on the surface of the earth , passing through 
the poles and any given place. 

Magnetic meridian, a great circle, passing through the zenith 
and coinciding in direction with the magnetic needle, or a line 
on the earth's surface having the same direction. — Meridian 
of a fjlpbe, or brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, 
in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves. 

Me-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. meridianus, pertaining to noon, 
from meridies, noon, from medius, mid, middle, and 
dies, day.] 1. Pertaining to the meridian, or to mid- 
day. 2. Pertaining to the highest point or culmina- 
tion. 

Me-rid'i-on-al, a. [Lat. meridionalis, from meridies, 
midday.] 1. Pertaining to the meridian. 2. Having a 
southern aspect ; southern ; southerly. 

Me-rid'i-on-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of being in the me- 
ridian. 2. Position in the south ; aspect toward the 
south. 

Me-r'i'no (-re'-), a. [Sp. merino, moving from pasture 
to pasture, from merino, a royal judge and superintend- 
ent or inspector of sheep-walks, L. Lat. merinus, from 
Lat. & L. Lat. majorinus, i. e., major villae.] 1. Of, or 
pertaining to, a variety of sheep of very fine wool. 2. 
Made of the wool of the merino sheep. 

Me-ri'no, n. A thin fabric, of merino wool, for ladies' 
wear. 

Mer'it, n. [Lat. meritum, from merere, mereri, to de- 
serve, merit.] 1. Qualit} r or relation of deserving well 
or ill ; desert. 2. Quality or relation of deserving well. 

3. Excellence or goodness entitling to honor or reward ; 
worth ; worthiness. 4. Reward deserved ; that which is 
earned or merited. 

Mer'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. merited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MERITING.] To earn by active service, or by any valu- 
able performance ; to be entitled to ; to deserve ; some- 
times, to deserve, in a bad sense ; to incur. 

Mer'i-to'ri-oiis, a. Possessing merit or desert : deserving 
of reward or honor ; valuable. 

Mer'i-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a meritorious manner. 

Merle, ». [Lat. merula, merulus.] A blackbird. 

Mer'lin, n. [Eng. merle, from Lat. merula, black, q. v.] 
1. ( Ornith.) A species of small hawk. 2. A wizard. 

Mer'lon, n. [From Lat. mczrus, for mums, wall, dim. 
mcerulus.] (Fort.) That part of a parapet which lies be- 
tween two embrasures. 

Mer'maid, n. [Fr. mer, Lat. mare, the sea, and Eng. 
maid.] A fabled marine animal, having the upper part 
like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish. 



a,e,&c, long; a, £, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,woli, 



MERMAN 



459 



METAMORPHOSIS 



Mer'man, n.; pi. MiR'MEN. The male corresponding 
to mermaid; a sea man, with the tail of a fish instead 
of legs. [vially. 

Mer'ri-ly, adv. In a merry manner ; with mirth ; jo- 

Mer'ri-ment, n. Gayety, with laughter or noise ; noisy 
sport. 

Syn. —Mirth ; hilarity ; frolic ; glee ; jollity. See Glad- 
ness. 

Mer'ri-ness, n. Quality of being merry ; merriment ; 
mirth. 

Mer'ry, a. [compar. MERRIER ; superl. merriest.] 
[A.-S. merh, mirig, myrig, Ir. & Gael, mear.] 1. Brisk; 
lively ; stirring, 2. Noisily gay ; overflowing with good 
humor and good spirits. 3. Cheerful ; not sad. 4. 
Causing laughter or mirth. 

Syn.— Blithe ; blithesome ; airy ; lively; sprightly ; viva- 
cious ; gleeful ; joyous ; mirthful ; jocund ; sportive. 

Bler'ry-an'drew, n. A buffoon ; a zany ; especially, 
one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. 

B@pT This term is said to have originated from one Andrew 
Borde, a physician in the time of Henry VIII., who attracted 
attention and gained patients by facetious speeches to the 
multitude. 

Mer'ry-mah/ing, n. A festival ; a meeting for mirth. 

Mer'ry- thought (-thawt), n. The forked bone of a 
fowl's breast, which is broken in sport by two persons, 
one pulling at each end, the longest part broken being 
taken as an omen that the one who gets it will be married 
first, or will get his wish first ; a wish-bone. 

Mes-dames' (ma-dam'), n. ; pi. of madame. [me. 

Me-seem§', v. impers. [imp. meseemed.] It seems to 

Mes'en-ter'ic. a. Pertaining to the mesentery. 

Mes'en-ter'y, or Mes/en-tei-'y, n. [Gr. fxeo-evrepiov , 
fieaevrepov, from juecros, middle, and eVrepov, intestine.] 
(Anat. ) A membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, which 
retains the intestines and their appendages in a proper 
position. 

Mesh, n. [A.-S. masc, max, m'dscre, 0. H. Ger. mascd, 
Icel. moslcvi, W. masg.] The opening or space inclosed 
by the threads of a net between knot and knot ; net- 
work. 

Mesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. meshed (mesht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MESHING.] To catch in a mesh ; to insnare. 

Mes'lin, n. The same as maslin. See Maslin. 

Me§ mer'ie, ) a. Pertaining to mesmerism, or being 

Me§-mer'ic-al, j under its influence. 

Mes/mer-i§m, n. [From Mesmer, who first brought it 
into notice at Vienna, about 1776.] The art of inducing 
an extraordinary or abnormal state of the nervous sys- 
tem, in which the actor claims to control the actions, and 
communicate directly with the mind, of the recipient. 

Mes/mer-Ist, n. One who practices, or believes in, mes- 
merism. 

Me§'mer-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mesmerized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. mesmerizing.] To bring into a state of 
mesmeric sleep. 

Meg'mer-iz'er, n. One who practices mesmerism. 

Mesne (meen), a. [Norm. Fr. mesne, middle. Cf. MEAN, 
a.] (Law.) Middle; intervening. 

Mess, n. [A.-S. mese, myse, Goth, mes, a table ; Lat. 
mensa, Goth, mats, 0. H. Ger. maz, food.] 1. A dish, 
or a quantity of food prepared or set on a table at one 
time. 2. A number of persons who eat together, and 
for whom food is prepared in common. 3. A medley; 
a mixed mass. 

Mess, v. i. [imp. & p. p. biessed (mest) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. messing.] 1. To eat; to feed. 2. To eat in com- 
pany. 

Mess, v. t. To supply with a mess. 

Mes'sage, n. [Low Lat. messagium, missaticum, from 
Lat. mittere, missum, to send.] 1. Any notice, word, or 
communication, written or verbal, sent from one person 
to another. 2. Hence, specifically, an official address or 
communication, not made in person, but delivered by a 
messenger. 

Mes'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. messager. See supra.] 1. 
One who bears a message or an errand. 2. (Naut.) A 
hawser wound round the capstan, and used for heaving 
in the cable. 3. (Law.) A person appointed to perform 
certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent 
laws. 

Syn. — Carrier ; intelligencer ; courier ; harbinger ; fore- 
runner ; precursor ; herald. 

Mes-si'ah, n. [Heb. mashlah, anointed, from mashah, 
to anoint. 1 Christ, the anointed ; the Savior. 

MSs-sI'ah-ship, n. Character, state, or office of the 
Savior. 

Mes'si-an'i-e, a. Relating to the Messiah. 



Mes-sl'as, n. The Messiah ; the Savior. 

JHes'sieurs (mesh / verz), n. pi. [Fr. ; pi. of monsieur, 
q. v.] Sirs*, gentlemen; — abbreviated to Messrs., and 
used as the plural of Mr. [table. 

Mess'mate, n. One who eats ordinarily at the same 

Mes'suage (ineVswej), n. [L. Lat. messuagiitm, man- 
sionaticum, from Lat. mansio, a stajing, dwelling, from 
manere, mansum, to stay, remain.] (Law.) A dwelling- 
house, with the adjacent buildings, and the adjoining 
lands appropriated to the use of the household. 

Mes-tee', n. The offspring of a white person and a quad- 
roon ; — so called in the West Indies. 

Mes-tii'zo (mes-td'zo), n. [Sp., from Lat. mixtus, mixed, 
p. p. of miscere, to mix.] The child of a Spaniard or 
Creole and a native Indian ; — so called in Spanish 
America. 

Met, imp. & p. p. of meet. See MEET. 

Met'a-ear'pal, a. Belonging to the metacarpus. 

Met'a-ear'pus, n. [Gr. (j-eTaicdpTnov, from fxerd, beyond, 
between, and Kapnos, the wrist.] (Anat.) The part of 
the hand between the wrist and the fingers. 

Me-taeh'ro-ni§m, n. [From Gr. /ue-raxpovos, fieraxpo- 
vto?, after the time, happening afterward, from p.erd, be- 
yond, after, and xp° v °s, time.] An error committed in 
chronology by placing an event after its real time. 

Met'age, n. [From mete.] 1. Measurement of coal. 
2. Charge for, or price of, measuring. 

Met'a-gram'ma-tigm, n. [Gr. fierd, beyond, after, 
and ypdfxfxa, letter.] Transposition of the letters of a 
name into such a connection as to express some perfect 
sense applicable to the person named ; anagrammatism. 

Met'al (met'al or niet'l), n. [Lat. metallvm, Gr. p.era\.- 
\ov.] 1. A substance having a peculiar luster, insoluble 
in water, a good conductor of heat and electricity, and 
usually solid at ordinary temperatures. 2. The effective 
power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of war. 

Met'a-lep'sis, n. ; pi. met'a-le'p'ses. [Lat. metalep- 
sis, Gr. pLeTdK-qxjjis, participation, alteration ; from ixera- 
\a(jLf$dvei.v, to partake, to take in exchange, from juera, 
beyond, after, and Aaju/Saveiv, to take.] (Rhet.) The 
continuation of a trope in one word through a succes- 
sion of significations, or the union of two or more tropes 
of a different kind in one word. 

Met'a-lep'ti-e, )a. 1. Pertaining to a metalepsis or 

Met'a-lep'ti-e-al, ) participation. 2. Transverse. 

Me-tal'li-e, «• Pertaining to a metal or metals ; consist- 
ing of, or resembling, metal; partaking of the nature of 
metals. 

Met'al-lif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. metallifer, from metallum, 
metal, and ferre , to bear.] Producing metals. 

Me-tal'li-form, a. [Lat. metallvm, metal, and forma, 
form.] Having the form of metals; like metal. 

Met'al-line, a. 1. Pertaining to a metal ; consisting 
of metal. 2. Impregnated with metal. [metals. 

Met'al-list, n. A worker in metals, or one skilled in 

Met'al-lize, v. t. [imp. So p. p. metallized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. METALLIZING.] To form into metal ; to give 
its proper metallic properties to. 

Met'al-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /aeVaAAov, metal, and 
ypd<f>eiv, to describe.] An account of metals ; a treatise 
on metallic substances. 

Met'al-loid, n. [From Gr. ju.eVaAA.ov, metal, and elfios, 
form, shape.] ( Chem.) (a.) An inflammable, non-metal- 
lic body, such as sulphur, phosphorus, &c. (b.) The 
metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth. 

Met'al-loid, a. Like metal; pertaining to the metal- 
loids. 

Met'al-ltfir'ei-e, ) a. Pertaining to metallurgy, or 

Met'al-l-ur'gi-e-al, j the art of working metals. 

Met'al-l-ur'gist, n. One skilled in metallurgy. 

Met'al-l'u.r'gy, n. [From Gr. ju.eT<xAAoupyo?, working 
metals, from /aeVaAAov, metal, and the root epyecv, to 
work.]' The art of working metals ; in a more limited 
and usual sense, the operation of obtaining metals from 
their ores. 

Met'a-mor'phLe, a. [See Metamorphosis.] 1. 
Subject to change; changeable; variable. 2. (Geol.) 
Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain 
changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone 
since their original deposition. 

Met'a-mor'phigm, n. (Geol.) The state or quality 
of being metamorphic. 

Mgt'a-mor'phose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. metamor- 
phosed (-mor'phost) ; p. pr. & vb. n. METAMORPHOS- 
ING.] To change into a different form ; to transform; 
to transmute. 

Met'a-mdr'phose, n. Same as Metamorphosis. 

Met'a-mor'pho-sis, n. ; pi. met'a-m6r'pho-se§. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, piill ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



METAPHOR 



460 



METROPOLIS 



[Lat. metamorphosis, Gr. jaerajuop^wo-ts, from fierd, be- 
yond, over, and pop^r), form, shape.] 1. Change of form 
or shape ; transformation, 2. A change in the form or 
function of a living body, by a normal process of growth. 

Met'a-plior, n. [Gr. ju.eToui>opa, from ixera^epetv, to 
carry over, to transfer, from p.erd, beyond, over, and 
<f>epei,v, to bring, carry.] (Rhet.) A short similitude ; a 
word expressing similitude without the signs of compar- 
ison. 

Met'a-plior'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or comprising, a 

Met'a-plfror'ie-al, J metaphor ; figurative ; tropical. 

Met/a-pli6r'i«-al-ly, adv. In a metaphorical manner ; 
not literally ; tropically. 

Met'a-plirage, n. [Gr. /u-era^pao-is , from p.erd, beyond, 
over, and <f>pdo-Ls, a speaking, phrase.] 1. A literal or 
verbal translation. 2. A phrase answering to, or in 
reply to, another phrase ; a repartee. 

Me-taph'ra-sis, n. Metaphrase. 

Met'a-phrast, n. A person who translates from one 
language into another, word for word. 

Mel/a-plirast'i-e, la. Close, or literal, in transla- 

Met'a-phrast'ie-al, ) tion. 

Met'a-phj§'i«, ) a. 1. Pertaining, or relating, to 

Met'a-pliyg'ie-al, ) metaphysics. 2. According to 
rules or principles of metaphysics. 

Met'a-phyg'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of meta- 
physical science. 

Met/a-pliy-§i'cian (-zish'an), n. One who is versed in 
the science of metaphysics. 

Met/a-pliyg'ies, n. sing. [Gr. p.erd to. <£vo-i/ca, after 
those things which relate to external nature, after physics. 
It is said that this name was given to the science by 
Aristotle, who considered the science of natural bodies, 
or physics, to be the first in the order of studies, and the 
science of mind to be the second.] 1. The science of 
real as distinguished from phenomenal being ; ontology ; 
also, the science of being, as such ; philosophy in general. 
2. Hence, in popular language, the scientific knowledge 
of mental phenomena ; mental philosophy ; psychology. 

Met'a-pla§m, n. [Gr. ju.eTa.77Aao-ju.6s, from ixeTanKdo-o-eiv, 
to transform, change, from /aera, beyond, over, and 
TrAao-o-eiv, to form, mold.] ( Gram.) A change made in 
a word by the augmentation, diminution, or immutation, 
of a syllable or letter. 

Me-tas'ta-sis, n. ; ph ME-TAS'TA-SES. [Gr. /mei-acri-a.- 
crs, from fj-erd, beyond, over, and la-rdvai, to place.] 
(Med.) A sudden and complete removal of a disease from 
one part to another. 

Met'a-tar'sal, a. Belonging to the metatarsus. 

Met'a-tar'sus, n. [From Gr. p.erd, beyond, after, and 
Taptrds, a broad, flat surface, the flat of the foot.] (Ariat.) 
The middle of the foot, or part between the ankle and 
the toes. 

Me-tatli'e-sis, n. ; pi. me-tath'e-se§. [Gr. ixerd9e- 
cri?, from /jLera.Tt.9evai, to transpose, from jaera, beyond, 
over, and nOdvai, to place, set.] ( Gram.) Transposition ; 
a figure by which the letters or syllables of a word are 
transposed. 

Mete, v. t. [imp. & p. p. meted ; p. pr. & vb. n. met- 
ing.] [A.-S. me tan, Goth, mitan. Icel. meta, allied to 
Lat. metiri, Skr. ma.] To ascertain the quantity, di- 
mensions, or capacity of, by any rule or standard ; to j 
measure. [the plural, j 

Mete, n. Measure; limit; boundary; — used chiefly in 

Me-temp'sy-eho'sis, n. [Gr. p.ere{i\pvxu>o'i<;, from pe- | 
TeyL\}/vxovv , to make the soul pass from one body into 
another, from jiiera, beyond, over, ev, in, and iivxq, ! 
breath, life, soul.] The passing of the soul of a man 1 
after death into some other animal body ; transmigration. 

Me'te-or, n. [Gr. /xereuipov, pi. ixereojpa, things in the 
air, from p.erd, beyond, and eutpa, aicopa, a being sus- 
pended in the air, from aet'petv, to lift, from drip, the air.] 
1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, 
as clouds, rain, hail, snow, &c. 2. Specifically, a tran- 
sient fiery or luminous body seen in the atmosphere 

Me'te-or'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, me- 
teors. 2. Proceeding from a meteor. 3. Influenced by 
the weather. 

Me'te-or-Ite (49), n. A meteorolite. 

Me/teor'o-lite (49), n. [From Gr. /xereapog, high in 
air, and KC9og, stone.] A meteoric stone ; an aerolite ; a 
meteorite. 

Pertaining to the 
al, I phere and its phenomena, or 
to meteorology. 

Me'te-or-61'o-gist, n. A person skilled in meteorology. 

Me'te-or-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. /u.eTecopoAoyia,from ixereapo';, 
/u-ereoopa., meteor, and Aoyo?, discourse.] The science 



Me'te-or'o-log'ie , 
Me'te-Sr'o-log'ie- 



which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, par- 
ticularly in its relation to heat and moisture. 

Me'ter, n. [Eng. mete.] One who, or that which, metes 
or measures ; specifically, (a.) An instrument for measur- 
ing the consumption of gas. (b.) An instrument for 
measuring the consumption of water, (c.) A licensed 
measurer of coals before they are delivered out for sale. 

Me'ter, I n. [A.-S meter, Fr. metre, Lat. metrum, Gr. 

Me'tre, | p.erpov, from the Lat. root met in metiri, to 
measure, Skr. ma.] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syl- 

, lables into verses, stanzas, strophes, &c. ; rhythm ; meas- 
ure ; verse. 2. (Fr. pron. ma'tr.) A French measure of 
length, equal to 39.370 English iuches, or 39.368 Amer- 
ican inches, the standard of linear measure. 

Me-theg'liii, n. [W. meddyglyn, from medd, mead, and 
llyn, liquor, juice.] A liquor made of honey and water 
boiled and fermented ; mead. 

Me-tliinks', v. impers. [imp. METHOUGiiT.] It seems 
to me ; it appears to me ; I think. [Rare, except n 
poetry.] 

Meth'od, n. [Lat. methodus, Gr. juefloSos, from ju-era, 
after, and 660s, way.] 1. An orderly procedure or pro- 
cess ; regular mode or manner of doing anything. 2. 
Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or clas- 
sification. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Arrangement of natural ob- 
jects according to their common characteristics. 

Syn. Mode; manner. — Method implies arrangement; 
mode, mere action or existence. Method is a way of reaching 
a given end by a series of acts which tend to secure it; mode 
relates to a single action, to the form or mode of existence it 
assumes in its performance. Manner is literally the handling 
of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both method and 
mode. An instructor may adopt a good method of teaching to 
write; the scholar may acquire a bad mode of'holding his pen; 
the manner in which he is corrected will greatly affect his suc- 
cess or failure. 

Me-thod'ie, ) a. Arranged iu convenient order ; dis- 

Me-tliod'ie-al, ) posed in a just and natural manner. 

Me-tli6d'i«-al-ly, adv. In a methodical manner. 

Metli'od-I§m, n. The doctrines and worship of the 
Methodists. 

Meth'od-ist, n. 1. One of an ancient school of phys- 
icians. 2. ( Theol.) One of a sect of Christians, founded 
by John Wesley ; so called from the exact regularity of 
their lives. 3. A person of strict piety ; one who lives 
in the exact observance of religious duties. 

Metli'od-ist'ie, a. Resembling the Methodists; par- 
taking of the strictness of Methodists. 

Metli'od-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. methodized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. methodizing.] To reduce to method; 
to arrange in a convenient manner. 

Metli'od-iz'er, n. One who methodizes. 

Me-thought' (me-thawt/), imp. of methinks. See Me- 

THINKS. 

Me-ton'ie, a. Pertaining to, or discovered by, Meton, 
an Athenian. 

Metonic cycle, or Metonic year (Astt-on.), the cycle of the 
moon, or period of nineteen years, in which the lunations of 
the moon return to the same days of the month. 

Met'o-nym'ic, I a. Used by way of metonymy, by 
Met'o-iiym'ie-al, ) putting one word for another. 
Met'o-nym'ie-al-ly, adv. In a metonymical manner. 
Me-ton'y-my, or Met'o-nym'y,«. [Gr. ^eroiw^ia, 

from fxerd, indicating change, and ovofxa., name.] (Rhet.) 

A trope in which one word is put for another ; a change 

of names which have some relation to each other. 
Met'o-pe, n. [Gr. ixzTOTrt), from , 

juera, with, between, and, b-rrr\. 

opening, hole, the hole in the 

frieze between the beam-ends. 

(Arch.) The space between the 

triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, 

among the ancients, was often 

adorned with carved work. 
Met'o-pos'-eo-py, n. [From Gr. 

ju-e-no-oo-KOTros, observing the fore- ivierope. 

head, from /me'-non-ov, the forehead, and a-Koireiv, to viewj 

The study of physiognomy. 
Me'tre, n. See Meter. 

Met'rie, a. Noting a measurement of volumes. 
Met'ri-e-al, «■ [Lat. metricus, Gr. /u.eTpi/c6s,from fierpov, 

measure.] 1. Pertaining to measure, or due arrange- 
ment or combination of long and short syllables. 2. 

Consisting of verses; poetically measured. 3. Employed 

in, or obtained by, measurement ; especially, having the 

diameter of a French meter. 
Met'rie-al-ly, adv. In a metrical manner ; according 

to poetic measure. 
Me-trop'o-lis, n. [Gr. p.r)Tpowo\t<>, from (J.r)rr\p, mother, 




a, y e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t§rm; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,wolf, 



METROPOLITAN 



461 



MIDWAY 



end 7roA.is, city.] The mother city ; the chief city or cap- 
ital of a kingdom, state, or country. 

Met'ro-pol'i-tan, a. Belonging to a metropolis ; re- 
siding in the chief city. 

Met'ro-pol'i-tan, n. 1. The bishop who presides over 
the other bishops of a province. 2. (Lat. Church.) An 
archbishop. 

Met'ro-po-lit'ie-al, a. Pertaining to a metropolis, or 
to a metropolitan, or his see. 

Met'tle (uiet'tl), n. [Eng. metal, Lat. metallum, used in 
a tropical sense. See Metal.] 1. Element ; material. 
2. That temperament which is susceptible of high ex- 
citement ; constitutional ardor. 

Met/tied, a. Having mettle ; high-spirited; full of fire. 

Mgt'tle-some (met'tl-sum),a. Eull of spirit ; possess- 
ing constitutional ardor ; easily excited ; fiery. 

Met'tle-some-ly, adv. In a mettlesome manner. 

Met'tle-some-ness, n. State of being mettlesome. 

Mew, n. [A.-S. mseiv, 0. II. Ger. meu, megi, meh, Icel. 
md.fr, mar.] (Ornith.) A certain sea-fowl ; a gull. 

Mew, v. t. [From Lat. mutare^ to change.] To shed or 
cast ; to molt, as a bird, its feathers. 

Mew, v. i . To cast the feathers ; to molt ; hence, to 
change ; to put on a new appearance. 

Mew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mewed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
MEWing.] [See supra and infra.'] To shut up ; to 
confine, as in a cage or other inclosure. 

Mew, n. [Fr. mue, change of feathers, scales, skin, the 
time or place when the change occurs, from muer, from 
Lat. mutare, to change.] 1. A cage for hawks while 
mewing ; hence, a place of confinement. 2. A place for 
horses ; a stable. 

Mew, v. i. [An onomatopoeia.] To cry as a cat. 

Mew, n. The cry of a cat. 

Mewl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mewled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
MEWLING-.] [Fr. miauler, It. miagolare, miagulare.] 
To cry from uneasiness, as a child ; to squall. 

Mewl'er, n. One that mewls. 

Mewg, n. ; pi. Mews_'E§. 1. sing. An inclosed or 
confined space ; an inclosure. 2. pi. See Mew. 

Mez'zo (med'zo or met'zo), a. [It., from Lat. medius, 
middle, half.] (Mus.) Middle; mean. 

JH&& ' zo-r'i-Vi-e' 'vo (med'zo-re-le-a'vo), n. [It. me.zzori- 
lievo. See Mezzo and Rilievo.] A middle degree of 
relief in figures, between high and low relief. 

JKez' zO'Ho-pra/no (med'zo-), n. [It., medium or half 
soprano.] (Mus.) (a.) A female voice intermediate in 
compass between the soprano and contralto, (b.) A per- 
son having such a voice. 

Mez'zo-tint ) (med'zo- or mez'zo-), n. [It. from 

Mez'zo-tin'to ) mezzo, middle, half, and tinto, tint, 
from Lat. tinctus, tinctum, p. p. of tingere, to dye, color, 
tinge.] A particular manner of engraving on copper, in 
imitation of painting in India ink. 

Mi'agm, n. The same as Miasma. 

Mi-a|'ma. /?, ; pi. mi-as/ma-ta. [Gr. jatW/xa, defile- 
ment, from /aiaiVeiv, to stain, pollute.] Infection float- 
ing in the air ; deadly exhalation ; noxious effluvia. 

Mi-as/mal, a. Containing miasma ; miasmatic. 

MI'ag-mat'ie, la. Pertaining to, or partaking of 

Mi'asji-mat'ic-al, ) the qualities of, miasma. 

Mi'ca, n. [Lat. mica, crumb, grain, particle.] (Mm.) A 
mineral capable of being cleaved into elastic plates of ex- 
treme thinness. It is generally more or less transparent, 
and is used, like glass, in lanterns, and in the doors of 
stoves. 

Mi-ea'ceous, a. Pertaining to, or containing, mica; 
splitting into lamina or leaves like mica. 

Mice, n. ; pi. of mouse. See MOUSE. 

Mi«h'ael-mas,«. [Michael and mass.] 1. The feast 
of St. Michael, a festival of the Roman Catholic church, 
celebrated September 29th. 2. Hence, autumn. [Colloq.] 

Miclc-le (mik'l), a. [A.-S. micel, mycel, mucel, Icel. 
mi kill, Goth, mikils, allied to Lat. magnus, Gr. ^eyas, 
Bkv.mahat. Cf. MUCH.] Much ; great. 

M5'ero-e6|>ni, n. [Lat. microcosmus, Gr. juu/cpoKoVjuos, 
from /xi/cpo?, little, small, and ko<tju.6s, the world.] 1. 
A little world; a miniature society, or institution. 2. 
Hence, man, supposed to be an epitome of the universe 
or great world. 

Mi'ero-eos/mie, la. Pertaining to the microcosm, 

Mi'ero-eo§'mie-al, J or little world. 

Mi-erog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. jut/epos, small, little, and ypd- 
</>eiv, to write, describe.] The description of microscopL 
objects. 

Mi-erom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /tti/cpo?, small, little, and fxfrpov, 
measure.] An instrument, used with a telescope or mi- 
croscope, for measuring very small distances, or the ap- 



parent diameters of objects which subtend very small 
angles. 

Mi'cro-seope, n. [From Gr. /uiKpos, small, little, and 
(TKoirelv, a-KenTeaOai, to view.] An optical instrument, 
consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for exam- 
ining objects which are too minute to be viewed by the 
naked eye. 

Mi'ero-seop'ie, ) a. 1. Made by the aid of amicro- 

Mi'cro-seop'ie-al, ) scope. 2. Resembling a micro- 
scope ; capable of seeing very minute objects. 3. Visi- 
ble only by the aid of a microscope, 

Mi-eros'-eo-py, n. The use of the microscope ; investi- 
gations with the microscope. 

Mid, a. [compar. wanting; superl. MIDST or MIDBTOST. 
See Midst.] [A.-S. midd, Goth, midja, Icel. midhr, al- 
lied to Lat. medivs, Gr. jueVos, Skr. madhjas.] Situated 
between extremes ; middle ; intervening. 

Mid'day, a. Pertaining to noon ; meridional. 

Mid'day, n. The middle of the day ; noon. 

Mid'dle (mid'dl), a. [A.-S. ; 0. H. Ger. mittil. Seo 
Mid.] 1. Equally distant from the extremes; mean; 
medial; mid. 2. Intermediate; intervening. 

Mid'dle, n. The point or part equally distant from the 
extremities ; midst ; central portion. 
Syn. — See Midst. 

Mid'dle-aged (-ajd, 60), a. Being about the middle of 
the ordinary age of man. [picture. 

Mid'dle- ground, n. (Paint.) The central part of a 

Mid'dle-man, "• ; pi- mId'dle-men. 1. An agent 
between two parties ; a broker ; especially, in Ireland, one 
who takes land of the proprietors, in large tracts, and then 
rents it out in small portions to the peasantry. 2. A 
person of intermediate rank. 3. (Mil.) The man who 
occupies a central position in a file of soldiers. 

Mid'dle-most, a. In the middle, or nearest the mid- 
dle ; midmost. 

Mid'dling, a. Of middle rank, state, size, or quality ; 
moderate ; mediocre ; medium ; ordinary. 

Midge, n. [A.-S. mygge, mycg, micg, 0. H. Ger. mvgga, 
mucca, allied to Russ. & Pol. mucha, a fly, Gr. juvia, Lat. 
masca, Skr. makshika.] (Entom.) A very delicate fly 
having a short proboscis and long legs. It undergoes a 
metamorphosis in the water. 

Mid'-heav'en, n. The midst or middle part of heaven, 
or the sky. 2. (Astron.) The meridian, or middle line 
of the heavens. 

Mid'land, a. 1. Being in the interior country. 2. 
Surrounded by the land ; mediterranean. 

Mid'mght (-nit), n. The middle of the night; twelve 
o'clock at night. 

Mid'night (-nTt), a. Being in the middle of the night ; 
hence, very dark. 

Mid'rib, n. (Hot.) A continuation of the petiole, 
extending from the base to the apex of the laminae j 
of a leaf. 

Mid'riff, n. [A.-S. midhrif, from midd, mid, 
middle, and hrif, bowels, womb.] (Anat.) The 
diaphragm, or respiratory muscle which separates 
the thorax and abdomen. 

Mid'ship-man, n.; pi. MID'SHIP-MEN. A kind 
of naval cadet, in a ship of war. Midrib. 

Paused midshipman, one who has passed examination, and 
is a candidate for promotion to the rank of lieutenant. 

Mid'ships, adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship ; prop- 
erly, amidships. 

Midst, n. [Contr. from middest, the superl. of mid.] The 
interior or central part ; the middle. 

In the midst of, among ; amid ; also, surrounded by ; in- 
volved in ; in the thickest of ; overwhelmed by. 

G©~The phrases in our midst, in your midst, in their midst, 
instead of in the midst of us, you, or them, have unhappily gained 
great currency in this country, and are sometimes, though 
rarely, to be found in the writings of reputable English au- 
thors. The expressions seem contrary to the genius of the lan- 
guage, as well as opposed to the practice of our best and most 
accurate writers, and should therefore be abandoned. 

Syn. — Middle. — Midst is the superlative of mid (middle), 

denoting the very center, and hence implies surrovnded by, in- 

volved in, in the thickest of ; as, in the midst of a forest, of the 

waves, of darkness, &c. Middle has no such intensive sense, 

and is often applied to extent in only one direction : as, the 

middle of a line, of the street, &c. Midst is very frequently used 

abstractly or figuratively ; as, in the midst of afflictions, cares. 

&c. : middle is never thus used with propriety. We can not 

say in the middle of my contemplations on that subject, but in 

the midst. 

Midst, adv. In the middle. [mer solstice. 

Mld'sujti'mer, n. The middle of summer ; the sum- 

Mid/way, n. The middle of the way or distance. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull : fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a| ; e$lst ; linger, link ; this. 



MIDWAY 



462 



MILLENNIALIST 



Mld'way, a. Being in the middle of the way or distance. 

Mid/way, adv. In the middle of the distance ; half way. 

Mid'wlf e, n. ; pi. mid' wives. [From A.-S. mid, with, 
and w\f, woman, wife.] A woman that assists other 
women in childbirth. 

Mid'wife-ry, or Mid'wife-ry, n. 1. The art or 
practice of assisting women in childbirth ; obstetrics. 2. 
Assistance at childbirth. 

Mld'wln-ter, n. The middle of winter, or the winter 
solstice, also the middle of severe winter weather, which 
is, usually, much later. 

Mien, n. [Fr. mine.] External appearance ; carriage ; 
bearing. 

Syn. — Look; air; countenance ; aspect ; demeanor ; de- 
portment ; manner. 

Miff, n. [Prov. Ger. muff, sullenness, sulkiness, muffen. 
to be sulky, muffig, sullen, pouting.] A slight degree of 
resentment. [Cohoq.] 

Might (mlt), imp. of may. See MAY. 

Might (mlt), n. [A.-S. meaht, miht, from the root of may. 
See MAY.] Force or power of any kind, whether of body 
or mind. 

Syn.— Strength ; force : power ; ability ; capacity. 

Might'i-ly (m\t r i-\f), adv. 1. In a mighty manner ; with 
might; powerfully. 2. Greatly ; very much. [Colloq.] 

Might'i-ness (mit'i-nes), n. 1. Quality of being mighty ; 
power; greatness. 2. Highness; excellence; — used as 
a title of dignity. 

Might'y (mnVy), a. 1. Possessing might ; having great 
power ; forcible ; strong ; valiant. 2. Very great ; re- 
markable for size, effect, or qualities. 3. Exhibiting or 
implying might or power ; wonderful. 4. Very excellent ; 
great ; fine. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Might'y (nrit'jf ,) adv. In a great degree ; very. [ Colloq.] 

Migii'on-nette' (min'yon-ef), n. [Fr. ; dim. of mignon, 
darling. See Minion.] (Bot.) An annual flowering 
plant, having a delicate and agreeable fragrance. 

MI'grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. migrated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MIGRATING.] [Lat. migrare, migratum.] To change 
one's place of residence ; to pass from a colder to a 
warmer climate in the autumn, returning again in the 
spring ; — said of birds. 

Mi-gra'tion, n. Act of migrating 

Mi'gra-to-ry (50), a. 1. Removing or accustomed to 
remove from one state or country to another. 2. R,egu- 
larly or occasionally removing from one place to another. 

Mil'age, n. The same as Mileage. 

Milch (63), a. [A.-S. melc. See Milk.] Giving or fur- 
nishing milk ; — applied only to beasts. 

Hild, a. [compar. MILDER; superl. MILDEST.] [A.-S. 
mild, Goth, milds, Icel. mildr.] 1. Tender and gentle 
in temper or disposition. 2. Not showing severity or 
harshness. 3. Not acrid, pungent, corraivc, or drastic. 
4. Gently and pleasantly affecting the senses ; not vio- 
lent or intense. 

Syn.— Soft ; gentle ; bland ; calm ; tranquil ; soothing ; 
pleasant ; placid ; meek ; kind ; merciful ; tender ; indulgent: 
clement ; compassionate ; mollifying ; demulcent ; lenitive ; 
assuasive. 

Mll'dew, (miPdu), n. [A.-S. mildeaw, 0. II. Ger. mili- 
tou.] A thin, whitish, powderj r , or cobweb-like coating, 
consisting of minute fungi, and found on various dis- 
eased or decaying substances. 

Mll'dew (mil'dD), v. t. [imp. & p. p. mildewed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. BIILDEWING.] To taint with mildew. 

Mll'dew (mil'du), v. i. To become tainted with mildew. 

Mild'ly, adv. In a mild manner ; softly ; gently. 

Mild'ness, n. 1. Quality of being mild; tenderness; 
clemency. 2. Temperateness ; pleasant condition. 

Mile, n. [A.-S. mil) from Lat. millia, pi. of mille, a 
thousand, i. e.,millia passuum,a, thousand paces.] A 
certain measure of distance, being equivalent to 320 rods, 
or 5280 feet. 

E@- The English geographical or nautical mile is one sixtieth 
part of a degree of latitude, or about 2025 yards. The German 
short mile is nearly equal to 8.9 English miles; the German long 
mile to 5.75 English miles ; the Prussian and Danish miles are 
each about 4.7 English miles ; the Swedish mile is about 6.625 
English miles. 

Mile'age, n. An allowance for traveling, as so much by 

the mile. 
Mile'-post, ) n. A post or stone set to mark the dis- 
Mile'-stone, ) tance or space of a mile. 
Mil'foil, 11. [Lat. millefolium, from mille, thousand, 

and folium, leaf.] ( Bot.)' An herb ; — called also yarrow. 
Mll'ia-ry (mil'ya-ry), a. [Lat. miliarius, from milium, 

millet.] 1. Resembling millet seeds. 2. Accompanied 

with an eruption like millet seeds. 



Mll'i-tatit, a. [Lat. militans, p. pr. of mil'dare, to be a 
soldier.] Engaged in warfare; fighting; combating; 
serving as a soldier. 

Mll'i-ta-ri-ly, adv. In a military manner. 

Mil'i-ta-ry, a. [Lat. militaris, and militarius, from 
miles, militis, soldier.] 1. Pertaining to soldiers, to 
arms, or to war. 2. Engaged in the service of soldiers or 
arms. 3. Warlike; becoming a soldier. 

Mil'i-ta-ry, n. The whole body of soldiers ; soldiery ; 
militia ; the army. 

Mll'i-tate, v. ■?'. [imp. Sep. p. militated; p.pr. & 
vb. n. BIILITATING.] [Lat. militare, militatum, from 
miles, militis, soldier.] To stand opposed ; to be hostile 
or inconsistent ; to contend ; to fight. 

MI-K'tia (ml-lish'a), n. [Lat., from miles, militis, sol- 
dier.] The body of soldiers in a state enrolled for disci- 
pline, but engaged in actual service only in emergencies. 

Mi-li'tia-man (mT-li'sh'a-), n. ; pi. mi-lPtia-men. 
One who belongs to the militia. 

Milk, a. [A.-S. miluc, mile, Goth, miluks, Icel. midlk.] 

1. A white fluid secreted by female mammals for the 
nourishment of their young. 2. Hence, the white juice 
of certain plants. 3. Emulsion made by bruising seeds. 

Milk, v. t. [imp. & p.p. milked (milkt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. MILKING.] [A.-S. melcan, meolcan, milcian, allied 
to Lat. mulgere, Gr. ctfj.c\yeLV, Slav, mliesti.] 1. To 
draw or press milk from, by the hand or mouth. 2. To 
draw from the breasts or udder. 3. To supply with 
milk ; to add milk to. 

Mllk'er, n. One who milks ; also, one who gives milk. 

Mllk'i-iiess, n. Qualities like those of milk ; softness. 

MUk'maid, n. A woman that milks or is employed in 
the dairy. 

Mllk'sop, n. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; hence, 
more usually, a soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man. 

MUk'tdbth, n. ; pi. MILK-TEETH. 1. (Far.) The fore 
tooth of a foal, which is cast within two or three years. 

2. One of the deciduous or first set of teeth of a child. 
Milk'- tree, n. (Bot.) A tree yielding a milky juice ; espe- 
cially, one in which this juice is fit for food, as the cow- 
tree of South America. 

Mllk'weed, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species, 
abounding in a milky juice, and having its seeds attached 
to a long, silky down ; silk weed. 

Mllk'y, a. 1. Relating to, or made of milk; 2. Re- 
sembling milk. 3. Yielding milk. 4. Soft ; mild ; gentle ; 
timorous. 

Milky way (Astron.), a broad, irregular, luminous zone in 
the heavens, supposed to be the blended light of innumerable 
fixed stars, not distinguishable with ordinary telescopes ; the 
galaxy. 

Mill, n. [Lat. mille, a thousand.] An imaginary money 
of account of the United States, having the value of the 
tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar. 

Mill, n. [A.-S. mylen, Icel. mylna, allied to Lat. mola, 
molina, Gr. juvAtj, juv'Aos.] 1. An engine or machine for 
grinding any substance, as grain, &c. 

IBS"" In modern usage, the term mill includes various other 
machines or combinations of machinery, for transforming some 
raw material by mechanical processes into a E'ate or condition 
for use. 

2. The building with its machinery, where grinding or 
some process of manufacturing is carried on. 3. (Cali- 
co Printing.) A printing cylinder, of copper. 

Mill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MILLING.] 1. To reduce to fine particles ; to grind ; to 
comminute. 2. To pass through a machine or engine ; 
to shape or finish by passing through a machine. 3. To 
make a raised border or impression around the edges of, 
or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the edges of; 
also, to stamp in a coining press ; to coin. 4. To full, 
as cloth. 5. To beat severely with the fists, as if in a 
fulling-mill. [ Cant.] 

Mill, ii. A set-to ; a pugilistic encounter. [Cant.] 

Mlll'-dam, n. A dam to obstruct a water-course and 
raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill-wheel. 

Mll'le-na'ri-an, a. Consisting of a thousand years ; 
pertaining to the millennium. 

MIFle-na'ri-an, n. One who believes that Christ will . 
personally reign on earth a thousand years. 

Mll'le-na-ry, a. [Lat. millenarius. containing a thou- 
sand, from milleni, a thousand each, from mille, a thou- 
sand.] Consisting of a thousand. 

Mll'le-na-ry, n. The space of a thousand years. 

Mil-16n'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the millennium, or to a 
thousand years. 

MiJ-len'ni-al-Ist, n. One who believes that Christ will 
reign personally on earth a thousand years. 



», e ) &c, long; a,e,&c.,5/iorr/ care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r, do,woli, 



MILLENNIUM 



463 



MINERALOGICAL 




Millet. 



Mil-16n'ni-um, n. [L. Lat., from Lat. mille, a thousand, i 

and annus, a year.] A thousand years ; — a word used 
to denote the thousand years mentioned in Revelation, ! 
xx., during which period Satan will he bound, and holi- 
ness become triumphant throughout the world. 

Mil'le-ped, n. [Lat. millepeda, from m ille, a thousand, 
and pes, pedis, foot.] An insect having many feet ; one I 
of the myriapods. 

Mil 'le -pore, n. [From Lat. mille, a thousand, and po- j 
rus, pore.] (Zool.) A species of coral, having the surface 
smooth, and perforated with very minute punctures or : 

Mil'le-po-rite (49), n. A fossil millepore. [ceils, i 

Mill'er, n. 1. One whose occupation is to attend a grist- | 
mill. 2. (Entom.) A moth or winged insect ; — so called 
because the wings apyear as if covered with white dust 
or powder, like a miller's clothes. 

Mill'er'g^tliumb (-tham), n. (Ichth.) A small fish 
found in small streams in Europe ; the river bull-head, j 

Mil-les'i-mal, a. [Lat. millesimus, from mille, a thou- | 
eand.] Thousandth : consisting of a thousand parts. 

Mil'let, n. [Lat. milium, A.-S. mil.] {Bot.) fua^f/' 
(a.) An endogenous plant, and its grain. It , *'-'° ,'£,. | 
is a native of the East Indies, where it is large- 
ly used for food, (b.) A hardy grass of several 
species. 

Mil'li-gram, { n. [Fr. milligramme, 

M'il'l'i-gramme' ', ) fr. milli, abbrev. of 
millieme, thousandth, and gramme, the unit 
of the measure of weight. See GRAMME.] 
A French measure of weight, being the thou- 
sandth part of a gramme, equal to .0154 Eng- 
lish grains, Troy weight. 

Mil-liTi-ter, or Mil'li-li'ter , n. [Fr. mil- 
litre, from milli, abbrev. of millieme, thousandth, and 
litre, a measure of capacity. See Liter.] A French 
measure of capacity, containing the thousandth part of 
a liter, equal to .08103 of an English cubic inch. 

Millilitre (mil'li-le'tr), n. Same as MILLILITER. 

Mil-lim'e-ter, or Mil'li-me'ter, n. [Fr. millimetre, 
from milli, abbrev. of millieme, thousandth, and metre, a 
measure of length. See Meter.] A French lineal meas- 
ure, containing the thousandth part of a meter ; equal to 
.03937 of an inch. 

3fillimetre (mll'li-ma'tr), n. Same as Millimeter. 

Mil'li-ner, n. [From Milaner, an inhabitant of Mi Ian, 
in Italy ; hence, a man from Milan who imported female 
finery.] A person, usually a woman, who makes and 
sells head-dresses, hats or bonnets, &c, for women. 

Mil'li-ner'y, n. The articles made or sold by milliners, 
as head-dresses, hats or bonnets, laces, &c. 

Mill'ion (mll'yun), n. [L. Lat. millio, from Lat. mille, 
a thousand.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, 
or a thousand thousand, written 1,000.000. [See Note 
under Numeration.] 2. An indefinitely large number. 

Mill'ion-aire', n. One whose wealth is counted by 
millions ; a very rich person. [ions. 

Mill'ion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, mill- 

Mill'ionth, a. Being the last one of a million units ; con- 
stituting one of a million. 

Mill'iontli, n. - One of a million equal parts. 

Mill'-race, n. The current of water that drives a mill- 
wheel, or the canal in which it is conveyed. 

Mill'rea, J n. [Pg. mil reis, i. e., one thousand rees, fr. 

Mill'ree, > mil, thousand, and reis, pi. of real, a coin.] 

Mill'reis, ) A coin of Portugal, commonly estimated at 
5s. sterling, or about 108 cents. 

Mill'stone, n. A stone used for grinding grain. 

Mill'-tail, n. The current of water flowing from awater- 
wheel, and which has been ased in turning it. 

Milt, n. [A.-S. milte, Icel. milti, 0. H. Ger. milzL] 1. 
(Anat.) The spleen; an organ situated in the left hvpo- 
chondrium, under the diaphragm. 2. {Ichth.) [Ger. milch, I 
See Milk.] (a.) The testes or spermatic glands of the I 
male fish ; — often called soft roe. (6.) The sperm of the ! 
male fish. [female fish. ! 

Slilt, v. t. To impregnate, as the roe or spawn of the ! 

Mime, n. [Lat. mimus, Gr. ju.iju.os, allied to mixelo-Oai., to 
imitate, to mimic] 1. A kind of farce in which real 
characters were depicted. 2. An actor in such repre- 
sentations. 

Mi-met'i-e, la. Apt to imitate: given to aping or 

Mi-met'ie-al, ) mimicry ; imitative. 

Mim'ie, ) a. [Gr. /iuhukos, from ni^elo-dai, to imitate.] 

Mim'ie-al, J 1. Inclined to imitate or to ape; imita- 
tive. 2. Consisting of, or formed in, imitation. 

Mim'ie, n. 1. Oie who imitates or mimics. 2. A 
mean or servile imitator. 

Mim'ie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mimicked (mTm'ikt) ; p. 



pr. & vb. n. mimicking.] To imitate for sport ; to rid- 
icule by imitation. 
Syn. — To ape*; imitate; counterfeit; mock. 

Mim'ick-er, n. One who mimics ; a mimic. 

Mim'i-e-ry, n. Act or practice of one who mimics. 

Ml-mo'sd, or 311-mo'sd, n. [Gr. jut/uos, imitator.] 
(Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, containing many 
species, and including the sensitive plant ; — so called 
from its imitating the sensibility of animal life. 

Min'a-ret, n. [Ar. manarat, lamp, lantern, light-house, 
turret, from nara, to shine, nar, fire.] (Arch.) A slender, 
lofty turret on Mohammedan mosques, surrounded by 
one or more projecting balconies, from which the people 
are summoned to prayer. 

Min'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. minatorius, from minari, to 
threaten.] Threatening ; menacing. 

Mince, v. t. [imp. & p. p. minced (mihst): p. pr. & 
vb. n. MINCING-.] [A.-S. minsian, from minn, minor, 
weak, min, minus; Icel. minni, Goth, mins, slender, 
slight.] 1. To cut into very small pieces ; to hash. 2. 
To diminish in speaking ; to extenuate; to clip, as words, 
or expressions. 

Mince, v. i. 1. To walk with short steps ; to walk with 
affected nicety. 2. To speak softly, or with affected 
nicety. 

Mixi9,e'-pie, n. A pie made with minced meat and other 
ingredients baked in paste. 

M3ii'ciug-ly, adv. In a mincing manner ; not fully ; 
with affected delicacy. 

Mind, n. [A.-S. mynd, gemynd, gemund, Goth, munds, 
gamunds, memory, allied to Lat. mens, mentis, Gr. 
/ueVos.] 1. The intellectual or rational faculty in man; 
the understanding ; also, the entire spiritual nature ; the 
soul. 2. State, at any given time, of the faculties of 
thinking, willing, choosing, and the like : as, (a.) Opinion; 
sentiment: judgment; belief, (b.) Choice: inclination; 
desire; intent ; purpose, (c) Courage; spirit. 3. Mem- 
ory ; remembrance ; recollection. 

Mind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. minded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
minding.] To attend to ; to fix the thoughts on. 
Syn. — To notice; mark; note; regard; observe; obey. 

Mind, v. i. To be inclined, or disposed to incline. 

Mind'ed, a. Disposed ; inclined. 

Mind'fiil, a. Attentive ; heedful ; observant. 

Mind'ful-ly, adv. Attentively ; needfully. 

Mind'ful-nes?, n. Attention; regard; needfulness. 

Mine, a'. ; called sometimes a. pronominal a. [A.-S. min, 
Icel. minn, Goth, me ins.] Belonging to me ; my ; — 
used, (a.) As a pronominal adjective, placed aiways in 
the predicate ; and also, attributively, in the old style, 
before a noun beginning with a vowel, for my. (b.) As 
a possessive pronoun, equivalent to of me, or, belonging 
to me. 

tSS^Mine is often used in the predicate without the noun to 
which it belongs, or rather standing for this noun. 

Mine, n. [L. Lat. mina. See infra.] 1. A subterranean 
cavity or passage : especially, (a.) A pit or excavation in 
the earth, from which mineral substances are dug. (b.) 
(Mil.) A cavity filled with powder, formed under a forti- 
fication or other work, so as to destroy it when fired. 2. 
A rich source of wealth or other good. 

Mine, v. i. 1. To dig a mine or pit in the earth. 2. To 
form a burrow or lodge in the earth. 

Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mined ; p. pr. & vb, n. 
MINING.] [Lat. minare, to drive.] To dig away the 
foundation of; to lay a mine under ; to sap; to under- 
mine ; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret 
means. 

Min'er, n. One who mines ; a digger of mines. 

Min'er-al, n. [L. Lat. minerale, pi. mineralia, from 
minera. See MINE, n.] Any inorganic species having a 
definite chemical composition. 

Min'er-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, min- 
erals. 2. Impregnated with minerals. 

Min'er-al-ist, n. One versed or employed 1n minerals. 

Min / er-al-i-za'tion, n. 1. Processor mineralizing, or 
forming an ore by combination with another substance. 
2. Act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. 

Min'er-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. mineralized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MINERALIZING.] To make mineral; to 
reduce to a mineral form ; to communicate the properties 
of a mineral to. 

Min'er-al-ize. v. i. To go on an excursion for observ- 
ing and collecting minerals. [Recent.] 

Min'er-al-iz'er, n. A substance which mineralizes an- 
other, or combines with it in an ore. 

Min'er-al-og'ie-al, a. Pertaining to mineralogy. 



food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist, linger ; link; this 



MINERALOGIST 



464 



MINUTE-GUN 



Min'er-al'o-gist, n. One -who is versed in the science 
of minerals. 

Min'er-al'o-gy, n. [From mineral, and Gr. Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] The science which treats of the properties of 
mineral substances, and teaches us to characterize, dis- 
tinguish, and classify them according to their properties. 

Min'e-ver, n. [See Meniver.] An animal having a 
fine white far ; the ermine ; also, the fur itself. 

Mln'gle (nring'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. mingled; p. 
pr~. & vb. n. mingling.] [A.-S. mengan, mencgan, 
Icel. menga.] 1. To unite in one body, mass, or com- 
pound; to blend; to mix. 2, To mix confusedly, irregu- 
larly, or promiscuously. 3. To unite in society or by 
ties of relationship. 4. To deprive of purity by mixture ; 
to render impure. 

Mln'gle, v. i. To be mixed ; to be united. 

Min'gler, n. One who mingles. 

Min'i-jite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINIATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MINIATING.] [Lat. miniare, miniatum, from minium, 
q. v.] To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion. 

Mm'i-a-ture (miVi-at-yur or mm'it-yur, 53), n. [From 
Lat. miniare. See supra.] A painting in colors ; especi- 
ally, and now exclusively, a painting or other representa- 
tion on a reduced scale ; hence, reduced scale ; greatly 
diminished style or form. 

Min'i-a-tiire, or Min'Ia-tiire, a. On a small scale. 

Min'i-ltin, a. [See infra.] Small ; diminutive. 

Min'i-ltin, n. [Dim. of minion, q. v.] 1. A small sort 
of pin. 2. A darling ; a favorite. See Minion. 

Min'im, n. [Lat. minimus, the least, smallest.] 1. Any 
thing very minute, 2. A single drop. 3. ( Mus.) A half 
note, equal in time to two quarter notes, or crochets. 

Min'i-mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. minimized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. minimizing.] To reduce to the smallest part or 
proportion possible. 

"tyLtvx'i-triutn, n. ; pi. MIN'I-MA. [Lat.. from minimus. 
See supra.] The least quantity assignable in a given case; 
hence, a thing of small consequence ; a trifle. 

Min'ion (nrin'yun), n. [From 0. H. Ger. minni, min- 
nia, love, affection.] 1. A favorite; a darling; par- 
ticularly one who gains favors by flattery or mean adula- 
tion. 2. A small kind of printing type, in size between 
brevier and nonpareil. 
ra®~ This line is printed in minion type. 

Min'is-ter, n. [Lat., from -minus, less, like magister, fr. 
magis, more.] 1. A servant ; a subordinate ; an assist- 
ant of inferior rank. 2. One to whom a king or prince 
intrusts the direction of affairs of state. 3. The repre- 
sentative of a sovereign or government at a foreign court. 
4. One who serves at the altar ; the pastor o a church. 
Syn. — Delegate; official; embassador; clergyman; parson; 
priest. 

Min-is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINISTERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ministering.] To furnish ; to afford; to supply; 
to administer. 

Min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or 
agent. 2. To afford supplies ; to give things needful. 
Syn. — To attend; serve: officiate; administer; contribute. 

Min'is-te'ri-al (89), a. 1. Pertaining to ministry, or to 
the performance of service, or of executive office ; attend- 
ant. 2. Pertaining to the office of a minister ; execu- 
tive, embassadorial, or sacerdotal. 

Syn. — Official ; clerical ; priestly ; sacerdotal ; ecclesias- 
tical. ' 

Min'is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. In a ministerial manner or 
character. 

Min'is-trant, a. [Lat. ministrans, ministrantis, p. pr. 
of ministrare, to minister.] Performing service as a min- 
ister ; acting under command. 

Min'is-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of performing service as a 
subordinate agent ; ministry ; agency. 2. Office of a 
minister ; ecclesiastical function. 

Min'is-try, n. [Lat. ministerium. See MINISTER, «.] 
1. Act of ministering; ministration; agency; instru- 
mentality. 2. The office, duties, or functions of a min- 
ister. 3. The body of ministers ; the clergy ; the minis- 
ters of state. 4. Business; employment. 

Min'i-iim, n. [Lat. minium, a Spanish word.] A pig- 
ment of a beautiful red color ; red lead. 

Min'i-ver, n. The same as MINEVER. 

Mink, n. (Zoo I.) A carnivorous 
quadruped of the weasel tribe, that 
burrows in the earth on' the side of a 
river or pond. 

Min'ne-sing'er, n. [0. H. Ger. 
minni, love, r nd singen, to sing.] A Mink, 

love-singer ; specifically, one of a class 




of German poets and musicians who flourished between 
the 12th and 14th centuries. 

Min'nowlmin'no),)!, [Probably 
from Fr. menu, little, small, from 
Lat. minutus, little, small, minute.] 
(Ichth.) Avery small fresh-water 
fish, of several species. anow 

Mi'nor, a. [Lat., the compar.de- 
gree of a word not found in that language, but existing in 
other Indo-European dialects, A.-S. minn, Goth, mins, 
W.main, Gr. /ouvu's.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, im- 
portance, &c. ; less; smaller. 2. (Mus.) Lessor lower 
by a semitone. 

Mi'nor, n. 1. A person of either sex under age ; in Eng- 
land and the United States, one not yet twenty -one years 
of age. 2. (Logic.) The minor term, that is, the subject 
of the conclusion ; also, the minor premise, that is, that 
premise which contains the minor term ; in hypothetical 
syllogisms, the categorical premise. 3. A Minorite; a 
Franciscan friar. 

Mi'nor-ite, n. A Franciscan friar. 

Mi-nor'i-ty, n. 1. State of being a minor, or under 
age. 2. The smaller number. 

Min'o-taur, n. [Gr. Mtvoiraupos, from MiVws, the hus- 
band of" Pasiphae , and ravpos, a bull, the monster being 
the offspring of Pasiphae and a bull.] (Antiq.) A fabled 
monster, half man and half bull. 

Min'ster, n. [A.-S. mynster, minster, from Lat. monas- 
terium. See MONASTERY.] The church of a monastery, 
or one to which a monastery has been attached ; some- 
times, a cathedral church. 

Min'strel, n. [0. Eng. mynstral, from L. Lat. ministeri- 
alis, servant, workman, ministrellus, harpist, from Lat. 
ministerium, service. See Ministry.] One of an order of 
men, in the middle ages, who sang to the harp verses com- 
posed by themselves or others ; a bard ; a singer and 
harper. 

Min'strel-sy, n. 1. The arts and occupation of min- 
strels. 2. A collective body of minstrels ; a number of 
musicians. 3. A collective body of songs. 

Mint, n. [A.-S. mynet, money, coin, from Lat. moneta, 
the mint, coined money, from Moneta, a surname of 
Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was coined] 1. 
The place where money is coined. 2. A place of inven- 
tion, fabrication, or production ; hence, unlimited supply. 

Mint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MINT- 
ING.] 1. To make by stamping, as money ; to coin. 2. 
To invent ; to forge ; to fabricate ; to fashion. 

Mint, n. [A.-S. minte, from Lat. mentha, L. Lat. menta, 
Gr. ixivOa, ixCvOn.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant of various 
species, producing a highly odoriferous and pungent 
essential oil. 

Mint'age, n. 1. That which is minted or coined. 2. 
The duty paid to the mint for coining. [ventor. 

Mint'er, n. 1. One who mints ; a coiner. 2. An in- 

Mlnt'-man, n. : pi. MIN^MEN. One skilled in coining, 
or in coins ; a coiner. [who invents. 

Mint'-mas'terjn. 1. Superintendent of a mint. 2. One 

Min'u-end, n. [Lat. minuendus, to be diminished ; from 
minuere, to lessen, diminish.] (Arith.) The number from 
which another number is to be subtracted. 

Min'n-et, n. [Fr. menuet, from menu, small, Lat. min- 
tctus, on account of the small steps of this dance.] 1. A 
slow, graceful dance. 2. A tune or air to regulate the 
movements in the dance so called. 

Mi'nus, a. [Lat.] (Matk.) Less; also, requiring to be 
subtracted ; negative. 

Mi-niite', a. [Lat. minutus, p. p. of minuere, to lessen.] 
1. Very small, little, or slender; slight. 2. Attentive 
to small things. 

Syn. — Little ; diminutive ; fine ; critical ; exact ; circum- 
stantial ; particular ; detailed.— A circumstantial account em- 
braces all the leading events; a particular account goes further, 
and includes each event and movement, though of but little 
importance; a minute account goes further still, and omits 
nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, &c. 

Min'ute (min'it), n. [From Lat. minutum, i. e., a small 
portion, from minutus. See supra.] 1. The sixtieth 
part of an hour; sixty seconds. 2. (Geom.) The six- 
tieth part of a degree. 3. A note in writing to preserve 
the memory of any thing. 

Min'ute (mnVit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. minuted ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. MINUTING.] To make a note of; to jot down. 

Min'ute-bcfblc (min^t-, 27), n. A book of short hints. 

Min'ute-glass (min'it-), n. A glass, the sand of which 
measures a minute in running. 

Min'ute-giin (min'it-). n. A gun discharged every min- 
ute, as a signal of distress or mourning. 



S,e, &c, long; a, e\ &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, wolf, 



MINUTE-HAND 



465 



MISCONCEIVE 



Min'ute-hand (mm/it-), n. The hand that points to 
the minutes on a clock or watch. 

Mi-nute'ly, adv. In a minute manner ; exactly. 

Min'ute-ly (mm/it-ly), adv. Every minute ; with very 
little time intervening. 

Min'ute-man (mln'it-), n ; pi. min'ute-men. A man 
enlisted for service wherever required, and ready to march 
at a moment's notice. 

Mi-nute'ness. n. 1. The quality of being minute ; ex- 
iguity. 2. Attention to small things ; critical exactness. 

Mt-nu'ti-d (mi-nu'shi-a, 95), n.; pi. Mi-NV' Tl-^ (mi- 
nu'shi-e). [Lat., from minutus, small, minute, q. v.] 
A minute particular ; smallest detail. 

Minx, n. [Contracted from minikin, q. v.] 1. A pert, 
wanton girl. 2. A she puppy. 

Min'y, a. Abounding with mines ; subterraneous. 

Mi'o-cene, a. [Gr. /ueiW, fj.elov, less, and Katvos, new, 
fresh, recent ] ( Geol.) Less recent ; — a term applied to 
the middle division of the tertiary strata. 

Mir'a-cle (mir'a-kl), n. [Lat. miraculum, from mirari, 
to wonder.] 1. A wonder or wonderful thing. 2. 
Specifically, an event or effect contrary to the established 
constitution and course of things ; a supernatural event. 
3. A spectacle or dramatic representation exhibiting the 
lives of the saints. [ Obs.] 

Mi-rae'u-lous, a. 1. Of the nature of a miracle ; per- 
formed supernaturally. 2. Extraordinarily wonderful. 

Mi-rae'u-loiis-ly, adv. 1. In a miraculous manner ; su- 
pernaturally. 2. By extraordinary means ; wonderfully. 

Mi-rage' (mi-razh'), n. [Fr., from mirer, to look at care- 
fully, se mirer, to look at one's self in a glass, to reflect, 
to be reflected. See Mirror.] An optical illusion aris- 
ing from an unequal refraction in the lower strata of the 
atmosphere, and causing remote objects to be seen double, 
as if reflected in a mirror, or to appear as if suspended in 
the air. 

Mire, n. [A.-S. myre, Icel. myri.] Earth so wet and 
soft as to yield to pressure ; deep mud. 

Mire,i>. t. [imp. & p. p. mired ; p. pr. Serb. n. MIRING.] 

1. To plunge and fix in mire. 2. To soil or daub with 
mud. 

MIr'i-ness, n. State or quality of being miry. 

Mirk, a. [A.-S. myrc, mire, Icel. myrkr.] Dark ; murky. 

See Murky. 
MIrk/y, a. Dark ; obscure. See MURKY. 
Mir'ror, n. [Fr. miroir, as if from a Lat. word mira- 

torium, from mirari, to wonder.] 1. A looking-glass. 

2. That in which a true image may be seen ; a pattern ; 
an exemplar. 

Mir'ror, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MIRRORED ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. MIRRORING.] To reflect, as in a mirror. 
Mirth, n. [A.-S. mirdh. See MERRY.] High excitement 

of pleasurable feelings in company ; noisy gayety. 

Syn.— Merriment; joyousness; gladness; fun; frolic; glee; 
hilarity ; festivity ; jollity. See Gladness. 

Mirth 'ful, a. Full of mirth ; merry ; jovial ; festive. 

Mlrth'ful-ly, adv. In a mirthful manner. 

MIrth'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being mirthful. 

Mlrth'less, a. Without mirth or hilarity. 

MIr'y, a. 1. Abounding with deep mud ; full of mire. 
2. Consisting of mire. 

Mir'zct, n. [Per. rnirza, abbrev. fr. mirzadah, son of the 
prince, from Per. mir, Ar. amir, emir, prince, and Per. 
zctdeh, son.] The common style of honor in Persia. 
When appended to a name, it signifies prince. 

Mis-ae'cep-ta'tion, n. Wrong acceptation ; under- 
standing in a wrong sense. 

Mis'ad-vent'ure, n. Unlucky accident ; ill adventure. 
Syn. — Mischance ; mishap ; misfortune ; infelieity ; dis- 
aster ; calamity. 

Mis'al-lege' (mls'al-lej'), v. t. To state erroneously. 

Mis'al-ll'ance, n. Improper association ; especially, a 
degrading connection by marriage with a person of in- 
ferior social station. 

Mis'an-thrope, In. [Gr. fjuadvdponro?, from /ouo-eiv, 

Mis-an'thro-pist, i to hate, and avOpufrros, a man.] 
A hater of mankind. 

Mis'an-throp'ie, ) a. Hating, or having a dislike 

Mis'an-throp'ie-al, J to, mankind. 

Mis-Sn'throjpy, n. Hatred or dislike to mankind. 

Mis-ap'pli^ea'tion, n. A wrong application. 

Mis'ap-ply', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misapplied ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISAPPLYING.] To apply wrongly or to a 
wrong purpose. 

Mis-ap'pre-hend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misappre- 
hended;^, pr. & vb. n. MISAPPREHENDING.] To 
take in a wrong sense ; to misunderstand. 



Mis-ap'pre-hen'sion, n. A mistaking ; wrong appre- 
hension of one's meaning or of a fact. 

Syn. — Misconception ; misunderstanding ; mistake. 

Mis'ap-pro'pri-a'tion, n. Wrong appropriation. 

Mis'as-eribe', v. t. To ascribe erroneously. 

Mis'as-sign' (-as-sin'), v. t. To assign erroneously. 

Mis'be-eome' (-kum/j, v. t. To suit ill ; not to befit or 
become. 

Mis'be-got', \p. a. Unlawfully or irregularly be- 

Mis'be-got'ten, ) gotten. 

Mis'be-have', v. i. [imp. & p. p. misbehaved ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. misbehaving.] To behave ill ; to conduct 
one's self improperly. 

Mis'be-hav'ior (-hav'yur), n. Improper, rude, or un- 
civil behavior ; ill-conduct. 

Mis'be-lief ', n. Erroneous belief; false religion. 

Mis'be-liev'er, n. One who believes wrongly ; one who 
holds a false religion. 

Mis'be-stow^, v. t. To bestow improperly. 

Mis-eal'eu-late, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. miscalculated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. miscalculating.] To calculate er- 
roneously. 

Mis-eaFcu-la'tion, n. Erroneous calculation. 

Mis-eall' (mls-kawF), v. t. [imp. & p. p. miscalled ; 
p. pr". & vb. n. miscalling.] To call by a wrong 
name ; to name improperly , to abuse. 

Mis-ear'riage (nris-k&Vrij, 45), n. 1. Unfortunate 
event of an undertaking ; failure. 2. Evil or improper 
behavior. 3. Premature birth. 

Mis-ear'ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. miscarried ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. miscarrying.] 1. To fail of the intended 
effect. 2. To fail to reach its destination. 3. To bring 
forth young before the proper time. 

Mis-east', v. t. [imp. & p. p. miscast ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
miscasting.] To cast or reckon erroneously. 

Mis-east', n. An erroneous cast or reckoning. 

Mis'ce-ge-na'tion, n. [Lat. miscere, to mix, and genere, 
to beget.] Amalgamation of races. 

Mis' qel-la'ne-d , n. pi. [Lat. See Miscellany.] A 
collection of miscellaneous matters. 

Mis'cel-la/ne-oiis, a. [Lat. miscellaneus , fr. miscellus, 
mixed, from miscere, to mix.] Mixed ; mingled ; con- 
sisting ofseveral kinds. [ous» 

Mis'cel-la'ne-oiis-ness, n. State of being miscellane- 

Mis'^el-la-ny (44), n. [Lat. miscellanea, pi. neut. of 
miscellaneus.] 1. A mass or mixture of various kinds ; 
a medley. 2. Especially, a collection of compositions 
on various subjects. 

Mis-chance', n. Ill luck ; ill fortune. 

Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misadventure ; mishap ; in- 
felicity ; disaster. 

Mis-charge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mischarged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISCHARGING.] To mistake in charging, as 
an account. [count. 

Mis-charge', n. A mistake in charging, as an ac- 
Mis'chief , n. [0. Fr. meschef, from Fr. mes, equiv. to 
Lat. minus, less, and chef, head, end, from Lat. caput ; 
properly, ill end.] 1. Evil produced or effected, whether 
with or without intention ; often, trivial evil or vexation, 
caused by. thoughtlessness, or in sport. 2. Cause of 
trouble or vexation. 

Syn. —Damage; harm. — Damage is an injury which 
diminishes the value of a thing; harm is an injury which 
causes trouble or inconvenience; mischief is an injury which 
disturbs the order and consistency of things. We often suffer 
damage or harm from accident, or from the course of Provi- 
dence, but mischief always springs from the perversity or folly 
of man. No one can tell the mischiefs which result to a com- 
munity from a tattling disposition. 

Mis'chief-mak'er, n. One who makes mischief. 
Mis'chief-mah'ing, a. Causing harm or mischief. 
Mis'chiev-ous (mis'chiv-us), a. 1. Making mischief, 

2. Inclined to do harm. 

Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; injurious; detrimental; noxious; 

pernicious ; destructive. 
Mis'chiev-oiis-ly, adv. In a mischievous manner. 
Mis'cbiev-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being mischievous. 
Misch'na (mish'na), n. The text of the Jewish Talmud. 
Mis-chdbge' (mis-cho~bz'), v. t. [imp. mischose ; p. p. 

MISCHOSEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISCHOOSING.] To choose 

wrongly. [tion. 

Mis'cl-ta'tion, n. Erroneous or inappropriate quota- 
Mis-clte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISCITED; p.pr. & vb. 

n. MISCITING.] To cite erroneously or inappropriately- 
Mis-elaim', n. A mistaken claim or demand. 
Mis-eom'pu-ta/tion, n. Erroneous computation. 
Mis'eon-ceit', n. Misconception. 
Misconceive', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. miscon- 



MISCONCEPTION 



466 



MISMARK 



CEIVED; p. pr. & vb. n. MISCONCEIVING.] To con- 
ceiTe wrongly ; to interpret incorrectly. 

Syn. — To misapprehend ; misunderstand ; misjudge ; mis- 
take. 

Mis'eon-cep'tion, n. Erroneous conception ; false 
opinion ; wrong notion or understanding of a thing. 
Syn. — Misapprehension; misunderstanding; mistake. 

Mis-eon'dnet, n. Wrong conduct ; ill behavior. 

Syn.— Misbehavior; misdemeanor; mismanagement; mis- 
deed ; delinquency ; offense. 

Mis'-eon-dii-et', v. t. {imp. & p. p. misconducted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. misconducting.] To conduct amiss ; 
to mismanage. 

Mis'eon-je^t'ure (53), n. A wrong conjecture. 

Mis'-eoii-je-et'ure, v. t. or i. To guess wrongly. 

Mis^eon-striie'tion, n. Erroneous construction ; 
wrong interpretation of words or things. 

Mis-eon'strue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misconstrued ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MISCONSTRUING.] To construe wrongly ; 
to interpret erroneously. 

Mis-eoun'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. miscounseled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MISCOUNSELING.] To counsel wrongly. 

Mis-eount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. miscounted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISCOUNTING.] To mistake in counting. 

Mis-eount', v. i. To make wrong reckoning. 

Mis-eount', n. An erroneous counting or numbering. 

Mis'ere-ant, n. [0. Fr. mescreant, from mes, wrong, 
from Lat. minus, less, and credens, p. pr. of credere, to 
believe.] 1. An infidel ; a misbeliever. £. A vile 
wretch ; an unprincipled fellow. 

Mis-date', n. A wrong date. 

Mis-date', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISDATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MISDATING.] To date erroneously. 

Mis-deed', n. An evil deed ; a wicked action. 

Syn.— Misconduct; misdemeanor; fault; offense; trespass; 
transgression ; crime. 

Mis-deem', v. t. [imp. &p. p. misdeemed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. misdeeming.] To judge erroneously ; to mis- 
judge. 

Mis'de-mean', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misdemeaned; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MlSDEMEANING.] To behave ill. 

Mis'de-mean'or, n. 1. Ill behavior ; evil conduct. 
H, (Law.) Any crime less than a felony. 

Syn. — Misdeed; misconduct; misbehavior; fault; trespass; 
transgression. 

Mis'di-reet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misdirected ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. misdirecting.] 1. To give a wrong direction 
to. 2. To direct to a wrong person or place. 

Mis'di-ree'tion, n. 1. Act of directing wrongly. 2, 
(Law. ) An error of a judge in charging the jury. 

Mis-do', v. t. [imp. misdid; p. p. misdone ; p. pr. & 
vb. n" MISDOING.] To do wrongly. 

Mis-do', v. i. To do wrong ; to commit a fault or crime. 

Mis-dp'er (-docker), n. One who misdoes ; a wrong-doer. 

Mis-do'ing (-dob'ing), n. A wrong done ; a fault or 
crime"; an offense. 

Mis'em-ploy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misemployed ; ;;. 
pr. & vb. n. misemploying.] To employ to no pur- 
pose, or to a bad purpose ; to use amiss. 

Mls'em-ploy'ment, n. Ill employment. 

Mis-en'try, n. An erroneous entry or charge, as of an 
account. 

Mi'ger, n. [Lat. miser, wretched, miserable.] An ex- 
tremely covetous person ; a niggard. 

Mi§'er-a-fole, a. [Lat. miserabilis, from miserari, to 
lament, pity, from miser, wretched.] 1. Very unhappy ; 
in a state of misery or distress. 2. Causing misery. 3, 
"Very poor ; worthless ; despicable. 

Syn. — Abject ; forlorn ; pitiable : wretched. 

Mis/er-a-ble-ness, n. State of being miserable. 
Mi§'er-a-bly, adv. In a miserable manner ; unhappily. 
JUi^e-re're, n. [Lat., have mercy. See supra.] (Rom. 

Cath. Church.) The 51st psalm, which commences with 

this word. 
MI'§er-ly, a. Very covetous ; sordid. 

Syn. — Avaricious ; niggardly ; parsimonious ; penurious ; 

covetous ; stingy ; mean. 
Mig'er-y. n. [Lat. misnia, from miser, wretched.] 1. 

Great unhappiness ; extreme pain of body or mind. 2. 

Natural evils which are the cause of misery ; calamity ; 

misfortune. 

Syn. — Wretchedness : torture ; agony ; torment ; anguish ; 

distress ; calamity ; misfortune. 
Mis-es'ti-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misestimated ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. misestimating.] To estimate errone- 
ously. 



Mis-fea'gance, n. [0. Fr. mes, wrong, fr. Lat. minus, 

less, arndfaisance, from /aire, Lat. facere, to do.] (Law.) 

A trespass ; a wrong done. 
Mis-fit', n. A bad fit. 
Mis-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISFORMED ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. misforming.] To put into an ill shape. 
Mis-f ort'une , n. Ill fortune ; ill luck ; an evil or cross 

accident. 

Syn. — Calamity ; mishap ; mischance ; misadventure ; ill ; 
harm ; disaster. See Affliction. 

Mis-give', v. t. [imp. misgave ; p. p. MISGIVEN ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MISGIVING.] To fill with doubt and ap- 
prehension ; to deprive of confidence ; to fail. 

Mis-giv'ing, n. A failing of confidence ; distrust. 

Mis-got'ten, a. Unjustly obtained. 

Mis-gov'ern. v. t. [imp. & p. p. misgoverned; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MISGOVERNING.] To govern ill. 

Mis-gov'ern-ment, n. 1. Ill administration of public 
or private affairs. Z. Irregularity ; disorder. 

Mis-guid'ance, n. Wrong direction or guidance. 

Mis-guide' (72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. misguided ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. biisguiding.] To direct ill ; to lead into error. 

Mis-hap', n. Ill chance ; evil accident ; ill luck. 

Syn. — Calamity ; misfortune ; mischance ; accident ; dis- 
aster. 

Mis-hear', v. i. To mistake in hearing. 

Mish'-mash, n. [Ger. rnisch-masch, from mischen, to 
mix.] A mingle, or hotch-potch. 

Mish'na, n. [N. Heb. mishnak, i. e.. repetition, explana- 
tion (sc. of the divine law), from Heb. shanah, to change, 
to repeat,] A collection of Jewish traditions and ex- 
planations of Scripture. 

Mis'irn-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MisiMPROVED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MISI3IPROVING.] To use for a bad pur- 
pose ; to abuse ; to misuse. 

Mis'im-prove'ment, n. Ill use or employment, 

Mis/in-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misinformed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. misinforming.] To give erroneous in- 
formation to. 

Mis-in'f or-ma'tion, n. Wrong information. 

Mis'in-f orm'er, n. One who gives wrong information. 

Mis/in-struet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misinstructed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. misinstructing.] To instruct amiss. 

Mis'in-ter'pret, v.-. t. [imp. & p. p. misinter- 
preted ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISINTERPRETING.] To in- 
terpret erroneously ; to understand or to explain amiss. 

Mis'in-ter'pre-ta'tion, n. A mistaken interpretation. 

Mis-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISJOINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MTSJOINING.] To join unfitly or improperly. 

Mis-judge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misjudged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISJUDGING.] To mistake in judging of. 

Mis-judge', v. i. To err in judgment ; to form false 
opinions or notions. 

Mis-judg'ment, n. A wrong or unjust determination. 

Mis-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mislaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MISLAYING.] 1. To lay in a wrong place. "Z. To lay 
in a place not recollected ; to lose. 

MIs/le (nm/1), v. i. [imp. & p. p. MISLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MISLING.] [From mist ; properly mistle.] To rain 
in very fine drops, like a thick mist. 

Mig'le (mlz'l), n. A fine rain ; a thick mist. 

Mis-lead', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
misleading.] To lead into a wrong way or path ; to 
lead astray ; to deceive. 

Syn. — To delude. — To mislead is to lead astray in any 
manner ; to delude is to do it by exciting the imagination. 
The former does not of necessity imply any bad design ; a man 
may mislead us through false information or erroneous judg- 
ment. The latter always supposes more or less of conscious 
intention ; an impostor deludes his dupes by false pretenses 
and hypocrisy. 

Mis-lead'er, n. One who leads into error. 

Mig'le-toe, n. See Mistletoe. 

Mis-like', v. t. or i. [hup. & p. p. MISLIKED _; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISLIKING.] To dislike ; to have aversion to. 

Mis-like', n. Dislike; disapprobation; aversion. 

Mig'ly (miz'ly), a. [See MlSLE and MIST.] Raining in 
very small drops. 

Mis-man'age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MISMANAGED ; p 
pr. & vb. n. mismanaging.] To behave or manage ill. 

Mis-man'age, v. t. To manage ill ; to administer im- 
properly. 

Mis-man'age-ment, n. Til or improper management. 

Mis-man'a-ger, n. One who manages ill. 

Mis-mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISMARKED (mis- 
m'arkt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. MisMARKTNG.] To mark with 
the wrong token ; to mark erroneously. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,, wolf , 



MISMATCH 



467 



MISTLE 



Mis-match', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mismatched ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. mismatching.] To match unsuitably. 

Mis-name', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misnamed ; p. pr. & 
vb. it.. MISNAMING.] To call by the wrong name. 

Mis-no'mer, n. [From 0. Fr. mes, amiss, wrong, from 
Lat. minus, less, and Fr. nommer, to name, Lat. nomi- 
nare, from nomen, name.] 1. (Law.) The mistaking 
of the true name of a person ; a misnaming. 2. A 
wrong or inapplicable name or title. 

Mis'ofo-gerve', v. t. To observe inaccurately. 

Mi-s6g'a-mist, ?i. [Gr. juteroyafio?, from |u.<.<reu>, to hate, 
and ya|u.o?, marriage.] A hater of marriage. 

Mi-s5g'a-my, n. Hatred of marriage. 

Mi-sog'y-nist, n. [Gr. ftto-oywrj? , (jLi<royvv(uo<;, from 
fjucreLv, to hate, and yvvri, woman.] A woman-hater. 

Mi-sog'y-ny, n. Hatred of the female sex. [&c. 

Mis-pell', Mis-pend', &c. See Misspell, Misspend, 

Mis'per-suade' (-swad'), v. t. To persuade amiss. 

Mis'per-sua'gion (-swa'zhun), n. A false persuasion. 

Mis-pick'el (-plk/l), n. [Ger. ; O. Ger. mispiickel, misz- 
pieckel.] (Min.) Arsenical iron pyrites. 

Mis-place', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misplaced (-plast'); 
p. pr. & vb. n. MISPLACING.] To put in a wrong place. 

Mis-place'ment, n. The act of putting in the wrong 
place ; the state of being misplaced. 

Mis-plead', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. MTSPLEADED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISPLEADING.] To err in pleading. 

Mis-point', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mispointed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISPOINTING.] To point improperly. 

Mis-print', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misprinted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISPRINTING.] To mistake in printing; to print 
wrong. 

Mis-print', n. A mistake or error in printing. 

Mis-prig'ion (mis-prizh'un), n. [L. Lat. misprisio. See 
infra, and cf. Fr. mepris, contempt.] (Law.) (a.) A 
neglect, negligence, or contempt ; as, misprision of 
treason, or felony, is a neglect or light account made of 
treason or felony, by not revealing it, when one has a 
bare knowledge of it. (b.) Neglect, oversight, or mistake, 
as of a clerk in writing or keeping a record. 

Mis-prize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISPRIZED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISPRIZING.] To slight or undervalue. 

Mis'pro-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mispro- 
nounced {-pro-nounstO ; p- pr. & vb. n. MISPRO- 
NOUNCING.] To pronounce erroneously. 

Mis'pro-nounce'. v. i. To pronounce incorrectly. 

Mis'pro-nun'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. Wrong or im- 
proper pronunciation. 

Mis'pro-por'tion, v. t. To err in proportioning one 
thing to another ; to join without due proportion. 

Mis'quo-ta'tion, n. An erroneous quotation. 

Mis-quote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISQUOTED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISQUOTING.] To quote erroneously. 

Mis're-cit'al, n. An inaccurate recital. 

Mis're-clte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrecited ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISRECITING.] To recite erroneously. 

Mis-reck'on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misreckoned ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MISRECKONING.] To reckon or compute 
wrongly. 

Mis-r6ck'on-ing, n. An erroneous computation. 

Mis're-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrelated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MiSRELATlNG.] To relate falsely or inac- 
curately. 

Mis're-la'tion, n. Erroneous relation or narration. 

Mis're mem'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misremem- 
BERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISREMEMBERING.] To mis- 
take in remembering. 

Mis're-mem'ber, v. i. To make a mistake in remem- 
bering. 

Mis're-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misreported ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MISREPORTING.] To report erroneously. 

Mis're-port'. v. >'. To make an incorrect report. 

Mis're-port', n. An erroneous report ; a false or incor- 
rect account given. 

Mis-rep're-gent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrepre- 
sented; p. pr. & vb. n. MISREPRESENTING.] To 
represent falsely or incorrectly. [sentation. 

Mis-rep're-gent',_f. i. To make an incorrect repre- 

Mis-rep're-gent-a'tion, n. 1. Act of giving a false 
or erroneous representation. 2. A false or incorrect ac- 
count given, either from mistake, carelessness, or malice. 

Mis-rep're-gent'er, n. One who gives a false or er- 
roneous account. 

Mis-rule', n. 1. Disorder ; confusion ; tumult from in- 
subordination. 2. Unjust domination. 

Miss, n. [Contr. from mistress, q. v.] Young woman or 
girl ; — chiefly used as a title of address, prefixed to the 
name of an unmarried woman. 



Miss, v . t. [imp. & p. p. missed (mist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MISSING.] [A..-S. missian, 0. H. Ger. missan.] 1. To 
fail of hitting, reaching, attaining, or finding. 2. To do 
without; to forego. 3. To omit; to pass by. 4. To 
discover the absence or omission of; to feel the want of. 

Miss, v. i. 1. To fail to hit. 2. Not to succeed ; to fail. 
3. To fail to obtain, learn, or find. 4. To mistake ; to 
err. [error. 

Miss, n. 1. Loss ; want ; felt absence. 2. Mistake ; 

Mis'sal, n. [L. Lat. missale, liber missalis, from missa, 
mass. See Mass.] The Roman Catholic mass-book. 

Mi§'§el-toe, n. See Mistletoe. 

Mis-send', v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly. 

Mis-serve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misserved ; p, pr. & 
vb. n. MISSERVING.] To serve unfaithfully. 

Mis-snape', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misshaped (mis- 
shape, 108, 109) [p. p. also misshapen) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
misshaping.] To shape ill ; to deform. 

Mis'sile, a. [Lat, missilis, from mittere, missum, to 
cause to go, to send, to throw.] Capable of being thrown. 

Mis'sile, n. A weapon thrown, or intended to be thrown, 
as a lance, arrow, or bullet. 

Mis'sion (mish / un), n. [Lat. missio, from mittere, mis- 
sum, to send.] 1. Actof sending, or state of being sent; 
commission. 2. Errand ; duty on which one is sent. 
3. Persons sent ; a delegation; an embassy. 4. A station, 
residence, or organization, of missionaries. 

Mis'sion-a-ry (mish^n-), n. One who is sent upon a 
mission ; especially, one sent to propagate religion. 

Mis'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to missions. 

Mis'sive, a. [Lat. mittere, missum, to send.] 1. In- 
tended to be sent ; prepared for sending out. 2. In- 
tended to be thrown or hurled ; missile. 

Mis'sive, n. That which is sent ; a message. 

Mis-speak', v. i. To err or mistake in speaking. 

Mis-speak.', v. t. To utter wrongly. 

Mis-spell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misspelled, or mis- 
spelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. misspelling.] To spell wrong ; 
to write or utter with wrong letters. 

Mis-spell'ing, n. A wrong spelling ; false orthography. 

Mis-spend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misspent; p. pr. & 
vb. n. misspending.] To spend amiss ; to squander. 

Mis-state', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misstated ; p. pr. & 
vb. «._M1SSTATING.] To state wrongly ; to falsify. 

Mis-state'ment, n. An incorrect statement. 

Mis-step' (109), n. A wrong or false step. 

Mis-step', v. i. To take a wrong step. 

Mist, n. [A.-S. mist, Icel. mistr.] 1. Visible watery 
vapor at or near the surface of the earth ; fog. 2. 
Coarse, watery vapor, approaching the form of rain. 3. 
Hence, any thing which dims or darkens. 

Mist, v. t. To cloud ; to cover with mist. 

Mist, v. i. [imp. & p. p. misted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MISTING.] To rain in very fine drops. 

Mis-tak'a-ble, a. Liable to be mistaken. 

Mis-take', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTOOK; p. p. MIS- 
TAKEN; p. pr. & vb. n. mistaking.] 1. To take 
wrongly ; to misunderstand, misapprehend, or miscon- 
ceive. 2. To substitute erroneously, as a thought or 
thing. 

To be mistaken, (a.) To be misapprehended or misunder- 
stood, (b.) To be taken or led astray ; hence, to err, to misap- 
prehend. 

Mis-take', v. i. To err in opinion or judgment. 

Mis-take', n. 1. A taking or apprehending wrongly. 
2. A fault in opinion, judgment, or conduct ; a miscon- 
ception. 
Syn. — Blunder ; error ; bull. See Blunder. 

Mis-tak'en (-tak'n), p. a. 1. Guilty of a mistake; in 
error. 2. Erroneous ; incorrect ; wrong. 

Mis-tak'en-ly (-tak'n-), adv. By mistake. 

Mis-tak'er, n. One who mistakes or misunderstands. 

Mis-teach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistaught ; ppr. & 
vb. n. MISTEACHING.] To teach wrongly. 

Mis-tell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTOLD ; p pr. & vb. n. 
mistelling.] [See Tell.] To tell erroneously. 

Mis'ter, n. [Contr. from Lat. magister, like master.] 
Sir ; master ; — a title of any adult male, nearly always 
written in the abbreviated form , Mr. 

Mis-term' (14), v. t. To term or denominate erroneously. 

Mis-time', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistimed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISTIMING.] To time wrongly ; not to adapt to 

Mis-time', v. i. To neglect the proper time, [the time. 

Mist'i-ness, n. A state of being misty. 

Mis-ti'tle, v. t. To call by a wrong title or name. 

Mig'tle (miz/1), v. i. [Eng. mist. See MlSLE and Miz- 
zle.] To fall in very fine drops, as rain. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, cliaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this* 






MISTLETOE 



468 



MOBILITY 



111 usage ; abuse. 

p. misused; p. pr. & vb. 



Mi§'tle-toe (miz'1-to), n. [A.-S. mistelta, D. mistelboom.] 
(Bot.) A parasitic evergreen plant, bearing a glutinous 
fruit. When found upon the oak, where it is rare, it 
was an object of superstitious regard among the Druids. 

Mis'trans-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistranslated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MISTRANSLATING.] To translate erro- 
neously. 

Mis'trans-la'tion, n. An erroneous translation. 

Mis'tress, n. [0 Eng. maistress, L. Lat. magistressa, 
magistrissa, for Lat. magistra, f. of magister. See MAS- 
TER.] 1. A woman who exercises authority, is chief, 
&c. ; the female head of a family, a school, &c. 2. A 
woman well skilled in any thing, or having the mastery 
over it. 3. A beloved object ; a sweetheart. 4. A para- 
mour; a concubine. 5. Madam; — a title or term of 
address, now superseded by the abbreviated form Missis, 
which is written Mrs. 

Mis-trl'al, n. (Law.) A false or erroneous trial. 

Mis-triist', n. Want of confidence or trust ; suspicion. 

Mis-trust', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistrusted; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MISTRUSTING.] 1. To regard with jealousy or 
suspicion ; to suspect ; to doubt. 2. Hence, to antici- 
pate as near or likely to occur ; to surmise. 

Mis-triist'ful, a. Suspicious ; wanting confidence. 

Mis-triist'f ul-ly, adv. With suspicion or doubt. 

Mis-triist'f ul-ness, ft. Suspicion ; doubt. 

Mis-tune', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistuned; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. MISTTJNING.] To tune wrong or erroneously. 

Mis-tu'toi", v. t. To instruct amiss. 

MIst'y, a. [compar. MISTIER ; superl. MISTIEST.] 1. 
Overspread with mist ; attended by mist. 2. Obscured 
as if by mist. 

Mis-iin'der-stand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misunder- 
stood ; p. pr. & vb. n. misunderstanding.] To 
misconceive ; to mistake ; to take in a wrong sense. 

Mis-iin'der-stand'ing, ft. 1. Mistake of meaning ; 
error ; misconception, 2. Disagreement ; difference ; 
slight quarrel. 

Mis-u§'age (mis-yijz'ej), n. 

Mis-u§e', v. t. [imp. & p 
n. misusing.] 1. To treat or use improperly. 2. To 
treat ill. 

Syn. — To maltreat ; abuse ; misemploy ; misapply. 

Mis-use', ft. 1. Wrong or incorrect application or use ; 
misapplication. 2. Morally wrong use ; abuse. 

Mis-wed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. miswedded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. miswedding.] To wed improperly. 

Mis-wor'ship-er (-wdr'ship-), n. One who worships 
wrongly. 

Mis-ydlte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misyoked; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MISYOKING.] To yoke or join improperly. 

Mite, ft. [A.-S. mite, L. Lat. mita.] 1. Any thing very 
small; a minute object. 2. Hence, specifically, (a.) 
(Zo'dl.) A minute spider, having jaws, which distinguish 
it from the ticks, and of which there are several varieties. 
(b.) Avery small piece of money ; especially, the smallest 
coin known to the Hebrews, a little more than one fourth 
of an English farthing, or less than two mills of our 
currency. 

Mi'ter, \ n. [Lat. mitra, Gr. 

Mi'tre, } fxCrpa, head-band, tur- 
ban.] 1. A covering for the 
head, worn by bishops, cardinals, 
&c. 2. {Arch.) The joint formed 
by the ends of two pieces, as of 
molding, each cut off at an angle 
of 45°, and matching together so 
as to form a right angle. The 
term is also applied to pieces 
meeting at any other angle. 

Mi'ter, ) v. i. [imp. & p. p. MI- Mitre. 

Mi'tre, ) TERED, or MITRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MITER- 
ING, or MITRING.] (Arch.) To meet and match together, 
as two pieces of molding, on a line bisecting the angle of 
junction, particularly when at a right angle. 

Mi'ter, ) v. t. 1. To adorn with a miter. 2. To unite 

Mi'tre, ) at an angle of 45°. 

Mit'i-ga-ble, a. Capable of being alleviated. 

Mit'i-gant, a. [Lat. mitigans, p. pr. of mitigare. See 
infra.} _ Tending to mitigate ; lenitive. 

Mit'i-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MITIGATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MITIGATING.] [Lat. mitigare, mitigatum, from 
mitis, mild, soft.] 1. To alleviate, as suffering. 2. To 
make less rigorous ; to soften in severity or harshness ; 
to temper. 3. To render more tolerable. 4. To reduce 
in amount or severity, as a penalty. 

Syn. — To assuage. — He who mitigates relaxes in respect 




to harshness ; he who assuages actively lessens the pain of 
others. We mitigate by being less severe ; we assuage by 
being positively kind. A judge mitigates a sentence ; friends 
assuage our afflictions. 

Mit'i-ga'tion, ft. Act of mitigating, or state of being 
mitigated. 

Syn. — Alleviation ; abatement ; relief. 

Mit'i-ga/tive, a. Tending to mitigate ; alleviating ; re- 
lieving j; lenitive. 

Mit'i-ga'tor, n. One who, or that which, mitigates. 

Mi'tre, n. & v. See Miter. 

Mitt, n. [Abbrev. from mitten.'] A mitten ; also, a thin, 
fingerless cover for the wrist and hand. 

Mit'ten (58), ft. [Ir. & Gael, mutan, mitinigh, from 
math, the hand ; Armor, mittain.] A cover for the 
hand, without fingers. 

To give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover; to reject the suit 
of. [Colloq.] — To handle without mittens, to treat roughly ; to 
handle unceremoniously. [Colloq.] 

Mit'ti-mus, n. [Lat., we send, from mittere, to send.] 
(Law.) A warrant of commitment to prison. 

Mit'y, a. Having, or abounding with, mites. 

Mix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mixed (less properly MIXT) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MIXING.] [A.-S. miscan, allied to Lat.?ra's- 
cere, mixtum, Gr. /uicryeiv.] 1. To cause a promiscuous 
interpenetration of the parts of ; to unite ; to blend. 
2. To unite with in company ; to join ; to associate. 3. 
To produce by the stirring together of ingredients ; to 
mingle. 

Mix, v. i. 1. To become united or blended promiscu- 
ously. 2. To be joined ; to associate. 

Mix'er, ft. One who mixes or mingles. 

Mlx'ti-lin'e-al, I a. [Lat. mixius, mixed, p. p. of mis- 

Mix'ti-lin'e-ar, \ cere, to mix, and Eng. lineal, linear.'] 
Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, as 
straight, curved, and the like. 

Mixt'ure, n. [Lat. mixtura. from miscere, mixtum, to 
mix.] 1. Art of mixing, or state of being mixed. 2. 
That which is mixed or mingled. 3. An ingredient en- 
tering into a mixed mass. 

Syn. — Union; association; admixture; intermixture; med- 
ley. 

Miz'zen (miz'zn), a. [It. mezzana, from mezzano, mid- 
dle, from mezzo, middle, half. See Mezzo.] (Naut.) 
Hindmost; nearest the stern. 

Miz'zen, n. (Naut.) The hindmost of the fore and aft 
sails of a vessel ; the spanker sail. 

Miz'zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MIZZLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MIZZLING.] [See MlSLE andMlSTLE.] To rain in very 

Miz'zle, n. Mist; fine rain. [fine drops. 

Mne-mon'i-e ) (ne-mon/ik-), a. [Gr. ju.vtjju.ovik6s, fr. 

Mne-mon'i-e-al j pvyM) memory.] Assisting the 
memory. 

Mne-mon'res (ne-momlks), n. sing. A system of pre- 
cepts and rules intended to assist the memory. 

Moan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOANED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MOANING.] [A.-S. m&nan, to moan and to mean.] To 
bewail with an audible voice ; to lament ; to deplore. 

Moan, v. i. To make a low, dull sound of grief or pain. 

Moan, n. 1. Audible expression of sorrow or suffering ; 
lamentation. 2. A low, dull sound, like that of a person 
lamenting. 

Moat, n. [0. Er. mote, hill, dike, bank; L. Lat. mota, 
motta, a hill on which a fort is built, an eminence, a 
dike; Prov. Ger. mott, bog-earth heaped up.] (Fort.) A 
deep trench round the rampart of a castle or other forti- 
fied place ; a ditch. 

Moat, v. t. To surround with a ditch for defense. 

Mob, n. [Lat. mobile vulgvs, the movable common peo- 
ple. See Mobile.] A disorderly crowd; a collection 
of people for some riotous and unlawful purpose. 

Syn. — Populace. — Populace signifies the lower orders of 
the people taken collectively; a mob is a riotous assembly of 
persons. A mob may be gathered and dispersed in an hour; 
the populace is a permanent portion of society. 

M5b, v. t. [imp. & p.p. MOBBED ; p. j>r. & vb. n. MOB- 
BING.] To attack in a disorderly crowd. 

Mob'bish, a. Like a mob; tumultuous; mean; vulgar. 

Mob'--eap, n. [D. mop-muts, from mop, a pug dog, and 
muts, a cap.] A plain cap or head-dress ; especially, one 
tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of 
the same material as the cap itself. 

Mo'bile, a. [Lat. mobilis, for movibilis, from movere, to 
move.] Capable of being moved, aroused, or excited. 

Mo-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being mobile ; susceptibility 
of being moved, aroused, excited, &c. 2. Activity; 
readiness to move. 3. Quality of being inconstant," 
fickleness. 



5,e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf* 



MOBILIZATION 



' 469 



MOHAMMEDISM 




MoVi-li-za'tion, n. The calling into active service of 
troops not previously on the war establishment. 

M©l>'i-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mobilized; p.pr. & 
vb. n. MOBILIZING.] To call into active service ; — ap- 
plied to troops which, though enrolled, were not previ- 
ously on the war establishment. 

Mob-o€'ra-cy, n. [From Eng. mob, and Gr. Kparelv, 
to rule.] Rule or ascendency of the mob. 

Moe'ca-sin, n. [An Indian word. Algonquin makisin.] 

1. A shoe or cover for the foot, made of deer-skin or 
other soft leather, without a sole. 2. (Zo'Cl.) A poison- 
ous water serpent of the Southern United States. 

Mock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOCKED (mokt) ; p. pr. & vb 
n. mocking.] [From Gr. jawKav, fUDKacrdai, from/u.a>/cos, 
mockery.] 1. To imitate in contempt or derision. 2. 
To treat with scorn or contempt. 3. To disappoint the 
hopes of. 

Syn. — To deride ; ridicule ; taunt ; jeer ; tantalize; disap- 
point. See Deride. 

Mock, v. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest, or to 
speak jestingly. 

Mock, n. Ridicule ; derision ; sneer ; mockery. 

Mock, a. Imitating reality, but not real; false. 

Mock'er, n. One who mocks ; a scorner ; a scoffer. 

Mock'er-y, n. 1. Act of mocking or deriding. 2. 
Sportive insult or contempt ; derision ; ridicule. 3. 
Subject of laughter ; sport. 4. Vain imitation or effort. 

Mock'ing-nlrd, n. (Ornith.) A 
singing-bird of North America re- 
markable for its exact imitations 
of the notes of other birds. 

Mo'dal, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
mode or mood ; consisting in mode 
or form only. 2. ( Logic & Meta- 
physics. ) Indicating some mode of 
conceiving existence, or of express- 
ing thoughts. 

Mo-dal'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of 
being modal, or being in form only. Mocking-bird. 

2. (Logic.) A modal relation or quality. [mode. 
Mo'dal-ly, adv. In a modal manner ; with reference to 
Mode, n. [Lat. modus, measure, due or proper measure, 

bound, manner, form.] 1. Manner of existing or being. 

2. Prevailing popular custom. 3. Variety; gradation; 
degree. 4. (Metaph.) Condition, or state of being ; form, 
as opposed to matter. 5. (Logic.) The form in which 
the proposition connects the predicate and subject, wheth- 
er by simple, contingent, or necessary assertion. 6. 
(Gram.) Manner of action or being, as expressed by a 
difference of form in the inflection of a verb ; mood. 7. 
(Mus.) The arrangement of the intervals in a scale. 

Syn. — Method; manner; form ; fashion ; way; style. See 
Method. 

Mod'el (61), n. [From Lat. modulus, diminutive of mo- 
dus. See supra.] 1. Standard. 2. Pattern ; example. 

3. Something to be copied ; a mold. 4. A representa- 
tion ; a fac-simile. 5. Hence, specifically, a copy, as of 
a statue or bust ; a representation of a machine or struct- 
ure of any kind on a reduced scale. 

Mod'el, v . t. [imp. & p. p. modeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MODELING.] To plan or form after a pattern ; to form 
in model, or propose a model for. 

Mod'el, v. i. (Fine Arts.) To make a pattern from which 
some work is to be executed. 

Mod'el-er, n. One who models ; a professed or skillful 
worker in plastic art. 

Mod'el-ing, n. (Fine Arts.) The act or art of making 
a model from which a work of art is to be executed. 

Mod'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. modcratus, p. p. of moderare. 
See infra.'] Kept within due bounds ; observing reason- 
able limits ; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous ; 
limited; restrained. 

Mod'er-ate, t>. t. [imp. & p. p. moderated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. MODERATING.] [Lat. moderare, moderatum, 
from modus. See Mode.] To restrain from excess of 
any kind ; to keep within bounds ; to lessen ; to allay ; to 
repress ; to temper ; to qualify. 

Mod'er-ate, v. i. To become less violent, severe, rigor- 
ous, or intense. 

Syn. — To regulate; mitigate •, temper ; qualify ; repress; 
abate; lessen; allay; still; appease; pacify; quiet. 

Mod'er-ate-ly, adv. 1. In a moderate manner; tem- 
perately ; mildly. 2. In a middle degree ; not exces- 
sively, [erate. 
Mod'er-ate-ness, n. State or quality of being mod- 
Mod'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of moderating, or of impos- 
ing due restraint. 2. State or quality of being moder- 



ated or moderate ; freedom from excess of any kind. 
3. Calmness of mind ; equanimity. 

Mod'er-a'tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, moder- 
ates or restrains. 2. One who presides over a meeting or 
assembly of people to preserve order, propose questions, &c. 

M6d'er-a / tor-sliip, n. The office of a moderator. 

Mod'ern., a. [Lat. modernus, from modo, just now.] 
Pertaining to the present time, or time not long past ; 
late. 

Syn. — Recent; new; novel; late. — Modern is opposed to 
ancient ; recent, to what has been past for no considerable 
length of time; as, modern civilization, improvements, &c; 
recent advices, intelligence, &c. 

Mod'ern, n. A person of modern times. 

Mod'ern -I§m, n. Modern practice ; a thing of recent 
date ; origin not remote. 

Mod'ern-ist, n. One who admires the moderns, [style. 

Mod'ern-i-za'tion, n. Act of rendering modern in 

Mod'ern-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. modernized; p.pr. 
& vb. n. MODERNIZING.] To cause to conform to re- 
cent or present usage or taste. [centness. 

Mod'ern-mess (109), rc. Quality of being modern; re- 

Mod'est, a. [Lat. modestus, from modus, measure. See 
Mode.] 1. Restrained within due limits of propriety 
or decency. 2. Observing the proprieties of the sex ; 
free from familiarity , indecency , or lewdness ; — said of 
a woman. 3. Evincing modesty in the actor or author. 
Syn. — Reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; 
decent; becoming; chaste; virtuous. 

Mod'est-ly, adv. In a modest manner. 

Mod'est-y, n. 1. Quality of being modest ; absence of 
self-confidence, arrogance, and presumption. 2. Absence 
of unwomanly or indecent bearing or conduct ; purity of 
manners. 
Syn. — Bashfulness; humility; diffidence; shyness. 

Mdd'i-eum, n. [Lat., from modicus, moderate, from 
modus. See Mode.] A little ; a small quantity. 

Mod'i-fi / alble, a. Admitting of being modified. 

Mod'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of modifying. 2. Par- 
ticular form or manner ; modified shape or condition. 

Mod'i-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, modifies. 

Mod'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. modified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MODIFYING.] [Lat. modificare, modijicari, from 
modus and facere, to make. See Mode.] To change 
the form or external qualities of ; to give a new form to ; 
to vary. 

Mo-dill'ion (mo-dil'yun), n. [From Lat. modulus. See 
Module.] (Arch.) The enriched bracket generally 
found under the cornice of the Corinthian entablature ; 
— so called because of its arrangement at regulated dis- 
distances. 

Mod'ish, a. According to the mode ; conformed to the 
extreme fashion ; fashionable. 

Mod'isli-ly, adv. In the customary mode ; fashionably. 

Mod'ish-ness, n. State or quality of being modish. 

Mod'ist, n. One who follows the mode, or fashion. 

Mod'u-late (77), v. t. [imp. & p.p. modulated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MODULATING.] [Lat. modulari, modulatus, 
from modidus, a small measure, meter, melody, dim. of 
modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, as sound, to a certain 
key, or to a certain proportion. 2. To vary or inflect in 
a natural, customary, or musical manner. [another. 

Mod'u-late, v. i. (Mus.) To pass from one key into 

Mod'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of modulating, or state of 
being modulated. 2. Sound modulated : melody. 3. 
(Mus.) The manner of ascertaining and managing the 
modes ; a change or passing from one key to another. 

Mod'u-la/tor, n. One who, or that which, modulates. 

Mod'ule, n. [Lat. modidus, a small measure, dim. of 
modus. See Mode.] 1. A model or representation. 2. 
(Arch.) The size of some one part, as the diameter or 
semi-diameter of the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of 
measure by which the proportions of other parts of the 
composition are regulated. 

Mo-gul', n. A person of Mongolian race. 

Great Ilogid, the emperor of Delhi; the sovereign of the em- 
pire founded in Hindostan by the Mongols in the 16th cent. 

Mo'liair, n. [Prob. of Oriental origin. Cf. Hindoo mag- 
har, a kind of cloth.] The long, silky hair or wool of the 
Angora goat, of Asia Minor ; also, a fabric made from 
this material. 

Mo-ham'med-an, a. Pertaining to Mohammed or Ma- 
homet ; of the religion founded by Mohammed. 

Mo-ham'med-an, n. A follower of Mohammed. 

Mo-ham'med-an-i§m, ) n. The religion, or doctrine* 

Mo-ham'med-i§m, ) '• and precepts, of Moham- 
med, contained in the Koran ; Islamism. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



MOHAMMEDANIZE 



470 



MOMENTUM 



Mo-ham'med-an-ize, ) v. t. To make conformable to 

Mo-ham'med-Ize, j Mohammedanism. 

Moi'dore, n. [From Pg. mueda d'ouro, lit. coin of gold.] 
A gold coin of Portugal, valued at £1 7s. sterling, or 
about 86.00. 

Moi'e-ty (or maw'e-ty), n. [Fr. moitie, Lat. medietas, 
from medius, middle, half.] One of two equal parts ; the 
half. 

Moil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MOIL- 
ING.] [From Lat. mollis, easily movable, pliant, mild, 
for movilis. from movere, to move.] To daub ; to make 
dirty ; to soil ; to defile. 

Moil, v. i- [Lat. moliri, to struggle, toil, from moles, a 
heavy mass.] To work with painful effort ; to labor ; to 
toil ; to drudge. 

Moist, a. [0. Fr. moiste, prob. from Lat. humectus, the 
first syllable having been dropped and s before t inserted, 
or perh. from Lat. musteus, belonging to new wine or 
must, new, fresh, from mustum, new wine, must.] Mode- 
rately wet ; damp ; humid. 

Moist'en (mois'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. moistened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. MOISTENING.] 1. To make damp ; to 
wet slightly. 2. To soften. 

Moist'ness, n. State or quality of being moist ; moisture. 

Moist'ure, n. 1. A moderate degree of wetness. 2. 
That which moistens or makes damp or wet 

Mo'lar, n. A grinding tooth ; a double tooth. 

Mo'lar, ) a. [Lat. molaris, from mola, mill, from mo- 

Mo'la-ry, I lure, to grind in a mill.] Having power to 
grind ; grinding. 

Mo las'seg, n. sing. [Fr. melasse, from Lat. mellaceus, 
honey-like, from mel, mellis, honey.] The viscid, un- 
crystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the 
process of manufacture. 

Mold, \n. [A.-S. molde, Icel. mold, A.-S. myl, 0. H. 

Mould, ) Ger. molt, molta, Goth, mulda, allied to 
malan, Lat. molere, to bruise, grind.] 1. Fine, soft 
earth, or earth easily pulverized. 2. Hence, the earthy 
material, or the matter of which any thing is formed. 
3. A substance like down, which forms on bodies that 
lie long in warm and damp air. 

Mold, ) n. [From Lat. modulus. See MODULE and 

Mould, | Model.] 1. The matrix, in which any thing 
is cast. 2. Hence, any thing which serves to regulate 
the size, form, &c. 3. Cast; form; shape; character. 

Mold, \v.t. [imp. 8c p.p. molded, "or moulded ; 

Mould, j p. pr. & vb. n. MOLDING, or MOULDING.] 
1. To cause to contract mold. 2. To cover with mold 
or soil. 

Mold, ) v. i. To contract or gather mold ; to become 

Mould, f moldy. 

Mold, If. t. To form into a particular shape ; to shape ; 

Mould, \ to model ; to fashion. 

X- 1 ^!?/" 1 ^' ) a. Capable of being molded or formed. 
Mould'a-ble, J F ° 

Mold'er, \ n. One who, or that which, molds or forms 

Mould'er,) into shape. 

Mold'er, ) v. i. [Eng. mold, fine, soft earth.] 1. To 

Mould'er, J turn to dust by natural decay ; to crumble : 

to perish. 2. To waste away gradually. 
Mold'er, \ v. t. [i?np. & p.p. MOLDERED,orMOULD- 
Mould'er, J ERED; p. pr. & vb. n. MOLDERlNG,or 

mouldering.] To turn to dust ; to crumble ; to waste. 
Mold'i-ness, j n. The state of being moldy, or covered 
Mould'i-ness, j with mold. 

Mold'ing, \n. 1. Any thing cast in a mold, or which 
Mould'ing, J appears to be so. 2. (Arch.) A projec- 

jection beyond the wall, column, wainscot, &c. 
Mold'y, ) a. [compar. MOLDIER, or MOULDIER ; 
Mould'y, ) superl. moldiest, or MOULDIEST.] Over- 
grown or filled with mold. 
Mole, n. [A.-S. mal, msd.] A spot, mark, or small per- 
manent protuberance on the human body. 
Mole, n. [Lat. mola.] A mass of fleshy matter generated 

in the uterus. 
Mole, n. [Lat. moles.] A mound or massive work 

formed of large stones laid in the sea, extended before a 

port, to defend it from the violence of the waves ; also, 

sometimes, the harbor itself. 
Mole,"w. [D.mol, molworp.] (Zobl.) 

A small, insect-eating mammal, with 

minute eyes and very soft fur. From 

its burrowing habits it is called a 

moldwarp, or mold-turner. 
Mole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. moled; 

p. pr. & vb. n. moling.] To form 

holes in, as a mole ; to burrow ; to 

excavate. 




Mole'-east, n. A little elevation of earth made by a 
mole. [in, molecules. 

Mo-lee'u-lar, a. Belonging to, consisting of or residing 

Mol'e-eule, n. [Dim of Lat. moles, a mass.] One of the 
invisible particles supposed to constitute matter of any 
kind. 

Mole'-liill, n. A little elevation of earth thrown up by 
moles working under ground ; hence, a very small hill, 
or an insignificant obstacle or difficulty. 

Mole'-skin, n. A kind of silk fabric, having a thick, 
soft shag, like the fur of a mole ; also, a kind of shaggy 
cotton fabric. 

Mo-lest', v. t. [imp. & p.p. molested; p. pr. & vb. 
n. molesting ] [Lat. molestare, from molestus, trouble- 
some, from moles, a heavy mass, load, burden.] To 
trouble ; to render uneasy. 

Syn. — To disturb; incommode ; inconve«ience ; annoy ; 
vex; tease. 

Mol'es-ta'tion, n. Act of molesting, or state of bein^ 
molested ; disturbance ; annoyance ; uneasiness given. 

Mo-lest'er, n. One who molests. 

jHiil'lfth, n. [Ar. maula, Turk, mewla, from walai, to 
rule.] One of the higher order of Turkish ecclesiastical 
judges. 

Mol'li-ent (or moFyent), a. [Lat. molliens, p. pr. of 
mollirt. to soften, from mollis, soft.] Serving to soften ; 
assuaging ; emollient. 

Mol'li-f Fa-tole, a. Capable of being mollified. 

MoFli-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of mollifying, or state of 
being mollified ; mitigation. 

M61'li-f i 7 er, n. One who, or that which, mollifies. 

Mol'li-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mollified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MOLLIFYING.] [Lat. mollificare , from mollis, 
soft, andj'acere, to make.] 1. To make soft or tender. 
2. To assuage, as pain or irritation. 3. To appease, 
as excited feeling or passion ; to pacify. 4. To reduce 
in harshness or asperity. 

Mol-lus'ean, n. A mollusk. 

Mol-liis'ean, ) a. Pertaining to the mollusks, or par- 

Mol-lus'-eoiis, j taking of their properties. 

Mol'lusk, n. [Lat. molluscus, soft, from mollis, id.] 
(Zo'Cl.) An invertebrate animal, having a soft, fleshy 
body (whence the name), which is inarticulate, and not 
radiate internally. 

Molt (20), ) v. i. {imp. & p.p. molted, or moulted ; 

Moult, ) p.pr. & vb. n. MOLTING, or MOULTING.] 
[Prov. Ger. mutcrn, mutern, M. H. Ger. mUzen, 0. H. 
Ger. miizbn, 0. L. Ger. miilGn, Sp. mudar, It. mudare y 
St. muer. See Mew.] To shed or cast the hair, feathers, 
skin, horns, and the like, as on animal. 

Molt, j v. t. To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, and 

Moult, { the like ; to shed. 

Molt'en (mSlt'n, 20), p. a. Melted ; made of melted 
metal. See Melt. 

Mo-lyb'date, n. (Chem.) A compound of molybdie 
acid with a base. 

MoFyto-de'na, n. [Lat. molybdxna, Gr. (toAvpSaiva, 
from /a6Au|35o?, lead.] (Min.) An ore of a dark lead 
color, occurring in flexible laminae, like plumbago ; sul- 
phuret of molj bdenum. 

Mo-lyto'de-noiis, a. Pertaining to molybdena, or ob- 
tained from it. 

MoFyb-de'num, n. [N. Lat. molybdsenum. See Mol- 
ybdena.] ( Chem.) A rare metal occurring in nature. 

Mo'ment, n. [Lat. momentum, for movimentum, from 
movere, to move.] 1. A minute portion of time ; an 
instant. 2. Impulsive power ; momentum. 3. Hence, 
importance in influence or effect. 4. An essential el- 
ement ; a deciding point, fact, or consideration. 

Syn. — Instant. — A moment allows of a beginning and end} 
an instant is indivisible. The latter, therefore, expresses more 
brevity and urgency than the former. " Do it this instant" re- 
quires the utmost baste : "Do it this moment" admits of no 
hesitation or delay. 

Mo'ment-a-ri-ly, adv. Every moment ; from moment 
to moment. 

Mo'meut-a-ri-ness, n. State of being momentary. 

Mo'ment-a-ry (44), a. Done in a moment ; continuing 
only a moment. 

Mo'ment-ly, adv. 1. For a moment. 2. In a mo- 
ment ; every moment. 

Mo-ment'ous, a. Of moment or consequence ; impor- 
tant; weighty. [tance. 

Mo-m6nt'oiis-ness, n. State of being of great impor- 

Mo-men'tum, n.; Lat.jiZ. mo-men' ta; Slng.pl. MO- 
men'tums.. [Lat. See Moment.] 1. (Mech.) The 
quantity of motion in a moving body, being always pro- 
portioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the 



a,e,&c.,Zcm°:; a,e,&c.,sAort ,• care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



MONACHAL 



471 



MONOMANIA 



▼elocity ; impetus. 2. Essential element, or constituent 
element. 

Mdii'a--ehal, a. [From Lat. monachus, Gr. /uovaxos, a 
mouk.] Pertaining to monks or a monastic life ; monastic. 

Mon'a-eliigm, n. The system and influences of a mon- 
astic life. 

Mou/ad, n. [Lat. monas, monadis, Gr. /uovas, /uovaSos, 
unity, unit, from /uovas, solitary, alone, from /uovos, 
alone.] 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended 
point. 2. (Zoul.) One of the simplest kind of minute 
animalcules. 

Mo-nad'ie , ) a. Relating to monads; having the 

Mo-nad'ic-al, j nature of a monad. 

Mon'ar-eli, n. [Gr. /uovapx^js, fj.6va.px6s, from /uovos, 
alone, and apxeiv, to be first, rule, govern.] 1. A sole 
ruler ; an autocrat ; a sovereign ; an emperor, king, 
prince, or chief. 2. One superior to all others of the 
same kind. 

Mo-nar-eli'al, a. Pertaining to, or suiting, a monarch ; 
sovereign; regal; imperial. 

Mo-nar-elx'i-al, a. The same as Monarchical,. 

Mo-nar-eli'i-e, ) a. 1. Vested in a single ruler. 2. 

Mo-nar«h'ie-al, j Pertaining to monarchy or a mon- 
arch. 

Mon'ar-eh-Igm, n. The principles of monarchy ; love 
or preference of monarchy. 

Mon'areh-Ist, n. An advocate of monarchy. 

Mon'ar«h-y, n. 1. A state or government in which the 
supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 2. 
The territory ruled over by a monarch ; a kingdom ; an 
empire. 

Mon'as-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a monastery. 

Mon'as-ter'y {colloq. mQn'as-try), n. [Lat. monaste- 
rium, Gr. /uovao-TTJpiov, fr. /uovaoTrjp, equiv. to /uovacrrrjs, 
a solitary, a monk, from /uova^eiv , to live in solitude, from 
/uovos, alone.] A house of religious retirement, especially 
for monks. 

Syn. — Cloister j convent j nunnery ; abbey ; priory. See 
Cloister. 

Mo-nas'tie, n. A monk. 

Mo-nas'ti-e, ) a. 1„ Pertaining to monasteries, or to 

Mo-nas'ti-e-al, I monks and nuns. 2. Secluded from 
the temporal concerns of life ; recluse. 

Mo-nas'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In a retired manner ; in the 
manner of monks ; reclusely. 

Mo-nas'ti-ci§m, n. The institution of monkish life. 

Mon'day (munAIy), n. [0. Eng. monenday, A.-S. mon- 
andag. i. e., day of the moon.] The second day of the 
week ; the day following Sunday and preceding Tuesday. 

M6n'e-ta-ry (mun'e-ter-y), a. Pertaining to or consist- 
ing in money ; pecuniary. 

Mon'ey (rniin'y). n. ; pi. MON'EYR. [0. Fr. moneie, 
monoie, Lat. moneta, from Moneta (i. e., the adviser, 
from 7nonere, to warn), a surname of Juno, in whose 
temple money was coined.] 1. Coin ; stamped metal 
used as the medium of commerce. 2. Hence, any cur- 
rency usually and lawfully employed in buying and sell- 
ing as the equivalent of money. 

Syn. — Cash. — Money wns originally stamped coin, and 
afterward any thing that generally takes its place in buy- 
ing and selling. Cash, from the trench caisse, a chest, was 
originally coin kept on hand for immediate use; and hence, 
cash payments are strictly payments in coin, though current 
notes are ordinarily received in such cases, because they can 
always be cashed at the bank. 

Mon'ey^Tboro'ker, n. A broker who deals in money. 

Mon'ey-chan'ger, n. A broker who deals in money or 
exchanges. 

Mdn'eycd (mun'id), a. 1. Rich in money ; having 
money. 2. Consisting in, or composed of, money. 

M6n'ey-er (mun'y-er), n. ( Coinage) A responsible and 
authorized manufacturer of coin. 

Mon'ey-Iess, a. Destitute of money ; penniless. 

Mon'ey-or'cler, n. An order for a sum of money de- 
posited at one post-office, on some other office where the 
payment is to be made. 

Mon'ger (mting^er), n. [A.-S. mangere, from mangian, 
to trade, Icel. manga.] A trader ; a dealer ; — now used 
only or chiefly in composition. [to traffic in. 

Mon'ger, v. t. To deal in; to make merchandise of: 

Mon'grel (mung'grel), a. [A.-S. mengan, mencgan, to 
mix. See Mingle.] Of a mixed breed ; hybrid. 

Mon'grel, m. An animal of a mixed breed. 

Mo-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. [Lat monitio, from monere, 
to warn.] 1. Instruction given by way of caution ; ad- 
monition ; warning. 2. Information ; notice. 

Mon'i-tive, a. Conveying admonition ; admonitory. 

Mon'i-tor, n. [Lat.] 1. One who monishes or admon- 



i ishes. 2. Hence, specifically, a pupil selected to look to 
I the scholars in*the absence of an instructor, or to instruct 
j a division or class. 

| Mon'i-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed by, 
i a monitor. 2. Conducted or taught by monitors. 3. 
Communicated by monitors. 

M6n'i-to-ry, a. Giving admonition ; warning. 

Mon'i-tress, n. A female monitor. 

Monk (mtink), n. [A.-S. monec, monc, fr. Lat. monachus, 
Gr. fj.ova.x6s, from p.6vos, alone.] 1. One of a religious 
community inhabiting a monastery, and bound by vows 
to a life of celibacy and religious exercises. 2. (Print.) 
A blotted and indistinct impression from type which 
have received too much ink. 

Monk'er-y, n. The life of monks ; monastic life ; mon- 
astic usage or customs. 

Monk'ey (munk'y), n. ; pi. MONK'EYS. [Cf. 0. It. mo~ 
nicchio, dim. of monna, an ape, and dame, mistress, con- 
tracted from madonna, q. v.] 1. ( Zo'dl.) One of an order 
of four-footed mammals, having pectoral mammae, short 
legs with hand-shaped prehensile feet, usually, long arms 
with clasping hands, and almost always a prehensile tail ; 
an ape. 2. More strictly, the long-tailed individuals of 
the order. 3. A name of contempt, or of slight kindness. 
4. The weight of a pile-driver. 

M6nk'ey-i§m, n. Conduct of a monkey ; resemblance 
to a monkey in disposition or actions. [et. 

Monk'ey-jacli/et, n. A long, tailless, close-fitting jack- 

Moiik'ey-rail, n. (Naut.) A second and lighter rail 
raised about six inches above the quarter-rail of a ship. 

Monk'ey-wrench (mtirik'y-rench), n. A wrench or 
spanner having a movable jaw. 

Monk'ish, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks ; 
monastic. 

Mon'o-ear'poiis, a. [Gr. /uovos, single, and Kapnos, 
fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying after 
fructification, as wheat. 

Mon'o-elioi'd (-kord), n. [Gr. /uovoxopSov, from /uovo- 
XopSos, with but one string, /uovos, only , single, and x°P°">7> 
string.] (Mvs.) An instrument consisting of one string 
only, for experimenting upon the mathematical relations 
of musical sounds. 

Mon'o-ehro-mat'ie, a. Consisting of one color, or 
presenting rays of light of one color only. 

Mon'o-ehrome,rc. [From Gr. /uovoxpeo/uos, of one color, 
from /uovos, single, and xp<*>/ua, color.] A painting with a 
single color. 

Mo-noc'u-lar, ) a. 1. Having one eye only ; with 

Mo-noe'u-loiis, ) one eye only. 2. Adapted to be 
used with only one eye at a time. 

Mon'o-eule, n. [Lat. monocvlus, one-eyed, from Gr. 
/uovos, single, and Lat. ocitlus, eye.] (Entom.) An in- 
sect with only one eye. 

Mon'o-dae'tyl-ous, a. [Gr. /uovoSciktvAos, from /uovos, 
single, and 6a/cTi'Aos, finger.] Having but one finger or 

Mon'o-dist, n. One who writes a monody. [toe. 

Mon'o-dy, n. [Gr. fxovojSCa, from p.ova>oos, singing alone, 
from /uovos, single, and oj'Stj, song.] A mournful poem, in 
which a single mourner' expresses lamentation. 

Mo-nog'a-migt, n. One who disallows second marriages. 

Mo-nog'a-my, n. [From Gr. /uovos, single, and y6.fj.os, 
marriage.] A marriage to one wife only, or the state of 
such as are restricted to a single wife, or may not marry 
again after the death of a first wife. 

Mon'o-gram, n. [Gr. /uovos, single, and ypa/u/ua, letter, 
from ypd<f>eiv, to write.] A character or 
cipher composed of one, two, or more 
letters, interwoven, being an abbrevia- 
tion of a name. ' 

Mon'o-graph , n. [Gr. /uovos, single, 
and ypafy-q, a writing, description.] A 
written account or description of a sin- 
gle thing, or class of things. 

Mon'-o-graph'i-e, \a. 1. Drawn in 

Mon'o-graph'ie-al, j lines without colors. 2. Per- 
taining to a monograph. 

Mo-nog'ra-phy, n. 1. A representation by lines onl; ; 
an outline drawing ; a mere sketch. 2. A monograph. 

Mon'o-lith, n. [Gr. /uovoAiflos, from /uovos, single, and 
Aitfos, stone.] A pillar, column, or the like, consisting of 
a single stone. 

Mon'o-logue, n. [Gr. /uovoAoyia, from fxovos, alone, 
single, and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] 1 . A speech ut- 
tered by a person alone ; soliloquy. 2. A poem, song, 
or scene composed for a single performer. 

Mon'o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. /uovos, single, and fiavCa, mad- 
ness, mania.] Derangement of a single faculty of the 
mind, or with regard to a particular subject only. 




Monogram. 



food, fdbt ; tirn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



MONOMANIAC 



472 



MOON 



One who monopolizes. 



Syn.— Insanity ; madness ; alienation ; aberration ; de- 
rangement ; mania. 

Mon'o-ma'nil*, n. A person affected by monomania. 

Mon'o-ma'nl-i«, a. Affected with monomania. 

Mo-no'mi-al, n. [From Gr. fxovos, alone, and vo^rj, dis- 
tribution.] (Alg.) A single algebraic expression ; that is. 
an expression unconnected with any other by the signs 
of addition, subtraction, equality, or inequality. 

Mo-nop'a-thy, n. [Gr. fj.ovowa.9eia, fr. ju.6i>os, alone, and 
7ra0os, suffering.] Solitary suffering or sensibility. 

Mon'o-pSt'a-loiis, a. [Gr. /aovos, alone, and neraXov, 
leaf, flower-leaf.] (Bot.) Having only one petal, or the 
corolla in one piece, or composed of petals cohering so 
as to form a tube. 

Mon'oph-thong (mon'of-thong or mo-nop'thong), n. 
[Gr. ju.ovo$0oyyos, from /u.6Vos, alone, and (f>9oyyos, sound, 
voice.] 1. A single uncompounded vowel sound, 2. A 
vowel digraph. 

MSn'oph-thon'gal (mon'of-thong'gal), a. Consisting 
of, or pertaining to, a monophthong. 

Mo-noph'y-site , n. [Gr. p.ovo$vo-iTr\<;, from/u.6vos, alone, 
single, and coverts, nature.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an an- 
cient sect who maintained that the human and divine in 
Jesus Christ constituted but one nature. 

Mo-nop'o-list, 

Mo-nop'o-llz'er. 

Mo-nop'o-llze, v. t. [imp. & p.p. monopolized; p. 
pr. & vb.n. MONOPOLIZING-.] 1. To purchase or ob- 
tain possession of the whole of, as a commodity, with the 
view to appropriate or control the exclusive sale of. 2. 
To engross or obtain by any means the exclusive right of, 
especially the right of trading to any place, or with any 
country or district. 3. Hence, to engross or obtain the 
whole of. 

Mo-nop'o-]y, n. [Lat. monopolhnn, Gr. ju.0v07r0A.ta, po- 
vottuj\lov, from ju.ovos, alone, arcl .r- kelv, to sell.] The 
sole permission and i 1 ^^ 01 dealing in any species of 
goods, or rf. :^ "i-^ with a country or market. 

Mo-n* j yter-al, a. [Gr. fj.ovomepos, with but one wing, 
v «ftl a row of pillars only, from /u.6vos, alone, only, and 
■n-repov, feather, wing.] (Arch.) Without one wing; — 
applied to a temple or circular inclosure of columns with- 
out a cell. 

Mon'op-tote, or Mo-nop'tote, n. [Gr. iaovotttutos, 
from juovo?, single, and tttwtos, apt to fall, fallen, from 
TTLTiTeiv, to fall.] ( Gram.) A noun having only one case. 

Mon'o-stleh (-stik), n. [Gr. [xovocttixov, from juoVos, 
single, and o-ti'xos, line, verse.] A composition consisting 
of one verse only. 

Mon'o-stroph'ie, a. [Gr. ixovoo-rpo^iKos , from fxovos, 
single, and arpo^rj, strophe.] (Pros.) Having one strophe 
only ; not varied in measure. 

Mon/o-syl-lab'i-e, a. 1. Consisting of one syllable. 
2. Consisting of words of one syllable. 

Mon'o-syFla-lble, n. [Gr. ju.ovoo-uAA.a/3os, from /u.6Vo?, 
single, and crvAAa^ij, syllable.] A word of one syllable. 

Mon'o-the'igm, n. [Gr. juovos, alone, only, and ©eos, 
God.] The doctrine or belief that there is but one God. 

Mon'o-the'ist, n. One who believes that there is but 
one God. [monotheism. 

Mon'o-the-ist'ie, a. Pertaining to, or partaking of, 

Mo-noth'e-lite , n. [Gr. fjLOvoOekrjTrig, from p.6vog, alone, 
only, and Oeketv, eOiketv, to wiil, be willing.] (Eccl. 
Hist.) One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had 
but one will in his two natures. 

Mon'o-tone, n. [See Monotony.] 1. (Mus.) A single 
unvaried tone or sound. 2. (Rhet.) The utterance of 
successive syllables on one unvaried key or line of pitch. 

Mo-not'o-noiis, a. [Gr. /u.oj'otovos , from ^tovos, alone, 
only, and toVo?, tone.] Uttered in one unvarying tone 
or key ; hence, continued with dull uniformity. 

Mo-not'o-noiis-ly, adv. With one uniform tone. 

Mo-not'o-noiis-ness, n. Quality of being monotonous. 

Mo-not'o-ny, n. [Gr. ixovotovio., fr. fxovos, alone, only, 
and twos, tone.] 1. Absence of variety, as in speaking 
or singing. 2. An irksome sameness or want of variety. 

M on seigneur (mong-seen'yur), n.; pi. messeign- 
EURs' (mes-seen'yuv). [Fr. mon, my, and seigneur, 
lord.] My lord ; your grace or highness ; — a title of a 
person of high birth or rank. 

JHonsieur (mo-seer' or mos-y{\r / ), 11. ; pi. MESSIEURS 
(mes-seer'). [Fr. mon, my, and sieur, abbrev. of seigneur, 
lord.] 1. Sir, or mister ; — a title of civility to persons 
addressed in speech or writing. It is used specifically of 
the princes of the French blood-royal. 2. In general, a 
Frenchman ; — so called in contempt or ridicule. 

Mon-sobn', n. [Malay. miXsim, Hind, mausim, mau- 
sam, from Ar. mausirn, a time, a season.] A wind in 



the Indian Ocean blowing half the year in one direction, 
and the other half in the opposite. 

Mon'ster, n. [Lat. monstrum, orig. a divine omen, in- 
dicating misfortune, from monstrare, to show, point out, 
indicate.] 1. Something of unnatural size, shape or 
quality ; a prodigy ; an enormity ; a marvel. 2. Hence, 
specifically, an animal or plant departing from the usual 
type. 3. Any thing horrible from ugliness, deformity, 
or wickedness. 

Mon'strance, n. [0. Fr. monstrance, demonstration, 
proof; Low Lat. monstrantia, from Lat. monstrare, to 
show.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) A transparent pyx, in 
which the consecrated wafer or host is held up to view 
before the congregation. 

Mon-stros'i-ty, n. 1. State of being monstrous. 2. An 
unnatural production ; that which is monstrous. 

Mon'stroiis, a. [Lat. monstrosvs, monstruosus, from 
monstrum. SeeMONSTER.] 1. Having the qualities of 
a monster ; deviating greatly from the natural form ; ab- 
normal. 2. Enormous; extraordinary; wonderful; 
marvelous. 3. Shocking to the sight or other senses ; 
horrible ; dreadful. 

Mon'stroiis, adv. Exceedingly ; very much. 

Mon'stroris-ly, adv. 1. In a monstrous manner ; shock- 
ingly ; terribly ; horribly. 2. To a great degree ; enor- 
mously. 

Mon'stroiis-ness, n. State of being monstrous. 

Mon-tan'i-e, a. [Lat. montanus, from mons, montis, 
mountain.] Pertaining to, or consisting in, mountains. 

Mon'ta-hist, n. (Eccl. H ist.) A follower of Montanus, 
a Phrygian bishop of the 2d century, who claimed that 
the Holy Spirit dwelt in him, and employed him to puri- 
fy and guide men in the Christian life. 

31ont de J?iel6 (mong dti pe-a'ta'). [Fr., from It. monte 
dipietd, mount of piety.] One of certain pawnbroking 
establishments, the object of which is to lend money to 
necessitous persons at a low rate of interest. 

Mon-teth' or Mon'teth, n. A vessel in which glasses 
are washed ; — so called from the inventor. 

Month (munth), n. [A.-S. indnadh, muiiGdh, mCnudh, 
mdndh, from mona, the moon.] One of the twelve por- 
tions into which the year is divided. 

Month'ly (munth'lj'), a. 1. Continued a month, or 
performed in a month. 2. Done or happening once a 
month, or every month. 

Month'ly (miinth/ly), n. A publication which appears 
regularly once a month. [month. 

Month'ly (munth'ly), adv. Once a month; in every 

dloutoir (mong-twcV or mon'twor), n. [Fr., from mon- 
ter, to mount.] A stone used for aiding to mount a 
horse ; a horse-block. 

Mon'n-ment, n. [Lat. monumentum, from monere, to 
remind, admonish.] 1. Any thing intended to remind 
or give notice. 2. Hence, especially, a building, pillar, 
stone, or the like, erected to preserve the remembrance 
of a person, event, action, &c. 
Syn. — Memorial ; remembrance ; tomb ; cenotaph. 

Mon'u-ment'al, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, inscribed 
upon, or suitable for, a monument. 2. Serving as a 
monument ; memorial. 

Mon'u-ment'al-ly,' od«. 1. By way of memorial. 2. 
By means of monuments. 

Mob, v. i. [An onomatopoetic word, being an imitation 
of the sound made by a cow.] To make the noise of a 
cow ; to low ; — a child's word. 

Mood, n. [Lat. modus. See MODE.] Manner ; style ; 
mode ; logical form ; musical style ; grammatical form ; 
manner of action or being. 

Mood, n. [A.-S. mOd, mind, disposition, mood, passion, 
Goth, mods.] Temper of mind ; temporary state of the 
mind in regard to passion or feeling. 

Mobd'i-ly, adv. [From moody.] In a moody manner. 

Mdbd'i-ness, n. The quality of being moody. 

Mobcl'y, a. [compar. MOODIER; swyer/. MOODIEST.] 
[A.-S. modig, mOdeg.] 1. Indulging moods, or varying 
and capricious frames of mind. 2. Hence, out of hu- 
mor ; peevish; angry; — also, abstracted and pensive. 

Syn. — Gloomy ; pensive ; sad ; fretful ; capricious ; vary- 
ing. — Moody agrees with gloomy in being an unhappy state, 
but differs from it in expressing a wide range of fitful emo- 
tions, such as discontent, ill humor, peevishness, anger, &c. 

Moon, n. [A.-S. mona, Icel. mani, Goth, mena, allied 
to Gr. ixyjvr), Skr. mas, from ma, to measure.] 1. The 
satellite which revolves round the earth. 2. Hence, any 
secondary planet, or satellite. 3. A month ; a complete 
revolution of the moon. 4. (Fort.) A crescent-formed 
outwork. 



e,&c. t long; a, e, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolfs 



MOONBEAM 



473 



MORDANT 




Moor-cock. 



Mdbn'beam, n. A ray of light from the moon. 

Mdbn'-ealf (-kaf), n. 1. A monster. 2. A mole, or 
mass of fleshy matter, generated in the uterus. 3. A 
stupid fellow. 

Mdbn'-eyed (-Id), a. 1. Having eyes affected by the 
moon. "Z. Dim-eyed; purblind. 

Mdbn'ish, a. Like the moon ; variable. 

Mdbn'liglit (-lit), n. The light afforded by the moon. 

Moonlight (-lit), a. Illuminated by the moon ; occur- 
ring during or by moonlight. 

Mdbn'shlne, n. 1. The light of the moon. 2. Show 
without substance or reality. 

Moon'- stone, n. (Min.) A nearly pellucid variety of 
feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from 
within. [moon ; lunatic. 

Moon'- struck, a. Affected by the influence of the 

Mdbn'y, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the moon. 
2. Bearing a crescent. 

Moor, n. [A.-S. mor, waste land on account of water, 
heath, or rocks, allied to Goth, marei. See Mere.] An 
extensive waste covered with heath, and having a poor, 
light soil, but sometimes marshy, and abounding in 
peat ; a heath ; a fen. 

Moor, n. [From Lat. Maurus, a Moor, a Mauritanian, 
Gr. Maupos.] A native of the northern coast of Africa, or 
of the countries now called Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, and 
Tripoli. 

Mdbr, v. t. [imp. & p. p. moored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MOORING.] [A.-S. merran, amerran, to hinder. See 
Mar.] 1. (Naut.) To confine or secure, as a ship, by 
cables and anchors. 2. To secure, 
or fix firmly. 

Mdbr, v. i. To be confined by cables 
or chains. 

Mdbr'age, n. A place for moorjng. 

Mdbr'-eock, n. ( Ornith.) The red 
grouse or gor-cock. 

Mobr'-f owl, n. The same as Moor- 
cock. 

Mdbr'-game, n. Grouse ; red-game. 

Mdbr'-hen, n. {Ornith.) The gallinule, or water-hen. 
See Gallinule. 

Moor 'in g, n. 1. Act of confining 
a ship to a particular place, by 
means of anchors, &c. 2. That 
which serves to confine a ship to a 
place. 3. pi. Place or condition 
of a ship thus confined. 

Mdbr'ish, a. 1. Marshy ; fenny ; 
watery. 2. Pertaining to Morocco 
or the Moors. 

Mdbr'-land, n. 1. A marsh ; low, watery ground. 
2. Land rising into moderate hills, foul, cold, and full 
of bogs. 

Moor'- stone, n. A species of English granite. 

Mdbr'y, a. Of, pertaining to or resembling, moors ; 
marshy ; fenny ; boggy. 

Mdbse, n. [A native Indian 
name.] (Zool.) An animal of 
the deer kind, having a short, 
thick neck, with a mane, along, 
horny muffle, and broad slouch- 
ing ears. The males have ant- 
lers, branched and broadly pal- 
mate. 

Mdbse'- deer, n. The Elk. See 
Elk. 

Moot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MOOTING.] [A.-S. motian, to meet for conversation, to 
dispute, from mot, a meeting, allied to metan, to meet.] 
1. To argue for and against ; to debate ; to discuss. 2. 
Specifically , to propound and discuss in a mock court. 

Moot, v. i. To argue or plead on a supposed cause. 

Moot, a. [See supra.} Subject to argument or discus- 
sion ; undecided ; debatable. 

Moot, n. A discussion or debate ; especially, a discussion 
of fictitious causes by way of practice. 

Moot'— ease, n. A point, case, or question, to be mooted 
or debated ; a disputable case. 

Mdbt'a-ble, a. Capable of being mooted or debated. 

Mdbt'-eourt, n. A court held for the purpose of argu- 
ing or trying feigned cases. 

Mdbt'er, n. A disputer of a mooted case. 

Mdbt'-point, n. The same as Moot-case. 

Mop, n. 1. [W. mop, mopa. Cf. Lat. mappa. a nap- 
kin.] Made of a piece of cloth, or a collection of thrums, 
fastened to a handle,— used for washing floors. 2. 
[Prov. Ger. muff, mupf.] A grimace. 




Moor-hen. 




M5p, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mopped (mopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MOPPING.] To rub or wipe with a mop. 

Mop'-board, n. ( Carp.) A narrow board nailed against 
the wall of a room next to the floor. 

Mope, v. i. [imp. & p.p. MOPED (mopt); p. pr. & vb. 
n. MOPING.] [Cf. D. moppen, to pout.] To be very stu- 
pid ; to be dull ; to be spiritless or gloomy. 

Mope, v. t. To make spiritless or stupid. 

Mope, n. A dull, stupid person ; a drone. 

Mop'ish, a. Dull ; spiritless ; stupid ; dejected. 

Mop'ish-ness, n. Dullness ; stupidity ; dejection. 

Mop'pet, n. [From Eng. mop, q. v.] A rag baby; 
hence, also, in fondness, a little girl, or a woman. 

Mop'sey, n. 1. A moppet. 2. A slatternly, untidy 
woman. 

Mo-raine', n. [Fr. Cf. Prov. Ger. mur, stones broken 
off.] ( Geol.) A line of blocks and gravel along the sides 
of separate glaciers, and along the middle part of gla- 
ciers formed by the union of one or more separate ones. 

Mor'al, a. [Lat. moralis, from mos, moris, manner, cus- 
tom, habit, conduct.] 1. Pertaining to those intentions 
and actions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, 
are predicated, or to the rules by which such intentions 
and actions ought to be directed. 2. Conformed to rules 
of right ; virtuous ; just. 3. Conformed to law and 
right in exterior deportment. 4. Capable of moral ac- 
tion ; subject to the moral law. 5. Calculated to serve 
as the basis of action ; probable. 

Moral philosophy, the science which treats of the nature, 
condition, and duties of man as a moral being. — Moral sense, 
the power of moral judgment and feeling. 

Mor'al, n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the duties of 
life ; manners ; conduct ; behavior ; — usually in the pi. 
2. The inner meaning or significance of a fable, a narra- 
tive, an occurrence, an experience, &c. 

3Io-rale',n. [Fr.] The moral condition, or mental state, 
as of a body of men, an army, and the like. 

Mor'al-ist, n. 1. One who moralizes or teaches moral- 
ity. 2. One who practices moral duties. 

Mo-ral'i-ty, n. 1. Relation of conformity or non-con- 
formity to the true moral standard or rule. 2. Doctrine 
or system of moral duties; ethics. 3. Practice of the 
moral and social duties ; external virtue. 4. A kind of 
play, which consisted of discourses in praise of morality 
between allegorical actors. 

Mor'al-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of moralizing. 2. Ex- 
planation in a moral sense. 

Mor'al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. moralized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MORALIZING.] 1. To apply to a moral purpose ; 
to explain in a moral sense ; to draw a moral from. 2. 
To lend a moral to. 3. To render moral or virtuous. 

Mor'al-ize, v. i. To make moral reflections. 

Mor'al-iz/er, n. One who moralizes. 

Mor'al-ly, adv. 1. In a moral or ethical sense. 2. Ac- 
cording to moral rules ; virtuously ; honestly. 3. Prob- 
ably ; according to the usual course of things and hu- 
man judgment. 

Mo-r&ss', n. [0. Ger. morasz ; L. Lat. maragium, from 
Lat. mare, the sea ; L. Lat., any collection of water.] A 
tract of soft, wet ground ; a marsh ; a fen. 

Mo-rass'y, a. Marshy ; fenny. 

Mo-ra'vi-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect 
called the United Brethren. 

Mor'bid, a. [Lat. morbidus, from morbus, disease ; 
not sound and healthful ; induced by a diseased or ab- 
normal condition. 

Syn.- Diseased; sickly; sick. — Morbid is sometimes used 
interchangeably with diseased, but is commonly applied, in a 
somewhat .'.echnical sense, to cases of a prolonged nature; as, 
a morbid oindition of the nervous system, a morbid sensibil- 
ity, &c. 

Mdr'bid-ly r acfa>- In a morbid or diseased manner. 

Mor'bid-ness, n. A state of being diseased or sickly. 

Mor-bif 'ie, \ «• [Lat. morbus, disease, and facere, to 

Mor-bif 'i-e-al, j make.] Causing disease ; tending to 
produce disease. 

Mor-bbse', a. [Lat. morbosus, from morbus, disease.] 
Proceeding from disease ; unsound ; unhealthy. 

Morceau (mor-so 7 ), n. [Fr., from morsus, a biting, bite, 
from more] ere, mor sum, to bite.] A bit; a morsel. 

Mor-da'cious, a. [Lat. mordax, mordacis, fr. mordere, 
morsum, to bite.] 1. Biting; given to biting. 2. Sar- 
castic : severe ; scathing. [or sarcastic quality. 

Mor-dac'i-ty, n. Quality of being mordacious ; biting 

Mor'dant, a. [Fr., p. pr. of mordre, Lat. mordere, to 
bite.] 1. Biting; caustic; sarcastic. 2. (Dyeing Ik, 
Calico Printing.) Serving to fix colors. 

Mor'dant, n. 1. (Dyeing & Calico Printing.) Any 



food, foot; urn, r vide, pull; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; this* 



MORE 



474 



MORTIFY 



substance which serves to give fixity to dyes. 2. ( Gild- 
ing.) Any sticky matter by which the gold leaf is made 
to adhere. 

More, n. 1. Greater quantity, amount, or number. 2. 
Something other and further. 

More, a., comp. [positive wanting ; superl. MOST.] [A.-S. 
mara, mwra, Icel. meiri, Goth, mats, maiza, allied to 
Lat. magis.] Greater in any way, as in amount, degree, 
quality, number, or the like ; superior ; increased. 

More, a/iv. 1. In a greater quantity, extent, or degree ; 
rather. 2. In addition ; further ; besides ; again. 

No more, existing no longer; departed; deceased or destroyed. 
— The wore, to a greater degree; by an added quantity; for a 
reason already specified. — 2 he more — the more, by how much 
more — by so much more. 

Mo-reen', n. [Cf. Mohair.] A stout woolen stuff, 
used for curtains, &c. 

Mor'el, n. [See Moril.] 1. An edible mushroom. 2. 
A kind of cherry. 

Mo-rel'lo, n. A variety of juicy cherry of an acid taste. 

More-o'ver, adv. Beyond what has been said ; further ; 
also ; likewise. 

Syn. — Besides. — Besides (1 y the side of) denotes simply 
that a connection exists between what has been said and what 
is now to be said. — Moreover (more than all that) marks the 
addition of something particularly important to be considered. 

Mo-resque' (mo-resk'), a. [Fr., from It. moresco, from 
Moro, a Moor.] Done after the manner of the Moors ; — 
the same as Arabesque. 

Mo-resque', n. A species of ornamentation used to en- 
rich fiat surfaces by the Moors, either painted, inlaid in 
mosaic, or carved in low relief; arabesque. 

Mor'ga-nat'ie, a. [From L. Lat. morganatica, a morn- 
ing gift, a kind of dowry paid on the morning before or 
after the marriage, corrupt, from 0. H. Ger. morgangeba, 
A.-S. morgengifu, from morgen, morning, and gifu, 
gift.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, a kind of mar- 
riage, between a man of superior and a woman of infe- 
rior rank, in which neither the latter nor her children 
can enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of her hus- 
band. 

Mor'i-bund, a. [Lat. moribundus, from moriri, to die.] 
At the point of death ; dying. 

McV'il, n. [Fr. morille, 0. H. Ger. morhila.] A mush- 
room of the size of a walnut, abounding with little holes. 

Mc ri-on, n. [Fr. morion, Sp. mo?rion, It. morione. Cf. 
Sp. morra, the upper part of the head, mono, any thing 
round.] A kind of open helmet, without visor or beaver. 

Mo-ris'eo, a. The same as Moresque. 

Mo-rls'eo, \n. [Sp. morisco, from Moro, a Moor.] A 

Mo'visk, j thing of Moorish origin; as, (a.) The 
Moorish language, (b.) A Moorish dance, now called 
morris-dance, (c.) One who dances the Moorish dance. 

Mor'ling, n. [Fr. mort, dead, Lat. mortuus, from, moriri, 
to die.] Wool plucked from a dead sheep. 

Mor'mon, n. ( Ecrl. ) One of a sect in the United States, 
followers of one Joseph Smith, who claimed to work mir- 
acles, and to have found an addition to the Bible, en- 
graved on golden plates, called the Book of Mormon. 

M6r'mon-i§m, n. The doctrine of the Mormons. 

Mor'mon-ite, n. A Mormon. 

Morn, n. [A.-S. morn, morgen, mergen, Icel. morgun, 
Goth, maurgins.] 1. The first part of the day ; the 
morning. 2. The following day ; morrow. 

Morn'ing, n. [See supra.] 1. The early part of the 
day, variously understood as the earliest hours of light, 
the time from midnight to noon, from rising till dinner, 
&c. 2. The first or early part. 

Morn'ing, a. Pertaining to, or being in, the first part 
or early part of the day. 

Mdrn'ing-glo'ry, n. (Bot.) A climbing plant, having 
handsome, funnel-shaped flowers. 

Morn'ing-star, n. The planet Venus, when it precedes 
the sun in rising, and shines in the morning. 

Mo-roe'eo, n. A fine kind of leather, prepared com- 
monly from goatskin, and tanned with sumach ; — said 
to be so called because first prepared by the Moors. 

Mo-rose', a. [Lat. Morosus, prop, excessively addicted 
to any particular way or habit, from Mos, Moris, man- 
ner, habit, way of life.] Of a sour temper. 

Syn. — Sullen; gruff; severe; austere ; gloomv; splenetic; 
crabbed; crusty; churlish; surly; ill-humored; ill-natured. 

Mo-rose'ly, adv. Sourly ; with sullen austerity. 

Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness of temper ; sullenness. 

Mor'phi-a, )n. [Fr. Morphine, from Gr. Mop^ev's, the 

Mor'phine, ) god of dreams or sleep.] (Chem.) A 
vegetable alkaloid extracted from opium. Its salts are 
much used in medicine as an anodyne. 



Mor-ph51'o-gy, n. [Gr. /uop<f»j, form, and Aoyos, dia. 
course.] The science which treats of the ideal forms of 
the parts or organs in the structure of plants and animals. 

Mor'rlce, n. The same as Morris, q. v. 

Mor'ris, n. [Fr. moresque, It. moresca. See MORISCO.] 

1. A dance in imitation of the Moors, usually performed 
with castanets or rattles held in the hands, by a single 
person. 2. A dance formerly common in England, usu- 
ally joined with the May-day pageants and processions. 

3. A game played on a board by two persons, with nine 
pieces each. 

Mor'row, n. [0. Eng. morwe, monvening, A.-S. morgen. 
See MORN.] 1. Morning; as, good morrow. 2. The 
next following day. 3. The day following the present; 
to-morrow. 

Morse, n. [Russ. morj, Lapp, morsk.] (Zool.) The sea- 
horse, or walrus. See WALRUS. 

M6r'seI,M. [0. Fr. morsel, morcel. See MORCEAU.] 1. 
A bite ; a mouthful. 2. A small quantity of any thing; 
a little piece ; a fragment. 

M6rt, n. [Fr. mort, death, from Lat. mors, mortis.] A 
note or tune sounded at the death of game. 

Mor'tal, a. [Lat. mortalis, from mors, mortis, death, 
from moriri, to die.] 1. Subject to death. 2. Destruc- 
tive to life ; causing or occasioning death. 3. Admitting 
death ; accessible to death. 4. Hence, affecting as if 
with power to kill ; extreme. 5. Human; belonging to 
man, who is mortal. 
Mortal foe, or enemy, an inveterate, or implacable enemy. 

Mdr'tal, n. A being subject to death ; man. 

Mor-tal'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being mor- 
tal. 2. Death ; destruction. 3. The whole sum or 
number of deaths in a given time or a given community. 

4. Those who are, or that which is, mortal ; the human 
race ; humanity. 

M6r'tal-ly, adv. 1. In a mortal manner; irrecovera- 
bly. 2. In the highest possible degree ; inveterately. 

Mor'tar, n. [Lat. mortarium, A.-S. mortere.] 1. A 
wide-mouthed vessel, in which substances are pounded 
with a pestle. 2. (Ml.) A short 
piece of ordnance, for throwing JT 

bombs, shells, &c, at high angles 
of elevation. 

Mor'tar, n. [Lat. mortarium.] A _ct± 
mixture of lime and sand with m 
water, used as a cement for unit- Mortar, 

ing stones and bricks in walls. 

Mort'gage (mor'gej), n. [Fr. mort-gage, from mort, Lat. 
mortuus, dead, and gage, pledge.] 1. (Laiv.) A con- 
veyance of property, on condition, as security for the 
payment of a debt or the performance of a duty, and to 
become void upon payment or performance. 

C@f It was called a mortgage (or dead pledge) because what- 
ever profit it might vield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but 
became lost or dead to the mortgager upon breach of the con- 
dition. 

2. State of being pledged. 

Mort'gage (mor'gej), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. mort- 
gaged; p. pr. & vb. n. MORTGAGING.] 1. (Law.) 
To grant or convey, as property, for the security of a 
debt, or other engagement, upon a condition that if the 
debt or engagement shall be discharged according to the 
contract, the conveyance shall be void, otherwise to be- 
come absolute, subject, however, to the right of redemp- 
tion. 2. Hence, to pledge ; to make liable to the pay- 
ment of any debt or expenditure. 

Mort'ga-gee' (mor'ga-jee'), n. (Laiv.) One to whom a 
mortgage is made or given. 

Mort'gageor' (mor'gej-or'), ) n. (Laiv.) The person 

Mort'ga-ger (mor'ga-jer), ( who conveys property 
as security for debt, as above specified. 

Mor-tif er-oiis, a. [Lat. mortifer, from mors, mortis, 
death, and ferre. to bring.] Producing death ; deadly ; 
fatal ; destructive. 

Mor'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of mortifying, or the 
condition of being mortified ; especially, (a.) (Med.) The 
death of one part of an animal body, while the rest con- 
tinues to live, (b.) Subjection of the passions and appe- 
tites, by penance, abstinence, or painful severities in- 
flicted on the body, (c.) Hence, generally, humiliation; 
chagrin ; vexation. 2. That which mortifies. 

Mor'ti-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, mortifies. 

M6r'ti-f y, v. t. {imp. & p. p. mortified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MORTIFYING.] [Lat. mortifi.care, from Lat. mors, 
mortis, death, and facere, to make.] 1. To destroy the 
organic texture and vital functions of. 2. To deaden by 
religious discipline, as the carnal affections, bodily appe- 



a,e, 8tc.,long;a,, e,&c.,s/ior*,- care, far, ask, all, what-- ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



MORTIFY 



475 



MOTTO 




tites, or worldly desires ; to abase. 3. H*mce, to affect 
with vexation, chagrin or humiliation ; te humble. 
Mor'ti'fy, v. i. 1. To lose vitality, as flesh. 2. To 
practice severities and penance from religious motives. 
3. To be subdued. 
Mor'tise (mor'tis), n. [Fr. mortaise, W. 
mortais.] A cavity cut into a piece of tim- 
ber, or other material, to receive the end 
of another piece, made to fit it, called a 
tenon. 
Mor'tise, v. t. [imp. & p.p. mortised 
(mor'tist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. MORTISING.] 
1. To cut or make a mortise in. 2. To / -y\ 

join by a tenon and mortise. / Jllilllllll ^ /) 

Mort'main, n. [Fr. mort, morte, dead, L mmmmm j / 
and main, hand.] {Law.) Possession "f liiPIMIIllllliiM/ 
lands or tenements in dead hands, or hands Mortise and 
that can not alienate. Tenon. 

M6rt'u-a-ry, n. [See infra.] 1. A customary gift 
claimed by, and due to, the minister of a parish on the 
I death of a parishioner. 2. A burial-place. 

Mdrt'u-a-ry, a. [Lat. mortuarius, belonging to the 
dead, from mortuus, dead.] Belonging to the burial of 
the dead. 
Mo-§a'ie, n. [Late Gr. lAovo-a'Cicov, /otovtreiov, Lat. musi- 
vum, from Gr. Moua-eios, belonging to the Muses.] In- 
laid work, in which the effect of painting is produced by 
the use of pieces of colored stone or other hard sub- 
stance. 
Mo-ga'k, a. Of, or pertaining to the style of work called 
mosaic ; variegated ; tessellated ; also, composed of vari- 
ous materials or ingredients. 
Mo-ga'ic, i a. Pertaining to Moses, the leader of the 
Mo-ga'i-e-al, j Israelites. 

Mog'lem, n. [Ar. moslem, muslim, a true believer in the 
Mohammedan faith, from salama, to submit to God. See 
Islam.] A Mussulman; an orthodox Mohammedan. 
Mog'lem, a. Pertaining to the Mohammedans ; Moham- 
medan. 
Mosque (m^sk), n. [Ar. masjid, from sajada, to bend, 

bow, adore.] A Mohammedan place of worship. 
Mos-qu'i'to (mus-ke'to), n. ; pi. mos-QUPtoes. [Sp., 
from mosca, Lat. musca, fly.] (Entom.) A small insect 
of several different species, having a sharp-pointed pro- 
boscis, by means of which it punctures the skins of ani- 
mals and sucks their blood. 
Moss (21), n. [A.-S. meos, Icel. mosi, allied to Lat. mus- 
cus.] (Bot.) An acrogenous cryptogamous plant of a 
cellular structure, with leaves, and a distinct root. 

rss°" The term moss is also popularly applied to many other 
small cryptogamic plants, particularly lichens. 

Moss, n. [0. H. Ger. & 0. D. mos.] A bog; a place 
where peat is found. 

Moss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mossed (most) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MOSSING.] To cover with moss. 

Moss'i-ness, n. State of being overgrown with moss. 

Moss'-ro§e, n. (Bot.) A variety of rose having a moss- 
like pubescence or growth on the calyx or envelope of the 
flower. 

Moss'-trdbp'er, n. [From moss, a bog, and trooper.] 
One of a class of marauders that formerly infested the 
border country between England and Scotland. 

MSss'y, a. [compar. MOSSIER ; superl. MOSSIEST.] 1. 
Overgrown with moss ; abounding with moss. 2. Bor- 
dered with moss. 

Most (20), a. ; superl. of more. [A.-S. masst, Goth. 
maists.] Consisting of the greatest number or quantity ; 
greatest. 

t§3f Most is used as a noun, the words part, portion, quan- 
tity, &c, being omitted. 

Most, adv. In the greatest or highest degree. 

Mos'tie, ) n. [Eng. maul-stick, q. v.] A painter's 

Mos'tick, ) staff or stick on which he rests his hand in 
painting. 

Most'ly , adv. For the greatest part ; chiefly ; in the main. 

Mot (mo), n. [Fr. , from Lat. muttire, mutire, to mutter.] 
A pithy or witty saving ; a witticism. 

Mote, n. [A.-S. mot.] A small particle ; a spot ; a speck. 

Mo-t6t', n. [Fr. motet, It. mottetto, diminutive of motto, 
word, device.] (Mas.) A musical composition adapted to 
sacred words in church style ; an anthem. 

M5th (21), n. [A.-S. modlidhe, mogdhe, mohdhe.] 1. 
(Entom.) A lepidopterous insect, having antennae that 
taper regularly to a point, chiefly of nocturnal habits. 
2. That which gradually and silently eats, consumes, or 
wastes any thing. [garment. 

M6th'-eat, v. t. To eat or prey upon, as a moth eats a 



Moth'er (mutb/er), n. [A.-S. mOdor, Icel. modhir, . H. 
Ger. muotar, jnuatar, allied to Lat. mater, Gr. /u.^ttjp, 
Skr. matri, Per. mader, 0. Slav, inati, Ir. mathair.] 1. 
A female parent ; especially, a female parent, of the hu- 
man race. 2. That which has produced any thing; 
source of birth or origin. 

Mother Carey's chicken {Ornith.), a small oceanic bird; th6 
stormy petrel. See Petkel. 

Moth'er, a. Received by birth or from ancestors ; na- 
tive ; natural ; also, acting the part, or having the place 
of a mother. 

Motii'er, v. i. To become concreted, as the thick mat- 
ter of liquors. 

Motii'er, n. [D. modder, moer, N. H. Ger. mutter, allied 
to mud.] A thick, slimy substance concreted in liquors, 
particularly in vinegar. 

Moth'er-hood, n. The state of being a mother. 

Moth'er-in-law', n. The mother of one's husband or 
wife. 

Moth'er-land, n. The land of one's mother or parents. 

Moth'er-less, a. Destitute of a mother. 

M6th'er-ly (mutb/er-ly^a. 1. Pertaining to a mother. 
2. Becoming a mother ; tender ; parental. 

Syn. — Maternal. — Motherly, being Saxon, is the more fa- 
miliar word of the two when both have the same meaning. 
Besides this, maternal is confined to the feelings of a mother 
toward her own children, whereas motherly (mother-like) has a 
secondary sense, as in the expression motherly care, &c, denot- 
ing a care like that of a mother for her offspring. There is, per- 
haps, a growing tendency thus to separate the two, confining 
motherly to the latter signification. 

Moth'er-ly, adv. In the manner of a mother. 

M6tii'er-of -pearl', n. The hard, silvery, brilliant, 
internal layer of several kinds of shells, particularly oys- 
ters ; nacre. 

Moth'er-tongue (-tung), n. 1. A language from which 
another language has had its origin. 2. One's native 
language. 

M6th'er-wa/ter, n. The impure residue of a liquor 
from which crystals have been obtained. 

Motii'er- wit, n. Native wit ; common sense. 

Moth'er-wort (mQth/er-wflrt), n. (Bot.) An herb of 
a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine. 

Moth'er-y (muth/er-5'), a. Resembling or partaking of 
the nature of mother ; concreted. 

Moth'y, a. [compar. MOTHIER ; superl. MOTHIEST.] 
[From moth.] Full of moths; eaten by moths. 

Mo'tile,a. [Fr. See Motive.] Having powers of self- 
motion, though unconscious. 

Mo'tion, n. [Lat. motio, from movere, motum, to move.] 
1. Act or process of changing place ; movement. 2. 
Appropriate movement ; manner of moving ; port ; gait ; 
air. 3. Power of, or capacity for, moving. 4. Move- 
ment of the mind, will, desires or passions. 5. Propo- 
sition offered ; especially, a proposition made in a deliber- 
ative assembly. 

Mo'tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. motioned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MOTIONING.] 1. To make a significant movement 
or gesture. 2. To make proposal ; to offer a proposition. 

Mo'tion-less, a. Wanting motion ; being at rest. 

Mo'tive, a. [Lat. movere, motum, to move.] Causing 
motion ; having power to move, or tending to move. 

Mo'tive, n. 1. That which incites to action ; any thing 
moving the will. 2. (Mus.) The theme or subject. 

Syn.— Incentive; incitement; inducement; reason; spur; 
stimulus; cause. — Motive is the word ordinarily used in speak- 
ing of that which determines the choice. We call it an induce- 
ment when it is attractive in its nature, leading us forward by 
an appeal to our natural desires for good. We call it a reason 
when it is more immediately addressed to the intellect in the 
form of argument. 

Mo-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Power of producing motion. 2. 
Quality of being influenced by motives. 

Mot'ley, a. [W. mudliw, a changing color, fr. mudaw, 
to move, change, and lliw, color.] 1. Variegated in 
color; dappled. 2. Heterogeneously made or mixed up ; 
discordantly composite. 

Mo'tor, n. [Lat.. from movere, motum, to move.] One 
who, or that which, imparts motion ; a source or origina- 
tor of mechanical power, &c. 

Mo'tor, I a. [Lat. motorius, from motor. See supra.] 

Mo'to-ry, j Giving motion ; pertaining to organs of 
motion.' 

Mdt'tle (mot'tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOTTLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MOTTLING.] [From motley, q. v.] To mark with 
spots of different color ; to spot. 

Mftt'to, n. ; pi. MOT'TOEg. [It. motto. See MOT.] A 
sentence or phrase prefixed to an essay, chapter, poem, 
and the like, and apposite to the subject of it. 



food fo^ot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link. ; this. 



MOULD 



476 



MUCH 



Mould, Mould'er, Mould'y, &c. See MOLD, 

Molder, Moldy, &c. 

Moult, v. & n. See Molt. 

Mound, n. [A.-S. mund, defense, protection, hand ; allied 
to Lat. manus, hand.] An artificial hill or elevation of 
earth; a raised bank ; a bulwark; a rampart; also, a 
regular and isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. 

Mound, n. [Lat. mundus, Fr. monde, the world.] (Her.) 
A ball or globe forming part of the regalia of an emperor 
or other sovereign. 

Mound, v. t. [imp. & p.p. MOUNDED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
MOUNDING.] To fortify with a mound. 

Mount, n. [A.-S. mont, munt, Lat. mons, montis.] 1. 
A mass of earth, or earth and rock, rising considerably 
above the common surface of the surrounding land ; a 
mountain. 2. (Mil.) Means or opportunity for mount- 
ing ; especially, a horse, and the equipments necessary 
for a mounted horseman. 

Mount, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MOUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MOUNTING.] [From Lat. mons, montis, mountain.] 1. 
To rise on high ; to go up ; to ascend. 2. To get on 
horseback ; to leap upon any thing. 3. To amount ; to 
count up. 

Mount, v. t. 1. To get upon ; to ascend ; to climb. 2. 
To bestride. 3. Hence, to put on horseback ; to furnish 
with horses. 4. Hence, to put on anything that sus- 
tains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map on 
cloth or paper; hence, to prepare for being worn, or 
otherwise used, as a diamond by setting, &c. 

To mount guard (Mil.), to take the station, and do the duty, 
of a sentinel. 

Mount'a-ble, a. Capable of being mounted. 

Mount'ain (42), n. [Lat. mons, montis, a mountain, 
■montanus, belonging to a mountain.] 1. A large mass of 
earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth 
or adjacent land ; a mount. 2. Something very large. 

Mount'ain, a. 1. Pertaining to a mountain ; found on 
mountains. 2. Of mountain size ; vast. 

Mount'ain-eer', n. An inhabitant of a mountain. 

Mount'ain-ous, a. 1. Full of mountains. 2. Large 
as a mountain ; huge. 

Mount 'e-bank, n. [It. montimbanco, from montare, to 
mount, in, in, upon, and banco, bench.] 1. A quack- 
doctor who vends his nostrums from a bench or stage in 
some public place. 2. Hence, any boastful and false pre- 
tender ; a charlatan. 

Mount'ing, n. 1. Act of preparing for use, or embel 
lishing. 2. That by which any thing is prepared for use 
or set off to advantage ; embellishment. 

Mourn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mourned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MOURNING.] [A.-S. murnan, meornan, Goth, maurnan.' 

1. To express grief or sorrow; to grieve; to lament 

2. To wear the customary habit of sorrow. 
Mourn, v. t. 1. To grieve for. 2. To utter in a sor- 
rowful manner. 

Syn. — To deplore ; lament ; bewail ; bemoan. See De 

PLOEE. 

Mourn'er, n. 1. One who mourns. 2. One who fol- 
lows a funeral in the habit of mourning. 

Mourn'ful, a. 1. Full of sorrow ; expressing, or in- 
tended to* express, sorrow. 2. Causing sorrow. 

Syn. — Sorrowful; lugubrious; sad; doleful; heavy; afflic- 
tive; grievous; calamitous. 

Mourn'f ul-ly , adv. In a manner expressive of sorrow. 

Mourn'ful-iiess, n. 1. Sorrow; grief. 2. Appear- 
ance or expression of grief. 

Mourn'ing, n. 1. Act of sorrowing; lamentation; 
sorrow. 2. The dress or customary habit worn by 
mourners. 

Mouse, n. ; pi. MICE. [A.-S. rafts, pi. mys, Icel. rafts, 
allied to Lat. raws, Gr. javs, Russ. & 0. Slav, myshy, 
Skr. milskika, from mush, to steal, pilfer.] (Zo'dl.) A 
small rodent quadruped inhabiting houses and fields. 

Mouge (mouz', 91), v. i. [imp. & p. p. moused ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. mousing.] 1. To watch for and catch mice. 
2. To watch for or pursue any thing in a sly manner. 

Mouse'-hole, n. A hole which mice enter or pass ; a 
very small hole or entrance. 

Mous/er (mouz'er), n. One that mouses ; a cat that 
catches mice. 

Mouse'- trap, n. A trap for catching mice. 

Motis-ta^he' , n. See Mustache. 

Mouth, n. [A.-S. raftd/i, Icel. mudhr, Goth, munths.] 
1. The aperture between the lips ; also, the cavity within 
the lips, containing the jaw, teeth, and tongue. 2. Hence, 
an opening ; orifice ; aperture ; as, (a. ) Of a vessel by which 
it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged, (b.) Of any 



cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. (c. ) The opening through, 
which the waters of any body or collection of water are 
discharged into another. 3. A principal speaker ; a 
mouth-piece. 4. A wry face ; a grimace. 

Mouth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mouthed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
mouthing.] 1. To chew ; to devour. 2. To utter 
with a voice affectedly big or swelling. 

Mouth, v. i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, af- 
fected voice ; to vociferate ; to rant. 

Mouth-f ul, n. ; pi. mouth'ful§. 1. As much as the 
mouth co'ntains at once. 2. Hence, a small quantity or 
amount. 

Mouth'-piece, n. 1. The piece of a musical wind in- 
strument to which the mouth is applied. 2. One who 
delivers the opinions of others. 

Mov'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being moved ; susceptible 
o"f motion ; not fixed. 2. Changing from one time to 
another. 

Mov'a-ble, n. ; pi. MOV'A-BLEg. An article of wares 
or goods ; generally, in" the plural, goods ; wares ; furni- 
ture. 

Mov'a-lble-ness, n. State or quality of being movable. 

Mov'a-lbly, adv. In a movable manner or condition. 

Move (mo"ov), v. t. [imp. & p. p. moved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MOVING.] [Lat. movere.] 1. To cause to change 
place or posture in any manner ; to alter the position of ; 
to set in motion. 2. To excite to action by the presenta- 
tion of motives ; to affect, as the mind, will, or passions. 
3. To arouse the feelings or passions of; especially, to 
excite to tenderness or compassion. 4. To offer formally 
for consideration and determination, in a public assem- 
bly. 

Syn. — To stir; agitate ; trouble ; affect ; persuade ; influ- 
ence; actuate; impel; rouse; prompt; instigate; incite; induce; 
incline; propose; offer. 

Move, v. i. 1. To change place ; to go, in any manner, 
from one place to another, whether by vital or mechan- 
ical force. 2. To act mentally or spiritually. 3. To 
change residence. 4. To bring forward a motion in an 
organized assembly ; to make a proposal. $ 

Move, n. 1. Act of moving; a movement. 2. Specific- 
ally, the act of moving one of the pieces used in playing 
a game, as chess. 

Move'ment, n. 1. Act of moving ; change of place or 
posture. 2. Mental action : emotion. 3. Manner or style 
of moving. 4. That which moves or imparts motion. 
5. (Mus.) (a.) Rhythm, (b.) Any single strain, or part, 
having the same measure or time. 

Syn. — Motion. — Motion expresses the general idea of not 
being at rest; movement points more especially to the agent or 
thing that moves, or the commencement of motion ; as, the 
movement of an army, a movement in society, &c. 

Mov'er, n. 1. A person or thing that moves, stirs, or 
changes place. 2. A motor ; motive power. 3. Specifi- 
cally, one who offers a proposition, or recommends any 
thing for consideration or adoption. 

Mov'ing, p. a. 1. Changing place or posture ; causing 
motion or action. 2. Exciting the passions or affections ; 
touching ; pathetic ; affecting. 

Mow (mou), n. [A.-S. muwa, muha, Low Lat. muga, 
mugio.] 1. A heap or pile of hay or sheaves of grain in 
a barn. 2. The place in a barn where hay or grain is 
stowed. 

Mow (mou), v. t. To pile and stow away in a barn, as 
hay or sheaves of grain. 

Mow (mo), v. t. [imp. mowed ; p. p. MOWED or 
mown ; p. pr. & vb. n. mowing.] [A.-S. mawan, al- 
lied to Lat. metere.] 1. To cut down with a scythe, as 
grass. 2. To cut the grass from. 3. To cut down in- 
discriminately, or in great numbers or quantity. 

Mow (mo), v. i. 1. To cut grass. 2. To perform the 
business of mowing. 

Mow (mou), n. [Fr. moue, pouting, a wry face; 0. D. 
mouwe, solid flesh, pulp, H. Ger. mauwe ; not from 
mouth.] A wry face. 

Mow'er (mo'er^n. One who mows. 

Mox'a, n. [Probably an Oriental word.] A woolly, soft 
substance prepared from the young leaves of certain 
plants, and burnt on the skin to produce an ulcer; 
hence, any substance used in a like manner. 

Mr. An abreviation of mi ster. See MISTER. 

Mrs. An abbreviation of mistress, but pronounced 
mis'sis. See Mistress. 

Milch, a. [compar. & superl. wanting, but supplied by 
MORE and MOST from another root.] [0. Eng. moche, 
A.-S. mucel, mycel, micel. See Mickle.] Great in 
quantity or amount ; long in duration ; abundant ; 
plenteous. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, asls, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf 



MUCH 



477 



MULTIFID 



Milch, n. 1. A great quantity ; a great deal. 2. A thing 

uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable. 
Miicli, adv. 1. To a great degree or extent ; greatly ; 

abundantly; far. 2. Often, or long. 3. In very nearly 

the same condition ; almost. 
Mu'cid, a. [Lat. mucidus, from Lat. mucus, mucus, 

snot, mucere, to be moldy or musty.] Musty ; moldy ; 



Mu/ci-lage, n. [L. Lat. muccilago, from muccus, Lat. 
mucus, mucus, slime.] 1. (Chem.) One of the proximate 
elements of vegetables. 2. An aqueous solution of gum. 

Mu'ci-lag'i-noiis, a. 1. Partaking of the nature of 
mucilage; moist, soft, and lubricous; slimy, 2. Per- 
taining to, or secreting, mucilage. 

Mu/ci-lSg'i-nous-ness, n. State of being mucilaginous. 

Mu-cip'a-roiis, a- [Lat. mucus, mucus, and parere, to 
bring forth, produce.] Secreting or producing mucus. 

Muck, n. [A.-S. mix, meox, dung, filth, allied to mlgan, 
Lat. mingere, mejere, Gr. bfiixeiv, Skr. mih.] 1. Dung 
in a moist state. 2. A mass of decaying vegetable mat- 
ter. 3. Something mean, vile, or filthy. 
To ran a muck. See Amuck. 

Muck, v. t. To manure with muck. 

Muck'i-ness, n. The quality of being mucky. 

Miick'-worm (-wfirm), n. 1. A worm that lives in 
muck. 2. A miser. 

Mu'eoiis, a. [Lat. mucosus, from mucus, mucus.] 1. 
Pertaining to, or resembling, mucus ; slimy. 2. Secret- 
ing a slimy substance. 

Mu'-eous-ness, n. The state of being mucous. 

Mu'cro-nate, ) a. [Lat. mucronatus, from mucro, 

Mu/cro-na/ted, ) mucronis, a sharp point.] (Bot. & 
Zob'l.) Terminating abruptly, or in short, spinous pro- 



Mu'-eu-lent, a. [Lat. muculentus, fr. mucus.] Slimy ; 
moist, and moderately viscous. 

Mu'-eus, n. [Lat.] (Physiol.) 1. A viscid fluid secreted 
by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and 
defend. 2. Hence, any other animal fluid of a viscid 
quality. 

Mud, n. [L. Ger. mudde, mudder. See Mother.] 
Earth wet, soft, moist, and adhesive, with water. 

Mud, v. t. To make turbid, or foul, with dirt; to 
muddy. 

Mud'di-ly, adv. In a muddy manner ; turbidly. 

Miid'di-ness, n. Condition or quality of being muddy ; 
turbidness. 

Mud'dle, n. A state of being turbid or confused ; hence, 
intellectual cloudiness or dullness. 

Mud'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. muddled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. muddling.] [From -mud.] 1. To make turbid, or 
muddy, as water. 2. To cloud or stupefy. 

Mud'dy, a. [compar. muddier ; superl. MUDDIEST.] 
[From mud.] 1. Besmeared or dashed with mud. 2. 
Containing mud. 3. Consisting of mud or earth ; 
gross ; impure. 4. Cloudy in mind ; dull ; heavy ; 
stupid. 

Mud'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. muddied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. muddying.] 1. To soil with mud; to dirty. 2. 
To make dull or heavy. 

Mud'-slll, n. 1. The lowest sill of a structure, usually 
imbedded in the soil. 2. One of the lower or laboring 
classes. [Amer.] 

Mild'- wall, n. A wall composed of mud, or of materials 
laid in mud without mortar. 

Mti-ez'zin, n. [Ar., from azzana, to inform, from az- 
ana, to hear, listen, from uzn, the ear.] A Mohamme- 
dan crier of the hour of prayer. 

Muff, n. [H. Ger. muff, Icel. muffa, from 0. L. Ger. 
mouwe, 0. D. mauwe, mouwe, mowe, sleeve.] A warm 
cover for receiving the hands. 

Muffin, n. [From Eng. muff. See supra.] A light, 
spongy cake, circular and fiat. 

Miif 'fie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. muffled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MUFFLING.] [Prov. Ger. muffeln, mvffeln, fr. muff, 
muff, q. v.] 1. To wrap up in something that conceals ; 
especially, to wrap, as the face or more, in thick and dis- 
guising folds. 2. To wrap with something that dulls or 
renders sound inaudible. [articulation. 

Muffle, v. i. To speak indistinctly, o" without clear 

Muffle, n. [From L. Lat. muffula,' muiT, from the re- 
semblance of its form . SeeMuFF.] (Chem. & Metal.) An 
oven-shaped vessel, for the purification of gold and silver. 

Muffle, n. The bare end of the nose between the nos- 
trils, when covered with a mucous membrane. 

Muffler, n. A cover for the face ; a wrapper enveloping 
the head or neck, used as a part of female dress. 



Miifti, n. ; pi. Mtjf>ti$. [Ar. mufti, from fata, to da- 
cide or give judgment in a lawsuit.] An official expounder 
of Mohammedan law in Turkey. 

Mug, n. [Ir. mugan, a mug, mucog, a cup.] A kind of 
earthen or metal cup. 

Miig'gy, a. [compar. MUGGIER; superl. MUGGIEST.] 
[Prov. Eng. mug, fog ; W. mwg, smoke, mwci, fog ; 
Icel. mugga, mist.] 1. Moist; damp; moldy. 2. 
Moist or damp and close. 

Mu-lat'to, n. ; pi. mu-lXt'toes. [Sp. mulato, of a 
mixed breed, from mulo, Lat. midus, mule.] The off* 
spring of a negress by a white man, or of a white woman 
by a negro. 

Mul'ber-ry, n. [A.-S. mur, murberie, from Lat. morurn, 
mulberry, morus, a mulberry -tree ; Gr. fxQypov, p.6pov, 
H-opia.] (Bot.) The berry or fruit of a tree of the genua 
Morus ; also the tree itself. 

Mulch (66), n. [Allied to mull, 3.] Half-rotten straw, 
decayed leaves or the like, strewn over the roots of plants 
to protect from heat or cold, to keep moist, &c. 

Mulch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MULCHED (mulcht) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. MULCHING.] To furnish with, or protect with, 
mulch. [punishment or penalty. 

Mulct, n. [Lat. mulcta, multa.] A fine ; a pecuniary 
Syn. — Amercement; forfeit; forfeiture; penalty. 

Mulet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MULCTED _; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MULCTING.] 1. To punish by imposing a pecuniary 
fine ; to fine. 2. Hence, to withhold from by way of 
punishment or discipline. 

Mule, n. [Lat. midus, A.-S. mill, mhl-as.] 1. A quad- 
ruped of a mongrel breed, usually generated between an 
ass and a mare, sometimes between a horse and a she- 
ass ; — applied also to any animal produced by a mixture 
of different species. 2. A plant of a mongrel kind ; a 
hybrid. 3. [Ger. muhle, mill; M. Ger. mule.] A ma- 
chine used in spinning cotton. 

Miile'- spliv'ner, n. One who spins on a mule. 

Mu/le-teer', n. One who drives mules. 

Mu/li-elb'ri-ty, n. [Lat. muliebritas, from mulier, a 
woman.] 1. State of being a woman ; womanhood. 2. 
Hence, effeminacy ; softness. 

Mul'ish, a. Like a mule ; sullen ; stubborn. 

Mull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mulled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MULLING.] [Either from Lat. mollire, to soften, or from 
W. mivll, warm, or allied to Eng. mell, Goth, milit/i, 
honey.] 1. To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices. 
2. To dispirit or deaden. 

Mull, n. [Perhaps contracted from mossul. See MUSLIN.] 
A thin, soft kind of muslin. 

Mul'lein, ) n. [Fr. molcne, from mol, Lat. mollis, soft.] 

Mul'len, { (Bot.) A certain plant growing in roada 
and neglected<tfelds. 

Mull'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, mulls. 2. A 
vessel in which wine is mulled over a fire. 

Mull'er, »., [Prov. Eng. mull, to rub, squeeze, or bruise. 
Cf. Lat. molere, to grind, molaris, a mill-stone.] A sort of 
pestle of stone or glass, for grinding pigments. 

Mul'let, n. [Fr. mulet, fr. Lat. 
mullus.] (Ichth.) A fish which 
frequents the shore, and roots 
in the sand like a hog. 

Mul'li-gruh§, n. [Perh. from 

Prov. Eng. mulling, p. pr. of Mullet. 

mull, to rub, squeeze, pull about, and grub.] 1. A 

twisting of the intestines ; colic. [Slang.] 2. Hence, 

sullenness. 

Mull'ion (muPyun), n. [Perhaps from Fr. mouler, to 
mold.] (Arch.) (a.) A slender bar or pier which forms 
the division between the lights of windows, screens, &c. 
(b.) One of the divisions in panelings resembling windows. 

Mult-an' gu-lar, a. [From Lat. multangulus, having 
many angles, from multus, much, many, and angulus, 
angle.] Having many angles ; polygonal. 

Mult-an'gu-lar-ly (-ang^u-lar-1^), adv. With many 
angles or corners. 

Mul'ti-ea'vous, a. [Lat. multicavus, from multus, 
much, many, and cavum, cavus, cavity, hole.] Having 
many cavities. 

MuFti-den'tate, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 
dentatus, toothed. See DENTATE.] Armed with many 
teeth. 

MuFti-fa'ri-ous, a. [Lat. multifarius, from multus, 
much, many.] Having multiplicity; of various kinds ; 
diversified. [diversity. 

MuFti-f a/ri-ous-ly, adv. With great multiplicity and 

Mul'ti-f a'ri-ous-mess, n. Multiplied diversity. 

Mul'ti-ficl, a. [Lat. multtfidus, from multus, much, 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this- 



MULTIFLOROUS 



478 



MUNS 



Speaking much ; very talkative. 



many, and find ere, to cleave, divide.] (Bot.) Divided 

into several parts by linear sinuses and straight margins. 
MuFti-flo'roiis, or Mul-tif'lo-roiis, a. [Lat. mul- 

tits, much, many, and fios,floris, flower.] Having many 

flowers. 
Miil'ti-fold, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and Eng. 

fold.] Many times doubled ; manifold. 
Mul'ti-f drm, a. [Lat. multiformis, fr. multus, much, 

many, and forma, shape.] Having many forms, shapes, 

or appearances. 
MiiFti-f 6rm'i-ty, n. Diversity of forms ; variety of 

shapes or appearances in the same thing. 
Mul'ti-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

lalus, lateris, side.] Having many sides. 
Mul'ti-lin'e-al, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

linea, line.] Having many lines. 
MiiFti-loe'u-lar, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

loculus, a little place, a cell.] Having many cells or com- 
partments. 
Mul-til'o-quence, n. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

loquens, p. pr. of loqui, to speak.] Use of many words ; 

talkativeness. 
Mul-til'o-quent 
Mul-til'o-quoiis 
Mul-tip'a-rous, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

par ere, to bear, produce.] Producing many at a birth. 
Mul-tip'ar-tlte , a. [Lat. midtipartitus, from multus, 

much, many, and partitas, divided, p. p. of partire, to 

divide, from pars, part.] Divided into many parts. 
Mul'ti-ped, n. [Lat. multipes, multipedis, from multus, 

much, many, and pes, pedis, foot.] An insect having 
Mul'ti-ped, a. Having many feet. [many feet. 

Miil'ti-ple (mul'ti-pl), a. [L. Lat. multiplus, for multi- 
plex, q. v.] Containing more than once, or more than 

one ; manifold. 
Miil'ti-ple, n. (Math.) A quantity containing another 

a certain number of times without a remainder. 
Hgf A. common multiple of two or more numbers contains 

each of them a certain number of times exactly. _ The least 

common multiple is the least number that will do this. 

MSl'l^n-ea-ble, { » Capable of being multiplied. 

Mul'ti-pli-cand', n. [Lat. multiplicands, to be multi- 
plied.] (Arith.) The number to be multiplied by another, 
which is called the multiplier. 

Mul'ti-pli-cate, or Mul-tip'li-eate, n. [Lat. mul- 
tiplicatus, p. p. of midtiplicare. See MULTIPLY.] Con- 
sisting of many, or more than one ; multiple ; multifold. 

MiiFtipli-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of multiplying, or of 
increasing number. 2. (Math.) A rule or operation by 
which any given number or quantity may be added to 
itself any number of times proposed. 

Miil'ti-pli-ea/tfve, a. Tending to multiply ; having 
the power to multiply. 

Mul'ti-pli-ca'tor, n. The number by which another 
number is multiplied ; a multiplier. 

MiiFti-plic'i-ty, n. 1. A state of being multiple, mani- 
fold, or various. 2. A collection of many objects. 

Miil'ti-pli'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, multi- 
plies. 2. The number in arithmetic by which another 
is multiplied. 

Mul'ti-ply (54), v. t. [imp. & p. p. multiplied ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MULTIPLYING.] [From Lat. multiplex, 
from multus, much, many, andplicare, to fold.] 1. To 
increase in number ; to make more numerous ; to add 
quantity to. 2. (Math.) To repeat or add to itself any 
given number or quantity as many times as there; are 
units in any other given number. 

Mul'ti-ply, v. i. 1. To become numerous. 2. To in- 
crease in extent and influence. 

Mul'ti-tude (53), n. [Lat. multitudo, from multus, 
much, many.] 1, The state of being many; numerous- 
ness. 2. A great number of individuals. 

Syn. — Throng; crowd; assembly; assemblage; common- 
alty ; swarm ; populace ; vulgar. 

Miil'ti-tu'di-na-ry, a. Multitudinous ; manifold. 
Mul'ti-tu'di-nous, a. Consisting -of, or having, the 

appearance of a multitude ; manifold. 
Mul'ti-valve, n. (Zo'dl.) A mollusk which has a shell 

of many valves. 
Miil'ti- valve, ) a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

MuFti-valv'u-lar, ) valva, leaf or valve of a door.] 

Having many valves. 
Mul-toe'u-lar, a. [Lat. multus, much, many, and 

oculus, eye. Having many eyes, or more than two. 
Mum, a. [Cf. Mumble, Mumm.1 Silent ; not speaking. 
Mum, interj. Be silent ; hush. 



Miiiu, n. [From Chr. Mumme, who first brewed it in 
1492.] A sort of strong beer, originally introduced from 
Brunswick, in Germany. 

Miim'hle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mumbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MUMBLING.] [D. mompelen, mommelen, Icel. mumla. 
Cf. Mum, a. and MUMP, v.] 1. To speak with the lips 
or other organs partly closed ; to mutter. 2. To eat 
with the lips close. 

Miim'fole, v. t. 1. To utter with a low, inarticulate 
voice. 2. To eat with a muttering sound. 3. To sup- 
press, or utter imperfectly. 

Miim'hler, n. One who mumbles. 

Mumm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MUMMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
MUMMING.] [N. H. Ger. mummen, to mask, muffle, 
from mumme, a mask or muffle.] To sport or make 
diversion in a mask or disguise ; to mask. 

Miim'mer, n. One who mumms ; a masker ; a buffoon. 

Mum'mer-y, n. 1. Masking; sport; diversion; buf- 
foonery. 2. Farcical show. 

Mum'rai-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of making into a mummy. 

Miim'mi-f orm, a. Resembling a mummy in form. 

Miim'mi-fy, v. t. [imp. Sop. p. mummified; p.pr. & 
vb. n. MUMMIFYING.] [Eng. mummy and Lat. facere, 
to make.] To embalm and dry as a mummy. 

Miim'my, n. [Per. mumiya, from mum, mCm, wax.] 
A dead body embalmed and dried after the manner of 
the ancient Egyptians; also, a body preserved, by any 
means, in a dry state. 

Mump, v. t. [imp & p. p. mumped (84) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MUMPING.] [Icel. mumpa, to take into the 
mouth, fr. mumpr, curly beard.] 1. To work over with 
the mouth ; to nibble. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, 
or feebly. 

Mump, v. i. 1. To move the lips with the mouth 
closed ; to mumble. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, 

Miimp'er, n. A beggar. [or feebly. 

Miimp'ish, a. Dull ; heavy ; sullen ; sour. 

Mumps, n. pi. [Prov. Eng. mump, to be sulky. Cf. 
Mump, Mumble, and Mum.] (Med.) A peculiar and 
specific unsuppurative inflammation of the parotid 
glands. 

Munch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. munched (mfincht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. MUNCHING.] [Fr. manger, to eat, from Lat. 
manducare, to chew.] To nibble ; to chew without open- 
ing the mouth. 

Munch, v. i. To chew with closed lips ; to masticate. 

Miinch/er, n. One who munches. 

Miin'dane, a. [Lat. mundanus, from mundus, the world.] 
Belonging to the world ; worldly ; earthly , terrestrial. 

Mun'di-fi-ea'tion, n. [From Lat mundifirare, to 
make clean, from mundus, clean, and facere, to make.] 
The act or operation of cleansing any body from dross 
or extraneous matter. 

Mun-dif'i-ca-tlve, a. Having the power to cleanse. 

Mun-dlf ' i-ca-tive, n. A medicine that has the quality 
of cleansing. 

Mun-diin'gus, n. [Cf. Sp. mondongo, paunch, tripe, 
black pudding.] Tobacco. [Cant.] 

Miin'go, n. A fibrous material obtained by deviling the 
rags or remnants of 'fine woolen goods, as broadcloths, &c. 

Mu-nic'i-pal, a. [Lat. muniapalis, from municiphm, 
a free town, from munia, official duties, and capere, to 
take.] 1. Pertaining to a corporation or city. 2. Per- 
taining to a state, kingdom, or nation. 

Mu-nic'i-pal'i-ty, n. A municipal district. 

Mu-nif'i-cence, n. Quality of being munificent. 

Syn. — Benevolence ; beneficence ; liberality ; generosity; 
bounty ; bounteousness. 

Mu-nif i-cent, a. [Lat. munificus, from munus, mu- 
neris, present, gift, and jacere, to make.] Very liberal in 
giving or bestowing. 

Syn.— Beneficent ; bounteous ; bountiful ; liberal ; gener- 
ous. 

Mu-nif 'i-pent-ly, adv. In a munificent manner. 

Mu'ni-ment, n. [Lat. munhnentum, from munire, to 
fortify.] 1. Act of supporting or defending. 2. A 
stronghold ; a place or means of defense. 3. (Law.) A 
record ; title deeds and papers. 

Mu-ni'tion (nish/un), n. [Lat. munitio, from munire, 
to wall, to fortify.] Whatever materials are used in war 
for defense, or for annoying an enemy ; military stores 
of all kinds. 

Mun-jeet', n. [Hind, manjit, majith.] The root of a 
plant brought from India, and used for dyeing, in the 
place of madder. 

Mun§, n. [Ger. mund, Goth, munths. See Mouth.] 
The mouth and chaps. [ Vulgar.] 



a,e, &c.,fongva ) S ) &c.,5W<;care,far,ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique,flrm s6n,dr,d®, wolf, 



MURAL 



479 



MUSLIN 



Mu'ral, a. [Lat. muralis, from murus, wall.] 1. Per- 
taining to a wall. 2. Resembling a wall ; perpendicular 
or steep. 

Mitral circle (Astron), a graduated circle, in the plane of the 
meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular wall ; — 
used for measuring arcs of the meridian. 

Mur'der, n. [A.-S. mordhur, murder, from mordh, id., 
Goth, maurthr, allied to Lat. mors, mortis, death, mori, 
moriri, to die, Skr. mri.] The act of killing a human 
being with malice prepense or aforethought. 

Mur'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. murdered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. murdering.] 1. To kill with premeditated malice. 
2. To destroy ; to put an end to. 
Syn.— To kill ; assassinate ; slay ; massacre. See Kill. 

Mur'der-er, n. One guilty of murder. 

Syn.— Assassin ; cut-throat; bloodshedder ; manslayer. 

Mftr'der-ess. n. A woman who commits murder. 

Mur'der-ous, a. 1. Guilty of murder. 2. Consisting 
in murder ; accompanied with murder. 3. Fond of 
murder. 4. Premeditating murder. 

Syn. — Bloody ; sanguinary ; blood-guilty ; blood-thirsty ; 
fell ; savage ; cruel. 

Mur'der-oiis-ly, adv. In a murderous manner. 

Mu'ri-ate, n. [From Lat. muria.] ( Ckem.) A compound 
formed by the union of muriatic acid with a base. 

Mu/ri-a'ted, a. 1. Combined or impregnated with mu- 
riatic acid. 2. Put in brine. 

Mu/ri-at'Ie,a. {Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, 
sea-salt. 

Muriatic acid, an acid consisting of one equivalent of hydro- 
gen and one of chlorine ; hydrochloric acid. 

Mu'rlne, a. [Lat. murinus, fr. mus, mouse.] Pertain- 
ing to a mouse, or to mice ; mouse-colored. 

MSrk'y, a. [compar. MURKIER; superl. MURKIEST.] 
[A.-S.'mi/rc, Icel. myrkr.] Dark; obscure; gloomy. 

Mur'mur, n. [Lat.] 1. A low, confused, and indistinct 
sound, like that of running water. 2. A half suppressed 
complaint. 

Mur'mur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MURMURED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. MURMURING-.] [Lat. murmurare, from murmur, 
allied to Gr. fj.opi*vpeiv, to roar and boil, said of water.] 

1. To make a low, continued noise, like the hum of bees, 
a stream of water, rolling waves, or the wind in a forest. 

2. To utter complaints in a low, half-articulated voice ; 
to grumble. 

Miir'mui-er, n. One who murmurs. [plaints. 

Mur'mur ing-ly, adv. With a low sound ; with com- 

Mur'mur-oiis, a. Attended with murmurs ; murmuring. 

Mur'rain (42), n. [From Lat. mori, moriri, to die.] An 
infectious and fatal disease among cattle. 

Miir'rhine (-ran), or Mur'rhine (rln), a. [Lat. mur- 
rhinus, from murrha, a kind of stone of which costly ves- 
sels were made.] Pertaining to, or made of, a kind of 
stone called murrha by the ancients; — said of certain 
vases of great beauty used by the Romans which had a 
reputed quality of breaking if poison was mixed with the 
liquor they contained. 

Mur'za, n. The hereditary nobility among the Tartars. 

Miis'ea-del, ) n. [L. Lat. muscalellum or mus- 

Mus'ea-dme {or -dm), ) cadellum (sc. vinum), fr. mus- 
catum and musrata (sc. nux), nutmeg, Ar. muskat, fr. Ar. 
musk, misk, musk.] 1. A rich, spicy grape ; also, the 
wine made from it. 2. A fragrant and delicious pear. , 

Miis'^le (mus'sl), n. [Lat. musculus, a muscle, and a 
little mouse, dim. of mus, a mouse.] 1. (Anat.) An 
organ of motion in animal bodies, consisting of fibers in- 
closed in their cellular membrane, and admitting of con- 
traction and relaxation. 2. ( Conch.) A certain bivalvu- 
lar shell-fish. 

Mus'eo-va'do, a. [Sp. azucar mascabado, from mas- 
cabar, for menoscabar, to lessen, to impair, from menos- 
cabo, diminution, deterioration, Eng. mischief. See MIS- 
CHIEF.] Pertaining to or characterizing unrefined or 
raw sugar. 

Mus'-eo-vy Duck. [A corruption for musk-duck, q. v.] 
( Ornith ) A species of duck larger than the common 
duck, often raised in poultry -yards. 

Mus'eu-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to a muscle, or to a sys- 
tem or the strength of muscles. 2. Consisting of, or 
constituting, a muscle or muscles. 3. Performed by, or 
dependent on, a muscle or the muscles. 4. Well fur- 
nished with muscles ; brawny ; strong ; powerful. 

Mus'eu-lar 'i-ty. n. The state of being muscular. 

Mus'eu-lous, a. Muscular. [Obsolescent.] 

Muge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MUSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MUS- 
ING.] [0. H. Ger. mozon, muozon, to be idle, moza, 
muoza, musze, idle or vacant time, leisure. Cf. AMUSE.] 



1. To think closely ; to study in silence. 2. To be ab« 
sent-minded. 

Syn.— To ponder; consider; meditate: ruminate. See Pon- 
der. 

Muge, v. t. To think on ; to meditate on. [mind 

Muge, n. Deep thought ; hence, sometimes, absence of 

Muge, n. [Lat. musa, Gr. /xovcra, prob. from |u.ao), to 
seek out, invent, create.] (Myth.) One of the nine fa< 
bled goddesses who preside over literary, artistic, and 
scientific matters and labors ; a genius of art, literature, 
or music. 

Muge, n. [See Muset.] A gap in a hedge, fence, wall, 
or the like, through which a wild animal may pass; a 
muset. 

Mug'er, n. One who muses ; an absent-minded person. 

Mu'get, n. [0. Fr. musette, dim. of musse, fr. musser, mu- 
cer, mucier, mucher, to conceal, hide.] A gap in a hedge, 
fence, or thicket, through which an animal passes ; a muse. 

Mu-ge'um (124), n. [Lat. museum, Gr. /ixovo-eiov, temple 
of the Muses, hence a place of study.] A collection of nat- 
ural, scientific, or literary curiosities, or of works of art. 

Musti, n. [0. H. Ger. muos, muas, moas, mus, pap, any 
thick preparation of fruit.] Indian meal boiled in water. 

Mush'robm, n. [Fr. mousseron, from mousse, moss, be- 
cause it grows in it.] 1. (Boi.) One of a large class of 
cryptogamic plants of the natural order of Fungi. The 
name is sometimes popularly restricted to such species as 
are used as food. 2. An upstart. 

Mush'rdbm, a. Pertaining to mushrooms ; short-lived ; 
ephemeral. 

Mu'gie, n. [Lat. musica, Gr. /houo-ikij, (sc. Tex^rj), any art 
over which the Muses presided, esp. music] 1. Melody 
or harmony ; a succession of sounds so modulated as to 
please the ear. 2. Science of harmonical sounds. 3. 
Art of combining sounds in a manner to please the ear. 

Mu'gie-al, a. 1. Belonging or relating to music. 2. 
Producing or containing music. 3. Pleasing to the ear ; 
melodious ; harmonious. 

Musical glasses, a musical instrument, consisting of a num- 
ber of glass gobiets, played upon with the end of the finger 
damped. 

Mu'§ie-al-ly, adv. In a melodious or harmonious man- 
ner. 

Mu'gie-al-ness, n. The quality of being musical. 

Mu-gi'cian (-zish'an), n. One skilled in the art or sci- 
ence of music. 

Mu.sk., n. [Lat. muscus, Gr. /u.d<rxos, Ar. musk,misk, 
from Skr. mushka, testicle.] A substance obtained from 
a bag behind the navel of the male musk-deer. It is re- 
markable for its intensely powerful and enduring odor. 

Mu.sk/-deeivi. ( Zool.) A hornless deer found in Thibet 
and Nepaul. The male produces the substance known 
as musk. 

Miis'ket, n. [L. Lat. muscheta, muschetta, a missile dis- 
charged from a ballista, from L. Lat. muschetus, musce- 
tus, a kind of hawk or falcon, from Lat. musca, a fly, 
because its breast is marked with spots looking like flies.] 
A kind of fire-arm discharged by a percussion-lock. 

Miis'ket-eer', n. A soldier armed with a musket. 

Mus'ket-cTon', n. 1. A short musket. 2. One who is 
armed with such a musket. 

Mus'ket-ry, n. Muskets in 
general or collectively. 

Musk'i-ness, n. Quality of 
being musky. 

Miisk'-mel'on, n. A delicious 
species of melon ; — so called 
from its musky fragrance. 

Musk'-5x, n. (Zodl.) A bo-' 
vine ruminant which inhabits 
the country about Hudson's 
Bay. It has large horns turn- 
ing downward and outward on each side of the head. 

Musk'-rat, n. (Zodl.) A rodent 
animal, allied to the beaver, but 
about the size of a cat, having a 
strong, musky smell. It is 
tive of North America. 

Miisk'y, a. Having the odor of \ 
musk ; fragrant. 

Mus'lin, n. [EvomMos$oul, a city ^ 
of Mesopotamia, where it was first 
manufactured.] A thin cotton 
cloth, of any kind : 
cotton gauze. 

Muslin de laine [Fr. mousseline de laine, woolen muslin], a 
woolen fabric of light texture, used for ladies' dresses, &c. ; 
also, a like fabric ot cotton and wool. 



Musk-ox. 




Musk-rat. 
■ sometimes restricted to a kind of 



food,fdt>t; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, etho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link; this. 



MUSQUASH 



480 



MYKIAGRAM 



Miis'quash, n. [The Indian name.] The same as 
Musk-rat, q. v. 

Mus'quet (rous'ket), n. See Musket. 

Miis-qui'to (inus-ke / to), n. See MOSQUITO. 

Miig'role, n. [Fr. muserolle, from museau, a muzzle, fr. 
Lat. morsus, bite, that which one bites, from mordere, 
morsum, to bite.] The nose-band of a horse's bridle. 

Muss, n. [0. Fr. mousche, a fly, a scramble, from Lat. 
musca, a fly.] A confused struggle. 

Mus'sel, n. [Written also muscle.] (Zool.) A marine 
bivalve shell-fish having a shining surface. 

Mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. mus'sul-man§. [From Ar.mos- 
le&mna, pi. of moslem, muslim. See Moslem.] A Mo- 
hammedan, or follower of Mohammed ; a Moslem. 

Mus'sul-man'isli, a. Mohammedan. 

Must, i>. i. or auxiliary. [0. Sax. moste, Goth, motan.] 
1. To be obliged ; — expressing both physical and moral 
necessity. 2. To be necessary or essential to the character 
or end proposed. 

Must, n. [From Lat. mustum (sc. vinum), from mustus, 
young, new, fresh.] Wine pressed from the grape, but 
not fermented. [to become fetid. 

Must, v. i. [Cf. MOIST.] To grow moldy and sour; 

Mus-tache'Cmus-tash'); pi. mus-tach'e§, fr. Gr. fxv<r- 
ra£, upper lip and the beard upon it.] That part of the 
beard which grows on the upper Up. 

Mus'tangi n. The wild horse of the prairies in Mexico, 
California, &c. 

Mus'tardL, n. [From Lat. mustum, must, because it is 
mixed with it.] (Bot.) A plant and its pungent seeds, 
which, ground into powder, form a well-known con- 
diment. 

Mus-tee', n. [Cf. Mestizo.] The child of a white 
person and a quadroon. 

Mus'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MUSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MUSTERING.] [Lat. monstrare, to show.] 1. To as- 
semble, as troops for parade, inspection, exercise, or the 
like. 2. Hence, generally, to gather for use or exhi- 
bition ; to get together. " [body. 

Mus'ter, v. i. To come together as parts of a force or 

Mus'ter, n. 1. An assembling of troops for review and 
inspection, for parade, &c. 2. Hence, assemblage and 
display ; gathering. 

To pass muster, to pass without censure through a muster or 
inspection. 

Mus'ter-mas'ter, n. (Mil.) One who takes an account 
of troops, and of their arms and other military apparatus. 

Mus'ter-roll, n. (Mil.) A roll or register of the men in 
each company, troop, or regiment. 

Must'i-iiess, n. Quality of being musty or sour. 

Must'y, a. [compar. mustier ; superl. mustiest.] 1. 
Moldy ; sour ; foul and fetid. 2. Spoiled by age. 3. 
Dull ; heavy ; spiritless. 

Mu/ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being subject to change 
or alteration, either in form, state, or essential qualities ; 
changeableness ; inconstancy. 

Mu'ta-lble, a. [Lat. mutabilis, from mutare, to change.] 
1. Capable of alteration ; subject to change. 2. Sus- 
ceptible of change ; inconstant. 

Syn.— Changeable; alterable; unstable; unsteady; unset- 
tled; wavering; variable; irresolute; fickle. 

Mu'ta-fole-ness, n. The quality of being mutable. 

Mu-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or process of changing. 2. 
Change ; alteration, eithei in form or qualities. 

Mute, a. [Lat. mutus.] 1. Restrained from speaking; 
uttering no sound. 2. Incapable of speaking. 3. Not 
uttered ; unpronounced ; silent ; also, produced by com- 
plete closure of the mouth-organs ; entirely interrupting 
the passage of breath ; — said of certain letters. 

Syn. — Silent; dumb. — One is silent who does not speak; 
one is dumb who can not, for want of the proper organs, as a 
child born dumb s a dumb beast, &c. ; one is mute who is held 
back from speaking by some special cause, as, he was mute 
through fear, mute astonishment, &c. Such is the case with 
most of those who never speak from childhood; they are not 
ordinarily dumb, but mute because they are deaf, and therefore 
never learn to talk; and hence their more appropriate name is 
deaf-mutes. 

Mute, n. 1. One who is silent or speechless, from what- 
ever cause; — specifically, (a.) One who, from deafness, 
is unable to use articulate language, (b.) A person em- 
ployed to stand before the door of a house in which there 
is a corpse, (c.) A dumb attendant, especially of a se- 
raglio. 2. (Gram.) (a.) A letter which represents no 
sound ; a silent letter, (b.) An element of speech formed 
by a position of the mouth-organs which stops the pas- 
sage of the breath entirely ; as p, 6, d, g,k, t. 

Mute, v. i. [Fr. mutir, to dung, allied to Eng. mud, q. v.] 
To eject the contents of the bowels, as birds. 



Mute, v. t. To cast off; to shed ; to molt. 
Mute'ly, adv. Without uttering words or sounds. 
Mute'ness, n. Forbearance of speaking ; silence. 
Mu'ti-late,^. t. [imp. & p. p. MUTILATED; p. pr. & 

vb. n. MUTILATING.] [Lat. mutilare , mutilatvm, from 
mutilus, maimed, Gr. ijlvti.Ko9, /umAos.] 1. To cut off a 
limb or essential part of; to maim ; to cripple. 2, To 
destroy or remove a material part of, so as to render im- 
perfect, [mutilated. 

Mu/ti-la'tion, n. Act of mutilating, or state of being 

Mu'ti-la'tor, n. One who mutilates. 

Mu/ti-neer', n. [See MUTINY.] One guilty of mutiny ; 
a sailor or soldier who rises in opposition to the authority 
of the officers. 

Mu'ti-iioiis, a. Disposed to mutiny ; turbulent. 

Mii'ti-iious-ly, adv. In a mutinous manner. 

Mu'ti-nous-ness, n. Quality or state of being mutinous. 

Mu'ti-ny, n. [From L. Lat. movita, from movitus, for 

Lat. motus, p. p. of movere, to move.] 1. Insurrection 

against constituted authority, particularly military or 

naval authority. 2. Violent commotion ; tumult ; strife. 

Syn. — Insurrection; revolt; uprising; rebellion. 

Mu'ti-ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mutinied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MUTINYING.] To rise against lawful authority, espe- 
cially in military and naval service ; to revolt against 
rightful authority. 

Mut'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MUTTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MUTTERING.] [Lat. muttire, mutire.] 1. To utter 
words with a low voice, with sullenness or in complaint ; 
to grumble ; to murmur. 2. To sound with a low, rum- 
bling noise. 

Mut'ter, v. t. To utter with imperfect articulations, or 
with a low, murmuring voice. 

Mut'ter, n. Repressed or obscure utterance. 

Miit'ter-er, n. One who mutters ; a grumbler. 

Mut'ton (mut'tn), n. [Fr. mouton, 0. Fr. muton, mul- 
iun, from Lat. mutilus, mutilated, with I transposed.] 
The flesh of sheep, raw or dressed for food. 

Mut'ton-chop, n. A rib of mutton for broiling, having 
the bone cut, or chopped, at the small end. 

Mut'u-al (mut'yu-al), a. [Lat. mutuus, from mutare, to 
change.] Reciprocally acting or related ; reciprocally 
given and received. 

Syn. — Reciprocal ; interchanged ; common.— Common is 
applied to that which belongs alike, or in common, to the par- 
ties concerned; as, our common country, a common friend. 
Mutual implies an interchange of the thing spoken of between 
the parties; as, mutual friendship. Hence, to speak of "amw- 
tual friend " (as if a friend could be interchanged) is a gross 
error; while it is proper to speak of having a mutual desire to 
promote the interests of a common friend of our common 
country. 

Mut'u-al'i-ty , n. Quality of correlation ; reciprocation ; 
interchange. 

Mut'u-al-ly, adv. In a mutual m anner. 

Mut'ule, n. [Lat. mutulus.] j dtZIZZ 
(Arch.) A projecting block W W ■ ■ 
worked under the corona of the Mutule. 

Doric cornice, in the same situation as the modillion of 
the Corinthian order. 

Miiz'zle, n. [L. Lat. mvsellus, musrllum. See Mus- 
ROLE.] 1. The projecting mouth and nose of an ani- 
mal. 2. The mouth of a thing. 3. A fastening for the 
mouth which stops biting. 

Miiz'zle, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. MUZZLED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MUZZLING.] To bind the mouth of so as to prevent 
biting or eating. [attributively. 

My (35), a. [See MINE.] Belonging to me ; — used always 

My-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. n.vK-n<;, fungus, and Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] That branch of natural science which relates 
to the fungi or mushrooms. 

Myn-heer', n. [D., my lord or master.] Sir; Mr.; — 
the ordinary title of address among the Dutch ; hence, a 
Dutchman. 

My-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. (U.O5, fj-vo?, muscle, and A.670?, dis- 
course.] (Anat.) A description of the muscles of the hu- 
man body. 

My'ope, n. [Gr. fxvu>\p, ixvwttos , from fxveiv, to close, shut 
the eyes, and io\jj, wnos, the eye, from the root 07r, to see.] 
A short-sighted person. 

My'o-py, n. [Gr. ju.vio7ua. See supra.] Short-sightedness. 

Myr'i-ad, n. [Gr. /avpta?, fxvpidSos, from juvpi'os, num- 
berless, pi. juvpiot,- ten thousand.] 1. The number of 
ten thousand. 2. An immense number ; an indefinitely 
large number. 

Myr'i-a-gram, «. [Fr. my riagram me, from Gr /u.vptot, 
ten thousand, and ypcuxfxa, the twenty -fourth part of an 
ounce.] A French weight equal to 10,000 grams, or ten 
kilograms, or 22.0485 lbs. avoirdupois. 



a,e,&c.,Zons; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



MYRIAGRAMME 



481 



NAIVETE 



Myriagramme (me're-a'gram'), n. [Fr.] Same as Myr- 

IAGRAM. 

Myr'i-al'i-ter, or Myr'i-a-H'ter, n. [Fr. myrialitre, 
from Gt. fivpioi, ten thousand, and Atrpa, a certain coin 
and weight. See Liter.] A French measure of capacity 
containing 10,000 liters, — equal to 2641.4 American gal- 
lons, or nearly 42 hogsheads. [ialiter. 

Myrialitre (me're-a-le'tr), n. [Fr.] The same as Myr- 

Myr'i-am'e-ter, or Myr'i-a-me'ter, n. [Fr. myria- 
metre, from Gr. p.vpioi, ten thousand, and fterpov, 
measure. See Meter.] A French measure of length, 
being 10,000 meters, equal to 6.2134 American miles, or 
6.21382 English miles. [Myriameter. 

Myriametre (me're-'a/ma'tr), n. [Fr.] The same as 

Myr'i-a-p5d, n. [Gr. /xvpioi, ten thousand, and 71-ovs, 
wofios, foot.] (Zool.) An air-breathing, vermiform, 
articulate animal, having many jointed legs and a hard 
external skeleton. 

Myriare (me're-ar'), n. [Fr., from Gr. fxvptoi, ten thous- 
and, and Fr. are, a hundred square meters.] A French 
measure of surface, containing 10,000 ares, equal to 247.- 
085 American acres, or 247.1143 English acres 

Myr'i-o-ra'ma, or Myr'i-o-ra'ma, «. CGr. p-vpio?, 
numberless, and opap.a, a sight, from opav, to see.] A 
picture made up of several smaller pictures, which admit 
of combination in many different ways, thus producing a 
great variety of scenes. 

Myr'mi-don (meV-), n. [Lat. Myrmidones, Gr. Mvpp.i- 
Soves, pi.] One of a tribe or troop who accompanied 
Achilles to the war against Troy ; hence, a soldier of a 
rough or desperate character. 

My-rob'a-lan, ) n. [Gr. p.vpo/3dAavo?, from pvpov, any 

My-rdlb'o-lan, j sweet juice of plants, any prepared 
unguent or sweet oil, and /3<xAa.vos, an acorn or any similar 
fruit.] A dried fruit much resembling a prune, obtained 
from the East Indies and South America. 

Myrrh (mSr), n. [Lat. myrrha, Gr. ixvppa, Heb.mdr, Ar. 
murr, fr. Heb. mar, Ar. murr, bitter, fr. marra, to be bit- 
ter.] A transparent gum-resin, usually of an amber color, 
of an aromatic odor, and a bitter, slightly-pungent taste. 

Myr'rhine,a. [Lat. myrrhinus , fov murrhinus.] Made 
of the murrhine stone, or fluor-spar. 

Myr'ti-f orm (mSr'-), a. [Lat. myrtus, myrtle, and for- 
ma, shape.] Resembling myrtle or myrtle-berries. 

Myr'tle (mer'tl), n. [Lat. myrtus, Gr. p-vpros, from Per. 
miird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of several species. The 
common myrtle rises, with a shrubby, upright stem, 
eight or ten feet high. The ancients considered it sacred 
to Venus. 

My-self, pron. I or me ; — used for emphasis, my own 
selfov person ; — used also instead of me, as the object of 
the first person of a reflexive verb, without emphasis. 

Mys'ta-gogue, n. [Gr. p.varaywy6s, from juvottjs, one 
initiated in mysteries, and dytoyos, leading, a leader, fr. 
dyeiv, to lead.] 1. One who interprets mysteries. 2. 
One who keeps and shows church relics. 



Mys-te'ri-oiis, a. Relating to, partaking of the nature 

of, or containing, mystery ; difficult or impossible to un- 
derstand. 

Syn. — Obscure ; secret ; occult ; dark ; mystic; cabalistic; 
enigmatical; unintelligible; incomprehensible. 

Mys-te'ri-oiis-ry, adv. In a mysterious manner. 

Mys-te'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of being mysterious. 

Mys'ter-y, n. [Lat. mysterium, Gr. ^vo-rripiov, from 
juveii/, to initiate into the mysteries, fr. fjiveiv, to shut the 
eyes.] 1. A profound secret ; hence, specifically, that 
which is beyond human comprehension until explained. 
2. Any thing artfully made difficult. 3. A trade ; a 
calling; any mechanical occupation. 4. A kind of rude 
drama, of a religious character. 5. pi. A kind of secret 
religious celebrations, to which only initiated persons 
were admitted. 

Mys'tie, n. One who holds to mysticism. 

Mys'ti-e, 1 a. [Lat. mysticus, Gr. p-uotikos, belonging 

Mys'tle-al, j to secret rites, from /uvo-ttjs. See supra.] 
1. Remote from human comprehension ; obscure. 2. Im- 
porting or implying mysticism ; involving some secret 
meaning; allegorical; emblematical. 

Mys'tie-al-ly, adv. In a manner or by an act implying 
a secret meaning. 

Mys'tie-al-ness, n. Quality of being mystical. 

Mys'ti-cigm, n. 1. Obscurity of doctrine. 2. (Eccl. 
Hist.) The doctrine of the Mystics, who maintain that 
they have direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and 
acquire a knowledge of spiritual things unattainable by 
the natural intellect. 

Mys ; ti-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of involving in mystery ; also, 
something designed to mystify. 

Mys'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MYSTIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. MYSTIFYING.] [Gr. hvo-ty)*;, and Lat./acere,tomake.] 
To involve in mystery so as to mislead ; to perplex pur- 
posely. 

Myth, n. [Gr. p.v0o?.] A fabulous statement or narra- 
tive, conveying an important truth, generally of a moral 
or religious nature. 

My th'ie , la. Relating to myths ; described in a myth ; 

Myth'i-e-al, j of the nature of a myth. 
Syn. — Fabulous ; imaginary; fanciful. 

Myth'ic-al-ly, adv. In a mythical way or manner. 

My-thog'ra-pher, n. [Gr. p.v0oypd$o?, from ju.v'0os, 
fable, and ypdfaiv, to write.] A composer of fables. 

Myth'o-log'ie, \a. Relating to mythology; fab- 

Myth'o-log'i^-al, j ulous. 

My-thol'o-gist, n. One versed in mythology ; one who 
writes on mythology. 

My-thol'o-glze, v. i. To relate or explain the fabulous 
history of the heathen. 

My-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. fxvBokoyCa, from ju.v'0os, fable, and 
Aoyo?, speech, discourse.] 1. The science treating of 
myths ; a treatise on myths. 2. A collective body of 
myths. 



N. 



N(en), the fourteenth letter of the English alphabet, and 
the eleventh consonant, is a semi-vowel and a nasal. 
See Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 81-83. 

Nah,f. t. [imp. & p. p. nabbed; p.pr. & vb. n. nab- 
bing.] [D. & Ger. hnappen. See KNAB.] To catch 
suddenly. 

Na'bob, n. [Hind, nawwhb, from Ar. nuwwab, plural of 
nayib, a vicegerent, governor, from naba, to take one's 
turn.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India. 2. One who 
returns to Europe from the East with immense wealth ; 
and generally, a very rich man. 

Na«'a-rat, n. [Fr., from Sp. nacar, mother of pearl, fr. 
Ar. nakir, digged, hollowed, nukrat,& small hollow.] 1. 
A pale red color, with a cast of orange. 2. Fine linen 
or crape of this color. 

Na'-ere (na'ker), n. [See supra.] A beautiful iridescent 
substance which lines the interior of some shells ; mother- 
of-pearl. 

Na'-ere-oiis, a. Consisting of, or resembling, nacre. 

Na'dir, n. [From Ar. nadir, nazir, opposite, from naz- 
ara, to be like, opposite, to look toward.] 1. That point 
of the heavens directly opposite to the zenith. 2. 
Hence, the lowest point. 

Nag, n. [D. negge, allied to M. H. Ger. nigen, A.-S. 



hnsegan, to neigh.] A small horse ; a pony ; hence, any- 
horse. 

Na'iad (na/yad), n. [Lat. naias, na'is, Gr. vai'd?, vaU, 
from vaeiv, to flow.] (Myth.) A female deity, fabled to^ 
preside over rivers and springs. 

Nail, n. [A.-S. ncigel, Icel. nagli, nogl, allied to Skr. 
nakha, nakhara, Gr. 6-w£, gen. ow^os, Lat. unguis.] 
1. The horny scale growing at the end of the human 
fingers and toes. 2. The claw or talon of a bird or other 
animal. 3. A kind of metal pin to fasten boards, tim- 
bers, &c, together, and for other purposes. 4. A 
measure of length, being two inches and a quarter. 

Nail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. NAIL- 
ING.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails. 2. To fasten, 
as with a nail ; to fix ; to catch ; to trap. 

Nail'er, n. One whose occupation is to make nails. 

Nail'er-y, n. A manufactory where nails are made. 

Nain-sobh', n. A thick sort of jaconet muslin, plain or 
striped, formerly made in India. 

Naive (n'a'ev'), a. [Fr. na'if, na'ive, fr. Lat. nativus, in- 
nate, natural, from nasci, natus, to be born.] Having 
native or unaffected simplicity ; ingenuous. 

Naivete" (na/ev/ta'), n. [Fr. See supra.] Native sim- 
plicity ; unaffected ingenuousness. 



food, foot 



turn, rjide, pnill ; fell, chaise, eall, echo 
31 



gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



NAKED 



482 



NASTY 



Na'Iced (60), a. [A.-S. nacod, naced, Goth, nagaths, al- 
lied to Skr. nagna.] 1. Having no clothes on ; uncovered ; 
bare ; nude. 2. Hence, unarmed ; defenseless. 3. Open 
to view ; manifest ; plain. 4. Without addition, exag- 
geration, excuses, or the like. 5. Destitute, unaided: 
bare. 6. Mere; simple. 7. {Bot.) Without pubescence. 
8. (Mus.) Not having the full complement of tones. 
Naked eye, the eye alone, unaided by glasses. 

Na'ked-ly, adv. In a naked manner ; simply ; barely. 

Na'ked-ness, n. The condition of being naked. 

Nam'a-hle, a. Capable of being named. 

Nam'by-pamOjy, n. [From Ambrose Phillips, an au- 
thor distinguished for his affected simplicity and pretti- 
nesses of expression.] That which is weakly sentimental, 
or aifectedly pretty. 

Nam'by-pam'by, a. Weakly and affectedly sentimental. 

Name, n. [A.-S. nama, Goth. namO, Icel. nafn, for na- 
man, allied to Skr. naman, Lat. nomen, Gr. ovofxa, from 
Goth, niman, Slav, imati, to take.] 1. The titie by 
which any person or thing is known or spoken of. 2. Re- 
puted character ; reputation. 3. Exalted reputation ; 
renown ; celebrity ; eminence. 4. Memory ; remem- 
brance. 5, A race ; family. 6. A person. 

Christian name, the name a person receives by baptism, as 
distinguished from surname.— In the name of, in behalf of; by 
the authority of ; in the assumed character of. 

Syn. — Appellation-, title; denomination; epithet. —Name is 
generic, denoting that combination of sounds or letters by 
which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Appel- 
lation, though sometimes put for name simply, denotes, more 
properly, a descriptive term, used by way of marking some indi- 
vidual peculiarity or characteristic ; as, Charles the Bold, Philip 
the Stammerer. A title is a term employed to point out one^s 
rank, office, &c; as, the Duke of Bedford, Paul the Apostle, 
&c. Denomination is to particular bodies what appellation is to 
individuals; thus, the church of Christ is divided into different 
denominations, as Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Presbyte- 
rians, &c. 

Name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. named ; p. pr. & vb. n. nam- 
ing.] 1. To give an appellation to. 2. To mention by 
name. 3. To designate for any purpose by name. 

Syn.— To denominate; style; term; call; mention; specify; 
designate; nominate. 

Name'less, a. 1. Without a name. 2. Hence, undis- 
tinguished. 

Name'ly, adv. To wit ; that is to say ; to particularize. 

Name'sake,n. One that has the same name as another ; 
especially, one named out of regard to another. 

Nan-keen', n. [So called from its being originally man- 
ufactured at Nankin, in China.] A species of yellowish 
cotton cloth, of a firm texture, originally brought from 
China. 

Nap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. NAPPED (n.apt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NAPPING.] [A.-S. hnappian, hnappian.] To have a 
short sleep ; to be drowsy ; to doze. 

Nap, n. [A.-S. hnoppa.] Woolly or villous surface, as of 
felt, of cloth, of some plants, and the like. 

Nape, n. [Cf. A.-S. cnap, endpp, a top, knop.] The back 
part of the neck. 

Napti'tlia (nap'tha or nSftha), n. [Gr. vd<f>0a, from 
Chald. & Syr. naphtha, Ar. nafth, nifth, from nqfatha, 
to push out, as pustules, to boil, to be angry.] A vola- 
tile, bituminous liquid, occurring in nature, near coal 
deposits, and other regions. It is a compound of carbon 
and hydrogen, and very inflammable ; rock-oil. 

Nap'kin, n. [Dim. of Fr. nappe, a table-cloth, cloth, from 
Lat. mappa, napkin.] A little towel ; a cloth used for 
wiping the mouth , especially at the table. 

Nap'less, a. Without nap ; threadbare. 

Nap'pi-ness, n. 1. The quality of being sleepy, or in- 
clined to take naps. 2. Abundance of nap, as on cloth. 

Nap'py, a. [From nap.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy. 2. 
Tending to cause sleepiness ; heady. 3. Downy ; shaggy. 

Nar-cls'sus, n. [Lat. narcissus, Gr. vap/acro-os , from 
vapK-r), torpor, because of its narcotic properties.] (Bot.) 
A genus of flowering plants, of several species, compris- 
ing the daffodils, jonquils, and the like. 

Nar-eot'ie, ) a. [Gr. vap/camKos, from vapnovv, to 

Nar-eot'ie-al, j benumb.] [Med.) (a.) Relieving pain, 
and producing sleep, (b.) Producing stupor, coma, and 
convulsions, and, when given in sufficient quantity, caus- 
ing death . 

Nar~eot'ie, n. (Med.) A medicine which, in medicinal 
doses, relieves pain, and produces sleep ; but which, in 
poisonous doses, produces stupor, coma, convulsions, 
and, when given in sufficient quantity, causes death. 

Nar-eot'i-e-ness, n. Quality of operating as a narcotic. 

Nar'-eo-tlne, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from 
opium, and one of its active narcotic principles. 



Nar'«o-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. narcotized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. narcotizing.] To subject to the influence 
of a narcotic. 

Nard, n. [Gr. vapSos, Heb. nerd, Ar. nardin, nardin, from 
Skr. nalada, from nala, perfume, and da, giving, from 
da, to give.] 1. An odorous or aromatic plant, usually 
called spikenard. 2. An unguent prepared from the 
plant. 

Nar-rate', or Nar'rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. narra- 
ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. narrating.] [Lat. narrate, nar- 
ratum.] To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to give 
an account of. 

Nar-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of relating the particulars of 
an event ; rehearsal ; recital. 2. That which is related. 
Syn. —Account; recital; rehearsal; relation ; description ; 
explanation; detail; narrative; story; tale; history. See Ac- 
count. ' 

Nar'ra-tive, a. 1. Pertaining to narration; giving a 
particular or continued account. 2. Inclined to relate 
stories, or to tell particulars of events. [a story. 

Nar'ra-tive, n. That which is narrated ; the recital of 

Syn. — Account; recital; rehearsal; relation ; narration. See 
Account. 

Nar'ra-tive-ly, adv. By way of narration or recital. 

Nar-ra'tor, n. One who narrates. 

Nar'row, a. [compar. narrower ; superl. narrow- 
est.] [0. Eng. narive, A.-S. nearu, nearo.] 1. Of little 
breadth ; not wide or broad. 2. Hence, of little extent ■, 
very limited; circumscribed. 3. Contracted in mind, 
disposition, views, feelings, or the like ; parsimonious ; 
niggardly ; selfish. 4. Within a small distance ; close ; 
near; hence, involving serious exposure. 5. /Scrutiniz- 
ing ; careful ; exact. 

Nar'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. narrowed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. narrowing.] 1. To lessen the breadth of; to con- 
tract. 2. To contract the reach or sphere of; to make 
less liberal or more selfish ; to limit ; to confine. 3. 
(Knitting.) To contract the size of, as of a stocking, by 
taking two stitches into one. 

Nar'row, v. i. 1. To become less broad. 2. (Knit- 
ting.) To contract the size of a stocking, by taking two 
stitches into one. 

Nar'row-ly, adv. 1. With little breadth. 2. Without 
much extent ; contractedly. 3. With minute scrutiny ; 
closely ; carefully. 4. By a small distance ; barely ; 
merely. 5. Sparingly. 

Nar'row-mind'ed, a. Illiberal ; mean-spirited. 

Nar'row-ness, n. Condition or quality of being nar- 
row ; contractedness ; poverty ; penuriousness ; illiber- 
ally. 

Nar'rowg, n. pi. A narrow passage through a moun- 
tain, or a narrow channel of water between one sea or 
lake and another ; a strait ; a sound. 

Nar'wal, ) n. [Icel. nah- 

Nar'whal, j voir, from 
Icel. hvalr, Eng. whale, and_ 
Icel. nar, na, corpse, dead 
body, on account of the 

whitish color of its skin, or from nar, for A.-S. nasu, the 
nose, or contracted from Greenland, a-nar-nak, a kind 
of narwhal.] (Ichth.) A cetaceous mammal, found in the 
northern seas ; sea-unicorn. The male has usually one 
long, twisted tusk, projecting forward from the upper 
jaw like a horn. 

Na'gal, a. [From Lat. nasus, the nose.] 1. Pertaining 
to the nose. 2. Spoken through the nose in whole or in 
part. 

Nasal vowel, a vowel uttered both through the nose and the 
mouth. 

Na'sal,n. 1. An elementary sound uttered through the 
nose, or through both the nose and mouth simulta- 
neously. 2. (Med.) A medicine that operates through 
the nose. 

Na-§ai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being nasal. 

Nas'cent, a. [Lat. nascens, p. pr. of nasci, to be born.] 
Beginning to exist or to grow. 

Nas'ti-ly, adv. In a nasty manner; filthily; dirtily. 

Nas'ti-ness. n. The quality of being nasty ; extreme 
filthiness ; dirtiness ; obscenity ; ribaldry. 

Nas-tur'tium, n. [Lat. nasturtium, as if nasitortium, 
because it distorts the nose, from nasus, nose, and tor- 
quere, tortum, to twist, torture.] (Bot.) (a.) A genus of 
cruciferous plants, including several species of cress, (b.) 
Indian cress ; a climbing plant, having flowers of a vivid 
yellow or orange color, and strong odor. 

Nas'ty, a. [compar. nastier ; superl. NASTIEST.] 
[Prob. allied to Ger. nasz, 0. Sax. & D. nat, wet, Goth. 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dg, wolf. 



NATAL 



483 



NAUTILUS 



natjan, to wet, moisten.] 1. Offensively filthy ; very 
dirty ; nauseous. 2. Indecent ; indelicate ; gross ; vile ; 
obscene. 

Syn. — Wet; filthy; foul; dirty. — Any thing nasty is wet 
or damp, and disgusts by its stickiness or odor. Not so with 
filthy and foul, which imply only that a thing is filled or 
covered with offensive matter, as filthy clothing, foul vapors, 
&c. The English have a peculiar use of this word, calling a 
rain in fine drops a nasty rain, a day of such rain a nasty day, 
a sky which portends it a nasty sky, thus retaining the original 
sense of wet as the leading idea. They do the same with the 
word dirty, speaking of a dirty rain and a dirty day, &c. ; and 
it is not improbable that this word, like the other, had originally 
the sense of wet. 

Na'tal, a. [Lat. natalis, from natus, p. p. of nasci, to be 
born.] Pertaining or relating to one's birth ; accom- 
panying or dating from one's birth. 
Synu — Native; natural. See Native. 

Na'tant, a. [Lat. natans, from natare, to swim, inten- 
sive form of nare, id.] (Bot.) Floating on the surface of 
water, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. 

Na/ta-to'ri-al, a. [See infra.] Inclined or adapted to 
swim ; swimming. 

Na'ta-to-ry, a. [Lat. natatorius, from natare, to swim.] 
Enabling to swim ; natatorial. 

Na'tion, n. [Lat. natio, from nasci, natus, to be born.] 
A body of people united under the same government, 
and generally of the same origin and language. 
Syn. — People; race; stock. See People. 

Na/tion-al (nash'un-al), a. 1. Pertaining to a nation ; 
public ; general. 2. Attached, especially to one's own 
country. 

Na'tion-al-i§m(nash / un-), n. The state of being na- 
tional ; national attachment. 

Na/tion-al'i-ty (nash'un-), n. 1. Quality of being na- 
tional, or strongly attached to one's own nation. 2. 
National character. 3. A race or people, as determined 
by common language and character, and not by political 
bias or divisions ; nation. 4. National unity and integ- 
rity. 

Na'tion-al-ize (nash'un-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nation- 
alized ; p. pr. & vb. n. nationalizing.] To make 
national. 

Na'tion-al-ly (nash/un-), adv. In a national manner or 
way ; as a whole nation. 

Na'tion-al-ness (nash'un-), n. State of being national ; 
nationality. 

Na'tive, a. [Lat. nativus, from nasci, natus, to be born.] 
1. Pertaining to one's birth ; natal. 2. Conferred by 
birth; born with one; indigenous. 3. Produced by na- 
ture ; not wrought by art ; unartificial. 

Syn. — Natural ; natal. — Natural refers to the nature 
of a thing ; native to one's birth or origin, as a native country, 
language, &c: natal to the circumstances of one's birth, as' a 
natal day or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; nat- 
ural talent is that which springs from the structure of the 
mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emo- 
tion ; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or 
artificial. 

Na'tive, n. One born in a place or country ; a denizen 
by birth. 

Na/tive-ly, adv. Naturally ; originally. 

Na'tive -ness, n. State of being native. 

Na-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Birth, 2. Time, place, or circum- 
stances of birth. 3. (Astrol.) A horoscope. 

Na'tron, n. [Ar. natrUn, nitrhn, Lat. nitrum, Gr. 
virpov.] (Min.) Native carbonate of soda. 

E@" This is the substance called in the Scriptures niter. See 
Niiee. 

Nat'ty, a. [Allied to neat, q. v.] Neatly fine ; foppish ; 
spruce. [Colloq.] 

Nat'u-ral (66), a. [Lat. naturalis, from natura. See 
NATURE.] 1. Pertaining to the constitution of a thing ; 
according to nature; essential; characteristic. 2. Con- 
formed to the order or laws of nature ; legitimate ; nor- 
mal ; regular. 3. Having to do with the existing sys- 
tem of things. 4. Conformed to truth or reality. 5. 
By impulses of natural appetite alone ; illegitimate ; 
bastard. 6. Pertaining to, derived from, or formed by, 
the lower or animal nature merely. 7. (Mus.) Pertain- 
ing to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its 
signature. 
_ Natural history, a description of the earth and its produc- 
tions; sometimes applied to the animal kingdom only. — Nat- 
ural orders (Bot.), groups of genera resembling each other.— 
Natural philosonhy, that branch of science which relates to the 
phenomena and laws of masses of matter, and considers those 
effects only which are not attended by anv change of nature, 
as motion, &c. — Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written 
without flats or sharps. 
Syn. — See Native. 



Nat'u-ral, n. 1. An idiot. 2. (Mus.) A character 
[thus, jcr] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, 
a sharp or flat which has preceded it. 

Nat'u-ral-igm, n. 1. Mere state of nature. 2. ( Theol.) 
The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in 
the miracles, revelations, and grace of God, &c. ; also, 
that theory of the universe which resolves all its phe- 
nomena into blind or intelligent forces acting according 
to fixed laws. 

Nat'u-ral-ist, n. 1. One who studies natural history 
and philosophy, or physics. 2. One who maintains the 
doctrines of naturalism. 

Nat'u-ral-i-za/tion, n. 1. Act of investing an alien 
with the rights and privileges of a native subject or cit- 
izen. 2. State of being thus invested with citizenship. 

Nat'u-ral-Ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. naturalized ; 
p. pr. Scvb.n. naturalizing.] 1. To make natural 
or easy and familiar by custom and habit. 2. To confer 
the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on. 

3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular. 

4. To accustom ; to habituate. 

Nat'u-ral-Ize, v. i. To explain phenomena by natural 
agencies or laws. 

Nat'u-ral-ly, adv. 1. According to nature. 2. Ac- 
cording to the usual course of things. 3. Without art 
or cultivation ; spontaneously. 4. Without affectation. 

Nat'u-ral-ness, n. 1. State of being natural, or of 
being produced by nature. 2. Conformity to nature, or 
to truth and reality. 

Nat'ure (53), n. [Lat. natura, from natus, born, pro- 
duced, p. p. of nasci, to be born.] 1. Native charac- 
ter ; created or essential quality. 2. Hence, kind ; sort ; 
character ; species. 3. Established or regular course of 
things. 4. The existing system of things ; the creation ; 
the universe. 5. Hence, the personified sum and order 
of causes and effects ; the agencies which carry on the 
processes of the creation. 6. Natural affection or rever- 
ence. 7. Adherence to what is natural, normal, or 
usual. 8. A person of intelligence and character. 9. 
Lack of covering ; nakedness. 

Good nature, natural good temper; amiability. — 111 nature, 
natural bad temper. — In a state of nature, naked as when 
born; unclothed; nude. 

Naught (nawt, 75), n. [Written also nought.] [A.-S. 
nawiht, nauht, from ne, not, and awiht, auht, aught.] 
Nothing. 

Naught (nawt), adv. In no degree. 

Naught (nawt), a. 1. Of no value or account ; worth- 
less ; bad. 2. Hence, vile ; naughty. 

Naught'i-ly (nawt'i-ly), adv. In a naughty manner ; 
wickedly ; corruptly. 

Naught'i-ness (nawt'i-nes), n. 1. The quality of 
being naughty ; badness; wickedness. [Obs.] 2. Slight 
wickedness, as of children ; perverseness. 

Naught'y (nawt'y), a. [compar. naughtier ; superl. 
naughtiest.] 1. Corrupt; wicked. [Obs.] 2. Mis- 
chievous ; perverse ; froward. 

Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [Lat. ; Gr. vavo-Ca, from vavs, 
ship.] Seasickness ; hence, any similar sickness of the 
stomach, accompanied with a propensity to vomit ; 
qualm. 

Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. i. [Lat. nauseare, nausea- 
turn, from nausea, q. v.] To become squeamish ; to feel 
disgust. 

Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nause- 
ated; p. pr. & vb. n. nauseating.] 1. To affect 
with nausea ; to sicken. 2. To reject with disgust ; to 
loathe. 

Nau'se-a'tion (naWshe-), n. Act of nauseating, or 
state of being nauseated. [nausea. 

Nau'seoiis (naw'shus), a. Causing, or fitted to cause, 

Nau'seous-ly, adv. In a loathsome manner; loath- 
somely, [someness. 

Nau'seoiis-ness, n. Quality of being nauseous ; loath- 

Nau'tie-al, a. [Lat. nauticus, Gr. vowm/cos, from vavnj?, 
Lat. nauta, navita, a seaman, sailor, from Gr. vai)s, Lat. 
navis, ship.] Pertaining to seamen or navigators, or to 
the art of navigation. 

Syn. — Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval. 

Nau'ti-lus, n. [Lat. nautilus, from Gr. vav- 
Tt'Ao?, a seaman, a kind of shell-fish, from 
vavs, ship.] ( Zool.) A genus of small cephal-J 
opodous mollusks, having the mouth sur-'J 
rounded by several circles of numerous small 
tentacles without cups. 



«82T" 
lar' 
era of mollusca. 




3" The name is also looselv applied, in popu- m--,,^!,,. 
language, to the shells of several different gen- " & UIUU8 ' 



food, foot ; urn, rude, piill ; fell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



NAVAL 



484 



NECROLOGY 



Na'val, a. [Lat. navalis, from navis, ship, Gr. vav$.] 
Having to do with ships ; pertaining to, or consisting of 
ships or a navy. 

Syn. — Nautical; marine; maritime. — Naval is applied to 
ships or a navy ; nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. 
Hence we speak of a naval, as opposed to a military, engage- 
ment; naval equipments or stores, a naval triumph, a naval 
officer, &c, and of nautical pursuits or instruction, nautical 
calculations, a nautical almanac, &c. 

Nave, n. [A.-S. nafu, 0. H. Ger. napa, naba, allied to 
Skr. nabhi, nave and navel.] The piece of timber or 
other material in the center of a wheel, in which the 
spokes are inserted ; the hub. 

Nave, n. [From Lat. navis, ship] {Arch.) The middle or 
body of a church, extending from the choir to the prin- 
cipal entrance. 

Na'vel (na'vl), n. [A.-S. nafola, nafela, from nafu, 
nave. Cf. supra.] 1. A depression in the center of the 
abdomen, being the scar left by the detachment of the 
umbilical cord after birth. 2. The central part or point 
of any thing ; the middle. 

Na'vew (naVvu), n. [Lat. napus, A.-S. nape.] (Bot.) A 
plant with a spindle-shaped root, less than the turnip. 

Na-vic'u-lar, a. [Lat. navicularis, from navicula, dim. 
of navis, ship.] 1. Relating to small ships or boats. 
2. Shaped like a boat. 

Nav'i-ga-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being 
navigable ; navigableness. 

Nav'i-ga~ble, a. Admitting of being navigated. 

Nav'i-ga-ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being navi- 
gable ; navigability. 

Nav'i-ga-bly, adv. In a navigable manner. 

Nav'i-gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. navigated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. NAVIGATING.] [Lat. navigate, navigatum, 
from navis, ship, and agere, to move, lead, direct.] To 
journey by water ; to go in a vessel or ship ; to sail. 

Nav'i-gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships. 2. To 
steer, direct, or manage in sailing. 

Nav'i-ga/tion, n. 1. Act of navigating ; state of being 
navigable. 2. The method of determining a ship's 
position, course, distance passed over, &c. 3. Means 
of navigation ; vessels ; shipping. 

Nav'i-ga/tor, n. One who navigates or sails ; especially, 
one who is skillful in the art of navigation. 

Nav'vy, n. [Abridged from navigator.] Originally, a 
laborer on canals for internal navigation, and, hence, a 
laborer on other public works, as in building railroads. 
[_Eng.] 

Na'vy, n. [From Lat. navis, ship, Gr. vavs, Skr. nau-s.] 
1. A fleet of ships. 2. The whole of the ships of war 
belonging to a nation, considered collectively. 3. The 
officers and men belonging to the war-vessels of a nation. 

Nay, adv. [A.-S. na, ne, Goth ne, Icel. nei. See No.] 
1. No. 2. Not this merely, but also ; not only so. 

Nay, n. Denial ; refusal. 

Naz'a-rene', n. An inhabitant of Nazareth ; one of 
the early converts to Christianity ; — a term of contempt. 

Naz'a-rite, n. A Jew who bound himself by avow to 
extraordinary purity of life and devotion. 

Neap, n. [Cf. Neb, Nip, and Prov. Eng. neap, a turnip ; 
Lat. napus.] 1. The tongue or pole of a cart, sled, or 
wagon. 2. A prop or support for the front of a cart, 
&c. 

Neap, a. [A.-S. nep, neap, neap-flood. Cf. A.-S. hnipan, 
hnipian, to bend, cast down, fall.] Low. 

Neap tides, tides which happen in the second and last quar- 
ters or the moon, when the difference between high and low 
water is less than at any other period in the month ; — opposed to 
spring tides. 

Ne'a-pol'i-tan, a. [Lat. Neapolitanus, from Neapolis, 
Naples ; Gr. N«a.7ro\t?, i. e., New -town.] ( Geog.) Of, or 
pertaining to, the city of Naples. 

Near, a. [co?npar. nearer ; superl. nearest.] [A.-S. 
neara, nyra, nigher, comp. of neak, neh, nigh.] 1. Not 
far distant ; as, (a.) Not distant in place ; adjacent ; neigh- 
boring, {b.) Not distant in time, (c.) Closely connected 
or related, (d.) Close to one's interests, affection, &c. ; 
intimate ; dear, (e.) Close to any thing followed or im- 
itated. (/.) Next to the rider or driver of a team. 2. 
Serving, as it were, to bring the object closer ; immediate ; 
direct. 3. Parsimonious ; illiberal. 

Syn. — Nigh ; close; proximate; contiguous; present; 
ready; familiar. 

Near, adv. 1. At a little distance only, in place or time, 
in manner or degree. 2. Almost ; well-nigh ; nearly. 

Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. neared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
nearing.] To approach ; to come nearer. 

Near, v. i. To draw near ; to approach. 



"Near, prep. Adjacent to ; close by ; not far from. 

Near'ly, adv. 1. At no great distance. 2. Closely. 3. 
Intimately ; pressingly. 4. Almost. 5. In a parsimo- 
nious or niggardly manner. 

Near'ness, n. 1. Closeness ; small distance. 2. Close 
alliance by blood ; propinquity. 3. Intimacy of friend- 
ship. 4. Parsimony. 

Near'-sight'ed (neer'sit'ed), a. Seeing at small dis- 
tance only ; short-sighted. 

Neat, n. [A.-S. neat, Icel. naut, 0. H. Ger. noz, prob. 
from A.-S. neotan, to make use of.] Cattle of the bovine 
genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows. 

Neat, a. Belonging to the bovine genus ; as, neat cattle ; 
also, belonging or relating to such cattle. 

Neat, a. [comp. NEATER ; superl. NEATEST.] [From 
Lat. nitidus, cf. 0. H. Ger. niot, niet, 0. Sax. niud, desire, 
eager ; Ger. nied, niedlich, neat, nice.] 1. Free from that 
which soils, defiles, or disorders ; clean. 2. Pleasing 
with simplicity ; chaste. 3. Good in its kind; excellent. 
4. Complete in character, skill, &c. ; adroit. 5. With 
all deductions made ; net. 

Syn. —Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce. 

Neat'-lierd, n. A person who has the care of cattle. 

Neat'ly, adv. With neatness ; in a neat manner. 

Neat'ness, n. Condition or quality of being neat. 

Neh, )i. [A.-S. nebb, head, face; Icel. nebbi, beak of a 
bird ; nose.] The nose ; snout ; month ; the beak of a 
bird ; the bill ; nib, as of a pen. 

Neb'u-la, n. ; pi. neb^u-l^s. [Lat., mist, vapor, cloud, 
allied to nubes, cloud.] (Astron.) A faint, misty appear- 
ance among the stars, composed of innumerable stars. 

Neb'u-lar, a. Pertaining to nebulae. 

Neb'u-los'i-ty, n. 1. State of being nebulous. 2. 
(Astron.) The faint, misty appearance surrounding cer- 
tain stars. 

Neb'u-loiis, a. 1. Cloudy; hazy. 2. (Astron.) Per- 
taining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula ; neb- 
ular. 

Nec'es-sa/ri-an, n. An advocate for the doctrine of 
philosophical necessity ; a necessitarian. 

Nec'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. In a necessary manner ; by ne- 
cessity ; unavoidably ; indispensably. [sary. 

Nec'es-sa-ri-ness, n. State or quality of being neces- 

Nec'es-sa-ry (44), a. [Lat. necessarius, from necesse, 
unavoidable, necessary, from ne, not, and cessus, p. p. of 
cedere, to go away, give up.] 1. Such as must be ; in- 
evitable. 2. Indispensable ; requisite ; essential. 3. 
Acting from necessity or compulsion ; involuntary. 

Nec'es-sa-ry, n. 1. A thing indispensable to some pur- 
pose ; — used chiefly in the plural. 2. A privy ; a water- 
closet. 

Ne-ceVsi-ta'ri-an, n. One who maintains the doctrine 
of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and ex- 
istence of things, especially as applied to the actings or 
choices of the will. 

Ne-ces'si-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. necessitated ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. NECESSITATING.] [Lat. necessitate, ne- 
cessitatum, to force.] 1. To make necessary or indis- 
pensable. 2. To force ; to compel. 

Ne-ces'si-toiis, a. 1. Very needy or indigent. 2. 
Narrow ; destitute. 

Ne-ces'si-toiis-ly, adv. In a necessitous manner. 

Ne-ces'si-tous-ness, n. Extreme poverty. 

Ne-£es'si-ty, n. [Lat. necessitas, from necesse. See 
Necessary.] 1. Quality of being necessary or abso- 
lutely requisite ; indispensableness. 2. Pressing need ; 
indigence ; want. 3. That which is necessary ; a requi- 
site ; — chiefly in the plural. 4. Irresistible force ; over- 
ruling power; fate; fatality. 5. (Metaph.) Denial of 
freedom to voluntary action. 

Neck, n. [A.-S. hnecca, Icel. hnacki, 0. II. Ger. hnach, 
nach.] 1. The part of an animal's body connecting the 
head and the trunk. 2. Any part corresponding to a 
neck ; the long, slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or 
of a plant, as a gourd ; especially, a long, narrow tract 
of land connecting two larger tracts. 

Neck'-elotli, n. A piece of cloth worn on the neck. 

Neck'er-chlef , n. [For neck-kerchief.] A kerchief to 
be worn around the neck. 

Neck'lace (45), n. A string of beads, or precious stones, 
worn upon the neck. 

Neck '-tie. n. A neck -handkerchief. 

Nec'ro-losf'ie, ) a. Pertaining to necrology; rela«* 

Ngc'ro-log'icf-al, ) ing to an account of deaths. 

Ne-crol'o-eist, n. One who gives an account of deaths. 

Ne--erol'o-gy, n. [Gr. j>e*p6s, dead, and A070S, speech, 
discourse.] A register of deaths. 



a,e,&c.,/ongv &,e,8tc, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; gre,v§il,term; pique, firm; son,dr,do,w9lf« 



NECROMANCER 



485 



NEIGHBOR 



Nee'ro-mliii'fer, n. One who practices necromancy ; 
a sorcerer ; a wizard. 

Ne«'ro-raan'fy, n. [Gr. veKpofj-avreCa, from veicpos, 
dead, a dead body, and j^avreia, divination.] Art of re- 
vealing future events by means of a pretended communi- 
cation with the dead ; conjuration ; enchantment. 

Nee'ro-man'tie, ) a. Pertaining to necromancy ; 

Nee'ro-man'tie-al, ) performed by necromancy. 

Nec'ro-man'tie-al-ly, adv. By necromancy, or the 
black art. 

Ne-eroph'a-goiis, a. [Gr. veKpofyayos, fr. ve/cpos, dead, 
and fyayelv , to eat.] Eating, or feeding on, the dead. 

Ne-erop'o-lis, n. [Gr. ve/cp67roA.<.j, from i/e/cpo?, dead, 
and n-oAts, city.] A city of the dead ; hence, a cemetery ; 
a grave-yard. 

Nee-tar, n. [Lat. nectar, Gr. vmrap.] (Myth. Ik, Poet.) 
The drink of the gods ; hence, a delicious or inspiring 
beverage. 

Nee-ta're-al, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, nectar ; 
nectarean. 

Ne€-ta're-an, a. Resembling nectar; very sweet and 
pleasant ; nectareous. 

Ne«-ta're-ous, a. Pertaining to, containing, or resem- 
bling nectar ; delicious. 

Nee-ta'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the nectary of a plant. 

Nec'tar-Ine, n. (Bot.) A variety of the peach, with a 
smooth rind. 

Nee'tar-oiis, a. Sweet as nectar ; nectareous. 

Nee'ta-ry, n. [From nectar, q. v.] (Bot.) The honey- 
gland of a flower. 

Need, n. [A.-S. nead, nid, nyd, Icel. naudh, neidh, Goth. 
nauths.] 1. A state that requires supply or relief; ur- 
gent want. 2. Poverty ; indigence. 

Syn. — Necessity; exigency; emergency; strait; extremity; 
distress; destitution; poverty; indigence; penury. — Necessity 
is stronger than need; it places us under positive compulsion. 
We are frequently under the necessity of going without that of 
which we stand very greatly in need. It is so also with the cor- 
responding adjectives: necessitous circumstances imply the di- 
rect pressure of suffering ; needy circumstances, the want of 
aid or relief. 

Need, v. t. [imp. & p. p. needed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NEEDING.] To be in want of ; to lack. 

fggf "With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, and 
undergoes no change of termination in the third person singu- 
lar of the present tense. 

Need, v. i. To be wanted ; to be necessary. 

Need'er, n. One who needs ; one who is in want. 

Need'ful, a. 1. Full of need ; needy. 2. Requisite. 

Need'ful-ly, adv. Necessai-ily. 

Need'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being needful. 

Need'i-ly, adv. In a needy condition or manner. 

Need'i-ness, n. State or quality of being needy ; want ; 
poverty ; indigence. 

Nee'dle, n. [A.-S. niedl, v&dl, Goth, nethla, Icel. ndl, fr. 
O.H. Ger. najan, to sew.] 1. A small instrument of steel ; 
— used in sewing. 2. A magnetized slender bar of steel, 
resting on a pivot, in a mariner's, surveyor's, or other 
compass, so as to turn freely toward the magnetic poles 
of the earth. 3. A pointed crystal, a sharp pinnacle of 
rock, and the like. 

Nee'dle, v. i. To shoot into the form of needles. 

Nee'dle-f ul, n. ; pi. nee'dle-ful§. As much thread 
as is put at once into a needle. 

Nee'dle-gun, n. A fire-arm loaded at the breech by a 
cartridge containing a small addition of detonating pow- 
der, which is exploded by means of a slender pin, or nee- 
dle, which passes in at the breech. 

Need/less, a. 1. Having no need; in want of nothing. 
2. Unnecessary ; not requisite. 

Need'less-ly, adv. Without necessity ; unnecessarily. 

Need'less-ness, n. Unnecessariness. 

Nee'dle-wom'an, n. ; pi. nee'dle-wom'en (-wim'- 
en). A seamstress. 

Needg, adv. [Orig. genitive of need, used as an adverb.] 
Of necessity ; necessarily; indispensably. 

Need'y, a. [compar. needier ; superl. neediest.] 
Distressed by want of the means of living ; indigent ; 
necessitous. 

Ne'er (nar), adv. A contraction of never. 

Ne-fa'ri-ous, a. [Lat. nefarius, from nefas, impious, 
from ne, not, and fas, divine law, from fari, to speak, 
utter.] Wicked in the extreme ; atrociously villainous. 

Syn. — Iniquitous ; detestable ; horrible ; dreadful; atro- 
cious; infamous; impious. See Iniquitous. 

Ne-f a'ri-ous-ly, adv. With extreme wickedness. 
Ne-ga'tion, n. [Lat. negatio, from negare, to say no, to 
deny, from ne, no, not, and aio, to say yes.] 1. Act of 



denying ; denial. 2. Statement of what a thing is not, 
or has not, and the like. 

Neg'a-tive, a. [See supra.] 1. Implying denial, nega- 
tion, or difference. 2. Implying absence of what is ap- 
propriate or expectedv 3. Having the power or effect of 
stopping or restraining. 

Neg'a-tive, n. 1. A proposition by which something is 
denied or forbidden ; an opposite or contradictory term 
or conception. 2. A word that denies. 3. Veto. 4. 
The relation of denial or opposition. 5. (Photog.) A 
picture upon glass in which the light portions of the 
original are represented in some opaque material, and 
the dark portions by the uncovered and semi-transparent 
ground of the picture. 

Neg'a-tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. negatived ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. negativing.] 1. To disprove. 2. To refuse to 
enact or sanction. 

Neg'a-tive-ly, adv. 1. In a negative manner. 2. In 
the form of speech implying the absence of something. 

Neg-leet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. neglected ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. NEGLECTING.] [Lat. negligere, neglectum, from 
nee, not, and legere, to pick up, gather.] 1. Not to treat 
with due attention ; to suffer to pass unimproved, un- 
heeded, undone, or the like ; to omit. 2. To forbear to 
treat with attention or respect ; to slight. 

Syn. — To slight; overlook; disregard; disesteem; contemn. 

Neg-leet', n. 1. Omission of proper attention ; culpa- 
ble disregard. 2. Omission of attention or civilities. 3* 
State of being disregarded. 

Syn. — Negligence ; inattention ; disregard ; disesteem ; 
slight; indifference; See Negligence. 

Neg-le-et'er, n. One who neglects. 

Neg-leet'f ul, a. 1. Full of neglect ; heedless ; careless ; 
inattentive." 2. Treating with neglect or slight. 3. In- 
dicating neglect, slight, or indifference. 

Neg-leet'ful-ly, adv. In a neglectful manner. 

Negligee (neg'li-zha'), n. [Fr. neglige, from negliger, to 
neglect.] 1. An easy, unceremonious attire. 2. Along 
necklace, usually of red coral. 

Neg'li-gence, n. 1. Quality of being negligent ; ha- 
bitual neglect. 2. A negligent act. 

Syn. — Neglect. — Negligence is the habit, and neglect the 
act of leaving things undone. The one naturally leads to the 
other. Negligent men are neglectful of their duties. 

Neg'li-gent, a. [Lat. negligens, p. pr. of negligere, to 
neglect.] Apt to neglect ; customarily neglectful. 

Syn. — Careless; heedless; neglectful; regardless; indiffer- 
ent; inattentive; remiss. 

Neg'li-gent-ly, adv. In a negligent manner. 

Ne-go'ti-a-bil'i-ty (-gS'shi-), n. Quality of being ne- 
gotiable. 

Ne-go'ti-a-ble (-gS'shl-), a. Capable of being negoti- 
ated ; transferable by assignment or indorsement to an- 
other person. 

Ne-go'ti-ate (ne-go'shT-at, 95), v. i. [Lat. negotiari, 
negotiatus, from negotium, business, from nee, not, and 
otiuni, leisure.] 1. To transact business ; to hold inter- 
course in bargain or trade. 2. To treat with respecting 
peace or commerce. 

Ne-go'ti-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. negotiated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. NEGOTIATING.] 1. To arrange for ; to settle 
by dealing and management. 2. To sell; to pass. 

Ne-go'ti-a'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of negotiating ; 
the transacting of business in traffic. 2. Mercantile 
business; trading. 3. The transaction of business be- 
tween nations. 

Ne-go'ti-a'tor (-shT-a/tor), n. One who negotiates. 

Ne'gress, n. A black woman ; a female negro. 

Ne'gro, n. ; pi. NE'GROEg. [It. Sp., & Pg., from Lat. 
niger, black.] A black man ; especially, one of a race of 
black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part 
of Africa. 

Ne'gus, n. A liquor made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg , 
and lemon-juice ; — so called, it is said, from its first 
maker, Colonel Negus. 

Neigh, (na), v. i. [imp. & p. p. NEIGHED (nad) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. neighing.] [A.-S. hnxgan.] To cry as a 
horse ; to whinny. 

Neigli (na), n._ The natural cry of a horse ; a whinnying. 

Neigli'toor (na'bur), n. [A.-S. neahbUr, from neah, nigh, 
and A.-S. gebixr, a dweller, farmer, boor.] 1. A person 
who lives near one. 2. One entitled to, or exhibiting, 
neighborly kindness ; hence, one of the human race. 

Neigh/bor (na'bur), a. Near to another; adjoining; 
next. 

Neigh/bor (na/bur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. neighbored ; 



food, foot jftrn, rude, pull ; cell* chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist; linger, link; thiS' 






NEIGHBORHOOD 



486 



NEUTER 



p. pr. & vb. n. neighboring.] To adjoin ; to confine 
on ; to be near to. 
Neigh/bor-hobd (na/bur-), n. 1. Quality or condition 
of being a neighbor, 2. "Vicinity ; adjoining district ; a 
region the inhabitants of which may be counted as 
neighbors. 3. Inhabitants who live in the vicinity of 
each other. 

Syn.- Vicinity. — These words differ in degree. Vicinity 
does not denote so close a connection as neighborhood, A 
neighborhood is a more immediate vicinity. 

Neigh'bor-ing (na'bur-ing), a. Living or being near. 

Neigh'bor-ly (na/bur-), a. 1. Becoming a neighbor ; 
kind ; social ; friendly. 2. Cultivating familiar inter- 
course. 

Nei'ther (ne'ther or ni'ther. In England, nl'ther is 
rather more common than in America, but the best 
speakers in both countries say neither.) pron. or pro- 
nominal adjective. [A.-S. nadher, nahwadher, from ne, 
not, d,ever, and kwadher, whether, or from Eng. ne,not, 
and either.'] Not either ; not the one or the other. 

Nei'tlier (ne'ther or hither), conj. Not either. 

Ne'o-log'ic-al, a. Pertaining to neology ; employing 
new words. 

Ne-ol'o-gism, n. [See infra.] 1. The introduction of 
new words or new doctrines. 2. A new word, expression, 
or doctrine. 

Ne-ol'o-gist, n. One who introduces or holds doctrines 
• subversive of supernatural or revealed religion. 

Ne-oFo-glst'ie, I a. Pertaining to neology ; neolog- 

Ne-oFo-gist'ic-al, J ical. 

Ne-61'o-gy, n. [From Gr. ve'os, new, and Xo-yos, word, 
speech, discourse.] 1. Introduction of a new word, or 
of new words, into a language. 2. New doctrines, espe- 
cially in theology. 

Ne'o-phyte, n. [Lat. neophytus, Gr. ve6<£>vros, prop, 
newly planted, from veos, new, and <f)vr6<;, grown, <j>vr6v, 
a plant, from </>vetv, to grow.] 1. A new convert or 
proselyte. 2. Hence, a novice ; a tyro. 

Ne'o-ter'i*, ) a. [Gr. vecoTepifcos, from vecorepos, 

Ne'o-ter'le-al, j compar. of ve'os, young, new.] Recent 
in origin ; modern ; new. 

Ne-pen'the, 1 n. [Fr. nepenthe, from Gr. vr\Trev6^, 

Ne-pen'the§, ) removing all sorrow ; vrj-, not, and 
irevOos, sorrow, grief.] A drug used by the ancients to 
relieve from pain and produce great exhilaration of 
spirits; — by some supposed to have been opium, or 
hashish. 

Neph'ew (nefyu, 85), n. [0. Eng. nevewe, A.-S. nefa, 
neqfa, Icel. nefi, allied to Lat. nepos, Skr. naptri.] The 
son of a brother or sister. 
H®**- The English pronounce this word n&v'u. 

Ne-phrit'le, ) a. [Gr. vec^pn-iKo?, vej>pl-TLs(sc. voo-os,) 
Ne-plirit'Le-al, ) from ve$piTt}<;, f. ve^ptn?, belonging 

to the kidneys, from ve$pos, kidney.] 1. Pertaining to 

the kidneys. 2. Affected with a disease of the kidneys. 

3. Relieving disorders of the kidneys. 
Ne-phrlt'i«, n. (Med.) A medicine adapted to relieve 

or cure the diseases of the kidneys. 
Nep'o-tigm (110), n. [From Lat. nepos, nepotis, nephew.] 

1. Fondness for nephews. 2. Favoritism shown to 
nephews and other relations. 

Nep'o-tist, n. One who practices nepotism. 

Nept'une (30), n. 1. (Rom. Myth.) The god of the sea, 
fountains, and rivers. 2. (Astron.) A large planet be- 
yond Uranus. Its mean distance from the sun is about 
2,850,000,000 miles. 

Nep-tu'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to the ocean or sea, 

2. Formed by water or aqueous solution. 
Nep-tu'ni-an, ) n. One who holds that the substances 
Nept'u-nist, j of the globe were formed from aqueous 

solution. 

Ne're-id, n. (Myth.) A sea-nymph, one of the daughters 
of Nereus. 

Ner-va'tion, n. The arrangement of nerves, especially 
those of leaves. 

Nerve (14), n. [Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, vevpa.] 1. 
Physical force or steadiness ; also, steadiness and firm- 
ness of mind; self-command. 2. (Anat.) One of the 
bundles of fibers which establish a communication be- 
tween the various parts of the animal body, and the brain 
and spinal cord, or the central ganglia. 3. (Bot.) One 
of the fibers extending from the stem of a leaf, or its 
surface, when simple and parallel. 

Nerve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nerved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NERVING.] To give strength or vigor to. 

Nerve'less, a. Destitute of strength ; wanting vigor. 

Nerv'ine, a. (Med.) Quieting nervous excitement. 



Ngrv'ine, n. (Med.) A medicine that acts upon the 
nerves. 

Nerv'oiis. a. 1. Possessing nerve ; strong ; vigorous. 
2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind. 3. Per- 
taining to the nerves ; seated in the nerves. 4. Having 
the nerves weak or diseased ; easily agitated. 

Nerv'oiis-ly, adv. 1. In a nervous manner ; with 
strength or vigor. 2. With weakness or agitation of the 
nerves. 

Nerv'oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being nervous. 

Nes'cience (neWens, 95), n. [Lat. nescientia, from 
nesciens, p. pr. of nescire, to be ignorant, from ne, not, 
and scire, to know.] Want of knowledge ; ignorance. 

Nest, n. [A.-S. nest, allied to Lat. nidus, for nisdus, Skr. 
nida.] 1. The retreat prepared by a bird for hatching 
and rearing her young. 2. Hence, the place in which 
the eggs of other animals, as of insects, turtles, and the 
like, are laid and hatched. 3. A snug, comfortable, ox 
cozy residence or situation ; also, a receptacle of num- 
bers, or the collection itself. 4. A collection of boxes, 
cases, or the like, of graduated size. 

Nest'-egg, n. An egg left in the nest to prevent the hen 
from forsaking it ; hence, something laid up as the be- 
ginning of a fund or collection. 

Nest'le (neVl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. nestled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. NESTLING.] 1. To lie close and snug, as a bird 
in her nest. 2. To move about in one's seat, like a bird 
when forming her nest. 

Nest'le (nes'1), v. t. 1. To house, as in a nest. 2. To 
cherish, as a bird her young. 

Nest'ling (nfs'ling), n. A young bird in the nest, or 
just taken from the nest. 

Nes-to'ri-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of Nestorius, 
who held that the divine and human natures in Christ 
were not so united as to form but a single person. 

Net, n. [A.-S. nett, nete, Goth, nati.] 1. An instru- 
ment of mesh-work for catching fish and birds, or wild 
beasts. 2. Any thing fitted to entrap or deceive ; a 
snare. 

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NETTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. NET- 
TING.] 1. To make into a net, or net-work. 2. To 

Net, v. i. To form net-work. [take in a net. 

Net, a. [Lat. nitidus. Cf. Neat.] (Com.) Pure; un- 
adulterated ; also, clear of all charges and deductions, &c. 

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. netted ; p. pr. & vb. n. net- 
ting.] To produce as clear profit. 

Netii'er, a. [A.-S. nidhera, neodhera, compar., lower, 
from nidhe, nidh, down.] Lying or being beneath, or in 
the lower part ; lower. 

Netii'er-most, a. [A.-S. nidhemest. See supra.] Lowest. 

Net'ting, n. A piect of net-work. 

Net'tle (net'tl), n. [A.-S. netele, O. H. Ger. nezila, nez- 
zila, dim! of nazza, Icel. n'dtr.] (Bot.) A plant covered 
with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that pro- 
duces a very painful sensation. 

Net'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nettled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NETTLING.] To fret or sting ; to irritate or vex. 

Net'tler, n. One who provokes, stings, or irritates. 

Net'tle-ra,sh , n. (Med.) An eruptive disease resembling 
the effects of the sting of a nettle. 

Net'-work (-wfirk), n. A fabric of threads, cords, or 
wires crossing each other at certain intervals, and knotted 
or secured at the crossings. 

Neii-ral'gi-a, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and «Ayo?, pain.] 
(Med.) A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very 
acute pain, which follows the course of a nervous branch, 
extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be 
seated in the nerve. 

Neii-ral'gle , a. Pertaining to neuralgia. 

Neii-r6Fo-gy, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] (Anat.) A description of the nerves of animal 
bodies, or the doctrine of the nerves. 

Neu-rop'ter, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and 7TTepdv, wing.] 
(Entom.) One of an order of insects having four mem- 
branous, transparent wings, as the dragon-fly. 

Neii-r5p'ter-al, a. Belonging to the order of the neu- 
roptera. 

Neii-rot'i-e, a. [From Gr. vevpov, nerve.] 1. Relating 
to the nerves ; seated in the nerves. 2. Useful in dis- 
orders of the nerves. 

Neu-rot'o-my, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and to/loj, a cut- 
ting.] (Anat.) (a.) Art or practice of dissecting the 
nerves, (b.) An incised wound of a nerve. 

Neu'ter, a. [Lat., comp. of ne, not, and uter, either.] 
1. Neither the one thing nor the other ; of neither side ; 
neutral. 2. (Gram.) (a.) Of neither gender; neither 
male nor female, (b.) Neither active nor passive. 3. 
(Bot.) Having neither stamens nor pistils. 



a,e, See, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, aslc, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dQ> wolf, 



NEUTER 



487 



NIDIFICATE 



Neti'ter, n. 1. A person who takes no part in a con- 
test ; a neutral. 2. The working bee, which is really an 
undeveloped female. 3. (Bot.) A plant having neither 
stamens nor pistils. 

Neu'tral, a. 1. Not engaged on either side; neuter; 
indifferent ; indiscreet. 2. Neither very good nor bad ; 
of medium quality. 3. (Bot.) Having neither stamens 
nor pistils. 

Neu'tral, n. A person or nation that takes no part in a 
contest between others. 

Neu-tral'i-ty, n. 1. State of being neutral ; indiffer- 
ence. 2. A combination of neutral powers or states. 

Neu'tral-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of neutralizing. 2. 
State of being neutralized. 

Neu'tral-3ze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. neutralized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. NEUTRALIZING.] 1. To render neutral. 
2. ( Ckem.) To destroy the effect of. 3. To destroy the 
peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of. 

Neu'tral-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, neutralizes. 

Neu'tral-ly, adv. In a neutral manner ; indifferently. 

N6v'er, adv. [A.-S. nsefre, nSfre, from ne, not, and sefre, 
sefer, ever.] 1. Not ever ; not at any time. 2. In no 
degree ; not in the least. 3. Not. 

Never so, as never before ; especially ; particularly ; — now 
usually expressed or replaced by ever so. 

Ngv'er-the-less', adv. Not the less ; notwithstanding ; 
in spite of that. 

Syn. — However ; at least ; yet. 

New (nu),a. [compar. newer ; mperl. newest.] [A.-S. 
niwe, niowe, neowe, Goth, niujls, allied to Lat. novus, 
Gr. veo9, Skr. nawas.] 1. Having existed, or having been 
made, but a short time ; of late origin. 2. Lately mani- 
fested ; recently invented, discovered, or established as 
true; strange. 3. Starting anew; recommencing. 4. 
Not ancient ; modern. 5. Not worn out, defaced by use, 
or the like ; in condition as at first. 6. Unaccustomed ; 
unfamiliar. 7. Fresh from anything. 
Syn. — Novel ; recent ; fresh ; modern. See Novel. 

New'el, n. [From Lat. nucalis, like a nut, from nux, 
nucis, nut.] (Arch.) The upright post about which the 
steps of a circular staircase wind ; — also the principal 
post at the angles and foot of a staircase. 

New-f an'gled (nu-'rang'gld), a. New-made ; formed 
with the affectation of novelty. 

New-fash'ioned (nu-fash / und), a. Made in a new 
form , or lately come into fashion, 

New'ish, a. Somewhat new ; nearly new. 

New'ly, adv. 1. Lately ; freshly ; recently. 2. In a 
manner not existing before. 3. With a new form. 

New-mod'el, v. t. To give a new form to. 

New'ness, «• 1. State or quality of being new ; recent- 
ness. 2. State of being first known or introduced ; nov- 
elty. 3. Innovation ; recent change. 4. Want of 
practice or familiarity. 5. Different state or qualities 
introduced by change or regeneration. 

Newg, n. [From new. This word is plural in form, but is 
almost always united with a verb in the sing.] Recent 
account ; fresh information. 

Syn. — Tidings ; intelligence ; information ; advice. See 
Tidings. 

Newg'mon'ger (nuz'mung'ger), n. One who deals in 
news. 

Newg'pa-per (nuz'-), n. A public print that circulates 
news, advertisements, and the like. 

Newt (nut), n. [0. Eng. twtjevet, A.-S.efete, with n 
prefixed. See Eft.] A small lizard ; an eft. 

Next, a. ; superl. of nigh. [A.-S. ncx.ta, nyxta, nesta, 
nyhsta.] 1. Nearest in place. 2. Nearest in time. 3. 
Adjoining in a series. 4. Nearest in degree, quality, 
rank, right, or relation. 

Next, adv. At the time or turn nearest or immediately 
succeeding. 

Nib, n. [See Neb, the same word differently written.] 1. 
Something small and pointed ; a prong. 2. Specifically , 
(a.) The bill or beak of a bird, (b.) The point of a pen. 

Nib, v. t. 1. To furnish with a nib ; to point. 2. To 
cut off the point of. 

Nib'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nibbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NIBBLING.] [From nib.] To eat slowly or in small bits. 

Nib'ble, v. i. To bite a little at a time 

Nib'ble, n. A little bite, or seizing to bite. 

Nib'bler, n. One that bites a little at a time. 

Nice, a. [compar. nicer ; superl. nicest.] [From Lat. 
nescius, ignorant. The original sense was ignorant, fool- 
ish ; but then A.-S. hnesce, hnesc, nesc, 0. Eng. nesh, 
soft, tender, seems to have been confounded with it.] 
1. Pleasing to the senses, especially to the taste. 2. 



Serving to please ; agreeable ; gratifying. 3. Wrought 
or made by a skillful workman ; produced by an acute or 
fastidious mind ; hence, requiring to be daintily touched, 
discussed, judged of, or the like ; refined. 4. Showing 
delicacy or refinement ; distinguishing accurately or mi- 
nutely. 5. Over scrupulous or exact ; hard to please or 
satisfy. 6. Scrupulously and minutely cautious. 

Syn. — Dainty ; delicate ; exquisite ; fine ; accurate ; exact ; 
correct; precise; particular; scrupulous; punctilious; fastidi- 
ous ; squeamish ; finical ; effeminate ; silly ; weak ; foolish. — 
Nice implies a union of delicacy and exactness. In vice food, 
cookery, taste, &c, delicacy predominates ; in nice discrimina- 
tion, management, workmanship, nnice point to manage, &c, 
exactness predominates. Of late, a new sense has been intro- 
duced, which excludes them both, .namely, .jjleasinq. We even 
hear it used for beautiful ; as, a nice morning, a nice day, &g. 
This use of the word, though sanctioned by no lexicographer, 
is extremely common among the English'; and if Americans 
overdo as to "fine," they overdo as to "nice," but with this dif- 
ference that we always give the former its true sense [see 
Fine], while they rob the latter of its appropriate and dis- 
tinctive meaning. 

Nice'ly, adv. 1. In a nice or delicate manner ; delicate- 
ly ; accurately ; exactly. 2. Well ; cleverly ; in the best 
manner . [Colloq.] 

Ni'cene or Ni-cene', a. Of, or pertaining to, Nice, a 
town of Asia Minor, where the Nicene creed, a summary 
of Christian faith, was composed, A. D. 325. 

Nice'ness, n. 1. The quality of being nice ; delicacy of 
perception ; accuracy. 2. Excess of scrupulousness or 
exactness. 

Nic'e-ty, n. 1. Quality of being nice ; delicacy ; dainti- 
ness ; as, (a.) Delicate management, (b.) Delicacy of 
perception; precision, (c.) Excess of delicacy ; fastidi- 
ousness. 2. A delicacy ; — used especially in the plural. 

Niche (nich), n. [It. nicchia, prop, a shell-like recess in 
a wall, from nicchio, shell-fish, muscle, from Lat. myti- 
lus.] A cavity, hollow, or recess, generally within the 
thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect 
ornament. 

Nick, n. [A.-S. nicor, nicr, a marine monster, Icel. nihr, 
nykr.] (Northern Myth.) An evil spirit of the waters ; 
hence the modern vulgar phrase, Old Nick, the evil 
one ; the devil. 

Nick, n. [A modification of nock, q. v.] A notch cut 
into something ; hence, a score for keeping an account. 

Nick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NICKED (nikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
nicking.] [See supra.] 1. To cut in nicks or notches ; 
to make a nick or nicks in ; to notch. 2. To suit or fit 
into, as one nick or notch into another. 

To nick a horse, to notch or make an incision in a horse's 
tail, in order to make him carry it higher. 

Nick, n. [Icel. hnickia, to seize and carry off; hnicker,a. 
violent taking, rape.] A hit ; the exact point of time. 

Nick, v. t. 1. To hit ; to strike at the precise point or 
time. 2. Hence, to gain an advantage over ; to cozen ; 
to defeat. 3. Also, to hit with a telling name or epi- 
thet. [Obs.] 

Nick'el, n. [Ger. nickel, abbrev. from kupfernickel, cop- 
per nickel, copper of Nick, or Nicholas, a name given in 
derision, as it was thought to be a base ore of copper.] 
(Min.) A grayish-white metal of considerable luster, 
very malleable and ductile, occurring very generally in 
combination with arsenic. It is used in various alloys. 

Nick'el-if'er-oiis, a. [Eng. nickel and L&t./erre, to 
bear.] Containing nickel. 

Nick'nack, n. [See Knickknack, and cf. Ger. schnick- 
schnack, prattle, tittle-tattle, idle talk.] A small thing; 
a bawble ; a trifle ; — used chiefly in the plural. 

Nick'name, n. [Either from 0. Fr. nique, a sign of 
mockery or contempt, from 0. II. Ger. hnicchan, to nod, 
beckon ; or perh. from 0. Eng. neke-name, eke-name, sur- 
name. Cf. NICK, v. t. No. 3]. A name given in con- 
tempt, derision, or sportive familiarity. 

Nick'name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nicknamed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. nicknaming.] To give a name of reproach 
or familiarity to. 

Ni-eo'tian, a. Pertaining to, or denoting, tobacco ; — 
so called from Nicot, who first introduced it into France 
A. D L 1560. 

Nie'tate, v. i. [Lat. nictare, nictatum, from nicere, to 
beckon.] To wink. 

Nie-ta'tion ; n. The act of winking. [tate. 

Nic'ti-tate, v.i. [See Nictate.] To wink; to nic- 

Nie'ti-ta'tion, n. The act of winking. 

Nid'a-men'tal, a. [Lat. nidamentum, from nidus, a 
nest.] Bearing or pertaining to eggs or young. 

Nid'i-fi-cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. nidificated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. NIDIFICATING.] [Lat. nidificare, nidificatum, 
from nidus, nest, sucidfacere, to make.] To make a nest. 



food,f<>bt; urn, ru.de, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this* 



NIDIFICATION 



488 



NIPPER 



Nid'i-fi-ea/tion, n. Act or operation of building a 
nest, and the hatching and feeding of young. 

Nid'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. nidtjlated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. nidulating.] [SeeNlDUS.] To make a nest ; 
to nidificate. 

Nid'u-la'tion, n. The time of remaining in the nest, 
as of a bird. 

IfVdus, n. [Lat.] A repository for the eggs of birds, in- 
sects, and the like ; a nest. 

Niec e, n. [From Lat. neptis, a granddaughter.] The 
daughter of a brother or sister. 

Nig'gard, n. [Icel. hnbggr, economical. Cf. Ger. knicker, 
a niggard.] A person meanly close and covetous ; a 
miser. ■ [miserly. 

Nig'gard, n. Meanly covetous ; sordidly parsimonious ; 

Nig'gard-ish, a. Somewhat covetous or niggardly. 

Nig'gard-li-ness, n. State of being niggardly ; mean 
covetousness ; sordid parsimony. 

Nig'gard-ly, a. 1. Meanly covetous or avaricious in deal- 
ing with others ; sordidly parsimonious. 2. Cautiously 
avoiding profusion. 

Syn. — Avaricious; covetous ; parsimonious ; sparing ; mi- 
serly ; penurious ; sordid.— See Avaricious. 

Nig'ger, n. A negro ; — in derision or depreciation. 

Nigh (ni), a. [compar. NIGHER ; svperl. NIGHEST, or 
NEXT.] [0. Eng. neigh, A.-S. neah, neh. Cf. infra.] 
1. Not distant in place or time ; near. 2. Not remote 
in degree, kindred, circumstances, &c. ; closely allied. 

Syn.— Close ; adjacent ; contiguous ; proximate ; present; 
intimate. 

Nigh (ni), adv. [A.-S. neah, nek, Goth, nehva nehv.] 
1. In a situation near in place or time, or in the course 
of events. 2. Almost ; nearly. 

Nigh (ni), prep. Near to ; not distant from. 

Night (nit), n. [A.-S. neaht, nilit, Goth, nakts, Icel. nbtt, 
for natt, allied to Lat. nox, noctis, Gr. vv£, vvkto<;, Skr. 
nahta, W. nos.] 1. The time from sunset to sunrise. 2. 
Hence, in figurative uses, (a.) Darkness ; obscurity, (b ) 
Ignorance, (c.) A state of affliction or distress ; adversi- 
ty, (d.) Death, (e.) The time of the absence of life 
from nature. 

Night'--eap (nit'-), n. 1. A cap worn in bed or in un- 
dress. 2. A glass of warm liquor before going to bed. 
[ Cant.] 

Night'-f all (nit/-), n. Close of the day ; evening. 

Night'-fi're (nit'-), n. 1. Ignis fatuus ; Will-with-a- 
wisp ; Jack-with-a-lantern. 2. Fire burning in the 
night. 

Night'-gown (nit'-), n. A loose gown used for undress. 

Night'-hawk (nit'-), n. (Ornith.) A bird allied to the 
goat-sucker, a native of the United States. It hunts its 
prey toward evening. 

Night'in-gale (nlt'in-gal, 45), n. [A.-S. nihtegale, from 
niht, night, and galan, to sing, 
gale, songster.] {Ornith.) A 
small bird that sings at night ; 
philomel. It is celebrated for 
its vocal powers. 4 

Night'ly (nit'ly), a. 1. Done ;(■[ ; ;'// 

by night. 2. Done every night. , • /. 

Night'ly (nlt'ly), adv. 1. By ^^xj- , <— 

night; in the night. 2. Every ^mr-t_ 9Ej| 3| 

Night'mare (nit'-), n. [See '^8' 

Mare.] 1. A sensation in sleep mW 

as of the pressure of a weight Nightingale, 

on the chest or stomach ; incu- 
bus. 2. Hence, any overwhelming, oppressive, or stupe- 
fying influence. 

NIght'-piece (nit'-), n. A piece of painting representing 
some night-scene, or so colored as to be exhibited to the 
best advantage by candle-light. 

Night'shade (nit'-), n. (Bot.) A low, branching annu- 
al plant, having very small, white flowers, and small, 
round berries. 

Night'-soil (nit'-), n. The contents of privies — so called 
because carried away, as a manure, by night. 

Night'- walk'er (nit'wawk'er), n. 1. One who walks 
in his sleep ; a somnambulist. 2. One who roves about 
in the night for evil purposes. 

NSght'-walk'ing (nlt'wawk'ing), n. 1. Walking in 
one's sleep"; somnambulism. 2. A roving in the streets 
at night with evil designs. 

Night'- watch (nlt'wotch), n. 1. A period in the night, 
as distinguished by the change of watch. 2. A watch, 
or guard, to afford protection in the night. 

Ni-gres'cent, a. [Lat. nigrescens, p. pr. of nigrescere, 



to grow black, from niger, black.] Growing black, 
changing to a black color. 

Nig'ri-f i~ea/tion, n. [Lat. nigrificare, from niger, black, 
and facere, to make.] The act of making black. 

Ni'hil-igm, n. [From Lat. nihil, nihilum, nothing, from 
ne, not, and hilum, a little thing, trifle.] 1. Nothing- 
ness ; nihility. 2. The doctrine that nothing can be 
known. [nothing. 

Ni-hil'i-ty, n. [See supra.] Nothingness ; a state of being 

Nill, v. i. To be unwilling. 

Ni-lom'e-ter, n. [Gr. NetAojuieTpiov, from NetAos, the 
Nile, and fxirpov, measure.] An instrument for measur- 
ing the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical 
flood. 

Ni-lot'i-e, a. Pertaining to the River Nile, in Egypt. 

Nim'fole, a. [compar. NIMBLER ; svperl. NIMBLEST.] 
[A.-S. nemol numol, capable, receiving, catching, from 
niman, to take.] Light and quick in motion. 

Syn. — Agile ; quick ; active ; brisk ; lively ; prompt ; ex- 
pert. 

Ni j'hle-ness, n. The quality of being nimble ; quick- 

n js, celerity ; speed ; swiftness. 
Nim'foly, adv. In a nimble manner ; with agility. 
Nim'bus, n. [Lat.] 1. (Fine Arts.) A circle, or disk, 

of rays of light around the heads of divinities, saints, 

&c ; a halo. 2. (Meteor.) A rain-cloud. 
Nin'eom-poop, n. [A corruption of Lat. non compos. 

See Non Compos Mentis.] A silly fool ; a blockhead. 

[Low.] 
Nine, a. [A.-S. nigon, nigan, Goth, niun, allied to Lat. 

novem, Skr. navam, Gr. ewea.] One more than eight, 

or one less than ten. 
Nine, n. 1. The sum of five and four. 2. A symbol 

representing nine units, as 9, or ix. 
The Nine, the nine Muses. 

Nine'f old, a. Nine times repeated. 

Nine'-holeg, n. A game in which nine holes are made 
in the ground, into which a ball is to be bowled. 

Nine'pence, n. ; pi. NiNE'PEN-CEg. A silver coin of 
the value of nine pence. 

Nine'- ping, n. A play, originally with nine pins or pieces 
of wood set on end, at which a bowl is rolled for throw- 
ing them down. 

Nine'teen, a. Nine and ten. 

Nine'teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and nine. 2. A 
symbol representing nineteen units, as 19, or xix. 

Nine'teenth, a. 1. Following the eighteenth and pro- 
ceeding the twentieth. 2. Constituting or being one of 
nineteen equal parts into which any thing is divided. 

Nine'teenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
nineteen ; one of nineteen equal parts. 2. The next in 
order after the eighteenth. 

Nine'ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the eighty-ninth 

2. Constituting or being one of ninety equal parts. 
Nine'ti-eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 

ninety ; one of ninety equal parts. 2. The next in order 
after the eighty-ninth. 

Nine'ty, a. Nine times ten ; one more than eighty-nine. 

Nine'ty, n. 1. The sun of nine times ten. 2. A sym- 
bol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. 

Nin'ny, n. [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a baby, Sp. nino, nina, 
child, infant, Gr. vevos, foolish, silly.] A fool ; a simple- 
ton ; a dolt. 

Ninth, a. [Formed directly from nine.] 1. Following 
the eighth and preceding the tenth. 2. Constituting or 
being one of nine equal parts into which any thing is 
divided. 

Ninth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by nine; 
one of nine equal parts. 2. (Mus.) (a.) An interval con- 
taining an octave and a second, (b.) A chord consisting 
of the common chord, with the eighth advanced one 

Ninth'ly, adv. In the ninth place. [note. 

Nip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nipped (nipt), less properly 
NIPT ; p. pr. & vb. n. NIPPING.] [A.-S. hnrpan, to bend 
or cast down, Icel. hnippa, to strike against, hneppa, to 
bend, press, Goth, hniupan, to break.] 1. To inclose 
and compress tightly between two surfaces or edges 
brought together ; to pinch. 2. To remove by pinching, 
biting, or cutting with two meeting edges of any thing. 

3. Hence, to blast, as by frost ; to destroy. 4. To bite ; 
to vex. 

Nip, n. 1. A seizing or closing in upon. 2. A pinch 
with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting 
off the end. 4. A blast; destruction by frost. 5. A 
biting sarcasm ; a taunt. 

Nip'per, n. 1. A fore tooth of a horse. 2. A small 
draught ; a sip ; a nip. [ Vulgar.] 



n,e,&,c.,long; a,e,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do,, wolf, 



NIPPERS 



489 



NOISE 



Nip'perg, n. pi. 1. Small pin- 
cers for holding, breaking, or 
cutting. 2. (Nant.) A number 
of yarns marled together, used 
to secure a cable to the messen- Nippers. 

ger. 

Nip'ple, n. [Allied to nibble, q. v.] 1. The protuber- 
ance by which milk is drawn from the breasts of females ; 
a teat ; a pap. 2. Any small projection in which there 
is an orifice for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes. 

Ni'san, n. [Ileb. nlsan.] A month of the Jewish cal- 
endar, answering to tbe month of April. 

JfVs%,conj. [Lat.] Unless; if not. 

Nisi prins (Laiu), unless before ; — a phrase applied to terms 
of court, held generally by a single judge, with a jury, for the 
trial of jury causes. 

Nit, n. [A.-S. hnitu, Icel. nyt, nit, for hnit, 0. H. Ger. 
niz, for hniz, allied to Gr. kovl?, koviSos, W. nedd.] The 
egg of a louse or other small insect. 

Nl'ten-cy, n. [Lat. nitens, p. pr. of nitere, to shine.] 
1. Brightness ; luster. 2. [From Lat. nitens, p. pr. of 
niti, to strive.] Endeavor ; effort. 

Ni'ter, ) n. [Lat. nitrum, Gr. virpov. Cf. NATRON.] 1. 

Ni'tre,) (Chem.) A white, crystalline salt, nitrate of 
potassa, having a pungent, saline taste. It is largely used 
in the manufacture of gunpowder ; — called also salt- 
peter. 

Nit'id, a. [Lat. nitidus, fr. nitere, to shine.] 1. Bright ; 
lustrous ; shining. 2. Gay ; spruce ; fine. 

Ni'trate (45), n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of 
nitric acid with a base. 

Nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. 

Ni'tre (ni/ter), n. See Niter. [gen. 

Nl'tri-e, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, nitro- 
Nitric acid, a powerful, corrosive acid, containing five 
equivalents of oxygen and one of nitrogen. 

Ni'tri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nitrified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. nitrifying.] [Lat. nitrum nn&facere, to make. 
See Niter.] To convert into niter. 

Ni'tro-gen, n. [Lat. nitrum, Gr. virpov, and Lat. gen- 
ere, gignere, Gr. yevetv, yevio-Qai, yiyveaOai, to produce.] 
( Chem.) A gaseous element, without taste, odor, or color, 
forming nearly four fifths of common air, and incapable 
of supporting life ; azote. 

Ni'tro-gen-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nitrogenized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. NITROGENIZING.] To imbue with nitro- 
gen, [gen. 

Ni-trog'e-noiis, a. Pertaining to, or containing, nitro- 

Ni'tro-mu/ri-at'ie, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to, or com- 
posed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid ; — said of an acid 
formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or hydrochloric) 
acid. 

Ni'trous, a. Pertaining to, or containing, niter; partak- 
ing of the qualities of niter, or resembling it. 

Nl'try, a. Nitrous ; pertaining to niter ; producing niter. 

Nifty, a. Full of nits; abounding with nits. 

Nifty, a. [Lat. nitidus, shining.] Shining; elegant; 
spruce. 

Niv'e-oiis, a. [Lat. niveus, from nix, nivis, snow.] 
Snowy ; resembling snow, or partaking of its qualities. 

No, adv. [A.-S. na, Skr. na. Cf. Nay.] Nay; — a word 
of denial or refusal. 

No, a. [0. Eng. non, abbrev. from none, q. v.] Not any ; 
not one ; none. 

No, n. ; pi. NOE§. 1. A refusal by use of the word no ; 
a denial. 2. A negative vote ; one who votes in the nega- 
tive. 

No-a'ehi-an (110), a. Pertaining to Noah, the patriarch, 
or to his time. 

No-foll'i-ty, n. [Lat. nobilitas. See Noble.] 1. The 
quality of being noble; as, (a.) Dignity; greatness; 
elevation ; superiority of mind or of quality ; eminence. 
(b.) Noble birth ; patrician dignity ; distinction by rank, 
station, and title. 2. The aristocratic and patrician 
class ; the peerage. 

No'ble, a. [compar. NOBLER; superl. NOBLEST.] [Lat. 
nobilis, from noscere, novi, to know.] 1. Possessing 
eminence, elevation, dignity, or the like ; above whatever 
is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable. 2. Grand; 
magnificent ; splendid. 3. Specifically, of exalted rank ; 
of aristocratic or patrician family. 

Syn. — Honorable ; worthy; dignified ; elevated ; exalted ; 
sublime ; great ; eminent ; illustrious ; renowned ; stately ; 
grand ; magnanimous ; generous ; liberal ; free. 

No'ble, n. 1. A nobleman ; a peer. 2. A money of 
account, and, formerly, a gold coin, of the value of 6s. 
8d. sterling, or about $1.61. 



No'ble -man, n.j pi. no'ble-men. One of the nobil- 
ity ; a noble ; a peer. 

No'ble-ness, n. 1. Quality of being noble ; elevation 
of mind or of station ; nobility. 2. Grandeur ; stateli- 
ness. 

No-bl6ss'. or No^bless, )n. [See Noble.] Theno- 

No-bl6sse', or No'blesse, J bility ; persons of noble 
rank collectively. 

No'bly, adv. 1. Of noble extraction. 2. With great- 
ness of soul; with magnanimity . 3. Magnificently. 

Syn. — Illustriously; honorably; magnanimously; heroic' 
ally; worthily; eminently; grandly; splendidly. 

No'bod-y, n. 1. No person ; no one ; not anybody. 2. 
Hence, a person of no influence or importance. [ Colloq.] 

No'cake, n. [Corrupted from Indian nookhik, meal.] 
Indian corn parched, beaten to powder, and made into a 
paste with water. 

No'cent, a. [Lat. nocens, p. pr. of nocere, to hurt.] 
Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt ; hurtful ; 
mischievous. 

Noe-tam'bu-list, n. [From Lat. nox, noctis, night, 
and ambulare, to walk.] One who rises from bed and 
walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist. 

Noe-tiv'a-gant, a. [Lat. nox, noctis, night, and va- 
gans, p. pr. of vagari, to wander about.] Wandering in 
the night, as animals for prey. 

N6e'to-graph, n. [Gr. vv£ , wktos, night, darkness, and 
ypa.<f>eiv, to write.] A kind of writing frame for the blind. 

Noc'turn, n. [From Lat. nocturnus, belonging to the 
night.] 1. An act of religious service by night. 2. 
One of the portions into which the Psalter was divided, 
designed to be used at such a night-service. 

Noe-tur'nal, a. [Lat. nocturnalis and nocturnus, from 
nox, night, noctu, by night.] 1. Pertaining to, done, or 
occurring at night. 2. Having a habit of seeking food 
at night. 

Nod, v. i. [Probably allied to Lat. nutare. Cf. W. nodi, 
to mark, to note, nod, token, mark.] 1. To bend or 
incline the upper part, with a quick motion. 2. To 
make a slight bow in token of assent or salutation. 3. 
To be drowsy. 

Nod, v. t. [imp. & p.p. NODDED; p. pr. & vb. n. nod- 
ding.] 1. To incline or bend, as the head or top ; to 
make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness 
with. 2. To signify by a nod. 

Nod, n. 1. A bending forward of the upper part or top 
of any thing. 2. A quick, downward or forward motion 
of the head, in assent, in familiar salutation, in drowsi- 
ness, or as a signal. 

Nod'al, a. Of the nature of, or relating to, a node. 

Nod'der, n. One who nods ; a drowsy person. 

Nod'dle, n. [Prob. from nod, because it is the nodding 
part of the body.] The head; — used jocosely or con- 
temptuously. 

Nod'dy, n. [Probably from nod, because a person who is 
frequently nodding, as in assent, may be easily looked 
upon as a fool.] 1. A simpleton ; a fool. 2. ( Ornith.) 
A sea-fowl, easily taken ; the booby. 

Node. n. [Lat. nodus.} 1. A knot; 
knob ; a protuberance. 2. Specifically, 
(a.) (Astron.) One of the two points 
where the orbit of a planet, or comet, 
intersects the ecliptic, or the orbit of a 
satellite intersects that of its primary. -woae. 

(b.) (Bot.) The joint of a stem, (c.) ( Geom.) The oval 
figure, or knot, formed by the folding of a curve upon 
itself. 

No-dose', a. [Lat. nodosus, from nodus, knot.] Hav- 
ing knots or swelling joints ; knotted. 

No-d5s'i-ty, n. 1. Knottiness. 2. A node ; a knot ; a 
swelling. 

N6d'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or in the form of, a nodule. 

Nod'ule (77), n. [Lat. nodulus, dim. of nodus, knot.] 
A rounded mass of irregular shape. 

Nog, n. [An abbrev. of noggin.] 1. A little pot ; a nog- 
gin. 2. A kind of strong ale. 3. A wooden pin. 

Nog'gin, n. [Ir. noigin, Gael, noigean.] A small mug 
or wooden cup. 

Nog'ging, n. [From Prov. Eng. nog, to fill up the in- 
terstices in a wooden building with brick- work.] A par- 
tition of scantlings filled with bricks. 

Noige, n. [0. Fr. noise, strife, quarrel, noise; from Lat. 
noxa, hurt, injury, from nocere, to hurt.] 1. Sound of 
any kind. 2. Especially, over-loud, empty, confused, 
or senseless sound. 3. Frequent talk. 

Syn. — Cry; outcry; clamor; din; clatter; tumult; uproar. 

Noige, v. i. To sound loud. 






food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this* 






NOISE 



490 



NONPAREIL 



Noi§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NOISED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

noising.] 1. To spread by rumor or report. 2. To 
disturb with note. 

Noige'less, a. Making no noise or bustle. 

Noig'i-ly, adv. With noise ; with making a noise. 

Noi§'i-ness, n. State of being noisy ; clamorousness. 

Noi'sorne (noi'suru), a. [For noisesome, from 0. Fr. 
noise, but with the sense of Lat. noxa, and the Eng. ter- 
mination some.] 1. Injurious to health ; unwholesome ; 
insalubrious ; destructive, 2. Offensive to the smell or 
other senses ; disgusting ; fetid. 

Syn.- Noxious. — A thing which is noxious inflicts evil 
directly, as a noxious plant, noxious practices, &c. ; a thing 
which is noisome operates with a remoter influence, as noisome 
vapors, a noisome pestilence, &c, and has the additional sense 
of disgusting. 

Noi'some-ly (noi'sum-ly), adv. With a fetid stench. 

Noi'some-ness (noi'sum-nes), n. Unwholesomeness ; 
offensiveness to the smell. 

Noig'y, a. [compar. koisier ; superl. noisiest.] Mak- 
ing a noise or loud sound ; clamorous ; turbulent ; bois- 
terous. 

Nol'le pros' e-qui. [Lat., to be unwilling to prosecute.] 
(Law.) A phrase denoting that a plaintiff discontinues 
his suit, or the attorney for the public a prosecution. 

Nom'ad, n. [Gr. vo/aas, vo/xaSos, pasturing, roaming, 
from vo/xos, a pasture, from ve/j-ecv, to pasture, graze, 
drive to pasture.] One of a race, or tribe, that has no 
fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search 
of game or pasture. 

Nom'ade, n. See Nomad. 

No-mad'k, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, nomads ; 
wandering ; moving from place to place. 

Nom'adism, n. The state of being a nomad. 

INom'bl/'glnuni'blz), n. pi. [Fr. from Lat. Iwnbulus, dim. 
of lumbits, a loin.] The entrails of a deer. 

NomHbril, ft. [Fr. nombriU for lombril, i. e., ombril, with 
the article, as if from a dim. of Lat. umbilicus, navel.] 
(Her.) A point halfway between the fesse point and the 
middle base point of an escutcheon. See Escutcheon. 

Nome, ft. [Gr. vo/xos, from ve'/xeu/, to deal out, pasture, 
eat.] A province or tract of country. 

No'incn-ela'tor, n. [Lat., from nomen, name, and 
calare, equivalent to Gr. KaAeu>, to call.] One who gives 
names to things. 

No / men-elat'u.re (53), ft. A peculiar system of techni- 
cal names in any particular branch of science ; termi- 
nology. 

Nom'i-nal, a. [Lat. nominalis, from nomen, a name.] 

1. Pertaining to a name or names. 2. Existing in name 
only. 

Nom'i-nal-i§m, n. The principles of the nominalists. 

N6m'i-iial-ist, n. (Metaph.) One of a sect of philoso- 
phers in the middle ages, who adopted the opinion that 
general conceptions, or universals, exist in name only. 

Nom/i-nal-ly, adv. By name, or in name only. 

Nom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nominated : p. pr. 
& vb. n. NOMINATING.] [Lat. nominare, nominatum, 
from nojnen, nsime.] 1. To mention by name ; to name. 

2. To appoint ; also, to propose by name, or offer the 
name of, as a candidate for an office or place. 

Nom'i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of naming or nominating; 
state of being nominated. 2. Power of nominating. 

Nom'i-iia-trre, a . Naming ; designating ; — said of that 
case of a noun which stands as the subject of a verb. 

Nom'i-na-tive, n. ( Gram.) The case in which the sub- 
ject of a verb stands. 

N6m'i-iia y tor, n. One who nominates. 

Nom/i-nee', n. [See Nominate.] 1. One who has 
been named, or proposed, for an office. 2. One nom- 
inated, or proposed, for office or for election to office. 

No-mog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. voixoypa<j>Ca, from vo/u-o?, law, 
and ypafyeiv , to write.] A treatise on laws. 

Non'age, h. [Prefix non, not, and age.] The time of 
life before a person becomes of age ; minority. 

Noii'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. nonagenarius, containing, 
or consisting of, ninety, from nonageni, ninety each, from 
nonaginta, ninety, from novem, nine.] One who is ninety 
years old. 

iSon/a-ges'i-mal, a. [Lat. nonagesimus, the ninetieth. 
See supra.] Pertaining to a nonagesimal. 

Non'a-ges'i-mal, n. (Astron.) The middle or highest 
point of that part of the ecliptic which is at any given 
moment above the horizon. 

Non'a-gon, n. [Lat. novem, nine, nonus, the ninth, 
and Gr. yuvCa, corner, angle.] (Math.) A polygon hav- 
ing nine sides and nine angles. 

Non'-at-tend'ance, n. A failure to attend. 



Nonce, n. [For the nonce, or for the nones, a corrup- 
tion of for then once.] The present call or occasion ; pur- 
pose ; — chiefly used in the phrase/br the nonce. 

Nonchalance (nong'sha/longss'), n. [Fr., from non- 
chalant. See infra.] Indifference ; carelessness ; cool- 
ness. 

Nonchalant (nong / sha/15ng'). a. [Fr., from noncha- 
loir, to have no care for a thing, fr. pref. non, not, and 
chaloir, to concern one's self for, from Lat. calere, to glow, 
to be inflamed or roused.] Indifferent ; careless ; cool. 

Non-eorn-mls'sioned (-nilsh'und), a. Not having a 
commission. 

Kon-commissioned officer (J/i7.), an officer of a gra'le between 
a private soldier and a warrant officer, as a corporal, sergeant 
&c; (JVarctZ), an officer of a grade between a common sailor 
and a warrant officer, as a quartermaster, gunner's mate, &c. 

Non'-com-mit'tal, n. A state of not being committed 
or pledged to any course. [ance. 

Non'-eom-pli'ance, n. Neglect or failure of compli- 

Non -eoni'pos, \ [Lat.] Not of sound mind; 

Non -eom'pos Men'tis. ) hence, as a noun, an idiot ; 
a lunatic. 

Non'-con-efir', v. i. To dissent or refuse to concur. 

Non'-eon-eiir'reiice, n. A refusal to concur. 

Non'-- eon-du-et'or,' n. A substance which does not 
transmit another substance or fluid, or which transmits 
it with difficulty. 

Non'-con-f orm'ist, n. One who does not conform to 
an established church. 

Non 7 — eon-form'i-ty, n. Neglect or failure of conform- 
ity ; especially, in England, refusal to unite with the 
established church in its rites and modes of worship. 

Non'-eon-tent', n. (British House of Lords.) One who 
gives a negative vote. 

Non'de-seript, a. [Lat. non, not, and descriptus, de- 
scribed] Not hitherto described ; novel ; hence, odd ; 
abnormal ; irregular. 

Non'de-script, n. A thing not yet described ; some- 
thing abnormal, or hardly classifiable. 

None (nun or non, 20), a. & pron. [A.-S. nan, from ne, 
not, and an, one.] 1. No one; not any thing; — fre- 
quently used as a plural, not any. 2. No ; not any. 
None of, not at all; not; also, nothing of. 

Non-en'ti-ty, n. 1. Non-existence ; negation of being. 
2. A thing not existing. 

None§, n. pi. [Lat. nonae, from nonus, the ninth, for no- 
venus, from novem, nine.] 1. (Roman Calendar.) The 
5th day of the months January, February, April, June, 
August, September. November, and December, and the 
7th day of March, May, July, and October. The nones 
were nine days from the ides, reckoning inclusively, ac- 
cording to the Roman method. 2. [Fr. none, It. & Sp. 
nona.] A season of prayer formerly observed at noon in 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Non'-es-sen'tial, a. Not essential. 

Non'-es-sen'tial, n. A thing not essential. 

Non est in-ven'tns. [Lat., he is not found.] (Law.) 
The return of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is 
not found in his county. 

None'siich, n. Something extraordinary ; a thing that 
has not its equal. It is given as a name to various ob- 
jects, [munication, 

Non-ex'-eom-mu'iii-ea-'ble, a. Not liable to excom- 

Non'-e^-ist'ence, n. 1. Absence of existence ; norv- 
entity. 2. A thing that has no existence or being. 

Non'-e^-ist'ent, a. Not having existence. 

Non'-fiil-fill'meiit, n. Neglect or failure to fulfill. 

No-nill'ion (-niFyun), n. [Lat. nonus, ninth, and Eng. 
million.] According to the French notation, a thousand 
octillions, or a unit with 30 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the English notation, a million octillions, or a uni* 
with 54 ciphers annexed. See Numeration. 

N5n-jiir'ing, a. [Lat. jurare. to swear, from jus, juris, 
right, law.] Not swearing allegiance; — applied to the 
party in Great Britain that would not swear allegiance to 
William and Mary. 

Non-ju/ror, or N6n'-jn-ror, n. (Eng. Hist.) One who 
refused to take the oath of allegiance to the government 
and crown of England during and after the revolution of 
1688 ; a Jacobite. 

Non-nat'u-ral§, n. pi. (Med.) Things necessary to hu- 
man existence, but not entering into the composition or 
constituting the m T -< \f man, such as air, food, drink, 
sleep, &c. [fulfill. 

Non'-ob-gerv'ance, - Neglect or failure to observe or 

Non'pa-reil' (-reP), n. [Seem/ra.] 1. Something of un- 
equaled excellence. 2. Hence, specifically, (a.) A sort 
of apple, (b.) A sort of printing type quite small. 



a,e,&c.,Zongv a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son, or, dg, wolf, 



NONPAEEIL 



491 



NOSOLOGY 



{^" This line is printed in the type called nonpareil, 
(c.) A small sugar-plum, (d.) A kind of narrow ribbon. 

Non'pa-reil' (nSn'pa-rel'), a. [Fr., from ?ion, not, and 
pared, equal, from L. Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, 
equal.] Having no equal ; peerless. 

Non-pay'ment, n. Neglect of payment. 

Non'-per-form'ance, n. A failure to perform. 

Non'plus, n. [Lat. non, not, and plus, more, further.] 
Insuperable difficulty ; puzzle. 

Non'plus, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nonplused (non'plust) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. nonplusing.] To puzzle ; to confound ; 
to put to a stand. 

Nonpros. [Abbrev. of Lat. non prosequitur, he does not 
prosecute.] (Law.) A judgment entered against the 
plaintiff in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute. 

Non'-pros, v. t. [imp. & p. p. non-prossed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. NON-PROSSING.] To fail to prosecute. 

H5n-re§'i-dence, n. Failure or neglect of residing at 
the place where one is stationed. 

Non-res/i-dent, a. Not residing in a particular place, 
on one's own estate, or in one's proper place. 

N6n-re§'i-dent, n. One who does not reside in, or is 
not a resident of, a particular place ; — particularly ap- 
plied, in England, to clergymen who live away from their 
cures. 

Non'-re-gist'ance, n. The principles or practice of a 
non-resistant ; passive obedience. 

Non'-re-gist'ant, a. Making no resistance to power or 
oppression. 

Non'-re-gist'ant, n. One who maintains that no resist- 
ance should be made to constituted authority, even 
when unjustly or oppressively exercised. 

Non'sense, n. 1. That which is not sense, or has no 
sense, 2. Trifles ; things of no importance. 

Non-sens'ie-al, a. Unmeaning; absurd; foolish. 

N6n-sens'ic-al-ly, adv. Absurdly; without meaning. 

N5n-sens'ie-al-ness, n. Jargon ; absurdity. 

Non seq'ul-tur (sek'wi-tur). [Lat.] 1. It does not 
follow. 2. (Logic.) An inference which does not follow 
from the premises. 

Non'siiit, n. (Law.) A neglect or failure by the plaintiff 
to follow up his suit. 

Non'siiit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NONSUITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. NONSUITING.] (Law.) To adjudge or record as a 
plaintiff, as having dropped his suit, upon his withdrawal 
or failure to follow it up. 

N6n-u§'er, n. 1. A not using ; failure to use. 2. 
(Law.) Neglect or omission to use an easement or other 
right. 

Nob'dle, n. [Cf. Noddle and Noddy.] A simpleton ; 
a blockhead ; a stupid person. [Low.] 

Nook (27), n. [Gael, nine. Cf. 0. Eng. nock, a nol^h.] 
A corner ; a recess ; a secluded retreat. 

Ndbn, n. [From Lat. nona (sc. hora), the ninth hour (i. 
e., 3 o'clock, P. M.), which, among the Romans, was tbe 
time of eating the chief meal.] 1. The middle of the 
day ; midday ; twelve o'clock. ' 2. The time of greatest 
brilliancy. 

Ndbii, a. Belonging to midday ; meridional. 

Nobn'day, n. Midday ; twelve o'clock in the day. 

Nob n 'day, a. Pertaining to midday ; meridional. 

Nobn'ing, n. Repose at noon ; a repast at noon. 

Nobn'tide,n. The time of noon ; midday ; noon. 

Ndbn'tide, a. Pertaining to noon ; meridional. 

Noose (nooz or ncFos). n. [Cf. Ir. nas, a band or tie, and 
Prov. Ger. schneusz, schneisze, a springe.] A running 
knot, which binds the closer the more it is drawn. 

Nob§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. noosed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
noosing.] To tie in a noose ; to catch in a noose ; to 
insnare. 

No'pal, n. [Mexic. nopalli.] (Bot.) Indian fig, a plant on 
which the cochineal bug feeds. 

Nor, conj. [Contr. from A. -S. nadhor, for nahwddher. See 
OR.] A negative connective or particle, introducing the 
second memher or clause of a negative proposition, fol- 
lowing neither, or not, in the first. Occasionally, nor is 
used in the first member as well as the second. 

Norm, n. [Lat. norma, a rule.] A rule or authoritative 
standard ; a model. 

Nor'mal, a. [Lat. normalis, from norma, rule, pattern.] 
According to an established norm, rule, or principle; 
conformed to a type or regular form. 

Normal school, a school whose methods of instruction are 
to serve as a model for imitation; an institution for the educa- 
tion of teachers. 

Syn. — Regular; ordinary; analogical. — Regular and ordi- 
nary are popular terms of "well-known signification ; normal 
has now a more specific sense, arising out of its use in science, 



A thing is norma*, or in its normal state, when strictly con- 
formed to those principles of its constitution which make it 
what it is. lt*is abnormal when it departs from those prin- 
ciples. 

Nor'mal, n. 1. A perpendicular. 2. ( Geom.) A straight 
fine perpendicular to the tangent of a curve at any point, 
and included between the curve and the axis of the ab- 
scissas, [inandy. 

Nor'man, n. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Nor- 

Nor'inan, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Normandy, or to the 
Normans. 

Nor'roy, n. [i. e., north-king, from Fr. nord, north, and 
roy, roi, king.] (Her.) The third of the three kings at 
arms, or provincial heralds. 

Norse, a. Of, or pertaining to, ancient Scandinavia. 

Norse, n. [From Icel. ISlorvegr, Norway.] The language 
of ancient Scandinavia. 

Norse'man, n.; pi. norse/jmen. An inhabitant of 
ancient Scandinavia ; a Northman. 

North, n. [A.-S. nordh, Icel. nordhr.] The direction op- 
posite to the south. 

North, a. Lying toward the north ; situated at the north. 

Noi'th, v. i. To turn or move toward the north. 

North-east', n. The point between the north and east, 
at an equal distance from each. 

Noi'th-east', a. Pertaining to the north-east, or pro- 
ceeding from that point. [north-east. 

N6rth-east'er-ly, a. Toward, or coming from, the 

North- east'ern, a. Pertaining to, orbeingin, the north- 
east, or in a direction to the north-east. 

North'er, n. A wind or gale, from the north. 

Nor'thei'-li-ness, n. State of being northerly. 

North'er-ly, a. 1. Being toward the north ; northern. 
2. From the north. 

N6rth'er-ly, adv. 1. Toward the north. 2. In a 
northern direction. 3. Proceeding from a northern point. 

North'ern, a. 1. Being in, or near to, the north. 2. 
In a direction toward the north. 

N6rth'ern-er, n. A native or resident in the north. 

North'ern-most, a. Situated at the point furthest 
north. 

North'ing, n. 1. (Surv. & Nav.) Bistance northward 
from any point of departure, measured on a meridian. 
2. (Astron.) The distance of any heavenly body from the 
equator northward. 

North/man, n. ; pi. noeth'men. One of the inhabit- 
ants of the north of Europe, the ancient Scandinavians. 

North'most, a. Lying farthest north ; northernmost. 

North'ward, a. Being toward the north, or nearer to 
the north than the east and west points. 

North'ward, \ adv. Toward the north, or toward a 

North' wai'dg, J point nearer to the north than the 
east and west points. 

N6rth'ward-ly, a. Having a northern direction. 

North'ward-ly, adv. In a northern direction. 

N6rth-west', n. The point between the north and west, 
and equally distant from each. 

North-west', a. 1. Pertaining to, in the direction of, 
or being in the north-west. 2. Proceeding from the 
north-west. 

North- west'er-ly, a. Toward, or from, the north-west- 

North-west'ern, a. Pertaining to, or being in, the 
north-west, or in a direction to the north-west. 

Nor-we'gi-an, a. [From Norway, 0. Eng. Norweye, 
Icel. Norvegr.] ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Norway. 

Nor-we'gi-an, n. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
Norway. 

No§e, n. [A.-S. nosu, nasu, nase, n'dse, Icel. nb's, allied 
to Lat. nasus, Skr. ndsa, Slav, nos.] 1. The prominent 
part of the face, which is the organ of smell. 2. Power 
of smelling; hence, scent. 3. A projecting end or vent ; 
a snout ; a nozzle. 

Nose of wax, anv thing pliant or easily shaped: hence, one 
who has no will of his own. [Eng.] —To hare one's nose on 
the grindstone, to be subject to exactions; to be oppressed.— To 
lead by the nose, to lead blindly. — To put one's yiosc out of joint, 
to supplant one in the affections of another. — To thrust one'c 
nose into, to meddle officiously in. 

No§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NOSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. NOS- 
ING.] 1. To smell ; to scent ; hence, to track. 2. To 
oppose to the face ; to affront. 

No§e, v. i. 1. To carry the nose high ; to strut. 2. To 
pry officiously into what does not concern one. 

No§e'bleed, n. A hemorrhage, or bleeding at the nose. 

Noge'gay, n. A bunch of odorous flowers ; a bouquet; 
a posy. 

Nos'o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to nosology. 

No-sol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in nosology. 

No-sol'o-gy, n. [Gr. voo-os, disease, and Aoyos, discourse.] 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get; as; exist; linger, link ; this. 






NOSTALGIA 



492 



NOVENNIAL 



1. A systematic classification of diseases. 2. That 
branch of medical science which treats of the classifica- 
tion of diseases. 

Nos-tal'gi-a, n. [Gr. voo-ros, return, especially home, 
and aA-yos, pain, grief.] A species of melancholy result- 
ing from absence from one's home ; homesickness. 

Nos-tal'gie, a. Pertaining to nostalgia. 

Nos'tril,n. [0. Eng. nosethril,A.-B. nasthyrl, from nosu, 
nose, and thyrl, thyrel, hole ; thyrlian, to make a hole, 
drill.] One of the two channels through the nose, 
which give passage to the air we breathe, and to the se- 
cretions of the nose. 

Nos'trurn, n. [Lat., ours, our own, from «os, we.] A 
quack or patent medicine. 

Not, adv. [Contr. from naught ; A.-S. nat. See NAUGHT.] 
A word that expresses negation, denial, or refusal. 

Not'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being notable. 2. A 
notable, or remarkable, person or thing. 

Not'a-ble, a. [Lat. notabilis, from ?iotare, to mark, from 
nota, mark, note.] 1. Noticeable ; plain ; evident. 2. 
Worthy of notice ; remarkable ; noted or distinguished. 

Not'a-lile, n. A person, or thing, of note or distinction. 

Not'a-ble, a. Distinguished for good management ; ac- 
tively industrious ; smart. 

Not'a-bly, adv. In a notable manner ; memorably ; re- 
markably ; eminently. 

Not'a-bly, adv. With bustling activity ; industriously. 

No-ta/ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a notary. 2. Done, or 
taken, by a notary. 

No'ta-ry, n. [Lat. notarius, from nota, mark, letter, 
character.] A public officer who attests deeds and other 
writings, to make them authentic in another country ; — 
generally called a notary public. 

No-ta'tion, n. [Lat. notatio, from notare, to mark, from 
nota, a mark.] Act, practice, or method, of recording 
any thing by marks, figures, or characters ; especially, in 
arithmetic and algebra, the expressing of numbers and 
quantities by figures or signs. 

Notch, n. [From 0. Eng. nock, a notch.] 1. A nick ; an 
indentation. 2. A deep, close pass or defile. 

Notcli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NOTCHED (notcht); p. pr. 
& vb. n. notching.] 1. To cut in small hollows. 2. 
To place in a notch. 

Note, n. [Lat. nota, from noscere, notum, to know.] 1. 
A mark or token ; a visible sign ; a symbol. 2. A mark, 
or sign, to call attention, to point out something to no- 
tice, or the like. 3. A memorandum ; a minute. 4. 
pi. A writing intended to be spoken from ; being either 
a synopsis, or a full text of what is to be said. 5. A brief 
remark ; an annotation ; a comment. 6. A short letter ; 
abillet; also, a diplomatic paper. 7. A written or printed 
paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment. 
8. (Mus.) (a.) A character variously formed, to indicate 
the length of a tone. (&.) A musical sound ; a tone. 9. 
Observation; notice. 10. Reputation; distinction. 

Note, v. t. [imp. & p. p. noted ; p. pr. & vb. n. not- 
ing.] 1. To notice with care; to observe ; to remark ; 
to heed. 2. To record in writing. 3. To denote ; to 
stand for ; to designate. 

Note'-bobk n. 1. A book in which memorandums 
are written. 2. A book in which notes of hand are regis- 
tered. 

Not'ed, a. Well known by reputation or report. 

Syn. — Eminent ; celebrated ; distinguished ; remarkable ; 
illustrious; conspicuous; famous. 

Not'ed-ly, adv. With observation or notice. 

Not'ed-ness, n. Conspicuousness ; eminence; celebrity. 

Not'er,n. 1. One who takes notice. 2. An annotator. 

Note'wor-thy (-wur-thy), a. Worthy of observation or 
notice. 

Notli'ing (nuth'ing or nothing), n. [From no and 
thing.] 1. Not any thing; no thing. 2. Non-exist- 
ence; nonentity; nihility ; nothingness. 3. Not any 
thing of account, value, note, or the like ; a trifle. 

Notli'ing (nuth'ing or nothing), adv. Ln no degree ; not 
at all. 

Noth'ing-ness (niith'ing- or noth/ing-), n. 1. Nihility ; 
non-existence. 2. Nothing ; a thiug of no value. 

No'tice, n. [Lat. notitia, from noscere, notum, to know.] 

1. Act of noting, remarking, or observing ; cognizance. 

2. Intelligence ; knowledge given or received ; intima- 
tion. 3. A writing containing formal, customary, or 
presented information. 4. Respectful treatment. 

Syn. — Attention ; regard : remark ; note; heed; consider- 
ation; respect; civility; intelligence; advice; news. 

No'tice, v. t. [imp. & p.p. noticed (no'tist) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. NOTICING.] 1. To take note of; to pay attention 



to. 2. To take public note of; to remark upon; to 
make observations on. 3. To treat with attention and 
civilities. 

Syn.— To remark ; observe ; perceive ; see ; mark ; note; 
mind; regard; heed; mention. See Remake. 

No'tice-a-ble, a. Capable of being observed; worthy 
of observation ; likely to attract observation. 

No'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of notifying, or giving no- 
tice ; the act of making known. 2. Notice given in 
words or writing, or by signs. 3. The writing which 
communicates information ; an advertisement, citation, 
and the like. 

No'ti-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NOTIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
NOTIFYING.] [Lat. notijicare, fromnotus, known, p. p. 
of noscere, to know, and facerc, to make.] 1. To make 
known; to declare ; to publish. 2. To give notice to. 

No'tion, n. [Lat. notio, from noscere, notum, to know) 

1. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known >x 
imagined ; idea ; conception. 2. Judgment ; opinioi •, 
belief. 3. A small article; a trifling thing; — used 
chiefly in the plural. [ Colloq.] 

No'tion-al, a. 1. Consisting of, or conveying, notions 
or ideas. 2. Existing in idea only ; visionary ; imagi- 
nary. 3. Given to foolish or visionary expectations; 
whimsical ; fanciful. 

No'tion-al-ly, adv. In conception ; not in reality. 

No'tion-Ist, n. One who holds to an ungrounded 
opinion. 

No'to-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being no- 
torious. 2. Knowledge by the community in general. 

No-to'ri-ous, a. [Lat. notorius, from notare, to mark, 

indicate, designate. See Note.] Generally known and 

talked of by the public ; usually, known to disadvantage. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; remarkable; conspicuous; noted; 

celebrated; famous; renowned. 

No-to'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a notorious manner ; publicly ; 
openly. 

No-to'ri-oiis-ness, n. The state of being notorious, or 
open or known beyond denial ; notoriety. 

Not'with-stand'ing, prep. Without opposition, pre- 
vention, or obstruction from; in spite of; despite. 

Not'with-stand'ing, commonly classed as an adv. or 
conj., but really the participle of withstand, with not 
prefixed. This not obstructing or preventing ; neverthe- 
less ; however. 

Nought (nawt), n. The same as Naught. 

Noun, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. nomen, name.] ( Gram.) A 
word used as the designation of a creature or thing, ex- 
isting in fact or in thought. 

Noiir'isli (nuVish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nourished ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. NOURISHING.] 1. To feed and cause to 
jJ>ow ; to furnish with nutriment. 2. To supply the 
means of support and increase to ; to encourage. 3. To 
comfort. 4. To educate ; to instruct. 

Syn. — To nurture ; cherish ; feed ; provide ; supply. See 
Nuexuee. 

Noiir'isli (nur'ish), v. i. To promote growth. 

Nour'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of receiving nourishment. 

Nour'ish-er (nur'ish-er), n. One who, or that which, 
nourishes. 

Nour'ish-ment (nuV-), n. 1. Act of nourishing, or 
state of being nourished ; nutrition. 2. That which 
serves to nourish, or to repair waste and promote growth. 
Syn. —Nutriment; food; sustenance. 

Nov'el, a. [Lat. novellus, dim. of novus, new.] Of recent 
origin or introduction ; hence, especially, of a kind not 
before known ; unusual ; strange. 

Syn. — New. — Every thing at its first occurrence is new ; a 
thing is novel when it is so much out of the ordinary course of 
things as to strike us with surprise. We have daily new inven- 
tions, but a novel one suppose? some very peculiar means of 
attaining its end. Xovel theories are regarded with distrust, as 
likely to prove more ingenious than sound. 

Nov'el, n. 1. A fictitious narrative, intended to exhibit 
the operation of the passions, and particularly of love. 

2. {Law.) A new or supplemental constitution. 
Nov'el-ette', n. [Fr.] A small novel. 
Nov'el-ist, n. A writer of a novel, or of novels. 
Nov'el-ty, n. 1. Quality of being novel ; newness ; re- 

centness. 2. A new or strange thing. 

No-vemTber, n. [Lat. November, or Novembris (se. 
mensis). the ninth month of the old Roman year, which 
began with March, from novem, nine.] The eleventh 
month of the year, containing thirty days. 

N6v'e-na-ry (110), a. [Lat. novenarius, from novem, 
nine.] Pertaining to the number nine. 

No-ven'ni-al, a. [Lat. novennis, of nine years, from 



2L,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; £re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



NOVERCAL 



493 



NUMMULARY 



novem, nine, and annus, year.] Done every ninth 
year. 

No-ver'eal, a. [Lat. novercalis, from noverca, a step- 
mother.] Pertaining, or suitable, to a step-mother ; in 
the manner of a step-mother. 

Nov'Ice, n. [From Lat. novicius, novitius, new, from 
novus, new.] 1. One who is new in any business ; a be- 
ginner. 2. One newly received into the church. 3. 
(Eccl.) One that has entered a religious house, as a con- 
vent or nunnery, but has not taken the vow. 

No-vl'ti-ate (-vlsh'i-, 95), n. 1. State or condition of 
being a novice ; hence, time of probation in a religious 
house, before taking the vows. 2. A probationer; a 
novice. 

Now, adv. [A.-S. & Icel. nft, Goth, nu, allied to Gr. vvv, 
vv; Lat. nunc] 1. At the present time; at this mo- 
ment. 2. In present circumstances ; things being as 
they are. 

Ifow and then, at one time and another, indefinitely; occa- 
sionally ; at intervals. 

Now'a-day§, adv. In this age ; at the present period. 

No'way, ) adv. In no manner or degree; not at all; 

No'way§, j nowise. [state. 

No'where, adv. Not any where ; not in any place or 

No'wige, adv. Not in any manner or degree. 

Nox'ious (nok'shus), a. [Lat. noxius, from noxa, harm, 
from nocere, to harm, hurt.] Productive of injury or evil 
consequences ; corrupting to morals. 

Syn.— Noisome; hurtful: harmful; injurious; destructive; 
pernicious: mischievous: corrupting; baneful; unwholesome; 
unfavorable; insalubrious. See Noisome. 

Nox'ious-ly (nok'shus-), adv. Hurtfully; perniciously. 
Nox'ious ness (nok'shus-), n. Quality that injures, 

impairs, or destroys ; hurtfulness ; perniciousness. 
Jfd'yau (no'yo), n. [Fr., prop, the stone or nut of a fruit, 

from Lat. nucalis, like a nut, from nux, nucis, nut.] A 

cordial flavored with the kernel of the nut of the bitter 

almond, or with the kernel of the peach stone. 
Noz'zle (noz'zl), n. [From nose.] The nose ; the snout ; 

hence, the projecting vent of any thing. 
Nu'ele-ate,^. t. [Lat. nucleare,nucleatum.] To gather, 

as about a nucleus or center. 
Nu-ele'i-f6rm, a. [Lat. nucleus and forma, form.] 

Formed like a kernel. 
Nu'ele ; us, n. ; Eng. pi. NU'-eLE-US-Es, Lat. pi. NV'- 

CLE-I. [Lat., from nux, nucis, nut.] 1. A kernel; 

hence, a central mass or point about which matter is 

gathered; — both literally and figuratively. 2. (Astron.) 

The central part of the body of a comet. 
Nu-da'tion, n. [Lat. nudatio, from nudare, to make 

naked, from nudus, naked.] Act of stripping, or making 

bare, or naked. 
Nude, a. [Lat. nudus.] 1. Bare; naked ; uncovered. 

2. {Law.) Of no force ; void. 
Nudge, v. t. [Cf. Prov. Ger. knntschen, to squeeze, pinch.] 

To touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call atten- 
tion or convey intimation. 
Nudge, n. A gentle push, as with the elbow. 
Nu'di-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being nude ; 

nakedness. 2. Naked part ; undraped or unclothed 

portion. 
Nu'ga-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. nugatorius, from nugari, to 

trifle, from nugx, jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling; vain; 

futile ; insignificant. 2. Inoperative ; ineffectual. 
Niig'get, n. A lump ; a mass, especially of a precious 

metal. 
©3- This word is probably a revival of the old word nigot, 

which was simply an inversion of ingot. 

Nui'sance (nutans), n. [0. Eng. noysance, 0. Fr. noi- 
sance, nuisance, from 0. Fr. noisir, nuisir, to hurt ; Lat. 
nocere.] 1. That which annoys or gives trouble and 
vexation. 2. {Law.) Something that producer incon- 
venience or damage. 

Null, a. [Lat. nullus, not any, none, from ne, not, and 
ullus, any.] Of no legal or binding force or validity ; 
invalid ; void ; nugatory ; of no account or significance. 

Nul'li-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of nullifying ; a rendering 
void and of no effect, or of no legal effect. 

Nul'li-f i'er, n. One who makes void ; one who main- 
tains the right to nullify a contract bv one of the parties. 

Nul'li-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NULLTFIE u ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. NULLIFYING.] [Lat. nullificare , from nullus, none, 
and facere, to make.] To make void ; to render invalid ; 
to deprive of legal force or efficacy. 

Syn.— To abolish; abrogate; revoke; annul; repeal. See 
Abolish. 
Nul'li-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being null or 



void ; nothingness. 2. Any thing void, invalid, or of 
no efficacy. - 

Numb (num), a. [0. Eng. num, dull, stupid, benumbed, 
from A.-S. niman, nioman, to take, seize, p. p. numen.] 
Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and 
motion ; torpid. 
Syn.— Torpid; paralyzed; benumbed; chill; motionless. 

Numb (niim), v. t. [imp. & p. p. NUMBED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. numbing-.] To make torpid ; to deprive of the 
power of sensation or motion ; to benumb. 

Num'ber, n. [Lat. numerus, allied to Gr. vojuos, that 
which is dealt out, measured off, from vefxeiv, to deal out.] 
1. A single unit, considered as part of a series, or two or 
more of such units. 2. A collection of many individ- 
uals ; a multitude. 3. Numerousness. 4. Quantity 
regarded as made up by an aggregate of separate things. 
5. That which is regulated by count, as divisions of 
time or number of syllables ; "hence, poetry, verse. 6. 
( G-ram.) The distinction of objects, as one, or more than 
one, expressed by a difference of the form of a word. 7. 
{Math.) Numerical value. 

Num'ber, t\ t. [imp. & p. p. numbered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. numbering.] 1. To reckon; to ascertain the 
units of. 2. To give or assign the number of. 3. To 
reckon as one of a collection or multitude. 4. To amount 
to ; to consist of. 

Syn. — To count; enumerate; calculate; tell. 

NumTber-er, n. One who numbers. 

NurnHber-less, a. Not admitting of being counted; 
innumerable. 

Num'berg, n. The fourth book of the Pentateuch ; — 
so called as containing the census of the Hebrews. 

Num'bleg, n. pi. Entrails of a deer. See Nombles. 

Niimb'ness (num 7 -), n. Condition of being numb. 

Nu'mer-a-ble, a. Capable of being numbered or 
counted. 

Nu'mer-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, num- 
ber. 2. Expressing or representing number. 

Nu'mer-al, n. 1. A figure or character used to express 
a number. 2. ( G-ram.) A word expressing number. 

Nu'mer-al-ly, adv. According to number ; in number. 

Nu'mer-a-ry, a. Belonging to a certain number. 

Nu'mer-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. numerated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. NUMERATING.] [Lat. numerare, numeratum. 
See NUMBER.] {Arith. ) To divide off and read according 
to the rules of mimeration. 

Nu / mer-a'tion, n. 1. Act or art of numbering. 2. 
{Arith.) Act or art of reading numbers, especially as 
written in the scale of ten, by the Arabic method. 

G3"" There are two systems of numeration in use at the pres- 
ent day, commonly called the English and the French sys- 
tems. In the former, the billion is a million of millions, a tril- 
lion a million of billions, and each denomination is a million 
times the one preceding. In the latter (which is the system 
used in the United States), the billion is a thousand millions, 
and each denomination is a thousand times the preceding. 

Nu'mer-a'tor, n. 1. One who numbers. 2. {Arith.) 
The term in a vulgar fraction which indicates the num- 
ber of fractional units that are taken ; the number above 
the line in a vulgar fraction. 

tgg" In decimal fractions, the numerator is the number next 
following the decimal point, the denominator not being writ- 
ten ; thus, .5 is five tenths. 
Nu-mer'i«, \a. 1. Belonging to, or denoting, num- 
Nu-mer'ie-al, j ber ; expressed by numbers. 2. The 

same in number ; hence, identical. 
Nu-m6r'ie-al-ly, adv. In a numerical manner; with 

respect to number, or sameness in number. 
Nu'mer-oiis, a. 1. Being many ; consisting of a great 
number of individuals. 2. Consisting of poetic num- 
bers ; rhythmical ; musical. 
Nfi'mei'-ous-ly, adv. In or with great numbers. 
j Nu'mer-ous-ness, n. Quality of being numerous or 
| many. 

Nu'mif-mat'ie, } a. [Lat, numisma, a coin, from 
Nu'mif-mat'ie-al, J Gr. vofxiaixa, from voju.i'£eiv, to 
introduce a custom, from vojuos, custom, usage.] Per- 
taining to coins or medals. [medals. 
Nu'mif-mat'ies, n. sing. The science of coins and 
Nu-mis/ma-tSl'o-gy, n. [Lat. numisma, Gr. vo^ia^a 
| and Aoyos, discourse.] The science which treats of coins 
i and medals, in their relation to history ; numismatics. 
Nu-mis/ma-tol'o-glst, n. One versed in numisma- 
tology. 
Num'ma-ry, J a. [Lat. nummularius, from nummu- 
Num'mu-lar, > lus, dim. of nummus, a coin.] Per- 
I Num'mu-la-ry, ) taming to coin or money ; pecu- 
! niary. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; tlii* 



NUMSKULL 



494 



OAFISH 



Num'skull, n. [From numb and skull.] A dunce ; a 
dolt ; a stupid fellow. [ Colloq.] 

Nun, n. [A.-S. nunne, 0. H. Ger. nunna, from Lat. 
nonna, nun, nonnus, monk, late Gr rowa, vovvos, from 
Coptic or Egypt, nane, nanu, good, beautiful.] 1. A 
woman devoted to a religious life, who lives in a cloister 
or nunnery. 2. A kind of small pigeon. 

Niiii'chion (nun'shun), n. [Prob. a corrupt, of lun- 
cheon, q. v.] A portion of food taken at or after noon, 
usually between meals ; a luncheon. 

Nun'ci-o (nun'shl-o, 95), n. [From Lat. nuncius, nun- 
tius, messenger, from novus, new, nova, new tbings, and 
ciere or cire, to make to go, to put in motion.] 1. A 
messenger. 2. An embassador from the pope to an em- 
peror or king. 

Nun'€U-pate,D. t. [Lat. nuncupate, nuncupalum, from 
nomine capere, to call by name, from nomen, name, and 
capere, to take.] To dedicate by declaration : to inscribe. 

Nun-eu'pa-tive, or Nun'eu-pa/tlve, ) a. 1. Pub- 

Nun--eu'pa-to-ry, orNiiii'-eu-pa-to-ry, ) licly or 
solemnly declaratory. 2. Nominal ; existing only in 
name. 3. Oral ; not written. 

Nun'di-nal, \ a. [Lat. nundinalis, nundinarius, from 

Nun'di-na-ry, ) nundinx, market-day, prop, the ninth 
day, from novem, nine, and dies, day.] Pertaining to a 
fair, or to a market day. 

Niin'ner-y, n. A cloister or house in which nuns reside. 
Syn. — See Cloister. 

Nup'tial, a. [Lat. nuptialis, from nuptix, marriage, 
from nubere, nuptum, to marry.] 1. Pertaining to mar- 
riage ; done at a wedding. 2. Constituting marriage. 

Nup'tial, n. Marriage ; wedding ; — almost only in 
the plural. 

Nurse, n. [A.-S. notice, from Lat. nutrix, nutria's, from 
nutrire, to nourish, nurse.] X. One who tends a child 
or the sick ; especially, one who suckles an infant not her 
own. 2. One who, or that which, brings up, rears, 
causes to grow, trains, or the like. 

Wet nurse, a woman who suckles an infant not her own. 

Nurse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nursed (nnrst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. NURSING.] 1. To nourish ; to cherish ; to foster ; 
as, (a.) To nourish at the breast; to suckle, (b.) To 
tend, as a sick person. 2. Hence, to bring up ; to raise, 
by care, from a weak or invalid condition. 

Nurs'er, n. One who cherishes, or encourages, growth. 

Nurs'er-y, n. 1. Act of nursing. 2. The apartment, 
in a house, appropriated to the care of children. 3. A 
plantation of young trees. 4. The place where any thing 
is fostered and growth promoted. 5. That which forms 
and educates. 

Nurs'er-y-man/, n. ; pi. nurs'er-y-men. One who 
keeps, cultivates, or has charge of, a nursery. 

Nurs'ling, n. [From nurse and termination ling.] One 
who, or that which, is nursed ; an infant. 

Nurt'ure (53), n. [0. Eng. nouriture. See Nourish.] 
1. Act of nourishing or nursing ; education ; instruc- 
tion. 2. That which nourishes ; food; diet. 

Nurt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nurtured ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. NURTURING.] 1. To feed. 2. To bring or 
train up. 

Syn.— To nourish; nurse; cherish; educate; tend.— Nour- 
ish denotes to supply with food, or cause to grow ; as, tonourish 
a plant, to nourish rebellion. To nurture is to train up with a 
fostering care, like that of a mother; as, to nurture into strength, 
to nurture in sound principles. To cherish is to hold and treat 
as dear; as, to cherish hopes or affections. 

Nut, n. [A.-S. hnutu, hnut, Icel. hnyt,hnot, 
0. H. Ger. hnuz, nuz.] 1. Fruit consisting 
of a hard shell inclosing a kernel. 2. A 
email block containing a concave screw, used 
for retaining or tightening a bolt, and the Nut. 
like. 

Niit, v. i. [imp. & p. p. NUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. rt. NUT- 
TING.] To gather nuts. 



Nii'tant, a. [Lat. nutans, p. pr. olnutare, to nod, inten- 
sive form of nuere, id.] Nodding ; having the top bent 
downward. 

Nu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. nutatio, a nodding, from nutare, to 
nod.] ( Astron.) A vibratory motion of the earth's axis, 
by which its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is 
constantly varying by a small amount. 

Nut'-brown, a. Brown as a nut long kept and dried. 

Nut'— erack'er, n. 1. An instrument for cracking 
nuts. 2. (Ornith.) A European bird, belonging to the 
crow family, but having many of the habits of the wood- 
pecker. It feeds on nuts, insects, &c. 

Niit'-gall, n. An excrescence of the oak. See Gall. 

Nut'-hook, n. A pole with a hook at the end, for gath- 
ering nuts. 

Nut'meg, n. [0. Eng. notemuge, from L. Lat. nux mus- 
cata, from Lat. muscus, musk.] (Bot.) The kernel of the 
fruit of a tree, a native of the Molucca islands, but culti- 
vated in many parts of the East Indies. It is aromatio, 
and is much used in cookery. 

Nu'tri-a, n. [Sp. nutria, nutra, lutria, lulra, an otter; 
from Lat. lutra, lytra.] (Com.) The fur of a rodent 
quadruped about the size and shape of the beaver, found 
along the streams of Brazil. 

Nu'tri-ment, n. [Lat. nutrimentum, from nutrire, to 
nourish.] 1. That which nourishes ; food ; aliment. 
2. That which promotes enlargement or improvement. 

Nu'tri-ment'al, a. Having the qualities of food ; ali- 
mental. 

Nu-trl'tion (-trish'un), n. [L. Lat. nutritio, from Lat. 
nutrire, to nourish.] 1. Act or process of promoting 
the growth or repairing the waste of animal or vegetable 
life. 2. That which nourishes ; nutriment. 

Nu-tri'tious (-trish'us), a. Nourishing; promoting 
growth, or repairing waste. 

Nu'tri-tive, a. Having the quality of nourishing; 
nutrimental ; alimental. 

Nu'tri-tive-ness, n. Quality of being nutritive ; nu- 
tritiousness. 

Niit'shell, n. 1. The shell in which the kernel of a nut 
is inclosed. 2. Hence, a thing of little compass, or of 
little value. 

To be or lie in a nutshell, to admit of very brief or simple de- 
termination or statement. 

Nut'- tree, n. A tree that bears nuts. 

Wuoc vom'i-ed [N. Lat., fr. nux, a nut, and vomicus, fr. 

vomere, to vomit.] The seed of a tree which abounds on 

the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. 

From this seed the deadly poison known as strychnine 

and nux vomica is extracted. 
Nxiz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NUZZLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

nuzzling.] [Probably a corruption of nestle, q. v.] 

To nestle ; to house, as in a nest. 
Nuz'zle, v. i. [From nozzle, q. v.] 1. To work with 

the nose, like a swine in the mud. 2. To go with the 

nose thrust out and down, like a swine. 3. To hide the 

head, as a child in the mother's bosom ; to nestle. 
Nyl'ghau, n. [Hind. & Per. nilgaw, properly a blse 

cow, fr'.' nil, blue, and gaiv, bull, bullock, cow.] (Zo'dl.) 

A large, short-horned antelope, found in Northern India. 

The males are of a slaty blue. 
Nymph, ». [Lat. nympha, Gr. vvfxj>y\.] 1. (Myth.) A 

goddess of the mountains, forests, meadows, or waters. 

2. Hence, a lovely young girl ; a maiden. 
Nymph, ) n. [Lat. mjmpha, Gr. vvju^tj. See supra.] 
Nymph'a, J (Entom.) An insect in the pupa state ; a 

chrysalis. 
Nymph'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a nymph or nymphs ; 

nymphean. 
Nymph-e'an, a. [Gr. vvfx^>alo<;. See supra.] Pertain- 
ing to, or appropriate to, nymphs ; inhabited by nymphs. 
Nymph'o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. vvja^r;, a bride, andjaavia, 

madness.] Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in 

women. 



0. 



0(o), the fifteenth letter, and the fourth vowel, in the 
English alphabet, has several different sounds. See 
Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 19-25, 50, 51. — In Irish 
family names, is equivalent to grandson, and denotes 
progeny, or is a character of dignity. 
O, inter j. An exclamation used in calling or directly ad- 



dressing a person or personified object; — used also as 
_ expressive of pain, grief, surprise, desire, &c. 
Oaf, n. [0. Eng. auf, aulf, A.-S. self, elf, fairy. See 
ELF.] 1. A changeling ; a foolish child left by fairies 
in the place of another. 2. A dolt ; a blockhead. 
Oafish, a. Like an oaf; stupid ; dull ; doltish. 



OAK 



495 



OBLIGATE 




Oak, n. [A.-S. &c, Icel. eik, eyk, 0. H. Ger. eih.] (Bot.) 
A valuable and well-known tree, or its wood. 

Oak'-ap'ple (dk'ap'pl), n. A. kind of spongy excres- 
cence on oak leaves or tender branches, &c. 

Oak'en (ok'n), a. Made of oak, or consisting of oak or 

_ oak-trees. 

Oak'ling, n. A young oak. 

Oak'um, n. [A.-S. acumba, acemba, cemb, cumba, tow, 
cimbing, a joint, juncture.] Old ropes untwisted and 
pulled into loose hemp, used for caulking the seams of 
ships, stopping leaks, &c. 

Oak'y, a. Resembling oak ; hard ; firm ; strong. 

Oar, n. [A.-S. & Icel. ar, perhaps from Goth, arjan, 
A.-S. erian, to plow.] An instrument for rowing boats. 

Oar, v. i. To row. 

Oar. v. t: To impel by rowing. [oar. 

Oarg'man, n. ,• pi. oars'men. One who rows at the 

Oar'y, a. Having the form or use of an oar. 

£)'a-sis, or O-a'sis, n.; pi. o'a-ses, or o-a'ses_. [Lat. 
oasis, Gr. oaais, Copt, ouahe, ouahsoi, Ar. with.] A fer- 
tile place in a sandy or barren desert. 

Oast, n. [Cf. Gael, ath, atha, Ir. ath.] A kiln to dry 
hops or malt. 

Oat, n. ; chiefly used in the pi. [A.-S. 
ata, ate, atih.] (Bot.) A well-known 
plant, and more usually the seed of 
the plant. 

Oat'-eake, n. A cake made of the 

__ meal of oats. 

Oat'en (ot'n), a. 1. Consisting of an 
oat straw or stem. 2. Made of oat- 
meal. 

Oath, n. [A.-S. adh, Goth, aiths, Icel. 
eidr.) 1. A solemn affirmation, with 
an appeal to God for its truth. 2. 
A careless and blasphemous use of the name of the di- 
vine Being, or any thing divine or sacred. 

Oat'-meal, n. Meal made of oats. 

6b'du-ra-cy, or Ob-dii'ra-cy, n. State of being ob- 

' durate ; invincible hardness of heart ; obstinacy. 

Ob'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate (117), a. [Lat. obduratus, 
p. p. of obdurare, to harden.] [See Note under Con- 
template.] 1. Rendered hard; harsh; rugged; 
rough. 2. Hardened in feelings, especially against 
moral influences ; stubbornly and unfeelingly wicked. 

Syn. — Hard ; firm ; unbending ; inflexible ; unyielding ; 
stubborn; obstinate; impenitent; callous; unfeeling; insensi- 
ble; unsusceptible. — Callous denotes a deadening of the sensi- 
bilities; as, a. callous conscience. Hardened implies a general 
and settled disregard for the claims of interest, duty, and sym- 
pathy; as, hardened in vice. Obdurate rises still higher, and 
implies an active resistance of the heart and will against the 
pleadings of compassion and humanity. " There is no flesh in 
man's obdurate heart; He does not feel for man."— Co wper. 

Ob'du-rate-ly, or Ob-du'rate-ly, adv. With ob- 
stinate impenitence ; stubbornly ; inflexibly. 

Ob'du-rate-ness, or Ob-du'rate-ness, n. Inflexi- 

_ ble persistence in sin ; stubbornness. 

O'be-ah, n. A species of witchcraft practiced among the 
West Indian negroes, and supposed to have been intro- 
duced from Africa. 

O-be'di-ence, n. State of being obedient; compliance 
with what is required by authority. 

O-be'di-ent, a. [Lat. obediens, p. pr. of obedire. See 
Obey.] Subject in will or act to authority ; willing to 
obey. 

Syn. — Dutiful ; respectful; compliant; observant; regard- 
ful; subservient; submissive; obsequious. 

O-be'di-ent-ly, adv. In an obedient manner. 

O-bei'sance, or O-bei'sance, n. [Fr. obcissance, obe- 
dience, from obiissant, obedient. See infra.] A mani- 
festation of obedience ; a bow ; a courtesy. 

O-bei'sant, or O-bei'sant, a. [Fr. 
obeissant, p. pr. of obeir, to obey.] 
Showing a willingness to obey ; rev- 
erent ; submissive. 

Ob'e-lisk, n. [Lat. obeliscus, Gr. 
6/3eA.«7Kos, dim. of 6/3eA6s, a spit, a 
pointed pillar.] 1. A four-sided pil- 
lar, tapering as it rises, and cut off at 
the top in the form of aflat pyramid. 
2. (Print.) A mark [thus, t], called 
also a dagger, used as a reference to 
notes at the bottom of a page, as a 
note of censure, or to indicate that a 
word or expression is obsolete. Obelisk. 

O-bese', a. [Lat. obesus, eaten away, lean, that has eaten 
itself fat, stout, from prefix ob, and edere, esum, to eat.] 
Excessively corpulent ; fat; fleshy 



J 



O-bese'ness, ) n. State of being obese ; excessive fat- 

O-bes'i-ty, ) -ness. 

O-bey' (o-_ba/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. OBEYED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. OBEYING.] [From Lat. obedire, from prefix ob and 
audire, to hear.] 1. To yield submission to ; to comply 
with the orders of. 2. To submit to the government of, 
3. To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of. 

0-hey f er,_n. One who yields obedience. 

Ob-fiis'eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. obfuscated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. OBFUSCATING.] [Lat. obfuscare, obfuscatum, 
from prefix ob andfuscare, to make dark, from fuscus, 
dark.] 1. To darken ; to obscure. 2. Hence, to be- 

_ wilder or confuse. 

Ob'fus-ea'tion, n. Act of darkening or confusing; 

_ state of being darkened. 

O'bi, n. The same as Obeah. 

O'bit, or Ob'it, n. [Lat. obitus, from obire, to go to 
meet (sc. mortem), to die ; from prefix ob and ire, to go.] 
1. Death ; decease. 2. Hence, funeral solemnities. 3. 
An anniversary service for the soul of the deceased on 
the day of his death. 

O-bit'u-al. a. [From Lat. obitus, death.] Pertaining to 
obits, or the days when funeral solemnities are celebrated. 

O-bit'u-a-ry (44), a. [Cf. supra.] Relating to the de- 
cease of a person or persons. 

O-blt'u-a-ry, n. A notice of the death of a person, ac- 

w companied by a brief biographical sketch of his character. 

Ob'jeet, n. [Lat. objectus, objectum. See the verb.] 1, 
That with which the mind is occupied in the act of 
knowing, whether external in space or formed by the 
mind itself. 2. That which is sought for ; end ; aim ; 
motive ; final cause. 3. ( Gram.) That toward which an 
activity is directed, or is considered to be directed. 

Ob-j6et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. objected; p. pr. & vb. 
n. objecting.] [Lat. objicere, objectum, from prefix 
ob andjacere, to throw.] 1. To set before ; to bring in- 
to opposition. 2. To present or offer in opposition, as a 
criminal charge, or as a reason adverse to something sup- 
posed to be erroneous or wrong. 

Ob-je«t', v. i. To make opposition in words or argument. 

Ob-je-e'tion, n. 1. Act of objecting. 2. That which 
is, or may be, presented in opposition ; adverse reason 
or argument. 

Syn. — Exception; difficulty; doubt; scruple. 

Ob-je«'tion-a-ble, a. Justly liable to objections. 

Ob-je-et'Ive, a. 1. Pertaining to an object. 2. (Metaph.) 
Pertaining to, contained in, or being in the nature or 
position of, the object ; outward ; external ; extrinsic. 3. 
( Gram.) Pertaining to, or designating, the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a preposition. 

Objective point {Mil.), a point to which the operations of an 
army are directed. 

Syn.— Subjective.— Objective is applied to things which are 
exterior to the mind, and objects of its attention ; subjective, to 
the operations of the mind itself. Hence, an objective motive 
js some outward thing awakening desire; a subjective motive 
is some internal feeling or propensity. Objective, views are 
those which are governed by outward things; siibjective views 
are produced or modified 'by internal feeling. Sir Walter 
Scott's poetry is chiefly objective ; that of Wordsworth is emi- 
nently subjective. 

Ob-je-et'ive, n. 1. (Gram.) The objective case. 2. 
The object-glass of a microscope. 

Ob-je-et'ive-ly, adv. 1. In an objective manner. 2« 
In the state of an object. 

Ob-je-et'ive-ness, n. State or relation of being objective. 

Ob'je-e-tlv'i-ty, n. State of being objective. 

Ob'je-et-less, a. Having no object ; purposeless. 

Qb-jfi-et'or, n. One who objects. 

Ob'ju-ra'tion, n. [From Lat. objurare, to bind by oath, 
from prefix ob and jurare, to swear, from jus, right.] A 
binding by oath. 

Ob-jftr'gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. objurgated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. OBJURGATING.] [Lat. objurgare, objurgatum, 
from prefix ob and jurgare, to quarrel, scold.] To chide ; 
' to reprove ; to reprehend. 

Ob'jur-ga'tion, n. Act of objurgating; reproof; rep- 
rehension ; chiding. 

Ob-jftr'ga-to-ry, a. Designed to chide ; culpatory. 

Ob-late', a. [Lat oblatus, p. p. of offerre, to bring for- 
ward, offer, from prefix ob and ferre, to bear, bring.] 
( Geom.) Flattened or depressed at the poles. 

Ob-la'tion, n. [Lat. oblatio, from offerre, oblatum, to 
offer.] Any thing offered in worship or sacred service ) 
an offering ; a sacrifice. 

Ob'li-gate. v. t. [imp. & p.p. OBLIGATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n obligating.] [Lat. obligare, obligatum, from 
prefix ob and ligare, to bind.] 1. To bring under obli- 



food, f (Tot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, eelio ; geui, get ; ag ; ejcist ; linger, link i tixia* 



OBLIGATION 



496 



OBSERVANT 



gation. 2. To bind, as one's self, to any act of duty or 
courtesy by a formal pledge. 

frb'li-ga/tion, n. 1. Act of obligating or binding. 2. 
That which obligates ; the binding power of a vow, prom- 
ise, oath, or contract, or of law, civil, political, or moral, 
independent of a promise. 3. Especially, any act by 
which a person becomes bound to do something to or for 
another, or to forbear something. 4. State of being in- 
debted for an act of favor or kindness. 5. (Law.) A 

^bond with a condition annexed. 

Ob'li-ga'to, a. [It., literally, bound.] (Mus.) Required ; 
necessary ; — applied to voices or instruments indispen- 
sable to the just performance of a musical composition. 

6b'li-ga-to-ry (50), a. Binding in law or conscience ; 
imposing duty. 

O-blige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obliged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
OBLIGING.] 1. To constrain by physical, moral, or 
legal force. 2. To bind by some favor rendered ; hence, 
to do a favor to ; to gratify ; to accommodate. 

Ob'li-gee', n. The person to whom another is bound. 

O-bli'ger, n. One who obliges. 

0-bli'ging, a. Having the disposition to oblige or do 
favors. 

Syn. — Civil; complaisant; courteous; kind.— One is Hnd 
who desires to see others happy; one is complaisant who en- 
deavors to make them so in social intercourse by attentions cal- 
culated to please; one who is obliging performs some actual ser- 
vice, or has the disposition to do so. "We may be kind without 
being obtrusive, obliging without being officious, and complais- 
ant without being servile. 

O-bli'ging-ly, adv. With civility ; complaisantly. 

Ob'li-gor', n. The person who binds himself, or gives 
his bond to another. 

Olb-lique' (ob-leek' or ob-llk'), a. [Lat. obliquus, from 
prefix ob and liquis, oblique]. 1. Not erect or perpen- 
dicular ; slanting ; inclined. 2. Not straight forward ; 
indirect ; obscure ; hence, sometimes, underhand. 3, 
Not direct in descent ; collateral. 
Oblique case (Gram.), any case except the nominative. 

Olb-lique' (-leek' or -Ilk/), v. i. [imp. & p. p. OBLIQUED 
(ob-leekf or ob-llkt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. OBLIQUING.] 1. 
To deviate from a perpendicular line. 2. (Mil.) To move 
forward, either to the right or left, by stepping sidewise. 

Ob-lique'ly (ob-leek'- or ob-lik'-), adv. In an oblique 
manner ; not directly ; indirectly. 

Ob-lique'ness (ob-leek'- or ob-lik 7 -), n. Obliquity. 

Ob-liq'ui-ty (ob-lik'wl-ty), n. 1. Condition of being 
oblique ; deviation from a right line. 2. Deviation from 
moral rectitude. 3. Irregularity. 

Ob-lit/er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OBLITERATED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. OBLITERATING.] [Lat. obliterare, oblitera- 
tum, from prefix ob and litera, letter.] 1. To erase or 
blot out; to efface. 2. To destroy by time or other 
means. 

Ob-lit'er-a/tion, n. Act of effacing ; extinction. 

Ob-liv'i-on, n. [Lat. oblivio, from oblivisci, to forget.] 1. 
Act of forgetting, or state of being forgotten ; forgetful- 
ness. 2. An amnesty, or general pardon of crimes and 
offenses. 

Ob-liv'i-oiis, a. 1. Causing forge tfulness. 2. For- 
getful. 

Ob-liv'i-ous-ly, adv. In an oblivious manner ; forget- 
fully, [getful. 

Ob-IIv'i-ous-ness, n. State of being oblivious or for- 

Ob'long, a. [Lat. oblongus, from ob, against, and longus, 

w long.] Having greater length than breadth. 

Ob'long, n. A rectangular or other figure which is lon- 
ger than it is broad. 

Ob'long-ish, a. Somewhat oblong. 

Ob'long-ly, adv. In an oblong form. 

Ob'long-ness, n. State of having greater length than 
breadth. 

Ob'lo-quy, n. [Lat. obloquium , from obloqui, to speak 
against.] Censorious speech ; reproachful language. 

Syn. — Reproach ; odium ; censure ; contumely ; gain-say- 
ing ; reviling ; calumny ; slander ; detraction. 

Ob-nox'ious (-n5k'shus), a. [Lat. obnoxius, fr. prefix 
ob and noxius, hurtful.] 1. Liable to censure ; repre- 
hensible ; blameworthy. 2. Hence, offensive ; odious ; 
hateful. 3. Liable ; exposed ; subject ; answerable. 

Ob-nox'ious-ly (-nok'shus-), adv. In an obnoxious 
manner ; offensively. 

Ob-nox'ious-ness (-nSk'shus-), n. The condition of 

__ being obnoxious: liability; odiousness; offensiveness. 

O'bo-e, n. [It. oboe, Fr. hautbois. See HAUTBOY.] A 
portable wind instrument of music sounded by means of 
a reed ; a hautboy. 



Ob'ole, n. The weight of twelve grains ; or, according to 
some, of ten grains. 

Ob'o-lize, v. t. The same as OBELIZE, q. v. 

Ob'o-liis, n. [Lat. obolus, Gr. 6/3oA6s.] (Antiq.) (a.) A 
small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, 
about three cents in value, (b.) An ancient weight, the 
sixth part of a drachm. 

Ob-o'vate, a. [Lat. ob and ovatus, egg-shaped; fn. 
ovum , egg.] ( Bot. ) Inversely ovate ; ovate with the nar- 
row end downward. 

Ob-scene', a. [Lat. obscenus, obsccmus.] 1. Expressing 
or presenting to the mind or view something which deli- 
cacy, purity, and decency forbid to be exposed. 2. 
Foul ; filthy ; offensive ; disgusting. 3. Inauspicious ; 
ill-omened. [A Latinism.] 

Syn. — Impure ; immodest ; indecent ; unchaste ; lewd. 

Ob-scene'ly, adv. In a manner offensive to chastity oc 
purity ; impurely ; unchastely. 

Qb-scene'ness, I n. That quality in words or things 

Ob-scen'i-ty, j which presents what is offensive to 
chastity or purity of mind. 
Syn. — Ribaldry ; impurity ; lewdness. 

Ob's-eu-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of obscuring. 2. State of 
being obscured. 

Ob-s-eure', a. [compar. OBSCURER ; svperl. obscur- 
est.] [Lat. obscurus.] 1. Covered over, shaded, dark- 
ened ; imperfectly illuminated. 2. Living in darkness ; 
hidden. 3. Not much known or observed ; remote from 
observation. 4. Not noted ; unknown ; humble. 5. 
Not easily understood or made out. 6. Not clear, full, 
or distinct. 

Syn. — Dark; dim; darksome; abstruse; intricate; difficult; 
mysterious; retired ; unnoticed ; unknown ; humble ; mean ; 
indistinct ; imperfect ; defective. 

Ob-s-eure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obscured ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. OBSCURING.] [Lat. obscnrare, from obscurus.] 
To render obscure ; to darken ; to make less intelligible, 
legible, visible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. 

Ob-s-eure'ly, adv. In an obscure manner ; imperfectly ; 
darkly ; dimly ; privately ; indirectly. 

Ob-s-eure'ness, I n. State or quality of being obscure ; 

Ob-s-eu'ri-ty, ) privacy ; unintelligibleness ; humility. 
Syn. — Darkness ; dimness ; gloom. See Darkness. 

Ob'se-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. obsecrated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. OBSECRATING.] [Lat. obsecrare, obsecratum, 
from prefix ob and sacrare, to declare as sacred, from 

w sacer, sacred.] To beseech ; to entreat ; to supplicate. 

Ob'se-era'tion, n. 1. Act of imploring. 2. (Rhet.) 
A figure of speech in which the orator implores the as- 
sistance of God or man. 

Ob-se'qui-ous, a. [Lat. obsequiosas, from obsequium, 
compliance, from obsequi. See OBSEQUY.] Servilely or 
meanly condescending ; compliant to excess. 

Syn. — Yielding; attentive; compliant; obedient; servile.— 
In many cases, a man may be attentive or yielding in a high 
degree without any sacrifice of his dignity ; but he who is obse- 
quious seeks to curry favor by excessive and mean compliance 
for some selfish end. 

Ob-se'qni-ous-ly, adv. In an obsequious manner ; with 
obsequiousness ; with prompt compliance. 

Ob-se'qui-ous-ness, n. The state of being obsequious ; 

w ready obedience ; servile submission. 

Ob'se-quy, n. ; pi. OB'SE-Qufes. [Lat. obsequium, com- 
pliance, from obsequi, to comply with, yield to, from pre- 
fix ob and sequi, to follow, accede to.] A funeral rite or 
solemnity ; the last duty performed to a deceased person ; 
— chiefly used in the plural. 

Ob-§erv'a-ble, a. Worthy or capable of being observed 
or noticed ; remarkable. 

Ob-§erv'a-bly, adv. In an observable manner. 

Ob-§erv'ance, n. 1. Act of observing or noticing with 
attention ; tokens or marks of fidelity. 2. That which 
is to be observed or attended to ; rule of practice. 3. 
Performance of religious ceremonies, or formal service. 

Syn.— Observation.— Observance and observation branch out 
from two distinct senses of observe. 1. To observe means to 
keep strictly; as, to observe the Sabbath; and hence, observance 
denotes the keeping of a rule or law with strictness; as, the ob- 
servance of the Sabbath, &c. 2. To observe means to consider 
attentively, or remark; and hence, observation denotes either 
the act of observing, or some remark made as the result thereof. 
Hence, we ought not to say the observation of the Sabbath, &c, 
though the word was formerly so used. 

Ob'setf-vari'dum, n. ; pi. bB'SER-TAN'VA. [Lat.] 
A thing to be observed. 

Ob-gerr'ant, a. 1. Taking notice ; attentively viewing 
or noticing. 2. Adhering in practice. 3. Carefully at- 
tentive. 



a,e,&c,Zow£; &,6,&c.,jAor*; c&re, far, ask, ail, what ; fire.Teil, t§rm; pXque,ftrm; s6n,6r, rt«>, wolf, 



OBSERVATION 



Syn.— Mindful ; regardful ; obedient ; submissive. 

Ob'ger-va/tion, n. 1. Act or power of observing or 
taking notice ; act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, 
any thing. 2. That which is observed or noticed. 3. 
A remark. 4. Performance of what is prescribed ; ob- 
servance. 5. The act of recognizing and noting some 
fact or occurrence in nature. 

Syn.— Observance; notice; attention; remark; comment; 
note. See Observance. 

Ob'gerv-a/tor, n. 1. One who observes or takes notice. 
2. A reinarker. 

Ob-gerv'a-to-ry (50), n. 1. A place from which a view 
may be observed. 2. Especially, a place or building for 
making observations on the heavenly bodies. 3. Hence, 
a building fitted with instruments for making systematic 
observations of any particular class of natural phenom- 
ena. 

Ob-gerve' (ob-zerv', 14). v. t. [imp. & p. p. observed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. OBSERVING.] [Lat. observare, from pre- 
fix ob and servare, to preserve, heed, keep.] 1. To pay 
attention to ; to notice with care. 2. To treat with ob- 
sequious attention. 3. To regard with religious care ; to 
celebrate. 4. To utter as a remark ; to say in a casual 
way. 5. To comply with ; to obey. 

Ob-gcrve', v. i. 1. To take notice ; to attend. 2. To 
make a remark ; to comment. 
Syn. — See Remark. 

Ob-gerv'er, n. One who observes, or pays careful at- 
tention to, any thing. 

Ob-gerv'ing, a. Giving particular attention ; attentive 
to what passes. 

Ob-ses'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. obsessio, from obsidere, 
obsessum, from prefix ob and sedere, to sit.] Act of be- 
sieging, or state of being besieged. 

Ob-sid'i-an, n. [So named, according to Pliny, after one 
Obsidius, who discovered it in Ethiopia.] (Min.) A kind 
of glass produced by volcanoes. 

Ob-sid'i-o-nal, a. [Lat. obsidionalis, from obsidio, a 
siege, from obsidere, to besiege.] Pertaining to a siege. 

Obsidional crown, a crown bestowed upon a general who 
raised the siege of a beleaguered place. 

Ob'so-les'cence, n. State of becoming obsolete. 

Ob'so-les'cent, a. [Lat. obsolescens, p. pr. of obsoles- 
cere, obsoletum, to fall into disuse, from prefix ob and 
solere, to use, be wont.] Going out of use ; passing into 
desuetude. 

Ob'so-lete, a. [Lat. obsoletus, p. pr. of obsolescere. See 
supra.] 1. No longer common : disused ; neglected. 2. 
(Nat. Hist.) Not very distinct ; obscure. 

Syn. — Ancient ; antiquated ; old-fashioned ; antique ; old. 
See Ancient. 

Ob'so-lete'ness, n. The state of being obsolete. 

Ob'sta-ele, n. [Lat. obstaculum, from obstare, to stand 
before or against, to withstand, from prefix ob and stare, 
to stand.] Any thing that hinders progress ; obstruc- 
tion, either in a physical or moral sense. 

Syn. —Impediment ; hindrance; difficulty. See Imped- 
iment. 

Ob-stet'rle, ) a. [Lat. obstetrecius, from obstetrix, 

Ob-stet'ric-al, ) obstetricis, a midwife ; from obstare, 
to stand before. See supra.] Pertaining to midwifery, or 

w the delivery of women in childbed. 

Ob'ste-tri'cian (-trlsh'an), n. One skilled in obstetrics. 

Ob-stet'ries, n. sing. Science of midwifery ; art of as- 
sisting women in parturition. 

Ob'sti-na-cy, n. 1. Unyielding fixedness in opinion or 
resolution. 2. Fixedness that will not yield to applica- 
tion or that yields with difficulty. 

Syn. —Pertinacity ; firmness ; resoluteness ; inflexibility ; 
persistency ; stubbornness ; perverseness ; contumacy. — Per- 
tinacity denotes great firmness in holding on to a thing; as, 
pertinacity of opinion, &c. Obstinacy is great firmness in hold- 
ing outagainst persuasion, attack, &c; as, obstinacy of will. The 
former consists in adherence, the latter in resistance. Pertinac- 
ity is often used in a good sense ; obstinacy is almost always 
taken in a bad one ; but not so the adjective obstinate, for we 
speak with applause of the obstinate defense of a fortress, &c. 

Qb'sti-nate, a. [Lat. obstinatus, p. p. of obstinare, to 
persist in, a lengthened form of obstare, to stand before.] 
1. Pertinaciously adhering to an opinion or purpose. 2. 
Not easily subdued or removed. 

Syn. — Stubborn ; inflexible ; immovable ; firm ; resolute ; 
pertinacious : headstrong ; heady : opinionated ; refractory ; 
perverse ; contumacious. See Stubborn. 

Ob'sti-nate-ly, adv. In an obstinate manner; stub- 
bornly ;_pertinaciously. 

Ob'sti-pa'tion, n. [From Lat. obslipare, to lean to one 
side, from obstipus, bent or inclined to one side, from 



497 OBVERT 

prefix ob and stipes, a log, stock ; or from prefix ob and 
stipare, to crowd or press together.] Act of stopping up, 



Ob-strep'er-oiis, a. [Lat. obstrepsrus, from obstrepere, 
to make a noise at.] Attended by, or making a tumultu- 
ous noise ; loud ; clamorous ; noisy. 

Ob-strep'er-oiis-ly, adv. With tumultuous noise. 

Ob-strep'er-ous-ness, n. Loudness ; clamor. 

Ob-stri-e'tion, n. [From Lat. obstringere, obstrictum, 
to bind to or about, from prefix ob and stringere, to bind 
tight.] The state of being constrained or obliged ; obli- 
gation , bond. 

Ob-striiet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obstructed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. OBSTRUCTING.] [Lat. obstruere, obstruction, fir. 
prefix ob and struere, to pile up.] 1. To block up; to 
stop up or close, as a way or passage. 2. To hinder from 
passing. 3. To render slow. 

Syn. — To bar ; barricade ; stop ; arrest ; check ; inter- 
rupt ; clog ; choke ; impede ; retard ; embarrass ; oppose. 

Ob-struet'er, n. One who obstructs or hinders. 
Oh-strue'tion, n. 1. Act of obstructing, or state of 

being obstructed. 2. That which obstructs or impedes ; 

impediment ; hindrance. 
Syn. — Obstacle. — Obstacle is stronger than obstruction; 

the latter serves to impede or hinder ; the former acts with 

direct resistance. "We remove obstructions; we surmount 

obstacles. 

Ob-struet'ive, a. Tending to obstruct; hindering; 

w causing impediment. 

Ob'stru-ent, a. Blocking up ; hindering. 

Ob'stru-ent, n. [Lat. obstruens, p. pr. of obstruere. 
See Obstruct.] Any thing that obstructs or closes a 
passage, especially one of the natural passages in the 
body. 

Ob-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obtained ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. OBTAINING.] [Lat. obtinere, from prefix o^and tenere, 
to hold.] To get hold of by effort ; to gain possession of; 
to acquire. 

Syn. — To attain ; gain ; procure ; acquire ; win ; earn. 

Ob-tain', v. i. To have a firm footing ; to become preva- 
lent or general. 

Ob-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being obtained. 

Ob-tain'ei-, n. One who obtains. 

Ob-test', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obtested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. OBTESTING.] [0. Fr. obtester, Lat. obtestari, from 
prefix ob and testari, to witness, from testis, a witness.] 

1. To call to witness. 2. To beseech ; to supplicate. 
Ob'tes-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of supplicating ; entreaty. 

2. Act of obtesting or protesting ; earnest declaration. 
Ob-trude', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. obtruded; p. pr. & 

vb. n" OBTRUDING.] [Lat. obtrudere, from prefix ob and 
trudere, to thrust.] 1. To thrust in or upon. 2. To 
offer with unreasonable importunity. 

Syn. — To intrude. — To intrude is to thrust one's self into 
a place, society, &c, without risrht, or uninvited ; to obtrude is 
to force one's self, remarks, opinions, &c, upon persons with 
whom one has no such intimacy as to justify such boldness. 

Ob-trude', v. i. To enter without right ; to make an 
officious or importunate offer. 

Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 

Ob-trii'gion (-zhun), n. Act of obtruding; a thrusting 
upon'others by force or unsolicited. 

Ob-tru'sive, a. Disposed to obtrude ; inclined to in- 
trude'or thrust one's self among others. 

Ob-tru'sive-ly, adv. In an obtrusive manner. 

Ob-tu'nd', v. t. [imp. & p.p. obtunded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. OBTUNDING.] [Lat. obtundere, obtrtsum, from 
prefix ob and tundere, to strike or beat with repeated 
strokes.] To dull ; to blunt ; to deaden. 

Ob-tuse', a. [compar. obtuser: superl. obtusest.] 
[Lat. obtusus, p. pr. of obtundere, obtusum, to blunt. See 
Obtund.] 1. Not pointed or acute ; applied to angles 
greater than a right angle. 2. Not having acute sensi- 
bility ; dull. 3. Not sharp or shrill ; obscure. 

Ob-tuse'-an/gled, a. Having an obtuse angle. 

Ob-tuse'ly, adv. In an obtuse manner ; dully. 

Ob-tuse'ness, n. State or quality of being obtuse. 

Ob-tu'§ion (-zhun), n. [Lat. obtusio, from obtundere, to 
blunt. See Obtund.] 1. Act of making obtuse or 
blunt. 2. The state of being dulled or blunted. 

Ob-verse' (14), a. [Lat. obversus, p. p. of obvertere. See 
Obvert.] (Bot.) Having the base narrower than the 

^ top, as a leaf. 

Ob'verse, n. The face of a coin, haying the principal 
image or inscription upon it. 

Ob-verse'ly, adv. In an obverse form or manner. 

Ob-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obverted ; p. pr. & vb. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, cbaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



OBVIATE 



498 



OCTODECIMO 



n. OB VERTING.] [Lat. obvertere, from prefix ob, and 
vertere, to turn.] To turn toward or downward. 

Oh'vi-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. obviated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. OBVIATING.] [Lat. obviare, obvialum, from prefix 
ob and viare, to go, from via, way.] To meet in the 
way ; hence, to prevent by interception ; hence to clear 
the way of. 

6b' vi-a'tion, n. Act of obviating or state of being ob- 



Olb-vi-ous, a. 1. Open ; exposed ; liable ; subject. 2. 
Easily discovered, seen, or understood. 

Syn. — Manifest ; plain ; clear ; evident ; apparent. See 
Manifest. 

Olb'vi-ous-ly, adv. In a manner that is obvious. 

Oh'vi-ofi.s-ness, n. State of being obvious or evident. 

Oto'vo-lute, ) a. [Lat. obvolutus, p. p. of obvolvere, to 

Oh'vo-lut'ed, j wrap round, to cover all over, from 
prefix ob and volvere, to roll, turn around.] (Bot.) Ar- 
ranged so as alternately to overlap, as the margins of 
one leaf those of the opposite one. 

Oe-ea'§ion, n. [Lat. occasio, from occidere, occasum, to 
fall down, from prefix ob and cadere, to fall.] 1. A 
falling, happening, or coming to pass ; an occurrence, 
casualty, incident. 2. A favorable opportunity. 3. 
Accidental cause. 4. Opportunity to use; incidental 
need; requirement. 

Syn. — Opportunity ; necessity ; need ; incident ; use. See 
Opportunity. 

O-e-ea'gion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. occasioned; p.pr. 
& vb. n. occasioning.] To give occasion to ; to cause 
incidentally. 

Oe-ea'§ion-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or occurring at 
times, but not regular or systematic ; casual ; incident- 
al. 2. Produced by accident. 3. Produced or made 
on some special event. 

Oe-ea'§ion-al-ly, adv. In an occasional manner; on 
occasion ; at times ; not regularly. 

Oe-ea'§ion-er, n. One who occasions. 

Oe-ea'sive, a. [Lat. occasivus, from occasus, a going 
down, setting of the heavenly bodies, from occidere, to 
fall or go down.] Pertaining to the setting sun ; falling ; 
descending. 

Oe'ci-dent, n. [Lat. occidens, from occidens, p. pr. of 
occidere, to fall or go down. See Occasion.] The 
western quarter of the hemisphere ; the west. 

Oe'ci-dent'al, a. 1. Situated in, or pertaining to, the 
west ; western. 2. Setting after the sun. 

Oe-clp'i-tal, a. Pertaining to the occiput, or the back 

w part of the head. 

Oe'ci-piit, n. [Lat., from prefix ob and caput, head.] 
(Anat.) The part of the skull which forms the hind part 
of the head. 

Oe-elu'§ion, n. [Prom occlusus, p. p. of occlude.re, to 
shut up, from prefix ob andLcludere, cloud ere, to shut.] 1. 
Act of shutting up ; state of being shut up. 2. Tran- 
sient approximation of the edges of a natural opening ; 
also, imperforation. 

Oe-efilt', a. [Lat. occultus, p. p. of occidere, to cover up, 
hide, from prefix ob and colere, to cultivate, till, tend.] 
Hidden from the eye or understanding ; invisible ; secret ; 
unknown. 

Occult sciences, those imaginary sciences of the middle ages 
which related to the supposed action or influence of supernat- 
ural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology. 

Oe'cul-ta/tion, n. 1. Act of rendering occult, or state 
of being occult. 2. (Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly 
body from sight by the intervention of some other of the 
heavenly bodies. 

O-e-eiilt/ness, n. State of being occult ; secretness. 

Oe'eu-pan-cy, n. Act of taking or holding possession ; 
possession. 

Oe'eui-pant, n. [Lat. occupans, p. pr. of occupare. See 
infra.] One who occupies ; one who has the actual use 
or possession, or is in possession, of a thing. 

Oe'eu-pa'tion, n. 1. The act of occupying or taking 
possession. 2. The state of being occupied. 3. That 
which occupies the time and attention; the principal 
business of one's life. 

Syn. — Occupancy ; possession; tenure; use; employ- 
ment ; avocation ; engagement ; vocation ; calling ; office ; 
trade ; profession. 

Oe'eu-pi ; er, n. One who occupies. 

Oe'eu-py (54), v. t. [imp. & p. p. occupied ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. occupying.] [Pr. occuper, from Lat. occupare, fr. 
ob and caper e, to take.] 1. To take or hold in posses- 
sion ; to possess. 2. To hold, or fill, the dimensions of; 
to cover or fill. 3. To employ ; to use. 4. To employ ; 
to busy; — used reflexively. 5. To follow as a business. 



o 



Oe'eu-py, v. i. To hold possession ; to be an occupant; 
to follow business ; to negotiate. 

Oe-eur', v. i. [imp. & p. p. occurred; p. pr. & vb. 
n. OCCURRING.] [Lat. occurrere, from prefix ob and 
currere, to run.] 1. To be found here and there ; to ap- 
pear. 2. To meet or come to the mind 

Oe-efir'rence, n. A coming or happening ; hence, any 

_ incident or accidental event ; any single event. 

O'cean (o'shun), n. [Lat. oceanus, Gr. wjceavos, perhaps 
from wkus, quick, rapid, and vdetv, to flow ; or from Skr. 
Ogha, a heap, stream, flood of water.] 1. The water 
considered as one vast body surrounding the land;*— 
called also the sea, or great sea. 2. One of the large 
bodies of water into which the great ocean is regarded as 

_ divided. 3. Hence, an immense expanse. 

O'ce-an'ie (6'she-an'ik), a. Pertaining to the ocean; 

_ found or formed in the ocean. 

O'cel-la'ted or O-cel'la-ted, a. [Lat. ocellatus, from 
ocellus, a little eye, dim. of ocidus, an eye.] 1. Resem- 

_ bling an eye. 2. Pormed with the figures of little eyes. 

O'ce-lot, n. [Mexic. ocelotl.] (Zo'dl.) A digitigrade car- 

_ nivorous mammal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. 

O'eher ) (o'ker), n. [Lat. ochra, Gr. a>xpa, from wxpos, 

O'ehre j pale, pale yellow.] (Min.) A variety of fine 
clay containing iron. The common colors are yellow 

_and red. 

O'eher-ous, ) a. 1. Consisting of, or containing, ocher. 

O'etire-ous, j 2. Resembling ocher. 

O'eher-y, a. Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, 
ocher. 

Oeh-loe'ra-cy, n. [Gr. bx^oKparCa, from o^Aos, the 
populace, multitude, and Kpareiv, to be strong, to rule, 
from /cparos, strength.] A form of government in which 

w the multitude or common people rule. 

Oelrlo-erat'ie, la. Pertaining to ochlocracy ; hav- 

Oeh'lo-erat'ie-al, j ing the form or character of an 

_ ochlocracy. 

O'ehrey, a. See Ochery. 

O'era, n. (Min.) See Okra. 

Oe'ta-gon, n. [Gr. oKrayiovos , eigut-cornered, / V 
from o/cTco, eight, and yuivia, corner.] ( Geom.) | 
A plane figure of eight sides and eight angles. 

Oe-tag'o-nal, a. Having eight sides and eight ' 

.angles. Octagon. 

Oe'ta-he'dral, a. [See Octahedron.] Hav- 

w ing eight equal faces or sides. 

Oe'ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. oKraeSpov, from o/craefipos, 
eight-sided, from 6/ctw, eight, and eSpa, 
seat, base.] ( Geom.) A solid contained 
by eight equal and equilateral trian- 
gles. 

Oe-tan'gu-lar, a. [Lat. octangulus, 
eight-cornered, from octo, eight, and 

w angulus, corner, angle.] Having eight angles. 

Oe'tant, n. [Lat. octans, octantis, from octo, eight.] 1. 
(Geom.) The eighth part of a circle. 2. (Astron. & 
Astrol.) The position or aspect of a heavenly body, when 
halfway between conjunction, or opposition, and quad- 

^ rature, or distant from another body forty-five degrees. 

Oe'tave, a. [Lat. octavus, eighth, from octo, eight.] 

w Consisting of eight ; eight. 

Oe'tave, n. 1. The eighth day after a church festival, 
the festival itself being included ; hence, also, the week 
immediately following a church festival. 2. (Mus.) (a.) 
The eighth tone in the scale, (b.) The scale itself. 

Oe-ta'vo, a. Pormed of sheets folded so as to make eight 
leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one of such leaves. 

Oe-ta'vo, n. ; pi. oe-TA / vog. [From Lat. in octavo, 
from octavus. See supra.] 1. A book composed of 
sheets folded so as to make eight leaves. 2. The size of 
a book thus composed. 

Oe-ten'ni-al, a. [Lat. octennis, from octo, eight, and 
annus, year.] 1. Happening every eighth year. 2. 

w Lasting eight years. 

Oe'tile, n. [From Lat. octo, eight.] The same as Oc- 
tant. 

Oe-tlll'ion (ok-tiVyun), n. [Lat. octo, eight.] Accord- 
ing to the English method of numeration, the number 
produced by involving a million to the eighth power, and 
expressed by a unit with 48 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the French method, the number expressed by a unit 
with 27 ciphers annexed. See NUMERATION. 

Oe-to'ber, n. [Lat., from octo, eight, the eighth month of 
the old Roman year, which began in March.] The tenth 
month of the Julian year, containing thirty -one days. 

\ Oe'to-dec'i-mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to 

j make eighteen leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one of 

I such leaves. 



Octahedron. 



a,e,&c.,£ong-; &,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; §re, veil, term; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



OCTODECIMO 



499 



OFFENSIVE 



Oe'to-de$'i-mo, n. ; pi. oc'to-dec'i-Mos.. [Lat. octo- 
decim, eighteen, equiv. to decern et octo.] 1. A book 
composed of sheets folded so as to make eighteen leaves. 
2. The size of a book thu« composed. 

Oe'to-ge-na/ri-an, n. A person eighty years of age. 

Oe-tog'e-iia-ry, or 6e'to-ge-na-ry, a. [Lat. octo- 
genarius, from octogeni, eighty each, from octo, eight.] 
Of eighty years of age. 

Oe'to-pod, n. [Gr. oktuttovs, from oktw, eight, and 
wows, 7to56s, foot.] (ZoUl.) A mollusk or insect having 
eight feet or legs. 

6-e'to-rdbn/, n. [From Lat. octo, eight.] The offspring 
of a quadroon and a white person. 

Oe'to-style, n. [Gr. o/n-a>, eight, and orvAos, pillar.] 
(Arch.) An edifice or portico adorned with eight columns, 
or a range of eight columns in front. 

dc'to-syl-lab'i-e, ) a. [Lat. octosyllabics, from octo, 

de'to-syl-lao'ie-al, | eight, and syllaba, syllable.] 

Oe'to-syl'la-ble, ) Consisting of eight syllables. 

Oe'to-syl'la-ble, n. A word of eight syllables. 

Oc-troi' (ok-trwa'j, n. [Fr, octroi, from octroy er, to grant, 
from Lat. auctorare, to confirm.] 1. A society or guild 
endowed with the exclusive privilege of trade. 2. A tax 
levied at the gate of a city on articles of produce brought 
within the walls, 

Oe'tu-ple, a. [Lat. octuplus, Gr. OKTa/nAov?, from oktw, 
eight, and ankovs, one-fold, single.] Eightfold. 

Oe'u-lar, «- [Lat. ocularis, ocularius, from oculus, the 

w eye.] Depending on, or perceived by, the eye. 

Oe'u-lar-ly, adv. By the eye, sight, or actual view. 

Oe'u-li-form, a. [Lat. oculus^ the eye, and forma, 

^ shape.] In the form of an eye. 

Oe'u-list, n. [From Lat. oculus, the eye.] One skilled 

w in treating diseases of the eyes. 

Od, or Od, n. [Gr. 686;, passage.] A force or natural 
power, supposed to produce the phenomena of mesmer- 
_ism, and to be developed by various agencies. 

O'da-llsque' , n. [Fr., from Turk. Odalik, chamber-com- 
panion, from bdah, chamber, room.] A female slave or 

^ concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. 

Odd, a. [compar. odder ; superl. ODDEST.] [Sw. udda, 
odd ; W. od, singular, odd. Cf. 0. H. Ger. Odi, empty, 
Icel. audhr, Goth, auths, desert, solitary.] 1. Not 
paired with another ; alone. 2% Left over, after a round 
number has been taken ; remaining ; hence, having no 
great value ; insignificant. 3. Not divisible by two with- 
out a remainder ; not even. 4. Different from what is 
usual or common ; peculiar ; unique. 5. Unsuitable or 
inappropriate. 

Syn.— Quaint; unmatched ; singular ; unusual ; extraor- 
dinary ; strange ; queer ; eccentric ; whimsical ; fantastical ; 
droll ; comical. 

6dd'-f ellow, n. A member of a certain secret society, 
established for mutual aid and social enjoyment. 

Odd'i-ty, n. 1. State of being odd; singularity; queer- 
ness. 2. That which is odd. 

Odd'ly, adv. In an odd or queer manner; unevenly; 
strangely. 

5dd'ness, n. 1. State of being odd, or not even. 2. 
Singularity ; strangeness. 

Oddg,n. sing. & pi. [See Odd, a.] Difference in favor 
of one and against another ; inequality ; advantage ; 
superiority. 

At odds, in dispute ; at variance. — Odds and ends, rem- 
nants ; fragments ; refuse ; scraps. 

Ode, n. [Gr. coSr?, a lyric song, contr. fr. doi8>;, from 
aeiSetv, to sing.] A short, dignified poem or song, proper 
to be set to music or sung ; a lyric poem. 

O-de'on, n. [Gr. loSelov, from coS??.] A kind of theater 
in Greece, in which poets and musicians contended for 
public prizes ; — in modern usage, a hall or chamber for 

_ musical orjlramatic performances. 

Od'ie, or Od'ie, a. Of, or pertaining to, the peculiar 

_ force called od. See Od. 

O'di-ous, a. [Lat. odiosus, from odium, hatred, from 
odi, odisse. to hate.] 1. Deserving hatred. 2. Causing 
disgust. 3. Causing hate. 4. Exposed to hatred ; 
hated. 

Syn. — Hateful; detestable; abominable; disgusting; loath- 

_some; invidious; repulsive; forbidding; unpopular. 

Q'di-ous-ly , adv. In an odious manner ; hatefully. 

Q'di-ous-ness, n. Quality of being odious ; hatefulness. 

0'di-um,n. [Lat., from odi, odisse, to hate.] 1. Hatred; 
dislike. 2. The quality that provokes hatred; offen- 
siveness. 

Syn. — Hatred. — Hatred is a thing we exercise; odium, is a 
thing we endure; in this sense, the former is active and the 
latter passive. We speak of having a hatred for a man, but not 



of having an odium toward him. A tyrant incurs the hatred, 
of all good men, and, by his actions, brings upon himself the 
public odium. The odium of an oftense may sometimes fall 
unjustly upon one who is innocent. 

O-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. b§6p.erpov, 686fteTpos, fr. 686s, 
way, and perpov, measure.] An instrument attached to 

_the wheel of a carriage, to measure distance in traveling. 

Odon-tdVgi-d, n. [Gr. bSovraXyCa, from bSovs, bSovros, 
a tooth, and aAyos, pain.] (Med.) Pain in the teeth ; 

_ toothache, w [to the toothache. 

O/don-tal'gi-e, or Od'on-taJ'gie (110), a. Pertaining 

O'don-tal'gie^rOd'on-tal'gie,™. (Med.) A remedy 

_for the toothache. w [talgia. 

O'don-tal'gy, or OcVon-tal'gy, n. (Med.) Odon- 

O'don-tol'o-gy, or Od'on-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. 
bSovs, 656t'TOs, a tooth, and Aoyos, discourse.] (Anat.) 
That branch of anatomy which, treats of the structure 

_ and development of the teeth. 

O'dor, n. [Lat.] Any smell, whether fragrant or offea* , 
sive ; scent. f 

To be in bad odor, to be out of favor. 

O'dor-ant, a. Bearing odors ; odoriferous. 

O'dor-If 'er-ous, a. [Lat. odorifer, from odor, odor, and 
ferre, to bear.] Giving scent; fragrant; perfumed; 

_ usually, sweet of scent. 

O'dor-oiis, a. [Lat. odorus, from odor, odor.] Having 
or emitting an odor ; especially, having a sweet odor ; 

_ fragrant. 

O'dyle (o'dTl), n. [Gr. 686s, passage, and vX-n, matter 
or material.] A supposed natural power or influence 
alleged to produce the phenomena of mesmerism. See Od. 

ffie'u-men'k-al, a. See Ecumenical. 

O'er, prep. & adv. A contraction for over. See OVER, 

CE-s6i>h'a-gus, n. See Esophagus. 

Of (or), prep. [A.-S. of, Icel. & Goth, of, allied to Lat. 
ab, Gr. goto, Skr, apa.] From, or out from ; proceeding 
from, as the cause, source, means, author, or agent be- 
stowing ; belonging to ; pertaining or relating to ; con- 

^ cerning ; — used in a variety of applications. 

Off, a. On die opposite or further side ; most distant. 

Off, adv. [From of, supra.] From ; away from ; — denot- 
ing, (a.) Distance, (b.) Separation ; removal, (c.) De- 
parture, abatement, remission, or a leaving, (d.) Oppo- 
site direction, (e.) The opposite side of a question. 

From off, off from; off. — Off and on, (a.) Atone time apply- 
ing and engaged, then absent or remiss, (b.) (JVaut.) On dif- 
ferent tacks, now toward, and now away from, the land. — To 
come off, (a.) To escape, (b.) To take place. — To get off, (a.) 
To alight. (6.) To make escape.— To gooff, (a.) To depart ; 
to desert. (&.) To be discharged, as a gun. — To take off, (a.) 
To take away. (6.) To mimic or personate.— Well off, ill off, 
badly off, having good or ill success. 

Off, prep. Not on. 

6ff, inter j. Away; begone; — a command to depart, 

w either with or without contempt or abhorrence. 

Offal, n. [From off and fall.] 1. Waste meat ; parts 
rejected as unfit for use. 2. Carrion ; putrid meat. 3. 
Refuse ; rubbish. 

Of-fence', n. See OFFENSE. 

Of -fend', v. t. [imp. & p.p. offended ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. OFFENDING.] [Lat, offender e, offensum, from prefix 
ob and fend ere, to thrust, dash.] 1. To displease; to 
make angry. 2. To shock ; to pain; to annoy. 3. To 
draw to evil, or hinder in obedience. 

Of -fend', v. i. 1. To commit a crime; to sin. 2. To 
cause dislike or anger. 3. To be scandalized. 

Of-f end'er, n. One who offends ; a criminal ; a tres- 
passer. 

Of-fense', n. [See Offend.] 1. Act of offending, dis- 
pleasing or hurting. 2. An open violation of law. 3. 
That which offends ; that which excites anger. 4. State 
of being offended. 

ts3~ This word, like expense, has usually been spelled with a 
c. It ought, however, to undergo the same change with ex- 
pense, the reasons being the same, namely, that s is used in 
offensive as in expensive, and is found in the Latin offensio, 
and the French offense. 

Syn. — Displeasure; umbrage; resentment; misdeed; mis- 
demeanor ; trespass ; transgression ; delinquency ; fault ; sin$ 
crime ; affront ; indignity ; outrage ; insult. 

Of-fen'sive, a. [See Offend.] 1. Causing displeasure 
or some degree of anger. 2. Giving pain or unpleasant 
sensations. 3. Causing evil or injury. 4. Used in at- 
tack. 5. Making the first attack. 

Syn. —Displeasing ; disagreeable ; distasteful ; obnoxious; 
abhorrent ; disgusting ; impertinent ; rude ; saucy; reproach- 
ful : opprobrious ; insulting ; insolent ; abusive ; scurrilous ; 
assailant ; attacking ; invading. 

Of-fen'sive, n. State or posture of one who offends or 
makes attack. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



OFFENSIVELY 



500 



OLDISH 



Of-f en'sive-ly, adv. In an offensive manner. 

Of-fen'slve-ness, n. Quality or condition of being 

w offensive. 

Offer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OFFERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
offering,] [Lat. offerre, from prefix ob and ferre, to 
bear, bring.] 1. To bring to or before ; to present for 
acceptance or rejection. 2. To make a proposal to. 3. 
Hence, to attempt ; to undertake. 4. To present in 
prayer or devotion. 5. To bid, as a price, reward, or 
wages. 6. To manifest in an offensive way. 

Syn. — To exhibit ; propose ; propound ; move ; proffer ; 
tender ; sacrifice ; immolate. 

Of 'f er, v. i. 1. To present itself. 2. To declare a wil- 

w lingness. 3. To make an attempt. 

Offer, n. 1. Act of offering or bringing forward. 2. 

w Tbat wbich is offered or brought forward ; a proposal. 

Of fer-a-l>le, a. Capable of being offered. 

Of fer-er, n. One who offers. 

Of 'f er-ing, n. That which is offered, especially in divine 
service ; a sacrifice ; an oblation . 

6f'fer-to-ry, n. 1. {Rom. Cath. Church.) (a.) An 
anthem chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, 
during the offering and first part of the mass. (b. ) That 
part of the mass in which the priest prepares the ele- 
ments for consecration. 2. ( Church ofEng.) The verses 
of Scripture near the beginning of the communion service, 
read while the alms are collecting. 

Off-hand, a. & adv. Without study or preparation. 

Office, n. [Lat. officium, from prefix ob and facere , to 
make or do.] 1. Work to be performed for, or with 
reference to, others; duty; especially, customary duty. 
2. A special duty, trust, or charge, conferred by au- 
thority and for a public purpose. 3. That which is per- 
formed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a particular 
thing. 4. The place in which public officers and others 
transact business. 5. Hence, the company or corpo- 
ration whose place of business is their office. 6. pi. 
The apartments in which the domestics discharge the 
several duties attached to the service of a house, as 
kitchens, pantries, &c. 7. (Eccl.) The service appointed 
for a particular occasion. 8. (Canon Law.) A benefice 
with no jurisdiction annexed to it. 
House of office, a privy; a necessary. 
Syn.— Business; function; duty; charge; benefit; service. 

Of fi-cer, n. One who holds an office ; a magistrate. 

Of fi-^er, v. t. To furnish with officers. 

Of-fi'cial (-flsh'al), a. [Lat. officialis. See OFFICE.] 
1. Pertaining to an office or public trust. 2. Derived 
from the proper office or officer, or from the proper au- 
thority, [officer. 

Of-fi'cial (-fish'al), n. One who holds an office; an 

Of-fi'cial-ly, (-fish'al-), adv. By the proper officer ; by 
virtue of the proper authority. 

Of-fi'ci-ate (-fish/i-at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. OFFICI- 
ATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. OFFICIATING.] [L. Lat. officiare. 
See Office.] 1. To act as an officer in his office. 2. 
To perform the appropriate official duties of another. 

Of-fic'i-iial, or Off i-ci'nal, a. [From Lat. officina, a 
workshop, contr. from opificina, from opifex, a work- 
man, from opus, work, and face re, to make or do.] 1. 
Used in a shop, or belonging to it. 2. Having a charac- 
ter or composition established or approved of by the col- 
lege of medicine. 

Of -f I'cioiis (-fish'us), a. [Lat. officiosus. See OFFICE .] 

1. Excessively forward in kindness. 2. Intermeddling 
in affairs in which one has no concern. 

Syn.— Impertinent; meddling; meddlesome. See Imper- 
tinent. 

Of-f I'cioiis-ly (-fish/us-ly), adv. In an officious manner. 
Of-fl'cioiis-ness, (-flsh'us-), n. The quality of being 
w officious ; kindness ; undue forwardness. 
Offing, n. [From off.] That part of the sea which is at 

a good distance from the shore, or where there is deep 

water, and no need of a pilot. 
Off seour-ing, n. That which is scoured off; hence, 

refuse ; rejected matter. 
Off s-eiim, n. Refuse; offscouring ; filth. 
Off set, n. [From off and set.] 1. A sprout or a shoot. 

2. A fiat surface or terrace on a hill-side. 3. (Arch ) 
An horizontal ledge on the face or at the foot of a wall. : 
4. (Surv.) A short distance measured at right angles: 
from a line actually run to some point. 5. A sum, ac- 
count, or value set off against another, as an equivalent ; j 
hence, any thing wbich is given in exchange or retalia- j 
tion ; a set-off. 

Off-set', or Of f set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. offset ; p. pr. \ 



¥ 



Ogee. 
pr. & vb. n. 



& vb. n. offsetting.] To set off; to place over 

_ againstj to balance. 

Of f slioot, n. That which shoots off or separates from 
a main stem, channel, or the like. 

Offspring, n. [From off and spring.] A child or chil- 
dren ; descendants, however remote, from the stock. 
Syn. — Issue; generation; progeny; posterity. 

8f f5s-el*t e i'o»i, } See Obfuscate, Obfuscation. 
6ft (2i), adv. [A.-S. oft, Icel. opt, Ctt, Goth, vfta.] 
^ Often ; frequently-; not rarely. [Poet.] 
6ft'cn(of / n, 21,58), adv. [compar. OFTENER ; superl. 

oftenest.] [See supra.] Frequently; many times ; 
^ not seldom. 

Oft'cn-ness (ofn-), n. Frequency. 
OftVai-tlmeg (of'n-tlmz), adv. Frequently; often* 
^ many times. 

Of t'timeg, adv. Frequently ; often. 
O-gee' (o-jS/), n. [See Ogive.] (Arch.) 

A molding consisting of two members, 

the one concave, the other convex, 

somewhat like an $ ; — sometimes ab- 
breviated O. G. or OG. 
O'give (o'jlv), n. [Fr. ogive, L. Lat. 

augiva, a double arch of two at right 

angles.] (Arch.) The gothic vault, with 
__ its ribs and cross springers, &c. 
C'gle (o'g\), v.. t. [imp. & p. p. ogled ; 

OGLING.] [L. Lat. oculare, to open the eyes, see, from 

Lat. oculus, the eye.] To view with side glances, as h; 
_ fondness, or to attract notice. 
O'gle (6'gl), n. A side glance or look. 
O'gler, n. One who ogles. 

O/gli-o (o'lT-o or ol'yo), n. The same as Olio, q. v. 
O'gre (o'ger), n. [Fr., hell, from Lat. Orcus, the god of 

the infernal regions, the lower world, hell.] An imag- 
_ inary monster, who lived on human beings. 
O'gress, n. A female ogre. 
Oh. interj. An exclamation expressing various emotions, 

especially surprise, pain, sorrow, anxiety, or a wish. 
Oil,??. [Lat. oleum, Gr. ekaiov.] An unctuous substance 

expressed or drawn from various animal and vegetable 

substances. 
Oil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OILED; p pr, & vb. n. OIL- 
ING.] To smear or rub over with oil ; to anoint with oil 
Oil'-eake, n. A mass of compressed seeds, or other 

substance, from which oil has been extracted. 
OiP-elotli, n. Cloth oiled or painted for covering floors, 

and other uses. 
Oil'er, ii. One who deals in oils ; formerly, one who 

dealt in oils and pickles. 
Oil'-gas, n. Inflammable gas procured from oil. 
Oil'i-ness, n. Quality of being oily ; unctuousness. 
Qil'-man, n.; pi. oil'-men. One who deals in oils; 

also, one who deals in oils and pickles. 
Oil'-stone, 11. A variety of hone-slate. 
Oil'y, a. [compar. OILIER ; superl. OILIEST.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctuous. 2. Resembling 

oil. 3. Fatty; greasy. 4. Smoothly subservient; 

compliant. 
Oint'ment, n. That which serves to anoint ; an unguent. 
O'ker, n. See Ocher. 

O'kra, \n. (Bot.) An annual plant, whose green pods 
O'kro, ) are much used in the West Indies, &c, for 
_ soups or pickles. 
Old, a. [compar. OLDER; superl. OLDEST.] [A.-S. 

aid, eald, 0. & N. H. Ger. alt, Goth, althe.is, from Goth. 

alan, to grow up, Icel. ala, to nourish, allied to Lat. 

a.lere, id.] 1. Not young ; advanced far in years or life. 

2. Not new or fresh ; not recently made or produced. 

3. Formerly existing; pre-existing or preceding. 4. 
Indefinitely continued in life. 5. Long practiced ; 
skilled ; experienced. 6. Long cultivated. 7. Long 
existing; hence, worn out; decayed. 8. Aged; anti- 
quated ; hence, bad ; mean ; — used as a term of re- 
proach. 9. Old-fashioned; as of old ; hence, very gay ; 
jolly- 

Of old, long ago; from ancient times.— Old bachelor, an un- 
married man somewhat advanced in years.— Old maid, an un- 
married female somewhat advanced in years.— Old school, a 
school or party belonging to a former time, or having the char- 
acter, manner, or opinions appropriate to a former time. 

Syn.— Aged : ancient ; pristine ; original ; primitive; an- 
tique ; antiquated ; old-fashioned ; obsolete. 

OldVn (old'n), a. Old; ancient. 

Old'-fash'ioned, a. Formed according to obsolete 
_ fashion or custom. 
Old'ish, a. Somewhat old. 



n,e,&c.,long; a,e,8cc. } short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere,veil,term.; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolfj 



OLDNESS 



501 



ON 



Old'ness, n. 1. State of being old ; antiquity. 2. An 

_ advanced state of life ; old age. 

O'le-ag'i-iioiis, a. [Lat. oleaginus, belonging to the 
olive ; from olea, olive.] Having the qualities of oil ; 

_ oily ; unctuous. 

O'le-ag'i-nous-ness, n. Oiliness. 

Q'le-an'der, n. [L. Lat. loranclrtim, corrupt, from Lat. 
rkododendrum, Gr. poSoSevSpov, from poSov, the rose, and 
SevSpov, tree.] (Bot.) A beautiful evergreen shrub, hav- 

_ ing clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. 

O'le-as'teivi. [Lat., from olea, olive, olive-tree.] (Bot ) 

_ A shrub or tree much resembling the olive. 

Q'le-fFant, a. [Lat. oleum, oil, and facere, to make.] 
(Chem.) Forming or producing oil ; — applied to a gas 
composed of four equivalents of carbon and four of hy- 

_ drogen. 

CKLe-om'e-ter. n. [From Lat. oleum, oil, and Gr. fxirpov, 
measure.] An instrument to ascertain the weight and 
purity of oil. 

Ol-fae'tive, ) a. [From Lat. olfacere, olfac.tum, from 

Ql-fae'io-ry, } olrre, to smell, and facere, to make.] 
Pertaining to smelling ; having the sense of smelling. 

OJ-f ae'to-ry, n. An organ of smelling ; also, the sense 
of smell. 

O-lih'a-num, n. [L. Lat., from Gr. A.i'/3avo?, Ai/3ava>Tos, 
Heb. lebonah, Ar. luban, frankincense, with the Ar. arti- 
cle al, the, changed into ol, o.] An inspissated sap, hav- 
ing a bitterish and aromatic taste. It burns for a long 

w time, with an agreeable odor, and a steady, clear light. 

Ol'i-gar-eh, n. One of those who constitute an oli- 
garchy. 

§}'*~ s ?!' r ' e {*)? 1 ' ) a. Pertaining to oligarchy, or gov- 
X7 / ?" s ? r " e ^" e ' . ( ernment by a few. 
Oi/i-gar-ch/i-e-al, ) J 

Ol'i-gar-ch'y, n. [Gr. bXtyapx^a, from oPu'-yos, few, lit- 
tle, and apxeii'. to rule, govern.] Government in which 
the supreme power is placed in the hands of a few persons. 

O'li-o, or Ol'io, n. [Sp. olla, a round earthen pot, a 
dish of boiled or stewed meat ; olla podrida, a dish of 
different sorts of meat boiled together, lit. a rotten pot, 
from Lat. olla, a pot, dish.] 1. A dish of stewed meat. 
2. A mixture; a medley. 3. (Mus.) A collection of 

J various pieces. 

Ol'i-va'ceous, a. Of the color of the olive ; olive-green. 

Ol'ive, n. [Lat. olic-a, Gr. e\aCa.] 1. 
(Bot.) (a.) A plant or tree much cul- 
tivated, in the south of Europe, for its 
fruit. It is the emblem of peace, (b.) 
The fruit of the tree from which olive 
oil is expressed. 2. The color of the 
olive ; a color composed of violet and 
green. 

Ol'ld-po-dvi'dd, n. [Sp. See Olio.] 
X. A mixture of all kinds of meat 
chopped fine, and stewed with vege- 
tables. [Spain.] 2. Hence, any in- 
congruous mixture or miscellaneous 
collection. Olive-tree. 

O-lym/pi-ad, n. [From Olympus, a mountain in Mace- 
donia.] A period of four years, reckoned from one cele- 
bration of the Olympic games to another. 

O-lym/pi-an, ) a. Pertaining to Olympus ; also to 

O-lym'pie, ) Olympia, a town in Greece, and to the 
games there celebrated. 

Om'ber, ) n. [Fr. ombre, Sp. hombre, from Sp. hombre, 

Om'bre, ) man ; Lat. homo.] A game at cards, usually 
played by three persons. 

Om-brom'e-ter, n. [Gr. op.ppo<;, rain, and pLerpov, a 
measure.] An instrument to measure the quantity of 
rain that falls ; a rain-guage. 

O-me'ga, or O-meg'a, n. [Gr. 5> /ne'ya, i. e., the great 
or long o.] The last letter of the Greek alphabet, as 

w Alpha, A, is the first. 

Om'e-let (colloq. om'let), n. [Fr. omelette, from ceufs 
melcs, mixed eggs.] A kind of fritter made chiefly of 

_eggs. 

O'men, n. [Lat. According to Varro, it was originally 
osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth, denoting 
wish or tow. It is, perhaps, for obmen, from the Gr. 
root 6tt, fut. 6i//0|uai, to see.] Sign or indication of some 

_ future event ; a prognostic ; a presage ; an augury. 

O'men, v. t. [imp. & p. p. omened; p. pr. & vb. n. 
OMENING.] 1. To indicate as likely to occur ; to augur. 
2. Hence, to predict, as by omens ; to foretell. 

O-men'tum, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The caul; a membra- 

_ naceous covering of the bowels, attached to the stomach. 

O'mer, n. [Cf. HOMER.] A Hebrew measure, the tenth 
of an ephah. 




Om'i-noiis, a. [Lat. ominosus, from omen, q. v.] 1. 
Pertaining to an omen. 2. Containing an omen ; as, (a.) 
Foreshowing good; auspicious, (b.) Foreboding evil: 

w inauspicious. 

Om'i-iious-ly, adv. In an ominous manner. 

Om'i-nous-ness, n. The quality of being ominous. 

O-mis'si-ble, a. Capable of being omitted. 

0-mls'sion(-mlsh / un), n. [Lat. omissio. See OMIT.] 1. 
Act of leaving out ; neglect or failure to do something re- 
quired by propriety or duty. 2. That which is omitted. 

O-mit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. omitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
OMITTING.] [Lat. omittere, omissum, from prefix ob 
and mittere, to cause to go, let go.] 1. To let fall; to 
leave out ; to drop. 2. Hence, to pass by ; to neglect. 

O-mit'ter, n. One who omits ; a neglecter. 

dm'ni-bus, n. [Lat. dative plural, for all, from omnis, 
all.] A kind of large four-wheeled carriage .conveniently 

w arranged to carry many people. 

Om'ni-fa'ri-ous, a. [Lat. omnifarius, from omms. 
all.] Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. 

Om-nif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. omnifer, from omnis, all, and 
ferre, to bear.] All-bearing ; producing all kinds. 

Om-nif'i-e, a. [From Lat. omnis, all, and facere, to 

w make.] All-creating. 

Om'ni-f orm, a. [Lat. omniformis, from omnis, all, and 
forma, form.] Having every form or shape. 

Om-iiig'e-noiis, a. [Lat. omnigenus, from omnis, all, 

^ and genus, kind.] Consisting of all kinds. 

Om'ni-par'i-ty, n. [Lat. from omnis, all, and paritas, 
equality, parity, q. v.] General equality. 

Om-iiip'a-rou.s, a. Producing all things; omniparient. 

Om-nip'o-tence, \n. State of being omnipotent; 

Om-iiip'o-ten-£y, J hence, one who is omnipotent. 

Om-uip'o-teiit,'a. [Lat. omnipotens, from omnis, all 
and potens. powerful, potent.] 1. Possessing unlimited 
power ; all-powerful. 2. Having unlimited power of a 

w particular kind. 

Om/ni-preg'en^e, n. Presence in every place at the 

w same time ; ubiquity. 

Om'iii-preg'eiit, a. [Lat. omnis, all, and prmsens, 
present.] Present in all places at the same time; 
ubiquitous. [omniscient. 

Om-nls'cience (om-njsh'ens), n. The quality of being 

Om-iiis'cieiit (-nish'ent), a. [Lat. omnis, all, and 
sciens, p. pr. of scire, to know.] Having universal 
knowledge, or knowledge of all things. 

Syn.— All-knowing; all-discerning; all-searching; all-see- 
ing; all-beholding. 

Om'ni-um, n. [Lat., of all, gen. pi. of omnis, all.] 
(Finance.) The value taken as an average of the dif- 
ferent stocks in which a loan to government is funded. 

„ [Eng.] 

6m'iii-u.m-gatii'er-u.m, n. [A macaronic compound 
of Lat. omnium, of all, gen. pi. of omnis, all, and gath- 
erum, from Eng. gather.] A miscellaneous collection of 
things or persons ; a medley. [ Colloq.] 

Om-niv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. omnivorus, from omnis, all, 
and vorare, to eat greedily.] All-devouring; eating every 
thing indiscriminately. 

Om-phal'ic, a. [Gr. 6/x<^aAtKo?, from bp.j>aX6<;, the na- 

^ Tel.] Pertaining to the naTel. 

On, prep. [A.-S. on, an, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. ana, allied 
to Gr. avd, SlaT. na.] 1. At, or in contact with, the 
surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it. 
2. Toward and to the upper surface of. 3. Upon; — 
denoting the performing or acting by contact with the 
surface, upper part, or outside of any thing ; hence, by 
means of ; with. 4. In addition to ; besides. 5. At or 
near ; — indicating relative direction or position. 6. In 
dependence or reliance upon. 7. At or in the time of. 8. 
Toward ; for. 9. At the peril of, or for the safety of. 
10. By virtue of; with the pledge of. 11. To the ac- 
count of. 12. In consequence of, or following. 13. 
In reference or relation to. 

Syn. — In. — To sail in a boat was the only expression ever 
heard till of late, when " on a boat" began to be used, because 
we are apt to remain on the deck of a steamboat in passing up 
and down our rivers, bays, &c. Some now extend the phrase 
to sea-voyages, as, " He came on the boat from Panama," " he 
was on the ' Arctic ' when she was lost," &c, though no one ap- 
plies it to the case of sailing vessels. The change is in every 
case unfortunate, as tending to produce incongruity and con- 
fusion. When we travel by means of a ship or vessel (however 
propelled), we are in it, and the old expression is the most nat- 
ural and appropriate. 

6m, adv. 1. Forward; in progression ; onward. 2. For- 
ward, in succession. 3. In continuance ; without inter- 
ruption or ceasing. 4. Adhering. 5. Attached to the 
body. 



food, fo"bt;' urn, rude, pull ; cell, f liaise, -eall, e«ho ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; tnis 



ONANISM 



502 



OPERAMETER 



O'nan-igm, n. [From Onan (Gen. xxxix. 9).] The 
crime of self-pollution ; masturbation. 

Once (wunss), adv. [0. Eng. ones, from one.] 1. At 
one time ; on one occasion. 2. At one former time ; 
formerly. 

At once, (a.) Immediately ; without delay. (&.) At the same 
time; as one. 

One (wiin), a. [A.-S. an, (tin, Icel. einn, Goth, dins, ctin, 
allied to Lat. unus, W. mi.] 1. Being but a single unit, 
or entire being or thing, and no more ; single ; individ- 
ual. 2. Denoting a person conceived or spoken of in- 
definitely; used as an indefinite pronoun or adjective. 
In this use, as a substitute or pronoun, one may be in the pi. 

3. Pointing out a contrast ; — used as a correlative ad- 
jective. 4. Constituting a whole ; undivided ; united. 
5. Single in kind ; the same ; a common. 
All one, just the same. — At one, in agreement or concord. 

©-nei'ro-erit'ic, ) a. [Gr. weipo/cpn-i/cos, fr. oveipos, 

O-nei'ro-erit'ie-al, ) weipov, dream, and KpiTi/cos, 
critical.] Pertaining to the interpretation of dreams. 

One'ness (wim'nes, 109), n. State of being one ; single- 

w ness in number ; individuality ; unity. 

On'er-a-ry, a. [Lat. onerarius, from onus, on«n's, load, 

w burden.] Fitted or intended for the carriage of burdens. 

On'er-oiis, a. [Lat. onerosus, from onus, oneris, a load, 
burden.] Burdensome ; oppressive. 

One'- sicked (wiin'-), a. Having one side only; hence, 
. limited to one side ; partial ; unjust ; unfair. 

On'ion (un'yun), n. [From Lat. unio, a kind of single 
onion, the bulb of which was formed of a single piece, 
from unio, oneness, unity, from unus, one.] (Bot.) A 
culinary plant, and its bulbous root, much used as an 

_ article of food. 

On'ly (20), a. [0. Erg. onely, A.-S. anlic, senile, i. e., 
one-like.] 1. One alone ; single. 2. Alone in its class ; 
by itself. 3. Distinguished above all others; pre-emi- 

_ nent. 

On'ly, adv. In one manner, or for one purpose alone ; 

w solely ; singly ; merely ; barely. 

On'o-man'cy, n. [From Gr. ovofia, name, and fj-avreCa, 

_ divination.] Divination by the letters of a name. 

On'o-mas'ti-eon, n. [Gr. ovo/ackxtikoV (sc. /3ij3Aiov), 
from 6vop.ao-T(.*c6s, belonging to naming, from bvofxa, 
name.] A collection of names and terms ; a dictionary ; 

w a common-place book. 

On'o-mai/o-poe'ia (-pd'ya), n. [Gr. bvo/j.aToiroua., fr. 
6vop.a, 6v6/u.aTOs, a name, and ttolsIv. to make.] 1. 
( Gram. & Rhet.) The theory that words are formed to 
resemble the sound made by the thing signified. 2. The 
use of a word whose sound corresponds to the sound of 

w the thing signified. 

On'o-mat'o-po-et'ie, a. Formed to resemble the sound 

w of the thing signified. 

On'set, n. [From on and set.] A violent attack; a 
storming; especially, the assault of an army or body of 
troops upon an enemy or a fort. 

Syn.— Charge; onslaught ; encounter ; storming; attack ; 
assault. 

On'slaught (on'slawt), n. [A.-S. onslagan, to strike or 
dash"against, to destroy.] Attack ; onset ; aggression ; 



On'to, prep. [From on and to. Cf. INTO.] On the top 
of; upon; on. [Colloq.] 

ClWto-log'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to the science of being 

On/to-16g'ic-al, ) in general. 

On-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. 6vr<x, the things which exist, 

pi. neut. of wv, ojtos, being, p. pr. of elvat, to be, and Ao- 

■yos, discourse.] That part of the science of metaphysics 

which investigates and explains the nature and essential 

_properties and relations of all beings, as such. 

O'nus, n. [Lat.] The burden. 
Onus probandi, the burden of proof. 

On'ward, a. 1. Advanced or advancing. 2. Increased ; 
improved. 

On'ward, adv. Toward the point before or in front ; for- 
ward ; progressively; in advance. 

On'wardg, adv. See Onward. 

O'nyx, a. [Lat. onyx, Gr. ovv£, a claw, a finger-nail, a 
yellowish precious stone, a veined gem.] (Min.) Chal- 
cedony consisting of parallel layers of different shades 

_ of color, and used for making cameos. 

O'o-lite, n. [Gr. u>oV, egg, and Ai'flo?, stone, from its re- 
semblance to the roes of fish.] ( Geol.) A variety of lime- 
stone, consisting of round grains, as small as the eggs of 

_ a fish. - [bling oolite. 

O'o-llt'ie, a. Pertaining to oolite ; composed of or resem- 



O-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. toov, an egg, and Ao-yos, discourse.} 
The science of eggs in relation to their coloring, size, 
shape, and number. 

Oo'long (oiyiong), n. [Chinese, green dragon.] A va- 

" riety of black tea possessing the flavor of green tea. 

Ooze (obz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. oozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

" OOZING.] [See infra.] To flow gently ; to percolate. 

Ooze, v. t. To cause to flow forth gently ; to cause to 

"percolate; to drop ; to shed ; to distill. 

Ooze, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. ouse , liquor in a tanner's vat, 
A.-S. wos, juice, ooze, broth, wase, dirt, mire, mud, 
wosig, oozy, juicy, moist.] 1. Soft mud or slime. 2. 
Soft flow ; spring. 3. The liquor of a tan-vat. 

Ooz'y (ooz 7 -), a. Miry; containing soft mud; resem- 
bling ooze. 

O-pac'i-ty, n. [Lat. opacitas. See Opaque.] 1. State 
of being opaque ; want of transparency. 2. Darkness ; 
obscurity. 

O-pake', a. See Opaque. 

O'pal, n. [Lat. opalus, Gr. oiraAAio?, from Skr. upula, a 
rock, stone, precious stone.] (Min.) A mineral consist- 
ing of silex in what is called the soluble state, and usu- 
ally a small quantity of water. 

EOf The precious opal presents a peculiar play of colors of 
delicate tints, and is highly esteemed as a gem. 

O'pal-esce' (o'pal-eV), v. i. {imp. & p.p. opalesced 
(o'pal-esf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. opalescing.] To give 

_ forth a play of colors, like the opal. 

O'pal-es'cence, n. (Min.) A reflection of a milky or 

_ pearly light from the interior of a mineral. 

O'pal-es'cent, a. Reflecting a milky or pearly light 

_ from the interior. 

O'pal-ine, a. Pertaining to or like opal. 

O'pal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. opalized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. opalizing.] To convert into opal, or a substance 
like opal. 

Opaque' (o-pak'), a. [Lat. opacus.] 1. Impervious to 
the rays of light : not transparent. 2. Dark ; obscure. 

O-paque'ness (-pak 7 -), n. Quality of being opaque; 

Ope, a. [Abbreviated from open.] Open. [opacity. 

Ope, v. t. & i. To open. [Poet.] 

O'pen (c^pn, 20), a. [A.-S. open, imp. from a hypoth. 
eopan, to open, 0. H. Ger. offan.] 1, Free of access; 
not shut up ; not closed. 2. Free to be used, employed, 
enjoyed, visited, read, or the like; not private; public. 
3. Not drawn together or contracted ; expanded. 4. 
Hence, (a.) "Without reserve. (6.) Not concealed or 
secret ; exposed to view. 5. Not frozen up ; not locked 
with ice ; not cold or frosty. 6. Not settled or adjusted ; 
not balanced or closed. 7 . Not blinded or obscured. 8. 
Not deaf; not unwilling to hear ; listening. 9. Free to 
be discussed. 10. Easily enunciated ; spoken without 
closing the mouth. 

Open vowel, or sound, a vowel or sound pronounced with a 
larger aperture of the lips or cavity of the mouth, as compared 
with others called close vowels or sounds. 

Syn. — Candid ; ingenuous; unclosed; uncovered; unpro- 
tected; exposed; plain; apparent; obvious ; evident; public ; 
unreserved; frank; sincere; undissembling; artless. 

O'pen (o'pn), v. t. [imp. & p. OPENED (o'pnd) ; p. pr. 
& vb.n. OPENING.] 1. To make open ; to render free 
of access ; to unclose ; to unbar ; to unlock ; to remove 
any fastening from. 2. To bring to view ; to exhibit ; 
to interpret ; to explain ; to reveal ; to disclose. 3. 
Hence, used reflexively, to speak without reserve. 4. 

_ To enter upon ; to begin ; to commence. 

O'pen (o'pn) v. i. 1. To unclose ; to be parted. 2. To 

_ begin to appear. 3. To commence; to begin. 

O'pen-er (o/pn-er), n. One who, or that which, opens. 

O'pen-eyed (o/pn-id), a. Watchful ; vigilant. 

O'pen-hand'ed, a. Generous ; liberal ; munificent. 

O'pen-hearl/ed, a. Candid ; frank ; generous. 

O'pen-ing (o^n-ing), n. 1. A place which is open ; a 

_ breach ; an aperture. 2. Beginning; commencement. 

O'pen-ly (o'pn-ly), adv. 1. In an open manner; pub- 
licly ; without secrecy. 2. Without reserve or disguise ; 

_ plainly. 

O'pen-mouthed (o'pn-), a. Having the mouth open; 
gaping ; hence, greedy ; clamorous. 

O'pen-ness (o'pn-nes, 109), n. Quality, state, or condi- 
tion of being open. 

Op'er-a, n. [From Lat. opera, pains, work, from opus, 
operis, work, labor.] 1. A musical drama consisting of 
airs, choruses, recitations, &c. 2. The score of a musi- 

^ cal drama. 3. The house where operas are exhibited. 

Op'er-am'e-ter, n. [From Lat. opus, operis, pi. opera, 
work, and Gr. /ue'rpov, measure.] An instrument or ma- 
chine for measuring work done. 



»,e, &,c.,long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do,wolf , 



OPERATE 



503 



OPPRESSIVE 



Op'er-ate, v. i- [imp. & p. p. OPERATED ; p. pr. & 
■vb. n. OPERATING.] [Lat. operatic operatus. from opus, 
operis, work, labor.] 1. To exert power or strength, 
physical or mechanical. 2. To produce an appropriate 
physical effect; especially (Med.), to take appropriate 
effect on the human system. 3. To exert moral power 
or influence. 4. (Surg.) To perform some manual act 
upon a human body, and usually with instruments. 

Op'er-ate, v. t. 1. To produce as an effect ; to cause ; 
to occasion. 2. To put into or to continue in operation ; 
to work. 

Op'er-at'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to the opera ; appro- 

Op'er-at'ic-al, 1 priate to, or designed for, the opera. 

Op'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act or process of operating ; 
agency ; the exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or 
moral. 2. Method of working. 3. An effect brought 
about by a definite plan. 4. (Math.) Some transforma- 
tion to be made upon quantities. 6. (Surg.) Any me- 
thodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instru- 
ments, on the human body. 

Syn. — Agency; work; process; effort; action. 

Op'er-a-tive, n. 1. Having the power of acting; hence, 
exerting force, physical or moral. 2. Efficient in work ; 

w efficacious. 

Op'er-a-tive, a. A laboring man ; an artisan, or work- 

w man in manufactories. 

Op'er-a'tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, operates. 
2. (Surg.) One who performs some act upon the human 

^ body by means of the hand, or with instruments. 

Op'er-ose' (125), a. [Lat. operosus, from opera, pains, 
labor, from opus, operis, work, labor.] Wrought with 
labor ; laborious ; hence, tedious ; wearisome. 

dp'er-ose'ness, n. State of being operose. 

Opli'i-eleide, n. [From Gr. ocfjt?, a serpent, and KAei's, 
xAei'Sos, a key.] (Mas.) A large brass wind instrument 
of the trumpet kind. 

O-pliid'i-an, n. [From Gr. b<f)C8t.ov, 6</>etSiov, dim. of 

_ 6<£us, serpent.] ( Zoul. ) An animal of the group of snakes. 

O'plii-61'o-glst, n. One versed in the natural history of 

_ serpents. 

O'plii-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. o$i?, serpent, and \6yos, dis- 
course.] That part of natural history which treats of 

_ the ophidians or serpents. 

O'plii-o-man/cy, n. [Gr. 6(fns, serpent, and juavTeia, 
divination.] Ar't of divining or predicting events by ser- 
pents. 

Oph-tHal'mi-a (of- or op-), n. See Ophthalmy. 

Opli-tlial'mi-e (of-thal'mik or op-thal'niik), a. Per- 
taining to the eye. 

Opli'tlial-my (of'thal-my or op'thal-my), n. [Gr. 6$- 
0aA|Uia, froin*6$0aA.|u.6s, the eye, from the root on-, to see, 
future 6\jjofj.a.L.] (Med.) An inflammation of the mem- 

_branes or coats of the eye, or of the eyeball. 

O'pi-ate, n. [See Opium.] 1. Any medicine that con- 
tains opium, and induces sleep or repose ; a narcotic. 2. 

_ That which induces rest or inaction. 

O'pi-ate, a. 1. Inducing sleep. 2. Hence, causing rest 
or inaction. 

Syn.— Soporific; narcotic; somniferous; soporiferous ; lull- 
ing; somnific; quieting. 

O-pine', v. i. [imp. & p. p. opined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
OPINING-.] [Lat. opinari.] To think ; to suppose. 

O-pin'ia-tive (-ya-), a. 1. Yery stiff in adherence to 
one's opinion. 2. Founded on mere opinion ; fancied. 

O-pin'ioii (-yun), n. [Lat. opinio. See Opine.] 1. A 
mental conviction of the truth of some statement found- 
ed on a low degree of probable evidence. 2. The judg- 
ment which the mind forms of persons or their qualities ; 
especially, favorable judgment ; good esteeem. 3. (Law ) 
The formal decision of a judge, an umpire, a counselor, 
&c. 

Syn.— Sentiment; notion; persuasion; idea; view; estima- 
tion. See Sentiment. 

O-pIii'ion-a/ted, a. Stiff or obstinate in opinion. 

O-pin'ion-a-tive, a. Unduly attached to one's own 
opinions ; fond of preconceived notions. 

O-piii'ion-a-tive-ly, adv. With undue fondness for 
one's own opinions ; stubbornly. 

O-pin'ion-a-tive-ness, n. Obstinacy in opinion. 

O-pin'ion-ist, n. One unduly attached to his own 

_ opinions. 

0'pi-u.m, n. [Lat. ; Gr. otuov, poppy-juice, diminutive of 
owds, vegetable juice.] The inspissated juice of the white 

_ poppy. 

O'po-del'doc. n. [An unmeaning word coined by Para- 
celsus.] A saponaceous camphorated liniment. 




O-pos'sum, n. [Orig. opassom, in 
the language of the Indians of Vir- 
ginia.] (Zool.) An animal of sev- 
eral species of marsupial quadru- 
peds found in America. 

Op-po'nen-cy, ». Proposition of , 
objections to a thesis. 

Op-po'nent, a. [Lat. opponens, 
p. pr. of opponere, to set or place 
against, to oppose.] 1. Inclined 
to oppose ; adverse ; opposing ; an- Opossum. 

tagonistic. 2. Situated in front ; opposite. 

Op-po'iient, n. 1. One who opposes. 2. Especially, 
one who opposes in a disputation, or other verbal contro- 
versy. 3. (Academic Usage.) One who attacks some 
thesis or proposition, in distinction from the respondent, 
or defendant, who maintains it. 
Syn. — Adversary ; antagonist; opposer. 

dp'por-tune' (53), a. [Lat. opportunus, literally at or 
before the port, from prefix ob and portus, the port, har- 
bor.] Present at a proper time ; recurring or furnished 
at a needed or suitable occasion. 

Syn. — Timely ; seasonable ; convenient ; fit ; well-timed ; 
proper. 

Op'por-tune'ly, adv. In an opportune manner ; sea- 

w sonably. 

Op'por-tune'ness (109), n. Quality or condition of 

w being opportune or timely. 

Op'por-tu/ni-ty, n. Fit or convenient time. 

Syn. — Occasion ; convenience ; occurrence. — An occasion 
is that which falls in our way, or presents itself in the course 
of events; an opportunity is a convenience or fitness of time, 
place, &c, for the doing of a thing. Hence, opportunities often 
spring out of occasions. We may have occasion to meet a per- 
son frequently without getting an opportunity to converse with 
him (as we desire) on a given subject. We act as the occasion 
may require; we embrace or improve an opportunity. 

Op-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. OPPOSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
OPPOSING.] [From Lat. opponere, oppositum, to op- 
pose.] 1. To set opposite. 2. To put in opposition, 
with a view to counterbalance or countervail, and thus 
to hinder, defeat, destroy, or prevent effect 3. To 
resist, either by physical means, by arguments, or other 
means. 4. To compete with ; to strive against. 5. To 
resist effectually. 

Syn. — To combat; withstand ; contradict; deny; oppugn; 
contravene; check; obstruct. 

Op-po§e', v. i. 1. To act adversely; — with against. 
[Rare.] 2. To make objection or opposition in contro- 
versy, [tagonist ; an adversary. 

Qp-po§'er, n. One who opposes; an opponent; an an- 

Op'po-gite (-zit), a. [Lat. oppositus, p. p. of opponere. 
See supra.] 1. Standing or situated in front ; facing. 

2. Contrasted with ; hostile ; adverse. 3. Mutually 
w antagonistic ; inconsistent. 

Op'po-§ite (-zit), ii. 1. One who opposes. 2. That 

^ which is opposed or contrary. 

6p'po-§ite-Iy (-zit-), adv. 1. In a situation to face 

^ each other. 2. Adversely. 

Op'po-gFtion (-zTsh / un), n. 1. State of being opposed, 
or placed over against ; situation so as to front some- 
thing else ; repugnance ; contrariety^. 2. Act of oppos- 
ing ; attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance. 

3. That which opposes; an obstacle. 4. The collective 
body of opposers ; the party that opposes the existing 
administration. 5. (Astron.) The situation of two 
heavenly bodies 180° apart. 

Syn. — Hostility ; obstacle; repugnance; contradiction; in- 
consistency, &c. 

Op'po-gi'tion ist (-zish / un-), n. One who belongs to 
an opposing party. 

Op-pos/i-tlve, a. Capable of being put in opposition. 

Op-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. oppressed (-prest/); 
p. pr. & vb. n. OPPRESSING.] [Lat. opprimere, oppres- 
sion, from prefix ob and premere , to press.] 1. To press 
down ; to press or treat severely, cruelly, or unjustly. 

2. To sit or lie heavy upon. 

Op-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of oppressing. 2. 
State of being oppressed or overburdened. 3. That 
which oppresses. 4. A sense of heaviness, weight, or 
obstruction in the body or mind. 

Syn. — Hardship ; cruelty ; severity ; misery ; calamity ; de- 
pression; burden. 

Op-press'ive, a. 1. Unreasonably burdensome ; un- 
justly severe. 2. Proceeding from a design to oppress. 

3. Overwhelming 

Syn. — Cruel ; severe ; unjust ; tyrannical ; heavy ; over- 
powering. 



food, foot; ftrn, ru.de ,pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, liilk ; this* 



OPPRESSIVELY 



504 



ORCHESTRA 



Op-press'ive-ly, adv. In a manner to oppress. 

Op-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of being oppressive. 

Op-press'or, n. One who oppresses. 

Op-pro'bri-ous, a. [Lat. opprobriosus, from opprobrium, 
q. v.] 1. Reproachful and contemptuous; scurrilous. 
2. Blasted with infamy ; rendered hateful. 
Syn. — Abusive; offensive; insulting; scurrilous. 

Op-pro'bri-oiis-ly, adv. In an opprobrious manner. 

Op-pro'bri-oiis-ness, n. Reproachfulness mingled 
with contempt ; scurrility. 

Op-pro'bri-um, n. [Lat., from prefix ob and probrum, 
reproach.] Reproach mingled with contempt or disdain. 

Op-pugn' (op-pun'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. OPPUGNED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. oppugning.] [Lat. oppugnare, fr. Lat. ob 
and pug?iare, to fight ; pugna, a fight, from pugnus, fist.] 
To fight against, whether in attack, resistance, or simple 
opposition. [resistance. 

Qp-pug'nan-cy, n. The act of oppugning ; opposition ; 

Op-pugn'er (op-pun'er), n. One who opposes or attacks ; 

M that which opposes. [wish. 

Op'ta-tive, a. [Lat. optativus.] Expressing desire or 

<3p'ta-tive, n. ( Gram.) A mode of the verb expressing 
desire. 

Op'ti-e, n. An organ of sight ; an eye. 

Op'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. otttlko?, from the root bir, future 

Op'ti-e-al, j oi//oju.a.<., to see.] 1. Pertaining to vision or 
sight. 2. Pertaining to the organ of sight. 3. Relat- 
ing to the science of optics. 

Op-ti'cian (-tTsh'an), n. One who makes or sells optical 

w glasses and instruments. 

Op'ti-es, n. sing. That branch of physical science which 

w treats of the nature and properties of light. 

Op'ti-ma-cy, n. The body of nobles ; the nobility. 

Op'ti-mate, n. [Lat. optimas, optimatis, pi. optimates, 
the adherents of the best men, the aristocrats, grandees, 
from optimus, the best.] A nobleman ; a chief man in 

w a state or city. 

dp'ti-ine, n. [Lat. optimus, the best.] One of those who 
stand in the second rank of honors, in the University of 

w Cambridge, England. 

Op'ti-migin. n. [From Lat. optimus, the best.] The 
opinion or doctrine that every thing in nature is ordered 

_ for the best. [for the best. 

Op'ti-mist, ii. One who holds that all events are ordered 

Op'tion, n. [Lat. optio, from optare, to choose, to wish.] 
1. Power of choosing ; right of choice. 2. Exercise of 
the power of choice ; election; preference. 3. Power of 
wishing; wish. 4. (Stock Exchange.) Liberty of selling 
or of buying stock at a certain price, and at a given fu- 
ture time. 

Syn. — Choice. — We speak of option in respect to freedom 
or opportunity of choosing, while choice is an act of the will 
itself. We leave a thing to a man's option, and he makes his 
choice. 

Op'tion-al, a. 1. Left to one's wish or choice ; depend- 
ing on choice. 2. Involving an option, or power of 

w choice. 

Op'u-lence, n. Wealth; riches; affluence. 

Op'u-lent, a. [Lat. opulens and opulentus, from ops, opis, 
power, wealth, riches.] Having a large estate ; wealthy ; 

w rich ; affluent. 

Op'u-lent-ly, adv. In an opulent manner ; richly. 

Or, conj. [Contr. from A.-S. adher, adhor, for awdher, 
awdhor, ahwddher, one of two, either, other.] A connec- 
tive that marks an alternative. It corresponds to either. 

Egf In poetry, or is sometimes used for either. Or is often 
used to express an alternative of terms, definitions, or expla- 
nations of the same thing in different words. 



Or. 



Or, n. [Fr. ; Lat. aurum, gold.] (Her.) s^T 

The yellow or gold color represented on an 
w escutcheon by small dots. 
Or'a-ele (or'a-kl), n. [Lat. oraculum, fr. 

or are, to speak, utter, from os, oris, the 

mouth.] 1. The answer of a pagan god, 

or some person reputed to be a god, to an 

inquiry respecting some affair of import- 
ance \ hence, the deity who was supposed 

to give the answer, and also the place where it was given. 

2. Hence, the revelations delivered by God to prophets ; 

hence, also, the entire sacred Scriptures. 3. One who 

communicates a divine command ; an angel ; a prophet ; 

hence, also, any person reputed uncommonly wise. 4. 
• A wise sentence or decision of great authority. 
O-rae'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to an oracle; uttering 

oracles. 2. Resembling, or partaking of, the nature of 

an oracle, (a.) Positive; authoritative, (b.) Obscure; 

ambiguous. 





O-rae'u-lar-ly, adv. In the manner of an oracle ; au- 
thoritatively ; positively. 

0'ral(87),a. [From Lat. os, oris, the mouth.] Pertaining 
to the mouth ; uttered by the mouth, 

_ or in words ; spoken, not written. 

O'ral-ly , adv. In an oral manner ; by 

w mouth. 

Or'ange (or'enj), n [Ar. & Per. nar- 
andj or nhrang, changed into N. Lat. 
pomum aurantium, i. e., gold-apple, 
because it resembles gold in color.] 
A tree of many varieties, and its round 

^ yellow fruit. 

Or'ange-ade' (or'enj-ad'), n. A drink 
made of orange-juice, corresponding to 

w lemonade. Orange. 

Or'an-ger-y, n. A plantation or nursery of orange-trees. 

O-raiig'-ou-tang', n. [Malayan orang 
titan, i. eV, man of the woods, from orang, 
man, and titan, a forest, wood, wild, sav- 
age.] (Zob'L) A large monkey, in many re- 
spects approaching man more closely than 
any other known monkey. 

O-ra'tion, n. [Lat. oratio, fr. orare, to 
speak, utter, pray.] An elaborate dis- 
course, delivered in public, treating an im- 
portant subject in a dignified manner ; — 
applied chiefly to discourses on special oc- 
casions, and to academical declamations. 

Syn. — Harangue ; address ; speech ; dis- 
course. 

Or'a-tor, n. 1. A public speaker; onefc^ = 
who delivers an oration ; especia'ly, one 
who is distinguished for his eloquence. Orang-outang. 
2. (Law.) (a.) (Equity.) One who prays for relief; a 
petitioner, (b.) A plaintiff or complainant in a bill in 

w chancery'. 

Or'a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging or pertaining to an orator or 

w to oratory ; oratorical. 

Or^-tor'ie-al. a. Pertaining to an orator or to oratory ; 
becoming an orator. 

Syn. —Rhetorical; eloquent; flowery; florid. 

Or'a-tor'ie-al-ly, adv. In a rhetorical manner. 

Or'a-to'ri-o, n. [It., from Lat. oratorius, belonging to 
praying. See supra.] 1. (31us.) A sacred composition 
consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, choruses, &c., 
the subject of which is generally taken from the Script- 

w ures. 2. An oratory. 

Or'a-to-ry, n. [Lat. oratoria (sc. ars), the oratorical art, 
orator turn. (sc. templum) a place of prayer. See supra.] 
1. The art of an orator ; the art of effective public speak- 
ing. 2. A chapel or small room set apart for private de- 

A votions. 

Orb, n. [Lat. orbis.] 1. A body of a round form. 2, 
Especially, one of the celestial spheres. 3. The eye, as 
luminous and spherical. [Poet.] 4. A circle ; an orbit. 
5. A revolving circular body ; a wheel. 
Syn.— Globe; ball; sphere. See Globe. 

Orbrcl (orbd), a. Having the form of an orb ; round; 
circular ; orbicular. 

Or-bi-e'vi-lar, a. [Lat. orbicidaris, from orbiculus, dim. 
of orbis, orb.] Resembling, or having the form of, an 
orb ; spherical ; circular. 
Syn. — Round; circular; orbicular; spherical; globular. 

Or-bi-e'u-lar-ly, adv. Spherically. s 

Or-bi-e'u-late, a. Made or being in the form of an orb. 

Orb'it, n. [Lat. orbita, a track or rut made by a wheel, 
course, circuit, from orbis, a circle.] 1. (Asiron.) The 
path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revo- 
lution. 2. (Anat.) The cavity in which the eye is situa- 
ted. 3. (Ornith.) The skin which surrounds the eye of 
a bird. 

drb'it-al, a. Belonging or pertaining to an orbit. 

Ore, n. [Lat. orca, allied to Gr. 6pv£.] (Ichth.) A kind of 
fish ; the grampus. See Grampus. 

Or'cliard, n. [A.-S. ortgrard, wyrtgeard, that is, wort- 
yard, a yard for herbs, from wyrt, wurt, wort, herb, 
and geard, yard.] An inclosure or assemblage of fruit- 
trees. 

Or'chard-ist, n. One who cultivates orchards. 

Or'-ehes-ter, n. The same as Orchestra. 

6r'-elies-tra, or Or-ehes'tra, n. [Lat. orchestra, Gr. 
opxwrpa, originally the place for the chorus of dancers, 
from bpxvo-rnp, a dancer, bpxel<r9ai, to dance.] 1. The 
space in a theater or public hall between the stage and 



si,e,8cc.,long; &,e,&.c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, d<>, wQli, 



ORCHESTRAL 



505 



ORGANZINE 



the audience. 2. Hence, also, a band of instrumental 
musicians. 

Or'ehes-tral (or'kes-tral), a. Pertaining to an orchestra ; 
A suitable for, or performed in, the orchestra. 

Oi-'ches-tre (-ter), n. The same as Orchestra. 

Or'elnl, m ) n _ The same as arc ] t ji g ee archil,. 

Or-ehil'la, I 

Or'ehis (or'kis) n. [Lat. orchis, Gr. opx'S, a plant, with 
roots in the shape of testicles, from bp^i?, a testicle.] 
(Bot.) An endogenous plant, bearing flowers of great 
beauty, and singular in form. It is found all over the 
world. Among familiar species are the lady's slipper and 
the salep. 

Or-dain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ordained; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ORDAINING-.] [Lat. ordinare, from ordo, ordinis, 
order.] 1. To set in order ; to regulate ; to set ; to estab- 
lish. 2. To appoint; to decree; to enact, 3. To set 
apart for an office. 4. Especially, to invest with minis- 
terial or sacerdotal functions. 

Or-dain'a-ble, a. Capable of being ordained; worthy 
to be ordained or appointed. 

Or-dain'er, n. One who ordains. 

Or'de-al, n. [A.-S. ordal, ordsel, a judgment, just judg- 
ment, from Goth, vs, signifying forth, out, prime, origi- 
nal, and 0. H. Ger. te.ilan, A.-S. dselan, to divide.] 1. 
An ancient form of trial to determine guilt or innocence. 
It was of two sorts — ordeal by fire, and ordeal by water. 

a 2. Severe trial ; accurate scrutiny. 

Or'der, n. [Lat. ordo, ordinis.] 1. Regular arrange- 
ment ; any methodical or established succession. 2. 
Hence, a sound or proper condition ; a normal or becom- 
ing state, 3. Customary mode of procedure. 4. Reg- 
ular government ; general tranquillity. 5. A regulation ; 
a standing rule. 6. A particular injunction ; a com- 
mand ; a mandate. 7. Necessary measures or c$re. 8. 
Specifically, a commission to make purchases or supply 
goods ; a direction, in writing, to pay money. 9. A 
number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or suita- 
ble place, or relative position ; especially, a rank or class 
in societj r ; hence, a privileged or dignified grade. 10. 
A class of men so closely linked together that they form 
a separate class in the community. 11. (Episcopal 
Church.) The rank of deacon, priest, or bishop ; — often 
used in the pi. 12. (Arch.) One of the five principal 
methods recognized by the ancients for constructing and 
ornamenting the columns of an edifice : these were the 
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. 13. 
(Zob'l.) One of the well-marked divisions of a class, in- 
cluding in itself families and genera. 14. (Bot.) A 
group or collection of allied individuals, more compre- i 
hensive than a genus. 15. (Rhet.) The placing of words 
and members in a sentence in such a manner as to con- 
tribute to force, beauty, and clearness of expression. 

Syn. — Regularity; precept; injunction; command; regula- 
tion; rank; class; measure; care. 

Or'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ordered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ordering.] 1. To put in order ; to reduce to a me- 
thodical arrangement ; to systematize ; to adjust. 2. To 
manage ; to conduct ; to regulate. 3. To command. 

Syn. — To regulate ; adjust; lead ; conduct ; direct; bid; 
command; enjom; manage: treat, &c. 

Or'der, v. i. To give command or direction. 

6r'der-er, n. One who orders ; one who gives orders. 

6r'der-ing, n. Disposition ; distribution ; management. 

Or'der-less, a. Without order or regularity ; disorderly ; 

a out of rule. 

Qr'dei'-li-ness, n. State of being orderly ; regularity. 

Or'der-iy, a. 1. Conformed to order ; methodical ; reg- 
ular. 2. Observant of order, method, or rule ; hence, 
quiet; peaceable. 3. Well-regulated. 4. Being on duty. 
Syn. — Systematic; regular; methodical; peaceable. 

6r'der-ly, adv. According to due order ; regularly. 

Or'der-ly, n. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer who at- 
tends a superior officer for the purpose of bearing his 

• orders, or rendering other service. 

Or'di-nal, a. [Lat. ordinalis, from ordo, ordinis, order.] 

A Indicating the established order or succession. 

Or'di-nal, n. 1. A number noting order. 2. A book 
containing the service, as prescribed in the English 
church, for the ordination of deacons, &c. 

Or'di-nance, n. [See Ordain.] 1. An ordaining or 
establishing by authority ; appointment. 2. A rule 
established by authority ; a statute, law, edict, decree, 
rescript. 3. (Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. 

Or'di-na-ri-ly, adv. According to established rules ; 

• hence, commonly ; usually ; in most cases. 
Or'di-na-ry (44), a. [Lat. ordinarius, from ordo, ordinis, 



order.] 1. According to established order ; methodical, 
regular. 2. Of common rank. 3. Common, usual. 4. 
Hence, of little merit. 5. Plain ; not handsome. 

Syn. — Normal; common; usual; customary. See Nor- 
mal. —A thing is common in which many persons share or 
partake; as, a common practice. A thing is ordinarn when it is 
apt to come round in the orderly or regular succession of 
events; as, the ordinary course. When used in the sense of 
inferior, ordinary marks a want of that which distinguishes; 
as, an ordinary face; common denotes the want of that which 
attracts or interests. 

6r'di-na-ry (sometimes colloq. ord'na-ry), n. 1. (Law.) 
(a.) ( Civil Law.) An officer who has original jurisdiction 
in his own right, and not by deputation, (b.) (English 
Law.) One who has immediate jurisdiction in matters 
ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge, (c.) (Am. Law.) 
A judicial officer, having generally the powers of a judge 
of probate or surrogate. 2. A dining-room or eating- 
house where there is a fixed price for the meal ; hence, 
also, the meal furnished at such a dining-room. 3. 
(Naval Usage.) The establishment of the shipping not 
in actual service, but laid up under the charge of officers. 
4. (Her.) A portion of the escutcheon comprised be- 

A tween straight or other lines. 

Or'di-na-ry- ship, n. State of being an ordinary. 

Or'di-nate, a. [Lat. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare. See 

A supra.] Regular ; methodical. 

Or'di-nate, n. ( Geom.) The distance of any point in a 
curve measured on a line called the axis of ordinates, or 
on a line parallel to it, from another line called the axis 
of abscissas, on which the corresponding abscissa of the 

A point is measured. 

Or'di-na'tion, n. [Lat. ordinatio.] 1. Act of ordain- 
ing. 2. Especially, the act of setting apart to an office 
of the Christian ministry. 3. State of being ordained 

A or appointed ; tendency. 

Ord'nance, n. [From ordinance.] Heavy weapons of 

a warfare ; cannon, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery. 

Or 'don-nance, n. [Fr. See Ordinance.] (Fine Arts.) 
The disposition of the parts either in regard to the whole 

A piece or to the several parts. [crements ; feces. 

Ord'ure, n. [From Lat. horridus, horrid.] Dung ; ex- 
Ore, n. [A.-S. Or, Ore, Icel. eyr, Goth, aiz, allied to Lat. 
gss, teris, Skr. ajas.] The compound of a metal and some 
other substance, as oxygen, sulphur, or arsenic, by which 

_ its properties are disguised or lost. 

O're-ad (87). n. [Gr. 'Opeids, : OpeiaSos, from opos, moun- 

A tain.] A mountain nymph. 

Or'gan, jj. [Lat. organum, Gr. bpyavov.] 1. An instru- 
ment by which an important action is performed, or an 
important object accomplished ; especially, a part of a 
living being, capable of a special function, essential to 
the life or well-being of the whole, as the lungs, the 
heart, &c. 2. A medium of communication between 
one person or bod3 r , and another. 3. (Bins.) An instru- 
ment containing pipes filled with wind from a bellows, 

A and played upon by means of keys. 

Qr'gan-die, (. n. [Fr. organdi.] A kind of muslin or 

Or'gan-dy, j cotton fabric, characterized by great 
transparency and lightness. 

Or-gan'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to an organ or its func- 

Or-gan'ie-al, j tions ; consisting of organs, or contain- 
ing them. 2. Produced by the organs. 3. Instru- 
mental. 

Or-gan'ie-al-ly, adv. In an organic manner ; with 
organical structure or disposition of parts ; by means of 

A organs. 

6r'gan-i§m, n. 1. A structure composed of or acting 

A by means of organs. 2. An organized being. 

Or'gan-ist, n. (Mus.) One who plays on the organ. 

dr'gan-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being organized. 

Or'gan-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of organizing. 2. State 
of being organized ; the relations included in such a state 
or condition. 3. That which is organized : an organism. 

Or'gan-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. organized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. organizing.] 1. To furnish with organs. 2. 
To arrange or constitute in parts, each having a special 

a function, act, office, or relation. 

Or'gan-loft, n. The loft where an organ stands. 

Or'gan-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. bpyavov, an organ, and 
ypa^eiv, to describe.] (Nat. Hist.) A description of the 
organs of plants or animals, or of the names and kinds 

a of their organs. 

Or'gan-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. bpyavov, an organ, and \6yos, 
discourse.] 1. The science of, or an account of, organs 
and their uses. 2. (Physiol.) That branch which treats, 

a in particular, of the different organs of animals. 

Or'gan-zine 7 (110), n. [Fr. organsin.] Silk of very 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



ORGASM 



506 



ORPHAN 



fine texture, twisted like a rope with different strands, so 
as to increase its strength. 

6r'ga§m, n. [Gr. 6pyao-/u.6s, from bpyau, to swell, espe- 
cially with lust, to feel an ardent desire.] Immoderate 
excitement or action. 

Orgeat (or'zhat or or'zha), n. [Fr. , from orge, barley.] 
A flavoring liquor, extracted from barley and sweet al- 

A monds. 

Or'gy, n. ;pl. or'gies (or'jiz) ; — usually in the pi. [Lat. 
orgia, pi., Gr. opyia, either from epyov, work, or more 
probably from op-yrj, fury, bpyuv, to swell with lust.] The 
ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans in the 
worship of Bacchus, which were characterized by wild 
and frantic revelry ; hence, in general, drunken revelry ; 

w nocturnal carousals. 

Or'i-ehaleh, n. [Lat. orichalcum, aurichalcum, Gr. 
opei'xaAfco?, from opos, mountain, and x^Ako?, brass.] A 
metallic substance, resembling gold in color, but inferior 

_ in value. 

O'ri-el, n. [L. Lat. oriolum, portico, 
hall, prob. diminutive of Lat. area, 
a vacant or open space.] {Arch.) A 
large bay or recessed window, as in 

_ a hail, a chapel, or other apartment. 

O'ri-ent, a. [Lat. oriens, p. pr. of 
oriri, to rise.] 1. Rising, as the 
sun. 2. Eastern ; oriental. 3. 
Bright ; shiDing ; hence, of superior 

_ quality ; perfect. 

O'ri-ent, n. 1. The eastern hori- 
zon ; the East. 2. Hence, the 

_ countries of Asia. 

O'ri-ent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the orient or east. 2. Proceeding 

__from, or situated in, the orient. 

O'ri-ent'al 

_ part of the world. [orientalists. 

O/ri-ent'al-Igm, n. Any system or doctrine peculiar to 

O'ri-ent'al-ist, n. 1„ An inhabitant of the eastern 
parts of the world ; an oriental. 2. One versed in the 

_ eastern languages and literature. 

O'ri-ent'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. orientated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ORIENTATING-.] To place or turn toward the 
east ; to cause to assume an easterly direction, or to veer 

_ toward the east. 

O/ri-ent'ate, v. i. To move or turn toward the east. 

O'ri-en-ta'tion, ft. 1. The process of determining the 
points of the compass, or the east point, in taking bear- 
ings. 2. The tendency of a revolving body, when sus- 
pended in a certain way, to bring the axis of rotation 
into parallelism with the earth's axis. 3. An aspect or 

^ fronting to the east. 

Or'i-f ie e n. [Lat. orificium, from os, oris, a mouth, and 
facere, to make.] The mouth or aperture of a tube, 
pipe, or other cavity ; an opening. 

Or'i-flamfo ) (-flam) n. [0. Fr. oriflambe, oriflam, L. 

Or'i-f lamme ) Lat. auriflamma, fr. Lat. durum, gold, 
andjlamma, flame, L. Lat. a little banner ; so called be- 
cause it was a flag of red silk, split into many points and 
borne on a gilded lance.] The ancient royal standard of 

^ France. 

Or'i-gin, n. [Lat. origo, originis, from oriri, to rise, be- 
come visible.] 1. First existence or beginning of any 
thing. 2. That from which any thing primarily pro- 




Oriel. 
A native or inhabitant of some eastern 



Syn. — Commencement ; rise ; source ; spring ; fountain ; 
derivation; cause; root; foundation. — Origin denotes the rise 
or commencement of a thing; source presents itself under the 
image of a fountain flowing forth in a continuous stream of 
influences. The origin of moral evil has been much disputed, 
but no one can doubt that it is the source of most of the calami- 
ties of our race. 

O-rig'i-nal, n. 1. Origin ; commencement ; source. 2. 
That which precedes all others of its class ; archetype ; 
hence, an original work of art, manuscript, text, &c. 3. 
The precise language employed by a writer. 4. A per- 
son of marked peculiarity. [Colloq.] 5. (Nat. Hist.) 
The stock of a series of living forms, in which a variety is 
considered to have originated. 6. One who has new and 
striking ideas. 

O-rig'i-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to the origin or being. 2. 
Preceding all others ; first in order. 3. Not translated ; 
employed by the author. 4. Having the power to sug- 
gest new thoughts or combinations of thought. 
i Original sin (Theol.), the first sin of Adam, namely, his 
eating the forbidden fruit (see Gen. iii.) ; hence, either the im- 
putation of Adam's sin to his posterity, or a natural corruption 
and tendency to sin inherited from him. 
Syn. — First; primitive; pristine; inventive; peculiar. 




O-rig'i-nal 'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being original. 

O-rig'i-nal-ly, adv. 1. Primarily ; from the beginning. 
2. At first. 3. By the first author ; at the time of for- 
mation. 

O-rig'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. originated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. originating.] To give an origin or beginning 
to ; to bring into existence. [act. 

O-rig'i-nate, v. i. To have origin; to begin to exist or 

O-rig'i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing or coming into 
existence. 2. Mode of production or bringing into 
being. 

O-rig'i-na/tor, n. One who originates. 

O'ri-ole, n. [0. Fr. oriol, 
lor ion, for loriol, with the ar- 
ticle, from Lat. aureolus, gold- 
en, dim. of aureus, id., from 
durum, gold.] (Ornith.) A 
bird of several species, allied to 
the thrushes, having plumage 
of a golden-yellow, mixed with 
black. Unole - 

O-ri'on, n. [Originally a celebrated hunter in the Greek 
mythology, after whom this constellation was named.] 
(Astron.) A large and bright constellation, crossed by the 

w equinoctial line. 

Or'i-§on (or'i-zon), n. [0. Fr., from Lat. orare, to pray.] 

A A prayer or supplication. [Poet.] 

Or'lop, n. [D. overloop, the upper deck, lit. a running 
over or overflowing, from overlopen, to run over.] 
(Naut.) The lower deck of a ship of the line ; or that, in 

a all vessels, on which the cables are stowed. 

Or'mo-lii', n. [Fr. ormoulu, from or, gold, Lat. durum, 
and moulu, p. p. of moudre, to grind, to mill, Lat. mo- 
lere.] A variety of brass made to resemble gold by the 
use of less zinc and more copper in its composition than 

A ordinary brass contains. 

Or'na-ment, n. [Lat. ornamenlum, from ornare, to 
adorn.] That which embellishes ; embellishment ; deco- 

A ration. 

Or'na-ment, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ornamented ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ornamenting.] To make beautiful or 
furnish with embellishments. 

Syn. — To adorn ; embellish ; deck ; decorate ; beautify. 
See Adokn. 

Or'na-ment'al, a. Serving to ornament ; embellishing. 

Or'na-men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or art of ornamenting, 
or state of being ornamented. 2. That which ornaments ; 

a ornament. 

Or'nate, a. [Lat. orndtus, p. p. of ornare, to adorn.] 

A Adorned ; decorated ; beautiful. 

Or'nate-ly, ddv. In an ornate manner. 

Or'nate-ness, n. The state of being ornate. 

Or-nith'i-eh-nite (49), n. [Gr. cpvts, 6pi/i0o?, bird, and 
iX^os, track.] (Paleon.) The foot-mark of a bird, occur- 
ring in strata of stone. 

SrlS^l^'al, ! «■ *"*>*- to °™' M <«- 
Oi^ni-tliol'o-gist, n. One who is skilled in ornithology. 
Or'ni-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. opvis, bpvi6o<;, bird, and Aoyos, 

discourse.] That branch of natural science which treats 
^ of the form, structure, and habits of birds. 
Or'ni-tho-rhyneh'us (-rink/us), n. [Gr. opvt?, bpviOos, 

bird, and pvyx ?) snout, beak, 

from pv£etv, to growl, snarl.] 

( Zool. ) A mammal of the shape 

and size of the otter, with a 

horny beak resembling that of a 

duck, with paws webbed and 

formed for swimming. It is only -T-;ff .„„ 
w found in Australia. Ormthorhynchus. 

Sr'o^lrtph'iJ-al, } a ' 0f ' or P ertainin S to > orography. 

O-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. opos, a mountain, and ypa^eiv, 
to describe.] An account of mountains. 

dr'o-log'ie-al, a. [See Oroeogy.] Pertaining to & 
description of mountains. 

O-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Spos, mountain, and Adyos, dis- 

_ course.] The science or description of mountains. 

0'ro-tu.ncl' (110), n. [Lat. os, oris, the mouth, and 
rotundus, round, smooth.] A mode of intonation direct- 
ly from the larynx, having a fullness, clearness, and 
ringing or musical quality, which form the highest pei^- 

_ fection of the human voice. 

O'ro-tuncl', d. Characterized by fullness, clearness, 
strength, and smoothness ; ringing and musical. 

Or'phan, n. [Gr. 6p$av6s, allied to Lat. orbus, Gr. 
6p<f>6s.] A child who is bereaved of both father and 




a, e, &c, long; a,e,&c.,.sAorf/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; p'ique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



ORPHAN 



507. 



OSTENTATIOUS 



mother ; sometimes, also, a child who has but one parent 
a living. 

8Qr'plia:n, a. Bereaved of parents. 
Qr'phaii-age, n. State of being an orphan. 
r'phaned, a. Bereft of parents or friends. 
r'plian-lgm, n x The state of being an orphan. 

Or-phe'an, or 6r'plie-an (124), a. Pertaining to 
Orpheus, a poet who is represented as having had the 
power of moving inanimate bodies by the music of his 

6r'pliie, a. Pertaining to Orpheus ; Orphean. [lyre. 

Or'pi-ment, n. [Lat. auripigmentum, from aurum, 
gold, and pigmentum, pigment.] The trisulphide of 
arsenic, occurring in crystals of a lemon-yellow color, and 
having a resinous taste. It is used in dyeing. 

Or're-ry, n. [So named by Sir Richard Steele, in com- 
pliment to the Earl of Orrery, for whom one of the first 
machines was made.] A piece of apparatus designed to 
illustrate the relative size, positions, orbits, &c, of the 
bodies of the solar system. 

Or'ris, n. [Probably corrupted from Iris.] 1. (Bot.) A 
plant; flower-de-luce, or fleur-de-lis. Its root has an 
agreeable odor, resembling that of violets. 2. [Contr. 
from obs. or/rays, gold fringe, from Fr. or (Lat. aurum), 
gold, a,nd /raise (from Friesl&nd), fringe, ruff.] A sort 
of gold or silver lace. 3. A peculiar pattern in which 

A gold and silver lace is worked. 

Or'tho-dox, a. [Or. 6p968o£os, from 6p0os, right, true, 
and Soija, opinion.] 1. Sound in the Christian faith ; — 
opposed to heretical. 2. According with the doctrines 

a of Scripture. 

Or'tlio-dox'Iy, adv. In an orthodox manner ; with 

A soundness of faith. 

Or'tlio-dox'ness, n. State of being sound in the faith. 

Or'tho-dox'y, n. 1. Soundness of faith : a belief in 
the genuine doctrines taught in the Scriptures. 2. Con- 
sonauce to genuine scriptural doctrines. 

Or'tlio-drom'ics, n. sing. [Gr. bp96Spofxo<;, running 
straight forward, fr. 6p06s, straight, and Spa/xelv, rpexet-v, 
to run.] The art of sailing in a direct course, or on the 

A arc of a great circle. [circle. 

Or'tho-drom/y, n. Act or art of sailing on a great 

ftr'tho-ep'ie, 1 a. Pertaining to orthoepy, or the 

Or'tho-ep'ie-al, J right pronunciation of words. 

^r'tlio-ep'ic-al-ly, adv. In an orthoe'pical manner. 

Or'tlio-e-plst, n. One who is skilled in orthoepy. 

Or'tho-e-py, n. [Gr. opfloeVeta, from 6p06s, right, and 
€7tos, a word, from the root etr, to speak.] The art of 
uttering words with propriety ; a correct pronunciation 
of words. 

Or-tliog'o-nal, a. [Gr. 6p0ds, right, and -ywvta, angle ; 
bpOoycavos, bpdoywvios , rectangular.] Right-angled; rec- 
tangular ; at right angles. 

Or-tliog'ra-plier, n. One who spells words correctly 

A or properly, according to common usage. 

Or'tlio-graph'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to orthogra- 

Or'tho-grapli'ie-al, j phy. 2. ( Geom.) Pertaining 

a to right lines or angles. [manner. 

Or'tho-graph/ie-al-ly, adv. In an orthographical 

Or-thog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. bp9oypa<j>ia, from 6p06s, right, 
and ypd<j>eiv, to write.] 1. Art or practice of writing 
words with the proper letters, according to common 
usage ; spelling. 2. The part of grammar which treats 
of this subject. 3. ( Geom.) Delineation of an object by 
lines and angles corresponding to those of the object ; an 
elevation, showing all the parts in their proper propor- 
tions. 

Or-thop'e-dy, n. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, and Lat. pes, 
pedis, a foot.] (Med.) The art or practice of curing the 
deformities of the feet. 

Or-thop'ter-oiis, a. [Gr. 6p06?, straight, and mepov, 

feather, wing, from neTecrOat, nTeo-Oat, to fly.] ( Entom.) 

Having wing-covers of a uniform texture throughout, 

that generally overlap at the top when shut, under which 

' are the true wings, which fold longitudinally, like a fan. 

Or'tive, a. [Lat. ortivus, from oriri, ortus, to rise.] Of, 
or relating to, the time or act of rising, as of a star ; 

a eastern. 

6r'to-lan, n. [From Lat. hortulanus, from hortulus, 
dim. of /tortus, garden ; so called be- 
cause it frequents the hedges of gar- 
dens.] ( Ornith.) A singing bird, about 
the size of the lark, with black wings. 
It is found in Europe, and is esteemed 

_ delicious food. 

O'ryx, n. (Zob'l.) A variety of South 
African antelope. 

&s'cil-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. os- 
cillated ; p. pr. & vb. n. OSCIL- 




Ortolan. 



LATING.] [Lat. oscillare, oscillatum, from oscillum, a 

swing.] To move backward and forward ; to vibrate ; to 

swing ;_to sway. 
(Js'cil-la'tion, n. Act of oscillating ; vibration. 
Os'^il-la-to-ry, a. Moving backward and forward like 
w a pendulum ; swinging. 

Os'ci-t&ii-cy, n. 1. Act of gaping. 2. Unusual sleepi- 
^ ness ; drowsiness. 

Os'ci-tant, a. [Lat. osr.itans, p. pr. of oscitare. See Os- 
^CITATE.] 1. Yawning; gaping. 2. Sleepy; drowsy. 
Os'ci-tate, v. i. [Lat. oscitare, oscitatum, from os, the 

mouth, and citare, to put into quick motion, intensive 

form of ciere, to put in motion.] To gape with sleepi- 
j ness ; to yawn. 

ds'ci-ta'tion, n. [Lat. oscitatio.] Act of yawning or 
w gaping from sleepiness. 
Os'eu-lant, a. [Lat. oscidans, p. pr. of osculari, to kiss.] 

1. Adhering closely; embracing. 2. [Classification.) 

Intermediate in character, or on the border between two 
^ groups. 
Os'-eu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. osculated ; p- pr. & 

vb. n. OSCULATING.] [Lat. osculari, osculatum, to kiss, 

from osculum, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, mouth.] 

1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch, as one curve another, 

or as two curves when both have a common curvature at 
the point of contact. 

Os'-eu-late, t'. i. 1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch. 
Os^eu-la'tion, n. 1. Act of kissing. 2. (Geom.) Con- 
^ tact of one curve with another. 

ds'-eu-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, kissing. 
_2. (Geom.) Capable of osculation. 
O'sier (o'zher), n. [Armor, ozil, aozil, Gr. olco?, olavg, 

oicxva, oiaaf, allied to Lat. vitex.] A species of willow, or 
w the twig of the willow, used in making baskets. 
Os/man-li, n. ; pi. 6s7man-lis. A Turkish official ; — 

so called from Osman, who founded the Ottoman empire 
^ in Asia ; also, less properly, a native Turk. 
ds/na-fo-urg, n. A species of coarse linen, imported orig- 
__, inally from Osnaburg, in Germany. 

Os'pray, ) n. [Corrupted from ossifrage, q. v.] (Ornith.) 
Os'prey, { A long-winged eagle, of a yellow-brown, or 

brown color, above, and of a white color below. It lives 

on fish, which it takes by suddenly darting upon them 
^ when near the surface of the water. 
Os'se-let, n. [Fr. osselet, lit. a little bone, dim. of os, 

Lat. os, ossis, bone r ] A hard substance growing on the 
w inside of a horse's knee, among the small bones. 
ds'se-oiis (colloq. osh'us), a. [Lat. osseus, from os, ossis, 
^ bone.] Composed of bone ; resembling bone ; bony. 
Os'si-ele (os'si-kl), n. [Lat. ossiculwn, dim. of os, ossis, 

a bone.] A small bone. 
Os-sif'er-ous, a. [Lat. os, ossis, a bone, and ferre, to 

bear.] Containing or yielding bone. 
Os-sif 'ie, a. [Lat. os, ossis, bone, and facere, to make.] 

Having power to ossify or change carneous and mem- 
^ branous substances to bone. 
Os'si-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. The change, or process of 

changing, into a bony substance. 2. The state of being 
^ changed into a bony substance. 
Os'si-frage, n. [Lat. ossifraga, ossifragus, from ossi- 

fragus, bone-breaking, from os, ossis, a bone, and fran- 

gere,fractum, : to break. Cf. OsPRAY.] (Ornith.) Tho 
w young of the sea-eagle or bald eagle ; — formerly so called. 
6s'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OSSIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

OSSIFYING.] [From Lat. os, ossis, bone, and. facere, to 

make.] To form into bone ; to change from a soft ani- 
^ mal substance into bone. 
6s'si-f y, v. i. To become bone or bony. 
Os-siv'o-rous, a. [Lat. os, ossis, bone, and vorare, to 

devour.] Feeding on bones ; eating bones. 
Os'su-a-ry (osh'shu-a-ry, 95). n. [Lat. ossuarium, from 

os, ossis, bone.] A place where the bones of the dead are 

deposited ; a charnel-house. 
6s-ten'si-tole, a. [See Ostent.] Shown, declared, or 

avowed ; manifest ; apparent. 
Os-t6n'si-bly, adv. In an ostensible manner. 
Os-ten'sive, a. Showing ; exhibiting. 
Os'tent, or Os-tent', n. [Lat. ostentus, ostentum, from 

ostendere, to show.] 1. Appearance; air; manner. 2. 

Show; manifestation; token. 3. A portent. 
Os'teii-ta'tion, n. Act of making an ambitious display ; 

pretentious parade. 

Syn. — Parade ; pageantry ; pomp ; pompousness ; vatmt- 
ing; boasting. See Parade. 

Os'ten-ta'tious, a. 1. Fond of excessive or offensive 
display. 2. Pretentious. 

Syn. — Pompous; boastful; vaunting; showy; gaudy. 



food, fo'bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get } a§ ; exist ; linger, liijk: ; this. 



OSTENTATIOUSLY 



508 



OUTBREAKING 




Os'ten-ta'tioiis-ly, adv. In an ostentatious manner ; 

w with vain display. 

Os'te-o-eope, n. [Gr. cxrreo/coVos, fr. bo-reov, a bone, and 

kottos, a striking, pain.] (Med.) A violent, fixed pain in 
w any part of a bone. 
Os'te-og'e-ny, n. [Gr. bo-riov, a bone, and yeVeiv, 

yeveaOcu, to bring forth.] The formation or growth of 
w bone. 

Os'te-ol'o-ger, ». [See Osteology.] One who de- 
w scribes the bones of animals. 
Os'te-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in osteology. 
Os'te-ol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. bo-Teov, bone, and Adyo?, 

discourse.] That part of anatomy which treats of the 
w nature, arrangement, and uses of the bones. 
Ost'ler, n. The same as Hostler. 
Os-tra'cean (-shan), n. [N. Lat. ostracea, from Lat. 

ostrea, ostreum, Gr. bo-rpeov, barpeiov, oyster.] (Zoo I.) 

One of a family of bivalve shell-fish, of which the oyster 
w is the type. 
Qs'tra-cigm, n. [Gr. 6crTpa/ao-|uds, from bo-Tpatcov, burnt 

clay, a tile, a tablet used in voting, a shell.] 1. ( Gr. 

Antiq.) Banishment, by the people of Athens, of a per- 
son whose merit and influence gave umbrage to them. 
w 2. Banishment ; expulsion ; separation. 
Os'tra-cize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. ostracized ; p.pr. 

& vb. n. OSTRACIZING.] 1. To exile by ostracism. 
w 2. Hence, to banish from society ; to put under ban. 
Os'trich, n. [Fr. autruche, Sp. 

avestruz, from Lat. avis striithio ; 

struthio , an ostrich ; Gr . expounds , 

a small bird, 6 jue'ya? arpovBos, 

the large bird, i.e., the ostrich.] 

( Ornith.) A large bird, nearly ten 

feet high, having a long neck, 

stout, long legs, with only twoi 

toes, and short wings, with long,, 

soft plumes in the place of feath- 
ers. It is remarkable for its speed, 

and swallowing bits of metal or 

stone to aid in digestion. It is a 
^ native of Africa and Arabia. 
Os'tro-goth, ii. One of the east __ 

ern Goths, as distinguished fronT^ - 
^the Visigoths, or western Goths. Ostrich. 

Oi/a-eouLs'ti-G, a. [Gr. ofis, u>t6s, an ear, and clkovo-tiko*;, 

belonging to the sense of hearing.] Assisting the sense 

of hearing. 
O-tal'fji-d, In. [Gr. ooxaAyia, , from ov?, Cjtos, ear, and 
O-taFgy, j aAyos, pain.] (Med.) A pain in the ear. 
Oth'er (utb/er), pron. & a. [A.-S. odker, Goth, anthar, 

Icel. annar, Skr. anyatara, any a.] 1. Different from 

that which has been specified ; additional ; second of two. 

2. Not this, but the contrary ; opposite. 

TJie other day, at a certain time past, not distant, but indefi- 
nite; not long ago; a few days since. 

Oth'er-wlge, adv. In a different manner ; in different 

_ respects. 

O'ti-ose' (o'shi-QS'), a. [Lat. otiosus, from otium, ease.] 

Being at ease ; unemployed ; indolent. 
<5t'tar,n. [See Attar.] A highly fragrant oil obtained 

from the petals of some flowers, especially those of the 
w rose. 
Ot'ter, n. [A.-S. otor, oter, 

Icel. olr, O.H. Ger. ottar, ottir, 

Lith. udra, Russ. & Pol. wy- 

dra.] (Zo'ul.) A carnivorous 

animal of several species. They 

are aquatic, and feed on fish. 
Ot'to, n. The same as Ottar. 
w See Ottar. 
Ot'to-maii, a. [From Othoman, Othman, or Osman, a 

sultan who assumed the government of Turkey about 

the year 1300.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the em- 
^ pire of Turkey. 
Ot'to-man, n. ; pi. ot/to-man§. 1. A Turk. 2. A 

stuffed seat without a back, originally used in Turkey. 
Oucli, n. [Corrupted fr. nouc/i, which occurs in Chaucer, 

L. Lat. nusca, nosca, nochia, clasp, necklace, 0. H. Ger. 

nnsca, nusga, nuscha.] 1. A bezel, or socket, in which 

a precious stone or seal is set. 2. A carcanet or orna- 
^ment of gold. 

Ought (awt), n. See Aught. 
Ought (awt), v. imperfect. [Originally the preterit tense 

of the verb to owe, A.-S. agan, to have or possess. It is 

used in all persons, both in the present and past tenses. 

See Owe.] Is fit; behooveth ; is proper or necessary; 

should ; — used impersonally. 




Otter. 




iKf- Ought is now chiefly employed as an auxiliary verb, ex- 
pressing fitness, expediency, propriety, moral obligation, or the 
like, in the action or state indicated by the principal verb. 

Syn.- Should. — Both ought and should imply obligation, 
hut ought is the stronger. Should denotes an obligation of 
propriety, expediency, &c. ; ought denotes an obligation of 
duty. We should be neat in our persons ; we should avoid 
giving offense. We ought to speak truth; we ought to obey the 
laws. 

Ounce, n. [Lat. uncia, a twelfth, twelfth part of a pound 

and of a foot, Gr. ot/yyux, ovy/a'a.] 1. A weight, the 

twelfth part of a pound troy, and the sixteenth of a pound 

avoirdupois. 2. (Zool.) A 

carnivorous animal, resem 

bling the leopard, but having 

a thicker fur, irregular faint t 

spots, and a longer tail. It ] 

is a native of Northern India j 

and Persia. 
Our, possessive pron. [A.-S. Ounce. 

tire, contr. User, usser, from us, us, to us ; Goth. unsara\ 

Pertaining, or belonging, to us. See I. 

J&ip- When the noun is not expressed, ours (not our) is used ; 
as, Whose house is that ? It is ours. 

Ou'ra-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ovpavoypafyia, from ovpa- 
vd?, heaven, and ypdcpetv, to describe.] The same as 
Uranography, q. v. 

Ou-rol'o-gy, ) n. [Gr. ovpov, urine, and Ae'yetv, to 

Ou-ros'-eo-py, ) say, speak, a-Konelv, crKeirTeo-Oai, to 
look carefully.] The examination of urine, in order to 
determine with respect to disease. 

Ourg, possessive pron. See OUR. 

Our-self, pron. ; pi. our-selves/. 1. We; us; — 
used by way of emphasis, and chiefly in the plural. 2. 
Myself; also, we ; us ; — used reciprocally, chiefly in the 
regal or formal style, and gener- 
ally in the singular. 

Ou'gel (dVzl), ii. [A.-S. Osle, 0. 

"H. Ger. dmisala.] (Ornith.) A 
bird of several species of the 
thrush family. 

Oust (owst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
OUSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. OUST-1 
ING.] [O.Fr. oster, N. Fr. oter.y 
1. To take away ; to remove. 2.1 
To eject ; to turn out. 

Oust'er (ows^er), n. A putting 
out of possession ; dispossession ; 
ejection ; disseizin. 

Out, adv. [A.-S. & Icel. ut, Goth, 
the outside ; not within ; on the exterior, or beyond the 
limits of any inclosed place or given line ; — opposed to 
in or ivithin ; — used in a variety of special senses; as, 
(a.) Abroad; not at home. (6.) In a state of disclosure 
or discovery, (c. ) Not in concealment or secrecy, (d.) In 
a state of extinction, exhaustion, or destitution ; in want 
or debt; with deficiency or loss, (e.) Not in office or 
employment, (f.) In public, on display, and the like. 
(g.) To the end ; during the whole of ; completely, (h.) 
In an open or free manner ; audibly or perceptibly ; 
vividly or forcibly. (/.) Not in the hands of the owner. 
(j. ) In error or mistake ; in a wrong or incorrect position 
or opinion, (k.) In a puzzle; at a loss. (I.) Uncovered; 
with clothes torn. (m.) Away; off; — used as an ex- 
clamation. 

Out and out, completely ; without reservation. — Out of, from; 
— a phrase indicating origin, source, or derivation, and the 
like, and used to express a great variety of relations. — Out of 
one's time, having reached the period of majority; no longer a 
minor. — Out of print, not in market, or to be purchased, the 
copies printed having been all sold, or otherwise disposed of. — 
Out of season, not in the proper time or season ; at an improper 
time. — Out of sorts, out of order; unwell. — Out of temper, in 
had temper ; irritated ; sullen ; peevish. — Out of trim, not 
properly prepared. — Out of tunc, (a.) Harsh; discordant, (b.) 
Hence , ruffled ; irritated. — Out upon you, out upon it, away 
with you, away with it ; — expressions of dislike or contempt. 

Out, n. 1. One who, or that which, is without ; es- 
pecially, one who is out of office. 2. A place or space 
outside of. or around ; an angle projecting outward ; an 
open space.] 3. (Print.) An omission in setting up copy 

Out-a-et', v. t. To do beyond ; to exceed in acting. 

Out-bal'anpe, v. t. To outweigh ; to exceed in weight 
or effect. [price. 

Out-hid', v. t. To go beyond or surpass in the offer of a 

Out-hlaze', v. t. To exceed in blazing. 

Out'bound, a. Destined or proceeding from a country 
or harbor to a distant country or port. 

Out'break, n. A bursting forth ; eruption. 

Out'hreak-ing, n. That which bursts forth. 




Water-ousel. 
ut.] Without ; on 



si.e,&,c.,long; a, e, &.c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf* 



OUT-BUILDING 



509 



OUTWARD 



Out'-fouild'ing, n. A building separate from, and 
subordinate to, the main house or dwelling; an out- 
house. 

Out'burst, to. A breaking or bursting out. 

Out 'east, to. One who is cast out or expelled ; an exile ; 
hence, a degraded person ; a vagabond. 

Outcome, to. That which comes out of, or follows from, 
something else ; issue ; result ; consequence. 

Out'erop, n. ( Geol.) (a.) The coming out of a stratum 
to the surface of the ground. (b.) That part of an in- 
clined stratum which appears at the surface. 

Out-crop', v. i. ( GeoL ) To come out to the surface of 
the ground ; — said of strata. 

Out'ery, n. 1. A vehement or loud cry ; a cry of dis- 
tress. 2. Noisy opposition or detestation. 3. Sale at 
public auction. [Obs.] 
Syn» — Exclamation ; clamor ; noise j vociferation. 

Out-dare', v, t. To dare or venture beyond ; to surpass 
in daring. 

Out-dg', v. t. [imp. OUTDID ; p. p. OUTDONE ; p. pr. 
& vb'.'n. OUTDOING.] To excel ; to surpass. 

Out-door', a. Being without the house. [doors. 

Out-door§', adv. Abroad ; out of the house ; out-of- 

Out'er, a. [compar. of out.] Being on the outside ; 
further or more remote than something else ; external. 

Out'er-most, a. [superl., from outer.] Being on the 
extreme external part ; remotest from the midst. 

Out -face', v. t. To face or look out of countenance ; to 
brave. 

Out'fit, to. A fitting out, as of a ship for a voyage ; 
hence, an allowance for the payment of expenses con- 
nected with any special service or duty. 

Out-frown', v. t. To frown down ; to overbear by 
frowning. 

Out-gen'er-al, b. t. To exceed in generalship ; to gain 
advantage over by superior military skill. 

Out-give', v. t. To surpass in giving. 

Out-go', V. t. [imp. OUTWENT ; p. p. OUTGONE ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. outgoing.] 1. To go beyond; to go 
faster than. 2. To surpass ; to excel. 3. To circum- 
vent ; to overreach. [come. 

Out'go, to. Outlay ; expenditure: — the opposite of in- 

Out'go-er, to. One who goes out or departs. 

Out'go-ing, to. 1. Act or the state of going out. 2. 
Outgo ; outlay. 3. Closing portion ; limit ; border ; end ; 
— hence, the complete thing. 

Out-grow', v. t. [imp. outgrew ; p. p. outgrown ; 
p. pr. & vb, to. outgrowing.] 1. To surpass in 
growth. 2. To become too large to make use of, or too 
old or infirm to exhibit. 

Out'growth, to. 1. Growth to excess. 2. That which 
has grown out or proceeded from any thing ; result. 

Out'guard, to. (Mil.) A guard at a distance from the 
main body of an army ; hence, any thing for defense 
placed at a distance from the thing to be defended. 

Out-Her'od, v. t. To excel in the resemblance to 
Herod ; hence, to go beyond in any excess of evil or 
deformity ; to surpass in violence or cruelty. 

Out'-hoUse, to. A small house or building at a little 
distance from the main house ; an out-building. 

Out-land'ish, a. Not according with usage ; strange ; 
rude ; barbarous ; clownish. [tion. 

Out-last', v. t. To last longer than ; to exceed in dura* 

Out'law, to. A person excluded from the benefit of the 
law, or deprived of its protection. 

Out'law, v. t. [imp. & p. p. outlawed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. OUTLAWING.] To deprive of the benefit and protec- 
tion of law ; to proscribe. 

Out'Jaw-ry, n. Act of outlawing ; the putting a man 
out of the protection of law. 

Out'lay, to. 1. A laying out or expending. 2. That 
which is laid out ; expenditure. 

Out'let, n. Place or the means by which any thing is 
let out ; passage outward ; an exit. 

Out'11-er, n. 1. One who does not reside in the place 
with which his office or duty connects him. 2. ( Geol.) 
A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond the 
main body. 

Outline, to. 1. The line which marks the outside of a 
figure ; contour. 2. Hence, a sketch ; delineation of a 
figure without shading. 3. Hence, a prou:i.inary or gen- 
eral indication of a plan, system, course of thought, &c. 

Out'line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. outlined ; p. pr. & vb. 
to. outlining. J 1. To draw the exterior line of. 2. 
To draw in outline ; to sketch ; to delineate. 

Out-live' (out-l!v), v, t. To live beyond ; to survive. 

Out'ld"bk, n. 1. Act of looking out ; watch. 2. Place 



from which one looks out ; a watch-tower. 3. View ob- 
tained by one looking out ; prospect ; sight. 

Out'ly-ing, a. 1. Lying or being at a distance from the 
main body or design ; remote. 2. Being on the exterior 
or frontier. 

Out-march', f. t. To march faster than; to march so 
as to leave behind. [ure or extent. 

Out-mea§'ure (out-mezh'ur), v. t. To exceed in meas- 

Out-num'foer, v. t. To exceed in number. 

Out-of-door', a. Being out of the house ; in the open 
air ; out-door. 

Out'-of-doorg', adv. Out of the house ; out-doors. 

Out-of-the-way', a. Different from the ordinary way 
or fashion ; uncommon ; unusual ; singular. 

Out'port, n, A harbor or port at some distance from 
the chief town or seat of trade. 

Out'post, to. (Mil.) (a.) A post or station without tho 
limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of 
an army, (b.) The troops at such a station. 

Out-pour', v, t. To pour out ; to send forth in a stream; 
to effuse. 

Out'rage (126), v. t. [imp. & p. p. outraged ; p. 
pr. & vb. to. OUTRAGING.] [See the noun.] To treat 
with violence and wrong ; to injure by rough, rude treat- 
ment of any kind. 

Out'rage, to. [L. Lat. ultragium, from Lat. ultra, be- 
yond.] Injurious violence offered to persons or things ; 
gross injury. 
Syn.-~ Affront ; insult: abuse. 

Out-ra'geous, a. Involving or performing an outrage ; 
exceeding the limits of reason or of decency. 

Syn. — Violent t furious i exorbitant t excessive s atrocious ; 
enormous. 

Out-ra'geoiis-ly, adv. In an outrageous manner. 

Out-ra'geous-ness, to. Quality of being outrageous. 

Out-rank', v. t. To take the precedence of, or be supe- 
rior to, in rank ; to rank. 

OtitrS (cnytra'), a. [Fr., p.p. of outrer, to exaggerate, 
from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond.] Being out of the 
common course or limits ; extravagant. 

Out-reach', v. t. To reach or extend beyond. 

Out-ride', v. t. To ride faster than. [vehicle. 

Out-ride', v. i. To travel about on horseback, or in a 

Out'rid-er, to. A servant on horseback who attends a 
carriage. 

Out'rig-ger, n. (Naut.) Any projecting spar or piece 
of timber for extending ropes or sails, &c. 

Out 'right (oiuVrlt), adv. 1. Immediately ; without de- 
lay ; at once ; instantly. 2. Completely ; utterly. 

Out-run', v. t. [imp. outran; p. p. outrun; p.pr. 
& vb. 71. OUTRUNNING.] 1. To exceed in running. 2. 
Hence, to exceed in degree, quality, &c. ; to surpass. 

Out-sail', v. I. To sail faster than. 

Out-sell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. outsold ; p. pr. & vb. 
to. OUTSELLING.] 1. To exceed in amount of sales. 
2. To exceed in the prices of things sold. 3. To bring, 
or be sold for, a higher price. 

Out'set, to. First entrance on any business ; beginning. 

Out-shine', v. t. To excel in luster or excellence. 

Out'side, n. 1. The external part of a thing; that 
which is superficial ; exterior ; externality. 2. The part 
or place which lies without or beyond an inclosure. 3. 
The furthest limit, as to number, quantity, extent, &c. ; 
the utmost. 4. One who, or that which, is without. 

Out'side, a. On the outside ; exterior ; external. 

Out'sid'er, to. One not belonging to the concern, party, 
&c, spoken of. [Recent.] 

Out'sh-Irt, to. Border; outpost; 6uburb. 

Out-spread', v. t. To extend ; to spread. 

Out-stand', v. i. [imp. & p. p. outstood; p. pr. & 
vb. n. OUTSTANDING.] 1. To project outward from 
the main body. 2. To stand or remain beyond tho 
proper time ; hence, to be unpaid, as a debt, and the like. 

Out-stare', v. t. To face down ; to browbeat. 

Out-stretch', v . t. To stretch or spread out ; to ex- 
pand. . [leave behind. 

Out-strip', v. t. To outrun ; to advance beyond ; to 

Out-talk' (-tawk'), v. t. To overpower by talking; to 
exceed in talking. 

Out-val'iie, v. t. To exceed in price or value. 

Out-vie', v. t. To exceed ; to surpass. 

Out-vote' v. t. To exceed in the number of votes given ; 
to defeat by plurality of suffrages. 

Out-walk' (-wawk'), v. t. To walk faster than ; to 
leave behind in walking. 

Out'Wall, n. The exterior wall of a building or fortress. 

Out'ward, a. [Eng. out and ward.] 1. Forming tho 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^cist, linger ; link ; this- 



OUTWARD 



510 



OVERHEAR 




superficial part ; external ; exterior. 2. Extrinsic ; ad- 
ventitious. 3. Tending to the exterior part. 

Syn. — Outer ; visible ; external ; apparent ; foreign ; pub- 
lic ; carnal ; fleshly ; corporeal. 

Out'ward, «rfi). 1. To the outer parts. 2. From a port 
or country ; to some foreign region. 

Out 'ward-bound/, a. Bound in an outward direction 
or to foreign parts. [side : externally. 

Out'ward-ly, adv. In an outward manner ; on the out- 

Out'wardg, adv. See Outward. 

Out-watch' (-wotch'), v. t. To surpass in watching. 

Out-wear', v. t. [imp. outwore ; p. p. outworn ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. outwearing.] To last longer than; 
to surpass or exceed in duration. 

Out-weigh' (-wa'Ji *>■ t - 1« To exceed in weight. 2. 
To exceed in value, influence, or importance. 

Out-wit', v. t. To surpass in design or stratagem ; to 
overreach ; to defeat or frustrate by superior ingenuity. 

Out -work' (-wQrk/), v - *■ U m P- OUTWORKED, or OUT- 
WROUGHT ; p. p. OUTWROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. n. OUT- 
WORKING.] To surpass in work or labor. 

Out'work (-wurk), n. (Fort.) A part of a fortress with- 
out the principal wall, within or beyond the principal 
ditch. 

Ou'zel (oo'zl), n. ( Ornith.) See OUSEL. 

O'val, a. [From Lat. ovum, egg.] 1. Having 
the shape or figure of an egg ; resembling the lon- 
gitudinal section of an egg. 2. Hence, oblong 
and curvilinear, with both ends of about the 

__ same breadth ; elliptical. Oval. 

O'val, n. A body or figure in the shape of an egg, or 
of an ellipse. 

O-va'ri-ous, a. Consisting of eggs. [Rare.] 

O-vd'ri-iim, n. ; pi. o-va'ri-A. [New Lat.] An ovary. 

_See Ovary. 

0'va-ry,n. [From Lat. owe???, egg.] 1. (Bot.) 
That part of the pistil which contains the 
seed, and in the course of development be- 
comes the fruit. 2. (Anat.) The organ of a 

__ female animal in which the eggs are formed. 

O'vate, I a. Shaped like an egg, with the 

O'va-ted, ) lower extremities broadest. Ovary (1). 

O-va'tion, n. [Lat. ovatio, from ovare, to exult ; triumph 
in an ovation.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A lesser triumph 
allowed to a commander for a victory. 2. Hence, an 

. expression of popular homage. 

Ov'cn (uT'nj, «. [A.-S. q/e;i, Tcel. ofn, Goth, auhns.] An 
ai-ched place, for baking, heating, or drying any sub- 
stance ; hence, any structure, which may be heated for 

_ baking or like uses. 

O'ver, prep. [A.-S. ofer, ober, Icel. yfir, Goth, ufar, 
allied to Skr. upari, Gr. V7rep, Lat. super.} 1. Across ; 
from side to side ; —implying a passing or moving either 
above the substance or thing, or on the surface of it. 2. 
Above, in place or position. 3. Above, denoting supe- 
riority in excellence, dignity, or value. 4. Above in 
authority. 5. Upon the surface or whole surface ; 
through the whole extent. 6. In a state of watchful- 
ness with respect to. 7. During the whole time. 8. 
Above the top of; covering. 

Ss r n. — Under. — It has always been English usage to say 
"under one's signature," as wc say "under one's hand, " under 
one's seal." Some, in this country, have imagined " over one's 
signature "to be more correct, not considering that the refer- 
ence is to the paper containing the instrument or mass of 
thought to be verified. This is under the hand in signing, as 
it is under the seal when affixed, though, in either case, the 
written words may be above. Thus the three phrases all stand 
on the samefooting, and if one is changed, all must be changed. 

O'ver, adv. 1. From side to side. 2. On the opposite 
side. 3. From one to another by passing. 4. From 
one country to another, by passing. 5. Above the top. 
6. More than the quantity assigned. 7. Throughout ; 
from beginning to end ; completely. 

E©*" Overis, much used in composition, with the signification 
of spreading, so as to come from above, as in overcast, over- 
flow ; or above, as to overhang; or turning, so as to reverse the 
surface or sides, as in overturn; or, more generally, beyond a 
limit, implying excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome. 

Over against, opposite ; in front. — Over and above, beyond 
what is supposed or limited ; besides. — Over and over, re- 
Peatedly ; onee and again.— To give over, (a.) To cease from. 
(o.) To consider as in a hopeless state. 

O'ver, a. Upper ; covering ; — chiefly used in composition. 
O/ver-a-hound', v. i. To abound more than enough. 
O/ver-aet', v. t. To act or perform to excess. 
O/ver-aet', v. i. To act more than is necessary. 
0'ver-all§, n. pi. A kind of loose trowsers worn over 
others to protect them from being soiled. 



O/ver-arch', v. t. To cover with an arch. 

O/ver-arch', v. i. To hang over like an arch. 

O'ver-awe', v. t. To restrain by awe, fear, or superiof 

_ influence. [portance. 

O/ver-fo&l'ance, v. t. To exceed in weight, value, orim- 

O'ver-bal'aii^e (119), n. Excess of weight or value. 

O'ver-taear', v. t. [imp. OVERBORE ; p. p. OVER- 
BORNE ; p. pr. & vb. n. overbearing.] To bear 
down ; to repress ; to subdue. 

Syn. — To overpower ; overwhelm ; whelm ; conquer ; 
suppress. See Bear. 

O'ver-hear'ing, p. a. Haughty and dogmatical ; tend- 

_ ing to repress or subdue by insolence or effrontery. 

O'ver-Md', v. i. [imp. overbade ; p. p. overbid or 
overbidden; p. pr. & vb. n. overbidding.] To bid 

_ or offer more than an equivalent. 

O'ver-board', adv. Over the side of a ship ; hence, out 

_ of a ship or from on board. [weight. 

O'ver -bfir 'den (-bur'dn), v. t. To load with too great 

O'ver-east', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overcast; p. pr. & 
vb. n. overcasting.] 1. To cover with gloom ; to 
cloud ; to darken. 2. To rate too high. 3. To sew by 
running the thread over a rough edge ; to sew over and 

_ over. 

O'ver-charge', v. t. 1. To load with too heavy a 
charge or weight ; to burden; to oppress; to cloy. '2. 
To make too great a charge of, or against, as on an ac- 
count. 3. (Mil.) To fill with too much powder and 

_ ball, as a gun. 

O'ver-charge', n. 1. An excessive load or burden. 2. 
A charge in an account of more than is just. 3. An ex- 

_cessive charge, as of a gun. 

O'ver-eloud', v. t. To cover or overspread with clouds ; 

_ to becloud. 

O'ver-eoat, n. A coat worn over the other clothing ; a 

_ great-coat or top-coat. 

O'ver-eome' (-kum'), v. t. [imp. OVERCAME ; p. p. 
overcome ; p. pr. kvb.n. overcoming.] To get 
the better of. 

Syn.— To subdue; vanquish; overpower; overthrow; 
overturn ; defeat ; crush ; overbear r overwhelm ; prostrate ; 
beat ; surmount. — To conquer. — To overcome is to gain the 
superiority or mastery in any trial of strength ; to conquer is 
to overpower and bring under our control. An enemy is 
conquered ; an antagonist in argument, &c, is overcome. 

O/ver-eome' (-kum'), v. i. To gain the superiority. 

O'ver-eost'ly, a. Very or unduly costly ; extravagant- 

_ ly expensive. 

O'ver-do', v. t. [imp. OVERDID ; p. p. OVERDONE ; 
p. pr. Sz'vb.n. overdoing.] 1. To do or perform too 
much. 2. To oppress by too much action or labor ; to 

_ harass : to fatigue. 3. To boil, bake, or roast too much. 

O'ver-do', v. i. To labor too hard ; to do too much. 

O/ver-dose', n. Too great a dose. 

O'ver-draw', v. t. [imp. overdrew;/).^, over- 
drawn;' p. pr. & vb. n. overdrawing.] To draw 
upon for a sum beyond one's credit in the books of a 

_ bank or merchant. [strength. 

O/ver-drive', v. t. & i. To drive too hard or beyond 

O'ver-due', a. Due and more than due ; past the time 

_ of payment. 

0'ver-feed', v. t. [imp. & p.p. OVERFED; p.pr. & 

_vb. n. overfeeding.] To feed to excess. 

O'ver-flow', v. t. 1. To flow over; to spread over, as 
water ; to inundate. 2. Hence, to overwhelm ; to cover, 

_as with numbers. 

O'ver-flow', v. i. 1. To run over; to swell and run 
over the brim or banks. 2. To be abundant ; to 

_ abound. [dance. 

O'ver-f low' (119), n. An inundation ; also, superabun- 

O/ver-flow'ing, n. Exuberance ; copiousness. 

O'ver-f r eight' (o'ver-fraf), v. t. To load too heavily ; 

_ to fill with too great quantity or numbers. 

O'ver-grow', v.t. [imp. overgkew; p. ^.over- 
grown; p.pr. & vb. n. overgrowing.] 1. To cover 
with growth or herbage. 2. To grow beyond ; to rise 

_ above. [size. 

O'ver-grow', v. i. To grow beyond the fit or natural 

O'ver-hang', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overhung ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. OVERHANGING.] 1. To impend or hang over. 

_ 2. To jut or project over. 

O'ver-hang', v. i. To jut over. 

5'ver-haul', v. t. 1. To draw or drag over. 2. To 
examine thoroughly with a view to repairs. 3. (Naut.) 
To gain upon in a chase ; to overtake. 

O'ver-head', adv. Aloft ; above ; in the zenith or ceil- 
ing : in the story or upon the floor above. 

O'ver-hear', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overheard ; p. pr. & 



OVERISSUE 



511 



OVERTRADE 



vb. n. OVERHEARING.] To hear more than was intend- 
_ed or proper ; to hear by accident. 

Over-is'sue (-Ish'shu), n. An issuing to excess ; an 
issuing, as of notes, beyond the capital stock, or beyond 

_ the public wants. 

O'ver-joy', v. t. To make excessively joyful. 

Over-la'bor, v. t. 1. To harass with toil. 2. To ex- 
ecute with too much care. 

Over-lade', v. t. [imp. overladed ; p. p. overlad- 
en ; p. pr. & vb. n. overlading.] To load with too 

__ great a cargo or other burden. [land. 

O'ver-land', a. Made or performed upon or across the 

Over-lap', v. t. or i. To extend so as to lie or rest upon ; 

_ to lap over. 

O'ver-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. OVERLAID ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. overlaying.] To lay over; to spread over; to 
cover completely : as, specifically, (a.) To occupy fully. 
(b.) To conceal with a superficial covering, (c.) To 
smother with a close covering or by lying upon, (d.) To 

_ stretch above and across, so as to unite the two sides of. 

Over-leap', v. t. To leap over ; to pass or move from 

_ side to side by leaping. 

O'ver-lgativ'er, n. The leather which forms, or is in- 
tended to form , the upper part of a shoe ; the upper - 

_ leather. 

Over-lie', v. t. [imp. overlay; p.p. OVERLAIN; p. 
pr. & vb. n. OVERLYING.] To lie over or upon some- 

_ thing. _ [cargo. 

Over-load/, v. t. To load with too heavy a burden or 

O'ver-lobk', v. t. To look over or beyond as from an 
elevated position ; and specifically , (a.) To view from a 
high place, (b.) To afford an elevated prospect of. (c.) 
To inspect ; hence, to review ; to go over and survey the 
whole, (d.) To look beyond, so that what is near by is 
not perceived; to pass by. (e.) Hence, to refrain wil- 
lingly from noticing; to excuse; to pardon, (f.) To 
look over the shoulder of. 

O'ver-mas'ter, v. t. To overpower ; to subdue ; to 

_ vanquish; to govern. 

O'ver-match', v. t. To be too powerful for ; to conquer ; 

_ to subdue ; to suppress by superior force. 

O'ver-matclV, n. One superior in power; one able to 

_ overcome. 

O'ver-meag'ure (-meWur), v. t. To measure or esti- 

__ mate too largely. 

O'ver-meas/ure, n. Excess of measure ; something 

_ that exceeds the measure proposed ; surplus. 

O'ver-much', adv. In too great a degree. 

O'ver-miich', n. More than sufficient. 

Over-night' (-hit/), n. The night following yesterday, 

_ or the previous evening. 

O'ver-night' (-nit'), adv. During the night previous ; 

_ yesterday night ; last night. 

Over-pass', v. t. 1. To pass over; to neglect ; to dis- 
regard. 2. To go over; to cross. 3. To omit. 

0'ver-pay', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. overpaid ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. overpaying.] 1. To pay too much or more than 

_ is due, 2. To reward beyond the price or merit. 

Over-plus, n. [over and hat. plus, more.] That which 

_ remains after a supply ; surplus. 

Over-ply', v. t. To ply to excess ; to exert with too 

_ much vigor. 

Over-poise', v. t. To exceed in weight ; to out-weigh. 

O'ver-poige', n. Preponderant weight. 

O'ver-pow'er, v. t. 1. To affect with a power or force 
that cannot be borne. 2. To vanquish by force. 

Syn. — To overbear ; overcome; vanquish; defeat ; crush; 
overwhelm ; overthrow ; rout ; conquer ; subdue. 

Over-press', v. t. To bear upon with irresistible force ; 

_ to crush ; to overwhelm. 

(Vver-prize' , v. t. To value or prize at too high a rate. 

Over-rake', v. t. (Naut.) To break in upon, as a ship ; 
— said of the waves when they break in upon a ship at 

__ anchor, with her head to the sea. 

O'ver-rate', v. t. To rate at too much ; to estimate at a 

_ value beyond the truth. 

O'ver-reach', v. t. 1. To reach beyond in any direc- 
tion ; to extend beyond. 2. To get the better of by 
cunning or sagacity ; to cheat. 

Over-reach', v . i. To strike the toe of the hind foot 
against the heel or shoe of the fore foot, as some horses 
are apt to do. 

5'ver-reach'er, ft. One who overreaches or deceives. 

O'ver-rlde', v. t. [imp. overrode ; p.p. overrid- 
den, OVERRODE, OVERRID ; p. pr. & Vb. n. OVER- 
RIDING.] 1. To ride beyond the strength of the horse. 
2. To ride too far, or beyond ; to outride. 3. To tram- 
ple down, and hence to set aside or annul. 



O'ver-rule', v. t. 1. To influence or control by pre 
dominant power. 2. Hence, to control in such a way as 
to bring to pass events not contemplated by the human 
agent. 3. {Law.) To supersede, reject, annul, or rule 

_ against. 

O'ver-rtil'ing, p. a. Exerting superior and controlling 
power. 
Syn. — Prevailing ; predominant ; prevalent ; governing. 

O'ver-rfin', v. t. [imp. overran ; p. p. overrun ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. OVERRUNNING.] 1. To run or spread over 
in a prolific manner, or in excess ; to grow all over. 2. 
Hence, to overcome by an invasion. 3. To subdue ; to 
oppress. 4. {Print.) (a.) To change the arrangement of, 
as of type, and carry those of one line into another, 
either in correction, or in the contraction or extension of 
columns or lines, {b.) To extend beyond the previous 
length of, as a line or column, by the insertion of new 

_ matter. 

Over-run', v. i. 1. To become excessive or superabun- 
dant ; to run over ; to overflow. 2. {Print.) To extend 

_ beyond its due or desired length. 

Over-see', v. t. [i?np. oversaw; p.p. overseen; 
p. pr. & vb. n. overseeing.] To inspect so as to di- 

_rect and control ; to superintend ; to overlook. 

O'ver-seer', n. 1. A superintendent ; a supervisor. 2. 
An officer who has the care of the poor, or of an idiot, 

_&c. 

Over-set', v. t. [imp. & p. p. OVERSET ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. oversetting.] 1. To turn upon the side, or to 

_ turn bottom upward. 2. To subvert ; to overthrow. 

Over-set/, n. An upsetting; ruin: overturn. 

O'ver-sew' (-so 7 ), v. t. To sew over and over ; to overcast. 

O'ver-shade', v. t. To cover with shade ; to render 

_ dark or gloomy. 

Over-sliad'ow, v. t. 1. To throw a shadow or shade 

_ over ; to overshade. 2. To shelter ; to protect. 

Over-shoe (-sho"o), n. A shoe of India rubber, or other 
water-proof material, worn over another shoe to protect 

_ it from moisture. 

Over-shoot', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overshot ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. overshooting.] 1. To shoot beyond as a 
mark. 2. To pass swiftly over. 

Overshot wheel, a wheel, the circumference of which is cov- 
ered with cavities or buckets, and which is turned by water 
which shoots over, or flows upon the top of it, filling the buck- 
ets and acting by its weight only. 

Over-sight (o'ver-sit), n. 1. Watchful care. 2. An 
overlooking; omission. 3. A being overlooked; an escape. 
Syn. — Superintendence ; supervision ; inspection ; inad- 
vertence ; inattention ; neglect ; mistake ; error. 

CVver-sleep', v. t. To sleep beyond or by. 

Over-spread.', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overspread; p. 
pr. & vb. n. OVERSPREADING.] 1. To spread over ; to 

_ cover over. 2. To scatter over. [exaggerate. 

O'ver-state', v. t. To state in too strong terms ; to 

Over-stay', i\ t. [imp. & p. p. overstayed, or over- 
staid; p.pr. & vb. «. overstaying.] To stay long- 

_ er than ; to stay beyond the limits of. 

Over-stSp', v. t. To step over or beyond ; to exceed. 

O'ver-strain', v. i. To strain to excess ; to make too 

_ violent efforts. 

O'vert, a. [0. Fr. overt, p. p. of ovrir, aovrir, auvrir, 
from a hypoth. Lat. addeoperire, from de-operire, from de 
and operire, to cover.] 1. Opeu to view; public; ap- 
parent. 2. {Law.) Not covert ; open; manifest. 

O'ver-taJke', v. t, [imp. overtook; p. p. over- 
taken ; p. pr. & vb. n. overtaking.] 1. To come 
up with ; to catch. 2. To come upon ; to take by sur- 
prise, [tion on. 

Over-task', v. t. To impose too heavy a task or injunc- 

O ver-throw', v. t. [imp. overthrew ; p. p. over- 
thrown ; p. pr. & vb. n. overthrowing.] 1, 
To throw over ; to turn upside down. 2. Hence, to 
ruin ; to defeat utterly. 

Syn. — To demolish; overturn; prostrate; destroy; subvert; 
overcome; conquer; defeat; discomfit; vanquish ; beat; rout. 
See Demolish. 

O'ver-throw' (119), n. The act of overturning; the 
state of being overturned or turned off the basis. 

Syn.— Subversion; ruin; destruction; defeat; discomfiture i 
degradation; downfall. 

O'vert-ly, adv. In open view ; publicly ; openly. 

O'ver-to'p', v.t. 1. To rise above the top of. 2. To 
go bej'ond ; to transcend ; to surpass; to excel. 3. T<r 
make of less importance by superior excellence ; to ob- 
scure. 

O'ver-trade', v. i. To trade beyond capital, or to pur- 



food, ftfbt ; tirn, r^ide, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tiiis- 



OVERTURE 



512 



OXYGENATE 



chase goods beyond the means of payment, or beyond 
the wants of the community. 

O'vert-iire (53), n. [0. Fr. See Overt.] 1. Some- 
thing offered for consideration ; a proposal ; an offer. 2. 
Specifically, a topic or resolution, formally proposed for 
consideration by a proper person or committee. 3. 
(Mus.) A composition, for a full instrumental band, in- 
troductory to an oratorio, opera, or ballet. 

O'ver-turn', v. t. 1. To turn or throw from a basis or 
foundation, 2. To subvert ; to ruin ; t® destroy. 3. 
To overpower ; to conquer. 

Syn. — To demolish; overthrow; overset. See DEMOLISH. 

O'ver-turn' (119), n. The state of being overturned or 
subverted ; overthrow. 

Syn.— Overthrow; upsetting; prostration; revolution; ruin. 

O/ver-val'ue, v. t. To value excessively. 

O'ver-ween', v. i. [See Ween. J 1. To be too high, 
favorable, or flattering, in one's estimate or judgment. 

_2. Hence, to be arrogant in one's thoughts or claims. 

O/ver-ween'ing-ly, adv. In an overweening manner. 

Over-weigh/ (-wa'), v. t. To exceed in weight ; to out- 
weigh. 

Syn. — Outweigh; preponderate; overbalance; outbalance. 

O'ver-weighf (-wat 7 ), n. 1. Weight over and above 

_ what is required by law or custom. 2. Preponderance. 

O'ver-whelm', v. t. 1. To overspread or crush beneath 
something that covers or encompasses the whole. 2. 
Hence, to immerse and bear down ; to crush. 

Syn. — To submerge; drown; overbear; overcome; subdue. 

Q / ver-"wlielm'ing-ly,at/u. In a manner to overwhelm. 

O'ver-work' (-wurk / ), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. over- 
worked, or OVERWROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. 11. OVER- 
WORKING.] To work beyond the strength ; to tire. 

0-vi-e'u.-lar,i;. [Lat. oru7M,anegg.] Pertaining to an egg. 

O'vi-dtiet, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and ductus, duct.] 
(Anat.) A passage for the ovum or egg from the ovary 

_ to the womb, or to an external nutlet. 

O'vi-form, a. [Lat. ovum, egg, and forma, form, shape.] 

__ Having the form or figure of an egg. 

O'vine, a. [Lat. ovinus, from ovis, sheep.] Pertaining 
to sheep ; consisting of sheep. 

O-vip'a-rous, a. [Lat. oviparus, from ovum, egg, and 
parere, to bring forth, produce.] Producing eggs, from 
which young are hatched after separation from the pa- 

_ rent ; — opposed to viviparous. 

O'vi-pog'it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. OVIPOSITED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. OVIPOSITING.] [Lat. ovum, an egg, andponere, 
positum, to place, lay.] To lay or deposit eggs; — said 
especially of insects. 

O'vi-pog'it, v. t. To deposit or lay, as an egg. 

O'vi-po-gi'tion (-po-zlsh'un), n. The laying or deposit- 
ing of eggs, especially by insects. 

O'vi-pog'i-tor, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and positor, a pos- 
itor, a placer, from ponere, to place.] (Entom.) The or- 
igan by which eggs are deposited. 

O'vi-sae, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and saccus, a sack.] The 

_ cavity in an ovary which contains the egg or ovum. 

O'void, la. [Lat. ovum, egg, and Gr. 

O-void'al, J elSos, form ) shape.] Having 

_ a shape resembling that of an egg. 

O'vo-lo, ii. [Prom Lat. ovum, an egg.] 
(Arch.) A round molding, the quarter of a 
circle. 

O-vol'o-gy, n. [Lat. ovum, an egg, and 
Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] That branch of 
natural history which investigates and 
treats of the origin and functions of eggs ; Ovoid. 

_ oology. 

O'vo-vi-vip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. ovum, an egg, and vivip- 
arus, that brings forth its young alive.] Viviparous, but 
developing the young in eggs which are hatched before 

_ exclusion from the body. 

O'vule, n. [Dim. of Lat. ovum, an egg.] (Bot.) Rudi- 
mentary state of a seed. 

O'vum, n. ; pi. d'vA. [Lat., an egg, Gr. woV.] {Anat.) 
The body formed by the female, in which, after impreg- 
nation, the development of the fetus takes place. 

Owe (6), ii, t. [imp.. & p. p. owed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
owing.] [A regular verb, used with the auxiliary 
have, had, but not with the substantive verb to be. A.-S. 
agan, Goth, aigan, Icel. eiga, to have or possess. Ought 
is a derivative tense, and was formerly used in the sense 
of owed.] 1. To be obliged or bound to pay. 2. To 

__ be obliged to ascribe to ; to be obliged for. 

Owe, v.i. To be due to ; to be the consequence or re- 
sult of. 





Owl. 
Cf. Ho WEE T.] A life. 



Ow'ing, p. a. [This is used in a passive form, contrary 
to analogy, for owen or owed. But the use is inveter- 
ately established.] 1. Required by moral obligation to 
be paid ; due. 2. Ascribable to as the cause. 3. Im- 
putable, as to an agent. 

Owl, n. [A.-S. file, Icel. ugla, 
allied to Lat. ulula.] ( Omith.) 
A nocturnal carnivorous bird, 
of a short, stout form, with 
downy feathers, and a large 
head. 

Owl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. owled; 
p. pr. & vb. n. OWL.ING.] 
[From owl, n.] To carry on a 
contraband or unlawful trade ; 
— so called from its being prac- 
ticed chiefly in the night. [Eng.] 

Owl'er, n. One who conveys 
contraband goods. 

Owl'et, n. [Diminutive of owl. 
tie owl ; also, an owl. 

Owl'ing, n. The offense of transporting wool or sheep 
out of England contrary to the statute. 

Owl'isli, a. Resembling an owl. 

Own, a. [0. Eng. owen, A.-S. agen, p. pr. of agan, to 
possess. See Owe and Owing.] Belonging to; be- 
longing exclusively to ; peculiar ; — most frequeutly 
follow) rjg a possessive pronoun, in order to render em- 

_ phatic the idea of ownership. 

Own, v. t. [imp. & p. p. owned; p. pr. & vb. ?>.. 
OWNING.] [From the adjective.] 1. To hold as property ; 
to have a legal or rightful title to. 2. To acknowledge 
the possession of. 3. To avow as one's own ; to acknowl- 
edge ; to confess. 

Syn. — To have; possess; recognize. 

Own'er, n. One who owns : a rightful proprietor. 

Own'er-ship, n. State of being an owner ; proprietor- 

« ship. 

Ox, n. ; pi. ox' jEN (oks'n). [A.-S. oxa, ohsa, Icel. ox, 
oze, oxi, Goth, au/isa, auhsus, allied to Skr. ukshan, 
wakshas, Lat. vacca, W. ych.'\ The male of the bovine 
genus of quadrupeds, especially when castrated and 

^ grown to its full size, or nearly so. 

Ox-al'ie, a. [From Gr. 6^aA.is, a sort of sorrel, from 
6£vs, sharp, pungent, acid.] Pertaining to, contained 

w jn, or obtained from, sorrel. 

Ox'-bow, n. Part of an ox-yoke, consisting of a curved 
piece of wood to encircle an ox's neck. 

Ox'eye (-!)., n. [From ox and eye.] 1. (Bot.) The ox- 
eye daisy, or Chrysanthemum. 2. ( Omith.) The greater 

w titmouse. 

Ox'-fly. n. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle. 

Ox'id-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. oxidated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. oxidating.] ( Chem.) To convert into an oxide, as 
metals and other substances, by combination with oxy- 
gen, [verting into an oxide. 

Ox'id-a'tion, n. (Chem.) Operation or process of con- 

Ox'ide, n. [See p. xxvi, § 32.] ( Chem.) A compound of 
oxygen and a base destitute of acid and salifying prop- 
erties. 

t$3f This word has been variously written oxide, oxyd,ox- 
yde, and oxid. It was introduced into the present system of 
chemical nomenclature by Guyton de Morveau in 1787, and 
was by him and his associates of the French Academy spelled 
oxide, the first syllable of Fr. oxigbie, or oxpr/ene. being pre- 
fixed to the last syllable of ac.ide, to denote a substance, vot 
acid, formed by the combination of some simple body with 
oxygen, it not being at that time known that any of the oxides 
possess acid properties. 

Ox'id-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being oxidized. 

Ox ; id-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. oxidized ; p. pr. & vb. 

w n. oxidizing.] To com'ert into an oxide; to oxidate. 

Ox'id-ize'ment, n. Oxidation. 

Ox'lip, n. (Bot.) A plant ; the great cowslip. 

Ox'-stall, n. A stall or stand for oxen. 

Ox'y-gen, n. [From Gr. ofus, sharp, acid, and yeVeiv, 
yelveo-Oai, yiyveo-Qai, to bring forth, to generate; — so 
called because originally supposed to be an essential part 
of every acid.] 1. (Chem.) A gaseous element, possess- 
ing strong chemical affinities. Its combination with 
bodies, when rapid, produces combustion, and in slower 
form, oxidation. It serves to support life, and forms 
about twenty-two per cent, of the atmosphere. By com- 
position with hydrogen, it forms water. 2. Bleaching 
powder ; — a manufacturing term. 

Ox'y-gen-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. oxygenated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. oxygenating.] To unite or cause to 
combine with oxygen. 



S,e,&c.,Zong7 a,e\&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dQ, wolf, 



OXYGENATION 



513 



PACK-THREAD 



Ox'y-gen-a/tion, n. Act, operation, or process, of 

w combining with oxygen. 

Ox'y-genize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. oxygenized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. OXYGENIZING.] To convert into an ox- 
ide ; to oxygenate. [from it. 

Ox-yg'en-oiis, a. Pertaining to oxygen, or obtained 

Ox'y-hy'dro-gen, a. Of, or pertaining to, a mixture 
or combination of oxygen and hydrogen. 

Oxyhydrogen blowpipe {Chem.), a kind of blowpipe, in which 
oxygen and hydrogen gases are burned together in order to 
produce an intense heat. 
&x'y-mel, n. [Lat. oxymeli, Gr. o^v^eAt, from 6£vs, acid, 
_and ju.e'Ai, honey.] A mixture of vinegar and honey. 
One' y -mo' r on, n. [Gr. b£vp.wpov, a smart saying, which 
at first view appears foolish, from 6£vjuwpos, pointedly 
foolish, fr. 6£vs, sharp, pointed, and /xoopos, dull, foolish.] 
(Rhet.) A figure in which an epithet of a quite contrary 
w signification is added to a word ; as, cruel kindness. 
Ox'y-mu'ri-ate, n. (Chem.) A chloride; — a term 
formerly applied to the chlorides, on the supposition that 
they were compounds of a supposed acid, called oxymu- 
riatic acid, and a base. 
Ox'y-o'py, n. [Gr. 6£tis, sharp, and otpis, sight.] {Med.) 
Excessive acuteness of the sense of sight, owing to in- 
creased sensibility of the retina. 
Ox'y-salt, n. [From oxygen and salt, q. v.] (Chem.) A 



compound of an acid containing oxygen and a salifiable 

w base. 

Ox'y-tone, a. [Gr. 6£vtovo?, from 6£vs, sharp, and tows, 
tone.]_Having an acute sound. 

Ox'y-tone, n. 1. An acute sound. 2. ( Gr. Gram.) A 

_word having the acute accent on the last syllable. 

O'yer, n. [Norm. Fr. oyer, hearing ; Fr. ouir, Lat. audire, 

_ to hear.] (Law.) The hearing, as of a deed, bond, &c. 

O'yez (o'yes), interj. [0. Fr. oyez, hear ye. See sitpra.] 
Hear; attend; — a term used by criers of courts to 
secure silence and attract attention before making a 
proclamation. It is thrice repeated. 

Oys'ter, n. [Lat. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. bo-rpeov, allied to 
"oo-Te'ov, bone, and named from its hardness.] (Zool.) A 
mollusk, having a bivalve shell, usually found on gravel 
or sand, or adhering to rocks or other fixed substances in 
salt water which is shallow, or in the mouths of rivers* 
The common species is extensively used for food. \ 

Oys'ter-plant, n. (Bot.) A plant, the root of which, 
when cooked, somewhat resembles the oyster in taste; 
salsify. 

O-ze'na, n. [Lat. ozxna, Gr. b^aiva, from ofetv, to 

_ smell.] (Med.) A fetid ulcer in the nostril. 

O'zone, n. [Gr. 6£eiv, to smell, because its presence is 
supposed to be sometimes attended by a peculiar smell.] 
Oxygen in an active or highly electro-negative state. 



P(pe), the twelfth articulation or consonant, and the 
sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, is formed by 
closely compressing the lips, and separating them sud- 
denly with an explosive emission of breath, as in part, 
pap. See Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 84, 85. 

Pafo'u-lar, a. [Lat. pabularis, from pabulum, food.] 
Pertaining to, or affording, food. 

Pab'u-lum, n. [Lat., from pascere, pavi, to pasture, to 
feed.] 1. Means of nutriment ; food. 2. Fuel. 

Pa'-ea, n. [Pg. & Braz.] (Zool.) A small, rodent mam- 
mal found in South America. It is nearly allied to the 
guinea-pig. 

Pa-ea'tion, n. [Lat. pacatio, from pacare, to pacify, fr. 
pax, peace.] The act of appeasing. 

Pa^e, n. [From Lat. passu*, orig. a stretching out of the 
feet in walking ; from pandere, possum , to spread, 
stretch.] 1. A step ; especially, the space included be- 
tween the two feet in walking, usually estimated at two 
and a half linear feet, but sometimes at three and three 
tenths feet. 2. Manner of walking ; gait ; degree of 
celerity in walking. 3. A mode of stepping among 
horses, in which the legs on the same side are lifted to- 
gether ; amble. 

Pace, v. i. [imp. & p. p. paced (past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pacing.] 1. To go ; to walk ; to move. 2. Togo at 
a pace ; to walk slowly. 3. To move by lifting the legs 
on the same side together, as a horse ; to amble. 

Pace, v. t. 1. To walk over with measured steps. 2. 
To measure by steps or paces. 

Pa'cer, n. One who paces ; especially, a horse that paces. 

Pa-^ha', or Pa'cha, n. [Fr.] See Pasha. 

Pa-£ha'lie (pa-shaw'lik), n. The same as pashalic. See 
Pash'alic. 

Paeh'y-derm, n. [From Gr. TraxvSep/j.o?, thick-skinned, 
from naxvs, thick, and cVpjaa, skin.] (Zool.) Anon-ru- 
minant hoofed animal, distinguished for the thickness 
of its skin, as the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, 
tapir, horse, hog, and the like. 

Paeh'y-derm'a-tous, a. Pertaining to a pachyderm. 

Pa-cif 're, a. [Lat. pacificus, from pax, pads, peace, and 
facere, to make.] 1. Suited to make or restore peace. 
2. Attended or characterized by peace. 

Syn. — Peace-making; appeasing ; mild ; gentle ; concilia- 
tory; tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful; peaceable. 

Pa-cif'ie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, peace ; pacific. 
Pa-$if 'i-ca'tion, or Pac'i-fi-ca/tion. n. [Lat. pacifi- 

catio. See Pacify.] Act of pacifying ; reduction to a 

peaceful state ; reconcilement. 
Pa-cif'i-ca/tor, or Pac'i-fi-ea'tor, n. One who, or 

that which, pacifies ; a peace-maker. [ciliatory. 

Pa-cif'i-ca-to-ry (50), a. Tending to make peace ; con- 
Pac'i-fl'er, n. One who pacifies. 
Pa$'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pacified ; p. pr. & vb. n, 



pacifying.] [Lat. pacificare, from pacificus. See Pa- 
cific] 1. To appease, as wrath or other violent pas- 
sion or appetite. 2. To restore peace to ; to tranquilize. 
Syn. — To calm ; still; quiet; soothe; allay; compose. 

Pack, n. [H. Ger. pack, D. pak, Icel. packi, baggi, Gael. 
pac, paca, allied to Gael, bag, balg, a bag, W. baich, a bur- 
den or load. Of. Bag.] 1. A bundle or bale ; especially, a, 
bundle made up to be carried on the back. 2. A burden- 
some load. 3. A number or quantity of connected or 
similar things ; as, (a.) A set of playing cards, (b.) A 
number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together, 
(c.) A number of persons united in a bad design or prac- 
tice. 4. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven to- 
gether more or less closely. 

Pack, v. t. [imp. & p.p. PACKED (pjtkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. packing.] 1. To make up into a bundle or bale ; 
hence, to assemble and compact together. 2. To fill or 
load; to make full; to stow away within. 3. To put to- 
gether, as cards, in such a manner as to secure the game 
unfairly. 4. Hence, to bring together unfairly and 
fraudulently for the attainment of some unjust end. 
5. To send off; to dispatch. 6. To envelop in numer- 
ous coverings, especially when surrounded with a wet 
sheet. 7. (Mech.) To render impervious to air, water, 
or steam, by filling or surrounding with suitable mate- 
rials. 

Pack, v. i. 1. To form things into packs or bundles. 2. 
To admit of stowage or compression into a smaller space, 
or so as to form a compact mass. 3. To unite in bad 
measures ; to join in collusion. 4. To depart in haste. 

Pack'age, n. 1. Act or the style of packing. 2. A 
bundle ; a pack or packet ; a bale. 3 . A charge for 
packing goods. 

Pack'er, n. One whose business is to pack things. 

Pack'et, n. [See Pack.] 1. A small pack or package. 
2. A vessel employed in conveying dispatches and pas- 
sengers, or passengers and goods on fixed days of sailing. 

Pack'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. packeted; /;. pr. & vb. 
n. packeting.] 1. To make up into a packet or bun- 
dle. 2. To send in a packet or dispatch-vessel. 

Pack'et, v. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch-vessel. 

Pack'et-boat, n. A packet. 

Pack'et- skip, n. A ship that sails regularly between 
distant countries for the conveyance of dispatches, let- 
ters, passengers, &c. 

Pack'-horse, n. A horse to carry burdens. 

Pack'-man, n. ; pi. pack'-men. One who bears a pack ; 
a peddler. [are borne. 

Pack'-sacTdle, n. A saddle on which packs or burdens 

Pack'= staff, n. A staff on which a traveler occasionally 
supports his pack. 

Pack^tliread, n. Strong thread or twine used in tying 
up parcels. 



food, foot; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, echo • |em, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



PACK-WAX 



514 



PAIR 



Pack'wax, n. A large tendon or cartilage in the neck 
of an animal. 

Pa«t, n. [Lat. pactum, from pacisci, pactus. to make a 
bargain or contract.] An agreement ; a league ; a com- 
pact ; a covenant. 

Pae'tion, n. An agreement or contract. [Rare.] 

Pae'tion-al, a. By way of agreement. 

Pae-ti'tious (-tlsh/us), a. [Lat. pactitius, pacticius, 
from pacisci, pactus. See PACT.] Settled by agreement 
or stipulation. 

Pad, n. [A.-S.pad,pddh. See Path.] 1. A foot-path ; 
a road. 2. An easy -paced horse. 3. A highwayman; a 
foot-pad. 

Pad, v. t. [See supra.'] 1. To travel ; to tread. 2. To 
tread or beat smooth or level. 

Pad, v. i. [See Pad, foot-path.] 1. To travel slowly or 
leisurely, 2. To rob on foot. 3. To beat a way smooth 
and level. 

Pad, n. [Prob. allied to Eng. load, q. v.] 1. Any thing 
flattened or laid flat, as a pad of straw, of wool, &c. 2. 
A package of blotting paper. 3. A soft saddle, cushion, 
or bolster stuffed with straw, hair, or other soft substance. 

Pad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. padded ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAD- 
DING.] 1. To stuff with padding. 2. (Calico Printing.) 
To imbue equally with a mordant. 

Pad'ding, n. 1. Act or process of making a pad. 2. 
Impregnation of cloth with a mordant. 3. Material 
with which a saddle, garment, &c, are stuffed. 

Pad'dle (pad'dl), v. i. [Dim. of pad, to go, to walk.] 1. 
To use the hands. 2. To beat water with the hands or 
feet. 3. Especially , to propel a boat with a paddle. 

Pad'dle (pad'dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. paddled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. paddling.] To propel by an oar or paddle. 

Pad'dle (pad'dl), n. [See supra.] 1. A sort of short oar 
with a broad blade. 2. Hence, the blade or the broad 
part of an oar or weapon ; a short, broad blade resem- 
bling that of an oar. 3. One of the broad boards at the 
circumference of a water-wheel. 4. A small gate in 
sluices or lock-gates. 5. A paddle-shaped foot, as of the 
tortoise, crocodile, &c. 

Pad'dle-board, n. One of the floats on the ch-cum- 
ference of a steamer's paddle-wheel. [steamboats. 

Pad'dle-wheel, n. A water-wheel used in propelling 

Pad'dock, n. [Augmentative of A.-S. padde, frog, toad.] 
A large toad or frog. 

Pad'dock, n. [Corrupted from parrock, q. v.] A small 
inclosure under pasture, immediately adjoining a stable. 

Pad'dy, n. [Corrupted from St. Patrick, the tutelar saint 
of Ireland.] An Irishman : — in joke or contempt. 

Pad'lock, n. [Probably because it was originally a lock 
for a pad gate, or a gate opening to a path.] A lock hav- 
ing a semicircular link jointed at one end so that it can 
be opened, the other end being fastened by the bolt. 

Pad'lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. padlocked (pad'lokt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. padlocking.] To fasten with a pad- 
lock ; to stop ; to shut ; to confine. 

Pad / u-a-soy' {or pad'u-soi), n. [From Padua, in Italy, 
and Fr. soie, silk ; or, perhaps, corrupted from Fr. pou- 
de-soie, or pout-de-soie, patissoie.] A particular kind of 
silk stuff. 

Pae'an, n. [L&t.p&an, Gr. 7raiav, a religious hymn, orig- 
inally in honor of Apollo, as a healing deity, TIaiav.] A 
song of rejoicing, among the ancients, in honor of Apollo ; 
hence, a loud and joyous song ; a song of triumph. 

Pae'o-ny, n. See Peony. 

Pa'gan, n. [Lat. paganus, a countryman, peasant, vil- 
lager, from pagus, a district, canton, the country.] One 
who worships false gods ; one who is neither a Christian, 
a Mohammedan, nor a Jew. 

Syn. — Gentile; heathen; idolater.— Gentile was applied to 
the other nations of the earth as opposed to the Jews. Pagan 
was the name given to idolaters in the early Christian church, 
because the villagers, being most remote from the centers of 
instruction, remained for a long time unconverted. Heathen 
has the same origin. Pagan is now more properly applied to 
rude and uncivilized idolaters, while heathen embraces all who 
practice idolatry. 

Pa'gan, a. Pertaining to the worship or worshipers of 
false gods ; heathen ; heathenish. 

Pa'gan-igm, n. The worship of false gods ; heathenism. 

Pa'gan-ize. v. t. [imp. So p. p. paganized ; p. pr, & 
vb. n. paganizing.] To render pagan or heathenish. 

Pa'gan-ize, v. i. To behave like pagans. 

Page, n. [L. Lat. pagius, from Gr. ■n-aiSioi', dim. of 7rats, 
watSos, a boy, servant.] 1. A youth or attendant on a 
nobleman or wealthy person. 2. A boy that waits on the 
members of a legislative body. 3. A contrivance to hold 
up the skirt of a lady's dress. 

Page, n. [Lat. pagina, from Lat. pagere, pangere, to 




Pagoda. 



fasten, make, compose.] One side of a leaf of a book or 
manuscript. 

Page, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paged ; p. pr. & vb. n. pag- 
ing.] To mark or number the pages of. 

Pag'eaiit(paj / antorpa / jant),n. [Prob.fr. A.-S.peeceand, 
p. pr. of piecean, psecan, to deceive, as by false appear- 
ances or representation.] 1. Something showy, without 
stability or duration. 2. A spectacle or exhibition for 
the entertainment of a distinguished personage, or of the 
public. 3. Hence, in general, an exhibition, a spectacle. 
Syn. — Display ; show; pomp; finery. 

Pag'eant-ry (paj'ant-ry or pa'jant-ry), n. Pompous 
exhibition or spectacle ; show. 

Pag'i-nal, a. [See Page.] Consisting of pages. 

Pag'i-na'tion, n. Act of paging a book ; figures, or other 
signs, used to indicate the number of the pages. 

Pa/ging, n. The marking of the pages of a book. 

Pa-go'da, n. [Hind. & Per. but- 
kadah, a house of idols, or abode 
of God, from Per. but, an idol, and 
kadah, a house, a temple.] 1. A 
temple in the East Indies and China, 
in which idols are worshiped. 2<> 
A gold or silver coin, formerly cur- 
rent in Hindostan, varying in value 
from 7s. 4d. sterling, or about 
$1.75, to 9s., or $2.18. 

Pail, n. [L. Ger. balje, balge, D. 
balie.] An open vessel of wood, tin, 
&c, for water, milk, or other 
liquids . 

Pail'f ul, n. ; pi. pail'ful§. The quantity that a pail 
will hold. 

Pain, n. [Lat. parna, penalty, punishment, torment, pain 
Gr. ttolvt^.] 1. Punishment suffered or denounced. 2. 
An uneasy sensation in animal bodies of any degree 
bodily distress ; suffering ; specifically, the throes or dis 
tress of travail or childbirth. 3. Uneasiness of mind 
mental distress. 4. Labor ; toilsome effort ; task ; — 
chiefly in the plural form. 

TgifPains, as used in this sense, although really in the plural, 
is commonly used as a singular noun. 

Pain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pained ; p. pr. & vb. n. pain- 
ing.] 1. To afflict with uneasy sensations of any degree 
of intensity. 2. To afflict or render uneasy in mind. 

Syn.— To disquiet; trouble; afflict; grieve; aggrieve; dis- 
tress; agonize; torment; torture. 

Pain'f nl, a. 1. Full of pain; occasioning uneasiness or 
distress, either physical or mental. 2. Requiring labor 
or toil ; difficult. 

Syn. — Disquieting; troublesome; afflictive ; distressing ; 
grievous; laborious; toilsome; difficult; arduous. 

Pain'f ul-ly, adv. In a painful manner ; with suffering, 
affliction, uneasiness, or distress. 

Pain'f nl -ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
painful ; uneasiness or distress. 

Pai'nim (pa'nim), n. [Norm. Fr. paynim, from Lat. pa- 
ganus. See Pagan.] A pagan ; an infidel. 

Pain'less, a. Free from pain ; relieved from pain or 
trouble. 

Pain§, n. Care ; trouble. See Pain, n., 4. [son. 

Paing'tak-er, n. One who takes pains ; a laborious per- 

Pain§'talt-ing,a. Carefully laborious ; sparing no pains., 

Paing'tak-ing, n. Careful and conscientious exertion ; 
labor. 

Paint, n. 1. A composition of coloring matter used in 
painting; pigment. 2. A cosmetic for improving the 
complexion. 

Paint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PAINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PAINTING.] [Fr. peindre, peint,~L&t. pingere, picticm.] 
1. To apply paint to ; to color. 2. To represent by 
means of colors or hues. 3. Hence, to describe vividly ; 
to delineate ; to image. 

Syn.— To color; picture; depict; portray; delineate; sketch; 
draw; describe. 

Paint, v. i. 1. To practice the art of painting. 2. To 
color one's face by way of beautifying it. 

Paint'er, n. One whose occupation is to paint. 

Paint'er, n. [Cf. Ir. painte.ir, a net, gin, snare, that which 
holds, painte, a lace, cord.] (Naut.) A rope at the bow 
of a boat, used to fasten it to any thing. 

Paint'ing, n. 1. Act or employment of laying on col- 
ors. 2. Art of representing natural objects on a piano 
surface, by means of colors ; also, vivid description in 
words. 3. That which is painted ; a picture. 
Syn.— See Picture. 

Pair (4), n. [Lat. par, from par, a., equal.] Two things 



a, e,8t,c., long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, d£, wolf, 



PAIR 



515 



PALLIATE 




Palanquin. 



of a kind, similar in form, applied to the same purpose, 
and suited to each, other or used together ; a couple ; a 
brace. 

Syn. — Flight; set. — Originally, pair was not confined to two 
things, but was applied to any number of pares, or equal 
things, that go together. Ben Jonson speaks of a. pair fset) of 
chess-men ; also, he and Lord Bacon speak of a pair (pack; 
of cards. A "pair of stairs " was, in like manner, the original 
expression, as given by the earlier lexicographers, by Howell, 
&c, and is still in popular use, though flight was also intro- 
duced at a later period. 

Pair, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PAIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAIR- 
ING.] 1. To be joined in pairs ; to couple. 2. To suit ; to 
fit, as a counterpart. 

Pair, v. t. To unite in couples ; to form a pair of. 

To pair off, to go off in a pair or in pairs; hence, to make an 
arrangement with one of an opposite opinion by which votes, 
&c, of both are withheld. 

Pal'ace, n. [Lat. palatium, from Palatium, one of the 
seven hills of Rome, on which Augustus had his resi- 
dence.] A magnificent house in which an emperor, a 
king, or other great personage, resides. 

Para-din, n. [From L. Lat. palatinus, from palatium, 
palace, q. v.] A distinguished champion ; an eminent 
knight. 

Pa-lses'tra, n. See Palestra. 

Pal'an-keen' ) (paPan- 

Pal'an-quin' ) ken'), n. 
[Javan. palangki, 0. Ja- 
van. palangkan, pallaki, 
Hind, palkl.] A kind of 
covered carriage used in 
the east, borne on the 
shoulders of men. 

Pal'a-ta-ble, a. Agreea- 
ble to the palate or taste ; 
savory. 

Pal'a-tal, a. Pertaining to, or uttered by the aid of, the 
palate. [palate. 

Pal'a-tal, n. A letter pronounced by the aid of the 

Pal'ate, n. [Lat. palatum.'] 1. (Anat.) The roof of the 
mouth. Its fixed portion is called the hard palate, and the 
membranous, muscular curtain continuous with its pos- 
terior margin, is called the soft palate. 2. The seat or 
power of gustation ; relish ; taste. 3. Mental relish ; 
intellectual taste. 

Pa-la'tial, a. Pertaining to a palace ; becoming a pal- 
ace ; magnificent. 

Pa-lat'i-e (123), a. [From palate.] Belonging to the palate. 

Pa-lat'i-nate, n. The province or seigniory of a pal- 
atine. 

Pal'a-tine, a. [Lat. palatinus, from palatium. See 
Palace .] Pertaining to a palace, or to a high officer of 
a palace. 

Count palatine, a count possessing royal jurisdiction. — Coun- 
ty palatine, a. county in which the proprietor possessed royal 
rights and jurisdiction. 

Pal'a-tine, n. A count palatine. 
Pal'a-tine, a. Of, or pertaining to, the palate. 
Pa-la'ver, n. [Sp. palabra, a word, Pg. palavra, a talk, 

from Lat. parabola, Gr. Trapa/3oA7j , a comparison, a 

parable, in Low Lat. a sentence, a word.] 1. Idle talk ; 

flattery. 2. A conference or deliberation. 
Pa-la'ver, v. t. or v. i. [imp. & p. p. PALAVERED; 

p. pr. & vb. n. palavering.] To hold a palaver; to 

use idle, deceitful talk ; to flatter. 
Pa-la'ver-er, n. One who palavers. 
Pale, a. [compar. PALER; superl. PALEST.] [Fr. pale, 

Lat. pallidus, from pallrre, to be or look pale.] 1. Not 

ruddy or fresh of color ; dusky white. 2. Of a faint luster. 
Syn. — White; whitish; wan; pallid; dim; faint. 
"Pale, v. i. [imp. & p.p. paled; p. pr. & vb. n. PALING.] 

To turn pale. 
Pale, v. t. To make pale. 
Pale, n. [A.-S., from Lat. palus.] 1. A pointed stake 

driven into the ground and fastened to a rail at the top ; 

a picket. 2. An inclosing boundary ; a limit ; a fence. 

3. Space inclosed ; an inclosure ; a limited territory. 

4. (Her.) One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad, 
perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant 
from the two edges, and occupying one third of it. 

Pale, v_. t. To inclose with pales or stakes ; to encompass. 
Pa'le-a'ceous, a. [Lat. palea, chaff.] (Hot.) Chaffy; 

resembling chaff, or consisting of it. 
Pale'ly (109), adv. Wanly ; not freshly or ruddily. 
Pale'ness, n. The quality or condition of being pale ; 

defect of color ; wanness. 
Pa'le-og'ra-pher, n. One skilled in paleography. 




Pa/le-o-graph'Le, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, paje- 

Pa/le-o-graphle-al, j ography. 

Pale-og'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. TrctAcuos, ancient, and 
ypafyetv, to write.] 1. An ancient manner of writing. 
"A. Art or science of deciphering ancient documents. 

Pa/le-61'o-gist, n. One conversant with paleology. 

Pa'le-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ttoAcuos, ancient, and Aoyo?, dis- 
course.] A discourse or treatise on antiquities ; archas- 
ology. 

Pa'le-on-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. 7raA.cu.6s, ancient, ovtol, 
the things which exist, beings, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
The science of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossils 
which are the remains of such life. 

Pa-les'tra, n. [Lat. palxstra, Gr. traXaCo-rpa, from rraA- 
cuottjs, a wrestler, from ttoAcuW , to wrestle.] (Antiq.) 
(a.) A wrestling, (b.) The place of wrestling. 

Pa-lls'trie 111 ' I a ' Pertainm S to the exercise of wrest- 

Pa-les'trie-al, ) Kng " 

Pal'ette, n. [Fr., a battledoor, pa- 
lette.] ( Paint. ) A thin oval-shaped 
board, or tablet, with a thumb- 
hole at one end for holding it, on , *- «■■ 
which a painter lays and mixes his 
pigments. 

Pal'frey (pawPfry), n. [L. Lat. 
parafredus, from Lat. paravere- 
dus, a horse for extraordinary oc- Palette, 

casions, from Gr. napa., along, be- 
side, and Lat. veredus, a post-horse.] 1. A saddle-horse 
for the road or other ordinary purposes. 2. A small 
horse suitable for ladies. 

Pa-lil'o-gy, n. [Gr. naKiWoyCa, from ttciA.iv, again, and 
Ao-yos, speech, discourse.] (Khet.) Repetition of a word 
or part of a sentence for the sake of greater energy. 

Pal'imp-sest (84), n. [From Gr. 7raAip.i//r}crTos, scratched 
or scraped again, -rrakifx-^irio-Tov , a palimpsest, from iraXiv, 
again, and \prjv, to rub, rub away.] A manuscript which 
has been written upon twice, the first writing having been 
erased. 

Pal'in-drome, n. [From Gr. TraAiVSpo/xos, running 
back again, from TrctAiv, back, again, and Spajmeiv, Tpexeiv, 
to run.] A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same 
when read backward or forward ; as, madam. 

Pal'ing, n. Pales in general ; a fence formed with pales ; 
an inclosure. 

Pal'i-node, n. [Gr. iraXiv^la, from nakiv, again, and 
coSij, a song.] A song repeated a second time ; a satirical 
song retracting a former one ; hence, a recantation. 

PaPI-sade', n. [L. Lat. palissata, from Lat. palus, a 
stake, pale.] (Fort.) A strong stake, one end of which is 
set firmly in the ground, and the other is sharpened ; 
also, a fence formed of such stakes. 

PaFi-sade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. palisaded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. palisading.] To surround, inclose, or fortify, 
with stakes or posts. 

Pal'isli, a. Somewhat pale or wan. 

Pall (pawl), n. [From Lat. pallium, cover, cloak, mantle.] 
1. A cloak ; a mantle. 2. A consecrated vestment in 
the form of a scarf, composed of white wool, and em- 
broidered with purple crosses. 3. A large, black cloth 
thrown over a coffin at a funeral. 

Pall, n. [See Pawl.] A detent or click ; a pawl. 

Pall, v. t. To cloak ; to cover or invest. 

Pall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PALL. 
ING.] [0. Ft. pale,palle, pale, wan, sallow. See PALE.] 
To become vapid ; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; 
to become insipid. 

Pall, v. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid. 2. To make 
spiritless ; to dispirit ; to depress. 3. To satiate ; to cloy. 

Pal-la'di-u.m, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ITaAAdfiiov, from IltxAActs, 
ILxAAaSo?, Pallas.] 1. (Antiq.) A statue of the goddess 
Pallas, on the preservation of which depended the safety 
of Troy. 2. Something that affords effectual defense, 
protection, and safety. 3. (Chem.) A metal discovered 
in 1803 by Wollaston, of a steel-gray color and fibrous 
structure. [a funeral. 

Pall'-bear'er, n. One of those who attend the coffin at 

Pal'let, n. [Dim. of Lat. pala, a shovel, spade.] 1. 
(Taint.) A little oval board. [See PALETTE.] 2. A 
wooden instrument used by potters, crucible-makers, &c. 
3. A lever connected with the pendulum of a clock, or 
the balance of a watch , which receives the immediate im- 
pulse of the scape-wheel, or balance-wheel. 

Pal'let, n. [From Lat. palea, chaff.] A small and poor 
or rude bed. 

Pal'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. palliated ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. PALLIATING.] [L. Lat. palliare, palliatum, to clothe, 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, ^liaise, -call, e-elro ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; tnis- 



PALLIATION 



516 



PANADO 



cover, from pallium, a cloak, mantle.] 1. To cover with 
excuse ; to soften by favorable representations. 2. To 
reduce in violence ; to lessen or abate ; to mitigate. 

Syn. — To cover; cloak; hide; extenuate; conceal. — Exten- 
uate and cloak, as here compared, are used in a figurative 
sense in reference to our treatment of wrong action. We 
cloak in order completely to conceal. We extenuate a crime 
when we endeavor to show that it is less than has been sup- 
posed; we palliate a crime when we endeavor to cover or con- 
ceal its enormity, at least in part. This naturally leads us to 
soften some of its features, and thus palliate approaches toward 
extenuate till they have become nearly or quite identical. 

Parii-a'tion, n. 1. Act of palliating, or state of being 
palliated ; concealment of the most flagrant circum- 
stances of an offense. 2. Mitigation or abatement, as of a 
disease. 

Pal'li-a-tive, a. 1. Serving to extenuate ; palliating. 
2. Relieving, as pain or disease. 

Pal'li-a-tive, n. 1. That which extenuates. 2. That 
which abates the violence of pain, disease, or other evil. 

Pal/lid, a. [Lat. pallidus, from pallere, to be or look pale.] 
Deficient in color ; pale ; wan. 

Pal'lid-ness, n. Paleness ; wanness. 

Pall-mall' (pel-mei'), n. [0. Fr. palemail, It. palla- 
maglio, from palla, a ball, and maglio, Fr. mail, Eng. 
mall, from Lat. malleus, a hammer, mallet, maul.] 
An old game in which a wooden ball was driven with a 
mallet through an iron arch. The name was also applied 
to the mallet used, and to the place where the game oc- 
curred. 

Pal'lor, n. [Lat., from pallere, to be or look pale.] Pale- 
ness ; pallidity. 

Palm (p'im), n. [Lat. palma, Gr. iraAaurj.] 1. The in- 
ner part of the hand. 2. A lineal measure equal either 
to the breadth of the hand or to its length from the wrist 
to the ends of the fingers ; a measure of length equal to 
four inches or sometimes to three inches. 3. The broad, 
triangular part of an anchor at the end of the arms. 4. 
The broad part of the horns of a full-grown deer. 5. 
An instrument used by sail-makers to force a needle 
through canvas. 6. (Bot.) A perennial endogenous tree 
of several different genera, usually with an unbranching 
cylindrical trunk, having a terminal bud. 7. A branch 
or leaf of the palm, anciently worn as a symbol of vic- 
tory or rejoicing. 8. Hence, a token of success or tri- 
umph. 

Palm (p'im), v. t. [imp. & p. p. palmed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PALMING.] 1. To conceal in the palm of the hand. 
2. To impose by fraud. 

JPdl'md^hrts'tr. [Lat., palm of Christ.] (Bot.) The 
castor-oil plant ; — so called from its hand-shaped leaves. 

Pal'mar, ) a. [Lat. palmaris, from palma, palm of the 

Pal'ma-ry, \ hand.] 1. Belonging to the palm or in- 
terior of the hand. 2. Having the breadth of a palm. 

Pal'ma-ry, a. Worthy of the palm ; pre-eminent ; su- 
perior : palmy ; chief. 

Pal'mate, ) a. [Lat. palmatus, from palma, the palm 

Pal'ma-ted, j of the hand.] Having the shape of the 
hand ; resembling a hand with the fingers spread. 

Palm'er (pander), n. 1. One who palms or cheats. 2. 
One who visited the Holy Land and its sacred places, and 
bore a branch of palm in token thereof ; an incessant 
pilgrim. 

Palm'er- worm (pam/er-wfirm), n. A kind of hairy 
worm; — a name loosely applied to various hairy cater- 
pillars which travel or wander, as it were, like a palmer, 
and devour leaves and herbage. 

Pal-met'to, n. [Dim. of Lat. palma, 
apalm.] (Bot.) (a.) A species of palm- 
tree growing in the West Indies and 
Southern United States, (b.) A kind 
of palm called also the cabbage-tree. 
See Cabbage-tree. 

Pal-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. palmifer, 
from palma, a palm, and ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing palms. 

Pal'mi-ped, a. [Lat. palmipes, palmi- 
pedis, broad-footed, from palma, palm 
of the hand, and pes, pedis, a foot.] 
Having the toes connected by a mem- 
brane ; web-footed, as a water-fowl. Palmetto. 

Pal'mi-ped, n. ( Ornith. ) A swimming bird ; a bird 
having webbed feet. 

Pal'mis-ter, n. [Lat. palma, the palm of the hand.] 
One who pretends to tell fortunes by the palm of the 
hand. 

Pal'mis-try, n. [See supra.] The pretended art or prac- 
tice of telling fortunes by the lines and marks in the palm 
of the hand. 




Palm'-Sun'day (pam'sun'dy), n. (Eccl.) The Sunday 
next before Easter ; — so called in commemoration of 
our Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the 
multitude strewed palm branches in the way. ' 

Palm'y (pam'y), a. 1. Bearing palms. 2. Worthy of 
the palm ; flourishing ; prosperous ; victorious. 

Palp, n. [From Lat palpare, to stroke, palpus, palpum, 
a stroking.] (Entom.) A jointed, sensiferous organ, at- 
tached in pairs to the back or side of the lower jaw in 
many insects ; a feeler. 

PaFpa-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being palpable. 

Pal'pa-ble, a. [Lat. palpabilis. See supra.] 1. Per- 
ceptible by the touch ; capable of being felt. 2. Easily 
perceptible ; plain ; obvious. 

Pal'pa-ble-ness, n. Quality of being palpable. 

P&l'pa-bly, adv. In a palpable manner ; plainly. 

Pal-pa'tion, n. [Lat. palpatio, fxom palpare. See PALP.] 
The act of touching or feeling. 

Pal'pe-bral, a. [Lat. palpebralis, from palpebra, an 
eyelid.] Pertaining to the eye-brow. 

Pal'pe-brcus, a. Having large eyebrows. 

Pal'pi-tate, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. palpitated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PALPITATING.] [Lat. palpitare, palpilatum. in- 
tensive form of palpare. See PALP.] To beat rapidly 
and excitedly, as the heart ; to throb ; to pulsate vio- 
lently ; to flutter. 

PaFpi-ta'tion, n. A beating of the heart ; especially, a 
violent ,_irregular, and unnatural beating. 

Palg'grave (pawlz'grav). n. [D. paltsgraaf, Ger. pfalz- 
graf, from pfalz, palace, fr. Lat. palatium, and Ger. 
graf, a count.] A count or earl who has the superin- 
tendence of the king's palace ; a count palatine. 

Pal g'gra -vine', n. Consort or widow of a palsgrave. 

Pal'gi-e-al, a. Affected with palsy : paralytic. 

Pal'gied (pawPzid), p. a. Affected with palsy. 

Pal'gy, n. [Contr. from Lat. paralysis, Gr. napaKvcrt?, 
from napa\veiv, to loose from the side, to disable at the 
side. See Paralysis.] (Med.) A weakening, suspen- 
sion, or destruction of functions, of sensation, and of 
voluntary motion ; paralysis. 

Pal'gy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. palsied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PALSYING.] To destroy a function of ; to paralyze. 

Pal'ter, v.i. [imp. & p. p. paltered; p. pr. Savb.n. 
PALTERING.] [See Paltry.] To act in an insincere 
or false manner ; to trifle ; to haggle. 

Pal'ter-er, n. One who palters, fails, or falls short. 

Pal'tri-ly, adv. Despicably ; meanly. 

Pal'tri-ness, n. State of being paltry, vile, or worthless. 

Pal'try, a. [compar. PALTRIER; superl. PALTRIEST.] 
[L. Ger. paltrig, palterig, ragged, from palte, pulte, a rag, 
a tatter.] Destitute of worth ; characterized by mean- 
ness. 

Syn. — Contemptible; despicable; pitiful; worthless; mean; 
vile. See Contemptible. 

Pa-ru'dal, a. [From Lat. palus, paludis, a marsh.] 
Pertaining to marshes ; marshy. 

Pal'y, a. [Frompale, a.] Pale; wanting color. [Poet.] 

Pam'pag, n. pi. [Peruv. pampa, a field, plain.] Vast 
plains in the southern part of Buenos Ayres, in South 
America. 

Pam'per, v. t. [imp. & p.p. pampered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PAMPERING.] [0. Fr. pamprer, to furnish, or cover 
with vine-leaves ; hence, to train or nurse into luxuriant 
growth, from Fr. pampre, a vine-branch, vine with its 
leaves, from Lat. pampinus, a vine-leaf.] To feed to the 
full ; to gratify unduly or inordinately ; to glut. 

Pam'plilet, n. [From 0. Fr. palme, N. Fr. paume, palm 
of the hand, and fueillet, N. Fr. feuillet. a leaf, dim. of 
fueil, m., N. Fr. feuille, f., from Lat. folium, pi. folia ; 
or from Lat. pagina Jilata, a threaded page, stitched 
together with thread.] A small book consisting of a 
sheet, or a few sheets, of paper, stitched together, but 
not bound. 

Pam/phlet-eer', n. A writer of pamplets ; a scribbler. 

Pan, n. [A.-S. panne, D. pan, Icel. & L. Lat. panna, 0. 
H. Ger. panna, phanna.] 1. A shallow, open dish or 
vessel, used for various domestic purposes ; also, any 
similar vessel. 2. The part of a flint-lock which holds 
the priming. 3. The skull ; the brain-pan ; the cranium. 
4. The hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil, 
and holds the water. 

Pan'a-ce'a, n. [Lat., from Gr. navd/ceia, from TravaK^, 
all-healing, from nas, -rrav, all, and a.Kelo-6ai, to heal.] 
A remedy for all diseases ; a cure-all. 

Pa-na'da 

Pa-nade' 



Pa-na'do, 



[From Lat. panis, bread.] Bread boiled 
in water and sweetened. 



a,e,kc,long; a,e,kc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wol*« 



PANCAKE 



517 



PAP 



Pancake, n. A thin cake fried in a pan or baked on an 
iron plate or griddle. 

Pan'ere-as, or Pan'ere-as, n. [Gr. u-ay/cpeas, from 
nap, all, and /cpe'as, nesh, meat.] (Anat.) A gland in the 
abdomen, beneath the stomach. It pours its secretion 
into the alimentary canal during digestion. 

Pan/cre-at'ic, a. Pertaining to the pancreas. 

Pan-de'an, a. [From Pan.] Of, or relating to, Pan. 

Pan'deet, n. [From Gr. TravSe/cTTjs, all-receiving, all- 
containing, from ttcLv, all, and 84xea8ai, to take, receive.] 
1. A treatise which contains the whole of any science. 
Si. pi. The digested code of Roman civil law of Justinian. 

Pan-dem'ie, a. [Gr. TravSij^io?, 7rav5jj/u.io?, from rrdv, 
all, and S^o?, the people.] Incident to a whole people ; 
epidemic. 

Pan'de-mo'ni-um, n. [From Gr. nag, ndv, all, and 
Sat>wv, a demon.] The great hall or council-chamber of 
demons or evil spirits. 

Pan'der, n. [E'rom Pandarus, a leader in the Trojan 
war, who procured for Troilus the love of Chrysei's.] 1. 
A male bawd ; a pimp ; a procurer, Si. Hence, one who 
ministers to the evil designs and passions of another. 

Pan'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pandered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pandering.] To procure the gratification of the 
lust of. 

Pan'der, v. i. To act as agent for the lusts of others ; 
hence, to minister to the evil designs or passions of others. 

Pan-dore', or Pan'dore, n. [See Bandore.] An 
ancient instrument of music of the lute kind ; a bandore. 

Pane, n. [A.-S. pan, a piece, plait, hem, from Lat. pan- 
nus, a cloth, fillet.] 1. A distinct patch, piece, or com- 
partment. Si. Especially , a square plate of glass. 3. A 
square piece of silk or other cloth in a garment for orna- 
ment. [ Obs.] 

Pan'e-gyr'ie , n. [Lat. panegyricus, Gr. irav^yupi/cos, 
sc. Aoyo?.] An oration in praise of some distinguished 
person or achievement ; encomium. 

Syn. — Eulogy; encomium. See Eulogy. 

Pan'e-gyr'ie, ) a. Containing praise or eulogy ; en- 

Pan'e-gyr'ie-al, j comiastic. 

Pan'e-gyr'ist, n. [Gr. 7raK»}yvpicrr»7S,from TravnyvpC^eiv, 
to celebrate or attend a public festival, to make a set 
public speech, especially a panegyric] A eulogist ; an 
encomiast, either by writing or speaking. 

Pan'e-gy-rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. panegyrized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. panegyrizing.] To praise highly. 

Pan/e-gy-rize, v. i. To bestow praises. 

Pan'el, n. [0. Fr., dim. of pan, skirt, lappet, part of a 
wall, side. See Pane.] 1. (Arch.) A compartment, 
usually with raised margins, as in wainscotings, doors, 
&c. Si. (Masonry.) One of the faces of a hewn stone. 
3. (Painting.) A thin board on which a picture is 
painted. 4. ( Law. ) A schedule, containing the names 
of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff; hence, the 
whole jury. 

Pan'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paneled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
paneling.] To form with panels. 

Pang, n. [Cf. A.-S. pyngan, to prick. See Pain.] A 
momentary and violent pain ; a throe. 

Syn. — Agony ; anguish ; distress. See Agony. 

Pan'ie, n. [See m/ra.] A sudden fright ; especially, one 
without real cause, or inspired by a trifling cause. 

Pan'ie, a. [Gr. navLKos, belonging to Pan, because a 
sudden fright was ascribed to Pan.] Extreme or sudden, 
imaginary, and causeless ; — said of fear or fright. 

Pan'ie, n. [Lat. panicum.] (Bot.) Panic-grass ; also, the 
grain of the panic-grass. [oatmeal. 

Pan'ie- grass, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Panicum ; 

Pan'i-ele, n. [Lat. panicula, a tuft on plants, dim. of 
panus, the thread on the bobbin in a shuttle.] (Bot.) 
A form of inflorescence, in which the cluster is much and 
irregularly branched, in a branched raceme, as in oats. 

Pan-nade', n. [0. Fr., from pannader, to prance or 
curvet, as a horse.] The curvet of a horse. 

Pau'ni-ele, n. (Bot.) Panic-grass. 

Pan'nier (pander or pan'ni-er), n. [From Lat. pana- 
rium, a bread-basket, from panis, bread.] 1. A wicker- 
basket for carrying fruit, &c, on a horse. 2. (Arch.) 
The same as Corbel, q. v. 

Pan'o-ply, n. [Gr. -n avoir kCa, from irag, irav, all, and 
birkov, tool, implement of war, arms, harness.] Arma- 
ment ; a full suit of defensive armor. 

Yan'o-ra'ma, or Pan'o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. 77-a?, nav all, 
and opafxa, a view, fr. opav, to see.] 1. A complete view 
in every direction. Si. A' picture exhibited a part at a 
time by being unrolled and made to pass continuously 
before the spectator. 



Pan'o-ram'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or like, a pano- 

Pan'o-ram'ie-al* j rama or complete view. 

Pan'gy, n. [Fr. pensee, thought, pansy, from penser, to 
think, Lat. pensare, to weigh, examine, fr. pendere, pen- 
sum, u> weigh.] A plant and flower ; the garden violet; 
— called also hearfs-ease. 

Pant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. panted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PANTING.] [Cf. W. pantu, to depress, pant, a depres- 
sion, down ; 0. Fr. panteler, to gasp for breath.] 1. To 
breathe quickly or in a labored manner ; to gasp. Si. To 
be overpowered with eagerness, desire, or longing. 3. 
To palpitate, or throb, as the heart, in terror, &c. 

Pant, v. t. To breathe forth quickly or in a labored man- 
ner ; to gasp out. [palpitation of the heart. 

Pant, n. 1. A quick breathing ; a gasp. Si. A violent 

Pan'ta-graph, n. See Pantograph. 

Pan'ta-let', n. [Dim. of pantaloon, infra.] One of the 
pair of loose drawers worn by children and women ; more 
generally, the lower part of such a garment, coming be- 
low the knee, often made in a separate piece ; — chiefly 
in the plural. 

Pan/ta-ldbn', n. [From It. pantalone, a masked char- 
acter in the Italian comedy, who wore breeches and 
stockings that were all of one piece, from Pantaleone, a 
saint of Venice, and hence a baptismal name very fre- 
quent among the Venetians, and applied to them by the 
other Italians as a nickname, from Gr. IlavTaAeW, i. e., 
all or entirely lion, a Greek personal name.] 1. A 
ridiculous character in the Italian comedy, and a buffoon 
in pantomimes. Si. One of the long, loose coverings for 
the legs worn by males, reaching from the waist to the 
heel ; — used in the plural ; trousers. 
Syn. — See Teouseks. 

Pan'the-igm, n. [Gr. 7ras, wav, all, and 0e6s, god.] The 
doctrine that the universe, taken or conceived of as a 
whole, is God. 

Pan'the-Ist, n. One who holds to pantheism. 

Pan'the-ist'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, founded in, or 

Pan'the-ist'ie-al, ) leading to, pantheism. 

Pan-the'on, or Pan'the-on, n. [Gr. trdvOeiov, (sc. 
tepoV), also irdvQeov, from rrdvQeios, of all gods, from Trot?, 
irav, all, and 6e6s, a god.] 1. A temple or magnificent 
edifice, dedicated to all the gods. Si. A work in which 
all the divinities worshiped by a people are treated of; 
3. The whole body of divinities worshiped by a people. 

Pan'ther, n. [Lat. panther, pan- 
thera, Gr. iravB^p, Cf. Skr. punda- 
rika, a leopard.] (Zool.) 1. A 
fierce, dark-colored variety of the( 
leopard, found in Asia and Africa. __ 
Si. The American tiger, a ferocious" 
feline mammal of several species, 
such as the catamount, cougar, and jaguar. 

Pan'tile, n. [From pan and tile, q. v.] A tile with a 
curved or hollow surface. 

Pant'ler, n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] The officer in a 
great family who has charge of the bread and the pantry. 

Pan-to'fle (-to"<yfl), n. [Ger. pantoffel, hantoffel, from Up. 
Ger. band-tafel, a wooden sole (tafel) with a leather string 
(band) to put the foot through.] A slipper for the foot- 

Pan'to-graph, n. [See infra.] An in- 
strument for copying on the same, or 
on a reduced or enlarged, scale. 

Pan^o-graph'ie, 1 a. Pertaining 

Pan'to-graph'ie-al, I to a panto- 
graph ; performed by a pantograph. 

Pan-tog'ra-phy, n. [From 7ras, 7rav- 
to?, all, and ypa^eiv, to write.] General 
description ; entire view of an object. 

Pan-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. w, ttcu'tos, all, 
and kayos, speech, discourse.] A work 
of universal information. 

Pan-to-mime, n. [Lat. pantomimus, Gr. 7raKr6>i 1 u.o«, 
prop, all-imitating, from ttocs, iravros, all, and fjup.eZcr0ai, 
to imitate.] 1. One who acts his part by gesticulation 
only, without speaking. Si. A theatrical entertainment 
given in dumb show. 

Pan'to-mim'k, ) a. Pertaining to the pantomime ; 

Pan'to-mim'ie-al, j representing characters and ac- 
tions by dumb show. 

Pan'try, n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] An apartment 
or closet in which bread and other provisions are kept. 

Pa'nym, n. & a. See Painim. 

Pap, n. [Cf. Lat. papilla.] A nipple of the breast ; a teat. 

Pap, n. [D. pap, Ger. pappe, Lat. papa, pappa.] A soft 
food for infants, made with bread softened with water ; 
hence, nourishment, support. 




Panther. 




Pantograph. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



PAP 



518 



PARAGOGE 



Pap, v. t. To feed with pap ; to supply with soft food. 

Pa-pa', n. [Lat. papa, Gr. 7r<x7ras, ndmras, usually in 
vocative nana, ndmra.] Father ; — a word used by 
children. 

Pa'pa-cy, n. [L. Lat. papatia, from Lat. papa, a father, 
a bishop, the pope, papus, papatis, a governor, tutor.] 
1. The ofl&ce and dignity of the pope ; papal authority 
or jurisdiction ; popedom, 2. The popes taken col- 
lectively. 

Pa'pal, a. Belonging or relating to the pope of Rome ; 
proceeding from the pope ; popish. 

Pa'pal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. papalized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PAPALIZING.] To make papal. 

Pa'pal-ize, v. i. To conform to popery. 

Pa-pav'er-oiis, a. [Lat. papavereus, from papaver, the 
poppy.] Resembling the poppy. 

Pa-paw', n. [Malay, papaya.] (Bot.) (a.) A tree and 
its fruit, of tropical countries, (b.) A tree growing in 
the western and southern parts of the United States, and 
producing a sweet, edible fruit ; also, the fruit itself. 

Pa'per, n. [From Lat. papyrus, Gr. 7ra7rvpos, an Egyp- 
tian plant, from which a kind of paper was made.] 1. 
A substance in sheets intended to be written or printed 
on, to be used in wrapping, &c. 2. A sheet, leaf, or 
piece of such substance. 3. A printed or written in- 
strument ; a writing. 4. A newspaper ; a journal. 5. 
Notes ; bills of exchange ; bank-notes, and the like. 6. 
Hangings printed or stamped for the walls of rooms. 

Wove paper, paper with a uniform surface, and not ribbed 
or water-marked, like laid paper. 

Pa'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. papered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
papering.] 1. To cover with paper. 2. To fold or 
inclose in paper. 

Pa'per-liang'ingg, n. pi. Paper ornamented with 
colored figures for covering the walls of rooms. 

Pa'per-staii^er, n. One who stains, colors, or stamps 
paper for hangings. 

Pa-pes'cent, a. [From pap.] Containing pap ; having 
the qualities of pap. 

Papier-mache (pap'ya-ma'sha), n. [Pr. ; lit., chewed 
or mashed paper.] A hard substance made of a pulp 
from rags or paper mixed with size or glue, and cast in a 
mold. 

Pa-piFio-na'ceoiis, a. [From Lat. papilio, a butterfly.] 
1. Resembling the butterfly. 2. (Bot.) Having a 
winged corolla, somewhat resembling a butterfly, as in 
the blossoms of the bean and pea. 

JPa-pWld, n. ; pi. PA-P'iL'LM.. [Lat.] (Anat.) One of 
the minute elevations of the surface of the skin, tongue, 
&c. Some contain one or more vascular loops ; others, 
nervous elements. 

Pap'il-la-ry, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 

Pap'il-lose' (125), J nipple or the papillae ; covered with 
papilla?. 

Pap'il-lote, n. [Fr., either from papier, paper, or from 
papillon, ou account of their resemblance to a butterfly.] 
One of the small pieces of paper on which ladies roll up 
their hair. 

Pap'il-loiis, or Pa-pil'lous, a. The same as papillary. 
See Papillary. 

Pa'pist, n. [See Pope.] A Roman Catholic; an ad- 
herent of the pope. 

Pa-pist'i-e, \a. Adherent to the church of Rome; 

Pa-pist'ie-al, J pertaining to popery ; popish. 

Pa/pist-ry, n. The doctrines and ceremonies of the 
church of Rome ; popery. 

Pa-pobse', ) n. A babe or young child ; — so called by 

Pap-pobse', } the North American Indians. 

Pap-pose', ) a. [From Lat. pappus, the woolly, hairy 

Pap'poiis, ) seed of certain plants.] Downy, as the 
seeds of certain plants, such as thistles, dandelions, &c. 

Pap'u-lose' (125), a. [Lat. papula, a pimple.] Covered 
with papulae. 

Pap'ii-lou s , a . Full of pimples . 

Pa-py'rus, n. ; pi. pa-py'ri. [Lat. ; 
Gr.-n-ourupos. See Paper.] 1. (Bot.) 
A species of reed or flag from which 
the ancients made a material for 
writing upon. 2. A manuscript 
written on pieces of the papyrus. 

Par, n. [Lat. par, equal.] 1. State 
of equality ; the value expressed on 
the face or in the words of a cer- 
tificate of value, or other commer- 
cial paper. 2. Equality of condi- 
tion or circumstances. 





Papyrus. 



On a par, on a level ; in the same condition, circumstances, 
position, rank, and the like ; equal. 



Par'a-ble, n. [Lat. parabola, from Gr. napafiokri, a 
placing beside or together, comparison, from Trapa^dWeip, 
to throw beside, to compare.] A fable or allegorical re- 
lation of something real in life or nature, from which a 
moral is drawn for instruction. 

Pa-rab'o-la, n.; pi. PA-RAB'o-LAg. [N. Lat., 
from Gr. 7rapa/3oAij ; — so called because its 
axis is parallel to the side of the cone. See 
supra.] ( Geom.) (a.) A curve, any point of 
which is equally distant from a fixed point, 
called the focus, and a fixed straight line, 
called the directrix, (b.) Any curve having 
an infinite branch, without having a recti- Parabola, 
lineal asymptote. 

Par'a-bol'i-e, ) a. 1. Expressed by parable or alle- 

Par'a-bol'ie-al, J gorical representation. 2. [From 
parabola.] ( Geom.) (a.) Having the form or nature of a 
parabola, (b.) Generated by the revolution of a parabola. 

Par'a-bol'ie-al-ly, adv. 1. By way of parable. 2o 
In the form of a parabola. 

Par' a-bol'i -form, a. [From Lat. parabola and forma, 
form, shape.] Resembling a parabola in form. 

Pa-rab'o-list, n. A writer or narrator of parables. 

Pa-rab'o-loid, n. [From Gr. 7rapaj8oAij, parabola, and 
elSos, form, figure.] (Geom.) The solid generated by 
the rotation of a parabola about its axis. 

Par'a-cen't. i-e, I a. [From Gr. napd, beside, beyond, 

Par'a-fen'tri-e-al, J and Kevrpov, any sharp point, the 
center.] Deviating from circularity ; changing the dis- 
tance from a center. 

Pa-raeli'ro-nigm, n. [Gr. irapd, beside, beyond, and 
XpoVos, time.] An error in chronology, by which the 
date of an event is made later than it was in reality. 

Par'a-cliute(par / a-shijt, 110), n. [Fr.,from 
parer, to ward off, guard, and chute, a fall.] 1 
A contrivance somewhat in the form of an 
umbrella, by means of which any thing may 
be sent down from a balloon without danger 
of too rapid motion. 

Par'a-elete, n. [Lat. paraclelus, Gr. irap- 

<£<cArjTOs, fr. 7rapa/caAeiv, to call to one, to ex- Parachute, 
hort, encourage, fr. napd, beside, to the side of, to, and 
Kakelv, to call.] One called to aid or support ; hence, 
the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor ; — a term applied 
to the Holy Spirit. 

Pa-rade', n. [From Lat. parare, paratum, to prepare, 
provide.] 1. Pompous exhibition. 2. Especially, mil- 
itary display ; also, the place or ground where such dis- 
play is held. 3. A spectacle ; a pompous procession. 

Syn. — Ostentation ; display ; show. — Parade is a pompous 
exhibition of things for the purpose of display ; ostentation 
now generally indicates a parade of virtues or other qualities 
for which one expects to be honored. 

Pa-rade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PARADED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PARADING.] 1. To show off; to make a spectacle 
of. 2. To assemble and array or marshal in military 
order. 

Pa-rade', v. i. 1. To go about for show. 2. To go 
about in military procession. 

Par'a-digm (-dim), n. [Lat. paradigma, Gr. rrapaSeiy/uta, 
from napaSeiicvvvai, to show by the side of, to set up as 
an example, from napd, beside, and Seucvvvai, to show.] 
( Gram.) An example of a word, as a verb, noun, &c, 
conjugated, declined, compared, &c, in all its different 
forms of inflection. 

Par'a-dise, n. [Gr. -rrapdSeia-os , from 0. Per. paradaSsas, 
Skr. paradesa, a foreign land, the best, the most beauti- 
ful land, Heb. pardes, Per. & Ar. firdau, pi. faradis, a 
pleasure-garden.] 1. (Script.) The garden of Eden. 2. 
A place of bliss. 3. Heaven. 

Par'a-di-si'a^-al, a. Pertaining to Eden or paradise, 
or to a place of felicity. 

Par'a-d5x, n. [Gr. napdSogov, from 7rapa, beside, be- 
yond, contrary to, against, and 86fa, opinion.] A senti- 
ment or proposition seemingly absurd or contradictory, 
yet true in fact. 

Par'a-dSx'ie-al, a. 1. Having the nature of a para- 
dox. 2. Inclined to tenets or notions contrary to re- 
ceived opinions. 

Par'a-dSx'ie-al-ly, adv. In a paradoxical manner. 

Par'af-f Ine, n. [From Lat. parum , too little, and affinis, 
akin.] ( Chem.) A white, translucent substance, ob- 
tained from the distillation of tar. It resembles sperma- 
ceti, and is much used for making candles. It derives 
its name from its remarkable resistance to chemical 
action. 

Far'a-go'ge, n. [Gr. Trapaywyij, from napdyeiv, to lead 
beside, protract, from irapd, beside, and dyeiv, to lead.] 



»,e,&c.,Zon^; a,e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



PARAGOGIC 



519 



PARCEL 



( Gram.) The addition of a letter or a syllable to the end 
of a word ; as, withouten for without. 

Par'a-gog'ic, I a. Pertaining to, or constituting a 

Par'a-gog'ie-al, ) paragoge. 

Par'a-gon, n. [Sp. paragon, from para con, in compari- 
son with.] A model or pattern by way of distinction, im- 
plying superior excellence or perfection. 

Par'a-graph, n. [Gr. -rvapaypafyos (sc. ypawq), a line 
or stroke drawn in the margin, from napaypdfciv, to 
write beside.] 1. The character [IT], used as a reference, 
or to mark a division. 2. Any portion or section of a 
writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, 
noted by the mark [IT], or, more usually, by a simple 
indentation of the first line. 3. Hence, a short passage ; 
a notice or brief remark, as in a newspaper. 

Par'a-graph'ie, ) a. Consisting of paragraphs, or 

Par'a-graph'ie-al, ) short divisions with breaks. 

Par'a-leTp'sis, n. [Gr. 7rapaAeLi/us, from TrapaAeiVeiv, 
to leave on one side, to omit, from 7rap<£, beside, and 
Aeureiv, to leave.] (Rhet.) A pretended or apparent 
omission. 

Par'al-la-e'tie, 1 a. Pertaining to the parallax of a 

Par'al-lac'tie-al, ) heavenly body. 

Par'al-lax, n. [Gr. 7rapaAAa£is, from 7rapaAAacro-eiv, to 
change or alter a little, to go aside, decline.] (Astron.) 
The difference between the position of a body as seen 
from some point on the earth's surface, and its position 
as seen from some other conventional point, as the earth's 
center or the sun. 

Par'al-lel, a. [Gr. 7rapaAA7)Aos , from 

irapa, beside, and dAA^Ao)!/, of one 

another.] 1. ( Geom.) Extended in Parallel lines, 
the same direction, and in all parts 
equally distant. 2. Having the same direction or ten- 
dency. 3. Continuing a resemblance through many 
particulars. 

Syn. — Equidistant ; like ; similar ; resembling. 

Par'al-lel, n. 1. A line which, throughout its whole 
extent, is equidistant from another line. 2. One of the 
circles upon a globe, parallel to the equator, and used 
for marking the latitude. 3. Conformity continued 
through many particulars or in all essential points ; re- 
semblance ; likeness. 4. A comparison made. 5. Coun- 
terpart. 6. (Mil.) A wide trench, affording besieged 
troops a free covered communication between their vari- 
ous batteries and approaches. 7. (Print.) A sign of 
reference [thus || ], used to direct attention to notes in 
the margin or at the foot of a page. 

Par'al-lel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paralleled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PARALLELING.] 1. To cause to be parallel. 
2. To be equal to ; to resemble in all essential points. 

Par'al-lel-Igm, n. 1. State of being parallel ; com- 
parison ; resemblance. 2. ( Hebrew Poetry.) The expres- 
sion, in two poetic lines, of the same sentiment, with 
slight modifications. I ■ 

Par'al-lel'o-gram, n. [Gr. napaX- I 
A17A6ypa.jap.ov, fr. 7rapaAATjAos, paral- / 
lei, and ypap.ju.17, a stroke in writing, / 

a line.] (Geom.) A right - lined >- 

quadrilateral figure, whose opposite Parallelogram, 
sides are parallel, and consequently equal. 

Par'al-lel'o-gram'mie, \a. Having the properties 

Par'al-leFo-gram'mie-al, J of a parallelogram. 

Par'al-lel'o-pi'ped, n. [Gr. irapaK- k- k 

Ar}Ae7rt7reSov, a body with parallel sur- !\ U 



LI- I - 



Parallelopiped. 



faces, from 7rapdAAT)Ao?, parallel, and 

tirLireSov, a plane surface.] ( Geom.) 

regular solid, the faces of which are six 

parallelograms, the opposite ones being 

parallel, and equal to each other. 
Par'al-leFo-pip'e-dSn (110), n. A parallelopiped. 
Pa-ral'o-gi§m, n. [Gr. 7rapaAoyio>6?, from napa\o- 

■yt£eo-0cu, to reason falsely, from wapd, beside, beyond, 

and Aoyi£eo-0ai, to reason.] (Logic.) A reasoning which 

is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to 

logical rules or formulse. 
Pa-ral'o-gy, n. [See supra.] False reasoning. 
Pa-ral'y-sis, n. [Gr. 7rapdAwcn.?, from irapaXvetv, to 

loosen, disable at the side, from napd, beside, and Aveiv, 

to loosen.] (Med.) The loss of voluntary motion, with 

or without that of sensation, in any part of the body ; 

palsy. 
Par'a-lyt'ie, ) a. 1. Affected with paralysis, or palsy. 
Par'a-lyt'i-c-al, ) 2. Inclined to paralysis. 
Par'a-lyt'ie, n. A person affected with palsy. 
Par'a-lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paralyzed; p. pr. 

& vb. n. paralyzing.] To affect with paralysis or 

palsy ; to palsy. 



Par'a-mount (110), a. [0. Fr. paramont, ab©ve, from 
par, through, thoroughly, exceedingly (Lat. per), and 
amont, upward, above. See Amount.] Superior to all 
others ; of highest rank, dignity, consideration, or value. 

Syn. — Superior ; principal ; pre-eminent ; chief. 

Par'a-mount, n. The highest in rank or order ; the 
chief. 

Par'a-mour, n. [Fr. par amour, i. e., by or with love.] 
A lover of either sex ; a wooer or a mistress ; — formerly 
in a good sense, now only in a bad one ; hence, a kept 
mistress ; a concubine ; a mistress. 

Par'a-nymph, ft. [Gr. Trapaw/u^os, from napd, beside, 
near, and vv^-q, a bride.] 1. (Antiq.) A brideman or 
bridemaid. 2. Hence, one who countenances and sup- 
ports another. 

Par'a-pet, ft. [It. parapetto, fr. parare, to ward off, guard, 
fr. Lat. parare, to prepare, provide, and It. petto, Lat. 
pectus, the breast.] 1. A wall, rampart, or elevation of 
earth for covering soldiers from an enemy's attack from 
the front ; a breast-wox'k. 2. A breast-wall, on the edge 
of a bridge, quay, &c, to prevent people from falling 
over. 

Par'aph, ft. [Contracted from paragraph.] The flourish 
made by a pen under one's signature, formerly used to 
provide against forgery . [aphernalia. 

Par'a-pher'nal, «._ Pertaining to, or consisting in, par- 

Par'a-pher-na'li-a, n. pi. From Gr. irapdfyepva, pi., 
that which a bride brings over and above her dower, from 
irapa, beside, beyond, and 4>£pvr\, dowry, from <J>e'pe<.v, to 
bring.] 1. The articles which a wife brings with her at 
her marriage ; goods of a wife beyond her dowry. 2. 
Hence, appendages ; ornaments ; trappings. 

Par'a-plira§e, n. [Gr. 7rapd<£paa-is, from irapa^pd^eiv, 
to add to another's words, from 7rapd, beside, and (f)pd£eiv, 
to speak. J A re-statement of a text, or passage, express- 
ing the meaning of the original in another form ; a free 
translationjnto the same or another language. 

Par'a-phra§e, v. t. [i7np. & p. p. paraphrased; p. 
pr. & vb. n. paraphrasing.] To explain, interpret, or 
translate with latitude. 

Par'a-phrage, v. i. To interpret or explain amply. 

Par'a-phrast, n. One who paraphrases. 

Par'a-phrast'i-e, ) a. Explaining or translating in 

Par'a-plirast'ie-al, J words more clear and ample 
than those of the author ; not verbal or literal ; diffuse. 

Par'a-plirast'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a paraphrastic manner. 

JPfir'a-ple'f'fi-d, ) n. [Ionic Gr. TrapanKrjyLa, from Trapa- 

Par'a-ple'gy, ) n\.r)cro-eiv, to strike beside, near, at 
the side.] (Med. ) Palsy of the lower half of the be iy on 
both sides. 

Par'a-quet' (-kef), )n. A small species of parr t. See 

Par'a-qui'to (-ke'to), j Parrakeet. 

Par'a-sang, n. [Gr. Trapacrayyrj?, from Per. farsang.] 
(Antiq.) A Persian measure of length, nearly equal to 
four English miles. 

Pai^a-se-le'ne, n.; pi. par'a-se-le'NuE. [Gr. vapd, 
beside, and aek-^irq, the moon.] (Astron.) A mock moon; 
a luminous ring or circle encompassing the moon. 

Par'a-site, n. [Gr. 7rapao-iTos, lit. eating beside, or at 
the table of another, fr. 7rapa, beside, and o-irelv, to feed, 
fr. o-iTO?, wheat, food.] 1. A trencher friend ; a hanger 
on ; a dependent companion and flatterer ; a toady. 2. 
(Bot.) A plant that grows and lives on another. 3. 
(Zo'dl.) An animal which lives on the body of some other 
animal, as flee, &c. 

Par'a-slt'i-e, \a. 1. Of the nature of a parasite, 

Par'a-sit'i-e-al, ) fawning ; wheedling. 2. Living on; 
or deriving nourishment from, some other living thing. 

Par'a-sit-I§m, n. The state, condition, manners, or 
behavior of a parasite. 

Par'a-sol' (110), n. [Fr., from parer, to ward off, parry, 
and Lat. sol, the sun.] A small umbrella used by ladies 
to defend their faces from the sun's rays. 

Par'a-sol-ette', n. A small parasol or sunshade. 

Par'tooil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parboiled ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. PARBOILING.] [Prob. from Eng. part and boil. Cf. 
Partake.] To boil in part ; to cook partially by boiling. 

Par'Tbuclt-le, n. (Naut.) A purchase formed of a single 
rope around any weighty body, as a spar or cask, by 
which it is lowered or hoisted. 

Par'buek-le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parbuckled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. parbuckling.] To hoist or lower by means 
of a parbuckle. 

Par'cel (colioq. par'sl), n. [Fr. parcelle, dim. of part, Lat. 
pars, a part.] 1. Any mass or quantity ; a collection; 
a lot. 2. A bundle ; a package ; a packet. 3. (Law.) 
A part ; a portion ; a piece. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 






PARCEL 



520 



PARODY 



Par'cel, v . t. [imp. & p. p. parceled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
parceling.] To divide and distribute by parts or por- 
tions. 

Par'cel, a. & adv. Part or half; in part. 

Par'ce-na-ry, n. [See infra.] {haw.) Occupation of an 
inheritable estate which descends from the ancestor to 
two or more persons ; co-heirship. 

Par'ce-ner, n. [Norm. & 0. Fr. pargonnier, pargunere, 
from parzon, pargun, part, portion, from Lat. pars, par- 
tis, a part.] {Law.) A co-heir ; one of two or more per- 
sons, to whom an estate of inheritance descends jointly, 
and by whom it is held as one estate. 

Parch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PARCHED (p'archt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PARCHING.] [Perh. contr. from peraresce, from 
Lat. perarescere, to grow very dry.] 1. To burn the sur- 
face of; to scorch. 2. To shrivel with heat. 

Parch, v. i. To be scorched or superficially burnt. 

Parch'ment, n. [Gr. nepyaixTfv^ (sc. xo-RTy), from Ilep- 
ya.fA.ev6s, of or belonging to Pergamus, or Pergamum, in 

. Mysia, where it was invented by Eumenes.] The skin of 
a sheep or goat prepared for writing on. 

Pard, n. [Lat. pardus, Gr. 7i-dpSos-j The leopard; in 
poetry, any spotted beast. 

Par 'don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pardoned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pardoning.] [L. Lat. perdonare, from Lat. per, 
through, thoroughly, and donare, to give, to present.] 

1. To refrain from exacting as a penalty. 2. To suffer 
to pass without punishment ; to discharge from liability 
to reproof or penalty. 

Syn. — To forgive; absolve; excuse; remit; acquit. 

Par'don, n. 1. Remission of a penalty. 2. Release of 
an offense, or of the exposure of the offender to suffer a 
penalty. 

Syn.— Forgiveness; remission. See Forgiveness. 

Par'don-a-hle, a. Admitting of pardon; venial; ex- 
cusable. 

Par'don-a-Tble-ness, n. Quality of being pardonable. 

Par'don-a-hly, adv. In a manner admitting of pardon. 

Par'don-er, n. One who forgives or absolves. 

Pare (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PARING.] [From Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To cut 
or shave off, as the superficial substance or extremities 
of a thing. 2. To diminish by little and little. 

Par'e-gor'ie, a. [Gr. TraprjyopiKos, from Trapr\yopelv, to 
console, soothe.] Mitigating ; assuaging pain. 

Par'e-gor'ie, n. {Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain ; 
an anodyne. 

Par'ent {sometimes improperly pron. pa/rent, 4), n. [Lat. 
par ns, parentis, for pariens, from parere, to bring forth, 
to b get.] 1. A father or mother. 2. Hence, that which 
produces. 

Syn.— Cause; source; origin; producer; creator. 

Par'ent-age, n. Descent from parents or ancestors; 
parents or ancestors considered in their character or 
social position ; extraction ; birth. 

Pa-rent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to parents. 2. Becoming 
parents ; tender ; affectionate. 

Pa-rent'al-ly, adv. In a tender or parental manner. 

Pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. pa-ren'the-se§. [Gr. -rrapev- 
0eo-is,from TTapevTL6evai, to insert, from irapd, beside, and 
evTiOevau, to put in.] 1. A word or sentence inserted, by 
way of comment or explanation, in the midst of another 
sentence. It is usually inclosed within curved lines, but 
sometimes within dashes. 2. {Print.) The sign of a 
parenthesis, thus ( ). 

Par'en-thet'i-e, la. 1. Pertaining to a parenthe- 

Par'en-thet'ie-al, J • sis ; expressed in a parenthesis. 

2. Using or containing parentheses. 
Par'en-thet'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner or form of 

a parenthesis. 

Par'er, n. One who, or that which, pares. 

Par'get, h. [From Lat. paries, parietis, a wall.] (Arch.) 
Plaster for lining chimney flues, or for covering the walls 
and ceilirigs of rooms. 

Par'get, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pargeted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pargeting.] To plaster, as walls. 

Par-he'li-on (or par-hel'yun), n. ; pi. PAR-He'li-a (or 
par-hel'ya). LGr. TraprjAiov, from 7rap?jAios, beside or near 
the sun, from napd, beside, and ?jA<.o?, the sun.] A mock 
sun or meteor, appearing in the form of a bright light 
near the sun . 

Pa'ri-ah. or Pa'ri-ah, n. [From Tamul pareyer, par- 
riar, or Hind, pahariya, a mountaineer, as the primitive 
inhabitants, vanquished and degraded by the Sanskrit 
tribes, were driven into the mountains.] One belonging 
to the lowest class in parts of India ; hence, an outcast ; 
one rejected and contemned by society. 



Pa/ri-an (89) ; n. 1. ( Geog.) A native or an inhabitant 
of Paros, an island in the iEgean Sea. 2. A fine quality 
of porcelain clay, used for making statuettes, and the 
like ; — so called from its resemblance to Parian marble. 

Pa-ri'e-tal, a. [Lat. parietalis, from paries, parietis, a 
wall.] 1. Pertaining to a wall. 2. Pertaining to build- 
ings or the care of them. [Rare.] 3. (Anat.) Pertain- 
ing to the bones which form the sides and upper part of 
the skull. 

Par'ing, n. 1. That which is pared off. 2. Act or 
practice of cutting off the surface of grass land, for 
tillage. 

Par'ish, n. [From Lat. parochia, Gr. 7rapoi/aa,from 7rap- 
oikos, dwelling beside or near, from 7rap<£, beside, and 
oikos, a house, dwelling.] 1. The precinct or territorial 
jurisdiction of a secular priest or ecclesiastical society, or 
the precinct, the inhabitants of which belong to the same 
church. 2. Any religious or ecclesiastical society. 
[Amer.] 

Bgr-In Louisiana, the state is divided into parishes, which 
correspond to counties in some states, and to townships in 
others. 

Par'ish, a. 1. Of, or relating to, a parish. 2. Employed 
in the ecclesiastical concerns of a parish. 3. Maintained 
by the parish. 

Pa-rish'ion-er, n. One who belongs to, or is connected 
with, a parish. 

Par'i-syl-lafo'ie, la. [From Lat. par, paris, equal, 

Par'i-syl-lafo'i-e-al, j and syllaba, syllable.] Having 
the same number of syllables in all its inflections. 

Par'i-ty, «... [Lat. paritas, from par, paris, equal.] Con- 
dition of being equal or equivalent ; equality ; close cor- 
respondence ; analogy. 

Park, n. [A.-S. pearruc, pearroc, Icel. parrak, from 0. H. 
Ger. perkan, bergan, Goth, bairgan, to save, keep, put in 
security.] 1. A large tract of ground kept in its natural 
state, for the preservation of game, for walking, riding, 
and the like. 2. A piece of ground, within a city or 
town, inclosed and kept for ornament and recreation" 3. 
(Mil.) (a.) The space occupied by the animals, wagons, 
pontoons, and materials of all kinds, when brought to- 
gether, (b.) A group of cannon or of wagons. 

Park, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PARKED (p'arkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. parking.] 1. To inclose in a park. 2. To bring 
together in a park, or compact body. 

Park'er, a. The keeper of a park. 

Par'lance, n. [Norm. & 0. Fr. parlance, from Fr. par- 
ler, to speak.] Conversation; discourse; talk; phrase; 
form of speech. 

Par'ley, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PARLEYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PARLEYING.] [Fr. parler, L. Lat. parabolare, from Lat. 
parabola, a comparison, a parable, L. Lat., a sentence, a 
word, from Gr. 7rapa/3oA-»j. See PARABLE.] To confer 
with another on some point of mutual concern ; hence, 
specifically, to confer with an enemy. 

Par'ley, n. Mutual discourse or conversation ; hence, 
specifically, a conference between antagonists or ene- 
mies. 

Par'lla-ment, n. [Fr. parlement, L. Lat. parlamentum, 
parliamentitm. from Fr. jiarler, L. Lat. parabolare. See 
supra.] 1. The grand legislative assembly of the three 
estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
and, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the 
commons. 2. The legislature in some of the depend- 
encies of the British crown, as in Canada. 3. The su- 
preme council in Sweden. 4. One of the several prin- 
cipal judicial courts of the country. [France, before the 
Revolution.] 

Par'lia-ment-a'ri-an, n. One of those who adhered to 
the parliament in the time of Charles I. 

Par'lia-ment'a-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to parliament. 
2. Enacted or done by parliament. 3. According to the 
established rules and usages of legislative bodies. 

Par'lor, n. [Fr. parloir, from Fr. parler, to speak. See 
PARLEY.] A room in a house which the family usually 
occupy for society and conversation ; also, a reception- 
room for visitors, &c. 

Pa-ro'-ehi-al, a. [L. Lat. parochialis, from Lat. parochia. 
See Parish.] Belonging or relating to a parish. 

Pa-rod'i-e-al, a. Copying after the manner of parody. 

Par'o-dlst, n. One who writes a parody. 

Par'o-dy, n. [Gr. napoySta, from iropa, beside, and ojStj, 
a song.] A kind of poetical composition, in which w'hat 
is written on one subject is altered and applied to another 
by way of burlesque. 

Par'o-dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PARODIED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PARODYING.] To alter and apply to a purpose differ- 
ent from that of the original ; to burlesque in verse. 



a,, e, Sec, long,- a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PAROL 



521 



PARTICIPATION 



Pa-rol', In [Fr. parole. See PARLEY.] 1. (Law.) 

Pa-role', j Oral declaration ; word of mouth. 2. Word 
of lienor; plighted faith: especially (Mil.), a promise to 
fulfill certain stated conditions. 3. (Mil.) A kind of 
countersign, given only to officers of the guard, or those 
who inspect or give orders to guards. 

E@- Commonly written parol as a term in law, and parole in 
other senses. 

Pa-rol', ) a. Given hy word of mouth ; oral ; not writ- 

Pa-role', j _ten. 

JPdr / o-})o-ni(i'si-d (-ma'zhT-a), n. [Gr. ira.povoiAa.o~ia, 
from irapovop.a£eiv , to form a word by a slight change, 
from irapd, beside, beyond, and bvoixd^eiv, to name, from 
ovojua, a name.] (Rket.) A play upon words ; punning. 

Par'o-no-mas'tie, ) a. Pertaining to, or consisting 

Par'o-no-inas'tie-al, j in, a play upon words. 

Par'o-nym. n. A paronymous word. 

Pa-r5n'y-mou§, a. [Gr. Trapiovujuos, from irapd, beside, 
near, and owjuia, a name.] 1. Having the same deriva- 
tion: allied grammatically. 2. Having a similar sound, 
but differently written, and of different meaning, as hair 
and hare. 

Pa-ron'y-my, n. The quality of being paronymous. 

Par'o-quet (*110), n. [See Parrot.] ( Ornith.) A small 
bird, allied to the macaw, from which it differs in having 
the cheeks wholly feathered. 

Pa-rot'id, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the parotid. 

Pa-rot'id. n. [Gr. -rapturis, Trapom'Sos, from napd, beside, 
near, and ovs, cotos, the ear.] (Anat.) The salivary gland 
situated nearest the ear. 

Par'ox-y§m, n. [Gr. 7rapo£v<T|U.<fc, from napof-vveiv, to 
sharpen, irritate, from -rapd, beside, beyond, and bgvveiv, 
to sharpen , from 6£v's, sharp.] 1. ( Med.) The fit, attack, 
or exacerbation of a disease that has decided remissions or 
intermissions. 2. Hence, any sudden and violent action ; 
convulsion ; fit. 

Par'ox-y-g'mal, a. 1. Marked by paroxysms. 2. Per- 
taining to, or caused by, a paroxysm or paroxysms. 

Par-qnet' (par-ka' or par-keif), n. [Fr. See PAR- 
QUETRY.] 1. A body of seats on the floor of a music 
hall or theater nearest the orchestra ; also the whole 
lower floor of a theater, behind the orchestra. 2. The 
same as Parquetry, q. v. 

Par'quet-i"y, n. [P'r. parqueterie, from parquet, French 
inlaid floor, flooring, dim. of pare, an inclosure. See 
Park.] A species of joinery, consisting of inlaid work, 
generally of different colors, used especially for floors. 

Par-quette' (par-ket 7 ), n. The same as Parquet. 

Parr, n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan, a salmon.] A small 
species of fish, common where salmon breed. 

Par'ra-keef, n. See Paroquet. 

Par'ri-cid'al, a. 1. Pertaining to parricide. 2. Com- 
mitting parricide. 

Par'ri-clde, n. [From Lat. parricida and parricidium , 
from pater, father, and csedere, to kill.] 1. A person 
who murders his father or mother. 2. The murder of 
any one to whom reverence is due. 

Par'rot, n. [Contr. from Fr. perro- 
quet, probably from Pierrot, dim. of 
Pierre, Peter.] (Ornith.) A climb- 
ing bird of brilliant color, having a 
fleshy tongue, and a short, hooked 
bill, toothed above. It is found in 
the tropical regions, particularly of 
the New World. 

Par'ry, v. t. \ imp. & p. p. par- 
ried ; p.pr. & vb. n. PARRYING.] 
[From Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. 
To ward off; to prevent. 2. To 
avoid ; to shift off ; to evade. 

Par'ry, v. i. To ward off, evade, or 
turn aside something 

Parse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parsed 
(parst); p. pr. & vb. n. parsing.] 
[Lat. pars, a part, pars oration is, a part of speech 




Parrot. 



id describe grammatically, as a 



(Gram.) To analyze 
sentence. 

Par'gee, or Par-see', n. [Hind. & Per. p&rsl, a Per- 
sian, a follower of Zoroaster.] One of the Indian ad- 
hereuts of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion ; 
a fire- worshiper ; a Gueber. 

Par'see-ism, or Par-see'igm, n. The religion and 
customs of the Parsees. [to excess. 

Par'si-mo'ni-oiis, a. Exhibiting parsimony ; frugal 

Syn.— Avaricious : covetous; niggardly; miserly; penuri- 
ous; close; saving; illiberal; frugal. See AVARICIOUS. 

Par'si-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. Sparingly ; covetously. 



Par'si-mo'ni-oiis-ness, n. A very sparing use of 

money. 
Par'si-mony (50), n. [Lat. parsimnnia, paramenia, 

from parcere , to spare.] Closeness or spariugness in the 

expenditure of money or means ; excessive economy. 
Syn. — Economy; frugality ; covetousness ; closeness; illib- 

erality. See Economy. 

Pars'ley, n. [Lat. petroselinum, Gr. -reTpoai\i.vov, rock- 
parsley, fr. 7reTpos, a rock, and o-ekivov, parsley.] (Bot.) 
A plant, the leaves of which are used in cookery, and the 
root as an aperient medicine. 

Pars'nip, n. [Written also parsnep.] [Corrupted from 
Lat. pastinaca.] (Bot.) A plant, of which one species, 
the common parsnip, has a white, spindle-shaped root, 
of a pleasant aromatic flavor, much used for food ; also, 
the root itself. 

Par'son (par'sn), n. [From L. Lat. persona (sc. ecclesix), 
equivalent to clergyman.} 1. The priest of a parish or 
ecclesiastical society. 2. A clergyman. 

Par 'son-age, n. The house and glebe belonging to a 
parish or ecclesiastical society, and appropriated for the 
use of the minister of a church. [Amer.] 

Part, n. [Lat. pars, partis.] 1. One of the portions, 
equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, or re- 
garded as divided ; something less than a whole. 2. 
Hence, specifically, (a.) An equal constituent portion. 
(b.) An organic or essential element ; an organ, (c.) pi. 
Constituents of character or capacity, taken collectively ; 
qualities ; faculties ; talents, (d.) pi. Quarters ; regions ; 
districts. 3. Share ; lot. 4. Concern ; interest ; par- 
ticipation. 5. Side; party; interest. 6. Allotted duty ; 
specially appropriated office. 7. Character appropria- 
ted to one in a play or other like performance. 8. 
(Mus.) One of the different melodies of an harmonic 
composition, which, heard in union, compose its har- 
mony. 

In good part, favorably; acceptably; in a friendly manner. — 
In ill part, unfavorably ; with displeasure. — hi part, partly. — 
Part and parcel, an essential portion ; a part. — Part of speech 
(Gram.), a sort or clasr of words of a particular character, as 
the noun, the verb, &c. 

Syn. — Portion; section; division; fraction; fragment; mem- 
ber; share; constituent. See Poktion. 

Part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parted ; p. pr. & vb. n. part- 
ing.] 1. To divide; to separate into two or more 
pieces. 2. To distribute; to share; to allot. 3. To 
disunite ; to cause to go apart ; to sunder. 4. To stand 
between ; to intervene betwixt, as combatants. 

Part, v. i. 1. To be broken or divided into parts or 
pieces ; to go asunder ; to take leave. 2. To become re- 
moved or detached ; to separate ; to leave. 

Par-take', v. i- [imp. partook ; p. p. partaken ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PARTAKING.] [From part and take. Cf. 
Parboil.] 1. To take a part, portion, or share in 
common with others ; to participate. 2. To have some- 
thing of the properties, nature, or office. 3. To be ad- 

Par-take', v. t. To have a part in ; to share, [mitted. 

Par-tak/er, n. One who has or takes a part; a sharer; 
a participator ; — followed by of or in. 

Part'er, n. One who parts or separates. 

Par-terre' (par-tar'), n. [Fr., from par, on, and terre, 
earth, ground.] An ornamental and diversified arrange- 
ment of beds or plots in a flower-garden. 

Par'tial, a. [L. Lat. partialis, from Lat. pars, partis, a 
part.] 1. Affecting a part only ; not total or entire. 2. 
Biased to one party; not indifferent. 3. Inclined to 
favor unreasonably. 

Par'ti-al'i-ty (par'shT-, 95), n. 1. The quality of be- 
ing partial. 2. Special fondness. 

Par'tial-ly, adv. 1. In part; not totally. 2. With 
undue bias of mind to one party or side. 

Part'i-bil'i-ty, n. Susceptibility of division, partition, 
or severance. 

Part'i-ble, a. [Lat. partibilis, from partire. to part, di- 
vide, from Lat. pars, partis, a part.] Admitting of being 
parted or separated ; divisible ; separable. 

Par-tlc'i-pant, a. [Lat. participans, p. pr. of partici- 
pare, to participate.] Sharing ; having a share or part. 

Pai'-tic/i-pant, n. One who participates ; a partaker. 

Par-tif'i-pate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. participated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PARTICIPATING.] [Lat. participare, 
participation, from pars, partis, a part, and capere, to 
take.] To have a share in common with others ; to take 
a part. 

Syn. — To partake; share. 

Par-tic'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act or state of sharing in 
common with others. 2. Distribution; division into 
shares. 



food, foot ; urn, nide, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



PARTICIPATIVE 



522 



PASS 



Par-tlc'i-pa'tive, a. Capable of participating. 

Par-ti£'i-pa/tor, n. One who partakes with another. 

Par'ti-cip'i-al, a. [Lat. participialis. See PARTICI- 
PLE.] Having the nature and use of a participle ; formed 
from a participle. 

Par'ti-cip'i-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. participial- 
ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. participializing.] To put in 
the form of a participle. 

Par'ti-cip'i-al-ly, adv. In the sense or manner of a 
participle. 

Par'ti-ci-ple, n. [Lat. par ticipium, from par ticeps, shar- 
ing, participant, from pars, partis, a part, and capere, to 
take.] (Gram.) A word having the nature of an adjec- 
tive, derived from a verb, and so called because it par- 
takes of the properties of a noun and of a verb. 

Par'ti-ele, n. [Lat. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a 
part.] 1 . A minute part or portion of matter ; an atom ; 
a jot. 2. Any very small portion or part. 3. (Gram.) 
A word that is never inflected. m 

Par-ti-e'u-lar, a. 1. Relating to a part or portion of 
any thing, or to a single person or thing. 2. Clearly 
distinguishable from others of its kind. 3. Possessing 
some eminent or extraordinary quality ; worthy of spe- 
cial attention or regard. 4. Entering into details. 5. 
Hard to suit; precise ; difficult. 6. (Law.) (a.) Con- 
taining a part only, (b.) Holding a particular estate. 7 . 
(Logic & Metaph.) Forming a part of a genus ; relatively 
limited in extension. 

Syn. — Minute; individual; respective; appropriate; pecu- 
liar; especial; exact; specific; precise; critical; circumstantial. 
See Minute. 

Par-tie'u-lar, n. A single point, or circumstance; a 
distinct or minute part ; a detail ; a specialty. 
In particular, specially; peculiarly; distinctly. 

Par-tie'u-lar'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being particular ; 
distinctiveness ; speciality ; minuteness in detail. 2. 
That which is particular; as, (a.) Individual character- 
istic; peculiarity, (b.) Special circumstance ; minute de- 
tail ; particular, (c.) Something of special or private 
concern or interest. 

Par-tle'u-lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. particular- 
ized; p. pr. & vb. n. PARTICULARIZING.] To men- 
tion in particulars ; to enumerate in detail. 

Par-tle'u-lar-ize, v. i. To be attentive to particulars. 

Par-tie 'u-lar-ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner ; 
distinctly ; singly ; especially ; with a specific reference, 
importance, or interest. 2. In an especial manner. 

Part'ing, n. Act of dividing ; a division or separation 
made by such an act ; any thing divided. 

Par'ti-gan' (110), n. [Fr., from parti, a party.] 1. 
An adherent to a party or faction. 2. (Mil.) (a.) The 
commander of a corps of light troops designed to sur- 
prise the enemy, and carry on a desultory warfare, (b.) 
Any member of such a corps. 

Par'ti-gaii', n. [Fr. pertuisane, from 0. Fr. pertuiser, to 
pierce.] A kind of halberd; a truncheon ; a staff. 

Pftr'ti-gan 7 , a. 1. Adherent to a party or faction. 2. 
( Mil.) Engaged in irregular warfare on outposts. 

Par'ti-gan'ship, n. State of being a partisan ; adher- 
ence to a party. 

Par-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. partitio. See supra."] 1. 
Act of dividing, or state of being divided ; division ; sep- 
aration. 2. That which divides or separates ; specif- 
ically, an interior wall dividing one part or apartment 
of a house, &c, from another. 

Par-tl'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. partitioned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. partitioning.] 1. To divide into shares. 2. 
To divide into distinct parts by walls. 

Par'ti-tive, a. [Lat. partitivus, from partire , partitum , 
to divide.] ( Gram.) Denoting a part or portion of any 
thing ; dividing ; distributive. 

Par'ti-tive, adv. ( Gram.) A word expressing partition, 
or denoting a part ; a distributive. 

Par'ti-tive-ly, adv. In a partitive manner ; distribu- 
tively. 

Part'ly, adv. In part ; in some measure or degree. 

Part'ner, ji. [From part.] 1. A partaker ; an associate. 
2. (Law.) An associate in any business or occupation; 
a member of a partnership. 3. One who dances with 
another. 4. A husband or wife ; a consort. 

Syn. — Colleague; coadjutor; confederate; sharer; spouse; 
companion. 

Part'ner -ship, n. 1. State of being a partner; par- 
ticipation with another. 2. Association of two or more 
persons for the purpose of undertaking and prosecuting 
any business ; a firm or house. 

Syn.— Company; association; society; combination. 




Par'iridge, n. [0. Eng. partrich, 
Lat. perdiz, perdicis, Gr. 7re'p8i£.] 
(Ornith.) A grouse-like bird, having 
the feet bare. It is of a gray color, 
mottled with brown. It is found in 
Europe, Siberia, and North Africa. ( 

@3P* No bird of this genus is found in 
America, but the name is applied to the 
American quail and the ruft'ed grouse. Partridge. 

Par-tix'ri-ent, a. [Lat. parturiens, p. pr. of parturire, 
to desire to bring forth, desiderative form of par ere, par- 
turn, to bring forth.] Bringing forth, or about to bring 
forth young. 

Par'tu-ri'tion (-rish'un), n. Act of bringing forth, or 
being delivered of young ; delivery. 

Par'ty, n. [Fr. parti and partie, from 0. Fr. partir, Lat. 
partire, partiri, to part, divide.] 1. A number of per- 
sons, united by some tie, as distinguished from, or op- 
posed to, others ; as, (a.) A number of persons united in 
opinion, and aiming to influence or control the general 
action ; a faction, (b.) An assembly ; especially, a social 
assembly ; a company, (c.) A part of a larger company 
sent together on some duty ; especially, (Mil.) A small 
number of troops dispatched upon some special service. 
2. One who takes a part with others ; a partaker or par- 
ticipator. 3. One who takes part in a lawsuit, as plain- 
tiff or defendant. 4. A single person, as distinct from 
or opposed to another. 5. Hence, a person ; an indi- 
vidual. 

Par'ty-^oFored (-kuPurd), a. Colored, part by part, 
with different tints ; variegated. 

Par'ty-j-fi/ry, n. (Law.) A jury consisting of half na- 
tives and half foreigners. 

Parvenu (parv'nu'), n. [Fr., prop. p. p. of parvenir, to 
attain to, to succeed.] An upstart ; one newly risen into 
notice. 

Pas'ehal (pas'kal), a. [Lat. paschalis, from pascha, Gr. 
7racrxa-, Heb. pesach, from pasach, to pass over.] Per- 
taining to the passover, or to Easter. 

Pasha', or Pa'sha, n. A Turkish viceroy, governor, 
or commander ; a bashaw. 

Pa-sha'li-e, n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. 

Pa-shaw', n. See Pasha. 

Pa-sig'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ■naai, for all, dat. pi. of 7ras, 
all, and ypa^etv, to write.] A system of writing that 
may be understood and used by all nations. 

Pasque'-flow'er (pask'i'lou'er), n. [0. Fr. pasque, 
Easter, and Eng. flower.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Anemone, having large purple flowers. It usually flow- 
ers about Easter. 

Pas'quin (pas'kwin), n. A mutilated statue at Rome, so 
called from a cobbler who was remarkable for his sneers 
and gibes, and near whose shop the statue was dug up. 
On this statue it has been customary to paste satiric pa- 
pers. Hence, a lampoon. [cal writing. 

Pas'quin-ade' (pas'kwin-ad'), n. A lampoon or satiri- 

Pass (6), v. i. [imp. & p. p. passed (past) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PASSING.] [L. Lat. passare, from Lat- passus, step. 
See Pace.] 1. To go; to move; to be transferred 
in any way from one point to another. 2. To be trans- 
ferred from one state or condition to another ; to under- 
go transition. 3. To circulate ; hence, to be current; to 
gain reception. 4. To have current value or reputation ; 
to be regarded. 5. In a more specific sense, to go by; 
to move athwart one ; to cross one's path, one's observa- 
tion, &c. 6. To elapse ; to be spent. 7. To happen; to 
take place. 8. To disappear ; to vanish ; hence, also, to 
depart from life; to die. 9. To be ratified or accepted; 
specifically, to receive legislative or executive sanction; 
to be enacted. 10. To bear inspection ; to do well 
enough; to answer. 11. Togo unheeded or neglected ; 
to proceed without hindrance. 12. To go beyond 
bounds ; to surpass ; to be in excess. 13. To make a 
lunge or pass, as in fencing ; to thrust. 

To pass on or upon, to determine; to give judgment or sen- 
tence. 

Pass, v. t. 1. In simple, proper, transitive senses, (a.) 
To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like, (b.) To 
spend ; to live through ; hence, to undergo ; to suffer. 
(c.) To omit ; to make no note of; to disregard, (d.) To 
transcend ; to surpass ; to excel ; to exceed, (e.) To bo 
carried through, as a. body having power to accept or re- 
ject ; to be accepted or ratified by ; specifically, to receive 
the legislative or official sanction of. 2. In causative 
senses, (a.) To cause to move or go ; to send ; to transfer 
or transmit ; to deliver ; to make over. (b. ) To utter ; 
to pronounce; to make orally, (c.) To accomplish; to 



jk,e,&c.,long; a,,e,&c.,short; care, far,aslc, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , 



PASS 



523 



PASTURAGE 



achieve, (d.) To carry on with success through an ordeal, 
examination, or action ; specifically, to give legal or offi- 
cial sanction to; to ratify; to enact, (e.) To give cur- 
rency to. (/.) To cause to obtain entrance, admission, 
or conveyance. 3. To pay regard to ; to take notice of; 
to care. 

Pass, n. [From Lat. passu.?, step. See Pace.] 1. A pas- 
sage ; a way ; especially, a narrow and difficult way. 2. 
A document entitling one to pass, or to go and come ; a 
passport; a ticket of free transit or free admission. 3. 
(Fencing.) A thrust; a push. 4. A movement of the 
hand over or along any thing. 5. State of things ; con- 
dition ; conjuncture. 

Pass'a-l)le, a. 1. Capable of being passed, traveled, 
navigated, or the like. 2. Such as may be suffered to 
pass ; tolerable ; admissible ; moderate. 

Pass'a-bly, adv. In a passable manner ; tolerably. 

Pas-sade' (pas-sad' ), ) n. [See Pass, v.] (Fencing.) 

Pas-sa'do, or Pas-sa'do, I A push or thrust. 

Pas'sage, n. [L. Lat. passagium. See Pass.] 1. Act 
of passing; motion of any kind from point to point; a 
going by, over, or through ; hence, specifically , (a. ) Jour- 
ney, as by water, carriage, car, or the like ; travel, (b.) 
Hence, fare, (c.) Decease; death, 2. Way or course 
through or by which one passes ; road. 3. Hence, spe- 
cifically, a room giving access to other apartments in a 
building ; a hall. 4. Event ; any thing which has hap- 
pened ; incident; occurrence. 5. Separate part or por- 
tion of something continuous ; especially, part of a book 
or text ; an extract. 6. Act of carrying through all the 
regular forms necessary to give validity ; enactment. 7. 
A pass or encounter. 

Syn.— Passing. — In America, we speak of the passage of 
a bill through a legislative body; in England, they always say 
the x>assing of a bill or net. 

Pas'sant, a. [See Pass, v.] (Her.) Walking ; — a term 
applied to any animal on a shield, which appears to walk 
leisurely. 

Pass'-bo'bk, n. A book in which a trader enters arti- 
cles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the 
purchaser for his information. 

Pas'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. passager, Cf. Messenger.] 
A passer or passer-by ; a traveler, especially by some 
established conveyance. 

JPasse-partout (pas'par'toiy). [Fr., fr. passer, to pass, 
and par tout, every where.] 1. That by which one can 
pass any where. 2. Specifically, a master-key ; a latch- 
key. 3. A light picture-frame of card-board serving for 
several pictures. 

Pass'er, n. One who passes ; a passenger. 

Pas'ser-ine, a. [Lat. passerinus, from passer, a sparrow.] 
Pertaining to sparrows, or to the order of birds to which 
sparrows belong. 

Pas'si-foU'i-ty, n. Quality of being passible. 

Pas'si-ble, a. [Lat. passibilis, from pati, passus, to suf- 
fer.] Susceptible of feeling or suffering, or of impres- 
sions from external agents. 

JPas'sim, adv. [Lat.] Here and there ; every where. 

Pass'ing, adv. Exceedingly ; excessively ; surpassingly. 

Pass'ing-lbell, n. The bell that rings at the hour of 
death to obtain prayers for the passing or departing soul ; 
also, the bell that rings immediately after death, or while 
the body of the deceased person is being carried to the 
place of interment. 

Pas'sion (pash'un), n. [Lat. passio, from pati, passus, 
to suffer.] 1. A suffering or enduring. 2. Specifically, 
the suffering or crucifixion and death of the Savior. 3. 
Any condition of the soul in which it is conceived to be 
passive under the influence of the object ; also, the ca- 
pacity for emotion. 4. Hence, strong feeling prompting 
to action; specifically, (a.) Anger: wrath, (b.) Love; 
ardent affection; fondness, (c.) Eager desire; controll- 
ing inclination. 5. Hence, the object of love, fondness, 
ardent inclination, or the like 

Syn.— Passion; feeling: emotion. — When any feeling or 
emotion completely masters the mind, we call it a passion; as, 
& passion for music, dress, &c; especially is anger (when thus 
extreme) called passion. The mind, in such cases, is consid- 
ered as having lost its self-control, and become the passive in- 
strument of the feeling in question. 

Pas'sion-ate (pash'un-), a. 1. Easily moved to anger. 
2. Showing or expressing passion ; moved to strong feel- 
ing, love, desire, or the like. 

Pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. In a passionate manner. 

Pas'sion-ate»ness, n. State of being passionate. 

Pas'sion- flow'er, n. ( Bot. ) A flower and plant ; — so 
named from a fancied resemblance between its parts and 
the instruments of our Savior's crucifixion. 



Pas'sion-less, a. Void of passion ; of a calm temper. 

Pas'sion- week, n. (Eccl.) The week immediately pre- 
ceding the festival of Easter ; — so called because in that 
week our Savior's passion took place. 

Pas'sive, a. [Lat. passivus, from pati, passus, to suffer.] 
1. Not active, but acted upon ; receiving impressions or 
influences. 2. Incapable of the excitement or emotion 
which is appropriate. 

Passive obedience, the doctrine that it is the duty of the sub- 
ject or citizen to submit, in all cases, to the existing govern- 
ment.— Passive verb {Gram.), a verb which expresses passion, 
or the effect of an action of some agent. 

Syn. — Inactive ; inert ; quiescent ; unresisting ; suffering; 
enduring; submissive; patient. 

Pas'sive -ly, adv. In a passive manner ; unresistingly. 

Pas'sive-ness, n. The quality of being passive. 

Pass'less, a. Having no pass or passage. 

Pass'o-ver, n. [From pass and over.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a.\ 
A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the time 
when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians, 
passed over the houses of the Israelites, (b.) The sacri- 
fice offered at the feast of the passover. 

Pass'port, n. [Fr. passeport, orig. a permission to leave 
a port or to sail into it, from passer, to pass, and port, a 
port, harbor.] 1. A document carried by neutral mer- 
chant vessels in time of war to certify their nationality, 
and protect them from belligerents ; also, a document 
given by the competent officer of a state, which permits 
the person therein named to pass or travel from place to 
place by land or water. 2. A safe-conduct. 3. A license 
for importing or exporting contraband goods or mov- 
ables without paying the usual duties. 4. Hence, that 
which enables one to pass with safety, certainty, or 
general acceptance. 

Pass'- word (-wflrd), n. A word to be given before a per- 
son is allowed to pass ; a watch-word. 

Past (6), p. a. Not present or future ; gone by ; elapsed ; 
ended; accomplished. 

Past, prep. 1. Further than ; beyond the reach or influ- 
ence of. 2. Beyond in time ; after. 

Paste, n. [From Lat. pastus, pasture, food, from pascere, 
to feed.] 1. A soft composition, as of flour moistened 
with water or milk. 2. Dough prepared for pies, and 
the like. 3. A fine kind of glass, used in making imita- 
tions of precious stones or gems. 

Paste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pasting.] To unite or cement with paste ; to fasten 
with paste. 

Paste'board, n. A stiff, thick kind of paper board, 
used for a great variety of purposes. 

Pas'tel, n. [Fr. See supra.] 1. A colored crayon. [Some- 
times incorrectly written pastil.] 2. A plant affording 
a blue dye ; also, the coloring matter obtained from it. 

Pas'tern, n. [0. Fr. pasturon.] The part of a horse's 
leg between the fetlock joint and the hoof. 

Pas'til, ) n. [Lat. pastillus, a little loaf, a lozenge. See 

Pas-t'ille', j Paste.] 1. (Pharmacy.) A small cone 
made of aromatic substances to be burned for cleansing 
and scenting the air of a room. 2. An aromatic or med- 
icated drop or lozenge of sugar confectionery. 3. See 
Pastel, 1. 

Pas'time, n. [From pass and time.] That which amuses 
and serves to make time pass agreeably. 

Syn. — Entertainment; amusement; recreation; diversion; 
sport; play. 

Pas'tor (6), n. [Lat., from pascere, pastum, to pasture, 
to feed.] 1. A shepherd. 2. A minister of the gospel 
having the charge of a church and congregation. 

Pas'tor-al, a. 1. Pertaining to shepherds, or to the life 
of shepherds. 2. Relating to the care of souls, or to the 
pastor of a church, 

Pas'tor-al, n. A poem describing the life and manners 
of shepherds ; an idyl ; a bucolic. 

JPds'to-rci'le, n. [It.] (Mus.) (a.) A composition in a 
rural, gentle style, as its name indicates, (b.) A kind of 
dance. 

Pas'tor-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a pastor. 

Pas'tor-ate (45), n. Office, state, or jurisdiction of a 
spiritual pastor. 

Pas'tor-ship, n. Office or rank of pastor ; pastorate. 

Pas'try, n. [See Paste.] Articles of food in general 
which are made, either wholly or chiefly, of paste, as 
pies, tarts, cake, and the like. 

Pas'try— e dolt, n. One whose occupation is to make and 
sell articles of food made of paste. 

Past'ur-age, n. 1. The business of feeding or grazing 
cattle. 2. Land appropriated to grazing. 3. Grass for 



food, f&bt; urn, ru.de, pull; yell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link; this. 






PASTURE 



524 



PATROL 



Pagt'ure (past'yyjr, 53), n. [Lat. pastura, from parcere, 
pastum, to pasture, to feed.] 1. Grass for the food of 
cattle. 2. Ground covered with grass, to be eateu on the 
spot by cattle, horses, &c. 

Past'fire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pastured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pasturing.] To feed on growing grass, or to supply 
grass for food. [ground ; to graze. 

Past'ure, v. i. To take food by eating grass from the 

Pas'ty, n. [0. Fr. paste, pie, pasty. See Paste.] A pie 
made of paste, and baked without a dish. 

Pat, a. [Cf. Scot, pat, imp. of put, Ger pasz, D. pas and 
pat, v. t. See pat, to tap.] Exactly suitable either as to 
time, place, or purpose; fit; convenient. 

Pat, adv. Precisely at the proper time ; seasonably; fitly. 

Pat, 11. [See infra.'] 1. A light, quick blow with the 
fingers or hand. 2. A small mass which is beat into 
shape by pats. 

Pat, v . t. [imp. & p. p. patted ; p. pr. & vb. n. pat- 
ting.] [Cf. H. Ger. patschen, to strike, tap. and Eng. 
BAT.] To strike gently with the fingers or hand ; to tap. 

Patch, n. [See infra.] 1. A piece of cloth sewed on a 
garment to repair it. 2. Hence, any thing resembling 
such a piece of cloth. 3. A small piece of silk used to 
cover a defect on the face, or to heighten beauty. 4. A 
small piece of ground ; a plot. 

Patch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. patched (patcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PATCHING.] [Prov. Ger. patschen, batschen. Cf. 
BOTCH.] 1. To mend by sewing on a piece or pieces. 
2. To mend with pieces ; to repair clumsily. 3. To 
adorn, as the face, with a patch. 4. To put together of 
ill-assorted parts ; to compose in a hasty, irregular, or 
botching way. 

Patch'er, n. One who patches or botches. 

Patch'er-y, n. Bungling work; botchery ; forgery; 
[Rare.] 

Patch/work (-wfirk), n. Work composed of pieces of 
various figures sewed together ; hence, any thing put to- 
gether of incongruous or ill-adapted parts. 

Pate, n. [Cf. L. and Prov. Ger. pattkopf, patzkopf, 
scabby -head, patt, patz, scab.] The head ; the top of 
the head. 

Pat'e-fae'tion, n. [Lat. patej 'actio , from patefacere, to 
make or lay open, from patere, to lie or be open, and fa- 
cere, to make.] The act of laying open or manifesting ; 
open declaration. 

JPa-tel'ld, 11. ; pi. pa-tel'lje; Eng. pi. pa-tel/la§. 
[Lat., a small pan, the knee-pan, dim. of patina, patena, 
a pan, dish.] (Anat.) The knee-pan, or cap of the knee. 

Pat/en, n. [Lat. patina, patena.] The plate or vessel on 
which the consecrated bread in the eucharist is placed. 

Pa/tent, or Pat'ent, a. [Lat. patens, p. pr. of patere, 
to be open.] 1. Open; expanded; evident; manifest; 
public; apparent. 2. (Bot.) Spreading. 3. Open to 
public perusal ; — said of a document conferring some 
right or privilege ; as, letters patent. 4. Hence, appro- 
priated by letters patent ; restrained from general use. 

Pat'ent, ii. A letter patent, or letters patent ; a writing 
securing to a person, for a term of years, the exclusive 
right to an invention. 

Pat'ent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. patented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. patenting.] To secure the exclusive right of to a 
person. 

Pat'ent-ee', n. One to whom a grant is made or a priv- 
ilege secured by patent. 

Pa-ter'nal (14), a. [Lat. paternus, from pater, a father.] 
1. Pertaining to a father ; fatherly; showing the dispo- 
sition of a father. 2. Derived from a father : hereditary. 

Pa-ter'ni-ty,n. The relation of a father to his offspring ; 
fathership ; fatherhood ; hence, origination or author- 
ship. [Prayer. 

Pa'ter-nos'ter, n. [Lat., Our Father.] The Lord's 

Path, 11. ; pi. PATHg (p'athz). [A.-S. padh, padh, 0. H. 
Ger. phat , phad, pad, Gr. ttoto';, Skr. patha, from path, 
to go.] 1. A way, course, or track, on which any thing 
moves, or has moved ; road ; route ; passage. 2. Spe- 
cifically, a narrow way beaten by the foot. 3. Course 
of action, conduct, or procedure. 

Pa-thet'i-e, a. [Gr. ttolOwtlkos , from naOelv, 7rao-xetv, to 
suffer.] Affecting or moving the tender emotions, as 
pity or grief. 
Syn. — Affecting; moving; touching. 

Pa-thet'ie-al-ly, adv. In a pathetic manner. 

Path'less, a. Destitute of paths ; untrodden. 

Pa-thog'no-mon'ie, a. [Gr. TTo.6oyvtav.ovi.K6s, skilled 
in judging of diseases, from 77<x0o?, a suffering, and yvu>- 
Iaovikos, experienced or skilled.] (Med.) Characteristic 
of a disease. 



Pa-thog'no-my, n. [Gr. 7ra0os, passion, and yvwfw?, a 
means of knowing, judgment, from yviavai, yiyvuio-iceiv, 
to know.] The science of the signs by which human 
passions are indicated. 

Path/o-log'i«, I a. Pertaining to pathology or to 

Path'o-log've-al, j diseases. 

Pa-thol'o-glst, n. One who treats of pathology. 

Pa-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. rrddo?, a suffering, and Aoyos, 
speech, discourse.] (Med.) The science which has for 
its object the knowledge of disease. 

Pa'thos, n. [Gr. ndGos, suffering, passion.] That which 
excites emotions and passions ; especially, that which 
a wakens_ tender emotions; pathetic quality. 

Path/way, n. 1. A path ; usually, a narrow way to be 
passed on foot. 2. Course or method of action. 

Pat'i-fole, a. [Lat. pat ibilis, from pati, to suffer.] Suffer- 
able ; tolerable ; that may be endured. 

Pa'tience (pa/shenss), n. 1. Quality of being patient; 
the suffering of afflictions, pain, toil, provocation, or 
other evil, with a calm, unruffled temper. 2. Act or 
quality of waiting long for justice or expected good with- 
out discontent. 3. Perseverance. 

Syn. — Resignation. — Patience refers to the quietness or 
eelf-possession of one's own spirit under sufferings, provoca- 
tions, &c. ; resignation, to his submission to the will of another. 
The Stoic may be patient; the Christian is both patient and re- 
signed. " In medical language, a person oppressed with dis- 
ease is called a patient, or an involuntary sufferer, and the 
calmness with which he submits is called patience, that is, the 
mind yields with tranquillity to the pains and indispositions of 
the body." 

Pa'tient (pa'shent), a. [Lat. pattens, p. pr. of pati, to 
suffer.] 1. Suffering with meekness and submission; 
calmly submissive ; persevering. 2. Expectant with 
calmness, or without discontent ; not hasty. 

Pa/tient (pa'shent), n. 1. A person or thing that re- 
ceives impressions from external agents. 2. A diseased 
person under medical treatment. 

Pa'tient-ly, adv. In a patient manner ; with calmness ; 
without undue haste or. eagerness. 

Pat'in, ii. See Paten. 

Patois (p&t-wa/),«. [Fr.,as if from an 0. Fr. word/wow, 
with t euphonically inserted, from a hypoth. Lat. pagen- 
sis, belonging to the country, from pagus, the country.] 
An uncultivated idiom ; a provincial form of speech. 

Pa'tri-areh, n. [Lat. patriarcha, Gr. 7raTpiapx?js, from 
7ra.Tpid, lineage especially by the father's side, from7rcm7p, 
father, and dpxos, a leader, chief.] 1. The father and 
ruler of a family ; — usually applied to heads of families 
in ancient history, especially in Biblical history. 2. 
(Eastern Churches.) A dignitary superior to the order of 
archbishops. 

Pa/tri-areh'al, ) a. 1. Belonging or relating to pa- 

Pa'tri-ar-eh'ie , J triarchs; possessed by patriarchs. 
2. Subject to a patriarch. 

Pa'tri-areh'ate, n. 1. Office, dignity, or jurisdiction 
of a patriarch. 2. Residence of a patriarch. 

Pa'tri-areh-ship, n. Office of a patriarch. 

Pa/tri-arch'y, n. The jurisdiction of a patriarch ; a 
patriarchate. 

Pa-tri'cian (-trish'an), a. [Lat. patricius, from patres, 
fathers or senators.] Pertaining or appropriate to a per- 
son of high birth; senatorial; noble. 

Pa-tri'cian (-trish'an), n. A person of high birth ; a 
nobleman. 

Pat'ri-cide , n. [Lat. pater, father, and csedere, to kill.] 
The murder or murderer of a father. 

Pat'ri-mo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a patrimony ; inher- 
ited from ancestors. 

Pat'ri-mo'iii-al-ly, adv. By inheritance. 

Pat'ri-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. patrimonivm, from pater, 
father.] 1. A right or estate inherited from one's ances- 
tors. 2. A church estate or revenue. 

Pa'tri-ot, n. [From Gr. 7raTpttoTTj?, a fellow-country- 
man, from 7rctTpio?, established by forefathers, fr. naT^p, 
father.] One who loves his country, and zealously sup- 
ports and defends it and its interests. 

Pa'tri-ot, a. Devoted to the welfare of one's country; 
patriotic. 

Pa/tri-6t'i«, a. Full of patriotism ; actuated by the 
love of one's country. [country. 

Pa'tri-ot-i§m, n. Quality of being patriotic ; love of 

Pa-tris'ti-e, ) a. [From Lat. pater, gen. patris, a 

Pa-tris'tie-al, I father.] Pertaining to the ancient 
fathers of the Christian church . 

Pa-trol', n. [See infra.] 1. (Mil, ) A marching round of 
a guard in the night, to watch and secure the safety of a 
camp or other place. 2. The guard or persons who go 
the rounds for observation. 



a, e,&,c.,long; a,,e,8i,c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PATROL 



525 



PAY 



Pa-trol', v. i. [imp. & p. p. patrolled; p. pt. & 
vb. n. PATROLLING.] [Fr. patrouiller, 0. & Prov. Fr. 
patouiller, to paddle, to paw about, to patrol, from patte, 
a paw.] To go the rounds in a camp or garrison ; to 
march about and observe what passes, as a guard. 

Pa-trol', v. t. To pass round, as a sentry. 

Pa'tron, n. [Lat. patronus, from pater, patris, a father.] 
1. ( Rom. Aniiq. ) A master who had freed his slave, and 
retained some rights over him after his emancipation ; 
also, a man of distinction under whose protection anoth- 
er placed himself. 2. Hence, one who countenances, 
supports, or protects ; an advocate ; a defender. 3. 
( Canon or Common Law.) One who has the gift and dis- 
position of a benefice. 

Pat'ron-age, n. 1. Special countenance or support. 2. 
Guardianship, as of a saint. 3. ( Canon Law.) Right of 
presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice ; ad- 
Vowson. [favoring. 

P&t'ron-al, a. Doing the office of a patron ; protecting ; 

Pa'troli-ess, n. A female patron. 

Pat'ron-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. patronized; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PATRONIZING.] 1. To act as patron toward ; 
to support ; to favor. 2. To assume the air of a superi- 
or and protector toward ; — in an unfavorable sense. 

Pat'ron-Iz'er, n. One who patronizes. 

Pa'tron-less, a. Destitute of a patron. 

Pat'ro-nym'ie, n. [Gr. Tta.7aiavtip.iK.6v, (sc. pr\\i.a.), from 
ira-T-qp, Trarpos, father, and ovvp.a, bvop.a, name.] A name 
derived from that of a parent or ancestor; a modification 
of the father's name borne by the son. 

Pat'ro-nym'ie, ) a. Derived from ancestors, as a 

Pat'ro-nym'ie-al, i name ; expressing the name of 
ancestors. 

Pa-trdbn', n. [D. patroon, a patron, protector. See 
PATRON.] One of the first proprietors of certain tracts 
of land with manorial privileges and right of entail, 
under the old Dutch governments of New York and New 
Jersey. • 

Pat/ten, n. [Vv.patin, a high-heeled shoe.] 1. A clog 
of wood standing on a ring of iron, worn to elevate the 
feet from the wet. 2. (Arch.) The base or foot of a 
column. 

Pat'ten, v. i. To move on pattens. 

Pat'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pattered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pattering.] [A frequentative of pat, to strike gently.] 
To strike as falling drops of water or hail. 

Pat'ter, v. t. 1. To cause to strike or beat in drops, as 
water ; to spatter, to sprinkle. 2. To repeat in a mut- 
tering manner, as prayers. 

Pat'ter, n. A quick succession of small sounds. 

Pat'tern, n. [Fr. patron, patron and pattern. See Pa- 
tron.] 1. An original or model proposed for imitation; 
the archetype ; an exemplar. 2. A specimen ; a sample ; 
an instance ; an example. 3. A quantity of cloth suffi- 
cient for a garment. 4. Figure or style of ornamental 
execution. 5. (Founding.) A full-sized model around 
which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted 
metal. 

Pat'tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. patterned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. patterning.] 1. To make in imitation of some 
model ; to copy. 2. To serve as an example to be fol- 
lowed. 

To pattern after, to imitate ; to follow. 

Pat'ty, n. [Er.pate. See Pasty.] A little pie. 

Pat'ty-pan, n. A pan to bake a little pie in. 

Pau'ci-ty, n. [Lat. paucitas, from paucus, few, little.] 
1. Fewness; smallness of number. 2. Smallness of 
quantity ; exiguity. 

Pau'gie, n. [Corrupted from the Indian mishcuppauog , 
pi. of mishcAp, from mishe-cuppi, large, thick-scaled.] 
(Ichth.) A kind of fish ; the porgy. See Porgy. 

Paul, n. 1. An Italian coin. 2. A pawl ; a detent. See 
Pawl. 

Pau'llne, a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling 
St. Paul or his writings. 

paunch, or Paunch, n. [From Lat. pant ex, panticis.] 
The belly and its contents ; the abdomen ; also, the first 
and largest stomach of a ruminant quadruped. 

Pau'per,n. [Lat. pauper.] A poor person; especially, 
one so indigent as to depend on charity for maintenance ; 
or one supported by some public provision. 

Pau'per-Ism, n. State of being a pauper, or destitute 
of the means of support. 
Syn. — Poverty ; indigence ; penury ) want ; need. See 

POVEKTY. 

Pau'per-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pauperized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PAUPERIZING.] To reduce to pauperism. 



Pauge, n. ~ [Lat. pausa, Gr. irav<n?, from rraveiv, to 
make to cease, to cease.] 1. A temporary stop or rest-, 
cessation. 2. Suspense; hesitation. 3. A mark of 
cessation or intermission of the voice ; a point. 4. ( Mus. ) 
A character, thus ['T v ], placed over a note or rest, to 
indicate that the tone or the silence is to be prolonged 
beyond the regular time ; a hold. 
Syn. — See Cessation. 

Pg,u§e, v. i. [imp. & p. p. paused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PAUSING.] 1. To make a short stop ; to cease for a 
time. 2. To be intermitted. 

Syn.— To intermit ; stop ; stay s wait ; delay ; tarry ; hes- 
itate ; demur. 

Pave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PAVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. pay- 
ing.] [Low Lat. pavare, paviare, from Lat. pavire, to 
beat, ram, or tread down.] 1. To lay or cover with stone 
or brick. 2. To prepare the way for ; to facilitate the 
introduction of. 

Pave'ment, n. A floor or covering of solid material, 
laid so as to make a hard and convenient passage. 

Pav'er, n. One who lays stones for a pavement. 

Pav'ier (pav'yer), n. A paver. See PaVER. 

Pa-vll'ion (pa-v!l / yun), n. [From Lat. papilio, a but- 
terfly and a tent.] 1. A temporary movable habitation ; 
a tent. 2. (Arch.) A kind of building or turret, usually 
insulated and having a roof which is sometimes square 
and sometimes in the form of a dome. 3. (Mil.) A tent 
raised on posts. 

Pa-vil'ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pavilioned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. pavilioning.] To furnish or cover with tents 
or pavilions. 

Pav'ing, n. Pavement ; a floor of stones or bricks. 

Pav'ior (piiv'yur), n. One who paves ; a paver. 

Pav'o-nlne, a. [Lat. pavoninus, from pavo, peacock.] 
Belonging to the peacock ; resembling the tail of a pea- 
cock ; iridescent. 

Pftw, n. [W.paiven, allied to 0. Fr. poe, L. Ger. pote, 
D. poot, N. H. Ger. pfote.] 1. The foot of beasts of prey 
having claws. 2. The hand ; — in contempt. 

Ps^w, v. i. To scrape with the fore foot. 

Paw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PAWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAW" 
ING.] 1. To handle with the paws ; hence, to handl? 
awkwardly or coarsely. 2. To scrape with the fore foot. 

Pawl, n. [W. pawl, a pole, a stake.] (Mec/i.) A short 
movable bar, to check the backward revolution of ^ 
wheel, windlass, &c. ; a catch, click, detent, or rachet. 

Pawn, n. [0. Fr. pan, pledge, assurance, Icel. pantr, 0. 
H. Ger. pfant, N. H. Ger. pfand.] 1. Goods, chattels, 
or money deposited as security for payment of money 
borrowed. 2. A pledge for the fulfillment of a promise. 

Pawn, n. [0. ~Er.peon, a walker, from Lat. pes, pedis, 
foot.] A common man, or piece of the lowest rank, in 
chess. 

Pawn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pawned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PAWNING.] 1. To deposit in pledge, or as security for 
the payment of money borrowed. 2. To pledge for the 
fulfillment of a promise ; to stake ; to wager. 

Pawn'bro-ker, n. One who lends money on pledge, 
or the deposit of goods. [rity. 

Pfiwn-ee', n. One to whom a pawn is delivered as secu- 

Pawn'er, ) n. One who pawns or deposits a pledge for 

Pawn-or', ) the payment of borrowed money. 

Paw-paw', n. See Papaw. 

Pax, n." [Lat., peace.] A small plate of gold, silver, &c, 
with the image of Christ on the cross on it, which people, 
before the Reformation, used to kiss after the service, 
the ceremony being considered as the kiss of peace. 

Pax'wax, 1 n. [Ger. haarwachs, the sinewy, ex- 

Pax'y-wax'y, ) tremity of the muscles.] A strong, 
stiff', cartilage running along the sides of a large quadru- 
ped to the middle of the back, as in an ox or horse. 

Pay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paid ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAYING.] 
[From Lat. pacare, to pacify, appease, from pax, pads, 
peace.] 1. To discharge one's obligations to ; to mako 
due return to ; to compensate ; to requite. 2. Hence, 
to retort or revenge upon ; in a bad sense, to punish. 3. 
To discharge, as a debt or obligation, by giving or doing 
that which is due ; to render duly. 4. (Navt.) To cover, 
as the bottom of a vessel, a seam, a mast, yard, and the 
like, with a composition of tallow, resin, &c. ; to bream. 
To pay off, (a.) To make compensation to and discharge, (b.) 
To retort or revenge upon ; to requite ; to punish. — To pay on, 
to lay on with repeated applications, as blows.— To pay out 
(Naut.), to slacken, extend, or cause to run out. 

Pay, v. i. To recompense ; to make payment or requital; 
hence, to be remunerative or profitable. 
Syn. — To fulfill : reward i recompense : return. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link, i this. 



PAY 



526 



PECK 



Pay, n. An equivalent given for money due, goods pur- 
chased, or services performed ; compensation ; recom- 
pense ; payment ; hire. 

Pay'a-ble, a. Capable of being paid; suitable to be 
paid ; justly due. 

Pay'-day, n. The day on which wages or money is stip- 
ulated to be paid ; hence, a day of reckoning or retribu- 
tion. 

Pay-ee f , n. The person named in a bill or note, to whom, 
or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to 
be paid. 

Pay'er (4), n. One who pays ; the person on whom a 
bill of exchange is drawn, and who is directed to pay 
the money to the holder. 

Pay'-mas'ter, n. An officer whose duty it is to pay 
wages, as in an army or navy, and who is intrusted with 
money for this purpose. 

Pay'ment, rc. 1. Act of paying. 2. That which is paid ; 
reward ; recompense ; requital ; sometimes, deserved 
chastisement. 

Pay'nim, n. & a. See PAINIM. 

Pay'-roll, n. A list of persons entitled to payment, with 
the sums which are to be paid to them. 

Pea, n.; pi. PEAg, or PEAgE. [A.-S. pisa, piosa, Lat. 
pisum,pisa, Gr. nCo-ov.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit, of 
many varieties, much cultivated for food. 

BS§f- When a definite number is referred to, the plural is writ- 
ten peas; as, two peas, five peas; but when an indefinite quan- 
tity or bulk is spoken of, it is written pease 

Peace, n. [Lat. pax, pads, A.-S. pais.] 1. A state of 
quiet or tranquillity ; calm ; repose. 2. Freedom from 
war ; exemption from, or cessation of hostilities. 3. Ab- 
sence of civil disturbance ; public tranquillity ; 4. Qui- 
etness of mind or conscience ; tranquillity ; calmness. 5. 
A state of reconciliation ; harmony ; concord. 

Peace'a-ble, a. 1. Free from war, tumult, public com- 
motion, or private feud or quarrel. 2. Disposed t'o 
peace. 3. Undisturbed by anxiety or excitement. 

Syn. — Peaceful ; pacific ; tranquil ; quiet; undisturbed ; 
serene ; mild ; still. — Peaceable describes the state of an in- 
dividual, nation, &c., in reference to external hostility, attack, 
&c. ; peaceful, in respect to internal disturbance. The former 
denotes "in the spirit of peace ;" the latter, "in the possession 
or enjoyment of peace." A peaceable disposition ; a peacea- 
ble, adjustment of difficulties ; z, peaceful life. 

Peace'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being peaceable ; 

quietness ; disposition to peace. 
Peape'a-bly, adv. In a peaceable manner : quietly. 
Pea^e'ful, a. 1. Possessing peace; not disturbed by 

war, tumult, or commotion. 2. Pacific ; mild. 

Syn. — Calm; quiet; still; undisturbed. See Peaceable. 
Peace'fiil-ly, adv 

gently ; "calmly. 
Peace'ful-ness, r> 

peaceful"; quiet. 
Peace'-mak/er, n. 



In a peaceful manner ; quietly ; 
The quality or condition of being 



One who makes peace by reconcil- 
ing parties that are at variance. 

Peace'-6f 'f er-ing, n. An offering to procure peace or 
to express thanks. 

Peace'-6f 'fi-cer, n. A civil officer whose duty it is to 
preserve the public peace. 

Peach, n. [From Lat. Persicum (sc. malum), a Persian 
apple, a peach.] (Bot.) A tree and its fruit, of many 
varieties, growing in warm or temperate climates, and 
highly esteemed. [inform against. 

Peach, v. t. 1. To impeach. 2. To accuse of crime ; to 

Peach, v. i. To turn informer; to betray one's accom- 
plice. [Low.] 

Pea'chick, ii. The chicken or young of the peacock. 

Peacock, n. [Pea, in this word, 
is from A.-S. pawa, Lat. pavo.] 
(Ornith.) The male of a gallina- 
ceous fowl, about the size of the 
turkey. The rump feathers are long 
and capable of being erected, and 
each is marked with a black spot, 
around which brilliant metallic 
colors are arranged. 

Pea'hen, n. The hen or female of 
the peacock. 

Pea'-j&ek'et, n. A thick woolen 
jacket worn by seamen, &c. 

Peak, n. [A.-S. peac, W. pig. Cf. 
Beak and Pike.] A point; the 
end of any thing that terminates in a point ; specifically, 
(a.) the sharp top of a hill or mountain, (b.) (Naut.) 
The upper, outer corner of a sail which is extended by a 
gaff or yard ; also, the extremity of the yard or gaff. 




Peacock. 



Peak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. peaket) (peekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. peaking.] (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendic- 
ular, or nearly so. [point. 

Peak'ed (pek'ed or peekt, 60), a. Pointed ; ending in a 

Peal, n. [An abbrev. of Fr. appel, a call, appeal, ruffle of 
a drum, from appeler, to call, Lat. appellare. Cf. AP- 
PEAL.] 1. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, 
as of bells, thunder, cannon, &c. 2. A set of bells tuned 
to each other ; also, the changes rung upon a set of bells. 

Peal, v. i. [imp. &cp. p. pealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. PEAL- 
ING.] To utter loud and solemn sounds. 

Pe'an, n. [See PjEAN.] A song of praise and triumph. 

Pea'-nut,»i. (Bot.) A plant; the earth-nut. See Earth- 
nut. 

Pear (par, 4), n. [A.-S. peru, pirum.] (Bot.) A tree of 
many varieties, some of which produce delicious fruit. 

Pearl (14), n. [A.-S. pearl, pari, L. Lat. perla, perula, as 
if from a Lat. word pirula, dim. of pirum, a pear, or from 
beryllus, beryl.] 1. A white, hard, smooth, lustrous 
substance, usually roundish, found inside the shells of 
several species of mollusks, particularly the pearl oyster. 
2. Hence, something very precious; a jewel. 3. Some- 
thing round and clear, as a drop of water or dew. [Poet.] 
4. (Print.) A variety of printing-type, in size between 
agate and diamond. 
tlfif This line is printed in the kind of type called pearl. 

Pearl'ash, n. A somewhat impure carbonate of potassa, 
obtained by calcining potashes. 

Pearl'-oys'ter, n. The oyster which yields pearls. 

Pearl'- white, n. A white powder made from nitrate 
of bismuth, and used as a cosmetic. 

Pearl'y, a. 1. Containing pearls ; abounding with 
peai-ls. 2. Resembling pearls. 
Syn.— Clear; pure; transparent. 

Pear'main, or Pear-main', n. A variety of the apple. 

Peas'ant, n. [0. Fr. paisant, N. Fr. paysan, from Lat. 
pagus, the country.] One whose business is rural labor ; 
especially, one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in 
European countries. 

Syn. — Countryman; rustic; swain; hind. 

Peas/ant -ry, n. The lowest class of tillers of the soil ; 
laborers ; peasants ; rustics. 

Peag'-cod, n. The legume or pericarp of the pea. 

Peage, n. pi. Peas collectively, or used as food. See 
Pea. 

Peat, n. [Allied to A.-S. pitt, pytt, Eng. pit.] A sub- 
stance consisting of roots and fibres in various stages of 
decomposition. When dried, it is often used for fuel. 

Peat'-moss, m. 1. The vegetables which, when decom- 
posed, become peat. 2. A fen producing peat. 

Peat'y , a. Composed of peat ; resembling peat. 

Pe'ba, n. (Zo'dl.) A kind of arma- 
dillo found in various parts of 
South America. 

Peb'ble,rc. [A.-S. pabol. Cf. Icel. 
popull, a ball.] 1. A small, round- 
ish stone ; a stone worn and J|| 
rounded by the action of water. 
2. Transparent and colorless rock- 
crystal. 

Peb'bly, a. Full of pebbles ; abounding with pebbles. 

Pe-can' (pe-kan' or pe-kawn'). ) n. [Fr. pacane, Sp. pa- 

Pe-ea/na, J carta.] (Bot.) A spe- 

cies of hickory, and its fruit, growing in North America. 

Pe-e'a-ry, n. See Peccary. 

Pee'ca-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being peccable ; 
liability to sin. 

Pee'-ea-ble, a. [From Lat. peccare, to sin.] Liable to 
sin or transgress the divine law. 

Pee'ea-dll'lo, n. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado, Lat. 
peccatum, a sin, from pecare, to sin.] A slight trespass 
or offense ; a petty crime or fault. [ful. 2. Offense. 

Pee'ean-cy, n. 1. The quality of being peccant or sin- 

Pee'cant, a. [Lat. peccam, p. pr. of peccare, to sin.] 1. 
Sinning ; criminal. 2. Morbid ; corrupt ; not healthy. 

Pec'-ea-ry, n. [The South 
American name.] A pach- 
yderm about the size and shape 
of a small hog, but having a 
white ring around the neck. 
They are found from Arkansas 
to Brazil. 

Peck, n. [Prob. a modification 
of pack.] 1. The fourth part 
of a bushel ; a dry measure of 
eight quarts. 2. Hence, a great 
deal ; as, to be in a, peck of troubles. 




Peba. 




a,e,&c.,Zong7 a,,e,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PECK 



527 



PEER 



Peck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PECKED (pekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PECKING.] [A modification of pick, q. v.] 1. To 
strike with the beak. 2. To r ; e lve or dig with any thing 
pointed, as with a pick-ax. 3. To pick up with the 
Deak. 4. To strike with small and repeated blows. 

Peck, v. i. To make strokes with the beak, or something 
like a beak. 

Peck'er, n. One who, or that which, pecks. 

Pee'ti-nal, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a comb. 

Pee'ti-nal^ n. [Lat. pecten, pectinis, a comb, from pec- 
tere, to comb, Gr. neicreiv.] (Ichth.) A fish whose bones 
resemble the teeth of a comb. 

Pee'ti-nate, ) a. [Lat. pectinatus, p.p. of peetinare, 

Pee'ti-na'ted, J to comb, from pecten, comb.] (Nat. 
Hist.) Having resemblance to the teeth of a comb. 

Pee'to-ral, a. [Lat. pectoralis, from pectus, pectoris, the 
breast.] 1. Pertaining to the breast. 2. Relating to 
diseases of the chest. 

Pee'to-ral, n. 1. A breastplate ; especially, a sacerdo- 
tal vestment worn by the Jewish high priest. 2. (Ichth.) 
A pectoral fin. 3. A medicine adapted to cure or relieve 
complaints of the breast and lungs. 

Pee'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PECULATED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PECULATING.] [Lat. peculari, peculatus, from 
peculium, private property.] To steal public moneys 
committed to one's care ; to embezzle. 

Pee'u-la'tion, n. Act or practice of peculating; em- 
bezzlement of public money or goods. [public. 

Pee'u-la/tor, n. One who peculates or defrauds the 

Pe-eul'iar (pe-kuPyar), a. [Lat. peculiaris, from peculi- 
um, private property.] 1. Belonging solely or especially 
to an individual ; not general ; appropriate. 2. Partic- 
ular ; individual. 

Syn. — Special : especial. — Peculiar is from the Roman 
peculium, which was a thing emphatically and distinctively 
one's own, and hence was dear. The former sense always 
belongs to peculiar ; as, a peculiar st3'le, peculiar manners, &c. ; 
and usually so much of the latter as to involve feelings of inter- 
est; as, peculiar care, watchfulness, satisfaction, &c. Nothing 
of this kind belongs to special and especial. They mark sim- 
ply the relation of species to genus, and denote that there is 
something in this case more than ordinary; as, a special act of 
Congress; especial pains, &c. 

Pe-eul'iar, n. 1. Exclusive property. 2. (Eng. Canon 
Laiv.) A particular parish or church having jurisdiction 
within itself, and exemption from that of the bishop's 
court. 

Pe-eul-iar'i-ty (-ySr'i-), n. 1. Quality of being pecu- 
liar ; appropriateness ; specialty ; individuality. 2. 
That which is peculiar ; individuality ; particularity. 

Pe-eul'iar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. peculiarized ; 
p. pr. Scvb.n. PECULIARIZING.] To appropriate; to 
make peculiar. 

Pe-eul'iar-ly (pe-kul'yar-Py), adv. In a peculiar man- 
ner ; particularly; singly; unusually; especially. 

Pe-eun'ia-ry (pe-kiin'ya-ry), a. [Lat. pecuniarius, from 
pecunia, money, originally property in cattle, from pecus, 
cattle. Cf. Peculium.] 1. Relating to money, or to 
wealth or property. 2. Consisting of money. 

Ped'a-gog'ie, ) a. Suiting or belonging to a teacher 

Ped'a-gog'ie-al, ) of children, or to a pedagogue. 

Pgd'a-gog-igm, n. Business, character, and manners 
of a pedagogue. 

Ped'a-gogue, n. [Lat. p&dagogns, Gr. natSaycoyos, 
from 7rcus, ircuSos, a boy, and ayetv, to lead, guide.] 1. 
A teacher of children ; a schoolmaster. 2. One who by 
teaching has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his 
habits ; a pedant. 

Pe'dal, a. [Lat. pedalis, from pes, pedis, foot.] Pertain- 
ing to a foot. 

Ped'al, n. (Mus.) A lever, acted on by the foot, as in 
the piano-forte to raise a damper, or in the organ to open 
and close certain pipes. 

Pgd'ant, n. [It. pedante, orig. a pedagogue, contr. from 
pedagogante, Lat. psedagogans, p. pr. of psedagogare, to 
teach children.] One who makes a display of learning ; 
a pretender to superior knowledge. 

Pe-dant'ie, I a. Suiting, belonging to, or resembling, 

Pe-dant'ie -al, ) a pedant ; ostentatious of learning. 

Pe-dant'ie-al-ly, adv. In a pedantical manner 

Ped'ant-ry, n. Vain ostentation of learning or of 
knowledge of any kind. 

Pfid'dle, v. i. [A modification of paddle, dim. of pad, to 
go.] 1. To go from place to place or from house to 
house and retail goods ; to hawk. 2. To be busy about 
trifles. 

Pfid'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. peddled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
peddling.] To retail by carrying around from cus- 
tomer to customer; to hawk. 





Ped'dler, n. One who peddles ; a traveling trader. 

Ped'dler-y, nr The trade or the goods of a peddler; 
hawking ; small wares sold by peddlers. 

Ped'es-tal, n. [From Lat. pes, 
pedis, foot, and 0. II. Ger. stal, 
station, place, from stallan, stel- 
lan, to place.] (Arch.) The base 
or foot of a column, statue, vase, 
lamp, or the like. 

Pe-des'tri-an, a. Going on foot ; 
performed on foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an. n. One who walks ilk^ 
or journey son' foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ism, n. The act 
or practice of a pedestrian ; walk- 
ing ; going on foot. ^Pedestal 

Pe-des'tri-an-ize, v. i. [imp. -reaestar. 

& p. p. PEDESTRIANIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PEDESTRI 
ANIZING.] To practice walking. 

Ped'i-cel, n. [Lat. pediculus, pediclus, dim. of pes, pedis, 
a foot.] (Bot.) The stalk that supports one flower 
only, when there are several on a peduncle. 

Ped'i-gree, n. [Contr. from Fr. par degris, by degrees; 
for a pedigree is properly a genealogical table which 
records the relationship of families by degrees.] Line of 
ancestors ; descent ; lineage ; genealogy ; register of a 
line of ancestors. 

183*- By some authorities, this word is said to be derived from 
the French pied-de-grue (crane's foot), a name formerly ap- 
plied to the heraldic genealogical trees from their form. 

Ped'i-ment, n. [From Lat. pes, 
pedis, a foot.] (Arch.) The trian- 
gular or arched ornamental facing 
of a portico, or a similar decoration 
over doors, windows, gates, &c. 

SKES}* ^Peddler. 

Pe'do-lbap'tigm, n. [From Gr. 
7rai?, naMs, a child, and /3a7TTicr- 
fj.a, /3a7rTia-|a6s, baptism.] The bap- 
tism of infants or of children. Pediment. 

Pe'do-bap'tist, n. One who holds to infant baptism. 

Pe-dom'e-ter, n. [From Lat. pes, pedis, a foot, and Gr. 
fj-erpov, a measure.] (Mech.) An instrument for indicat- 
ing the number of steps taken in walking, and so ascer- 
taining the distance passed over. 

Pe-duii'-ele (pe-dQnk'l), n. [Lat. pedun- 
culus, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) The 
stem or stalk that supports the flower and 
fruit of a plant. 

Pe-duii'-eu-lar, a. Pertaining to, or grow- 
ing from, a peduncle. 

Peek, v. i. To peep ; to look slyly, 
through a crevice, or with the eyes half 
closed. 

Peel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PEELED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. peeling.] [From Lat. pllare, to 
deprive of hair, to plunder, pillage, from 
pilus,& hair ; or from pllare in compllare, to 
plunder, pillage.] 1. To strip off the skin, 
bark, or rind of; to flay; to decorticate. 
2. To strip or tear, as the skin of an animal, the bark 
of a tree, &c. 3. Hence, to plunder; to pillage. 

Peel, v. i. To come off, as the skin, bark, or rind. 

Peel , n. The skin or rind of any thing. 

Peel, n. [Lat. pala.] A kind of wooden shovel, used by 
bakers ; hence, any large fire-shovel. 

Peel'er, n. One who, or that which, peels, strips, or 
flays ; a plunderer ; a pillager. 

Peep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. peeped (peept) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PEEPING.] [D. piepen, Ger. pipen, Lat. pipire, to 
peep, pip, chirp ; hence, to begin to appear, the sound 
which chickens make upon the first breaking of the shell 
being transferred to the look accompanying it,] 1. To 
cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched ; to chirp. 
2. To begin to appear ; to look out slyly, through a crev- 
ice, or with the eyes half closed. 

Peep, n. 1. The cry of a young chicken ; chirp. 2. 
First outlook or appearance ; a sly look. 

Peep'er, n. 1. A chicken just breaking the shell ; a 
young bird. 2. One who peeps or looks out slyly ; a 
spy. 3. The eye. [ Cant.] 

Peer, n. [From Lat. par, equal.] 1. One of the same 
rank, quality, endowments, &c. ; an equal ; a match ; a 
mate. 2. A comrade ; a companion ; an associate. 3* 
A nobleman. 

Peer, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. peered; p.pr. & vb. n. PEER- 
ING.] [Norm. Fr. perer, equiv. to Fr. paraltre, Lat. 




Peduncle. 



food, fc>bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e jist ; liijger, link ; thi». 



PEERAGE 



528 



PENETRATION 



parere. Cf. APPEAR.] To look narrowly, curiously, or 
sharply ; to peep. [body of peers. 

Peer'age, n. 1. The rank or dignity of a peer. 2. The 

Peer'ess, n. The consort of a peer ; a noble lady. 

Peer'less, a. Having no peer or equal ; unequaled ; 
matchless ; superlative. 

Peer'less-ly, adv. In a peerless manner ; matchlessly. 

Peer'less-ness, n. The state of being peerless. 

Pee'visli, a. [0. Eng. pevische, pevisse, pevysse, most 
prob. corrupt, from Fr. pervers, Eng. perverse, q. v., the 
letter r in each syllable being omitted.] 1. Habitually 
fretful ; easily vexed or fretted. 2 Expressing discon- 
tent and fretfulness. 

Syn. — Fretful ; querulous ; petulant ; cross ; ill-natured ; 
ill-tempered ; testy ; spleeny ; irritable ; waspish ; captious ; 
discontented. 

Pee'vish-ly, adv. In a peevish manner ; fretfully. 

pee'visli -ness. n. The quality of being peevish; fret- 
fulness ; petulance. 

Peg, n. [Cf. A.-S. piic or pic, a little needle or pin, 
pyccan, to prick.] A wooden nail or pin. 

Peg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PEGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PEG- 
GING] 1. To fasten with pegs. 2. Hence, to confine, 
restrict, restrain, or limit. 

Pe'koe, or Pek'oe, n. [Chin, pih-haou, Fr. pe-kao. pe- 
ko.] A kind of black tea. 

pe-la'gi-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Pelagius, a 
monk of the 4th cent, who denied the received doctrines 
in respect to original sin, free will, grace, and the merit 
of good works. 

Pe-la'gi-an-I§m, n. The doctrines of Pelagius. 

Pel'e-ean, n. See Pelican. 

Pel'e-rine, n. [Fr. pelerine, a tippet, fr. pelerin, a pil- 
grim, palmer, from Lat. peregrinus , foreign, alien.] A 
lady's long cape, with ends coming down before. 

Pelf , n. [Abbrev. from 0. Eng. pelfry, booty, from Lat. 
pilare, to plunder, and facere, to make. Cf. Pilfer.] 
Money ; riches ; wealth ; — generally conveying the idea 
of something ill gotten or worthless. 

Pel'i-ean, n. [Lat. pelicanus, 
pelecanus, Gr. nekeKav, ne\e- 
kols, ireKuKdv , ireAeK&vos, the 
woodpecker, the joiner-bird, 
and also a water-bird of the 
pelican kind, from neAeKav, to 
hew with an ax, from 7re'Ae/a/s. 
an ax.] 1. (Ornith.) A larg 
web-footed water-fowl remark- 
able for its enormous bill, to Pelican, 
the lower edge of which is attached a pouch, capable of 
holding many quarts of water. 2. A chemical glass ves- 
sel, or alembic, with a tubulated head, from which two 
opposite and crooked beaks pass out, and enter again at 
the belly of the cucurbit. 

Pe-lisse' (pe-lees 7 ), n. [From Lat. pelliceus, pellicea, 
made of skins, from pellis, a skin.] A silk robe or habit 
worn by ladies. 

Pell,n. [Lat. pellis, a skin.] 1. A skin or hide. 2. A 
roll of parchment. 

Pel'let, 11. [L. Lat. pelota, pilota, from Lat. pila, a ball.] 
A little ball. 

Pel'li-ele, n. [Lat. pellicula, dim. of pellis, skin.] A 
thin skin, film, or crust. 

Pell-mell', adv. [Fr. pele-mile, prob. from pelle, a 
shovel, and meler, to mix, as when different kinds of 
grain are heaped up and mixed with a shovel.] In utter 
confusion ; with disorderly mixture. 

Pel-lu'cid, a. [Lat. pellucidus, from per, very, and 
lucidus, clear, bright.] Admitting the passage of light ; 
translucent; clear. 

PeFlii-cid'i-ty, In. Quality of being pellucid ; partial 

Pel-lu'fid-ness, ) or imperfect transparency. 

Pelt, n. [Ger. pelz, a pelt, fur. See Pelisse.] The skin 
of a beast with the hair on ; an undressed hide. 

Pelt, v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. PELTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. PELT- 
ING.] [Fr. peloter, to knock about the ball, to pelt with 
snowballs, to beat, from pelote, a ball ; or contracted 
from pellet, q. v.] 1. To strike with pellets or missiles. 
2. To use as a missile. 

Pelt, n. A blow or stroke from something thrown. 

Pel'tate, ) a. [From Lat. pelta, a small shield in the 

Pel'ta-ted, J shape of a half-moon ; Gr. neXTq.] (Bot.) 
Shaped like a shield ; — said of a leaf or other organ. 

Pelt'-mon'ger (-mung'ger), n. A dealer in pelts or 
raw hides. 

Pelt'ry, n. [Fr. pelleterie, peltry, furriery, from Lat. 
pellis, a skin. See PELT.] 1. Skins with the fur on 
them ; furs. 2. A worthless or refuse object. 




Pel'vi-e, a. Pertaining to the pelvis. 

Pel'vis, n. [Lat. pelvis, a basin, laver.] (Atiat.) The 
open, bony structure at the lower extremity of the body, 
inclosing the internal urinary and genital organs. 

Pem'mi ean, n. 1. Meat cut in thin slices, divested 
of fat, and dried in the sun. 2. Meat cut in thin slices, 
dried, pounded, mixed with melted fat and dried fruit, 
and compressed into bags. 

Pen, n. [Lat. penna, Icel. penni, A.-S. pinn.] An in- 
strument used for writing ; — often used figuratively for 
one who uses a pen ; a writer. 

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PENNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PENNING.] To write ; to compose and commit to paper. 

P6n, n. [See infra.] A small inclosure for beasts. 

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. penned, or PENT; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PENNING.] [0. Eng. pinne, pynnen, to bolt a 
door; A.-S. on-pinnian, to bolt in.] To confine in a 
small inclosure or narrow place. 

Pe'nal, a. [Lat. panalis, from poena, punishment; Gr. 
iroivri.] Pertaining to punishment ; as, (a.) Enacting or 
threatening punishment, (b.) Incurring punishment, (c.) 
Inflicting punishment. 

Pen'al-ty, n. [Confer, from penality.] 1. Penal retri- 
bution ; punishment for crime or offense. 2. Forfeiture ; 
fine. 

Pen'ance, n. [0. Fr. penance, 0. It. penanza. See 
Pain.] Suffering imposed or submitted to as a punish- 
ment for faults, or as an expression of penitence. 

JPe-na'tes, n. pi. [Lat., from the root pen, whence 
penitus, inward, interior.] {Rom. Antiq.) The house- 
hold gods of the ancient Italians. 

Pen'ease, n. A case or holder for a pen. 

Pence, n. pi. of penny. See Penny. 

Penchant (pong'shong')-, n. [Fr., from pencher, to in- 
cline, bend, as if from Lat. pendicare, from pendere, to 
hang down.] Inclination ; decided taste. 

Pen'cil, n. [Lat. penicillvm and penicillvs, equiv. to 
peniculus, dim. of penis, a tail.] 1. A small brush used 
by painters. 2. An instrument used for writing and 
drawing. 3. Hence, the art, capacity, or instrument of 
painting, drawing, or desoibing. 4. (Opt.) An aggre- 
gate or collection of rays of light. 

Pen'cil, v. t. [imp. k,p. p. PENCILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
penciling.] To paint or draw ; to mark with a pencil. 

Pen'eraft, n. 1. Penmanship ; chirography. 2; Art 
of composing or writing ; authorship. 

Pend'ant, n. [Fr., from pendre, to hang, Lat. pendere.] 

1. A hanging appendage, especially of an ornamental 
character; — also, an appendix or addition. 2. An ear- 
ring. 3. (Arch.) A hangirjg ornament on roofs, ceilings, 
&c, much used in Gothic architecture. 4. A picture 
or print which hangs as a companion of another. 5. A 
pennant. See Pennant. 

Pend'en-cy, n. State of being undecided ; suspense. 

Pend'ent, a. [Lat. pendens, p. pr. of pendere', to hang, 
be suspended.] 1. Suspended; depending; pendulous; 
hanging. 2. Jutting over ; projecting; overhanging. 

Pend'ing, p. a. [Lat. pendere, to hang, be suspended.] 
Remaining undecided ; in suspense. 

Pend'ing, prep. During the pendency or continuance 
of; during. 

Pend'u-loiis (77), a. [Lat. pendvhts, from pendere, to 
hang.] Supported from above ; pendent loosely ; hang- 
ing ; swinging. [lous. 

Pencl'u-loiis-ness, n. State or quality of being pendu- 

Pend'u-liim, n. ; pi. PENiyu-Li)M§. [N. Lat., from 
pendulus, hanging, swinging. See svpra.] A body so 
suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and 
fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. 

Pen'e-tra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being penetrable. 

Pen'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Capable of being penetrated. 2. 
Susceptible of moral or intellectual impression. 

Pen'e-tva'li-d, n. pi. [Lat. , from penetrans, penetrating, 
internal. See PENETRATE.] The recesses of a temple, 
palace, and the like ; hence, hidden things or secrets. 

PSn'e-trance, ) n. Quality of being penetrant ; power 

Pen'e-tran-cy , j of entering or piercing. 

Pen'e-trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. penetrated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PENETRATING.] [Lat penetrare, pene- 
tratum, from the root pen. See Penates.] 1. To 
enter into ; to make way into the interior of; to pierce. 

2. To touch with feeling ; to make sensible ; to affect. 

3. To arrive at the inner contents or meaning of; tc. 
comprehend. [intellect or the feelings. 

Pen'e-trate, v. ?'. To pass ; to make way ; to affect the 
Pen'e-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of penetrating ; physical or 

mental entrance into the interior of any thing. 2. 

Acuteness ; sharp discernment. 



a,e, &c, long; a, e, inc., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, 6r, do, wolf, 



PENETRATIVE 



529 



PENTROOF 




Penguin. 



Syn. —Discernment ; sagacity ; sagaciousness ; sharpness : 
discrimination. See Discernment. 

PSn'e-tra/tive, a. Tending to penetrate ; piercing. 
Pgn'e-tra'tlve-ness, n. Quality of being penetrative, 
Pen'guin (pen'gwin), n. [From Lat. 

pinguis, fat.] (Ornith.) A web- 
footed marine bird. It is unable to 

fly, but swims and dives well. It is 

found only in the south temperate 

and frigid regions. 
Pen-in' su-la ( -su- or -shyj-), n. [Lat. 

peninsula, or pxninsula, from pasne, 

almost, nearly, and insula, island.] 

A portion of land nearly surrounded 

by water, and connected with the 

larger body of land by a narrow neck 

or isthmus . 
Pen-in'su-lar (-su.- or -shu-), a. In _ 

the form or state of a peninsula ; % 

pertaining to a peninsula. 
Pe'nis, n. [Lat.] The male organ of 

generation. [penitent. 

Pen'i-tence, n. Condition of being 

Syn. — Repentance ; contrition ; compunction ; remorse. 
Pen'i-tent, a. [Lat. pcenitens, p. pr. of pctnitere, to 

repent.] Repentant ; contrite ; sincerely affected by a 

sense of guilt, and resolving on amendment of life. 
Pen'i-tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin. 2. One 

under church censure, but admitted to penance. 3. 

One under the direction of a confessor. 
Pen'i-ten'tial, a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or 

expressing penitence. 
Penl-ten'tia-ry (-sha-ry), a. Relating to penance, or 

to the rules and measures of penance. 
Pen'i-ten'tia-ry, n. 1. One who prescribes the rules 

and measures of penance. 2. One who does penance. 

3. A house of correction in which offenders are con- 
fined for punishment and reformation, and compelled to 

labor. [tence. 

Pen ; i-tent-ly, adv. In a penitent manner ; with peni- 
Pen'knif e (pen'Tf), n. ; pi. pen'knives,. A small knife 

used for making and mending pens. 
Pgn'man, n. ; pi. pen'men, One who uses the pen. 

(a.) One who writes a good hand, (b.) An author; a 

composer. 
Pen'man-ship, n. 1. Use of the p<jn in writing ; the 

art of writing. 2. Manner of writing ; chirography. 
Pen'nant, n. [Eitber fr. Lat. pen- 

na, feather, fr. pendere, to hang 

down, or from pannus, a cloth.] 

(Naut.){a.) Asmallfiag; aban- 

ner ; a long, narrow piece of bunt- 
ing, worn at the mast-heads of 

vessels of war. (b. ) A rope or strap 

to which a purchase is hooked. 
Pen'nate, ) a. [Lat. penna- 
Pen'na-ted, ) tus, feathered, 

winged, from jienna, feather, 

wing.] Winged ; plume-shaped. 
Pen'ni-less, a. [From penny.] 

Moneyless ; destitute of money. 
PCn'non,n. 1. Awing; pinion. 

2. A pennant ; a flag or streamer. Pennant. 

Pen'ny, n. ; pi. pen'nies., or pence. Pennies denotes 

the number of coins ; pence, the amount of pennies in 

value. [A.-S. penig, peneg, pening, pending, 0. H. Ger. 

pending, pendig, Icel. peningr, cattle, money.] 1. The 

twelfth part of a shilling, equal in value to four farthings, 

or about two cents. 2. Hence, a small sum ; a groat ; 

— also money in general, in certain phrases. 
Pen'ny, a. [Prob. a corrupt, of pound, vulgarly pron. 

pun.] Containing a thousand in every pound's weight ; 

— said of nails, and used chieliy in composition ; as, ten- 
penny nails, of which a thousand weighed ten pounds. 

Pen'ny-a-lin'er, n. One who furnishes matter to a 
public journal at so much a line ; a writer for pay. 

Pen'ny-post , n. One who carries letters from the post- 
office, and delivers them to the proper persons for a 
penny, or other small compensation. 

Pgn'ny-roy'al, n. (Bot.) An aromatic herb growing in 
Europe; also, a North American plant resembling it. 

P6n'ny-weight (-wat), n. A troy weight containing 
24 grains, or the 20th part of an ounce. It was anciently 
the weight of a silver penny. [larger. 

Pen'ny- wife 7 , a. Saving small sums at the hazard of 

Pen'ny-vvortn (pCn'ny-wurth, colloq. pen'nurth), n. 
1. As much as is bought for a penny. 2. Good or ad- 




vantageous bargain ; purchase made. 3. A small quan- 
tity ; a bit. 

Pen'sile, a. [Lat. pensilis, from pendere, to hang.] 
Hanging ; pendent ; pendulous. 

Pen'slle-ness, n. The state of being pensile. 

Pen'sion, n. [Lat. pensio, a paying, payment, from 
pendere, pensum, to weigh, to pay.] A stated allowance 
to a person in consideration of past services ; especially, 
a yearly stipend paid by government to retired public 
officers, disabled soldiers, needy authors, &c. 

Pen'sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pensioned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PENSIONING.] To grant a pension to. 

Pen'sion-a-ry, a. 1. Maintained by, or receiving, a 
pension. 2. Consisting of a pension. 

Pen'sion-a-ry, n. 1. A person who receives a pension 
for past services. 2. One of the chief municipal magis" 
trates of the towns in Holland and Zealand. 

Pen'sion-er, n. 1. One who receives an annual allow- 
ance for services ; a dependent. 2. [Fr. pensionnaire t 
one who pays for his board.] A student of the second 
rank, in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.), and Dub- 
lin, who is not dependent on the foundation for support. 

Pen'sive, a. [It. pensare, to think or reflect, fr. pensare, 
to weigh, ponder, consider, intens. form of pendere, to 
weigh.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad. 2. Expressing 
thoughtfulness with sadness. 

Pen'sive-ly, adv. In a pensive manner. 

P6n'sive-ness,ra. The state of being pensive ; gloomy 
thoughtfulness ; melancholy. 

Pen'-stock, n. 1. [Prob. from Eng. pen, that is, quill, 
and stock, the water often being discharged through a 
quill or other small pipe.] A close trough or tube of 
planks for conducting water, as to a water-wheel. 2. 
The barrel of a wooden pump. 3. The handle of a pen. 

Pent, p. p. or a. [From pen.] Shut up ; closely confined. 

Pen'ta-eap'su-lar, a. [Gr. TreVre, five, and Lat. cap- 
sula, small box.] (Bot.) Having five capsules. 

Pen'ta--eli6rd, n. [Gr. irevraxopSos, five-stringed, from 
7reVTe, five, and xopS->?, string, chord.] 1. An instrument 
of music with five strings. 2. An order or system of 
five sounds. 

Pen'ta-gon, n. [Gr. irevrdyoivov , from 
TreVre, five, and ycovia, angle.] ( Geom.) 
A plane figure having five angles, and, 
consequently, five sides. 

Pen-tag'o-nal, a. Having five corners 
or angles. 

Pen'ta-graph, n. The same as Pan- 
TOGRAPH,q. v. [sides. 

Pen'ta-he'dral, a. Having five equal 

Pen'ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. TreVre, five, and eSpa, seat, 
base.] A solid figure having five equal sides. 

Pen-tam'e-ter, n. [Gr. nevrdnerpos, from TreVre, five, 
and jaeVpov, measure.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Averse of 
five feet, of which the first two may be either dactyls or 
spondees, the third is always a spondee, and the last two 
anapests. 

Pent-an'gu-lar, a. [Gr. TreVre, five, and Lat. angulus, 
angle.] Having five corners or angles. 

Pent'ap-tote, n. [Gr. TreVre, five, and tttwtos, fallen, 
declined, from niirTeLv, to fall.] ( Gram.) A noun having 
five cases. 

Pen'ta-spast, n. [Gr. TrevTacnracrTOV, from TreVre, five, 
and o-trxV, to draw, to pull.] An engine with five pulleys. 

Pen'ta-sti-eh (-stik), n. [ jr. Treyr<xcrTixos> of nv e lines 
or verses, from nevre, five, and ctti'xos, line, verse.] A 
composition consisting of five verses. 

Pen'ta-style, n. [Gr. rreVre, five, and crruAos, pillar.] 
(Arch.) An edifice with five columns in front. 

Pen'ta-teu-eh, n. [Gr. rrevT&TevxoS) from TreVre, five, and 
Tevx°S) a t 00 ^ implement, a book.] The first five books 
of the Old Testament. 

Pen'ta-teu-en'al, a. Pertaining to the Pentateuch. 

Pen'te-eost, n. [Gr. nevrriKoo-T^ (sc. ijfxipa), the fiftieth 
day, Pentecost.] 1. A festival of the .lews, on the fiftieth 
day after the Passover. It was instituted in commem- 
oration of the gift of the law on the fiftieth day after the 
departure from Egypt. 2. Whitsuntide, a festival in 
commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
apostles. (Acts, ii.) 

Pen/te-eost'al, a. Pertaining to Pentecost, or to Whit- 
suntide. 

Pent'-house, n. [Fr. pente, inclination, for pende, from 
Lav. pendere, to hang down, and Eng. house.] A shed 
standing aslope from the main wall or building ; a lean-to. 

Pen'tile, n. See Pantile. 

Pent'roof, n. [Fr. pente, inclination, slope, and Eng. 
roof.] A roof with a slope on one side only. 




Pentagon. 



food, fdbt ; fi.rn, rude, pull : 



cell, chaise, -call, eelio; gem, get; a§ ; ejistj linger, link; tibiS* 



PENULT 



530 



PEREGRINATE 



Pe'nult, or Pe-niilt', n. [Abbreviated from penultima.] 
( Gram. & Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word. 

Pe-nult'i-ma, n. [Lat. (sc. syllaba), from penultimus, 
psenultimus, the last but one, from psene, almost, and 
ultimus, the last.] The same as Penult. 

Pe-nult'i-mate (45), a. Of the last syllable but one ; 
next before the last. [word ; penult. 

Pe-niilt'i-mate, n. The last syllable but one of a 

Pe-num'lbra, n. [Lat. psene, almost, and umbra, shade.] 

1. (Astron.) The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the 
light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening 
body. 2. (Paint.) The point of a picture where the 
shade blends with the light. 

Pe-nii'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Showing penury or scarcity. 

2. Excessively saving in the use of money ; parsimo- 
nious to a fault. 

Sym.— Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; miserly; nig- 
gardly; sordid. See Avaricious. 

Pe-im'ri-oiis-ry, adv. In a penurious manner. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
penurious ; scantiness ; parsimony. 
Syn.— Parsimoniousness ; covetousness; avarice; closeness. 

P6n'u-ry, n. [Lat. penuria, allied to Gr. nelva, hunger, 
Trevta, poverty, need.] Absence of means or resources ; 
want ; indigence ; poverty. 

Pe'on, n. [Fr. peon, a foot-soldier in India, Sp. peon, 
one who travels on foot, a foot-soldier, a pawn in chess ; 
Hind, piyadah, a foot-soldier. See PAWN.] 1. In India, 
a native constable. 2. In Mexico, a debtor held by his 
creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a 
debt ; a serf. 

Pe'o-ny, n. [Gr. traioivia., Lat. pxonia, from ITcuovia, 
Peeonia, a large country north of Macedonia.] (Bot.) A 
plant having beautiful, showy flowers. 

Peo'ple (pS'pl), n. [0. Eng. peple,pople, Lat. popu'us.] 
1. The body of persons who compose a community, 
tribe, nation, or race. 

j&T" People is a collective noun, generally construed with a 
plural verb, and only occasionally used in the plural iii the 
sense of nations or races. 

2c Hence, persons generally ; folks. 3. The mass of a 
community as distinguished from a special class, as the 
noble or clerical ; the populace ; the vulgar'. 

Syn. — Nation. — When speaking of a state, we use people 
for the mass of the community, as distinguished from their 
rulers, and nation for the entire political body, including the 
rulers. In another sense of the term, nation describes those 
who are descended from the same stock; and in this sense the 

■ Germans regard themselves as one nation, though politically 
Bubject to different forms of government. 

Peo'ple (pS'pl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. peopled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. peopling.] To stock with inhabitants; to pop- 
ulate. 

Pep'per, n. [Lat. piper, Gr. 7re7repi, Skr. pippali.] (Bot.) 
A climbing plant and its fruit, of which there are very 
numerous species. Pepper has a strong, aromatic smell, 
and a hot, pungent taste. 

Pep'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. peppered; p. pr. & vb. 
n. peppering.] 1. To sprinkle with pepper. 2. To 
pelt with shot. [food. 

Pep'per-box, n. A small box, for sprinkling pepper on 

Pep'per-eorn, n. 1. The berry or fruit of the pepper- 
plant. 2. Hence, something of insignificant value.] 

Pep'per-grass, n. (Bot.) A kind of cress, sometimes 
cultivated for the table. 

Pep'peridge, n. [See Piperidge.] (Bot.) The tu- 
pelo, or black gum, a tree with very tough wood. 

Pep'per-mint, n. [Eng. pepper and mint.] (Bot.) An 
aromatic and pungent plant ; also, a liquor distilled from 
the plant. 

Pep'per- gauce, n. A condiment for the table made by 
steeping small red peppers in vinegar. 

Pep'per-y, a. 1. Relating to, or having the qualities of, 
pepper ; not ; pungent. 2. Irritable. 

Pep'sin, n. [Gr. ne^is, a cooking, digestion, from ireV- 
tslv, to cook, digest.] A substance secreted by the stom- 
ach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. [tion. 

Pep'tie, a. [See supra.] Relating to or promoting diges- 

Per'ad-vent'ure, adv. [Prefix per, by, and adventure, 
q. v.] By chance ; perhaps ; it may be. 

Per-am'bvi-late, v.t. {imp. & p.p. perambulated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PERAMBULATING.] [Lat. pnambidare, 
perambulatum, from the prefix per, through, and ambu- 
lare, to walk.] To walk through or over ; to go round or 
about. 

Per-am/hu-la'tion, n. 1. Act of perambulating, or 
of passing or walking through or over. 2. An annual 
survey of boundaries. 






Per-amlm-la/tor, n. 1. One who perambulates. 2. 
An instrument for measuring distances. 

Per-ceiv'a-hle, a. Capable of being perceived. 

Per-£eiv'a-hly, adv. So as to be perceived. 

Per-feive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perceived ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PERCEIVING.] [Lat. percipere, from the prefix 
per and capere, to take, receive.] 1. To obtain knowl- 
edge of through the senses. 2. To take intellectual cog- 
nizance of; to see to be true. 

Syn.— To discern; distinguish; observe; see ; feel; know? 
understand. — To discern. —To perceive a thing is to appre- 
hend it as presented to the senses or the intellect: to discern is 
to mark differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from 
others around it. We may jjerceive a man and a woman afar 
off without being able to discern which is the one and which 
the other. 

Per-ceiv'er, n. One who perceives or observes. 

Per-^gnt'age, n. [From per cent, Lat. per centum. See 
Cent.] ( Com.) The allowance, duty, or commission on 
a hundred. [ceptible. 

Per-cep'ti-bll'i-ty, n. State or quality of being per- 

Per-£ep'ti-ble, a. Capable of being perceived ; discern- 
ible ; perceivable. [be perceived. 

Per-cep'ti-hly, adv. In a perceptible manner ; so as to 

Per-^ep'tion, n. [Lat. perceptio. See Perceive.] 1. 
Act of perceiving ; cognizance by the senses or intellect ; 
discernment; cognition. 2. (Psychology.) The faculty 
of perceiving ; the act of apprehending material objects 
or qualities through the senses. 
Syn.— Idea; conception; sentiment; sensation; observation. 

Per-cep'tive, a. Having the faculty of perceiving ; used 
in perception. 

Perch. (14), n. [Lat. perca, Gr. 
irepuri, so called from its dusky 
color, from nepKos, dark-colored," 
dusky.] (Ichth.) A fish of several 
species, inhabiting both fresh f^ ^P 
and salt water, and having sharp 
long fins. Perch. 

Perch, n. [Lat. pertica.] 1. A pole ; along staff ; a rod. 2. 
A measure of length containing five yards and a half; a 
rod. 3. A pole for fowls to alight and rest upon ; a roost. 

Perch, v . i. [imp. & p. p. perched (percht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. perching.] To light or settle on a fixed body, 
as a bird. 

Perch, v. t. To place on a fixed object or perch. 

Per-chance', adv. By chance ; perhaps ; peradventure. 

Perch'er, n. ( Ornitli.) One of an order of birds which 
perch or light on trees, &c. [perception. 

Per-cip'i-ence, n. Quality or act of being percipient ; 

Per-cip'i-ent, a. [Lat. percipiens, p. pr. of percipere. 
See Perceive.] Having the faculty of perception ; per- 
ceiving. 

Per'co-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. percolated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PERCOLATING.] [Lat. percolare ,percolatum,fv. 
the prefix joer, through, and colare, to strain.] To cause 
to pass through small interstices, as a liquor ; to filter. 

Per'-eo-late, v. i. To pass through small interstices ; to 
filter. [filtrating ; straining. 

PeVeo-la'tion. n. The act of percolating, or filtering ; 

Per'-eo-la'tor, n. A filtering machine. 

Per-eus'sion (-kush'un), n. [Lat. percussio, percutere, 
percussum, from the prefix per, through, and quatere, 
to shake, strike.] 1. Act of striking one body against 
another ; forcible collision, especially such as gives a 
sound or report. 2. Hence, the effect of violent col- 
lision ; vibratory shock. 3. (Med.) Act of determining 
the condition of an internal organ by the sound given 
when the external surface is gently knocked upon. 

Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulmi- 
nating powder, and used in a percussion-lock to explode gun- 
powder. — Percussion-lock, & lock of a gun in which gunpowder 
is exploded by fire obtained from the percussion of fulminating 
powder. 

Per-eiis'sive,a. Striking against. 

Per-cu'tient (-shent), n. [h&t.percutiens, p. pr. of per- 
cutere. See Percussion.] That which strikes, or has 
power to strike. 

Per-dl'tion (-dTsh'un), n. [Lat. perditio, from perdere, 
perditum, to ruin, to lose.] 1. Entire loss ; utter de- 
struction ; ruin. 2. Future misery or eternal death. 

Per-du', or Per'du, ) a. [Fr. perdu, from perdue, 

Per-due', or Per'due, j lost, p. p. of perdre, to lose, 
Lat. perdere.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment. 2. 
Abandoned ; employed on desperate purposes. 

Per'e-gri-nate, v. i. [Lat. peregrinari, peregrinatus, 
from peregrinus, foreign, from pref. per, through, over, 
and ager, agri, a territory, field.] To travel from place 
to place ; to live in a foreign country. 



^t^tSiG^long; a, e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , 



PEKEGRINATION 



531 



PERIHELIUM 



Per'e-gri-na'tion, n. A traveling from one country 
to another ; abode in foreign countries. 

Per'e-gri-na/tor, n. A traveler into foreign countries. 

Per'emp-to-ri-ly, adv. In a peremptory manner ; ab- 
solutely ; positively. 

Per'emp-to-ri-ness, n. Quality of being peremptory ; 
positiveness ; absolute decision. 

Per'emp-to-ry, a. [Lat. peremptorius, destructive, de- 
cisive, final, from perimere, peremptum, to take away 
entirely, to destroy, from prefix per, thoroughly, and 
O. Lat. emere, to take.] 1. Precluding debate or ex- 
postulation. 2. Positive in opinion or judgment. 

Syn. — Decisive; express; absolute; authoritative; arbitra- 
ry; dogmatical. 

Per-Sn'ni-al, a. [Lat. perennis, from the prefix per, 
through, and annus, year.] 1. Lasting through the 
year. 2. Hence, continuing without stop or intermis- 
sion. 3. (Bot.) Continuing more than two years. 

Syn. — Perpetual ; unceasing ; never-failing ; unfailing ; 
ceaseless ; constant ; enduring ; permanent ; uninterrupted ; 
continual. 

Per-en'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant which lives or contin- 
ues more than two years. 

Per-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Continually ; without ceasing. 

Per-en'ni-ty, n. Quality of being perennial ; lasting 
continuance. 

Per'feet (14, 115), a. [Lat. perfectus, p. p. of perficere, 
to perform, finish, from prefix per, through, and facere, 
to make, do.] 1. Carried through ; completed ; filled 
up. 2. Especially, not defective ; having all that is 
requisite to its nature and kind. 3. Hence, specifically, 
(a.) Complete in moral excellences, (b.) (Bot.) Having 
both stamens and pistils. 

Syn. — Finished; consummate; complete; faultless; blame- 
less ; unblemished. 

Per'fe-et, or Per-f ect' (115), v. t. [imp. & p.p. per- 
fected; p.pr. & vb. n. PERFECTING.] To finish or 
complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. 

Per'fe-et-er, or Per-f ect'er, n. One who makes perfect. 

Per-f eet'i-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being perfectible. 

Per-f eet'i-ble, a. Capable of becoming or of being 
made perfect. 

Per-f ee 'tion, w. 1. State of being perfect or complete, 
so that nothing requisite is wanting ; perfectness. 2. A 
quality, endowment, or acquirement, completely excel- 
lent, or of great worth. 

Per-f ee'tion-Ist, n. One who believes that some per- 
sons actually attain to moral perfection in the present life. 

Per-f e-et'ive, a. 1. Calculated or tending to perfect. 
2. ( Gram.) Expressing completed or momentary action ; 
— said of some forms of the verb. 

Per'f eet-ly, adv. In a perfect manner or degree ; com- 
pletely ; totally ; exactly ; accurately. [perfection. 

Per'f eet-ness, n. State or quality of being perfect ; 

Per-f I'cient (-liTsh'ent), n. [Lat. perfici ens, p. pr. of per- 
ficere, to perform. See PERFECT.] One who performs 
a work ; especially, one who endows a charity. 
Per-fid'i-oiis, a. 1. Guilty of, or involving, perfidy ; 
false to trust or confidence reposed. 2. Proceeding from 
treachery, or consisting in breach of faith. 3. Guilty of 
violated allegiance. 

Syn. — Treacherous ; faithless ; unfaithful ; false-hearted 
disloyal ; traitorous. 

Per-fid'1-ou.s-ly, adv. In a perfidious manner. 

Per-f Id'i-ovis-ness, n. Quality of being perfidious. 

Per'fi-dy, n. [Lat. perfidia, from perfidus, faithless, fr 
prefix per, through, beyond, andfidus, faithful.] Act of 
violating faith, a promise, vow, or allegiance; faithless- 
ness ; treachery. 

Per-f o'li-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix per, through, and 
folium, leaf.] (Bot.) Surrounding the stem at the base. 

Per'fo-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perforated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PERFORATING.] [Lat. perforare, perforatum, 
from prefix per, through, &ind for are, to bore.] To bore 
throughj to pierce ; to penetrate. 

Per'f o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of perforating. 2. A hole 
or aperture passing through or into the interior of any 
thing. 

Per'fo-ra-tive, a. Having power to perforate, [rates. 

Per'fo-ra'tor, n. An instrument that bores or perfo- 

Per-force', adv. [Lat. per, through, by, and Eng. force.] 
By force; violently; of necessity ; absolutely. 

Perform', v. t. [imp. & p. p. performed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PERFORMING.] [0. Eng. parforme, parfourme, 
parfournen, 0. Fr. parforner, parfornir, parfournir, to 
finish, complete, from par, through, and fourtiir, to fur- 
nish, complete. Cf. Lat. performare, to form thorough- 



ly. See FURNISH.] 1. To carry through ; to bring to 
completion. 2. To execute ; to discharge. 

Syn. — To accomplish ; do ; act ; transact ; achieve ; ful- 
fill ; effect ; complete. 

Per-f orm', v. i. To acquit one's self in any work ; es- 
pecially, to go through with a public part, as in a drama, 
pantomime, or other exhibition of skill and capacity. 

Per-form'a-fole, a. Admitting of being performed or 
done ; practicable. 

Per-f orm'ance, n. 1. Act of performing, or condition 
of being performed. 2. That which is performed or ac- 
complished ; especially, an act of an elaborate or public 
character ; an exhibition. 

Syn. — Completion ; consummation ; execution ; accom- 
plishment ; achievement; production; work; act; action; 
deed ; exploit ; feat. 

Per-f 6rm'er,n. One who performs ; an actor. 

Per'fume, or Perfume' (115), n. [From Lat. per, 
through, thoroughly, srnd fumus, smoke, fume.] 1. The 
scent or odor emitted from sweet-smelling substances; 
fragrance. 2. A substance that emits an agreeable scent. 

Perfume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. PERFUMED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. perfuming.] To fill or impregnate with a grate- 
ful odor ; to scent. 

Per-fum'er, n. One who perfumes, or whose trade it is 
to sell perfumes. 

Per-fum/er-y, n. Perfumes in general. 

Per-f iin.e'to-ri-ly, adv. In a perfunctory manner ; care- 
lessly ; negligently. 

Per-fune'to-i*y, a. [Lat. perfunctorius, from perfune- 
tus, p. p. of perfungi, to discharge, dispatch, from per, 
through, and fungi, to perform.] Done without interest 
or zeal, and merely to get rid of a duty ; hence, indiffer- 
ent ; careless ; negligent. 

Per-fu§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PERFUSED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PERFUSING.] [Lat. perfundere, perfusum, from pre- 
fix per, through, and fundere, to pour.] To sprinkle, 
pour, or spread over. 

Per-fu'§ion, n. Act of perfusing, or of pouring or 
sprinkling over. [kle. 

Per-f u'slve, a. Sprinkling ; adapted to spread or sprin- 

Per-liaps', adv. [Lat. per, through, by, and Eng. hap.] 
By chance ; it may be ; peradventure ; possibly. 

Pe'ri, n. ; pi. PE'RIg. [Zend pairikd, Per. peri, a female 
genius, a fairy.] (Per. Myth.) An imaginary being of the 
female sex, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, 
excluded from paradise till their penance is accomplished. 

Per'i-antli, n. [From Gr. Trept, around, about, and av0os, 
flower.] (Bot.) (a.) That calyx which envelops only a 
single flower, and is immediately contiguous to it. (b.) 
The leaves of the flower generally, especially when the 
calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. 

Per'i-ear'di-ae, \ a. Of, or relating to, the pericardd- 

Per'i-ear'di-al, J urn. 

£!**-**"■'<** all > \ a. Relating to the pericardium. 

PeVi-ear'dic, ) 

JPer'i-efir'di-iim, n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. Trept/capStoi', from 

Trept, about, and KapSca, heart.] (Anat.) The membra- 
nous sac which incloses the 

heart. 
Per'i-earp, n. [Gr. Trept- 

Kapiriov, from Trept, about, 

and Kopn-os, fruit.] (Bot.) 

The ripened ovary or ger- 

men of a plant. 





Pericarps. 

a, b, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d, strobile of pine; 

e,f, capsule of poppy; g, capsule of Aristolochia. 

Per'i-erd'ni-um, n. [From Gr. Trept, around, and 

Kpaviov, the skull.] (Anat. ) The fibrous membrane that 

immediately invests the skull. 

Per'i-jacee, ) n. [From Gr. Trept, about, near, and yfj^ 

Per'i-ge'um, ) the earth.] (Astron.) That point in 

the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth. 
Per'i-graph, n. [Gr. Treptypcu/jij, from Trept, round about, 
and ypaj>r), a writing.] A careless or inaccurate delinea- 
tion of any thing. 
Per'i-hel'ion (or -he'li-on), ) n. [Gr. Trept, about, near s 
Per'i-he'li-um, J and t}Aios, the sun ; N. 



food foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



PERIL 



532 



PERMEATION 



Lat. perihelium.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a 
planet or comet in which it is nearest to the sun. 

Per'il, n. [Lat. periculum, periclu?n, from the root periri, 
peritus, to try, attempt.] Instant or impending danger ; 
exposure to injury, loss, or destruction. 

Syn.— Danger ; hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. See Danger. 

Per'il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. periled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
periling.] To expose to danger ; to hazard ; to risk ; 
to jeopard. 

Per'il-oiis, a. Full of, attended with, or involving peril ; 
dangerous ; hazardous. 

Per'il-ous-ly, adv. Darjgerously ; with hazard. 

Per'il-oiis-iiess, n. Quality of being perilous ; dan- 
gerousness ; danger ; hazard. 

Pe-rim'e-ter, n. [Gr. Trepip-erpos, from irepi, around, 
about, and p-erpov, measure.] (Geom.) The outer 
boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 

Pe'ri-od (89), n. [Lat. periodus, from Gr. TrepioSos, a 
going round, a way round, a period of time, from irepi, 
round, about, and 686s, away.] 1. A portion of time 
as limited and determined by some recurring phenome- 
non, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the 
heavenly bodies. 52. Hence, specifically, a stated and 
recurring interval of time ; a cycle. 3. More generally, 
an interval of time, specified or left indefinite ; a certain 
series of years, months, days or the like. 4. Termina- 
tion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, 
or act. 5. (Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full 
stop to another; hence, sentence; clause. 6. (Print.) 
The point that marks the end of a complete sentence ; a 
full stop [thus . ]. 

Syn. — Time ; date ; epoch ; era ; age ; duration ; contin- 
uance ; limit ; bound ; end ; conclusion ; determination. 

Pe'ri-od'ie, \ a. [Gr. 7repio5(.K:6s.] 1. Performed in 
Pe'ri-od'ie-al, j a circuit, or in a series of successive 

circuits. 52. Happening by revolution, at a stated time ; 

returning regularly, after a certain period of time. 3. 

(Rhet.) Pertaining to or constituting a period. 
Pe'ri-od'ie-al, n. A magazine or other publication 

which appears at stated or regular intervals. 
Pe'ri-od'ie-al-ly, adv. At stated periods. 
Pe'ri-o-dic'i-ty, n. State of having regular periods in 

changes or conditions. 
Fer'i-os'te-fim (124), n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. irepiocneov . from 

jrept, around, and ocrreov, a bone.] (Anat.) A fibrous 

membrane investing the bones. 
Per'i-pa-tet'ie, a. [Gr. 77epi7ra.T7rnx6s, from nepLTraTelv, 

to walk about, from 7repi, about, and -rrarelv, to walk.] 

Pertaining to the system of philosophy of Aristotle, who 

gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at 

Athens. 
Per'i-pa-tet'i-e, n. 1. An adherent of the philosophy 

of Aristotle. 52. One who is obliged to walk, or cannot 

afford to ride. 
Per'i-pa-tet'i-cigm, n. The philosophical system of 

Aristotle and his followers. 
Per'i-plier'i-e, \a. 1. Pertaining to, or constitut- 
Per'i-plier'i-e-al, J ing, a periphery. 52. External; 

around the outside of an organ. 
Pe-ripli'er-y, n. [Gr. irepupepia, from trepi, around, 

and <f>epei.v, to bear.] The circumference of a circle, 

ellipse, or other regular curvilinear figure. 
Per'i-plirage, n. [Gr. wepi^paai? , from irepi$p6.£eo-6ai., 

to think about, to be expressed periphrastically, from 

jrept, about, and <f>pa£eiv, to speak.] (RJiet.) The use of 

more words than are necessary to express the idea ; cir- 
cumlocution. 
Per'i-phrage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. periphrased ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. PERIPHRASING.] To express by circumlo- 
Pe-?*%p1i'ra-sis, n. The same as Periphrase. [cution. 
Per'i-plxras'tie, ) a. Expressing or expressed in 
Per'i-phras'tie-al, j more words than are necessary ; 

circumlocutory . 
Pei^ip-neti'mo-xiy, n. [Gr. Trepnrvevpiovia, from irepi, 

around, about, and irvevp-wv, a lung.] (Med.) An inflam- 
mation of the lungs. 
Pe-rip'ter-al, a. [Gr. ■n-epurrepos, from irepi, around, 

about, and irrepov, wing, row of columns.] Having a 

range of columns all around. 
Pe-rip'ter-oiis, a. [Gr. 7repi-Tepos, from 7rept, around, 

and nrepov, feather, wing.] Feathered on all sides. 
Per'i-seope, n. [Gr. Trepi, around, and o-KenTeaOai, 

a-Korrelv, to look around, to view.] A general view. 
Per'i-seop'ie, a. Tiewed on all sides; — applied to a 

kind of spectacles having concavo-convex glasses which 

increase the distinctness of objects when viewed obliquely. 
Per'ish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. perished (peVisht) ; p. 



pr. & vb. n. perishing.] [Lat. perire, to go or run 
through, perish, from prefix per, through, and ire, to go.] 
1. To be destroyed ; to go to destruction ; to come to 
nothing ; to be ruined or lost. 52. To die ; to decease. 
3. To decay gradually, as a limb. 

Per'ish-a-ble, a. Liable to perish ; subject to decay and 
destruction. [tion. 

Pei*'ish-a-ble-ness, n. Liableness to decay or destruc- 

Per'i-:»perm, n [Gr. Trepi, around, and cnrepp-a, seed.] 
(Bot.) The albumen of a seed. 

Per'i-splier'ie, la. [Gr. irepi. around, and afyalpa., 

Per'i-r-plier'ie-al, j ball, sphere] Having the form 
of a ball : globular. 

Per'i-stal'tie, a. [Gr. -n-epicrTaATt/cos, clasping and com- 
pressing, from TrepicrTaAAetv, to surround, wrap up.] 
(A?iat.) Contracting in successive circles; — a term ap- 
plied to the vermicular motion of the alimentary canal, 
and similar structures. 

Per 'i -style, n. [Gr. rrepicrTvXov, Trepio~Tv\o<;, from 7rept, 
about, and o-rOXos, a column.] (Arch.) A range of col- 
umns round a building or square, or a building encom- 
passed with a row of columns on the outside. 

Per'i-to-ne'um, n. [Lat. peritoneum and peritonaeum, 
Gr. irepnoveiov , Trepirovaivov, from Trepireiveiv , to stretch 
all round or over.] (Anat.) A thin, smooth, serous, 
membrane, investing the whole internal surface of the 
abdomen, and the viscera contained in it. 

Pe-rit'ro-pal, a. [Gr. 7repiTpo;ro?, from Trepirpeireiv , to 
turn round.] 1. Rotatory ; circuitous. 2. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the 
pericarp to which it is attached. 

Per'i-wig, n. [0. Eng. penvirke, corrupt, from Fr. per- 
ruque, and. abbreviated into wig. See Peruke.] A 
small wig ; a peruke ; a scratch. 

Per'i-wig, v. t. [imp. Szp.p. periwigged; p. pr. 
& vb. n. periwigging.] To dress with a periwig, or 
with false hair. 

Per'i-Aviiik'le (per'i-wmk'l), n. [Said 
to be a corruption of petty andA.-S. ivin- 
kle, a shell-fish.] 1. (Zoo I.) A gasteropo- 
dous mollusk, having a turbinated shell 
52. [0. Eng. pervinke, Lat. pervinca, A.-S. Periwinkle. 
pervince, pine wincle.] (Bot.) A flower- 
ing plant. 

Per'jure (per'jur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PERJURED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PERJURING.] [Lat. perjurare, from prefix 
per, through, over, and jurare, to swear.] 1. To cause 
to swear before a court of justice to what one knows to 
be untrue, or does not know to be true. 52. To make a 
false oath to. 

Syn. — To forswear. — Forsioear applies to all kinds of 
oaths ; perjure to those administered by a civil magistrate. A 
subject forswears himself when he breaks his oath of alle- 
giance ; a Vfitness perjures himself when he swears to what h» 
knows to be false. 

Per'jured (per/jurd), a. Guilty of perjury ; having 
sworn falsely ; being sworn falsely. 

Per'jur-er (per'jur-er), n. One who willfully takes a 
false oath lawfully administered. 

Per'jvi-ry, n. [Lat. perjurium. See supra.'] False swear* 
ing; act or crime of willfully making a false oath, whe? 
lawfully administered. 

Perk (14), a. Pert: uppish; smart; trim; vain. 

Perk, f. J. [v7. percu, to trim, to make smart.] To hold 
up the head with affected smartness. 

Perk, v. t. To dress up ; to make trim ; to prank. 

Per'ma-nence, ) n. Condition or quality of being per- 

Per'ma-iieii-cy, } manent ; continuance in the same 
state or place ; duration ; fixedness. 

Per'ma-nent, a. [Lat. permanens, p. pr. of permanere, 
to stay or remain to the end, to last, from prefix per, 
through, and manere, to remain.] Continuing in the 
same state, or without any change that destroys form or 
character. 

Syn. — Lasting; durable. See Lasting. 

Per'ma-iient-ly, adv. In a permanent manner. 

Per'me-a-foil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being per- 
meable. 

Per'me-a-ble, a. [See Permeate.] Admitting of be- 
ing permeated, or passed through; penetrable; — used 
especially of the passage of fluids. 

Per'me-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. permeated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PERMEATING,] [Lat. permeare, permeaium, 
from prefix per, through, and meare, to go, to pass.] To 
pass through the pores or interstices of; — applied es- 
pecially to fluids. 

Per'me-a'tion, n. Act of permeating, or passing 
through the pores or interstices of a body. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



PERMISCIBLE 



533 



PERSON 



Per-mis'ci-ble, a. [From Lat. permiscere, to mix or 
mingle together.] Capable of being mixed. 

Per-mis'si-ble, a. Proper to be permitted ; allowable. 

Per-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. permissio. See Per- 
mit.] Act of permitting ; formal consent. 
Syn.— Leave; liberty; license; allowance. See Leave. 

Per-mis'sive, a. 1. Granting liberty; allowing. 2. 
Suffered without hindrance. 

Per-mis'slve-ly, adv. By allowance ; without prohibi- 
tion or hindrance. 

Per-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. permitted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PERMITTING.] [Lat. permittere, to let through, 
permit, from pref. per, through, and mittere, to let go, 
send.] 1. To resign ; to give in charge ; to refer. 2. 
To grant express liberty to do ; less strictly, to put up 
with ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 3. To grant leave to. 

Syn. — To allow. — To permit is more positive, denoting a 
decided assent, either directly or by implication; to allow is 
more negative, and imports only acquiescence or an absti- 
nence from prevention. We may be compelled by circum- 
stances to allow some things which we would by no means 
directly permit. 

Per-m.it', v. i. To grant permission ; to give leave. 

Per'mit, or Per-m.it' (115), n. Warrant ; leave ; per- 
mission ; specifically , a written permission from the proper 
authority, to export or transport goods, or to land goods 
or persons. 

Per-mit 'tan^e, n. Act of permitting ; permission. 

Per-mit'ter, n. One who permits. 

Per'mu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. permutatio, from permutare, 
from the prefix per, through, and mutare, to change.] 
1. Act of permuting ; mutual transference. 2. (Math.) 
The arrangement of any determinate number of things, 
in all possible orders. 

Per-ni'cioiis (-nish'us), a. [Lat. perniciosus, from per- 
nicies, destruction, from pref. per, thoroughly, and nex, 
necis, a violent death.] Having the quality of destroy- 
ing or injuring. 

Syn.— Destructive; ruinous; deadly; noxious; injurious; 
hurtful; mischievous. 

Per-ni'cioiis-ly (-nish'us-), adv. In a pernicious manner. 

Per-ni'cioiis-ness (-nlsh'us-), n. The quality of being 
pernicious or very injurious or destructive. 

Per'no-c-ta/tion, n. [Lat. pernoctatio, from pref. per, 
through, and nox, noctis, the night.] Act of passing the 
whole night. 

Per'o-ra/tion, n. [Lat. peroratio, from perorare, to 
speak from beginning to end, from per, through, and 
orare, to speak.] (R/iet.) The concluding part of an 
oration or discourse. 

Per-ox'ide, n. [Prefix per and oxide.} ( Chem.) That 
oxide of a given base which contains the greatest quan- 
tity of oxygen. 

Per-pend'er, n. [Fr. parpain, parpaing, pierre par- 
paigne, from par, through, and pan, the side of a wall.] 
A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on 
both sides of it, and therefore having the ends smooth. 

Per'pen-die'u-lar, a. [Lat. per- 
pendicularis, perpend icularius, fr. 
prefix per, thoroughly, and pen- 
dere, to hang down.] 1. Exactly 
upright ; at right angles to the 
plane of the horizon. 2. ( Geo?n.) 
At right angles to a given line or 
surface. 5 

Per'pen-die'u-lar, n. 1. A line ^ 

at right angles to the plane of the ad, perpendicular; 
horizon ; a vertical line or direc- b c, horizontal, 
tion. 2. ( Geom.) A line or plane fahing at right angles 
on another line or surface. [lar. 

Per'pen-die'u-lar'i-ty, n. State of being perpendicu- 

Per'pen-die'u-lar-ly, adv. So as to be perpendicular. 

Per'pe-trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perpetrated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PERPETRATING.] [Lat. perpetrare, from 
prefix per, through, and patrare, to perform.] To ex- 
ecute, in a bad sense ; to commit ; to be guilty of. 

Per'pe-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of perpetrating, or of com- 
mitting a crime. 2. An evil action. 

Per'pe-tra/tor, n. [Lat.] One who perpetrates. 

Per-pet'u-al, a. [Lat. perpetualis, from perpetuus, 
continuing throughout, continuous, from prefix per, 
through, and petere, to fall upon, to go or repair to.] 
Continuing indefinitely or infinitely ; unending. 

Syn. — Constant; never-ceasing; endless; eternal; ever- 
lasting ; never-failing ; perennial ; continual ; continuous ; 
lasting ; incessant ; unceasing. See Continual. 
Per-p6t'u-al-ly, adv. Constantly ; continually. 
Per-pet'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perpetuated ; p. 



pr. & vb. n. perpetuating.] [Lat. perpetuare, per- 
petuatum.] To make perpetual ; to preserve from ex- 
tinction or oblivion ; to eternize. 

Per-pet'u-a'tion, n. Act of making perpetual. 

Per'pe-tu'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being per- 
petual ; endless duration. 2. Something perpetual ; a 
thing without end. 3. Quality or condition of an estate 
by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetually or for 
a very long period ; also, the estate itself so modified or 
perpetuated. 

Pei'-plex', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perplexed (per-plekst / ) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PERPLEXING.] [Lat. per, through, 
thoroughly, and plectere, plexum, to plait, braid, allied to 
Gr. TrkiKe.LV ; perplexus, entangled, intricate.] 1. To make 
intricate ; to make complicated and difficult to be under- 
stood or unraveled. 2. To tease with suspense, anxiety, 
or ambiguity. 

Syn. — To embarrass; puzzle; entangle; involve; compli- 
cate; bewilder; confuse; distract; harass; vex; plague; tease: 
molest. See Embarrass. 

Per-plex'ed-ly (60), adv. In a perplexed manner. 

Per-plex'i-ty, n. State of being perplexed ; intricacy ; 
embarrassment. 

Per'qui-gite (per'kwi-zit, 14), n. [Lat.perquisitum, from 
perquisitus, p. p. of perquirere , to ask for diligently.] An 
allowance in money or things, beyond the ordinary salary 
or fixed wages for services rendered. [search. 

Per'qui-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. An accurate inquiry or 

Per'ry, n. [Fr. poire, from poire, a pear, q. v.] A 
liquor prepared from pears in the :ame manner as cider 
from apples. 

Per'se-eute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. persecuted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PERSECUTING.] [Lat. persequi, persecutus, 
from prefix per, through, and sequi, to follow, pursue.] 
1. To pursue in a manner to injure, vex, or afflict ; to 
harass. 2. Especially, to afflict, harass, or punish, for 
adherence to a particular creed or to a mode of worship. 

Pei^se-eu'tion, n. Act or practice of persecuting, or 
state of being persecuted. 

Per'se-eu/tor, n. One who persecutes. 

Per'se-ver'ance, n. Act of persevering or persisting 
in uny thing undertaken. 

Syn. — Persistence; steadfastness; constancy; steadiness. 

Per'se-vere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. persevered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PERSEVERING.] [Lat. perseverare, from per- 
severus, very strict, from prefix per, thoroughly, very, 
and severus, strict.] To persist in any business or enter- 
prise undertaken ; not to abandon what is undertaken. 

Syn. — To continue ; persist. — The idea of not laying aside 
is common to these words. Continue is the generic term, de- 
noting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To persevere is 
to continue in a given course in spite of discouragements, &c., 
from a desire to obtain our end. To persist is to continue from 
a determination of will not to give up. The former is always 
used in a good sense, the latter frequently in a bad one. 

Per'se-ver'ing-ly, adv. In a persevering manner. 

Persiflage (peVse-flazh/), n. [Fr., from persifler, to quiz, 
from Lat. per, through, and Fr. siffler, to whistle, to hiss, 
from Lat. sibilare, id.] Frivolous or bantering talk, or 
style of treating all subjects. 

Per-sim'mon, n. [Virginia Indian.] (Bot.) A tree and 
its fruit, found from New York southward. The fruit is 
like a plum, and luscious and highly nutritious. 

Per-sist', v . i. [imp. & p. p. persisted ; p. pr. & vb- 
n. PERSISTING.] [Lat. persistere, from prefix per, 
through, and sister e, to stand or be fixed.] To continue 
fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives. 

Syn. — To persevere; continue. — Persist is nearly synony- 
mous with persevere; but persist frequently implies more ob- 
stinacy than persevere, particularly in that which is evil or in- 
jurious to others. 

Per-sist'ence, \n. 1. State of being persistent ; steady 

Per-sist'en-cy, ) pursuit of what is undertaken. 2. 
( Physics.) Continuance of an effect after the cause which 
first gave rise to it is removed. 

Per-sist'ent, a. [Lat. persistens, p. pr. of persistere, to 
persist.] Inclined to persist or hold firm; tenacious; 
fixed ; immovable. 

Per-sist'ive, a. The same as Persistent. 

Per'son (per'sn, 14), n. [Lat. persona, a mask ; a per- 
sonage, part, a person, from personare, to sound through, 
from prefix per, through, and sonare, to sound.] 1. The 
exhibition of a character in dialogue, fiction, or on the 
stage. 2. The part or character which any one sus- 
tains. 3. Outward appearance, expression, and the like. 
4. A living soul ; a moral agent ; especially, a living hu- 
man being; a man, woman, or child; — also, among 
Trinitarians, one of the three subjects or agents consti- 
tuting the godhead. 5. Any human being ; one ; a man. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



PERSONABLE 



534 



PERVERSE 



6. ( Gram.) One of the three relations which a noun or 
pronoun may hold to the verb of which either is the 
subject, and pertaining to both noun and verb. 

Artificial person {Law), a corporation or body politic. — In 
person, by one's self ; with bodily presence. 

Per'sori-a-l>le (per'sun-), a. 1. Having a well-formed 
body or person ; graceful. 2. (Law.) Enabled to main- 
*"in pleas in court. 

Per'son-age (45), n. 1. Character assumed or repre- 
sented. 'A. An individual distinguished by rank, social 
position, or reputation. 3. Exterior appearance, stature, 
an imposing air, or tbe like ; or an individual attracting 
attention by the possession of such characteristics. 

Per'son-al, a. Pertaining to a person ; as, (a.) Belong- 
ing to men or women and not to things, (b.) Relating to 
an individual or individuals; peculiar to private con- 
cerns, (c.) Pertaining to the external or bodily appear- 
ance, (d.) Done without the intervention of another. 
(e.) Applying to the character and conduct of individu- 
als in a disparaging manner. (/.) ( Gram.) Denoting the 
person. 

PSr'son-al'i-ty, n. 1. That which constitutes, or per- 
tains to, a person. 2. Something said or written which 
refers, especially in a disparaging way, to the conduct of 
some person. 

Per'son-al-ly, adv. 1. In a personal or direct manner. 
2. With respect to an individual ; individually. 

Per'son-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. personated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. PERSONATING.] 1. To assume the character 
of; to counterfeit ; to feign. 2. To disguise; to mask. 

Per'son-a'tion, n. The act of personating, or of coun- 
terfeiting the person of another. 

Per'son-a/tor, n. One who personates. 

Per-son/i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of personifying. 2. 
(Rhet.) A figure, in which an inanimate being is repre- 
sented as animated, or endowed with personality ; pros- 
opopoeia. 

Per-s5n'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. personified; p. 
p. pr. & vb. n. personifying.] [Lat. persona, person, 
and facer e, to make.] To regard or treat as a person. 
Syn.— To imitate; mimic; feign; counterfeit; resemble. 

Pei'sonnel (per'so-nel'), n. [Fr. See Personal.] The 
body of persons employed in some public service, as the 
army or navy, &c. 

P«r-spee'tlve, a. [Prom Lat. perspicere, perspectum, to 
look through.] Pertaining to the art, or in accordance 
with the laws, of perspective. 

Per-spee'tive, n. 1. A view ; a vista. 2. The art of 
representing on a plane surface objects as they appear, 
relatively, to the eye in nature. [spective. 

Per-spee'tive-ly, adv. According to the rules of per- 

Per-spe-e'to-grapli, n. [From Lat. perspectus, p. p. of 
perspicere, and Gr. ypa<f>eiv, to write.] An instrument 
for transferring to a picture the points and outlines of 
original objects. 

Per'spi-ea'cioiis, a. [Lat. perspicax, perspicacis, from 
perspicere, to look through.] 1. Quick-sighted; sharp 
of sight. 2. Of acute discernment ; keen. 

Per'spi-eac'i-ty, n. State of being perspicacious ; acute- 
ness of sight or discernment. 

Per'spi-eu/i-ty , n. State of being perspicuous, or clear ; 
clearness, especially of statement. 

Syn. — Perspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; transpa- 
rency: translucency. 

Per-sple'u-ous, a. [Lat. perspicuus, from perspicere, 
to look through.] Clear to the understanding ; capable 
of being clearly understood ; not obscure or ambiguous. 
Syn. — Clear; plain; distinct; definite. 

Per-sple'u-oils-ly, adv. In a perspicuous manner. 

Pei'-spIe'u-ou.s-iiess, n. The state of being perspicu- 
ous ; plainness ; freedom from obscurity. 

Per-splr'a-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being perspirable. 

Per-spir'a-ble, a. Capable of being perspired. 

Per'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of perspiring. 2. That 
which is perspired ; sweat. 

Per-spir'a-tive, a. Performing the act of perspiration. 

Per-spir'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or causing, perspi- 
ration. 

Per-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. perspired ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. perspiring.] [Lat. perspirare, to breathe through 
or every where, from prefix per. through, and spirare, to 
breathe.] 1. To evacuate the fluids of the body through 
the pores of the skin; to sweat. 2. To be excreted in- 
sensibly through the excretories of the skin. 
Per-spire', v. t. To emit or evacuate insensibly through 

the excretories of the skin ; to sweat. 
Per-suad'a-lble (-swad 7 -), a. Capable of being persuaded. 



Per-suade' (per-swad'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. per. 
SUADED;j5. pr. & vb. n. PERSUADING.] [Lat. per- 
suader e, per suasum, from prefix per, through, and sua- 
dere, to advise, persuade.] 1. To influence by argu- 
ment, advice, entreaty, or expostulation. 2. To con- 
vince by argument, or reasons offered or suggested from 
reflection . 

Syn. — To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; 
entice. See Convince. 

Per-suad'er, n. One who, or that which, persuades. 

Per-su.a / si-lbil'i-ty,_»2. Capability of being persuaded. 

Per-sua'si-ble (-swa'si-bl), a. Capable of being per- 
suaded. 

Per-sua'§ioii, n. 1. Act of persuading ; act of influ- 
encing by any thing that moves the mind or passions, or 
inclines the will to a determination. 2. The state of be- 
ing persuaded or convinced. 3. A creed or belief; or a 
sect adhering to a creed. 

Syn. — Inducement; motive; reason. 

Per-sua'slve, a. Tending to persuade; having the 
power of persuading. 

Per-sua'sive, n. An incitement ; an exhortation. 

Per-sua'sive-ly, adv. In a persuasive manner. 

Per-sua'sive-ness, n. Quality of being persuasive. 

Per-sua'so-ry (50), a. Having power or tendency to 
persuade ; persuasive. 

Pert (14), a. [Abbrev. from 0. Fr. aperl, open, known, 
true, free, impudent, from Lat. apertus, open, free, frank, 
p. p. of aperire, to open.] Indecorously free or pre- 
suming. 

Syn. — Forward; saucy; bold; impertinent; impudent. 

Pert, n. An assuming, forward, or saucy person. 

Per-tain', v. i. [imp. & p. p. pertained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. pertaining.] [Lat. perlinere, from prefix per, 
through, and tenere, to hold, keep.] X. To be the prop- 
erty, right, or duty of; to belong. 2. To have relation 
to ; to relate. 

Per'ti-na'cioiis, a. [Lat. pertinax, pertinacis, from pre- 
fix per, through, and tenax, tenacious.] 1. Holding or 
adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with ob- 
stinacy. 2. Resolute ; firm. 

Syn. — Obstinate: stubborn; inflexible; unyielding; deter- 
mined; constant; steady. 

Per'ti-iia'cioiis-ly, adv. In a pertinacious manner. 

Per'ti-na'cioiis-iiess, ) n. State or quality of being 

Per'ti-nac'i-ty, ) pertinacious ; obstinacy. 

Syn. — See Obstinacy. 

Per'ti-nence, )n. State of being pertinent; fitness; 

Per'ti-neii-cy, ) appositeness ; suitableness. 

Per'ti-iient, a. [Lat. pertinens, p. pr. of pertinere. See 
Pertain.] Related to the subject or matter in hand ; 
adapted to the end proposed. 

Syn. — Apposite ; relevant ; suitable ; appropriate ; fit ; 
proper. 

Per'ti-nent-ly, adv. In a pertinent manner. 

Pert'ly, adv. In a pert manner ; smartly ; saucily. 

Pert'ness, n. State of being pert ; sauciness. 

Per-t-firb', v. t. [Lat. perturbare, fr. pref. per, through, 
thoroughly, and turbare, to disturb.] 1. To disturb ; 
to agitate ; to disquiet. 2. To disorder ; to confuse. 

Per'tur-Tba/tion, n. 1. Act of perturbing, or state of 
being perturbed. 2. (Astron.) An irregularity in the 
motion of a heavenly body through its orbit. 

Per-tii'§ion, n. [Lat. pertusvs, p. p. of pertundere, 
to beat, push, or thrust through, to bore through, from 
prefix per, through, and tundere, to beat.] Act of 
punching or piercing, with a pointed instrument. 

Per'xike (peVuk, 53), n. [Fr. perruque, from Lat pilus, 
hair! Cf. Periwig.] An artificial cap of hair ; a peri- 

Pe-ru/§al, n. Act of perusing. [wig. 

Pe-rii§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PERUSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PERUSING.] [Usually derived from ~La,t. per, through, 
and uti,usus, to use ; but it appears rather to be a cor- 
ruption oi per vise, formerly written peru ise, from Lat. 
pervisus, p. p. of pervidere, to look over, to consider, to 
examine.] 1. To read, or to read with attention. 2. 
To observe ; to consider. [Obs.] 

Pe-ru§'er, n. One who peruses. 

Per-vade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PERVADED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PERVADING.] [Lat. pervadere, from prefix per, 
through, and vadere, to go, to walk, allied to Eng. wade.] 
1. To pass through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice ; 
to permeate. 2. To be completely diffused in ; to be in 
all parts. 

Per-va'gJon, n. Act of pervading. 

Per-va'sive, a. Tending, or able, to pervade. 

Per-verse' (14), a. [Lat. perversus, turned the wrong 



a,o,&c.,long; a, e, &c. , short; care, far, ask, all, what ;6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf* 



PERVERSELY 



535 



PETTILY 



way, p. p. of pervertere, to turn around, to overturn.] 1. 
Turned aside ; hence, distorted from the right. 2. Ob- 
stinate in the wrong. 3. Disposed to cross and vex. 

Syn.— Fro ward; untoward; stubborn; untractable; ungov- 
ernable ; cross ; petulant ; peevish : vexatious. — One who is 
froward is capricious, and reluctant to obey. One who is 
perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or dislikes 
by the rule of contradiction to the will of others. 

Per-verse'ly, adv. In a perverse manner. 

Per-verse'ness, n. The state of being perverse. 

Per-ver'sion, n. [Lat. perversio, from pervertere, per- 
versum, to pervert.] Act of perverting ; change to some- 
thing worse. 

Per-ver'si-ty, n. State of being perverse; perverseness. 

Per-ver'slve, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. 

Per-vert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p.p. perverted ; p . pr. 
& vb. n. PERVERTING.] [Lat. pervertere, from prefix 
per, through, thoroughly, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To 
turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper purpose ; 
specifically, to misinterpret through evil motives or bias. 
2. To turn from the right ; to corrupt. 
Syn. — To convert; proselyte. 

Per'vert, n. One who has turned from a right way to 
that which is wrong. 

Per-vert'er, n. One who perverts or distorts. 

Per-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being perverted. 

Per'vi-oiis, a. [Lat. pervius, from prefix per, through, 
and via, a way.] 1. Capable of being penetrated by an- 
other body or substance ; permeable ; penetrable. 2. 
Capable of being penetrated by the mental sight. 

Per'vi-oiis-ness, n. The quality of being pervious. 

Pesk'y, a. Great; mischievous; troublesome. [Colloq.] 

Pes'sa-ry, n. [Lat. pessarium, i. q. pessum,pessus, Gr. 
irea-aov, Treacrog.] An instrument made of wood, caout- 
chouc, &c.,and introduced into the vagina to support 
the mouth and neck of the uterus. 

Pest, n. [Lat. pest-is.] 1. A fatal epidemic disease; 
plague ; pestilence, 2. Hence, any thing which resem- 
bles a pest. 

Pes'ter, v. t. imp. & p. p. pestered; p.pr. & vb. n. 
PESTERING-.] [Abbrev. from impester ; 0. Fr. empestrer, 
to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, from pasturon, 
pastern, from L. Lat. pastorium, pastoria, a fetter by 
which horses are prevented from wandering in the pas- 
tures.] 1. To harass with little vexations. 2. To 
crowd together in an annoying way. 

Syn.— To trouble; disturb; annoy; tease; vex; encumber. 

Pes'ter-er, n. One who pesters. 

Pest'-house, n. A house or hospital for persons who 
are infected with any malignant disease. 

Pes-tif erous, a. [Lat. pestiferus, from pestis, pest, 
and/en-e, to bear.] 1. Pest-bearing; pestilential; nox- 
ious to health ; infectious ; contagious. 2. Mischievous ; 
destructive ; troublesome ; vexatious. 

Pes-tif 'er-oiis-ly, adv. In a pestiferous manner. 

Pes'ti-lence, n. 1. That which is pestilent. 2. Es- 
pecially, the disease known as the plague ; hence, any 
contagious or infectious disease that is epidemic. 3. 
That which breeds disturbance or vice. 

Pes'ti-lent, a. [Lat. pestilens, from pestis, pest.] Pes- 
tilential ; noxious ; mischievous. 

Syn. — Corrupting; contaminating; infectious. 

Pes'ti-len'tial, a. 1. Producing or tending to produce 
the pest, the plague, or other infectious disease. 2. 
Hence, noxious ; seriously troublesome. 

Pes'ti-len'tial-ly, adv. Pestilently. 

Pes'ti-lent -ly, adv. In a pestilent manner. 

Pes'tle (peVl), n. [L. Lat. pestellum, Lat. pistillum, a 
pestle, from pistare, to pound, crush.] An instrument 
for pounding and breaking substances, in a mortar. 

Pes'tle (pes'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pestled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. pestling-.] To pound, break, or pulverize, with 
a pestle, or as with a pestle. [peevishness. 

Pet, n. [A modification of pout, q. v.] A slight fit of 

Pet, n. [Prob. contr. from Fr. petit, little, small.] 1. A 
lamb brought up by hand. 2. Any little animal fondled 
and indulged. 3. One who is treated with constant gen- 
tle atteution. 

Pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pet 
TED ; p. pr. & 
TING.] To treat 
fondle 

Pet'al, 

TaXov, 

spread, broad, flat.] (Bot.) One 

of the leaves of the corolla, or Petals. 

the colored leaves of a flower. 



or Pe'tal, n. [Gr. ne- \# • y^ 1 

a leaf, fr. TreVaAos, out- ps^ || 



Pet'al-ism, n. [See Petal.] (Antiq.) A form of baa 
ishment among the ancient Syracusans, by writing on a 
leaf the name of the person proposed to be banished. 

Pet'al-oid, a. [Gr. ireTakov, a leaf, and elSos, shape.] 
Having the form of a petal. 

Pet'al-oiis, a. Having petals ; — opposed to apetalous. 

Pe-tard', n. [Fr. petard, from peter, to crack, to ex- 
plode.] (Mil.) An engine of war, formerly used to break 
gates, barricades, &c, by explosion. 

Pe-te-e'elii-al, or Pe-te'«lii-al, «. [N. Lat. petechialis, 
petechia, from Lat. petigo, a scab, an eruption.] (Med.) 
Having, or accompanied by, livid spots ; spotted. 

Pe'ter-pence, n. An annual tax, formerly paid by the 
English to the pope, being a penny for every house. 

Pet'i-o-lar, ) a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a petiole, or 

Pet'i-o-la-ry, ) proceeding from it ; growing or sup- 
ported on a petiole. 

Pet'i-o-late, a. (Bot.) Having a petiole. 

Pet'i-ole, n. [Lat. petiolus, a little foot, stem, or stalk 
of fruits, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) The foot- 
stalk of a leaf, connecting the blade with the stem. 

Pet'it (pet'y ; Fr. pron. pte), a. [Fr. petit, small, little.] 
Small, little, mean ; — same as Petty. 

Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes at 
the bar of a court; — so called in distinction from the grand 
jury. — Petit larceny, the stealing of goods of a certain speci- 
fied small value or under. 

Pe-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. petitio, fr. peter e,petitum, 
to beg, ask.] A prayer ; a begging; a request; an en- 
treaty, especially of a formal kind. 

Syn. — Prayer; entreaty; request; memorial. 

Pe-tl'tion (-tish'un) v. t. [imp. & p. p. petitioned j 

p. pr. & vb. n. PETITIONING.] To make a request to; 
to solicit ; especially, to supplicate for some favor or 
right. 

Pe-tl'tion-a-ry (-tish'un-), a. 1. Coming with a peti- 
tion. 2. Containing a petition. 

Pe-ti'tion-er, (-tish^un-) n. One who presents a petition. 

Petit-tnaitre (pet'te-ma/tr), n. [Fr., a little master.] 
A spruce fellow that dangles about ladies ; a fop ; a cox- 
comb. 

Pe-tre'aii, a. [Lat. petrieus, from petra, Gr. nerpa, a 
rock.] Pertaining to rock or stone. 

Pet'rel, n. [Diminutive of Peter ; 
probably so called in allusion to 
St. Peter's walking on the sea.] 
(Oniith.) A long-winged, web- 
footed sea-fowl. The stormy pet- ^tj 
rel is called also Mother Carey's :-~- ~~ . j-?W# 

chicken. __ Ji§(i§ii^ldlll5* 

Pe-tres'cence, n. Process of ~ "^^*- 
changing into stone. Petrel. 

Pe-tres'cent, a. [From Lat. petra, Gr. nerpa, rock, 
stone.] Converting into stone, or into stony hardness. 

Pet'ri-f ao'tion , n. 1. Conversion of any organic mat- 
ter (animal or vegetable) into stone. 2. An organized 
body rendered hard by depositions of stony matter in its 
cavities. 3. A body incrusted with stony matter. 

Pet'ri-fae'tive, a. 1. Having power to convert vege- 
table or animal substances into stone. 2. Pertaining to 
petrifaction. 

Pe-trif'ie, a. Having power to convert into stone. 

Pet'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Same as Petrifaction. 2. 
Obduracy. 

Pet'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PETRIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PETRIFYING.] [From Lat. petra, Gr. nerpa, rock, 
stone, and facere, to make.] 1. To convert to stone or 
stony substance. 2. To make callous or obdurate. 

Pet'ri-fy, v. i. To become stone, or of a stony hardness. 

Pe-trio'le-iim (124), n. [N. Lat., from Lat. petra, rock, 
and oleum, oil.] Rock oil, an inflammable, bituminous 
liquid exuding from the earth in various parts of the 
world. 

Pet'ro-nel, n. [0. ¥v.petrina 7 , from petrine, the breast, 
because it was placed against the breast in order to fire.jf 
A large kind of horsen.. °s pistol. 

Pe'troiis, a. [Lat. petrosus, from petra, a stone.] Like 
stone ; hard ; stony. 

Pet'ti-eoat, n. [From petty, small, little, and coat.] A 
loose undergarment worn by females. 

Pet'ti-f og, v. i. [From petty, small, little, and fog, to 
have power, to practice.] To do small business as a law- 
yer. [ Colloq.] 

Pet'ti-f og'ger, n. A lawyer who deals in petty cases. 

Pet'ti-f og'ger-y, n. The practice, or the acts, of a pet- 
tifogger ; disreputable tricks ; quibbles. 

Pet'ti-ly, adv. In a petty manner ; frivolously. 



food, foot j firn, rijde, pull; pell, cnaise, -call, echo; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



PETTINESS 



536 



PHILANDER 




Pet'ti-ness, n. Smallness ; littleness. 
Pet'tisli. a. Evincing, or pertaining to, a pet ; fretful ; 
ill-tempered. 

Syn. — Fretful; peevish; froward; captious; cross. 
Pet'tish-ly , adv. In a pet ; -with a freak of ill temper. 
Pet'tish-ness, n. State of being pettish ; fretfulness. 
Pet'ti-toe§, n. pi. [From petty, and toes.] The toes or 

feet of a pig, often used as food. 
Pet'to, n. [It., from Lat. pectus, the breast.] The breast. 

In petto, in secrecy; in reserve. 

Pet'ty, a. [compar. PETTIER ; svperl. PETTIEST.] [0. 
Eng. petit, Fr. petit, q. v.] 1. Small ; little ; inconsider- 
able. 2. Inferior. 

Syn. — Diminutive ; trifling ; trivial ; unimportant ; frivo- 
lous. 

3Pet'u-lanpe, \ n. [Lat. petulantia.] State of being 
3Pet'u-laii-fy, ) petulant ; freakish passion ; pettish - 
ness. 

Syn. — Peevishness. — Peevishness is not precisely synony- 
mous with petulance; the former implies more permanence 
of a sour, fretful temper ; the latter, more temporary or capri- 
cious irritation. 

Pet'u.-lant, a. [Lat. petulans, petulantis, from petere, 
to fall upon, hence to fall upon or assail in jest.] In- 
clined to complain. 

Syn.— Captious ; caviling ; irritable ; ill-humored ; peev- 
ish ; cross ; fretful. See Captious. 

Pet'u-lant-ly, adv. In a petulant or peevish manner. 

Pew (pu), n. " [0. Fr. pui, poi, hill, high place, from Lat. 
podium, an elevated place, a balcony.] An inclosed seat 
in a church. 

Pe'wet, n. The same as Pewit. 

Pe'wit, n. [0. D. piewit, piewit- 
vogkeL] (Ornith.) The lapwing 
or green plover. 

Pew'ter (putter), n. [O.'Fr.peu- 
tre, piautre, N. Fr. spiautre, D. 
peauter ,piauter , speauter, spiauter, 
H. Ger. spiauter. Cf. SPELTER.] 
I. An alloy consisting chieliy of Pewit, 

tin and lead. 2. A class of utensils made of pewter. 

Pew'tei'-er (pu'ter-er), n. One who works in pewter. 

Plia/e-ton, n. [Lat. Phaethon, Gr. $ae'0ojv, from <f>ae- 
6<elv, (/>aeu>, fyaiveiv, to shine.] 1. (Myth.) The son of 
Phoebus, fabled to have begged of his father that he 
would permit him to guide the chariot of the sun. 2. 
An open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, and drawn 
by two horses. 

PliaFan-ste'ri-ari, a. Relating to phalansterianism. 

PliaFaii-ste'ri-aii-igm, n. A system of phalansteries 
proposed by Fourier ; Fourierism ; socialism. 

Plial'aii-ster'y, n. [Gr. $aAoy£, f., phalanx, and crre- 
peds, firm, solid.] 1. The dwelling of a Fourierite pha- 
lanx ; the common dwelling of the members of a social 
organization established upon the plan of Charles Fou- 
rier. 2. An association organized on the plan of Fourier. 

Plia'lanx, or Plial'aiix. n. [Lat. ; Gr. $<£Aayf.] 1. 
( Gr. Antiq.) A square battalion or body of soldiers formed 
in ranks and files close and deep, so as to offer very firm 
resistance to a foe. 2. Any body of troops or men 
formed in close array, or any firm combination of 
people. 3. A compact society organized on the plan of 
Fourier, and having a common dwelling. 

Plial'a-rope, n. [From Gr. c^aAapos, having a patch of 
white, and ttovs, ttoSos, a foot.] ( Ornith.) One of a certain 
genus of wading birds, found chiefly in northern locali- 
ties. 

Plian'tagm, n. [See Fantasm.] 1. A mental image 
or representation of a real object. 2. An imaginary ex- 
istence which seems to be real ; sometimes, an optical 
illusion ; a dream. 

Plian-tag'ma-go'ri-a (89), n. [Gr. <f>dvTa<rp.a, a phan- 
tasm, and ayopa, an assemblv ] An exhibition of shad- 
ows representing various fibres thrown upon a flat sur- 
face by a magic lantern ; hence, illusive images. 

Pliaii-tag'ma-gor'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, phantas- 
magoria, [lantern. 

Pliaii-ta§'ma-go-ry, n. Phantasmagoria ; a magic 

Plian-tas'tie, 

Plian'ta-sy, »i 

Phan'tom. n. [From Lat. phantasma. See PHANTASM.] 

An apparition ; a specter ; a ghost ; an airy spirit. 
Pliar^-sa'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
Phar'i-sa'i-e-al, J the Pharisees. 2. Hence, making a 
show of religion without the spirit of it ; hypocritical. 



See Fantastic and Fancy. 



Phar'i-sa'i^-al-ness, n. State of being PharisaU ; 
Pharisaism. 

Phar'i-sa-igm, n. 1. The notions, doctrines, and con- 
duct of the Pharisees, as a sect. 2. Hypocrisy in relig- 
ion. 

Pliar'i-see, n. [Lat. Pharisseus, pi. Phariszei, Gr. $apt- 
craios, pi. <E>api0-aioi, Heb. Pariish, pi. Paruslum, from 
parash, to separate.] One of a sect among the Jews, 
noted for a strict observance of rites and ceremonies, 
and for a pretense of uncommon holiness. 

Pliar'ma-^eCL'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. <£app.a/cevT<./cos, from <£ap- 

Pliar'ma-ceu'tte-al, ) p-aKevetv , to administer or use 
medicine, from <frdpp.aKov, medicine, drug.] Pertaining 
to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or preparing medi- 
cines. 

Pilar ma-ceti/ti-es, n. sing. The science of preparing 
medicines. 

Phar'ma-^eu'tist, n. One skilled in pharmacy. 

Pliar'ma-cist, n. One skilled in pharmacy; a drug- 
gist ; a pharmaceutist. 

Pliar'ma-eol'o-gigt, n. One skilled in the composi- 
tion and preparation of medicines. 

Pliar'ma-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. $dpp.aitov, drug, and Aoyo?, 
discourse.] 1. The science or knowledge of drugs, or 
the art of preparing medicines. 2. A treatise on the 
art. 

Phar'ma-eo-poe'ia (-pS'ya), n. [Gr. ^ap/ua/coTroua, 
the preparation of medicines, from <pdpp-aicov, medicine, 
and iroielv, to make.] A book describing the prepara- 
tions of the several kinds of medicines ; a dispensatory. 

Pliar'ma-eop'o-list, n. [Gr $apju.a.K07rtuAT)s , from 4>dp- 
(jlolkov, medicine, and irwXelv, to sell.] One who sells 
medicines ; an apothecary. 

Pliar'ma-£y, n. [Gr. (fapp.aK.eta, from $dpp.anov, med- 
icine.] Art or practice of preparing, preserving, and com- 
pounding substances, for the purposes of medicine. 

Plia'ros, n. [From <3>apos, an island in the bay of Alex- 
andria, where king Ptolemy Philadelphus built a famous 
lighthouse.] Any lighthouse for the direction of seamen ; 
a watchtower ; a beacon. 

Plia-rjn'ge-al or Pliar'yn-ge'al, a. Belonging to, 
or connected with, the pharynx. 

Pliar'yn-got'o-my, n. [Gr. 4>dpvy£, fydpvyyos, the 
pharynx, and Te/aveti/, to cut.] ( Surg. ) The operation of 
making an incision into the pharynx, to remove any 
thing that obstructs the passage. 

Pliar'ynx (i'uVmks),??.. [Gr. 4>dpvy£, (papvyyos.] (Anat.) 
The cavity into which the nose and mouth open, and 
which is continuous below with the esophagus . 

Pliase, n. ; pi. Pha'ses. [Gr. <£acris, from <pdsiv, 4>alveiv, 
to make to appear, passive to appear.] That which is 
exhibited to the eye ; the appearance which any thing 
manifests, especially any one among different and vary- 
ing appearances of the same object. 

Plia'sis, n.; pi. pha'ses. The same as vhase. See 
Phase. 

Plieag'ant, n. [Lat. phasianus, Gr. cpaoravos (sc. 6pvts), 
the Phasian bird, pheasant, 
from $acrts, a river in Colchis 
or Pontus.] ( Ornith.) A gal- 
linaceous bird, the flesh of 
which is valued as food. It is 
found wild in Europe. 

Plien/a-kis'to-s^ope, n. 
[Gr. <\>evaK.Lo-p.6?, deceit, and 
aKo—eCv, to see.] A revolving 
disk on which figures, are 
drawn so as to seem to be in 
actual motion. 

| Plie'nix, n. [Lat. phoznix, 
Gr. <£oiVi£.] (Gr. Myth.) A 
bird fabled to exist single, and to rise again from iti 
own ashes. 

Plie-nom'e-nal, a. Pertaining to a phenomenon, o\ 
appearance. 

Plienom'e-iion, n. ; pi. phe-nom'e-na. [Gr. <£ai- 
vop.evov, from fyaiveo-Qai, to appear, Lat. phenomenon] 
1. An appearance; whatever, in matter or spirit, is ap-. 
parent to, or is apprehended by, observation, as distin- 
guished from its ground, substance, or unknown constL 
tution. 2. Sometimes, a remarkable or unusual appear- 
ance. 

Plil'al (fi'al), n. [From Lat. phiala, Gr. e^tdArj, a broad, 
flat, shallow cup or bowl.] A glass bottle, especially of 
small size, for liquids ; a vial. 

Phi-lan'der, v. i. [Gr. <£i'Aav6*pos, fond of men, from 
(/u'Aos, dear, and dvrip, man.] To flirt or make love ; to 
coquet. 




PHILANTHROPIC 



537 



PHOSPHOROUS 



Pertaining to philology. 



PMFan-throp'ie, \a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, 

PhiFan-throp'ie-al, j philanthropy ; benevolent ; 
kind. 

Phi-lan'thro-pist, n. [6r. $i\6.v9p<airo<;, from $i'Aos, 
loving, friend, and avOpcawos, man.] One who evinces 
philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-py, n. Love of mankind ; benevolence 
toward the whole human family ; universal good will. 

PhiFhar-mon'ie, a. [From Gr. (£iAo?, loving, friend, 
and apixovCa, harmony.] Loving harmony or music. 

Phil-hel'len-Ist, n. [From Gr. $i'Aos, loving, a friend, 
and"EAATjy, a Greek.] A friend of Greece ; one who sup- 
ported the Greeks in their revolutionary struggle with 
the Turks. 

Plii-Hp'pi-e, n. 1. A severe oration of Demosthenes, 
against Philip, King of Macedon. 2. Hence, any dis- 
course or declamation abounding in acrimonious invec- 
tive. 

Phi-lis'tme, n. [Lat. Philistinus, Heb. Plishthi, pi. 
Plishthim, from palash, to wander about.] ( Geog.) A 
native or inhabitant of ancient Palestine. 

Phi-loFo-ger, n. [Gr. </>tA6Aoyos, fond of talking, or of 
learning and literature, from </>i'Aos, fond, and Aoyos, 
speech, discourse.] A philologist. 

PhiFo-log'ie, 

PhiFo-I6g'i«-al 

Phi-loFo-gist, n. One versed in philology. 

Phi-loFo-gize, v. i. To offer criticisms. 

Phi-loFo-gy, ii. The study of language, especially in a 
philosophical manner. 

PhlFo-math, n. [Gr. ^lAofxa^s, from <£i'Aos, loving, a 
friend, and padr], learning.] A lover of learning; a 
scholar. 

Phi-lom'a-thy, n. [See supra.'] The love of learning. 

PhEFo-mel, I n. [From Philomela, daughter of Pan- 

PhlFo-me'la, j dion, king of Athens, who was changed 
into a nightingale.] The nightingale. 

PhiFo-pe'na, n. A small present or forfeit of one friend 
to another, arising out of their partaking together of a 
double-kerneled almond. 

EOT" The expression in H. German is vielliebchen, L. German 
vielliebken, much loved, pronounced somewhat like phi-lip- 
ken. Some, therefore, suppose this to be the origin of the word, 
by a change of termination into pena (Lat. poena), from an 
idea that the gift was a penalty. Others would derive it direct- 
ly from Gr. <£iAos, a friend, and poena, penalty. 

PhFlo-pro-gem'i-tive-ness, n. [Gr. $iAos, loving, a 
lover, and Lat. -progenies, offspring, progeny.] (Phren.) 
The love of offspring or of young children. 

Phi-los'o-pher, n. [Gr. $iA6cro</>os 5 from <£i'Aos, a 
lover, friend, and cro^os, wise.] One versed in, or devot- 
ed to, philosophy ; one who philosophizes. 

Ph ilosopher's stone, a stone or preparation which the alche- 
mists formerly sought as the instrumentof converting the baser 
metals into pure gold- 

PhiFo-soph'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to or proceeding 

PhiFo-soph're-al, j from, philosophy. 2. Skilled in, 
or evincing, philosophy ; hence, rational; wise ; temper- 
ate. 

PliIFo-sopli/i-e-al-ly, adv. In a philosophical manner ; 
calmly ; wisely ; rationally. 

Phi-lo§'o-phI§m, n. The love of fallacious arguments 
or false reasoning. 

Phi-los'o-phist, n. A lover of sophistry. 

Phi-los'o-phize, v. i. [imp. & p.p. philosophized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PHILOSOPHIZING-.] To reason like a 
philosopher ; to search into the reason and nature of 
things. 

Phi-los'o-phy, n. [See Philosopher.] 1. The 
knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved 
into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. 2. A partic- 
ular philosophical system or theory ; as, the philosophy 
of history. 

Egf-When applied to any particular department of knowl- 
edge, it denotes the general laws or principles under which all 
the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are 
comprehended. 

PhiFo-te^h'nie, ) a. [Gr. <£>i'Aos, loving, a lover, 
PhiFo-te«h'nie-al, ) and t£\vt), an art.] Having 

an attachment to the arts. 
PhiFter, n. [Lat. philtrum, Gr. 4>iKrpov, from ^lAeiv, to 

love.] A potion or charm intended or adapted to excite 

love. 
PhiFter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. philtered ; p.pr. & vb. 

n. PHILTERING.] 1. To impregnate with a love potion. 

2. To charm to love. 
Phiz, n. [A contraction of physiognomy.] The face or 

visage. [Colloq. or humorous.] 
Phle-foot'o-mist, n. One who practices phlebotomy. 



Phle-h5t'o-rmze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PHLEBOTO- 
MIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PHLEBOTOMIZING.] To let 
blood from, as a vein. 

Phle-bot'o-my, n. [Gr. $\efioTop.La., from $Ae'v//, <£Ae/36s, 
a vein, and rop-rj, a cutting.] (Surg.) Act or practice of 
opening a vein for letting blood ; blood-letting. 

Phlegm (flem), n. [Gr. ^Aeyaa, a flame, inflammation, 
phlegm, from <£Aeyeiv, to burn.] 1. One of the four 
humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be 
composed. 2. (Physiol.) The tenacious mucus of the 
respiratory and digestive passages. 3. Dullness ; cold- 
ness ; sluggishness ; indifference. 

Phleg-mat'i-e, a. 1. Abounding in phlegm. 2. Gen- 
erating phlegm. 3. Cold; dull; sluggish; heavy. 

Phleg-mat'i-e-al-Fy, adv. In a phlegmatic manner. 

Phleg'mon. n. [Lat. phlegmone, Gr. <p\eyi*ovrj, inflam- 
mation beneath the skin, fr. ^Ae'yeiv, to burn.] (Med.) 
Inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue. 

Phleg'mon-oiis, a. Having the nature or properties 

Phleme (ilem), n. See Fleam. [of a phlegmon. 

PhJo-gis'ti-e, a. 1. (Chem.) Partaking of phlogiston. 
2. (Med.) Inflammatory. 

Phlo-gis'ton, n. [From Gr. ^Aoytcrros, burnt, set on 
fire, from $Aoyu|eiv, to set on fire, to burn.] ( O. Chem.) 
The supposed principle of inflammability, or the matter 
of fire in composition with other bodies ; caloric. 

Phlox, n. [Gr. </>A6f, flame, from <|>Aeye(.v, to bum.] (Bot.) 
A genus of elegant American flowering plants, having red, 
white, or purple flowers. 

Phce'nix,n. See Phenix. 

Pho-net'i-e , a. [Gr. ^xoiz-nnKo?, from <£cok>7, a sound, 
tone.] 1. Pertaining to the voice, or its use. 2. Repre- 
senting sounds. 

Pho-net'i-es, n. sing. 1. The doctrine or science of 
sounds, especially those of the human voice ; phonology 
2. The art of combining musical sounds. 

Phon'e-tlst, n. One who is versed in phonology; a 

Phon'i-e, a. The same as Phonetic. [phonologist- 

Pho'no-eamp'ti-e. a. [Gr. fywvr), sound, and kclhtttikCs , 
flexible.] Having the power to inflect sound, or turn it 
from its direction, and thus to alter it. 

Pho'no-graph, n. A distinct symbol to represent a 
sound, and always one and the same sound, in writing. 

Pho-nog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in phonography. 

Pho'no-graph'ie, \a. Pertaining to, or based upon, 

Pho'no-graplFie-al, j phonography. 

Pho-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. (jxaviq, sound, and ypd^etv, to 
write.] 1. A description of the laws of the human voice, 
or of sounds uttered by the organs of speech. 2. A rep- 
resentation of sounds by distinctive characters ; a system 
of short-hand. [ogist. 

Pho-noFo-ger, n. One versed in phonology ; a phonol- 

P^no-lot'feal, } "■ Pertainiu S t0 P hono10 ^ 

Pho-noFo-gist, n. One who is versed in phonology ; a 
phonetist. 

Pho-n6Fo-gy, n. [Gr. ^xav-q, sound, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] A treatise on sounds, or the science or doctrine 
of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in 
speech ; phonetics. 

Pho'no-type, n. [Gr. <f>u>vri, sound, and twos, type.] 
A type or character used in phonotypy. 

Pho'no-typ'i-e, I a. Of, or belonging to, phonotypy 

Pho'no-typ'Le-al, j or a phonotype. 

Pho-not'y-plst, n. One versed in phonotypy. 

Pho-nSt'y-py, n. [Gr. (fxavri, sound, and ruVos, type.] 
Art of representing sounds by distinct characters or types ; 
style of printing in accordance with this art. 

Phos'phate, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by a combimv 
tion of phosphoric acid with a salifiable base. 

Phos'phite, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by a combina- 
tion of phosphorous acid with a salifiable base. 

Phos'phor, n. (Astron.) The planet Venus, when ap- 
pearing as the morning star ; Lucifer. 

Phos'phor-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. phosphorated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PHOSPHORATING.] To combine or im- 
pregnate with phosphorus. 

Phos'phor-esce', v. i. [imp. & p. p. phosphor- 
esced (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. phosphorescing.] To 
shine, as phosphorus, by exhibiting a faint light without 
sensible heat. [cent. 

Phos'phor-eVcence, n. State of being phosphores- 

Phos'phor-es'^ent, a. Shining with a faint light. 

Phos-phor'i-e, ) a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or ob- 

Phos-phor'i-e-al, j tained from, phosphorus. 

Phos'phor-ous, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained 
from, phosphorus ; — said of a certain acid formed by a 
combination of phosphorus with oxygen. 



food, foot ; urn, riide, p\ill ; fell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



PHOSPHORUS 



538 



PIACULAR 



Plt5s'pIior-us, n. [Lat. ; Gr. <£>wcr$opos, i. e., light- 
bringer, from $ws, light, and <f>6peiv, to bring.] 1. The 
morning star; Phosphor. 2. (Chem.) An elementary 
substance, very combustible, of a yellowish color, and 
semi-transparent, resembling fine wax. 

Plios'pliu-ret, n. (Chem.) A combination of phosphor- 
us with another substance. 

Plios'plm-ret'ed, a. Combined with phosphorus. 

Plio'to-gen/ie, a. [Gr. $aJs, ^cotos, light, and ye'veiv, to 
produce.] Pertaining to photogeny ; producing light. 

Pho-tog'e-ny, n. [See supra.] Art of taking pictures 
by the action of light on a chemically prepared ground. 

Pho'to-grapli, n. [See infra.'] A picture produced or 
printed on chemically prepared paper, by the action of 
sunlight. 

Plio-tog'ra-plier, n. One who practices photography. 

Plio'to-grapli'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or obtained 

Plio'to-grapli'i-e-al, j by, photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. <£ws, (Jhdtos, light, and ypd- 
<£eii/, to write.] Art of producing pictures of objects by 
the action of light on chemically prepared surfaces, as 
of silver, glass, paper, &c. ; — often restricted to the 
art of producing such pictures on chemically prepared 
paper. 

Pho-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <£ws, <£o)t6s, light, and \6yos, dis- 
course.] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its 
nature and phenomena. 

Pho-tom'e-ter, n. [Gr. $ws, <Jkot6s, light, and p-erpov, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring the relative 
intensities of light. 

Pho-tom'e-try, n. The science which treats of the 
measurement of the intensity of light. 

Plirage, n. [Lat. phrasis, Gr. (fypdcns, from <j)pa£e{v, to 
speak.] 1. A brief expression, or part of a sentence. 2. 
A short, pithy expression ; especially, one which is often 
employed. 3. The manner or style in which any one 
expresses himself; diction. 

Plirage, v. t. [imp. So. p. p. PHRASED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PHRASING.] To express in words, or in peculiar words. 

Plira'ge-o-log'ie, )a. Capable of being phrased ; 

Plira/§e-o-16g'ie-al, j pertaining to phraseology. 

Plira'ge-ol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. ^pacas, $pd<reios, 
phrase, and \6yos, speech, discourse.] 1. Manner of 
expression ; peculiar words used in a sentence. 2. A 
collection of phrases in a language. 
Syn. — Diction; style. See Diction. 

Phre-net'ie, a. Frantic; mad. See FRANTIC. 

Phre-nVtis, n. [Gr. ^pevms, from <f>priv, fypevos, the 
midriff, mind.] 1. (Med.) An inflammation of the brain, 
or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute 
fever and delirium. 2. Madness. See FRENZY. 

Phreii'o-log'ie, 

Phrera / ©-16g'ie-al 

Phre-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in phrenology. 

Phre-nSl'o-gy, n. [Gr. 4>prjv,^>pevo<;, the mind, and Ao-yos 
discourse.] X. 
The science of the 
special functions 
of the parts of 
the brain. 2. 
The theory that 
the mental facul- 
ties are shown on 
the surface of the 
head or skull ; 
craniology. 

Pliren'gy, n. The 
same as Fren- 
zy. See Fren- 
zy. 

Pliryg'i-an, a. 
Of, or pertaining 
to, Phrygia, in 
Asia Minor ; — ap- 
plied to a spright- 
ly, animated kind 
of music among 
the ancients. Phrenology. 

1. Amativeness ; 2, Philoprogenitiveness ; 3, Concentrativeness ; 
3 a, Inhabitiveness ; 4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combativeness; 6, 
Dastructiveness ; 6 a, Alimentiveness ; 7, Secretiveness ; 8, 
Acquisitiveness ; 9, Constructiveness ; 10, Self-esteem ; 11, 
Love of approbation ; 12, Cautiousness; 13, Benevolence; 14, 
"Veneration; 15, Firmess ; 16, Conscientiousness ; 17, Hope; 
18, Wonder; 19, Ideality, 19 a, (Not determined); 20, Wit; 21, 
Imitation; 22, Individuality; 23, Form; 24, Size; 25, Weight; 
26, Coloring; 27, Locality, 28, Number; 29, Order; 30, Event- 
uality ; 31, Time ; 32, Tune ; 33, Language ; 34, Comparison; 
35, Causality. 



Pertaining to phrenology. 





Phylacteries. 



PhtMs/ie (tiz'ik),?*. The same as Phthisis, q. v. 

K@» This term is sometimes popularly, but erroneously, ap- 
plied to any difficulty of breathing, and more especially to 
chronic dyspnoea, from the mistaken notion that these affections 
are much the same as phthisis. 

PhtJhig'i-e-al (tiz'tk-al), a. Having, or belonging to, the 
phthisic ; breathing hard. [the phthisic. 

Plithis/iels-y (tiz'ik-y), a. Having, or pertaining to, 

PhthVsis (thVsis), n. [Lat. ; Gr. </>0uri?, from 4>6iei.v, to 
pass or waste away.] (Med.) Pulmonary consumption ; — 
formerly applied, also, to many wasting diseases. 

Phy-lae'ter-y, n. [Gr. ^uAa/criypioi', from <j)v\a.KTYJp, a 
watcher, guard, 4>v\daaeiv, to watch, 
guard.] 1. Any charm or spell, 
worn as a preservative from danger or 
disease. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) A slip of 
parchment on which were written cer- 
tain passages of the Pentateuch ; worn" 
by devout persons on the forehead and 
left arm while at prayer. 

Pliy-se'ter, n. [Lat. ; Gr. fyvvqTrjp, from (frvcrav, to blow.] 

1. The sperm whale. 2. A kind of machine', or appara- 
tus, used in filtering. 

Phyg'i-e, n. [See Physical.] 1. The theory or prac- 
tice of medicine. 2. A specific internal application for 
the cure or relief of sickness. 3. In popular usage, a 
purge ; a cathartic. 

Phyg'i-e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. physicked (fiVikt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. physicking.] 1. To treat with physic ; to 
purge. 2. To cure. 

Phy§'i-e-al, a. [Gr. ^vo-ik-6?, from </>vcns, nature, from 
fyveiv, to bring forth, produce.] 1. Pertaining to nature, 
as including all created existences ; also, relating to nat- 
ural or material things, as opposed to things mental, 
moral, spiritual, or imaginary. 2. Pertaining to physics, 
or the science of nature, or to unorganized matter. 3. 
Cognizable by the senses ; corporeal ; external. 

Phyg'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a physical manner; according 
to the laws of nature. 

Pliy-gi'-eian. (fi-zlsh'an), n. [See Physical.] One who 
is skilled in physic or the art of healing ; a doctor of 
medicine. 

Pliyg'i-cist, n. One versed in the science of physics. 

Pliyg'i-es, w. sing. [Gr. <j>v(rtK-q (sc. Oeuipta), from </>vcn/c6s. 
See Physical.] The science of nature or of natural 
objects ; especially, that department of natural science 
which treats of the general properties of bodies, and the 
causes that modify those properties ; natural philosophy. 

Pliys/i-og-nom'ie, ) a. Pertaining to physiogno- 

Phys/i-og-nom'ie-al, j my. 

Phys/i-og-iiom'ies, n. sing. Same as Physiognomy. 

Pliys/i-og'no-mist, n. One skilled in physiognomy. 

Phys/i-og'no-my, n. [Gr. ^ucn.oyvwp.ovia, from <£>ucns, 
nature, and yvdo/j-uv, one who knows or examines, a 
judge.] 1. The art or science of discerning the charac- 
ter of the mind from the features of the face. 2. The 
face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the 
mind ; particular cast, or expression of countenance. 

Phys/i-61'o-ger, n. A physiologist. 

Pliys/i-o-log'ie, ) a. Pertaining to physiology, or 

Pliys/i-o-log'ie-al, 1 the science of the properties and 
functions of living beings. [of, physiology. 

Pliys/i-61'o-gist, n. One who is versed in, or who treats 

PIiys/i-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. <f>vcno\vyia, from «^u<ris, nature, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] That department of natural sci- 
ence which treats of the organs and their functions in 
animals and plants. 

Physique (fe'zek'), n. [Fr.] The natural constitution, 
or physical structure, of a person. 

Pliy-tiv'o-roiis, a. [Gr. $vt6v, a plant, and Lat. vorart^ 
to eat greedily.] Feeding on plants or herbage. 

Pliy-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. §vt6v, a plant, and ypdfaiv, 
to write.] 1. The science of describing plants in a system- 
atic manner. 2. A description of plants. 

Pliy-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. $vtov, plant, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
A* discourse or treatise on plants, or the science of plants; 
botany. 

Pfoy-topli'a-gous, a. [Gr. $vtov, plant, and tyayelv, to 
eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, plants. 

Pliy-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. <$>vtov, plant, and tojuij, cutting, 
from Tifxveiv, to cut.] The dissection of plants. 

Pi, n. (Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed, or un- 
sorted. 

Pi-ae'u.-lar, a. [Lat. piacvlaris, from piaculum, a 
propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a 
wicked action, from pi are, to appease, to expiate, from 
pius, pious.] 1. Expiatory ; having power to atone. 

2. Criminal ; atrociously bad. 



a>,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c.,sAorit; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do, \v9lf* 



PIACULOUS 



539 



PIECE 



Pl-ae'u-Ioiis, a. The same as PlACULAR. 

Pl'd Ma'ter. [Lat., a tender mother.] (Anat.) The 
vascular membrane immediately investing the brain. 

JPi'anZs'si-nio, a. [It., superl. of piano. J (Mus.) Very 
soft ; — a direction to the performer to execute the pas- 
sage to which it refers in the softest manner. 

Pl-a'nlst, n. A performer on the piano-forte. 

JP'i-a'no, a. [See infra.] (Mus.) Soft;— a direction to 
the performer. 

Pl-a'no, \ n. [It. piano, soft, from Lat. planus, 

Pl-a'no-for'te, ) even, smooth, and It. forte, strong, 
from Lat. fortis.] (Mus.) A musical instrument, con- 
sisting of a series of wires of graduated length, thickness, 
and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. 

Pl-as'ter, n. [It. piastra, a thin plate of metal, a dollar, 
from Lat. emplastrum, Gr. efj-irKao-rpov , efxirKaa-rov , a 
plaster, from eja^-Aacro-etv, to plaster up.] A coin of dif- 
ferent values in ditferent countries. The Italian piaster 
is worth about 80 cents or 3s. 7d. sterling. 

Pl-az'za, n. ; pi. Pi-AZ'ZAg.. [It., place, square, market- 
place. See Place.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of portico, sup- 
ported by arches or columns, 2. A square open space 
surrounded by buildings. [Italy.] 

Pifo'-eorn, w. [W. pib, pipe, and corn, horn.] A wind in- 
strument or pipe, with a horn at each end, used in Wales. 

Pi'broch, n. [Gael, piobaireachd, pipe-music, from 
piobair, a piper, piob, a pipe, bag-pipe.] A wild, irregular 
species of music, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. 

Pi'ca, ra. [Lat. pica, a pie, magpie.] 1. (Ornith.) The 
magpie. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A table, or directory 
for devotional services. 3. (Print.) A kind of type of 
two sizes, small pica and pica, the former of which is 
next in size above long primer. 

This line is printed in pica. 
This line is printed in small pica. 

J?'i' 4sa-dor r , n. [Sp.] A horseman armed with a lance, 
who commences the exercises of a bull -fight. 

Pi-c'a-robn', n. [Sp. picaron, augm. of picaro, roguish, 
a rogue. See Pickeer.] One who pickeers ; especially, 
a plunderer of wrecks ; a pirate. 

Plc'a-yune', n. [From the language of the Caribs.] A 
small coin of the value of 6^ cents. 

PIc'ea-lIFH, n. An East Indian pickle of various veg- 
etables with pungent spices. 

Pick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. picked (pikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PICKING-.] [A.-S. pycan, pyccan, Icel. picka, W. pigaiv, 
to prick, pick. Cf. Peck.] 1. To peck at, like birds 
with their bills ; to strike at with any thing pointed ; to 
open, as a lock ; to separate, as wool, cotton, hair, oakum, 
and the like. 2. To pull apart or away, especially with 
the fingers, as fruit from a tree, corn from a stalk, &c, 
to pluck. 3. To cleanse, by removing, with a pointed 
instrument or the fingers, that which is objectionable. 
4. To take away by a quick, unexpected movement ; to 
take up suddenly. 5. To choose; to select; to cull ; 
hence, to seek or desire. 6. To collect ; to bring together. 
Syn. — To seize ; choose ; gather ; clean ; open. 

Pick, v. i. 1. To eat slowly or by morsels. 2. To do 
any thing nicely. 3. To steal ; to pilfer. 

Pick, n. [See supra, and cf. Pike.] 1. A sharp-pointed 
tool ; especially (Mining & Mech.), an iron tool tapering 
to a point from a heavy mass or head, used for loosening 
and breaking up hard earth, ground, stones, &c. 2. 
Choice; right of selection. 

PIck'a-nln'ny , n. [Probably from Sp. picade nirio.] A 
small child ; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. 
[Southern States.] 

PIck'a-pack', adv. In manner of a 
pack. [ Vulgar.] 

PIck'ax, I n. [From pick and ax.] 

Pick'axe, ) A pick with a point at 
one end, a transverse edge or blade 
at the other, and a handle inserted 
at the middle ; a pick. 

PIck'back, a. On the back. 

PIck'ed(60), a. Pointed ; sharp. 

Picked out (pikt), ornamented or relieved with stripes of a 
different color. 

PIck'ed-ness, n. The state of being picked. 

Pick-eer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pickeered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PICKEERING.] [Fr. picorer, to go marauding, 
orig. to go to steal cattle, from Lat. pecus, pecoris, cattle.] 
1. To pillage; to pirate. 2. To skirmish, as soldiers. 

Pick'er, n. 1. One who picks or culls. 2. (Mech.) A 
machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces. 




Pickax. 



PIck'er-el, n. [Diminutive of pike.] (Ichth.) A fresh* 

water fish of several species of the pike family. 
PIck'et, n. [Fr. piquet, prop. dim. of pique, spear, pike.] 

1. A stake sharpened, used in fortification and encamp- 
ments. 2. A narrow board pointed, used in making 
fences. 3. (Mil.) A guard posted in front of an army, 
and so disposed as to form a chain of,outposts. 

PIck'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. picketed; p. pr. & vb. 

n. PICKETING.] 1. To fortify, inclose, or fence with 

pickets. 2. To fasten to a picket. 
PIck'et- guard, n. (Mil.) A guard of horse and foot 

always in readiness in case of alarm. 
Pick'ing, n. 1. Act of plucking, selecting, or gathering. 

2. That which is left to be picked or gleaned. 3. Act 
of stealing or pilfering ; also, that which is stolen. 

PIck'le (plk'l), n. [D. pekel, H. Ger. pokel; according 
to some etymologists, so called after William Pokel, who 
is said to have invented the art of pickling herrings, in 
the 14th century.] 1. A solution of salt and water, in 
which fish and meat may be preserved or corned ; brine. 
2. Vinegar, sometimes spiced, in which vegetables, fish, 
&c, may be preserved. 3. Any article of food preserved 
in vinegar. 4. A troublesome child. 

To be in a pickle, to be in a disagreeable position. — To put a 
rod in pickle, to get ready a punishment which will cause 
smarting. 

PIck'le (pik'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pickled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. pickling.] 1. To preserve in brine or pickle. 
2. To season in pickle. 3. To imbue highly with any 
thing bad. 4. To prepare, as an imitation, and sell as 
genuine. 5. To subject, as pins and needles, to the 
action of certain chemical agents. 

PIck'lock, n. 1. An instrument for opening locks with- 
out the key. 2. A person who picks locks. 

PIck'pock-et, n. One who steals from the pocket of 
another. [wick of a lamp. 

PIck'wIck, n. A pointed instrument for picking up the 

Ple'nle, n. [Fr. piquenique, from piquer, to prick, to 
stick, to lard, and nique, a small coin.] Formerly, an 
entertainment at which each person contributed some 
dish or article for the general table ; in present use, an 
entertainment carried by a party on an excursion of 
pleasure into the country ; also the party itself. 

Ple'nle, v. i. To go on a picnic. 

Plet, n. [A.-S. Pihtas, Peohtas, Peahtas, Pehtas; said 
by some to be from Lat. pictus, p. p. of pingere, to 
paint.] One of a tribe of Scythians, or of Germans, who 
settled in Scotland. 

Pl-efish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Picts. 

Pic-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to, or illustrated by, 
pictures ; forming pictures. 

Pie-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In a pictorial manner. 

Plet'ur-al, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or repre- 
sented in, pictures. 

PIct'ure (53), n. [Lat. pictura, from pi ngere, pictum, to 
paint.] 1. That which is painted ; a likeness drawn in 
colors ; hence, any graphic representation. 2. Art or 
form of representation by painting. 3. That which, by 
its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other thing. 

Syn. — Painting. — Every kind of drawing is a picture, 
whether in pencil, crayons, or India ink, &c. ; a painting is a 
representation by means of color. This holds good in a figura- 
tive sense ; the historian draws a lively picture, the poet paints 
in glowing colors. 

PIct'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PICTURED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. picturing.] To draw or paint a resemblance of ; to 
represent ; to recall distinctly or vividly. 

PIct'ur-esque', a. Fitted to form a good or pleasing 
picture ; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which 
is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial. 

Ple'ul, n. [Written also pecul and pecal.] [Jav. & Malay. 
pikul, from pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a bur- 
den ; a man's burden.] A weight of 133^ lbs. [China.] 

Pid'dle, v. i. [A different spelling of peddle, or from the 
same source.] 1. To deal in trifles ; to spend time in 
trifling objects. 2. To eat or drink squeamishly, or 
without relish. 3. To urinate; to make water; — a 

PId'dler, n. One who piddles. [childish word. 

Pie (pi), n. [Contr. from D. pastei, 0. Ger. pastei, Eng. 
pasty. See Pasty.] Paste baked with something in it 
or under it, as apple, minced meat, &c. 

Pie, n. [Lat. pica.] 1. A magpie. [See Pica.] 2. The 
old Roman Catholic service-book. 3. The same as pi. 
See Pi. 

Pie'bald, a. [For pie-balled, fvom pie, the party-colored 
bird,"and ball.] Of various colors ; diversified in color. 

Piece, n. [Fr. piece, L. Lat. pecia, pechia,pctia, petiurru, 
of Celtic origin ; W. peth, a thing, a part, portion, a 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; tiuwa\ 



PIECE 



540 



PILL 



little.] 1. A fragment or part of any thirig separated 
jfom the whole, in any manner ; a part ; a share ; a ■ 
portion, 2. A portion of any thing merely conceived of 
as apart from other portions. 3. An individual article ; 
a single effort; a definite performance; especially, (a.) 
A literary or artistic composition, (b.) A musket, gun, 
or cannon, (c.) A coin. 

Of apiece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole ; 
like. 

Syn. — Distance. — The radical idea is that of something 
separate or distinct ; as, a piece of timber or land, a piece of I 
music or composition, a piece of work, a piece of ordnance. 
Some, among our common people, usejpi'ece for distance in 
phrases like this : " He went forward apiece," meaning, over 
apiece or portion of the road. It is hardly necessary to say 
that such an expression has no sanction in good usage, and 
ought to be avoided as a gross vulgarism. 

Piece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pieced (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PIECING.] 1. To enlarge or mend by the addition of a 
piece ; to patch. 2. To unite ; to join. 

Piec e, v. i. To unite by a coalescence of parts ; to be 
compacted as parts into a whole. 

Piece'-gobdg, n. pi. Dry goods usually sold by the 
piece, as gray cottons, mulls, jaconets, shirtings, long 
cloths, sheetings, and the like. 

Piece'meal, adv. [See Meal.] 1. In pieces ; in frag- 
ments. 2. By pieces ; by little and little. [arate. 

Piece'meal, a. Made of parts or pieces ; single ; sep- 

Pie'cer, n. One who pieces ; a patcher. 

Pied, a. [Eng. pie, the party-colored bird.] Variegated 
with spots of different colors ; spotted. 

Pied'ness, n. The state of being pied. 

Pier, 11. [From Fr. pierre, a stone, from Lat. petra, Gr. 
7reToa.J 1. (Arch.) (a.) A mass of solid stone-work for 
supporting an arch or the timbers of a bridge, &c. (b.) 
A part of the wall of a house between the windows or 
doors. 2. A mass of stone-work, projecting into the sea, 
for breaking the force of the waves. 3. A projecting 
wharf or landing-place. 

Pierce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pierced (peerst, 108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PIERCING.] [Fr. percer, contracted from 
pertuisier, from Lat. pertundere, pertusum, to beat, push, 
bore through, from pref. per, through, and tundere, to 
beat.] 1. To thrust into or transfix with a pointed in- 
strument. 2. To force a way into. 3. To touch, as 
the affections. 4. To dive into, as a secret or purpose. 
Syn. — To bore ; penetrate ; perforate ; dive into ; reach. 

Pierce, v. i. 1. To enter, as a pointed instrument. 2. 
To penetrate ; to force a way into or through any thing. 
3. To dive or penetrate, as into a secret. 

Pierce'a-tole, a. Capable of being pierced. 

Pier'cer, n. One who, or that which, pierces or per- 
forates, [windows. 

Pier'-glass, n. A mirror or glass hanging between 

Pi-e'ri-an (89), a. [From Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sa- 
cred to the Muses.] Pertaining to the Muses. 

Pier'-ta/tole, n. A table standing between windows. 

Pi'e-tigm, n. The religion of the Pietists. 

Pi'e-tist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a class of religious re- 
formers in Germany who have sought to restore piety to 
the Protestant churches. 

Pi'e-tist'ie , la. Pertaining to the Pietists; hence, 

Pi'e-tist 'i-e-al, j in contempt, affectedly religious. 

Pi'e-ty, n. [Lat. pieta.s, piety, fr. pius, pious ] 1. Af- 
fectionate reverence of parents, or friends, or country. 
2. Obedient love of the will of God and zealous devotion 
to his service. 

Syn. —Religion ; sanctity. See Religion. 

Pig, n. [D. big, bigge. Cf. A.-S pige, Dan. pige, Sw. 

piga, Icel. pika, a maid, girl.] 1. The young of swine, 

male or female. 2. An oblong mass of metal, as first 

extracted from the ore. 
Pig, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. PIGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

PIGGING.] 1. To bring forth pigs. 2. To he together 

like pigs. 
Pig'eon (pij'un), n. [From Lat. 

pipio, a young pipping or chirping 

bird, from pipire, to peep, chirp.] 

(Ornith.) A gallinaceous bird, of 

several species, as the stock-dove, 

the ring-dove, the turtle-dove, and 

the migratory or wild pigeon of 

America. 



Pigeon English [said to be a corruption 
of business English] the barbarous and 
childish dialect of English used by En- 
glish and American residents in China, 
in their intercourse with the native trad- 
ers. 




Pigeon. 



Pig'eon-liole, n. A little opening or division in a case 
for papers. 

Pig'eon- liv'ered, a. Mild in temper ; soft ; gentle. 

Pig'eon-ry, n. A place for keeping pigeons ; a dovecote. 

Pig'ger-y, n. A place where swine are kept. 

Pig'giii, n. [Gael, pi gean, dim. of pigeadh, an earthen 
jar, pitcher, or pot ; Ir. pigin, W.pigyn or piccyn.] A 
small wooden vessel with an erect handle, used as a 
dipper. 

Pig'-i'ron (-Furn), n. Iron in pigs, or oblong bars, as 
it comes from the smelting furnace. 

Pig'ment, n. [Lat. pigmentum, from the root of pin- 
gere, to paint.] A preparation used by painters, &c, to 
impart colors to bodies ; paint. 

Pig'my, n. See Pygmy. 

Pig'no-ra'tion, n. [L. Lat. pignoratio, from pignorare, 
Lat. pignerare, to pledge.] 1. Act of pledging or pawn- 
ing. 2. (Civil Laic.) The taking of cattle doing damage, 
by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. 

Pig'no^ra-tive, a. Pledging; pawning. 

Pig'-sty, n. A sty or pen for pigs. 

Pig'tail, n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. The hair of the 
head tied in the form of a pig's tail ; a cue. 3 . A roll 
of twisted tobacco, having a pecu- 
liar color and flavor. 

Pike, n. [Fr. pique, H Ger. pielce, 

D. pie k. Cf. PICK and PEAK.]^^^ 
1. {Mil.) A long wooden shaft 
or staff, with a flat-pointed steel irike. 

head; a spear. 2. (Ichth.) A voracious fish, so named 
from its length and shape or from the form of its snout. 
It is a fresh-water fish, living in deep water. 3. A turn- 
pike road. [point. 

Pik'ed (60), a. Furnished with a pike ; ending in a 

Pike'man, n. ; pi. pike 'men. A soldier armed with a 
pike. 

Pike'staff , n. 1. The staff or shaft of a pike. 2. A 
staff having a sharp metal spike at the bottom, to guard 
against slipping. - . _ , 

Pi-las'ter, n. [L. Lat. pilastrum. fr. Lat. pila, s^^ — 
a pillar.] (Arch.) A square column, usually set :' r ^-'. ' 
within a wall, and projecting only a fourth or ,'?fj1 ifi't' 
fifth of its diameter. 

Pil'chard, n. (Ichth.) A fish resembling the 
herring, but thicker and rounder. 

Pile, ii. [Fr. pile, Lat. pila, a ball, globe, pila, i [['■■/ 
a pier or mole of stone ; Gr. 7uA.os, a ball, ; 8siEili. 
globe.] 1. A roundish or elevated mass or col- 
lection of things ; a heap. 2. A mass regularly 
formed by rows or layers and designed for a special use. 
3. A large building, or mass of buildings. 4. (Elec.) 
A vertical series of alternate disks of two dissimilar 
metals, with disks of cloth or paper between them moist- 
ened with acid water, for producing a current of elec- 
tricity. 

Pile, n. [A.-S. ptl, stake, Lat. pila, a pillar.] A piece 
of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, for the sup- 
port of a building, a bridge, or the like. 

Pile, n. [Lat. pilus, hair.] The fiber of wool, cotton, 
and the like ; hence, the nap. 

Pile,r. t. [imp. Sep. p. piled; p.pr. & vb. n. PILING.] 
1. To lay or throw into a pile or heap. 2. To fill above 
the brim or top. 
Syn. — To heap ; accumulate ; amass. 

PDe'-driv'er, ) n. An engine or machine, for driving 

Pile'-en'glne, i down piles. 

Pil'er, n. One who piles, or forms a heap. 

Pileg, ii. pi. [Lat. pila, a ball.] (Med.) The hemorrhoids, 
a disease consisting of tumors of blood about the verge 
of the anus. 

Pil'fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PILFERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PILFERING.] [See PELF.] To steal in small quantities ; 
to practice petty theft. 

Pil'fer, v. t. To steal or gain by petty theft ; to filch. 

Pil'f er-er, n. One who pilfers. 

Pil-gar'lie, n. [See Pill, to rob, and Peel, v.] One 
who has lost his hair by disease ; a poor, forsaken wretch. 
See Pilled-gArlic. 

Pil'grim, ii. [0. Ger. pilgrim, 0. H. Ger. piligrim, N. 
H. Ger. pilger, D. pelgrim, It. pellegrino , peregrino , from 
Lat. peregrinux, a foreigner.] 1. A wanderer ; a trav- 
eler. 2. Especially, one who travels to a distance from 
his own country to visit a holy place. 

PIF grim-age . n. The journey of a pilgrim ; a journey 
to a shrine or other sacred place. 
Syn. — See Journey. 

Pill, n. [Lat. pila, a haA\, pilula, a little ball, a pill.] 1. 



Pilaster. 



a, e, &c, long; &,e, kc, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, W9lf, 



PILL 



541 



PINION 




Pillory 



A medicine in the form of a little ball. 2. Hence, any 

thing nauseous. 
Pill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. PILL- 

JNG.] [Fr. piller, It. pigliare. See Peel.] To rob ; to 

plunder ; to pillage. 
Pil'lage (45), n. [Fr., from piller, to plunder. See supra.] 

1. Act of plundering. 2. That which is taken from 
another by open force, particularly and chiefly from en- 
emies in war. 

Syn, — Plunder ; rapine ; spoil ; depredation. — Plunder. 
Tillage refers particularly to the act of stripping the sufferers 
of their goods, while plunder refers to the removal of the things 
thus taken. Under these aspects the words are freely inter- 
changed. 

Pil'lage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pillaged ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
pillaging.] To strip of money or goods by open vio- 
lence ; to plunder ; to spoil. 

Pll'la-ger, n. One who pillages. 

Pil'lar, n. [Low Lat. pilare, pilarium, from Lat.£>?7a,a 
pillar and a mortar.] 1. A pier or column to support an 
arch, a roof, a statue, or the like. 2. Hence, that which 
resembles such a pillar in appearance, or in stability and 
strength. 
Syn. — Column; foundation; prop; support. 

PHI 'ion (pIPyun), n. [Eng. pile, Lat. pilus, hair. Cf. 
PILLOW.] The pad or cushion at- 
tached to the hinder part of a saddle, 
as a second seat. 

Pil'lo-ry, n. [L. Lat. piloricum, pil- 
loricum, piliorium, from Lat. pila, a 
pillar.] A frame of wood erected on 
posts, with movable boards and holes, 
through which the head and hands of 
a criminal were formerly put, to pun- 
ish him . 

Pil'lo-ry, v. t. To punish with the 
pillory ; to set in the pillory. 

Pil'low, n. [0. Eng. pilwe, pilewe, pelowe, A.-S. pyle, 
D. peirfuw,Q. II. Gev.phulvini, from Lat. pulvinus.] 1. A 
cushion to support the head of a person when reposing. 

2. (Naut.) The block on which the inner end of a bow- 
sprit is supported. 3. {Meek.) A piece of metal or wood 
used to support some part of a machine to equalize the 
pressure ; a bearing, or journal-box. 4. A kind of plain, 
coarse fustian. 

Pil'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pillowed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PJLLOWJNG.] To rest or lay for support. 

Pll'low-foier, n. [L. Ger. bure or bukre, a pillow-case, 
prob. from 0. II. Ger. purran, purian, burian, to erect.] 
The movable case or sack which is drawn over a pillow ; 
a pillow-case. 

Pll'low-blocls, n. {Mech.) A block, or standard, for 
supporting the end of a shaft. 

Pll'low-ease, n. A covering for a pillow. 

Pi-lose', a. [Lat. pilosus. from pilus, hair.] 1. Hairy. 
2. (Bot.) Covered with long, distinct hairs. 

Pi-los'i-ty, n. State of being pilose ; hairiness. 

Pi'lot, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. pilen, peilen, to measure, 
gauge, sound, and Ger. loth, plummet. The pilot, then, is 
the lead-man, he who throws the lead.] 1. One whose 
office is to steer ships, particularly where navigation is 
dangerous. 2. Hence, a guide. [Colloq.] 

Pi'lot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PILOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PILOTING.] 1. To direct the course of, as a ship in any 
place where navigation is dangerous. 2. To guide through 
dangers or difficulties. 

PI'lot-age (45), n. 1. Compensation to one who directs 
the course of a ship. 2. The guidance of a pilot. 

Pl'lot-bread, n. Hard bread or ship biscuit. [coats. 

PI'lot-eloth, n. A coarse, stout kind of cloth, for over- 

Pi'lot-flsh, n. (Ichth.) A fish of the mackerel family ; 
— so named because it often accompanies ships ; and as 
this is also done by sharks, it has been said that the for- 
mer acts as a guide, or pilot, to the latter. 

PI'lou*;, a. [See Pilose.] Hairy; abounding with, or 
consisting of, hair. 

Pl-men'ta. n. The same as Pimento. 

Pl-men'to, n. [From Lat. pigmentum, a paint, pigment, 
juice of plants, hence, something spicy and aromatic] 
(Bot.) (a.) The fruit of a tree having an aromatic flavor, 
and highly valued as a spice; allspice, (b.) The tree 
which produces allspice. 

Pimp, n. [Cf. Fr. phnpant, smart, sparkish : Provencal 
pirn par, apimpar, to cheer up.] One who provides grati- 
fications for the lust of others ; a procurer ; a pander. 

Pimp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pimped (plmt, 84); p. pr. 
& vb. n. pimping.] To procure lewd women for the 
gratification of others ; to pander. 



Pim'per-nel, n. [N. Lat. pimpinella, L. Lat. bipinnelta, 
for bipinnula, two-winged, equiv. to bipennis, from bis, 
twice, and penna, pinna, feather, wing.] (Bot.) A plant 
of which one species has small flowers, usually scarlet, 
which speedil3 T close at the approach of bad weather. 

PIm'ple (plm/pl), n. [A.-S. pinpel, pustule, pipelian, to 
blister ; Lat. papula, pimple.] (Med.) A small pointed 
elevation of the cuticle, differing from a pustule in not 
containing a fluid, nor tending to suppuration. 

PIm'pled (pina'pld), a. Having pimples on the skin ; full 
of pimples. 

Pin, n. [D.pin audpen, Icel. pinni, W. pin, Lat. pinna, 
a pinnacle.] 1. A pointed instrument of wood, metal, or 
the like ; a peg ; a bolt. 2. Especially, a small, pointed 
piece of wire with a head, much used for fasteuing 
clothes, &c. 3. Hence, a thing of trifling value ; a tri- 
fle. 4. That which resembles a pin in its form or use. 

Pin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PINNED; p. pr. & vb. n. PIN- 
NING.] 1. To fasten, as with a pin. 2. To inclose ; to 
pen. See Pen and Pound. 

Pin'a-fore 7 , n. An apron for a child to cover the front 
part of the body ; a tier. 

PIn'-case, n. A case for holding pins. 

Pin'cerg, n.pl. [Fr.pince, pincers, from pincer, to pinch.] 
Pinchers. See PINCHERS. 

Pinch (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pinched (pmcht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PINCHING.] [Fr. pincer, formerly pinser ; 
from 0. D. pitsen, Ger. pfitzen, pfetzen, to pinch, cut.] 

1. To press hard or squeeze as between the ends of the 
fingers. 2. To squeeze between any two hard bodies. 
3. To oppress with want ; to distress. 

Pinch, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force ; to bear hard. 

2. To spare ; to be covetous. 
Pinch, n. 1. A close compression with the ends of the 

fingers ; also, that which is taken between the ends of the 
fingers. 2. Distress; oppression; difficulty. 
Plnch'becfc:, n. [Said to be from the name of the in- 
ventor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold. 
PInch'er, n. One who, or that which, pinches. 
PInch'ers, n. pi. [From pinch.] An instrument for va- 
rious uses, as drawing nails and the like, griping thing3 
to be held fast, &c. [be stuck to be kept. 

Pin'eush-ion, n. A small cushion in which pins may 
Pin-dar'ic, n. An irregular ode in imitation of those of 

Pindar, the Grecian, and prince of the lyric poets. 
Pin-dar'ic, { a. After the style and manner of Pin- 
Pin-dar'ie-al, j dar, a lyric poet of Greece. 
Pine, n. [Lat. pinus, alhed to Gr. ttltv;.] 1. A genus 
of trees of many species, seme of which furnish timber 
of the most valuable kind. 2. The wood of the pine 
tree. 3. A pine-apple. 
Pine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pined; p.pr. & vb. n. PIN- 
ING.] [A.-S. pi nan, plnian, 0. Ger. peinen.] 1. To lan- 
guish ; to lose flesh ; to grow lean. 2. To languish with 
desire. 
Syn. — To droop; flag; wither; decay. 
Pine, v. t. 1. To wear out ; to make to languish. 2. 

To grieve for ; to bemoan in silence. 
Pi-ne'al, or PIn'e-al, a. [From Lat. pinea, the cone 
! of a pine, from pineus, of the pine, from pinus, a pine.] 
j Pertaining to, or resembling in form, a pine-cone or pine- 
j apple. 

Pineal gland (Anat.), a small conical mass of gray, nervous 
matter, attached to the floor of the third ventricle of the brain, 
' in tVunt of the cerebellum. 
PIne'-ap-ple (-5p/pl), n. (Bot.) A tropical 
j plant and its fruit; — so called from the 
i resemblance of the latter in shape and ex- 
ternal appearance to the cone of the pine- 
! tree. 

Pine'-mar'ten, n. (Zobl.) A kind of 
j marten found in Europe. 
Pin'er-y, n. 1. A place where pine-apples 
! are raised. 2. A pine forest or grove. 
PIn'-f gath'er, n. A small or short feath- 
I er somewhat like a pin in form ; especially, 
I one of those not easily removed in picking 
I a fowl. 

PIn'fold, n. [From pen, an inclosure for 
beasts, and fold, an inclosure for sheep.] 
which beasts are confined ; a pound. 
PIn'-f dbt/ed, a. Having the toes bordered by a skin. 
Pin'hole, n. A- hole made by the puncture of a pin,' 

hence, a very small aperture. 

PIn'ion (pln'yun), n. [From Lat. pinna, penna, feather, 

wing.] 1. A feather ; a quill. 2. A wing. 3. The 

| joint of a bird"s wing most remote from the body. 4. 

; A fetter or band for the arm. 5t A smaller wheel with. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; £L*3. 



PINION 



542 



PISMIRE 



leaves or teeth working into the teeth of a larger wheel 
or rack ; a toothed arbor. 

Pin'ion (pm'yun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pinioned; p. 
pr. & vb. n. pinioning.] X. To bind or confine the 
wings of. 2. To cripple by cutting off the first joint of 
the wing. 3. To restrain by binding the arm or arms to 
the body. 4. To confine ; to shackle. 

Pink, n. [From D. pinken, pinkoogen, to twinkle with 
the eyes. Cf. Fr. oeillet, an eyelet and a pink, dim. otce.il, 
eye. J 1. An eye, or a small eye. 2. (Bot.) A plant, 
and its flower, common in gardens. 3. A color resulting 
from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or 
less white ; — so called from the common color of the 
flower. 4. That which is supremely excellent. 5. [D. 
pink, Fr. pinque ; hence, pink-sterned.] A ship with a 
very narrow stern. 

Pink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pinked (pinkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pinking.] 1. To work in eyelet-holes ; to pierce 
with small holes ; to cut or work in small scollops or an- 
gles. 2. To stab ; to pierce. 3. To dye of a pink color. 

Pink'-eye (-!), n. A little eye. [as a ship. 

Pink'-sterned, a. (Nant.) Having a very narrow stern, 

Pln'-mon'ey, n. A sum of money allowed or settled on 
a wife for her private expenses. 

Pin'nace, n. [From Lat. pinus, a pine-tree, any thing 
made of pine, e. g. a ship.] (Naut.) (a.) A small vessel 
navigated with oars and sails, and having generally two 
masts rigged like those of a schooner, (b.) A boat usu- 
ally rowed with eight oars. 

Pin'na-ele, n. [Lat. pinnaculum, fr. pinna, 
feather, pinnacle.] 1. A slender turret, or 
part of a building elevated above the main 
building. 2. A high, spiring point. 

Pin'nate, ) a. [Lat. pinnatus, feathered, 

Pin'na-ted, f from pinna, feather.] 1. 
(Bot.) Shaped like a feather. 2. Furnished 
with fins. 

Pin-nat'i-f id , or Pin'na-ti-fid / , a. [Lat. 
pinnatus, feathered, and jindere,' fidi, to 
split.] (Bot.) Divided in a pinnate manner, 
with the divisions not reaching to the midrib. 

Pin-nat'i-ped, or Pin'na-ti-ped', a. [Lat. 
pinnatus, from pinna, feather, fin, and pes, 
pedis, foot.] Having the toes bordered by 
membranes. 

Pin'ner, n. 1. One who pins or fastens ; 
also, a pounder of cattle, or the pound- 
keeper. 2. A pin-maker. 3. The lappet of Pinnacle, 
a head-dress, which flies loose. 

Pint, n. [A.-S. pynt, Ger. & Fr. pinte, from Sp. pinta, 
spot, mark, pint, from pintar, to paint.] Half a quart, 
or four gills. In medicine, twelve ounces. 

Pin'tle (pin'tl), n. [A dim. of pin.] 1. (Artil.) Along 
iron bolt to prevent the recoil of a cannon. 2. (Naut.) 
A hook on which a rudder is hung to its post. 3. A con- 
trivance, usually of cast iron, consisting of two thick, 
circular plates, connected by a solid, cylindrical sup- 
porter, to be placed between upright posts, between the 
floors of stories, and the like. 

Pin'- worm ( -wurm ),n. A thread-like intestinal worm. 

Pin'y, a. Abounding with pines. 

PI'o-neer', v- t. [imp. & p. p. pioneered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pioneering.] To go before and prepare a way for. 

Pi'o-neer', n. [Fr. pionnier, orig. a foot-soldier, from 
0. Fr. peon, pion, from Lat. pes, pedis, foot.] 1. (Mil.) 
One who marches with or before an army, to repair the 
road or clear it of obstructions, &c. 2. One who goes 
before to remove obstructions or prepare the way for an- 
other ; hence, a backwoodsman ; a first settler. 

Pi'o-ny, n. (Bot.) See Peony. 

Pi'ous, a. [Lat. pius.] 1. Having affectionate or filial 
reverence for a parent or superior. 2. Having reverence 
and love toward the Supreme Being. 3. Dictated by 
reverence to God, or by religious feeling. 4. Practiced 
under the pretense of religion. 

Syn.— Godly; devout; religious; holy; righteous. 

Pi'oiis-ly, adv. In a pious manner ; religiously. 

Pip, n, [D. pip, 0. H. Ger. phiphis, phepis, It. & L. Lat. 
pipita, from Lat. pituita, slime, phlegm, rheum, in fowls, 
the pip.] 1. A disease of fowls, in which a horny pel- 
licle grows on the tip of the tongue. 2. [Fr. pepin, It. 
pipita.] The seed of an apple, orange, or similar fruit. 
3. A spot on cards. 

Pip, v. i. [See Peep.] To cry or chirp, as a chicken. 

Pipe, n. [A.-S. pipe, D. pijp, Icel. pipa, 0. H. Ger pfifa, 
W.pib. Cf. Fife.] 1. A wind instrument of music, 
consisting of a long tube of wood or metal. 2. Any 




long tube or hollow body. 3. A tube of clay with a bowl 
at one end, used in smoking tobacco. 4. A roll in the 
exchequer, said to be so called from its resemblance to a 
pipe ; also, the exchequer itself. [Eng.] 5. A cask, 
usually containing 126 gallons, used for wine ; or the 
quantity which it contains. 

Pipe, v.i. 1. To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other tu- 
bular wind instrument of music. 2. To have a shrill 
sound ; to whistle. 

Pipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. piped (pipt, 108) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. PIPING.] 1. To perform by playing on a wind instru- 
ment. 2. To utter in a high or sharp tone. 

Pipe'-elay, n. A species of white clay, used in making 
tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthen ware. 

Pip'er, n. One who plays on a pipe or flute. 

Pip'ing, p. a. 1. Giving forth a weak, shrill sound like 
the voice of the sick ; feeble. 2. Simmering ; boiling. 
[Colloq.] 

Pip'ing, n. [From pipe.] 1. A kind of cord trimming 
or fluting for ladies' dresses. 2. (Bot.) A piece cut off 
to be planted ; a cutting. 

Pip'kin, n. [Diminutive of pipe.] A small earthen boiler. 

Pip'pin, n. [Prob. from pip, a spot, because of the spots 
on its skin.] A kind of tart apple. [piquant. 

Piqu'an-cy (phVan-sy), n. State or quality of being 
Syn.— Sharpness; pungency; tartness; severity. 

Piqu'ant (pik'ant), a. [Fr.. p. pr. of piquer, to prick or 
sting. See Pick.] 1. Stimulating to the tongue. 2. 
Sharp ; tart ; pungent ; severe. 

Piqu'ant-ly (plk'ant-ly), adv. In a piquant manner. 

Pique (peck), n. [Fr., frompiquer. Bee supra.] A feel- 
ing of annoyance or resentment awakened by a social 
slight or injury. 

Syn. — Displeasure ; irritation ; grudge ; spite. — Spite, 
grudge. Pique denotes a quick sense of resentment for some 
supposed neglect or injury, but the feeling is not usually per- 
manent, or marked by malevolence. Spite is a stronger term, 
denoting settled ill-will or malice, with a desire to injure, as the 
result of extreme irritation. Grudge goes still further, denot- 
ing cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. 

Pique (peek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. piqued (peekt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. piquing.] 1. To excite the sensibilities of; to 
excite to anger. 2. To excite to action by causing re- 
sentment or jealousy. 3. To pride or value ; — used re- 
flexively. 

Syn. — To offend; displease; irritate; provoke; fret; nettle; 
sting; goad; stimulate. 

Pi-quet' (pi-kef), n. [Fr.] A game at cards played be- 
tween two persons, with only thirty-two cards. 

Pi'ra-cy, n. [L. Lat. piratia, Gr. 7reipan?ia.] 1. Act or 
crime of a pirate ; robbery. 2. (Law. ) The act, practice, 
or crime of robbing on the high seas. 3. Infringement 
of the law of copyright by publishing the writings of 
other men without permission 

Pi'rate (45), n. [Lat. pirata, Gr. n-eipcmjs, from veipav, 
to attempt, from making attempts or attacks on ship's.] 
1. A robber on the high seas ; a freebooter. 2. An 
armed vessel which sails without a legal commission, for 
the purpose of plundering other vessels indiscriminately 
on the high seas. 3. One who publishes the writings of 
other men without permission. 

Pi'rate, v. t. To take by theft, or without right or per- 
mission, as books or writings. [or practicing, piracy. 

Pi-rat'ie-al, a. Pertaining to a pirate ; acquired by, 

Pi-rat'ie-al-ly, adv. In a piratical manner. 

Pi-rogue' (pi-rog 7 ), n. [Originally an Indian word.] 1. 
A canoe formed out of the trunk of a tree. 2. A narrow 
ferry-boat carrying two masts and a leeboard. [Amer.] 

Pir'ou-ette', n. [Fr., prop, a turning wheel, from pied, 
foot, and roue, wheel, hence rouette, a little wheel, be- 
cause it turns on its axle or pivot, as on a foot.] A whirl- 
ing about on the toes in dancing. 

Pir'ou-ette', v. i. To whirl, or turn about on the toes, 
as in dancing. 

Pis'ea-ry, n. [Lat. piscarius, relating to fishes or to 
fishing, from piscis, a fish.] (Law.) Right or privilege of 
fishing in another man's waters. 

Pis'ea-to'ri-al, I a. [Lat. piscatorius, from piscator, a 

Pis'-ea-to-ry, J fisherman.] Relating to fishes or to 
fishing. [the twelfth sign of the zodiac. 

P?.s'fe§, n. pi. [Lat. piscis, a fish.] (Astron.) The Fishes, 

Pis'^i-eult'ure (53), n. [Lat. piscis, a fish, and cidtura, 
culture.] The artificial method of promoting the propa- 
gation and nurture of fish. 

Pish, interj. Pshaw ; — an exclamation of contempt. 

Pish, v. i. To express contempt. 

Pis'mire, n. [Eng. piss and mire; so called because it 
discharges a kind of moisture, which, by the vulgar, is 



§,, ej&c.jZottg; a,e,&c,sfort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dft,wolf, 



PISOLITE 



543 



PIVOT 




Piston. 



eompared to or looked upon as urine. See MIRE.] The 
ant or emmet. 

Pi'so-llte (49), n. [Gr. nicrov. Lat. pisum, a pea, and Gr. 
A.i'009, stone.] (Min.) A calcareous stone, made up of 
globular concretions of about the size of a pea. 

PIs'sas-phalt, n. [Gr. Tncra-ao-^aATOs, from niaraa, pitch, 
turpentine, and ao-^aAros, asphalt.] ( Min. ) Earth-pitch ; 
a soft bitumen of the consistence of tar, black, and of a 
strong smell. 

Pis-ta'chio (pis-ta'sho), n. [Sp., from Lat. pistacium, Gr. 
nto-raKr), Tn.aTa.Ki.ov, from Per. pistak, Ar.fustak, fu stick.] 
The nut of a kind of turpentine- tree, containing a kernel 
of a pale greenish color, of a pleasant taste, resembling 
that of the almond. 

PIs'ta-reen', n. A silver coin of the value of 17 or 18 
cents, or 9d. sterling. 

PIs'til, ft. [N. Lat. , from Lat. pistillum, pistillus, 
a pestle.] (Bot.) (a.) An organ terminating the 

| axis of growth in a flower, and inclosing the seed ; 
a carpel, (b.) A collection of carpels united by 
their inner suture, or a compound pistil. 

PIs'tol, n. [From Pistoja, 0. It. Pistola, a town 
in Italy where they were first made.] A small 
fire-arm, or the smallest fire-arm used, intended 
to be fired from one hand. 

PIs'tol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pistoled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. pistoling.] To shoot with a -pistol. 

Pis-tole', ft. [It. pistola, contr. from It. piastru- Pistil. 
ola, dim. of piastra, a piaster, q. v.] A gold coin of Spain 
worth about 16 shillings sterling, or $3.60 cents. 

PIs'to-let, ft. A little pistol. 

PIs'ton, n. [From Lat. pinsere, pistum, to 
pound, to stamp. See Pistil.] A short 
cylinder of metal or other solid substance, 
which fits exactly the cavity of a pump or 
barrel, and works alternately up and down or 
backward and forward in it. 

Pit, ft. [A.-S. pytt or pitt, Icel. pittr,pyttr, 
Ir. & Gael, pit, Lat. puteus, a well, pit.] 1. 
A large, deep hole in the ground ; a well. 2. 
Hence, an abyss ; especially, the bottomless 
pit; hell. 3<> The grave. 4. An indenture 
in the flesh ; as, (a.) The hollow place under 
the arm. (b.) The hollow of the stomach, 
(c.) The indentation or mark left on the flesh by a pus- 
tule of the small-pox. 5. The lowest place in a theater 
where spectators assemble ; parquet. 6. An area into 
which cocks or dogs are brought to fight. 

Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. PIT- 
TING.] 1. To indent. 2. To mark with little hollows, 
as by variolous pustules. 3. To introduce as an antag- 
onist to ; to provoke to combat, as cocks in a pit. 

PIt'a-pat', adv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of 
pat , a light, quick blow.] In a flutter ; with palpitation. 

Pitch, n. [Icel. bile, W. pyg, Lat. pix, Gr. Trio-era. or ntTTa.] 
1, A thick, black, sticky substance obtained by boiling 
down tar. 2. Turpentine. [Improper.] 

Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pitched (pltcht, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. pitching.] 1. To cover over or smear with 
pitch. 2. To darken as if by smearing with pitch ; to 
obscure. 

Pitch, n. [0. Fr. pic, high place. See PEAK.] 1. A 
point or peak ; hence, any point or degree of elevation or 
depression. 2. (Mas.) Degree of elevation of the voice, 
or of an instrument, &c. 3. Degree ; rate ; position. 
4. The point where a declivity begins ; hence, the declivity 
itself; descent; slope. 5. (Mech.) (a.) The distance 
from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gear- 
ing, measured on the pitch-line, (b.) The distance 
measured on a line parallel to the axis, between two 
adjacent threads or convolutions of a screw, (c.) The 
distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet-holes in 
boiler plates. 

Pitch line, or pitch circle, a circle concentric with the cir- 
cumference of a toothed wheel, and cutting its teeth at such a 
distance from their points as to touch the corresponding circle 
of the gear working with it. 

Pitch, v. t. [0. ~Rng.picchen, A.-S.pyccan, to prick. See 

PICK.] 1. To throw ; to hurl ; to toss. 2. To fix firmly ; 

to plant; to set in array. 3. (Mus.) To fix or set the 

tone of. 
Pitched battle, a battle in which the hostile forces have firm 

or fixed positions, in distinction from a skirmish. 
Pitch, v. i. 1. To light ; to settle. 2. To fall headlong. 

3. To fall ; to fix choice. 4. To encamp. 5. (Naut.) 

To rise and fall , as the head and stern of a ship. 
PItch'er, n. [0. Fr. picher, pichier, Basque pitcherra, L. 

Lat. picariuin. bicarium, Icel. bikar, 0. H. Ger. behhar. 



beehar, pechar. Cf. Beaker.] 1. A vessel, usually 

open, with a spout for pouring out liquors ; a ewer. 2. 

One who pitches any thing, as hay, quoits, &c. 3. 

(Bot.) A cup-like appendage of the leaves of certain 

plants. [pitched into a hole. 

Pltch'-f ar'thing, n. A play in which copper coin is 
Pitch/fork, n. A fork or farming utensil used in pitch- 
ing or throwing hay or sheaves of grain, as into carta 

or wagons. 
PItch'i-ness, ft. Blackness, as of pitch ; darkness. 
PItch'-pIne, n. (Bot.) One of several species of pine, 

abounding in resinous matter. 
PItch'-pipe, n. (Mus.) A wind instrument for regula- 

tirjg the pitch of the key or leading tone of a tune. 
PItch'y, a. 1. Partaking of the qualities of pitch ; like 

pitch. 2. Smeared with pitch. 3. Black, like pitch ; 

dark; dismal. 
PIt'-eoal, ft. Mineral coal ; coal dug from the earth. 
Plt'e-oiis, a. 1. Fitted to excite pity. 2. Evincing 

pity. 3. Paltry ; mean ; pitiful. 
Syn.— Sorrowful; mournful; affecting; doleful; woful', 

rueful; wretched; miserable; pitiable; compassionate ; tender. 

Plt'e-ous-ly, adv. In a piteous manner. 

Plt'e-oiis-ness, ft. The state of being piteous. 

PIt'fall, n. A pit slightly covered, intended to catch 
wild'beasts or men. 

Pith, n. [A.-S. pidha. D. pit, pith, kernel.] 1. The soft, 
spongy substance in the center of many plants and trees. 
2. (Anat.) The spinal cord; the marrow. 3. Hence, 
vital or essential part ; vigor ; strength ; importance. 

PIth'i-ly, adv. In a pithy manner ; with vigor. 

PIth'i-ness, ft. The state of being pithy. 

Plth'less, a. 1. Destitute of pith ; wanting strength. 
2. Wanting cogency or concentrated force. 

PIth'y, a. [compar. PITHIER ; superl. PITHIEST.] 1. 
Consisting of, containing, or abounding with, pith. 2. 
Forcible ; energetic. 3. Condensed, forcible, and ap- 
propriate in expressing. 

PIt'i-a-hle, a. Deserving pity ; worthy of compassion. 
Syn. — Sorrowful; affecting; lamentable; mournful; dole- 
ful; woful; rueful; wretched; miserable. 

Plt'i-a-lble-ness, ft. The state of being pitiable. 

PIt'i-ful, a. 1. Full of pity; tender; compassionate. 2. 
Miserable ; moving compassion. 3. Deserving pity for 
littleness or meanness. 
Syn. — Contemptible; despicable; paltry. See Contempt- 
le. 

PIt'i-ful-ly, adv. In a pitiful manner. 

Plt'i-ful-iiess, n. The state of being pitiful. 

Plt'i-less, a. 1. Destitute of pity. 2. Exciting no pity. 
Syn. — Hard-hearted; cruel; merciless; unmerciful; com- 
passionless; unsympathizing. 

PIt'i-less-ly, adv. In a pitiless manner. 

Pit'i-less-ness, ft. The state of being pitiless. 

PIt'man, n. ; pi. pPjCmen. 1. One who works in a pit, 
as in sawing timber, &c. 2. The connecting rod in a 
saw-mill. 

Plt'saw, n. A large saw worked vertically by two men, 
one of whom stands in a pit. 

PIt'tance, ft. [Low Lat. pitancia, pittantia, pictantia, 
originally pity, charity, from Lat. p'ietas. See PITY.] 1. 
An allowance of food, bestowed in charity ; hence, a 
charity gift. 2. Any small allowance ; a trifle. 

PI-tu'i-ta-ry, a. [From Lat. pituita, phlegm, mucus.] 
(Anat.) Secreting- phlegm or mucus. 

PI-tu'i-tous, a. [Lat. pituitosus. See supra.] Consist- 
ing of, or resembling mucus ; exhibiting the effects of 
mucus. 

PIt'y, ft. [N. Fr. pitU, It. pietd, from Lat. pietas, piety, 
kindness, pity. Cf. PIETY.] 1. The feeling or suffer- 
ing of one person, excited by the distresses of another. 
2. Cause of grief; thing to be regretted. 3. A call for 
pity. 

Syn.— Compassion; mercy; commiseration; condolence; 
sympathy; fellow-suffering; fellow-feeling. — Sympathy is lit- 
erally fellow-feeling, and therefore requires a certain degree 
of equality iri situation, circumstances, &c, for its fullest exer- 
cise. Compassion is deep tenderness for another under severe 
or inevitable misfortune. Pitff regards its object not only as 
suffering, but weak, and hence as inferior. Scott, speaking of 
the Douglas, says: — 

And last, and worst to spirit proud, 
Had borne the pity of the crowd, 

PIt'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pitied ; p. pr. & vb. n. PITT- 
ING.] To feel pain or grief for ; to have sympathy for. 
Syn. — To commiserate; compassionate; sympathize with 
PIt'y, v. i. To be compassionate ; to exercise pity. 
PIv'ot, n. [Fr. pivot , for pipot, from pipe, a pipe", or con- 



fobd, foot ; urn, riide, pull ; cell, chaise, ■call, echo ; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, linJk ; thia 



PIX 



544 



PLAN 



tracted from pieuvot, dim. of pieu, a stake.] 1. A pin or 
short axis fixed only at one end, and on which a wheel 
or other body turns. 2. Hence, a turning point ; that 
on which important results depend. 3. (Mil.) The one 
on whom the different wheelings are made in the various 
evolutions of the drill. 

Pix, n. The same as Pyx, q. v. [peasable. 

Pla/-ea-foil'i-ty, n. Quality of being placable, or ap- 

Pla'-ea-ble, a. [Lat. placabilis, from placare, to quiet, 
pacify, from placere, to please.] Capable of being ap- 
peased or pacified ; appeasable. 

PlaAea-fole-ness, n. The quality of being placable. 

Pla-eard', n. [Fr., fr. plaquer, to lay or clap on, plaque, 
plate, tablet ; Low Lat. placare, to place on ; D. plak- 
ken, to paste, post up, plak, a flat piece of wood ; Gr. 
7rAa£, irAaxos, any thing flat and broad.] A written or 
printed paper posted in a public place. 

Pla-eard', v. t. [imp. & p. p. placarded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. placarding.] 1. To post, as a writing or libel, 
in a public place. 2. To notify publicly. 

Pla'eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. placated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PLACATING-.] [Lat. placare, placatum, from placere, 
to please.] To appease or pacify ; to conciliate. 

Place, n. [From Lat. platea, a street, area, court-yard, 
from Gr. ir\arvs, nkaTela, flat, broad.] 1. A broad way 
in a city ; an open space ; an area. 2. Any portion of 
space regarded as distinct from all other space, as related 
to any other portion, or as appropriated to some definite 
object or use. 3. Rank ; degree ; grade ; especially, so- 
cial rank or position ; condition ; sometimes, official sta- 
tion or post. 4. A position occupied and held as a resi- 
dence ; as, (a.) A stately or elegant dwelling ; a mansion. 
(b.) A collection of dwellings; a village, town, or city, 
(c.) A country ; the seat of a nation, (d.) A fortified 
town or post. 5. Possibility of existence or action ; op- 
portunity. 6. Definite portion of a written or printed 
document. 7. Vacated or relinquished space ; room ; 
stead. 

To take place, to come to pass; to occur. 

Syn.— Situation; seat; abode; position ; locality; location; 
site; spot; office; employment; charge; function; trust. 

Place, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLACED (plast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. placing.] 1. To.assign a place to ; to fix ; to settle. 
2. To put in a particular rank or office ; to surround 
with particular circumstances. 3. To put out at inter- 
est; to invest. 
Syn. — See Put. 

Place'man, n. ; pi. PLACE'men. One who has an of- 
fice under a government. 

JPla-cen'fd, n. ; pi. PLA-pEN'TJE. [Lat., a cake, Gr. 
irXaKovs, a flat cake, from 7rAd£, irkanos, anything flat 
and broad.] 1. (Anat.) The soft, spongy disk which 
connects the mother with the fetus in the womb. 2. 
(Bot.) The part of a plant or fruit to which the seeds 
are attached. 

Pla'cer (phi/ser), n. One who places or sets. 

JPla-cer' (pla-thar 7 , by Mexicans and Caliform'ans pla- 
sar'), n. [Sp.J A gravelly place where gold is found, es- 
pecially by the side of a river, or in the bed of a moun- 
tain torrent. 

Plac'id, a. [Lat. placidus, orig. pleasing, mild, from pla- 
cere, to please.] Pleased ; contented ; unruffled ; serene ; 
tranquil ; quiet. 
Syn. — Gentle; serene; mild; unruffled. 

Pla-cid'i-ty, n. Quality of being placid ; placidness. 

Plac'id-ly, adv. In a placid manner ; calmly. 

Plac'id-ness, n. State of being placid ; calmness. 

Plaek'et, n. [Fr. plaquer, to lay or clap on. See PLA- 
CARD.] 1. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or 
skirt for convenience in putting it on. 2. A woman's 
pocket. 

Pla'gal, a. [From Gr. TrAa-yios, sidewise, slanting.] (Mus.) 
Having the principal tones lying between the fifth of the 
key and its octave or twelfth ; — said of certain melodies 
or tunes. 

Pla'gi-a-ri§m, n. Act or practice of plagiarizing. 

Pla'^i-a-rist, n. One who plagiarizes ; a plagiary. 

Pla'gi-a-rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plagiarized; p. 
pr.% vb. n. PLAGIARIZING.] To steal or purloin from 
the writings of another. 

Pla'gi-a-rize, v. i. To be guilty of literary theft. 

Pla'gi-a-ry, n. [Lat. plagiarius, from plagium, kidnap- 
ping.] A thief in literature ; one who purloins another's 
writings, and offers them to the public as his own. 
Pla'gi-a-ry, a. Practicing literary theft. 

Plague (plag), n. [From Lat. plaga, a blow, stroke ; Gr. 
7rA.7)y»?, from nkyjo-o-fiv, to strike.] 1. Any afflictive evil 




or calamity. 2. (Med.) An acute, malignant, febrile 
disease, that often prevails in the East, and has at times 
raged in the large cities of Europe. 3. Hence, any pes- 
tilence. 

Plague (plag), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLAGUED ; p. pr. & 
vb n. plaguing.] 1. To vex ; to tease. 2. To infest 
with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. 

Syn. — To torment; distress; afflict; harass; annoy; tanta- 
lize; trouble; molest; embarrass: perplex. 

Plagu'er (plag'er), n. One who plagues or annoys ; a 
tormentor ; a teaser. 

Plagu'i-ly (plag'i-ly), adv. In a plaguing manner ; yex- 
atiously ; extremely ; horribly. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Plagu'y (plag'y), a. Vexatious ; troublesome ; torment- 
ing. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Plaice, n. [Lat. platessa.] (Ichth.) 
A fish, allied to the flounder. It 
swims on its side, and has bbth 
its eyes on one side. 

Plaid (plad), n. [Gael, plaide, 
contr. fr. peallaid, a sheep skin, 
fr. pe all, a skin or hide.] A striped 
or variegated cloth, worn as an over-garment by the 
Highlanders in Scotland. 
COT" Pronounced plad by the Scotch. 

Plaid (plad), a. Having a pattern which resembles a 
Scotch plaid ; marked with bars or stripes at right an- 
gles to one another. 

Plain, a. [compar. PLAINER ; svperl. PLAINEST.] [Lat. 
planus.] 1. Without elevations or depressions ; — the 
same as Plane. 2. Open; clear; unencumbered. 3. 
Not intricate or difficult. 4. Simple; natural ; as, (a.) 
Void of extraneous beauty or ornament ; sometimes, 
homely, (b. ) Not highly cultivated ; unsophisticated ; 
common, (c.) Void of affectation or disguise, (d.) Free 
from costliness; not rich, (e.) Not ornamented with 
colors or figures, (f.) Not much varied by modulations. 
Syn. — Manifest; even; level ; flat; smooth ; artless; unaf- 
fected; undisguised; frank ; sincere; honest; candid; ingenu- 
ous ; unvarnished ; unembellished ; downright; unreserved ; 
distinct; obvious; apparent. 

Plain, adv. In a plain manner. 

Plain, n. 1. Level land ; usually, an open field with an 
even surface, or one little varied by inequalities. 2. A 
field of battle 

Plain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLAINED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
plaining.] 1. To level ; to make plain or even. 2. 
To lament ; to complain of. [Obs. or poet.] 

Plain'-deaFer, n. One who speaks out his views with 
great plainness. 

Plain'-cieal'ing, a. Dealing or communicating with 
frankness and sincerity ; honest ; open. 

Plain'- deaFing, n. A speaking or communicating 
with openness and sincerity. 

Plain' -hearl/ed, a. Having a sincere heart; commu- 
nicati ig without art, reserve, or hypocrisy. 

Plain'iy, adv. In a plain manner. 

Plain':iess (109), n. The quality or state of being plain, 
in an j of its senses. 

Plain', spok/en (20), a. Speaking with plain, unre- 
served sincerity. 

Plaint, n. [Lat. planctus, from plangere, planctum. See 
Plain, v. i., supra.] 1. Audible expression of sorx-ow ; 
lamentation ; complaint. 2. A sad or serious song. 

Plaint'iff , n. [Fr. plaintif, making complaint, plain- 
tive. See Plain, v. i.] (Law.) The person who com- 
mences a personal action or suit to obtain a remedy for 
an injury to his rights ; — opposed to defendant. 

Plaint'ive, a. 1. Containing a plaint, or expression of 
sorrow; complaining. 2. Hence, indicating grief; seri- 
ous ; sad. 

Plaint'ive-ly. adv. In a plaintive manner. 

Plaint'ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being plaintive. 

Plait, n. [L. Lat. plecta, Gr. ^Ae/cn?, a twisted rope, 
string, from 7rAe/cTOs, plaited, twisted, from irXeKecv, to 
twist, braid.] 1. A fold; a doubling, as of cloth. 2. 
A braid, as of hair or straw. 
B@- Vulgarly pronounced pleet. 

Plait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plaited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
plaiting.] 1. To fold ; to double in narrow folds. 2. 
To form by interlaying ; to braid ; to plat. 3. To en- 
tangle ; to involve. 

Plan, n. [From Lat. planus, flat, level.] 1. A draught 
or form ; properly, the representation of any thing drawn 
on a plane ; especially, the representation of a horizon- 
tal section of any thing. 2. A method of action or pro- 
cedure expressed or described in language. 



a,e,&c.,Zons; a.fi.&c.^Aor^care.farjaslc^U.wliat^re^eil.term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PLAN 



545 



PLAT 



Syn.— Scheme; draught ; delineation ; plot ; sketch; pro- 
ject; design; contrivance; device. See Scheme. 

Plan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. planned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
planning.] 1. To form a draught or representation 
of. 2. To scheme ; to devise ; to form in design. 
Syn.— To sketch; model; scheme; contrive. 

Planch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. planched (plancht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PLANCHING.] [Fr. planche, a board, plank, 
from Lat. planca, id.] To cover with planks or boards ; 
to plank. 

Planch'et, n. [Fr. planchette, a small board, dim. of 
planche. See PLANCH.] A fiat piece of metal; espe- 
cially, a disk of metal ready to be stamped as a coin. 

Planch'ing, n. The laying of floors in a building ; also, 
a floor of boards or planks. 

Plane, a. [Lat. planus. See Plain, a.] Without ele- 
vations or depressions ; even ; level ; flat ; pertaining to, 
lying in, or constituting a plane. 

Plane, n. 1. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in 
which, if any two points are taken, the straight line 
which joins them lies wholly in that surface. 2. (Join- 
ery.) A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of 
wood, forming moldings, and the like. 

Plane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. planed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
planing.] [See Plane, a.] To make smooth ; to free 
from inequalities of surface. 

Plan'er, n. (Print.) A wooden block used for making 
the surface of type even. 

Plan'et, n. [Lat. planeta, Gr. nXavriTrj?, and irAavrj?, 
7rAavrjTos, a planet; prop, wandering, from ir\ava<r6cu, 
to wander.] (Astron.) A celestial body which revolves 
about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccen- 
tricity. 

Plan/et-a'ri-iim, n. An astronomical machine which 
represents the motions and orbits of the planets ; an 
orrery. 

Plan'et-a-ry, a. [See Planet.] 1. Pertaining to the 
planets. 2". Consisting of planets. 3. (Astrol.) Under 
the dcminion or influence of a planet. 4. Produced by 
planets. 

Plane'-tree, n. [Lat. platanus, Gr. 7rAaTavos, from 7rAa- 
tvs, broad, on account of its broad leaves and spreading 
form. Cf. Platane.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Plat- 
anus. 

U®*- The oriental plane-tree is a native of Asia. The occi- 
dental plane-tree is a native of North America, where it is 
called also button-ivood. 

Plan'et-strick'en, ) a. Affected by the influence of 

Plan'et-striick, J planets; blasted. 

Plan'i-f o'li-oiis, a. [Lat. planus, flat, aDd folium, leaf.] 
(Bot.) Flat-leaved. 

Plan'i-iinet'rie, \ a. Pertaining to the mensuration 

Plan'i-met'rie-al, J of plane surfaces. 

Pla-nim'e-try, n. [From Lat. planus, plain, and Gr. 
fteVpov, measure.] The mensuration of plane surfaces. 

Plau/i-pet'al-oiis, a. [Lat. planus, flat, and Eng. 
petal, q. v.] (Bot.) Having flat petals. 

Plan'ish, v. l. [imp. & p. p. planished (plan'isht); 
p. pr. & vb. n. PLANISHING.] [0. Fr. planir, N. Fr. 
planer. See Plane.] To "render smooth and level, as 
a metallic surface, by light blows with a smooth-faced 
hammer. 

Plan'i-sphere, n. [From Lat. planus, plane, and 
sphxra, sphere.] 1. The representation of the circles 
of the sphere upon a plane. 2. Especially, a represen- 
tation of the celestial sphere upon a plane with adjust- 
able circles, or other appendages for showing the position 
of the heavens, the time of rising and setting of stars, 
&c, for any given date or hour. 

Plank, n. [Lat. planca, allied to Gr. 7rA<x|', 7rAaKos, any 
thing flat and broad. Cf. Planch.] 1. Abroad piece 
of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being 
thicker. 2. Hence, a support, as for floating in a 
stream. 

Plank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. planked (plankt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. planking.] 1. To cover or lay with planks. 
2. To lay down upon a plank, or as upon a plank ; to 
produce, as a wager, or cash. [Amer.] 

Pl&n'ner, n. One who plans or forms a plan. 

Pla'no=eon'eave, a. Flat on one side, and concave 
on the other. v 

Pla'no-eon'ic-al, a. Plane or level on one side, and 
conical on the other. 

Pla'no-«on'vex, a. Plane or flat on one side, and con- 
vex on the other. 

Plant, «. [Lat. plant a; A.-S. plant.] 1. A vegetable; 
an organic body, destitute of sense and spontaneous mo- 
tion, and having, when complete, a root, stem, and 




Plantain. 



leaves. 2. The fixtures and tools necessary to carry on 
any trade or mechanical business. 

Plant, v. t. [imp. & p.p. planted ; p. pr. hvb.n. 
planting.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, as 
seed for growth. 2. To set in the ground for growth, aa 
a young tree. 3. To furnish with plants. 4. To en- 
gender. 5. To settle; to establish; to introduce. 6. 
To set and direct, or point. 

Plant, v. i. To perform the act 
of planting. 

Plant'ain (42), n. [Fr. plant- 
ain, Lat. plantago.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants of many spe- 
cies. It is found near the 
abode of civilized man in all 
parts of the world. 

Plant'ain (42), ) n. (Bot.) 

Plant'ain- tree, J An en- 
dogenous tropical tree, which 
rises with a soft stem, fifteen 
or twenty feet high, and the 
fruit is a substitute for bread. 

Plan-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 
planting. [Rare.] 2. The place 
planted ; especially, in Ameri- 
ca, a large estate, cultivated 
chiefly by negroes, under the control of the proprietor or 
master. 3. A colony. 

Plant'er, n. 1. One who plants, sets, introduces, or es- 
tablishes. 2. One who assists in colonizing in a new ter- 
ritory. 3. One who owns a plantation. 

Plant'i-ele (plant'i-kl), n. [A dim. of plant.] A young 
plant, or plant in embryo. 

Plant 'i-grade , n. [From Lat. planta, the sole of the 
foot, and gradi, to walk.] (Zool.) An animal that walks 
or steps on the sole of the foot, as the bear. 

Plant'i-grade, a. Walking on the sole of the foot, 
as some animals. 

Plant'-louse, n. ; pi. plant'-lice. An insect that 
infests plants. 

Plant'ule (53), n. [Dim. of plant.] The embryo of a 
plant. 

Plash, n. [See infra.] 1. A puddle. 2. A dash of 
water; a splash. 3. [See Plash, v. t.] The branch 
of a tree partly cut or lopped, and bound to other 
branches. 

Plash, v. i. [L. Ger. plaslcen, D. plassen, II. Ger. plat- 
schen, pldtschen.] To dabble in water ; to splash. 

Plash, v. t. [imp. & p.p. PLASHED (plasht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PLASHING.] [0. Fr. plaissier, plessier, from Lat. 
plexus, p. p. of plectere, to weave, twist.] 1. To lop off. 
2. To bind, or cut, and intertwine the branches of. 

Plash'y, a. Watery ; abounding with puddles. 

Plagm, n. [Gr. n\dafJLa, from nkdacriiv, to form, mold.] 
A mold or matrix in which any thing is cast or formed 
to a particular shape. 

Plas'ter, n. [From Lat. emplastrum, Gr. efjinAao-Tpov. 
See EMPLASTIC] 1. A composition of lime, water, and 
sand, for coating walls and partitions of houses ; also 
gypsum, as used for making ornaments, moldings, &c. 
2. ( Med. ) An external application of a harder consistence 
than an ointment. 
Plaster of Paris, calcined gypsum, or sulphate of lime. 

Plas'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plastered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. plastering.] 1. To cover with plaster, as the 
partitions of a house. 2. To cover with a plaster, as a 
wound. 3. To smooth over ; to conceal the defects or 
irregularities of. 

Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 

Plas'ter-ing, n. The plaster-work of a building ; a cov- 
ering of plaster. 

Plas'tie, a. [Gr. 7rAao-TiKOS, from irXdo-a-etv , to form, 
mold.] 1. Having the power to give form or fashion to 
a mass of matter. 2. Capable of being molded, formed, 
or modeled. 3. Pertaining or appropriate to, or charac- 
teristic of, molding or modeling ; produced by, or appear- 
ing as if produced by, molding or modeling. 

Plas-tic'i-ty, n. State or quality of being plastic. 

Plas'tron, n. [Fr., from L. Lat. plastra, a thin plate of 
metal. See Piaster.] A piece of leather stuffed; — 
used by fencers to defend the body. 

Plat. v. t. [imp. & p. p. platted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
platting.] [From plait, q. v.] To form by interlay- 
ing or interweaving ; to weave. 

Plat, n. Work done by platting or interweaving. 

Plat, n. [See infra, and cf. Plot, the same word differ- 
ently written.] A small piece of ground (usually flat) 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get 

85 



a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



PLATAN 



546 



PLEASING 



The plane-tree. See Plane-tree. 



laid or marked out with some design , or for a distinct 
use. 

Plat'an, 

Pl&t'ane, 

Plate, n. [0. Fr. plate, aplate of metal, a cuirass, Yr.plat, 
S^.plato, It. piatto,& plate, a shallow vessel ; Ger. platte, 
D. plaat, a flat piece, plate ; allied to Gr. irAaTvs, flat, 
broad. See Flat.] 1. Apiece of metal flattened. 2. 
Metallic armor composed of broad pieces. 3. Dishes 
wrought in gold or silver. 4. Metallic ware which is over- 
laid with gold, silver, or some other metal. 5. A small, 
shallow vessel, from which provisions are eaten at table. 
6. [Arch.) The piece of timber which supports the ends of 
the rafters. 7 . A piece of metal on which any thing is 
engraved ; hence, an impression from an engraved piece 
of metal. 8. A page of stereotype for printing from. 

3Plate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PLATING.] 1. To cover or overlay with gold, silver, or 
other metals. 2. To arm with plate or metal for de- 
fense. 3. To adorn with plate. 4. To beat into thin, 
flat pieces. 

Plateau' (pla-to'), n. [Fr., from plat, flat.] Abroad 
level area of land in a somewhat elevated position. 

Plateful, n. ; pi. plate^fuls. Enough to fill a plate. 

Plate'-glass, n. A finekind of glass, castin thick plates, 
and used for mirrors and the best windows. 

Plat'en, n. [From its flatness. See Plate.] (Print.) 
The flat part of a press, by which the impi'ession is made. 

Plat'form, n. [Eng. plat (obs.), flat, and/orra.] 1. A 
frame-work of timber or boards horizontally joined, so as 
to form a conspicuous or elevated standing-place. 2. A 
declaration of principles to which any body of men de- 
clare their adhesion. 

Pl&t'i-na, or Pla-t'i'na, n. See Platinum. 

Plat'ing, n. 1. Art or operation of covering a baser 
metal with a thin plate of silver or other metal. 2. A 
thin coating of metal. 

Plat'i-niim, or Pla-ti'num, n. [N. Lat.,from Sp. 
platina, from plata, silver.] (Chem.) A very ductile 
metal of the color of silver, but less bright. It is the 
heaviest and least expansible of the metals. 

Pl&t'i-tude (30), n. [Fr., from plat, flat.] 1. Flatness ; 
dullness ; insipidity. 2. A weak or empty remark. 

Pia-ton'ie , \a. Pertaining to Plato, the philosopher, 

Pla-ton'ie-al, ) or to his philosophy, his school, or his 
opinions. 

Platonic lore, a pure, spiritual affection subsisting between 
the sexes, unmixed with carnal desires. 

Pla'to-nigm, n. 1. The doctrines of Plato and his fol- 
lowers. 2. An elevated rational and ethical conception 
of the laws and forces of the universe. 

Pfa'to-nist, n. One who professes to be a follower of 
PJato. 

Pla'to-nlze, v. i. [imp. & p.p. platonized; p. pr. 
& vb. n. Platonizing.] To adopt the opinions of the 
Platonic school. 

Pla'to-nize, v. t. To explain on the principles of the 
Platonic school or to accommodate to those principles. 

Pla-tobn', n. [Fr. peloton, from pelote, a ball formed 
of things wound round, from Lat. pila, a ball.] (Mil.) 
Half of a company of soldiers. 

Pl&t'ter, n. [Prob. from 0. Fr. platel, N. Fr. plateau. 
See Plateau.] A large/shallow dish, for holding the 
provisions of a table. 

Plau'dit, n. [From Lat. plaudite, do ye praise, a de- 
mand of applause by players when they left the stage, 
from plaudere, to applaud, praise.] A mark or expres- 
sion of applause. 

Syn. —Acclamation; shouting; applause; encomium; com- 
mendation ; approbation. 

Plau'dit-o-ry, a. Applauding ; commending. 

Plau'gi-foll'i-ty, ft. State of being plausible ; pretext ; 
speciousness. 

Plau'gi-fole, a. [Lat. plausibilis, from plaudere, plau- 
s'iim, to applaud.] 1. Fitted to gain favor or approba- 
tion; hence, superficially pleasing; apparently right. 
2. Using specious arguments or discourse. 

Syn.— Specious. — Both these words have a bad sense. 
PlausihJe denotes that which seems to satisfy the ear, and yet 
leaves distrust in the judgment. Specious describes that which 
carries a fair appearance to the eye, and yet may cover some- 
thing false. Many plausible arguments and specious pretences 
have been brought forward to defend the cause of wickedness. 

Plau'gi-lble-ness, n. The state of being plausible. 
Piau'gi-bly, adv. In a plausible manner. 
PJ^u'sive, a. Applauding ; manifesting praise. 
Play, v. i. [imp. &p.p. played; p. pr. & vb. n. PLAY- 



ING.] [A.-S. plegian, pleggan, pleogian, to play ; plega, 
play.] 1. To engage in sport or lively recreation ; to 
frolic. 2. To act with levity ; to trine. 3. To contend 
in a game ; hence, sometimes, to gamble. 4. To perform 
on an instrument of music. 5. To move with alternate 
dilatation and contraction ; to operate. 6. To move ir- 
regularly ; to wanton. 7. To act a part upon the stage ; 
to act in any particular character. 
Play, v. t. 1. To put in action or motion. 2. To perform 
music upon. 3. To bring into sportive or wanton action. 
4. To act or perform by representing a character. 5. 
To perform in contest for amusement or for a prize. 
Syu. — To sport ; trifle ; frolic. 

Play, n. 1. Any exercise or series of actions intended 
for pleasure, amusement, or diversion ; game. 2. Act of 
contending for victory, for amusement, or for a prize, as 
at dice, cards, or other games ; gaming. 3» Practice in 
any contest. 4. Action ; use ; employment ; manner 
of action. 5. A dramatic composition ; a comedy or 
tragedy. 6. Representation or exhibition of a comedy or 
tragedy. 7 , Performance on an instrument of music. 8. 
Motion ; movement, regular or irregular ; hence, also, 
room for motion ; free and easy action. 9. Liberty of 
acting, room for enlargement or display ; scope. 

Play of colors, an appearance of several prismatic colors in 
rapid succession on turning an object. 

Syn. — Sport ; frolic ; amusement ; game ; gambols ; em- 
ployment. 

Play'-toill, n. A printed advertisement of a play, with 
the parts assigned to the actors. 

Play'-day, n. A day given to play or diversion. 

Play'er, n. One who plays; as, (a.) A dramatic actor. 
(b.) A mimic, (c. ) One who performs on an instrument 
of music, (d.) A gamester. 

Play'fel-low, n. A companion in amusements or 
sports ; a playmate. [fancy. 

Play 'fill, a. 1. Sportive. 2. Indulging a sportive 

Play'f ul-ness, n. The state of being playful. 

Play '-house, ft. A house for the exhibition of dramat- 
ic compositions ; a theater. 

Play 'mate, n. A playfellow ; a companion in play. 

Play 'tiling, ft. Any thing that serves to amuse ; a toy. 

Play'wright (-rit), n. A maker of plays. 

Plea, ft. [Lat. plait urn, placitum, from placitum, that 
which is pleasing, an opinion, from placere, to please.] 
1. (Law.) An allegation of fact in a cause, as distin- 
guished from a demurrer ; in a more limited and usual 
sense, the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declara- 
tion and demand. 2. A cause in court ; a lawsuit. 3. 
An excuse ; an apology. 4. Urgent prayer or entreaty. 

Plead, v. i. [imp. & p.p. pleaded (plead, or pled, 
is sometimes improperly used) ; p. pr. & vb. n. PLEAD- 
ING.] [Fr. plaider, L. Lat. placitare, from placitum. See 
Plea.] 1. To argue in support of a claim, or in de- 
fense against the claim of another. 2. (Law.) To 
present an answer, by allegation of fact, to the declara- 
tion of a plaintiff; in a less strict sense, to make an alle- 
gation of fact in a cause ; to carry on a suit or plea. 

Plead, v. t. 1. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or 
vindication ; to offer in excuse. 2» To discuss, defend, 
and attempt to maintain by arguments offered to a tribu- 
nal or person who has the power of determining ; to ar- 
gue. 3. To allege and offer in a legal plea or defense, or 
for repelling a demand in law. 

Plead'er, n. One who pleads ; especially, a lawyer who 
makes a plea in a court of justice. 

Pleag'ant, a. [See Please.] 1. Fitted to please; 
grateful to the mind or senses. 2. Cheerful ; enliven- 
ing ; gay ; lively ; sportive ; giving pleasure ; gratifying. 

Pleag'ant -ly, adv. In a pleasant manner. 

Pleag'ant ness, ft. State or quality of being pleasant. 

Pleag'ant-ry, n. 1. Gayety ; merriment. 2. Gentle 
raillery ; liveliness ; a sprightly saying ; lively talk. 

Plea,ge, v. t. [imp. & p.p. pleased ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pleasing.] [Lat. placere.] To excite agreeable sensa- 
tions or emotions in ; to gratify. 

Pleage, v. i. To be pleased ; to like ; to choose ; to prefer; 
to comply. 

Pleag'er, n. One who pleases or gratifies. 

Pleag'ing, a. Giviug pleasure or satisfaction. 

Syn.— Nice ; gratifying ; grateful; pleasurable; accepta- 
ble. See Nice. — Pleasant is more particularly applied to 
things in the concrete, as pleasant weather, a pleasant day, 
ride, situation, &c. A late English writer says, " It was for- 
merly used to describe merry and playful conversation, or a 
jocose and lively person, but is now in a great measure with- 
drawn from persons and applied to things." When we ap- 
ply pleasing to things it is usually in their abstract relations, 



PLEASURABLE 



547 



PLOT 



as. a pleasing variety, interchange, &c. In respect to persons, 
pleasing is generally used to describe personal qualities, as, a 
pleasing address, countenance, &c. Agreeable is more used of 
social qualities and relations, as, an agreeable conversation, 
agreeable society, &c. These distinctions, however, are not 
in all cases very accurately observed. 

plgas/ur-a-lble (plezh'ur-a-bl), a. Pleasing; giving 

pleasure ; affording gratification. 

Pleag'ur-a-bly, adv. In a pleasurable manner. 

Plfiag'ure (plezh'ur), n. [See Please.] 1. Gratifica- 
tion of the senses or of the mind ; agreeable sensations 
or emotions. 2. Frivolous or dissipating enjoyment. 
3. What the will dictates or prefers. 4. That which 
pleases ; a favor. 

Syn. — Enjoyment ; satisfaction; comfort; solace; joy; 
gladness ; delight ; will ; choice ; preference ; purpose •, in- 
tention ; command. 

Pleag'ure (plezh'ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pleasured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. pleasuring.] To give or afford pleas- 
ure to ; to please ; to gratify. [Rare.] 

Pleag'ure-ground, n. Ground laid out in an orna- 
mental manner, and appropriated to amusement. 

Pleat^. t. To plait. See Plait. 

Ple-lbe'iaii (ple-bd'yan), a. [Lat. plebeius, from plebs, 
plebis, the common people.] Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing of, the common people ; vulgar. 

Ple-he'ian (ple-be'yan), n. One of the common people 
or lower ranks of men. 

Ple-be'ian-i§m, n. Conduct of plebeians. 

Pled, imp. & p. p. of plead; — sometimes erroneously 
used instead of pleaded. See PLEAD. 

Pledge (plej), n. [L. Lat. plegium, plivium, prob. from 
Lat. praebere, to proffer (sc.fidem), trust, a promise of 
security. Cf. PLEVIN.] 1. Something put in pawn, or 
deposited as a security for a debt or engagement; a 
pawn ; a gage. 2. Any thing given or considered as a 
security for the performance of an act. 3. The wishing 
of health to another. 
Syn. — See Eaknest. 

Pledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pledged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pledging.] 1. To deposit in pawn ; to leave as secu- 
rity. 2. To engage for by promise or declaration. 3. 
To invite, as another person, to drink, by drinking of the 
cup first, and then handing it to the other ; hence, to 
drink the health of. 

Pledg'ee, n. One to whom any thing is pledged. 

Pledger, n. One who pledges. 

Pledg'et, n. [Probably from pledge, to secure.] ( Surg.) 
A compress, or small, fiat tent of lint, laid over a wound. 

Ple'iad (ple'yad), n. One of the Pleiades. 

Ple'ia-de§ (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [Lat. ; Gr. TIAetaSe?, from 
TrAetv, to sail, as the rising of the seven stars indicated 
the time of safe navigation.] (Astron.) A group of seven 
small stars situated in the neck of the constellation 
Taurus, regarded by Midler as the central group of the 
system of the Milky Way. 

Ple'na-ri-ly, adv. In a plenary manner ; fully. 

Ple'na-ri-ness, n. The state of being plenary. 

Ple'na-ry, a. [L. Lat. plenarius, from Lat. plenus, full, 
from plere, to fill.] Full ; entire ; complete. 

Plenary indulgence (Rnm. Cath. Church), an entire remission 
of penalties due to all sins. — Plenary inspiration, inspiration 
in which there is no mixture whatever of error. 

?!tnIp'o-"tIn- 5 cy, } "■ The state of beiQ S plenipotent. 

Ple-nlp'o-teiit, a. [Lat. plenus, full, . and potens, po- 
tent.] Possessing full power. 

Pleri/i-po-ten'ti-a-ry (-shi-a-, 95), n. One having 
full power to transact any business ; especially, an em- 
bassador at a foreign court furnished with full power. 

Plen'i-po-ten'ti-a ry, a. Containing full power. 

Ple'nist, n. [From Lat. plenus, full.] One who maintains 
that all space is full of matter. 

Plen'i-tude (30), n. [Lat. plenitudo, from plenus, full.] 
1. State of being full or complete; fullness; complete- 
ness ; abundance. 2. Redundancy of blood and hu- 
mors ; repletion. 

Plen'te-oiis, a. 1. Containing plenty; sufficient for 
every purpose. 2. Having plenty ; well provided for ; rich. 
Syn. — Ample; plentiful; copious; abundant; full; fruit- 
ful. 

Plen'te-oiis-ly, adv. In a plenteous manner. 
Plen'te-oiis-ness, ». The state of being plenteous ; 

abundance. 
Plen'tl-f ul, a. 1. Containing plenty ; adequate to 

every purpose. 2. Yielding abundant crops ; affording 

ample supply. 

Syn. — Copious; p\enteous; ample; exuberant; fruitful. 



P15n'ti-f ul-ly, adv. In a plentiful manner ; copiously. 

Plen'ti-ful-ness, n. The state or quality of being plen- 
tiful ; abundance ; copiousness. 

Plen'ty, n. [Lat. plenitas, from plenus, full.] Full or 

adequate supply ; enough and to spare ; copiousness. 

Syn. — Abundance ; exuberance. See Abundance. 

Plen'ty, a. Plentiful ; abundant ; copious. 

ra=f- This word is found in reputable writers of former times, 
but its use is now chiefly colloquial, and it is deemed inele- 
gant. 

Ple'o-nftgm, n. [Gr. 7rAeoi/aer|u.6s , from 7rAeoi/a£et.v, to be 
.more than enough, to abound, from n\eov, for irKelov, 
more, wAeos, full.] The use of more words, to express 
ideas, than are necessary. 

Ple'o-nas'ti-e, ) a. Pertaining to, or partaking of, 

Ple'o-nas'tie-al, j pleonasm ; redundant. 

Ple'si-o-sau'rus, n. [Gr. 7tAt)o-i6s, near, and cravpo?, 
lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct marine rep- 
tiles, having the neck very long, and the body and tail 
short. 

Pleth/o-ra, n. [Gr. n\ri9u>piq, and TrAr/Swpia, fr. vX-qOeiv, 
to be or become full.] X. Over-fullness ; especially, full- 
ness or excess of blood ; repletion. 2. The state of being 
over-full in any respect. 

Ple-thor'ie, or Pleth'o-rie (123), a. Evincing pleth- 
ora either in a physical or a metaphorical sense. 

Fleu'rd, n. [Gr. TrAeupa.] (Anal.) The serous membrane 
which covers the inside of the thorax, and also invests 
the lungs. 

Pleu'ri sy, n. [Lat. pleurisis, pleuritis, Gr. 7rAevptrts, 
sc. voo-os, from 7rAeupa. See supra.] {Med.) An inflam- 
mation of the pleura, accompanied with fever, pain, dif- 
ficult respiration, and cough. 

Plevi-rit'ie, la. 1. Pertaining to pleurisy. 2. Lis- 

Pleu-rlt'ie-al, j eased with pleurisy. 

Pleu/ro-pneu-mo'ni-a (-nu-nuyni-a), n. [Gr. irKeupd, 
pleura, and nvevfjioves, the lungs.] (Med.) Inflammatory 
disease of the pleura and lungs. 

Plex'i-f orm, a. [Lat. plexus, a twisting, braiding, from 
plectere, plexum, to twine, braid, and forma, form.] In 
the form of net- work ; complicated. 

JPleoc'ns,n. [Lat. See supra.] (Physiol.) Any net-work 
of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 

Pli'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being pliable ; flexibility. 

PH'a-ble, a. [Fr., from plier, to bend, to fold, Lat. pli- 
care.] 1. Capable of being plied, turned, or bent ; easy 
to be bent. 2. Readily yielding to moral influence, argu- 
ments, persuasion, or discipline ; — sometimes, in a bad 
sense. 
Syn. — Pliant; flexible; supple; limber. 

Pli'a-ble-ness, n. Pliability; flexibility. 

Pli'aii-cy, n. The state of being pliant, in a physical or 
moral respect. 

Pll'ant, a. 1. Capable of plying or bending ; easily bent. 
2. Readily or easily influenced to good or evil ; easy to 
be persuaded. 

Syn. — Flexible ; flexile ; lithe ; limber ; supple ; ductile ; 
tractable; docile; obsequious. 

Pli'aiit-ness, n. The state of being pliant. 

PK'eate, \a. [Lat. plicatus, p. p. of plicare, to fold.] 

Pli'ea-ted, ) (Bot.) Plaited ; folded like a fan. 

PH'erg, n. pi. [From ply.] A kind of 
pinchers, by which any small object may 
be seized and bent. 

Plight (pll't), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. PLIGHT- 
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. plighting.] [A.-S. 
phhtan, to expose to danger, to pledge.] pliers. 

To expose to danger or risk ; to pledge ; 
to give as security for the performance of some act. 

Plight (pHt), n. [A.-S. pliht, danger, obligation, pledge, 
0. H. Ger. phliht, care, mandate.] 1. That which serves 
to plight or pledge ; security ; gage. 2. Exposed con- 
dition ; dangerous state. 3. Condition ; state. 

Plight'er (pluV-), n. One who, or that which, plights. 

Plinth, n. [Gr. ttAiVGos, a brick or tile, a plinth.] (Arch) 
A square, projecting, vertically faced member forming 
the lowest division of the base of a column. 

Pli'o-cene, a. [Gr. nkeiuv, more, and /catvds, new, re- 
cent.] ( Geol.) Pertaining to, or characterizing, the most 
recent tertiary deposits. 

Plod, v. i. [imp. & p. p. plodded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
plodding.] [Cf. Gael, plod, a clod, to pelt with a clod 
or clods.] 1. To travel, with steady, laborious diligence. 
2. To toil ; to drudge ; especially, to study heavily. 

Plod, v. t. To tread, with a heavy, laboring step. 

Plod'der, n. One who plods. 

Plot, n. [A different orthography of plat.] 1. A small 



food, ftfbt ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



PLOT 



548 



PLUNGE 



extent of ground. 2. (Surv.) A draught of a field, 
piece of land, &c, drawn to a scale. 
Plot, n. [Abbrev. from complot, q. v.] 1. Any scheme, 
stratagem, or plan of a complicated nature. 2. The 
plan or intrigue, of a play, novel, romance, poem, or the 
like. 

cabal ; combination ; con- 



Syn. — Stratagem : 
trivance. 



conspiracy 




Plot, v. i. 1. To form a scheme of mischief against an 
other. 2. To contrive a plan. 

Plot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. n 
plotting.] 1. To plan ; to devise ; to contrive. 2, 
To make a plan of; to delineate. 

PISt'ter, n. One who plots or contrives ; a conspirator 

Plough (plou),n. See Plow. 

Plov'er (pluv'er), n. [Fr. & Pr. 
pluvier, the rain-bird ; Lat. pluvia- 
lis, rainy, from pluvia, rain, from 
pluere, to rain.] (Ornith.) A bird 
of several species frequenting the 
banks of rivers and the sea-shore. 
The flesh is excellent food. 

Plow ) (plou), n. [Icel. plogr, D. 

Plough j ploeg, 0. H. Ger. phluoch, 

probably from Slav, ploug, Russ. Plover. 

& Pol. plug, Bohem. pluh, Lith. plugas.] 1. (Agric.) A 
well-known implement for turning up the soil. 2. 
Hence, agriculture ; tillage. 3. A joiner's instrument 
for grooving. 4. A knife or machine for cutting or 
trimming paper, used by bookbinders and paper-makers. 

Plow Uplou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLOWED, or 

Plough j PLOUGHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PLOWING, or 
PLOUGHING.] 1. To trench and turn up with a plow. 
2. To run through in sailing. 3. To turn up and devas- 
tate. 4. To cut or trim, as paper, with a knife or press. 

Plow, ) v. i. 1. To labor with a plow. 2. To ad- 
Plough, I vance by plowing, or in spite of obstacles. 

Plow'a-ble I (plou'-), a. Capable of being plowed ; 

Plough'a-ble ) arable. 

Plow'lboy I (plou'-), n. A boy that drives or guides a 

Plough'boy ) team in plowing ; a rustic boy. 

Plow'er ((plou'-), n. One who plows land; a culti- 

Plough'er j vator. 

Plow'-man ( (plou'-), n. ; pi. plow'-Men or 

Plough'-man j plough'-men. 1. One who plows ; 
a husbandman. 2. A rustic ; a countryman. 

Plow'share Hplou'-), n. [See SHARE.] The part of 

Plough'share ) a plough which cuts the ground at 
the bottom of the furrow. 

Pluck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plucked (plukt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PLUCKING.] [A.-S. pluccian, and lyccan, luccan, 
lucian, Tcel. plocka. Cf. LUG.] 1. To pull with sudden 
force or effort, or to pull off, out, or from, with a twitch. 
2. To strip b\ r plucking. 

Pluck, n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. pluc, a lump, aknot, a bunch.] 
1. The heart, liver, and lungs of an animal. 2. Spirit ; 
indomitableness ; courage. 

Pliick'er, n. One who plucks. 

Pliick'y, a. [compar. PLUCKIER ; superl. PLUCKIEST.] 
Having resolute and enduring courage ; spirited. 

Plug, n. [D. plug, L. Ger. plugge , plukk .] 1. Anything 
used to stop a hole ; a stopple. 2. A flat, oblong cake 
of pressed tobacco. [Amer.] 

Plug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
plugging.] To stop with a plug; to make tight by 
stopping a hole. 

Plum, n. [A.-S. pluma, Icel. ploma, plummet., D.pruim, 
Lat. prunum, Gr. irpovvov, npovixvov.] 1. The fruit of 
a tree belonging to the genus Prunus ; also, the tree it- 
self, usually called plum-tree. 2. A raisin. 3. A hand- 
some fortune or property ; the sum of £100,000 sterling. 

Plu'mage, n. [From Lat. pluma, a feather.] The col- 
lection of plumes or feathers which cover a bird. 

Plumb (plum), n. [Lat. plumbum, lead.] A weight of 
lead or other material attached to a line, and used to in- 
dicate a vertical direction, as in erecting buildings, &c. ; 
a plummet. 

Plumb (plum), a. Perpendicular, that is, standing ac- 
cording to a plumb-line. 

Plumb (plum), adv. In a plumb direction ; perpendicu- 
larly. 

Plumb (plum), v. t. [imp. & p. p. plumbed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. plumbing.] 1. To adjust by a plumb-line. 2. 
To examine by tests. 

Plum-bag'i-nous, a. Resembling plumbago ; consist- 
ing of, or containing, plumbago. 

Plum-ba'go, n. [Lat., from plumbum, lead.] (Mm.) Plunge, v. t. ' [imp. & p. p. plunged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

a, e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son s 6r, do, wolfs 



A mineral consisting of carbon. It is popularly called 
black-lead. 

Plum'be-an, ) a. [Lat. plumbeus, fr. plumbum, lead.] 

Plum'be-ous, ) 1. Consisting of or resembling lead; 
lead-colored. 2. Dull ; heavy ; stupid. 

Plumb'er (plunder), n. [See Plumb.] One who ad- 
justs lead pipes and other apparatus for the conveyance 
of water. 

Pliimb'er-y (plum'er-y), n. 1. The business of a 
plumber. 2. The place where plumbing is carried on. 

Plumb'ing, n. 1. The art of casting and working in 
lead. 2. The business of arranging pipes for conducting 
water. 3. The lead pipes and other apparatus for con- 
veying water in a building. 

Plumb'- line (plum'Hn), n. 1. A plummet. 2. A 
line perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. 

Plum'-eake,n. Cake containing raisins, currants, &c- 

Plume, n. [Lat. pluma.] 1. The feather of a bird ; e«' 
pecially, the finer or heavier part of a feather. 2. A 
large or handsome feather worn as an ornament. 3. A 
token of honor, prowess, stateliness, or the like. 

Plume, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
pluming.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes or feath- 
ers of. 2. To strip of feathers. 3. To pride ; to value ; 
to boast. 

Plu-mlg'er-oiis, a. [Lat. plumiger, from pluma, a 
feather, and ger ere, to bear]. Having feathers. 

Plu'mi-ped, a. [Lat. plumipes,plumiped is, from pluma, 
a feather, and pes, foot.] ( Ornith.) Having feet covered 
with feathers. 

Plu'mi-ped, n. (Ornith.) A bird that has feathers on 
its feet. 

PMin'met, ». [For plumbet , fr. plumb, Lat. plumbum, 
lead.] 1. A long piece of lead attached to a line, used 
in sounding the depth of water. 2. A piece of lead fast- 
ened to a line, and used to determine a perpendicular, 
and with a square, a horizontal line. 3. Hence, any 
weight. 

Plu-mose', ) a. [Lat. plumosus, from pluma, feather.] 

Plu'mous, ) 1. Having plumes ; resembling a plume 
or plumes. 2. ( Bot.) Having hairs, or any parts or ap- 
pendages arranged along an axis. 

Plump, a. [compar. PLUMPER; superl. PLUMPEST.] 
[Ger. plump, Icel. plumpr, T>. plomp, rude, coarse, clum- 
sy.] 1. Swelled with fat or flesh to the full size ; fat. 
2. Complete ; unreserved ; unqualified. 

Syn.— Fat; sleek; full; round; blunt; unreserved. 

Plump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUMPED (plumt, 84); 
p. pr. & vb. n. PLUMPING.] [From the adjective.] 1. 
To extend to fullness ; to swell ; to fatten. 2. To cause 
to drop heavily. 

Plump, v. i. 1. To grow large to fullness ; to be swelled. 
2. To fall suddenly or at once. 

Plump, adv. At once, or with a sudden, heavy fall ; 
suddenly. 

Pliimp'er, n. 1. Something carried in the mouth to 
dilate the cheeks ; a thing intended to swell out some- 
thing else. 2. A vote given to one candidate only, when 
two or more are to be elected. [Eng.] 3. A full, un- 
qualified lie. 

Plum'-pie, n. A pie containing plums. 

Plump'ly, adv. In a plump manner; fully; roundly; 
without reserve. [Colloq.] 

Pliimp'ness, n. The state of being plump. 

Plum'-por / ridge, n. Porridge with plums in it. 

Plum'-pud'ding, n. Pudding containing raisins o* 
currants.* 

Pliimp'y, a. Somewhat plump ; fat ; jolly. 

Plum'-tree, n. [A.-S. plum-treo.] A tree that pro- 
duces plums. 

Plum'y, a. Covered or adorned with plumes. 

Plun'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plundered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PLUNDERING.] [D. pluncleren, Ger. plundern' 
plunder, frippery, baggage, D. plunje, clothes.] 1. 
To take the goods of by force. 2. To take by pillage or 
open force. 

Syn. — To pillage ; spoil; despoil; sack; rifle; strip; rob. 

Plun'der, n. 1. That which is taken from an enemy; 
pillage ; prey ; spoil. 2. Personal property and effects. 
[Southern and Western U. S.] 

Syn. — Baggajre ; luggage. — In some of the Western States 
a traveler's luggage is familiarly called plunder. This strange 
use of the term is probably derived from the Germans, who 
abound in that quarter, plunder being a vulgar term in Ger« 
man for baggage, from plundern, to bear or carry off. 

Pliin'der-er, n. One who plunders. 



PLUNGE 



549 



POINT 



PLUNGING.] [Fr. plonger, as if from a Lat. wordplumbi- 
care, from plumbum, lead.] To immerse in a fluid; to 
drive into flesh, mire, earth, or the like. 

Plunge, v. i. 1. To thrust or drive one's self into water, 
or a liuid ; to dive, or to rush in. 2. To fall or rush, as 
into distress, or any state or circumstances in which the 
person or thing is regarded as surrounded or over- 
whelmed. 3. To pitch or throw one's self headlong, as 
a horse. 

Plunge, n. 1. Act of thrusting into water or any pen- 
etrable substance. 2. Act of pitching or throwing one's 
self headlong, like an unruly horse. 

Pliin'ger, n. 1. One who plunges ; a diver, 2. A long, 
solid cylinder, used as a forcer in pumps. 

Plu'per-feet, a. [Lat. plus, more, and perfectus, per- 
fect.] More than perfect ; — said of that tense of a verb 
which denotes that an action or event took place previ- 
ous to another past action or event. 

Plii'ral, a. [Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more.] 
Containing more than one. 

Plu'ral-ignx, n. (Eccl.) The holding of more than one 
ecclesiastical living at a time. [Eng.] 

Plu'ral-ist, n. (Eccl.) A clerk or clergyman who holds 
more ecclesiastical benefices than one. 

Plu-ral'i-ty, n. 1. State of being plural, or consisting 
of more than one. 2. A greater number ; a state of being 
or having a greater number. 

Plurality of votes, the excess of votes cast for one individual 
over those cast for any one of several competing candidates. 

Plu'ral-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pluralized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PLURALIZING.] To make plural by using the 
termination of the plural number. 

Plu/ral-ly, adv. In a sense implying more than one. 

Plus, n. [Lat., more.] (Math.) A character marked thus, 
-f- , used as a sign of addition. 

Plush, n. [Fr. pluche, peluche, from Lat. pilus, hair.] A 
textile fabric with a sort of velvet nap or shag on one 
side. 

Plu-to'ni-an, a. Plutonic. See Plutonic. 

Plu-ton'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to Pluto ; hence, pertain- 
ing to the interior of the earth. 2. Pertaining to the 
system of the Plutonists ; igneous. 

Plu/to-mst, n. One who adopts the theory of the form- 
ation of the world in its present state from igneous fusion. 

Plu'vi-al, a. [Lat. pluvialis, from pluvia, rain, pluere, 
to rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy. 

Plu'vi-am'e-ter, n. The same as Pluviometer. 

Plu'vi-om'e-ter, n. [From Lat. pluvia, rain, and me- 
trum, Gr. perpov, measure.] A rain-gauge, an instru- 
ment for ascertaining the quantity of water that falls in 
rain, at any place, in a given time. 

Plti'vi-ous, a. [Lat. pluviosus and pluvius, from plu- 
via, rain, pluere, to rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy ; 
pluvial. 

Ply, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLIED; p. pr. & vb. n. PLY- 
ING.] [Lat. plicare, Gr. nXiiceiv. Cf. A.-S. plegan, to 
exercise, plegian, pleggan, to play.] 1. To fold or cover 
over; to put to or on with force and repetition. 2. To 
urge; to solicit importunately. 3. To employ with 
diligence; to keep busy. 4. To practice or perform 
with diligence. 

Syn. — To urge; press; strain; force. 

Ply, v. i. 1. To work steadily. 2. To go with diligence 
or pertinacity. 3. To busy one's self; to be steadily em- 
ployed. 4. (Naut.) To endeavor to make way against 
the wind. 5. To make regular trips. [bias. 

Ply,n. 1. A fold; a plait. 2. Bent; turn; direction; 

Pneu-mat'ie 1 (nu-), a. [Gr. Tn/ev/uaTi/cos, from irvev- 

Pneu-mat'ie-al ) pa, wind, air, from irvdv, to blow, 
breathe.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, air. 2. Per- 
taining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties. 3. 
Moved or played by means of air. 4. Adapted to, or 
used for, experiments with gases. 5. Fitted to contain 
air. 

Pneu-mat'ies (nu-), n. sing-. That branch of science 
which treats of the mechanical properties of air and 
other elastic fluids. 

Pneuma-tol'o-gy (nu'-), n. [Gr. nvevpa, air, spirit, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] 1. The doctrine of, or a treatise 
on, air and other elastic fluids. 2. (Philos. & Tkeol.) 
Thedoctrine of, or a treatise on, spiritual existences. 

Pneu'ma-tom'e-ter (nu'-), n. [Gr. nvevpa, nvevp-aTos, 
air, and perpov, measure.] A gasometer for the purpose 
of measuring the quantity of air taken into the lungs, 
andjigain given out, at each inspiration and expiration. 

Pneii-mo'ni-d (nu-), n. [Gr. irvevp.ovla, from Trvevp.wv, 



lung, from rrvevnh, air, breath.] (Med.) An infla 
tion of the lungs. 

Pneii-mon'ic (nu-), a. Pertaining to the lungs ; pul- 
monic. 

Pneu-mon'ic (nu-), n. (Med.) A medicine for affec- 
tions of the lungs. 

Poacli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. poached (pocht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. POACHING.] [Fr. pocher, to poach eggs, empocher, 
to put in one's pocket, from poche, pocket, pouch, Eng. 
poke, q. v.] 1. To cook, as eggs, by breaking them into 
a vessel of boiling water; also, to cook with butter after 
breaking in a vessel. 2. To rob of game ; hence, to 
plunder. 

Poach, v. i. [See supra.] To steal or pocket game, or to 
carry it away privately, as in a bag. [Eug.] 

Poach'er, n. One who poaches, or steals game. 

Poach'y , a. Wet and soft ; such as the feet of cattle will 
penetrate to some depth. 

Pock, n. [A.-S. pocc, poc,D. pok,GeT. pocke.] (Med.) A 
pustule raised on the surface of the body in the variolous 
and vaccine diseases. 

Pock'et, n. [Dim. of poke, a pocket. See Poke, and cf. 
Poach, v. t., and Pouch.] 1. Any small bag, espe- 
cially one inserted in a garment. 2. A large bag for hold- 
ing various articles. 

Pock'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POCKETED ; p pr & vb. 
n. pocketing.] 1. To put, or conceal, in the pocket. 
2. To take clandestinely. 

To pocket an insult or affront, and the like, to receive it 
without resenting it, or at least without seeking redress. 

Pock'et-lbobk, n. A small book, or case, used for 
carrying papers in the pocket. 

Pock/et- glass, n. A portable looking-glass. 

Pock'et- knife (-nif ), n. A knife with one or more 
blades which fold into the handle so as to be carried in 
the pocket. 

Pock'-mark, n. Mark or scar made by the small-pox. 

Pock'y, a. [compar. pockier ; superl. POCKIEST.] 1. 
Full of pocks ; infected with the small-pox. 2. Vile ; 
rascally ; contemptible. 

Po'eo-cu.'rant-i§m, n. [It. poco, little, and curante, 
caring, careful, from curare, to care.] The state of hav- 
ing little care or interest ; indifference. 

Pod, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. pod, a protuberant belly, and 
Eng. cod, a husk, a pod.] (Bot.) A capsule of a plant, 
especially, a legume ; a dry dehiscent fruit. 

Po-dag'rie, ) a. [Gr. 7roSayp<,/c6s, from noSdypa, gout 

Po-dag'rie-al, ) in the feet, from irovs, 7ro5ds, foot, and 
aypa, a catching.] 1. Pertaining to the gout ; gouty. 
2. Afflicted with the gout. 

Po'em, n. [Gr. 7ro«7ju.a, from iroieiv, to make, to com- 
pose, to write, especially in verse.] A metrical composi- 
tion ; a composition in verse ; — opposed to prose. 

Po'e-sy, n. [Gr. 7roti]<x<.9, from 7roieiv, to make.] 1. Art 
or skill of composing poems. 2. Poetry ; metrical com- 
position. 

Po'et, n. [Lat. poeta, Gr. ttoitjti^s, from 7roietv, to make.] 
1. The author of a poem. 2. One who writes, or is 
skilled in making, poetry ; an imaginative thinker, or 
writer. 

Poet laureate, a poet employed to compose poems for the 
birthdays of a prince, or other special occasion. See Lau- 
reate. 

Po'et-ess, n. A female poet. 

Po-et'i-e, )a. 1. Pertaining, or suitable, to poetry. 

Po-et'ie-al, ) 2. Expressed in poetry or measure. 3. 
Possessing the peculiar beauties of poetry. 

Po-et'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a poetic manner. 

Po-et'ics, n. [Gr. ironjTi/oj (sc. re'xvij).] The doctrine 
of poetry. 

Po'et-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. poetized ; p. pr. & vb* 
n. poetizing.] To write as a poet ; to compose verse. 

Po'et-ry, n. [See Poet.] 1. Modes of expressing 
thought and feeling which are suitable to the imagina- 
tion when excited or elevated. 2. Metrical composition ; 
verse. 3. Imaginative composition, whether in prose or 
verse. 

Poh, interj. Pish! pshaw! — an exclamation expressing 
contempt or disgust. 

Poign'an-cy (poin'an-), n. State of being poignant. 

Poign'ant (pom/ant), a. [Fr. poignant, p. pr. of 0. Fr. 
poindre, to sting, from Lat. pungere, to prick, sting.] 1.. 
Stimulating to the organs of taste, 2. Acutely painful ; 
piercing; irritating. 

Syn.— Sharp; severe; keen; satirical; bitter. 

Poign'ant-ly (poin/ant-ly,) adv. In a poignant manner. 

Point, n. [Lat. punc.ta, punctum, from pungere, to prick.] 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



POINT 



550 



POLEMIC 



1. That which pricks or pierces ; especially, the sharp 
end of a piercing instrument. 2. Hence, a sort of nee- 
dle used by engravers, etchers, lace- workers, &c. 3. 
The mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instru- 
ment. 4. Hence, an indefinitely small space ; a mere 
spot. 5. A small promontory, or cape. 6. A moment ; 
an instant ; hence, the verge. 7. Whatever serves to 
mark progress , or to indicate transition ; degree ; condi- 
tion ; rank. 8. A salient trait of character ; a charac- 
teristic ; a peculiarity. 9. A distinct position, thesis, or 
passage, in argument or discourse ; the pith or gist of an 
expression or discussion. 10. Hence, a lively turn of 
thought. 11. (Geom.) That which has neither length, 
breadth, nor thickness. 12. A character used to mark 
the divisions of a sentence. 13 . Any thing aimed at or 
intended ; object ; end. 14. A small affair ; a trifling 
concern; a punctilio. 15. (a.) (Mus.) A dot or mark 
to designate certain tones or time, (b.) (Mod. Mus.) A 
dot at the right hand of a note, to raise its value, or 
prolong its time, by one half. 16. (Anc. Costume.) A 
tagged lace, used to tie together certain parts of the dress. 
17. (Naut.) A flat, tapering piece of braided cordage, 
used in reefing sails. 18. pi. (Railways.) Switch of a 
railway track. [Eng.] 

Syn.— Apex; tip; summit. 

Point, v. t. 1. To give a point to ; to sharpen. 2. To 
direct toward an object ; to aim. 3. To direct attention 
toward. 4. To mark, as a sentence, with marks of punc- 
tuation ; to punctuate. 5. To indicate the point, aim, 
or purpose of. 6. To indicate or discover by a fixed 
look, as game. 7. (Masonry.) To fill the joints of with 
mortar, and smooth them with the point of a trowel. 

Point, v. i. 1. To direct the finger for designating an 
object. 2. To indicate the presence of game by a fixed 
and steady look, as dogs. 3. To show distinctly by any 
means. 4. To fill the joints or crevices of a wall with 
mortar. 

Point- blank', n. [Fr. point-blanc, white point.] (Mil.) 
The point to which a projectile is supposed to move 
directly, without a curve. 

Point-blank', a. 1. Aimed directly toward the mark. 

2. Hence, direct ; plain ; express. 
Point-blank', adv. In a point-blank manner ; directly. 
Point'ed, p. a. 1. Sharp ; having a sharp point. 2. 

Characterized by distinctness of meaning and pithiness 
of expression. 

Syn.— Sharp ; keen ; severe; satirical ; epigrammatic; di- 
rect. 
Point'ed-ly, adv. 1. With lively turns of thought or 

expression. 2. With direct assertion or explicitness. 
Point'er, n. Any thing that points ; as, (a.) The hand 
of a time-piece, (b.) A variety 
of dog, trained to stop, and, 
with his nose, point out the 
game to sportsmen, (c.) (As- 
tro?!.) One of the two stars in 
the Great Bear, the line between 
which points nearly to the North Pointer Dog. 

Star. 
Point'less, a. Having no point ; wanting keenness. 

Syn. — Blunt; obtuse; dull; stupid. 
Poige, n. [0. Fr. pois, peis, pes, from Lat. pensum, a 
portion weighed out, from pendere, to weigh, weigh out ; 
N. Fr. poids, from Lat. pondus, a weight.] 1. Weight ; 
gravity. 2. The mass of metal used in weighing with 
steelyards. 3. Equipoise ; balance ; equilibrium. 
Poige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POISED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
POISING.] 1. To make of equal weight. 2. To hold 
or place in equilibrium. 3. To load with weight for bal- 
ancing. 4. To weigh. 
Poi'gon (poi'zn), n. [From Lat. potio, from potare, to 
drink.] 1. Any substance which is noxious to life or 
health. 2. Hence, that which taints or destroys moral 
purity or health. 

Syn. — Venom ; bane ; pest ; ruin ; malignity. — Venom. 
Poison usually denotes something received into the system by 
the mouth, breath, &c. Venom is something applied exter- 
nally, or discharged from animals, as by the bite or sting of 
serpents, scorpions, &c. Venom is also more active and malig- 
nant in its operation than poison, and hence is a stronger 
term. 
Poi'gon (poi'zn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. POTSONED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. poisoning.] 1. To infect with poison. 2. 
To attack, injure, or kill, by poison. 3. To taint or cor- 
rupt the character, principles, or happiness of. 
Poi'gon-er (poi'zn-er), n. One who poisons or corrupts. 
Poi'gon-oiis, a. Having the qualities of poison ; cor- 
rupting ; impairing soundness or purity. 




Poke, n. [A.-S. poca, poha, pocca, Icel. poki. Cf. 
Poach.] 1. A pocket ; a small bag. 2. A long, wide 
sleeve, formerly much worn. 

Poke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. poked (pokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. POKING.] [L. Ger. poken, to prick, pierce, thrust, 
allied to Lat. pungere, to prick.] To thrust against ; to 
push against with any thing pointed ; hence, to feel for 
with a long instrument. 

To poke fun, to make fun; to joke; to jest. [Colloq. Amer J] 

Poke, v. i. To grope, as in the dark. 
To poke at, to thrust the horns at. 

Poke, n. 1. Act of poking ; a thrust. 2. A lazy per- 
son ; also, a stupid person. [Amer.] 3. A machine to 
prevent unruly beasts from leaping or breaking through 
fences. [Amer.] 

Poke,n. (Bot.) A North American plant, bearing dark- 
purple, juicy berries. 

Pok'er, 11. 1. One who pokes. 2. That which is used 
in poking, especially, an iron bar, used in stirring or 
opening a fire of coals. 

Pok'er, n. A game of cards. [Amer.] 

Pok'er, n. [Dan. pokker, the devil, Icel. pokr, a bug- 
bear, hobgoblin.] Any frightful object, especially, one 
dimly seen in the dark ; a bugbear. [Low.] 

Poke'- weed, n. A plant. See Poke. 

Po-lae'-ea, n. [It., properly a Polish vessel.] (Naut.) 
A vessel with three masts, used in the Mediterranean. 

Po-la'ere, n. SeePoLACCA. 

Po'lar, a. 1. Pertaining to, surrounding, or proceeding 
from one of the poles of the earth, or the poles of artifi- 
cial globes situated near one of the poles. 2. Pertaining 
to the magnetic pole. 3. (Geom.) Pertaining to, reck- 
oned from, or having a common radiating point. 

Polar bear (ZobL), a species of bear inhabiting the arctic 
regions. The fur is of a silvery white tinged with yellow. 

Pol'ar-ehy, n. [See Polyarchy.] Government by a 
number of persons. 

Po-lar'i-geope, n. [Eng. polar and Gr. c-KeVrec-flai, 
(TKOTzelv, to view.] ( Opt.) An instrument used for polar- 
izing light, and analyzing its properties. 

Po-lar'i-ty, n. (Physics.) That quality or condition of a 
body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite or contrasted 
properties or powers, in opposite or contrasted parts 
or directions. 

Po'lar-i-za'tion, n. The act of polarizing ; the state of 
being polarized, or of having polarity. 

Po'lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. polarized ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. POLARIZING.] To communicate polarity to. 

Pole (20), n. [A.-S. pol. pal, D. paal. Cf. Pale.] 1. 
A long, slender piece of wood, or the stem of a small tree 
deprived of its branches ; — often used in composition. 
2. A measure of length of 5^ yards, or a square measure 
of 30;} square yards ; a rod ; a perch. 

Under bare poles {Naut.), having all the sails furled. 

Pole, n. [Lat. polus, from Gr. 7rdAos, from TreAeiv, Trokeiv, 
to turn.] 1. One of the extremities of an axis, on which 
a sphere revolves. 2. Especially, one of the extremities 
of the earth's axis. 3. A point on the surface of a 
sphere equally distant from every part of the circumfer- 
ence of a great circle. 4. (Physics.) A point of maxi- 
mum intensity of a force which has two such points, or 
which has polarity. 5. The heav- 
ens, the sky. [Poet.] 

Pole,^. t. [imp. & p. p. POLED ;i 
p. pr. & vb. n. POLING.] 1. To' 
furnish with poles for support. 

2. To bear or convey on poles. 

3. To push forward by the use of 
poles. 

Pole'-ax, | ii. A sort of ax or 
Pole'-axe, { hatchet fixed to a 

pole or handle. 
Pole'-eat, n. [Either for Polish 

cat, or for poultry-cat, because it 

feeds on poultry.] (Zool.) A carnivorous mammal, al- 
lied to the weasel, which 

exhales a disagreeable 

odor ; the fitchew or 

fitchet. ^ 

PSl'e-mareh, n. [Gr. g§f 

7roAe'ju.< x PX 0? i from -n-oKeixog, '- 

war, and apxos, leader, fr. 

apx eLV i to De first, to lead.] 

( Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian magistrate who had under his 

care all strangers and sojourners in the city. 
Po-lem'ie, n. A controversialist ; a disputant. 




Pole-ax ee. 




Polecat. 



a, e, he, long; a,e,&c.,sAorJ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf, 



POLEMIC 



551 



POLYGAMIST 



Po-lem'i«, I a. [Gr. TroAejuiKo?, warlike, from iroAe- 

Po-lem'i-e-al, j i^os, war.] 1. Pertaining to, engaged 
in, or involving controversy ; controversial. 2. Given 
to controversy ; disputatious. 

Po-lem'ies, n. sing. Contest or controversy, especially 
on religious subjects. 

Pole'-star, «• 1. (Astron.) A star at or near to the 
pole of the heavens. 2. That which serves as a guide or 
director. 

Po-l'ice' J -13s'), n. [Fr., from Lat. politia, Gr. irokneia, 
condition of a state, government, administration, from 
ttoAitt]?, citizen, ttoXis, city.] 1. The administration of 
the laws and regulations of a city or incorporated town 
or borough. 2. The internal regulation and govern- 
ment of a kingdom or state. 3. The body of civil offi- 
cers, organized for the preservation of good order, and 
the enforcement of the laws. 

Po-13ice'in:m (-13s'-,), n. ; pi. PO-lice/MEN. One of 
the ordinary police. 

Pol'i-cy, n. [0. Fr. police, Lat. politia, Gr. noKireCa. 
See supra.] 1. The settled method by which the govern- 
ment and affairs of a nation are, or maybe administered. 

2. The method by which any institution is administered. 

3. Worldly wisdom; dexterity of management; cun- 
ning ; stratagem. 4. Prudence or wisdom in the man- 
agement of public and private affairs ; wisdom ; wit. 

Syn. — See Polity. 

Pol'i-ey, 11. [L. Lat. poletum, poleticum, from Late Lat. 
polyptichum, pi. polyptycha, account-book, register, fr. 
Gr. ttoKvtttvxov , having many folds or leaves, fr. ttoXv?, 
many, and nrvx^, fo\±, leaf.] 1. A ticket or warrant 
for money in the public funds. 2. {Law.) The writing 
or instrument in which a contract of insurance is em- 
bodied. 

Pol'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p polished (poPisht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. POLISHING.] [L&t. polire.] 1. To make 
smooth and glossy, usually by friction. 2. Hence, to 
refine ; to wear off the rusticity or coarseness of. 

Pol'isli, v. i. To become smooth ; to receive a gloss. 

Pol'isli, n. 1. A smooth, glossy surface, produced by 
friction. 2. Hence, refinement ; elegance of manners. 

Pol'isli -a-ble, a. Capable of being polished. 

Pol'ish-er, n. One who, or that which, polishes. 

Po-llte', a. [compar. politer; supcrl. POLITEST.] 
[Lat. politics, p. p. of polire, to polish.] Elegant in man- 
ners ; refined in behavior. 

Syn. — Polished ; refined; well-bred; courteous; obliging; 
complaisant; affable; urbane; civil; courtly ; elegant; genteel. 

Po-llte'ly, adv. Genteelly ; courteously. 
Po-llte'ness, n. State or quality of being polite ; polish 
of manners ; obliging attentions. 

Syn. — Courtesy; good breeding; refinement; urbanity; 
courtcousness ; affability ; complaisance ; civility ; gentility ; 
courtliness. — Politeness denotes that ease and gracefulness of 
manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a de- 
sire to please others by anticipating their. wants and wishes, 
and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Court- 
esy is, etymologieally, that modification of politeness which be- 
longs to courts. It displays itself in the address and manners; 
it is shown more especially in receiving and entertaining others, 
and is a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. 

Pol'i-ti-e (123), a. [Gr. ttoKitlko^, belonging to the cit- 
izens or state, fr. TroAi'-n?, citizen, fr. ttoAi?, a city.] 1. 
Political. 2. Pertaining to or promoting a policy, es- 
pecially a national policy ; well devised. 3. Sagacious 
in promoting a policy ; devoted to a scheme or system 
rather than to a principle. 

Syn. — Wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; discreet ; provident ; 
wary ; artful ; cunning. 

Po-lit'ie-al, a. 1. Pertaining to public policy or pol- 
itics ; relating to state affairs ; especially, pertaining to a 
state, in distinction from a city or municipality. 2. 
Derived from office or connection with government ; 
public. 

Po-Kt'ie-al-ly, adv. In a political manner. 

Po-lit'i-eas'ter, n. A petty politician. 

PoFi-tl'cian (-tish'an), n. 1. One who is versed in the 
science of government ; one devoted to politics. 2. 
One who is devoted to the advancement of a political 
party. 

Pol'i ties, n. sing. [Gr. itoAitiki} (sc. eirio"rqp.rf).] 1. 
The science of government. 2. The management of a 
political party ; in a bad sense, political trickery. 

P61'i-ty, n. [Fr. politie, Lat. politia, Gr. iro\neia. See 
POLICY.] 1. The form or constitution of civil govern- 
ment by which a nation or state is organized. 2. Hence, 
the form or constitution by which any institution is or- 
ganized. 



Syn. — Policy. — Policy and polity were originally the same. 
Polity is now confined to the structure of a government ; as, 
civil or ecclesiastical polity ; while policy is applied to the man- 
agement of public affairs; as, foreign or domestic policy. Policy 
has the further sense of skillful or cunning management. 

Pol'ka (20), n. [Bohem. pulka, half, from the half step 
prevalent in it. See infra. Or perhaps from Slav, polka, 
i. e., prop, a Polish woman.] A dance of Polish origin, 
but now popular everywhere. It is performed by two 
persons in common time. 

Poll, n. [L. Ger. polle, the head, the crest of a bird, the 
top of a tree, D. bol, a ball, bowl, bulb, pate, poll, L. 
Ger. bolle, a bulb, ball.] 1. The head, or the back part 
of the head; — usually said of a person. 2. A register 
of heads, that is, of persons. 3. Hence, the entry of the 
names of electors who vote for civil officers. 4. An elec- 
tion of civil officers. 5. The place where an election is 
held. 

Poll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POLL- 
ING.] [Cf. Eng. bole, the body or stem of a tree. See 
supra.] 1. To remove the poll or head of ; hence, to clip ; 
to lop; to shear; to cut closely. 2. Hence, to strip off ; 
to bring to naught. 3. To enter, as polls or persons, in 
a list or register, especially for purposes of taxation ; to 
enroll. 4. To pay as one's personal tax. 5. To de- 
posit, as a vote ; to bring to the polls ; to elicit or call 
forth, as a number of votes or voters. 6. [Law.) To cut 
or shave smooth or even. 

Poll, 11. 1. [From Polly, a name.] A parrot ; — famil- 
iarly so called. 2. [Gr. oi ttoAAoi, the many, the rabble.] 
One who does not try for honors, but is contented to ob- 
tain a degree merely. [Cambridge Univ., Eng.] 

PoI'lard, n. [From poll.] 1. A tree having its top cut 
off at some height above the ground, that it may throw 
out branches. 2. The chub fish. 3. A stag that has 
cast his horns. 4. A mixture of bran and meal. 

Pol'len, n. [Lat., fine flour, fine dust, allied to Gr. 
ttcxAtj, id.] (Bot.) The fecundating dust or powder of the 
anthers of flowers. 

Poll'er, n. 1. One who polls or lops trees. 2. One who 
registers voters, or one who enters his name as a voter. 

Pol'li-wig, n. [Probably corrupted from periwig.] A 
tadpole. [In the U. S. vulgarly written and pronounced 
polliivog.] 

Pol'loclc, ii. [Gev.kV.pollacIc.] 
( Ichth . ) A fish ; the whiting. 

Poll '-tax, n. A tax levied by' 

the head or poll ; a capitation p ,, , 

Pol-lute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. POLLUTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. 11. POLLUTING.] [Lat. polluere, pollutum.] 1. To 
make foul or unclean. 2. To defile morally ; to impair ; 
to profane. 3. To render legally or ceremonially un- 
clean. 4. To violate by illegal sexual commerce. 

Syn.— To defile; soil; contaminate; corrupt; taint; vitiate t 
debauch ; dishonor ; ravish ; abuse. 

Pol-ltit'er, n. One who pollutes or profanes. 
Pol-lfi'tion, n. 1. Act of polluting, or state of being 

polluted. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) Legal or ceremonial un- 

cleanness. 

Syn. — Defilement; pollutedness; contamination; vitiations 

taint; corruption; uncleanness; impurity; violation; debauch- 

ment. 
Po'lo-naise', n. [Fr.] 1. The Polish language. 2. A 

kind of Polish robe or dress, worn by ladies. 3. A kind 

of dance ; a polacca. 
Polt, n. [Cf. Eng. pelt.] A blow, stroke, or striking. 
Pol-trdon', n. [From It. poltrone, an idle fellow, coward, 

from poltro, idle, lazy, poltrire, to lie abed lazily, from 

0. H. Ger. polstar, bolstar, cervical, capital, Eng. bolster.] 

An arrant coward ; a wretch without spirit or courage. 

Syn.— Coward; craven; dastard. See Coward. 

Pol-trdon'er-y, n. Cowardice; want of spirit. 

Pol'y-a-cous'tie, a. [Gr. ttoKv<;, many, and (xkovotikos, 
acoustic] Tending to multiply or magnify sound. 

PoFy-an'dry, n. [Gr. nokvavSpla, from ttoAus, many, 
and aviqp, avSpos, man, male.] The possession by a 
woman of more husbands than one at the same time. 

PoFy-an'thus, n. [Gr. Trokva.v9o<; , rich in flowers, frem 
7roAv'g, many, and avOos, flower.] (Bot.) A certain orna- 
mental plant, whose flower-stalks produce flowers in 
clusters. 

Pol'y-areh'y, n. [Gr. 7roAv's, many, and apxv, first 
place, rule.] A government by many persons, of what- 
ever order or class. 

Po-lyg'a-mist, n. A person who practices polygamy, 
or maintains its lawfulness. 



food, fo'ot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, -call, eeho; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; this- 



POLYGAMOUS 



552 



PONDER 




.vypaix- \ / 

r, and \ / 

a cnn- \ ' 




Po-lyg'a-mous, a. [Gr. iroAvya|itos, living in polygamy, 
from 7TOA.U?, many, and ydpos, marriage.] 1. Of, or per- 
taining to, polygamy. 2. Having a plurality of wives. 

Po-lyg'a-my, n. A plurality of wives or husbands at 
the same time ; usually, the condition of a man having 
more than one wife. 

Pol'y-garoh/y, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and apxn, rule.] 
Government by many rulers ; polyarchy. 

Pol'y-glot, a. [Gr. TroAvyAcoi-Tos, many-tongued, from 
71-oAv'?, many, and yXarra, yAwatra, tongue, language.] 
Containing, or pertaining to, several languages. 

Pol'y-glot, n. 1. A person acquainted with several 
languages. 2. A book containing the same subject- 
matter in several languages ; especially, the Scriptures in 
several languages. 3. The text of one of the versions in 
a proper polyglot, printed by itself. 

P5l'y-gon, n. [Gr. iroAvywvo?, 
from noXvs, many, and ycovos, 
yjtivia, angle.] ( Geom.) A plane 
figure of many angles, and con- 
sequently of many sides ; a plane 
figure of more than four sides. 

Po-lyg'o-nal, a. Having many / \ 
angles. 

Pol'y-gram, n. [Gr.7ro\vy pap. 
/xos, from 7roAus, many 
ypap.fj.-q, line.] A figure con 
sisting of many lines. Polygons, 

Pol'y-graph, n. [Gr. 7roAvypa0o?, writing much, from 
7roAu9, much, many, and ypafyeiv, to write.] An instru- 
ment for multiplying copies of a writing with ease and 
expedition. 

PoFy-grapli'i-e , ) a. 1. Pertaining to, or employed 

Pol'y-graph'io-al, J in, polygraphy. 2. Done with 
a polygraph. 

Po-lyg'ra-pliy, n. [Qv.rroKvypafyia. Seesw;?ra.] The art 
of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the 
same. 

Pol'y-he'dral, \a. ( Geom.) Having many sides, as 

PoFy-lied'ri-e-al, j a solid body. 

Pol'y-he'dron, n. [Gr. 7roAue5pos, with many seats or 
sides, from 7roAus, many, and eSpa, a seat or side.] 1. 
( Geom.) A body or solid contained by many sides or 
planes. 2. (Opt.) A polyscope, or multiplying glass. 

PoFy-he'droiis, a. Polyhedral. 

Po-lym'a-tliy, n. [Gr. TToX.vp.adia., from 7roAvs, much, 
and p.a6elv, pav9dvet.v, to learn.] The knowledge of 
many arts and sciences. 

Pol'y-no'mi-al, n. [Gr. iroAv's, many, and bvopa, Lat. 
nomen, name, term.] (Alg.) An expression composed 
of two or more terms, connected by the sign plus or 
minus. 

PoFy-no'mi-al, a. Containing many names or terms. 

Pol'y-o-ra'ma, or Pol'y-o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. tj-oAus, 
much, many, and bpapa, a sight, view.] A view of many 
objects. 

Pol'yp, n. [Lat. polypus, Gr. ttoAvVovs, i. e., many- 
footed, from 7roAi;'s, many, and ttovs, foot.] An aquatic 
animal of the radiate type, having, in general, a cylin- 
drical body, at one extremity of which there is a mouth, 
surrounded by one or more series of arms or tentacles. 
It is capable of multiplying by buds and artificial sections 
as well as by ova. It forms coral by the secretion of cal- 
careous matter. 

Pol'y-plion'le, a. [Gr. ttoKv^uvo? , from 71-oAvs, many, 
and <£>cov7?, sound.] 1. Having, or consisting of, many 
voices or sounds. 2. (Mus.) Consisting of, or pertaining 
to, counterpoint. 

Po-lyph'o-ni§m, n. 1. Multiplicity of sounds, as in 
the reverberations of an echo. 2. (Mus.) Composition 
in parts. 

Po-lyph'o-noiis, a. The same as Polyphonic. 

Pol'y-poiis, a. Having the nature of the polypus. 

PoPy-piis, n. ; Eng. pi. pol'y-pus-es, ; Lat. pi. pol'y- 
Pl. [Lat. polypus. See Polyp.] 1. Something that has 
many feet or roots. 2. (Zool.) A polyp. [See POLYP.] 
3. (Med.) A tumor with a narrow base, somewhat re- 
sembling a pear. 

Poi'y-s-eope, n. [Gr. 7roAvV/co7ros, from n-oAv's, much, 
many, and crKe-rrTecrOai, o-Konelv, to look carefully, to 
view.] (Opt.) A glass which makes a single object ap- 
pear as many. 

PoFy-sperm'ous, a. [Gr. 7roAvV7repjixos, from 7roAv's, 
many, and o-rreppa, seed.] (Bot.) Containing many 
seeds. 

Pol'y-style, n. [Gr. 7toAuVtvAos, with many columns, 
from 77-oAv's, many, and o-ruAos, column.] (Arch.) An 
edifice or court surrounded by several rows of columns. 



. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, many syllables, or of more 



P51'y-syl-lab'i«, 
P61'y-syl-lab'i«-al, 

than three. 

Pol'y-sylla-ble, n. [Gr. ttoAv's, many, and crvAAa^rj, 
syllable.] A word of many syllables, that is, consisting 
of more syllables than three. 

PoFy-te-eh/ni-e (-tek'-), a. [Gr. Trokurexvos, fr. n-oAv?, 
many, and re'xvT), an art.] Comprehending many arts; 
— applied particularly to a school in which many 
branches of art or science are taught. 

PoFy-thal'a-mous, a. [Gr. rrokvg, many, and 6d\ap.os, 
a chamber.] Many -chambered ; — applied to cephalo- 
pods having multilocular shells. 

Pol'y-the'igm, n. [Gr. ttoAv's, many, and (?eos, god.] 
1. The doctrine or belief of a polytheist. 2. The doc- 
trine of a plurality of gods. 

Pol'y-the'ist, n. One who believes in, or maintains tho 
doctrine of, a plurality of gods. 

PoFy-tlie-ist'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to polytheism. 

PoFy-the-Ist'le-al, J 2. Holding a belief in a plurality 
of gods. 

Pom'ace (punkas), n. [Lat. pomum, a fruit, an apple; 
L. Lat. pomagium, pomaciinn.] The substance of ap- 
ples, &c, crushed by grinding. 

Po-ma'ceotis, a. [Lat. pomum, an apple.] 1. Con- 
sisting of apples. 2. Like pomace. 

Pomade', n. [From Lat. pomum, an apple, because it 
was formerly made from apples.] Perfumed ointment ; 
especially, ointment or unguent for the hair. 

Po-ma'tum, n. [See Pomade.] A perfumed unguent 
or composition used in dressing the hair. 

Pome-cit'ron, n. A citron apple. 

Pome-gran' ate (pum-gran'et), n. [Lat. pomum, a 
fruit, apple, and granatus, having many grains or seeds, 
from granum, grain, seed, small kernel.] 1. (Bot.) The 
fruit of a certain tree. This fruit is as large as an orange, 
having a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous 
seeds. 2. An ornament resembling a pomegranate, on 
the robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest. 

Pome'roy } (pQnV-), n. [Fr. pomme, an apple, and 

Powie-roy'al ) roi, roy, king, royal, royal.] A sort 
of apple, known also as the royal apple. 

Pome'-wa'ter, 11. A sweet, juicy apple. 

Po-mif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. pomifer, from pomum, fruit, 
apple, and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) Apple-bearing; — an 
epithet applied to plants which bear the larger fruits, 
such as melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, &c. 

Pom'mel (pum 7 -), n. [L. Lat. pomellus, pcmelvs, from 
Lat. pomum, an apple, or a similar fruit. A knob or 
ball ; as, (a.) The knob on the hilt of a sword, (b.) The 
protuberant part of a saddle-bow. 

Pom'mel (pum/-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pommeled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. POMMELING.] [See supra.] To beat, as 
with a pommel, that is, with something thick or bulky. 

Po'mo-log'i-e-al, a. Belonging to pomology. 

Po-mol'o-eist, n. One interested in pomology. 

Po-mol'o-gy, n. [Lat. pomum, fruit, apple, and Gr. 
Aoyos, discourse.] The art or science of fruits, or of 
raising fruits. 

Pomp, n. [Gr. rroprrri, a sending, a solemn procession, 
from n-0/u.Treiv, to send.] 1. A procession distinguished 
by ostentation of grandeur and splendor. 2. Show of 
magnificence. 

Syn. — Display ; parade; pageant; pageantry; splendor; 
state; magnificence; ostentation; grandeur; pride. 

Pom-pos'i-ty, n. State of being pompous ; pompous* 
ness ; ostentation : boasting. 

Pomp'otis, a. 1. Displaying pomp; showy with gran- 
deur. 2. Ostentatious ; boastful. 

Syn. — Showy : splendid ; magnificent; superb; august; 
grand; stately; dignified; magisterial; lofty. 

Pomp'ous-ly, adv. TVith great parade or display. 

Pomp'oiis-iiess, n. The state of being pompous ; mag- 
nificence ; splendor. 

Pon'cho (pon'tcho), n. [Sp.] A kind of cloak worn by 
the Spanish Americans, having the form of a blanket, 
with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. 

Pond,n. [Prob. from A. -S. pyndan, to shut in, to pound.] 
A natural, or artificial, body of fresh water, usually less 
extended than a lake. 

Pon'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PONDERED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PONDERING.] [Lat. ponderare, from Lat. pondus, 
ponderis, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] To weigh 
in the mind ; to view with deliberation. 

Syn.— To consider: muse; examine. —To consider means 
to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder denotea 
to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to 
some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think 



a, e, &c.,Zorcgva, e,&c, short, -care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PONDER 



553 



POPULOUS 



upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure 
it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought be- 
fore us; we' ponder a concern involving great interests ; we 
muse on the events of childhood. 

Pon'der, v. i. To think; to deliberate; to muse; — 
usually followed by on. 

Pon'der-a-lble, a. Capable of being weighed. 

Pon'der-ance, n. Weight; gravity. 

Pon'der-er, n. One who ponders ; one who deliberates. 

Pon'der-os'i-ty, n. State of being ponderous ; weight ; 
gravity ; heaviness. 

P6n'der-ou§, a. [Lat. ponderosus, from pondus, pon- 
deris, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] 1. Very heavy ; 
weighty. 2. Important; momentous. 3. Forcible; 
strongly impulsive. 

Pon'der-oils-ly, adv. With great weight. 

Po'nent, a. [From Lat. ponens, p. pr. of p oner e, to set.] 
Western ; occidental. [Rare.] 

Pon-gee', n- An inferior kind of India silk. 

Pon'iard (pon'yard), n. [From Lat. pugio, pugionis, 
from pungere, to prick.] A small dagger. 

Pon'iard (pon'yard), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PONIARDED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ^oniarding.] To pierce with a pon- 
iard ; to stab. 

Pon'tae, ti. [From Pontac, a town in the south of 
France.] A kind of Constantia wine, made in the Cape 
colony. 

Pon'tage, n. [L. Lat. pontagium, from Lat. pons,pontis, 
a bridge.] ( O. Eng. Law.) A duty paid for repairing 
bridges. 

Pon'tiff, n. [Lat. pontifex, pontificis, said to be from 
pons, a bridge, and facere, to make, because the first 
bridge over the Tiber was constructed and consecrated by 
the high priest.] A high priest ; especially, (a.) One of 
the sacred college, in ancient Rome, (b.) (Jeivish Antiq.) 
The chief priest, (c.) {Rom. Cath. Church.) The pope. 

Pon-tlf'ie, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, priests. 
2. Pertaining to the pope. 

Pon-tif 'ie-al, a. Belonging to a high priest ; hence, 
belonging to the pope ; popish. 

Pon-tif 'i-e-al, n. 1. A book containing the offices, or 
formulas, used in various ecclesiastical rites. 2. pi. The 
dress and ornaments of a priest, bishop, or the pope. 

Pon-tif 'i<3-al-ly, adv. In a pontifical manner. 

Pon-tif 'ie -ate, n. [See Pontiff.] 1. State or dignity 
of a high priest. 2. Specifically, the office or dignity of 
the pope. 3. The reign of a pope. 

Pon-ton', ) n. [Fr. & Sp. ponton, fr. Lat. pons, pontis, 

Poii-toon', ) a bridge.] 1. A light frame-work or 
float, used in forming a bridge quickly for the passage of 
troops. 2. (Naut.) A low, flat vessel, furnished with 
cranes, capstans,_&c, used in careening ships ; a lighter. 

Po'ny, n. ; pi. po'nies. [Gael, ponaidh, a little horse, 
a pony, Fr. poni. Cf. Puny.] A small horse. 

Pdo'dle, n. [Ger. pudel, from Prov. Ger. pudel, pool, 
puddle.] A small dog covered with long, silky hair. 

Pool, n. [A.-S. pZl, pill, Icel. pollr, allied to Lat. palus, 
Cf. Puddle.] 1. A small and rather deep collection of 
fresh water supplied by a spring, or occurring in the 
course of a stream. 2. A puddle. 

Pdbl'er, n. An instrument to stir a tan vat. 

Pdbp, n. [Lat. puppis.] A deck raised above the after 
part of the spar deck, reaching forward to the mizzen 
mast. 

Pdbp, v. t. (Naut.) (a.) To strike upon the stern of, as 
a heavy sea. (b.) To strike in the stern, as one vessel 
that runs her stem against another's stern. 

Pooped (pobpt, 60), a. (Naut.) Having a poop ; fur- 
nished with a poop. 

Poor, a. [compar. POORER ; superl. POOREST.] [0. 
Eng. povere, 0. Fr. poure,povre, povere, It. povero, Lat. 
pauper.] 1. Destitute of property; needy; indigent. 
2. Hence, in very various applications, destitute of such 
qualities as are desirable, or as might naturally be expect- 
ed ; as, (a.) Wanting in fat. plumpness, or fleshiness ; lean ; 
emaciated; meager, (b.) Wanting in strength or vigor, 
(c.) Of little value or worth ; not good; inferior, (d.) 
Destitute of fertility ; barren; sterile, (e.) Destitute of 
strength, beauty, or fitness. (/.) Very insufficient for an 
end or occasion ; valueless ; paltry. 3. Worthy of pity 
or sympathy. 

Syn. — Needy ; indigent; barren; mean ; paltry ; trifling; 
pitiable; small; lean. 

Pdbr'-house, n. A public establishment for the sup- 
port of the poor ; an alms-house ; a work-house. 

Pdbr'ly, adv. 1. In a poor manner or condition. 2. 
With little or no success. 3. Meanly ; without spirit. 
4. Without excellence or dignity. 



Po_or'ly, a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed. [ Colloq-] 

Poor'ness, n. 'The state or condition of being poor, m 
its various senses. 

Poor'-splr'it-ed, a. Of a mean spirit ; cowardly. 

Poor'-spir'it-ed-ness, n. The state of being poor- 
spirited ; meanness ; baseness. 

Pop, n. [Cf. Gr. ttottttv^lv, to smack, to cluck, to whistle.] 
1. A small, smart, quick sound or report. 2. A bever- 
age which issues with a slight explosion, from the bottle 
containing it. 

Pop, v. i. 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound. 2. 
To enter, or issue forth, with a quick, sudden motion. 
3. To move from place to place suddenly. 

Pop, v. t. [imp. &,p. p. POPPED (p5pt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
POPPING-.] 1. To push or thrust suddenly ; to bring 
suddenly to notice. 2. To cause to expand and burst 
suddenly with heat, as corn. 

Pop, adv. With sudden entrance ; suddenly. 

Pope, n. [Lat. papa, father, bishop, Gr. -nwas, nd-n-nas, 
father.] The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman 
Catholic church. 

Pope'ddm, n. 1. The place, office, or dignity of the 
pope. 2. The jurisdiction of the pope. 

Pdpe'-joan' (-jon'), n. A game of cards in which a board 
having five compartments is used to hold the pool. 

Pop'er-y, n. The religion of the Roman Catholic church, 
comprehending doctrines and practices. 

Pope's'-eye, n. The gland surrounded with fat in the 
middle of the thigh. 

Pop'gun, n. A child's gun, or tube and rammer, for 
shootingjpellets by the expansion of compressed air. 

P6p'in-jay, n. [0. Eng. popingay, late Gr. 7ra7ra-yas, Ar. 
papaga, perh. fr. Lat. papa, father, bishop, and gallus, 
cock, or Sp. gayo, 0. Fr. gai, N. Fr. geai, a jay, be- 
cause this bird was first and pi-incipally kept by clergy- 
men.] 1. A parrot. 2. A mark in the form of a parrot, 
put on a pole to be shot at. 3. A gay, trifling young 
man ; a fop or coxcomb. 

Pop'isli, a. Relating to the pope ; taught by the pope. 

Pop'isli-ly , adv. In a popish manner ; with a tendency 
to popery. 

Pop'lar, n. [From Lat. populus, pop- 
lar.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of several 
species, as the black poplar, the aspen- 
tree, &c. The species are all of rapid 
growth, with soft wood. 

Pop'lin, n. A textile fabric made of 
silk and worsted, of many varieties, as 
watered, figured, brocaded, &c. 

Pop-lit'e-al, | a. [From Lat. poples, 

Pop-lit'i-e, ) poplitis, the ham.] 
Pertaining to the ham, or posterior part 
of the knee-joint. 

Pop'py, n. [A.-S. popig, papig, Lat. 1 
papaver.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of Poplar, 

several species, from one of which (the white poppy) 
opium is collected. 

Pop'py, ) n. [Fr. poupce, from L. Lat. popea.] 

Pop'py-head, j (Arch.) An elevated ornament often 
used on the summit of bench-ends, desks, &c, in the 
middle ages. 

P5p'u-lace, n. [From Lat. populus, people.] The com- 
mon pcop'le ; the vulgar ; the multitude ; all persons not 
distinguished by rank, education, office, or profession. 
Syn. — Mob; people; commonalty. See Mob. 

Pop'u-lar, a. [Lat. popularis, from populus, people.] 
1. Pertaining to the common people. 2. Suitable to 
common people ; easy to be comprehended ; familiar. 3. 
Enjoying the favor of the people ; pleasing to people in 
general. 4. Prevailing among the people. [ular. 

Pop'u-lar'i-ty, n. The quality or state of being pop- 

Pop'u-lar-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. popularized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. POPULARIZING.] To make common, or 
suitable to the mind ; to spread among the people. 

Pop'u-lar-ly, adv. 1. So as to please the populace. 2o 
According to the conceptions of the common people. 

Pop'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. populated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. POPULATING.] To furnish with inhabitants ; to 
people. 

Pop'u-late, v. i. To breed people ; to propagate. 

PSp'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. populatio.] 1. Act or opera- 
tion of peopling ; multiplication of inhabitants. 2. The 
whole number of people in a country, or portion of a 
country. 

Pop'u-lous, a. [Lat. populosus, from populus, people.] 
Containing many inhabitants in proportion to the ex- 
tent of the country. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e<;lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; eji^t ; linger, link. -• this- 



POPULOUSLY 



554 



PORTLINESS 



Per- 




P5p'u-loiis-ly, adv. With many inhabitants in propor- 
tion to the extent of country. 

Pop'u-loiis-iiess. n. The state of having many inhab- 
itants in proportion to the extent of country. 

Por'ce-lain, n. [Orig. a kind of shell, fr. Lat. porcus, 
the private parts of a female, because the opening of this 
shell resembled them. Porcelain was called after this 
shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, 
or because it was believed to be made from it.] A fine, 
translucent kind of earthen ware. 

Porch, n. [A.-S. portic, Lat. porticus, from porta, a gate, 
entrance, or passage.] (Arch.) A kind of vestibule at the 
entrance of temples, halls, churches, or other buildings ; 
hence, a stately or ornamental entrance way. 

Por'cme, a. [Lat. porcinus, from porcus, a swine.' 
taining to swine. 

JP&r'-eu-pine, n. [From Lat. 
porcus, swine, and spina, thorn, 
spine. ] ( Zool. ) A rodent quad- 
ruped furnished with spines or 
sharp prickles, which are capa- 
ble of being erected at pleasure. 
When attacked, he rolls his 
body into a round form, in 
which position the prickles are Porcupine, 

presented in every direction to the enemy. 

Pore, n. [Lat. porus, Gr. 7ropos, a passage, a pore.] 1. 
(Anat.) A minute orifice in an animal membrane. 2. 
An interstice between the constituent particles or mole- 
cules of a body. 

Pore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pored ; p. p. & vb. n. POR- 
ING.] [Prob. a modification of bore, to pierce or enter by 
boring.] To look with steady, continued attention or ap- 
plication on or over. 

Por'er, ft. One who pores or studies diligently. 

Por'gee, ) n. [Abbrev. from mishcuppaftog, pi. of mish* 

Por'gy, j alp, or the Indian name of the fish, from 
mishe-kuppi, large, thick-scaled.] (Ichth.) A salt-water 
fish much esteemed for food. 

Po'rigm, n. [Gr. Tropica, something deduced from a 
previous demonstration, fr. iropL^eiv , to bring, provide, 
supply.] ( Geom.) A proposition having for its object to 
fird the condition that will render certain problems inde- 
terminate or capable of innumerable solutions. 

Pork, n. [Lat. porcus, swine, hog, pig.] The flesh of 
swine, fresh or salted, used for food. 

Pork'er, n. A hog. [terstices. 

Po-ros'i-ty, n. Quality or state of having pores or in- 

Por'ous (89), a. [See Pore.] Full of pores; having 
interstices in the skin or substance of the body. 

Por'phy-rit'ie, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or con- 
sisting of, porphyry. 

Por'phy-ry, n. [Lat. porphyrites, from Gr. irop4>vpiTr)<;, 
like purple", from nopfyvpa, purple.] (Min.) A rock con- 
sisting of a compact base, usually feldspathic, through 
which crystals of feldspar are disseminated. There are 
red, purple, and green varieties. 

Por'poise (por'pus), n. [0. Eng. porcpisce, porpesse, 
Lat. porcus piscis, i. e., hog- 
fish.] (Ichth.) A cetaceous 
mammal about six feet in 
length, of a bluish -black color 
on the back, and white beneath. ® 
It preys on fish, and seeks food 
not only by swimming, but by Porpoise, 

rooting like a hog in the sand and mud. The flesh re- 
sembles that of the hog. 

Por'ridge, n. [Either corrupted fvom pottage, or from 
porrum, pomes, leek.] A kind of food made by boiling 
vegetables in water, with or without meat ; — often made, 
in America, by boiling meal or flour in water, or in milk 
and water, to the consistency of thin paste. 

P6r'rin-ger, n. [From porridge, q. v. ; or corrupted fr. 
Fr. potager, a soup-basin.] A small metallic vessel in 
which porridge or other liquids are warmed. 

Port, ft. 1. [Lat. portits, A.-S. port.] A place where 
ships may ride secure from storms. 2. [Lat. porta, A.- 
S. port.] (a.) A passage-way; a gate; a door, (b.) 
(Naut.) An opening in the side of a ship through which 
cannon may be discharged ; also, the lid which closes 
such an opening, (c.) (Mech.) A passage leading to a 
6team-way. 3. [From Lat. portare, to carry.] Manner 
in which one bears himself. 4. [From Oporto, in Port- 
ugal.] A dark -purple astringent wine, made in Portugal. 
5. [Etymology uncertain.] (Naut.) The larboard or left 
side of a ship. 

Syn. — Harbor; haven; air; mien; bearing; carriage; 
demeanor ; behavior ; deportment. 





Portcullis. 



Port, v. t. [Lat. portare, to carry.] 1. (Mil.) To hold, 
as, a musket, in a slanting direction upward across the 
body. 2. (Naut.) To turn or put to the left or larboard 
side of a ship ; — said of the helm. 

Port'a-lbll'i-ty, ft. The state of being portable. 

Port'a-ble, a. [Lat. portabilis, from portare, to carry.] 
Capable of being borne or carried ; conveyed without 
difficulty. 

Port'a-ble-ness, ft. The quality of being portable. 

Port'age, n. [See Port, v. t.] 1. The act of carrying. 
2. The price of carriage. 3. A narrow tract of land 
over which merchandise, &c, is carried between two 
bodies of navigable water. 

Por'tal, »- [From Lat. porta, a gate.] 1. A. small door 
or gate ; hence, sometimes, any passage-way. 2. (Arch.) 
(a.) The arch over a door or gate, (b.) The frame- work 
of the gate. 

Port-ciil'lis, ft. [Fr. porte 
coulisse, from porte, a gate, and 
coulis, coulisse, from colder, 
to flow, to glide, from Lat. co- 
lore, to filter, to strain.] (Fort.) 
A frame-work of timbers, each _ 
pointed with iron, hung over 
the gateway of a fortified town, 
to be let down to prevent the 
entrance of an enemy . 

Porte, «. [Fr., a gate, Lat. 
porta.] The government of the 
Turkish empire, officially called 
the Sublime Porte, from the 
gate (port) of the sultan's pal- 
ace, where justice was admin- 
istered. 

JPorte-tnonnaie (port/mun- 
na'), n. [Fr., from porter, to carry, and monnaie, money, 
q. v.] A small pocket-book or wallet for carrying money. 

Por-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. portended ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PORTENDING.] .[Lat. portendere, porttntum, fr. 
protendere, to stretch forth, hence, to indicate, foretell, 
from pro, forward, forth, and tendere, to stretch.] To in- 
dicate as in the future. 

Syn.— To foreshow ; foretoken ; betoken ; forebode; au- 
gur ; presage ; threaten. 

Por-tent', ft. [See supra.] That which portends or fore- 
tokens ; especially, that which portends evil ; an omen 
of ill. 

Por-tent 'oiis, a. [See supra.] Serving to portend ; 
containing portents ; foreshadowing ill ; ominous. 

Por-tent'ous-ly, adv. Ominously. 

Por'ter, ft. [Lat. portarius, from porta, a gate, door.] A 
man that has the charge of a door or gate ; a door- 
keeper. 

Por'ter, ft. [0. Eng. port, to carry, from Lat. portare.] 

1. A person who carries or conveys burdens for hire. 

2. A malt liquor, of a dark brown color ; — said to be so 
called as having been first used chiefly by the London 
porters. 

Por'ter-age, n. 1. Money paid for the carriage of bur- 
dens by a porter. 2. The business of a porter. 

Port-fol'io (-fSl'yo) or Port-fo'li-o, n. [Lat. portare, 
to bear, carry, and folium , pi. folia.] 1. A portable case, 
for loose papers. 2. Hence, a collection of prints, de- 
signs, &c. 3. Office and functions of a minister of 
state or member of the cabinet. 

Port'- hole, ft. The embrasure of a ship of war. 

Por'ti-co, ft. ; pi. POR'Tl-eOEg. [It. & Sp. portico. 
See Porch.] (Arch.) A covered space, inclosed by col- 
umns, at the entrance of a building. 

Por'tion, ft. [Lat. portio, allied to pars, partis, a part.] 
1. A part of any thing separated from it. 2. A part, 
though not actually divided, but considered by itself. 

3. A part assigned ; an allotment. 4. The part of an 
estate given to a child or heir, or descending to him by 
law. 5. A wife's fortune. 

Syn. — Division; share; parcel; quantity; dividend; 
part. — Part is generic, having a simple reference to some 
v)hole. Portion has the additional idea of being detached 
from a whole, usually with a view to its being allotted to some 
object ; as, a portion of one's time ; &portion of the day ; a por- 
tion of Scripture. 

Por'tion, v. t. [imp. hp.p. portioned; p. pr. & vb. 

n. portioning.] 1. To separate into portions or shares; 

to divide ; to parcel. 2. To furnish or supply with » 

portion ; to endow. 
Por'tion-er, n. One who divides or apportions. 
Por'tion-less, a. Having no portion. 
Port'li-ness, n. [From portly.] Dignity of mien, or of 



a,e,&c.,Zong7 a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



PORTLY 



555 



POST-CAPTAIN 



personal appearance, depending on size and symmetry of 
body, with dignified manners ; also, bulkiness ; corpu- 
lence. 

Port'ly, a. [From port.] 1. Having a dignified port or 
mien. 2. Hence, bulky ; corpulent. 

Port-man'teau (-man'to), n. ; pi. port-man'teausj 
(-mau'toz). [Fr. porte-manteau, fr. porter, to carry, and 
manteau, a cloak, mantle, q. v.] A bag, usually of leath- 
er, for carrying apparel, &c, on journeys. 

Por'trait, n. [Fr., from portraire, to portray. See POR- 
TRAY.] That which is portrayed ; the drawn or painted 
likeness of a face or person ; hence, any exact likeness of 
a living being. 

Por'trait-ure (53), n. 1. A portrait. 2. Hence, that 
which is copied from some example or model. 3. The 
drawing of portraits. 

Por-tray', v. t. [imp. & p.p. portrayed; p.pr. & 
vb. n. PORTRAYING.] [Fr. portraire, from Lat. protra- 
here, protractum, to draw forth, from pro, forward, forth, 
and trahere, to draw.] 1. To paint or draw the likeness 
of. 2. Hence, to describe in words. 

Por-tray'al, n. The act of portraying. 

Por-tray 'er, n. One who portrays, paints, or describes. 

Port'reeve, n. [A.-S. portgerefa, from port, a harbor, 
and gerefa, a reeve or sheriff.] The chief magistrate 
of a port or maritime town. [Obs.] 

Por'tress, n. A female porter. 

Port'- ward 7 en, n. The officer in charge of a port ; a 
harbor-master. 

Po§e, n. [See Pose,i>. t.] An attitude formally as- 
sumed for the sake of effect. 

Poge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POSED; p.pr. & vb. n. POS- 
ING-.] [Fr. poser, to place, to put ; to put a question, to 
state problems or questions, from Lat. pausare, to pause.] 
1. To bring to a stand; to puzzle. 2. To question 
with a view to puzzling ; to embarrass by questioning or 
scrutiny. 

Pog'er, n. 1. One who puzzles by asking difficult ques- 
tions. 2. A question, statement, or the like, which 
puzzles or silences. 

Po-§i'tion (-zlsh/un), n. [Lat. positio, from ponere, 
positum, to put, place.] 1. The manner in which any 
thing is placed. 2. The spot where a person or thing 
is placed. 3. Hence, the place where one plants 
himself; the ground which any one takes in an argu- 
ment, &c. 4. A proposition to be defended or reasoned 
out ; a thesis. 5. Relative place or standing in society ; 
social rank. 6. ( Gram.) The state of a vowel placed be- 
fore two consonants, or before a double consonant. "7, 
(Arith.) A method of solving a problem by one or two 
suppositions. 

Syn.— Situation ; station ; place ; condition ; attitude ; pos- 
ture ; proposition ; assertion ; thesis. 

Po§'i-tive, a. [Lat. positivus. See supra.] 1. Having 
a real position, existence, or energy ; real ; actual. 2. 
Not dependent on changing circumstances or relations ; 
absolute. 3. Definitely laid down ; explicitly stated. 4. 
Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualification or 
discretion; indisputable; decisive. 5. Prescribed by 
express enactment or institution. 6. Fully assured ; 
confident ; sometimes, dogmatic or even overbearing. 7. 
(Plwtog.) Corresponding in lights and shades to those of 
the original from which taken. 

Pog'i-tlve, n. 1. Reality. 2. That which settles by 
absolute or arbitrary appointment. 3. ( Gram.) A word 
that affirms or asserts existence. 4. (Plwtog.) A picture 
corresponding in its lights and shades with the original, 
instead of being reversed. 

Pos/i-tive-ly, adv. 1. In a positive form or manner ; 
absolutely. 2. Inherently. 3. Certainly ; really. 

Pog'i-tive-ness, n. 1. Reality of existence ; actual- 
ness. 2. Undoubting assurance ; peremptoriness. 

P6s/i-tiv-I§m, n. A system of philosophy which ex- 
cludes every thing but the natural phenomena or prop- 
erties of knowable things, together with their invariable 
relations of co-existence and succession, as occurring in 
time and space. 

Po-sol'o-gy, n. [Gr. irao-os, how much, and Adyos, dis- 
course.] (Med.) The science or doctrine of doses. 

Pos'se -Com'i-ta'tus. [Lat. posse, to be able, to have 
power, and L. Lat. cornitatus, a county, q. v.] (Law.) 
The power of the county, or the citizens who may be 
summoned to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, &c. 

E®~The word comitatus is often omitted, and posse alone is 
used in the same sense. It is also colloquially used to denote a 
number or crowd of people ; a rabble. 

Pos-s6ss' (pos-seV or poz-zeV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pos- 
sessed (108) ; p.pr. & vb. n. possessing.] [Lat. pos- 



sidere,possessum, from po, an inseparable prep., denofc. 
ing power o» possession, or rendering emphatic the mean- 
ing of a verb, and seder e, to sit.] 1. To occupy in per- 
son ; to hold in one's own keeping. 2. To have the legal 
title to ; to have a just right to. 3. To assume the con- 
trol of; to be the master of. 4. To obtain possession of. 

5. To enter into and influence ; — said of evil spirits, 
passions, &c. 6. To acquaint ; to inform. 

Syn.- To have ; hold ; occupy ; control ; own. — Have is 
the word naturally used. To possess denotes to have " as a 
possession." A man does not possess his wife and children ; 
they are (so to speak) part of himself. For the same rea- 
son, we have (not possess) the faculties of reason, under- 
standing, will, &c, an elegant taste, a sound judgment, &c. : 
they are exercises of the mind, not 2>ossessions. We can, how- 
ever, in certain connections, speak of a man as possessing an 
elegant taste or a sound judgment ; but in such cases our atten- 
tion is commonly turned to some use he is to make of them, 
and hence they are naturally regarded as distinct from himself, 
and as part of his " possession." Some overlook the fact that 
have is the leading term, and usepossess when there is nothing 
specific in the case to require its use. 

Pos-ses'sion (-sesh/un or -zesh'un), n. 1. Act of pos- 
sessing. 2. (Law.) Actual seizin or occupancy; own- 
ership, whether rightful or wrongful. 3. That which 
any one owns or controls. 4. State of being possessed, 
as by an evil spirit. 5. (International Law.) A country 
held by no other title than mere conquest. 

Pos-sess'ive (pos-ses'siv or poz'zeVsiv), a. [Lat. posses- 
sivus.] Pertaining to possession ; having possession ; 
expressing possession or some relation of one thing to 
another. 

Pos-sess'or (pos-seVsur or poz-zeVsur), n. One who 
possesses ; one who owns or controls. 

Syn. — Owner ; proprietor ; master ; holder ; occupant. 

Pos-sess'o-ry (pos-seV- or poz'zeV-), a. Relating to a 
possessor, or to that which is possessed ; having posses- 
sion. 

Pos'set, n. [W. posel, curdled milk, posset, from pos, 
posiaw, to gather, to heap.] Milk curdled by some strong 
infusion, as by wine, &c, formerly much used as a bev- 
erage. 

Pos'set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. posseted; p.pr. & vb. n. 
posseting.] To curdle ; to turn. 

Pos'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Power of being or existing ; state 
of being possible. 2. That which is possible. 

Pos'si-ble, a. [Lat. possibilis, from posse, to be able ; to 
have power.] 1. Liable to happen or come to pass ; ca- 
pable of existing or of being done. 2. Rarely able to bo 
or to come to pass, but highly improbable. 
Syn. — Practicable ; likely. See Practicable. 

Pos'si-bly, adv. 1. By any power, moral or physical, 
really ex'isting. 2. Without involving impossibility or 
absurdity. 
Syn. — Perhaps ; peradventure ; perchance. 

Post, n. [Lat. postis, allied to ponere, positum, to place.] 
1. A piece of timber or other solid substance, set upright, 
especially as a support to something else ; a pillar. 2. The 
place at which any thing is stayed or fixed ; a station ; 
especially, a military station. 3. An office or position of 
service, trust, or emolument. 4. A messenger who goes 
from station to station ; one who regularly carries letters 
from one place to another ; a letter-carrier ; an express : 
a postman. 5. An established conveyance for letters ; 
the mail ; hence the carriage by which the mail is trans- 
ported. 6. A sort of writing paper. 

To travel post, to travel, as a post does, by relays of horses, or 
by keeping one carriage to which fresh horses are attached at 
each stopping-place. 

Post, v. i. 1. To travel with post-horses. 2. Hence, 
to travel with speed. 

Post, adv. 1. With post-horses. 2. With great rapidity. 

Post, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POST- 
ING.] 1. To attach to a sign-post or other place ; to ad- 
vertise. 2. Especially, to advertise opprobriously. 3. 
To assign to a station ; to set ; to place. 4. To cause to 
go by the post ; to put in the mail. 5. (Book-keeping.) 
To carry, as an account, from the journal to the ledger. 

6. To acquaint with what has occurred ; to inform. 

[Colloq.] 

Post'age,n. [From post, n., 5.] The established price 
for the conveyance of a letter or other mailable matter 
by post. 

Postage-stamp, an adhesive government stamp of variable 
value, for affixing to articles sent by mail to pay the postal 
charge. 
Post'al, a. Belonging to the post-office or mail service. 
Post'boy, n. A boy that rides as post ; a courier. 
j Post'-eap'tain, w. A captain in the British navy; — 



food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this* 



POST-COACH 



556 



POTENTIAL 



so called unofficially in distinction from a commander, to 
whom the title of captain is often given by courtesy. 

Post'-eoacli, n. A carriage with four wheels, for the 
conveyance of travelers. 

Post'-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. post-dated ; p. pr. 
& i-6. n. post-dating.] [Lat. post, after, and Eng. 
date, q. v.] To date after the real time. 

Post'-dl-lu'vi-an, a. Being or happening posterior to 
the flood in Noah's days. 

Post'-di-lu'vi-an, n. A person who lived after the 
flood. 

Post'-en'try, n. 1. A subsequent entry, at the cus- 
tom-house, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. 

2. (Book-keeping.) An additional or subsequent entry. 
Post'er, n. 1. One who posts; also, a courier. 2. A 

large bill posted for advertising. 
Pos-te'ri-or, a. [Lat. posterior, compar. of posterus, 
coming after, from post, after.] 1. Later, or subsequent, 
in time. 2. Later in the order of proceeding or moving. 

3. Behind in position. 

Pos-te'ri-or'i-ty, n. The state of being later or subse- 
quent, [body. 

Pos-te'ri-org, n.pl. The hinder parts of an animal's 

Pos-ter'i-ty, n. [Lat. posteritas. See Posterior.] 
The race that proceeds from a progenitor ; offspring to 
the furthest generation. 

Pos'tern, n. [0. Fr. posterne, from Lat. post, after, be- 
hind.] Originally, a back door or gate ; a private en- 
trance ; hence, any small door or gate. 

Posf-ex-ist'enc e, n. Subsequent or future existence. 

Post'f ix, n. [Lat. post, after, and Jixus, p. p. of figere. 
See Fix.] ( Gram.) A letter, syllabic, or word, added to 
the end of another word ; a suffix. 

Post-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. postfixed (-fiksf, 108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. postfixing.] ( Gram.) To add, as a let- 
ter, syllable, or word, to the end of another or principal 
word. 

Post'-haste', n. Haste or speed in traveling, like that 
of a post or courier. 

Post'-liaste', adv. With speed or expedition. 

Post'-horse, n. A horse stationed, or intended, for 
the post. 

Post'-liouse, n. ; pi. POST'-HOUS/Eg. 1. A house for 
the convenience of the post, where relays of horses can 
be obtained, 2. A post-office. 

Post'liu-moiis, a. [Lat. posthumus, postumus, superl. 
of posterus, posterior. See Posterior.] 1. Born after 
the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of 
the mother. 2. Published after the death of the author. 
3. Continuing after one's decease. 

Post'liu-moiis-ly, adv. After one's decease. 

Pos-til'ion (pos-til'yun), n. [Fr. & Sp. postilion, It, 
postiglione. See Post, 5.] One who rides and guides 
one of the horses in a coach or post-chaise. 

Post'man. n. ; pi. post'men. A post or courier; a 
letter-carrier. [a letter. 

Post'mark, n. The mark, or stamp, ©f a post-office on 

Post'mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. postmarked (posf- 
markt) ; p pr. & vb. n. postmarking.] To mark with 
a post-office stamp. 

Post'mas-ter, n. 1. One who supplies post-horses. 2. 
One who has charge of a post-office. 

Postmaster-general, the chief officer of the post-office depart- 
ment. 

Post'me-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. postmeridianvs, from post, 
after, and meridianus, belonging to midday.] Being or 
belonging to the afternoon. 

Post'-mdr'tein, a. [Lat., after death.] After death. 
Post-mortem examination of a body {Med.), an examination 
made after the death of the patient. 

Post'-note, n. (Com.) (a.) A note issued by a bank, 
payable at some future specified time, (b.) A bank-note, 
made payable to order, and intended to be transmitted 
to a distant place by post. 

Post'-o'lbit, n. [Lat. post, after, and obitus. death.] 
(Law.) A bond, in which the obligor, in consideration 
of having received a certain sum of money, binds him- 
self to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the 
death of some specified individual from whom he has ex- 
pectations. 

Post'-of'fice, n. A governmental office, where letters 
are received and distributed. 

Post-office order, an order for money made payable by one 
postmaster on any desired post-office. 

Post'-paid, a. Having the postage paid. 
Post-pone', v. t. [imp. &.p. p. postponed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. POSTPONING.] [Lat postponere, from post, after, 



and ponere, to place, put.] 1. To defer to a future or 
later time. 2. To set below something else in value or 
importance. 

Syn. — To adjourn ; defer ; delay ; procrastinate ; retard ; 
hinder. See Adjotjen. 

Post-pone'ment, n. Act of postponing or deferring to 
a future time ; temporary delay of business. 

Post-pon'er, n. One who postpones. 

Post's^ript, n. [From Lat. post, after, and scriptum, 
written, p. p. of scribere, to write.] A paragraph added 
to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer ; 
or any addition made to a book or composition after it 
had been supposed to be finished. 

Post'-town (109), n. A town having a post-office. 

Post'u-lant, n. [From Lat. postulans, p. pr. of postu- 
lare. See infra.] One who makes a request or demand ; 
hence, a candidate. 

Post'u-late, n. [See infra.] 1. A position or supposi- 
tion assumed without proof. 2. (Geom.) The enuncia- 
tion of a_self-evident problem. 

Post'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. postulated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. POSTULATING.] [Lat. postulare , postulatum, 
to demand, from poscere, to ask for urgently.] 1. To 
beg or assume without proof. 2. To take without posi- 
tive consent. 

Post'u-la'tion, n. The act of postulating ; gratuitous 
assumption. 

Post'u-la-to-ry , a. Assuming or assumed without proof. 

Post'Ure (post'yyr, 53), n. [Lat. positura, from ponere, 
positum, to place.] 1. (Fine Arts.) The situation of a 
figure with regard to the eye, and of the several principal 
members with regard to each other, by which action is 
expressed. 2. State or condition, whether of external 
circumstances, or of internal feeling and will. 
Syn. — Attitude; position. See Attitude. 

Post'ure-mas'ter, n. One who teaches or practices ar- 
tificial postures of the body. 

Po'gy, n. [Contr. from poesy, q. v.] 1. A poetical sen- 
tence, or a sententious maxim ; a motto ; a legend or 
inscription. 2. Especially, a motto or verse sent with a 
bunch of flowers ; hence, a nosegay ; a bouquet ; hence, 
also, a single flower. 

Pot, n. [D. pot, Icel. pottr, potta, W. pot.] 1. A large me- 
tallic or earthen vessel, appropriated to any of a great 
variety of uses. 2. A mug. 3. The quantity contained 
in a pot. 4. A sort of paper, in small-sized sheets. 

Pot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POT- 
TING.] To place or inclose in pots ; as, (a.) To preserve 
seasoned, (b.) To set out or cover in pots. 

Po'ta-ble, a. [Lat. potabilis, from potare, to drink.] 
Fit to be drunk ; drinkable. 

Po'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being drinkable. 

Pot'asli, n. [From Eng. pot and ash, pi. ashes.] ( Chem.) 
A powerful alkali, the protoxide of potassium ; potassa. 

Po-tas'sa, n. (Chem.) Pure potash, or protoxide of 
potassium. 

Po-tas'si-um, n. (Chem.) A bluish-white, lustrous 
metal, having a strong affinity for oxygen, with which it 
forms potassa. It is lighter than water. 

Po-ta'tion, n. [Lat. potatio, from potare, to drink.] 1. 
A drinking or drinking-bout. 2. A draught. 

Po-ta'to, ii. ; pi. PO-TA'TOEg. [Sp. patata, batata, 
Peruv. papa, pagny.] (Bot.) A well-known plant, and 
its tuber, largely used for food, and in various farina- 
ceous preparations. 

Siceet potato, a climbing plant, allied to the morning-glory. 
Its farinaceous tubers have a sweetish taste, and are used, when 
cooked, for food. 

Pot'-lbel/lied, a. Having a prominent belly. 

Po-teen', n. [Cf. Ir. potaim, poitim, I drink, poitin, a 
small pot.] Irish whisky. 

Po'ten-cy, n. [See infra.] The state of being potent ; 
power. 

Syn.— Strength; might; efficacy; energy. 

Po'tent, a. [Lat. potens, p. pr. of posse, to be able, to 
have power, from potis, able, capable, and esse, to be.] 
1. Ph_; sically strong. 2. Having great authority, con- 
trol, or dominion. 3. Powerful; in a moral sense; 
having great influence. 

Syn. — Powerful; mighty; puissant; strong; able; efficient; 
forcible; efficacious; cogent; influential. 

Po'tent-ate, n. [Low. Lat. potentatus. See Potent.] 
One who is potent ; a prince ; a sovereign ; an emperor, 
king, or monarch. 

Po-ten'tial, a. Existing in possibility, not in act. 

Potential mode (Gram.), that form of the verb which is used 
to express the power, possibility, liberty, or necessity of an ac- 
tion or of being. 



a, e, 8cc.,long;&, 6, &c.,sAorf; care, far. ask., all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n, or, do, wolf, 



POTENTIALITY 



557 



POWERFUL 



Po-ten'ti-al'i-ty (-shl-51'i-ty, 95), n. The state of being 
potential ; possibility ; not actuality. 

Po-t6n'tial-ly , adv. In a potential or possible manner ; 
in possibility ; not in act ; not positively. 

Po'tent-ly, adv. With great force or energy. 

Po'tent-ness, n. Powerfulness ; strength ; might. 

Pot'-hang'er, n. A pot-hook. 

Poth'er, n. [Perh. from 0. D. poeder, or Fr. poudre, 
dust; but cf. also Ir buaidhreadh, vexation, trouble. 
See Powder.] Bustle ; confusion ; tumult ; flutter. 

P5t'-her1b (-erb), n. Any herb used in cooking for food. 

Pot'-hook, n. 1. A hook on which pots and kettles 
are hung over the fire. 2. A letter or character like a 
pot-hook. 

Pot'-house, n. ; pi. POT'-HOUg'Es. An ale-house. 

Po'tion, n. [Lat. potio, from potare, to drink.] A 
draught ; a dose. [ner. 

Pot'- luck, n. What may chance to be provided for din- 

Pot'sherd, n. [Eng. pot, and sherd or shard, q. v.] A 
piece or fragment of a broken pot. 

Pot'tage, n. [Fr. potage, from pot. See POT.] Food 
made of meat boiled to softness in water, usually with 
some vegetables. [vessels. 

Pot'ter, n. One whose occupation is to make earthen 

Pot'ter, v. i. To occupy one's self in a trifling or ineffi- 
cient manner ; — often pronounced putter in the United 
States. 

Pdt'ter-y, n. 1. The vessels or ware made by potters ; 
earthenware. 2. The place where earthen vessels are 
manufactured. 

Pot'tle, n. [Dim. of pot, q. v. Cf. Eng. bottle.] 1. A 
liquid measure of four pints. 2. A pot or tankard. 3. 
A vessel or small basket for holding fruit. 

Pot'- valiant ( -val'yant), a. Courageous over the cup ; 
heated to valor by strong drink. 

Pouch, ». [A.-S. poca, poha, pocca. See POKE.] 1. 
A small bag ; usually, a leathern bag. 2. That which is 
shaped like or used as a pouch ; as, (a.) A protuberant 
belly, (b.) The bag or sack of a bird, as that of the pel- 
ican; also, the crop of a bird, (c.) (Med.) A cyst or 
sac containing watery fluid, (d.) A membranous sac 
in which the young of marsupials are carried. 

Pouch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pouched (poucht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. pouching.] 1. To pocket; to save. 2. To 
swallow ; — said of fowls. 

Pqu-chong' (poo-shong 7 ), n, A kind of black tea. 

Pou-drette' (poo-dret'), n. [Fr., dim. of poudre, dust, 
powder, q. v.] A manure made from the contents of 
privies, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, &c. 

Poult, n. [Contr. from Fr. poidet, dim. of poule, hen, 
fowl, Lat. pullus, young of any animal.] A young- 
chicken, partridge, &c. 

Poult'er-er, n. One who deals or trades in poultry. 

Poul'tice (20), n. [Lat. puis, pultis, a thick pap, Gr. 
7toAtos.] A soft composition of various materials, to be 
applied to sores, boils, and the like ; a cataplasm. 

Poul'tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. poulticed (pol'tist) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. poulticing.] . To cover with a poultice ; 
to dress with a poultice. 

Poult'ry (20), n. [From poult, q. v.] Domestic fowls 
propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, 
feathers, &c. 

Pounce, n. [Fr. ponce, pumice, pounce, from Lat. 
pumex, pumicis.] 1. A fine powder to prevent ink from 
spreading on paper. 2. A colored powdered substance 
used by embroiderers in making designs on paper. 

Pounce, v. t. [imp. kp. p. pounced (pounst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. POUNCING.] To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 

Pounce, n. [Norm. Fr. ponce, hand, fr. Lat. pugnus, a 
fist.] The claw or talon of a l.ird of prey. 

Pounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pounced (pounst) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. POUNCING.] To pierce with a sharp instru- 
ment ; to perforate ; to punch. 

Pounce, v. i. To fall suddenly and seize with the claws. 

Poun'cet-box,n. [Fr. ponceite, from poncer, to pounce.] 
A small box with perforations on the top, to hold per- 
fume for smelling. 

Pound, n. [A.-S., Goth., & Tcel. pund, Lat. pondo, al- 
lied to pondus, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] 1. A 
certain specified weight ; specifically, 16 ounces avoirdu- 
pois, or 12 ounces troy. 2. Twenty shillings sterling, 
equal in value to about $4.84. 

Pound, n. [A.-S. pfond, a pound, fold, from pyndan, to 
shut up, confine.] An inclosure in which cattle or other 
beasts are confined when taken in trespassing, or going 
at large in violation of law. 

Pound, v. t. To confine in a pound ; to impound. 

Pound, v . t. [imp. & p. p. pounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



POUNDING.] [A.-S. punian, to bruise.] 1. To beat or 
strike with.some heavy instrument, and with repeated 
blows. 2. To pulverize by beating. 

Pound'age, n. 1. A subsidy of 12 pence in the pound, 
formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or 
imported, and if by aliens, more. [Eng.] 2. (Law.) 
The sum allowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the 
amount made by virtue of an execution ; — estimated in 
England, and formerly in the U. S., at so much on the 
pound. 

Pound'er, n. 1. One who pounds. 2. An instrument 
for pounding. 3. A person or thing denominated from 
a certain number of pounds. 

Pour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. POURED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
POURING.] [Scot. pere. Cf. W. bwrw, to cast, throw, 
shed.] 1. To cause to flow, as a liquid, in a stream, 
either out of a vessel or into it. 2. To send forth in a 
flowing or profuse manner ; to emit. 3. To give vent 
to, as strong feeling ; to utter. 

Pour, v. i. To issue forth in a stream, or continued suc- 
cession of parts ; to move impetuously, like a swift-run- 
ning stream ; to flow. 

Pour'er, n. One that pours. 

Pout, n. 1. (Ichth.) (a.) A sea-fish, of the cod kind, 
about a foot in length. It has the power of inflating a 
membrane which covers the eyes and neighboring parts 
of the head, (b.) An American fish called also catfish, 
horned-pout, or bullhead. 2. A species of bird. 3. A 
fit of sullenness. 

Pout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. POUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POUT- 
ING.] [Fr. bonder, to pout, Armor, mouza, W. poten, 
potten, what bulges out, a paunch, belly.] 1. To thrust 
out the lips, as in sullenness or displeasure ; hence, to 
look sullen. 2. To protrude. 

Pout'er, «. 1. One who pouts. 2. Specifically, a variety 
of the domestic pigeon, with an inflated breast. 

P6v'er-ty, n. [Lat. paupertas, from pauper, poor, q. v.} 
1. Want of convenient means of subsistence. 2. Any 
deficiency of resources needed or desired ; especially, a 
lack of sentiment or words. 

Syn. — Indigence; penury; beggary; necessity; neediness: 
need ; lack ; want; scantiness ; sparingness ; meagerness ; je- 
juneness ; pauperism. — Poverty is a relative term ; what iu 
poverty to a gentleman, would be competence for a day-laborer. 
Indigence implies extreme distress, and almost absolute des- 
titution. Pauperism denotes entire dependence upon public 
charity, and is, therefore, a hopeless and degraded state. 

Pow'der, n. [0. Eng. poulder, Lat. pulvis, pidveris.] 

1. A dry substance in minute particles ; dust. 2. Es- 
pecially, a composition of saltpeter, sulphur, and char- 
coal, mixed and granulated; gunpowder. 3. A per- 
fumed dust, as pulverized starch, formerly used for 
dressing the hair. 

Pow'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. powdered ; p. pr. & vb 
n. POWDERING.] 1. To reduce to fine particles ; to 
pulverize. 2. To sprinkle with powder, or as with pow- 
der. 

Pow'der, v. i. To separate into minute particles. 

Pow'der-box, n. A box in which powder is kept. 

Pow'der-flask, ) n. A flask or horn in which gun- 

Pow'der-horn, J powder is carried by sportsmen. 

Pow'der- mill, n. A mill in which gunpowder is made. 

Pow'der-y, a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces ; friable. 

2. Sprinkled with powder ; dusty. 3. Having a resem- 
blance to powder. 

Pow'er, n. [Fr. pouvoir, from Lat. posse, potesse, to 
be able, to have power, from potis, able, capable, and 
esse, to be.] 1. Ability to act, regarded as latent or in- 
herent ; faculty of doing or performing something. 2. 
Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, 
force, or euergy in action. 3. Capacity of undergoing or 
suffering; susceptibility. 4. The exercise of a faculty 
or of any kind of control ; influence ; command. 5. i n 
individual, institution, or government, which exer- 
cises control. 6. A military or naval force ; an army or 
navy. 7. (Math.) The product arising from the multi- 
plication of a number into itself. 8. (Mech.) A me- 
chanical agent ; that by means of which force is applied, 
or mechanical advantage is gained. 9. (Optics.) The 
degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instru- 
ment, magnifies. 10. (Law.) An authority enabling a 
person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself 
or another person. 
Syn.— Might; force; energy; sway; strength. 

Pow'er-f ul, a. Full of power ; capable of producing 
great effects of any kind. 

Syn. — Mighty; strong; potent; efficacious; energetic; m» 



<ood,fo~ot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



POWERFULLY 



558 



PRAXIS 



Pow'er-f ul-ly, adv. With great force or energy ; po- 
tently ; mightily; with great effect ; forcibly. 

Pow'er-ful-ness, n. The quality of haying, or exerting, 
great power ; force ; power ; might. 

Pow'er-less, a. Destitute of power, force, or energy ; 
weak ; impotent. [some mechanical power. 

Pow'er-loom, n. A loom worked by water, steam, or 

Pow'er-press, n A printing press worked by steam, 
water, or other power than the human arm. 

Pow'wow, n. 1. A priest, or conjurer, among the North 
American Indians. 2. Conjuration for the cure of dis- j 
eases and other purposes, attended with great noise and 
confusion. 3. Hence, a noisy assembly, or frolic. 

Pox, n. [For porks, 0. Eng. pokkes, from A.-S. pocc, poc. j 
See POCK.] (Med.) Any one of the four diseases called 
small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine disease, and the ve- 
nereal disease. 

rgf- In modern language, when used without a qualifying 
word, it signifies the venereal disease, or syphilis. 

Pox, v. t. [imp. & p. p. poxed (pokst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
POXING.] To infect with the pox, or venereal disease. 

Poz'zo-la'na ) (pot'so- or pot'soo-), n. Volcanic 

Poz'zu-o-la'na I ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used 
in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens 
under water. 

Pra-e'ti-ea-bTl'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being prac- 
ticable ; feasibility. 

Prae'ti-ea-lble, a. [Prom Low Lat. practicare, to act, 
transact, from Lat. practicus, active. See Practical,.] 
X. Capable of being practiced or performed ; capable of 
being done ; possible to be accomplished. 2. Admitting 
of use, or of being passed or traveled. 

Syn.— Possible; feasible. — A thing maybe possible, i. e., 
not forbidden by any law of nature, and yet may not now be 
practicable for want of the means requisite to its performance. 
Archimedes thought it possible to lift the world, but this has 
not been found as yet practicable. 

Pra-e'ti-ea-bly, adv. In a practicable manner. 

Pra-e'ti-cal, a. [Lat. practicus, Gr. 77-pa/cTi/cos, fit for 
doing or performing, practical, active, from irpdao-eiv, to 
do, work, effect.] 1. Pertaining to practice. 2. Capa- 
ble of being turned to use or account. 3. Evincing 
practice or skill ; ready to apply knowledge to some useful 
end. 4. Derived from practice. 

Practical joke, a joke put in practice; a joke the fun of which 
consists in something that is done. 

Pra-e'ti-eal-ly, adv. 1. In relation to practice. 2. By 
means of practice or use ; by experiment. 3. In prac- 
tice or use. 

Prae'ti-eal-ness, n. Quality of being practical. 

Prae'tice, n. [Gr. npaKTiKri, from TrpaKTi/cos. See PRAC- 
TICAL.] 1. Fi-equently repeated or customary actions. 
2. Customary or constant use. 3. Actual performance, 
in distinction from theory; action. 4. Exercise of a 
profession, or the limits within which a profession is ex- 
ercised or practiced. 5. Skillful or artful management ; 
art ; stratagem ; artifice. 6. A rule in arithmetic, by 
which the operations of the general rules are abridged in 
use. 7, (Law.) The established or prescribed form, 
manner, and order of conducting and carrying on suits 
and prosecutions. 

Syn.— Custom; usage; habit; manner. 

Prae'tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. practiced (prak'tist) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PRACTICING-.] [Written also practise, 
but the orthography of the verb ought to be the same as 
that of the noun, as in notice, and to notice. ] 1. To do 
or perform frequently, customarily, or habitually. 2. To 
carry on in practice, or repeated action ; to apply, as a 
theory, to real life; to exercise, as a profession, trade, 
art, &c. 3. To commit ; to perpetrate. 

Prae'tice, v. i. 1. To perform certain acts frequently 
or customarily. 2. To learn by practice. 3. To try 
artifices or stratagems. 4. To exercise an employment 
or profession, especially that of medicine or of law. 

Prae'ti-cer, n. 1. One who practices. 2. One who 
exercises a profession ; a practitioner. 

Prae-ti'tion-er (-tish'un-), n. One who is engaged in 
the actual use or exercise of any art or profession, partic- 
ularly in law or medicine. 
'Prsem'ti-iil're (prem/yu-nT're), n. [Corrupted from prx- 
monere, to forewarn, cite.] (Eng. Law.) (a.) The offense 
of introducing foreign authority into England, (b ) The 
writ grounded on that offense, (c.) The penalty ascribed 
for the_ offense of praemunire. 
Tree no'men, n. ; pi. prje Nom'i-na. [Lat., from 
prx, before, and nomen, name..] ( Rom. Antiq.) The first 
name of a person, by which individuals of the same fam- 
ily were distinguished, answering to our Christian name. 



Prre'tor, n. See Pre tor. 

Prag-mat'ie, ) a. [Gr. irpayfj.a.Tiic6s, busy, active, 

Prag-mat'i«-al, j systematic, from irpay^a, a thing 
done, business, from 7rpd<rcreii>, to do.] 1. Pertaining to 
business; hence, material. 2. Over-forward in acting; 
officious ; meddling ; meddlesome ; impertinent. 

Prag-mat'ie, n. 1. One who is active or skilled in 
business. 2. A solemn ordinance or decree issued by the 
head of a state. 

Prag-mat'ie-al-ly, adv. In a pragmatic manner. 

Prag-mat'i-e-al-nesis, n. Quality of being pragmatic. 

Prai'rie (89), n. [Fr., from Lat. pratum,& meadow.] An 
extensive tract of land, level or rolling, destitute of trees, 
and covered with coarse grass. 

Prai'rie-dog, n. (Zool.) A small rodent animal, allied 
to the marmot, found on the prairies west of the Missis- 
sippi. It has a sharp bark, like that of a small dog. 

Praige, n. [Lat. pretium, price, value, reward.] 1. Com- 
mendation for worth ; approval of merit. 2. The joyful 
tribute of gratitude or homage rendered to the Divine 
Being. 3. The object, ground, or reason of praise. 

Syn. — Encomium ; honor ; eulogy ; panegyric ; plaudit ; 
applause ; acclaim ; eclat. 

Praige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. praised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

PRAISING.] [Lat. pretiare, from pretium, price, value, 
reward.] 1. To express approbation of. 2. To extol in 
words or song ; to do honor to. 

Syn. — To commend; applaud; laud; eulogize; celebrate; 
glorify; magnify; extol— To praise is, literally, to raise high; 
to applaud is to greet, with clapping; to extol is to bear aloft. 
We may praise in the exercise of calm judgment; we usu- 
ally applaud from impulse and on account of some specific 
act ; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and 
usually in strong, if not extravagant, language. 

Praig'er, n. One who praises, commends, or extols. 

Praige'wor-thy (-wur-thy), a. Worthy of praise or ap- 
plause ; commendable. 

Prance, v. i. [imp. & p.p. pranced (pranst); p. pr. 
& vb. n. PRANCING.] [Allied to prank, v. t.] 1. To 
spring or bound, as a horse. 2. To ride with bounding 
movements. 3. To walk or strut about in a showy 
manner. 

Prank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pranked (prXijkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PRANKING.] [Gev. prangen, prunken, to shine, 
to make a show ; Icel. pranga, D. pronken.] To adorn in 
a showy manner ; to dress or adjust ostentatiously. 

Prank, n. [See supra, and cf. W. pranc, a prank, pran- 
ciaw, to frolic, to play pranks.] A gay or sportive ac- 
tion ; a playfully mischievous act. 
Syn. — Gambol ; frolic ; freak ; sport. 

Prank'isn, a. Full of pranks. 

Prage, n. [From Gr. 7rpdcn.os, of a leek-green, from Gr. 
Trpdcrov, a leek.] (Min.) A variety of quartz, of a leek- 
green color. 

Prate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PRATING.] [L. Ger. & D. praten, Icel. prata.] To talk 
much and without weight, or to little purpose ; to be 
loquacious. [ing. 

Prate, v. t. To utter foolishly ; to speak without mean- 
Prate, n. Talk to little purpose ; trifling talk. 

Prat'er, n. One who prates ; one who talks idly. 

Prat'ique (prat'eek), «. [Fr. See Practice.] (Com.) 
The communication between a ship and the port at which 
she arrives ; hence, a license or permission to hold inter- 
course and trade with the inhabitants of a place, after 
having performed quarantine, or upon a certificate that 
the ship did not come from an infected place. 

Prat'tle,t\ i. [imp. & p. p. prattled; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PRATTLING.] [Diminutive of prate.} To talk much 
and idly ; to prate ; hence, to talk lightly and artlessly, 
like a child. 

Prat/tle , n. Trifling or childish tattle ; prate. 

Prat/tler, n. An idle talker. 

Prav'i-ty, n. [Lat. pravitas, from pravus, crooked, per- 
verse.] Deterioration ; corruption ; depravity ; especially, 
moral corruption ; moral perversion. 

Prawn, n. (Zoo I.) A small 
crustacean, allied to the 
shrimp. It is highly prized 
for food. 

Prasc'is, n. [Gr. 7rpa£is, fr. 
npacraeiv, to do.] 1. Use ; 
practice ; especially, exercise 
or discipline for a specific 
purpose or object. 2. An 
example or form to teach 
practice. 




Prawn. 



a,e,&c.,Zon^; a,e,&c.,sA0#; care, far, ask, a,U,w3iat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do, wolf, 



PRAY 



559 



PRECIPITATE 



Pray, v. i. [imp. &* p. p. prayed; p. pr. & vb. n. i Pre-eau'tion-a-ry, a. Proceeding from, or containing, 
PRAYING.] [Lat. precari, from prez, precis, a prayer, | previous caution, 
request.] 1. To ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a ►•Pre-eau'tiou.s^ a. Taking preventive measures, 



favor, or for something desirable, 2. Especially, to ad- 
dress the Supreme Being with, adoration, confession, sup- 
plication, aud thanksgiving. 

Syn.- To entreat; supplicate; beg; implore; beseech; pe- 
tition. 

Pray, v. t. 1. To address earnest request to ; to suppli- 
cate ; to entreat. 2. To ask earnestly for ; to request ; 
to beseech ; to petition. 

Pray'er (pra/er, 4), n. One who prays ; a supplicant. 

Prayer (prar), n. [From Lat. precarius, obtained by 
prayer, from precari, to pray.] 1. Act of praying or of 
asking a favor ; hence, an earnest memorial. 2. Especi- 
ally, the act of addressing supplication to God. 3. The 
form of words used in praying ; an expressed petition 

Syn. — Petition ; orison ; supplication ; entreaty ; suit ; 
request. 

Prayer'-lbobls: ( prar'bdbk', n. A book containing 
prayers or the forms of devotion, public or private. 

Prayer'tful (prar'-), a. Given to prayer ; devotional. 

Prayer'ful-ly (prar 7 -), adv. In a prayerful manner. 

Prayer'less (prar 7 -), a. Not using prayer; habitually 
neglecting the duty of prayer to God. 

Preach, v. i. [imp. & p. p. preached (108) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PREACHING.] [From Lat. prxdicare, to cry in 
public, to proclaim, from prx, before, and dicare, to make 
known, dicere, to say.] 1. To pronounce a public dis- 
course on a religious subject; to deliver a sermon. 2. 
To give earnest advice on moral or religious grounds. 

Preach, v.t. 1. To proclaim or publish in a sermon or 
religious discourse. 2. To inculcate in public discourse. 
3. To deliver or pronounce. 

Preach'er, n. 1. One who preaches. 2. One who in- 
culcates any thing with earnestness. 

Preach'iiig, ». The act of one who preaches ; a public 
religious discourse. 

Preach'ment, n. A discourse or sermon; — used de- 
preciatingly or in contempt. [Adam. 

Pre-ad'a^Ti-ite, n. An inhabitant of the earth before 

Pre'ad-mon'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. preadmon- 
ISHED (108) ; p. pr. & vb. 11. PRE ADMONISHING.] To 
admonish previously. 

Pre-ad/mo-iii'tion (-mo-nish/un), n. Previous warn- 
ing or admonition. 

Pre'am-ble, n. [L. JjSbt. prxambirtum, from Lat. prxam- 
bulus, walking before.] An introductory portion; an 
introduction or preface ; specifically, the introductory 
part of a statute. 

Preb'end, n. [L. Lat. prxbenda. from Lat. prxbere, to 
hold forth , afford, allow, contr. from prxhibere, from prx, 
before, and habere, to have,~hol(L] The maintenance 
granted to a prebendary out of the estate of a cathedral 
or collegiate church with which he is connected. 

Pre-bend'al, a. Pertaining to a prebend. 

Preb'end-a-ry, n. A clergyman attached to a collegi- 
ate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend in consid- 
eration of his oificiafcing at stated times in the church. 

Pre'cant, n. [Lat. precans, precantis, p. pr. of precari, 
to pray.] One who prays. 

Pre-ca'ri-ous, a. [Lat. precarius , fvomprecari, to pray, 
beg, from prex, precis, a prayer.] 1. Depending on the 
will or pleasure of another ; held by courtesy. 2. Held 
by a doubtful tenure ; exposed to constant risk. 

Syn. — Uncertain ; unsettled ; unsteady ; doubtful ; dubi- 
ous; equivocal. — Precarious is stronger than uncertain. De- 
rived originally from the Latin precari it first signified " grant- 
ed to entreaty,*" and, hence, " wholly dependent on the will of 
another." Thus it came to express the highest species of un- 
certainty, and is applied to such things as depend wholly on 
future casualties. 

Pre-ca/ri-ous-ly, adv. At the will or pleasure of others. 

Pre-ea'ri-oiis-iiess, n. The quality or state of being 
precarious ; uncertainty. 

Pree'a-tive, ) a. [Lat. precativus andprecatorius, from 

Pree'a-to-ry, ] precari, to pray.] Suppliant ; beseech- 
ing. 

Pre-eau'tion, n. [Lat. prxcautio, from prxcavere,prx- 
cautii'm, to guard against beforehand, from prx, before, 
and cavere, to be on one's guard.] 1. Previous caution 
or care. 2. A measure taken beforehand toward off evil 
or secure good or success. 

Pre-cau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pre cautioned; 
p. pr". & vb. n. precatjtioning.] To warn or advise 
beforehand for preventing mischief or securing good. 

Pre-cau'tion-al, a. Preventive of mischief; precau- 
tionary. 



Pre-cede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. preceded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PRECEDING.] [Lat. prxcedere, from prx, before, and 
cedere, to go, to be in motion.] 1. To go before in place 
or order of time. 2. To go before in rank or importance. 
Pre-ced'ence, \n. 1. Act or state of being precedent ; 
Pre-ced'en-cy, j priority in position, rank, or time. 
2. State of going or being before in rank or dignity or 
the place of honor. 

Syn.— Antecedence ; priority; pre-eminence ; preference ; 
superiority. 

[Lat. prxcedens, p. pr. of prxcedere. 
Going before ; anterior ; preceding ; 



Pre-ced'ent, a. 

See Precede.] 
antecedent. 
Prgc'e-dent, »• 



1. Something done or said that may 
serve as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the 
like kind. 2. A preceding circumstance or condition ; 
hence, a prognostic. 

Syn. — Example; antecedent. — An example is a similar 
case which may serve as a rule or guide, but has no authority 
out of itself. Aprecedent is something which comes down to 
us from the past with the sanction of usage and of common 
consent. We quote examples in literature, and precedents in 
law. 

Prec'e-dent-ed, a. Having a precedent. 

Pre-ced'ent-ly, adv. Beforehand ; antecedently. 

Pre-^en/tor, n. [Lat., from prxcinere, to sing before, 
from prx, before, and canere, to sing, cantor, a singer.] 
The leader of the choir in a cathedral. 

Pre'cept, n. [Lat. prxceptum, from prxcipere, to take 
beforehand, to instruct, from prx, before, and capere, to 
take.] 1. Any commandment or order intended as an 
authoritative rule of action ; especially, a command re- 
specting moral conduct. 2. (Laic;.) A species of writ or 
process. 

Syn.— Commandment; injunction; mandate; order; law; 
rule; direction; instruction; doctrine; principle; maxim. 

Pre-cep'trve, a. 1. Giving precepts or commands for 
the regulation of moral conduct. 2. Directing in moral 
conduct ; didactic. [of a school. 

Pre-cep'tor, n. A teacher; an instructor; the head 

Pre'cep-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a preceptor. 

Pre-cep'to-ry, a. Giving precepts ; preceptive. 

Pre-cep'to-ry, n. [Low Lat. prxceptoria, au estato as- 
signed to a preceptor, fr. Lat. prxceptor, a commander, 
ruler, teacher. See Preceptor.] A religious house 
of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the temple or 
principal house of the order at London. 

Pre-cep'tress, n. A female teacher. 

Pre-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [From Lat. prxcedere, prxces- 
sum, to go before.] The act of going before, or forward. 
Precession of the equinoxes (Astron.), the slow, backward 
motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic. 

Pre-ces'sion-al, a. Belonging to precession. 

Pre'ciuet, n. [Lat. prxcinctus, from prxcingere, to gird 
about, to encompass, from prx, before, and cingere, to 
gird, surround.] 1. The limit, or exterior line encom- 
passing a place ; boundary ; confine. 2. A minor terri- 
torial or jurisdictional division ; especially, a parish or 
prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed for 
its support. 

Pre'cious (presh'us), a. [Lat. pretiosus, from pretium, 
price, worth, value.] 1. Of great price ; costly. 2. Of 
great value or worth ; very valuable ; highly esteemed. 
3 . Worthless ; contemptible. 

Pre'cious-ly (preWus-), adv. 1. Valuably ; to a great 
price. 2. Contemptibly. 

Pre'cious-ness (presh/us-), n. Valuableness ; great 
value ; high price. 

Prec'i-pice, n. [Lat. prx cipitium, from prxceps, head- 
long, from prx, before, and caput, capitis, the head.] A 
very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging place ; an 
abrupt declivity. 

Pre-cip'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being precipitated or 
cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. 

Pre-clp'i-tance, I n. Quality of being precipitant or 

Pre-pip'i-tan-cy, j precipitate ; headlong hurry ; pre- 
cipitation. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, a, 1. Falling or rushing headlong. 2, 
Urged with violent haste ; hasty. 3. Unexpectedly 
brought on or hastened. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, n. (Chem.) A liquor which, when 
poured on a solution, separates what is dissolved, and 
makes it fall to the bottom. 

Pre-eip'i-tant-ly, adv. With great haste. 

Pre-clp'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. precipitated; 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



PRECIPITATE 



560 



PREDICT 



p. pr. & vb. n. PRECIPITATING.] [Lat. prascipitare, 
prxcipitatum , from prxceps, headlong.] 1. To throw 
headlong ; to cast down from a steep height. 2. To urge 
or press with eagerness or violence ; to hasten. 3. To 
throw down or to the bottom of a vessel. 

Pre-cip'i-tate,v. *'. 1. To fall headlong. 2. To hasten 
without preparation. 3. To fall to the bottom of a ves- 
sel, as sediment. 

Pre-cTp'i-tate, a. [Lat. prxcipitatus, p. p. of przecipi- 
tare.] 1. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep de- 
scent. 2. Rashly hasty. 3. Lacking due deliberation ; 
hurried ; hasty ; rapid. 4. Terminating speedily in 
death ; violent. 
Syn. — Steep ; headlong ; rash ; headstrong ; violent. 

Pre-cip'i-tate, n. { Ckem.) A substance which, having 
been dissolved, is again separated from its solvent, and 
thrown to the bottom of the vessel, by pouring another 
liquor upon it. 

Pre-cip'i-tate-ly, adv. In a precipitate manner ; head- 
long ; hastily. 

Pre-cip'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of precipitating, or state 
of b'eing precipitated. 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing 
down with violence and rapidity. 3 . Hence, great hurry ; 
rash, tumultuous haste. 4. Act of throwing to the bot- 
tom of a vessel any substance held in solution. 

Pre-clp'i-ta/tor, n. One who precipitates, or urges on 
with vehemence or rashness. 

Pre-cip'i-toiis, a. [Lat. prasceps,prazcipitis. See PREC- 
IPICE.] 1. Very steep. 2. Headlong : directly or 
rapidly descending. 3. Hasty; rash; quick; sudden; 
precipitate. 

Pre-cip'i-tous-ly, adv. With steep descent. 

Pre-^ip'i-tous-ness, n. 1. Steepness of descent. 2. 
Rash haste. 

Pre-cise', a. [Lat. prxcisus, cut off, brief, concise, p. p. 
of prascidere, to cut off in front, to cut off, from prx, 
before, and cxdere, to cut.] 1. Not loose, vague, un- 
certain, or equivocal, either in thought or expression. 
2. Excessively nice ; punctilious in conduct or cere- 
mony. 

Syn. — Accurate ; exact ; definite ; correct ; nice ; scrupu- 
lous; punctilious; particular; formal; finical. See Accurate. 

Pre-clse'ly (110), adv. 1. In a precise manner ; nicely ; 
accurately. 2. With excess of formality. 

Pre-cise'iiess, n. 1. Quality of being precise ; rigid 
nicety- 2. Excessive regard to forms or rules. 

Syn. — Precision; exactness; nicety; accuracy. See Pre- 
cision. 

Pre-£i§'ian (-sizh'an), n. A person rigidly or ceremo- 
niously exact in the observance of rules ; a formalist. 

Pre-cig'ion (-sizb/un), n. [Lat. prxcisio. See supra.] 
The quality of being precise ; exact limitation ; exact- 
ness ; accuracy. 

Syn. — Preciseness. — Precision is always used in a good 
sense; preciseness is frequently taken in a bad one, especially 
when applied to persons or their conduct, denoting an excess 
of nicety, formal manners, &c. Precise is also sometimes ap- 
plied to individuals in the sense of over-strict or scrupulous in 
trifles. 

Pre--elu.de', v. t. [imp. & p. p. precluded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PRECLUDING.] [Lat. prxclud ere, fr. prx, be- 
fore, and claudere, cludere, to shut.] To shut out by 
anticipative action ; to shut off: to hinder. 

Pre-elu'gion, n. Act of precluding, or state of being 
precluded ; a shutting out. 

Pre-elu'slve, a. 1. Shutting out. 2. Precluding, or 
tending to preclude. 

Pre-elu'sive-ly, adv. In a preclusive manner. 

Pre-eo'cious, a. [Lat. prxcox,prxcocis, and prxcoquus, 
from prxcoquere, to cook or ripen beforehand, from prx, 
before, and coquere, to cook.] 1. Ripe before the proper 
or natural time. 2. Having the faculties developed more 
than is natural or usual at a given age ; too forward ; 
premature. 

Pre-eo'cious-ly, adv. In a precocious manner. 

Pre-eo'cioiis-iiess, j n. Quality or state of being pre- 

Pre-eoc'i-ty, j cocious ; premature development. 

Pre-eog'i-tate, v. t. [Lat. prsecogitare, prxcogitatum, 
from prx, before, and cogilare, to think.] To consider 
or contrive beforehand. 

Pre'eog-ni'tion (-nish / un), n. [Lat. prxcognitio, from 
prxcognoscere , to foreknow, fr. prx, before, and cognos- 
cere, to know.] Previous cognition ; antecedent knowl- 
edge or examination. 

Pre'eon-ceit', n. A previous conceit or conception ; an 
opinion or notion previously formed. 

Pre'eon-ceive', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. preconceived ; 



p. pr. & vb. n. PRECONCEIVING.] To conceive pre- 
viously ; to form a previous notion or idea of. 

Pre'eon-cep'tion, n. The act of preconceiving; con- 
ception or opinion previously formed. 

Pre'eon-cert'tH),^. t. [imp. 8cp. p. preconcerted; 
p.pr. & vb. n. preconcerting.] To concert before- 
hand ; to settle by previous agreement. 

Pre-eon'cert, n. A previous agreement. 

Pre-eon'traet, n. A contract previous to another. 

Pre-eur'sive, a. Preceding and leading to, or intro- 
ductory ; forerunning ; precursory. 

Pre-eur'sor, n. [Lat. precursor, from prxcurrere, prx- 
cursum, to run before, from prx, before, and currere, to 
run.] One who, or that which, precedes an event, and 
indicates its approach. 

Syn. — Forerunner ; harbinger ; messenger ; predecessor^ 
omen ; sign. 

Pre-eur'so-ry, a. Forerunning ; indicating something 

to follow. 
Pre-da'ceofls, a. [Lat. prxda, prey.] Living by prey ; 

predatory. 
Pred'a-to-ry, a. [Lat. prsedatorius, from prxda, prey.] 

1. Characterized by plundering ; practicing rapine. 2. 
Hungry ; ravenous. 

Pred/e-ces'sor, n. [Lat. predecessor, from prx, before, 
and decessor, a predecessor.] One who precedes ; one 
whom another follows or comes after. 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an, n. One who believes in the doc- 
trine of predestination. 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an, a. Pertaining to predestination. 

Pre-des'ti-nate,a. Predestinated ; fore-ordained ; fated. 

Pre-des'ti-nate,t>. t. [imp. k,p. p. predestine 
p. pr. & vb. n. PREDESTINATING.] [Lat. prxdestinaro, 
prxdestinatum, from prx, before, and destinare, to deter- 
mine.] To appoint or ordain beforehand by an unchange- 
able purpose. 

Syn. — To predetermine ; foreordain ; preordain : decree ; 
predestine ; foredoom. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of predestinating, or of 
fore-ordaining events. 2» (Theol.) The purpose of God 
from eternity respecting all events. 

Pre-des'ti-na/tor, n. 1. One who predestinates, or 
foreordains. 2. A predestinarian. 

Pre-des'tine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predestined; p. 
pr. & vb. n. predestining.] To decree beforehand ; 
to foreordain. 

Pre'de-ter'mi-nate, a. Determined beforehand. 

Pre'de-ter'nii-na'tion, n. Act of previous determina- 
tion ; purpose formed beforehand. 

Pre'de-ter'mlne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predeter- 
mined; p. pr. & vb. n. predetermining.] 1. To 
determine beforehand. 2. To doom by previous decree. 

Pre'di-al, a. [Lat. prxdium, a farm, estate.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or attached to, land or farms. 2. Growing 
or issuing from land. 

Pred'i-ea-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being predicable. 

Pred'i-ea-lble, a. [See Predicate.] Capable of being 
affirmed of something. 

Pred'i-ea-lble, n. 1. A general attribute or notion as 
affirmable of many individuals ; a general abstract notion. 

2. [Logic.) One of the five most general relations of at- 
tributes involved in logical arrangements ; namely , genus, 
species, difference, property, and accident. 

Pre-die'a-ment, n. [See Predicate.] Class or kind 
described by any definite marks ; hence, condition ; es- 
pecially, an unfortunate or trying position or condition. 
Syn. — Category; condition; state ; plight. See Category. 

Pred'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PREDICATING.] [Lat. prxdi care, prxd icatum, 
to cry in public, to proclaim. See Preach.] To assert 
to belong to something. 

®f*-Some able men among our lawyers and statesmen use 
predicate for found or base ; as, to predicate an argument on 
certain principles ; to predicate a statement on information 
received. This is wholly opposed to good usage. Predicate 
is a term in logic, and used only in a single case, namely, when 
we affirm one thing of another. 
Syn. — To affirm ; declare ; assert. 

Pred'i-eate (45), n. (Logic.) The thing or quality af- 
firmed of the subject ; in grammar, the word or words in 
a proposition expressing that which is affirmed of th6 
subject. 

Pred'i-ea'tion, n. Act of predicating, or of affirming 
one thing of another ; assertion. 

Pred'i-ea-to-ry, a. Affirmative ; positive. 

Pre-diet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. predicted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PREDICTING.] [Lat. prxdicere, pr asdic t urn , from 
pras, before, and dicere, to say, tell.] To tell beforehand 



sL,e,&cc.,long; a,6,&©., short; care, far, ask, all, wliat; ere, veil * term; pique, firm; son, or, do, woli. 



PREDICTION 



561 



PREJUDICIAL 



Syn. — To foretell; prophesy; prognosticate; presage; fore- 
bode; foreshow ; bode. 

Pre-die'tion, n. Act of foretelling ; that which is fore- 
told ; a previous declaration of a future event. 

Syn. — Prophecy ; prognostication ; foreboding ; augury ; 
divination ; soothsaying ; vaticination. 

Pre-diet'ive, a. Foretelling ; prophetic. 

Pre-diet'or, n. A foreteller ; one who prophesies. 

Pre'di-lSe'tion, n. [Lat. prx, before, and diligere, 
dilectum, to love.] A prepossession of mind in favor of 
something; partiality. [ing. 

Pre'dis-po'nent, a. Disposing beforehand ; predispos- 

Pre'dis-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. predisposed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PREDISPOSING.] 1. To incline before- 
hand. 2. To fit or adapt previously. 

Pre'dis-po-gi'tion (-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act of predis- 
posing, or state of being predisposed ; previous inclina- 
tion or propensity. 2. Previous fitness or adaptation to 
any change, impression, or purpose. 

Pre-dom'i-nance, ) n. Condition or quality of being 

Pre-dom'i-nan-cy, j predominant ; prevalence ; su- 
periority ; ascendency. 

Pre-dam'i-nant, a. Prevalent over others; superior 
in strength, influence, or authority. 

Syn. — Prevalent; superior; prevailing; ascendent; ruling; 
reigning ; controlling ; overruling. 

Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv. With superior strength or 

influence. 
Pre-dom'i-nate, v. i. [imp. k,p. p. predominated ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. PREDOMINATING.] [Lat. prx, before, 
and dominari, dominatus, to rule.] To surpass in 
strength, influence, or authority; to have controlling 
influence ; to prevail ; to rule. [dominance. 

Pre-dom'i-na'tion, n. Act of predominating ; pre- 

Pre-em'i-nence. n. State or quality of being pre- 
eminent ; distinction above others in quality, position, 
or the like. 

Pre-em'i-nent, a. 1. Eminent above others ; superior 
in excellence. 2. Surpassing others in evil or bad 
qualities. 

Pre-em'i-nent-ly, adv. In a pre-eminent degree. 

Pre-emp'tion (84), n. The act or right of purchasing 
before others ; as the right of a settler on the lands of 
the United States to purchase in preference to others, 
when the land is sold. 

Preen, n. [A.-S. preon, a clasp, bodkin, Icel. 'prion, a 
knitting-needle, pin.] A forked instrument used by 
clothiers in dressing cloth. 

Preen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. preened ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
preening.] To dress with, or as with, a preen ; to 
keep in order, as the feathers ; — said of birds. 

Pre'- en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pre-engaged ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. pre-engaging.] To engage by previous 
contract or influence. 

Pre'-en-gage'ment, n. Prior engagement, as by stip- 
ulation or promise. [hand. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish, v. t. To establish or settle before- 

Pre'-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settlement beforehand. 

Pre'-ex-Ist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pre-existed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. pre-existing.] To exist beforehand, or be- 
fore something else. 

Pre'-ex-ist'ence, n. 1. Existence previous to some- 
thing else. 2. Existence of the soul before its union 
with the body, or before the body is formed. 

Pre'-ex-Ist'ent, a. Existing beforehand ; preceding in 
existence. 

Preface, n. [Lat. prxfatio, from prxfari, to speak or 
say beforehand, from prx, before, and fari, fatus, to 
speak.] Something spoken as introductory to a dis- 
course, or written as introductory to a book or essay. 
Syn. — Introduction; preamble; proem; prelude; prologue. 

Preface, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prefaced (prefest); p. 
pr. 8cvb. n. PREFACING.] To introduce by preliminary 

Pref a-cer, n. The writer of a preface. [remarks. 

Pref a-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to, or of "the nature of, 
aj>reface ; introductory to a book, essay, or discourse. 

Pre'feet, n. [Lat. prxfectus, from prxficere, prxfectus, 
to set over, from prx, before, and facere, to make.] 1. 
A Roman officer who was over, or who superintended, a 
particular command, charge, or department. 2. A su- 
perintendent of a department or division of the kingdom, 
who has the direction of its police establishment?; &c. 
[France.] 

Pre'feet-ship, ) n. 1. The office of a chief magistrate, 

Pre'feet-ure, ) commander, or viceroy. 2. The ju- 
risdiction of a prefect. 

Pre-f er', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PREFERRED ; p. pr. & vb. 



n. PREFERRING.] [Lat. prxferre, from prx, before, and 
ferre, to bear. or carry.] 1. To set forth ; to offer ; to 
present ; to address. 2, To advance, as to an office or 
dignity ; to raise ; to exalt. 3. To set above something 
else in estimation, choice, or liking ; to incline more to- 
ward ; to choose. 

Preferred stock, stock which takes a dividend before other 
capital stock. 
Syn.— -To choose; elect; select. See Choose. 

Pref er-a-lble, a. Worthy to be preferred before some- 
thing else ; more desirable. [preferable. 

Pref er-a-ble-ness, n. The quality or state of being 

Pref er-a-»ly , adv. In preference ; by choice. 

Pref er-esice, n. 1. Act of preferring one thing before 
another ; predilection ; choice. 2. State of being pre- 
ferred. 3. That which is preferred ; choice. 

Pref er-en'tial, a. Giving, indicating, or having, a 
preference. 

Pre-fer'ment, n. Act of preferring, or advancing in 
dignity or office, or the state of being advanced ; promo- 

Pre-f er'rer^ n. One who prefers. [tion ; exaltation. 

Pre-f Ig'u-ra'tion, n. Act of prefiguring, or state of be- 
ing prefigured ; antecedent representation by similitude. 

Pre-fig'u-ra-tive, a. Showing by previous figures, 
types, or similitudes ; prefiguring. 

Pre-fig'iire (-fig'yur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prefig- 
ured ; p. pr. & vb. n. PREFIGURING.] To announce 
or suggest by types and similitudes. 

Pre-f Ig'ure-ment, n. Act of prefiguring; prefiguration. 

Pre-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prefixed (pre-iikst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PREFIXING.] [Lat. prxfigere, prxfixum, 
from prx, before, and^figere, to fix.] To put or fix before, 
or at the beginning of another thing. 

Pre'f ix, n. A letter, syllable, or word, set before a word, 
or combined or united with it at its beginning, to vary 
its signification. 

Pre-f ul'gen-cy, n. [Lat. prxfulgens, p. pr. of prxful- 
j gere, to shine forth, to shine greatly, from prx, before, 
and fulgere, to shine.] Superior brightness. 

Preg'na-hle, a. [Fr. prenable, from prendre, to take, 
Lat. prendere, prehendere.] Capable of being taken or 
won by force. [Rare.] 

Preg'nan-cy, n. 1. Condition of being pregnant. 2. 
Quality of being heavy with important contents, signifi- 
cance, or the like ; fertility. 

Preg'nant , a. [Lat. prxgnans, for prxgenans, from prx, 
before, and genere, to beget.] 1. Being with young, as 
a female. 2. Hence, heavy with important contents; 
full of consequence. 

Syn.— Teeming; big; great; fruitful; inventive. 

Preg'nant-ly, adv. In a pregnant manner ; fruitfully. 

Pre-hen'si-lble, a. [Lat. prehendere, prehensum, to take, 
seize.] Admitting of being seized. 

Pre-hen'sile, a. Adapted to seize or grasp ; seizing ; 
grasping. [limb. 

Pre-hen'sion, n. A seizing, as with the hand or other 

Pre-judge', v. t. [imp. & p.p. prejudged; p.pr. & 
vb. n. prejudging.] To judge before hearing ; to con- 
demn beforehand. 

Pre-judg'ment, n. The act of prejudging. 

Pre-ju'di-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prejudicated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PRE JUDICAT^NG.] [Lat. prxjudicare, 
prxjudicatum, from prx, before, and judicare, to judge.] 
To determine beforehand, especially to disadvantage ; to 
prejudge. 

Pre-ju'di-eate, v. i. To form a judgment beforehand 
or without due examination. 

Pre-ju'di-ea'tion, n. Act of prejudicating, or of judg- 
ing without due examination of facts and evidence. 

Prej'u-dice, n. [Lat. prxjudicium, from prx, before, 
and judicium, judgment.] 1. Prejudgment; an unrea- 
sonable predilection or prepossession for or against any 
thing ; especially, an opinion or leaning adverse to any 
thing, formed without proper grounds, or before suitable 
knowledge. 2. Mischief; damage; injury. 

Syn. — Prejudgment; prepossession; bias; harm; hurt; deft* 
riment; disadvantage. 

Prej'u-diee, v . t. [imp. & p. p. prejudiced (-dist, 
108) ; /'. pr. & vb. n. prejudicing] 1. To prepossess 
with unexamined opinions, or opinions formed without 
due knowledge of facts and circumstances. 2. To ob- 
struct or injure by prejudices ; hence, generally, to hurt; 
to damage ; to impair. 

Syn.— To damage; impair; hurt; diminish; harm. 

Prej'u-di'cial (-dTsh'al), a. [Lat. prxjudicialis.] Tend- 
ing to obstruct or impair. 

Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; disadvantageous; mischievous. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



PREJUDICIALNESS 



562 



PREPONDERATE 



Prej'u-di'cial-ness, n. State of being prejudicial. 

Prel'a-cy (110), n. [See infra.} 1. Office or dignity of 
a prelate ; government by prelates. 2. The order of 
prelates taken collectively. 

Prel'ate, n. [L. Lat. prselatus, from prseferre , prselatum , 
to prefer.] A clergyman of a superior order, as an arch- 
bishop, bishop, &c. ; a dignitary of the church. 

Prel'ate- ship, n. The office of a prelate. 

Pre-ltt'ie-al } °" Perta5nin g to prelates or prelacy. 

Prel'a-tist, n. An advocate for prelacy ; a high church- 
man. 

Pre-lee'tion, n. [Lat. prselectio, from prselegera, prxlec- 
titm, from prae, before, and kgere, to read.] A lecture or 
discourse read in public or to a select company. 

Pre-lee'tor, n. A reader of discourses ; a lecturer. 

Pre'li-Tba'tion, n. [Lat. prselibatio, fr. prselibare, to taste 
beforehand, from prse, before, and libare, to taste.] A 
tasting beforehand or by anticipation ; foretaste. 

Pre-lim'i-na-ry, a. [From Lat. prse, before, and limi- 
naris, belonging to a threshold, from limen, liminis, 
threshold, entrance.] Preceding the main discourse or 



Syn. — Introductory ; preparatory ; proemial ; previous ; 
prior ; precedent. 

Pre -lim'i-na-r y , n . S ome thing previous or preparatory . 
Syn. — Introduction; preface; prelude. 

Pre'lude, or Prel'iide, n. [L. Lat. prxludium, from 
Lat. prse., before, and ludus, play.] An introductory 
performance, preceding and preparing for the principal 
matter; especially, a musical strain, introducing the 
theme or chief subject. 

Syn. — Preface ; introduction ; preliminary ; forerunner ; 
harbinger. 

Pre-lude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. preluded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRELUDING.] 1. To introduce with a previous 
performance ; to play before. 2. To precede, as intro- 
ductory. 

Pre-lude', v. i. [Lat. prseludere, prxlusum, from prse, 
before, and ludere, to play.] To serve as an introduction ; 
to play an introduction. 

Pre-lu'sive, a. Previous ; introductory; indicating that 
something of a like kind is to follow. 

Pre-lu'so-ry, a. [See Prelude.] Previous ; introduc- 
tory ; prelusive. 

Pre'ma-ture' (53), a. [Lat. prxmaturus, from prx, be- 
fore, and maturus, ripe.] 1. Ripe before the natural or 
propsr time. 2. Happening, arriving, performed, or 
adopted before the proper time ; too early. 3. Arriving 
or received without due authentication or evidence. 

Pre'ma-ture'ly, adv. 1, In a premature manner ; too 
soon ; too early ; before the proper time. 2. Without 
due evidence or authentication. 

Pre'ma-ture'ness, ) n. 1. The quality of being prema- 

Pre'ma-tu'ri-ty, J ture ; ripeness before the natu- 
ral time. 2. Too great haste. 

Pre-med'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. premeditated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. premeditating.] To think on and 
revolve in the mind beforehand. 

Pre-med'i-tate, v. i. To think, consider, or revolve in 
the mind beforehand; to deliberate. 

Pre-med'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of meditating before- 
hand; previous deliberation. 2. Previous contrivance 
or design formed. 

Pre'mi-er, a. [Fr., from Lat. primarius, of the first 
rank, from primus, the first.] First; chief; principal. 

Pre'mi-er, or Prem'ier (premier), n. The first min- 
ister of state ; the prime minister. 

Pre'mi-er-ship, or Prem'ier-ship, n. The office or 
dignity of the first minister of state. 

Pre-mi§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. premised ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PREMISING.] [Lat. prsemittere, prsemissum, to send 
before, from prse, before, and mittere, to send.] To set 
forth beforehand, or as introductory to the main subject ; 
to lay down premises, on which rest the subsequent rea- 
sonings. 

Pre-mi§e', v. i. To make or state antecedent propositions. 

Prem'ise, n. ; pi. PREM'is-Eg. 1. A proposition an- 
tecedently supposed or proved. 2. (Logic.) Each of the 
first two propositions of a syllogism, from which the infer- 
ence or conclusion is drawn. 3. pi. (Law.) The land 
or thing demised or granted by deed ; — hence applied to 
a_building and its adjuncts. 

Pre'mi-um, n. ; pi. pre'mi-UMS. [Lat. prxtnium, 
orig. what one has before or better than others, from prse, 
before.] 1. A recompense ; a prize to be won by compe- 
tition. 2. Something offered or given for the loan of 



money; sometimes synonymous with interest, but gener- 
ally signifying a sum in advance of the capital, or sum 
lent. 3. A sum of money paid to underwriters for in- 
surance. 
Syn. — Reward; prize; allowance; bounty. 

Pre-mon'ish, v. t. [imp. k,p.p. premonished(108),' 
p.pr. & vb. n. PREMONISHING.] To forewarn ; to admon- 
ish beforehand. 

Pre'mo-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. Previous warning; no- 
tice, or information. 

Pre-mon'i-to-ry, a. Giving previous warning or notice. 

Pre'mu-ni'tion (-msh'un), n. [Lat. prsemunitio, from 
prxmunire, prsemunitum, to fortify in front, from prx, 
before, and munire, to fortify.] An anticipation of ob- 
jections. 

Pre-no'men, n. See Pr^enomen. 

Pre-nom'i-nate,i'. t. [Lat. prxnominare, prsencm,ina- 
tum, from prsenomen, q. v.] To forename. 

Pi'e-iiom/i-na'tion, n. Act of prenominating ; the 
state of being prenominated. 

Pre-no'tion, n. [Lat. prsenotio, from prxnoscere, to fore- 
know, from prse, before, and noscere, to know.] A previous 
notion or thought ; foreknowledge. 

Pren'tice, n. [Contracted from apprentice.] An appren- 
tice. [Colloq.] 

Pre-o«'<;u-pan-cy, n. Act or right of taking possession 
before another. 

Pre-oe'-eu-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of preoccupying, or 
state of being preoccupied ; prior occupation. 2. An- 
ticipation of objections. 

Pre-oe'«u-py, v. t. [imp. & p.p. preoccupied ;p.pr. 
& vb. n. preoccupying.] 1. To take possession of 
before another. 2. To prepossess ; to occupy by anticipa- 
tion or prejudices. 

Pre'or-dain', v. t. To ordain or appoint beforehand ; 
to predetermine. [tion. 

Pre-or'di-nance, n. Antecedent decree or determina- 

Pre-or'di-na'tion, n. Act of foreordaining ; previous 
determination. 

Prep'a-ra'tion, n. [Lat. prseparatio. See Prepare.] 
1. Act of preparing or fitting for a particular purpose, 
use, service, or condition. 2. State of being prepared or 
got ready. 3. That which prepares ; preparatory act or 
measure. 4. That which is prepared, made, or com- 
pounded, for a particular purpose. 5 . (Anat. ) A part of 
an animal body prepared and preserved as a specimen. 

Pre-par'a-tive, a. Tending to prepare or make ready ; 
preparatory. 

Pre-par'a-tive, n. 1. That which has the power of 
preparing ; that which prepares. 2. That which is done 
to prepare ; preparation. 

Pre-par'a-tive-ly, adv. By way of preparation. 

Pre-par'a-to-ry, a. Preparing the way for any thing by 
previous measures of adaptation. 
Syn. — Previous; preliminary; antecedent; introductory. 

Pre-pare', v. t. [imp & p. p. prepared ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PREPARING.] [Lat. prseparare, iv.prie, before, and 
parare, to make or get ready.] 1. To fit, adapt, or qual- 
ify for a particular purpose ; to make ready. 2. To pro- 
cure as suitable ; to get ready ; to provide. 

Syn. — To fit; adjust; adapt; qualify; equip; provide; form; 
make. 

Pre-pare', v. i. 1. To make all things ready. 2. To 
make one's self ready ; to get ready. 

Pre-par'ed-ness, n. State of being prepared or in 
readiness. 

Pre-par'er, n. One who, or that which, prepares. 

Pre-pay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prepaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
prepaying.] To pay in advance or beforehand. 

Pre-pay'ment, n. Payment in advance. 

Pre-pense', a. [Lat. prse, before, and pendere,pensum, 
to weigh, to consider.] Devised, contrived, or planned 
beforehand ; premeditated ; aforethought. 

Pre-pol'lence, \n. The quality of being prepollent; 

Pre-pol'len-cy, J superiority of power. 

Pre-pol'lent, a. [Lat. prsepollens, p. pr. of prsepollere, 
to surpass in power, from prse, before, and pollere, to ba 
strong or powerful.] Having superior influence or power ; 
prevailing. 

Pre-pon'der-ance, ) n. State or quality of being pre- 

Pre-pon'der-an-cy, \ ponderant or preponderating ; 
superiority of weight, influence, or power. 

Pre-pon'der-ant, a. Preponderating ; outweighing. 

Pre-pon'der-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. preponder- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. preponderating.] [Lat 
prseponderare, prseponderatum, from prse, before, and 
ponderare, to weigh, from pondus, ponderis, a weight. 



a,e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do, vvoH, 



PREPONDEEATE 



563 



PRESENTEE 



from pendere, to weigh.] 1. To outweigh; to have 
greater weight than. 2. To overpower by stronger in- 
fluence or moral power. 

Pre-p6n'der-ate, v. i. 1. To exceed in weight ; hence, 
to incline or descend, as the scale of a balance. 2. To 
exceed in influence or power ; hence, to incline to one 
side. 

Pre-pon'der-a'tion, n. Act or state of prepondera- 
ting, of outweighing any thing, or of inclining to one 
side. 

Prep'o-gl'tion (-zTsh'un), n. [Lat. prxpositio, from 
prxponere, proposition, to put before, from prx, before, 
and ponere, positum, to put, but influenced by Lat. 
pausare, to pause. See supra.] (Gram.) A particle 
governing, and generally placed before, a substantive or 
pronoun, which is put in an oblique case (in English, in 
the objective), and of which it expresses the relation to 
some other word. 

Prep'o-gi'tion-al (-zish'un-al), a. Pertaining to, or 
having the nature or office of, a preposition. 

Pre-pog'i-tive, a. Put before ; prefixed. 

Pre-pog'i-tive, n. A word, or particle, put before an- 
other word. 

Pre'pos-sess' (-pos-seV or poz-zeV), v. t. [imp. k,p.p. 

PREPOSSESSED (108); p.pr. & vb. 11. PREPOSSESS- 
ING.] 1. To take previous possession of. 2. To pre- 
occupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude other 
things ; hence, to bias or prejudice. 

Pre'pos-sess'ing (-pos-seVingor-poz-zeVing), a. Tend- 
ing to invite favor ; having power to secure the possession 
of favor, esteem, or love. 

Pre'pos-ses'sion (-pos-sesh'un or -poz-zesh'un), n. 1. 
Preoccupation; prior possession. 2. Preoccupation of 
the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed ; 
preconceived opinion. 

Syn. — Bent ; bias ; inclination ; preoccupancy ; prejudg- 
ment. See Bent. 



Pre'pos-sess'or (-pos- 



or -poz-zeV-), n. One who 



Pre-pos'ter-oiis, a. [Lat. prxposterus, from prx, be- 
fore, and posterns, coming after, latter.] 1. Having that 
first which ought to be last. 2. Contrary to nature or 
reason ; utterly and glaringly foolish. 

Syn. — Absurd ; perverted; wrong; irrational; foolish; mon- 
strous. 

Pre-pos'ter-ous-ly, adv. In a preposterous manner ; 
absurdly ; foolishly. 

Pre-pos'ter-oiis-ness, n. The quality or state of be- 
ing preposterous ; absurdity. 

Pre'piice, n. [Lat. prxputium, from prx, before, and 
Gr. noaOiov, dim. of irocQy), foreskin.] (Anat.) A foreskin. 

Pre-req'ui-gite (-rek'wl-zit), a. Previously required 
or necessary to any proposed effect or end. 

Pre-r6q'ui-gite, n. Something that is previously re- 
quired, or necessary to an end proposed. 

Pre-rog'a-tive, n. [Lat. prxrogativa, precedence in 
voting, preference, privilege, from prxrogare, to ask be- 
fore another, from prx, before, and rogare, to ask.] An 
exclusive or peculiar privilege. 
Syn. —Privilege; right. See Privilege. 

Pre'sage, or Pres'age, n. [See infra.] 1. Something 
which foreshows a future event. 2, Power to look into 
the future, or the exercise of that power. 

Syn. — Prognostic ; omen; token; sign; foreknowledge ; 
presentiment. 

Pre-sage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presaged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PRESAGING.] [Lat. prxsagire, from prx, before, and 
sagire, to perceive acutely and sharply.] 1. To have a 
presentiment of ; to forebode. 2. To foretell. 
Syn. — To foreshow; predict; prophesy. 

Pre-sa/ger, n. One who presages ; a foreteller. 

PrSg'lby-ter, n. [Lat., an elder, from Gr. 7rpeo-|8uTepo?, 
compar. of 7rpea-j3u?, old. Cf. PRIEST.] 1. (Anc. Church.) 
An elder having authority to instruct and guide in the 
church. 2. ( Church ofEng.) One ordained to the sec- 
ond order in the ministry ; — called also priest. 

PrSg'toy-te'ri-al, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a presbyter, or 

Preg'toy-te'ri-an, ) to ecclesiastical government by 
presbyters. 2. Consisting of presbyters. 

Preg'toy-te'ri-an, n. 1. One who maintains the validity 
of ordination and government by presbyters. 2. One 
who belongs to a church governed by presbyters. 

Prgg'foy-te'ri-an-igm, n. That form of church gov- 
ernment which invests presbyters with all spiritual pow- 
er, and admits no prelates over them. 

Pr£§'hy-ter-y, n. [See Presbyter.] 1. A body of 
elders in the Christian church. 2. ( Presbyterian Church.) 



A judicatory consisting of all the pastors of churches 
within a certain district, and one ruling elder, a layman, 
from each parish or church. 

Pre'sci-ence (pre'shi-ens), n. [See infra.] Knowledge 
of events before they take place ; foresight. 

Pre'sci-ent (pre'shi-ent), a. [Lat. prxsciens, p. pr. of 
prxscire, to foreknow, from prx, before, and scire, to 
know.] Having knowledge of events before they take 
place. 

Pre-serlhe',^. t. [imp. &,p. p. prescribed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRESCRIBING.] [Lat. prxscribere, from prx, be- 
fore, and scribere, to write.] 1. To lay down authorita- 
tively for direction. 2. (Med.) To direct as a remedy to 
be used by or for a patient. 

Syn.— To appoint; order; command; dictate; ordam; in- 
stitute; establish. 

Pre-s-eribe', v. i. 1. To give law ; to dictate ; to give 
directions. 2. (Med.) To write or give medical direc- 
tions. 3. (Law.) To claim by prescription, or on the 
ground of immemorial use. 

Pre-serifo'er, n. One who prescribes. 

Pre's-eript, a. [See supra.] Directed ; prescribed. 

Pre-seript'i-lble, a. Depending or derived from pre- 
scription. 

Pre-serip'tion, n. 1. Act of prescribing or directing, 
or that which is prescribed ; especially, the direction of 
remedies for a disease, and the manner of using them. 
2. (Law.) The claim of title to a thing by virtue of im- 
memorial use and enjoyment. 

Pre-s-eript'Ive, a. Consisting in, or acquired by, im- 
memorial use and enjoyment. 

Preg'ence, n. [See Present ] 1. State or condition 
of being present. 2. The region in wbich one is pres- 
ent; approach face to face ; nearness. 3. Specifically, 
neighborhood to one of superior or exalted rank. 4. The 
person of a superior. 5. A number assembled before 
a great person. 6. Port ; mien , air ; personal appear- 
ance. * 

Presence of mind, a calm, collected state of the mind, with its 
faculties under control. 

Preg'ent, a. [Lat. prxsens, that is before one, in sight 
or at hand, p. p. of prxesse, to be before, from prx, be- 
fore, and esse, to be.] 1. Being at hand, within reach 
or call, within certain contemplated limits, or the like. 
2. Now existing, or in process. 3. Being now in view, 
or under consideration. 4. Immediate ; instant. 5. Fa- 
vorably attentive ; propitious. 

Syn. — At hand; on hand. — We speak of a person being at 
hand, i. e., near by, and thus virtually present. We speak, also, 
of a merchant's having goods on hand. Some persons confound 
the two, and speak of being "on hand," at a given time or 
place, meaning present. This confusion of things so entirely 
dissimilar " smells of the shop." 

Present tense {Gram.) x the tense or form of a verb which ex- 
presses action or being in the present time. 

Prgg'ent, n. 1. Present time. 2. pi. (Law.) Present 
letters or instrument ; a deed of conveyance, a lease, let- 
ter of attorney, &c. 

Pre-gent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. presenting.] 1. To put or place in the presence 
of some one, especially of a superior ; to give a formal 
introduction to. 2. To exhibit to view or notice ; to set 
forth ; to offer. 3. To pass or make over, especially in 
a ceremonious manner. 4. To make a gift of; to be- 
stow ; to give ; to grant ; to confer. 5. In specific uses, 
(a.) To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice. (6.) To 
lay before a court as an object of inquiry, (c.) To indict. 
[Amer.] (d.) To point or direct, as a weapon. 

To present arms (Mil.), to hold them out in token of respect» 
as if ready to deliver them up. 

Preg'ent, n. That which is presented or given. 

Syn. — Gift; donation; donative; benefaction. See Dona- 
tion. 

Pre-gent'a-ble, a. Capable or admitting of being pre- 
sented ; properly prepared to be introduced to another, 
or to go into society. 

Preg'en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of presenting, or state of 
being presented ; a setting forth ; an offering ; bestowal. 
2. Hence, exhibition; representation. 3. (Eccl. Law.) 
Act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for 
institution in a benefice. 

Pre-g6nt'a-tive, a. 1. (Eccl.) Having the right of 
presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for 
institution. 2. Admitting the presentation of a clergy- 
man. 3. (Metaph.) Capable of being directly known 
by, or presented to, the mind; intuitive; — applied to 
objects : capable of apprehending ; — applied to faculties. 

Prfig'ent-ee', n. One presented to a benefice. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e-eho ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link; this. 



PRESENTER 



564 



PRETEND 



Pre-§gnt'er, n. One who presents. 

Pre-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. [Lat. prxsentiens, p. pr. 
of prxsentire, to feel or perceiye beforehand, from prx, 
before, and senlire, to feel, perceive.] Perceiving before- 
hand. 

Pre-sent'i-ment, n. 1. Previous conception, senti- 
ment, or opinion. 2. Especially, an antecedent impres- 
sion or conviction of something about to happen ; antici- 
pation of evil. 

Preg'ent-ly, adv. At once ; -without delay ; instantly ; 
or, more often, soon ; before long ; by and by. 

Pre-gent'ment, n. 1. Act of presenting, or state of 
being presented; presentation. 2. Setting forth to 
view; delineation; representation. 3. {Law.) Notice 
taken by a grand jury of any offense from their own 
knowledge or observation, without any bill of indictment 
laid before them. 

Pre-§erv'a-l>le, a. Capable of being preserved. 

Pres/er-va/tion, n. Act of preserving or keeping safe ; 
slate of being preserved ; security. 

Pre-serv'a-tive, a. Having the power or quality of 
preserving ; tending to preserve. 

Pre-serv'a-tive, n. That which preserves, or has the 
power of preserving ; a preventive of injury or decay. 

Pre-§erv'a-to-ry, a. Having the power or a tendency 
to preserve ; preservative. 

Pre-§erv'a-to-ry, n. That which has the power of pre- 
serving ; a preservative. 

Pre-gerve' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. preserved ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PRESERVING.] [Lat. prxservare, from prx, 
before, and servare, to save, preserve.] 1. To keep or 
save from injury or destruction. 2. To save from decay 
by the use of some preservative substance, as sugar, 
salt, and the like. 3. To maintain or keep throughout, 
as appearances. 

Syn.— To keep; save ; secure ; uphold; sustain; defend ; 
spare; protect; guard; shield. See Keep. 

Pre-gerve', n. 1. Fruit, or the like, seasoned and kept 
by suitable preparation. 2. A place for the shelter or 
preservation of game, fish, or the like. 

Pre-gerv'er, n. One who, or that which, preserves. 

Pre-gide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRESIDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. presiding.] [Lat. prxsidere, from praz, before, and 
.severe, to sit.] 1. To occupy the places of ruler, moder- 
ator, principal director, or the like. 2. To exercise su- 
perintendence. 

Preg'i-den-cy, n. 1. Act or condition of one who pre- 
sides ; superintendence. 2. Office of president. 3. The 
term during which a president holds his office. 4. Ju- 
risdiction of a president. 

Preg'i-dent, n. [Lat. prxsidens, from prxsidens, p. pr. 
of prxsidere. See Preside.] One who is elected or ap- 
pointed to preside; a presiding officer ; as, (a.) The chief 
officer of a corporation, company, ward, society, &c. (b.) 
The chief executive of the republic in certain countries. 

Pres/i-den'tial, a. 1. Presiding. 2. Pertaining or 
belonging to a president. 

Pres/i-dent-shlp, n. 1. The office and place of presi- 
dent 2. The term for which a president holds his 
office. 

Pi-e-gid'er, n. One who presides. 

Pre-sid'i-al, ) a. [Lat. prxsidialis, and prxsidiarius, 

Pre-sid'i-a-ry , ) from prxsidium, a presiding over, de- 
fense, guard, from presses, priesidis, sitting before, pre- 
siding, from prxsidere. See PRESIDE.] Pertaining to a 
garrison; having a garrison. [Rare.] 

Pre-sig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. presignified ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PRESIGNIFYING.] [Lat. prxsignificare, fr. 
prx, before, and significare, to signify.] To intimate or 
signify beforehand. 

Press, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRESSED (prest) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRESSING.] [Lat. pressare, to press, from premere, 
pressum, to press.] 1. To urge with force or weight ; to 
squeeze ; to crush. 2. To squeeze in order to extract the 
juice or contents of. 3. To squeeze in or with suitable 
instruments, in order to make smooth. 4. To embrace 
closely. 5. To urge with earnestness or importunity ; 
to force ; to compel. 6. To drive with violence ; to urge 
on. 7. To inculcate with earnestness ; to urge. 8. To 
force into service, particularly into naval service. 

Syn. — To crush; gripe; squeeze; constrain; straiten; im- 
press. 
Press, v. i. 1. To exert pressure ; to bear heavily. 2 
To move on with urging and crowding forward ; to 
crowd ; to throng ; to encroach. 3. Hence, to urge with 
vehemence or importunity. 4. To approach unseason 
ably or importunately. 



Prgss, n. 1. An instrument or machine by which any 
thing is pressed or squeezed ; sometimes, the place or 
building containing a press or presses. 2. Specifically, 
a machine for printing. 3. Hence, the art or business 
of printing and publishing ; hence, the publications i& 
sued from the press, taken collectively. 4. A case, or 
closet, for the safe keeping of articles. 5. Act of press- 
ing or pushing forward. 6. Urgent demands of affairs ; 
urgency. 7. A multitude of individuals crowded to- 
gether ; a throng. 

Press'-lbed, n. A bed that may be raised and inclosed 
in a press or closet. 

Press'er, n. One who presses. 

Press'-gang, n. A detachment of seamen under the 
command of an officer, empowered to impress men into 
the naval service. 

Press'ing-ly, adv. In a pressing manner ; with force or 
urgency ; closely. 

Press'-man, n. ; pi. PREss'-MEN. 1. {Print.) One 
who manages, or attends to, the press. 2. One of a 
press-gang, who aids in forcing men into the naval ser- 
vice. 

Press'-mon'ey, n. Money paid to a man impressed in- 
to public service. 

PrSss'ure (prgsh'iir), n. 1. Act of pressing, or the con- 
dition of being pressed ; an urging with force. 2. (Mech.) 
The action of a force against some obstacle or opposing 
force. 3. A constraining force or impulse. 4. Severe 
affliction, distress, calamity, straits, difficulties, embar- 
rassments, or the distress they occasion. 5. Urgency. 

Pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tion, n. Skill in legerdemain. 

Pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tor, n. [Lat. prxsto, quickly, and Lat. 
digitus, finger.] One skilled in legerdemain. 

Pres'tige, n. [Lat. prxstigium, prxstigia.] 1. Illu- 
sion ; fascination. 2. Weight or influence coming from 
past success, character, or deeds. 

Pres'to, adv. [It. & Sp. quick, quickly, from Lat. prxs- 
tus, ready.] Quickly; rapidly; immediately; in haste ; 
suddenly. 

Pre-giim'a-ble, a. Such as may be presumed, or sup- 
posed to be true. 

Pre-giim'a-'bly, adv. By, or according to, presumption. 

Pre-gume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. presumed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRESUMING.] [Lat. prxsumere, from prx, before, 
and sumere, to take.] To take or suppose to be true, or 
entitled to belief, without examination or positive proof ; 
to take for granted. 

Pre-§ume', v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something 
to be, or to be true, on groxinds deemed valid, though 
not amounting to proof. 2. To act in a forward or ven- 
turesome manner ; to take liberties. 

Pre-gum'er, n. One who presumes ; also, an arrogant 
person. 

Pre-giimp'tion. (84), n. [Lat. prxsumptio. See Pre- 
sume.] 1. Act of believing upon probable evidence, or 
taking for granted. 2. Ground for presuming ; strong 
probability. 3. A thing believed true on satisfactory 
evidence. 4. Forward, venturesome, over-confident, or 
arrogant opinion or conduct ; presumptuousness. 

Pre-§iimp'tive, a. Taken by presumption or previous 
supposition ; grounded on probable evidence. 

Pre-§ump'tive-ly, adv. By presumption, or supposi- 
tion grounded on probability. 

Pre-giimpt'u-ous (-zQmpt-'yyi-us, 84), a. [See Pre- 
sume.] 1. Full of presumption ; going beyond bounds 
of due self-appreciation or modesty. 2. Founded on 
presumption ; proceeding from excess of confidence. 3. 
Done with bold design, rash confidence, or in violation of 
known duty. 

Syn. — Over-confident ; foolhardy ; rash ; presuming ; for- 
ward ; arrogant ; insolent. 

Pre-§umpt'u-ous-ly, adv. 1. In a presumptuous 
manner ; with presumption. 2. In bold defiance of 
conscience, or violation of known duty. 

Pre-gumpt'u.-otis-ness, n. Quality of being pre- 
sumptuous, or rashly confident ; irreverent boldness. 

Pre'sup-pos/al, n. Supposal previously formed. 

Pre'sup-pose', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presupposed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. presupposing.] To suppose as previous ; 
to take for granted ; to presume ; to assume. 

Pre-siip'po-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act of presup- 
posing ; presumption. 2. That which is presupposed; 
previous supposition or surmise. 

Pre'sur-mige', n. A surmise previously formed. 

Pre-tence', n. See PRETENSE. 

Pre-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRETENDED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRETENDING.] [Lat. prxtendtre, prxtentvm, fr. 
prx, before, and lendere, tentum and tensum, to stretch.^ 



n,e,kc.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



PRETEND 



565 



PREVISION 



1. To practice; to plot; to intend. [Obs.] 2. To sim- 
ulate in words or actions. 3. To hold out falsely ; to 
show hypocritically or for the purpose of deceiving ; to 
feign. 4. To allege a title to ; to pretend to. 

Syn. — To feign ; counterfeit ; assume ; claim. 

Pre-tend', v. i. To put in a claim, truly or falsely ; to 
lay claim ; to strive after something. 

Pre-tend'ed-ly, adv. By false appearance or represen- 
tation. 

Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends, simulates, or feigns ; 
one who lays claim. 

Pre-tense', ) n. [L. Lat. prxtensus, for Lat. prxtentus, 

Pre-tence', ) p. p. of prxtendere. See PRETEND.] 1. 
Ac t of holding out or offering to others something false 
or feigned ; simulation. 2. That which is pretended ; 
false, deceptive, or hypocritical show. 3. Act of pretend- 
ing or laying claim ; assumption. 

E@- This word ought to be regularly spelled with an s like 
expense and others of the same class, being derived, like them, 
from a participle in sus, and having its derivatives in s, not in c. 

Syn. — Pretext. — & pretense is something held out as real 
when it is not so, thus falsifying the truth ; a pretext is some- 
thing woven up in order to cover or conceal one's true motives, 
feelings, or ends of action. The piety of the Pharisees was all 
a pretense, and their long prayers were a pretext to conceal 
their hypocrisy. 

Pre-ten'sion, n. [See Pretend.] 1. Act of pretend- 
ing or laying claim. 2. Claim laid ; right alleged or as- 
sumed. 

Pre-ten'tioiis, a. Full of pretension ; disposed to claim 
more than is one's due. 

Pre'ter-hu'man, a. More than human ; superhuman. 

Pre'ter-im-per'f e-et, a. ( Gram.) Not absolutely or 
distinctly past. 

Pr6t'er-it, or Pre'ter-it, a. [Lat. prxteritus, p. p. of 
prxterire, to go or pass by, from prxter, beyond, by, and 
ire y to go.] Past; — applied to the tense in grammar 
which expresses an action or being perfectly past or fin- 
ished, often that which is just past or completed, but 
without a specification of time, and which is called also 
the perfect tense. 

Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. Same as Preterit. 

Pre'ter-i'tion (-ish'un), n. [Lat. prxteritio.] 1. Act of 
going past ; state of being past. 2. (Rhet.) A figure by 
which, in pretending to pass over any thing, a summary 
mention of it is made. 

Pre'ter-mit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. pretermitted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. pretermitting-.] [Lat. prxtermittere, 
from prxter, beyond, by, and mittere, to send.] To pass 
by ; to omit ; to disregard. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral, a. Beyond or different from what 
is natural ; out of the regular or natural course of 
things. 
Syn.— See Supeenatueal. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a preternatural man- 
ner, or to a preternatural degree. 

Pre'ter-per'f eet, a. ( Gram.) Expressing action or 
being absolutely past ; perfect. 

Pre^ter-plH/per-feet, a. [Lat. prxter, beyond, plus, 
more, and perfectus, perfect.] (Gra?n.) Expressing ac- 
tion or being past at or before another past event or time ; 
pluperfect. 

Pre-tSxt', or Pre'text (114), n. [Lat. prxtextum, from 
prxtextus, p. p. of prxtexere, to weave before, from prx, 
before, and texere, to weave.] Ostensible reason or mo- 
tive assigned or assumed as a color or cover for the real 
reason or motive. 

Syn. — Pretense ; semblance ; disguise ; appearance. See 
Pbetense. 

Pre'tor, n. [Lat. prietor, for prxitor, from prxire, to go 
before, from prx, before, and ire, to go.] A civil officer 
among the ancient Romans. [cial. 

Pre-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a pretor or judge ; judi- 

Pre-to'ri-an, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; judi- 
cial ; exercised by the pretor. 

Pi-et'ti-ly (prit'ti-ly), adv. In a pretty manner ; pleas- 
ingly ; With neatness and taste. 

Pret'ti-ness (prit'ti-nes), n. 1. Quality of being pret- 
ty ; diminutive beauty. 2. Affectation of niceness ; pet- 
ty artificial adornment ; sometimes foppishness ; finical- 
ness. 

Pret'ty (prit'ty), a. [compar. PRETTIER ; superl. PRET- 
TIEST.] [A.-S. prdttig,pratig, prate.] 1. Pleasing by 
delicacy or grace ; having slight or diminutive beauty. 

2. Affectedly nice ; foppish ; petty. 3. Mean ; despica- 
ble ; contemptible. 

Syn.— Handsome ; elegant ; neat ; fine. 



Pret'ty (-prit'tf), jidv. In some degree ; tolerably ; mod- 
erately ; quite. 

Pre-vail', v. i. [imp. & p. p. prevailed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PREVAILING.] [Lat. prxvalere, from prx, before, and 
valere, to be strong, able, or worth.] 1. To overcome; 
to gain the victory or superiority ; to succeed. 2. To be 
in force ; to have effect, power, or influence. 3. To per- 
suade or induce. 

Pre-vail'ing, p. a. 1. Having more influence; superior 
in power, influence, or efficacy. 2. Predominant ; most 
general in reception, existence, or extension. 

Syn. — Prevalent; predominant; over-ruling; efficacious; 
successful. 

Prev'a-lence, n. 1. Condition or quality of being preva- 
lent; superior strength, influence, or efficacy. 2. Most 
general reception or practice; predominance. 3. Most 
general existence or extension. 

Prev'a-lent, a. [Lat prxvalens, p. pr. of prxvalere. 
See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advantage or superiority. 
2. Most generally received or current. 3. Most general ; 
extensively existing. 

Syn. — Prevailing ; predominant ; successful ; efficacious ; 
powerful. — What customarily prevails is prevalent ; as, a 
prevalent fashion. What actually prevails is prevailing; as, 
the prevailing winds are west. Hence, prevailing is the livelier 
and more pointed word, since it represents a thing in action. 
It is sometimes the stronger word, since a thing may prevail 
sufficiently to be called prevalent, and yet require greater 
strength to make it actually prevailing. We may add, that 
prevalent may be used either before or after its noun ; as, 
the prevalent winds are west, or, the west winds axe prevalent; 
while prevailing can be used only before its noun ; as the pre- 
vailing wind is west. In other words, prevailing can not be 
used as a predicate. 

Prev'a-lent-ly, adv. With predominance cr superiori- 
ty ; powerfully. 

Pre-var'i-eate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. prevaricated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PREVARICATING.] [Lat. prxvaricari, 
prxvaricatus, to walk crookedly, to collude, from prx, 
before, and varicare, to straddle.] 1. To evade telling 
the truth. 2. ( Civil Law.) To collude, as where an in- 
former colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham 
prosecution, with the purpose of defeating or destroying it. 

Syn. — To evade; equivocate; quibble; shuffle. — One who 
evades a question ostensibly answers it, but really turns aside 
to some other point. He who equivocates uses words which 
have a double meaning, so that in one sense he can claim to 
have said the truth, though he does in fact deceive, and in- 
tends to do it. He who prevaricates talks all round the question, 
hoping to " dodge " it, and disclose nothing. 

Pre-var'i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of shuffling or quibbling to 
evade the truth, or the disclosure of truth. 2. (Law.) 
(a.) ( Civil Law.) Collusion of an informer with the de- 
fendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution. 
(b.) (Common Law.) A seeming to undertake a thing 
falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or de- 
stroying it. _ 

Pre-var'i-ea'tor, n. 1. One who prevaricates ; a quib- 
bler. 2. ( Civil Law.) One who colludes with a defend- 
ant in a sham prosecution. 

Pre-ven'i-ent, a. [Lat. prxveniens, p. pr. of prxvenire. 
See infra.] 1. Going before; preceding. 2. Hence, 
preventive, 

Pre-vent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prevented ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PREVENTING.] [Lat. prxvenire , prxventum, fr. 
prx, before, and venire, to come.] 1. To be beforehand 
with ; to get the start of. [Obs.] 2. To intercept and 
stop ; to thwart. 

Syn. — To hinder ; impede ; preclude ; debar ; obstruct ; 
anticipate. 

Pre-vent'a-ble, a. Capable of being prevented. 

Pre-vent'er, n. One who, or that which, prevents or 
hinders ; a hinderer. 

Pre-ven'tion, n. Act of preventing or hindering; hin- 
drance ; obstruction of access or approach 

Pre-vent'ive, a. Tending to prevent ; hindering the 
access of. 

Pre-vent'ive, n. 1. That which prevents ; that which 
intercepts approach. 2. (Med.) An antidote previously 
taken to prevent an attack of disease. 

Pre'vi-oiis, a. [Lat. prxvius, going before, leading the 
way, from prx, before, and via, the way.] Going before 
in time ; being or happening before something else. 

Syn. — Antecedent ; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; 

former. 
Pre'vi-ofis-ly, adv. In time preceding ; antecedently. 
Pre'vi-oiis-ness, n. Antecedence ; priority in time. 
Pre-vi§'ion (-vizh'un), n. [Prom Lat. prxvidere, prxvi- 

sus, to foresee ; from prive, before, and videre, to see.] 

Foresight ; foreknowledge ; prescience. 



food, foot ; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



PREY 



566 



PRIMEVAL 



Prey, n. [Norm. Fr. preye,preie, Lat. prseda.] 1. Any- 
thing, as goods, &c, taken by force in war. 2. That 
which is seized, or may be seized, by violence, to be de- 
voured. 
Syn. — Spoil ; booty; plunder. 

Prey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. preyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
preying.] To take booty ; to collect spoil ; to take 
food by violence. 

Prey'er (pra'er), n. One who or that which preys. 

Price, n. [Lat. pretium.] 1. The amount of money at 
which a thing is valued ; that for which something is 
bought or sold, or offered for sale. 2. Value ; estima- 
tion. 3. Reward ; recompense. 

Price-current, or price-list, a statement or list published stat- 
edly or occasionally, of the prevailing prices of merchandise, 
stocks, specie, bills of exchange, rate of exchange, &c. 

Price, v. t. [imp. k,p.p. priced (prist); p. pr. & vb. 
n. PRICING.] To set a price on. 

Priceless, a. Too valuable to admit of being prized or 
valued ; of inestimable worth. 
Syn.— Invaluable ; inestimable. 

Prick, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. pricked (prikt); p.pr. & 
vb. n. PRICKING.] [See PRICK, n.] 1. To pierce with a 
sharp-pointed instrument or substance. 2. To fix by 
the point; to hang or put on by puncturing. 3. To 
mark or designate by a puncture. 4. To trace by prick- 
ing ; to form or make by pricking. 5 . To spur ; to 
goad ; to incite. 6. To affect with sharp pain. 7. To 
erect into a point; to raise, as something pointed; — 
said especially of the ears of an animal ; — hence, to prick 
up the ears, to listen sharply. 

Prick, v.i. 1. To be pricked or punctured ; to suffer 
or feel penetration by a point or sharp pain. 2. To spur 
onward. 

Prick, n. [A.-S. prica, pricca, pricu, D. prik.] 1. That 
which pricks, penetrates, or punctures ; a pointed instru- 
ment. 2. Hence, sharp, stinging pain. 3. A mark 
made by a point ; a puncture. 

Prick, v. i. To dress one's self for show ; to deck one's 
self out. [instrument. 

Prick'er, n. One who, or that which, pricks ; a pointed 

Prick'et, n. [Perh. so called from the state of his 
horns.] A buck in his second year. 

Prick'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing with a sharp point. 
2. A sensation of sharp pain, or of being pricked. 3. 
The mark or trace left by a hare's foot. 

Prick'le (prik'l), n. [Dim. of prick, q. v.] A little prick ; 
a small, sharp-pointed projection. 

Prick'le, v. t. To pierce with a prickle, or with fine, 
sharp points ; to prick slightly. 

Prick'li-ness, n. State of being prickly, or of having 
many prickles. 

Prick'ly, a. Full of sharp points or prickles ; armed 
with prickles. 

Prick'ly-pear, n. (Bot.) A species of 
Cactus, destitute of leaves, covered 
with spines, and consisting of flattened 
joints inserted upon each other. It 
produces a purplish, edible fruit. 

Pride, n. [A.-S. pryta,pryt ; Icel. pry- 
di, honor, ornament, W. prydus.] 1. 
State or quality of being proud ; inor- 
dinate self-esteem. 2. Noble self-es- 
teem ; elevation of character. 3. Sickly-pear.^ 
Insolence or arrogance of demeanor. 4. That of which 
one is proud ; that which excites boasting ; as, (a.) Dec- 
oration ; ornament. (b.) Show; ostentation; honor, 
(c.) Elevation reached. 

Syn. — Self-exaltation ; conceit ; hauteur ; haughtiness ; 
lordliness ; loftiness. — Pride is an over-valuing of one's self for 
some real or imagined superiority, as rank, wealth, talents, &c. 
Vanity is the love of being admired (not merely approved), so 
that he who is vain has a secret feeling of pleasure at being 
praised for excellence which he is perfectly conscious of not 
possessing. Pride denotes an inflated spirit of self-importance, 
with a corresponding disregard or contempt for others. Venit>i 
is, etymologically, " emptiness," and the term was transferred 
to the feeling in question, because nothing can be more empty 
or delusive as a source of enjoyment. If the former is more 
hateful, the latter is more contemptible. 

Pride, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
priding .] To indulge in pride ; to gratify in self-esteem ; 
— used reflexively. 

Pri'er, n. [From pry.] One who searches and scruti- 
nizes. 

Priest, n. [A.-S. preost, Icel. prestr,D. & Ger. priester, 
from Lat. presbyter. See Presbyter.] 1. One who 
officiates at the altar, or performs the rites of sacrifice. 
2. ( Christian Church.) A presbyter or elder ; a minister. 




(Protestant Episcopal Church.) One who belongs to th« 

intermediate order between bishop and deacon. 
Priest'-eraft, n. The stratagems and frauds of priests; 

fraud or imposition in religious concerns. 
Priest'ess, n. A female priest. 
Priest'hobd, n. 1. Office or character of a priest. 2. 

Priests taken collectively ; order of priests. 
Priest'li-ness, n. Appearance and manner of a priest. 
Priest'ly, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a priest or 

priests; sacerdotal. [governed by priests. 

Priest'-rid'den (-rid'dn), a. [See Ride.] Managed or 
Prig, n. .[See Prig, v. t.] 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, 

pragmatical fellow. 2. A thief. [Cant.] 
Prig, v. ?'. [A modification of prick, q. v.] To haggle 

about the price of a commodity. [Prov. Eng.] 
Prig, v. t. To filch or steal. [ Cant.] 
Prig'gisli, a. Affected ; coxcomical ; conceited. 
Prim, a. [From Lat. primus, the first. See PRIME.] 

Formal ; precise ; affectedly nice. 
Prim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRIMMED ; p. pr. & vb. «. 

primming.] To deck with great nicety. 
PrI'ma-cy, n. [L. Lat. primatia, from Lat. primas,pri- 

matis, principal, chief, from primus, first.] Condition or 

quality of being a primate ; office or dignity of an arch- 
bishop. 
JPr'i'md-ddn'nd, n. [It. primo, prima, the first, and 

donna, lady, mistress. See Donna.] The first female 

singer in an opera. 
Pri'mage, n. ( Com.) A charge in addition to the freight 

belonging usually to the owners or freighters of the 

vessel. 
Pri'mal, a. [Low Lat. primalis, from primus, the first. 

See Prime.] First. [place ; originally. 

Pri'ma-ri-ly, adv. In a primary manner ; in the first 
Pri'ma-ri-ness, n. State of being first in time, in act, 

or intention. 
Pri'ma-ry, a. [Lat. primarius, from primus, the first.] 

1. First in order of time or development. 2. Prepara- 
tory to something higher. 3. First in dignity or impor- 
tance. 

Syn.— Original ; chief; principal ; lowest ; primitive ; ele- 
mental. 

Pri'ma-ry, n. 1. That which stands highest in rank or 
importance. 2. pi. (Ornith.) One of the large feathers 
on the last joint of a bird's wing. 

Pri'mate, n. [Lat. primas , primaiis , from primus, the 
first.] The chief ecclesiastic in a national church ; an 
archbishop. 

Pri'mate-ship, n. Office or dignity of a primate. 

Prime, a. [Lat. primus, first. Cf. PRIM.] 1. Primitive ; 
primary. 2. First in rank, degree, dignity, or impor- 
tance. 3. First in excellence; of highest quality. 4. 
Early ; blooming. 

Prime meridian (Astron.), the meridian from which longi- 
tude is reckoned. — Prime minister, the responsible head of the 
ministry in England. — Prime mover, (3fec7t.) (a.) A natural 
force applied by man to the production of power, (b.) An en- 
gine, or piece of mechanism, the object of which is to receive 
and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural 
source, and apply them to drive other machines. — Prime num- 
ber (Arith.), a number which is divisible only by itself or unity, 
as 5, 7, 11. — Prime vertical (Astron.), the vertical circle which 
passes through the east and west points of the horizon. 
Syn. Original; early; principal; excellent. 

Prime, n. 1. The first part ; beginning or opening, as 
of the day, the year, &c. ; hence, the dawn ; the spring. 

2. The spring of life ; youth ; hence, full health, 
strength, or beauty. 3. That which is first in quality ; 
best portion. 4. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The first canon- 
ical hour, succeeding to lauds. 

Prime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRIMED ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
PRIMING.] 1. To charge with the powder, percussion 
cap, or other device for communicating fire to the charge. 
2. To lay the first color in painting upon. [excellence. 

Prime'iiess, n. 1. State of being first. 2. Supreme 

Prim/er, n. An instrument or device for priming. 

Prim'er, n. [Contr. from L. Lat. primse, liber, i. e., the 
book read at prime, the first hour.] 1. A small, element- 
ary book for teaching children to read. 2. (Print.) A 
kind of type, of which there are two species ; one, called 
long-primer (See LONG-PRIMER.) ; the other, called 
great-primer , larger than pica, and the largest type used 
in printing books. 

Great-primer type. 

Pri-me'val, a. [Lat. prim&vus. from primus, first, and 
azvum, age.] Belonging to the first ages ; pristine ; orig- 
inal ; primitive. 



n,e, Sec, long; a, e,&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PRIMING 



567 



PRISONER 



Priming, n. 1. The powder, percussion cap, or other 
device used to communicate fire to the charge in a fire- 
arm. 2. {Paint.) The first color laid on canvas, or on 
a building, &c. 3. (Steam-eng.) The act of carrying 
over water from the boiler into the cylinder. 

Prim'i-tive, a [Lat. primitivus, from primus, the first.] 

1. Pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early 
times. 2. Formal ; affectedly solemn ; prim. 3. Orig- 
inal ; primary ; radical . 

Syn.— First; pristine; ancient; antique; antiquated; old- 
fashioned. 

Prim'i-tive, n. An original word ; a word not derived 
from another. 

Priin'i-tive-ly, adv. 1. Originally ; at first. 2. Pri- 
marily. 3. According to the original rule or ancient 
practice. 

Prim'i-tive-ness, n. The state of being primitive. 

Prim'ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner ; neatly. 

Prim'ness, n. Affected formality or niceness. 

Pri'mo-ge'ni-al, a. [Lat. primigenius, from primus, 
first, and genere, gignere, to beget.] First born, made, 
or generated. 
Syn.— Original; primary; constituent; elemental. 

Pri'mo-gen'i-tor, «• [Lat. primus, first, and genitor, 
parent, father.] The first father or forefather. 

Pri/ino-gen'i-ture (53), n. 1. Seniority by birth 
among children. 2. (Eng. Law.) The exclusive right of 
inheritance which belongs to the eldest son or daughter. 

Pri'mo-gen'i-ture-ship, n. The state or privileges of 
one who is the first born. 

Pri-mor'di-al, a. [Lat. primordialis, from primordium, 
the first beginning, fr. primus, first, and ordiri, to begin 
a web, to begin.] First in order ; original ; existing from 
the beginning ; of earliest origin. 

Pri-mor'di-al, n. First principle or element ; origin. 

Prim'ro§e, n. [Lat. prima rosa, i. e., the first or an 
early rose in spring, from primus, first, and rosa,, rose.] 
(Bot.) An early flowering plant closely allied to the cow- 
slip, of several varieties, as the white, the red, &c. 

Prince, rc. [From Lat. princeps, principis, the first, chief, 
from primus, first, and capere, to take, or caput T capitis, 
the head.] 1. A person possessing highest place and au- 
thority ; a sovereign; a monarch. 2. The son of a king 
or emperor, or the issue of a royal family. 3. A person 
of rank next to the sovereign. 

Prince'dom, n. The jurisdiction, sovereignty, rank, or 
estate, of a prince. 

Prince'li-ness, n. Quality of being princely ; state, 
manner, or dignity of a prince. 

Prince'ly, a. 1. Of, or relating to, a prince ; regal; of 
highest rank or authority. 2. Resembling or becom- 
ing a prince ; of great wealth or magnificence. 
Syn. — Royal; grand; noble; stately; magnificent. 

Prince'ly, adv. In a prince-like manner. 

Prin'ce'g-met'al (-met'al or -m^t'l), n. An alloy com- 
posed of seventy -five parts of copper and twenty-five of 
zinc, in imitation of gold. 

Princess, n. 1. A female prince. 2. The daughter of 
a king. 3 . The consort of a prince. 

Prin'ci-pal, a. [Lat. principalis. See PRINCE.] Highest 
in rank, authority, character, or importance ; most con- 
siderable ; chief. 

Prin'ci-pal, n. 1. A chief or head ; one who takes the 
lead; specifically, (a.) One who possesses or exercises 
chief authority, (b.) (Law). The chief actor in a crime, 
or an abettor who is present at it, as distinguished from 
an accessory ; a chief obligor, promisor, or debtor, as dis- 
tinguished from a surety ; one who employs another to act 
for him, as distinguished from an agent. 2. A thing of 
chief or prime consequence. 3. A capital sum of money, 
placed out at interest, due as a debt or used as a fund. 

Prin'ci-pal 'i-ty, n. 1. Sovereignty ; supreme power. 

2. A prince; one invested with sovereignty. 3. The 
territory of a prince. 

Prin'ci-pal-ly, adv. In a principal manner. 

Syn. — Chiefly ; mainly ; essentially j especially ; particu- 
larly. 

Prin-qip'i-d, n. pi. [Lat. principium. See Principle.] 
First principles ; fundamental beginnings ; elements. 

Prin'ci-ple, n. [Lat. principium, from princeps, prin- 
cipis. See Prince.] 1. A source, or origin ; that from 
which any thing proceeds. 2. An original faculty or 
endowment of the soul. 3. A fundamental truth or 
tenet; an elementary proposition. 4. A settled rule of 
action; usually, a light rule of conduct. 5. (Chem.) 
An original element which characterizes some substance, 
and from which it may be obtained by analysis. 



Syn. — Maxim ; axiom ; postulate ; 
ground; motive* tenet; rule. 



doctrine ; element ; 



Prin'ci-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. principled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRINCIPLING.] To establish or fix in tenets; to 
impress with any tenet, good or ill. 

Prink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prinked (prinkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PRINKING.] [Allied to prank, q. v.] 1. To dress 
for show. 2. To put on stately airs ; to strut. 

Prink, v. t. To dress or adjust to ostentation. 

Print, v. t. [imp. & p. p. printed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PRINTING.] [Abbrev. from imprint, q. v.] 1. To press 
or impress; to imprint. 2. To take an impression of ; to 
stamp. 3. Hence, specifically, to strike off an impression 
or impressions of, by means of a press. 4. To mark by 
pressure ; to form an impression upon. 5. To form an 
imitation of letters made by the impression of types. 

Print, v . i. 1. To use or practice the art of typography. 
2. To publish a book. 

Print, n. 1. A mark made by impression or by pressure 
of one body or thing on another. 2. Impressions of 
types in general, as to form, size, &c. 3. That which is 
produced by printing ; as, (a.) A stamped likeness of any 
thing ; an engraving, (ft.) A printed sheet of news ; a 
newspaper, (c.) A fabric figured by stamping ; calico. 
4. That which impresses its form on any thing. 
Out of print, no longer for sale by the publisher. 

Print'er, n. One who prints, impresses, or stamps ; es- 
pecially, one who prints books, newspapers, &c. 

Print'ing, n. Act, art, or practice of impressing letters, 
characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material ; 
typography. 

Print 'ing-ink, n. Ink used in printing books, news- 
papers, and the like. 

Print'ing-press, n. A press for printing books, news- 
papers, handbills, and the like. 

Print'- shop, n. A shop where prints are kept for sale. 

Pri'or, a. [Lat. prior, former, previous, better, superior, 
compar., from the obs. pris.] Preceding in the order of 
time ; anterior. 
Syn. — Antecedent; precedent; pre-eminent. 

Pri'or, n. [L. Lat. See supra.] (Eccl.) The superior of 
a priory ; one next in dignity to an abbot. 

Pri'or-ate, n. Government by a prior. 

Pri'or-ess, n. A female superior of a convent of nuns. 

Pri-or'i-ty, n. State of being antecedent in time, or of 
preceding something else. 

Syn. — Antecedence ; precedence ; pre-eminence ; prefer- 
ence. •» 

Pri'or-ship, n. The state or office of prior. 

Pri'o-ry, n. A religious house, the head of which was 
a prior or prioress, and which was in dignity below an 
abbey. 
Syn.— See Convent. 

Prig'age, n. [0. Fr., a valuing, taxing, L. Lat. prisa- 
gium, prisage. Cf. Fr. prise, a taking, capture, prize, 
and see PRIZE.] The share of merchandise taken as 
lawful prize at sea, which belongs to the king or admiral. 

Pri§m, n. [Lat. prisma, Gr. npio-fj-a, from Trpi^iv, Trpieiv, 
to saw.] 1. (Geom.) A solid whose bases or 
ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane 
figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. 2. 
( Opt.) A transparent body, with, usually, three 
rectangular plane faces or sides, and two equal 
and parallel triangular ends or bases. 

Prig-mat'i-e, ) a. 1. Resembling or related 

Prig-mat'i-e-al, j to a prism. 2. Separated 
or distributed by a prism ; formed by a prism. 

Prig-mat'i-e-al-ly, adv. In form or manner 

of a prism. Prism. 

Prig'moid, n. [Gr. vpCo-/j.a, 7rpi'o-|u.aT0s, prism, 
and elSos, form.] A body that approaches to the form of 
a prism. 

Pris/on (priz'n), n. [Fr., from Lat. prehensio, prensio, a 
seizing, arresting, from prehendere , prendere , to lay hold 
of, to seize.] 1. A building for the confinement or safe 
custody of debtors and criminals. 2. Specifically, a 
building for the safe custody of criminals or those accused 
of crime ; a jail. 

Prig'oii (priz'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRISONED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. prisoning.] To shut up in a prison ; to con- 
fine ; to restrain from liberty. 

Pri|'on-base, n. A kind of rural sport depending on 
swiftness in running from goals when pursued, by a 
player who is to catch the others. 

Pri§'on-er (priz'n-er), n. One who is under arrest or in 
custody, whether in prison or not ; a captive. 



food, foot; tirn, ryide, pu.ll; cell, chaise, call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist, linger; link; this. 



PRISON-HOUSE 



568 



PROBOSCIS 



Prig'on-liouse, n. A house in which prisoners are con- 
fined ; a jail. 

Pris'tine, a. [Lat. pristinus, from obs. pris, whence also 
prior.] Belonging to the beginning or earliest time. 
Syn. — Original; first; primitive; old; former. 

Pritb'ee. A corruption of pray thee: — generally used 
without the pronoun. 

Pri'va-cy, n. [From private.] 1. A state of being in 
retirement. 2» A place of seclusion from company or 
observation ; retreat ; retirement. 3. Concealment of 
what is said or done ; secrecy. 

Pri'vate, a. [Lat. privatus, prop. p. p. of privare, to be- 
reave, deprive, from privus, single, private.] 1. Belong- 
ing to, or concerning, an individual person, company, or 
interest; peculiar to one's self. 2. Sequestered from 
company or observation. 3. Not invested with public 
office or employment. 4. Not publicly known ; not open. 
Syn.— Secret; secluded; retired; separate; solitary. 

L?iri'vate, n. A common soldier ; one of the lowest rank 
in an army. 

Pri'va-teer', n. An armed private vessel bearing the com- 
mission of a state to cruise during war against the com- 
merce of its enemy. 

Pri'va-teer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. privateered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PRIVATEERING.] To cruise in a privateer. 

Pri'vate-ly, adv. 1. In a secret manner ; not openly 
or publicly. 2. In a manner affecting an individual or 
company. 

Prl'vate-ness, n. A state of living or being in retire- 
ment ; privacy. 

Pri-va'tion, n. 1. Act of depriving of rank or office ; 
degradation in rank. 2. State of being deprived of some- 
thing, especially of something required or desired ; desti- 
tution ; need. 3. Condition of being absent or wanting ; 
absence. 

Priv'a-tive (110), a. 1. Causing privation ; depriving. 
2. Consisting in the absence of something ; not positive. 

Priv'a-tive, n. 1. That which derives its character from, 
or of which the essence is, the absence of something. 2. 
( Gram . ) A prefix or suffix to a word which changes its 
signification and gives it a contrary sense. 

Priv'et, n. [Scot, privie, Prov. Eng. prim-print, prim- 
wort. Cf. PRIM.] (Bot.) An ornamental European shrub, 
now introduced into the United States, and much used in 
hedges. 

Priv'i-lege, n. [Lat. privilegiiim, a law against or in 
favor of an individual, from privus, private, and lex, legis, 
law.] A peculiar benefit or advantage ; a right or immu- 
nity not enjoyed by others or by all. 

Syn. — Prerogative ; immunity ; franchise ; right ; claim; 
liberty. — Privilege, among the Romans, was something con- 
ferred upon an individual by a private law; and, hence, it 
denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, some right or 
immunity, not enjoyed by the world at large. Prerogative, 
among the Romans, was the right of speaking first; and, hence, 
it denotes a right of precedence, or of doing certain acts, or en- 
joying certain privileges to the exclusion of others. It is the 
privilege of a member of Congress not to be called in question 
elsewhere for words uttered in debate. It is the prerogative of 
the president to ratify treaties, with the consent of the Senate. 
It is the privilege of a Christian child to be instructed in the 
true religion. It is the prerogative of a parent to govern and 
direct his offspring. 

Priv'i-lege, v. t. [imp. & p.p. privileged; p.pr. & 
vb. n. PRIVILEGING.] 1. To grant some particular 
right or exemption to. 2. To exempt ; to deliver. 

Priv'i-legftd, p. a. Invested with a privilege; enjoying 
a peculiar right or immunity. 

Priv'i-ly, adv. [From privy.] Privately ; secretly. 

Priv'i-ty, n. [From privy.] 1. Private knowledge ; joint 
knowledge with another of a private concern. 2. A pri- 
vate matter; a secret. 3. (Law.) A bond of union be- 
tween parties, as to some particular transaction. 

Priv'y, a. [Fr. prive, from Lat. privatus.] [See Private.] 
1. Pertaining to some person exclusively ; assigned to 
private uses ; private. 2. Not open or public ; secret ; 
clandestine. 3. Appropriated to retirement. 4. Secretly 
cognizant. 

priv'y, n. 1. (Law.) A partaker; a person having an 
interest in any action or thing. 2. A necessary house. 

Prize, n. [Fr. prise, fr. pris, p. p. of prendre, to take, Lat. 
prendere, prehendere.] 1. Something taken from another; 
a thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. 2. 
Specifically, (a.) (Law.) Any thing captured by a bel- 
ligerent using the right of war ; especially, a captured 
vessel, (b.) Any thing earned off as the result or award 
of a contest ; any thing offered to be competed for. (c.) 
That which is won in a lottery. 3. Hence, any thing 
worth striving for. 



Prize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prized ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
prizing.] 1. To set or estimate the value of ; to rate. 
2. To value highly ; to esteem. 

Prize, v. t. To raise with a lever ; to pry. See Pry. 

Prize, n. A lever ; also, the hold of a lever. 

Prize'- fight'er (-fit'er), n. One who fights publicly 
for a reward ; — applied particularly to a professed boxer 

Priz'er, n. One who estimates the value of a thing ; an 
appraiser. 

Pro and Con. [Lat. pro and contra.] 1. For and 
against. 2. pi. Things which may be said or urged for 
or against a thing. 

Pro'a,ft. [From Lat. prora, Gr. npcopa.] (Naut.) A long, 
narrow, sail canoe, used in the regions of the trade-winds, 
with the head and stern exactly alike, but with the sides 
differently formed. 

Prob'a-bil-igm, n. The doctrine of the probabilists. 

Prob'a-bil-ist, n. 1. One of those who maintain that 
certainty is impossible, and that probability alone is to 
govern our faith and actions. 2. One who maintains 
that a man may do what is probably right, or is incul- 
cated by teachers of authority, although it may not seem 
right to himself. 

Prob'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being probable. 2. 
Something probable ; any thing that has the appearance 
of reality or truth. 3. (Math.) The ratio of the whole 
number of chances, favorable and unfavorable, to the 
number of favorable chances. 

Syn. — Verisimilitude; likeliness; credibleness; likelihood; 
chance. 

Prob'a-ble, a. [Lat. probabilis, from probare, to try, 
approve, prove.] 1. Having more evidence for than 
against ; likely. 2. Rendering probable ; giving ground 
for belief, but not demonstrating. 

Prob'a-bly, adv. In a probable manner ; with appear- 
ance of truth ; in likelihood ; likely. 

Pro'bate, n. [Lat. probatus, p. p. of probare, to prove.] 
(Law.) (a.) Official proof ; especially, proof that an in- 
strument purporting to be the last will and testament of 
a person deceased, is indeed his lawful act. (b.) Right or 
jurisdiction of proving wills. 

Pro'bate, a. Of, or belonging to, a probate or court of 
probate. 

Pro-ba'tion, n. [Lat. probatio, from probare, to try, ex- 
amine, prove,] Any proceeding designed to ascertain 
truth, to determine character, qualification, or the like ; 
examination ; trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-al, a. Relating to probation ; serving for 
trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, a. Serving for trial ; probational. 

Pro-ba'tion-er, n. One who is undergoing probation ; 
a novice. 

Pro'ba-tive, a. Serving for trial or proof ; probationary. 

Pro-ba'tor, n. An examiner ; an approver. 

Pro'ba-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or serving for, trial or 
proof. 

Probe, n. [See infra.] (Surg.) An instrument for ex- 
amining a wound, ulcer, or cavity, &c. 

Probe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PROBING.] [Lat. probare, to try, examine, Ger. proben.] 
1. To examine, as a wound, ulcer, &c, by the use of an 
instrument thrust into the part. 2. Hence, to scruti- 
nize ; to examine thoroughly into. 

Prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. probitas, from probus, good, proper, 
honest.] Tried virtue or integrity; approved moral ex- 
cellence. 

Syn. — Rectitude ; uprightness; honesty; sincerity ; ve- 
racity ; integrity. — Probity means, etymologically, virtue 
which has been tried and proved genuine. Hence, it denotes 
unimpeachable honesty and virtue, shown especially by the 
performance of those obligations called imperfect, which the 
laws of the state do not reach, and can not enforce, integrity 
denotes a «;/<o7e-hearted honesty, and especially that which ex- 
cludes all injustice that might favor one's self. It has a pecul- 
iar reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfers of 
property, and the execution of trusts for others. 

Prob'lem, n. [Gr. irpo^Kruxa., from irpofiaWeiv, to throw 
or lay before, from Trpo, before, forth, forward.] 1. A 
question proposed for solution ; hence, a matter difficult 
of solution or settlement. 2. (Math.) Any thing which 
is required to be done. 

Prob'lem-at'ie, ) a. Having the nature of a prob- 

Prob'lem-at'ie-al, j lem. 

Syn. — Questionable ; uncertain ; unsettled; disputable; 
doubtful. 

PrSb/lem-at'ie-al-ly.acft;. Doubtfully, dubiously. 

Pro-bos'cis, n. ; pi. PRO-Bos'pi-DES. [Lat..- Gr.Trpo- 
fSoo-Kis, from 7rpo, before, and jSoo-Keiv, to feed, graze. 5 
An extensible hollow tube projecting from the head of 



R, e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PROCEDURE 



569 



PRODUCE 



various animals, and capable of absorbing fluids; a 
snout; a trunk. The proboscis of insects is usually a 
horny tube formed by the modified jaws. 

Pro-ced'ure (30), n. [See Proceed, infra.] 1. Act 
or manner of proceeding ; progress ; management. 2. 
A step taken ; an act performed. 
Syn. — Process; transaction; course; conduct. 

Pro-ceed', v. i. [imp. & p. p. proceeded ; p. pr. & 
vb. h. PROCEEDING.] [Lat. procedere, fr. pro, forward, 
and cedere, to move, go.] 1. To move, pass, or go for- 
ward or onward ; to come forth. 2. To pass from a 
stated point or topic to another. 3. To issue or come 
forth as from a source. 4. To go on in an orderly or 
regulated manner; to act by method. 5. (Law.) To 
commence and carry on a legal process. 

Syn. — To advance ; go on ; progress ; issue ; arise; ema- 
nate; flow. 

Pro'ceedg, n. pi. That which comes forth or results; 
yield ; issue ; product ; sum afforded by a sale. 

Pro-ceed'er, n. One who proceeds. 

Pro-ceed'ing, n. Action contemplated as in process or 
with reference to its successive steps ; progress or move- 
ment from one thing to another. 

Syn. — Transaction ; procedure ; measure ; step. See 
Transaction. 

Proc'ess (prSs'es), n. [Lat. processus. See PROCEED.] 
1. Act of proceeding or moving forward ; procedure ; 
progress ; advance. 2. Series of actions, motions, or oc- 
currences ; progressive act or transaction. 3. Normal 
or regular manner of activity. 4. (Anat.) Any protu- 
berance ; a projecting part of any surface. 5. {Law.) 
The whole course of proceedings in a cause, real or per- 
sonal, civil or criminal. 

Pro-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. processio. See Pro- 
ceed.] 1. Act of proceeding ; regular, orderly, or cer- 
emonious progress. 2. A train of individuals advancing 
in order ; a ceremonious train ; a retinue. 

Pro-ces'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting in, a procession. 

Pro-ces'sion-al, n. A book relating to processions of 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Pro-ces'sion-a-ry, a. Consisting in procession. 

Proc'i-dence, or Pro'ci-dence, n. [Lat. procidentia, 
from procidere, to fall down forward, from pro, forward, 
and cadere, to fall.] A falling down ; a prolapsus. 

Pro-elaim', v. t. [imp. & p.p. proclaimed ; p. pr. 
Serb. n. PROCLAIMING-.] [Lat. proclamare, from pro, 
before, forward, and clamare, to call or cry out.] To 
make conspicuously known by public announcement ; to 
give wide publicity to. 

Syn. — To announce; publish; promulgate; declare. See 
Announce. 

Pro-elaim'er, n. One who proclaims or publishes. 

Proe'la-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of publishing abroad ; 
official or general notice or publication. 2. An official 
public announcement or declaration ; a published ordi- 
nance. 

Pro-eliv'i-ty, n. [Lat. proclivitas, from proclivis, sloping, 
inclined, from pro, forward, and clivus, a hill.] 1. In- 
clination ; propensity ; proneness ; tendency. 2. Read- 
iness ; facility. 

Pro-eon'sul, n. [Lat. pro, for, and consul.] (Rom. 
Antiq.) A Roman officer who discharged the duties of a 
consul without being himself consul ; a governor of a 
province. 

Pro-eon'su-lar, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a proconsul. 

Pro-eoii'su-la-ry, J 2. Under the government of a 
proconsul. _ 

Pro-«6n'sul-ate, ) n. The office of a proconsul, or the 

Pro-eon'sul-sliip, J term of his office. 

Pro-eras'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. procrastina- 
ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROCRASTINATING-.] [Lat. pro- 
crastinare, procrastinatum, from pro, forward, and cras- 
tinus, of to-morrow, from eras, to-morrow.] To put off 
till to-morrow, or from day to day ; to defer to a future 
time. 

Syn. — To postpone ; adjourn; defer ; delay; retard ; pro- 
tract; prolong. 

Pro-eras'ti-nate, v. i. To delay ; to be dilatory. 

Pro-eras'ti-na'tion, n. A putting off to a future time ; 
delay ; dilatoriness. 

Pro-er&s'ti-na/tor, n. One who defers the perform- 
ance of any thing to a future time. 

Pro'-ere-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. procreated; p.pr. 
& vb. n. PROCREATING.] [Lat. prorreare, procreatum, 
from pro, forward, forth, and creare, to create.] To beget ; 
to generate ; to engender. 



Pro'ere-a/tion, n. Act of begetting ; generation of 
young. _ [beget. 

Pro'-ere-a'trve, a. Generative ; having the power t« 

Pro'ere-a'tor, n. One who begets ; a generator; a sire. 

Pro-eriis'te-ara, a. Pertaining to or resembling Pro- 
crustes, a celebrated highwayman of Attica, who tied his 
victims on an iron bed, and, as the case required, either 
stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its 
length ; hence, reducing by violence to strict conformity 
to a measure or model. 

Proe'tor, n. [Contr. from procurator, q. v.] One who 
is employed to manage the affairs of another ; hence, 
specifically , (a.) (Law.) An officer employed in admiralty 
and ecclesiastical causes, (b.) (Eng. Universities fy some 
Amer. Colleges.) An officer who attends to the morals of 
the students, and enforces obedience to the college regu- 
lations. 

Proe-to'ri-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a proctor. 

Proe'tor-ship, n. Office or dignity of a proctor. 

Pro-«um'bent, a. [Lat. procumbens, p. pr. of procum- 
bere, to fall, bend, or lean forward, from pro, forward, 
and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] Lying down or on 
the face ; prone ; prostrate. 

Pi*o-eiir'a-ble, a. Capable of being procured. 

Proe'u-ra-cy, n. Office or act of a proctor or procura- 
tor ; vicarious management. 

Proe'u-ra'tion, n. [Lat. procuratio. See Procure.] 
1. Act of procuring ; procurement. 2„ Management of 
another's affairs. 3. The instrument by which a person 
is empowered to transact the affairs of another. 4. A 
sum of money paid to the bishop or archdeacon by in- 
cumbents, on account of visitations. 

Proe'u-ra/tor, n. 1. (Laiu.) One who manages an- 
other's affairs. [See PROCTOR.] 2. (Royn. Antiq.) A 
governor of a province under the emperors ; also, a cer- 
tain officer who had the management of the revenue. 

Pro-eure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. procured ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PROCURING.] [Lat. procurare, from Lat. pro, for, and 
curare, to take care, from cura, care.] 1. To bring into 
possession ; to acquire or provide for one's self or for 
another. 2. To contrive and effect ; to bring about. 

Syn. — To gain; get; obtain; acquire; win; earn; attract^ 
effect; cause. See Attain. 

Pro-eHre', v. i. To pimp. 

Pro-cure'ment, n. Act of procuring ; obtainment; 

management ; agency. 
! Pro-eur'er, ». 1. One who procures or obtains. 2. A 
j pimp ; a pander. 

Pi-o-eiir'ess, n. A female procurer. 

Prod'i-gal, a. [Lat. prodigus, from prodigere, to drive 
forth, to squander away, from pro, forward, forth, and 
agere, to drive.] 1. Given to extravagant expenditures ; 
recklessly profuse. 2. Expended to excess, or without 
necessity. 
Syn. — Profuse ; lavish; extravagant; free. See Profuse. 

Prod'i-gal, n. One who expends money extravagantly 
or without necessity ; a spendthrift. 

Prod'i-gal'i-ty, n. Extravagance in expenditure, par- 
ticularly of money ; profusion ; waste. 

Prod'i-gal-ly, adv. In a prodigal manner ; extrava- 
gantly ; lavishly ; profusely. 

Pro-dlg'ioiis (-dTj'us), a. [Lat. prodigiosus, from pro- 
digium, a prodigy.] 1. Of the nature of a prodigy. 2. 
Enormous in size, quantity, extent, or the like. 

Syn. — Huge; enormous; monstrous ; portentous; marvel- 
ous; amazing; astonishing; wonderful; extraordinary. 

Pro-dig'ioiis-ly (-dy'us-), adv. 1. Enormously; won- 
derfully. 2. Very much ; extremely. [Colloq.] 

Pro dig'ioiis-ness (-dlj'us-), n. The state or quality of 
being prodigious ; enormousness of size. 

Prod'i-gy, n. [Lat. prodigium, for prodicium, fr. prodi- 
cere, to foretell, predict, from pro, before, and dicere, to 
say.] 1. Something extraordinary from which omens 
are drawn ; portent. 2. Anything wonderful or aston- 
ishing, and out of the ordinary course of nature. 
Syn. — Wonder; miracle; portent; marvel; monster. 

Pro-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. produced (-dust') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PRODUCING.] [Lat. producere, productum v 
from pro, forward, forth, and ducere, to lead, bring for- 
ward.] 1. To offer to view or notice ; to exhibit. 2. To 
bring forth ; to give birth to ; to propagate ; to furnish. 
3. To cause to be or to happen. 4. To manufacture ; 
to prepare for specific uses. 5. To yield or furnish. 6* 
To draw further ; to lengthen out ; to prolong. 7, 
(Geom.) To extend; — applied to a line, surface, or 
solid. 

Syn. — To breed; bear; yield; exhibit; give; cause; make. 



food, foot , urn, riide, piill ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist j linger, link ; tiiis. 



PRODUCE 



570 



PROFUSE 



Prod'iice, n. That which is produced, brought forth, 
or yielded ; result of labor, especially of agricultural la- 
bors ; hence, specifically, agricultural products. 

Pro-dii'cer, n. One who produces or brings forth. 

Pro-du'ci-bll'i-ty , n. Quality of being producible. 

Pro-du'£i-ble, a. Capable of being produced. 

Pro-du'c i-ble-uess, n. State or quality of being pro- 
ducible. 

Prod'uet, n. [Lat. productum, from productus, p. p. 
of producere. See PRODUCE.] 1. That which is pro- 
duced, brought forth, or effected; fruit, whether of 
growth or labor, either physical or intellectual. 2. 
(Math.) The number resulting from the multiplication 
of two or more numbers. 

Syn. — Produce; yield ; result; effect ; production ; fruit ; 
work ; performance. 

Pro-due'tlle, a. [Lat. productilis, from producere, to 
draw or stretch out.] Capable of being extended or pro- 
longed ; extensible ; ductile. 

-?ro-due'tion, n. 1. Act or process of producing. 2. 
That which is produced or made ; product ; fruit of 
labor. 3. A lengthening out ; a prolongation. 

Syn. — Product; produce; fruit; work; performance; com- 
position. 

Pro-due'tive, a. 1. Having the quality or power of 
producing ; yielding or furnishing results. 2. Bringing 
into being ; causing to exist ; efficient. 3. Producing 
good crops. 

Pro-due'tive-ness, n. Quality of being productive. 

Pro'em, «. [Lat. proxmium, Gr. irpooL\xt.ov, from irpo, 
before, and otjiios, way, road, strain of a song.] Preface ; 
introduction ; prelude. 

Pro-e'mi-al, a. Introductory ; prefatory. [Rare.] 

Profa-na'tion, «. [See Profane, v. ~t.] 1. Act of 
violating sacred things, or of treating them with con- 
tempt or irreverence. 2. Act of treating with abuse or 
disrespect. 

Pro-fane', a. [Lat. prof ~anus, without the temple, un- 
holy, from pro, before, a.nd/anum, temple.] 1. Not 
sacred or holy ; hence, relating to matters other than 
sacred. 2. Characterized by impurity. 3. Especially. 
treating sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irrever- 
ence, or undue familiarity ; hence, specifically, taking 
the name of God in vain ; given to swearing. 

Syn.— Secular ; temporal ; worldly; unsanctified ; unhal- 
lowed; unholy; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; wicked; god- 
less; impious. 

Pro-fane', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROFANED ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. PROFANING.] 1. To treat with abuse, irreverence, 
obloquy, or contempt. 2. To put to a wrong or un- 
worthy use. 

Syn. — To desecrate ; pollute; defile; violate ; debase; dis- 
honor. 

Pro-f ane'ly, adv. With irreverence to sacred things or 
names ; with want of due respect. 

Pro-fane'ness (109), n. Quality or character of being 
profane ; especially, the taking of God's name in vain. 

Pro-f an'er, n. 1. One who treats sacred things with 
irreverence. 2. A polluter ; a defiler. 

Pro-f an'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or character of being pro- 
fane ; profaneness ; especially, the use of profane lan- 
guage ; blasphemy. 2. That which is profane ; profane 
language. 

Pro-f ess', v. t. [imp. & p. p. professed (pro-fesf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. professing.] [Lat. profiteri , professus , 
from pro, before, forward, and fateri, to confess, own.] 1. 
To make open declaration of ; to confess publicly. 2. 
To make pretense to ; hence, to put on or present an ap- 
pearance of. 3. To pretend to knowledge of; to pro- 
claim one's self versed in. 

Pro-f ess', v. i. To take a profession upon one's self; to 
confess. 

Pro-f ess'ed-ly, adv. By profession ; by avowal. 

Pro-f es'sion (-fesh'un), n. 1. Act of professing ; open 
declaration; public avowal. 2. That which one pro- 
fesses : a declaration ; an avowal; a claim. 3. The oc- 
cupation, if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to 
which one devotes himself. 4. The collective body of 
persons engaged in a calling. 

Syn.— Acknowledgment; avowal; employment; vocation; 
occupation; office. 

Pro-f es'sion-al (-ffsh'un-), a. 1. Pertaining to a pro- 
fession or to a calling. 2. Professed ; being by profes- 
sion ; avowed. [calling. 

Pro-fes'sion-al-ly (-fgsh'un-), adv. By profession or 

Pro-f ess'or, n. 1. One who makes open profession of his 
sentiments or opinions ; especially, one who makes a formal 
profession of religion. 2. A public teacher of any science 



or branch of learning; especially, a college officer, wh» 
instructs students in a particular branch of learning. 

Prof es-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a professor. 

Pro-fess'or-ship, n. Office of a professor or public 
teacher. 

Proffer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROFFERED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROFFERING.] [Lat. proferre, to bring forth or 
forward, to offer, from pro, forward, and ferre, to bring.] 
To offer for acceptance ; to propose to give. 
Syn. — To offer; tender; propose; essay. 

Proffer, n. An offer made ; something proposed for 
acceptance by another. 

Pro-f I'cience (-fish/ens), \n. State or quality of be- 

Pro-fi'cien-cy (-fish'en-sy), J ing proficient ; improve- 
ment ; progression in knowledge. 

Pro-fi'cient (-fisb/ent), a. "Well advanced in any 
branch of knowledge or skill ; well-skilled ; versed. 

Pro-fi'cient (-ilsh'ent), n. [Lat. proficiens, p. pr. of 
proficere, to go forward, make progress, from pro, for- 
ward, and facere, to make.] One who has made consid- 
erable advances in any business, art, science, or branch 
of learning ; an expert ; an adept. 

Pro'file (prS/filoT-pro'feel), n. [From Lat. pro, or/»er,and 
filum, a thread, an outline, shape.] 1. An outline or 
contour. 2. [Paint. & Sculp.) A head or portrait rep- 
resented sidewise or in a side view. 

Pro'file (pro'fil or pro'feel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pro- 
filed ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROFILING.] To draw the 
outline of; to draw in profile. 

Pro'fil-ist, n. One who takes profiles. 

Profit, n. [From Lat. profectus, advance, progress, prof- 
it, from proficere, profectum. See Proficient.] 1. 
Acquisition beyond expenditure ; in commerce, pecuniary 
gain in any transaction or occupation. 2. Valuable re- 
sults ; useful consequences. 

Syn.— Benefit; avail; service; improvement; advancement; 
gain; emolument. 

Profit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROFITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PROFITING.] To be of service to; to. be good to; to 
help on ; to benefit. 

Profit, v. i. 1. To gain advantage ; to make improve- 
ment. 2. To be of use or advantage ; to bring good. 

Prof it-a-ble, a. Yielding or bringing profit or gain. 
_ Syn. — Gainful; lucrative ; useful; advantageous; produc- 
tive; serviceable; improving. 

Prof it-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being profitable. 
Prof 'it-a-bly, adv. In a profitable manner ; gainfully ; 

usefully ; advantageously. 
Profit-less, a. Yoid of profit, gain, or advantage. 
Prof li-ga-cy, n. Condition or quality of being profli- 
gate ; a very vicious course of fife. 

Syn. — Lavishness ; prodigality ; extravagance; overabun- 
dance; exuberance. 
Prof'li-gate, a. [Lat. profligatus, p. p. of profligare, to 
strike or dash to the ground, from pro, forward, and 
fligere, to strike, to strike down.] Abandoned to vice ; 
openly and shamelessly immoral or vicious. 

Syn. — Abandoned; corrupt; dissolute; vitiated; depraved; 
vicious; wicked. See Abaxdoxed. 

Profli-gate, n. An abandoned man ; a vicious person. 

Profli-gate-ly, adv. In a profligate manner. 

Pro-found', a. [Lat. profundus, from pro, before, for- 
ward, antlfundus, the bottom.] 1. Descending far be- 
low the surface. 2. Low bending ; very low. 3. Char- 
acterized by intensity ; deeply felt. 4. Intellectually 
deep ; reaching to the bottom of a matter. 5. Exhibit- 
ing or expressing, deep humility. 

Syn. — Deep ; lowly ; humble ; learned ; thorough ; pene- 
trating. 

Pro-found', n. 1. The deep ; the abyss. 2. Especially, 
the sea ; the ocean. 

Pro-f ound'ly, adv. 1„ In a profound manner ; deeply. 
2. With deep penetration or knowledge. 

Pro-found'ness, n. The quality of being profound; 
profundity ; depth. 

Pro-f iui'di-ty, n. Condition or quality of being pro- 
found ; depth of place, of knowledge, of science, of feel- 
ing, and the like. 

Pro-fuse', a. [Lat. profusus, p. p. of profundere, to pour 
forth or out, from pro, forward, forth, and fundere, to 
pour.] 1. Very liberal ; giving without stint. 2. Lib- 
eral to excess ; — often in a bad sense. 

Syn. —Lavish: exuberant; bountiful ; prodigal ; extrava- 
gant. — Profuse denotes pouring out (as money, &c.) with 
great fullness or exuberance; as, profuse in his expendi- 
tures, thanks, promises, &c. Lavish is stronger, implying 
unnecessary or wasteful excess; as, lavish of his bounties, 
favors, praises, &c. Prodigality is stronger still, denoting 



a,e, &c, long,- a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; piique,firm; sou, 6r, do, wolf, 



PROFUSELY 



571 



PROLIX 



unmeasured or reckless profusion ; as, prodigal of one's 
strength, life, or blood, to secure some object. 

Pro-f use'ly, adv. 1. In a profuse manner ; lavishly ; 
prodigally. 2. With exuberance ; with great abundance. 

Pro-fuse'ness, n. 1. Extravagant expenditures ; prod- 
igality. 2. Great abundance ; profusion. 

Pro-f u'§ion, n. 1. Act of one who is profuse ; prodi- 
gality ; extravagance of expenditures, 2. Rich abun- 
dance ; exuberant plenty. 

Prog, v. i. [D. pragclun, Ger. prachen, prachern, to beg, 
allied to Lat. procare, procari, to ask.] 1. To wander 
about and beg. 2. To steal; to filch. 

Prog, n. Victuals or provisions sought by begging, or 
found by wandering about ; food ; supplies. [Low.] 

Prog, n. One who seeks his victuals by wandering and 
begging. 

Pro-gen'i-tor, n. [Lat., from progignere, progenitum, 

I tobriug forth, to beget, from pro, forth, and gignere, to 
beget.] An ancestor in the direct line ; a forefather. 

Prog'e-ny, n. Descendants of the human kind, or off- 
spring of other animals ; offspring. 

Prog-no'sis, n. [Gr. TrpoyvLoo-t.<;, from 7rpoyiyvtoo-Keiv, to 
know beforehand, from irpo, before, and yiyvLotriceiv, to 
know.] (Med.) Act or art of foretelling the course and 
event of a disease, by particular symptoms. 

Prog-nos'tie, a. Indicating something future by signs 
or symptoms. 

Prog-nos'tie, n. 1. A sign by which a future event 
may be known or foretold ; hence, a prediction. 2. 
(Med.) A symptom indicating the course and event of a 
disease. 

Syn. — Sign; omen; presage; token; indication. 

Prog-nos'tic-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prognostic- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. prognosticating.] [See su- 
pra.] To indicate as future ; to foretell from signs or 
symptoms. 

Syn. — To foreshow ; foretoken ; betoken ; forebode ; pre- 
sage; predict; prophesy. 

Prog-nos'ti-ea/tion, n. 1. Act of foreshowing or 
foretelling something future by present signs. 2. A 
foretoken ; previous sign. 

Prog-nos'ti-ea/tor, n. One who prognosticates. 

Pro'gram, n. Same as Programme, q. v. 

Pro'gramme, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rp6ypaja/xa, fr. npoypd^etv , 
to write before or in public, from 7rp6, before, forth, and 
ypa^eiv, to write.] A brief outline or explanation of 
the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in 
any public exercise. 

Prog'ress, n. [Lat. progressus, from progredi, to go 
forth or forward, from pro, forward, and gradi, to step, 
go.] 1. A moving or going forward ; as, (a.) In actual 
space, &c. (b.) In the growth of an animal or plant, 
(c.) In knowledge, (d.) In business of any kind, (e.) 
Toward completeness or perfection. 2. A journey of state, 
made by a sovereign through parts of his own dominions. 
Syn. — Advancement; improvement; proficiency; motion. 

Pro-gress', v. i. [imp. Sap. p. progressed (-gresf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. progressing.] 1. To make progress ; 
to move forward ; to proceed ; to advance ; to go on. 2. 
To make improvement. 

Pro-gres'sion (-gresh/un), n. 1. Act of moving for- 
ward ; motion onward. 2. Course ; passage. 3. (Math.) 
Continued proportion, arithmetical, geometrical, or har- 
monical. 4. (Mus.) A regular succession of chords, or 
movement of the parts in harmony. 

Arithmetical progression, a progression in which the terms 
increase or decrease by equal difference. — Geometrical progres- 
sion, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by 
equal ratios. — Harmonical progression, a progression in which 
the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in "arithmetical pro- 
gression. 

Syn. — Improvement; advancement; course. 

Pro-gres'sion-al, a. Tending to progress ; having ca- 
pacity of advancing ; relating to progression. 

Pro-gress'ive, a. 1. Moving forward; advancing; 
evincing progress. 2. Improving. [progress. 

Pro-gress'Ive-ly, adv. In a progressive manner ; with 

Pro-gress'Ive-ness, n. State or quality of being pro- 
gressive ; an advancing ; state of improvement. 

Pro-hib'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prohibited; p.pr. & 
vb. n. PROHIBITING.] [Lat. prohibere, prohibitum, fr. 
pro, before, forth, and habere, to have, hold.] 1. To for- 
bid ; to interdict by authority. 2. To hinder; to de- 
bar ; to prevent ; to preclude. 

Syn. — To forbid. — To forbid is Anglo-Saxon, and is more 
famdiar; to prohibit is Latin, and is more formal or official. A 
parent/or&ids his child to be out late at night; l\e prohibits his 
intercourse with the profane and vicious. 



Pro-Mb'it-er, n. One who prohibits or forbids. 

Pro'hi-bi'tion (-bish/un), n. Act of forbidding or h> 
terdicting ; interdict. 

Pro-hlb'it-Ive, ) a. Tending to prohibit, forbid, ot 

Pro-hlb'it-o-ry, j exclude ; forbidding ; implying pro- 
hibition. 

Pro-jeet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. projected ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROJECTING.] [Lat. projicere, projectum, fr. pro, 
forward, and jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw out ; to 
cast forward. 2. To scheme ; to devise. 3. To draw or 
exhibit, as the form of any thing. 4. To exhibit in a 
striking way by the aid of another object. 

Syn. — To contrive; plan; purpose; design; delineate. 

Pro-jeet', v. i. To shoot forward ; to extend beyond 
something else ; to jut. 

Proj'ect, n. 1. That which is projected or designed; 
something intended or devised. 2. An idle scheme ; a 
design not practicable. 

Syn. — Design; scheme; plan; purpose.— A project is some- 
thing of a practical nature thrown out for consideration as to 
its being done. A design is a project when matured and set- 
tled, as a thing to be accomplished. An ingenious man has 
many projects, but, if governed by sound sense, will be slow 
in forming them into designs. See also Scheme. 

Pro-jeet'Ile, a. [See Project, v. t.] 1. Impelling 
forward. 2. Given by impulse ; impelled forward. 

Pro-jeet'Ile, n. 1. A body projected through the air, 
as a cannon-ball. 2. pi. (Mech.) That part of mechan- 
ics which treats of the motion, range, &c, of bodies 
thrown by an impelling force above the earth. 

Pro-jee'tion, n. 1. Act of throwing or shooting for- 
ward. 2. A part jutting out, as of a building. 3. Act 
of scheming ; plan ; scheme. 4. Representation of 
something ; delineation ; plan ; especially, the represen- 
tation of any object on a perspective plane. 

Pro-ject'or, n. 1. One who forms a scheme or design. 
2. Hence, one who forms wild or impracticable schemes. 

Pro-jeet'ure (53), n. A jutting beyond the line or sur- 
face of something else. 

Pro'late, a. [Lat. prolatus, p. p. of proferre, to bring 
forth, to extend.] Stretched out; extended; especially, 
elongated in the direction of a line joining the poles. 

Pro'leg, n. [Lat. pro, for, and Eng. leg.] (Entom.) The 
fleshy prominence, which represents a leg in the hinder 
segments of caterpillars. 

JPro-lep'sis, n. [Gr. Trp6Kr)\jjis, from npoXayfidveLv, to 
take beforehand, fr. 7rpo, before, and Xay.fi6.vzLv, to take.] 
1. (Rhet.) A figtire by which objections are anticipated 
or prevented. 2. An error in chronology, when an 
event is dated before the actual time. 3. A necessary 
truth or assumption. 

Pro-lep'tie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to prolepsis, or an- 

Pro-lep'tie-al, ) ticipation. 2. Previous ; antecedent. 

Pro-lep'tie-al-ly, adv. By way of anticipation. 

Proldtaire (pro'kVtar'), n. [Fr. See?'«/"ra.] One of the 
common people ; a low person ; the commonalty as an 
influence or estate in a country. 

ProFe-ta'ri-an, a. [Lat. prolelarius, from proles, off- 
spring ; belonging to the commonalty ; hence, mean ; 
vile , vulgar. [Rare.] 

Prol'i-fide, n. [Lat. proles, offspring, and csedere, to 
cut down, kill.] The crime of destroying one's offspring 
either in the womb or after birth. 

Pro-lif 'er-otis, a. [Lat. proles, offspring, and ferre, to 
bear.] (Bot.) Bearing offspring; — applied to a flower 
from within which another is produced, or a branch from 
which another rises. 

Pro-lif'i-e, a. [Lat. proles, offspring, and facere, to make.] 
1. Producing young or fruit ; generative ; fruitful ; pro- 
ductive. 2. Serving to produce ; fruitful of results ; 
active. 

Pro-lif i-e-al, a. Prolific. 

Pro-lif 'ic-al-ly, adv. In a prolific manner ; fruitfully. 

Pro-lif'i-ea'tion, n. The generation of young or of 
plants. 

Pro-lif i-e-ness, n. The state of being prolific. 

Pro-llx' (114), a. [Lat. prolixus, extended, long, from 
pro, before, forward, and laxus, loose, wide.] 1. Ex- 
tending to a great length. 2. Indulging in protracted 
discourse. 

Syn. — Long; diffuse; prolonged; protracted; tedious: 
tiresome; wearisome. — A prolix writer delights in circum- 
locution, extended detail, and trifling particulars. A dif- 
fuse writer is fond of amplifying, and abounds in epithets, 
figures, and illustrations. JJiffuseness often arises from an 
exuberance of imagination ; prolixity is almost always con- 
nected with a want of it. Prolixity is one of the worst quali- 
ties of style ; diff'useness is not necessarilv a fault, but require* 
uncommon genius to relieve it from being wearisome. 



food, foot ; iiru, rifde, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



PROLIXITY 



572 



PRONUNCIAMENTO 



Pro-lix'i-ty, n. State or quality of being prolix ; great 
length ; minute detail. 

Pro-lix'ly, adv. In a prolix manner ; at great length. 

Pro-lix'ness, n. Quality of being prolix ; prolixity. 

ProFo-eu/tor, or Pro-loe'u-tor, n. [Lat., from pro- 
loqui, prolocntus, from pro, before, for, and loqui, to 
speak.] 1. One who speaks for another. 2. The speak- 
er or chairman of a convocation. 

ProFo-eu/tor-ship, or Pro-16«'u.-tor-ship, n. The 
office or gtation of a prolocutor. 

Pro'logue (prolog), n. [Gr. 7rpoAoyo?, from irpoAeyeiv, 
to say beforehand, from irpo, before, and Aeyeiv, to say.] 
The preface or introduction to a discourse or perform- 
ance ; especially, the poem spoken before a dramatic per- 
formance or play begins. 

Pro-long', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prolonged; p.pr. & 
vb. n. PROLONGING.] [Low Lat. prolongare, from Lat. 
pro, before, forth, and longus, long.] 1. To lengthen in 
time ; to extend the duration of. 2. To put off to a dis- 
tant time. 3. To extend in space or length. 

Syn. — To delay; protract; procrastinate; defer ; postpone. 

Pro'lon-ga/tion, n. 1. Act of lengthening in time or 
space. 2. Extension of time by delay or postponement. 

Pro-long'er, n. One who, or that which, lengthens. 

Pro-lu/gion, n. [Lat. prolusio, from proludere, to pre- 
lude ; pro, before, and ludere, to play.] A trial before the 
principal performance ; a prelude ; hence, trial, essay. 

Prom'e-nade', or Prom'e-nade', n. [Fr., from 
promener, to lead, take for a walk, se promener, to walk, 
from Lat. prominare , to drive forward or along, from pro, 
forward, and minare, to drive animals.] 1. A walk for 
amusement or exercise. 2. A plaee for walking. 

Prom'e-nade', or Prom'e-nade', v. i. [imp. & p. 
p. PROMENADED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROMENADING.] 
To walk for amusement or exercise. 

Pro-me'the-an, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, Promethe- 
us, fabled by the poets to have formed men of clay, to 
whom he gave life by means of fire stolen from heaven. 
2. Having a life-giving quality ; inspiring. 

Prom'i-nence, I n. 1. State of standing out from the 

Prom'i-nen-cy, ) surface of something ; conspicuous- 
ness. 2. That which stands out or is conspicuous; a 
protuberance. 

Prom'i-nent, a. [Lat. promineus, p. pr. of prominere, 
to jut out, to project, from pro, before, forward, and 
mine.re, to jut, project.] 1„ Standing out beyond the 
hne or surface of something. 2. Hence, likely to attract 
attention from size or position. 3. Eminent ; distin- 
guished above others. 

Syn. — Protuberant; full; large; conspicuous; chief. 

Prom'i-nent-ly, adv. In a prominent manner ; emi- 
nently ; conspicuously. 

Pro-mis'-eu-oiLs, a. [Lat. promiscuus, from pro, be- 
fore, forward, forth, for, and miscere, to mix.] 1. Con- 
sisting of individuals united in a body or mass without 
order. 2. Distributed or applied without order or dis- 
crimination; common. 

Syn. — Mixed; common; indiscriminate; confused. 

Pro-mis'-eii-oiis-Iy, adv. In a promiscuous manner; 
without order ; indiscriminately. 

Prom'ise, n. 1. A declaration, written or verbal, made 
by one person to another, which binds the person who 
makes it to do or forbear a specified act. 2. A binding 
declaration of something to be done or given for anoth- 
er's benefit. 3. Ground or basis of hope. 4. Bestowal 
or fulfillment of what is promised. 

Prom'ise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROMISED (proni'ist) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. promising.] [Lat. prornittere, promissum, 
fiora. pro, forward, forth, and mi ttere, to send.] 1. To 
engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, 
or making, or the like. 2. To afford reason to expect ; to 
assure. 3. To pledge or engage to bestow. 

Prom'ise, «. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise. 2. 
To afford hopes or expectations. 

Prom/is-ee', n. One to whom a promise is made. 

Prom'is-er, n. One who promises. 

Prom'is-6r (127), n. {Law.) One who engages or un- 
dertakes ; a promiser. 

Prom'is-so-ry (50), a. Containing a promise or bind- 
ing declaration of something to be done or forborne. 

Promissory note (Law.), a written promise to pay to some 
person named, and at a time specified therein, a certain sum 
of money, absolutely and at all events. 

P v om'on-to-ry, n. [Lat. promontorium, from pro, be- 
fore, and mons, montis, mountain.] ( Geog.) A high 
point of land or rock projecting into the sea ; a headland. 

Pro-mote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROMOTED ; p. pr. & 



vb. n. PROMOTING.] [Lat. promovere,promotitm, from 
pro, forward, and movere, to move.] 1. To contribute 
to the growth, enlargement, or excellence of, as any thing 
valuable ; to forward ; to advance. 2. To exalt in sta~ 
tion, rank, or honor. 

Syn. — To forward ; advance ; encourage; excite ; elevate; 
raise; prefer. 

Pro-mot'er, n. One who, or that which , promotes. 

Pro-mo'tion, n. 1. Act of promoting, advancing, or 
encouraging ; the act of exalting. 2. Condition of being 
advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor. 

Syn. — Advancement ; encouragement ; assistance ; eleva- 
tion. 

Pro-mo'tive, a. Tending to advance or promote ; tend- 
ing to encourage. 

Prompt (84), a. [compar. PROMPTER ; superl. PROMPT- 
EST.] [Lat. promptus, prop, brought to light, exposed 
to view ; hence, visible, evident, at hand, ready, p. p. of 
promere, to take or bring forth, from pro, forth, and 
emere, to take.] 1. Ready and quick to act as occasion " 
demands ; acting with cheerful alacrity. 2. Quickly, 
readily, or cheerfully performed. 

Syn. — Ready; expeditious; quick; agile; alert; brisk; 
nimble. — One who is ready is prepared at the moment. One 
who is prompt is prepared beforehand, so as to start at the 
moment into decisive action. One who is expeditious carries 
through an undertaking with a steady, rapid progress. 

Prompt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROMPTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PROMPTING.] 1. To move or excite to action or ex- 
ertion. 2. To suggest to the mind. 3. Especially , to 
assist, as a speaker or a learner when at a loss. 
Syn. — To incite; instigate; remind; dictate. 

Prompt'er, n. One who prompts; especially, one who 
assists speakers, or actors in a play, when at a loss. 

Prompt'i-ttide (30), n. 1. Quality of being prompt ; 
quickness of decision and action when occasion demands. 
2. Cheerful alacrity. 

Prompt'ly, adv. Readily ; quickly ; expeditiously. 

Prompt'ness, n. 1. Promptitude ; readiness. 2. 
Cheerful willingness ; alacrity. 

Pro-mul'gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROMULGATED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n PROMULGATING.] [Lat. promulgare, 
promulgatum, for provulgare. Cf. DIVULGE.] Tom^e 
known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings. 

Syn. — To announce ; publish ; declare ; proclaim. See 
Announce. 

Pro'mul-ga'tion, n. Act of promulgating ; publica- 
tion ; open declaration. 

Pro'mul-ga'tor, n. One who promulgates, proclaims, 
or publishes. 

Pro-miilge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. promulged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROMULGING.] [See Promulgate.] To 
promulgate. [Rare.] 

Pro-miil'ger, n. One who promulges or promulgates. 

Prone, a. [Lat. pronus.] 1. Bending forward ; inclined ; 
2. Flat on the face ; lying with the face downward. 3. 
Headlong ; running downward. 4. Sloping, with refer- 
ence to a line or surface; inclined. 5. Inclined; dis- 
posed ; — usually in an ill sense. 

Prone'ly, adv. In a prone manner or position. 

Prone'ness (109), n. State of being prone ; inclination 
of mind, heart, or temper ; propension; disposition. 

Prong, n. [D. prangen, to pinch, press. Cf. Preen.] 

1. A sharp-pointed instrument. 2. The tine of a fork 
or of a similar instrument. 3. A pointed projection. 

Pro-nom'i-nal, a. [Lat-. pronominalis. See PRO- 
NOUN.] Belonging to, or partaking of, the nature of a 
pronoun. 

Pro'nomi, n. [Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and no- 
men, a name, noun.] ( Gram.) A word used instead of a 
noun or name, to prevent the repetition of it. 

Pro-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pronounced (pro- 
nounst'); p.pr. & vb. n. PRONOUNCING.] [Lat. pro- 
nunciare, from pro, before, forth, and nunciare, to 
announce.] 1. To utter articulately ; to speak distinctly. 

2. To utter formally, officially, or solemnly. 3. To 
speak or utter rhetorically. 4. To declare or affirm. 

Syn. — To deliver; utter; speak. See Deliveb. 

Pro-nounce'a-ble, a. Capable of being pronounced or 
uttered. 

Pro-nounced'(pro-nounst / ), a. [Fr.prononce.] Strong- 
ly marked ; decided. [A Gallicism.] 

Pro-noun'cer, n. One who utters or declares. 

Pro-noun'fing, p. a. Teaching or indicating pronun- 
ciation. 

Pro-nun'ci-a-men'to, n. [See infra.] A proclama- 
tion : a manifesto. See Pronunciamiento. 



vi,e,&c.,long; a,,&,&,c.,skort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



PRONUNCIAMIENTO 



573 



PROPORTION 



pro-ntin'ci-a'mi-en'to (-ndbn / the-& / -), n. [Sp. See 
PRONOUNCE.] A proclamation or manifesto ; a formal 
announcement or declaration. 

Pro-nun'ci-a'tion (-shi-a/shun), n. [Lat. pronunci- 
at>o. See Pronounce.] 1. Act of uttering -with artic- 
ulation ; utterance. 52. Mode of uttering words or sen- 
tences. 3. ( R/iet . ) Art or manner of uttering a discourse 
publicly with propriety and gracefulness. 

Pro-niin'ci-a-tive (-shl-), a. Of, or pertaining to, pro- 
nunciation. 

Proof, n. [Lat. proba, from probare, to prove. See 
PROVE.] 1. Any effort, process, or operation designed 
to establish or discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial. 52. 
That degree of evidence which produces belief. 3. Im- 
penetrability of physical bodies. 4. Firmness of mind ; 
stability not to be shaken. 5. Act of testing the strength 
of alcoholic spirits ; also, the degree of strength. 6. 
(Print.) A trial impression from type, an engraved 
plate, &c, taken for correction. 

Syn. — Testimony ; evidence ; reason ; argument ; trial ; 
demonstration. 

Proof, a. Firm or successful in resisting. 

Proofless, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce 
belief. 

Proof- sheet, n. See PROOF, 6. 

Prop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. propped (propt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROPPING.] [D. proppen, H. Ger. pfropfen, to 
cram, stuff, thrust into, stop.] 1. To support or pre- 
vent from falling by placing something under or against. 
52. Hence, to sustain ; to support. 
Syn. — To stay; uphold. 

Prop, n. That which sustains an incumbent weight; 
that on which any thing rests for support. 
Syn. — Stay ; support; staff; pillar. 

Prop'a-ga-ble, a. Capable of being propagated. 

Prop'a-gan'da, n. [See Propagate.] A society in 
Rome, popularly so called, charged with the management 
of the Roman Catholic missions. 

Prop'a-gan'dism, n. Art or practice of propagating 
tenets or principles. 

Prop'a-gan'dist, n. One who devotes himself to the 
spread of any system of principles. 

Prop'a-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. propagated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROPAGATING.] [Lat. propagate i propaga- 
tvm.] 1. To continue or multiply by generation or suc- 
cessive production. 52. To cause to spread or extend. 
3. To spread from person to person ; to extend the knowl- 
edge of. 

Syn. — To multiply ; continue ; increase ; spread ; diffuse ; 
disseminate ; promote. 

Pr5p'a-gate, v. i. To have young or issue; to be pro- 
duced or multiplied by generation. 

Prop'a-ga/tion, n. 1. Act of propagating. 52. The 
spreading or extension of any thing. 

Syn. — Production ; generation ; extension ; spread ; in- 
crease. 

Prop'a-ga/tor, n. One who propagates. 

Pro-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. propelled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PROPELLING.] [Lat. propellere, from pro, forward, 
and pellere, to drive.] To drive forward; to urge or 
press onward by force. 

Pro-pel'ler, n. 1. One who, or that which, propels. 52. 
A contrivance for, propelling a steamboat, consisting of a 
revolving screw placed in the stern. 3. A steamboat 
thus propelled. 

Pro-pend'en-cy, n. A leaning toward ; inclination ; 
tendency of desire to any thing. 

Pro-pense', a. [Lat. propensus, p. p. of propendere, fr. 
pro, forward, forth, and pendere, to hang.] Inclined ; 
disposed either to good or evil ; prone. 

Pro-pense'ness, n. Quality of being propen?e ; pro- 
pensity ; inclination. 

Pro-pen'sion, ) n. State of being prepense or inclined ; 

Pro-pen'si-ty, J natural inclination. 

Syn. — Disposition ; bias ; proclivity ; proneness. 

Prop'er, a. [Lat. proprius.] 1. Belonging to as one's 
own ; own. 52. Belonging to the natural or essential 
constitution of. 3. Especially, befitting one's nature, 
property, &c. 4. Adapted to the ends of order, com- 
fort, taste, beauty, morality, and the like. 5. Precise ; 
formal ; according to usage. 6. Well formed ; hand- 
some. [Obs.] 7. Pertaining to one of a species, but not 
common to the whole ; not appellative. 

Syn.— Peculiar; fit; adapted; just; right; accurate, &c. 

Pr5p'er-ly, adv. l.'ln a proper manner; suitably; 
fitly. 52. In a strict sense ; strictly. 



Pr8p'er-ness, n. The quality of being proper. 

Pr5p'er-ty, nf [Lat. proprietas. See supra.] 1. That 
which is proper to any thing ; a peculiar quality of any 
thing. 52. An acquired or artificial quality. 3. That 
which is peculiar to any person ; that to which a person 
has a legal title ; thing owned. 4. Exclusive right of pos- 
sessing ; ownership. 5. Possession held in one's own 
right. 6. An estate, whether in lands, goods, or money. 
7. Nearness or right. 8. A piece of land with the ap- 
purtenant buildings. 

Syn. — Attributes ; quality; goods; possessions; riches; 
wealth. 

Proph'e-cy, n. [Lat. prophetia, Gr. 77-po^njTeta, from 
irpo<f)rjTveiv, to prophesy, from npo^Trj^ , prophet, q. v.] 
1. A declaration of something to come; especially, sin 
inspired foretelling. 52. (Script.) A book of prophecies ; 
a history 3. Public interpretation of Scripture ; preach- 
ing. 

Syn.— A foretelling; prediction; prognostication; exhorta- 
tion; instruction. 

Propli/e-si'er, n. One who prophesies or predicts 
events. 

Proph'e-sy (54), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prophesied ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PROPHESYING.] To foretell, as future ; to 
predict. 

Proph/e-sy, v. i. 1. To utter predictions. 52. (Script.) 
To instruct in religious doctrines ; to preach ; to exhort. 

Proph'et, n. [Lat. propheta, Gr. npo^rrjs, lit. one who 
speaks for another, esp. for a god, and interprets his will 
to man, fr. irpofyavat, to say or speak for, from 7rpo, for, 
and (pdvai., to say or speak.] 1. One who prophesies, or 
foretells events ; a predicter ; a foreteller. 52. An inter- 
preter. 

Propli'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 

Pro-phet'ie, ) a. Containing, or pertaining to, 

Pro-phet'ie-al, ) prophecy ; — used with o/before the 
thing foretold. 

Pro-phet'ie-al-ly, adv. In a prophetical manner. 

Pro-phet'ie-al-ness, n. The quality of being prophet- 
ical ; power or capacity to foretell. 

Propli'y-lae'ti-e, n. (Med.) A medicine which pre- 
serves or defends against disease ; a preventive. 

Proph'y-lae'tie, \a. [Gr. ttpo(J>v\olktik6s , from n-po- 

Proph/y-lae'tie-al, J ^vkda-creiv , to guard against, 
from 7rp<5, before, and (frvkaao-eiv, to guard.] (Med.) De- 
fending from disease ; preventive. 

Pro-pln'qxii-ty (-pink/wi-), n. [Lat. propinquitas , from 
propinquus, near, neighboring, fr. prope ,Txe&r .] Nearness 
in place, time, or relationship ; neighborhood ; proximity. 

Pro-pi'ti-a-lble (-pish'I-), a. Capable of being propiti- 
ated. 

Pro-pl'ti-ate (-pish/i-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROPI- 
TIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. propitiating.] [Lat. pw 
pitiare,propitiatum, from propitius, favorable,] To ap- 
pease andjender favorable ; to make propitious. 

Pro-pi'ti-a'tion (-pish / i-), n. 1. Act of propitiating 
or making propitious. 52. (Tlieol.) The atonement or 
atoning sacrifice. 

Pro-pl'ti-a'tor (-pishl-), n. One who propitiates. 

Pro-pl'ti-a-to-ry (-pish'i-), a. Having the power to 
make propitious ; pertaining to, or employed in, propitia- 
tion ; expiatory. 

Pro-pi'ti-a-to-ry (-plsh / i-), n. (Jeunsh Antiq.) The 
mercy-seat ; the "lid or cover of the ark of the covenant ; 
the symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. 

Pro-pi'tioiis (-pish'us), a. [Lat. propitius, probably fr. 
prope, near.] 1. Favorable ; kind. 52. Ready to forgive 
sins and bestow blessings. 3. Favorable. 

Syn. — Auspicious ; favorable; kind. —Auspicious (from the 
ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes " indicative ofsuc- 
cess," or" favored by incidental occurrences; " as, an auspicious 
opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which 
efficaciously protects us in some undertaking, speeds our exer- 
tions, and decides our success. 

Pro-pi'tioiis-ly (-pish'us), adv. In a propitious manner. 

Pro'po-lis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rpo7roA.i?, from npo, before, and 
7r6A.is, city.] A resinous substance of a reddish color, 
used by bees to stop crevices in their hives, &c. 

Pro-po'nent, n. [Lat. proponent, p. pr. of proponere , to 
propose.] One who makes a proposal, or lays down a 
proposition. 

Pro-por'tion, n. [Lat. proportio, from pro, before, and 
portio, part or share. See PORTION.] 1. Arrangement 
of parts ; relation of one portion to another, or to the 
whole, with respect to magnitude or quantity. 52. Equal 
or just share ; lot. 3. Symmetrical arrangement, dis- 
tribution, or adjustment. 4. (Math.) (a.) Equality or 
similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios. (b.\ 



food, f dot ; firn, r\jde, p\ill ; cell, cliaise, eall, e«h.o ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liJjlt; this. 



PROPORTION 



574 



PROSODIST 



The rule of three, in arithmetic, in which the three given 
terms, together with the one sought, are proportional. 
In proportion, according as; to the degree that. 
Syn. — Symmetry. — The idea of adaptation is common to 
both these words, but symmetry denotes beautiful adaptation, 
an idea not always embraced in the word proportion. 

Pro-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proportioned ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PROPORTIONING.] 1. To adjust in a 
suitable proportion. 2. To form with symmetry or suit- 
ableness. 

Pro-por'tion-a-lble, a. 1. Capable of being propor- 
tioned or made proportional. 2. Proportional. 

Pro-por'tion-a-ble-ness, n. State of being propor- 
tionable. 

Pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv • According to proportion or 
comparative relation. 

Pro-por'tion-al, a. 1. Having a due proportion or 
comparative relation. 2. Relating to, or securing, pro- 
portion. 3. (Math.) Having the game or a constant, 
ratio. 

Syn. — Proportionate; corresponding; symmetrical; suita- 
ble. 

Pro-por'tion-al, n. 1. (Mat h.) Any number or quan- 
tity in a proportion. 2. ( Chem.) The same as equiva- 
lent. See Equivalent. 

Pro-por'tion-al'i-ty , n. Quality of being in proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. In proportion ; in due degree. 

Pro-por'tion-ate, a. Adjusted to something else, ac- 
cording to a proportion. 

Syn. — Proportional; equal; symmetrical; corresponding. 

Pro-por'tion-ate, v . t. [imp. & p. p. proportion- 
ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. proportionating.] To make 
proportional ; to proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. In a proportionate manner. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-iiess, n. Suitableness of proportions. 

Pro-pog'al, n. That which is proposed, offered, or pro- 
pounded for consideration or acceptance. 

Syn. — Proposition ; offer ; proffer ; tender ; overture. See 
Proposition. 

^Pro-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. proposed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROPOSING.] [Lat. proponere, proposition, to 
put forth, to set or lay out, from pro, before, forth, and 
ponere, positum, to put, but influenced by Lat. pausare, 
to pause.] 1. To offer for consideration, discussion, ac- 
ceptance, or adoption. 2. To purpose ; to intend. [Re- 
cent.] 

Pro-poge', v. t. 1. To lay schemes. 2. To offer one's 
self in marriage. 

Pro-pog'er, n. One who makes a proposition. 

Prop'o-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. That which is pro- 
posed ; that which is offered, as for consideration, ac- 
ceptance, or adoption. 2. (Gram. & Logic.) A com- 
plete sentence ; a subject and predicate united by a 
copula. 3. (Math.) A statement in terms either of a 
truth to be demonstrated or of an operation to be per- 
formed. 

Syn. — Proposal. —Proposition and proposal mark different 
forms or stages of a negotiation. A proposition is something 
presented for discussion or consideration ; a proposal is some 
definite thing offered by one party to be accepted or rejected 
by the other. If the proposition is favorably received, it is usu- 
ally followed by proposals which complete the arrangement. 

Prop'o-gi'tion-al (-zlsh / un-), a. Pertaining to, or in 
the nature of, a proposition. 

Pro-pound', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROPOUNDED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROPOUNDING.] [Lat. proponere. See PRO- 
POSE.] 1. To lay before; to offer for consideration ; to 
propose. 2. (Congregational Churches.) To propose or 
name as a candidate for admission to communion with a 
church. 

Pro-pound'er, n. One who proposes or offers. 

Pro-prl'e-ta-ry, n. [See Propriety.] 1. A proprie- 
tor or owner. 2. A body of proprietors taken collec- 
tively. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, a. Pertaining to a proprietor. 

Pro-prl'e-tor, n. One who has the legal right or ex- 
clusive title to any thing, whether in possession or not ; 
an owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor-ship, n. State of being proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress, n. A female proprietor. 

Pro-prl'e-ty, n. [Lat. proprietas. See PROPERTY.] 

Suitableness to an acknowledged or correct standard or 

rule; consonance with established principles, rules, or 

customs. 

Syn. — Fitness; suitableness; decorum; justness; accuracy. 

Pro-pugn' (-pun'), v. t. [Lat. propugnare, from pro, for, 
and pugnare, to fight.]. To contend for; to defend; to 
vindicate. 



Pro-pugn'er (-pun'-), n. A defender ; a vindicator. 

Pro-pul'sion, n. [See Propel.] The act of driving 
forward. 

Pro-pul'sive, a. Tending or having power to propel. 

Pro'ro-ga'tion, n. Continuance of Parliament from 
one session to another ; adjournment. [Eng.] 

Pro-rogue', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prorogued ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROROGUING.] [Lat. prorogate, from Lat. pro, 
forward, and rogare, to ask one for his opinion, vote, or 
about a law.] 1. To protract ; to prolong ; to defer ; 
to delay. 2. To continue from one session to an- 
other ; to adjourn for an indefinite time ; — applied to the 
English Parliament. 

Syn. — To adjourn; postpone; defer. See Adjourn.. 

Pro-riip'tion, n. [Lat. proruptio, from prorumpere, pro- 
ruptum, to break or bvarst forth.] Act of bursting forth. 

Pro-ga'io, ) a. [Lat. prosaicus, from prosa, prose.] 1. 

Pro-ga'i-e-al, ) Pertaining to, or resembling, prose. 2. 
Hence, dull ; uninteresting ; prosy. 

Pro-ga'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a dull or prosaic manner. 

Pro'ga-igm (44), n. That which is in the form of prose 
writing. 

Pro'ga^-ist, n. A writer of prose. 

Pro-sce'ni-um, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rpocnojviov, from *rp6, be- 
fore, and <TKt)vr), a tent, a wooden stage, the stage.] 1. 
(Anc. Theater.) The stage. 2. (Modern Theater.) The 
part of the stage in front of the drop-scene. 

Pro-seribe', r. t. [imp. & p. p. proscribed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. proscribing.] [Lat. proscribere, proscriptum, 
from pro, before, and scribere, to write.] 1. To doom to 
destruction. 2. To denounce and condemn as danger- 
ous and not worthy of reception. 
Syn. — To denounce; outlaw; doom. 

Pro-s-erlfo'er, n. One who, or that which, proscribes. 

Pro-s-erip'tion, n. [See supra.] 1. Act of proscribing 
or dooming to death, exile, or outlawry. 2. State of be- 
ing proscribed. 

Syn. — Outlawry ; banishment ; condemnation ; denunci- 
ation. 

Pro-s-erip'tive, a. Pertaining to, or consisting in, pro- 
scription ; proscribing. 

Proge, n. [Lat. prosa, equiv. to Lat. prorsa (sc. oratio), 
from prorsus, straight forward, straight on, for proversus, 
from pro, forward, and versus, p. p. of vertere, to turn.] 
The natural language of man ; language not in verse. 

Proge, v. i. 1. To write prose. 2. To talk in a dull, 
prosy, tedious manner. 

Proge, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose. 2. 
Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics. 

Pros'e-eu.t'a-'ble, a. Capable of being prosecuted. 

Pros'e-eiite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prosecuted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROSECUTING.] [Lat. prosequi, prosecutus, fr. 
pro, forward, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To follow or pur- 
sue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish. 2. To 
seek to obtain by legal process. 3. (Law.) To accuse of 
some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or 
punishment, before a legal tribunal. 

Syn.— To continue; pursue; persist; follow; carry on ; 
criminate. 

Pros'e-eiite, v. i. To carry on a legal prosecution. 

Pros'e-eii'tion, n. 1. Act or process of prosecuting, 
or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something. 2. 
(Law.) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a 
court of law. 

Pros'e-eu/tor, n. One who prosecutes. 

Pros'e-lyte, n. [Lat. proselytus, Gr. TrpocnjAvros, a new 
comer, esp. one who has come over from heathenism to 
the Jewish religion, from irpoo-ipxeo-Oai, to come to.] A 
convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some par- 
ticular opinion, system, or party. 
Syn. — See Convert. 

Pros'e-lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselyted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. proselyting.] To cause to become converted 
to some religion, opinion, or system. 

Pros'e-ly-tI§m, n. Act of proselyting ; the making of 
converts. 

Pros'e-ly-tize, v. i. To make converts or proselytes. 

Pi'og'er, n. 1. A writer of prose. 2. A tedious writer 
or speaker. 

Prog'i-ly, adv. In a prosy manner ; tediously. 

Prog'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being prosy. 

Pro-glav'er-y, a. In favor of slavery. 

Pro-so'di-al, ) a. [Lat. prosodiacus, Gr. irpoerwSiKo?.] 

Pro-sod'ie-al, ) Pertaining to prosody ; according to 
the rules of prosody. 

Pro-so'di-an, n. One skilled in prosody ; a prosodist. 

Pros'o-dist, n. One who understands prosody. 



S, e, Sidelong; a, e, &o., short; care, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veil, term ; p'ique, i irm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



PROSODY 



575 



PROTOPLAST 



PrSs'o-dy, n. [Lat. prosodia, Gr. irpocruSCa, a song sung 
to or with, an accompanying song, the accent accompany- 
ing the pronunciation, from 7rpos, to, and o56>j, song, 
ode.] That part of grammar which treats of the quan- 
tity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versifica- 
tion. 

JPrds'o-po-po&'id (-pe'ya), n. [Lat. ; Gr. Trpocrwrroiroua, 
from 7rp6(rco7rov, a face, a person, and 7roietv, to make.] 
(Rhet.) A figure by which things are represented as per- 
sons, or an absent person is introduced as speaking. 

PrSs'pect, n. [Lat. prospectus, from prospicere, prospec- 
tum, to look forward, from pro, before, forward, and 
specere, sphere, to look, to see.] 1. That which is em- 
braced by the eye in vision ; view. 2. Especially, a pict- 
uresque or widely extended view ; a landscape. 3. A 
position which affords a fine view ; a lookout. 4. Posi- 
tion of the front of a building. 5. Anticipation ; ground 
or reason for hoping. 6. Expectation. 

Pros'peet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prospected ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. prospecting.] To search or examine for. 
[Amer.] 

Pros'pe-et, v. i. To make a search ; to seek. [Amer.] 

Pro-spee'tion, n. The act of looking forward, or of 
providing for future wants. 

Pros-peet'Ive, a. 1. Looking forward in time ; acting 
with foresight. 2. Respecting or relating to the future. 

Pro-sp&e'tus, n. [Lat., a prospect, sight, view.] Plan 
of a literary work, containing the general subject or de- 
sign, terms of publication, &c. 

Pros'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prospered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROSPERING.] [Lat. prosperare, from Lat. pros- 
per or prosperus. See Prosperous.] To favor ; to 
render successful. 

Pros'per, v. i. To be successful ; to make gain. 
Syn.— To succeed; flourish; thrive; advance. 

Pros-per'i-ty, n. Advance or gain in any thing good or 
desirable '; successful progress in any business or enter- 
prise. 

Syn. — Success; good fortune; thrift; prosperousness; weal; 
welfare; well-being; happiness. 

Pros'per-otis, a. [Lat. prosperus or prosper, orig. an- 
swering to hope, from pro, according to, and sperare, to 
hope.] 1. Tending or permitted to prosper ; succeeding 
in the pursuit of any thing desirable. 2. Favoring 
success. 

Syn. — Fortunate; successful; flourishing; thriving; favor- 
able; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. 

Pr5s'per-ous-ly, adv. In a prosperous manner. 

Pros'per-oiis-ness, n. State of being prosperous. 

Pros' thesis , n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rp6cr0ea-ts, from irpocrTtOevai, 
to put to, to add, from 7rpos, to, and TiQevcu, to put, place.] 
1. ( Surg. ) The addition of an artificial part to supply a 
defect of the body. 2. ( Gram.) A figure consisting in 
prefixing one or more letters to the beginning of a word. 

PrSs'ti-tute (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prostituted ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. prostituting.] [Lat. prostituere,pros- 
titutum, from pro, before, forth, and statuere, to put, 
place.] 1. To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use. 2. 
Hence, to devote to base or unworthy purposes. 

Pros'ti-tute, a. Openly devoted to lewdness ; devoted 
to base or infamous purposes. 

Pros'ti-tute, n. 1. A woman given to indiscriminate 
lewdness; a strumpet. 2. Hence, a base hireling. 

Pros'ti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act or practice of prostituting ; 
common lewdness of a female. 2. Hence, the act of 
setting one's self to sale, or of devoting to infamous pur- 
poses what is in one's power. 

Pros'ti-tu'tor, n. One who prostitutes. 

Pros'trate, a. [See infra.] 1. Lying at length, or with 
the body stretched out. 2. Occupying a humble, lowly, 
or suppliant position. 

Pros'trate, f. t. [imp. & p. p. prostrated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROSTRATING.] [Lat. prosternere, prostratum, 
from pro, before, forward, and sterncre, to stretch out, to 
throw down.] 1. To lay or fall fiat ; to throw down. 2. 
To cause to sink totally ; to reduce. 

Pros-tra'tion, n. [See supra.] 1. Act of prostrating ; 
act of throwing or falling down, or laying fiat. 2. Con- 
dition of being prostrate ; great depression. 3. {Med.) 
Great_oppression of natural strength and vigor. 

Prostyle, n. [Gr. npoo-TvXos, from npo, before, and 
otOAos, pillar, column.] (Arch.) A portico in which the 
columns stand in advance of the building to which they 
belong. 

Prog'y, a. [compar. PROSIER ; superl. PROSIEST.] 1. 
Like prose. 2. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing, 

Pro-syl'lo-gigm, n. (Logic.) A syllogism preliminary 



or logically essential to another syllogism ; the conclusion 
of such a syllogism- 

JProt'a-sts, n. [Lat. ; Gr. irp6rao-i<i, from npoTeiveiv, to 
stretch before, forward, from irpo, before, forward, and 
reiveiv, to stretch.] 1. A proposition ; a maxim. 2. 
( Gram.) The subordinate member of a sentence, gener- 
ally of a conditional sentence. 

Pro'te-an, a. Pertaining to Proteus, a sea-god who had 
the faculty of assuming different shapes; hence, readily 
changing the form or appearance. 

Pro-teet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. protected ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROTECTING.] [Lat. protegere, protectum, from 
pro, before, and tegere, to cover.] To cover or shield 
from danger or injury. 

Syn. — To defend ; guard ; shield ; preserve ; save ; secure. 
See Defend. 

Pro-tge'tion, n. 1. Act of protecting ; preservation 
from loss, injury, or annoyance. 2. State of being pro- 
tected. 3. That which protects or preserves from in" 
jury. 4. A writing that protects. 

Syn. — Preservation ; defense ; guard ; shelter ; refuge ; 
security ; safety. 

Pro-tee'tion-ist, n. One who favors the protection of 
some branch of industry by legal enactments. 

Pro-teet'Ive, a. Affording protection ; sheltering. 

Pro-teet'or, n. One who defends or shields from injury, 
evil, or oppression. 
Syn. — A guardian; preserver; defender; savior; supporter. 

Pro-teet'or-ate, n. 1. Government by a protector, 
2. The authority assumed by a superior power over an 
inferior or a dependent one. 

Pro-teet'or-sliip, n. The office of a protector or regent. 

Pro-teet'ress, n. A woman who protects. 

Protege" (pro'ta-zha/), n. [Ft., p. p. of protdger. See 
Protect.] One under the care and protection of 
another. 

Protegee (pro'ta/zha'), n. [Pr.] A woman or girl undei. 
the protection of another. 

Pro-test' (115), v. i. [imp. & p. p. protested ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. PROTESTING.] [Lat. protestari, from pro, be- 
fore, and testari, to testify.] 1. To affirm in a public 
or formal manner. 2. To make a solemn declaration 
(usually a written one) expressive of opposition. 

Syn. — To affirm ; asseverate; assert; aver; attest; testify; 
declare ; profess. See Affirm. 

Pro-test', v. t. To make a solemn declaration or affirma- 
tion of. 

To protest a bill or note (Law), to make a solemn written dec- 
laration, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable, for 
any loss or damage to be sustained by the non-acceptance or 
the non-payment of the bill or note. 

Pro'test, n. 1. A solemn declaration of opinion, com- 
monly against some act ; especially, a declaration in 
writing of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative 
body. 2. (Law.) A solemn declaration in writing, 
made by a notary public, on behalf of the holder of a 
bill or note, protesting against all parties liable for any 
loss or damage by the non-acceptance or non-payment 
of the bill, or by the non-payment of the note. 

Prot'est-ant, a. 1. Making a protest. 2. Pertaining 
to the faith and practice of those who protest against the 
church of Rome. 

Prot'est-ant, n. One who protests against the doc- 
trines and practices of the Roman Catholic church. 

Pr5t'est-ant-i§m, n. The Protestant religion. 

Prot'es-ta'tion, n. Act of making a protest or publia 
avowal; a solemn declaration, especially of dissent. 

Pro-test'er, n. One who protests or makes a protest. 

Pro-thon'o-ta-ry, n. [Lat. protonotarius , from Gr. 
7rpwTos, first, and Lat. notarius, a short-hand writer, 
scribe, notary.] 1. A chief notary or clerk. 2. A 
register or chief clerk of a court, in particular States. 
[Amer.] 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of twelve per- 
sons constituting a college, who receive the last wills of 
cardinals, &c. 

Pro'to-col, n. [Low Lat. protocollum, from Late Gr. 
TrpwroKoAAov, the first leaf glued to the rolls of papyrus 
and the notarial documents, on which the date was 
written, from 7rp'OTOs, the first, and /coAAa, glue.} 1. 
Original copy of any writing, as of a treaty. 2. Rough 
draught of an instrument or transaction. 

Pro'to-mar'tyr, n. [Gr. npu>T6p.a.pTvp, from 7rpwTO*, 
first, and fidprvp, martyr.] 1. The first martyr, Stephen. 
2. The first who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause. 

Pro'to-pl&st, n. [Gr. 7rp«T07rAao-To?, formed or created 
first, from wpwTos, first, and irAacrrds, formed.] The 
thing first formed, as a copy to be imitated : an original. 



food, fc>bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



PROTOTYPE 



576 



PROVOKE 



Pro'to-type, n. [Lat. protolypus, Gr. trpunorvno? , rrpu- 
TOTV7rov, fir. 7rpcoTos, first, and tvttos, type, model.] An 
original or model after which any thing is copied \ pat- 
tern ; exemplar ; archetype. 

Pro'to-zo'an, n. [Gr. npioTos, first, and £wov, an animal.] 
(Zo'tiL) An animal of the lowest class, distinguished by 
its simplicity of structure. The protozoans include the 
sponges, and many of the so-called animalcules. 

Pro'to-zo'ie, a. (Zo'tiL) Of, or pertaining to, the pro- 
tozoa. 

Pro-traet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. protracted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PROTRACTING.] [Lat. protrahere, protractum, 
from pro, forward, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw 
out or lengthen in time ; to continue. 2. To put off to 
a distant time. 3. (Surv.) To lay down with scale and 
protractor. 
Syn. — To prolong ; delay ; defer ; postpone ; retard. 

Pro-traet'er, n. One who protracts or lengthens in 
time. 

Pro-trae'tion, n. 1. Act of drawing out or continuing 
in time. 2. ( Surv.) Act of plotting or laying down on 
paper the dimensions of any thing, as a field. 3. That 
which is protracted, or plotted on paper. 

Pro-tra«t'ive, a. Drawing out or lengthening in time ; 
prolonging ; continuing ; delaying. 

Pro-traet'or, n. 1. One who protracts. 2. A math- 
ematical instrument for laying down and measuring 
angles on paper. 3. (Surg.) An instrument used in 
extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound. 

Pro-trude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. protruded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROTRUDING.] [Lat. protrude.re, protrusum, from 
pro, forward, forth, and trudere, to thrust.] To thrust 
out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement. 

Pro-trude', v. i. To shoot forward ; to be thrust forward. 

Pro-tru'§ion, n. 1. Act of thrusting forward, or beyond 
the usual limit. 2. State of being protruded. 

Pro-tru'sive, a. Thrusting or impelling forward. 

Pro-tu'her-ance, n. [See infra.] Any thing swelled or 
pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface ; a 
projection. [surface ; swelling. 

Pro-tu'ber-ant, a. Prominent beyond the surrounding 

Pro-tii'ber-ate, v. i. [Lat. protuberare, protuberatum , 
from pro, forward, forth, and tuber, a hump, swelling, 
protuberance.] To swell or be prominent beyond the 
adjacent surface ; to bulge out. 

Pro-tu/ber-a'tion, n. The act of swelling beyond the 
surrounding surface. 

Proud a. [compar. PROUDER ; superl. PROUDEST.] 
[A.-S. 'prut, Icel. prudr, urbane, civil, handsome.] 1. 
Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; 
especially, possessing or showing inordinate self esteem. 
2. Giving reason or occasion for pride, self-gratulation, 
or boasting. 3. Excited by the animal appetite ; — said 
of the female of some animals. 

Proud ftesh (Zled.), a fungous growth or excrescence of flesh 
in a wound or ulcer. 

Syn. — Conceited ; arrogant; supercilious; lofty; splendid; 
ostentatious. 

Proudly, adv. With an inordinate self-esteem; in a 
proud manner ; haughtily ; ostentatiously. 

Prov'a-ble, a. Capable of being proved. 

Prove (probv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROVED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROVING.] [Lat. probare, to try, approve, prove, 
from probus, good, proper.] 1. To try or ascertain by 
an experiment, or by a test or standard. 2. To evince, 
establish, or ascertain as truth, reality, or fact, by argu- 
ment, testimony, or other evidence. 3. To ascertain the 
genuineness or validity of. 

Syn. - To argue; try; test; verify; justify; confirm ; estab- 
lish ; evince ; manifest ; show ; demonstrate. 

Prove (probv), v. i. 1. To make trial. 2. To be found 
by experience or trial. 3. To be ascertained by the 
event subsequent. 

Prov'en (probv'n), p. p. The same as PROVED, p. p. of 
prove. [A Scotticism.] 

Prov'en-der, n. [Pr. provende, provisions, provender, 
from Lat. providere. Norm. Fr. provendre, a prebend, 
provender, a prebendary, from Lat. prxbere.] Dry food 
for beasts, as corn, hay, and oats; also, a mixture of 
meal and cut straw or hay. 

Pro'ver (probv'er), n. One who, or that which, proves. 

Prov'erb, n. [Lat. proverbium, f^—..pro, before, for, and 
verbum, a word.] 1. An old and common saying ; es- 
pecially, a sentence briefly and forcibly expressing some 
practical truth. 2. A striking or paradoxical assertion ; 
an enigma. 3. A by-word ; an expression of contempt. 
Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism s apothegm ; adage ; saw. 



Pro-verb'i-al, a. I. Mentioned or comprised in a prov- 
erb ; hence, universally acknowledged or spoken of. 2. 
Pertaining to proverbs ; resembling, or suitable to, a 
proverb. 

Pro-verb'i-al-i§m, n. A proverbial phrase. 

Pro-verb'i-al-ist, n. One who speaks proverbs. 

Pro-verb'i-al-ly , adv. In a proverb ; hence, commonly ; 
universally. 

Pro-vide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. provided ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PROVIDING.] [Lat. providere, provisum, from pro, 
before, and videre, to see.] 1. To look out for in ad- 
vance ; to get, collect, or make ready for future use ; to 
prepare. 2. To furnish ; to supply. 

Pro-vide', v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means of 
defense. 2. Hence, to furnish ; to afford. 3. To stipulate 
previously. 

Pro-vid'ed, conj. On condition; by stipulation; with 
the understanding ; if; — followed by that. 

Prov'i-dence, n. [See infra.] 1. Act of providing or 
preparing for future use or application. 2. Especially, 
the foresight and care which God exercises over his 
creatures ; hence, God, regarded as exercising forecast, 
care, and direction, for and on his creatures. 

Prov'i-desat, a. [Lat. providens, p. pr. of providere. See 
Provide.] Foreseeing wants and making provision to 
supply them. 

Syn. — Forecasting ; cautious ; careful ; prudent ; frugal ; 
economical. 

Prov'i-den'tial, a. Effected by the providence of God ; 
referable to divine providence. 

Prov'i-den'tial-ly, adv. In a providential manner. 

Prov'i-dent-ly, adv. In a provident mauner ; with 
prudent foresight. 

Pro-vid'er, n. One who provides or furnishes. 

Prov'ince, n. [Lat. provincia, from pro, before, for, and 
vincere, to conquer.] 1. A country or region dependent 
on a distant authority ; a portion of an empire, or state, 
remote from the capital. 2. Hence, a region of country ; 
a tract ; a large extent. 3 . A region which comes under 
the supervision or direction of any special person. 4. A 
division in any department of knowledge or speculation. 
5. One's proper or appropriate business, duty, or calling. 

Pro-viu'cial, a. 1. Pertaining to a province, or relating 
to it. 2. Appendant to the principal kingdom or state. 
3 . Exhibiting the ways or manners of a province ; coun- 
trified ; rude. 

Pro-vin'cial, n. 1. A person belonging to a province. 2. 
(Rom. Catk. Church.) A monastic superior, who has the 
direction of all the religious houses of the same fraternity 
in a given district. 

Pro-vin'cial-igm, n. A peculiar word or manner of 
speaking in a province or district, remote from the prin- 
cipal country or from the metropolis. 

Pro-vin'ci-al'i-ty ( -shl-aP-), n. Peculiarity of language 
in a province. 

Pro-vig'ion (-vizVun), n. [Lat. provisio. See Pro- 
vide.] 1. Act of providing or making previous prep- 
aration. 2o That which is provided or prepared ; meas- 
ures taken beforehand. 3. Especially, a stock of food ; 
eatables collected or stored ; — often in the plural. 4. A 
condition ; a previous agreement ; a proviso. 5. A tem- 
porary arrangement. 

Pro-vig'ion (-vizh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. provis- 
ioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. provisioning.] To supply 
with victuals or food. 

Pro-vig'ion-al (-vizh'un-), a. Provided for present need 
or for the occasion ; temporary. 

Pro-vig'ion-al-ly, adv. By way of provision ; tem- 
porarily. 

Pro-vlg'ion-a-ry, a. [See supra.] Provisional. 

Pro-vi'go, n. ; pi. PRO-vPgos. [Lat., it being provided, 
abl. of provisus, p. p. of providere. See PROVIDE.] A 
conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, con- 
tract, law, grant, or the like. 

Pro-vi'gor, n. [See Provide.] The purveyor, steward, 
or treasurer of a religious house. 

Pro-vl'go-ry, a. 1. Containing a proviso or condition; 
conditional. 2. Making temporary provision ; temporary. 

Prov'o-ea'tion, n. [Lat. provocatio. See Provoke.] 
1. Act of provoking. 2. That which provokes or ex- 
cites anger. 

Pro-vo'-ea-tive, a. Serving or tending to provoke, ex- 
cite or stimulate. 

Pro-vo'«a-tive,». Anything that tends to provoke, 
excite, or stimulate ; a stimulant. 

Pro-voke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. provoked (pro-vokt/, 
108); p. pr. & vb. n. PROVOKING.] [Lat. provocare, 
frompro, forth, and vocare, to call.] 1. To call forth f 



a,e,&c.,Zo»g-; a, 6, &c, short; e&re, far , aslt, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; piique,firm; son, dr,dg, wolf, 
i 



PROVOKER 



577 



PTOLEMAIC 



to excite or stimulate to action. 2. Especially, to arouse 
to anger or passion ; to incense ; to offend. 

Syn.— To irritate ; arouse ; stir up ; awake; excite; incite; 
anger. See Irritate. 

Pro-Tok'er, n. One who, or that which, provokes. 

Prov'ost (prov'ust), n. [From Lat. propositus, placed 
before, a chief, from prseponere, to place before, from 
prx, before, and ponere, to set or place; A.-S. prafost, 
prufast.] A person who is appointed to superintend or 
preside over something ; the chief magistrate of a city or 
town ; the head of a college. 

Provost-marshal (usually pronounced pro-vo') {Mil.), an 
officer appointed to arrest and secure deserters and other crim- 
inals, to indict offenders, &c. 

Prov'ost-ship, n. The office of a provost. 

Prow (prou), n. [Fr. proue, Lat. prora, Gr. irpu>pa.] 
The fore part of a ship. 

Prow'ess (prou'es), n. [0. Fr. proer.e,proeisse,proesce, 
N. Fr. prouesse, fr. Lat. probus, good, excellent.] Dis- 
tinguished bravery ; valor ; especially, military bravery ; 
gallantry. 

Prowl (proul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROWLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PROWLING.] [0. Eng. prolle, prole, fr. a hypoth. 
O. Fr. proielcr, dim. of proier, Lat. prxdari, to plunder, 
from prxda, prey.] To rove over, through, or about. 

Prowl, v. i. 1. To rove or wander, especially for prey. 
2. Hence, to prey ; to plunder. 

Prowl'er, n. One that prowls or roves about for prey. 

Pr5x'i-mate, a [Lat. proximatus, p. p. of proximare, 
to draw or come near, fr. proximus, the nearest, next, 
superl. of propior, nearer, and the obs. propis, near.] 
Next immediately preceding or following. 
Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct. 

Prox'i-mate-ly, adv. In a proximate position or man- 
ner. 

Prox-im/i-ty, n. State of being next in time, place, 
causation, or influence, &c. [month. 

Prox'i-mo, n. [Lat., on the next.] A day of the next 

Prox'y, n. [Contr. from procuracy . Cf. Proctor.] 1. 
The agency of one who acts as a substitute for another 
or his principal. 2. One who is substituted or deputed 
to act for ar: other. 3. A writing by which one person 
authorizes another to vote in his place. 

Prox'y-ship. n. The office or agency of a proxy. 

Prude, n. [Fr. prude, prudish, orig. discreet, modest, 
fr'.'Lat. probus, good, proper, excellent, virtuous, but in- 
fluenced by Lat. prudens, prudent.] A woman of affected 
or over-sensitive modesty or reserve. 

Pru'dence, n. [See infra.} State of being prudent ; 
wisdom applied to practice. 

Syn. — Wisdom; forecast: providence; considerateness; ju- 
diciousness; discretion; caution; circumspection; judgment. 

Pru'dent, a. [Lat. prudens, contr. from providens. See 
Provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting means to ends ; 
practically wise ; careful. 2. Dictated or directed by 
prudence. 3. Frugal ; economical. 

Syn.— Cautious; wary; circumspect; considerate; discreet; 
judicious; provident. 

Pru-den'tial, a. 1. Proceeding from prudence ; dic- 
tated or prescribed by prudence. 2. Exercising pru- 
dence ; discretionary j advisory. [prudently. 

Pru-den'tial-ly, adv. In conformity with prudence ; 

Pru'dent-ly, adv. In a prudent manner ; with pru- 
dence ; discreetly ; wisely ; frugally. 

Prud'er-y, n. [See Prude.] Quality or state of being 
prudish ; affected scrupulousness ; coyness. 

Prud'ish, a. Like a prude ; very formal, precise, or 
reserved. 

Prune, v. t. [imp- & p. p. pruned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PRUNING.] [0. Eng. proine, proigne, fr. Fr. provigner, to 
lay down vine stocks for propagation. See PREEN.] 1. 
To lop or cut off, as the superfluous branches of trees ; 
to trim. 2. To dress or trim, as a bird its feathers. 

Prune, v.i. To dress ; to prink. 

Prune, n. [Lat. prunum, a plum, prunus, a plum-tree, 
Gr. npovvov, npovp.vov, a plum, npovvos, npovp.vos, 
irpovv-q, the plum-tree.] A dried plum ; sometimes, also, 
a fresh plum. 

Pru-nel'la, I n. [Prob. so called from its color resem- 

Pru-neTlo, j bling that of prunes. See infra.'] A 
smooth, woolen stuff, generally black, used for making 
shoes or garments ; a kind of lasting. 

Pru-nel'lo, n. [Dim. of prune, Lat. prunum. See 
Prune.] A species of dried plum. [perfluous. 

Prun'er, n. One who prunes, or removes what is su- 

Prii-nif' er-ous, a. [Lat. prunum, a plum, and ferre, to 
bear.] Bearing plums. 



Prun'ing.hdbk, ) n. A cutting instrument used 

Prun'ing-lcmfe (-nTf), j in pruning trees. 

Priin'ing- shears, n. pi. Shears for pruning trees, &c. 

Pr^i'ri-ence ) (89), n. State of being prurient ; an 

Prii'ri-en-cy j itching desire or appetite for any 
thing. 

Pru'ri-ent, a. [Lat. pruriens, p. pr. of prurire, to itch.] 
Uneasy with desire ; itching. [prurigo. 

Pru-rig'i-noils, a. Tending to, or caused or affected by, 

Pru-ri'go, n. [Lat., from prurire, to itch.] (Med.) A 
papular disease of the skin, of which itching is the prin- 
cipal symptom. [pertaining to, Prussia. 

Prus'sian (prush'an or prob'shan), a. (Geog.) Of, or 
Prussian blue (Chem.), cyanide of potassium and iron, a salt 
of a beautiful deep blue, much used as a pigment. 

Prus'sian (prush'an or prob'shan), n. ( Geog.) A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Prussia. 

Priis'si-ate, or Prus'si-ate, n. [N. Lat. prussias, 
prussiatis.] ( Chem.) One of various compound cyanides. 

Prus'si-e (prus'ik or prob'sik), a. Pertaining to Prussian 
blue. 

Prussia acid, hydrocyanic acid, formerly so called because 
obtained from prussian blue. It is a virulent poison. 

Pry, v. i. [Perhaps contr. from per-eye, to eye or look 
through.] To inspect closely ; to attempt to discover 
that which is hidden or inaccessible. 

Pry, n. [A corruption of prize, q. v.] A lever. 

Pry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PRYING.] 
To raise, or attempt to raise, with a lever ; to prize. 
[Arme.] 

Psalm (s'am),n. [Lat. psalmus ,psalma,Gv. \f/akfji6s , y6.\p.a, 
from \{/d\XeLV, to play on a stringed instrument, to sing 
to the cithara.] 1. A sacred song. 2. Especially, one 
of the hymns by David and others, contained in one of 
the books of the Bible ; or, a modern versification of such 
a hymn. 

Psalm'ist (sam'ist), n. A writer of sacred songs; — a 
title particularly applied to David. 

Psal'mo-dist, n. One who sings sacred songs. 

Psal'mo-dy (sal'mo-dy), n. [Gr. i/zaAfxcoSia, from xf/aX.- 
jaos, psalm, and tofiij, a song, an ode.]" 1. Act, practice, 
or art of singing' psalms or sacred songs. 2. Psalms 
considered collectively. 

Psal-mog'ra-phy (sal-), n. Act or practice of writing 
psalms or sacred songs and hymns. 

Psal'ter (sawVter), n. The Book of Psalms ; especially, 
the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of Common 
Prayer. 

Psal'ter-y (sawl'ter-y), n. [Lat psalterium. SeePsALM 
and Psalter.] A stringed instrument of music used 
by the Hebrews. 

Pseu'do-nj'm (su'do-), n. [Gr. i^evSifc,. false, and ovvjxa, 
ovofAa, name.] A fictitious name assumed for the time, 
as by an author. [name. 

Pseu-don'y-mous (su-), a. Bearing a false or fictitious 

Pseu'do-seope (su'do-), n. [Gr. ^/euSijs, false, and 
o-Konelv, to see.] (Opt.) An instrument which exhibits 
the objects with their proper relief reversed. 

Pshaw (shaw), inter j. Pish! pooh! — an exclamation 
expressive of contempt, disdain, or dislike. 

J > so t I'd (so'ra,), n. [Lat. ; Gr. i//wpa, fr. xjjdeiv, \pdetv, to rub.] 
(Med.) A cutaneous disease ; especially, the itch. 

Psy'ehie \ (sl'kik), a. [Lat. psychievs, Gr. i/zux 1 * ^ fr - 

Psy'-ehie-al j \j/vx^,the soul, mind.] Of, or pertain- 
ing to, the human soul ; relating to the living principle 
in man. 

Psf ^ho-lo^'i-e } (si'ko-), a. Pertaining to psychol- 

Psy'eho-log'ie-al ) ogy. 

Psy-ehol'o-glst (si-kol/-), n. One who is versed in the 
nature and properties of the soul, or who writes on the 
subject. 

Psy-ehol'o-gy (si-kol'-), n. [Gr. tyvxn, . ttie soul > mind, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise on the human soul ; 
the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and 
functions of the human soul, so far as they are known 
by consciousness. 

Psy'eho-man / cy (si'ko-), n. [Gr. \pvxn, the soul, and 
/uavTeca, divination.] Divination by consulting the souls 
of the dead. 

Ptar'ml-gan (tar'mi-gan), n. 
[Gael, tarmachan, Iv.tarmochan, 
tarmonach.] ( Ornith.) A bird of 
the grouse family, having the 
feet feathered to the toes. Ptar- 
migans haunt the lofty heights 
of mountainous countries in Eu- 
rope, Asia, and America 

PtoFe-ma'ie (toPe-ma'ik), a. Ptarmigan. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get 
37 



a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 






PTYALISM 



578 



PUKE 



Pertaining to Ptolemy, an ancient geographer and as- 
tronomer who supposed the earth to be fixed in the cen- 
ter of the universe, with the sun and stars revolving 
around it. 

Pty'a-ligm (ti'a-llzm), n. [Gr. TrrvaAi o>w, fr. irruaXi^eiv, 
to spit much, from 7rrvaAov, spittle.] (Med.) A morbid 
and copious excretion of saliva ; salivation. 

Pu'ber-ty, n. [Lat. pubertas, from puber,pubes, adult.] 
The age at which persons are capable of begetting or 
bearing children, being, in temperate climates, about 
fourteen years in males, and twelve in females. 

Pu-bes'cence, n. 1. State of a youth who has arrived 
at puberty ; or the state of puberty. 2. (Bot.) The 
soft, short hairs on plants. 

Pu-bes'cent, a. [Lat. pubescens, p. pr. of pubesc ere , to 
reach the age of puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, from 
pubes, hair.] 1. Arriving at puberty. 2. (Bot.) Cov- 
ered with pubescence, as the leaves of plants. 

Piib'lie, a. [Lat. publicus, poblicus, poplicus, contr. 
from populicus, from populus, people.] 1. Pertaining to 
the people ; relating to a nation, state or community. 
2. Hence, open to the knowledge of all. 3. Open to 
common use. 

Syn. — Common; current; general; notorious. 

Pub'li-e, 11. The general body of mankind, or of a na- 
tion, state, or community ; the people, indefinitely. 
In public, in open view ; before the people at large. 

Pub'li-ean, n. [Lat. publir.anus. Bee supra.] 1. (Rom. 
Antiq.) A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; 
hence, a collector of tribute. 2. The keeper of an inn 
or public house. 

Pub'li-ea/tioii, n. [Lat. publicatio. See Publish.] 

1. Act of publishing or making known. 2. Act of offer- 
ing a hook or writing to the public by sale or by gratui- 
tous distribution. 3. Any pamphlet or book offered for 
6ale or to public notice. 

Syn. — Proclamation ; annunciation ; disclosure ; revela- 
tion. 

Pub'li-cist, ». A writer on the laws of nature and na- 
tions. 

Pub-llc'i-ty, n. State of being public or open to the 
knowledge of a community ; notoriety. 

Pub'li-e-ly, adc. 1. Without concealment. 2. In the 
name of the community. 

Piib'lish, t\ t. [imp. & p.p. published (pub'lisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PUBLISHING-.] [Lat. publkare. See PUB- 
LIC] 1. To make public; to divulge, as a private 
transaction; to promulgate or proclaim, as a law or 
edict. 2. To make known by posting, or by reading in 
a church. 3. To put forth, as a book or other literary 
work. 4. To utter or put into circulation. 

Syn.— To announce ; proclaim ; advertise ; declare ; pro- 
mulgate; disclose; divulge; reveal. See Announce. 

Pub'lish-er, n. 1. One who publishes or makes known. 

2. One who puts forth, or prints and offers a book, 
pamphlet, or the like, for sale. 

Pub'lish-ment, n. 1. Act of making publicly known. 
2. A public notice of intended marriage. 

Puce, a. [Fr., from^wcp, a flea, Lat. pulex,pulicis.] Of 
a dark brown or brownish -purple color. 

Pu'ce-ran, n. [Fr., from puce, a flea. See Puce.] 
(Entom.) The Aphis, vine-fretter, or plant-louse. 

Piick'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. puckered ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. PUCKERING.] [Eng. poke, a pocket, small bag, q. 
v.] To gather into small folds or wrinkles ; to corrugate. 

Piick'er, n. 1. A fold or wrinkle, or a collection of 
folds. 2. A state of perplexity ; confusion ; bother. 
[Colloq. Amer.] 

Piid'de^, n. [See POTHER.] A tumult; a confused 
noise ; a bustle. 

Pud'ding, ii. [Fr. boudin, Lat. botulus, dim. botellus, a 
s'ausage ; W. poten, potten. Cf. POUT.] 1. A kind of 
food soft or moderately hard, variously made, but often 
a compound of flour, with milk and eggs. 2. Any thing 
resembling pudding. 

Pud'ding-stone, n. (Min.) A coarse rock, composed 
of silicious or other pebbles, united by a cement ; con- 
glomerate. 

Piid'dle, n. [L. Ger. pudel. Cf. Pool.] 1. A small 
quantity of dirty standing water. 2. A mixture of clay 
and sand, worked together with water, until it is imper- 
vious to water. 

Piid'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUDDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PUDDLING.] 1. To make foul or muddy. 2. To make 
thick or close with clay, sand, and water, so as to render 
impervious to water 3. To subject to the process of 



puddling, as iron, to convert it from the condition of oast 
iron to that of wrought iron. 

Piid'dling, n. 1. Act of rendering impervious to water 
by means of clay, as a canal. 2. (Metal.) Decarboniza- 
tion of cast iron ; the process of converting cast iron in- 
to wrought or malleable iron. 

Pud'dly, a. Consisting of, or resembling, puddles ; 
muddy ; foul ; dirty. 

Pu-dic'i-ty, n. [Lat. pudicitia, from pudcre, to be 
ashamed.] Modesty ; chastity. 

Pti'er-ile, a. [Lat. puerillis, from puer, a child, a boy.] 
Boyish ; trifling ; childish. 

Syn. — Youthful ; juvenile.— Puerile is always used in a bad 
sense, or at leastin the sense of what is suitable toaboy only, as 
puerile objections, puerile amusements. &c. Juvenih is some- 
times taken in a bad sense (though less strong than puerile), as 
when speaking of youth in contrast with manhood, as juvenile 
tricks, a.. juvenile performance. Youthful is commonly employed 
in a Rood sense, as youthful aspirations, or at least" by way of 
extenuating, as youthful indiscretions. 

Pu'er-il'i-ty, a. 1. Quality of being puerile ; childish- 
ness. 2. That which is puerile ; especially, an expres- 
sion which is flat, insipid, or childish. 

Pu-er'per-al, a. [From Lat. pucrpera, abing-in woman, 
from puer, child, boy, and parere, to bear.] Pertaining 
to childbirth. 

Puff , 11. [Ger. puff, D. pof, bof, a puff, blow, thump.] 

1. A sudden and single emission of breath from the 
mouth; hence, any sudden or short blast of wind ; a 
whiff. 2. Any thing light and filled with air; as, (a.) 
A dry, fungous ball containing dust. (6.) Acertainkind 
of light pastry, (c.) A substance of loose texture for 
sprinkling powder on the hair or skin. 3. Hence, an ex- 
aggerated expression of praise, especially one in a publio 
journal. 

Puff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. puffed (piift) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PUFFING.] 1. To blow with short and sudden whiffs. 

2. To blow, as an expression of scorn or contempt. 3. 
To breathe with vehemence. 4. To swell with air. 5. 
To breathe in a swelling or pompous manner ; hence, to 
assume importance. 

Puff, v.t. 1. To drive with a puff. 2. To drive away 

in scorn or contempt. 3. To dilate with air ; to blow 

up. 4. To inflate with pride, flattery, or self-esteem, or 

the like. 5. To praise with exaggeration. 
Puff '-ball, it. A fungus or nrashroom full of dust. 
Puff r er"n. One who puffs ; one who praises with noisy 

commendation. 
Puffin, n. [Fr. puffin, TT. pivffingen, 

allied to puff] (Ornith.) A marine 

diving bird, allied to the auk, and 

having a short, thick beak like that of 

the parrot, whence the name. 
Puff 'i-ness, n. The state or quality 

of being puffy. 
Puffy, a. 1. Swelled with air or any 

soft matter. 2. Inflated ; bombastic. 
Pug, n. [Cf. BUG, and Ir. beag, small, 

little,] 1. A monkey. [Colloq.] 2. A 

kind of small dog. 
Pugli (po"o )_, interj. Pshaw ! pish ! — a 

word used in contempt or disdain. 
Pu'gil, n. [Lat. pugillus, pugillum, a handful, dim. of 

pugnvs, fist.] As much as is taken up between the 

thumb and two first fingers. 
Pu'gil-I§m, n. [Lat. pugil, a boxer, allied to pugnus, the 

fist.] The practice of boxing or fighting with the fist. 
Pu'gil-Ist, n. One who fights with his fists ; a boxer. 
Pu/gil-ist'i-e, a. Pertaining to boxing or fighting with 

the fist. 
Pug-na'cious, a. [Lat. pugnax, pugnacis, fvovapug- 

nare, to fight.] Disposed to fight : quarrelsome. 
Pug-nac'i-ty, n. Inclination to fight; quarrelsomeness. 
Pug'-noge, n. A short, thick nose ; a snub nose. 
Puis'ne (pu'n^), a. [0. Fr. puisne, N. Fr. puine, fr. Fr. 

puis, since, afterward, Lat. post, and Fr. ne, born, Lat. 

natus.] (Law.) Younger or inferior in rank; as, a 

puisne justice. 
Pu'is-sance, or Pu-is'sance , n. [See infra.] Power •, 

strength ; might. 
Pu'is-sant, or Pu-is'sant, a. [Fr. ; Lat. potens, from 

posse, to be able.] Powerful; strong; mighty; forcible. 
Pu'is-sant-ly, or Pu-is'sant-ly, adv. Powerfully. 
Puke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. puked (pukt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

PUKING.] [Allied to Ger. spucken, to spit.] To eject 

the contents of the stomach ; to vomit. 
Puke, v. t. To eject from the stomach ; to vomit ; to 

throw up. 




Puffin. 



a,e,&c.,Zortg-; a, e, kc. } short; care, iar, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or. do, wolf, 



PUKE 



579 



PUNCTUATION 




Pulley. 

Pertaining to the 



Puke, n. A medicine which excites vomiting. 

Piil'ehri-tude (30), n. (.Lat. pulchritudo, from pulcher, 
beautiful.] 1. That quality of external appearance 
which pleases the eye. Si. Hence, moral beauty. 
Syn. — Beauty ; comeliness; grace; loveliness. 

Pule, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PULED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUL- 
ING.] [Fr. piauler, Lat. pipilare, from pipire, to peep, 
pip, chirp.] 1. To cry like a chicken. Si. To cry, as a 
complaining child ; to whimper ; to whine. 

Pull, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PULLING.] [A.-S. pullian, Gael, peall, piol.] 1. To 
draw, or attempt to draw, toward one. Si. To draw 
apart; to tear. 3. To gather by drawing toward one. 
4. To move by pulling an oar. 
Syn. — To drag; haul; pluck; rend; demolish. 

Pull, v. *- To give a pull ; to tug. 

To pull apart, to become separated by pulling.— To pull up, 
to draw the reins; to stop; to halt. 

Pull, n. 1. Act of pulling or drawing with force. Si. 

A contest ; a struggle. 
PiilFback, n. That which keeps back, or restrains from 

proceeding ; a drawback. 
Pull'er, n. One who pulls. 
Pul'let, n. [Fr, poulet; dim. of poule, a hen, from Lat. 

pullus, a young animal, a young fowl.] A young hen, or 

female of the domestic fowl. 
Pul'ley, n.;pl. pul'leys.. [From 

A.-S. pullian, Eng. pull.] ( Mack.) A. 

wheel for transmitting power from, 

or imparting it to, the different 

parts of machinery, or for chang- 
ing the direction of motion, by 

means of a belt, cord, or rope. 
Pul'li-eat, I n. A kind of silk 
Pul'li-eate, ) handkerchief. 
Pul-mo-ua-ry, a. [Lat. pulmona- 

rius, from pulmo, pulmonis, a lung.] 

lungs ; affecting the lungs, 
Pul-mon'k, a. Pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs. 
Pul-mon'i€, n. 1. A medicine for diseases of the lungs. 

Si. One Avho has a lung complaint. 
Pulp, n. [Lat. pulpa.] A soft, moist, slightly cohering 

mass of animal or vegetable matter ; as, (a.) Marrow, (b.) 

The soft, succulent part of fruit, (c.) The material of 

which paper is made, &c. 
Pul'pit, n. [Lat. pulpitum.] 1. A place in a church, 

in which the preacher stands ; hence, preaching. Si. A 

sort of movable desk formerly in use. 
Piilp'ous, a. Consisting of pulp, or resembling it. 
Pulp'ous-ness, n. Quality of being pulpous ; softness. 
Pulp'y, «. Like pulp; soft; fleshy; succulent. 
J*\il'qi(e (potil'ki), n. [Sp.] A refreshing drink slightly 

intoxicating, extracted from the maguey, or Agave of 

Mexico. 
Pul'sate, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. PULSATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

PULSATING.] [Lat. pulsare, pulsatum, to beat, strike, 

intensive form of pellere, to beat, strike, drive.] To beat 

or throb ; to beat, as the heart. 
Pul'sa-tile, a. Capable of being struck or beaten. 
Pul-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of beating or throbbing, as of 

the heart. Si. A beat or throb. 3. A stroke by which 

some medium is affected. 
Pul'sa-tlve, a. Beating ; throbbing, 
Pul'sa-to-ry, a. Capable of pulsating ; throbbing. 
Pulse, n. [Lat. pulsus (sc. venarum), fr. pellere, pulsum., 

to beat, strike.] 1. The beating or throbbing of the 

heart or blood-vessels, especially of the arteries. Si. Any 

measured or regular beat ; oscillation ; vibration ; pulsa- 
tion. 
Pulse, t\ i. To beat, as the arteries ; to pulsate. 
Pulse, n. [Lat. puis, pultis, Gr. 7t6\tos, a pottage of 

meal, pulse, &c] Leguminous plants, or their seeds ; as 

beans, peas, &c. 
Pul'sion, a. [Lat. pulsio, from pellere, pid sum, to beat, 

strike, drive.] Act of driving forward. [Rare.] 
Piil'ver-a-ble, a. Capable of being pulverized. [der. 
PuPver-i-za'tion, n. Act of reducing to dust or pow- 
Pul'ver-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PULVERIZED ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. PULVERIZING.] [Lat. pulverizare, fr. pulvis, 

dust, powder.] To reduce to fine powder, as by beating, 

grinding, or the like. 
Pul'ver-ize, v. i. To turn to powder ; to fall to dust. 
Pul-v6r'u-lence, n. State of being pulverulent ; dusti- 
ness. 
Pul-v6r'u-lent, a. [Lat. pulverulentus, from pulvis, 

pulver is, "dust, powder.] Consisting of fine powder; 

powdery ; dusty. 




Pump. 



Pum'ice, n. [Lat. pumex, pumicis.] A light porous sub- 
stance of various colors, frequently ejected from vol- 
canoes, [or resembling pumice. 

Pu-ml'ceous (-mish/us), a. Pertaining to, consisting of, 

Pum'mace, n. The same as Pomace. See Pomace. 

Pfim'mel, n. & v. t. The same as Pommel. 

Pump, n. [It. pompa, prob. from bombare, to drink, al- 
lied to Gr. j3o;u|3eu>, to make a humming noise.] 1. A 
machine, variously constructed, for raising or transferring 
water or other fluids. Si. [Of uncertain etymology.] A 
low shoe with a thin sole. 

Pump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUMPED (84) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PUMPING.] 1. To raise 
with a pump, as water. Si. To draw out 
by artful interrogatories. 3. To examine | 
by artful questions for the purpose of 
eliciting secrets from. 

Pump, v. i. To work a pump ; to raise 
water with a pump. [of a pump, 

Pump'-brake, n. The arm or handle 

Pump'er, n. One who pumps. 

Pump'ion, «. [0. Fr. pompon, from Lat, 
pepo, Gr. neiruv.] (Bot.) The pumpkin. 

Pump'kin, n. [See supra.] {Bot.) A well- 
known plant and its fruit. 

Pun, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. pun, to pound, 
A.-S. punian, to bruise, and Eng. point.] 
An expression in which a word is capable of different 
meanings ; a kind of quibble or equivocation. 

Pirn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PUNNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUN- 
NING.] To use the same word at once in different 
senses ; to quibble. 

Punch, n. [Hind, pantsch, Skr. pantcha, five, because 
this drink was orig. composed of five ingredients, viz., 
sugar, arrack, tea, water, and lemons,] A drink com- 
posed of water sweetened with sugar, with a mixture of 
lemon juice and spirits. 

Punch, n. [Abbrev. from punrfiitiello , q. v.] The buf- 
foon or harlequin of a puppet-show. 

Punch. 11. [Abbrev. from puncheon, q. v.] 1. A tool, 
used either for stamping, or for perforating holes in 
metallic plates and other substances. Si. A blow or 
thrust. [ Colloq.] 

Punch, v. t. [imp. & p.p. PUNCHED (puncht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. PUNCHING.] [From Lat. pungere, punctum, 
to prick.] 1. To perforate with an instrument. Si. To 
thrust against ; to poke. 

Piinch'-bowl, n. A bowl in which punch is made, or 
from which it is drank. 

Punch 'eon (panch/un), n. [From Lat. pnnctio,z, prick- 
ing, from pungere, to prick.] 1. A tool or instrument 
for piercing, stamping, or the like, used by various 
artificers; a punch. 2. {Carp.) A short, upright^ piece 
of timber in framing; a stud. 3. A cask containing, 
sometimes 84, sometimes 120, gallons. 

Piinch'er, n. 1. One who punches. Si. A punch or 
perforating instrument. 

Piinch'y, a. [Perhaps fox paunchy, from paunch, q. v.] 
Short and thick, or fat. 

Punc'tate, ) a. [From Lat. punctum,_ point.] 1. 

Pune'ta-ted, f Pointed ; ending in a point or points. 
Si. {Bot.) Having dots scattered over the surface. 

Pune-til'io (-til'yo), n. [From Lat. punctum, point.] 
A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, or pro- 
ceeding. 

Pune-til'ious (-til'yus), a. Attentive to punctilio ; ex- 
act in the forms of behavior or ceremony. 

Pun-e-til'ious-ly , adv. With exactness or great nicety. 

Pune-tiPious-ness, n. Exactness in the observance 
of forms or rules. 

Pune'to, n. [It. punto, Lat. punctum, point.] 1. Nice 
point of form or ceremony. Si. The point in fencing. 

Punet'u-al, a. [Lat. punctus, punctum, a point.] 1. 

Observant of nice points ; punctilious. Si. Especially, 

adhering to the exact time of an appointment ; prompt. 

3. Occurring, made, or returning, at the appointed time. 

Syn. — Exact ; precise ; strict ; accurate. 

Punet/u-al'i-ty , n. Quality or state of being punctual ; 
especially, adherence to the exact time of an appoint- 
ment. • [lously. 

Piinet'u-al-ly, adv. In a punctual manner ; scrupu- 

Punet'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUNCTUATED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. punctuating.] [Lat. punctus, punctum, a 
point.] To separate into sentences, clauses, &c, by 
points, which mark the proper pauses. 

Punct/u-a'tion, n. ( Gram.) The act or art of punct- 
uating or pointing a writing or discourse. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get; ag; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



PUNCTUIST 



580 



PURISM 



Pun«t'u-ist, n. One who understands the art of punct- 
uation. 
Piiiiet'ure (punkt'yiir, 53), n. [Lat. panctura, fr.pun- 

gere, punctum, to prick.] 1. Act of perforating with a 

pointed instrument. 2. A small hole made by a point. 
Piinet'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. punctured; p. pr. 

& vb. n. PUNCTURING.] To pierce with a small, pointed 

instrument ; to prick. 
Pun'dit, n. [Hind, pandit.-] A learned Brahmin. 
Pung, n. A kind of one-horse sleigh rudely made, often 

only a long box on runners. [Amer.] 
Piin'geii-cy, n. State of being pungent or piercing ; 

acrimoniousness ; keenness. 
Piin'gent, a. [Lat. pungens, p. pr. of pungere, to prick. 

See Poignant.] 1. Prickiug ; piercing ; as, (a.) Acrid ; 

biting; — said with reference to taste, (b.) Stimulating; 

pricking ; — said with reference to the sense of smell, (c.) 

Sharply painful ; acute ; — said of pains, sensations, &c. 

2. Exquisitely painful to the feelings ; severe ; — said of 

discourse. 
Syn. — Piercing; sharp; penetrating; keen; acrimonious; 

stinging; severe. 

Pun'gent-ly, adv. In a pungent manner ; sharply. 

Pu'ni-e, a. [Lat. Panicns, pertaining to Carthage, or its 
inhabitants, from Pceni, the Carthaginians.] Pertaining 
to, like, or appropriate to, the Carthaginians ; faithless ; 
treacherous. 

Pii'ni-ness, n. Condition of being puny; .littleness; 
pettiness ; smallness with feebleness. 

Pun'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. punished (puVisht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. PUNISHING.] [Lat punire, from pa.ua, 
punishment, penalty ; Gr. 77-011/17.] 1. To afflict with 
pain, loss, or calamity for a crime or fault. 2. To afflict 
with pain, &c, with a view to amendment. 3. Tore- 
ward with pain or suffering inflicted on the offender. 4. 
To pound or pummel. [Low.] 

Syn. — To chastise ; castigate ; scourge ; whip ; lash ; cor- 
rect ; discipline. 

Piin'ish-a-tole , a. 1. Liable to punishment; capable 
of being punished by law or right. 2. Worthy of pun- 
ishment. 

Pun'ish-er, n. One who inflicts punishment. 

Pun'ish-ment, n. 1. Act of punishing. 2. Any pain 
inflicted on a person because of a crime or offense. 

Pu'ni-tlve, a. Pertaining to, involving, awarding, or 
inflicting, punishment. 

Punk, n. [Allied to spunk, q. v.] 1. A species of fun- 
gus, or some decayed wood, used as tinder. 8. A pros- 
titute ; a strumpet. 

Piin'ster, n. One who puns, or is skilled in punning. 

Punt, n. [A.-S. punt, Lat. ponto, from pons, pontis, 
bridge.] (Naut.) A flat-bottomed boat, used in calking 
and repairing ships ; also, used for fishing and shooting 
in shallow waters. 

Pu'ny, a. [compar. PUNIER; snperl. PUNIEST.] [See 
Puisne.] Small and feeble: inferior; petty. 

Pup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PUPPED (ptipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PUPPING.] [See infra.'] To bring forth whelps or pup- 
pies. 

Pup, n. [Allied to Lat. pupus, boy, child.] 1. A puppy. 
2. A young seal. 

FH'jid, n. ; pi. pu'p^e. [Lat. pupa, girl, doll, puppet, 
f. of pupus. See supra.] (Entom.) One of the states in 
the complete metamorphosis of an insect. 

Pu'pil, n. .[Lat. pupilla, the pupil of the eye, orig. dim. 
of Lat. pupa, a girl.] (Anat.) The small opening in the 
iris through which the rays of light pass to the retina. 

Pu'pil, n. [Lat. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus, boy, 
pupa, girl.] A youth or scholar of either sex under the 
care of an instructor. 

Pu/pil-age (45), n. State of being a pupil. 

Pu'pil-la-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to a pupil or ward. 2. 
(Anat. ) Of, or pertaining to, the pupil of the eye. 

Piip'pet, n. [Fr. poupce, a doll, from Lat. pupa, a girl, 
doll, puppet.] 1. A doll. 2. A similar figure moved 
by a wire in a mock drama. 3. One managed by the 
will of another. 

Piip'pet- show, n. A mock drama performed by pup- 
pets moved by wires. 

Piip'py , n. [From pup, q. v.] 1. A young dog ; a whelp. 
2. A person contemptible from insignificance and con- 
ceit, [ceit. 

Pup'py-Igm, n. Extreme meanness, affectation, or con- 
Pur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PURRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUR- 
RING.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, 
as a cat. 

Pur, v. t. To signify or express by purring. 



Pur, n. The low, murmuring, continued sound of a cat-, 
a kind of growl, expressive of contentment or pleasure. 

Pur'olind, a. [From obs. poreblind.] Near-sighted c* 
dim-sighted ; seeing obscurely. 

Pur'blind-ness, n. Quality or state of being purblind ; 
near-sightedness ; dimness of vision. 

Pur'chas-a-ble, a. Capable of being purchased. 

Pur'chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. purchased (pfir/ehest, 
42, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. PURCHASING.] [Fr. pourchas- 
ser, to pursue, to seek eagerly : 0. Fr. porchacer, from 
pour, por, pur, for, and chaster, charier, to pursue, to 
chase. See CHASE.] 1. To obtain by paying money or 
its equivalent ; to buy. 2. To obtain by any outlay. 

Pur'cliase, n. 1. Acquisition of title to, or property 
in, any thing for a price or equivalent. 2. A thing 
bought ; property ; possession ; acquisition. 3. Any 
mechanical hold, advantage, power, or force applied to 
the raising or removing of heavy bodies. 

Pur'clias-er, n. One who purchases any thing ; a buyer ; 
a vendee. 

Pure, a. [compar. purer ; superl. PUREST.] [Lat. 
purus.] 1. Separate from all extraneous matter or de- 
filement ; free from mixture. 2. Free from that which 
contaminates, defiles, or blemishes ; — used in figurative 
senses. 3. Unconnected with any thing else; mere; 
absolute. 

Syn. — Unmixed ; clear ; simple ; real ; true ; genuine ; un- 
adulterated ; uncorrupted; unsullied; untarnished; unstained; 
stainless; clean; fair; unspotted; spotless: incorrupt; chaste; 
unpolluted; undefiled; immaculate; innocent; guiltless; guile- 
less ; holy. 

Pure'ly, adv. 1. In a pure manner ; innocently ; gen- 
uinely ; guilelessly ; chastely. 2. Without connection 
with, or dependence upon, any thing else ; merely ; ab- 
solutely. 

Pure'ness, n. The state of being pure ; an unmixed 
state ; clearness ; simplicity ; purity ; innocence ; gen- 
uineness ; guilenessness ; chasteness. 

Pur'fle (pfir'fl) v. t. [0. Fr. pour filer, from pour, for, 
and fd, a thread, Lat. filum.] 1. To embroider. [Obs.] 
2. (Arch.) To decorate richly. 

Pur-ga'tion, n. [Lat. purgatio. See Purge.] Act of 
purging ; act of cleansing or purifying ; often, the act of 
cleansing from the imputation of guilt. 

Pur'ga-tive, a. Having the power of purging ; cathartic. 

Pur'ga-tive, n. (Med.) A medicine that evacuates thg 
intestines ; a cathartic. 

?SrS:S'rx"-an, } «■ Pertai *^ to P™K»tarT. 

Pur'ga-to-ry, a. Tending to cleanse ; cleansing ; ex- 
piatory. 

Pur'ga-to-ry, n. [L. Lat. purgatorium, from Lat. pur- 
gatorius. See infra.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) A place, 
or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls 
of persons are purified, or in which they expiate such 
offenses committed in this fife as do not merit eternal 
damnation. 

Purge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. purged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PURGING.] [Lat. purgare, contracted from Lat. purum 
agere, to' make clean.] 1. To cleanse, clear, or purify 
by separating and carrying off whatever is impure 
heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. 2. To operate 
on as, or by means of, a cathartic medicine. 3. To clear 
from guilt or moral defilement. 4. (Law.) To clear 
from accusation or the charge of a crime, as in ordeal. 

Purge, v. i. 1. To become pure, as by clarification. 2. 
To have frequent or preternatural evacuations from the 
intestines. 

Purge, n. 1. Act of purging. 2. That which purges ; 
especially, a medicine that evacuates the intestines ; a 
cathartic. 

Pur'ger, n. One who, or that which, purges or cleanses. 

Pu'ri-f i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of purifying ; act or oper- 
ation of cleansing or of removing foreign substances. 2. 
Act or operation of cleansing ceremonially. 3. A clean- 
sing from guilt or the pollution of sin. 

Pu-rif i-ea-to-ry, a. Serving or tending to purify. 

Pu'ri-f Fer, n. One who, or that which, purifies. 

Pu'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. purified ; p. pr. & vb. n.. 
PURIFYING.] [Lat. purificare, from Lat. purus, pure, 
and/aeere, to make.] 1. To make pure or clear from 
material defilement, admixture, or imperfection. 2. 
Hence, in figurative uses, (a.) To free from guilt or moral 
defilement, (b.) To free from ceremonial or legal defile- 
ment, (c.) To free from improprieties or barbarisms. 

Pu'ri-fy, v. i. To grow or become pure or clear. 

Pur'i§m, n. Quality of being pure or nice, especially in 
the choice of 1 



PURIST 



581 



PUSILLANIMOUS 



Fur'ist, n. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, 
especially in the choice of language 

Pu'ri-tan, n. [From .pure.] 1. (Eng. Church.) A dis- 
senter from the Church of England in the time of Queen 
Elizabeth. 2. One scrupulous and strict in his religious 
life. 

Pu'ri-tan, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or character- 
izing the Puritans. 

Pu'ri-tan'ie, \a. 1. Pertaining to the Puritans, or 

Pu'ri-tan'ie-al, J their doctrines and practice. 2. 
Precise in observance of religious requirements ; over- 
scrupulous ; rigid. 

Pu'ri-taii'ie-al-ly, adv. In a puritanical manner. 

Pu'ri-tan-i§m, n. The notions or practice of Puritans. 

Pii'ri-ty, re. [Lat. purilas, from purus, pure.] Condition 
of being pure ; as, (a.) Freedom from foreign admixture 
or heterogeneous matter, (b.) Freedom from foulness or 
dirt, (c.) Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin. 
(d.) Freedom from any sinister or improper views, (e.) 
Freedom from foreign idioms, from barbarous or im- 
proper words or phrases. 

Syn.— Cleanness; clearness; genuineness; chastity ; inno- 
cence ; sincerity, &c. 

Purl, re. [Contr. ft. purfile, purfle, q. v. Cf. PURL, v. i.] 

1 . An embroidered and puckered border ; a hem or 
fringe. 2. An inversion of stitches in knitting. 3. A 
circle made by the motion of a fluid. 4-. A gentle mur- 
mur, as of a brook. 5. Malt liquor, medicated or 
spiced. 

Purl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. purled ; p. pr. & vb. n. PURL- 
ING.] [St?, porta, D. borrelen.] 1. To run swiftly round, 
as a small stream flowing among stones ; to eddy ; also, 
to make a murmuring sound, as running water does. 

2. To mantle, as in a glass. 

Purl, v. t. To decorate with fringe or embroidery. 

Pur'lieu, re. [Fr. pur, pure, free, and lieu, place, orig. ap- 
plied to land near a royal forest, but free from the forest 
laws.] The outer portion of any place ; environs. 

Pur'lTn, ) ii. [Perh. fromFr. pour, for, or par, through, 

Pur'line, ) and ligne, line.] (Arch.) A piece of timber 
extending from end to end of a building or roof, across 
and under the rafters, to support them in the middle. 

Pur-loin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. purloined ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. purloining-.] [0. Ft. purloignicr, porloignier, to 
retard, delay, from pur, por, pour, for, and loin, far, far 
off.] To steal ; to filch ; to pilfer. 

Pur-loin'er, n. One who purloins ; a thief. 

Pur'ple (pur'pl), a. [See infra.] 1. Of, or exhibiting, a 
color composed of red and blue. 2. Imperial; regal; — 
so called from the color having been a distinguishing 
token of imperial authority. 

Pur'ple, n. [Lat. purpura, Gr. Tropfyvpa, orig. the pur- 
ple-fish, a shell fr. which the color was obtained.] 1. A 
purple color. 2. Imperial government in the Roman em- 
pire, as a purple robe was the distinguishing dress of the 
emperor. 3. pi. (Med.) Spots of a livid color on the skin. 

Pur'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. purpled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PURPLING.] To make purple ; to dye of a deep red. 

Pur'port, n. [0. Fr., from pur, pour, for, and porter, to 
bear, carry.] Design or tendency ; meaning ; import. 

Pur'port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PURPORTED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. PURPORTING.] To intend ; to mean ; to signify. 

Pur'pose (pur'pus), n. [0. Fr. purpos, pourpos, propos, 
Lat. proposition. See Propose.] Object to be reached 
or accomplished ; end or aim to which the view is directed 
in any plan, measure, or exertion. 

On purpose, with previous design ; with the mind directed 
to that object. 
Syn.— Design; end; intention; aim. See Design. 

Pur'pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. purposed (pur'pust) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. PURPOSING.] To determine upon, as 
some end or object to be accomplished ; to intend ; to 
design ; to resolve. 

Pilr'pose, v. i. To design ; to intend ; to mean. 

Pur'pose-ly, adv. By purpose or design ; intentionally ; 
with predetermination. 

Pur 'pure, ft. [Lat. purpura. See PURPLE.] (Her.) 
Purple, represented in engraving by diagonal lines from 
right to left of the escutcheon. 

Piirr, v. i. To murmur as a cat. See Pur. 

Purse, ft. [Low Lat. bursa, byrsa, from Gr. fZvpara, hide, 
skin, leather.] 1. A kind of small bag, used to carry 
money in. 2. Hence, a treasury. 3. A sum of money 
offered as a prize, or collected as a present. 

Piirse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pursed (pfirst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. pursing.] 1. To put in a purse. 2. To contract 
into folds or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse. 



Purse'-net, n. A net, the mouth of which may be 
closed or drawn together like a purse. 

Purse'-proud, a. Proud of wealth ; elated with riches. 

Piirs'er, n. (Naut.) A commissioned officer who has 
charge of the provisions, clothing, &c, and of the public 
moneys on shipboard. 

Purs'i-ness, ft. State of being pursy or bloated ; infla- 
tion ; hence, shortness of breath. 

Purs'lain, re. The same as Purslane. 

Purs'lane (45), ft. [From Lat. porcilaca, i. q. portulaca, 
corruption of porcilaca.] (Bot.) An annual plant, with 
fleshy, succulent leaves, often used as a pot-herb, for 
salads, &c. 

Pur-su'a-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, pursued. 

Pur-su'ance, n. 1. Act of pursuing or prosecuting. 
2. State of being pursuant ; consequence. 

Pur-su'ant, a. [From pursue.] Done in consequence 
or prosecution of any thing ; hence, agreeable ; conform- 
able ; according. 

Pur-sue', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pursued ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
PURSUING.] [Fr. poursuivre, Lat. prosequi, from pro, 
forward, and sequi, to follow.] 1". To follow with a view 
to overtake. 2. To use measures to obtain. 3. To pro- 
ceed along, with a view to some end or object. 4. To 
prosecute ; to be engaged in ; to continue. 5. To follow 
as an example ; to imitate. 

Syn.— To follow; chase; seek; persist. See Follow. 

Pur-sue', v. i. 1. To go on ; to proceed, especially in 
argument or discourse. [A Gallicism.] 2. (Law.) To 
follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party. 

Pur-sti'er, n. One who pursues; one who follows in 
haste, with a view to overtake. 

Pur-suit' (30), ii. 1. Act of following with haste, either 
for sport or in hostility. 2. Endeavor to attain to or 
gain. 3. Course of business or occupation. 

Syn. — Chase ; search ; proceeding ; occupation ; prosecu- 
tion. 

Pur'sui-vant, ft. [Fr. poursuivant, from poursuivre. 
See PURSUE.] A state messenger; an attendant on the 
heralds. 

Purs'y, a. [Fr. poussif from pousser, to push, thrust, 
heave, pousse, the heaves, asthma. See Push.] 1. In- 
flated; swelled; hence, fat, short, and thick. 2. Hence, 
short-breathed. 

Pu'ru-leut (110), a. [Lat. purulentus , from pus, pun's, 
pus, matter.] (Med.) Consisting of, or pertaining to, pus 
or matter. 

Pur-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. purveyed ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. PURVEYING.] [Fr. pourvoir, Lat. providere. See 
Provide.] 1. To furnish or provide, as with pro- 
visions, or the like. 2. To procure ; to get. 

Pur-vey', v. i. To purchase or procure provisions ; to 
provide ; to cater. 

Pur-vey'ance, n. 1. Act or process of providing or 
procuring; procurement. 2. That which is provided; 
provisions ; food. [for the table ; a caterer. 

Pur-vey 'or, re. One whose business is to make provision 

Pur'view (-vu), n. [Norm. Fr. purveu, purview, N. Fr. 
dourvu, provided, p. p. of pourvoir. See Purvey.] 1. 
(Law.) The body of a statute. 2. Hence, the limit or 
scope of a statute. 3. Limit or sphere of authority ; 
scope ; extent. 

Piis, n. [Lat., allied to Gr. ttvo<;, nvov.] (Med.) The 
yellowish-white liquid produced by the process of suppu- 
ration. 

Pusli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUSHED (pdbsht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. PUSHING.] [Ft. pousser, Lat. pulsare, intens. form of 
pellere, pulsum, to beat, knock, push.] 1. To press 
against with force ; to drive or impel by pressure. 2. To 
press or urge forward ; to drive. 3. To embarrass by 
arguments. 

Syn. — To urge; press; impel; importune. 

Push, v. i. 1. To make a thrust. 2. To make an effort, 
advance, or attack. 3. To burst out, as a bud or shoot. 

Push, re. 1. A thrust with the end of a thing. 2. Any 
pressure, impulse, or force applied. 3. An assault or 
attack. 4. Circumstances which press or push one; emer- 
gency ; exigency ; extremity. 5. A little swelling or pus- 
tule. 

Push'er, re. One who pushes. 

Pu'sil-la-nim'i-ty, n. Quality of being pusillanimous ; 
weakness of spirit. 

Syn. — Cowardliness; pusillanimousness ; cowardice; fear; 
timidity. 

Pu'sil-lan'i-mous, a. [Lat. pusillanimis, from pusil- 
lus, very little, dim. of pusus, a little boy, dim. ofpuer, a 



PUSILLANIMOUSLY 



582 



PYROXENE 



boy, and animus, the mind.] 1. Destitute of a manly 
or courageous strength and firmness of mind. 2. Evinc- 
ing weakness of mind or want of courage. 

Syn.— Cowardly; dastardly; mean-spirited; faint-hearted; 
timid; weak; feeble. 

Pu/sil-lan'i-mous-ly, adv. In a pusillanimous man- 
ner. 

Puss, n. [D. poes, puss, and a fur tippet ; Ir. pus, a cat ; 
Lat. pusa, a little girl, pusus, a little boy.] 1. A cat ; — 
a fondling appellation. 2. A hare ; — so called by 
sportsmen. 

Puss'y, n. A puss; — a diminutive of puss, used as a 
fondling_name for a cat. 

Piist'u-late,r. t. [Lat pustulare, pustulatum, from pus- 
tula. See Pustule.] To form into pustules, or blisters. 

Piist'ule, n. [Lat. pustula, i. q. pusula, from pus, pus, 
matter.] (Med.) An elevation of the cuticle, with an 
inflamed base, containiug pus. 

Piist'u-lous, a. Full of, or covered with, pustules. 

Put, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUT ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUTTING.] 
[Tries, putjc, allied to W. pwtian, pwtiaw, to butt, poke, 
thrust.] 1. To move in any direction ; to thrust ; to 
push. 2. To place ; to lay ; to set ; hence, 3. To cause 
to be or exist in a specified relation ; to bring to a mental 
or moral condition, or to the possession of an attribute or 
quality, or into a state that is specified. 

SS~ In these uses, the word is modified by prepositions or by 
adverbs ; as, with in, to introduce ; with to, to apply ; with 
upon, to impose, &c. 

4. To place before for judgment, acceptance, or rejection ; 
to bring to the attention of. 5. Especially, to state in 
language ; to express. 6. To incite ; to urge. 

To pvt to it, to distress ; to press hard ; to perplex ; to give 
difficulty to. — To be put to it, to have difficulty. 

Syn. — To place.— To put is generic, viz., to dispose of in 
any situation ; to place is to put in a specific situation ; a plant 
may be put into a flower-pot and then placed in the green- 



house. 
Put 



1. To go or move. 2. To steer; to direct. 



± >t JLLll/J-L LUC 1UUU ^aOi^UC? 

4^ 



To put about (Naut.), to change direction ; to tack. — To put 
forth, to shoot, bud, or germinate.— To put up, to take lod^ivms ; 
tolodjje. — To put up with, (a.) To overlook or suffer without 
recompense, punishment or resentment. (6.) To take without 
opposition or expressed dissatisfaction. 

Put, n. An action of distress. 

Pitt, n. [Lat. putus, a boy. Cf. infra.} Arustic; a clown, 

Pu'ta-tive, a. [Lat. putativus, from pu tare, put atum, 
to reckon, suppose.] Commonly thought ; supposed ; 
reputed. 

Put'log, n. (Arch.) A short piece of timber, on which 
the planks forming the floor of a scaffold are laid. 

Put'- off , n. A shift for evasion or delay ; an evasion. 

Pu-tred'i-nous, a. [From Lat. putredo, rottenness, 
from putrere, to be rotten.] Proceeding from, or partak- 
ing of, putrefaction ; stinking. 

Pu'tre-f ae'tion, n. [See Putrefy.] 1. Act or pro- I 
cess of putrefying. 2. Condition of being putrefied : 
also, that which is putrefied. 

Pu'tre-fae'tive, a. 1. Pertaining to putrefaction. 2. 
Tending_to promote putrefaction ; causing putrefaction. I 

Pu'tre-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. putrefied; p. pr. & vb. \ 
n. putrefying. J [Lat. putrefaccre, from putrere, to be 
rotten, and face re, to make.] 1. To render putrid; to 
cause to rot. 2. To corrupt or foul. 3. To make mor- 
bid, carious, or gangrenous. 

Pu'tre-fy, v. i. To become putrid ; to decay offensively ; 
to rot. 

Pu-tres'cence, n. State of being putrescent. 

Pu-tres'eent, a. [Lat. putrescens, p. pr. of putreseere, 
to grow rotten, inchoative form of putrere, to be rotten.] 
1, Becoming putrid. 2. Pertaining to the process of 
putrefaction. 

Pu-tres'ci-lble, a. Liable to become putrid. 

Pu'trid, a. [Lat. putridus, from putrere, to be rotten, 
from puter, or putris, rotten, from putere, to stink, to be 
rotten.] 1. Tending to dissolution or decay ; decom- 
posed ; rotten. 2. Indicating or proceeding from a de- 
cayed state of animal or vegetable matter. 

Pu-trid'i-ty, )n. State of being putrid; corruption; 

Pu'trid-ness, ) putrefaction. 

Piit'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. PUTTERED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
puttering.] To act inefficiently or idly ; to trifle ; to 
potter. 

Piit'tock, n. [Cf. Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 
A species of kite; also, sometimes, the common buzzard. 
[Eng.] 

Piit'ty, n. [Fr. potce.] A kind of paste or cement of 
whiting and linseed oil. 



Piit'ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. puttied ; p. pr. & vb. n, 
PUTTYING.] To cement or fill up with putty. 

Piiz'zle (puVzl), v. t. [imp- &p.p. puzzled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. puzzling.] [Cf. Pose.] 1 . To involve in per- 
plexity ; to put to a stand ; to nonplus. 2. To make 
intricate. 

Syn. — To embarrass ; perplex ; confuse ; bewilder ; con- 
found. See Embaekass. 

Piiz'zle, v. i. To be bewildered ; to be awkward. 

Piiz'zle, n. 1. Something, especially a toy, which per^ 
plexes. 2o State or condition of being puzzled ; per- 
plexity, [plexes. 

Puz'zler, n. One who, or that which, puzzles or per- 

Pye, n. SeePlE. 

Py'garg, n. [Lat. pygargus, Gr. vvyapyos, literally white 
rump, from iruy/), the rump, and apyos, white.] A 
quadruped, probably a species of antelope or gazelle. 
[Obs.]_ 

Pyg-me'an (124), I a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 

Pyg'my, ) pygmy or dwarf; dwarfish. 

Pyg'my, n. [Lat. pygmseus,Gr. ttv-vjucuos, from nvyfxri, 
the fist, a measure of length, about 13^ inches.] 1. 
( Gr. Myth.) One of a fabulous race of beings inhabiting 
Thrace, who waged war with the cranes, and were de- 
stroyed. 2. Hence, a short, insignificant person ; a 
dwarf. 

Py-lor'i-e, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the pylorus. 

JPij-lo'mis, v. [Gr. TrvAiopos, from nvXri, a gate.] (Anat.) 
The orifice of the stomach through which the food passes 
on to the intestine. 

Pyr'a-mid, n. [Lat. pyramis, py- 
ramid is, from Gr. Trvpa/xis, irupa- 
fxtfios, Egypt, piromi.] 1. A solid 
body standing on a triangular, 
square, or polygonal base, and ter- 
minating in a point at the top. 2. 
An edifice in the shape above de- ' 
scribed. 

Py-ram'i-dal, a. 1. Pyramid- 
ical ; tapering to a point. 2. Re- Pyramids, 

lating to the pyramids. 

Py r'a-mid'ie , la. Having the form of a pyramid; 

Pyr'a-mid'ie-al, ) pyramidal. 

Pyre,w. [Lat. pyra, Gr. 7rvpd, from irvp, fire.] AfuneraJ 
• pile ; a pile to be burnt. 

Pyr'e-tol'o-gy,?*. [Gr. -rrvpeTos, fever, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] (Med.) A discourse or treatise on fevers, or the 
doctrine of fevers. 

Pyr'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. pyrum, a pear, and forma, form.] 
Having the form of a pear. 

Py-ri'te§, n. [Lat., fr. Gr. irvptr»)s, from nvp, fire, be- 
cause iron pyrites gives sparks with steel.] (Min.) A 
combination of sulphur with iron, copper, cobalt, or 
nickel, presenting a white or yellowish metallic luster. 

Py-rit'ie, la. Pertaining to pyrites; consisting of, 

Py-rit'ie-al, } or resembling, pyrites. 

Pyr'o-lig'iie-oiis, ) a. [Gr. irvp, ■nvpos, fire, and 

Pyr'o-lig'nie , ) Lat. lignvm, wood, lignevs, 
wooden.] (Chem.) Generated or procured by the distil- 
lation of wood, as a kind of acetic acid holding in solu- 
tion oily impurities. 

Py-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. irvp, wvpes, fire, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] A treatise on heat ; or the natural history of 
heat, latent and sensible. 

Pyr'o-man'cy, n. [Gr. TrvpofxavreCa, from imp, trvpo?, 
fire, and p-avreia, divination.] Divination by fire. 

Pyr'o-man'tie, a. Pertaining to pyromancy. 

Py-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. nvp, wpo<;, fire, and fierpov, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring degrees of he£,t 
above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. 

Pf/-i , oph'o-r / tis, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. irvp, -rrupos, fire, 
and $epeiv, to bear, <j>op6s, bearing.] (Chtm.) A sub- 
stance which takes fire on exposure to air, or which main- 
tains or retains light. 

Pyr'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. irvp, irvpos. fire, and <ricoireiv, 
o-Kenreo-dai, to look carefully, to view.] An instrument 
for measuring the intensity of heat radiating from afire, 
or the cooling influence of bodies. 

Pyr'o-tg-eli'iii-e, \ a. Pertaining to fireworks, or the 

Pyr'o-teeh'ni-e-al, J art of forming them. 

Pyr'o-te-eli'ni-es, n. sing. [Gr. nvp, rrvpos, fire, and 
VexiT;, an art.] The art of making fireworks, especially 
for purposes of public amusement or rejoicing ; pyro- 
techny. 

Pyr'o-teeii'nist, n. One skilled in pyrotechny. 

Pyr'o t&en'ny, n. The same as Pyrotechnics. 

Pyr'ox-ene, n. [Gr. -rrvp, -rrvpos, fire, and £eVos, a 
stranger ; — so called because it was supposed to be a 



a,e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; eare, far, ask., all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



PYRRHIC 



583 



QUADRUPLICATE 



stranger, of not to belong to the lava where it occurred.] 
(Min.) A mineral; augite. 

Pyr'rhic (pir'rik), n. 1. (Pros.) A foot consisting of 
two short syllables. 2. An ancient military dance, to 
the accompaniment of the flute. 

Pyr'rliic,a. [Gr. Trvppixios, belonging to the irvppC^q, 
(sc. vpxntris), a 1;ma of war-dance, so called from JIvppi- 
Xo?, the inventor, from 7rupptxos, red.] 1. (Pros.) Per- 
taining to, or containing, pyrrhics. 2. Of, or pertaining 
to, an ancient military dance. 

Pyr'rlio-nigm (plr'ro-), n. [From Pyrrho, the founder 
of the skeptics.] Skepticism ; universal doubt, [thing. 

Pyr'rlio-nist, n. A skeptic; one who doubts of every 

Pyth'a-go're-an, or Py-tliag'o-re'an, n. A fol- 
lower of Pythagoras, the founder of the Italic sect of 
philosophers. 

Pytn'a-go're-an, or Py-thag'o-re'an, c. Of, or 
pertaining to, Pythagoras or his philosophy. 



Py-thag'o-ri§m, n. The doctrines of Pythagoras. 

Pytli'i-an, a. [Lat. Pytkius, Gr. ITv0ios, belonging to 
Pytho, the older name of Delphi and its environs.] Per- 
taining to the priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles. 

Pythian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national 
festivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor 
of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python, at first once in 
nine, afterwards once in five, j'ears. 

Pyth'o-ness, n. [See Pythian.] 1. ( Gr. Antiq.) The 

priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi, in Greece. 

2. A sort of witch. 
Pyx, n. [Lat. pyxis, Gr. ttv£i?, a box, esp. of box-wood, 

fr. 7rv£os, Lat. buxus, the box-tree or box-wood.] 1. 

(Rom. Cath. Church.) The box in which the host is kept. 

2. A box used, in English coinage, as a place of deposit 
for certain sample coins taken for a trial of the weight 
and fineness of metal, before they are sent from the mint 

3. (Naut.) The box in which the compass is suspended. 



Q. 



Q(ku), the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet, 
has but one sound, which is the same as that of k, or 
c hard. It i3 always followed by u, the two letters togeth- 
er beins; pronounced like kiv, except in some words in 
which the u is silent. See Prin. of Pron. § 86. 

GST- The English name of the letter, cue, is said to he from 
the French queue, a tail, the form being the same as that of O, 
with a tail added. Some, however, regard the form as a con- 
traction of cv or cu. 

Quack, v. i. {imp. & p. p. QUACKED (kwakt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. QUACKING.] [Gcr. quaken, D. kivakken, kiva- 
ken, Icel. qvaka, to twitter, sigh.] 1. To cry like the 
common domestic duck. 2. To boast. 3. To act as a 
quack. 

Quack, >t. 1. The crv of the domestic duck. 2. Aboast- 

"ftd pretender to medical skill ; an empiric. 3. Hence, 
one who boastfully pretends to knowledge of any kind, 
not possessed. 
Syn. — Empiric ; mountebank ; charlatan. 

Quack, a. Pertaining to quackery ; used by quacks. 

Quack'er-y, n. Practice of a quack ; empiricism. 

Quack'isli, a. Like a quack ; boastful; trickish. 

Quad'ra-yes'i-Tnd, n. [Lat., from quadragesimus, the 
fortieth, from quadraginta, forty.] (Eccl.) The forty 
days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. 

Quad ra-ge^'i-mal, a. Belonging to, or used in, Lent. 

Quad'ran-gle (kwod'rang-gl), «. [Lat. quadrangulum, 
from quatuor, four, and angulus, an 
angle.] 1. (Geom.) A plaDe figure 
having four angles, and consequently 
four sides. 2. (Arch.) A square or 
quadrangular court surrounded by 
buildings. 

Quad-raii'gu-lar, a. Having four 
angles, and consequently four sides. 

Quad'rant, n. [Lat. quadrans, a 
fourth part, a fourth of a whole, from 
quatuor, four.] 1. ( Geom.) The quarter of a circle, or 
of the circumference of a circle ; an 
arc of 90°. 2. An instrument for 
measuring altitudes, variously con- 
structed and mounted for different spe- 
cific uses in astronomy, surveying, gun- 
nery, &c. 

Quad-rant'al, a. Pertaining to a 
quadrant. 

Quad 'rat, n. [See infra.] (Print.) & 

piece of type-metal cast lower than a, a, Quadrants, 
the letters, so as to leave a blank space on the paper, 
when printed, where it is placed. 

Quad'rate, a. [Lat. quadratics, squared, p. p. of quad- 
rare, to make four-cornered, to square, make square, from 
quadrus, square, from quatuor, four.] 1. Having four 
equal and parallel sides, and four right angles ; square. 2. 
Divisible by four. 3. Hence, square ; even ; equal ; exact. 
4. Suited; applicable ; correspondent. [tile. 

Quad'rate, n. 1. A square. 2. (Astrol.) Same as Quar- 

Quad'rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quadrated ; /;. pr. & 
vb'. n. QUADRATING.] [See Quadrate, a.] To agree ; 
to be accommodated : to suit : to correspond : to square. 

Quad-rat'ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a 
square ; square. 



Quadrangle. 




Quadratic equation (Alrj.), an equation in which the highest 
power of the unknown quantity is a square. 

Quad'ra-ture (53), n. [See Quadrate, a.] 1. The 
finding of a square having the same area as a given cur- 
vilinear figure, as a circle. 2. A quadrate ; a square. 
3. (Astron.) The position of one heavenly body in re- 
spect to another, when distant from it ninety degrees. 

Quad-ren'ni-al, a. [Lat. quadriennis, from quatuor, 
four, and annus, year.] 1. Comprising four years. 2. 
Occurring once in four years. 

Quad'ri-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. quadrilatcrus, from qua- 
tuor, four, and latus, lateris, a side.] Having four sides 
and consequently four angles. 

Quaxl/ri-lat'er-al.tt. A plane fig- , 

ure having four sides, and conse- / 
quently four angles ; a quadrangular / 
figure. / 

Quad'ri-lit'er-al, a. [Lat. qua- 

tu'or, four, and litem, littera, let- L ' 

ter.] Consisting of four letters. Quadrilateral. 

Qua-drille' (kwa-driP or ka-drlP) 
n. [Fr. , from Lat. quadrula, dim. of quadra, a square, 
from quatuor, four.] 1. A game played by four persons 
with forty cards. 2. A kind of dance made up of sets 
of dances, four couples of dancers being in each set. 

Quad-rill'ion, n. [From Lat. quater, four times, and 
Lo'w Lat. millio, a million.] According to the English 
notation, the number produced by involving a million to 
the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit 
with 24 ciphers annexed ; according to the French nota- 
tion, a unit with 15 ciphers annexed. 

Quad'ri-reme, n. [Lat. quadriremis, from quatuor, 
four, and remits, an oar.] (Rom. Antiq.) A galley with 
four benches of oars or rowers. 

Qxiad'ri-syl'la-fole, n. [Lat. quatuor, four, and sylla- 

" ba\ syllable.] A word consisting of four syllables. 

Quad'ri- valve, n. [From Lat. quatuor, four, and val- 
vd, the leaf, fold, or valve of a door.] One of a set of four 
folds or leaves serving for a door. 

Quad-rdbn', n. [Fr. quarteron, Sp. cuar ter on, from Lat. 
quatuor, four.] The offspring of a mulatto and a white 
person ; a person quarter-blooded. 

Quad'ru-mane, n. [Lat. quatuor, four, and in anus, a 
hand.] " (Zool.) An animal having four feet that corre- 
spond to the hands of a man, as a monkey. 

Quad'ru-ped, a. [Lat. quadrupes, quadrupedis. from 
quatuor', four, and pes, pedis, a foot.] Having four feet. 

Quad'ru-ped, n. (Zool.) An animal hiving four feet; 
— "often" restricted to the mammals. 

Quad'ru-ple, a. [Lat. quadruplus, from quatuor, four.] 
Fo'urfold ; four times told. [fourfold amount. 

Quad'ru-ple, a. Four times the sum or number; a 

Quad'rii-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quadrupled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. QUADRUPLING.] To multiply by four ; to 
increase fourfold. 

Quad'ru-ple, v. i. To be multiplied by four. 

Quad-rii'pli-eate,n. Four-fold; four times repeated. 

Quad-rii'pli-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quadrupli- 
cated"; p. pr. & vb. n. Quadruplicating.] [Lat. 
quadruplicare, quadruplicatum, from quadruples, four- 
fold, from quatuor, four, and plicare, to fold.] To 
fourfold ; to quadruple. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, <e all, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 



QUADRUPLICATION 



584 QUAERY 




Common Quail. 



Quad'ru-pli-ea'tion, n. Act of quadrupling, or mak- 
ing fourfold. 

Quas're, v. i. [Lat.] Inquire : question ; query ; — used 
as a memorandum signifying doubt or the desirableness 
of an investigation. 

Quaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quaffed (kwaft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. QUAFFING.] [Fr. coiffer, to cap or hood, to coif, 
to intoxicate, make tipsy ; from coiffe, a hood. See 
Coif.] To drink down ; to drink copiously of. 

Quaff, v. i. To drink largely or luxuriously. 

Quaff 'er, n. One who quaffs or drinks largely. 

Quag'gy, a. [See Quagmire.] Of the nature of a 
quagmire ; trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth. 

Quag'mire, n. [From 0. Eng. guag, or guagge,_ to 
quake, quiver, shake, and mire ] Soft, wet land, which 
shakes or yields under the feet. 

Qua'haug (kwaw'hog), n. [Abbrev. from Narraganset 
Ihd. p'oquaiihock.] (Zo'dl.) A species of clam having the 
inside shell tipped with purple. [Neiv Eng.] 

Quail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. QUAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUAILING.] [A.-S. cwelan, to die, perish. Cf. QUELL.] 
To become quelled ; to sink into dejection ; to lose spirit ; 
to shrink ; to cower. 

Quail, n. [0. Fr. quaille, It. 
quaglia, 0. H. Ger. ivahtala, N. 
H. Ger. wachtel.] ( Ornith.) A 
gallinaceous bird closely allied 
to the partridge of Europe. 

G3» In the "United States the 
name is loosely used for ruffed 
grouse. 

Quaint, a. [0. Fr. cointe, culti- 
vated, amiable, agreeable ; from 
Lat. cognitus, acquainted, and 
partly from comptus, comtus, 
adorned, elegant, polished.] 1. 
Characterized by ingenuity or art ; subtle ; artificially 
elegant. 2. Hence, showing excess of art. 3. Odd and 
antique ; curious and fanciful. 

Syn. — Ingenious; artful; far-fetched; affected; odd; whim- 
sical; singular; unusual.— Quaint, in our early writers, meant 
strange or hidden, and hence ingenious. In this sense it often 
occurs in Shakespeare ; as, a quaint device, quaintlg written, 
&c, and is used as a term of praise. Gradually, however, there 
sprang up a perverted ingenuity in such writers as Quarles, 
and many among the Puritans, to which we now give the 
name of quaintness. It is something queer and almost laugha- 
ble, but not foolish. The quaint writers have usuallv strong 
thought, but a strange and whimsical way of expressing it. 
Their wit is odd as well as sly; their images are often far- 
fetched or unnatural, and there is a strange contrast between 
the gravity of their thoughts and the fanciful or whimsical 
garb in which they are presented. Hence, the word became 
a term of dispraise, denoting affected, which Johnson declared 
to be its meaning in his day. At present (perhaps from a 
deference to 'he old writers mentioned) it has received tb.3 
united sense of antique and odd. 

Quaint'ly, adv. In a quaint manner ; ingeniously ; art- 
fully ; affectedly ; oddly ; fancifully. 

Quaint'ness, n. Quality of being quaint ; ingenuity ; 
affected art ; oddness ; strangeness. 

Quake, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. quaked (kwakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. QUAKING.] [A.-S. civacian.] 1. To tremble ; to 
shake with fear, cold, or emotion, 2. To shake or 
tremble, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or 
from violent convulsion of any kind. 

Syn— To shake ; vibrate ; tremble ; quiver : shudder. 

Quake, n. A tremulous agitation ; a shake ; a trem- 
bling ; a shudder. 

Quak'er, n. 1. One who quakes. 2. One of the relig- 
ious sect the members of which are called also Friends. 
Their early preachers were thrown by their violent en- 
thusiasm into quakings or convulsions and distortions of 
the limbs. 

Quaker gun, an imitation of a gun, made of wood or other 
material, and placed in the port-hole of a vessel, or the embra- 
sure of a fort, in order to deceive the enemy ; — so called from 
its inoffensive character. [Arner.~] 

Quak'er-ipli, a. Like, or pertaining to, a Quaker. 

Quak'er-igm, n. The peculiar character, manners, 
tenets, or worship of the- Quakers. 

Qual'i-fi'a-lrle, a. Capable of being qualified; abata- 
ble : modifiable. 

Qual'i-fi-ea'tion,??. 1. Act of qualifying, or condition 
of'being qualified. 2. Any endowment or acquirement 
which fits a person for a place, or enables him to sustain 
any character with success. 3. Act of limiting, or state 
of being limited or restricted ; hence, abatement ; dimi- 
nution. 

Qual'i-fied, p. a. Fitted by accomplishments or en- 
dowments ; modified ; limited. 



Syn. — Competent ; fit ; adapted. — A man is competent 
to a task or duty when he has the powers which are requisite 
for its performance ; ne is qualified for it when those powers 
have been trained into an acquaintance with the business to 
be done, and expertness in the mode of performing it. Many 
are competent to employments which they are utterly list- 
qualified to enter upon at once. 

Qual'i-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, qualifies. 

Qual'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. qualified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n' QUALIFYING.] [Lat. qualificare, from Lat. qualis, 
such, andfacere, to make.] 1. To make such as is re- 
quired ; to give added or requisite qualities to ; to fit, as 
for a place, office, occupation, or character ; to supply 
with legal power or capacity. 2. To reduce, by consid- 
eration or enumeration of qualities, from a general, un- 
defined, or comprehensive, to a particular or restricted 
form ; to limit. 3. Hence, to soften ; to abate ; to di- 
minish ; to assuage ; to reduce the strength of, as liquors. 

Syn. — To fit ; equip ; prepare ; adapt ; capacitate ; modi- 
fy ; restrict ; restrain. 

Qual'i-fy, v. i. To be or become qualified. 

Qual'i-ty (kwoM-ty), n. [Lat. qualitas, from qualis, 
ho'w or so constituted, such.] 1. Condition of being 
of such and such a sort as distinguished from others ; 
nature relatively considered. 2. Special or temporary 
character. 3. That which makes, or helps to make, any 
thing such as it is ; distinguishing property, character- 
istic, or attribute. 4. Superior birth or station ; high 
rank. 
Syn. — Attribute ; property ; accomplishment ; fashion. 

Qualm. (kwam),n. [A.-S. civealm, cwelm, death, slaugh- 
ter, pestilence, from cwellan, to slay. Cf. Quell.] 1. 
A sudden attack of illness, faintness, distress, or pain. 
2. Hence, especially, a sudden fit or seizure of sickness 
at the stomach. 3. Hence, a scruple of conscience. 

Qualm'isli (kwam'ish), a. Sick at the stomach ; inclined 
to vomit ; affected with nausea. 

Quan'da-ry , or Quan-da'ry (112), n. [Corrupted from 
Fr. qu'en dirai-je? what shall I say of it?] A state of 
difficulty or perplexity. 

Quan'ti-ta'tive, a. Relating to quantity. 

Quaii'ti-ty, n. [Lat. quantitas, from quantus, how great, 
ho'w much, from quam, how.] 1. The property of being 
measurable, or capable of increase and decrease, multipli- 
catiou and division ; that which answers the question 
" How much ? " Hence, in specific uses, (a.) (Logic.) The 
extent or extension of a general conception , that is, the 
number of species or individuals to which it may be 
applied; also, its content or comprehension, that is, the 
number of its constituent qualities, attributes or rela- 
tions, (b.) ( Gram.) The relative time occupied in pro- 
nouncing a syllable, (c.) (Mus.) The relative duration 
of a tone. 2. That which can be increased, diminished, 
or measured; especially, (Math.), any thing to which 
mathematical processes are applicable. 3. A certain 
portion or part ; sometimes, a considerable amount ; a 
large bulk, sum, or portion. 

Quan'tum, n. [Lat., from quantus, how great, how 
inuch.] Quantity ; amount. 

Quar'an-tiiie (110), n. [It. quarantina, forty, forty days, 
quarantine, L. Lat. quarentena, quadragintana, from 
Lat. quadraginta, forty.] 1. A space of forty days. 2. 
Specifically, the term during which a ship arriving in 
port, and suspected of being infected with a malignant, 
contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse 
with the shore ; hence, inhibition of intercourse to which 
a ship is subjected, on the presumption that she may be 
infected. 

Quar'rel (kwor'rel), n. [0. Eng. querele, from Lat. que- 
rela, querella, a complaint, from queri, to complain.] An 
angry contest ; a falling out. 

Syn. —Brawl; broil; squabble; affray; feud; tumult; con- 
test; dispute; altercation; contention. 

Quar'rel, n. [See Quarry.] 1. An arrow with a square 
head. [ Obs.] 2. A diamond-shaped pane of glass. 

Quar'rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quarreled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. "quarreling. See then.] 1. To dispute violently ; 
to wrangle ; to fall out. 2. To find fault. 

Quar'rel-er, n. One who quarrels ; a wrangler. 

Quar'rel-some (kwor'rel-sum), a. Apt to quarrel; 
given to brawls and contention ; irascible. 

Quar'ry (kwSr/ry), n. [0. Eng. qvarre, from Lat. quad- 

~ru'm, something'square, 0. Fr. quarre, from Lat. quadra- 
tus, square, quadratum, a square.] An arrow with a 
squarehead; a square or lozenge-shaped pane of glass - , 
a glazier's diamond. 

Quar'ry, n. [Fr. curie, 0. Fr. corce, fr. Lat. cor, the heart.] 
Game ; especially, the game hunted for by hawking. 



&,e,8t,c.,long; a,e, See., short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wolf, 



QUAERY 



585 



QUEEN 



Quar'ry, n. [Low Lat. quadraria, quatraria, a quarry, 
whence squared (quadraii) stones are dug, from quadrus 
lapis, quadratics. See Quarry, supra.] A place where 
stones are cut from the earth for building or other pur- 
poses. 

Quar'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUARRIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n.'QUARiiYlNG.J To dig or take from a quarry. 

Quart, n. [Lat. quartus, quarta, the fourth, from qua- 
tu'br, four.] 1. The fourth part of a gallon ; two pints. 
2. A vessel containing the fourth of a gallon. 

Quar'tan, a. [Lat. quartanus, from quartus, the fourth, 
from quatuor, four.] Of, or pertaining to, the fourth; 
occurring every fourth day. 

Quar'tan, n. [See supra.] {Med.) An intermitting ague 
that occurs every fourth day. 

Quar'ter, n. [Lat. quartarius, a fourth part, from quar- 
tus, the fourth, from quatuar, four.] 1. One of four 
equal parts into which any thing is divided, or is regarded 
as divided ; — hence, in specific uses, (a.) The fourth of 
a hundred-weight, being 28 or 25 pounds, according as 
the hundred- weight is reckoned at 112 or 100 pounds. 
(b.) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight bushels of 
grain ; also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal, (e.) 
(Astron. ) The fourth part of the moon's period or month- 
ly revolution, (d.) One limb of a quadruped with the 
adjacent parts, (e.) That part of a shoe which forms the 
side, from the heel to the vamp. (/.) {Far.) That part 
of a horse's foot between the toe and heel, (g.) A term 
of study in a seminary, college, &c. ; properly, a fourth 
part of the year, but often longer or shorter than this 
period. (h.) Part of a ship's side between the aftmost end 
of the main-chains and the sides of the stern, {i.) A re- 
gion ; a territory. (j.) A division of a town, county, or 
the like ; a district ; a locality. 2. Proper station ; spe- 
cific place; assigned position. Hence, specifically, (a.) 
(Naut. ) pi. A station at which officers and men are posted 
in battle, (b.) pi. Place of lodging or temporary resi- 
dence ; shelter, (c.) {Mil.) pi. A station or encampment 
occupied by troops, {d.) Hence, merciful treatment 
shown to an enemy. 

Quar'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quartered; p. pr. & vb. 
^."QUARTERING.] 1. To divide into four equal parts. 
2. To furnish with shelter or entertainment. 3. {Her.) 
To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms. 

To quarter arms (Her.), to place the arms of other families 
in the compartments of a shield, which is divided into four or 
more parts, the family arms being placed in the first. 

Quar'ter, v. i. To lodge ; to have a temporary residence. 

Quar'ter-age, «. A quarterly allowance. 

Quar'ter-dfiy, n. A day regarded as terminating a 
quarter of the year ; hence, one on which rent becomes 
due. 

Quar'ter-declv, n. (Naut.) That part of the deck of a 
ship which extends from the stern to the mainmast. 

Quar'ter-foil, n. [Lug. quarter and foil.] (Arch.) An 
ornamental figure disposed in four segments of circles, 
supposed to resemble an expanded flower of four petals. 

Quar'ter-ing, n. 1. Assignment of quarters for sol- 
diers. 2. (Her.) Division of a shield containing many 
coats. 3. (Arch.) A series of small upright posts. 

Quar'ter-ly, a. 1. Containing or consisting of a fourth 
part. 2. llecurring at the end of each quarter of the 
year. 

Quar'ter-ly, n. A periodical work published once in a 
quarter of a year, or four times during a year. [year. 

Quar'ter-ly, adv. By quarters ; once in a quarter of a 

Quar'ter-mas'ter, n. 1. (Mil.) An officer who pro- 
vides quarter?, provisions, clothing, transportation, &c, 
for the army, and superintends the supplies. 2. (Naut.) 
A petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, sig- 
nals, &c, under the direction of the master. 

Quar'tern, n. [Lat. quartarius, a, fourth part, quartern, 
gill.] 1. The fourth part of a pint; a gill. 2. The 
fourth part of a peck. 3. A loaf weighing about four 
pounds. 

Quar'ter-round, n. (Arch.) A molding, the section of 
which is exactly or approximately a quadrant, or the 
fourth part of a circle. 

Quar'ter-ses'siong (-sesh'unz), n.pl. (Eng. Laiv.) A 
general court of criminal jurisdiction held quarterly by 
the justices of peace of each county. 

Quar'ter-?taff , n. A stout staff formerly used as a 
weapon of defense ; — so called from the manner of using 
it, one hand being placed in the middle, and the other 
half way between the middle and end. 

Quar-tet' ) n. [It. quartetto, dim. of quarto, fourth, 

Quar-tette' ) a fourth part, fr. Lat. quartus, the fourth, 
from quatuor, four.] (Mus.) (a.) A composition in four 



parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument. 
(b.) The set of four persons who perform a piece of musio 
in four parts. 

Quar'tlle, n. [Lat. quartus. the fourth, from quatuor, 
four.] (Astrol.) An aspect of the -planets, when they are 
distant from each other a quarter of the circle, or ninety 
degrees. 

Quar'to, n. ; pi. QUAR'TOg. [Lat., from quartus, the 
fourth, from quatuor, four.] Originally, a book of the 
size of the fourth of a sheet of printing paper ; in present 
usage, a book of a squarish form, corresponding to that 
formerly made by folding a sheet twice. 

Quar'to, a. Having the form or size of a quarto. 

Quartz (kworts, 108), n. [M. & N. H. Ger. quarz, Fr. 
quartz.] (Min.) Pure silex, occurring crystallized, and 
also in masses of various colors, more or less transparent, 
and sometimes opaque. 

Quartz-ose' (125), ) a. Containing quartz ; partaking of 

Quartz'ous, [ the nature of quartz ; resembling 

Quartz'y (108), ) quartz. 

Quash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quashed (kwosht) ; p. pr. 
8c'vb. n. QUASHING.] [Lat. quassare, to shake, shatter, 
shiver, intensive form of quatere, quassum, to shake, 
shatter.] 1. To beat down or beat in pieces. 2. Hence, 
to crush ; to subdue ; to put down summarily and com- 
pletely. 3. [0. Fr. quasser, N. Fr. casser, from Lat. cas- 
sare, to annihilate, annul, from cassus, empty, vain.] 
(Laiv.) To abate, annul, overthrow, or make void. 

Qnd'sT. [Lat.] As if; in a manner; in a certain sense 
or degree ; — used as a prefix or first member of a com- 
pound. 

Quass, n. [Russ., Pol., & Bohem. kwass.] A thin, sour 
beer, much used by the Russians, made by pouring warm 
water on rye or barley meal. 

Quas-sa'tion, n. [Lat. quassatio, from quassare, to 

"shake.] Act of shaking; concussion; state of being 
shaken. 

Quas'sia (kwosh'i-a or kwash'i-a), n. [From the name 
of a negro, Quassy, or Quash, who prescribed this article 
as a specific ] A bitter wood obtained from various trees, 
all of which are natives of tropical America. The wood 
and bark are employed in medicine. 

Qua-ter'na-i*y, n. [Lat quate mar ins, consisting of four 
each, containing four, from quaterni, four each, from qua- 
tuor, four.] The number four. 

Qua-ter'na-ry, a. Consisting of four ; by fours. 

Qua-tei''ni-on, n. [Lat. quaternio, from quaterni, four 
each, from quatuor, four.] 1. The number four. 2. 
A set of four parts, objects, or individuals. 3. (Math.) 
The quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right 
lines in space, considered as depending on four geomet- 
rical elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol 
of quadrinominal form. 

Qua'ter-ou, n. See Quadroon. 

Quat'rain (42), n. [Fr., from quatre,li&t. quatuor, four.] 
A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. 

Qua'ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quavered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. QUAVERING.] [O. Eng. quave, to shake, to tremble, 
allied to L. Ger. qvabbeln, to shake, to be soft, from 
quabbel, quabbe, a fat lump of flesh, a dewlap. Cf. 
Quiver.] 1. To tremble ; to vibrate ; to shake. 2. 
To shake the voice ; to sing with tremulous modulations 
of voice ; also, to produce a shake on a musical instru- 
ment. 

Qua'ver, n. 1. A shake or rapid vibration of the voice, 
or a shake on an instrument of music. 2. (Music.) An 
eighth note. See EIGHTH. 

Quay (kS), n. [See Key.] A mole or bank formed toward 
the sea, or on the side of a river. 

Queach'y, a. [From queach, a modif. of quick.] Yield- 
ing or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground. 

Quean, n. [A.-S. cwene, woman, harlot, Goth, qvens, 
qveins, Icel. qvinna, kona, qven, allied to Gr. yvinq, Ir- 
coinne, a woman.] 1. A woman ; a girl. 2. Especially, 
a low woman ; a wench ; a slut. 

Quea'§i-ness, n. State of being queasy ; nausea. 

Quea'gy, a. [Icel. qveisa, belly-ache, pains in the stom- 
ach.] 1. Sick at the stomach ; affected with nausea. 2. 
Fastidious; squeamish. 3. Causing nausea. 

Queen, n. [0. Eng. queue, A.-S. civen, wife, queen, IceL 
qvan, qvon, woman, wife. See QUEAN.] 1. The con- 
sort of a king. 2. A woman who is the sovereign of a 
kingdom. 3. The sovereign of a swarm of bees. 

Queen-consort, the wife of a reigning king. — Queen-dowager, 
the widow of a king. — Queen-mother, a queen-dowager who is 
also mother of the reigning king or queen. — Queen-regent, or 
queen-regnant, a queen reigning in her own right. — Queen's 
bench, a court of record in England, which is so called during 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist : linger, link ; this. 



QUEEN 



586 



QUICKSILVER 




Queen-post Roof. 
AA, queen -posts ; b, tie- 
beam ; cc, struts or 
braces ; dd, purlins; F., 
straining beam ; ff, 
common rafters ; oo, 
wall-plates ; n, ridge- 
piece. 



the life of a queen.— Queen's metal, an alloy imitating silver, 
composed of nine parts of tin and one part each of lead, anti- 
mony, and bismuth. 

Queen, v. i. To play the queen j to act the part or char- 
acter of a queen. 
Queen'-post, n. (Arch.) One 

of two suspending posts in a 

trussed roof, framed below into 

the tie-beam, and above into 

the principal rafters. 
Queer, a. [compar. queerer; 

superl. QUEEREST.] [N. II. 

Ger. queer, quer, cross, oblique, 

athwart, M. & 0. H. Ger. twer, 

A.-S. thweor, tkweorh, Icel. 

thwer, Goth, thwairhs. Cf. 

Thwart.] Going athwart 

what is usual or normal ; odd ; 

singular ; quaint ; whimsical. 
Queer'ly, adv. In an odd or singular manner ; oddly; 

singularly ; whimsically. 
Queer'ness, n. Oddity ; singularity ; particularity. 
Quell, v. t. [imp. Sc.p.p. quelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

QUELLING.] [A.-S. cwelian, cwellan, Icel. qvelia. See 

Kill.] 1. To subdue ; to put down, 2. To reduce to 

peace ; to cause to cease. 
S3 r n. — To crush ; overpower; quiet; allay; calm. 
Quell'er, n. One, who quells ; one who crushes. 
Quench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quenched (kwgncht) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. QUENCHING.] [A.-S. cwencan, acwencan, 

allied to cwlnan, acunnan, to languish, cwincan, acwln- 

can, to decrease, disappear.] 1. To extinguish; to put 

out, as fire. 2. Hence, to put an end to, as something 

warm, ardent, burning, or the like. 

Syn. — To extinguish; still; stifle; allay; cool; check; de- 
stroy. 
Quencli'a-ble, a. Admitting of being quenched. 
Quencb'er, n. One who, or that which, quenches. 
Quencli'less, a. Incapable of being quenched. 

Syn. — Inextinguishable; unquenchable; irrepressible. 
Quer'^it-ron, n. [Fr. , fr. Lat. quercus, an oak, and citrus, 

the citron-tree.] 1. The bark of the black oak, or dyer's 

oak, which grosvs from Canada to Georgia, and west to 

the Mississippi. 2. The inner bark of this tree, used in 

tanning and in dyeing yellow. 
Quer'i-mo'ni-ous, a. [Lat. querimonia, a complaint, 

from queri, to complain.] Complaining ; querulous ; apt 

to complain. 
Que'rist (89), n. [Lat. quscrere, to search for, to inquire.] 

One who inquires or asks questions. 
Quern, n. [A.-S. civeorn, cwyrn, Icel. qvb'rn, Goth. 

qvairnus, allied to Ger. korn, Goth, kaurn, Eng. com, 

Lat. granum.] A hand-mill for grinding grain. 
Quer'u-lous, a. [Lat. querulus and querulosus, from 

queri" to complain.] 1. Apt to repine, or habitually 

complaining. 2. Expressing complaint. 

Syn.— Complaining ; bewailing; lamenting; whining; 
mourning; murmuring; discontented; dissatisfied. 

Quer'u-loiis-ly, adv. In a querulous manner 

Quer'ii-lous-iiegg, n. State of being querulous ; dis- 
position to complain. 

Que'ry (89), n. [Lat. qusere, imper. of quserere, to seek 
for, to inquire.] A question; an inquiry to be answered 
or resolved. 

Que'ry, v. i. To ask questions ; to make inquiry. 

Que'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. queried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUERYING.] 1. To seek by questioning; to inquire 
into. 2. To doubt of. 

Quest, n. [From Lat. quserere, qusesitum, to seek for, to 
ask.] Act of seeking, or looking after any thing ; attempt 
to find or obtain ; search. 

Ques'tion (kweWyun, 66), n. [Lat. qusestio, from 
qvxrere, qusesitum, to seek for, ask, inquire.] 1. Act 
of asking; interrogation. 2. Discussion ; debate ; hence, 
verbal contest. 3. Investigation ; specifically, formal 
investigation as before a tribunal. 4. That which is 
asked ; a query. 5. Hence, a subject of investigation 
or examination. 

Tnquestion. in debate; in the course of examination or dis- 
cussion. — Leading question, a question which suggests the i 
answer desired. — Out of the question, not worthy of, or requir- I 
ing, consideration ; quite impossible. — Previous question, the j 
question put to a parliamentary assembly previously to the I 
putting of the principal question; namely, "Shall the main 
question be now put?" Calling for the previous question cuts j 
off further debate. 

Syn.— Interrogatory ; inquiry; examination; trial; dis- 
pute; doubt. I 



QuSs'tion (kwest'yun), v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. question- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. QUESTIONING.] To ask a question 
or questions. 

Ques'tion (kwest'yun), v. t. 1. To inquire of by asking 
questions ; to examine by interrogatories. 2. To doubt 
of; to be uncertain of. 3. To treat as not entitled to 
confidence ; to call in question. 

Syn.— To ask ; interrogate; catechise; doubt: controvert; 
dispute ; inquire. — We inquire for the sake of information ; 
as, to inquire one's way. We question with closeness in order 
to gain the whole truth ; as, to question a messenger as to all 
the particulars. We interrogate by atking questions repeated- 
ly, and often with authority. 

Ques'tion-a-ble (kwest'yun-a-bl), a. 1. Inviting, or 
seeming to invite, inquiry. [Rare.] 2. Liable to be 
doubted or called in question. 

Syn. — Disputable ; controvertible ; debatable ; uncertain ; 
doubtful; suspicious. 

Ques'tion-er (kwest / yun-er), n. One who asks ques- 
tions : an inquirer. 

Ques'tion-less (kwest'yun-), adv. Eeyond a question or 
doubt; doubtless; certainly. [Obs. or rare.) 

Ques'tor, n. [Lat. qusestor, contr. from qusesitor, from 
quserere, quassitum, to seek for, ask.] ( Rom. Antiq.) A 
public treasurer ; the receiver of taxes, tribute, &c. 

Queue (ku), n. [Fr.] See Cue. 

Quita, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of quibble, q. v. Cf. TV. gwib, 
a quick course, a wandering, strolling. See QUIP.] A 
sarcasm ; a bitter taunt ; a quip ; a gibe. 

Quib'ble (kwlb'bl), n. [Prob. from Lat. qvidlibet, what 
you please.] 1. An evasion ; a cavil; a pretense. 2. A 
pun ; a low conceit. 

Quib'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. ^.QUIBBLED; p.pr.&vb. 
n. QUIBBLING.] 1. To evade the point in question by 
artifice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit, 2. 
To pun ; to practice punning. 

Quib'bler, n. One who quibbles ; a punster. 

Quick (kwik), a. [compar. QUICKER ; superl. QUICK- 
EST.] [A.-S. cwic, Icel. qvikr, Goth, qvius, allied to 
Lat. vivus, from vivere, Skr. dslnw, to live.] 1. Alive ; 
living ; animate. 2. Characterized by liveliness ; ani- 
mated; sprightly. 3. Speedy; hasty; swift; not slow. 

Syn. — Expeditious; rapid; prompt; ready; active; brisk; 

nimble; agile; lively. 
Quick, adv. 1. In a quick manner ; nimbly ; with 

celerity ; rapidly ; with haste ; speedily. 2. In a short 

time ; without delay. 
Quick, n. [Eng. quick, a., L. Ger. quick. Cf. Sw. qviga, 

a heifer ; Dan. quag, cattle, that is, living.] 1. A living 

animal or plant ; especially, the hawthorn, quickset. 2. 

Hence, the part of the body which is t sensitive to pain ; 

the living flesh ; hence, the sensitive part or point. 
Quick'en (kwlk'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. quickened; 

p. pr. & vb. n. Quickening.] [A.-S. cwician, cucian. 

See Quick.] 1. To make alive; to vivify ; to reinvigo- 

rate. 2. To make lively, active, or sprightly. 3. To 

make quick or rapid. 
Syn. — To revive; resuscitate; refresh; stimulate: sharpen; 

incite; hasten; accelerate; expedite; dispatch; speed. 
Quick'en (kwlk'n), v. i. 1. To become alive; to be- 
come vivified or enlivened. 2. To move with rapidity. 
Quick'en-er, n. One who, or that which, quickens. 
Quick'lime, n. [See Lime.] (P/iem.) Any carbonate 

of lime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, &c, deprived 

of its carbonic acid and aqueous matter, by exposure to 

intense heat. 
Quick'ly, adv. Speedily ; soon ; without delay. 
Quick'ness, n. 1. Rapidity of motion. 2. Activity; 

briskness. 3. Acuteness of perception ; keen sensibility. 

4. Sharpness ; pungency of taste. 

Syn. — "Velocity; celerity; rapidity: haste: expedition; dis- 
patch ; swiftness ; nimbleness : fleetness : agility ; liveliness ; 
sagacity; shrewdness; penetration; keenness. 

Quick'sand, n. Sand easily moved or readily yielding 
to pressure ; especially, loose or moving sand mixed with 
water, and very dangerous, from its being unable to sup- 
port the weight of a person. 

Quick'set, v. t. To plant with living shrubs or trees for 
a hedge or fence. 

Quick'set, a. Made of quickset. 

Quick'-siglit'ed (-s.t'-), a. Having quick sight or 
acute discernment. 

Quick'-sigbt'ed-ness (-sft'ed-nes), n. Quickness of 
sight or discernment ; readiness to see or discern. 

Quick'sil-ver, n. [Eng. quick and silver ; so called from 
its fluidity. See Quick.] (Mm.) Mercury. See MER- 
CURY. 



ii,e,&.c.,long; a,e,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique , firm ; son, or, do, wolic, 



QUICKSTEP 



587 



QUIT 



Quick'step, n. {Mas.) A lively, spirited march. 

Quick'- wilted, a. Having ready wit. 

Quid, n. A. portion suitable to be cbewed ; a cud. 

Quld'di-ty, n. [L. Lat. quidditas, from Lat. quid, what.] 
1. The essence or nature of a thing. 52. A trifling nicety ; 
a captious question. 

Quid-die (kwid'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. quiddled; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. QUIDDLING.] [Lat. quid, what.] To 
spend or waste time in trifling employments ; to dawdle. 

Quid'dle, ) n. One who spends time in trifling nice- 

Quid'dler, j ties. 

Quid'nunc, n. [Lat., What now ?] One who is curious 
to know every thing that passes. 

QuI-esce', v. i. [imp. & p. p. quiesced (kwi-esf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. QUIESCING.] [Lat. qui escere, from quies, 
rest, quiet.] To be silent, as a letter ; to have no sound. 

Qui-es'cence, \ n. 1. State or quality of being qui- 

Qui-es'cen-cv, ) escent ; rest ; repose. 52. Rest of the 
mind. 3. ( Gram.) Silence ; the having no sound, as of 
a letter. 

Qui-es'cent, a. [Lat. quiescens, p. pr. of quiescere. See 
QurESCE.] 1. Being in a state of repose; still; not 
moving. 52. Not ruffled with passion ; quiet; dormant. 
3. {Gram.) Not sounded ; silent; mute. 

Qul'et, a. [compar. QUIETER ; superl. QUIETEST.] 
[Lat. quietus, p. p. of quiescere, to rest, keep quiet.] 1. 
Being in a state of rest ; not moving. 52. Free from 
alarm or disturbance. 3. Not giving offense or trouble ; 
not turbulent. 

Syn.- Still ; tranquil ; calm ; unruffled ; smooth ; unmo- 
lested; undisturbed; placid; peaceful; mild; peaceable; meek; 
contented. 

Qui'et, n. [Lat. quies, quietis.] 1. State of a thing not 
in motion ; rest ; repose. 52. Freedom from disturbance 
or alarm ; tranquillity. 

Qui'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUIETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUIETING-.] 1. To stop motion in ; to reduce to a state 
of rest. 52. To calm ; to appease ; to pacify. 

Qui'et-er, n. One who, or that which, quiets. 

Qul'et-I§m, n. 1. Peace or tranquillity of mind. 52. 
(Eccl. Hist.) The system of the Quietists, who main- 
tained that religion consists in an internal rest or repose 
of the mind, employed in contemplating God, and sub- 
mitting to his will. 

Qui'et-ist, 11. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of mystics, 
who maintained the principles of Quietism. 

Qui'et-ist'ic, a. Pertaining to a Quietist, or to Quietism. 

Qui'et-ly, adv. In a quiet state or manner. 

Qui'et-ness, n. State of being quiet ; freedom from 
agitation, disturbance, or excitement. 

Syn. — Stillness; tranquillity; calmness. 

Qui'e-tude (30), n. [Lat. quietudo, quietudinis. See 
Quiet, a.] Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. 

Qui-e'tus, ii. [Lat. quietus. See QUIET, a.] Rest ; re- 
pose ; death ; hence, a final discharge or acquittance. 

Quill, n. [M. H. Ger. kil, allied to Lat. caulis, a stalk, a 
quill, influenced perhaps by Fr. quille, keel.] 1. A large, 
strong feather ; — used for writing-pens, &c. 52. Hence, 
a pen. 3. A spine or prickle, as of a porcupine. 4. A 
piece of small reed, on which weavers wind thread. 5. 
(Mas.) The tube of a musical instrument. 6. Some- 
thing having the form of a quill. 

Quill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUILLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUILLING-.] 1. To plait, or to form with small ridges 
like quills or reeds. 52. To wind on a quill, as thread or 
yarn. 

Quill'ing, n. A narrow border or trimming of lace, and 
the like, folded or plaited so as somewhat to resemble a 
row of quills. 

Quilt, 11. [Cf. Lat. culcita, a bed, cushion, mattress. Ir. 
cuilt, a bed, a bed-tick.] A cover or garment made by 
putting wool, cotton, or other substance, between two 
cloths, and sewing them together. 

Quilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quilted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUILTING.] 1. To stitch together with some soft and 
warm substance between, or in the interior of. 52. To 
sew with the stitch used in a quilt. 

Quilt'er, ii. One who quilts. 

Quilt'ing, ii. 1. Act of forming a quilt. 2. Act or 
process of making a quilt or quilts by a party of ladies, 
especially for some charitable purpose. [Amer.] 3. A 
figured material for bed-quilts, toilet-covers, &c. 

(Juince, 11. ( Bot. ) The fruit of a small tree, so named from 
Cydnania, a town of Crete, famous for abounding with 
this fruit. It has an acid taste and pleasant flavor, and is 
much used in making pies, tarts, and marmalade. 

Quin-eun'cial, a. Having the form of a quincunx. 



Quin'eunx, n. [Lat. from quinque, five, and uncia, an 
ounce.] An arrangement or disposition of things, es- 
pecially of trees, by fives in a square, one being placed in 
the middle of the square. 

Qui'nine, or Qui-iiine', n. [Sp. quinina, from quina, 
or quinaquina, Peruvian bark.] 1. (Chem.) A basic 
alkaloid obtained from various species of cinchona. 52. 
(Med.) One of the salts of quinine, especially the sul- 
phate, used as a tonic and febrifuge. 

Quin'qua-ges'i-ma, a. [Lat., from quinquagesimus, 
the fiftieth, from quinquaginta, fifty.] Fiftieth. 

Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday which is about the 
fiftieth day before Easter. 

Quin-quan'gu-lar (kwin-kwang'gu-lar), a. [Lat. quin- 
quangulus, from quinque, five, and angulus, an angle.] 
Having five angles or corners. 

Quin-quen'ni-al, a. [Lat. quinquennalis and quinquen- 
nis, from quinque, five, and annus, year.] Occurring 
once in five years, or lasting five years. 

Quln'que-valve, ia. [Lat. quinque, five, and val- 

Quin'que-valv'u-lar, ) va, the leaf, fold, or valve of 
a door.] (Bot.) Having five valves, as a pericarp. 

Quin'§y, n. [Contracted from squinancy , q. v.] (Med.) 
An inflammation of the throat, or parts adjacent, ac- 
companied by inflammatory fever. 

Quint, ii. [Lat. quintus, quinta, the fifth, from quinque, 
five.] A set or sequence of five, as in piquet. 

Quint'ain (42), n. [L. Lat. quintana. Cf. W. chwintan, 
a kind of hymeneal game.] An object to be tilted at. 

Qulnt'al, n. [From Ar. kintar, a weight of 100 lbs., and 
this from Lat. centenarius, consisting of a hundred, from 
centeni, a hundred each, from centum, a hundred.] A 
hundred weight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to 
the scale used. 

Quint'an, n. (Med.) A fever the paroxysms of which 
return every fifth day. 

Quin-tes'sence, n. [From Lat. quinta essentia, fifth 
essence.] 1. (Alchemy.) The fifth or last and highest 
essence or power in a natural body. [Obs.] 52. Hence, 
pure or concentrated essence. 

Quin'tes-sen'tial, a. Consisting of quintessence. 

Quin-tet', J n. [From Lat. quintus, the fifth, from 

Quin-tette', > quinque, five.] (Mus.) A composition 

Quin-tet'to, ) for five voices or instruments. 

Qulnt'ile, n. [From Lat. quintus, the fifth, from quin- 
que, five.] (Astron.) The aspect of planets when distant 
from each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°. 

Quin-till'ion (kwin-til'yun), n. [Lat. quinque, five, 
quintus, the fifth.] According to the English notation, a 
number produced by involving a million to the fifth 
power, or a unit with 30 ciphers annexed ; according to 
the French notation, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. 

Qum'tu-ple, a. [Lat. quintuplex, from quintus, fifth, 
quinque, five, and plicare, to fold.] Multiplied by five; 
fivefold. 

Qum'tu-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quintupled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. quintupling.] To make fivefold ; to multi- 
ply by five. 

Quip, n. [See QuiB.] A smart, sarcastic turn; a taunt; 
a severe retort ; a gibe ; a jeer. 

Quip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUIPPED (kwipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. QUIPPING.] To taunt ; to treat with a sarcastic 
retort. 

Quip, v. i. To scoff; to manifest contempt by derision. 

Quire, n. [See Choir] 1. A body of singers; a 
choir. 52. The part of a church where the service is 
sung. 

QuTi'e, n. [From O. Fr. quayer, cayer, ca'ier, N. Fr- 
caliier, a book of loose sheets, a quarter of a quire, from 
Low Lat. quaternus, quaternum, quaternium, quaternio, 
sheets of paper packed by turns, from Lat. quaterni, four 
each, by fours, from quatuor, four.] A collection of paper 
consisting of twenty-four sheets, each having a single 
fold. 

Quirk (18), n. [Allied to queer, q. v.] 1. A sudden 
turn ; hence, an artful evasion or subterfuge ; a shift ; a 
quibble. 52. A smart taunt or retort. 

Quit (kwit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. quit or quitted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. QUITTING.] [L. Lat. quitare, quittare, quie- 
tare, to dismiss, leave, cede, from Lat. quietus, quiet.] 
1. To release from obligation, accusation, penalty, or 
the like ; to acquit. 52. To meet the claims upon, or ex- 
pectations entertained of; to conduct. 3. To discharge, 
as an obligation or duty. 4. To have done with ; hence, 
especially, to depart from ; to forsake ; to give up. 

Syn. — To leave; relinquish; resign; surrender: discharge; 
requite. — Leave is the generic term ; quit is more specific 
and distinctive. Being from the Low Latin quietare to leave 



food, foot , urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link; this- 



QUIT 



588 



RABDOMANCY 



<£uiet or undisturbed, it denotes that we go from a place 
either with the intention of never returning, or, at least, with 
no formed design of so doing. Hence, to say that a man has 
left a place or employment, decides nothing as to his return- 
ing or resuming it; but to say that he has quit the town or the 
businesses to say that this was considered and understood, at 
the time, to be a final act. 

Quit, a. Released from obligation, charge, penalty, or 
the like ; free ; clear ; absolved. 

B@~ This word is sometimes used in the form quits, colloqui- 
ally; as, to be quits with one, that is, to have made mutual 
satisfaction of demands with him ; to be even with him. 

Quit'elaim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quitclaimed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. QUITCLAIMING.] [Eng. quit and claim.] 
(Law.) To release or relinquish a claim to by deed. 

Quit/claim, n. (Law.) A release or relinquishment of 
a claim ; a deed of release. 

Quite, adv. [Fr. quitte, discharged, free, clear. See QUIT, 
a.] 1. Completely ; wholly ; entirely ; totally. 2. To 
a great extent or degree ; very ; considerably. 

<Quit'rent, n. [Eng. quit and rent.] (Law.) A rent re- 
served in grants of land, by the payment of which the 
tenant is quieted or quit from all other service. 

Quit'tance, n. 1. Discharge from a debt or obliga- 
tion ; acquittance. 2. Recompense ; repayment. 

Qurv'er, n. [0. Fr. cuivre, couire, fr. 0. H. Ger. kochar, 
kohhar, chochari, A.-S. cocor, cocur, cocer, Icel. kogur.] A 
case or sheath for arrows. 

Quiv'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quivered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUIVERING.] [Cf. QUAVER ; also, 0. D. quicker, vivid, 
A.-S. cwiferlice, anxiously.] To shake with slight and 
tremulous motion. 

Syn. — To quake: shudder; shiver; vibrate; tremble. 

Quivered, a. [From quiver, n.] 1. Furnished with a 
quiver. 2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. 

Qui v'ive (k5 yev). [Fr., from qui, who, and vive, pres. 
subj. of vivre, to live.] The challenge of a French sen- 
tinel, To what party do you belong? i. e., for whom do 
you cry vive; corresponding to, Who goes there? Hence, 
to be on the qui vive, to be on the alert, like a sentinel. 

Quix-ot'ie, a. Like Don Quixote; romantic to extrava- 
gance. 

Quiz, n. A word of no meaning coined by Daly, the man- 
ager of a Dublin theater, in pursuance of a wager that 
such a word should be the common talk and puzzle of the 
city in 24 hours. The letters quiz were chalked by 
him on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won 
the wager.] 1. A riddle or obscure question ; an enigma. 
2. One who quizzes others. 3. An odd fellow. 

Quiz, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
QUIZZING.] 1. To puzzle; to ridicule or make sport 
of, by deceiving. 2. To look sharply and mockingly at ; 
to peer at. 

Quiz'zer, n. One who quizzes others, or makes them the 
objects of sport by deceiving them. 

Quiz'zre-al, a. Comical. [ Colloq.] 



Quiz'zing-glass, ft. A small eye-glass. 

Qudd'li-bet, n. [Lat., what you please.] 1. A nice 
point ; a subtilty. 2. (Mus.) A medley improvised by 
several performers. 

Quoif (kwoif), n. [See Coif.] A cap or hood ; a coif. 

Quoin (kwoin or koin), n. [See Coin.] 1. Any external 
angle ; especially (Arch .), the external angle of a building. 
2. A wedge-like piece of stone, wood, metal, or other 
material, used for various purposes. 

Quoit (kwoit), ft. [D. koot, 0. D. kote, die, knuckle bone; 
W. coitan, coeten, a quoit.] A circular ring or piece of 
iron, stone, or other material, to be pitched at a fixed ob- 
ject in play. 

Quoit, v. i. To throw quoits ; to play at quoits. 

Quon'dam, a. [Lat., formerly.] Having been formerly; 
former. 

Quo'rum (89), n. [Lat., gen. pi. of qui, " of whom ; " 
with reference to a complete body of persons, of whom 
those who are assembled are legally sufficient to transact 
the business of the whole.] Such a number of the officers 
or members of any body as is competent by law or con- 
stitution to transact business. 

Quo'ta, ft. [Lat. quota (sc. pars), from quotus, which or 
what in number, of what number, how many, from quot, 
how many.] A proportional part or share ; or the share, 
part, or proportion assigned to each. [cited. 

Quot'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being quoted or 

Quo-ta'tion, ft. [From quote.] 1. Act of quoting or 
citing. 2. That which is quoted or cited. 3. (Com.) 
The naming of the price of commodities ; or the price 
specified to a correspondent. 

Quote (kwot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUOTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. QUOTING.] [0. Fr. quoter, N. Fr. coter, to letter, 
number, to quote, Pr. quotar, Sp. & Pg. cotar, acotar, It. 
quotare, from Lat. quotus. See supra.] 1. To cite, as a 
passage from some author. 2. (Com.) To name the 
price of. 

Syn. — To cite; name; adduce; repeat. — To cite was origi- 
nally to call into court as a witness, &c; and hence the word 
denotes something very specific and exact in adducing evi- 
dence. Quote is used in a more loose and general way, often 
expressing an appeal to some one as an authority, without re- 
peating his exact words. 

Quot'er, ft._ One who cites the words of another. 
Quoth (kwoth or kwuth), v. i. [A.-S. cwedhan, imp. 

cwadh, Goth, qvithan, Icel. qveda.] Said ; spoke ; — used 

in the first and third persons in the past tenses. 
Quo-tid'i-an, a. [Lat. quotidianus, from quotidie, daily, 

from quotus, how many, and dies, day.] Occurring or 

returning daily. 
Quo-tid'i-an, n. Any thing returning daily ; especially 

(Med.), a fever whose paroxysms return every day. 
Quo'tient (kwS'shent), n. [From Lat. quoties, how 

often, how many times, from quot, how many.] (Arith.) 

The number resulting from the division of one number 

by another. 



R 



R(ar), the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a I 
liquid or semi-vowel. According to some orthoepists, | 
it has two distinct sounds, the first heard in ran, free, j 
morose ; the second in her, ford, starling. Others regard | 
the second of the two sounds as merely a guttural modi- 
fication of the first, and not, therefore, essentially differ- 
ing from it. By most writers, no distinction whatever is 
admitted, the letter r being considered to have one un- 
varying sound in all cases. See Principles of Pronuncia- 
tion, §§ 87-89. 

Kab'bet, v. t. [imp. & p.p. rabbeted; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. rabbeting.] [Cf. Fr. raboler, to plane, plane down, 
rabot, a plane.] 1. To cut, as the edge of a board, so 
that it may form a joint with another board, similarly 
cut, by lapping. 2. To lap and unite the edges of, as 
boards, &c, by a rabbet. 

KalVtaet, n. [See supra, and cf. Re- 
bate, 2.] A cut made upon the edge 
of a board, so that it may form a joint 
with another board, similarly cut, by 
lapping. 

Hab'foi (rSb'bT or raVbi). n. ; pi. rXb'- 

BI5 or rab'bies. [Gr.- pa|3/3i', Heb. Kabbet. 

rabi, my master, from rab, master, lord, teacher.] Master 




lord ; sir ; — a Jewish title of respect or honor for a 
teacher or doctor of the law. 

Rah'bin, n. The same as Rabbi, q. v. 

Rab-bin'ie, ( a. Pertaining to the rabbins, or Jew- 

Rab-bin'ie-al, ) ish doctors of the law, or to their 
opinions, learning, and language. 

Rah'biii-i§m, n. A rabbinic expression or phraseology. 

Rab'bin-ist, ft. One among the Jews who adhered to 
the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins. 

Rab'bit, n. [0. D. robbe, robbeken.] (Zool.) A small ro- 
dent mammal which burrows in the earth. It resembles 
the hare, but is smaller, and has shorter legs and ears. 

Kab'ble, n. [D. rapalje, 0. & Prov. Fr. rapaille, from. 
taper, to grate, scrape, to wear out.] 1. A crowd of 
vulgar, noisy people ; a mob. 2. The dregs of the 
people. 

Kab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RABBLING.] To insult or drive away by a mob ; to mob. 

Rab-dol'o-gy, n. [Gr. pafiSos, rod, stick, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] The method or art of performing arithmeti- 
cal operations by means of little square rods, called Na- 
pier'' s-bones. 

Rata'do-man/cy, ft. [Gr. paj35o?, rod, and fj-avreia, 
divination.] Divination by means of rods or wands. 



a, e, Sec, long; a, e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,wolf, 



RABID 



589 



RADICAL 




Rab'id, a. [Lat. rabidus, from rabies, rage, from rabere, 
to rave. J 1. Furious ; raging ; mad. 2. Pertaining to 
hydrophobia. 

Rab'id-ness, n. Condition of being rabid ; madness. 

Rab'i-net, n. [Perh. from Fr. rabine, a kind of pear, a 
high-grown wood.] A kind of smaller ordnance. 

Ita'-ed, a. [Heb. raka, prob. allied to rak, thin, lean.] 
Empty ; beggarly ; foolish ; worthless ; loose in life and 
manners ; — a term expressing contempt. 

Rae-eoon', n. [Fr. raton, 
a little rat, a raccoon. See 
Rat.] (Zool.) A carnivo- 
rous mammal inhabiting 
North America, allied to 
the bear, but about the size 
of a common dog. 

Kaye, n. [From 0. H. Ger. 
reiza, line ; not from the 
Lat. radix, root, though in 
gome of its senses influ- 
enced by it.] 1. The de- 
scendants of a common an- 
cestor ; a family, tribe, peo- Raccoon, 

pie, or nation, believed or presumed to belong to the 
same stock. 2. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength of 
■wine; hence, characteristic flavor; smack. 3. Hence, 
characteristic quality or disposition. 4. A root. 

Syn.— Lineage ; line } family ; house ; breed) offspring; 
progeny; issue. 

Race, n. [A.-S. rxs, Icel. rets, course, rasa, to run.] 1. 
A movement or progression of any kind ; hence, a meth- 
od or course of action or effort ; train ; process. 2. Es- 
pecially, swift progress ; rapid course or motion. 3. Act 
or process of running in competition ; trial of speed to 
win a prize, or the like. 4. A strong or rapid current 
of water, or the channel or passage for such a current. 
5. A canal or watercourse leading from a dam to a water- 
wheel which it drives. 

Race, v. i. [imp. & p. p. RACED (rast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RACING.] To run swiftly ; to run or contend in running. 

Race, v. t. To cause to run rapidly, as a horse in a race. 

Race'-horse, n. A horse bred or kept for running in 
contest. _ 

R&c'e-ma'tion, n. [Lat. racematio, from racemari, to 
glean, from racemus, a cluster of grapes.] A cluster or 
bunch, as of grapes. 

Ka-jerae', n. [Lat. racemus, the stalk of a cluster of 
grapes, &c. . a bunch of berries, a cluster of grapes, allied 
to Gr. pal', payos, a berry, especially a grape.] (Bot.) A 
flower-cluster with short and equal lateral flowered pedi- 
cels, as in the currant. 

Rac'e-mif 'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. racemifer, from racemus, 
raceme, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing racemes, as the 
currant. 

Ra'cer, n. One who races, or contends in a race. 

Ra-chit'ie (ra-klt'ik), a. [From Gr. p<x\i?, the spine.] 
(Med.) Pertaining to, or affected by, rachitis ; rickety. 

Jta-^Jil'tis, n. [Gr. paxms (sc. vocros), from pa-xis, the 
spine.] (Med.) Inflammation of the spine; — a disease 
of early childhood, in which the bones soften, become 
swollen and distorted, and the body deformed ; the 
rickets. [piquant flavor. 

Ra'ci-ness, n. Quality of being rac*- ; peculiar and 

Rack, v. t. [See Rack, n., infra.) 1. To stretch or 
strain ; hence, to subject to violent treatment ; to wrest. 
2. Specifically, to stretch on the rack or wheel. 3. To 
torment ; to torture. 4. To harass by exaction ; to ex- 
haust. 5. To draw off from the lees ? as wine or other 
liquor ; to cause to flow off, as pure wine, &c, from its 
sediment. 

Rack, n. [Ger. reck, D. rek, fr. Ger. recken, to stretch, D. 
rekken, Goth, rakyan, Icel. rtkia, rakna, A.-S. rseran, 
raeccan, to reach, extend.] 1. An instrument for rack- 
ing, stretching, or extending any thing; as, (a.) An en- 
gine of torture, on which the body of a person is gradu- 
ually stretched until sometimes the joints are dislocated. 
(b.) A wooden frame of open work in which hay is laid 
for horses and cattle, (c.) A frame-work on which arti- 
cles are arranged and deposited, (d.) (Naut.) A strong 
frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which 
passes the running rigging. 2. A peculiar pace of a 
horse in which the two legs on each side tire moved to- 
gether. 3. (Mach.) A straight bar with teeth on its 
edge to work with those of a wheel or pinion which is to 
drive or follow it. 

Rack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. racked (rakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RACKING-.] [See supra.] To move or travel with a 
quick amble, as a horse. 



Rack, v. i. [See infra.] To steam ; to rise, or fly af 
vapor or broken clouds. 

Rack, n. [Cf. A.-S. racu, rain, Icel. rak, moisture, raki, 
dampness. Cf. Reek.] Thin, flying, broken clouds, or 
any portion of floating vapor in the sky. 

Rack, n- The same as arrack. See Arrack. 

Rack'er, n. 1. One who racks or torments. 2. A horse 
that racks, or moves with a racking pace. 

Rack'et, n. [It. racchetta, for retichetta, from Lat. rete, 
a net, dim. reticulum.] 1. A sort of elliptical hoop, 
from side to side of which a net-work of cord is stretched, 
and furnished with a handle. It is used in tennis and 
similar games. 2. A snow-shoe. [Canada.] 3. A 
broad wooden shoe for a horse, to enable him to step 
on marshy or soft ground. 4. A confused, clattering 
noise; clamor; din. 

Rack'et, v. i. To make a confused noise or clamor. 

Rack'ing, a. Tormenting ; excruciating. 

Rack'-rent, n. An annual rent raised to the utmost. 

R&ek'-reiit'er, n. One who is subjected to pay rack-rent. 

Ra'cy, a. [compar. racier; superl. raciest.] [From 
race, q. v.] 1. Having a strong flavor indicating origin ; 
tasting of the soil ; hence, fresh ; rich. 2. Exciting to 
the mental taste by a strong or distinctive character of 
thought or language. 

Syn. — Spicy; spirited; lively ; smart ; piquant. — Racy 
refers primarily to that strong and peculiar flavor which cer- 
tain wines derive from the soil ; and hence, we call a style 
or production racy when it "smacks of the soil," or has an un- 
common degree of freshness and distinctiveness of thought 
and language. Spicy, when applied to style, has reference to 
that pungency which belongs to the aromatics of the East. 

Rad'dle (ritd'dl), v. t. [From Eng. reed. See Reed.] 
To interweave ; to twist together. 

Rad'dle, n. [See supra.] 1. A long stick used in hedg- 
ing. 2. A hedge formed by interweaving the shoots and 
branches of trees or shrubs. 3. An instrument em- 
ployed by domestic weavers. [New England.] 

Ra'di-al, a. [From Lat. radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a 
wheel, beam or ray. See Radius.] 1. Pertaining to a 
radius. 2. Pertaining to the radius, one of the bones of 
the fore-arm of the human body. 

Ra'di-ance, ) n. The quality of being radiant ; vivid 

Ra'di-an-cy, ) brightness. 

Syn. — Luster; brilliancy; splendor; glare; glitter. 

Ra'di-ant, a. [Lat. radians, p. pr. of radiare, to emit 
rays or beams, from radius, ray.] 1. Emitting or pro- 
ceeding from a center : radiating ; radiate. 2. Especially, 
emitting or darting rays of light or heat ; emitting a vivid 
light or splendor. 

Ra'di-ant-ly, adv. With glittering splendor. 

Ra'di-ate, n. (Zool.) An animal in which all the parts 
are arranged uniformly around the longitudinal axis of 
the body. 

Ra'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. RADIATED ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. RADIATING.] [Lat. radiare, radiatum, from radius, 
ray.] 1. To issue and proceed in direct lines from a 
point or surface, as heat or light. 2. To issue in rays, 
as light. 3. To emit rays ; to be radiant. 

Ra'di-ate, v. t. To emit or send out in direct lines from 
a point or surface, as heat. 

Ra'di-ate, a. Formed of rays diverging from a center ; 
having the parts of a structure arranged radiately about 
a center. 

Ra'di-a'tion, n. 1. Act of radiating, or state of being 
radiated ; emission and diffusion of rays of light. 2-. 
The divergence of any thing from a point or surface, like 
the diverging rays of light. 

Ra/di-a/tor, n. That which radiates or emits rays ; es' 
pecially, that part of a heating apparatus the use of 
which is to radiate heat. 

Rad'i-eal, a. [From Lat. radix, radiris, a root.] 1. 
Pertaining to, or proceeding directly from, the root. 2. 
Pertaining to the root or origin ; hence, reaching to the 
principles ; thoroughgoing ; unsparing ; extreme. 3. 
( Bot.) (a.) Proceeding from the stem at or below the sur- 
face of the ground, (b.) Belonging to the root of a plant. 
4. (Gram.) Relating to a root, or ultimate source of 
derivation. 

Radical quantity (Alg.), a quantity to which the radical sign 
is prefixed. —Radical sign (Math.), the sign ^/ (originally the 
letter r, the initial of radix, root), placed before any quantity, 
denoting that its root is to be extracted. 

Syn. — Primitive : original ; natural ; underived ; funda- 
mental : entire. — Radical and entire are frequently inter- 
changed in describing some marked alteration in the condition 
of things. There is, however, an obvious difference between 
them. A radical cure, reform, &c, is one which goes to the 
root of the thing in question; entire would imply that it ex- 
tended to every part of the system referred to. 



fo~bd, fobt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tni* 



RADICAL 



590 



RAISE 



Radicle. 




Rad'i-cal, n. 1. {Philology.) (a.) A primitive word; a 
root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word, (b.) 
A letter that belongs to the root. 2. (Politics.) One who 
advocates a radical reform , or extreme measures in refor- 
mation. 3. (Chem.) An element that may be trans- 
ferred from one combination to another in exchange for 
one or more atoms of hydrogen or its representatives. 

Rad'i-eal-i§m, n. The doctrine or principle of radicals 
in politics or reformation. [ally. 

Rad'i-eal-ly, adv. At the origin or root; fundament- 

Rad'i-eal-ness, n. The state or quality of being radi- 
cal or fundamental. 

Racl'i-eant, a. [Lat. radicans, p. pr. of radicari, to 
strike or take root.] (Bot.) Taking root in, or above the 
ground. 

Rad'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. radicated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RADICATING.] [Lat. radicari, rndicatus, from 
radix, radicis, a root.] To root; to plant deeply and 
firmly. 

Rad'i-ea/tion, n. 1. Process of taking root deeply. 
2. (Bot.) Disposition of the root of a plant with respect 
to the ascending and descending caudex. 

Rad'i-cel,n. [Dim. of radix.} (Bot.) A little root. 

Kad'i-ele (rad'I-kl), n. [Lat. radicida, dim. _ 
of radix, radicis, root.] (Bot.) The rudimentary 
stem of a plant ; the stem of the embryo. 

Rad'ish, n. [From Lat. radix, radicis. a root, 
an edible root ; especially, a radish.] (Bot.) A 
cultivated plant, the root of which is eaten raw 
as a salad. 

Ra'di-us, n. ; Eng,. pi. ra'di-us-es, 
[Rare.], Lat. pi. ra'di-J. [Lat. See 
Radial.] 1. ( Geom.) A right line 
extending from the center of a circle 
to the periphery. 2. (Anat.) The ex- 
terior bone of the fore-arm . 

Ita'di-us-ve-e'tor, n. [Lat. radius, a 
radius, and vector, a hearer, fr. vehere, 
to bear, carry.] (Math.) A straight 
line connecting any point, as of a Radius, 

curve, with a fixed point, or pole, round which it turns, 
and to which it seiwes to refer the successive points of a 
curve, in a system of polar co-ordinates. 

Ra'dix, n. [Lat., root.] 1. (Philology.) A primitive 
word, from which spring other words ; a radical ; a root. 
2. (Math.) The fundamental number of any system; 
a base. 

Raffle (raf fl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RAFFLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RAFFLING-.] [Fr. rafter, to carry, or sweep away, 
rafter tout, to sweep stakes, Icel. hrqfta, to sweep away 
with the hand, Ger. raffeln. to snatch up, to rake. See 
Rape.] To engage in a raffle. 

Raffle (raf II), n. [See supra.] A game of chance, or 
lottery, in which several persons deposit or furnish a 
part of the value of something, and it is determined by 
chance which of them shall become sole possessor. 

Raft, n. [Icel. raftr, a rafter, spar, 0. H. Ger. rqfo, ravo, 
abeam, rafter.] A collection of boards, planks, &c, 
fastened together, either to serve as a support upon the 
water, or to move the materials from one place to an- 
other. 

Raft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. raft- 
ing.] To carry on or in a raft. 

Raft'er, n. [A.-S. rafter, D. rafter. See RAFT ] A roof- 
timber of a huilding. 

Rag. n. [Gael. & Ir. rag, a rag, wrinkle, allied to Gr. 
paKO?, a tattered garment, rag, wrinkle; A.-S. hracod, 
raked, ragged, hracian, to rake, tear.] 1. A piece of cloth 
torn off; a tattered fragment; a shred; hence, a frag- 
ment ; a bit ; a patch. 2. pi. Hence, mean or tattered 
attire. 3. ( Geol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cel- 
lular in texture. 

Rag'a-muff in, n. [Eng. rag and Prov. Ger. muffen, 
to smell musty, moldy, or rank.] A paltry fellow ; a 
mean wretch. 

Rage, n. [Lat. rabies, from rabere, to rave.] 1. Violent 
excitement : eager passion. 2. Especially, violent anger 
accompanied with furious words, gestures, or agitation. 
3.. Vehemence of any thing painful or destructive ; ex- 
treme violence. 4. The subject of eager desire. 

_ Syn. — Anger ; vehemence ; excitement ; passion ; fury. 
See Axgee. 

Rage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. raged; p. pr. & vb; n. 
RAGING.] 1. To be furious with anger. 2. To be 
violent and tumultuous ; to act or move furiously. 3t 
To prevail without restraint, or with fatal effect. 
Syn.— To storm ; fret ; chafe ; fume ; ravage. ' 




Rail. 



R&g'ged (60), a. [From rag.] 1. Rent or worn into 
tatters. 2. Broken with rough edges ; uneven : rough. 
3. Rough with sharp or irregular points ; jagged. 4. 
Wearing tattered clothes ; dressed in rags. 

Rag'ged-ness, n. The state of being ragged. 

Rag'lan, n. A loose overcoat with large sleeves; — so 
called from Lord Raglan. [deals in rags. 

Kag'man, n. : pi. rag'men. A man who collects or 

Ragout' (ra-goo'), »■ [Fr. ragoht, from ragototer, to 
restore one's appetite ; as if from a Lat. word re-adgus- 
tare, from gustus, a tasting, taste.] Fragments of meat, 
mixed, stewed, and highly seasoned : a stew ; a hash. 

Rag'stone, n. A dark-gray silicious sandstone. 

Rag'- wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel furnished with pro- 
jecting pins on the rim, which fit into the links of a 
chain. 

Raid, n. [A.-S. rctd, a riding, traveling on horseback, 
from rldan, to ride.] A hostile or predatory incursion; 
especially, an inroad or incursion of mounted men. 

Rail, n. [0. H Ger. rigil, rigel, bar, bolt ; D. rigchel, Lat. 
regula.] 1. A piece of timber, iron, or other substance, 
extending from one post or support to another. 2. (Bail- 
ways.) A bar of iron, forming the upper part of the su- 
perstructure on which the wheels of vehicles roll. 3. 
(Naut.) (a.) A narrow plank on a ship's upper works. 
(b.) A curved piece of timber extending from the bows 
of a ship to the continuation of its stem, to support the 
knee of the head, &c. 

By rail, by railroad or railway. 

Rail, n. [N. Lat. rallus, Fr. rale, fr. raler, to have a rat- 
tling in the throat ; Eng. rattle.] 
(Ornith.) A bird of a greenish- 
brown color above, and ashy blue 
with white markings below, found 
in the United States. 

Rail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. railed : 
p. pr. & vb. n. railing.] To 
inclose with rails. 

Rail, v. i. [Fr. railler, to swagger, 
bluster, scold, as if from a Lat. word radiculare, from 
radere, to scrape, grate. Cf. RALLY.] To use insolent 
and reproachful language ; to scoff. [censures. 

Rail'er, n. One who rails ; one who scoffs, insults, or 

Rail'ing, n. 1. A series of rails ; a fence. 2. Rails in 
general ; or the materials for rails. 

Rail'ler-y (rahler-y), n. [Fr. raillerie y from railler. See 
Rail, v. i.] Good-humored pleasantry or slight satire ; 
banter. 

Rail'road, ) n. A road or way on which iron rails are 

Rail'way, j laid for wheels to run on, for the convey- 
ance of heavy loads in vehicles. 

Rai'ment, n. [Abbrev. from arrayment, q. v.] Clothing 
in general ; vestments ; garments. 

Rain, v. i. [imp. & p. p. rained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
raining.] [See Rain, n.] 1. To fall in drops from 
the clouds, as water. 2. To fall or drop like water from 
the clouds. 

Rain, v. t. To pour or shower down from above like 
rain from the clouds. 

Rain, n. [A.-S. regen, rin, Goth, rign, Icel. rcgn, allied 
to Icel. rak, humor.] Water falling in drops from the 
atmosphere. 

Rain'bow, n. A bow or arch exhibiting the several 
colors of the spectrum, and formed by the refraction and 
reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain. 

Rain'-gauge, n. An instrument for measuring the 
quantity of rain that falls at any given place in a given 

Rain'i-ness, n. The state of being rainy. [time. 

Rain'-wa/ter, n. Water that has fallen from the 
clouds ih'rain. 

Rain'y, a. Abounding with rain ; wet ; showery. 

Raige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. raised; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RAISING.] [A.-S. rasian, arasian, from risan, arisan, to 
rise, Goth, raisyan, vrraisyav, to raise, rouse, excite, 
Icel. reisa.] 1. To cause to rise ; to bring from a lower 
to a higher place ; hence, used in derived senses, as, (a.) 
To bring to a higher condition or situation ; to elevate 
in rank, dignity, and the like, (b.) To increase the 
strength, vigor, or vehemence of. (c.) To recall from 
death ; to give life to. 2. To cause to rise up, or assume 
an erect position or posture; hence, (a.) To cause to 
spring up from a recumbent position, from a state of 
quiet, or the like ; to awaken, (b.) To rouse to action ; 
to stir up. 3. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into 
being or to appear ; to give rise to ; hence, used with 
specific or derived senses, as, (a.) To build up ; to erect. 
(b.) To bring together ; to collect, (c.) To cause to grow ; 



a,e,&c.^on^; &,& } &c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique.flrm; s6n,6r,dQ, wqU, 



RAISER 



591 



RANCH 



to procure to be produced, bred, or propagated, (d.) To 
bring iuto being ; to produce, (e.) To give vent or utter- 
ance to ; to utter. 4. To cau-e to rise, as by the effect 
of leaven ; to make light and spongy, as bread. 5. (Naut.) 
To cause to seem elevated, as an object by a gradual ap- 
proach to it. 6. (Law.) To create or constitute. 

To raise a blockade {Mil.), to remove or break up a blockade. 
To raise a purchase (Naut.), to dispose instruments or machines 
in such a manner as to exert any mechanical force required. — 
To raise a siege, to relinquish an attempt to take a place by 
besieging it, or to cause the attempt to be relinquished. 

Syn.- To lift ; exalt ; elevate ; enhance ; erect ; originate ; 
cause ; produce ; heighten ; aggravate ; excite; grow ; rear. — 
The English never speak, as we do, of raising wheat, &c, 
but of q rowing it, and so of all vegetable productions. It is a 
peculiarity of the Southern States to apply the word raise to 
the rearing or bringing up of men, as "I was raised in Ken- 
tucky." In England, as we'll as at the North, raise in this 
sense is applied only to animals; though we do speak of raising 
a sickly child, where the reference, however, is to the weak- 
ness of his animal frame. 

Raig'er, n. One who, or that which, raises. 

Rai'gin (ra/zn), n. [From Lat. racemus. See RACEME.] 
A grape dried in the sun. or by artificial heat. 

Rai§'ing, n. 1. Act of lifting, setting up, elevating, 
exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 2. Operation 
of setting up the frame of a building, or any structure 
of timber. [Amer.] 

Jtaisonne (ra/zo-na'), a. [Fr. raisonne, p. p. of raison- 
ner, to reason, q. v.] Having proofs, illustrations, or 
notices ; arranged analytically or systematically. 

Jtd'jnh, or Ra'JaJi, n. [Hind, raja, Skr. radjan, nom. 
radja, from radj, to shine, to rule.] A native prince or 
king. [India.] 

Rake, n. [A.-S. race, Icel. relca, 0. IT. Ger. recho, from 
Icel. raka, to scrape, collect.] An instrument for col- 
lecting hay or other light things which are spread over a 
large surface, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. 

Rake, n. [Cf. Ger. ranker, a cur, villain, rascal, racket, 
rakel, rekH, a cur, a clumsy fellow.] A loose, disorderly, 
vicious man. 

Rake, n. [Cf, A.-S. rgecan, to reach, extend.] (Naut.) 
(a.) The projection of the upper parts of a ship, at the 
height of the stem and stern, beyond the extremities of 
the keel. (b.) The inclination of a mast from a perpen- 
dicular direction. 

Rake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. raked ; (rakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. raking-.] [See Rake, v.] 1. To smooth, to clear, 
to gather, &c, with a rake. 2. Hence, to collect or 
draw together with laborious industry ; to scrape to- 
gether. 3. To scour ; to ransack, 4. To pass over 
with violence or rapidity. 5. (Mil.) To enfilade ; to fire 
in a direction with the length of. 

Rake, v. i. 1. To use a rake for searching or collecting ; 
to scrape. 2. To pass with violence or rapidity, it. To 
incline from a perpendicular direction. 

Rak'er, n. One who, or that which, rakes. 

Rak'ing, n. 1. Act of using a rake. 2, The space of 
ground raked at once ; or the quantity of hay, &c, col- 
lected by using a rake once. 

Rak'ish, a. 1. Given to a dissolute life; lewd; de- 
bauched. 2. (Naut.) Having a great rake, or backward 
inclination of the masts. 

Rak'ish-ness, n. Dissolute practices. 

Ral'ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rallied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RALLYING.] [Fr. rallier, as if from a Lat. word re-ad- 
ligare, from ligare, to bind.] To collect and reduce to 
order, as troops dispersed or thrown into confusion ; to 
gather again ; to reuuite. 

Ral'ly, v. t. [See Rail.] To attack with raillery. 

Syn. — To banter ; joke ; ridicule; satirize; deride; mock; 
See Baxter. 

Ral'ly, v. i. 1. To come into orderly arrangement ; to 
assemble ; to unite. 2, Hence, to renew wasted force or 
power ; to recuperate. 

Ral'ly, v. i. To use pleasantry or satirical merriment. 

Ral'ly, n. 1. Act of bringing disordered troops to their 
ranks. 2. Exercise of good humor or satirical merri- 
ment. 3. Act or process of regaining lost strength or 
vigor. 

Ram, n. [A.-S. ramm, ram, 0. H. 
Ger. & D. ram, perhaps allied to 
Icel. ramr, strong.] 1. The male 
of the sheep and allied animals. 2. 
(Astron.) (a.) Aries, the sign of the 
zodiac which the sun enters about 
the 21st of March, (b.) The con- ^ 
stellation Aries, which does not r " 
now, as formerly, occupy the sign Ram. 

of the same name. 3. An engine of war, used for but- 




ting or battering ; a battering-ram ; a vessel, armed with 
a heavy beak for piercing and destroying other vessels. 
4. A machine for raising water by means of the mo- 
mentum or moving force of the water of which a part is 
to be raised. 

Ram, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rammed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RAMMING.] 1. To butt or strike against, like a ram; 
to thrust or drive with violence. 2. To fill or compact 
by pounding or driving. 

JEtam'a-dati' (110), n. [Ar. ramadan or ramazan, prop, 
the hot month, from ramida or ramiza, to be very hot 
from the influence of the sun.] 1. The ninth Moham- 
medan month. 2. The great annual fast, or Lent, of 
the Mohammedans, kept through the ninth month. 

Ram'lble (riiuybl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RAMBLED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RAMBLING.] [Cf. Ger. rammeln, to tumble, 
to romp ; or Lat. re-ambulare, Eng. as if re-amble, or it 
may be a dim. of roam.] 1. To walk, ride, or sail from 
place to place, without any determinate object in view. 

2. To go out, expand, or grow without constraint or 
direction. 

Syn.— To rove ; roam ; wander ; range ; stroll. 

Ram'ble, n. A going or moving from place to place 
without any determinate business or object. 

Ram'bler, n. One who rambles ; a rover ; a wanderer. 

Ram'i-fi-ca'tion, n. [See Ramify.] 1. Process of 
branching, or shooting branches from a stem, or the 
mode of their arrangement. 2. A small division pro- 
ceeding from a main stock or channel ; a subordinate 
branch. 3. A division into principal and subordinate 
classes or heads. 4. (Bot.) The manner in which a tree 
produces its branches. 5. Production of figures re- 
sembling branches. 

Ram'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ramified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RAMIFYING.] [L. Lat. ramificare, from Lat. ramus, 
a branch, and facere, to make.] To divide into branches 
or parts^ [divided or subdivided. 

Ram'i-fy, v. i. 1. To shoot into branches. 2. To be 

Rara'mer, n. One who, or that which, rams or drives. 

Ram'mish, a. [From ram; prop, like a ram, especially 
in odor.] Ram-like ; rank ; strong-scented. 

Ramose' (125), I a. [Lat. ramosus, from ramus, a 

Ra'mous, ) branch.] (Bot.) Branched, as a stem 

or root ; consisting of branches ; branchy. 

Ramp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ramped (rampt, 84) ; p.pr- 
& vb. n. RAMPING.] [Fr. ramper, to creep, 0. Fr., to 
climb, It. rampere, to paw, rampicare, to creep, rampa, 
a paw.] 1. To climb, as a plant: to creep up. 2. To 
spring ; to leap ; to bound ; to prance ; to frolic ; to 
romp. 

Ramp, n. A leap ; a spring ; a bound. 

Ramp'age, n. Violent or riotous behavior ; a state of 
excitement or passion. [Prov. Eng.] 

Ramp[an-cy, n. Quality or state of being rampant; 
excessive growth or practice ; exuberance ; extravagance. 

Ramp'ant, c. [Fr. rampant, p. pr. of ramper, to creep, 
to be servile or mean ; A.-S. rempend, headlong, rash.] 
1. Springing or climbing unchecked ; overgrowing the 
usual bounds ; exuberant. 2. Overleaping restraint. 

3. (Her.) Standing upright on his hind legs, as if at- 
tacking a person. 

Rampant arch, an arch whose abutments or springingsarS 
not on the same level.— Rampant garclant (Her.), standing 
upright on the hinder legs, with the face turned to the front.— 
Rampant regardant, standing upright and looking backward. 

Syn. — Wanton ; frisky ; exuberant ; unrestrained. 
Ram'pai't, n. [Fr. rempart, 0. Fr. rempar, from rem" 
parer, to fortify, L. Lat. amparare, to protect, occupy, as 
if from a Lat. word imparare, adimparare, from parare, 
to prepare, provide, equip.] 1. That which fortifies and 
defends from assault. 2. (Fort.) An elevation or mound 
of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is raised, 

Syn. — Bulwark.— The rampart of a fortress is the entire 
wall which surrounds it ; a bulwark is more properly some- 
thing which projects (as a bastion) for the defense of the main 
work. Hence we speak of a distinguished individual as the 
bidwark, not the rampart of the state. 

Ram'part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ramparted; p. pr. & 

vb. n. RAMPARTING.] To fortify with ramparts. 
Ram'rod, n. The rod used in ramming down the charge 

in a musket, pistol, or other fire-arms. 
Ram'shack-le (-sh&k'l), a. Loose; old; falling U 

pieces. [Prov. Eng.] 
Ran, imp. of ran. See RUN. 
Ran-c<5s'cent, a. [Lat. rancescens, p. pr. of rancescere, 

to grow rancid, inchoative form of rancere, to be rancid.] 

Becoming rancid or sour. 
Ranch, n. The same as RANCHO. 



food, foot ; firn, r\ide, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist, linger ; link ; this. 



RANCHERO 



Jlan-cJie'ro (ran-cha/ro), n. [Sp.] A herdsman ; a 
peasanfemployed on a rancho. [Mexico.] 

Jlanch'o,n. [Sp.] A rude hut, as of posts, covered with 
branches or thatch, where herdsmen or farm-laborers 
may live or lodge at night ; also, a large farming estab- 
lishment on which are many ranchos ; especially, an 
establishment for rearing cattle and horses. [Mexico 
and California.] 

Ran'cid, a. [Lat. rancidus, fr. rancere, to be rancid or 
rank.] Having a rank smell ; strong-scented ; sour ; 
musty. 

Ran-cid'i-ty, n. Quality of being rancid ; a strong, 
sour scent, as of old oil. 

Ran'cid-ness, n. Quality of being rancid : rancidity. 

Ran'eor (ranker), n. [Lat. rancor, rancidity, rankness, 
tropically an old grudge, rancor, from rancere, to be rank 
or rancid.] The deepest malignity or spite ; inveterate 
hatred. 

Syn. — Enmity ; hatred ; ill will ; malice ; spite ; grudge ; 
animosity; malignity. ~ Enmity and rancor both describe 
hostile feelings ; but enmity may be generous and open, while 
rancor is deep-seated and malignant. It implies personal mal- 
ice of the worst and most enduring nature, and is the strongest 
word in our language to express hostile feelings. 

Ran'eor-ous (rank'ur-us), a. Full of rancor ; evincing 
rancor ; implacably spiteful or malicious. 

Syn. — Malignant; malicious; bitter; spiteful; malevolent; 
virulent. 

Ran/eor-oiis-ly, adv. With deep malignity. 

Ran'dom, n. [0. Eng. randon, A.-S. randun, force, 
violence, rapidity, from Ger. & Eng. rand, border, edge ; 
Icel. rbnd, margin, extremity. See supra.] 1. A roving 
motion ; course without definite direction ;. hazard ; 
chance. 2. Distance to which a missile is thrown ; 
range ; reach. 

Ran'ddm, a. Done at hazard, or without settled aim or 
purpose ; left to chance. 

Kane'deer, «. The same as reindeer. See Reindeer. 

Range, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ranged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RANGING.] [Fr. ranger, from rang, a row, Eng. rank, 
q. v.] 1. To set in a row or in rows ; to dispose in the 
proper order ; to rank. 2. To dispose in a classified or 
in systematic order. 3. To rove over ; to pass over. 4. 
To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near. 

Range, v. i. 1. To wander without restraint or direc- 
tion. 2. To be capable of projecting, or to admit of 
being projected, especially as to horizontal distance. 3. 
To be placed in order ; to admit of arrangement or class- 
ification. 4. To have a particular direction ; to be in a 
line with. 5. To sail or pass near or in the direction of. 
Syn. — To rove; roam; ramble; wander; stroll. 

Range, n. 1. A series of things in a line; a row; a 
rank. 2. An aggregate of individuals of like rank or 
degree; an order; a class. 3. A cooking apparatus of 
cast iron, set in brick work, and containing pots, oven, 
&c. 4. A wandering or roving; a ramble; an expedi- 
tion. 5. Compass or extent of excursion ; hence, natu- 
ral or acquired power to comprehend or master a greater 
or less variety of knowledge ; also, the variety of truth or 
compass of knowledge in possession; scope. 6. (Gun.) 
The horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile 
is carried. 7. That which may be traversed or ranged 
•ver ; especially, a region of country in which cattle may 
wander and pasture. 8. In the land system of the 
United States, a row or line of townships lying between 
two successive meridian lines six miles apart. 

Ran'ger (ranker), n. 1. One who ranges. 2. A dog 
that beats the ground. 3. One of a body of mounted 
troops, who range over the country, and often fight on 
foot. 4. A keeper of a forest or park. 

Rank, n. [Fr. rang, from 0. H. Ger. hring, a circle, a 
circular row, a ring.] 1. A row or line; a range, 2. 
(Mil.) A line of soldiers; a row of troops reckoned from 
Bide to side; — opposed to file. 3. (Mil. & Naval.) De- 
gree, grade. 4. An aggregate of individuals together; 
an order ; a division. 5. Degree of dignity, eminence, or 
excellence. 6. High degree; high social position. 
Syn. — Division; degree; grade; class; order; dignity. 
Rank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ranked (rankt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ranking.] 1. To place abreast, or in a line. 2. 
To range in a particular class, order, or division ; to class. 
3. To dispose methodically. 4. To take precedence of; 
to outrank [Recent.] 
Rank, v. i. 1. To be ranged or set, as in a particular 
degree, class, order, or division. 2. To have a certain 
grade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or mili- 
tary life. 
Rank, a. [compar. RANKER ; superl. RANKEST.] [A.-S. 



592 RAPID 

ranc. Cf. Rancid.] 1. Luxuriant in growth ; exuber- 
ant. 2. Raised to a high degree. 3. Causing vigorous 
growth; very rich and fertile. 4. Strong to the smell; 
rancid; sour; musty. 5. Strong to the taste; bigh- 

ta.stprl 



Syn. — Luxuriant; rich; excessive; violent ; coarse. 
Rank'er, n. One who ranks, or disposes in ranks. 
Rankle (rank'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rankled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RANKLING.] [From rank, a.] 1. To grow 
more rank or strong ; to be inflamed ; to fester. 2. 
Hence, to become more violent ; to rage. 
Rank'ly, adv. With vigorous growth ; luxuriantly; 

hence, coarsely ; grossly. 
Rank'ness, n. Condition or quality of being rank. 
Ran'sack, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ransacked (-sakt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RANSACKING.] [Icel. ransaka, to explore, 
examine, from rami, rannr, an oblong house, Goth, razn, 
house, and saki a, to seek.] 1. To search thoroughly; 
to search every place or part of. 2. To plunder ; to pil- 
lage completely. 

Ran'som, n. [Fr. rangon, 0. Fr. raencon, raangon, from 
Lat. redemptio. See Redemption.] 1. Release from 
captivity, bondage, or the possession of an enemy. 2, 
The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner, 
or for goods captured by an enemy. 

Ran'som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ransomed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RANSOMING.] [Fr. ranconner. See supra.] To re- 
deem from captivity, punishment, or forfeit, by paying 
an equivalent. 

Ran'som-er, n. One who ransoms or redeems. 

Rant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ranted; p. pr. & vb. n 
RANTING.] [South Ger. rant, noise, noisy mirth. Cf. 
Gael. & Ir. ran, a loud cry, shriek, roar, to cry out, to 
roar, make a noise.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, 
or extravagant language. 

Rant, n. Boisterous, empty declamation. 

Rant'er, n. A noisy talker ; a boisterous preacher. 

Rant'i-pole, n. [Eng. rant, to make a great noise, and 
Prov. Eng. pole, the pole or plank in the childish game 
of see-saw.] A wild, romping child. 

Rant'i-pole, a. Wild ; roving ; rakish. [Low.] 

Ra-nun'eu-lus, n. ; Eng. pi. ra-nun/cu-lus-es ; Lat. 
pi. RA-NUN'€V-LI. [Lat., a little frog, a medicinal 
plant, perh. crow-foot, dim. of rana, a frog.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants, embracing many species, some of them 
beautiful flowering plants, diversified with many rich 
colors ; crow-foot ; butter-cup ; — so called by Pliny, be- 
cause the aquatic species grow where frogs abound. 

Jtanz-des-vaches (rongz'da'vash'). [Fr., the ranks or 
rows of the cows, the name being given from the fact 
that the cattle, when answering the musical call of their 
keeper, move toward him in a row, preceded by those 
wearing bells.] A simple melody of the Swiss mountain- 
eers, commonly played on a long trumpet called the Al- 
pine horn. 

Rap, v. i. [Sw. rappa, to strike, L. Ger. & D. rapen, to 
snatch up, A.-S. hrepian, hreppian, to touch, H. Ger. 
raffen, to snatch up. See Rap, n.] To strike with a 
quick, sharp blow ; to knock. 

Rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rapped (rapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
rapping.] To strike with a quick blow ; to knock on. 
To rap out, to utter with sudden violence. 

Rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rapped, usually written RAPT; 
p. pr. & vb. n. rapping.] [See supra.] 1. To snatch 
away ; to seize and hurry off. 2. To transport out of 
one's self; to affect with ecstasy or rapture. 

Rap, n. A quick, smart blow. 

Ra-pa'cioiis, a. [Lat. rapax, rapacis, from rapere, to 
seize and carry off, to snatch away.] 1. Given to plun- 
der ; seizing by force. 2. Subsisting on prey or animals 
seized by violence. 
Syn. — Greedy; ravenous; voracious. 

Ra-pa'cious-ly , adv. In a rapacious manner ; by rap- 
ine. 

Ra-pa/cious-ness, n. Quality of being rapacious ; dis- 
position to plunder, or to exact by oppression. 

Ra-pac'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being rapacious ; rapa- 
ciousness ; ravenousness. 2. Exorbitant greediness of 
gain. 

Rape, n. [L. Ger. & D. rapen, to snatch away, allied to 
Lat. rapere. See Rap, v. %.] Sexual intercourse with a 
woman against her will. 

Rape, n. [Lat. rapa, rapum, Gr. pcarus, pd$vs.] (Bot.) 
A plant of several species, belonging to the cabbage tribe, 
two of which are much cultivated for their roots, and 
also for their seeds, from which oil is extracted. 

Rap'id, a. [Lat. rapidus, from rapere, to seize and carry 



a, e,&c, long; a,6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; p'ique,firm; son,6r,dp;,woLfc 



RAPID 



593 



RATE 



off, to snatch or hurry away. 1. Very swift or quick ; 
moving with celerity. 2. Advancing with haste or speed ; 
in quick sequence. 3. Of quick utterance of words. 
Syn. — Swift; quick; violent; fast; expeditious; hurried. 

R&p'id, n. A sudden descent of the surface of a stream 
without actual waterfall or cascade. 

Ra-pTd'i-ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being rapid. 
2. Quickness of progression or advance. 

Syn.— Rapidness; haste; speed; celerity; velocity; swift- 
ness; fleetness; agility. 

Rap'id-ly, adv. With great speed, celerity, or velocity. 

Rap'idL-ness, n. The state or quality of being rapid ; 
swiftness ; speed ; celerity ; rapidity. 

Ra'pi-er, n. [Fr. rajriere, from L. Ger. rapen, rap-pen, H. 
Ger. raffen, raufen, to snatch away, to pluck, to fight.] 
A light sword with a very narrow blade, and formerly 
worn by gentlemen on all occasions. " 

Eap'ine, n. [Lat. rapina, from rapere, to seize and carry 
off by force.] 1. Act of plundering ; spoliation; pillage. 
2. Violence ; force. 

Rap'pa-rce', n. [See Rapier.] A wild Irish plun- 
derer ; — so called from his carrying a half-pike, called a 
rapcry. 

Rap-pec', n. [Fr. rape, from raper, to grate, to rasp. 
Sec Rasp.] A kind of snuff, of cither a brown or black 
color. 

Rap'per, n. One who, or that which, raps, or knocks ; 
specifically , the knocker of a door. 

Rap-scali'icn (-skiil'yun), n. [See Rascal.] A low 
villain ; a rascal ; a wretch. 

Rapt, imp. otrap. See Rap. 

Rap-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. raptor, from rapere, to carry off 
by force, to ravish.] Rapacious; living upon prey; — 
said especially of certain birds. 

Rapt'virc (rapfyur, 58), n. [Lat. rapere, raptum, to 
carry off by force.] The state or condition of being rapt, 
or carried away from one's self by agreeable excitement ; 
extreme joy or pleasure. 

Syn. — lHiss; ccstacy; transport; delight; exultation. 

Rapt'ur-ous, a. Ecstatic; transporting ; ravishing. 

Rare (4), a. [compar. rarer; superl. rarest.] [Lat. 
rants, thin, rare.] 1. Of loose texture ; not thick or 
dense; thin. 2. Thinly scattered; dispersed. 3. Not 
frequent ; seldom met with ; unusual. 4. Unusually 
excellent ; valuable to a degree seldom found. 

Syn. — Scarce; infrequent; unusual; uncommon; singu- 
lar; extraordinary; incomparable.— Wc cail a thing rare when 
but few of the kind are ever to be met with. Wc speak of a 
thing as scarce, which, though usually abundant, is for the 
time being to be had only in diminished quantities. A bad 
harvest makes corn scarce. 

Rare, a. [compar. rarer; superl. RAREST.] [A.-S. 
hrzre, raio, led., hrar, 0. II. Ger. rawer. Cf. Rear and 
RAW.] Nearly raw ; imperfectly cooked ; underdone. 

&§=■ This word is in common use in the United States, but it 
is not, at present, in good use in England. 

Rar'ee-show, n. [Contracted from rarity-show. .] A 
show carried about in a box by a showman. 

Rar'e-fae'tion, n. [See Rarefy.] Act or process of 
making rare, or of expanding or distending bodies, by 
separating the parts. 

Rar'e-fl'a-ble, a. Capable of being rarefied. 

Rar'e-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rarefied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RAREFYING-.] [Lat. rarefacere, from rants, thin, rare, 
and facere, to make.] To make rare, thin, porous, or 
less dense. 

Rar'e-fy, v. i. To become thin and porous. 

Rare'ly, ado. 1. In a rare manner or degree ; seldom ; 
not often. 2. Finely; nicely. 

Rare'ness, n. 1. State of being rare ; thinness ; tenuity. 
2. Uncommonness ; infrequency. 

Rare'rlpe, a. [From rare and ripe, or from rath-ripe, 
q. v.] Early ripe ; ripe before others, or before the usual 
season. 

Rare'rlpe, n. An early fruit; especially, a kind of 
peach which ripens early. 

Rar'i-ty, n. [Lat. raritas. See Rare.] 1. Quality or 
state of being rare ; rareness ; tenuity. 2. Uncommon- 
ness ; infrequency. J3. A rare or uncommon thing; a 
thing valued for its scarcity. 
Syn. — Infrequency; uncommonness; thinness; subtilty. 

Ras'-eal (6), n. [A.-S. rascal, a lean, worthless deer. Cf. 
Fr. racaille, the rabble.] A mean fellow ; a scoundrel ; a 
worthless fellow ; a trickish, dishonest person ; a rogue. 

Ras-eall'ion (ras-kiiPyun), n. [From rascal.] A low, 
mean wretch. 



Ras-eal'i-ty, n. Quality of being rascally, or a rascal; 
mean trickishness or dishonesty. [est. 

R&s'eal-ly, a. Like a rascal ; meanly trickish or dishon- 

Rage, v. t. [imp & p. p. rased ; p. pr. & vb. n. RAS- 
ING.] [L. Lat. rasare, to scrape often, frequentative form 
of radere, rasum, to scrape, shave.] 1. To graze. [Rare.] 
2. To cancel ; to erase. 3. To level with the ground; 
to raze. 

Rash, a. [compar. rasher ; superl. rashest.] [D. & 
N. H. Ger. rasch, 0. II. Ger. rase, Icel. rb'skr.] 1. Hasty ; 
quick ; sudden ; rapid. Z. Especially, hasty in counsel 
or action ; entering on a project or measure without due 
deliberation and caution. 3. Uttered or undertaken with 
too much haste or too little reflection. 

Syn. — Precipitate ; headlong ; headstrong ; foolhardy ; 
hasty ; indiscreet ; heedless ; thoughtless ; inconsiderate ; 
careless; incautious; unwary ; adventurous. — A man is ad- 
venturous who incurs risk or hazard from a love of the arduous 
and the bold. A man is rash who does it from the mere im- 
pulse of his feelings, without counting the cost. A man is 
foolhardy who throws himself into danger in disregard or de- 
fiance of the consequences. 

Rash, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rasicare, from radere, 
rasum, to scrape, scratch.] (Med.) An eruption or efflo- 
rescence on the body, with little or no elevation. 

Rash'er, n. A thin slice of bacon ; a thin cut. 

Rasli'ly, adv. In a rash or hasty manner ; hastily. 

Rash'iiess, n. The quality of being rash ; over -haste in 
resolving on, or in undertaking, a measure. 

Syn. — Temerity ; foolhardiness ; precipitancy ; precipita- 
tion ; hastiness ; indiscretion; heedlessness; inconsideration ; 
carelessness. See Temeiutv. 

Rasp, n. [See infra.] A species of coarse file, on which 
the cutting prominences are distinct, being raised by the 
oblique stroke of a sharp punch. 

Rasp (3), v. t. [imp. & p. p. rasped (raspt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RASPING.] [From 0. II. Ger. raspCn, to scrapo 
together.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp or a rough file. 
Z. Hence, to grate harshly upon. 

Rasp'a-to-ry, n. A surgeon's rasp. 

Ragp'ber-ry (raz'ber-ry), n. [From Eng. rasp, so named 
from the roughness of the fruit.] (Bot.) (a.) The fruit 
of a species of bramble, (b.) The shrub itself. 

Rag'nre (razh'ur), n. [Lat. rasnra, from radere, rasum, 
to scrape, to shave.] 1. Act of scraping, shaving, or 
erasing ; obliteration. Z, An erasure. 

Rat, n. [A.-S. rxt, 0. II. Ger. ralo, Fr. rat, Ir. & Gael. 
radan.] 1. (Zool.) One of several species of small, rodent 
mammals, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and 
ships. Z. One who deserts his party or associates ; hence, 
among printers, one who works at less than the estab- 
lished prices. 

To smell a rat, to be suspicious; to be on the watch from sus- 
picion ; as a cat by the scent or noise of a rat. 

Rat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ratted ; p. pr. & vb. n. rat- 
ting.] 1. (Eng. Politics.) To desert one's former party 
or associates from interested motives. Z. To work at 
less than the established prices; —a term used among 
printers. 

Rat'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being rated, or set at a cer- 
tain value. Z. Liable or subjected by law to taxation. 

Rat'a-bly, adv. By rate or proportion; proportionally. 

Rat'a-fi'a (-iZ'a), n. [From Malay, arak, arrack, and 
tafia, a spirit distilled from molasses.] A fine spirituous 
liquor, flavored with cherries, apricots, peaches, or other 
fruit, and sweetened with sugar. 

Ra-taii', n. See Rattan. 

Ratch. n. A ratchet. See Ratchet. 

Ratch'et, n. [Fr. rochet, It. rocchetto, a spindle, from 
rocca, a distaff; 0. H. Ger. rocko, Icel. rockr, Eng. rock, 
rack.] A bar or piece of mechanism turning at one end 
upon a pivot, while the other end ft.lls into the teeth of a 
wheel or rack, allowing the latter to move in one direc- 
tion only ; pawl ; click ; detent. 

Ratch'et-wheel, n. (Mach.) A circular wheel, hav- 
ing angular teeth, by which it may be moved forward, as 
by a lever and catch, or pawl, into which a pawl may 
drop to prevent the wheel from running back. 

Rate, n. [Lat. rata (sc. pars), fr. ratus, reckoned, fixed 
by calculation, p. p. of reri, to reckon, to calculate.] 1. 
Established portion or measure ; fixed allowance. 2. 
Degree ; standard ; proportion ; ratio ; value ; price ; 
rank ; movement, as fast or slow, or the like. 3. A tax 
or sum assessed by authority on property for public use. 

Rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. rat- 
ing.] 1. To set a certain estimate on ; to value at a 
certain price or degree. 2. To settle the relative scale, 
rank, or position of. 

Syn. — To value; appraise; estimate; compute; reckon. 



food, f tfbt ; firn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



RATE 



594 



RAVEN 



Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class ; to have 

rank. 2. To make an estimate. 

Rate, v. t. [Eng. rate, v. t., to value at a certain rate, to 

estimate. Cf. Sw. rata, to blame, despise, Icel. reita, to 

pluck, pull.] To chide with vehemence ; to reprove ; to 

scold. [mate. 

Rat'er, n. One who rates, sets a value, or makes an esti- 

Rath, \a. [A. -S. hrddh, hr'dd, quick ; .hasty, Goth. raths, 

Rathe,) easy. Cf. Ready.] Coming before others or 

before the usual time ; early. 

Rathe I adv ' Early ' betimes - 

Rath'er, adv. [A.-S. radhOr, hradhor, compar. of radhe, 
radke, quickly, immediately. See supra.] 1. More 
readily or willingly ; preferably. £, On the other hand ; 
on the contrary. 3. Somewhat; moderately; tolerably. 
4. More properly ; more correctly speaking. 
Therather, the sooner; the more so; especially. 

: B3™ Had rather, had as lief, had better, originally mere blun- 

' dering interpretations of the abbreviated form of ivoirfd, asin Fd 
rather, &c., are forms too well supported to be stigmatized as 
bad English ; but would is generally to be preferred, especially 
where the auxiliary have follows, had have being too barbarous 
a combination to be tolerated. 

Rat'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of ratifying; the state of 
being ratified ; confirmation. 

Rat'i-fl'er, n. One who, or that which, ratifies. 

Rat'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ratified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ratifying.] [From Lat. ratus, fixed by calculation, 
firm, valid, and facere, to make.] To approve and sanc- 
tion ; to make valid ; especially, to give sanction to, as 
something done by an agent or servant. 

Syn.— To confirm ; approve; establish; sanction. 

Ra'ti-o (ra'shT-o or raVsho), n. [Lat., from reri, ratus, 
to reckon, to believe, think, judge.] 1. {Math.) The 
relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another 
of the same kind, as expressed by the quotient of the 
second divided by the first. £, Fixed relation of num- 
ber, quantity, or degree. 

Syn. — Proportion ; rate; degree; quota. 

RS/ti-oc'i-nate (rash'T-osl-nat), v. i. [Lat. ratiocinari, 
ratiocinatus, from ratio, reason. See REASON.] To 
reason deductively ; to offer reason or argument. 

Ra'ti-oc'i-iia'tion (r'ash-l-os'l-na'shun), n. Act or pro- 
cess of reasoning. See Reasoning. 

Ra'tion (ra/sliun or rash^n), n. [From Lat. ratio, a 
reckoning, calculation, relation, reference, L. Lat., ra- 
tion. See Ratio.] 1. A portion or fixed allowance 
of provisions, drink, and forage. i i. A certain portion 
or fixed amount dealt out ; allowance. 

Ra'tion-al (rash'un-al), a. [Lat. rationales. See Ra- 
tio.] 1. Relating to the reason; not physical. 2. 
Haviug reason, or the faculty of reasoning ; endowed 
with reason. 3. Agreeable to reason ; not absurd, pre- 
posterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like. 

Syn. — Sane; sound; intelligent; reasonable; sensible; 
wise; discreet; judicious. — Rational has reference to reason 
as a faculty of the mind, and is opposed to irrational; as, a 
rational being, a rational state of mind, rational views, &c. In 
these eases, the speculative reason is more particularly referred 
to. Reasonable has reference to the exercise of this faculty for 
practical purposes, and denotes governed ordirected by reason; 
as reasonable desires, plans, &c; a reasonable charge ; a reason- 
able prospect of success. 

Ra/tion-a'le (rash'un-a'le), n. [From Lat. rationalis. 
Rational.] 1. A series of reasons assigned. 2. An 
explanation of the principles of some opinion, action, 
hypothesis, phenomenon, &c, or the principles them- 
selves. 

Ra/tion-al-i§m (rash'un-), n. A system of opinions 
deduced from reason, as distinct from, or opposed to, 
revelation ; an excessive reliance on reason. 

Ra/tion-al-i§t (rash'un-), n. 1. One who proceeds 
wholly upon reason, ti. One who relies on his reason 
as the sole or the supreme authority in matters of relig- 
ion, and rejects supernatural guidance and aid. 

Ra/tion-al-ist'ie ) (rash'un-), a. Belonging to, or 

Ra/tion-al-Ist'ie-al j in accordance with, the princi- 
ples of rationalism. 

Ra/tion-al'i-ty (rash'un-), n. Quality of being rational ; 
due exercise of reason ; reasonableness. 

Ra'tion-al-ly (rash'un-), adv. In a rational manner ; 
in consistency with reason ; reasonably. 

Rat'lin, ) n. ( Naut^) A small line traversing the shrouds 

Rat'line, J of a ship, making the step of a ladder for 
ascending to the mast-heads. 

Ra-tobn', n. [Sp. retono, retonar, to sprout or shoot 
again, applied to a plant which has been cut, from Lat. 



re, again, and tumidus, swollen, swelling.] A sprout 
from the root of the sugar-cane, which has been cut. 

Rats'bane, n. Poison for rats ; arsenious acid. 

Rat-tan', n. [Malay. rOtan; Javan. rottang.] The stem 
of a plant growing in India, which is without branches, 
cylindrical, jointed, very tough and strong, and from 50 
to 100 feet in height, it is used for wicker-work, seats 
of chairs, walking sticks, withes, he. 

Rat-teen', n. [Fr. ratine, from 0. Fr. ratin, ratis, fern ; 
Fr. ratiner, to friz, to nap cloth.] A thick woolen stuff 
quilled or twilled. 

Rat'tle (rat'tl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RATTLED : p. pr. 8c 
vb. n. RATTLING.] [L. Ger. rattein, rateln, D. ratelen, 
H. Ger. rasseln.] 1. To make a quick, sharp noise, 
rapidly repeated, by the collision of bodies not very 
sonorous ; to clatter. *Z. To speak eagerly and noisily ; 
to jabber. 

Rat'tle, v. t. 1. To cause to make a rapid succession of 
sharp sounds. 2. To stun with noise. 3. To scold. 

Rat'tle, n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering 
sounds. 2. Loud, rapid talk; clamorous chiding. 3* 
An instrument with which a clattering sound is made. 
4. A jabberer. 5. pi. Noise produced by the air in 
passing through mucus of which the lungs are unable 
to free themselves. 

Rat'tle-head/ed, a. Noisy ; giddy ; unsteady. 

Rat'tle- snake, n. (Zool.) A poison- 
ous snake having a series of horny 
joints at the end of the tail which 
make a rattling sound, whence the 
name. 

Rau'ci-ty, n. [Lat. raucitas, fr. ren- 
ews, hoarse, rough. See infra.] Harsh- 
ness of sound ; hoarseness. 

Rau'eous, a. [Lat. mucus, for ravi- 
cus, from ravus, gray -yellow, hoarse.] 
Hoarse ; harsh. 

Rav'age, n. [Fr. ravage, as if from a 

Lat. rapagium, rapaticum, from ra- Rattle-snake. 
pere, to carry off by force, to ravish.] Desolation by vio- 
lence ; violent ruin or destruction. 




Syn. — Despoilment ; devastation; desolation 
plunder ; spoil ; waste ; ruin. 



pillage t 



Rav'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RAVAGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ravaging.] To lay waste by force. 

Syn. — To despoil ; pillage ; plunder ; sack ; spoil ; devas- 
tate; desolate; destroy; waste; ruin. 

RSv'a-ger, n. A plunderer ; one who lays waste. 

Have, v. i. [imp. & p. p. raved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
raving.] [Fr. rever, to rave, to be delirious, to dream ; 
Lat. rabere, to rave, rage, be mad or furious.] 1. To 
wander in mind or intellect ; to be delirious. 2. To rush 
like a madman. 

Rave, v. t. To utter in madness or frenzy ; to say wildly. 

Rav'el (raVl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. raveled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RAVELING.] [0. D. ravelen, N. D. rafelen, L. 
Ger. rebeln, rebbeln, reffeln.] 1, To undo the texture 
of; to take apart ; to unsew or 
unknit. 2. Hence, to disen- ._jl 
tangle. 3. To pull apart, as a ss^l 
texture, so that the threads fall s^_3 
into a tangled mass ; hence, to ■ 
entangle ; to make intricate ; 
to involve. 

Rav'el (rav'l), v. i. To be sepa- 
rated in texture ; to be un- 
twisted or unwoven ; to be dis- 
entangled. 

Rave'lin (rav'lin), n. [Fr., 
from Lat. re, again, against, 
and vallum, a rampart, wall.] 
(Fort.) A detached work with bb, ravelin; a, redoubt? 
two embankments which make 9 c -. dlt( 
a salient angle. 

Ra'vm (ra'vn), n. [A.-S. hrdfen, 
hrefn, Icel. hrafn, 0. H. Ger. lira- 
ban, allied to Lat. corvus, Skr. 
karava.] (Ornith.) A bird of a 
black color, allied to the crow, but 
larger. 

Rav'en (rav'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

RAVENED ; p. pr. & Vb. n. RAVEN- 
ING.] [See infra, n.] 1. To obtain 
by violence. 2. To devour with 
great eagerness. 

Rav'en (rav'n), v. i. To prey with rapacity ; to be greedy. 

Rav'en (rav'n), n. [Written also ravin, fr. rapine, q. v. 




Kavelin. 



fortress to ravelin. 




Raven. 



a,,e, &,c.,long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolft 



HAVENER 



595 



READING-ROOM 



1. Rapine; rapacity, 2. Prey; food obtained by vio- 
lence, [or plunders, 

KAv'en-er (rav'n-er), n. One who, or that which, ravens 

Rav'en-ing (raVn-iog), n. Eagerness for plunder. 

Rav'en-oiis (rav'n-us), a. [From raven, prey, rapine. J 
1. Furiously voracious; hungry even to rage. 2. Eager 
for prey or gratification. 
Syn. — Voracious; rapacious; greedy. 

Rav'en-oiis-ly (rav'n-us-), adv. In a ravenous manner ; 
voraciously. 

Rav'en-oiis-ness, n. Extreme voracity ; rage for prey. 

Rav'er, n. One who raves or is furious. 

Rav'in (riiv'n), n. [See Raven.] Food obtained by vio- 
lence ; plunder ; prey. 

Ra-v'iiie' (ra-ven', 128), n. [Fr., from ravir, Lat. rapere, 
to snatch or tear away.] A deep and narrow hollow, 
usually worn by a stream or torrent of water ; a gorge, 

Rav'ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RAVISHED (rav'isht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RAVISHING.] [Fr. ravir, Lat. rapere, to snatch 
or tear away, to ravish,] 1. To seize and carry away by 
violence, 2. To carry away with joy or delight. 3. To 
commit rape upon. 

Syn. — To transport ; entrance ; enrapture ; delight ; vio- 
late; deflour; force. 

Rav'ish-er, n. 1. One who ravishes or takes by vio- 
lence. 2. One who transports with delight. 3. One 
who forces a woman to his carnal embrace. 

Rav'ish-ment, n. [See Ravish.] 1. Act of carrying 
away by force or against consent ; abduction. 2. State 
of being ravished ; rapture ; transport of delight ; ec- 
stacy. 3. Forcible violation of chastity ; rape. 

Raw, a. [compar. RAWER ; svperL RAWEST.] [A.-S. 
Kreaw, D. raauw, 0. H. Ger. raw, row, ra, ro.] 1. Not 
cooked. 2. Hence, unprepared for use or enjoyment ; 
unfinished; immature; unripe; hence, unpracticed ; 
untried. 3. Untouched by art; unwrought ; — specif- 
ically, (a.) Not spun or twisted, (b.) Not mixed or 
adulterated, (c.) Not tried, or melted and strained. 
{d.) Not tanned. 4. Deprived of skin ; galled. 5. 
Causing sensations as of raw flesh ; hence, piercingly 
damp or cold. 

Syn.— Crude ; sore ; unseasoned; unexperienced ; new ; 
chilly; bleak. 

Raw, n. A raw, sore, or galled place. [bound- 

Raw'boned, a. Having little flesh on the bones ; hide- 

Raw'hide, n, A cowhide, or coarse riding-whip, made 
of untanned leather twisted. 

Raw'ly, adv. 1. In a raw manner ; unskillfully ; with- 
out experience. 2. Hastily ; newly. 

Raw'ness, n. 1. State of being raw ; uncooked. 2. 
Unskillfulness ; inexperience. 3. Hasty manner. 4. 
Chilliness with dampness. 

Ray, n. [From Lat. radius, a beam or ray.] 1. One of 
a number of lines or parts diverging from a common 
point or center, like the radii of a circle. 2. (Bot.) A 
radiating part of a flower or plant. 3. {Ichth.) One of 
the radiating bony spines forming the framework of the 
fins of fishes. 4. {Physics.) (a.) A line of light or heat 
proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point. (6.) One 
of the colored portions of the spectrum. 5. Hence, in- 
tellectual light ; perception ; apprehension. 

Ray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RAYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RAY- 
ING.] To send forth or shoot out ; to cause to shine out. 
Syn. — Glimmer; beam; gleam; light; luster, 

Ray, n. [Lat. raia. Cf. Roach.] 
(Iclith.) A genus of fishes including 
the skate, the thornback, and the 
torpedo. 

Ray'less, a. Destitute of light; 
dark ; not illuminated. 

Raze, t\ t. [imp. & p. p. razed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. razing.] [See 
Rase.] 1. To erase ; to efface ; to obliterate ; to extir- 
pate. 2. To lay level with the ground. 

Syn. — To demolish; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; 
destroy; ruin. See Demolish. 

Ra-zee', n. [From Fr. raser, to raze, to cut down ships. 
See RAZE.] {Naut.) An armed ship having her upper 
deck cut down, and thus reduced to the next inferior 
rate, 

Ra-zee', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RAZEED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RAZEEING.] To cut down to an inferior rate or class, 
as a ship ; hence, to prune or abridge by cutting off or 
retrenching parts. 

Ra'zor, n. [Lat. rasorium. See RAZE.] Aninstrument 
for removing the beard or hair. 
Razors of a boar, a boar's tusks. 



jilts luster. 



Ra'zor-bill, n. ( Ornith.) An aquatic fowl, common in 
the arctic regions'; the common auk. 

Raz'ure (razh/ur), n. [See RasURE .] 1. Act of erasing 
or effacing; obliteration. 2. That which is razed; 
erasure. 

Reach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reached (recht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REACHING.] [A.-S. rzecan, rseccan, to extend, 
stretch out, and recian, recean, reccan, to extend, D. 
reiken, to reach, rekken, to stretch, extend, 0. H. Ger. 
reichjan, reichCn ; rechjan, rachjan, Icel. reikia, rakna, 
Goth, rakyan, allied to Lat. regere, to lead straight, Gr. 
bpeyeiv, to reach.] 1. To extend ; to stretch ; to thrust 
out. 2. Hence, to deliver by stretching out a member, 
especially the hand : to pass to another ; to hand over. 

3. To attain or obtain by stretching forth the hand. 

4. Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; 
to penetrate to. 5. To extend to ; to stretch out as far 
as. 6. To arrive at ; to get as far as. 7. To attain to; 
to gain. 

Syn. — To extend; secure; hand; transfer. 

Reach, v. i. 1. To stretch out the hand. 2. To strain 
after something. 3. To be extended in dimension, time, 
action, influence, &c, so as to touch, attain to, or be 
equal with something. 

Reach, n. 1. Act of stretching or extending ; extension ; 
power of reaching. 2. Power of stretching out or ex- 
tending action, influence, or the like ; extent of force or 
capacity. 3. Extent; stretch; expanse; hence, appli- 
cation ; influence ; result. 4. An extended portion of 
land or water ; a stretch. 5* An artifice to obtain an 
advantage ; a fetch. 

Re-act', v. t. [imp. k,p.p. reacted; p.pr. & vb. n. 
reacting.] To act or perform a second time; to do 
over again. 

Re-act', v. i. 1. To resist the action of another body 
by an opposite force. 2. To exercise a reciprocal or a 
reverse effect. 

Re-ac'tion, n. 1. Any action in resisting other action 
or power ; counter tendency or movement. 2. ( Chem.) 
The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon 
each other. 3. ( Med. ) Depression or exhaustion of vital 
force consequent on over exertion or over-stimulation. 
4. {Meek.) The force which a body subjected to the 
action of a force from another body exerts upon that 
body in the opposite direction. 5. {Politics.) Backward 
tendency from revolution, reform, or progress. 

Re-ae'tion-a-ry, a. For, or implying, reaction. 

Re-act'ive, a. Having power to react ; tending to re- 
action. 

Read, v. t. [imp. & p. p. read (red) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
READING.] [A.-S. redan, to read, declare; 0. H. Ger. 
rediOn, redOn, Icel. rdda, Goth, rodjan, to speak, to 
read.] 1. To go over, as characters or words, and utter 
aloud, or recite to one's self inaudibly ; to take in the 
sense of, as language ; to peruse. 2. Hence, to know 
fully ; to comprehend. 3. To gather the meaning of 
by inspection ; to learn by observation. 

Read, v. i. 1. To perform the act of reading. 2. To be 
studious. 3. To learn by reading. 4. To appear in 
reading. 

Read, a. Instructed or knowing by reading ; versed in 
books ; learned. 

Read'a-ble, a. Capable of being read ; fit, legible, or 
suitable to be read ; worth reading, 

Read'er, n. 1. One who reads; specifically, {a.) One 
whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a church. 
{b.) { University of Oxford, Eng.) One who reads lectures 
on scientific subjects, (c.) A proof-reader; a corrector 
of the press. 2. A book containing exercises in reading ; 
a reading-book. [Amer.] 

Read'er-ship, n. 1. The office of reading prayers in a 
church. 2. {University of Oxford, Eng.) The office of 
a lecturer on scientific subjects. 

Read'i-ly, adv. 1. In a ready manner; quickly; 
promptly. 2. Without delay or objection ; cheerfully. 

Read'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being ready; 
preparedness. 2. Quickness ; promptness ; promptitude ; 
facility ; freedom from hindrance or obstruction. 3. 
Alacrity ; freedom from reluctance. 

Syn. — Facility ; quickness ; expedition ; promptitude ; 
promptness ; aptitude : aptness ; knack ; skill ; expertness ; 
dexterity ; ease ; cheerfulness. See Facility. 

Readying, n. 1. Act of one who reads ; perusal. 2. 

Study of books. 3. The way in which any thing reads ; 

lection ; version. 
Read'ing-robm, n. A room provided with papers, 

periodicals, &c, to which persons resort for reading. 



food, foot; flru, Hide, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link ; this. 



RE-ADJUST 



596 



RE-ASSEMBLE 



Re'-ad-jiist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-adjusted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. re-adjusting.] To adjust or put in order 
again. 

Re'-ad-mis'sion (-mish/un), n. Act of admitting 
again , or state of being re-admitted. 

Re'-ad-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-admitted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. re-admitting.] To admit again. 

Re'-ad-mit'tance, n. A second admittance; allow- 
ance to enter again. 

Read'y, a. [compar. readier; superl. readiest.] 
[A.-S. rad, rsede, hrad, hrsed, Icel. hradr, Goth, gardids, 
fixed, arranged, raths, easy. Cf. RATH.] 1. Prepared 
at the moment; not behindhand or backward when 
called upon. 2. Prepared in mind or disposition. 3. 
Not slow, hesitating, or awkward ; quick in action of 
any kind. 4. Not occasioning delay ; offering itself at 
once. 5. On the point; about; — with a following in- 
finitive. 

Syn. — Prompt ; expeditious ; speedy ; unhesitating ; dex- 
terous ; apt ; skillful ; handy ; expert : facile ; easy ; oppor- 
tune ; fitted ; prepared ; disposed ; willing ; free ; cheerful. 
See Prompt. 

Read'y, adv. In a state of preparation so as to need no 
delay. 

Read/y-made, a. Already provided ; kept on hand to 
answer demands ; not made to order. 

Ke'- af -firm', v.t. [imp. & p. p. re-affirmed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. re-affirming.] To affirm a second time. 

Ee-a'gent, n. (Cke-m.) A substance employed to detect 
the presence of other bodies ; a test. 

Re'al, a. [L. Lat. realis, from Lat. res, rei, a thing.] 1. 
Actually being or existing, 2. Not artificial, counter- 
feit, or factitious. 3. ( Law.) Pertaining to things fixed, 
permanent or immovable, as to lands and tenements ; as, 
real estate. 

Syn. — Actual: true; genuine; authentic— Real represents 
a thing to be a substantive existence ; as, area?, not imaginary 
occurrence. Actual refers to it as acted or performed; and, 
hence, when we wish to prove a thing real, we often say, "it 
actualh/ exists," it has actual!)/ been done." Thus its reality 
is shown by its actuality. Actual, from this reference to being 
acted,, has recently received a new signification, namely, 
present; as the actual posture of affairs : since what is now in 
action or going on, has of course apreserit existence. 

Ke'al, n. [Sp. & Pg.,from real, equiv. to Lat. regalis, 
royal.] A small Spanish denomination of money vary- 
ing in value from 12£ to 5 cents. 

Re-al'gar, n. [Fr. realgar, rcalgal, N. Lat. risigalhim .] 
(Min.) A combination of sulphur and arsenic, of a bril- 
liant red color ; red orpiment. 

Re'al-i§m, n. The doctrine of the realists. 

Re'al-ist, n. One who maintains that generals, or the 
terms used to denote the genera and species of things, 
represent real existences, and are not mere names, as 
maintained by the nominalists. [realists. 

Re'al-ist'ie, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the 

Re-ai'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being real ; actual 
being or existence of any thing, in distinction from mere 
appearance ; fact. 2. That which is real ; an actual ex- 
istence. 

Syn.— Truth ; fact ; verity ; actuality ; certainty. 

Re'al-Iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being realized. 

Re'al-i-za/tion, n. Act of realizing or making real, or 
state of being realized. 

Re'al-ize, v.t. [imp & p. p. realized ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. realizing.] 1. To make real; to convert from 
imaginary or fictitious into actual. 2. To cause to seem 
real; to impress upon the mind as actual. 3. To convert 
into real property. 4. To obtain as the result of plans 
and efforts ; to gain ; to get. 

Syn. — To accomplish ; effect ; complete ; consummate. 

Re'al-ize, v. i. To receive value or property, especially 
in money. 

Re'al-ly, adv. In a real manner ; with or in reality ; 
actually ; in truth. 

Realm, n. [0. Fr. realme, reaume, roialme, N. Fr. roy- 
aume, from Lat. regalis, royal.] 1. A royal jurisdic- 
tion or regal government ; kingdom. 2. Hence, in gen- 
eral, province ; region ; domain ; department. 

Re'al-ty, n. [Contracted from reality.] (Law.) Immo- 
bility, or the fixed, permanent nature of real property. 

Ream, n. [It. risma, a ream of paper, number of persons, 
faction, sect, from Gr. apifyxo?, a number, quantity.] A 
package of paper, consisting of twenty quires. 

Ream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REAMING.] [Ger. raumen, to remove, clear away, from 
raum, room. See Room.] To enlarge or dress out, as a 
hole. 



Re-an'i-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-animated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. re-animating.] To animate anew ; to 
infuse new life, vigor, spirit, or courage into. 

Re'-an-nex', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-annexed (108); 
p. pr. & vb. n. re-annexing.] To annex again ; to re- 
unite. 

Reap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reaped (reept); p. pr. & vb. 
ii. REAPING.] [A.-S. ripan, to seize, reap, rip, harvest.] 
1. To cut with a sickle, as grain. 2. Hence, to gather ; 
to obtain ; to receive as a reward, or as the fruit of labor 
or of works. 3. To clear of a crop by reaping. 

Reap, v. i. 1. To perform the act of reaping. 2. To 
receive the fruit of labor or works. 

Reap'er, n. 1. One who reaps or cuts grain with a 
sickle. 2. A machine for cutting grain. 

Re'-ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p. p. re-appeared ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. re-appearing.] To appear a second time. 

Re'-ap-pear'ance, n. A second appearance. 

Re'-ap-poiiit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-appointed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RE -APPOINTING.] To appoint again. 

Re'-ap-polnt'ment, n. A second appointment. 

Rear, n. [From Lat. retro, behind, backward.] 1. The 
back or hindmost part. 2. Specifically, the part of an 
army or fleet which comes last, or is behind the rest. 

Rear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REARING.] [A.-S. rzeran, to raise, rear, elevate, allied 
to rasian, arasian, to raise, q. v.] To bring up or to 
raise to maturity, as young. 

Syn.— To raise ; lift ; elevate ; erect ; set up ; establish. 
See Raise. 

Rear, a. Being behind or in the hindmost part ; hind- 
most. 

Rear, v. i. To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse. 

Rear'-ad'mi-ral, n. An officer next in rank after the 
vice-admiral. 

Rear'-guard (72), n. The body of an army that march- 
es in the rear of the main body to protect it. 

Rear'mouse, n. [A.-S. hrcremus, allied to hrcran, to 
agitate.] The leather-winged bat. [of troops. 

Re "r'-ranlt, n. (Mil.) The hindermost rank of a body 

Rear'- ward, n. [From rear.] 1. The last troop ; the 
rear-guard. 2. The hind or latter part ; the end; the 
tail. 

Re'-as-cend', v. i. To rise, mount, or climb again. 

Rea'gon (i-3'zn), n. [Fr. raison, Lat. ratio, from reri, ra- 
tus, to reckon, believe, think.] 1. A thought or a con- 
sideration, as bearing on a determination or an opinion ; 
that which is viewed as a reasonable account or explana- 
tion. 2. The faculty or capacity of the human mind by 
which it is distinguished from the inferior animals; the 
higher as distinguished from the lower cognitive faculties. 
3. Due exercise of the reasoning faculty ; that which is 
dictated or supported by the common sense of mankind ; 
propriety ; justice ; order. 4. The truths and laws by 
which the universe is supposed to be constructed and 
governed. 

By reason of, by means of; on account of. — In reason, in all 
reason, in justice ; with rational ground. 

Syn. — Motive ; argument ; ground ; consideration ; prin- 
ciple; sake; account; object; purpose; design. Sec Motive, 
Sense. 
Re'agon (rj'zn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. REASONED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. REASONING.] 1. To exercise the rational 
faculty ; to ratiocinate. 2. Hence, to carry on a process 
of deduction in order to convince, or to confute ; to de- 
bate. 

Syn.— To discuss ; argue ; examine; prove. 

Rea'gon (re'zn), v. t. 1. To examine or discuss by ar- 
guments ; to debate or discuss. 2. To persuade by rea- 
soning or argument. 

Rea'gon-a-ble (r^zn-a-bl), a. 1. Having the faculty of 
reason. 2. Governed by reason ; being under the influ- 
ence of reason ; agreeable to reason. 3. Within due lim- 
its. 4. Considerable. 

Syn. — Rational ; just ; honest ; equitable ; fair ; suitable ; 
moderate ; tolerable. See Rational. 

Rea'§on-a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being reasona- 
ble ; agreeableness to reason ; moderation. 

Rea'gon-a-bly, adv. In a reasonable manner ; in con- 
sistency with reason ; moderately ; tolerably. 

Rea'f oii-er, n. One who reasons or argues. 

Rea'soii-ing, n. 1. Act or process of deriving conclu' 
sions from premises. 2. Proofs or reasons when ar- 
ranged and developed. 

Syn. — Argumentation ; argument. 

Re'-as-sem'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-assembled ; 



a^e, &c. ( long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, wliat; gre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



RE-ASSEMBLE 



597 



RECEIVE 



p. pr. & vb. n. re-assembling.] To assemble or col- 
lect again. 

Re'-as-sem/ble, v. i. To assemble or convene again. 

Re'-as-sert', v. t. [irnp. & p. p. re-asserted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RE-ASSERTING.] To assert again. [thing. 

Re'-as-ser'tion, n. A second assertion of the same 

Re'-as-sign' (-sin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-assigned ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RE-ASSIGNING.] To assign or transfer 
back or again. 

Re'-as-sume', v. t. To resume ; to take again. 

Re'-a?-sur'ance (-shyjr'ans), n. 1. Assurance or con- 
firmation repeated. 2. ( Law.) A contract by which an 
insurer of property obtains indemnity against loss by his 
insurance from some other insurer. 

Re'-as-eure' (r^ash-shnr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re- 
assured; p. pr. & vb. n. RE-aSSURING.] 1. To as- 
sure anew ; to free from fear or terror. 2. To obtain 
insurance from another of what one has already insured. 

Re'-at-tach'ment, n. A second or renewed attach- 
ment of the same person or thing. 

Reave, v. t. [A.-S. reafian, D. rooven. See Rob.] To 
rob; to deprive; to bereave. [Rare.] 

Re'bap-tize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebaptized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. REBAPTIZING.] To baptize a second time. 

Re-bate', v. t. [Fr. rebattre, from re, again, against, back, 

and battre, Lat. battuere, batuere, to beat, strike.] 1. To 

beat to obtuseness ; to blunt. 2. To make a discount 

. from for prompt payment. 3. To cut a rebate in ; to 

rabbet. See RABBET. 

Re -bate', n. A groove or channel sunk on the edge of a 
board or piece of timber ; a rabbet. 

Re-bate', I n. [Cf. supra and Abate.] 1. Dimin- 

Re-bate'ment, J ution. 2. {Com.) Deduction of in- 
terest, or any sum, &c, on account of prompt payment ; 
abatement. 

Re'bec, n. [From Ar. rabab, a musical instrument of a 
round form.] (Mus.) An instrument formerly used, hav- 
ing catgut strings, and played with a bow. 

Reb'el, n. [From Lat. rebellis, making war again, rebell- 
ious. See Rebel, v. ?'.] One who rebels ; one who re- 
volts from the government to which he owes allegiance. 

Syn. — Revolcer; insurgent. — Insurgent marks an eirly, and 
rebel a more advanced, stage of opposition to government. The 
former rises up against his rulers, the latter makes war upon 
them. A French writer remarks that out of a hundred insur- 
gents, not more than ten usually hold out and become confirmed 
rebels. 

Reb'el, a. Acting in revolt ; rebellious. 

Re-bel', v. i. [imp. & p. p. rebelled ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
REBELLING.] [Lat. rebellare, to make war again, from 
re, again, and bellare, to make war, bellum, war.] To 
revolt ; to take up arms traitorously against the state 
or government. 

Re-bell'ion, n. [Lat. rebellio. See supra. Among the 
Romans rebellion was originally a revolt by nations that 
had been subdued in war. It was a renewed war.] 1. 
Act of rebelling ; open and avowed renunciation of the 
authority of the government to which one owes alle- 
giance. 2. Open resistance to lawful authority. 

Syn. —Insurrection ; sedition; revolt; mutiny; resistance; 
contumacy. See Insuhrection. 

Re-bell'ious, a. Engaged in, or marked by, rebellion ; 
violently resisting government or lawful authority. , 

Re-belFioiis-ly, adv. In a rebellious manner. 

Re-bound', v. i. [imp. & p. p. rebounded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. rebounding.] To spring back, to start back; 
to be reverberated. 

Re-bound', v. t. To drive back ; to reverberate. 

Re-bound', n. Act of flying back upon collision with 
another body ; resilience. 

Re-buff, n. [See infra.] 1. A beating back ; a quick 
and sudden resistance, 2. Sudden check. 
Syn. — Repercussion; repulse; defeat; refusal. 

Re-buff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. REBUFFED (re-bufiY); p. 
pr. & vb. n. REBUFFING.] [Prefix re and buff, q. v.] 
To beat back; to check; to repel violently, harshly, or 
uncourteously. 

Re-build' (-bTldO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebuilt ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. rebuilding.] To build or construct, as some- 
thing which has been demolished. 

Re-buk'a-ble, a. Worthy of rebuke or reprehension. 

Re-buke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebuked (re-bukf) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. REBUKING.] [Norm. Fr. rebuquer, 0. Fr. 
rebouquer, to enfeeble, diminish, bouquer, to grumble, 
murmur, kiss or embrace by force, partly from 0. Fr. 
bouque, N. Fr. bouche, the mouth, and partly from Icel. 
bw.ka, to subdue.] To check, silence, or put down with 
reproof; to reprehend sharply and summarily. 



Syn. — To reprqye ; chide ; check ; chasten ; restrain ; si« 
lence. See Admonish. 

Rebuke', n. A direct and pointed reproof ; reprimand; 
also, chastisement ; punishment. 

Re-buk'er, n. One who rebukes ; a chider. 

Re-bur'y (rS-ber'ry), v. t. To bury or inter again. 

Re'bus, ii. ; pi- RE'bus-es.. [From Lat. rebus, by things, 
abl pi. of res, a thing.] Enigmatical representation of 
words by figures ; hence, a peculiar form of riddle made 
up of such representations. 

Rebut', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REBUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
rebutting.] [See Butt.] 1. To drive back ; to repel 
by force. 2. (Law.) To oppose by argument, plea, or 
countervailing proof. 

Re-biit'. v. i. (Law.) To make an answer, as to a plain- 
tiff's surrejoinder. 

Re-but'ter, n. (Law.) The answer of a defendant ha 
matter of fact to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 

Re-cal'ci-trant, a. Kicking back ; hence, showing re- 
pugnance or opposition. 

Re-eal'ci-trate, v. i. [Lat. recalcitrare , recalcitratum ; 
re and calcitrare. to kick ; calx, heel.] To kick back ; to 
kick against any thing ; hence, to express repugnance. 

Re-cai'ci-tra'tioii, n. A kicking back again ; opposi- 
tion ; repugnance. 

Re-call', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recalled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. recalling.] 1. To call back; to summon to re- 
turn. 2. To revoke ; to annul by a subsequent act. 3. 
To call to mind ; to recollect ; to remember. 

Re-eall', n. A calling back ; revocation. 

Re-cant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recanted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECANTING.] [Lat. recantare , to recall, recant, from 
re, again, back, and cantare, to sing, to sound.] To con- 
tradict, as a former declaration ; to take back by one's 
self. 

Syn. — To retract ; recall ; revoke ; abjure ; disown ; dis*- 
vow. 

Re-cant', v. i. To revoke a declaration or proposition. 

Re'cant-a'tion, n. Act of recanting ; retraction. 

Re'ca-plt'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recapitu- 
lated; p. pr. & vb. n. RECAPITULATING.] [Lat. re- 
capitular e, recapilidatum, from re again, and capitulum, 
a small head, chapter, section.] To give a summary of 
the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in 
brief. 
Syn. — To reiterate; repeat; rehearse; recite. 

Re'ca-pit'u-late, v. ?'. To sum up what has been pre' 
viously said or_defended. [mary. 

Re'ca-pit'u-la'tion, n. Act of recapitulating ; a sum- 

Re'ca-pit'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Repeating again ; con- 
taining recapitulation. 

Re-eap'tion, n. Act of retaking ; reprisal ; the retak- 
ing of one's own goods, chattels, wife, or children, with- 
out force or violence, from one who has taken them and 
who wrongfully' detains them. 

Re-eapt'ure (53), n. 1. Act of retaking ; especially, 
the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor, 2. A 
prize retaken. 

Re-c&pt'ure, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. recaptured ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RECAPTURING.] To retake ; especially, to re- 
take a prize which had been previously taken. 

Re-east', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. recast; p. pr. & vb.n. 
RECASTING.] 1. To throw again. 2. To mold anew ; 
to throw into a new form or shape. 3. To compute a 
second time. 

Re-cede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. receded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECEDING.] [Lat. recedere, from re, again, back, 
and cedere, to go, to go along.] 1. To move back ; to 
retreat. 2. Specifically, to withdraw a claim or preten- 
sion. 
Syn. — To retire; return; retrograde; withdraw; desist. 

Re-cede', v. t. To cede back ; to yield to a former pos- 
sessor. 

Re-^eipt' (re-seet'), n. [From Lat. recipere, receptum, to 
receive.] 1. Act of receiving : reception. 2. Power of 
receiving or containing; capacity. 3. Place of receiv- 
ing. 4. A plan or formulary according to the directions 
of which things are to be combined; a recipe. 5. A 
written acknowledgment of payment. 6. That which is 
received. 

Re-ceipt' (re-seet/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. receipted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. receipting.] To give a receipt for. 

Re-ceipt' (re-seet/), v. i. To give a receipt. 

Re-ceiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being received. 

Re-ceive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. received ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECEIVING.] [Fr. recevoir, Lat. recipere, from re, 



food foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, pliaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link.; thi»« 



RECEIVER 



598 



RECLAIM 



again, and capere, to take, seize.] 1. To take, as some- 
thing that is offered, given, committed, sent, paid, or the 
like. 2. To gain the knowledge of ; to accept, as an 
opinion, notion, &c. 3. To give credence or acceptance 
to. 4. To give admittance to, in an official capacity, as 
an embassador, or as an associate, a guest, or the like. 
5. To have capacity for ; to hold; to' contain. 6. To 
bear; to suffer. 7. To take, as goods, from a thief, 
knowing them to be dishonestly obtained. 

Syn.— To accept. — To receive describes simply the act of 
taking; to accept, the taking cordially or for the purpose for 
which a thing is offered. A lady may receive the proposal of a 
suitor without accepting his suit. 

Re-ceiv'er, n. One who, or that which, takes or re- 
ceives in any manner. 
Re'cen-cy, n. State or quality of being recent ; newness ; 

freshness. 

Re-cen'sion, n. [Lat. recensio, recensere, from re, again, 
and censere, to value, estimate.] 1. Act of reviewing or 
revising; review; examination; enumeration. 2. Espe- 
cially, the review of a text by an editor or editors. 3. 
Hence, a text established by critical revision. 

Re'cent, a. [Lat. recens, recentis.] 1. Of late origin, 
existence, or occurrence; not already known, familiar, 
worn out, trite, &c. 2. ( Geol.) Of a date subsequent to 
the creation of man. 
Syn. — Modern ; new; novel; fresh; late. See Modeen. 

Re f cent-ly, adv. Newly ; lately ; freshly ; not long since. 

Re'cent-ness, n. Quality of being recent or new ; new 
ness ; freshness ; lateness of origin or occurrence. 

Re-cep'ta-cle (113), n. [Lat. receptaculum , from re- 
ceptare, intens. form of recipere, to receive.] 1. That 
which receives, or into which any thing is received and 
held; a receiver or holder ; a reservoir. 2. (Bot.) The 
apex of the flower-stalk from which the organs of the 
flower grow or into which they are inserted. 

Rec'ep-tac'u-lar (110), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the 
receptacle, or growing on it, as the nectary. 

Re-cep'ti-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being receptible ; 
receivableness ; capacity of receiving. 

Re-cep'ti-ble, a. Admitting reception ; receivable. 

Ke-f ep'tion, n. [Lat. rec.eptio, from reripire, receptum.~\ 
1. Act of receiving ; admission, 2. State of being re- 
ceived. 3. A receiving or manner of receiving for en- 
tertainment ; entertainment ; hence, an occasion or cere- 
mony of receiving guests. 4. Admission, as of an opin- 
ion or doctrine. 

Re-cep'tive, a. Having the quality of receiving ; able 
or inclined to take in, hold, or contain. 

Re-cess', n. [Lat. recessus, from rerederc, recessiim. See 
Recede.] 1. A withdrawing or retiring; retirement; 
retreat. 2. A withdrawing from public business or no- 
tice. 3. State of being withdrawn ; seclusion ; privacy. 
4. Remission or suspension of business ; intermission, 
as of a legislative body or school. 5. Part of a room 
formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, 
&c. 6. Place of retirement or secrecy. 7. Secret or 
abstruse part. 

Re-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. recessio, from recedere, 
recessum. See Recede.] 1. Act of receding or with- 
drawing, as from a place, a claim, or demand. 2. Act 
of ceding back ; restoration. 

Re-charge', f. «. 1. To charge or accuse in return. 2. 
To attack again. 

Re-char'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rechartered; p. 
pr. & vb. n. rechartering.] To charter again ; to 
grant another charter to. 

Hecherche (rah-sher'sha'), a. [Fr.] Sought out with 
care : hence, of rare attraction ; of studied elegance. 

Re-cnoo§e', v. t. To choose a second time. 

R6c'i-pe, n.; pi. REC'I-PEg. [Lat., imper. of recipere, 
to take back, to take in, to receive.] A prescription for 
making some combination ; especially, a prescription for 
medicine. 

Re-cip'i-en-cy, n. State or quality of being recipient. 

Re-£ip f i-ent, a. Receiving. 

Re-£ip'i-ent, n. [Lat. recipiens, receiving, p. pr. of 
recipere, to receive.] A receiver ; the person or thing 
that receives. 

Re-cip'ro~eal, a. [Lat. reciprocus.] 1. Recurring in 
vicissitude. 2. Done by each to the other : given and 
received. 3. Mutually interchangeable. 4. (Gram.) 
Reflexive ; — applied to pronouns and verbs. 

Syn. —Mutual; alternate. — The distinctive idea of mutual 
is, that the parties unite by interchange in the same act; as, a 
mutual covenant, mutual affection, &c. The distinctive idea 
of reciprocal is that one party acts by way of return or re- 
sponse to something previously done by the other party ; as, 



a reciprocal kindness, reciprocal reproaches, &c. Love is re- 
ciprocal when the previous affection of one party has drawn 
forth the attachment of the other. To make it mutual in the 
strictest sense, the two parties should have fallen in love at 
once; but as the result is the same, the two words are here 
used interchangeably. The ebbing and flowing of the tide is 
a case where the action is reciprocal, but not mutual. 

Re-cip'ro-eal, n. 1„ That which is reciprocal to an« 
other thing. 2. (Arith. & Alg.) The quotient arising 
from dividing unity by any quantity. 

Re-cip ; ro-eal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being re- 
ciprocal. 

Re-cip'ro-eal-ly, adv. 1. In a reciprocal manner ; in- 
terchangeably ; mutually. 2. In the manner of recipro- 
cals. 

Re-cip'ro~eal-ness, n. The quality of being recipro- 
cal ; mutual_return ; alternateness. 

Re-cip'ro-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. reciprocated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECIPROCATING.] [Lat. reciprocare, re- 
ciprocatum. See Reciprocal.] To act interchange- 
ably ; to alternate. 

Re-cip'ro-eate, v. t. To give and return mutually ; to 
make return for ; to requite ; to interchange. 

Re-cip'ro-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of reciprocating ; inter- 
change of acts. 2. Alternation. 

Rec'i-proc'i-ty, n. 1. Mutual action and reaction. 2. 
Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights. 
Syn. — Reciprocation: interchange; exchange; mutuality. 

Re-cig'ioii (-slzh'un), n. [Lat. recisio, from reridere, to 
cut off, from re and cxdere, to cut.] The act of cutting 

Re-cit'al, n. 1. Act of reciting ; repetition of the words 
of another, or of a writing. 2. Narration. 3. That 
which is recited ; a story ; a narration. 4. (Law.) The 
formal statement or setting forth of some matter of fact 
in any deed or writing. 

Syn. — Account; rehearsal; recitation; narration; descrip- 
tion; explanation; detail; narrative. See Account. 

Rec'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of reciting ; rehearsal. 2. 
A public reading or reproduction, especially as an elocu- 
tionary exhibition. 3. The rehearsal of a lesson by pu- 
pils before their instructor. 

Rec'i-ta-tive', n. A species of musical recitation in 
which the words are delivered in a manner resembling 
that of ordinary declamation ; also, the recitation itself, 
or a piece of music intended for recitation. 

Re-cite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RECITING.] [Lat. recitare, from Lat. re, again, and ci- 
tare, to call or name, to cite.] 1. To repeat, as some- 
thing already prepared, written down, committed to 
memory, or the like. 2. To tell over ; to go over in par- 
ticulars. 3. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 

Syn. — To rehearse; narrate; relate; describe; recapitulate; 
detail: number; count. 

Re-cite', v. i. To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse some- 
thing prepared or committed to memory. 

Re-cit'er, n. One who recites or rehearses. 

Reck, v. i. [A.-S. reran, to care for, 0. II. Ger. ruochan, 
rOhjan, Icel. rdkta, rdkia.] To make account ; to take 
heed ; to care. 

Reck'less, a. Rashly or indifferently negligent. 

Syn. —Heedless ; careless ; mindless ; thoughtless; negli- 
gent; indifferent ; regardless; unconcerned ; inattentive ; re- 
miss. 

Reck'less-ness, n. State or quality of being reckless ; 
heedlessness. 

Reck'on (rek'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECKONED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RECKONING.] [A.-S. recnan, recnian, Goth. 
rahiijan, Icel. reikna.] 1. To make or render account 
of ; to tell one by particulars. 2. To count as in num- 
ber, rank, or series. 

Syn.— To number; enumerate ; compute; calculate; esti- 
mate; value; esteem; account; repute. 

Reck/on, v. i. 1. To make account ; to go through with 
a calculation. 2. To make up accounts ; to examine 
and strike the balance of debt and credit. 3. To think ; 
to suppose; to imagine. [Prov. and vulgar.] 

Reck'on-er. n. One who reckons or computes. 

Reck'on-ing (rek'n-iug), n. 1. Act of one who reckons, 
counts, or computes ; calculation ; — in specific uses, 
Adjustment of claims and accounts ; hence, exaction of 
penalty incurred. 2. Charges or account made by a 
host. 3. Esteem; account; estimation. 4. (Naviga- 
tion.) A calculation of the ship's position from observa- 
tions made and recorded in the log-book. 
Syn.— Calculation; estimation; charge; bill. 

Re-olaim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reclaimed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RECLAIMING.] [Lat. reclamare, from re, again, 



a, e, &c, long; &, e, &c, short ; care, far, asli., all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolfj 



RECLAIMABLE 



599 



RECONQUER 



back, and clamare, to call or cry aloud.] 1. To reduce I 
from a wild to a tamed state ; to bring under discipline. I 

2. To reduce by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the 
like, to a desired state. 3. To call back from moral; 
wandering or transgression to rectitude. 4. To claim 
back ; to demand as a right the return of. 

Syn. — To reform; recover; restore; amend; correct. 

Re-elaim'a-ble, a. Capable of being reclaimed, [tion. 

Re-elaim'ant, n. One who reclaims or makes reclama- 

Rec'la-ma/tion,?*. [Lat. reclamatio. See Reclaibi.] 

1. Recovery. 2. Demand of something to be restored. 

3. Exception taken. [leaf. 
Ree'li-nate, a. {Bot.) Reclined, or bent downward, as a 
Ree'li-na/tion, n. Act of leaning or reclining. 
Re-eline', v. t. [imp. & p.p. RECLINED ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. RECLINING.] [Lat. reclinare, from Lat. re, again, 
back, and diaarc, to lean, incline, Gr. kXCvslu.] To lean 
back ; to lean to one side, orsidewise. 

Re-cline', v. i. To rest or repose ; to take a recumbent 
position ; to lean. 

R§-elo§e'. v. t. [imp. & p.p. reclosed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RE closing-.] To close or shut again. 

Re-eluse', a. [Lat. reclusirs, from redudere, reclusum , to 
unclose, open, but with a signification directly opposite.] 
Shut up ; sequestered ; retired from the world or from 
public notice ; solitary. 

Re-eluse', n. A person who lives in retirement or seclu- 
sion ; a religious devotee. 

Re-eliise'ly, adv. In retirement or seclusion. 

Reduse'ness, n. Retirement ; seclusion from society. 

Re-elu/gion, n. A state of retirement from the world ; 
seclusion. 

Re-elu'sive, a. Affording retirement from society. 

Re-eoe'titm, n. [Lat. recoctus, p. p. of recoc/uere, to 
cook or boil over again, from re, again, and coquere, to 
cook or boil.] A second coction or preparation, 

Ree'og-ni'tion (rek'og-nlsh'un), n. Act of recognizing, 
or state of being recognized ; acknowledgment ; formal 
avowal ; knowledge confessed or avowed. 

Ree'og-niz'a-fole, or Re-eog'ni-za-fole, a. Capable 
of being recognized or acknowledged. 

Re-eog'iii-zance (re-kog'nl-zans or re-kont-zans), n. 
[See infra, and cf. COGNIZANCE.] 1. Acknowledg- 
ment of a person or thing ; avowal ; recognition 2. 
(Law.) (a.) An obligation of record entered into before 
some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with 
condition to do some particular act. (b.) The verdict of 
a jury impaneled upon assize. 

:@3f~ Among lawyers, the q in this and the related words (ex- 
cept recognize) is usually silent. 

Re-eog'ni-za'tion. n. Act of recognizing. 

Ree'og-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recognized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RECOGNIZING.] [Lat. recognoscere, from re, 
again, and cognoscere, to know.] 1. To know again ; to 
recover or recall knowledge of. 2. To avow knowledge 
of; to allow that one knows; to admit with a formal 
acknowledgment. 

Syn. — To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; con- 
cede. See Acknowledge. 

Ree'og-nize, v. i. (Law.) To enter an obligation of 
record before a proper tribunal. 

Re-eog'ni-zee' (re-kog'nT-zee' or re-kon'T-zee'), n. 
(Law.) The person to whom a recognizance is made. 

Re-cog'ni-zor' (re-kog'nl-zor' or re-kon'i-zor'), n. 
(Law.) One who enters into a recognizance. 

Re-coil', v. i. [imp & p. p. recoiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RECOILING.] [From Lat. re, again, back, and cuius, the 
posteriors or fundament.] 1. To start, roll, bound, or 
fall back. 2. To draw back as from any thing repug- 
nant, distressing, alarming, and the like ; to shrink. 

Re-coil', n. 1. A starting or falling back. 2. Specif- 
ically, the reaction of fire-arms when discharged. 

Re-eoil'er, n. One who recoils. 

Re-coin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECOINED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECOINING.] To coin anew. 

Ree'ol-leet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recollected ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RECOLLECTING.] [Prefix re and collect, 
Lat. recolligere, recollectum.] To recover or recall the 
knowledge of ; to bring back to the mind or memory ; to 
remember. 

Re'-eol-lSet', v. t. To collect again ; to gather what has 
been scattered. 

Ree'ol-lSe'tion, n. 1. Act of recollecting, or recall- 
ing to the memory. 2. Power of recalling ideas to the 
mind, or the period within which things can be recol- 
lected ; remembrance ; memory. 3. That which is 
recollected ; reminiscence. 



Syn.— Memory; reminiscence; remembrance. See Mem- 

OKY. 

Re'eom-lbine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recombined ; p 
pr. & vb. n. RECOMBINING.] To combine again. 

Re'eom-mence', v. i. [imp. & p. p. recommenced 
(rS'kom-menst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. RECOMMENCING.] 
To commence again ; to begin anew. 

Ree'om-mend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recommended; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECOMMENDING.] 1. To commend to 
the favorable notice of another ; to bestow commenda- 
tion on. 2. To make acceptable. 3. To commit ; to 
give in charge. 4. To advise, as an action, practice, 
measure, remedy, &c. [or praise. 

Ree'om-mend'a-fole, a. Worthy of recommendation 

Ree'om-men-da'tion, n. 1. Act of recommending 
or of commending. 2. That which recommends, or 
commends to favor. 

Ree'om-mend'a-to-ry (50), a. Serving to recommendj 
recommending ; commendatory. 

Ree'om-mend'er, n. One who recommends. 

Recommit', v. t. [imp. &. p. p. RECOMMITTED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECOMMITTING.] To commit again; 
specifically, to refer again to a committee. 

Re'eom-mit'ment, ( n. A second or renewed com- 

Re'com-mlt'tal, j mitment ; a renewed reference 
to a committee. 

Ree'om-pense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recompensed 
(rek'om-penst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. RECOMPENSING.] [L. 
Lat. recompensare, from Lat. re, again, and compensare, 
to compensate,] 1. To make a return to , to render an 
equivalent to, for service, loss, &c. 2. To make up to 
any one ; to pay for. 

Syn. — To repay; requite; compensate; reward ; remuner- 
ate. 

Ree'om-pense, n. An equivalent returned for any 
thing given, done, or suffered. 

Syn. — Repayment; compensation; remuneration; amends; 
satisfaction; reward; requital. 

Re'com-pose', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recomposed ; p 
pr. & vb. n. RECOMPOSING.] 1. To compose again; 
to form anew. 2. To tranquilize. 

Rec'on-ciFa-ble (110), a. 1. Capable of being recon 
ciled. 2. Capable of being made to agree or be con- 
sistent. 

Rec'on-cIFa-lble-ness, n. 1. The quality of being 
reconcilable ; consistency. 2. Possibility of being re- 
stored to friendship and harmony. 

Ree'on-clle' (110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reconciled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECONCILING.] [Lat. reconciliare, from 
re, again, back, and conciliare, to bring together, to 
unite.] 1. To conciliate anew ; to restore to friendship 
or favor after estrangement. 2. To bring to acquies- 
cence, content, or quiet submission. 3. To make con- 
sistent or congruous. 4. To adjust ; to settle. 

Syn. — To reunite; conciliate; propitiate; pacify; appease. 

Ree'on-clle'ment (110), n. The act of reconciling, or 
the state of being reconciled ; reconciliation. 

Rec'on-cIFer, n. 1. One who reconciles; one who 
brings parties at variance into renewed friendship. 2. 
One who discovers the consistence of propositions seem- 
ingly contradictory. 

Ree'on-ciFi-a'tion, n. 1. Act of reconciling, or state 
of being reconciled ; restoration to harmony. 2. Reduc- 
tion to congruence or consistency. 

Syn. — Reconcilement ; reunion; pacification; appease- 
ment; propitiation; atonement; expiation. 

Ree'on-cil'i-a-to-ry (50), a. Serving or tending to 
reconcile. 

Ree'on-dite, or Re-eon'dite, a. [Lat. reconditus,j>. 
p. of recondere, to put up again, to lay up, to conceal, 
from re, again, and condere, to bring or lay together ] 
1. Hidden from the view or intellect. 2. DealiDg in 
things abstruse. 
Syn. — Secret; abstruse; profound; deep; unfathomable. 

Ke-edn' nats-sdnge, ) n. [Fr.] The act of reconnoi- 

He-^an'riois-san^e, ) tering ; the examination of a 
tract of country, either in warlike movements or for the 
purpose of carrying on public works, as canals, rail-roads, 
and the like. 

Ree'on-noi'ter, ) v. t. [Fr. reconnoitre, reconnaltie. 

Rge'on-noi'tre, ) See Recognize.] To examine by 
the eye ; to make a preliminary survey of; to survey with 
a view to military or engineering operations. 

Re-eon'quer (-konk'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. recon- 
quered; p. pr. & vb. n. reconquering.] 1. To 
conquer again ; to recover by conquest. 2. To recover ; 
to regain. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eelio; gem, get ; a§ ; exjst ; linger, link. 5 tnis- 



RECONSECRATE 



600 



RECTITUDE 



Re--e5n f se-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reconse- 
crated ; p.pr. & vb. n. RECONSECRATING.] To con- 
secrate anew. 

Re'eon-sid'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reconsidered , 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECONSIDERING.] 1. To consider 
again; to review, 2. (Parliamentary Practice.) To take 
up for renewed consideration, as that which has been 
previously acted upon, a motion, vote, or the like. 

Re'eon-sid'er-a'tioii, n. Act of reconsidering, or state 
of being reconsidered ; renewed consideration or review. 

Re'eon-stritet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reconstructed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. reconstructing.] To construct again ; 
to rebuild. 

Re'coii-striie'tioii, n. Act of constructing again. 

Re'-con-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reconveyed ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. reconveying.] 1. To convey back or to 
the former place, 2. To transfer to a former owner. 

Re'eoii-vey'ance, n. Act of reconveying or transfer- 
ring a title to a former proprietor. 

Re-cord', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recorded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECORDING.] [Lat. recordari, to remember, from re, 
again, back, and cor, cordis, tbe heart or mind.] To pre- 
serve the memory of, by committing to writing, to print- 
ing, to inscription, or the like ; to make note of. 

Re-e'ord, n. A register ; an authentic copy of any writ- 
ing, or an account or memorinl of any facts and proceed- 
ings, entered in a book for preservation. 

Re-eord'er, n. 1. One who records ; specifically , aperson 
whose official duty it is to register writings or transac- 
tions. 2. The chief judicial officer of some cities and 
boroughs. 3. (Mus.) A kind of wind instrument resem- 
bling the flageolet. [ Obs.] 

Re-eord'er-sliip, n. The office of a recorder. 

Re-count', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recounted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. recounting.] [Fr. reconter, to relate again or 
over again, raconler, to relate, to recount. See COUNT, 
v.] To relate in detail; to tell or narrate the particu- 
lars of. 

Syn. — To relate; narrate ; rehearse; enumerate; describe; 
recite. 

Re-course', n. [Lat. recursus, from reevrrere, reenrsum, 
to run back, from re, back, and currrre, cursum, to run.] 

1. Return ; recurrence. 2. Recurrence in difficulty, 
perplexity, need, or the like ; a going for help ; resort. 

Re-eov'er (-kuVer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. recovered ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECOVERING.] [0. Fr. recovrer, N. Fr. 
recouvrcr, Lat. recupcrare, from re, back, and capere, to 
take, seize.] 1. To get or obtain again ; to win back. 

2. To make up for ; to repair the loss or injury of. 3. 
To bring back to life or health. 4. (Laiu.) To gain as 
a compensation ; to obtain in return for injury or debt. 

Syn.— To regain ; repossess ; resume ; retrieve ; recruit ; 
heal; cure. 

Re-eov'er, v. i. 1. To regain health after sickness ; to 
grow well. 2. To regain a former state or condition 
after misfortune. 3. (Law.) To obtain a judgment ; 
1 to succeed in a lawsuit. 

Re-eov'er-a-ble (-kav'er-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
recovered or restored. 

Re-eov'er-y (-kuv'er-), n. 1. Act of recovering, re- 
gaining, retaking, or obtaining possession. 2. Restora- 
tion from sickness, weakness, misfortune, or the like. 

3. The obtaining of a right to something by a verdict 
and judgment of court from an opposing party in a suit. 

Syn. — Restoration. — Recovery is active, restoration is pas- 
sive. I must myself be instrumental in the recovery of my 
property that is "stolen ; not so in restoration, for which I am 
wholly indebted to the act of another. 

Ree're-«n-cy, n. Quality of being recreant. 

Rec're-ant, a. [Norm. &. 0. Fr. recreant, cowardly ; 
L. Lat. recredere se, to declare one's self conquered in 
combat : hence, those are called recrediti or recreanti who 
are considered infamous, from Lat. re, again, back, and 
credere, to be of opinion ; hence, orig. to disavow one's 
opinion.] 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the 
trial by battle ; cowardly ; craven. 2. Apostate ; false ; 
unfaithful. 

Ree're-aiit, n. One who yields in combat, and begs for 
mercy ; a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. 

Ree're-site, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recreated ; p pr. & 
vb. n. RECREATING-.] [Lat. recreare, recreatum, to 
create anew, to refresh, from re, again, and creare, to cre- 
ate ] To give fresh life to ; to re-animate ; to revive ; 
especially, to revive the exhausted strength or languid 
spirits of; to refresh from weariness. 

Syn. — To enliven ; animate ; gratify ; amuse ; entertain ; 
divert; cheer. 

Ree're-ate, v. ?'. To take recreation. 



Re'-ere-ate', v. t. To create or form anew. 

Re-e're-a'tion, n. Act of recreating, or state of being 
recreated ; refreshment of the strength and spirits after 
toil. 

Syn. — Amusement ; diversion ; entertainment ; pastime j 
sport. 

Re'ere-a'tion, n. A forming anew : a new creation. 

Ree're-a'tlve, a. Tending to recreate or refresh; rec- 
reating ; amusing ; diverting. 

Ree're-ment, n. [Lat. rt-crementvm, from re, again, 
and cernere, cretum, to separate, sift.] Superfluous 
matter separated from that which is useful ; dross. 

Rec're-ment'al, \a. Consisting of su- 

Ree're-men-ti'tious (-tish'us), | perfluous matter 
separated from that which is valuable ; drossy. 

Re-erim'i-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. recriminated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RECRIMINATING.] [Lat. re, again, and 
criminari, to accuse of a crime.] To return one accusa- 
tion with another ; to retort a charge. 

Re-erim'i-nate, v. t. To accuse in return. 

Re-erim/i-na'tion, n. Act of recriminating ; return 
of one accusation with another. [natory. 

Re--erim'i-na / trve, a. Retorting accusation; recrirni- 

Re-erim'i-na'tor, n. One who recriminates. 

Re-erim'i-na-to-ry (50), a. Recriminating ; retorting 
accusation. 

Re'eru-des'cent, a. [Lat. recrudescens, p. pr. of recru- 
descere, to become raw again, from re, again, and cru- 
descere, to become hard or raw.] Growing raw, sore, or 
painful again. 

Re-eruit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECRUITED; p. pr. & 
vb. n."*RECRUITING.] [Fr. recruter, from recro'dre, p. p. 
recrh, to grow again, fr. re, again, and croitre, to grow ; 
Lat. crescere.] 1. To repair by fresh supplies, as any 
thing wasted ; to supply lack or deficiency in. 2. Hence, 
to renew in strength or health ; to re-invigoratc. 3. To 
supply with new men, as an army. 

Syn.— To repair; recover; regain; retrieve. 

Re-eruit', v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of any thing 
wasted ; to gain flesh, health, spirits, and the like. 2. 
To gain new supplies of men for military or other service. 

Re-eruit', n. 1. Supply of any thing wasted. 2. 
Speci'fically , a newly-enlisted soldier. 

Re-cruit'er, n. One who recruits. 

Re-eriiit'ment, n. Act or business of recruiting. 

Reet'an-gle,". [Lat. rectvs, right, 
and angithts, angle.] A four-sided 
figure, having only right angles ; a 
right-angled parallelogram. 

Reet-an'gu-lar, a. Right-angled; 

having one or more angles of ninety Rectangle, 

degrees. 

Reet-aii'gu-lar-ly, adv. In a rectangular manner ; 
with or at right angles. [rected, or set right. 

j liee'ti-fl'a-lile, a. Capable of being rectified, cor- 
| Re-e'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of rectifying, 
or of correcting, amending, or setting light. 2. (Chem.) 
Process of refining or purifj ing any substance by repeated 
distillation. 3. ( Geom.) The determination of a straight 
line, whose length is equal to a portion of a curve. 

Ree'ti-fFer, n. One who, or that which, rectifies. 

Ree'ti fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rectified; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RECTIFYING.] [L. Lat. rrctificare, fr. Lat. rectus, 
right, and facei e, to make.] 1. To make straight or 
right ; to correct from a wrong, erroneous, or false state. 
2. (Chem.) To refine by repeated distillation or subli- 
mation. 

To rectify a r/lohe, to adjust it in order to prepare for the 
solution of a proposed problem, 

Syn.— To amend; emend; correct! better: mend; reform; 
redress; adjust; regulate; improve. Sec Amend. 

Rec'ti-Hn'e-al, \ a. TLat. rectvs, right, and Unea,lme.] 
Ree'ti-lm'e-ar, I Right-lined : consisting of a right 

line, or of right-lines ; bounded by right lines. 
Ree'ti-tude (30), n. [Lat. rectitude, from rectus, right, 
straight.] Rightness of principle or practice; upright- 
ness ; integrity ; honesty. 

Syn. — Justice. — Rectitude, in its widest sense, isone of the 
most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute 
conformity to the rule of right in principle rnd practice. Jus- 
tice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has 
been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1.) Commuta- 
tive justice, which gives every man his own property, includ- 
ing things pledged by promise, &c. (2.) Distributive justice, 
which gives every man his exact deserts. (3.) General justice, 
which carries completely out all the ends or law, though not in 
every ense through the precise channels of commutative or dis- 
tributive justice, as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in 
his dealings with those who arc subjected to his control. 



sl,e,&,c.,long; &, e, &c,, short ; care, far, asl£, all, what; ere, veil, term: pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



RECTOR 



601 



REDRESSER 



Rec'tor, n. [Lat., from regere, rectum, to lead straight, 
to rule.] 1. (Episcopal Church.) A clergyman who has 
the charge and cure of a parish ; a pastor. 2. The head 
master of a public school. 3. The chief elective officer 
of some universities. 4. The superior officer or chief of 
a convent or religious house. 

Rec'tor-ate (45), n. The office, rank or station of a 
rector ; rectorship. 

Ree-to'ri-al (89), a. Of, or pertaining to, government ; 
relating to a rector. 

Rec'tor-ship, n. Office or rank of a rector; rectorate. 

Rec'to-ry, n. 1. A parish church, parsonage, or spir- 
itual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. 2. A 
rector's mansion or parsonage-house. 

Rec'tum, n. [Lat. (sc. intesttnwn), fr. rectus, straight, 
as, by the old anatomists, ifc was thought to be so.] 
(Anat.) The terminal part of the large intestines. 

Re-ciim'bence, n. The state of being recumbent ; the 
act of reposing or resting. 

Re-eum'ben-cy, n. Recumbence. 

Re-ciim'bent, a. [Lat. recumbens, p. pr. of recumbere , 
from re, back, and cumberc, cubare, to lie down.] 1. 
Leaning; reclining. 2. Reposing; inactive; idle. 

Re-eu'per-ate, v. i. [Lat. recuperare, recuperatum. 
See Recover.] To recover health. 

Re-cu'per-a-tlve, ) a. Tending to recovery ; pertain- 

Re-cii'per-a-to-ry, ) ing to recovery. 

Re-cur', v. i. [imp. & p. p. recurred; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RECURRING.] [Lat. recurrere, from re, again, back, 
and currere, to run.] 1. To come back ; to return again 
or repeatedly. 2. To occur at a stated interval, or ac- 
cording to some regular rule. 3. To resort ; to have re- 
course. 

Re-cur'rence, \ n. Act of recurring, or state of being 

Re-ciir'ren-cy, j recurrent; return; resort. 

Re-ciir'reiit, a. Returning from time to time ; recur- 
ring. 

Re-curv'ate, v. t. [Lat. recurvare, recurvatum , from re, 
again, back, and curvare, to bend.] To bend or curve 
back ; to recurve. [outward. 

Re-curv'ate, a. (Bot.) Bent or curved backward or 

Re'cur-va/tion, n. Act of recurving, or state of being- 
recurved ; a bending or flexure backward. 

Re-eurve', v. t. [See Recurvate.] To bend back. 

Re-curv'i-ty, n. Recurvation. 

Re-curv'oiis, a. [Lat. recurvus, from re, again, back, 
and curcus, bent, curved.] Bent or curved backward. 

Re-eii'§ant, a. [Lat. recusans, p. pr. of recusare, to re- 
fuse, to object to, from re, again, against, and causa, a 
cause, pretext.] Obstinate in refusal ; specifirally,(Eng. 
Hist.) refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
king, or to conform to the» established rites of the church. 

Re-cii'gant, n. 1. One obstinate in refusal. 2. (Eng. 
Hist.) Oae who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy 
of the king in matters of religion. 3. A non-con- 
formist. 

Red, a. [compar. redder ; superl. reddest.] [A.-S. 
redd, redd, Icel. riodhr, raudhr, Goth, rauds, W. rhudd, 
Skr. rChila, Gr. ipvOpos, Lat. rutilus.] Of the color of 
blood, or of a tint resembling that color; — a general 
term , including many different shades or hues, as scarlet, 
crimson, vermilion, orange, red and the like. 

Red, ii. The color of blood, or a tint resembling this. 

Re-dae'tion, n. [Lat. redigere, redactum, from red, re, 
again, back, and ag?re, to put in motion, to drive.] 1. 
The act of digesting, or reducing to order, as literary or 
scientific materials. 2. A digest. 

Re-dan', n. [Fr., for 0. Fr. 
redent, a double notching, as 
in the teeth of a saw, from 
Lat. re, again, against, back, 
and dens, a tooth.] (Fort.) 
A work having two faces, 
uniting so as to form a salient Redans, 

angle toward the enemy. 

Red'-bc>bk, 11. A book containing the names of all the 
persons in the service of the state. [Eng.] 

Red'breast, n. A bird so called from the color of its 
breast ; the robin. See Robin. 

Red'd«n (red'dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reddened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. reddening.] To make red. 

Red'd/'ii (red'dn), v. i. To grow or become red ; hence, 
to blush. 

Red'di,«h, a. Somewhat red ; moderately red. 

Red'di«h-ness, n. Redness in a moderate degree. 

Red-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. redditio, from reddere, 
to give back, to return.] A returning of any thing ; res- 
titution ; surrender. 




Re-deem', v. t.^ [imp. & p.p. redeemed; p. pr. & 
vb. n. redeeming.] [Lat. redimere, from re, again, back, 
and emere, to buy.] 1. To purchase back; to repurchase. 

2. Hence, specifically , (a.) (Law.) To recall, as an estate, 
or to regain, as mortgaged property, by paj ing what may 
be due. (6.) ( Com.) To receive back by pacing the obli- 
gation, as any promissory note, bond, or other evidence 
of debt. 3. To ransom or rescue from captivity, bond- 
age, or the like, by paving an equivalent. 4. (Theol.) 
Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and 
its penalties. 5. To discharge, as a penalty or obliga- 
tion ; to make good by performance, as a promise. 

Syn. —To rescue; ransom; free; deliver; save. 

Re-deem'a-ble, a. Capable of being redeemed. 

Re-deem'er, n. 1. One who redeems or ransoms. 2. 
Specifically, the Savior of the world, Jesus Cfirist. 

Re'de-lrv'er,!-. t. [imp. &p. p. redelivered ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. redelivering.] 1. To deliver back. 2. To 
liberate a second time. 

Re'de-liv'er-y, n. 1. Act of delivering back. 2. A 
second delivery or liberation. 

Re'de-mand', v. t. To demand again. 

Re-demp'tion (84), n. [Lat. redemptio. See Redeem.] 
Act of redeeming, or state of being redeemed ; specific* 
ally, (a.) (Law!) The liberation of an estate from a 
mortgage ; also, the right of redeeming and re-entering 
upon an estate mortgaged, (b.) (Com.) Repurchase by 
the issuer, of notes, bills, or other evidences of debt by 
making payment to the holder, (c.) ( Theol.) The deliv- 
erance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penal- 
ties of God's violated law. 

Re-demp'tion-er, n. One who redeems himself. 

Re-demp'trve, a. Serving or tending to redeem. 

Re-d6mp'to-ry, a. Paid for ransom ; serving to redeem. 

Red'-gum, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of red pimple3 in 
early infancy ; tooth-rash. 2. A disease of grain, a kind 
of blight. 

Red'-hot, n. _Red with heat ; heated to redness. 

Re-din'te-grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. redintegra- 
ted; p. pr. & vb. n. redintegrating.] [Lat. redin- 
tegrare, fr. red, re, again, and inlegrare. to make whole, 
to renew, from integer, whole.] To make whole again ; to 
renew ; to restore to a perfect state. 

Re-dln'te-gra'tion, n. Restoration to a whole or 
sound state ; renovation. 

Red'-lead, n. ( Chem.) A pi-eparation of lead of a fine 
red color, used in painting, and for various purposes in 
the arts. 

Red'-let'ter day. One that is a fortunate or aus- 
picious day ; — so called because the holy days, or saints' 
days, were marked in the old calendars with red letters. 

Red'ness, n. Quality of being red ; red color. 

Red'o-lence, I n. Quality of being redolent ; sweetness 

Red'o-len-cy, ) of scent. 

Red'o-lent, a. [Lat. redolens, p. pr. of redolere, to emit 
a scent, from red, re, again, and olere, to emit a smell.] 
Diffusing odor or fragrance ; scented : odorous. 

Re-doiib'le (-dub'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. redoubled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. redoubling.] To double again or re- 
peatedly ; to augment greatly ; to multiply. 

Re-doub'le, v. i. To become greatly or repeatedly in- 
creased ; to be multiplied. 

Re-doubt' (re-dout'), n. [L. Lat. reductus, lit. a retreat, 
from Lat. reductus, reducta, drawn back, retired, p. p. of 
reducere, to lead or draw back, fr. re, again, back, and 
ducere, to lead.] (Fort.) (a.) An inclosed work of any 
polygonal form without re-entering angles, (b.) An out- 
work placed within another outwork. 

Re-doubt'a-ble (-dout'-), a. [From Lat. re. again, and 
dubitare, to doubt.] Formidable ; terrible to foes ; hence, 
valiant. 

Re-dound', v. i. [imp. & p. p. redounde d ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. redounding.] [Lat. redundare, from red, re, 
again, back, and undare, to rise in waves or surges, from 
iinda, a wave.] 1. To roll back as a wave or flood. 2. 
To come back as a consequence or result ; to have effect. 

3. To be in excess ; to be redundant. 

Red'ow-a, n. A slow and graceful dance in triple time. 
Re-dress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. redressed (re-dresf); 

p. pr. & vb. n. REDRESSING.] 1. To put in order again. 

[Rare.] 2. To set right, as a wrong ; to make amends 

for; to remedy. 3. To make amends or compensation to. 
Re-dress', n- 1. Reformation. [Rare.] 2. Deliverance 

from wrong, injury, or oppression. 
Syn. — Relief ; reparation; indemnification; amendment; 

remedy. 

Re-dress'er, n. One who gives redress. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§; ejist ; linger, link: ; this- 






REDRESSIVE 



602 



RE-EXPORT 



Re-dr6ss'Ive, «• Giving redress ; affording relief. 

R6d-sear', v. i. To break or crack when red-hot, as iron 
under the hammer. [streaks. 

Red'streak, n. A sort of apple ; — so called from its red 

Red'top, n. (BoL) A kind of grass highly valued in the 
United States for pasturage and hay for cattle. 

Re-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reduced (re-dust'); p. 
pr. & vb. n. REDUCING.] [Lat. reducere, from re, again, 
back, and ducere, to lead.] 1. To bring, that is, to a state 
or condition specified, usually inferior or weaker, some- 
times indifferent ; to bring ; to convert. 2. To bring to 
an inferior state, with respect to size, rank, quantity, 
value, or the like. 3. To bring into subjection. 4. To 
bring into a certain order, arrangement, classification, 
&c. 5. (Arith.) To change, as numbers, from one de- 
nomination into another without altering their value. 6. 
(Metal.) To separate, as a metal, from other substances 
with which it is combined. 7. (Surg.) To restore to its 
proper place or condition, as a displaced organ or part. 

Syn. — To diminish; lessen; decrease: abate; shorten; cur- 
tail; impair; lower; subject; subdue; subjugate; conquer. 

Re-dii£e'ment, n. Act of reducing ; reduction. 

Re-du'cent, n. That which reduces. 

Re-duL'$er, n. One who reduces. 

Re-du'£i-ble, a. Capable of being reduced ; convertible. 

Re-du«'tion, n. [Lat. reductio. See Reduce.] 1. 
Act of reducing, or state of being reduced ; conversion 
to a given state or condition ; conquest, 2. (Arith.) (a.) 
Art or operation of changing numbers from one denom- 
ination to another without altering their value, (b.) Act 
or process of changing the form of a quantity or expres- 
sion without altering its value. 3. (Alg.) Act or oper- 
ation of solving an equation by bringing the unknown 
quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quan- 
tities on the other side, without destroying the equation. 
4. Process of making a copy of something, on a smaller 
scale, preserving the proper proportions. 5. (Metal.) 
Operation of separating a metal from other substances 
with which it is combined. 6. (Surg.) Operation of re- 
storing a dislocated or fractured part to its former place. 
Syn. — Diminution ; decrease ; abatement ; curtailment; 
subjugation; conquest; subjection. 

Re dtie'tive, a. Having the power of reducing. 

Re-dun'dance, \n. 1. Qualityof being redundant ; 

Re-diin'dan-£y, ) superfluity ; superabundance. 2. 
Anything superfluous. 

Re-dun'tlant, a. [Lat. redvndans, p. pr. of redundare. 
See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what is natural or neces- 
sary. 2. Using more words or images than are necessary 
or useful. 

Syn.— Superfluous; superabundant; excessive; exuberant; 
overflowing; plentiful; copious. 

Re-diin'dant-ly, adv. Superfluously; superabundantly. 

Re-du/pli-eate, v. t. To redouble ; to multiply ; to re- 
peat, [being doubled. 

Re-du/pli-ea/tion, n. Act of doubling, or state of 

Re-dii'pli-ea-tive, a. Double. 

Re-eeh'o (rS-ek'o), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-echoed; 
p. pr. & vb. n. re-echoing.] To echo back ; to rever- 
berate again. 

Re-eeh'o (ro-ek'o), v. i. To return back, or be rever- 
berated, as an echo ; to resound. 

Re-eeli'o (rj-ek'o), n. The echo of an echo. 

Heed, n. [A.-S. hreod, /tread, redd, 0. H. Ger. hriod, 
hreod, reod, riet.] 1. (Bot.) One of a large family of 
plants, mostly aquatic plants, being chiefly large grasses, 
with hollow, jointed stems, such as the common reed, 
the bamboo, &c. 2. A musical instrument made of the 
hollow joint of some plant ; a rustic or pastoral pipe. 3. 
An arrow, as made of a reed. 4. (Mus.) (a.) A thin 
piece of wood attached to the mouth-piece of instruments 
of the clarionet species, (b.) One of the thin pieces of 
metal, the vibrations of which produce the tones of a me- 
lodeon, accordeon, &c. 5. ( Weaving.) A frame of par- 
allel flat strips of wood through which the warp-threads 
pass. ' 

Reed-organ (il/«s.),awind instrument of music, in which the 
wind acts on a set of reeds, as the melodeon. 

ReedVn (reed^), a. Consisting of a reed or reeds. 
Re-ed'i-fi-ea/tion, n. Act or operation of rebuilding ; 

state of being rebuilt. 
Re-ed'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-edified ; p. pr & 

vb. n. RE-EDIFYING.] To rebuild ; to build again after 

destruction. 
Reed'y, a. 1. Abounding with reeds. 2. Having the 

quality of a reed in tone, that is, harsh and thick, as a 

voice. 



Reef, n. [D. reef, rif; A.-S. red/, a garment, clothing, 
rift, ryft, reft, a garment, wrapping, cloth, vail.] ( Naut.\ 
A certain portion of a sail which is folded or rolled up to 
contract the sail, when the violence of the wind renders 
it necessary. 

Reef, n. [D. rif, Ger. riff, Icel. rif prob. allied to rib, q. 
v.] A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the sur- 
face of the water. 

Reef, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reefed (rSft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REEFING.] [From the n.] (Naut.) To contract or re- 
duce the extent of, as a sail, by rolling or folding. 

Reek, n. [A.-S. rec, rice, rede, Icel. reykr.] Vapor; 
steam ; smoke. 

Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. reeked (rekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. reeking.] To emit vapor, usually that which is 
warm and moist ; to steam ; to smoke. 

Reek'y, a. Soiled with smoke or steam ; smoky. 

Reel, n. [A.-S. hreol, reol, Icel. hrall. Cf. Roll.] 1. 
A frame on which yarn, thread, lines, &c, are wound. 
2. (Mus.) A lively dance characterized by a reeling or 
whirling movement. 

Reel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
reeling.] To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread 
from the spindle. 

Reel, v . ?'. [See Reel, n.] To move in walking, first to 
one side and then to the other ; to vacillate ; to stagger. 

Re'-e-leet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-elected; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RE-ELECTING.] To elect again. 

Re'-e-lee'tion, n. Election a second time, or repeated 
election. 

Re-61'i-gi-ble, a. Capable of being elected again to the 
same office. 

Re'-em-bark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-embarked 
(-barkV) ; p. pr. & vb. n. re-embarking.] To embark 
or put on board again. 

Re'-em-bark', v. i. To embark or go on board again. 

Reem'ing, n. [Cf. Ream, v. t.] (Naut.) The opening 
of the seams between the planks of vessels, for the pur- 
pose of calking. 

Re'-en-aet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-enacted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RE-ENACTING.] To enact again. 

Re'-eii-aet'ment, n. The enacting or passing of a law 
a second time ; the renewal of a law. 

Re'-en-force', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-enforced 
(-t'orst / ) ; p.pr. & vb. n. RE-enforcing.] To strengthen 
with new force, assistance, or support ; especially, to 
strengthen, as an army or a fort, with additional troops, 
or a navy with additional ships. 

Re'-en-force', n. (Anil. ) Part of a gun near the breech 
which is stronger than the rest of the piece. 

Re'-en-f orce'ment, n. 1. Act of re-enforcing. 2. 
That which re-enforces ; additional force ; especially, ad- 
ditional troops or ships, to strengthen an army or navy. 

Re'-en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-engaged ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. re-engaging.] To engage a second time. 

Re'-en-gage', v. i. To engage again or anew ; to enlist 
a second time. 

Re'-en-llst', v. t. or ?'. [imp. & p. p. re-enlisted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RE-ENLISTING.] To enlist again. 

Re 7 - en-list 'merit, n. A renewed enlistment. 

Re-en'ter, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. re-entered ; p.pr. k, 
vb. n. RE-ENTERING.] 1. To enter again or anew. 2. 
(Engraving.) To cut deeper, as those incisions of the 
plate which the acid has not bitten in sufficiently. 

Re-en'ter, v. i. To enter anew or 
again. 

Re-enterinrj angle, an angle of a polygon 
pointing inward, as a, in the cut. 

Re'-en-throne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
RE-ENTHRONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RE-ENTHRONING.] To replace on Re-entering Angle. 
a throne. 

Re-en'tran$e, n. Act of entering again. 

Re'-es-tab'lisn, v. t. To establish anew ; to fix or con- 
firm again. 

Re'-es-taiyiish-ment, n. Act of establishing again; 
state of being re-established ; renewed confirmation; 
restoration. 

Reeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROVE ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
reeving.] [Cf. Reef, n. & v. t.] (Naut.) To pass, 
as the end of a rope, through any hole in a block, thim- 
ble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, or the like. 

Re'-ex-am'i-na'tion, n. A repeated examination. 

Ke'-ex-Sm'ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-examined; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RE-EXAMINING.] To examine anew. 

Re'-ex-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-exported ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RE-EXPORTING.] To export again, as what 
has been imported. 




a, e,kc.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dg, wolf. 



EEFASHION 



603 



KEFRACTORY 



Re-fash'ion(-fash/un), v. *.. [imp. & p. p. refash- 
ioned; p.pr. & vb. n. REFASHIONING.] To fashion, 
form, or mold into shape a second time. 

Re-fee'tion, n. [Lat. refectio, from reficere, refectum, 
from re, again, and facere, to make.] Refreshment after 
hunger or fatigue ; a simple repast ; a lunch. 

Re-f ee'tive, n. That which refreshes. 

Re-f ee'to-ry, n. [Low Lat. refectorium. See supra.] A 
room of refreshment ; originally, a hall or apartment in 
convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast is 
taken. 

Refer' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. referred ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REFERRING.] [Lat. referre, from re, again, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To carry or send back ; to pass over ; 
to give in charge. 2. Hence, specifically, to pass over 
to another tribunal or authority for decision. 3. To 
assign to as a class, a cause, a motive, reason, or ground 
of explanation. 
Syn. — To allude ; advert ; suggest ; appeal. 

Re-fer', v. i. 1. To have recourse ; to apply ; to betake 
one's self. 2. To have reference or relation ; to relate. 

3. To make reference or allusion ; to direct attention. 

4. To direct to apply for information or a guarantee of 
any kind. 

ReF er-a-ble, a. Capable of being referred ; assignable; 
ascribable ; imputable. 

Ref'er-ee', n. One to whom a thing is referred ; a per- 
son to whom has been referred a matter in dispute in 
order that he may settle it. 

Syn. — Judge; arbitrator; umpire. See Judge. 

Ref'er-ence, n. 1. Act of referring, or state of being 
referred ; a directing, delivering, making over, or sending, 
as for treatment, decision, information, and the like. 2. 
Respect ; heed ; concern taken. 3. Allusion ; intima- 
tion. 4. One of whom inquiries can be made as to the 
integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. 5. A pas- 
sage in a work to which the reader is referred from 
another passage. 

Re-f er'ri-ble, a. Admitting of being referred ; referable. 

Re-fine', v . t. [imp. & p. p. REFINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REFINING.] 1. To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure 
state; to free from impurities. 2. {Metal.) To reduce, 
as metals, from the ore. 3. To purify from what is 
gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like. 
Syn.— To purify ; clarify ; defecate ; polish. 

Re-fine', v. i. 1. To become pure ; to be cleared of 
feculent matter. 2. To improve in' accuracy, delicacy, 
or excellence of any kind. 3. To affect nicety or subtilty 
in thought or language. 

Re-f In'ed-ly, adv. In a refined manner ; also, with 
affected nicety or elegance. 

Re-fin'ed-ness, n. State of being refined ; purity; re- 
finement ; also, affected purity. 

Re-fine'ment, n. 1. Act of refining, or state of being 
refined. 2. High cultivation ; culture ; elegance. 3. 
An over-nicety ; an affected subtilty. 

Syn. — Purification ; clarification ; polish ; politeness ; gen- 
tility ; cultivation ; eivilization. 

Re-fin'er, n. One who, or that which, refines. 

Re-fin'er-y, n. The place and apparatus for refining 
metals, sugar, and the like. 

Re-f it', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REFITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REFITTING.] 1. To fit or prepare again; to repair. 
2. To fit out or provide a second time. 

Re-fit', v. i. To repair damages. 

Re-f it'ment, n. A second fitting out. 

Re-f leet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reflected; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REFLECTING.] [Lat. refiectere, refiexum, from 
re, again, back, and fiectere, to bend or turn.] 1. To 
bend or throw back ; especially, to cause to return after 
striking upon any surface. 2. To give back an image 
of: to mirror. 

Re-fleet',^.?'. 1. To throwback light, heat, or the 
like. 2. To rebound as from a surface. 3. To turn 
back the thoughts upon any thing ; specifically , to at- 
tend earnestly to what passes within the mind ; to think 
in relation to moral truth or rules. 4. To cast reproach. 
Syn. — To consider; think; cogitate; meditate ; contem- 
plate ; ponder ; muse ; ruminate. 

Re-flee'tion, n. [Written also reflexion.] [Lat. reflexio. 
See Reflect.] 1. Act of reflecting, or state of being 
reflected ; as, (a.) The return of rays, beams, sound, or 
the like, from a surface, (b.) The reverting of the mind 
to that which has already occupied it ; hence, the capacity 
forjudging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule 
or standard. 2. That which is produced by reflection ; 



[From refluent.] A flowing back. 



as, (a.) A.n image given back from a reflecting surface. 
(b.) Result ofjneditation ; especially, thoughts suggested 
by truth. 3. Censure ; reproach cast. 

Syn.— Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; 
consideration ; musing ; thinking. 

Re-fleet'ive,a. 1. Throwing back images. 2. Capable 
of exercising thought or judgment. 3. (Gram.) Re- 
flexive ; reciprocal. 

Re-f 16« for, n. 1. One who reflects. 2. Something 
having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as 
a mirror, a speculum, and the like. 

Re'flex, a. [Lat. refiexus, p. p. of refiectere. See RE- 
FLECT.] 1. Directed back ; retroactive; introspective. 
2. Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return. 3. 
(Bot.) Bent back: reflected. 4. (Physiol.) Produced 
by stimulus without the necessary intervention of con- 
sciousness. 5. (Paint.) Illuminated by light reflected 
from another part of the same picture. 

Re-flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being reflexible, or 
capable of being reflected. [back. 

Re-flex'i-hle, a. Capable of being reflected or thrown 

Re-flex'ive, a. 1. Bending or turned backward ; re- 
flective. 2. ( Gram.) Having for its direct object a pro- 
noun which refers to the agent or subject as its antece- 
dent ; — said of certain verbs. 

Ref'lu-ence, 

Ref'lu-en-cy, 

Ref 'lu-ent, a. [Lat. refiuens, p. pr. of refiuere, to flow 
back, from re, back, undfiuere, to flow.] Flowing back ; 
returning ; ebbing. 

Re'f lux, a. Returning or flowing back ; reflex. 

Re'flux (126), n. A flowing back, as the return of a 
fluid ; ebb. 

Re'f o-ment', v. t. [imp. & p. p. refomented ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. REFOMENTING.] To foment anew. 

Re-form', v. t. [Lat. reformare, from re, again, and 
formare, to form, from forma, form.] 1. To form again ; 
to create or shape anew. 2. Especially, to restore to a 
former good state, or bring from bad to good. 

Syn. — To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; 
better ; improve ; restore ; reclaim. See Amend. 

Re-form', v. i. To return to a good state ; to be amended 

or corrected. 
Re-f 6rm', n. Amendment of what is defective, vicious, 

corrupt, or depraved. 

Syn. —Reformation; amendment; rectification: correction. 

See Reformation. 
Re-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REFORMED ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. REFORMING.] To form anew or a second time ; 

to give a new form to. 
Ref'or-ma/tion, n. 1. Act of reforming, or state of 

being reformed ; change from worse to better. 2. (Eccl. 

Hist.) The religious movement at the beginning of the 

sixteenth century, which resulted in the separation of 

the Protestant church from the Romish see. 

Syn. — Reform ; amendment ; correction ; rectification. — 
Reformation is a more thorough and comprehensive change 
than reform. It is applied to subjects that are more import- 
ant, and results in changes which are more lasting. A refor- 
mation involves and is followed by many particular reforms. 

Re'f ©r-ma'tion, n. Act of forming anew ; a second 
forming in order. 

Re-f orm'a-tive, a. Forming again ; having the quality 
of renewing form ; reformatory. [tion. 

Re-f orm'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to produce reforma- 

Re-form'er, n. 1. One who effects a reformation or 
amendment. 2. (Eccl Hist.) One of those who com- 
menced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth cen- 
tury. 

Re-f orm'ist, n. 1. One who is of the reformed religion. 
2. One who proposes or favors a political reform. 

Re-fraet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. refracted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REFRACTING.] [Lat. refringere, refractum, from 
re, again, back, and frangere, to break.] 1. To bend 
sharply and abruptly back. 2. (Opt. ) To cause to 
deviate from a direct course, as rays of light. 

Re-frae'tion, n. 1. Act of refracting, or state of being 
refracted. 2. The change in the direction of a ray of 
light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium 
of a different density from that through which it has 
previously moved. 

Re-fraet'ive, a. Serving or having power to refract or 
turn from a direct course ; pertaining to refraction. 

Re-fra«t'o-ri-ness, n. 1. Quality or condition of 
being refractory ; perverse or sullen obstinacy ; unman, 
ageableness. 2. Difficulty of fusion ; — said of metals. 

Re-fraet'o-ry, a. [Lat. refractarius, from refringere. 



food, f Cot i urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



REFRAGABLE 



604 



REGENCY 



See REFRACT.] 1. Sullen or perverse in opposition or 
disobedience. 2. Not readily } ielding to heat, or to the 
hammer, us metals ; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the 
like. 

Syn. — Perverse ; contumacious ; tmruly ; stubborn ; ob- 
stinate ; ungovernable ; unmanageable. 

Ref 'ra-ga-ble, a. [Low Lat. refragabilis, from Lat. re- 
Jragari, to oppose, to resist, from re, again, Andfrangere, 

to break.] Capable of being refuted ; refutable. 
Re-frain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. refrained; p. pr. & 

vb. n. REFRAINING.] [Low Lat. refrangere, for Lat. re- 
f ringer e, from re, again, back, and fr anger e, to break.] 

To hold back ; to restrain ; to keep -within prescribed 

bounds ; to curb : to govern. 
He -f rain', v. i. To keep from action or interference. 

Syn. — To hold back ; forbear ; abstain ; withhold. 
Re-£rsin', n. The burden of a song or a phrase or verse 

recurring at the end of each of the separate divisions of 

a lyrical poem. 
Re-frame', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RE FRAME D ; p.pr. & 

vb. 11. RE FRAMING.] To frame again. 
Re-fran'gi-Ml'i-ty, n. Quality of being refrangible ; 

disposition of rays of light to be turned out of a direct 

course, in passing out of one transparent body or medium 

into another. 
Re-fran'gi-ble, a. [See Refrain, v., and Refract.] 

Capable of being refracted or turned out of a direct 

course in passing from one medium to another, as rays 

of light. 
Re-f re? If, v. t. [imp. & p. p. refreshed (-freshV) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. REFRESHING.] To make fresh again; 

to restore strength, spirit, animation, or the like, to. 
Syn. — To cool; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; reanimate; 

renovate ; renew ; restore ; recreate ; enliven ; cheer. 

Re-freeh'er, n. One who, or that which, refreshes. 

Re-freeh'ment, n. 1. Act of refreshing, or state of 
being refreshed ; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or 
liveliness. 2. That which refreshes ; especially, food 
taken for the sake of fresh strength or vigor. 

Syn. — Food ; rest ; repose ; quiet ; peace ; comfort ; sym- 
pathy, &c. 

Re-frlg'er-ant, a. [See Refrigerate.] Cooling; 
allaying heat. 

Re-f rig'er-ant, n. That which abates heat, or cools. 

Re-frlg'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. refrigerated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REFRIGERATING.] [Lat. refrigerare, 
refrigeratum, from re, again, sindfrigerare, to make cool, 
from frigus, frigoris, coolness.] To allay the heat of; 
to cool ; to refresh. 

Re-frig'er-a'tion, n. Act of cooling; abatement of 
heat ; state of being cooled. 

Re-f rig'er-a-tive, a. Allaying heat ; cooling. 

Re-frig'er-a-tive, n. A cooling medicine. 

Re-frlg'er-a'tor, n. That which refrigerates, or keeps 
cool; as, (a.) A box for keeping articles cool in sum- 
mer by means of ice. (b.) An apparatus for rapid cool- 
ing, connected with a still, &c. 

Refuge, n. [Lat. refvgium, from ref itgere , to flee back, 
from re, b;ick, and fugere, to flee.] 1. Shelter or pro- 
tection from danger or distress. 2. That which shelters 
or protects ; a place inaccessible to an enemy. 3. An 
expedient to secure protection or defense. 
Syn.— Shelter ; asylum ; retreat; covert. 

Ref ii-gee', ri. 1. One who flies to a shelter or place of 
safety. 2. Especially, one who flees to a foreign power 
or country for safety. 

Re-fiil'gence, ( n. Quality of being refulgent ; bril- 

Re-f iil'gen-cy, j liancy ; splendor ; radiance. 

Re-ful'gent! a. [Lat. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere s to 
flash back, to shine bright, from re, again, back, and ful- 
gi-re, to shine.] Casting a bright light ; radiant ; brilliant ; 
resplendent ; shining ; splendid. 

Re-f u.1 'gent -ly, adv. With great brightness. 

Re-fund', r.t. [imp. Sep. p. refunded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. refunding.] [Lat. refundere, fr. re, again, back, 
m and fundere, to pour.] To return in payment or com- 
pensation for what has been taken ; to repay ; to restore. 

Re-f us/a-ble, a. Capable of being refused ; admitting 
refusal. 

Re-fug'al, n. 1. Act of refusing: denial of any thing 
demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance, 2. The 
right of taking in preference to others. 

Syn. — Denial ; rejection ; option ; preference ; pre-emp- 
tion. 

Re-fiige', v. t. [i?np. & p. p. refused ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
REFUSING.] [Corrupted partly from Lat. refutare, to 



drive back, to repel, refute, partly from recusare, to de- 
cline, refuse.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invi- 
tation, or command, 2. To decline to accept ; to reject. 

Re-f uge', v. i. To decline to accept something offered. 

Refuge, a. Refused; rejected; hence, of no value; 
worthless. 

Refuge, n. That which is refused or rejected as useless ; 
waste matter. 

Syn. — Dregs ; sediment ; scum ; recrement ; dross ; trash. 

Re-fvig'er, n. One who refuses or rejects. 

Re-fut'a-ble, a. Admitting of being refuted or dis- 
proved. 

Ref u-ta'tion, n. Act or process of refuting or disprov- 
ing, or state of being refuted ; proof of falsehood or error. 

Re-f iit'a-to-ry, a. Tending to refute ; refuting. 

Re-f lite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REFUTED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REFUTING.] [Lat. refutare, from re, again, back, 
and fulare, obs., to argue.] To prove to be false or erro- 
neous. 
Syn. — To confute ; disprove ; repel. See Confute. 

Re-fut'er, n. One who, or that which, refutes. 

Re-gain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REGAINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. regaining.] To gain anew ; to recover, as what haa 
escaped or been lost. 

Syn. — To recover ; re-obtain ; repossess ; retrieve. 

Re'gal, a. [Lat. regalis, from rex, regis, a king.] Pertain- 
ing to a king ; kingly ; royal. 
Syn. — See Kingly. 

Re-gale', n. [See infra.] A royal or princely enter- 
tainment ; a magnificent repast. 

Re-gale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REGALING.] [Either from Lat. regalis, royal, or from 
Sp. gala, graceful, pleasing address, choicest part of a 
thing. Cf. Goth, gaiijan, to rejoice.] To entertain in a 
royal, princely, or sumptuous manner ; hence to gratify ; 
to refresh. [ification. 

Re-gale'ment, n. Refreshment ; entertainment ; grat- 

Re-gii'li-d, 11. pi. [L. Lat., from Lat. regalis, regal.] 1. 
Ensigns of royalty ; regal symbols or paraphernalia. 2. 
Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order. 

Re-gal'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. regclitas, from Lat. regalis, re- 
gal, royal. Cf. REALTY.] Royalty ; sovereignty; sover- 
eign jurisdiction. 

Re'gal-ly, adv. In a regal or royal manner. 

Re-gard', v. t. [imp. & p.p. regarded; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REGARDING.] [Fr. regarder, from re, and garder, 
to guard, q. v.] 1. To observe; to notice or remark 
particularly. 2. To pay respect to ; to treat as of pecul- 
iar importance. 3. To hold and treat ; to look upon. 

Syn. — To consider ; observe ; remark ; heed ; mind ; re- 
spect ; esteem ; estimate ; value. 

Re-gard', n. 1. Look ; aspect ; view; gaze. 2. Atten- 
tion of the mind with a feeling of interest. 3. That 
view of the mind which springs from value, estimable 
qualities, or any thing that excites admiration. 4. Re- 
spect ; relation ; reference. 

Egf^- The phrase in regard of, was formerly used as equiva- 
lent in meaning to on account of, but in modern usage, is often 
very improperly substituted for in reaped to, or in regard to. 
Syn. — Respect; consideration; notice ; observance ; heed ; 
care ; concern ; estimation ; esteem ; attachment ; reverence. 
See Respect. 

Re-gard'ant, a. 1 . Looking behind. 2. (Her.) Look- 
ing behind or backward. 

Re-gard'er, n. One who regards or observes. 

Re-gard'f ul, a. Taking notice ; observing with care- 
Syn. —Mindful ; heedful ; attentive ; observant. 

Re-gard'f ul-ly, adv. Attentively : heedfully. 

Re-gard'less, a. Not looking or attending. 

Syn. — Heedless ; negligent ; careless ; indifferent ; uncon- 
cerned ; inattentive ; unobservant ; neglectful. 

Re-gard'less-ly, adv. In a regardless manner ; heed- 
lessly ; carelessly ; negligently. 

Re-giird'less-ness, n. State or quality of being regard 
less ; heedlessness ; inattention ; negligence. 

Syn. — Negligence ; inattention; carelessness; heedless- 
ness. 

Re-gat'ta, n.; pi. RE-GAT'TAg. [It. regatta, rigatta, 
from riga, a line, row, 0. H. Ger. riga, rige, N. H. Ger. 
reihe.] A rowing match in which a number of boats are 
rowed for a prize. 

Re'gen-cy, n. [Lat. regentia. See Regent, a.] 1. 
The office of a regent or ruler ; rule; authority; govern- 
ment. 2. Especially, the office, jurisdiction, or domin- 
ion of a vicarious ruler. 3. The body of men intrusted 
with vicarious government. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, kc.,short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, 6r, do,wolf l 



REGENERACY 



605 



REHABILITATE 



-gen'er-a-cy , n. State of being regenerated. 
-gen'er-ate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. regenei 



Be 

Re-gen'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. regenerated , 
pr. & vb. n. REGENERATING.] [Lat. regenerare, re 
generatum, from re, again, and generare, to beget, create.] 
1. To generate or produce anew. 2. (Tkeol.) To cause 
to be spiritually born anew ; to cause to become a Chris- 
tian. 

Re-gen'er-ate, a. 1. Reproduced. 2. (Tkeol.) Born 
anew ; changed from a natural to a spiritual state. 

Re-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of being regenerated. 

Re-gSn/er-a/tion, n. 1. Act of regenerating, or state 
of being regenerated ; reproduction. 2. ( Tkeol.) The 
entering into a new spiritual life. 

Re-gen'er-a-tive, a. Of, or belonging to, regeneration. 

Re'gont, a. [Lat. regent, p. pr of regere, to rule.] 1. 
Ruling ; governing ; regnant. 2. Exercising vicarious 
authority. 

Re'gsnt, n. 1. One who rule3 or reigns. 2. One who 
governs a kingdom i:i the minority, absence, or disability 
of the sovereign. 3. One of a governing board ; a trus- 
tee or overseer. 

Re'gent-ship, n. The power of governing ; or the office 
of a regent ; regency. [anew. 

Re-geVmi-na'tion, n. A sprouting or germinating 

Reg'i-cide, n. [From Lat. rex, regis, a king, and aedere, 
to kill.] 1. One who murders a king ; specifically (Eng. 
Hist.), one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to 
death. 2. The killing or murder of a king. 

Mef/ime (ra'zheem'), n. [Fr. See infra.] Mode or style 
of rule or management ; administration. 

Beg'i-men, n. [Lat., from regere. to guide, to rule.] 1. 
Orderly government. 2. Any regulation or remedy in- 
tended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation. 
3. (Med.) The systematic use of food and drink, and 
the necessaries of life. 4. (Gram.) (a.) A relation of 
syntax between two words ; government, (b.) The words 
governed. 

Reg'i-ment, n. [Lat. regimentum, from regere, to guide, 
rule.] (Mil.) A body of men, commanded by a colonel, 
and consisting of a number of companies, usually ten. 

Reg'i-ment'al, a. Belonging to, or concerning, a reg- 
ime'jt. 

Reg i-ment'alg, n. pi. Tho uniform worn by the troops 
of a l-egimcnt. 

Re'gion (r3 / jun), n. [Lat. regio, a direction, a bound- 
ary-line, region, from regere, to guide, direct.] 1. A 
portion of space or territory of indefinite extent ; coun- 
try ; province ; district ; tract. 2, Neighborhood ; vicin- 
ity ; sphere. 

Reg'is-ter, n. [Low Lat. registrum, from Lat. regerere, 
regeslum, to carry back, to register, from re, back, and 
gerere, to carry.] 1. A written account or entry ; a me- 
morial record. 2. The officer or person whose business 
it is to keep such an account. 3. That which registers 
or records ; specifically, a contrivance for noting down or 
calculating the performance of a machine or the rapidity 
of a process. 4. A lid, or sliding plate, in a furnace, 
stove, &c, for regulating the admission of air and the 
heat of the fire ; also, an arrangement for admitting or 
excluding heat from a hot-air chamber. 5. ( Print.) Cor- 
respondence of pages or columns on the opposite sides of 
the sheet. 6. (Com.) A document issued by the cuS- 
tom-house, always to be kept on board a vessel on a for- 
eign voyage, as evidence of its nationality. 7. (Mas.) 
(a.) Compass of a voice or instrument ; a portion of the 
compass of a voice, (b.) A stop or set of pipes in an organ. 

Syn. — List ; catalogue ; roll ; record ; schedule ; archives ; 
chronicle ; annals. Sue List. 

Reg'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. registered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REGISTERING.] 1. To enter in a register ; to re- 
cord. 2. To enroll ; to enter in a list. 

Reg'is-ter, v. i. (Print.) To correspond in relative po- 
sition, as the columns or pages of a printed sheet. 

R6|j'is-ter-ship, n. The office of register. 

Reg'is-trar, n. [L. Lat. registrarius. See supra.] One 
who registers ; a recorder ; a keeper of records. 

Re^'is-tra'tion, n. Act of inserting in a register. 

Reg'is-try, n. 1. Act of recording or writing in a reg- 
ister. 2^ Place where a register is kept. 3. A. series of 
facts recorded. 

RSg'let, n. [Fr. rcglet, dim. of regie, a rule ; Lat. regula. 
See RULE.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of flat, narrow molding. 
2. ( Print. ) A lead ; also a thin strip of wood used in- 
stead of a lead. 

RSg'nant, a. [Lat. regnans, p. pr. of regnare, to reign.] 
1. Exercising regal authority ; reigning. 2. Predomi- 
nant; prevalent. 



Re-gdrge', v. t. [imp. Sap. p. regorged; p. pr. & 
vb. n. regorging.] 1. To vomit up. 2. To swallo\r 
again. 3. To swallow eagerly. 

Re-grant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regranted; p.pr. & 
vb. w._regrANTING.] To grant back. 

Re-grate', v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. RE grate d ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REGRATING.] [Fr. rtgratter, to scratch or scrape 
again, to drive a huckster's trade.] 1. (Masonry.) To 
remove the outer surface of, as of an old hewn stone, so 
as to give it a fresh appearance. 2. To buy, as provis- 
ions, in order to sell again in or near the same market or 
fair. 

Re-grat'er, n. One who buys provisions and sells them 
in the same market or fair. 

Re'gress, n. [Lat. regressus,regredi, regressum, from re, 
back, and gradi, to step, to go, gradus, a step, pace.] 1, 
Passage back ; return. 2. The power or liberty of re 
turning or passing back. 

Re-gres'sion (-grcsh'un), n. Act of returning ; retro' 
gression ; retrogradation. 

Re-gress'ive, a. Passing back; returning. 

Re-grfit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regretted ; p.pr.Sz vb. 
n. REGRETTING.] [Fr. regretter, Lat. re, again, back, 
and (jueritari, to complain vehemently, intens. form of 
queri, to complain.] 1. To grieve over ; to be sorry for. 
2. To look back at with sorrowful longing. 

Syn. — To lament; sorrow; repent ; bewail ; bemoan. 

Re-gret', n. 1. Pain of mind at something causing un- 
happiness ; sorrowful longing. 2. Pain of conscience ; 
remorse. 

Syn.— Grief; concern ; sorrow; lamentation ; repentance; 
penitence ; remorse ; self-condemnation. — We do net apply 
the word ranret to that sovrow for the past which involves a 
sense of guilt ; this belongs to remorse or repentance. We re- 
gret the loss or absence of friends, &c, but the word is now 
more commonly applied to the pain wc fed for lost opportu- 
nities, or for early follies, for carelessness, &c. 

Re-gret'fiil, a. Full of regret. 

Re-gret'ta-hle, a. Admitting of, or deserving, regret. 

Reg'u-lar, a. [Lat. regularis, from regida, a rule, from 
regere, to guide, rule.] 1. Conformed to a rule ; agreea- 
ble to an established rule, law, principle, or mode. 2. 
Governed by rule or rules ; steady or uniform in course, 
practice, or occurrence. 3. Instituted or initiated ac- 
cording to established forms or discipline. 4. Belonging 
to a monastic order. 

Reqular troops, troops of a permanent army ; — opposed to 
militia. 



Syn. - Normal ; orderly ; methodical ; periodical. 
Nokmal. 



Seo 



Reg'u-lar, n. 1. (Rom. Catk. Chitrek.) A member of 
any religious order who has taken tho vows of poverty, 
chastity, and obedience, and who has been solemnly rec- 
ognized by the church. 2. {Mil.) A soldier belonging 
to a permanent or standing army. 

Reg'u-lar'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being regu- 
lar ; method ; steadiness ; uniformity. 

Reg'u-lar-ly, adv. In a regular manner ; in clue order. 

Reg'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. regulated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REGULATING.] [Lat. regulare, rcgulatum , from 
regula, a rule.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or estab- 
lished mode ; to subject to governing principles or laws. 
2. To put in good order. 

Syn. — To adjust ; dispose ; methodize ; arrange ; direct i 
order ; rule ; govern. 

Reg'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of regulating, or state of being 
regulated or reduced to order. 2. A prescribed rule or 
order. 
Syn. —Law ; rule ; method ; principle ; order. Sec Law. 

Reg'u-la'tor, n. 1. One who regulates. 2. (Meek.) 
A contrivance to produce uniformity of motion or regu- 
late it, as a watch-spring, &c. 

Reg'u-liig, n. ; Eng. pi. reg'u-lus-es ; Lat.pZ. re&~ 
U-LT. [Lat., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex, regis, a 
king.] 1. ( Chem.) The pure metal, which in the melt- 
ing of ores, falls to the bottom of the crucible. 2. (As- 
Iron.) A star of the first magnitude in the constellation 
Leo, or the lion. 

Re-gur'gi-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. regurgitated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REGURGITATING.] [L. Lat. regurgitare, 
regurgitatum, from Lat. re, again, back, and gurges, 
gurgitis, a gulf.] To throw or pour back in great quan- 
tity. 

Re-gur'gi-tate, v. i. To be thrown or poured back. 

Re-gur'gi-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of flowing or pouring 
back by the orifice of entrance. 2. The act of swallow- 
ing again. 

Re'ha-foil'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rehabilitat- 



food, fefot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this 



REHABILITATION 



606 



RELATION 



ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. rehabilitating.] To re-instate ; 
to restore, as a delinquent, to a former right, rank, or 
privilege lost or forfeited. 

Re'ha-toil'i-ta'tion, n. Act of re-instating in a former 
rank or capacity ; restoration to former rights. 

Re-hear', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reheard ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. rehearing.] To hear again ; to try a second time. 

Re-hgars'al (re-hers'al, 14), n. 1. Act of rehearsing, 
or state of being rehearsed ; recital ; narration. 2. 
The recital of a piece before the public exhibition of it. 

Re-hearse' (re-hers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. rehearsed ; 
(-hSrst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. REHEARSING.] [Prob. from 
prefix re and hear say.] 1. To repeat, as what has been 
already said. 2. To narrate ; to recount ; to relate. 3. 
To recite in private for experiment and improvement, 
before a public representation. 

Syn. — To recite; recapitulate; detail; describe; tell. 

Re-he"ars'er, n. One who rehearses or narrates. 

Rei,n. SeeREE. 

Rei'gle (rG'gl), n. [0. Pr., a rule, a line, N. Fr. regie, fr. 
Lat. regula. See Rule.] A hollow cut or channel for 
guiding any thing. 

Reign (ran), n. [Lat. regnum, from rex, regis, a king,fr. 
regere, to guide, rule.] 1. Royal authority ; supreme 
power. 2. The time during which a king, queen, or 
emperor, possesses the supreme authority. 

Syn. — Rule; empire; dominion; kingdom; power; influ- 
ence; prevalence. 

Reign (ran), v. i. [imp. & p. p. reigned ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. reigning.] 1. To possess or exercise sovereign 

power or authority. 2. Hence, to be predominant ; to 

prevail. 3. To have superior or uncontrolled dominion. 

Syn. — To rule; govern; direct; control; prevail. 

Re'-im-fourse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-imbursed (t2>- 
im-bfirst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. re-imbursing.] 1. To re- 
place in a treasury or purse ; to pay back. 2. To pay 
back to ; to indemnify. 

Syn. — Refuna; repay; makeup; restore. 

Re'-im-burse'ment, n. Act of repaying or refund- 
ing ; repayment. 

Re'-im-Mrs'er, n. One who re-imburses or refunds. 

Rein (ran), n. [L. Lat. retina, Lat. retinaculum, from re- 
tinere, to hold back.] 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened 
to the curb or snaffle on each side, by which to restrain 
and govern the horse, &c. 2. An instrument of curbing, 
restraining, or governing. 

Rein (ran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. retned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
reining.] 1. To govern by a bridle. 2. To restrain ; 
to control. 

Rein'decr (ran'-), n. [Writ- 
ten also raindeer and rane- 
deer.] [A.-S. krandeor, Icel. 
hreindyr, Lap. & Finn, rain- 
go.} (tool.) A ruminant 
mammal of the deer kind, of 
several species, found in the 
colder part of both hemi- 
spheres^ [enforce. 

Re'-in-force', n. [See Re- 

Raing, n. pi. [Lat. ren, pi. 
fenes.] 1. The kidneys. 2. 
the lower part of the back, 
being the ribs and hip-bone, 
over the kidneys. 3. The affections and passions; — 
formerly supposed to have their seat in that part of the 
body. 

Re'-in-spee-tion, n. The act of inspecting a second time. 

Re'-in-stall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-installed ; p. 
pr. & vb". n. re-installing.] To install again ; to 
seat anew. 

Re'-in-state', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-instated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RE-INSTATING.] To place again in possession, 
or in a former state. 

Re'-in-sur'ance (-shyjr'-), n. 1. A contract of indem- 
nity to a party, who has insured property, against loss by 
his insurance. 2. Insurance a second time or again. 

Re'-in-snre' (r3Mn-shyjr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-in- 
sured ; 'p. pr. & vb. n. RE-INSURING.] To insure 
property in favor of one who has previously insured it. 

Re-In'te-grate, v. t. To renew with regard to any state 
or quality ; to restore. 

Re'-in-vest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-invested ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RE-INVESTING.] To invest anew. 

Re'-in-vest'ment, n. The act of investing anew ^ a 
second or repeated investment. 

ReMn-vIg'or-ate, v. t.. To revive vigor in. 

Reis-effendi (rSz'ef-fen'de), n. [At. reis, ries, head, 




Reindeer. 



chief. See Effendi.] A Turkish minister for foreign 
affairs. 

Re-Is'sue (-ish'shrj), v. t. To issue a second time. 

Re-Is'siie (-ish'shu ), n. A second or repeated issue. 

Re-it'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reiterated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. reiterating.] To repeat again and again; 
to say or do repeatedly. 

Syn. — To Tepeat ; recapitulate ; rehearse. — To repeat is 
to utter or express a second time. To reiterate is to repeat 
again and again; as, he was not satisfied with repeating his 
declaration, but went on to reiterate it in various forms. 

Re-it'er-a/tion, n. Repetition. 

Re-jeet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rejected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REJECTING.] [Lat. rejicere, rejeclum, from re, back, 
and jacere, to throw.] 1. To cast from one; to throw 
away. 2. To refuse to receive ; to decline haughtily or 
harshly. 3. To refuse to grant. 

Syn.— To repel ; discard ; slight ; despise ; renounce ; re- 
pudiate; rebuff; decline. 

Re-jeet'a-ble, a. Capable of being rejected ; worthy or 
suitable to be rejected. 

Re-jeet'er, n. One who rejects or refuses. 

Re-jee'tion, n. Act of rejecting, throwing away, cast- 
ing off, or forsaking ; refusal to accept or grant. 

Syn. — Dismission ; refusal ; renunciation ; forsaking ; re- 
pulse; slight, &c. 

Re-joice', v. i. [imp. & p. p. REJOICED (re-joist') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REJOICING.] [0. Eng. rejoisse,Yv. re- 
jouir, from re and jouir, to enjoy, from Lat. gaudere, to 
rejoice.] To feel joy ; to experience gladness in a high 
degree. 
Syn.— To delight; joy; exult; triumph. 

Re-joice', v. t. To give joy to ; to make joyful. 

Syn. — To gladden; please; cheer; exhilarate; delight. 

Re-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REJOINED ; p. pr. & vb. ft. 
REJOINING.] To join again ; to unite after separation. 

Re-join', r. i. To answer to a reply. 

Re-join'der, n. 1. An answer to a reply ; or, in gen- 
eral, an answer. 2. (Law.) The defendant's answer to 
the plaintiffs replication. 
Syn. — Sec Reply. 

Re-joint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rejointed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REJOINTING.] 1. To re-unite the joints of. 2. 
Specifically , to fill up the joints of, as stones in build- 
ings. 

Re-judge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rejudged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. rejudging.] To judge again; to re-examine; to 
review. 

Re-jii've-nate, v. t. [Lat. re, again, and juvenis, young, 
youthful.] To render young again. 

Re-juVve-nes'cence, )n. A renewing of youth ; the 

Re-jii've-nes'cen-cy, J state of being or growing 
young again. 

Re-ju/ve-nes'cent, a. Becoming, or causing to become, 
rejuvenated ; rejuvenating. 

Re-ju've-nize, v. t. To render young again. 

Re-kin'dle (-kln'dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. rekindled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. rekindling.] 1. To kindle again ; to 
set on fire anew. 2. To excite or rouse anew. 

Re-laid', imp. & p. p. of relay. See RELAY. 

Re-land', v. t. & i. [i?np. & p. p. relanded , p. pr. 
& vb. n. RELANDING.] To land again. 

Re-lapse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. relapsed (re-lapsf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. RELAPSING.] [Lat. relabi, relapsus, from 
re, again, back, and labi, to fall, slip, slide.] 1. To slip 
or slide back. 2. To fall back ; to return to a former 
state or practice ; — generally in a bad sense. 

Re-lapse', n. A sliding or falling back, particularly in- 
to a former bad state, either of body or morals. 

Re-laps'er, n. One who relapses into vice or error. 

Re-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RELATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
relating.] [Lat. referre, relatum, from re, again, 
back, and ferre, to bring or bear.] 1. To recount; to 
narrate ; to recite ; to tell over. 2. To ally by connec- 
tion or kindred. 
Syn.— To rehearse; report; detail; describe. 

Re-late', v. i. To stand in some relation ; to have bear- 
ing or concern ; to pertain ; to refer. 

Re-lat'er, n. One who relates, recites, or narrates. 

Re-la'tion, n. 1. Act of relating or telling ; also, that 
which is related ; narrative of facts. 2. State of being 
related or of referring ; relative quality or condition. 3. 
Connection by consanguinity or affinity. 4. A person 
connected by consanguinity or affinity. 

Syn.— Recital; rehearsal; narration; account; narrative; 
tale ; detail ; description ; kindred ; consanguinity ; affinity ; 
kinsman; kinswoman. 



B,e,&c, Jong-; &,e, kc^short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



RELATIONAL 



607 



RELINQUISH 



Re-Ia'tion-al, a. 1. Having relation or kindred. 2. 
Indicating or specifying some relation. 

Re-la'tion-slup, n. The stf jq of being related by kin- 
dred, affinity, or other alliance. 

Rel'a-tive, a. 1. Having relation; respecting; per- 
taining. 2. Arising from relation, or from connection 
■with, or reference to, something else ; not absolute. 3. 
( Gram.) Indicating or expressing relation. 

Rel'a-tive, ft. One who, or that which, relates to, or is 
considered in its relation to. something else ; specifically, 
{a.) A person connected by blood or affinity, (b.) ( Gram.) 
A word relating to or representing another word or phrase, 
called its antecedent. 

Rel'a-tive-ly , adv. In a relative manner ; in relation or 
respect to something else ; not absolutely. 

Rel'a-tive-ness, n. State of being relative, or bearing 
relation. 

Re-lat'or, n. 1. One -who relates ; a relater. 2. {Law.) 
An informant at whose relation an information is filed by 
the attorney-general. 

Re-lax', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RELAXED (re-lSksf) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RELAXING.] [Lat. relaxare, from re, again, 
back, and laxare, to loose, to slacken.] 1. To make less 
close, firm, rigid, tense, or the like. 2. To make less 
severe or rigorous ; to abate the stringency of. 3. To 
relieve from attention or effort. 4. To relieve from con- 
stipation ; to open. 

Syn. —To slacken; loosen; loose; remit; abate; mitigate; 
ease"; unbend; divert. 

Re-lax', v. i. 1. To become loosene<J or feeble ; to be 
made lax. 2. To abate in severity. 3. To remit in close 
attentiou or effort. 

Re-lax'a-hle, a. Capable of being relaxed or remitted. 

Re'lax-a/tion, n. 1, Act of relaxing, or state of being 
relaxed or slackened ; remission of closeness, firmness, 
tension, rigor, effort, or constipation. 2. Remission from 
attention and effort. [tive. 

Re-lax'a-tive , a. Having the quality of relaxing ; laxa- 

Re-lay', n. [Fr. relais, laxation, discontinuance, from 
Lat. relaxare. See Relax.] A supply of any thing, as 
of horses, arranged beforehand for affording relief from 
time to time, or "at successive stages. 

Re-lay', v. t. [i??ip. & p. p. relayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
relaying ] To lay again, or a second time. 

Re-leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being released. 

Re-lease', v. t. [imp. & p. p. released (re-leest/); p. 
pr. & vb. n. releasing.] [See Relay, n.,and Relax.] 
1. To set free from restraint or confinement ; to give 
liberty to. 2. To relieve from something that confines, 
burdens, or oppresses. 3, To let go, as a legal claim. 
Syn. — To free; liberate; loose; discharge; quit; acquit. 

Re-lease', ft. 1. Act of letting loose or freeing, or state 
of being let loose or freed. 2. Relief from care, pain, or 
any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or responsi- 
bility. 4. (Law.) A giving up or relinquishment of 
some right or claim ; a quitclaim. 

Syn. —Liberation; freedom; acquittance; discharge. See 
Death. 

Re-lease'ment, n. The act of releasing. 

Re-leas'er, n. One who releases. 

Rel'e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. relegated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. relegating.] [Lat. relegare, relegatum, from 
re t again, back, and legare, to send with a commission or 
charge.] To remove ; to dispatch ; to consign ; to re- 
mand ; to transfer ; specifically, to send into exile ; to 
banish. 

Rel'e-ga'tlon, ft. Act of relegating ; removal ; con- 
signment ; banishment ; exile. 

Re-lSnt', v. i. [imp. & p. p. RELENTED ; p. pr, & vb. 
n. RELENTING.] [Fr. ralentir, 0. Fr. alentir, from Lat. 
lentus, pliant, flexible, slow.] To become less harsh, 
hard, cruel, or the like ; to become more mild and ten- 
der ; to feel compassion. 

Re-lSnt'less, a. Unmoved by appeals to sympathy or 
forgiveness ; insensible to the distress of others ; destitute 
of tenderness. 
Syn. — Unpitying; implacable; unmerciful; pitiless; cruel. 

Re'les-see', ft. One to whom a release is executed. 

Re'les-sdr', ft. The person who executes a release. 

Rel'e-vance, ) n. State of being relevant, or of affoM- 

Rel'e-van-cy, J ing relief or aid. 

Syn. — Pertinence; applicablensss; fitness; propriety! ap- 
positeness. 

Rel'e-vant, a. [Fr. relevant, p. pr. of relever, to raise 
again,'to relieve, q. v.] Bearing upon, or properly ap- 
plying to, the case in hand ; pertinent ; applicable. 



Re-li'a-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being reliable; 
reliableness. 

Re-H'a-ble, a. Suitable or fit to be relied on ; worthy of 
dependence or reliance ; trustworthy. 

IBS"* To the use of this word, which is of recent introduction 
into the language, many take exception. It is, however, a 
useful synonym for trustworthy, and is sufficiently regular in 
its formation, as it follows the analogy of luwjhablc, avuiluble, 
indispensable, &c. 

Re-li'a-ble-ness, ft. The state or quality of being re- 
liable ; trustworthiness. 

Re-li'ance, n. 1. Act of relying, or condition or qual- 
ity of being reliant ; repose of mind on what is deemed 
sufficient support or authority. 2. Any thing on which 
to rely ; ground of trust. 
Syn. — Trust; dependence; confidence; faith. 

RSl'ic, ft. [Lat. reliquix, pi., from relinquere, to leave 
behind.] 1. That which remains after loss or decay. 2. 
A corpse ; specifically , the body, or some part of the 
body, of deceased saints or martyrs. 3. Hence, a me- 
morial ; any remembrancer. 

Rel'iet, ft. [Lat. relicta, f. of relic.tus, p. p. of relinquere, 
to leave behind.] A woman whose husband is dead; a 
widow. 

Re-lief, n. [Eng. relieve, q. v.] 1. A.ct of relieving, or 
state of being relieved ; the removal of any evil, or of 
any thing oppressive or burdensome. 2. Release from a 
post, or from the performance of duty. 3. That which 
relieves or gives succor, aid, or comfort. 4. (Sculp. & 
Arch.) Prominence of a figure above or beyond the 
ground or plane on which it is formed. 5. ( Paint.) The 
appearance of projection, which a figure exhibits to the 
eye at a distance. 

Syn. — Alleviation; mitigation; aid; help; succor; assist- 
ance; remedy; redress; indemnification. 

Re-li'er, n. One who relies, or has full confidence. 

Re-liev'a-ble, a. Capable of being relieved. 

Re-lieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. relieved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. relieving.] [Lat. relevare, to lift up, to raise, to 
make light, to relieve, from re, again, and levare, to 
raise.] 1. To cause to rise ; hence, to cause to seem to 
rise ; to set off by contrast. 2. To raise or remove, aa 
any thing which depresses, weighs down, or crushes ; to 
render less burdensome or afflicting. 3. To free from any 
burden, trial, evil, distress, or the like. 4. To release 
from a post or station by substitution of others. 5. To 
ease of any burden, wrong, or oppression by judicial or 
legislative interposition, by the removal of a grievance, 
by indemnification for losses, &c. 

Syn. — To alleviate ; assuage ; succor ; assist ; aid ; help ; 
support; sustain; ease; mitigate; lighten; diminish; remove; 
free; remedy; redress; indemnify; right. 

Re-liev'er, n. One who, or that which , relieves. 

Re-Hg'ion (-lTj'un), n. [Lat. religio, either from relegere, 
to gather or collect again, to go through or over again in 
reading, in speech, or in thought, religens, revering the 
gods, pious, religious ; or from religare, to bind anew or 
back, to bind fast.] 1. The recognition of God as an 
object of worship, love, and obedience. 2. Any system 
of faith and worship. 

Syn. — Piety; sanctity. — Beliqion is a high sense of moral 
obligation and spirit of reverence or worship which affect the 
heart of man with respect to the Deity. 1'iety first expressed 
the feelings of a child toward a parent, and was hence used for 
that filial sentiment of veneration and love which we owe to 
the Father of all. Sanctity denotes primarily that purity of 
heart and life which springs from habitual communion with 
God, and a sense of his continual presence. 

Re-lig'ion-igm (-lij'un-), n. 1. Practice of, or adher- 
ence to, religion. 2. Affected or false religion. 

Re-llg'ion-ist (-Hj'un-), n. One earnestly or bigotedly 
devoted to a religion. 

Re-llg'ious (-lij'us), a. 1. Pertaining or relating to 
religion ; concerned with religion. 2. Possessing, acting 
according to, or agreeing with , religion. 3. Scrupulously 
faithful or exact. 

Syn.— Pious; godly; holy; devout; devotional; conscien- 
tious; strict; rigid; exact. 

Re-Hg'ious-ly (-lij'us-), adv. 1. In a religious manner. 
2. According' to the rites of religion ; reverently. 3* 
In accordance with religious principles or doctrines. 
Syn. — Piously; devoutly; sacredly; exactly; strictly. 

Re-lin'quish (-llnk/wish), v. t. [imp, & p. p. RELTN= 
QUISHED (-llnk'wisht); /;. pr. & vb. n, relinquish- 
ing.] [Lat. relinquere, to leave behind, from re, again, 
back, and linquere, to leave.] 1. To withdraw from ; to 
leave behind. 2. To give up ; to renounce a claim to. 

Syn. — To resign; leave; quit; forsake; abandon; desert; 
renounce; forbear; forego. See Resign. 



food, fdbt ; Urn, r^de, P\»H ; oell, chaise, <eall, e-cfao ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, h^Ik ; flhis. 



RELINQUISHER 



608 



REMISS 



Re-lln'quish-er, n. One who relinquishes. 

Re-lin'quisli-ment, n. The act of leaving or quitting ; 
a forsaking ; the renouncing a claim to. 

Rel'i-qua-ry, n. [L. Lat. reliquiarium, reliquiare, from 
reliquiae. See Relic and infra.] A small chest, box, 
or casket in which relics are kept. 

ReTish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. relished (rePisht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RELISHING.] [0. Fr. relecher, to lick or taste 
anew, from re, again, and lecher, to lick, from 0. II. Ger. 
lecckOn, A.-S. liccian, Eng. Lick.] 1. To taste or eat 
■with pleasure ; to like the tlavor of; hence, to enjoy ; to 
be pleased with or gratified by. 2. To give a pleasing 
flavor to. 

Rel'ish, v. i. 1. To have a pleasing taste; to give 
pleasure, gratification, or satisfaction. 2. To have a 
flavor. 

Rel'ish, n. [See the verb.] 1. A pleasing taste. 2. 
Enjoyable quality; power of pleasing. 3. Savor ; qual- 
ity ; characteristic tinge. 4. Inclination or taste for ; 
fondness. 5. The smallest perceptible quantity ; tinge. 
6. That which is used to impart a flavor; specifically, 
something taken with food to render it more palatable. 

Syn. — Taste; savor; flavor; appetite; zest; gusto; liking; 
delight. 

Rel'ish-a-ble, a. Having an agreeable taste ; worthy 
of being relished. 

Re-liiet.', v. i. [Lat. reluctari, reluctatus, from re, again, 
against, and luctari, to struggle.] To strive or struggle 
against any thing ; to make resistance. 

Re-lu-e'tance, I n. State or quality of being reluctant ; 

Re-lu«'tan-cy, J aversion of mind. 

Syn. — Aversion ; repugnance ; unwillingness ; dislike. 
See Aveksion. 

Re-Iu«'tant, a. [Lat. reZwctans, p. pr. of reluctari '. See 
RELUCT.] 1. Striving against ; much opposed in heart. 
2. Proceeding from an unwilling mind ; granted with 
reluctance. 

Syn. — Averse ; unwilling ; loth ; disinclined ; backward ; 
coy. See Ave use. 

Re-ru€'taiit-ly, adv. In a reluctant manner; unwill- 
ingly. 

Relume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. relumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RELUMING-.] [Lat. reluminare, from re, again, and 
luminare, to light, from lumen, light.] To rekindle ; to 
light again. 

Re-ly', v. i. [imp. & p. p. relied ; p. pr. & vb. n. RE- 
LYING.] [Prefix re and lie.] To rest with confidence, 
as the mind when satisfied of the veracity, integrity, or 
ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts. 
Syn. — To trust ; depend ; confide ; repose. 

Re-main', v. i. [imp. & p. p. rebiained ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REMAINING.] [Lat. re manere, from re, again, back, 
and manere, to stay, remain, Gr. ueVeii/.] 1. To stay 
behind while others withdraw or are removed ; to be left 
as not included or comprised, 2. To continue in a fixed 
place, an unchanged form or condition, an undiminished 
quantity. 

Syn. — To continue ; stay ; wait ; tarry ; rest ; sojourn ; 
dwell : abide ; last ; endure. 

Re-main', n. 1. That which is left ; relic; remainder; 
— chiefly in the plural. 2. Specifically , a dead body ; a 
corpse ; — only in the plural. 3. The literary works of one 
who is dead. 

Ue-main'der, n. 1. Any thing that remains, or is 
left, after the separation and removal of a part. 2. 
(Law.) A remnant of an estate in land, depending upon 
a particular prior estate, and limited to arise immediately 
on the determination of that estate. 

Syn. — Balance ; rest ; residue ; remnant ; remains ; leav- 
ings ; relics. — We may speak of " the balance of an account; " 
but to use this word for remainder, as "the balance of the 
week," " the balance of the company," &c, is a gross vulgarism, 
to be avoided by every one who does not mean to "smell 
of the shop." 

Re-make', e. t. [imp. & p. p. remade ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. remaking.] To make anew. 

Re-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REMANDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. remanding.] [Lat. remandare, from re, again, 
back, and mandare, to commit, order, send word.] To 
recommit or send back. 

Re-mark', n. [See infra!] 1. Act of remarking or 
attentively noticing. 2. The expression, in speech or 
writing, of something remarked or noticed ; hence, a cas- 
ual observation. 
Syn.— Observation; note; comment; annotation. 

Re-mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. remarked (-markf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. REMARKING.] [Fr. remarquer, from re, 



again, and marquer, to mark. See Mark.] 1. To take 
notice of. 2. To express in words or writing, as observed 
or noticed ; to call attention to. 

Syn.— To observe ; notice ; heed ; regard; note ; say.— To 
observe is to keep or hold a thing distinctly before the mind. 
To remark is simply to mark or take note of whatever may 
come up. To notice implies still less continuity of attention. 
When we turn from these mental states to ftc expression of 
them in language, we find the same distinction. An o'serva- 
tionis properly the result of somewhat prolonged thought; a 
remark is usually suggested by some passing' occurrence ; a 
notice is in most cases something cursory and short. This dis- 
tinction is not, however, always observed as to remark and 
observe, which are often used interchangeably. 

Re-mark', v. i. To say or observe. 

Re-mark'a-ble, a. Worthy of or capable of being re 
marked or noticed. 

Syn. — Observable ; noticeable ; extraordinary ; unusual; 
rare ; strange ; wonderful ; notable ; distinguished ; famous ; 
eminent. 

Re-mark'a-ble-ness, n. State of being remarkable; 
observableness ; worthiness of remark. [grcc. 

Re-mar k'a-bly, adv. In a remarkable manner or de- 

Re-mark'er, n. One who remarks ; an observer. 

Re-me'di-a-ble, a. Capable of being remedied or cured. 

Re-me'di-al, a. Affording a remedy ; intended for a 
remedy. 

Re-med'i-less, or Rgm'c-di-less (113), a. X. Inca- 
pable of being restored, changed, or prevented. 2. Not 
answering as a remedy; hence, ineffectual ; powerless. 

Syn. — Incurable ; cureless ; irremediable ; irrecoverable ) 
irretrievable ; irreparable ; desperate. 

Rem'e-dy, n. [Lat. remedium, from re, again, and 
mederi, to heal, to cure.] 1. That which cures a dis- 
ease. 2. That which counteracts an evil of any kind. 

3. (Laic.) The legal means to recover a right, or to ob- 
tain redress for a wrong. 

Svn.— Cure ; restorative ; counteraction ; reparation ; re- 
dress ; relief; aid; help; assistance. 

Rem'e-dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remedied ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REMEDYING.] To apply a remedy or cure to ; to 
restore to soundness, health, integrity, and the like. 

Syn. — To heal ; redress ; relieve ; help ; aid ; counter- 
act, &c. 

Ec-mem'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remembered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. remembering.] \\joX.rememorare , from 
re, again, and memorarr , to bring to remembrance.] 1. 
To bring to mind again ; to recall. 2. To keep in mind ; 
to preserve fresh in the memory ; to keep from being 
forgotten. 

Re-mem'ber-er, n. One who remembers. 

Re-mem'brance, n. 1. Act of remembering. 2. 
State of being remembered, or held in mind ; memory ; 
recollection. 3. That which serves to keep in or bring 
to mind ; a memorial ; a token ; a memento ; a souvenir. 

4. Power of remembering ; time within which a fact can 
be remembered. 

Syn. — Memory ; recollection ; reminiscence. Sec Mem- 
ory. 

Re-mem'bran-cer, n. One who, or that which, serves 
to bring to or keep in mind ; a memento ; a memorial. 

Rem'i-grate, or Re-mi'grate, v. i. [Lat. remigrare, 
rem.igratum, from re, again, back, and migrare, to re- 
move, migrate.] To migrate again ; to return. 

Rem'i-gra'tion, or Re'mi-gra'tion, n. Migration to 
a former place. 

Re-mind', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reminded; p. pr. & vb. 
n. reminding.] To put in mind ; to bring to the re- 
membrance or to the notice or consideration of. 

Re-mind'er, n. One who, or that which, reminds. 

Rgm'i-nis'cence, n. [See infra.] 1. State of being 
reminiscent, or inclined to call to mind. 2. Power of 
recalling to mind. 3. That which is remembered or 
recalled to mind. 

Syn. — Memory ; remembrance ; recollection. See Mem- 
ory. 

Rgm'i-nis'cent, a. [Lat. reminiscens, p. pr of reml- 
nisci, to recall to mind, to recollect.] Capable of, or in- 
clined to, call to mind. 

Re -mi§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REMTSED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REMISING.] [Lat. remittere, remissvm, to send back, 
from re, back, and mitt ere, to send.] To release a claim 
to ; to resign or surrender by deed. 

Re-miss', a. [Lat. remissas, p. p. of remittere, to send 
back, to relax. See supra.] 1. Not energetic or exact 
in duty or business ; not careful or prompt in fulfilling en- 
gagements. 2. Lacking earnestness or activity ; languid. 
Syn. — Slack; dilatory; slothful; negligent; careless | 
neglectful ; inattentive ; heedless ; thoughtless. 



a,e,&c.,fong-' a,e, &c.,s/iorf/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dft, wolt, 



REMISSIBLE 



609 



RENDER 



Re-rnis'si-fole, a. Capable of being remitted or for- 
given. 
Re-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. remissio, fr. remittere, 

remissum. See REMIT.] 1. Act of remitting, surrender- 
ing, or giving up. 2. Especially, discharge from that 
which is due ; relinquishment of a claim, right, or obli- 
gation. 3. (Med.) A temporary subsidence of the force 
or violence of a disease or of pain. 

Syn. — Pardon ; forgiveness ; abatement ; release ; dis- 
charge. 

Re-miss'ly, adv. In a remiss or negligent manner. 

Re-miss'ness, n. State of being remiss ; want of ardor 
or vigor ; want of punctuality ; slackness ; negligence. 

Re-mlt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. remitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REMITTING.] [Lat. remittere, to send back, to slacken, 
relax. See Remise.] 1. To send back; to refer. 2. 
To give up; to surrender; to resign. 3. To relax in 
intensity. 4. To forgive. 5. To transmit to a distance, 
as money, bills, or the like. 

Syn.— To relax; release ; abate ; relinquish; pardon; ab- 
solve. 

Re-mit', v. i. To abate in force or in violence ; to grow 
less intense ; to become moderated. 

Re-mlt'ment, n. 1. Act of remitting. 2. State of 
being remitted. 

Re-mit'tal, n. A remitting ; a giving up ; surrender. 

Re-mlt'taiice,n. 1. ( Com.) Act of transmitting money, 
bills, or the like, to a distant place. 2. The sum or thing 
remitted. [as a disease. 

Re-mit'tent, a. Having remissions from time to time, 

Re-mit'ter, n. 1. One who remits or makes remit- 
tance. 2. (Law.) The sending or placing back of a 
person to a title or right he had before. 

Re-mit'tor, n. (Law.) One who makes a remittance. 

Rem'nant, n. [0. Fr. remanant, remainant, p. pr. of 
remainoir, remaindre, fr. Lat. remanrre. See REMAIN.] 

1. What remains after a part is removed, performed, 
&c. 2. Hence, a small portion ; a slight trace ; a frag- 
ment. 

Syn. — Residue ; rest; remains; remainder. 

Re-mod'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remodeled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. remodeling.] To model or fashion anew. 

Re-mold', ) v. t. To mold or shape anew ; to make 

Re-mould', j over; to remodel. 

Re-mon'strance, n. 1. Act of expostulation. 2. 
The terms in which one remonstrates ; earnest advice or 
reproof. 

Re-mon'strant, a. Inclined or tending to remon- 
strate ; expostulatory. 

Re-mon'strant, n. One who remonstrates. 

Re-mon'strate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. remonstrated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REMONSTRATING.] [Low Lat. remon- 
strare, remonstratum, from Lat. re, again, back,' and 
monstrare, to show.] To exhibit or present strong rea- 
sons against an act, measure, or any course of proceed- 
ings. 

Syn. — To expostulate; reprove. — "We expostulate when we 
unite argument and entreaty to dissuade some one from the 
course he has chosen. When we remonstratP.^vfQ go further, 
and show or set forth, in the strongest terms, the danger or the 
guilt of his pursuing it. We remonstrate with a person, and 
against the course he has adopted. 

Re-mon'striJ-tor, n. One who remonstrates. 

Re-morse', n. [L. Lat. remorsus, from Lat. remordere, 
remorsum, to bite again or back, to torment, from re, 
again, back, and mordere, to bite, vex.] The keen or 
gnawing pain or anguish excited by a sense of guilt. 

Syn. — Compunction; regret; anguish; compassion. See 
Compunction and Regret. 

Re-m6rse'ful, a. 1. Full of remorse or compunction. 

2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [Obs.] 3. Pitia- 
ble. [Obs.] 

Re-m6rse'less, a. Without remorse or sensibility ; 
cruel ; insensible to distress. 

Syn. — TJnpitying ; pitiless ; relentless ; unrelenting ; im- 
placable; merciless; unmerciful; savage. 

Re-morse'less-ly, adv. Without remorse. 

Re-mote', a. [compar. remoter ; superl. REMOTEST.] 
[Lat. remotus, p. p. of removere, to remove. See Re- 
move.] 1. Removed to a distance ; not near: faraway; 
— said in respect to time or place. 2. Hence, removed ; 
not agreeing, according, or being related ; — in various 
figurative uses. 

Syn. — Far ; foreign ; alien ; primary ; abstracted ; slight ; 
inconsiderable. 

Re-mote'ly, adv. In a remote manner ; at a distance 
in space, time, consanguinity, and the like. 



Re-mote'ness, n. State of being remote or distant in 
space, time, consanguinity, or the like ; distance. 

Re-mount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. remounted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. REMOUNTING.] To mount again. 

Re-mount', v. i. To mount again ; to re-ascend. 

Re-mov'a-foll'i-ty, n. The capacity of being remova- 
ble from an office or station. 

Re-mov'a-ble, a. Admitting of being removed, as from 
an office or station, or from one place to another. 

Re-mpv'al, n. 1. Act of removing from a place, office, 
&c. "2. Act of remedying or taking away. 3. State of 
being removed ; change of place. 4. Act of putting an 
end to. 

Syn. — Dismission ; migration ; displacing ; departure s 
death. 

Re-mOTe',t'.i. [imp. & p. p. removed; p. pr. & 
vb. n."REMOV!NG.] [Lat. removere, from re, again, back, 
and movere, to move.] 1. To cause to change place ; to 
move away from the position occupied. 2. To cause to 
leave a person or thing ; to cause to cease to be ; hence, 
to banish. 3. To carry from one court to another. 

Syn. — To displace ; dismiss ; depose ; set aside ; banish ; 
emigrate. 

Re-move', v. i. To change place in any manner, or to 
make a change in place. 

Re-move', n. 1. Act of removing ; removal. 2. State 
of being removed. 3. That which is removed, as a dish 
removed from table to make way for something else. 4. 
Distance or space through which any thing is removed ; 
interval. 5. A step in any scale of gradation. 

Syn.— Removal; departure; step; space; distance, &c. 

Re-mqv'er, n. One who removes. 

Ke-mu'ner-a-ble, a. Capable of being remunerated; 
fit or proper to be recompensed. 

Re-mii'ner-ate, d. f. [imp. & p p remunerated; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REMUNERATING.] [Lat remunerare, 
remuneratum , from re, again, back, and munerare, to 
give, present, from rnunus, muneris, a gift, present.] To 
pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or 
other sacrifice. 

Syn. — To reward ; recompense ; compensate ; satisfy; re- 
quite; repay; pay; re-imburse. 

Re-mu/ner-a/tion, n. 1. Act of remunerating. 2. 
That which is given to remunerate. 

Syn.— Reward ; recompense ; compensation ; repayment; 
satisfaction ; requital. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tive, a. Intended or fitted to remuner- 
ate ; yielding a proper remuneration. 

Re-mu'ner-a-to-ry, a. Affording recompense. 

Re'nal, a. [Lat. renalis, from renes, the kidneys or 
reins.] Pertaining to the kidneys or reins. 

Ren'ard, n. [From H. Ger. Reinhard, 0. H. Ger. Ragin- 
hart, Reginhart, Reinliart, i.e., strong in counsel, the 
name of the fox in a celebrated German epic poem.] A 
fox ; — so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetry. 

Re-nas'cence, ) n. The state of being renascent, or of 

Re-nas'cen-cy, j being produced again. 

Re-nas'^ent, a. [Lat. renascens, p. pr. of renasci, to be 
born again, from re, again, and nasci, to be born.] 1. 
Springing or rising into being again ; reproduced. 2. 
Able or likely to be re-born, renewed, or reproduced; 
rejuvenated. 

Ren-eon'tre, ) n. [Fr. rencontre, Eng. re and encoun- 

Ren-eoun'ter, ) ter, q. v.] 1. A meeting of two per- 
sons or bodies. 2. Hence, a meeting in opposition or 
contest ; action or engagement. 3. A sudden contest 
without premeditation, as between individuals or small 
parties. 
Syn. — Combat; fight; conflict; collision; clash. 

Ren-eoun'ter, v. i. To meet an enemy unexpectedly ; 
to come into collision ; to skirmish. 

Rend, t). t. [imp. & p. p. rent ; p.pr. & vb. n. rend- 
ing.] [A.-S. rendan, hrendan, to cut, rend, Icel. rszndi, 
rsena, to spoil, destroy.] 1. To separate into parts with, 
force or sudden violence ; to tear asunder. 2. To part 
or tear off forcibly. 

Syn. — To tear; burst; break; rupture; lacerate; fracture* 
crack; split. 

Ren'der, n. One who rends or tears. 

Ren'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rendered ; p. pr. & vb* 
n. rendering.] [Low Lat. rendere, from Lat. reddere, 
with n inserted, from re, again, back, and dare, to give.] 
1. To return ; to pay back ; to restore. 2. To inflict, 
as a retribution. 3. To give on demand ; to surrender. 
4. Hence, to furnish, to contribute. 5. To make up; 
to state ; to deliver. 6. To cause to be, or to become. 7» 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this, 



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To translate from one language into another ; to inter- 
pret, or bring into full expression to others, the mean- 
ing, spirit, and full effect of. 8. To boil down and 
clarify. 9. To plaster roughly. 

Ren'der-a-ble, a. Capable of being rendered. 

Ren'dez-vous (ren'de-vob), n.; pi. [Rare.] ren'dez- 
vous-es (ien'de-vooz-ez). [Fr. rendez vous, render 
yourselves, repair to a place.] 1. A place for meeting. 
2. Especially, the appointed place for troops, or for the 
ships of a fleet, to assemble. 3. A meeting by appoint- 
ment. 

Ren'dez-vous (ren/de-vob ), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ren- 
dezvoused ; p. pr. & vb. n. RENDEZVOUSING.] To 
assemble or meet at a particular place, as troops, ships, 
and the like. 

Ren'dez-vous (rea / de-vo"o), v. t. To assemble or bring 
together at'a certain place. 

Ren-di'tion (-dish/un), n. 1. Act of rendering, or re- 
turning ; surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the 
claim of a foreign government. 2. Translation ; ren- 
dering. 

Ren'e-gade, 1 n. [Low Lat. renegatus, from renegare. 

Ken'e-ga'do, j See infra.] One faithless to principle 
or party ; especially, (a.) An apostate from a religious 
faith, (b.) One who deserts from a military or naval 
post ; a deserter, (c.) A common vagabond. 

Re-new' (re-nu 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RENEWED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. renewing.] 1, To make over as good as 
new; to give new life to. 2. To begin again. 3. To 
repeat, either exactly or almost exactly. 4. To furnish 
again. 5. ( Theol.) To make new spiritually ; to implant 
holy affections in the heart. 

Syn.— To renovate; transform; repair; rebuild; re-estab- 
lish; confirm; revive; repeat. 

Ee-new' (re-nu'), v. i. To be made new; to grow or 
commence again. 

Be-new'a-ble (-nu'a-bl), a. Capable of being renewed. 

Re-new'al (re-nu'al), n. 1. Act of renewing; act of 
forming anew. 2. That which is renewed. 

Re-new'ed-Iy (-nu 7 -), adv. Again ; once more. [Amer.] 

Re-new'er (re-nu'er ), n. One who renews. 

Ren'i-forni, a. [Lat. renes, the kidneys, and forma, 
form.] 1. Having the form or shape of a kidney. 2. 
(Bot.) Having the form of a section of a kidney. 

Re-ni'tence, In. State of being renitent, resistance; 

Re-ni'ten-cy, j reluctance. 

Re-ni'tent, a. [Lat. renitens, p. pr. of reniti, to strive 
or struggle against, to resist.] 1. Resisting pressure or 
the effect of it. 2. Persistently opposed. 

Ren'net, n. [A.-S. gerinnan, to curdle or coagulate, fr. 
rinnan, rennan, to run.] The inner membrane of the 
fourth stomach of the calf, or an infusion or preparation 
of it, used for coagulating milk. 

Re-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. renounced (re- 
nounst'); p. pr. & vb. n. renouncing.] [Lat. renun- 
ciare, from re, again, back, and nunciare, to announce.] 
1. To declare against ; to reject, as a title or claim. 2. 
To cast off or reject, as a connection or possession ; to 
give up. 

Syn. — To cast off; disavow; disown; disclaim; deny; ab- 
jure ; recant; abandon ; forsake; quit ; forego; resign; relin- 
quish; give up; abdicate. — We renounce when we make it 
publicly known that we give up a thing finally and forever; as, 
to renounce one's claims; to renounce a profession; to renounce 
the world. We abjure when we renounce in the most solemn 
manner; as, to abjure one's faith, allegiance, &c. We recant 
when we openly and formally disavow some principle we had 
previously maintained, and adopt the contrary one. 

Re-nonnee'ment, n. Act of disclaiming ; renunciation. 

Re-noun'cer, n. One who renounces or disclaims. 

Ren'o-vate, v. t. [Lat. renovare, renovatum, from re, 
again, back, and novare, to make new, from novus, new.] 
T© make over again ; to render as good as new. 
Syn. — To renew; regenerate; recreate; revive. 

Ren'o-va'tion, n. 1. Act of renovating ; renewal. 2. 
State of being renovated or renewed. 

Re-noAvn', n. [From re, again, and Lat. nomen, name.] 
The state of being much known and talked of; fame; 
celebrity. 

Re-nowned', a. Celebrated for great and heroic achieve- 
ments, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur. 

Syn.— Famous: famed; distinguished ; noted; eminent; 
celebrated; remarkable; wonderful. See FAMOUS. 

Re-nown'ed-ly, adv. In a renowned manne.r. 

R6nt, imp. & p. p. of rend. See Rend. 

Rent, n. [From rend.] 1. An opening made by rend- 
ing ; a break or breach made by force. 2. A schism ; a 
separation 



Syn.— Fissure; breach; disrupture; rupture; tear; dilace- 
ratiou; break; fracture. 

Kent, n. [From Lat. reddita, pi. of redditum, fr. reddere, 
to give back, to pay ; A.-S. rent. See Render.] 1. A 
certain periodical profit in money, provisions, chattels, 
or labor, issuing out of lands and tenements in retribu- 
tion for the use. 2. Capital invested in public funds, 
stocks, &c. [French usage.] 

Kent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RENTING.] 1. To grant the possession and enjoyment 
of; to lease. 2. To take and hold by lease the posses- 
Kent, v. i. To be leased, or let for rent. [sion of. 

Rent'a-ble, a. Admitting of being rented. 

Rgnt'al. n. [L. Lat. rentale, from renta.] A schedule 
or account of rents, with the names of the tenants, &c. ; 
a rent-roll. 

Rent'er, n. One who rents or leases an estate ; more 
generally, the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or 
tenement on rent. 

Ren'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rentered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. rentering.] [From Lat. re, again, back, and tn- 
trahere, to draw into or along, from in, into, in, and tra- 
here, to draw.] To sew together so that the seam is 
scarcely visible ; to fine-draw. 

Rent'-roll, n. A list of rents ; a rental. 

Re-niSjn/ci-ii'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. [Lat. renunciatio. 
See Renounce.] Act of renouncing. 

Syn. — Renouncement; disownment; disavowal; disavow- 
ment; disclaimer; rejection; abjuration ; recantation; denial; 
abandonment; relinquishment. 

Re-or'gan-i-za/tion. n. The act of organizing anew. 

Re-6r'gan-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-organized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. re-organizing.] To organize anew ; 
to reduce again to an organized condition. 

Rep, a. [Prob. a corruption of rib.] Formed with a sur- 
face closely corded, or of a cord -like appearance. 

Rep, n. A kind of stuff having a surface appearing as if 
made of small cords. 

Re-pack', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repacked (re-pXkf); 
p. pr. & vb. n. repacking.] To pack a second time. 

Re-pair' (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. repaired; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REPAIRING.] [Lat. reparare, from re, again, back, 
and parare, to prepare.] 1. To restore to a sound or 
good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial 
destruction. 2. To make amends for, as for an injury, 
by an equivalent ; to indemnify for. 

Syn. — To restore ; recover ; renew ; amend ; mend ; re- 
trieve; recruit. 

Re-pair', n. Restoration to a sound or good state after 
decay, waste, injury, or partial destruction ; reparation. 

Re-pair', v. i. [Lat. repatriare, to return to one's coun- 
try, to go home again, from re, back, and patria, native 
country.] Togo; to betake one's self; to resort. 

Re-pair 'a-ble, a. Capable of being repaired. 

Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs, restores, or makes 
amends. [repaired. 

Rep'a-ra-ble, a. [Lat. reparabilis.] Capable of being 
Syn.— Restorable; retrievable; recoverable. 

Rep'a-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of repairing ; restoration to 
soundness or a good state. 2. State of being repaired. 
3. That which is done or made in order to repair ; in- 
demnification for loss or damage. 

Syn.- Restoration ; repair; restitution; compensation! 
amends. 

Re-par'a-tlve, a. Tending to repair ; restoring to a 
sound state ; tending to amend defect, or make good. 

Re-par 'a-tive, n. That which restores to a good state ; 
that which makes amends. 

Rep'ar-tee', n. [Fr. repartie, from repartir, to reply, to 
depart again, to divide, from re, again, and partir, to 
part, depart.] A smart, ready, and witty reply. 
Syn. — Retort; reply. See Retokt. 

Rep'ar-tee', v. i. [imp. & p. p. reparteed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. reparteeing.] To make smart and witty 
replies. 

Re-pass', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repassed (re-past 7 ); p. 
pr. & vb. n. repassing.] To pass again ; to pass or 
travel back ; to pass a second time. 

Re-pass', v. i. To pass or go back ; to move back. 

Re-past', n. [L. Lat. repastvs, from Lat. repascere, to 
feed again, from re, again, and pascere, pastum, to pas- 
ture, feed.] 1. Act of taking food. 2. That which ia 
taken as food or a meal ; victuals. 

Re-pay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
repaying.] 1. To pay back. 2. To make return or 
requital for. 3. To pay anew, or a second time, as a 
debt. 



a, e, Sec, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, woJJ, 



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Syn.'— To refund; restore; return; recompense; compen- 
sate; remunerate; satisfy; rc-imburse; reward; requite. 

Re-pay'a-hle, a. That is to be repaid or refunded. 

Ee-pay'ment, n. 1. Act of paying back ; re-imburse- 
ment. 2. The money or other thing repaid. 

Re-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repealed ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. REPEALING.] [Lat. re and appeliare.] To recall, as 
a deed, will, law, or statute ; to abrogate by authority. 

Syn. — To abolish; revoke; rescind; recall; annul; abro- 
gate; cancel; reverse. — We revoke what has been declared or 
established ; properly speaking, a law is repealed only by a 
Legislature which has power to do so. An edict or power of 
attorney is revoked, statutes are repealed. We speak of the 
revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and of the agitation which 
was so long carried on for the repeal of the Irish Union. 

Re-peal', n. Revocation ; abrogation. 

Re-peal' a-ble, a. Capable of being repealed. 
Syn. — Revocable; abrogable; voidable; reversible. 

Re-peal'a-ble-ness, n. Capability of being repealed. 

Re-peal'er, n. One who repeals or seeks a repeal ; 
specifically, an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of 
Union between Great Britain and Ireland. 

Re-peat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repeated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. repeating-.] [Lat, repetere. from re, again, and;?e- 
tere, to fall upon, to attack.] 1. To go over a second 
time ', to do, try, make, attempt, or utter again. 2. To 
do or say what one has already done or said. 

Syn. — Toreiterate; iterate; renew; recite; relate; rehearse; 
recapitulate, See Reiterate. 

Re-peat', n. 1. Act of repeating ; repetition. 2. That 
which is repeated. 3. That which is to be repeated. 4. 
(Mies.) A mark, or series of dots, placed before and after 
a passage to be repeated in performance. 

Re-peat'ed-ly, adv. Again and again ; indefinitely. 

Re-peat'er, n. One who, or that which, repeats; 
specifically, (a.) One who recites or rehearses, (b.) A 
watcb that strikes the hours at will at the touch of a 
spring, (c.) A fire-arm that may be discharged many 
times in quick succession. 

Re-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPELLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REPELLING.] [Lat. repellere, from re, back, and pel- 
lere, to drive.] 1. To drive back ; to force to return. 
2. To encounter or assault with effectual resistance, as 
an encroachment. 

Syn.— To repulse; resist; oppose; reject; refuse. 

Re-pel'lence, \n. Quality or capacity of repelling ; 

Re-pel'len-cy, ) repulsion. 

Re-pel'lent, a. Driving back ; able or tending to repel. 

Re-pel 'lent, n. That which repels or scatters. 

Re-pel'ler, n. One who, or that which, repels. 

Re'pent, a. [Lat. repens, p. pr. of repere, to creep.] 
Creeping, as a plant. 

Re-pent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. repented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. repenting.] [L. Lat. repcenitcre, from Lat. re, again, 
and paenitere, to make repent, from pana, punishment, 
Gr. TTOtvTj.] 1. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for what 
one has done or omitted to do. 2. To change the mind 
or course of conduct on account of dissatisfaction with 
what has occurred. 

Re-pent', v. t. To feel pain on account of; to remem- 
ber with sorrow. 

Re-pent'ance, n. Act of repenting, or state of being 
penitent ; sorrow for what one has done or omitted to 
do ; especially, contrition for sin. 

Syn. — Contrition ; regret ; penitence ; contriteness ; com- 
punction. See Contrition and Regret. 

Re-pent'ant, a. 1. Inclined to repent ; sorry for sin. 
2. Expressing or showing sorrow for sin. 

Re-pent'ant, n. One who repents ; a penitent. 

Re-pent'er, n. One who repents. 

Re-peo'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. repeopled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. repeopling.] To people anew ; to furnish again 
with inhabitants. 

Re'per-eus'sion (-kusb/un), n. [Lat. repercussio, from 
repercutere , repercussum, from re, again, back, and per- 
cutere, to strike through and through, from per, through, 
and quatere, to shake, beat, strike.] Act of driving back ; 
reverberation. 

Re'per-eiiss'ive, a. 1. Having the power of sending 
back ; causing to reverberate. 2. Driven back ; rever- 
berated. 

Rep[er-to-ry , n. [Lat. repertorivm, from reperire, to find 
again, from re, again, an dparere , to bring forth, procure.] 
1. A place in which things are disposed in an orderly 
manner, so that they can be easily found. 2. A treas- 
ury ; a magazine. 

Rep'e-tend', n. [Lat. repetendus, from repetere, to re- 



peat, q. v.] (Math.) That part of a repeating decimal 
which recurs continually. 

Rep'e-tl'tion (-tish/un), n. [Lat. repetitio. See RE- 
PEAT.] 1. Act of repeating. 2. Especially, recital from 
memory. 
Syn. — Tautology; iteration; rehearsal. See Tautology. 

Rep'e-ti'tion-al ) (-tish'un-), a. Containing repeti- 

Rep'e-ti'tion-a-ry ) tion. [Rare.] 

Rep'e-ti'tioiis (-tish'us), a. Repeating ; containing 
repetition. [Amer.] 

Re-pine', v. i*. [imp. & p. p. REPINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REPINING.] To continue pining ; to indulge in envy or 
complaint ; to murmur. 

Re-pm'er, n. One who repines, or murmurs. 

Re-place', v. t. [imp. & p. p. replaced (re-plaW); 
p.pr. & vb. n. REPLACING.] 1. To place again ; to re- 
store to a former place, position, condition, and the like. 
2. To refund ; to repay. 3. To supply or substitute an 
equivalent for. 4. To supply the want of; to fulfill the 
end or office of. 

Re-place'ment, n. The act of replacing. 

Re-plant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. replanted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REPLANTING.] To plant again. 

Re'plant-a'tion, n. The act of planting again. 

Re-plen'ish,v. t. [imp. & p.p. replenished (-plen*= 
isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. replenishing.] [From Lat. re, 
again, and plenus, full.] To fill up again ; hence, to fill 
completely. 

Re-plen'ish-ment, n. 1. Act of replenishing, or state 
of being replenished. 2. That which replenishes ; sup- 
ply- 

Re-plete', a. [Lat. repletus, p. p. ofreplere, to fill again, 
to fill up, from re, again, andplere, to fill,] Filled again ; 
completely filled ; full. 

Re-ple'tion, n. 1. State of being replete ; superabun- 
dant fullness. 2. (Med.) Fullness of blood; plethora. 

Re-ple'tive, a. Tending to replete ; replenishing. 

Re-plev'in, n. [L. Lat. replevina. See REPLEVY.] 1. 
(Laiv.) A personal action which lies to recover possession 
of goods and chattels wrongfully taken or detained. 2. 
The writ by which goods and chattels are replevied. 

Re-plev'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. replevied ; p.pr. & 
vb. 11. REPLEVYING.] [L. Lat. replevire, reptegiare. See 
Pledge.] 1. To take or get back, by a writ for that 
purpose, goods and chattels wrongfully taken or de- 
tained, upon giving security to try the right to them in 
a suit at law, and, if that should oe determined against 
the plaintiff, to return the property replevied. 2. To 

Rep'li-cant, n. One who replies. [bail. 

Rep'li-ea'tion, n. [Lat. replicatio. See Reply.] 1. 
An answer ; a reply. 2. (Law Pleadings.) The reply of 
the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to the defendant's plea. 
Syn. — Answer; response; rejoinder. 

Re-pll'er, n. One who replies, or answers. 

Re-ply', v. i. [imp. & p. p. replied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
replying.] [Lat. rcplicare, to fold back, to make a 
reply, from re, again, back, and plicare, to fold.] 1. To 
make a return to in words or writing. 2. (. iiu.) To 
answer a defendant's plea. 

Syn.— To answer; respond; rejoin. 

Re-ply', v. t. To return for an answer, 

Re-ply', n. That which is said or written in answer to 
what is said or written by another. 

Syn. —Rejoinder; answer.— A reply is a distinct response 
to a formal question or attack* a rejoinder is a second reply (a 
reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The 
word answer is used in two senses, viz., (1.) in the most gen- 
eral sense of a mere response, as the answer to a question, or, 
(2.) in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of 
an adversary's argument, as when we say that was a reply, but 
was no answer. 

Re-pol'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. repolished (-pol'- 
isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. repolishing.] To polish again. 

Re-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPORTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REPORTING.] [Lat. reportare, to bear or bring back, 
from re, again, back, and portare, to bear or bring.] 1. 
To bear or bring back, as an answer or an account of 
something. 2. To give an account of ; to circulate pub- 
licly. 3. To give a formal or official account of. 4. To 
make minutes of, as a speech , or the doings of a public 
body. 
Syn.— To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe; detail. 

Re-port', v. i. 1. To make a return or statement that 
is expected or desired. 2. To furnish in writing an ac- 
count of a speech, or the proceedings of a public assem- 
bly. 3. To betake one's self as to a superior officer, and 
to be in readiness for orders or to do service. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



REPORT 



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Re-port', n. That which is reported ; as, (a.) An ac- 
count received; story; relation, (b.) Rumor; repute; 
reputation, (c.) Sound; noise, (d.) An official state- 
ment of facts, verbal or written, (e.) An account or 
statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of a case 
argued and determined. (/.) A sketch, or fully written 
account, of a speech, or a public meeting. 

Syn. — Account; relation ; narration ; detail ; description ; 
recital; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay. 

Re-port'er, n. One who reports; especially, (a.) One 
who makes statements of law proceedings and decisions, 
or of legislative debates, (b.) One who reports the pro- 
ceedings of public meetings, &c.,for the newspapers. 

Re-pog'al, n. Act of reposing or resting. 

Ke-ppge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reposed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REPOSING.] [From Lat. re, again, and pausare, to pause ; 
reponere, repositum, to replace, from re, again, back, 
andponere, to place.] 1. To lay at rest ; to cause to be 
calm or quiet ; to compose. 2. To place in confidence. 
Syn. — To rest; settle; recline; reposit; deposit; lodge. 

Re-poge', v. i. 1. To lie ; to rest. 2. To he for rest or 
refreshment. 3. To rest in confidence. 
Syn. — To recline ; couch ; sleep ; settle ; lodge ; abide. 

Re-poge', n. 1. A lying at rest; sleep. 2. Tranquil- 
lity; freedom from uneasiness. 3. (Fine Arts.) That 
harmony or moderation which affords rest for the eye. 

Syn. — Rest; recumbency; reclination; ease ; quiet; quiet- 
ness; tranquillity; peace. See Rest. 

Re-pog'ed-ness, n. State of being at rest. 

Re-pog'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reposited; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. REPOSITING.] [Lat. reponere, repositum. See 
Repose.] To lay up, or lodge, as for safety or preserva- 
tion. 

Re'po-gi'tion, (-zish'un), n. Act of repositing. 

Re-pog'i-to-ry, n. [Lat. repositorium, repostorium. See 
Repose .] A place where things are or may be deposited 
for safety or preservation ; a depository. 

Re'pos-sess' (-pos-seV or -poz-zes'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. 
repossessed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. repossessing.] 
To possess again. 

Re'pos-ses'sion (-pos-sesh'un or -poz-zesh'un), n. Act 
of possessing again ; state of possessing again. 

Rep're-hend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprehended; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REPREHENDING.] [Lat. reprehendere, to 
check, to blame, from re, again, back, and prehendere, to 
lay hold of.] To accuse ; to charge ; to chide ; to re- 
prove. 

Rep're-hend'er, n. One who reprehends; one who 
blames or reproves. 

Rep're-hen'si-ble, a. "Worthy of reprehension or 
blame ; culpable ; censurable. 

Rep're-lien'si-ble-ness, n. The quality of being rep- 
rehensible ; blamableness ; culpableness. 

Rep're-lien'si-lbly, adv. In a reprehensible manner. 

Rep're-lien'sion, n. Reproof; censure ; open blame. 

Rep're-lien'srre, » Containing reproof. 

Rep're-lien'so-ry, ) ° r 

Rep'r -gent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. represented ; p. 
pr. j vb. n. REPRESENTING.] [Lat. reprsesentare, from 
re, again, and prsesentare, to place before, to present.] 1. 
To exhibit the counterpart or image of. 2. To delineate ; 
to reproduce. 3. To act the part or character of; to 
personate. 4. To supply the place or perform the duties 
of. 5. To exhibit to another mind in language ; to bring 
before the mind. 6. To serve as a sign or symbol of. 

Re'pi'e-gent', v. t. To present a second time, especially 
by a mental transcript or picture. 

Rep're-gen-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of representing, de- 
scribing, or showing. 2. That which represents ; as, 
(a.) A picture, model, or other fac-simile. (b.) A dra- 
matic performance, (c.) A description or statement, (d.) 
A body of representatives. 

Syn. — Description ; show; delineation ; portraiture ; like- 
ness; resemblance; exhibition; sight. 

Rep're-gent'a-tive, a. 1. Fitted or qualified to rep- 
resent. 2. Bearing the character or power of another. 

Rep're-gent'a-tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, 
represents, or exhibits the likeness of, another. 2. An 
agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of 
another, or others. 3. A member of the lower or popu- 
lar house, in a State legislature, or in the national Con- 
gress. [Amer.1 

RSp're-gent'er, n. One who represents. 

Re-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repressed (re-prest') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. repressing.] [Lat. reprimere, repres- 
sum.] To press back or down effectually, or a second 
time ; to crush down or out. 



Syn. — To crush; overpower ; subdue ; suppress; quell; re* 
strain; curb; check. 

Re-press'er, n. One who represses. 

Re-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of repressing. 2. 
That which represses ; check ; restraint. 

Re-press'ive, a. Having power or tending to repress. 

Re-prieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprieved ;p. pr. & 
vb. n. REPRIEVING.] [Lat. reprobare, to reject, con- 
demn, from re, again, back, and probare, to try, prove.] 
To try over again ; to delay the punishment of. 

Re-prieve', n. 1. Temporary suspension of the execu- 
tion of sentence, especially the sentence of death. 2. 
Interval of ease or relief; respite. 

Rep'ri-mand(110),r. t. [imp. kp.p. reprimanded; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REPRIMANDING.] [See infra.] 1. To 
reprove severely ; to chide for a fault. 2. To reprove 
publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence. 

Syn. — To reprove ; reprehend ; chide ; rebuke ; censure ; 
blame. See Admonish. 

Rep'ri-mand, n. [Lat. reprimendus, reprimenda, to bo 
checked or suppressed, from reprimere, to check, repress, 
q. v.] Severe reproof for a fault ; reprehension, private 
or public. 

Re-print', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprinted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. reprinting.] To print again ; to print a second 
or any new edition of. 

Re'pxunt, n. A second or a new impression or edition of 
any printed work ; specifically, the publication in one 
country of a work previously published in another. 

Re-prig'al, n. [L. Lat. reprensalize, fr. Lat. reprehendere, 
reprekensiim, from re, again, back, and prehendere, to lay 
hold of, to take. See infra.] 1. Act of reprising or 
retaking ; especially, the act of taking from an enemy by 
way of retaliation or indemnity. 2. That which is re- 
taken, especially from an enemy by way of retaliation 
or indemnity. 3. Act of retorting on an enemy by in- 
flicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him, 
in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. 

Re-prise', n. [Fr. reprise, from reprendere, repris, to take, 
to take again or back, to take back again ; Lat. repre- 
hendere. See supra.] pi. (Law.) Deductions and duties 
which are yearly paid out of a manor and lands. 

Re-proacli', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reproached (re- 
procht/); p. pr. & vb. n. REPROACHING.] [Fr. re- 
procher, as if from a Lat. repropiare, from re, again, 
against, back, and prope, near. Cf. APPROACH.] To 
censure with severity, and sometimes with contempt; to 
charge with a fault in severe language. 

Syn.— To upbraid; censure; blame ; rebuke; condemn; re- 
vile; vilify. 

Re-proach', n. 1. An expression of blame or censure ; 
censure mingled with contempt or derision. 2. An oc- 
casion of blame or censure. 3. An object of blame, 
censure, scorn, or derision. 

Syn. — Disrepute ; discredit ; dishonor ; scandal ; oppro- 
brium: invective ; contumely ; reviling ; abuse ; vilification ; 
scurrility ; insolence ; insult ; scorn ; contempt ; ignominy ; 
shame; disgrace; infamy. 

Re-proacli'a-ble, a. 1. Deserving reproach. 2. Op- 
probrious ; scurrilous. 

Re-proach/ful, a. 1. Expressing reproach. 2. Oc- 
casioning or deserving reproach. 

Syn. — Opprobrious ; contumelious ; abusive ; offensive ; 
sarcastic; insulting; contemptuous; scornful; insolent; scur- 
rilous ; disreputable ; discreditable ; dishonorable ; shameful- 
disgraceful; scandalous; base; vile; infamous. 

Re-proacli'f iil-ly, adv. In a reproachful manner ; op- 
probriously ; disgracefully ; contemptuously. 

R6p'ro-taate, v. t. [imp. Sop. p. reprobated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. REPROBATING.] [Lat. reprobare, reproba- 
tum. Cf. Reprieve.] 1. To disapprove with detesta- 
tion or marks of extreme dislike. 2. To abandon to pun- 
ishment without hope or pardon. 

Syn.— To condemn; reprehend; censure; disown; abandon; 
reject. 

Rep'ro-lbate, a. Abandoned to vice or punishment; 
morally abandoned and lost. 

Syn. — Abandoned ; vitiated; depraved ; corrupt; wicked- 
profligate; base; vile; castaway. See Abandoned. 

Rep'ro-lbate, n. A person abandoned; one morally 
lost. 

Rep'ro-nate-ness, n. State of being reprobate. 

Rep'ro-ba'tion, n. 1. Act of reprobating. 2. State 
of being reprobated. 

Re'pro-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reproduced (108) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REPRODUCING.] 1. To produce again ; 
to bring to the memory or the imagination. 2. To re- 
new the production of; to generate, as offspring. 



,e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dft, wolf, 



REPRODUCTION 



613 



RESAIL 



Re'pro-due'tion, n. Act or process of reproducing. 

Re'pro-due'tive, la. Pertaining to, or employed in, 

Re'pro-due'to-ry, J reproduction. 

Re-proof, n. [From reprove.] Expression of blame or 
censure ; censure for a fault. 

Syn. — Admonition ; reprehension; chiding; reprimand; 
rebuke; censure; blame. 

Re-prov'a-ble, a. "Worthy of reproof ; deserving cen- 
sure. " 

Syn. — Blamable ; blameworthy ; censurable ; reprehensi- 
ble; culpable; rebukable. 

Re-prov'al, n. The act of reproving, or that which is 
said in reproving ; reproof. 

Re-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reproved ; p. pr. & 
vb. ti.'reproving.] [Fr. reprouver, Lat. reprobare. See 
Reprieve ] To chide as blameworthy to the face ; to 
accuse as guilty. 

Syn.— To reprehend; chide ; rebuke ; scold ; blame: cen- 
sure. — Reprove, rebuke, and reprimand all signify the expres- 
sion of disapprobation. To reprove implies greater calmness 
and self-possession. To rebuke implies a more excited and per- 
sonal feeling. A reproof may be administered long after the 
offense is committed, and is usually intended for the reforma- 
tion of the offender; a rebuke is commonly given atthe moment 
of the wrong, and is administered by way of punishment and 
condemnation. A reprimand proceeds from a person invested 
with authority, and is always a formal and official act. 

Re-prov'er, n. One who, or that which, reproves. 

Rep'tiie, a. [Lat. reptilis, from repere, reptum, to creep.] 
1. Creeping, moving on the belly, or by means of small, 
short legs. 2. Groveling ; lov. ; vulgar. 

Rep'tiie, n. 1. An animal that crawls or moves on its 
bell} - , or by means of small, short legs. 2. (Zo'dl.) A 
vertebrate animal, oviparous, like birds and fishes, cold- 
blooded, like fishes, and air-breathing, like birds. 3. A 
groveling or very mean person. 

Rep-til'i-an, a. Belonging to the reptiles. 

Re-piib'li-e, n. [Lat. respublica, from res, a thing, an 
affair, and publicus, publica, public] A state in which 
the sovereign power is exercised by representatives elected 
by the people ; a commonwealth. 

Republic of letters, the collective body of literary or learned 
men. 

Re-pub'li«-an, a. 1. Pertaining to a republic. 2. 
Consonant with the principles of a republic. 

Re-pitb'li-e-aii, n. One who favors or prefers a repub- 
lican form of government. 

Re-pub'li-e-an-i§m, n. 1. A republican form or sys- 
tem of government. 2. Attachment to a republican 
form of government. 

Re-pub'lie-an-ize, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. republican- 
IZED; p. pr. & vb. n. REPUBLICANIZING.] To con- 
vert to republican principles. 

Re-pub'li-ea'tion, n. A second publication, or a new 
publication of something before published ; specifically, 
the publication in one country of a work first issued in 
another : a reprint. 

Re-pub'lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. republished (re- 
ptib'lisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. REPUBLISHING.] To pub- 
lish anew ; often specifically applied to the publication in 
one country of a work first published in another. 

Re-pu/di-a-ble, a. Admitting of repudiation ; fit or 
proper to be put away. 

Re-pu/di-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. repudiated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. REPUDIATING.] [Lat. repudiare, repudiatum, 
from re, again, and pudere, to be ashamed.] 1. To cast 
off and disavow. 2. To put away; to divorce. 3. To 
refuse any longer to acknowledge or to pay. 
Syn. — To renounce; discard; reject; disclaim. 

Re-pu/di-a'tion, n. 1. Act of repudiating or disclaim- 
ing. 2. State of being repudiated. 

Re-pu'di-a'tor, n. One who repudiates. 

Re-pug'nance, ) n. Act of opposing, or state of being 

Re-piig'naii-cy, ) repugnant ; opposition or contra- 
riety, as of mind, passions, principles, &c. 

Syn. — Aversion : reluctance : unwillingness : dislike ; an- 
tipathy; hatred; hostility; irreconcilableness; contrariety; in- 
consigtency. See Aversion. 

Re-pug'nant, a. [Lat. repugnans, p. pr. of repugnare, 
from re, again, against, and pugnare, to fight.] Opposite ; 
contrary ; hostile : inconsistent ; and also distasteful in 
a high degree ; offensive. 
Syn. —Opposed; adverse; irreconcilable; inimical. 

Re-pug'nant-ly, adv. In a repugnant manner. 

Re-pulse', n. [Lat. repulsa, from repellere, repulsum.] 
1. Condition of being repelled or driven back. 2. Act 
of repelling or driving back. 3. Befusal ; denial. 



Re-pulse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repulsed (re-pulst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REPULSING.] [Lat. repellere, repulsum, 
from re, again, back, and. pellere, to drive.] To repel ; to 
beat or drive back. [repulsed. 

Re-pul'sion, n. Act of repulsing, or state of being 

Re-pul'sive, a. 1. Inclined, serving, or able to repel ; 
repelling. 2. Cold ; reserved ; forbidding. 

Re-pur'cliase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. repurchased 
(108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. REPURCHASING.] To buy again ; 
to buy back. 

Rep'u-ta-ble, a. Worthy of repute or distinction ; 
held in esteem. 
Syn. — Respectable ; creditable; honorable; estimable. 

Rep'u-ta-bly, adv. In a reputable manner. 

Rep'u-ta'tion, n. 1. Condition in which one is reputed 
to be ; estimation in which one is held. 2. Public es- 
teem ; general credit ; good name. 

Syn. — Credit; repute; regard; estimation; esteem; honor; 
fame. 

Re-pute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPUTED ; p. pr. & vb'. n. 
REPUTING.] [Lat. reputare, to count over, to think 
over, from re, again, a.nd putare , to count, to think.] 1. 
To account ; to hold ; to reckon. 2. To attribute. 

Re-piite', n. 1. Character attributed; established 
opinion ; estimate. 2. Good character ; reputation. 

Re-put'ed-ly, adv. In common opinion or estimation ; 
by repute. 

Re-quest', n. [L. Lat. requesta, for requisita, from Lat. 
requirere, requisitum, to seek again, to ask for.] 1. Act 
of asking for any thing desired ; earnest desire or de- 
mand ; hence, solicitation. 2. That which is asked for 
or requested. 3. A state of being desired or held in such 
estimation as to be sought after or pursued. 

Syn. — Asking ; petition ; prayer ; supplication; entreaty; 
suit. 

Re-quest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. requested ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. requesting.] To ask for earnestly ; to express 
desire for. 

Syn.— To desire; beg; ask; solicit; entreat; beseech. See 
Desiee. 

Re-quest'er, n. One who requests ; a petitioner. 

Re'qui-em, n. [Accusative of requies, rest, the first 
words of the prayer being " Requiem asternam dona eis, 
Domine," give eternal rest to them, Lord.] 1. ( Rom. 
Cath. Church.) A hymn or mass 6ung for the dead, for 
the rest of his soul. 2. A grand musical composition, 
performed in honor of some deceased person. 

Re-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being required. 

Re-quire', v. t. [i?np. & p. p. REQUIRED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REQUIRING.] [Lat. requirere, from re, again, back, 
and quaerere, to seek.] 1. To insist upon having ; to 
claim as by right and authority. 2. To make necessary ; 
to claim as indispensable. 

Syn. — To claim; exact ; enjoin ; prescribe ; direct; order; 
demand; need. 

Re-quire'ment, n. 1. Act of requiring; demand; 
requisition. 2. That which is required; an essential 

Re-qurr'er, n. One who requires. [condition 

Req'ui-§ite (rek'wi-zit), a. [Lat. requisitus, p. p. of 
requirere. See REQUIRE.] Required by the nature of 
things, or by circumstances. 
Syn.— Necessary; needful; indispensable; essential. 

R£q'ui-§ite, n. That which is necessary ; something 
indispensable. 

Req'ui-§Ite-ness, n. The state of being requisite or 
necessary ; necessity. * 

Req'ui-gi'tion (-zlsh'un), n. 1. Act of requiring. 2. 
Application made as of right ; demand. 3. A written 
call or invitation. [Eng.] 4. A formal demand made 
by one state or government upon another for the sur- 
render of a fugitive from justice. 5. That which is 
required by authority ; especially, a quota of supplies or 
necessaries. 

Re-quit'al, n. That which requites or repays ; return 
for any office, good or bad. 

Syn.— Compensation; recompense; remuneration; reward; 
satisfaction; payment; retribution; retaliation; punishment. 

Re-quite', v. t. [imp. & p.p. REQUITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REQUITING.] [Prefix re and quit, q. v.] To repay ; 
to return an equivalent in good, or evil for evil. 

Syn. — To repay; reward; pay; compensate; remunerate; 
satisfy; recompense; retaliate; punish. 

Re-quit'er, n. One who requites. 
Kere'ward, n. The rearguard. 

Re-sail'',' v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. RESAILED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. resailing.] To sail back. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, e«ho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 



RESALE 



614 



RESIGNATION 



Re-sale', n. A sale at second hand ; a second sale. 

Re-scind', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rescinded ; /;. pr. & 
vb. n. RESCINDING.] [Lat,. rescindere, from re, again, 
back, and scindere, to cut, split.] 1. To cut off, to 
abrogate. 2. Specifically , to vacate, as an act, by the 
enacting authority or by superior authority. 

Syn.— To revoke ; repeal; annul; recall; reverse; vacate; 
void. 

Re-sci§'§ioii (-sizh'un), n. [Lat. rescissio, from rescin- 
dere. See supra.] Act of rescinding, abrogating, annul- 
ling, or vacating. 

Re-scis'§o-ry, a. Tending to rescind; having power to 
cut off or to abrogate. 

Re'seript, n. [Lat. rescriptum, rescribere, from re, again, 
back, and scribere, to write.] (Rom. Ami q.) Theanswerof 
an emperor, when consulted by particular persons on some 
difficult question ; hence, an edict or decree. 

Re-s-erip'tion, n. [Lat. rescriptio. See supra.] A writ- 
ing back ; the answering of a letter. 

Res'eu-a-lble, a. Capable of being rescued. 

Res'-eiLe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rescued ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RESCUING.] [From Lat. re, again, back, and excutere, 
to shake or drive out, from ex, out, and quatere, to 
shake.] To free or deliver from any confinement, vio- 
lence, danger, or evil. 
Syn. — To retake; recapture; free; deliver; liberate; save. 

Res'eiie, n. Act of rescuing ; deliverance from restraint, 
violence, or danger. 

Ees'eu-er, n. One who rescues or retakes. 

Re-search' (114), n. Diligent inquiry or examination in 
seeking facts or principles. 
Syn. — Investigation; examination; inquiry; scrutiny. 

Re-search', v. t. [imp. & p. p. researched (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. researching.] 1. To search or examine 
with continued care ; to seek diligently. 2. To search 
again ; to examine anew. 

Re-seat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reseated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. reseating.] To seat or set again. 

Re-seize', v. t. [imp. & p.p. RESEIZED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RESEIZING.] 1. To seize again, or a second time. 2. 
(Law.) To take possession of, as lands and tenements 
which have been disseized. 

Re-seiz/ure, n. A second seizure ; act of seizing again. 

Re-sell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resold ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
reselling.] To sell again ; to sell what has been 
bought or sold. 

Re-gem'blance (-zem.'-), n. [See Resemble.] 1. 
State of resembling or being like. 2. That which resem- 
bles, or is similar. 

Syn.— Likeness; similarity; similitude; semblance; repre- 
sentation; image. 

Re-gemTile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resembled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RESEMBLING.] [Fr. ressembler, from re and 
sembler, to seem, to resemble, from Lat. similare, simu- 
late, to imitate.] 1. To be like to ; — said of one thing 
as compared with another ; to be alike or similar to ; — 
said of two or more objects with respect to one another. 
2. To liken ; to compare. 

Re-§ent', i*-. t. [imp. & p. p. resented ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RESENTING.] [From Lat. re, again, and sentire, to 
feel.] To take ill ; to consider as an injury or affront ; to 
be in some degree provoked at. 

Re-§ent'er, n. One who resents. 

Re-§ent'f ul, n. Inclined to resent ; easily provoked. 

Re-§eiit'ment, n. 1. Act of resenting. 2. Displeasure; 
indignation ; irritation. 

Syn.— Anger. —Resentment, ctymologically, is that re-sen- 
timent or reaction of mind which we instinctively feel when we 
think ourselves wronger!. Pride and selfishness are apt to ag- 
gravate this feeling until it changes into a criminal animosity, 
and this is now the more common signification of the term. 
Being founded in a sense of injury, this feeling is hard to he re- 
moved, and hence the expressions bitter or implucable resent- 
ment. 

Res/er-va/tion, n. [Lat. reservatio. See Reserve.] 
1. Act of reserving, or keeping back. 2. Something 
withheld. 3. A tract of the public land reserved for 
some special use, as for schools. [Amer.] 4. (Law.) (a.) 
A clause in an instrument by which some new thing is 
reserved out of the thing granted, and not in esse before. 
(6.) A proviso. 

Re-§erv'a-to-ry, n. A place in which things are re- 
served or kept. 

Re-§erve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reserved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RESERVING.] [Lat. reservare, from re, again, and 
servare, to keep.] To keep in store for future or other 
use ; to withhold from present use for another purpose. 
Syn. To keep; retain; withhold. 



Re-§erve', n. 1. Act of reserving or keeping back. 2. 
That which is reserved. 3. Restraint of freedom in 
words or actions. 4. A tract of land reserved or set 
apart for a particular purpose. 5. (Mil.) A body of 
troops kept for an exigency. 
In reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in store. 
Syn. Reservation ; retention ; limitation ; backwardness ; 
reservedness ; coldness; shyness; coyness; modesty. 

Re-gerved', p. a. Restrained from freedom in words or 
actions ; not free or frank. 

Syn. — Restrained; cautious ; backward ; cold ; shy ; coy; 
modest. 

Re-§erv'ed-ly, adv. With reserve ; cautiously. 

Re-§erv'ed-ness, n. The state of being reserved ; want 
of frankness, openness, or freedom. 

Re-§erv'er, n. One who reserves. 

Res/er-voir' (rez'er-vwor'), n. [See Reserve.] A 
place where water is collected and kept for use when 
wanted ; a cistern ; a basin. 

Re-set', v . t. [imp. & p. p. reset; p. pr, & vb. n. re- 
setting.] 1. (Print.) To set over again, as a page of 
matter. 2. To furnish with a new setting, border, or 
adornment. 

Re-set'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resettled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. resettling.] 1. To settle again. 2. To install 
again as a minister of the gospel. 

Re-set'tle, v. i. To settle in the gospel ministry a sec- 
ond time ; to be installed again. 

Re-set'tle-ment, n. ?.. Act of settling or composing 
again. 2. State of settling or subsiding again. 3, A 
second settlement in the gospel ministrj-. 

Re-§5de', v.i. [imp. & p. p. resided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RESIDING.] [Lat. re.videre,fromre, again, back, and sedere, 
to sit. ] 1. To dwell permanently or for a length of 
time ; to have one's dwelling or home. 2. To have a seat 
or fixed position ; to lie or be as an attribute or element. 
Syn.— To dwell; inhabit ; sojourn ; abide ; remain ; livej 
domiciliate; domicile. 

Res/i-dence, n. 1. Act of residing, abiding, or dwelling 
in a place for some continuance of time. 2. The place 
where one resides. 

Syn. — Domiciliation; inhabitancy; sojourn; stay; abode; 
home; dwelling; habitation; domicile; mansion. 

Reg'i-dent, a. Dwelling or having an abode in a place 
for a continued length of time ; fixed ; residing. 

Reg'i-dent, n. 1. One who resides or dwells in a place 
for some time. 2. A public minister who resides at a 

Re§'i-dent-er, n. A resident. [foreign court. 

Res/i-den'tia-ry (-den'sha-), a. Having residence. 

Res/i-den'tia-ry (-den^ha-), n. 1. Or.e who is resi- 
dent. 2. An ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. 
Syn. — Inhabitant; inhabiter; dweller; sojourner. 

Re-§id'er, n. One who resides in a particular place. 

Re-§id'u-al, a. Remaining after a part is taken. 

Re-§id'u-a-ry, a. [See infra.] Pertaining to the residue, 
or part remaining. 

Residuary legatee, the person to whom the residue of personal 
estate is bequeathed. 

Re§'i-du.e, n. [Lat. residuum, fr. residvus, that is left 
behind, remaining, fr. residere, to remain behind.] 1. 
That which lemains after a part is taken. 2. Balance 
or remainder of a debt or account. 
Syn. — Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum. 

Re-§id'u-um, n. [Lat. See supra.] That which is left 
after any process of separation or purification ; residue. 

Re-§ign' (re-zln'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RESIGNED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RESIGNING.] [Lat. resignare, from re, again, 
back, and signare, to sign.] 1. To return by a formal 
act ; to yield to another ; hence, to yield ; to give up. 2. 
To withdraw, as a claim. 

Syn.— To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; 
forego ; quit ; forsake ; abandon ; renounce. — To resign is to 
give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; 
hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relin- 
quish is less formal, but always implies that the thing given up 
has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has 
been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or 
considered as our own, as an office, empioyment, &c. We 
speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage 
we had sought or enjoyed, of relinqwslnng a subject we had 
been discussing, of relinquishing some right or privilege, &c. 
See Abdicate. 

Res/ig-na'tion, n. 1. Act of resigning or giving up, 
as a claim, possession, wish, or the like. 2. State of 
being resigned or submissive 

Syn. _- Patience : surrender ; relinquishment ; forsaking ; 
abandonment ; abdication ; renunciation ; submission ; ac- 
quiescence ; endurance. See Patience. 



a,e, &c. J Zo2igr,-a,e > &c.,sAart;care > far,as]k, all, what; ere, veil, t§rm; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



RESIGNED 



615 



RESPELL 



Re-gigned' (-zlnd'),;?- a. Submissive; not disposed to 
murmur. 

Re-gign'er (re-zTn / er) ! n. One who resigns. 

Re-gU'i-ence, I n. Act of springing back, or of re- 

Re-gll'i-en-'cy, j bounding. 

Re-gll'i-ent, a. [Lat. resilient, p. pr. of resilire, to leap 
or spring back, fr. re, again, back, and salire, to leap, 
spring.] Inclined to leap or spring back ; rebounding. 

Reg'i-li'tion (rdz'i-llsh'un), n. Act of springing back ; 
resilience. 

Reg'in, n. [Lat. resina, prob. allied to Gr. p-nrtvri, from 
peeiv, to flow.] A solid, inflammable substauce, of 
vegetable origin, a hon-conductor of electricity, and in- 
soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in essential 
oils. 

Res'in-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. resina, resin, and ferre, to 
bear.] Yielding resin. 

Reg'in-oiis, a. Partaking of the qualities of resin, or 
resembling it ; pertaining to, or obtained from, resin. 

Resinous electricity, electricity which is excited by rubbing 
bodies of the resinous kind ; — called also negative electricity. 

Re-gist' (re-zist/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. resisted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. resisting.] [Lat. resistere, from Lat. re, 
again, and sistere, to stand.] 1. To stand against. 2. 
To strive against ; to act in opposition to. 3. To coun- 
teract as a force by inertia or reaction. 

Syn. — To withstand ; oppose ; hinder ; check ; thwart j 
battle ; disappoint. 

Re-gist'ance, n. 1. Act of resisting. 2. Quality of 
not yielding to force or external impression. 
Syn. — Opposition ; rebuff; hindrance ; check. 

Re-gist'ant, n. One who, or that which, resists. 

Re-gist'er, n. One who opposes or withstands. 

Re-gist'i-Ml'i-ty, n. Quality of being resistible. 

Re-glst'i-ble, a. Capable of being resisted or of re- 
sisting. 

Re-gist'less, a. Incapable of being resisted ; irresistible. 

Reg'o-lu-ble, a. [Lat. resolubilis. See ItE SOLVE.] Ad- 
mitting of being resolved or melted. 

Reg'o-lute (3J), a. [See Resolve. The Latin resolu- 
tus has a different signification, for it means relaxed, 
enervated, effeminate.] Having a decided purpose ; hence, 
constant in pursuing a purpose. 

Syn. — Determined; decided; fixed; steadfast; steady; con- 
stant; persevering; firm; bold; unshaken. 

Reg'o-liite-ly, adv. In a resolute manner; with fixed 
purpose ; firmly ; steadily ; boldly. 

Reg'o-lute-ness, n. The state or quality of being reso- 
lute ; fixed purpose ; firm determination ; unshaken firm- 
ness. 

Reg'o-lu'tion, n. [Lat. resolutio. See RESOLVE.] 1. 
Act, operation, or process of resolving ; as, (a.) Act of 
separating a compound into its elements or parts, (b. ) 
The act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a vexed 
question, or difficult problem. 2. State of being re- 
solved, made clear, or determined. 3. That which is 
resolved or determined ; especially, the decision of a court, 
or the vote of an assembly. 4. (Math.) Act or process 
of solving; solution. 

Syn.— Decision ; analysis ; separation ; disentanglement ; 
dissolution ; resolvedness; resoluteness; firmness; constancy; 
perseverance; steadfastness; fortitude; boldness; purpose; re- 
solve. See Decision. 

Re-golv'a-ble, a. Capable of being resolved. 

Re-golve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resolved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RESOLVING.] [Lat. resolvere, resolution, fr. re, again, 
and solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. To separate the 
component parts of; hence, sometimes, to melt. 2. To 
dissolve and reduce to a different form. 3. To reduce to 
simple or intelligible notions ; to make clear or certain ; 
to free from doubt. 4. To cause to perceive or under- 
stand. 5. To form or constitute by resolution, vote, or 
determination. C (Math.) To solve, as a problem; to 
find the answer to, or the result of. 7. (Med.) To dis- 
perse or scatter. 

Syn. — To solve; analyze; explain; unravel; disentangle. 

Re-golve', v. i. 1. To be separated into its component 
parts, or distinct principles. 2. To melt ; to dissolve. 
3. To form a resolution or purpose. 
Syn. — To determine ; decide ; conclude ; purpose. 

Re-golve', n. 1. Act of resolving or making clear. 2. 
That which has been resolved on or determined ; decisive 
conclusion ; also, legal or official determination ; legisla- 
tive act or declaration. 

Re-golv'ed-ness, n. Fixedness of purpose, firmness. 

Re-solv'ent, n. 1. That which has the power of re- 



solving, or causing solution. 2. (Med.) That which has 
power to disperse'intiammation. 

Re-golv'er, n. One who resolves, or forms a firm pur- 
pose. 

Reg'o-nance, n. State of being resonant ; act of re- 
sounding. 

Reg'o-nant, a. [Lat. resonans, p. pr. of resonare, to re- 
sound, q. v.] Able to return sound ; engaged in re- 
sounding ; echoing back. 

Re-s6rb'ent, a. [Lat. resorbens, p. pr. of resorbere , from 
re, again, and sorbere, to suck or drink in.] Swallowing 
up. 

Re-gort' (re-zort'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. resorted ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RESORTING.] [Fr. ressortir, to go or come 
out again.] 1. Togo; to repair; to betake one's self. 
2. To have recourse. 

Re-gort', n. 1. Act of going to, or making application ; 
a betaking one's self. 2. A place to which one betakes 
himself habitually ; a haunt. 

Re-gort'er, n. One who resorts or frequents. 

Re-gound', v. t. [imp. & p.p. resounded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RESOUNDING.] [Lat. resonare, from re, again, 
back, and sonare, to sound.] 1. To sound again, or 
repeatedly. 2. To praise or celebrate with the voice or 
the sound of instruments ; to spread the fame of. 
Syn. — To echo ; re-echo ; reverberate ; sound. 

Re-gound', v. i- 1. To sound loudly. 2. To be filled 
with sound ; to ring. 3. To be echoed. 4. To echo or 
reverberate. 

Re-sound', v. t. To sound again. 

Re-source' (114), n. [Fr. ressource, from 0. Fr. res- 
sourdre, to spring forth or up again, from re, again, and 
sourdre, to spring forth. See SOURCE.] 1. That from 
which any thing springs forth ; hence, that to which one 
resorts, or on which one depends for supply or support. 
2. pi. Pecuniary means ; funds ; money, or any prop- 
erty that can be converted into supplies ; available means 
or capabilities of any kind. 

Syn.— Expedient; resort; means; contrivance; device. 

Re-spect', v. t. [imp. & p. p. respected ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RESPECTING.] [Lat. respectare, intens. form of 
respicere,respectum, to look back, to respect, from re, 
again, back, and specere, spicere, to look, to view.] 1. 
To look back upon ; to notice with special attention ; 
to regard as worthy of particular notice. 2. To relate to. 
Syn. — To regard; esteem; honor; revere; venerate. 

Re-spect', n. 1. Act of respecting, or noticing with 
attention. 2. Act of holding in high estimation. 3. 
pi. An expression of respect or deference. 4. That which 
respects or pertains to any person or thing. 5. Relation ; 
reference. 
In respect of, in comparison with ; in reference to. 
Syn. — Deference ; attention ; regard; consideration ; esti- 
mation. — The phrases in respect to and in regard to may, in 
most or all eases, be interchanged for the sake ot'variety. Some 
have endeavored to introduce the express-ion "in that regard," 
corresponding to "in that respect;" but this has not been 
sanctioned by general usage. See Deference. 

Re-speet'a-bil'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being 
respectable ; the state or quality which deserves or com- 
mands respect. 

Re-speet'a-ble, a. 1. Worthy of respect; fitted to 
awaken esteem ; deserving regard. 2. Moderate in degree 
of excellence or in number, but not despicable. 

Re-speet'a-ble-ness, n. Respectability. 

Re-speet'a-bly, adv. In a respectable manner; in a 
manner to merit respect. 

Re-speet'er, n. One who respects. 

Re-spe-et'f ul, a. Marked or characterized by respect. 

Re-speet'f ul-ly, adv. In a respectful manner ; in a 
manner comporting with due estimation. 

Re-speet'ful-ness, n. The quality of being respectful. 

Re-speet'iiig, p. pr., but commonly called a proposition. 
Having regard or relation to ; regarding ; concerning. 

Re-speet'Ive, a. [Fr. respectif, L. Lat. respectivus. Seo 
Respect.] 1. Noticing with attention ; hence, careful; 
wary ; considerate. 2. Looking toward ; having refer- 
ence to ; relative, not absolute. 3. Relating to partic- 
ular persons or things, each to each ; particular ; own. 
4. Fitted to awaken respect. [Obs.] 5. Rendering re- 
spect ; respectful. [Obs.] 

Re-speet'ive-ly, adv. 1. As relating to each ; partic- 
ularly ; as each belongs to each. 2. Relatively ; not 
absolutely. [Obs.] 3. Partially ; with respect to private 
views. [Obs.] 4. With respect. [Obs.] 

Re-spell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. respelled, or RE- 
SPELT ; p. pr. & vb. n. RESPELLING.] To spell again. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gsm, get ; ag ; egdst ; linger, link," tiiis* 



EESPIRABLE 



616 



RESULT 



Re-spir'a-lble, a. Capable of being breathed ; fit for 
respiration. 

Res'pi-ra/tion, n. [L&t.respiratio. See Respire.] The 
act of breathing, or drawing breath. 

Res'pi-ra'tor, n. An instrument covering the mouth 
through which persons of weak lungs can breathe with- 
out injury. 

Re-spir'a-to-ry, o. Serving for respiration ; pertaining 
to respiration. 

Re-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. respired ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. RESPIRING.] [From Lat. respirare, from re, again, 
and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To take breath again ; hence, 
to take rest or refreshment. 2. To breathe ; to inhale 
air with the lungs. 

Re-spire', v. t. To breathe in and out; to inspire and 
expire, as air ; to breathe. 

ReVpite, n. [From Lat. respectus, respect, regard, de- 
lay, the deferring of a day.] 1. A postponement or delay. 
2. Temporary intermission of labor, or of any process or 
operation. 

Syn. — Pause ; interval ; stop ; cessation ; delay ; stay ; re- 
prieve. 

Res'pite, v. t. [imp. & p.p. respited ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. RESPITING.] To give or grant a respite to. 
Re-splen'dence, 1 n. State of being resplendent ; 
Re-splen'den-cy, j vivid brightness ; splendor. 
Re-splen'dent, a. [Lat. resplendens, resplendentis, p. 

pr. of resplendere , to shine brightly ; from re, again, back, 

and splendere, to shine.] Shining with brilliant luster ; 

very bright. 
Re-splera'dent-ly, adv. With great brightness. 
Re-spond', v. i. [imp. So p. p. responded ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. RESPONDING.] [Lat. respondere, responsum, from 

re, again, back, and spondere, to promise.] 1. To answer ; 

to reply. 2. To correspond ; to suit. 3. To render 

satisfaction ; to make payment. 
Ke-spond'ent, a. Disposed or expected to respond ; 

answering. 
Re-spond'ent, n. One who responds; as, (a.) {Law.) 

One who answers in certain suits or proceedings, (b.) 

One who maintains a thesis in reply. 
Re-sp6iise', n. 1. Act of responding. 2. An answer 

or reply. 
Re-spon/si-bll'i-ty, n. 1. State of being responsible, 

accountable, or answerable. 2. That for which any one 

is responsible or accountable. 3. Ability to answer in 

payment. 
Re-spon'si-ble, a. 1. Liable to respond; likely to be 

called upon to answer. 2. Able to respond. 
Syn. — Accountable ; answerable ; amenable. 

Re-spon'si-ble-ness, n. State of being responsible ; 
responsibility. 

Re-spon'sive, a. 1. Able, ready, or inclined to re- 
spond. 2. Suited to something else ; correspondent. 

Re-spon'so-iy, a. Containing or making answer. 

Rest, n. [A.-S. rest, rdst, Icel. rost, Goth. & 0. H. 
Ger. rasta, a league, pause, quiet.] 1„ A state of quiet 
or repose ; a cessation from motion or labor. 2. Freedom 
from every thing which wearies or disturbs. 3. That on 
which any thing rests or leans for support. 4. A place 
where one may rest. 5. (Mus.) (a.) A pause; an 
interval during which voice or sound is intermitted, (b.) 
The mark of such intermission. 



m 



!==?: 



Rests (3fus.). 

Syn. — Repose; cessation; pause; intermission; stop; stay; 
slumber; quiet; ease; quietness; stillness; tranquillity; peace- 
fulness; peace.— Rest is a ceasing trom labor or exertion; re- 
pose is a mode of resting which gives relief and refreshment 
after toil and labor. We may rest in a standing posture; we 
usually repose in a reclining one. 

Rest, v. i. [imp & p. p. RESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. REST- 
ING.] 1. To cease from action or motion of any kind. 
2. To be free from whatever wearies or disturbs. 3. To 
lie ; to repose ; to recline. 4. To stand on ; to be sup- 
ported by. 5. To sleep ; to slumber. 6. To sleep the 
final sleep ; to die. 7. To lean ; to trust ; to rely. 

Rest, v. t. 1. To lay or place at rest ; to quiet. 2. To 
place, as on a support. 

Rest, n. [Lat. restare, to stay back, to remain, from re, 

again, back, and stare, to stand, stay.] 1. That which 

is left, or which remains after the separation of a part. 

2. Those not included in a proposition or description. 

Syn. — Remainder ; overplus ; remnant ; residue ; others. 



Restaurant (res'to-rong' or reVto-rant), «. [Fr. Sen 
Restore.] An eating-house. 

Restaurateur (res'tor'a'tyr'), n. [Fr.] The keeper of 
an eating-house, or house for occasional refreshment. 

Rest'iff, a. The same as Restive, q. v. 

Rest'iff -ness, n. The same as Restiveness. 

Res'ti-tu'tion, n. [Lat. restitutio.} 1. The act of 
restoring ; especially, the act of restoring any thing to its 
rightful owner, or of giving an equivalent for any loss, 
damage, or injury. 2. That which is offered in return 
for what has been lost, injured, or destroyed. 

Syn. — Restoration ; return ; indemnification ; reparation ; 
compensation ; amends ; remuneration. 

Rest'ive, a. [From Lat. restare, to stay back, withstand, 
resist, from re, again, back, and stare, to stand, stay.] 1. 
Inclined or disposed to rest or stand still ; especially, un- 
willing to go, or only running back ; stubborn. 2. Im- 
patient under coercion, chastisement, or opposition; un- 
easy. 

Rest'ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being restive. 

Rest'less, a. 1. Never resting ; continually moving. 
2. Passed in un quietness. 3. Not affording rest ; hard. 
4. Not satisfied to be at rest or in peace. 5. Discon- 
tented with one's lot, residence, or the like. 

Syn. — Unquiet; uneasy; disturbed; disquieted; sleepless; 
agitated; anxious; unsettled; roving; wandering. 

Rest'less-ly, adv. In a restless manner ; unquietly. 

Rest'less-ness, n. The quality or state of being rest- 
less ; uneasiness; agitation. 

Re-stor'a-ble, a. Admitting of being restored. 

Res'to-ra'tion, n. [Lat. restauratio. See Restore.] 

1. Act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, 
station, or condition, or the event of being restored. 2. 
state of being restored. 3. That which is restored or 
made anew. 

Syn. — Recovery ; replacement ; renewal ; renovation ; re- 
dintegration ; re-instatement ; re-establishment ; return ; re- 
vival; restitution; reparation. See Recovery. 

Res'to-ra'tion-ist, n. One who believes in a temporary 
future punishment, but in a final restoration of all to 
the favor and presence of God. 

Re-stor'a-tive, a. Having power to renew strength, 
vigor, and the like. 

Re-stor'a-tive, n. A medicine efficacious in restoring 
strength and vigor. 

Res'to-ra'tor, n. A restaurateur. 

Re-store', v. t. [imp. & p.p. restored; p. pr. & vb. 
n. restoring.] [Lat. restaurare.] 1. To bring back 
from a state of ruin, decay, and the like. 2. To give or 
bring back, as that which has been lost. 3. To bring 
back to health or strength. 4. To give in place of, or aa 
satisfaction for. 

Syn. — To return ; replace; refund; repay; re-instate; re- 
establish; renew; repair; revive; recover; heal; cure. See 
Return. 

Re-stor'er, n. One who, or that which, restores. 

Re-strain', v. t. [imp. & p.p. restrained ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RESTRAINING.] [Fr. restreindre , Lat. restringere, 
restriction, from re, again, back, and stringere, to draw, 
bind, or press together.] 1. To hold from acting, pro- 
ceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force, 
or by any interposing obstacle. 2. To hinder from un- 
limited enjoyment. 

Syn. —To check; hinder; stop; withhold; repress; curb; 
suppress; coerce; abridge; restrict; limit; confine. 

Re-strain'a-ble, a. Capable of being restrained. 
Re-strain'ed-ly, adv. With restraint ; with limitation. 
Re-strain'er, n. One who, or that which, restrains. 
Re-straint', n. 1. Act of restraining ; hindrance of 
the will, or of any action, physical, moral, or mental. 

2. That which restrains. 

Syn. — Repression ; hindrance ; check ; stop ; curb ; co- 
ercion; confinement; limitation; restriction. 

Re-strl-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. restricted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. restricting.] [Lat. restringere, restrictum. See 
Restrain.] To restrain within bounds ; to limit ; to 
confine. 

Syn.— To bound; circumscribe; press; curb; coerce. 

Re-stri-e'tion, n. 1. Act of restricting, or state of be- 
ing restricted ; confinement within bounds. 2. That 
which restricts ; a restraint. [strict. 

Re-strl-et'ive, a. Having the power or tendency to re- 

Re-stri-et'Ive-ly, adv. In a restrictive manner. 

Re-s.iilt', v. i. [imp. & p. p. resulted; p.pr. & vb. 
n. RESULTING.] [From Lat. resultare, to spring or leap 
back, intens. form of resilire. See RESILIENT.] 1. To 
come out, or have an issue. 2. To proceed or spring, as 



&}e,&c.,long;a,, e,&c., short; care, far, aslc, all, what; §re, veil, term ; pique, firm •• son, or, dt>, wolf, 



RESULT 



617 



RETORTION 



a consequence, from facts, arguments, premises, combi- 
nation of circumstances, consultation, thought, or en- 
deavor. 

Syn.— To rise; arise; originate; ensue; terminate. 

Re-§iilt', n. The conclusion or end to which any course 
or condition of things leads, or which is obtained by any 
process or operation.* 

Syn. — Effect; consequence; conclusion; inference; issue; 
event. See Effect. 

Re-§ult'ancej n. The act of resulting. 

Re-§iilt'ant, n. {Meek.) A force which is the joint effect 
of two or more forces. 

Re-gult'ant, a. Resulting or issuing from a combination. 

Re-§um'a-fole, a. Capable of being resumed. 

H6sufn6 (ra'zii'ma'), n. [Fr., from resumer. See infra.] 
A summing up ; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. 

Re-gtime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RESUMING.] [Lat. resumere, resumption, from re, 
again, back, and sumere, to take.] 1. To take back. 54. 
To enter upon or take up again. 3. To begin again, as 
something which has been interrupted. 

Re-§iimp'tion (84), n. Act of resuming, taking back, 
or taking again. 

Re-§ump'tive, a. Taking back or again. 

Re-su'pi-nate, a. [Lat. resupinatus, p. p. of resupinare, 
to bend or turu back, from resupinus, lying on the back.] 
1. Turned upside down. 54. (Bot.) Inverted in position 
by a twistiug of the stock. 

Res/ur-re«'tion, n. [Lat. resurrectio, from resurgere, 
resurrectum, to rise again, from re, again, and surgere, to 
rise.] 1. A rising again. 54. Especially, the rising again 
from the dead ; resumption of life. 3. The future state. 

Res/ur-ree'tion-ist, n. One whose business it is to 
steal bodies from the grave, especially for dissection. 
(Low.) 

Be'sur-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resurveyed ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. resurveying.] To survey anew ; to review. 

Re-siis'ci-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resuscitated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. resuscitating.] [Lat. resuscitare, re- 
suscitatum, from re, again, and suscitare, to raise, rouse.] 
To revivify ; to revive ; especially, to recover from appar- 
ent death. 

Re-siis'ci-tate, v . i. To come to life again. 

Re-sus'ci-ta'tion, n. Act of reviving from a state of 
apparent deatli ; state of being revivified. 

Re-sus'ci-ta/tive, a. Tending to resuscitate; reviving; 
revivifying. 

Re-tail' (114), v. t. [imp. & p. p. retailed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. retailing.] [Fr. retailler, from re, again, and 
tailler, to cut. See Tally and Detail.] 1. To cut 
up and dispose of in small parcels ; to sell at second 
hand. 54. To deal out or tell in small portions. 

Re'tail (114), n. The sale of commodities in small quan- 
tities or parcels, or at second hand. 

Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, n. One who sells goods at 
retail, or by small quantities or parcels. 

Re-tain.', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retained ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RETAINING.] [Lat. retinere, retentum, from re, again, 
back, and tenere, to hold, keep.] 1. To continue to hold ; 
to keep in possession. 54. To keep in pay ; to employ by 
a fee paid. 

Syn. — To keep ; hold ; restrain. See Keep. 

Re-tain'er, n. 1. One who retains. 54. One who is 
retained or kept in service ; an attendant ; an adherent ; 
a dependent. 3. A fee paid to engage a lawyer or coun- 
selor. 

Re-take', v. t. [imp. retook; p. p. RETAKEN; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RE taking.] 1, To take or receive again. 
54. To recapture. 

Re-tal'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. retaliated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. retaliating.] [Lat. retaliare, retaliatum, 
from re, again, back, ^nd talio, talion, retaliation, from 
talis, such, such like.] To return the like for ; to repay 
or requite by an act of the same kind as has been re- 
ceived ; especially, to return evil for evil. 

Re-tal'i-ate, v. i. To return like for like. 

Re-tal/i-a'tion, n. Act of retaliating, or of returning 
like for like. 

Syn. — Requital ; reprisal ; repayment ; retribution ; pun- 
ishment. 

Re-tal'i-a-tive, a. Tending to retaliate; involving re- 
taliation ; retaliatory. 

Re-tal'i-a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to or involving re- 
taliation ; retaliative. 

Re-tard', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retarded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RETARDING.] [Lat. retardare, from re, again, back, 
and tardare, to delay, from tardus, slow.] 1. To con- 



tinue to hinder ; to prevent from progress, 
off ; to render more late. 



2. To puis 



Syn. — To impede 
crastinate; defer. 



hinder ; obstruct ; detain ; delay ; pro- 



Re'tar-da'tion, n. 1. Act of retarding or delaying? 
hindrance. 54. That which retards ; hindrance ; obsta- 
cle ; obstruction. 

Re-tard'er, n. One who retards or delays. 

Retch., v. i. [imp. & p. p. retched (retcht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RETCHING.] [A.-S. hrsecan; hraca, cough, throat, 
Icel. hraki, spittle.] To make an effort to vomit. 

Re-tell', v. t. To tell again. 

Re-ten'tion, n. [Lat. retentio. See Retain.] 1. Act 
of retaining or keeping ; state of being retained or con- 
fined ; custody. 54. Power of retaining ; the faculty of 
the mind by which it retains ideas. 

Re-ten'tive, a. Having the power to retain. 

Ret'i-cence, n. [See infra.] State of being reticent, or 
observing continued silence. 

Ret'i-cent, a. [Lat. reticens, p. pr. of reticere, to keep 
silence, from re, again, and tac.ere, to be silent.] Inclined 
to keep silent ; reserved; taciturn. 

Ret'i-ele (rSt'i-kl), n. [See Reticule.; A small net 
or bag. 

Re-tie'u-lar, a. [See Reticule.] Having the form 
of a net, or of net-work ; formed with interstices. 

Re-tie'u-late, )a. [Lat. reticulatus. SeeltETlcULE.] 

Re-tic'u-la'ted, J 1. Resembling net-work ; netted. 
54. Having distinct veins, fibers, or lines crossing like 
net- work. _ 

Re-tie'u-la'tion, n. State of being reticulated, or net- 
like ; that which is reticulated ; net-work. 

Ret'i-eule (30), n. [Lat. reticulum, dim. of rete, a net.] 
A little bag of net-work ; a lady's work-bag. 

Ret'i-f orm, a. [Lat. rete, a net, and forma, form ] Hav- 
ing the form of a net in texture ; composed of crossing 
lines and interstices. 

Ret'i-na, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. rete, a net] (Anat.) 
The semi-transparent, internal nervous tissue of the eye 
which receives the impressions resulting in the sense of 
vision. 

Ret'i-nue, n. [Fr., from retenir, to retain, engage, hire. 
See Retain.] A body of retainers , a train of attend- 
ants ; a suite. 

Re-tire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. retired ; p pr & vb. n. 
retiring.] [Fr. retirer, from re, again, back, and tirer, 
to draw, from Goth, tairan, Eng. tear.] 1. To draw 
back or away ; to keep aloof. 54. To retreat from action 
or danger. 3. To withdraw from a public station. 4. 
To fall back. 

Syn. — To withdraw; leave; depart; secede; recede; retro- 
cede. 

Re-tire', v. t. 1. To pay up and withdraw from circu- 
lation. 54. To cause to retire ; specifically, to designate 
as no longer qualified for active service. 

Re-tired'ly (re-tlrd'ly). adv. In a retired manner. 

Re-tired'ness, n. A state of retirement ; solitude. 

Re-tlre'ment, n. 1. Act of retiring or withdrawing 
from company or from public notice or station. 2. State 
of being retired or withdrawn. 3. The place to which 
any one retires ; private abode. 

Syn.— Solitude ; withdrawment; departure; retreat; se- 
clusion; privacy. 

Re-tir'ing, p. a. 1. Reserved; not forward or obtru- 
sive. 54. Assigned or suitable to one who retires, or is re- 
tired, from a public office or station. 

Re-tort', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retorted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RETORTING.] [Lat. retorquere, retortum, from re, 
again, back, and torquere, to turn, twist.] 1. To bend 
or curve back. 54. To throw back ; to reverberate. 3. 
To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or in- 
civility. 

Re-tort', v. i. To return an argument or charge. 

Re-tort', n. 1. Tho return of an 
argument, charge, or incivility in re- 
ply ; a quick and witty response. 54. 
A vessel in which substances are sub- 
jected to distillation or decomposition 
by heat, made of different forms and 
materials for different uses. 




Retort. 



Syn. — Repartee; answer. — A retort is a 6hort and pointed 
reply, turning back on an assailant the censures or derision he 
had thrown out. A repartee is usually a good-natured return 
to some witty or sportive observation of another, in which 
"diamond cuts diamond" without any loss of good-humor on 
either side. 

Re-t6rt'er, n. One who retorts. 

Re-t6r'tion, n. Act of retorting or throwing back. 



food, foot; Urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho; gem, get; a§; ejeist; linger, link ; this. 



RETOUCH 



618 



REVEAL 



itS-touch', V. t. [imp. & p. p. RETOUCHED (108); p. 

pi. & vb. n. RETOUCHING.] To improve by new touches. 

Re-trace', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retraced (re-trastf) ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. RETRACING.]' 1. To track back, as a 
line. 2. To trace back : to carry or conduct back in the 
same path or course ; to reverse. 
Re-tract', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retracted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RETRACTING.] [Lat. retractare, from retrahere, 
retractum, to draw back.] 1. To draw back, as claws. 

2. To recall, as a declaration, words, or saying. 

Syn. — To recall; withdraw; revoke; unsay; disavow; re- 
cant; abjure; disown. 

Re-tract', v. i- To take back what has been said. 

Re-traet'i-ble, a. Capable of being retracted or drawn 
back ; retractile. 

Re-traet'Ile, a. Capable of being drawn back. 

Re-trae'tion, n. 1. Act of retracting or drawing back, 
or the state of being drawn back. 2. Act of withdraw- 
ing something advanced, claimed, or done ; recantation. 

3. (Med.) A drawing up or shortening. 
Re-traet'ive, a. Able or ready to retract ; retractile. 
Re-tract'ive, n. That which withdraws or takes from. 
Re-treat', n. [Fr. retraite, from retraire, to withdraw. 

See Retract.] 1. Act of retiring or withdrawing one's 
self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. 
2. The place to which any one retires. 3. The retiring 
of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy ; 
the withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy. 

Sjii. — Retirement: departure; withdrawment; seclusion; 
solitude; privacy; asylum; shelter; refuge. 

Re-treat', v. i. [imp. & p. p. retreated; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. RETREATING.] 1. To retire from any position 
or place ; to withdraw ; to retire. 2. To retire from an 
enemy, or from any advanced position. 

Re-trencli' (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. retrenched (re- 
trencht') ; p. pr. & vb. n. RETRENCHING.] [0. Fr. re- 
trencher, N. Fr. retrancher, from re, again, and trencher, 
trancher, to cut. See Trench.] 1. To cut off; to 
pare away. 2. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail. 3. 
(Mil.) To furnish with a retrenchment. 

Re-trench', v. i. To live at less expense. 

Re-trench'ment, n. 1. Act of retrenching or of lopping 
off: removal of what is superfluous. 2. Act of lessening 
or abridgi ng. 3. (Mil.) A work constructed within an- 
other, to prolong the defense of the latter when the en- 
emy has gained possession of it, or to protect the defend- 
ers till they can retreat or obtain a capitulation. 

Syn. — Lessening; curtailment; diminution; abridgment. 

Re-trlb'ute (30), v. t. [Lat. retribuere, retribution, from 
re, again, back, and tribuere, to bestow, assign, pay.] To 
pay back ; to make compensation or reward in return to. 

Ret'ri-bu'tion, n. 1. Act of retributing or repaying. 
2. State of being paid back. 3. Return suitable to the 
merits or deserts of, as an action. 4. Specifically , re- 
ward and punishment, as distributed at the general 
judgment. 

Syn. — Repayment ; requital ; recompense ; payment; re- 
taliation. 

Re-trib'u-tive, ) a. Tending to retribute ; involving, 

Re-trib'ti-to-i'y, j or pertaining to, retribution. 

Re-triev'a-ble, a. Capable of being retrieved. 

Re-trlev'al, n. The act of retrieving. 

Re-trieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retrieved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RETRIEVING.] [Fr. retrouver, to find again, to recover, 
from re, again, and trouver, to find] 1. To find again ; 
to restore from loss or injury. 2. To remedy the evil con- 
sequences of. 

Syn. — To recover; regain; recruit; repair; restore. 

Re'tro-act', or Ret'ro-aet', n.i. [From Lat. retro, 
backward, back, and Eng. act.} To act backward, in re- 
turn or in opposition. 

Re'tro-ae'tion, or RSfro-ae'tion, n. 1. Action 
returned, or action backward. 2. Operation on some- 
thing past or preceding. 

Re'tro-act'ive, or Ret'ro-aet'rve, a. Fitted or de- 
signed toretroact; affecting what is past ; retrospective. 

Re'tro-cede, or Ret'ro-cede, v. t. [imp. & p.p. re- 
TROCe'ded ; p. pr. & vb. n. RETROCEDING]. [See in- 
fra.] To cede or prant back. 

Re'tro-cede, or Ret'i'o-cede, v. i. [Lat. retrocedere, 
fr. retro, backward, back, and cedere, to go.] To go back. 

Re'tro-ces'sion, or Ret'ro'ces/sion (-sesh'un), n. 
1. Act of retroceding. 2. State of being retroceded or 
granted back. 

Re'tro-flex, or Ret'ro-flex, \a. [Lat. retro- 

Re'tro-flex^d, or Ret'ro-flexed, j fiexus, p. p. 



of retroflectere, to bend back, from re, again, back, and 
ffectere,fiexum, to bend, to turn.] (Bot.) Suddenly bent 
backward. 

Re'tro-fraet, or Ret'ro-fract, } a. [Lat. re- 

Re'tro-f raet'ed, or Ret'ro-fraet'ed, j tro, back- 
ward, back, and fractus, p. p. of frangere, to break.] 
(Bot.) Bent backward, as it were by force, so as to appear 
as if broken ; refracted. 

Re'tro-gra-da'tion, or Ret'ro-gra-da'tion, n. 1. 
Act of retrograding or moving backward. 2. (Aslron.) 
The apparent motion of the planets contrary to the order 
of the signs, that is, from east to west. 3. State of being 
retrograded ; a going backward. 

Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, a. 1. Tending or 
serving to move in a backward or contraiw direction ; 
contrary. 2. Declining from a better to a worse state. 
3. ( Astron.) Apparently moving backward, as a planet. 

Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, v. ?". [imp. & p. p. 

RETROGRADED ; p. pr. & vb. 11. RETROGRADING.] 
[Lat. retrogradare, retrogradi, fr. retro, back, and gradi, 
to step, go.] To go or move backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sion, or Ret'ro-gres'sion, n. [Lat. re- 
trogr essus, fr. retrogradi. Sec supra.] The act of going 
backward; retrogradation. 

Re'tro-gres'slve, or Ret/ro-gres'slve, a. Going or 
moving backward. 

Re'tro-speet, or Ret'ro-gpe-et, v. i. [Lat. retrospi- 
cere, from retro, back, and specere, spectum, to look.] To 
look back ; to affect what is past. 

Re'tro-speet, or Ret'ro-speet, n. View or contem- 
plation of something past. 
Syn. — Review; survey; re-survey; re-examination. 

Re'tro-spee'tion, or Ret'ro-spe-e'tioii, n. Act or 
faculty of looking back on things past. 

Re'tro-speet'ive, or Ret'ro-gpeet'rve, a. 1. Tend- 
ing or fitted to look back ; looking back, 2. Having 
reference to what is past. 

Re'tro-speet'ive-ly, or Ret'ro-speet'lve-ly, adv. 
By way of retrospect." [or falling backward. 

Re'tro-ver'sion, or Ret'ro-ver'sioii, n. A turning 

Re'tro-vert, or Ret'ro-vert, v. t. [Lat. retro, back, 
and vertere, to turn.] To turn back. 

Re-turn', v. i. [imp. & p. p. returned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RETURNING.] [Fr. retoumer, from re, again, back, 
and touriier, Lat. tornare, to turn.] 1. To go or come 
again to the same place or condition. 2. Hence, to 
come again, as a visitor. 3. To answer ; to reply. 

Re-turn', v. t. 1. To bring, carry, or send back. 2. 
To repay. 3. To requite or recompense. 4. To give 
back in reply. 5. To report officially. 6. To render 
back to a tribunal, or to an office. 

Syn. — To restore ; requite ; repay ; recompense ; render ; 
remit ; report. — We return a thing when ve turn it back to 
its appropriate place ; we restore a thing when vre put it back 
to its former state and condition. A man returns what he 
borrowed, and restores what he stole. A present is returned; 
a deposit is restored. "We are restored to health by being 
brought back to our former state. 

Re-turn', n. 1. Act of returning, or coming back to 
the same place or condition. 2. Act of returning, or 
sending back to the same place or condition. 3. That 
which is returned; as, (a.) A payment; a remittance. 
(b.) An answer, (c.) A formal account or report, (d.) 
The profit on labor, on an investment, and the like. 4. 
(Law.) The delivery of a writ, precept, or execution, to 
the proper officer or court ; or the certificate of the officer, 
stating what he has done in execution of it, indorsed. 
Syn. — Restitution; repayment; requital; retribution. 

Re-turn'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being returned or 
restored. 2. (Law.) Legally require 1 to be returned, 
delivered, given, or rendered. 

Re-tuse', a. [Lat. retusus, p. p. of retundere, to blunt, 
from re, again, back, and tundere. to beat, strike with 
repeated strokes.] (Bot.) Terminating in a round end, 
the center of which is somewhat indented. 

Re-un'ion, n. 1. A second union ; union formed anew 
after separation or discord. 2. An assembling or assem- 
bly of familiar friends. 

Re'u-uite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reunited ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REUNITING.] To unite again ; to join after sepa- 
ration or variance. [here again. 

Re'u-nite', v. i. To be united again ; to join and co< 

Re-veal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revealed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REVEALING.] [Lat. revelare, from re, again, back, 
and velare, to vail, from velum, a vail.] To make known 
after having been concealed ; — used especially of what 
could not be known or discovered without divine or 
supernatural instruction. 



H, e, &c, long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all , what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



REVEILLE 



619 



REVILE 



Syn. — To communicate ; disclose ; divulge ; tmvail ; un- 
cover; open; discover; impart; show. See Comjilnicate. — 
To reveal is literally to lift the rail, and thus make known 
what was previous concealed; to divulge is to scatter abroad 
among the people, or make publicly known. A mystery or 
hidden doctrine may be revealed ; something long confined to 
the knowledge of a few is at length divulged. 

Re-veil'le (re-val'ye), n. [Fr. reveil, from rcveiller, to 
awake, from re, again, and veiller, to awake, to watch, 
from Lat. vigilare, to watch.] (Mil.) The heat of drum 
about break of day. 

133" In the United States service, commonly pronounced 
revia-le'. 

Rev'el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. REVELED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
REVELING.] [0. Fr. reveler, to revolt, to rebel, from 
Lat. rcbellare. See REBEL.] To feast in a riotous and 
lawless manner ; to carouse. 

Rev'el, ii. A riotous feast ; a carousal. 

Rev'c-la'tion, n. 1. Act of revealing, or disclosing or 
discovering, to others, what was before unknown to them. 
2. That which is revealed. 3. The last book of the 
New Testament ; the Apocalypse. 

Rev'el-er, n. One who revels. 

Rev'el-rout, n. 1. Tumultuous festivity. 2. A rab- 
ble tumultuously assembled; a mob. 

Rev'el-ry , n. Act of engaging in a revel ; noisy festivity. 

Ee-venge', r. t. [i)?ip. & p. p. revenged; p. pr. & 
vb. n. REVENGING.] [0. Fr. revenger, from re, again, 
and vengier, ranger, Lat. vindicare, to vindicate.] 1. 
To inflict punishment in vindication of; to exact satis- 
faction for, under a sense of injury. 2. To inflict injury 
for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit. 
Syn.— To avenge; vindicate. See Avexge. 

Re-venge', n. 1. Act of revenging. 2. The disposi- 
tion to revenge. 

Ke-venge'f ul, a. Full of revenge ; wreaking revenge. 

Syn. — Vindictive ; vengeful ; resentful ; spiteful ; mali- 
cious. 

Re-venge'f ul-ly, adv. By way of revenge ; vindictively. 

Re-venge'f ul-ness, n. State of being revengeful. 

Re-ven/gei',"™. One who revenges. 

Rev'e-nne, n. [0. Fr., from rerenir, to return, to pro- 
ceed, Lat. revenue, from re, again, back, and venire, to 
come.] That which returns, or comes back, from an in- 
vestment ; income : hence, especially, the annual produce 
of taxes, customs, duties, &c, which a nation or state 
collects for public use. 

R e-ver'ber-ant , a. Tending to reverberate ; resounding. 

Re-ver'ber-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reverberated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REVERBERATING.] [Lat. reverberare, 
reverberatum, from re, again, back, and verberare, to lash, 
whip, from verber, a lash, whip, rod.] 1. To return or 
send back, as sound ; to echo. 2. To reflect, as light or 
heat. 3. To repel from side to side. 

Re-ver'ber-ate, v. i. 1. To resound. 2. To be driven 
back ; to be repelled, as rays of light ; to echo, as sound. 

Re-ver'ber-a'tion, n. Act of reverberating or sending 
back ; especially, the act of reflecting light and heat, or 
re-echoing sound. 

Re-ver'ber-a-to-ry, a. Producing reverberation ; act- 
ing by reverberation ; returning, or driving back. 

Re-vere', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revered ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
revering.] [Lat. revereri , from re, again, and vereri, 
to fear.] To regard with fear mingled with respect and 
affection. 

Syn. — To venerate; adore; reverence. 

Rev'er-ence, n. 1. Continued manifestation of fear 
mingled with respect and esteem. 2. An act or token 
of respect or veneration. 3. State of being reverent ; a 
disposition to venerate. 4. A person entitled to be re- 
vered ; — a title applied to priests or ministers. 

S3 - n. — Awe; honor; veneration; adoration. See Awe. 

Rev'er-ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reverenced (reV- 
er-enst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. reverencing.] To regard 
with reverence. 

Rev'er-en-cer, n. One who regards with reverence. 

Kev'er-end, a. [Lat. reverendus, from revereri. See 
Revere.] Worthy of reverence. 

835™ This word is often employed as a title of respect given 
to the clergy or ecclesiastics. 

Rev'er-ent, a. [Lat. reverens, p. pr. of revereri. See 
Revere.] 1. Expressing reverence, veneration, or 
submission. 2. Disposed to revere ; submissive ; humble. 

Rev'er-en'tial, a. Proceeding from, or expressing, 
reverence. 

Rev'er-en'tial-ly, adv. In a reverential manner ; with 
reverence, or show of reverence. 



Rev'er-ent-ly, adv. In a reverent manner. 

Rev'er-ie', I n~. [Fr. reverie, from rever, to dream, 

Rev'er-y, J to rave. See Rave.] 1. A loose or ir- 
regular train of thoughts, occurring in musing or medi- 
tation. 2. A chimera ; a visiou. [mg- 

Re-ver'sal, n. [From reverse.] A change or overthrow- 

Re-verse' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reversed (re- 
verse) ; p. pr. & vb. n. reversing.] [Lat. revertere, 
reversion, from re, again, back, and vertere, to turn. Cf. 
Revert.] 1. To turn back ; to cause to return or de- 
part. 2. Hence, to change totally. 3. To turn end for 
end, or upside down. 4. Hence, to overthrow; to sub- 
vert. 5. (Law.) To make void; to undo or annul for 
error. 

Syn. — To overturn ; overset; invert; repeal; annul; re- 
voke. 

Re-verse', n. 1. That which appears or is presented 
when any thing is reverted or turned back. 2. That 
which is directly opposite or contrary to something else. 
3. Complete change ; especially, a change from better to 
worse ; misfortune. 4. The back side. 

Re-verse', a. Turned backward; having a contrary or 
opposite direction. [hand. 

Re-verse'ly, adv. In a reverse manner ; on the other 

Re-vers'er, n. One who reverses. 

Re-vers'i-ble, a. Capable of being reversed. 

Re-ver'sion, n. [Lat. reversio. See Revert.] X. 
(Law.) The returning of an estate to the grantor or his 
heirs, after the grant is determined; hence, the residue 
of an estate left in the proprietor or owner thereof, to 
take effect in possession, after the determination of * 
limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed by 
him. 2. Hence, a right to future possession or enjoy 
ment ; succession. 3. (Aiinaities.) A payment not du w 
till the occurrence of some contingent event. 

Re-ver'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or involving, t. 
reversion. 

Re-ver'sion-er, n. One who has a reversion. 

Re-vert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reverted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. reverting.] [Lat. revertere, from tc, again, 
back, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn back, or to the 
contrary ; to reverse. 2. To drive or turn back ; to 
reverberate. 

Re-vert', v. i. 1. To return; to fall back. 2. (Laio.) 
To return to the proprietor, after the determination of a 
particular estate granted by him. 

Re-vert'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, reverts. 2. 
(Law.) Reversion. 

Re-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being reverted. 

Re-vert 'ive, a. Tending to revert : changing ; reversing. 

Rev'er-y, n. See Reverie. 

Re-vest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revested ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. revesting.] [Lat. revestire, from re, again, and 
vestire, to clothe, from vestis, garment.] 1. To clothe 
again. 2. To vest again with possession or office. 3. 
To lay out in something less fleeting than money. 

Re-vest', v. i. To take effect again, as a title ; to return 
to a former owner. 

Re-vet'ment, n. [Fr. revetement, the lining of a ditch, 
from revetir, to clothe. See REVEST.] (Fort.) A facing 
of wood, stone, or any other material, tc sustain an em- 
bankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natu- 
ral slope. 

Re-view' (re-vuO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reviewed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. REVIEWING.] To go over and examine 
critically or deliberately, as (a.) To go over with critical 
examination , in order to discover the excellences or de- 
fects of. (b.) To make a formal or official examination of 
the state of, as troops, &c. 

Re-view' (re-vu'), n. [Fr. revue, from revu, p. p. of 
revoir, Lat. revidere, to see again, from re, again, and 
Fr. voir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1. A second or repeated 
view; a retrospective survey. 2. (Lit.) A critical ex- 
amination of a new publication , with remarks ; criticism; 
critique. 3. [Mil.) An examination or inspection of 
troops under arms, by a general or commander, for ascer- 
taining the state of their discipline, equipments, &c. 4. 
A periodical pamphlet containing examinations or analy- 
ses of new publications. 

Syn. — Ee-examination ; resurvey ; retrospect ; survey ; 
reconsideration; revisal; revise; revision. 

Re-view'er (re-vu'er), n. One who reviews or re-exam- 
ines : one who critically examines a new publication, and 
publishes his opinion upon its merits. 

Re-vile', v. t. [imp. & p.p. reviled : p.pr. & vb. n. 
reviling.] To treat as vile or common ; to assail with 
opprobrious language. 

Syn. — To reproach ; vilify; upbraid; calumniate. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; as ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



REVILER 



620 



RHEUMATISM 



Re-vSl'er, n. One who reviles another. 

Re-vi§'al, n. Act of revising, or re-examining for cor- 
rection sind improvement ; revision. 

Re-vi§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revised ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REVISING.] [Lat. revidere, revisum, to see again, from 
re, again, and videre, visum, to see.] 1. To look at 
again ; to re-examine ; to look over with care for correc- 
tion. 2. To review, alter, and amend. 

Re-vi§e', n. (Print.) A second proof-sheet; a proof- 
sheet taken after the first correction. 

Re-vis/er, n. One who revises, or re-examines for cor- 
rection. 

Re-vig'ion (-vlzh'un), n. 1. Act of revising ; re-exami- 
nation for correction. 2. That which is revised. 
Syn. — Re-examination; revisal; revise; review. 

Re-vis'ion-al ) (-vlzh'un-), a. Pertaining to revision ; 

Re-vig'ioix-a-ry j revisory. 

Re-vis/it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. revisited; p. pr. & vb. 
n. revisiting.] To visit again. 

Re-vis/it-a'tion, n. Act of revisiting. 

Re-viv'al, n. Act of reviving, or state of heing revived ; 
as, (a.) Renewed attention, (b.) Renewed performance 
of, or interest, (c.) Renewed interest in religion after 
indifference and decline, (d.) Re-animation from a state 
of languor or depression, (e.) Renewed pursuit or culti- 
vation, or flourishing state of. (f.) Renewed prevalence 
of, as a practice or fashion, (g.) (Law.) Restoration of 
force, validity, and effect to ; renewal. 

Re-viv'al-ist, n. A minister of the gospel who promotes 
revivals of religion ; an advocate for religious revivals. 

Re-vive', v. i. [imp. ikp.p. revived; p. pr. & vb. n. 
REVIVING.] [Lat. revivere, from re, again, and vivere, 
to live.] 1. To return to life ; to become re-animated or 
re-invigorated. 2. Hence, to recover from a state of 
neglect, oblivion, obscurity, or depression. 

Re-vive', v. t. 1. To bring again to life: to re-animate. 
2. To recover from a state of neglect or depression. 3. 
To renew in the mind or memory ; to awaken. 

Re-viv'er, n. One who, or that which, revives. 

Re-viv'i-fi-ea/tion, n. Renewal of life ; restoration of 
lite. 

Re-viv'i-fy, v. t. [imp. hp.p. revivified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. revivifying.] To cause to revive ; to re-ani- 
mate. 

Rgv'i-vis'cence, \n. State of being revived ; renewal 

Rev'i-vis'cen-cy, J of life. 

Kev / o--ea-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of being revocable. 

Rev'o-ea-ble, a. Capable of being recalled or revoked. 

Kev'o-ea-ble-ness, n. Quality of being revocable. 

Rev / o-ea'tion, n. [Lat. revocatio, revocare, revocatum, 
from re, again, back, and vocarc, to call.] 1. Act of 
calling back. 2. State of being recalled. 3. Repeal; 
reversal. 

Ke-voke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revoked (re-vokt') ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. revoking.] [See Revocation.] To an- 
nul by recalling or taking back ; to reverse, as any thing 
granted by a special act. 

Syn. — To abolish ; recall; repeal ; rescind; countermand; 
annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish. 



(Card-playing.) To fail to follow suit; 
Act of revoking, or of 



Re-voke', v. i. 
to renounce. 

Re-voke', n. ( Card-playing, 
neglecting to follow suit. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt' (20), v. i. [From Lat. revolvere, 
revolutum, to roll back. See REVOLVE.] 1. To turn 
away. 2. Hence, to renounce allegiance or subjection. 
3. To be grossly offended or shocked. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revolted ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. REVOLTING.] 1. To put to flight ; to 
overturn. 2. To do violence to ; to shock. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt', n. Act of revolting ; especial- 
ly, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to one's 
prince or government. 
Svn.- Insurrection ; sedition; rebellion; mutiny. See 

INSURRECTION. 

Re-volt'er, or Re-volt'er, n. One who revolts. 
Rev'o-lu'tion, n. [Lat. revolvtio. See Revolve.] 1. 

Act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center ; 
rotation. 2. Return to a point before occupied. 3. Space 
measured by the regular return of a revolving body ; 
the period made by the regular recurrence of a meas- 
ure of time, or by a succession of similar events. 4. A 
total or radical change. 5. (Astron.) The motion of any 
body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, 
until it returns to the same point again. 6. (Geom.) 
The motion of a point, fine, or surface, about a point or 
line as its center or axis, in such a manner that a mov- 



ing point generates a curve, a moving line a surface, and 
a moving surface a solid. 7. (Politics.) A revolt suc- 
cessfully or completely accomplished. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-a-ry , a. Tending or pertaining to a rev- 
olution in government. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-ist, n. One engaged in effecting a 
change of government. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. revolution- 
ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. REVOLUTIONIZING.] To change 
completely, as by a revolution. 

Re-volve', v. i. [imp. & p. p. revolved ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. REVOLVING.] [Lat. revolvere, revolutum, from re, 
again, back, and volvere, to roll, turn round.] 1. To 
turn or roll round on an axis. 2. To move round a 
center. 

Re-volve', v. t. 1. To cause to turn, as upon an axis ; 
to rotate. 2. Hence, to turn over and over ; to reflect 
repeatedly upon. 

Re-volv'en-cy, n. State, act, or principle of revolving. 

Re-volv'er, n. One who, or that which, revolves ; spe- 
cifically, a fire-arm with several loading chambers or 
barrels so arranged as to revolve on an axis and be dis- 
charged in succession by the same lock. 

Re-vul'sion, n. [Lat. revulsio, from revellere,revulsum, 
to pluck or pull away, from re, again, back, and vellere, 
to pull.] Act of holding or drawing back; marked re- 
pugnance or hostility. 

Re-vul'sive, a. Tending to revulsion ; repugnant. 

Re-ward', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rewarded; p.pr. & 
vb. n". REWARDING.] [0. Fr. rewerdoner, reguerredoner, 
Norm. Fr. regarder. See Guerdon.] 1. To give in 
return, whether good or evil; — commonly in a good 
sense. 2. Hence, to repay ; to recompense ; to compen- 
sate. 

Re-ward', n. 1. That which is given in return for 
good or evil received ; especially, that which comes in 
return for some good; a token of regard. 2. (Law.) 
Compensation for services. 

Syn. — Recompense ; remuneration ; pay; requital; retri- 
bution ; punishment. 

Re-war d'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being re- 
warded 
Re-ward'er, n. One who rewards or recompenses. 
Rey'iiard, or Reyn'ard, n. [See Renard.] A fox ; 

renard. 

Rliab-dol'o-gy (rSb'-), n. Same as Rabdology, q. v. 

Rhab'do-maii'cy, n. Same as Rabdomancy, q. v. 

Rliap-sod'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 

Rhap-sod'i-e-al, J rhapsody; unconnected 

Rhap'so-dist, n. 1. (Antiq.) One who recites or com- 
poses a rhapsody ; especially, one whose profession was to 
recite the verses of Homer and other poets. 2. One who 
writes or speaks in a disconnected manner, with great 
excitement or affectation of feeling. 

Rhap'so-dy (rap/-), n. [Gr. pai^Sta, from parrTetv, to 
sew, stitch together, to unite, and o58ry, a song.] 1. A 
portion of an epic poem fit for recitation at one time, as 
a book of Homer was rehearsed by a rhapsodist. 2. A 
wild, rambling composition or discourse. 

Rheii'isb. (ren'ish), a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
river Rhine. [Rhine. 

Rheii'isli, n. Wine made from the vineyards along the 

Rliet'o-ri-e (ret'o-rik, 123), n. [Gr. prjTopiKTj (sc. Te'xvrj), 
from p->jTopi/f6?, rhetorical, oratorical, from prjxtop, a rhet- 
orician, from pe'w, epw, I speak.] 1. Art of elegant and 
accurate composition, especially in prose. 2. Science 
of oratory ; art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and 
force. 3. Artificial eloquence, as opposed to that which 
is real. 4. The power of persuasion or attraction ; that 
which allures or charms. 

Rlie-tor'i-e-al (re-), a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, 
rhetoric ; oratorical. 

Rlie-tor'1-e-al-ly (re-), adv. In a rhetorical manner ; 
according to the rules of rhetoric. 

Rliet'o-rl'cian (re^o-rish'an), n. 1. One well versed in 
the rules and principles of rhetoric. 2. One who teaches 
the art of rhetoric. 3. An artificial orator, as opposed 
to one who is genuine. 

Rheum (rum), n. [Gr. pevfjia, from pelv, to flow.] 1. 
An increased action of the excretory vessels of any organ. 
2. A thin serous fluid, secreted by the mucous glands, 
&c, as in catarrh. 

Rheii-mat'l-e (ru-mSt^k, 126), a. [Gr. peuftari/cds. See 
supra.] Pertaining to rheumatism, or partaking of its 
nature. 

Rlieu'ma-ti§m (ru'ma-), n. [Gr. pev/u.aTierp.6^ from 
pevjxa.ri^e<jQaL, to have or suffer from a flux, from pev/xa. 



Hi,e,8i,c.,long; a,,e,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; Sre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolfe, 



RHEUMY 



621 



RICKETY 




See RHEUM.] (Med.) A painful inflammation affecting 
muscles and joints of the human body. 

Rheum'y (rum'y), a. Pertaining to, abounding in, or 
causing, rheum. 

Rhi'no (rl'no), n. [Scot, rino, W. arian.] Gold and sil- 
ver, or money. [Cant.] 

Rhi-n5c'e-ros, n. [Lat. rhi- 
noceros, Gr. pivo/ceptos, fr. pi's, 
or piV, gen. pivos, the nose, 
and Ke'pas, a horn.] ( Zocl ) A 
pachydermatous mammal, — 
nearly allied to the elephant, 
the hippopotamus, the tapir, 
&c, and characterized by 
having a very strong horn 
(sometimes two) upon the nose. 

Rhi'no-plas'tie , a. [Gr. pi's, pivos, the nose, and irAacr- 
ti/cos, fit for molding, from irka.cro-e.iv , to mold, form.] 
Forming a nose. 

Rhi'no-plas-ty, n. [See supra.] [Surg.) The process 
of forming an artificial nose, by bringing down a piece of 
flesh from the forehead, and causing it to adhere to the 
anterior part of the remains of the nose. 

Rhi-zo'ma (rl-zS'ma), n. [Gr. pi£u>p.a, that which has 
taken root, from pitJbOv, to make to strike root, pass, to 
take root, from pi^a, a root.] (Bot.) A creeping stem or 
branch growing beneath the surface of the' soil and 
partly covered by it. 

Rlio'di-iim., n. [From Gr. poSov, the rose ; so called 
from the rose-red color of its salts.] ( Ckem.) A metal of 
a white color and metallic luster, extremely hard and 
brittle. It is used for forming the nibs of gold pens. 

Rho'do-den'dron, n. [Gr. poSo&evSpov, i. e., rose-tree, 
from pdSov, rose, and SivSpov, tree.] (Bot.) A genus of 
shrubs or small trees having handsome evergreen leaves, 
and beautiful rose-colored or purple flowers. 

Rhod'o-mon-tade', n. The same as Rodomontade. 

Rhomb (62), n. [Lat. rhombus, Gr. p6p.|3os, from pe'p./3eiv, 
to turn or whirl round.] ( Geom.) A figure of four equal 
sides but unequal angles. 

Rhom'bic (rom'bik), a. Having the figure of a rhomb. 

Rhom'boid (rom / boid), n. [Gr. po/j./3oeiSijs, from pop.- 
/3os, rhomb, and elSos, shape.] (Geom.) 
An oblique-angled parallelogram like a 
rhomb, but having only the opposite sides 
equal, the length and width being dif- 
ferent. 

Rhom'boid ) (rom'-), a. Having the 

Rhom-boid'al ) shape of a rhomboid. 

Rhom'bus (rom'bus), n. The same as RHOMB 

Rhu'barb (ru/barb), n. [Gr. pa, rhubarb, p^r 
and jSapjSapos, foreign, strange, Per. & Ar. 
rawand, Syr. raiborig.] A plant of several 
species. The fleshy and acid stalks of the 
common species are much used in cookery 
The roots of several other species furnish 
a valuable cathartic medicine. 

Rhumb (62), n. [See Rhomb.] (Navigation.) Any given 
point of the compass ; a line making a given angle with 
the meridian ; a rhumb-line. 

To sail on a rhumb, to sail contimiously on one course. 

Rhumb'- line, n. (Navigation.) The course of a ves- 
sel_which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. 

Rhyme (rim), n. [0. Eng. ryme, rime, rym, from 0. H. 
Ger. hrim, rim, series, number, A.-S. rim, id.] 1. Poetry. 
2. (Poet.) Correspondence of sound in the terminating 
words or syllables of verses. 3. Verses, usually two, in 
rhyme with each other ; a couplet ; a triplet. 4. A 
word answering in sound to another word. 

Female rhyme, agreement in sound of the last two syllables 
of verses, the final syllable being unaccented, as in endeavor, 
forever, &x. — Mule rhyme, agreement in sound of only the final 
syllables of verses, as in remain, complain, and the like. — 
Rhyme or reason, sound or 6ense. 



U 



Rhomboid. 



\ 



Rhombus. 



Rhyme (rTm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rhymed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RHYMING.] 1. To make verses. 2. To accord 
in_sound. 

Rhyme (rim), v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. 2. To influ- 
ence by rhyme. . [fier. 

Rhym'er (rTm'er), n. One who makes rlr-mes ; a versi- 

Rhym'ster (rim 7 -), n. One who makes rhymes ; a poor 
or mean poet. 

Rhythm (rithm or rithm), n. [Gr. pufyxos, Lat. rhyth- 
mus.] 1. A dividing of time into short portions by a reg- 
lar succession of motions, impulses, sounds, &c, produc- 
ing an agreeable effect, as in music, dancing, or the like. 
2. (Mus.) Movement in musical time, or the periodical 



recurrence of accent. 3. A division of lines into short 
portions by a regular succession of percussions and re- 
missions of voice on words or syllables. 4. The harmo- 
nious flow of vocal sounds. 

Rhyth'mie, or Rhyth'mie, \a. Pertaining to 

Rhyth'mie-al, or Rhyth'mie-al, J rhythm. 

Ri'al, n. A Spanish coin. See Real. 

Rib, n. [A.-S. lib, ribb, Icel. rif, 0. H. Ger. ribbi, ribba, 
rippi,rippa.] 1. (Anat.) One of the long bones inclos- 
ing the thoracic cavity. 2. That which resembles a rib 
in form or use ; as, (a.) A piece of timber which forms or 
strengthens the side of a ship, (b.) (Arch.) An arch- 
formed piece of timber for supporting the lath and plas- 
ter work of a vault ; also a projecting piece on the inte- 
rior of a vault, &c. (c.) (Bot.) Any marked nerve or vein 
of a leaf, (d.) A prominent line or rising, like a rib in 
cloth. 

Rib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIBBED;;?, pr. & vb. n. rib- 
bing.] 1. To furnish with ribs. 2. To inclose with 
ribs ; to shut in. 

Rib'ald, n. [Cf. Bawd and 0. H. Ger. hriba, hr\pa, 
prostitute, M. H. Ger. r'ibe.] A low, vulgar, brutal, foul' 
mouthed wretch ; a lewd fellow. 

Rib'ald, a. Low ; base ; mean ; filthy ; obscene. 

Rib'ald-ry, n. The talk of a ribald ; low, vulgar Ian' 
guage ; obscenity. 

Rib'and, v. t. To adorn with ribbons ; to ribbon. 

Rib'band, n. See Ribbon. 

Rib'bon, n. [Fr. ruban, orig. a red ribbon, from Lat. 
rubens, rubentis, red, p. pr. ofrubere, to be red, fr. ruber, 
red.] 1. A fillet of fine cloth, commonly of silk or satin. 
2. A narrow strip or shred. 3. pi. The reins, or lines, 
by which a horse is guided and held. [ Cant or Colloq.] 

Rib'bon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ribboned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ribboning.] 1. To adorn with ribbons. 2. To 
mark with stripes resembling ribbons. 

Rib'roast, v.t. To beat soundly ; — a burlesque word. 

Rice, n. [Ar. aroz, aruz, Lat. oryza, Gr. 
bpv^a, bpv^ov.] (Bot.) A plant cultivated 
in all warm climates ; and its seed, which 
forms an important article of food. 

Rlce'-pa/per, n. A kind of thin, delicate 
paper, brought from China, and used for 
paintiug upon, and for the manufacture 
of fancy articles. It is said to be made 
from the pith of a plant. 

Rich, a. [compar. richer ; superl. RICH- 
EST.] [A.-S. ric, Goth, reilcs, Icel. rikr.] 
1. Abounding in material possessions; 
possessed of an unusually large amount Rice, 

of property. 2. Hence, in general, well supplied. 3. 
Affording abundant supplies ; productive or fertile. 4. 
Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients ; 
highly valued. 5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive 
qualities ; also, highly seasoned or flavored. 6. Not 
faint or delicate ; vivid ; bright. 7. Full of sweet and 
harmonious sounds. 8. Abounding in beauty. 9. 
Abounding in humor ; exciting amusement. 

Syn.— "Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abun- 
dant ; fruitful ; costly; sumptuous ; precious ; generous; lus- 
cious. 
Rich'eg, n. pi. [Fr. richesse.] 1. That which makes 
one rich ; abundant possessions or treasures. 2. That 
which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, and the like. 

GO*- This word is really in the singular number, but is very 
rarely soused. The old English form is richesse, which is the 
same as the French word, and it is from this that the modern 
word riches received its form. The termination being the same 
as that of plural words, caused it to be regarded and used as 
plural. 

Syn. — "Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthiness; richness; 
plenty; abundance. 

Rich'ly, adv. In a rich manner ; with riches ; pleu- 
teously ; abundantly. 

Rich'ness, n. 1. The state of being rich. 2. That 
which constitutes any thing rich ; any good quality ex- 
isting in abundance. 

Rick, n. [A.-S. hreac, a heap, Icel. hraulcr, id., hreykia, 
to heap, erect.] A heap or pile of grain or hay in the 
field or open air, sheltered with a covering of some kind. 

Riclc'ets, n. pi. [Probably from A.-S. ricg, hric, back, 
spine. Cf. Ger. rucken.] (Med.) A disease which affects 
children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, a 
crooked spine, depressed ribs, tumid abdomen, short 
stature, flabby and wrinkled flesh, together with clear 
and often premature mental faculties. 

Rich'et-y, a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. Feeble iD 
the joints ; imperfect ; weak. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eeho; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist; linger, liijlv ; this. 



RICOCHET 



622 



RIGHT 



Ricochet (rik'o-sha' or rnVo-shet'), n. [Ft.] 1. Re- 
bound or skipping, as of a ball fired at a low angle of 
elevation. 2. ( Gun.) The firing of guns, or howitzers, 
so as to cause the balls or shells to rebound or roll along 
the ground on which they fall. 

RId,«. t. [imp. & p.p. RID, or ridded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ridding.] [0. Eng. red, A.-S. hreddan, 0. H. Ger. 
retja?i,rettan.] To free; to deliver; to clear; to disen- 
cumber. 

To get rid of, to free one's self from. 

Rid'dance, n. 1. The act of ridding or freeing; de- 
liverance ; a clearing up or out. 2. The state of being 
rid or free ; freedom ; escape. 

Rid'den, p. V- of ride. See Ride. 

Rid'dle (rid'dl), n. [A.-S. hriddel, 0. H. Ger. ritra, ritera, 
a sieve; A.-S. hridrian, to sift, winnow.] A sieve with 
coarse meshes, for separating coarser materials from finer, 
as chaff from grain, gravel from sand, &c. 

Rid'dle (rul'dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. riddled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RIDDLING.] 1. To separate, as grain from the 
chaff, with a riddle. 2. To perforate with balls so as to 
make like a riddle. 

Rid'dle, n. [A.-S. rsedels, 0. H. Ger. r&tisal, ratsal, from 
A.-S. raid an, Ger. ratken, to counsel or advise, also to 
guess. Cf. Read.] 1. Something that is to be solved 
by conjecture ; a puzzling question ; an enigma. 2. Any 
thing ambiguous or puzzling. 

Rid'dle, v. t. To solve ; to explain ; to unriddle. 

Rid'dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously, obscurely, or enig- 
matically. 

RId'dler, n. One who speaks in riddles, or ambiguously. 

Ride, v. i. [imp. rode, or rid ;p. p. RID, or ridden ; 
j). pr. & vb. n. RIDING.] [A.-S. rldan, Icel. rlda, rldha, 
0. H. Ger. rltan.] 1. To be carried on the back of any 
animal, as a horse. 2. To be borne in a carriage. 3. To 
be borne on or in the water. 4. To be supported in 
motion ; to rest on something. 5. To manage a horse 
well. 6. To support a rider, as a horse. 

Rids, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried. 2. To 
manage insolently at will. 3. To cause to ride ; hence, 
to carry. [ Vulgar.] 

Syn. — Drive — Ride originally meant (and it is so used 
throughout the English Bible) to be carried either on horse- 
back or in a vehicle of any kind. At present, in England, 
drive is the word applied in most cases to motion in a carriage, 
as, a drive round the park, while ride is appropriated to motion 
on ahorse, so that a "ride on horseback "would be tautology. 
This distinction, though gaining ground in America, does not 
prevail among us to any considerable extent. 

Ride, n. An excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 

Ri-deau' (re-do'), n. [Fr.. from ride, wrinkle, fold, curl, 
rider, to wrinkle, fold, crisp, curl, from 0. H. Ger. rldan, 
garldan, to twist, or A.-S. wr'idhan, Eng. writhe.] A 
small mound of earth. 

Rid'er, n. 1. One who rides. 2. An agent who goes 
out with samples of goods to obtain orders. [Eng.] 
3. An addition to a manuscript or other document, in- 
serted after its completion, on a separate piece of paper ; 
an additional clause, as to a bill in Parliament. 

Ridge, n. [A.-S. hrycg, hricg, hricc, back, pediment; 
Icel. hryggr, 0. II. Ger. hrucM, N. II. Ger. rucken, allied 
to Gr. pax 1 ?) tne back, a ridge.] 1. The back, or top of 
the back. 2. The top or upper part of any elongated 
elevation, great or small, as of a mountain, house, or 
the like. 

Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Rl DG ING.] 1. To form a ridge of ; to make into a ridge 
or ridges. 2. To wrinkle. 

Rldge'-poie, n. (Arch.) The timber or board forming 
the ridge, or upper angle, of a roof. 

Ridg'y, a. Having a ridge or ridges ; rising in a ridge. 

Rid'i-eule (80), n. |Lat. ridiculum, from ridiculus, 
laughable, from ridere, to laugh.] 1. The expression of 
laughter, especially when mingled with contempt. 2. 
That species of writing which excites contempt with 
laughter. 

Syn. — Derision; wit; banter ; raillery; burlesque ; mock- 
ery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. 

Rid'i-cSle. v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIDICULED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ridiculing.] To laugh at with expressions of 
contempt. 

Syn. — To deride; banter ; rally; burlesque; mock; satir- 
ize; lampoon. See Deride. 

Rid'i-etil'er, n. One who ridicules. 
Ri-die'ia-lous, a. Fitted to excite ridicule ; contemptu- 
ous and laughable. 

Syn.— Ludicrous; laughable; risible ; droll; absurd; pre- 
posterous. See Ludicrous. 



Ri-die'u-loiis-ly, adv. In a ridiculous manner. 

Ri-dle'u-lotts-ness, n. Quality of being ridiculous; 
laughableness. 

Rld'ing, n. 1. The act of one who rides. 2. A road made 
for the diversion of riding. 3. [Corrupted from tri thing 
or triding, third.] One of the three jurisdictions into 
which the county of York, in England, is divided. 

Rid'ing-hdbd, n. A hood used by females when they 
ride ; a kind of cloak with a hood. 

Rld'ing- school (-skobl), n. A school or place where 
the art of riding is taught. 

M'i-dot'to, n. [It., from L. Lat. reductus, a retreat.] A 
favorite Italian public entertainment, consisting of music 
and dancing. 

Rife, a. [A.-S. ryf, rife, prevalent, Icel. rifr, munificent.] 
Prevailing ; prevalent ; abounding. 

RIf e'ly, adv. In a rife manner ; prevalently. 

RIf e'liess, n. Quality of being rife ; frequency ; preva- 
lence. 

RiffrMf, n. [See Raff. It. ruffa-raffa, Prov. It. nffe- 
rafa, scramble.] Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order 
of society. 

Ri'fle (rVll), v. t. [imp. & p.p. RIFLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. rifling.] [0. II. Ger. rifilOn, to pluck, to saw, rijil, 
rifila, a sawing beak.] 1. To seize and bear away by 
force ; to carry off. 2. To strip ; to rob ; to pillage ; to 
plunder. 

Ri'fle (rl'fl), n. [Ger. riefelen, riefen, riffeln, riffen, to 
chamfer, groove.] 1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel 
is formed with spiral grooves or channels, thus securing 
for the ball a rotary motion, and great precision. 2. 
A whetstone for a scythe. [Amer.] 

Ri'fle, v. t. 1. To groove; to channel; especially, to 
groove internally with spiral channels. 2. To sharpen, 
as a scythe, with a rifle. [a rifle. 

Rl'fle-man, n. ; pi. ri'fle-men. A man armed with 

Rl'fier, n. One who nlles ; a robber. 

Rift, n. [From rive, to rend.] 1. An opening made by 
riving or splitting ; a cleft ; a fissure. 2. A. fording- 
place. 

Rift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RIFT- 
ING.] To cleave ; to rive ; to split. 

Rift, v. i. To burst open ; to split. 

Rig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rigged; p. pr. & vb. n. rig- 
ging.] [A. S. ivrigan, turihan, to cover, clothe, 0. II. 
Ger. rihan.] 1. To dress ; to clothe ; especially, to clothe 
in an odd or fanciful manner. 2. To furnish with appa- 
ratus or gear ; tackling. 

Rig, n. 1. Dress; clothing; especially, odd or fanciful 
clothing. 2. The peculiar manner of fitting the masts 
and rigging to the hull of a vessel. 3. A sportive trick ; 
a frolic. 

To run the rig, to play a wanton trick. 

Rlg'a-dobn', n. [Fr. rigodon, rigaudon, so called from 
the refrain, ric-din-don, of an old dancing song.] A gay, 
brisk dance, performed by one couple. 

Ri-ga'tion, n. [Lat. rigatio, from rigare, to water.] The 
same as IRRIGATION. 

Rig'ger, n. 1. One who rigs or dresses ; one whose occu- 
pation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 2. A cylindrical 
pulley or drum in machinery. 

Rlg'ging, n. Dress; tackle; especially, the ropes which 
support the masts, extend and contract the sails, &c, 
of a ship. 

Right (rlt), a. [A.-S. riht, reht, Goth, raihts, Icel. rettr, 
Lat. rectus, p. p. of regere, to keep straight, to guide, to 
rule.] 1. Straight ; not crooked ; hence, most direct. 

2. Upright; erect; not oblique. 3. According with 
truth and duty ; unswerving ; just ; true. 4. Fit ; suit- 
able. 5. Characterized by reality or genuineness ; real; 
actual ; unquestionable. 6. Passing a true judgment. ; 
not mistaken or wrong. 7. Not left, but its opposite; 
most convenient or dexterous. 8. Being on the same 
side as the right hand. 9. Well placed, disposed, or ad- 
justed : orderly. 10. Being on the right hand of a per- 
son whose face is toward the mouth of a river. 11. 
Designed to be placed or worn outward. 12. (Math.) 
Upright from a base ; having an upright axis. 

Right and left, in both or all directions; on all sides. [Colloq.] 
Syn.— Straight ; direct; perpendicular; upright; lawful; 
rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; becoming. 

Riglit (rlt), adv. 1. In a right manner ; especially, in a 
right or straight line ; directly. 2. According to the law 
or will of God, or to the standard of truth and justice. 

3. According to any rule of art. 4. According to fact 
or truth. 5. In a great degree ; very. 6. Very ; ex- 
tremely ; — prefixed to titles. 



sL^kc.Jong; &,e,&c, short; c^re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, wolf, 



RIGHT 



623 



RIOTOUS 



Right (r!t), re. 1. That which is right or correct ; as, 
(a.) A straight course ; adherence to duty, (b.) A true 
statement; adherence to truth or fact, (c.) A just judg- 
ment; justice; uprightness, integrity. 2. That to 
which one has a claim ; as, (a.) That which one has a 
natural claim to exact. (b.) That which one has a legal 
or social claim to do or to exact ; legal power ; author- 
ity, (c.) That which justly belongs to one ; title ; claim ; 
property; interest. (d.) Privilege or immunity granted 
by authority. 3. That which is on the right side, or 
opposite to the left. 4. The outward or most finished 
surface. 

To set to rights, to put to rinhts, to put into good order; to ad- 
just; to regulate, as what is out of order. 

Right (rit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIGHTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
re. righting.] 1. To set upright ; to make right or 
straight, as having been wrong or crooked. 2. To do 
justice to ; to relieve from wrong. 

Right (rit), v. i. To recover the proper or natural con- 
dition or position ; to become upright. 

Right'-an/gled (rlt'ang'gld), a. Containing a right 
angle or right angles. 

Riglit'eoiis (rl'chas), a. [0. Eng. rightwys, rigktwise, 
A.-S. rihtwls, from riht, right, and wis, wise, having 
wisdom, prudent.] According with, or performing, that 
which is right ; especially, free from guilt or sin. 

Syn.— Upright ; just ; godly; holy; uncorrupt ; virtuous; 
honest; equitable; rightful. 

Right'eous-ly (rl'chus-ly), adv. In a righteous man- 
ner ; equitably; justly. 

Right'eous-ness (rl'chQs-nes), re. The quality of being 
righteous ; exact rectitude ; purity. 

Syn. — Uprightness ; holiness ; godliness ; equity; justice; 
rightfulness; integrity; honesty; faithfulness. 

Right'er (rlt'er), re. One who sets right. 

Right'ful (rlt'fal), a. 1. Consonant to justice. 2. 
Having 'the right or just claim. 3. Being by right, or 
by just claim. 

Syn. — Just; lawful; true; hov.cst; equitable; proper. 

Right'f ul-ly (rTt'-), adv. According to the right ; accord- 
ing to law or justice. 

Right'f iil-ness (rit'-), re. State of being rightful. 

Right'-hand'ed (rit 7 -), a. Using the right hand ha- 
bitually or more easily than the left. 

Right'ly (rit'-), adv. 1. According to justice ; honestly ; 
uprightly. 2. Properly ; fitly ; suitably ; appropriately. 
3. According to truth or fact. 

Right'ness (rit/-), re. 1. Straightness. 2. Rectitude; 
righteousness. 

Rig'id,a. [Lat. rigidus, to be stiff or numb, allied to 
Gr. piyelv, to shiver or shudder with cold.] 1. Having 
become so firm as not to be ecsily bent. 2. Not lax or 
indulgent ; severe ; inflexible. 

Syn.— Stiff; unpliant ; unyielding; strict; exact; austere; 
stem; rigorous; unmitigated. 

Ri-gid'i-ty, re. 1. Want of pliability ; quality of re- 
sisting change of form. 2. Stiffness of appearance or 
manner. 

Syn. — Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility. 

Ri^'id-ly, adv. In a rigid manner ; stiffly ; inflexibly. 

Rig'id-ness, re. Quality of being rigid ; rigidity. 

Rig'ma-role, re. [See Ragman's-roll.] A succes- 
sion of confused or nonsensical statements j foolish talk ; 
nonsense. [Colloq.] 

Rig'or, re. [Lat., from rigere, to be stiff. See RIGID.] 
1. The state of being rigid. 2. (Med.) A convulsive 
shuddering or slight tremor, as in the cold fit of a fever. 
3. Severity of climate or season. 4. Stiffness of opinion 
or temper ; severity. 5. Voluntary submission to pain, 
abstinence, or mortification. 6. Exactness without al- 
lowance, latitude, or indulgence. 

Syn. — Stiffness; rigidness ; inflexibility; austerity; stern- 
ness; harshness; strictness; exactness. 

Rig'or-ous, a. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring 
rigor ; severe. 

Syn. — Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; austere; stern; 
harsh; strict; exact. 

Rig'or-ous-ly, adv. In a rigorous manner ; without 
relaxation, abatement, or mitigation. 

Syn.— Severely; rigidly; austerely; strictly; exactly. 

Rig'or-ous-ness, re. State of being rigorous ; severity ; 

austerity ; strictness. 
Rlle.t'. t. [See Roil.] [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 1. 

To render turbid ; to roil. 2, To make angry ; to vex. 



Rill, re. [Either from L. Ger. rille, a small channel or 
brook, a furro\j, a chamfer; or from 0. Eng. rigol, a 
small brook ; or from Lat. rivulus, a small brook.] A 
small brook ; a rivulet ; a streamlet. 

Rim, re. [A.-S. rima, reoma, edge, lip ; W. rhim, rhimp, 
a rim, edge, boundary, termination ] The border, edge, 
or margin of something circular or curving. 

Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rimbied ; p. pr. & vb. re. RIM- 
MING.] To furnish with a rim. 

Rime, re. [A.-S. & Icel. hrim. Cf. GRIME.] White or 
hoar frost ; congealed dew or vapor. 

Ri-mose' (125), a. [Lat. rimosus, from rima, a chink.] 
Pull of rimes or chinks, like those in the bark of trees. 

Rim'ple (-pi), re. [A.-S. hrympele, D. nmpel.] A fold 
or wrinkle. See Rumple. 

Rim'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rimpled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RIMPLING.] To rumple ; to wrinkle. 

Rim'y, a. Abounding with rime ; frosty. 

Rind, re. [A.-S. rind, hrind, 0. H. Ger. rinda, rinta, Gr. 
ptvos, the skin ; perh. from A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. hrtnan, to 
touch.] The external covering or coat. Specifically , (a.) 
The external cover of flesh ; the skin, (b.) The external 
cover of fruit; peel, (c.) Bark, (d.) The external coat 
of a nut ; shell. 

Rin'dle, re. [From Goth, rinnan, A.-S. rennan, to run, 
flow.] A small water-course or gutter. 

Ring, re. [A.-S. hring, hrinr, Icel. hringr, 0. H. Ger. 
kring, a circle.] A circle, or a circular line, or any thing 
in the form of a circular line or hoop. 

Ring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ringed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ringing.] 1. To surround with a ring, or as with a 
ring; to encircle. 2. (Hort.) To cut out a ring of, as 
bark. 

Ring, v. t. [imp. RANG, or RUNG ; p. p. rung ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. RINGING.] [A.-S. hringan, Icel. hringia.} 1. To 
cause to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body. 
2. To produce by ringing, as a sound or peal. 3. To 
repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. 

Ring, v. i. 1. To sound, as a bell, or other sonorous 
body. 2. To sound ; to resound. 3. To continue to 
sound or vibrate ; to resound. 4. To be filled with re- 
port or talk. 

Ring, re. 1. A sound ; especially, the sound of metals. 
2. Any loud sound, or sound continued, repeated, or 
reverberated. 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically 
tuned. 

Ring'-bolt, re. An iron bolt, with an eye at its head, 
and a ring through the eye. 

Ring'dove (-duv), re. A species of pigeon, so called from 
white upon the neck which forms a portion of a ring 
about it ; the cushat. 

Ring'er, re. One who rings ; especially, one who rings 
chimes on bells. 

Ring'lead-er, re. The leader of a ring ; especially, the 
leader of an association of men engaged in violation of 
law or an illegal enterprise. 

Ring'let, re. [Diminutive of ring.] A curl; especially, 
a curl of hair. 

Ring'-streakfd (-streekt), a. Having circular streaks 
or lines on the body. 

Ring'- tail, re. (Ornith.) A bird having a white tail; 
the female of the hen-harrier. 

Ring'worm (-wurm), re. (Med.) A vesicular eruption 
of the skin, forming rings, whose area is slightly dis- 
colored. 

Rinse, v. t. [imp. & p.p. RINSED (rmst); p. pr. & vb. 
re. RINSING.] [Icel. hreinsa, A.-S. hrmxan, Goth, hrain- 
jan, to purge; Goth, krains, Icel. hreinn, A, -S. hrsene, 
rein, pure.] 1. To cleanse with a second application of 
water after washing. 2. To cleanse by the introduction 
of water. 

Rins'er, re. One who rinses. 

Ri'ot, re. [0. Fr. riote, It. riotta, Armor, riot.] 1. 
Wanton or unrestrained behavior. 2. (Law.) The doing 
of an act in a violent ;md tumultuous manner against 
the peace, by three or more persons assembled together 
of their own authority for that purpose. 
To run riot, to act or move without control or restraint. 
Syn. — Tumult; uproar; row; sedition. 

Ri'ot, v.i. [imp. & p. p. rioted; p. pr. & vb. re. ri- 
oting.] 1. To eugage in riot ; to act in an unrestrain- 
ed or wanton manner ; to indulge in excess of luxury, 
feasting, behavior, &c. 2. To be highly excited. 3. To 
raise an uproar or sedition . 

Ri'ot-er, re. One who indulges in a riot, or engages in a 
riot. 

RPot-oiis, a. 1. Involving or engaging in riot. 2. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link; this. 



RIOTOUSLY 



624 



ROAD 



Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly ; 
seditious. 

Ri'ot-ous-ly, adv. In a riotous manner. 

Ri'ot-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being riotous. 

Hip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ripped (rlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RIPPING.] [A.-S. rypan, ryppan, hrypan. Cf. REAP, 
and Rive.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by 
cutting or tearing ; to tear off or out by violence. 2. 
To take out or away by cutting or tearing. 

To rip out, to give vent to hastily and violently. [Amer.] 
See Rap, v. t. 

Rip, n. A rent made by ripping ; a tear ; a place torn ; 
laceration. 

Ri-pa'ri-an, a. [Lat. riparius, from ripa, a bank.] Per- 
taining to the bank of a river. 

Ripe, a. [compar. riper ; superl. ripest.] [A.S.rlpe, 

0. H. Ger. rifi, allied to A.-S. rip, harvest, ripan, to reap.] 

1. Ready for reaping ; having attained perfection, as 
grain, fruit, &c. 2. Advanced to the state of fitness for 
use. 3. Having attained its utmost development. 4. 
Hence, characterized by completeness or finish ; consum- 
mate ; perfected. 5. Ready for action or effect ; pre- 
pared. 6. Resembling ripened fruit in ruddiness and 
plumpness. 

Syn. — Mature ; mellow ; complete ; finished. See Ma- 
ture. 

Ripe'ly, adv. Maturely; at the fit time. 

Rip'en (rlp'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RIPENED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RIPENING.] 1. To grow ripe. 2. To approach 
or come to perfection ; to be fitted or prepared. 

Rip'en (rlp'n), v. t. 1. To make ripe, as grain or fruit. 

2. To mature ; to fit or prepare ; to bring to perfection. 
Ripe'ness, n. The state of being ripe, or brought to a 

state of perfection ; maturity ; completeness. 

Rip'per, n. One who rips, tears, or cuts open. 

Rip'ple (rlp'pl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RIPPLED ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. RIPPLING.] [Diminutive of rip, q. v.] To become 
fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water ; to be covered 
with small waves or undulations. 

Kip'ple (rip'pl), v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface 
of running water. 

Rip'ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface 
of water/ 2. A little wave or undulation. 3. A kind 
of comb, through which flax plants are passed to remove 
the seed vessels. 

Rip'rap, n. (Engin.) A foundation or parapet of stones 
thrown together without order, as in deep water, or on a 
soft bottom. 

Rige (rlz), v. i. [imp. ROSE ; p. p. RISEN ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RISING.] [A.-S. risan, arisan, Goth, reisan, urreisan, 
Icel. rlsa. Cf. Raise.] 1. To move or pass in any man- 
ner from a lower position to a higher ; to ascend ; to 
mount up ; to become elevated, from whatever cause ; 
to attain a height. 2. To have the aspect or the effect 
of rising ; to seem to rise ; to become apparent ; to emerge 
into sight; to have a beginning. 3. To increase in size, 
force, value, price, or the like. 4. Hence, in various 
figurative senses ; as, (a.) To become excited, opposed, or 
hostile, (b.) To attain to a better social position, (c.) 
To become more and more dignified or forcible ; to in- 
crease in interest or power, (d.) To come to mind ; to be 
suggested, (e.) To come to hand; to offer itself. (/.) 
To come to life ; to revive. 5. To close a session ; to 
adjourn. 
. Syn. — To arise ; mount; ascend; climb; scale; appre- 
ciate. — Some in America use the word appreciate for " rise in 
value;" as, stocks appreciate, money appreciates, &c. This is 
never done in England, and by only a few in this country. It 
is undesirable, because rise sufficiently expresses the idea, and 
appreciate lias its own distinctive meaning, which ought not 
to be encroached upon by one so entirely diverse. 

Rise (rls), n. 1. Act of rising, or state of being risen ; 
ascent. 2. Distance through which any thing rises. 3. 
That which rises or seems to rise ; an acclivity ; a steep ; 
an ascent. 4. Spring; source; origin. 5. Increase; 
augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, 
&c. 6. Increase of sound. 7. (Mus.) Elevation or as- 
cent of the voice. 

Ris/er, n. 1. One who rises. 2. (Arch.) The upright 
piece in a stair. 

Ris/i-foil'i-ty , n. Quality of being risible. 

Ri§'i-ble, a. [Lat. risibilis, from rider e,ri sum, to laugh.] 
Capable of exciting laughter ; worthy to be laughed at. 

7.7 S yU ,— J'Udicrous; laughable; amusing; ridiculous.— Sm- 
ote cutters from ludicrous, as species from genus; ludicrous ex- 
pressing that which is playful and sportive; risible, that 
which may excite laughter. Pdsible differs from ridiculous, as 
the latter implies something mean or contemptible, and risible 
does not. 



Risk, n. [From Lat. resecare, to cut off.] 1. Hazard; 
peril ; sometimes, the degree of peril or danger. 2. ( Com.) 
(a.) Liability to loss in property, (b.) That which is 
liable to loss. 

To run a risk, to incur hazard. — To take a risk, to assume 
danger; hence (Com.), to insure. 
Syn. — Danger; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Dangee. 
Risk,-u. t. [imp. & p. p. RISKED (rlskt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RISKING.] To expose to risk, hazard, or peril. 
Syn.— To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard; venture. 
Risk'er, n. One who risks or hazards. 
Risk'y, a. Attended with danger ; hazardous. [Amer.] 
Rite, n. [Lat. riius.] Formal act of religion, or other 
solemn duty ; a religious ceremony or usage. 
Syn. — Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance. 
Rit'or-nelle', ) n. [It., dim. of ritomo, return, from 
H/i'tor-nel'lo, ] ritornare, to return.] (Mus.) (a.) A 
short introductory or concluding symphony to an air. 
(b.) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental 



Rit'u-al, a. [Lat. ritualis, from ritus, a rite.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or consisting of, rites ; ceremonial ; ceremo- 
nious : formal. 2. Prescribing rites. 

Rit'u-al, n. 1. The manner of performing divine ser- 
vice in a particular church or communion. 2. A book 
containing the rites to be observed. 

Rit'u-al-i§m,n. 1. Prescribed forms of religious worship. 
2. Observance of prescribed forms in religion. 3. Con- 
fidence in mere rites or external ceremonies. 

Rit'u-al-ist, n. One skilled in, or devoted to, a ritual. 

Rit'u-al-ly, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite. 

Ri'val, n. [Lat. rivales, two neighbors having the same 
brook in common, rivals, from rivalis, belonging to a 
brook, from rivus, a brook.] One in pursuit of the same 
object as another. 
Syn.— Competitor; emulator; antagonist. 

Ri'val, a. Having the same pretensions or claims ; stand- 
ing in competition for superiority. 

Ri'val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rivaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RIVALING.] 1. To stand in competition with ; to 
strive to gain some object in opposition to. 2. To strive 
to equal or excel ; to emulate. 

Ri'val-ry, ) n. Act of rivaling, or state of being a 

Ri'val-ship, J rival. 

Syn. — Emulation ; competition; rivalship ; strife. See 
Emulation. 

Rive, v. t. [imp. RIVED ; p. p. rived, or riven ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RIVING.] [A.-S. red/an, to break, split, 
Icel. riiifa, ryf, to loose, break, hrifa, r'ifa, to tear.l To 
rend asunder by force ; to split ; to cleave. 

Rive, v. i. To be split or rent asunder. 

Riv'en, p. p. of rive. See RlVE. 

Riv'er, n. [From Lat. riparius, belonging to a bank or 
shore, from ripa, a bank or shore.] 1. A stream of 
water, larger than a rivulet or brook, flowing in a chan- 
nel on land toward the ocean, a lake, or another river. 
2. A copious flow ; abundance. 

Riv'ered, a. Supplied with rivers. 

Riv'er- horse, n. The hippopotamus, an animal inhab- 
iting rivers. 

Riv'et, n. [Fr. rivet, a rivet ; river, to rivet, It. ribadire.] 
A pin of metal clinched at one or both ends by being 
hammered and spread. 

Riv'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RIVETTED ; p.pr. & vb.n. 
RIVETTING.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets. 
2. To clinch. 3. Hence, to fasten firmly ; to make firm 
or strong. 

Riv'u-let, n. [Lat. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a brook.] A 
small river or brook ; a streamlet. 

Rix'-dol'lar, n. [Ger. reichsthaler ,'\. e., dollar of the 
empire or realm.] A silver coin of Germany, Holland, 
Denmark, and Sweden, of different value in different 
places, and varying from 60 cents to $1.08. 

Roach, ra. [A.-S. reohha, reohche, 
hreoce, H. Ger. roche.] 1. (Ichth.) 
A gregarious fresh- water fish of 
the carp family. It is of a silver- 
white color, with a greenish back, 
having the dorsal fin opposite the 
ventral. 2. A cockroach. 

Road (20), n. [A.-S. rad, a riding, that on which one 
rides, a road, from ridan, to ride.] An open way or pub- 
lic passage ; a public track for traveling. 

To take to tlie road, to engage in robbery upon the highways. 
Syn.— "Way: highway; street; lane; pathway; route; pas- 
sage ; course. — Way is generic, denoting any line for passage 
or conveyance; a. highway is literally one raised for the 6ake 



Roach. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



ROAD 



625 



RODOMONTADE 



of dryness and convenience in traveling; aroad (from ride) 
is a wayfor horses and carriages; a street (Lat. via lapidibus 
strata) is etymologically a pared way, as early made in towns 
and cities, and hence the word is distinctively applied to roads 
or highways in compact settlements. 

Road, n. [Either from A.-S. rad, or from Icel. reida, 
preparation, equipment, fitting cut (of ships).] A place 
where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from 
the shore ; a roadstead. 

Road' stead, n. A place where ships may ride at anchor, 
at some distance from the shore. 

Road'ster, n. 1. (Naut.) A vessel riding at anchor in 
a road or bay. 2. A horse fitted for traveling. 

Roam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. roamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROAMING.] [Orig. to go on a pilgrimage to Rome.] To 
walk or move about from place to place without any cer- 
tain purpose or direction. 

Syn.— To wander ; rove; range; stroll; ramble; stray. 

Roam, v. t. To range or wander over. 

Roam'er, n. One who roams ; a wanderer ; a rover. 

Roan, a. [Fr. rouan, Sp. roano, from Lat. ravus, gray- 
yellow.] Having a bay, sorrel, or dark color, with spots 
of gray, or white, thickly interspersed ; — said of a horse. 

Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse. 2. A roan 
horse. 3. A kind of leather for book-binding, made 
from sheep-skin, in imitation of morocco. 

Roar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. roared;/;, pr. & vb. n. 
ROARING.] [A.-S. rdrian, Prov. Ger. reren, rdrren, r'dren, 
0. H. Ger. reren, reran.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, 
continued sound, as a lion, or one in pain. 2. To make 
aloud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, 
and the like. 3. To engage in riotous conduct ; to be 
disorderly. 4. To laugh out loudly and continuously. 

Roar, n. The sound of roaring ; a loud continuous noise, 
as of billows, a wild beast, or the like. 

Roar'er, n. One who. or that which, roars ; specifically, 
a riotous fellow ; a roaring boy. 

Roar'ing, n. A loud, continuous sound, as of a beast, 
or of one in distress, anger, mirth, and the like. 

Roast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. roasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROASTING.] [0. H. Ger. rostjan. 0. Fr. rostir, N. Fr. 
rOtir, It. arrostire, ^Y. rhostiaiv.] 1. To cook, dress, or 
prepare, as meat for the table, by exposure to heat, be- 
fore the fire. 2. To prepare for food by exposure to heat. 
3. To drj T and parch by exposure to heat. 4. Hence, 
to heat violently, or to excess. 

Roast, v. i. To be cooked by exposure to heat before a 
fire ; to be roasted. 

Roast, ti. That which is roasted. 

To ride Uie roast, to take the lead ; to domineer; — a phrase 
of uncertain origin. 

Roast, a. [For roasted.] Roasted. 

Roast'er, n. 1. One who roasts meat. 2. A contriv- 
ance for roasting. 3. A pig, or other animal or article, 
for roasting. 

Rob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROB- 
BING.] [From Goth. ranbOn. biranbdn, A.-S. reqfian, 
Eng. reave.]- 1. To take away from by force ; to strip by 
stealing; to plunder; to steal from. 2. (Law.) To take 
property from the person of, feloniously, forcibly, or by 
putting in fear. 

Rob'ber, n. One who commits a robbery ; one who takes 
property feloniously, and by violence. 

Syn. — Thief; depredator; despoiler ; plunderer; pillager; 
rifler ; brigand ; freebooter ; pirate. 

RobHber-y , n. The crime of robbing or stealing by force. 
Syn. — Depredation; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; 
plunder; pillage; freebooting; piracy. 

Robe, n. [L. Lat. rauba, raupa, a gown, dress, garment, 
orig. booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t.] 1. An outer gar- 
ment for man or woman ; especially, one of a rich, flow- 
ing, or elegant style or make ; hence, a dress of state, 
rank, office, and the like. 2. A skin of the wolf, buffalo, 
&c, dressed and prepared for 
use. [Amer.] 

Robe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
ROBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROB- 
ING.] To invest with a robe ; 
to dress ; to array. 

Rob'in, n. [Prop, an abbre- 
viation of Robert.] (Ornith.) 
(a.) A European singing bird, 
having a reddish breast ; the 
ruddock, (b.) An American 
singing bird, having the breast 
of a somewhat dingy orange- 
red color ; — called also migratory thrush 




Robin. 



Rob'in-rednbreast, n. Same as robin. See ROBIN. 

Rob'o-rant, a. [Lat. roborans, p. pr. of roborare, to 
strengthen, from robur, roboris, a very hard kind of oak, 
and hardness, strength.] Strengthening. [tonic. 

Rob'o-rant, n. (Med.) A strengthening medicine; a 

Ro-bust', a. [Lat. robustits, oaken, hard, strong, from 
robur. strength.] 1. Evincing strength ; indicating vigor- 
ous health. 2. Requiring strength or vigor. 

Syn. — Strong ; lusty ; sinewy ; sturdy ; muscular ; hale ; 
hearty •- vigorous ; forceful ; sound. — Robust means, literally, 
made of oak, and hence implies great compactness and tough- 
ness of muscle, connected with a thick-set frame and great 
powers of endurance. Strong denotes the power of exerting 
great physical force. The robust man can bear heat or cold, 
excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hard- 
ship; the strong man can lift a great weight, can give a heavy 
blow, and a hard gripe. 

Ro-biist'ness, n. The quality of being robust ; strength; 
soundness. 

Roehe'-al/um, n. [Called also, and more properly, 
rock-alum.] [Fr. roche, rock.] A pure kind of alum. 

Ro-chelle' Pow'derg (ro-shel')- The same as Sed- 
litz Powders. 

Roch'et (rotch'et), n. [From 0. H. Ger. & A.-S. roc, 
Icel. rockr, L. Lat. roccus, a coat, garment.] A linen 
garment resembling a surplice. 

Rock, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rupica, from rupes, a 
rock.] 1. A large mass of stony material. 2. ( Gtol.) 
Any natural deposit of stony material, whether con- 
solidated or not, thus including saud, earth, or clay, 
when in natural beds. 3. That which resembles a rock 
in firmness. 

Syn. — Stone. — Hock always denotes a large and heavy 
mass of stone. Some, however, in certain parts of our coun- 
try, apply the term to a stone of any size, and speak of boys 
as throwing rocks at each other. This has been truly called 
a " supremely ridiculous expression." 

Rock, n. [Icel. rockr, 0. H. Ger. rocco, rocho, roccho.] 
A distaff used in spinning. 

Rock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rocked (rokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
ii. ROCKING.] [Icel. riukandi, wavering, smoking, A.-S. 
reocan, to waver, exhale, smoke, 0. H. Ger. rukjan, to 
move, push, pull.] 1. To move backward and forward 
as a body resting on a support beneath. 2. To put to 
sleep by rocking ; hence, to still ; to quiet. 

Rock, v. i. To be moved backward and forward ; to reel ; 
to totter. 

Rock'-aFum, n. The purest kind of alum. See 
Roche-alum. 

Rock'a-way, n. A low, four-wheeled, two-seated pleas- 
ure-carriage, with full standing top. 

Rock'-crys'tal, «. (Min.) Limpid quartz. 

Rock'er, n. 1. One who rocks the cradle. 2. The 
curving piece of wood on which a cradle or chair rocks. 
3. Any implement capable of a rocking motion 

Rock'et, ii. [It. rocchetta, from rocca, a distaff; Ger. 
rackete , rakete . See ROCK.] An artificial firework, which 
being tied to a stick and fired, is projected through the 
air by a force arising from the combustion. 

Rock'et, n. [From Lat. eruca.] (Eot.) A plant of the 
genus Eruca. The garden rocket is sometimes eaten as 
a salad, when young and tender. 

Rock'i-ness, n. The state of being rocky. 

Rock'ing- stone, n. A large stone, resting upon another 
stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or 
slightly moved, with but little force. 

Rock'-oil, n. The same as PETROLEUM. 

Rock'-salt, n. (Min.) Chloride of sodium or common 
salt occurring in rock-like masses in mines. 

iKi 1 - In the United States, this name is sometimes given to 
salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea-water. 

Rock'-work (-wfirk), n. Stones fixed in mortar in 
imitation of natural masses of rock. 

Rock'y, a. 1. Full of rocks. 2. Formed of rocks. 3. 
Resembling a rock. 4. Unfeeling; obdurate. 

Rod, n. [A.-S. rdd, 0. H. Ger. ruota, allied to Lat. rudis, 
a slender stick or rod, and Skr. ridh, to grow.] 1. The 
shoot or long twig of any woody plant ; a branch , or the 
stem of a shrub. 2. Any long slender stick; a wand; 
as, (a.) An instrument of punishment or correction, (b.) 
A kind of scepter, or badge of office ; hence, power ; 
authority ; tyranny ; oppression. 3. A measure of 
length, containing sixteen and a half feet ; a perch ; a 
pole. 

Rode (20), imp. of ride. See Ride. 

Ro'dent, a. [Lat. rodens, p. pr. of rodere, to gnaw.] 
Gnawing. 

Ro'dent, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal that gnaws, as a rat. 

Rod'o-mont-ade', n. [From Rodomont, a boasting 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 

* 40 



KODOMONTADE 



626 



ROMPISH 



hero in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto.] Vain boasting ; 
empty bluster or vaunting ; rant. 

Rod'o-moiit-ade', v. i. To boast ; to brag; to bluster. 

Roe, n. [See infra.] The female of any species of deer. 

Roe (to), n. [0. H. Ger. rogan, rogin, N. II. Ger. rogen, 
Icel. rogn.] The ovary and eggs of a fish. 
G3f* The milt of the male fish is sometimes called soft roe. 

Roe 'buck, n. [A.-S. rah, ra, Icel. ra, N. H. Ger. reh, 
rehbock, 0. II. Ger. rech.] A small species of deer, having 
erect cylindrical branched horns, forked at the summit. 

Ro-ga'tion, n. [Lat. rogatio, from rogare, rogatum, to 
ask, beg, supplicate.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The demand, 
by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the 
people. 2. Litany ; supplication. 

Rogation days (Eccl), the three days immediately before the 
festival of Ascension ; — so called as being days of special sup- 
plication. — Rogation week, the second week before Whit-Sun- 
day, in which these days occur. 

Rogue (rog, 20), n. [Fr. rogue, proud, haughty, super 
cilious, Icel. hrCkr. a brave, proud, or haughty man.] 1. 
(Law.) A vagrant; a sturdy beggar ; a vagabond. 2. 
A deliberately dishonest person ; a knave ; a cheat. 3. 
One who is mischievous or frolicsome. 

Rogu'er y (vog'er-y), n. 1. Knavish tricks ; cheating ; 
fraud ; dishonest "practices. 2. Rogue-like actions ; 
waggery ; arch tricks ; mischievousness. 

Rogu'ish (rog'ish), a. 1. Resembling a rogue; proper 
for a rogue, 2. Waggish ; slightly mischievous. 

Rogu'ish-ly (rog'ish-), adv. Like a rogue ; knavishly. 

Rogu'isli-ness (rog'ish-), n. Quality or state of being 
roguish ; knaverj^ ; mischievousness ; archness. 

Roil (38), v. t. [imp. & p. p. roiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROILING.] [Either abbrev. from broil, or from 0. Eng. 
roile, reile, to roll. See BROIL.] 1. To render turbid 
by stirring up the dregs or sediment of. 2. To excite 
to some degree of anger. [Prov. Eng. Local, Amer.] 

Roint, inter j. See AROYNT. 

Rois'ter, } n. [Probably from Fr. rustre, a boor, a 

Rois'ter-er, { clown, clownish, from Lat. rusticus, rus- 
tic] A bold, blustering, turbulent fellow. 

Hole (rol), n. [Fr. See Roll.] A part performed by 
an actor in a drama ; hence, any conspicuous action or 
duty performed by any one. 

Roll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROLLING.] [L. Lat. rotulare, from Lat. rotulus, rotula, 
a little wheel.] 1. To cause to revolve by turning over 
and over ; to move by turning on an axis. 2. To wrap 
round on itself ; to form into a spherical or cylindrical 
body. 3. To bind or involve by winding. 4. To drive 
or impel forward with a swift and easy motion, as of 
rolling. 5. To press or level with a roller. 6. To move 
on, or by means of, rollers or small wheels. 7. To beat 
with rapid strokes, as a drum. 

Roll, v. i. 1. To move by turning on a surface ; to re- 
volve upon an axis. 2. To keep falling over and over. 

3. To perform a periodical revolution. 4. To turn ; to 
move circularly. 5. To move up and down, as waves 
or billows ; also, to rock or move from side to side, as a 
ship. 6. To run on wheels. 7. To be formed into a 
cylinder or ball. S. To spread under a roller or rolling- 
pin. 9. To wallow; to tumble. 10. To beat a drum with 
strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished 
by the ear. 

Roll, n. [From Lat. rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota, a 
wheel.] 1. Act of rolling, or state of being rolled. 2. 
That which rolls ; a roller. 3. That which is rolled up ; 
wool, and the like ; hence, specifically, (a.) A document 
which may be rolled up ; a scroll, (b.) Hence, an official 
or public document ; a register ; also, a catalogue ; a list, 
(r.) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form. 
(d.) A small loaf of bread made from dough rolled up. 

4. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid 
as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 

Syn. — List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See 
List. 

Roll'-eall, n. The act or time of calling over a list of 

names, 'as amon^ soldiers. 
Roll'er. n. 1. That which rolls; that which turns on 

its own axis ; especial!.)/, a cylinder of wood, stone, metal, 

&c.,used in husbandry and the arts 2. A long and 

broad bandage used in surgery 
Roll'er, n. (Ornith.) An insessorial or perching bird, 

found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The colors of the 

plumage in adults are brilliant blue and green, mixed 

with chestnut 
RSl'li-e, v. i. [imp. & p. p. rollicked (roPlikt) ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. ROLLICKING.] [An abbreviation and mod- 



ification of frolic, with an allusion to roll.] To move 
in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air. 
[Colloq.] 

Roll 'iug- mill, n. A mill furnished with heavy rollers, 
through which heated metal is passed, to form it into 
sheets or rails, &c. 

Roll'ing-pm, n. A cylindrical piece of wood to roil 
out paste or dough with. 

Roll'y-polFy, n. [Said to be from roll and pool.] A 
game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins. 

Ro-ma'ie, n. [Mod. Gr. 'Pw/acukos.] The modern Greek 
language. 

Ro-ma'ie, a. Of, or relating to, modern Greece, or its 
language. 

Ro'man, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome, or to the Roman 
people. 2. Pertaining to, or professing, the Roman Cath- 
olic religion. 3. (Print.) (a.) Upright; erect; — said of 
the letters ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic 
characters, (b.) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as 
I., IV., i., iv., &c. ; — said of numerals, as distinguished 
from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, &c. 

Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or adhering to, the religion 
of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head. 

Ro'man, ft. A native, citizen, or permanent resident, of 
Rome. 

Ro-mance' (114), n. [L. Lat. romancivm, the common 
vulgar language, which sprung from the Roman and Latin 
language, and a species of fictitious composition which 
was first written in this language.] 1. A species of fic- 
titious writing, originally composed in meter in the ro- 
mance dialects, and afterward in prose ; hence, any ficti- 
tious and wonderful tale ; a sort of novel. 2. The 
language, or dialects which were formed from a mixture 
of the Latin with the languages of the barbarians, and 
from which have sprung the languages now prevalent in 
the south of Europe. 
Syn. — Fable; novel; fiction; tale. 

Ro-mance', v. i. [imp. & p. p. romanced (ro-manst') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ROMANCING.] To write or tell romances ; 
to deal in extravagant stories. 

Ro-man'cer, n. One who romances. 

Ro'man-e?que' (-esk'), a. 1. (Paint.) Representing 
subjects and scenes appropriate to romance. 2. (Arch.) 
Somewhat resembling the Roman ; especially, character- 
ized by the debased style adopted in the later Roman 
empire. 

Ro'man-esque', n. 1. (Paint.) A style of art in which 
fantastic and imaginary representations of animals and 
foliage are employed. 2. (Arch.) The debased style of 
architecture and ornament adopted in the later Roman 
empire. 3. (Lit.) The common dialect of Languedoc 
and some other districts in the south of France. 

Ro-man'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome or its people. 
2. Pertaining to any or all of the various languages 
which, during the middle ages, sprung out of jthe old Ro- 
man. 3. Related to the Roman people by descent. 

Ro'man-jgm, n. The tenets of the church of Rome. 

Ro'man-ist, ft. An adherent to the Roman Catholic 
religion ; a Roman Catholic. 

Ro'man-ize, i'. «. [imp. & p.p. Romanized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ROMANIZING.] To convert to the Roman Cath- 
olic religion or opinions. 

Ro'man-ize, v. i. To conform to Roman Catholic opin- 
ions, customs, or modes of speech. 

Ro-mansch', ) n. [Gris. rvmansch, rumauntsch, ru- 

Ro-mansh', ) ?nonsch, romonsch, ramonsch.] The 
language of the Grisons in Switzerland ; a corruption of 
the Latin. 

Ro-man'tie, a. 1. Pertaining to, involving, or resem- 
bling romance ; hence, fictitious ; fanciful. 2. Charac- 
terized by novelty, strangeness, or variety, as scenerj r . 

Syn. ^-Sentimental; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See 
Sentimental. 

Ro-man'tie-al-ry, adv. In a romantic manner. 

Ro-m&n'ti-cigin, n. The state of being romantic or 
fantastic. 

Ro-man'tie-ness, ft. The state of being romantic; 
wildness ; extravagance ; fancifulness. 

Rom'isli, a. [From Rome.] Belonging or relating to 
Rome, or to the Roman Catholic church. 

Romp, n. 1. A rude girl who indulges in boisterous play. 
2. Rude play or frolic. 

Romp, v. i. [imp. & p.p., ROMPED (86) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
romping.1 [A different spelling of ramp. See RAMP, 2.] 
To play rudely and boisterously ; to leap and frisk about 
in play. 

Romp'ish, a. Given to rude play ; inclined to romp. 



a,c, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask., all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



ROMPISHNESS 



627 



ROSE-BUG 



Romp F ish-ness, n. The quality of being rompish ; 
rudeness ; boisterousness. 

Ron-deau'tron-do'}? «■ [Fr., from rond, round.] [Written 
also rondo.] 1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as 
to contain a refrain or repetition, which occurs according 
to a fixed law. 2. (Mus.) A composition, in which the 
first strain is repeated at the end of each of the other 
strains. 

Ron'ion (rHn'yun), n. [Cf. Fr. rognon, roignon, kidney ; 
(from Lat. ren, renin,) and Fr. rogne, itch, mange, scab.] 
1. A mangy or scabby animal. 2. A fat, bulky woman. 

Rood, n. [See Rod.] The fourth part of an acre, or 
forty square rods. 

Rood, n. [A.-S. rod, rod, cross. See Rod.] A represen- 
tation of the cross with Christ hanging on it; or more 
generally of the Trinity. 

Roof, v. [A.-S. hrOf, top, roof. Cf. Gr. opo^os, 0. Sax. 
hrOst, Goth, hrot, roof.] 1. The cover or upper part of 
any house, barn, and the like. 




Hip Roof. 



Ogee Roof. 



^ 




Mansard Roof. 



Having no house 



Shed Roof. Curb Roof. 

2. That which resembles or corre- 
sponds with the covering of a house. 
Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROOFED ; 
(rooft); p.pr. & vb. n. roofing.] 

1. To cover with a roof. 2. To in- 
close in a house ; to shelter. 

Roofing, ft. 1. Act of covering 

with a roof. 2. Materials of or for 

a roof. 3. Hence, the roof itself. 
Roof 'less, a. 1. Having no roof. 

or home ; unsheltered. 
Roof let, ft. A small roof, covering, or shelter. 
Roof-tree, ft. 1. The beam in the angle of a roof. 2. 

Hence, the roof itself. 
Ro^bk, n. [From Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, a fabulous 

bird of enormous size and strength, and the rook or tower 

at chess; Skr. ratlin, a car, a war-car.] [Chess ) One 

of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the 

board ; a castle. 
Rook (27), n. [A.-S. hrOc, 0. H. Ger. 

hruok, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hraukr, 

hrZkr, Cf. 0. Sa,X7~rouca, chattering, 

Gr. ;c6paf,Lat. grarulus, Eng. crow, 

and Goth, hrukjan, to croak, Icel. 

kriaikr, crow, krhnka, to croak.] 

( Ornith.) A gregarious bird resem- 
bling the crow, but differing from it 

in feeding chiefly on insects and 

grain, instead of carrion and the like. 
Rob k, v. i. 1. To cheat; to defraud. 

2. To squat or sit close. 

Rook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rooked (rdbkt) ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ROOKING.] To choo,t ; to defraud by cheating. 

Ro'bk'er-y, n. 1. A place where rooks congregate and 
build their nests, as a wood, &c. 2. An overcrowded, 
dilapidated building, or cluster of buildings. 

Rbbk'y, a. Inhabited by rooks. 

Room (29), ii. [A.-S. rilm, Icel. rlxm, Goth, rums.] 1. 
Space which has been or may be set apart or appropri- 
ated to any purpose. 2. An apartment in a house. 3. 
Possibility of admission ; freedom to act. 4. Place un- 
obstructed. 5. Place or stead left by another. 
Syn.— Space; compass; scope; latitude;. 

Room, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ROOMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROOiM.lNG.] To occupy a room or apartment ; to lodge. 

Room'i-ness, ft. State of being roomy ; spaciousness ; 
space. 

Robm'y, a. Having ample room ; spacious ; wide. 

Roost, ft. [A.-S. hrost, D. roest, roost, roesten, to roost.] 
1. The pole on which birds rest at night ; a perch. 2. 
A_collection of fowls roosting together. 

Roost, v. i. [imp. & p.p. roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. 




Rook. 




-~b 



Root (1). 



ROOSTING.] To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a pole or 
tree ; to perch. 

Roosf er, n. The male of the domestic fowl, considered 
as the head or chief of the roost ; a cock. [Amer.] 

Root, ft. [Iceland & Fries., allied to 
Lat. radix, Gr. pi£x.] 1. (Bot.) The 
descending axis of a plant, which in- 
creases in length by growth at or 
near its end only, and which usually &■ 
gives off similar branching parts, 
called rootlets. 2. An edible or es- 
culent root. 3. That which resem- 
bles a root as a source of nourish- 
ment or support ; that from which c- 
any thing proceeds as if by growth 
or development ; especially, (a.) An 
ancestor or progenitor ; hence, an 
early race. (b.) A word from which 

other words are formed; a radical. K ' ^.TV 1-1 *;?* 
, > mi. • u i » i root; 6, 6, rootlets; 

(c.) The cause or occasion by which c , c, fibers, 
any thing is brought about, [d. ) 

(Math.) That factor of a quantity which when multiplied 
into itself will produce that quantity. 4. That which 
resembles a root in position ; the lowest place, position, 
or part. 

Ro~ot, v. i, [imp. & p. p. ROOTED; p.pr. & vb. ft. 
rooting.] 1. To enter the earth, as roots, 2. To be 
firmly fixed or established. 

Root, v. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or 
as in the earth ; hence, to make deep or radical. 2. To 
tear up by the root ; to eradicate : to extirpate. 

Root, t\ i. [Icel. rota, A.-S. lorCtan, wrOtian, to turn up 
with the snout, to root, wrZt, a snout, trunk.] 1. To 
turn up the earth with the snout, as swine. 2. To fawn 
servilely. 

Ro"bt, v. t. To turn up with the snout, as swine. 

Roofer, ft. One who, or that which, roots ; one that 
tears up by the roots. 

Roof let, » A radicle ; a little root. 

Root'y, a. Full of roots. 

Rope, ft [A.-S. & 0. Fries, rap, Icel. reip, Goth, raip, 
mips.] 1. A large, stout, twisted cord, of not less, usu- 
ally, than an inch in circumference. 2. A row or string 
consisting of a number of things united. 

Rope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ROPED (ropt) ; p. pr. & vb n. 
roping.] To be formed into rope ; to draw out or ex- 
tend into a filament or thread. 

Rope, v. t. To draw by, or as by, a rope. 

Rope'-dan'cer, ft. One who walks or dances on a rope 
extended through the air. 

Rope'-lad'der, ft. A ladder made of ropes. 

Rop'er-y, n. A place where ropes are made. 

Rope'-walk (-wawk), n. A long, covered walk, or 
building where ropes are manufactured. 

Rop'i-ness, ft. Quality of being ropy ; viscosity. 

Rop'y, a. [From rope.] Stringy ; adhesive ; viscous ; 
tenacious ; glutinous. 

Roq'ue-laure (rok'e-lor), n. [Fr. roquelaure, from a 
Due de Roquelaure, who first introduced it.] A surtout 
formed to button from top to bottom in front. 

Ro-rif er-oiis, a. [Lat. rorifer, from ros, roris, dew, and 
ferre, to bear.] Generating or producing dew. 

Ror'qnal, ft. [Norw. rorqualus, a whale with folds.] 
(Zool.) A cetaceous mammal or whale resembling the 
common whale, but having a more slender body. It is 
characterized by longitudinal folds on the throat and 
under parts. 

Ro-<?a'ceous, a. [Lat. rosaceus, from rosa, rose.] (Bot.) 
(a.) Composed of several petals, arranged like those of the 
rose, (b.) Pertaining to the rose family of plants. 

Ro'§a-ry, n. [Lat. rosarium, a place planted with roses, 
from rosarius, of roses, from rosa, a rose.] 1. A bed of 
roses, or place where roses grow. 2. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A series of prayers, and a string of beads by 
which they are counted. 

Roge, ft. [Lat. rosa, allied to Gr. poSov.] 1. A well- 
known plant and flower of many species and varieties. 
2. A rosette. 

Under the rose (Lat. sub 7-osa), in secret ; privately ; in a 
manner that forbids disclosure ; — the rose being, among ths 
ancients, the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments, 
as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. 

Rof e, imp. of rise. See Rise. 

Ro'ge-ate, a. [Lat. roseus, rosalus, prepared from roses, 
L. Lat. rose-colored, ornamented with roses, from rosa, a 
rose.] 1. Full of roses; rosy. 2. Of a rose color; 
blooming. 

Roge'-biig, ft. (Entom.) A species of diurnal beetle, 



food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



ROSE-COLORED 



628 



ROUND 



which feeds on the blossoms of the rose, and on various 
other plants. 

Roge'-eoPored (-kuPurd), a. 1. Having the color of a 
rose. 2. Uncommonly beautiful ; — hence, exaggerat- 
edly fine or pleasing ; extravagant. 

Ro§e'ma-ry, n. [0. Eng. rosmarine, Lat. rosmarinus, 
from ros, dew, and marinus, marine.] (Bot ) A plant 
growing in south-eastern Europe, also in Asia Minor 
and China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pun- 
gent, bitterish taste. 

Ro-§sette', n. [Fr., dim. of rose, a rose. See supra.] 1. 
An imitation of a rose made of ribbon or other material, 
used as an ornament. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in the 
form of a rose. [tillation. 

Ro§e'-wa'ter, n. Water tinctured with roses by dis- 

Ro§e'-wa/ter, a. Having the odor of rose-water ; hence, 
affectedly nice or delicate ; sentimental. 

Roge'-win'dow, n. (Arch.) A circular window with a 
series of mullions diverging from the center, forming di- 
visions which bear a general resemblance to the leaves of 
a rose. 

Ro§e'-wobd, n. The wood of several different kinds of 
trees, growing in warm climates. It is much used in 
cabinet-work. 

R6s/i-eru'cian, n. [Lat. ros, dew, and crux, cross; 
dew being, according to those philosophers, the most 
powerful dissolvent of gold, and the cross the emblem of 
light.] One of a sect of hermetical philosophers which 
came into being about the close of the 17th century. 
They made great pretensions to a knowledge of the 
secrets of nature. 

Ros/i-cru'cian, a. Pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or 
their arts. 

Rog'in, n. [A different orthography of resin, q. v.] The 
resin left after distilling off the volatile oil from the dif- 
ferent species of turpentine. 

Rog'in, v. t. To rub with rosin. 

Ro§'in-y, a. Like rosin, or partaking of its qualities. 

Ross, it. [Cf. Prov. Ger. grus, graus, coarse sand, gravel, 
rubbish.] The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the 
bark of trees. 

Ros'ter, n. [A corruption of register.] (Mil.) A list of 
officers. 

Ros'tral, a. [Lat. rostralis, from rostrum, a beak.] 1. 
Resembling, or pertaining to, a rostrum, 2. Pertaining 
to the beak. 

Ros'trate, ) a. [Lat. rostratus, from rostrum, a beak.] 

Ros'tra-ted, J 1. (Bot. & Co7ich.) Having a process 
resembling the beak of a bird ; beaked. 2. Furnished 
or adorned with beaks. 

Ros'trum, n. [Lat., from rodere, to gnaw.] 1. The 
beak or bill of a bird. 2. The beak of a ship. 3. (Rom. 
Antiq. ) An elevated place in the forum , for public speak- 
ers. 4. Hence, any elevated platform from which a 
speaker addresses an audience. 

Ros/y, a. [compar. rosier; superl. ROSIEST.] Re- 
sembling a rose in color, form, or qualities ; blooming ; 
red ; blushing ; charming. 

Rot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ROTTED : p. pr. & vb. n. ROT- 
TING.] [A.-S. rotian, Icel. rotna.] To be decomposed 
into simple parts ; to go to decay. 
Syn. — To putrefy ; corrupt ; decay ; spoil. 

Rot, v. t. To make putrid ; to bring to corruption. 

Rot, n. The process of rotting; decay; putrefaction; 
specifically, (a.) A fatal distemper incident to sheep, (b.) 
A form of decay which attacks timber ; — usually called 
dry-rot. (c.) A disease very injurious to the potato. 

Ro'ta-ry, a. [Lat., from rota, wheel.] Turning, as a 
wheel on its axis ; pertaining to, or resembling, the mo- 
tion of a wheel on its axis ; rotatory. 

Ro'tate, a. [Lat., rotatus, p. p. of rotare, to turn round 
like a wheel, from rota, wheel.] (Bot.) Wheel-shaped. 

Ro'tate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. rotated; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ROTATING.] [See supra.] 1. To revolve or move 
round a center. 2. To go out of office, and be succeed- 
ed by another or by others. 

Ro'tate, v. t. To cause to revolve. 

Ro-ta'tion, n. [Lat. rotatio, from rotare. See Rotate, 
v. i.] 1. Act of rotating or turning, as a wheel or solid 
body on its axis. 2. Any return or succession in a se- 
ries. 3c Frequent change of crop on any piece of land. 

Ro'ta-tive, a. Turning as a wheel ; rotary. 

Ro'ta-to-ry (50), a. 1. Turning on an axis, as a wheel. 
2. Going in a circle ; following in succession. 
Syn. — Rotary; rotative; rotating. 

Rote, n. [0. H. Ger. rota, hrota, Ir. crot, cruit, W. crwth.] 
(Mus.) An instrument similar to the hurdy-gurdy. 



Rote,rc. [0. Ft. rote, T$. Ft. route, road, path. SeeRotrTE.] 
A frequent repetition of forms of speech without atten- 
tion to the meaning ; mere repetition. 

Rot'ten (rot'tn), a. [See Rot.] Havingrotted ; putrid ; 
decayed; hence, (a.) Offensive to the smell, (b.) Not 
firm or trusty. 

Syn. — Putrefied ; carious ; defective ; unsound ; corrupt ; 
deceitful ; treacherous. 

Rot'ten-ness (109), n. The state of being rotten. 

Rot'ten- stone, n. (Min.) A soft stone used for polish- 
ing, and for cleaning metallic substances. 

Ro-tiiiid', a. [Lat. rotundus, wheel-shaped, round, from 
rota, a wheel.] 1. Round; circular; spherical. 2. 
Hence, complete ; entire. 

Ro-tun'da, n. [From Lat. rotundus, round. See supra.] 
Any building that is round both on the outside and in- 
side. 

Ro-tund'i-fo'li-ous, a. [Lat. rotundus, round, and 
folium , a leaf.] ( Bot. ) Having round leaves. 

Ro-tund'i-ty, n. State of being rotund ; roundness ; 
sphericity ; circularity. 

JRoucJie 7i'6"°5h), n. [Fr. See Ruche.] A goffered 
quilling of lace, ribbon, &c. [Written also ruche.] 

Hone (roo-iV), n. [Fr., prop. p. p. of rower, to break upon 
the wheel, from Fr. roue, equiv. to Lat. rota, a wheel.] A 
debauchee ; a rake. 

Rouge (roozh), n. [Fr. rouge, from Lat. rubeus, red, from 
ruber e, to be red, from ruber, red ] A cosmetic used for 
giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. 

Rouge (roozh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ROUGED; p pr. & 
vb. n. rouging.] To paint the face or cheeks with 
rouge. 

Rouge (roozh), v. t. To paint or tinge with rouge. 

Rough (ruf), a. [compar. rougher ; superl. ROUGH- 
EST.] [A.-S. hreoh, hreog, ruh, riig, ruw, 0. H. Ger. 
rtih, O. Eng. row, rowe.] 1. Having inequalities, small 
ridges or points on the surface; hence, (a.) Not level; 
uneven, (b.) Not polished ; uncut, as a gem. (c.) Tossed 
in waves ; boisterous, (d.) Marked by coarseness ; shag- 
gy ; ragged ; disordered. 2. Hence, figuratively, lacking 
refinement, gentleness, or polish ; rude ; uncivil ; harsh ; 
hard ; austere ; boisterous ; stormy. 

In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition, or in the 
original material. 

Rough (ruf), n. A rude, coarse fellow ; a swaggerer ; a 

Rough (ruf), v. t. To render rough ; to roughen, [bully. 
To rough it, to have or pursue a rough or rujrged course ; to 
encounter and overcome difficulties or hardships. 

Rough'-east (ruf'kast), v. t. [imp. & p. p. rough- 
cast ; p.pr. & vb. n. ROUGH-CASTING.] 1. To form 
or mold rudely. 2. To plaster with a mixture of lime 
and shells or pebbles. 

Rough'-east (rtifkast), n. 1. A rude model. 2. A 
mixture of lime with shells or pebbles, used for covering 
buildings. [ly. 

Roiigh'-draw (ruf-), v. t. To draw or delineate coarse- 

Roiigh'en ("rufn), v. t. [imp. Sap. p. roughened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ROUGHENING.] To make rough. 

Rough'en (ru^n), v. i. To grow or become rough. 

Rough'-hew (rii^hu), v.t. [imp. ROUGH-HEWed; 
p.p. ROUGH-HEWN ; p.pr. & vb. n. ROUGH-HE WING.] 
To hew coarsely, without smoothing.. 

Roiigh'ly (rvif'ly), adv. In a rough manner ; unevenly ; 
harshly ; rudely ; severely; austerely. 

Roiigh'iiess (rui'nes), n. The quality or state of being 
rough ; unevenness ; harshness ; rudeness ; asperity ; se- 
verity. 

Rough'-rTd'er (rili'rid'er), n. One who breaks horses. 

Roiigh'-shod (ruf'-), a. Shod with shoes armed with 
points. 

To ride rough-shod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain 
or distress it may cause others. 

Honleau (too-\o>), n. ; pi. mouzeaux (rob-loz'). [Fr., 
a roll , from rouler, to roll. See Roll.] A little roll ; a 
roll of coins in paper. 

Houlette (ro"o-let / ), n. [Fr.,prop. a little wheel or ball, 
from rouler, to roll. See Roll.] 1. A game of chance, 
in which a small ball is made to roll round on a circle 
divided off into red or black spaces. 2. A small toothed 
wheel used by engravers to roll over the surface of a plate 
to produce dots. 

Rouiice, n. [Cf. Fr. ronce, bramble, brier, thorn, ranche,' 
a round step, rack.] (Print.) The handle of a printing- 
press. 

Round, a. [From Lat. rotundus. See Rotund.] 1. 
Having every portion of the surface or of the circumfer- 
ence equally distant from the center ; or having a form 



a,e,&c.,Zo7ig; a, e, &c, short; care, far, aslt, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



ROUND 



629 



ROYSTERER 



approaching this. 2. Having the form of a cylinder. 
3. Having a curved form. 4. Full; complete. 5. 
Not inconsiderable ; large. 6. Fully or plumply stated ; 
positive ; decided. 

Bound number, a number that may be divided by 10 without 
a remainder ; also, sometimes, a whole number approximately 
nenr the truth. —Hound robin, a written petition, memorial, 
remonstrance, or instrument, signed by names in a ring or 
circle, so as not to show who signed it first.— Hound trot, a full, 
brisk, quick trot. — Hound turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope 
round a timber. — At a round rale, rapidly. 

Syn. — Circular ; spherical : globular; globose ; orbicular ; 
orbed ; cylindrical ; full ; plump ; rotund. 

Roiuid, n. 1. That which is round, as a circle, a globe, 
a sphere. 2. A series of events ending where it began ; 
a cycle. 3. A course of action or conduct, performed by 
a number of persons in turn, or one after another. 4. 
A series of duties to be performed in turn, and then re- 
peated. 5. A circular dance. 6. That which goes j 
round a whole circle or company. 7. Rotation, as in j 
office; succession. 8. The step of a ladder. 9. (Mus.) 
A short, vocal piece, in which three or four voices follow j 
each other round in a species of fugue in the unison. | 
10. {Mil.) A general discharge of tire-arms by a body of 
troops, in which each soldier tires once. 

Hound of beef, a cut of the thigh through and across the 
bone. 

Bound, arfr 1. On all sides; around. 2. Circularly. 
3. From one side or party to another. 4. By or in a 
circuit ; back to the starting point. 5. Through a cir- j 
cle, as of friends or houses. 

Round, prep. 1. On every side of ; around. 2. About. 

Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROL'SDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ROUNDING-.] 1. To make circular, spherical, or cylin- 
drical. 2. To complete. 3. To make round and protu- 
berant. 4. To move about ; to go round. 

"Round, v. i. To grow or become round or full. 

To i-ound to {Naut.), to turn the head of the ship toward the ! 
wind. 

Round'a-bout, a. Indirect ; going round ; loose. 

Round'a-bout, n. 1. A sort of surtout. 2. Anarm- | 
chair wich a rounded back. 3. A jacket worn by boys, | 
sailors, and others. [Amer.] 

Roun'del, n. [Fr. rondelle,& round, a round shield.] I 
1. A round form or figure ; a circle ; specifically, (a. ) A I 
small circular shield, in the 14th and 15th centuries. (b.) j 
(Her.) A circular spot; an ordinary in the form of a j 
small circle. 2. (Mus.) [See Roundel ay.] A round- j 
elay. 

Roun'de-lay, ft. [0. Fr. rondelet, fr. rond, round.] A 
sort of ancient poem, in which certain parts are repeated, 
and that, if possible, in an equivocal or punning sense. 

Round'liead, n. A Puritan ; — formerly so called from 
the practice which prevailed among them of cropping the 
hair. 

Round'house, ft. 1. A constable's prison. 2. (Naut.) . 
(a.) A cabin or apartment in the after part of the quar- j 
ter-deck. (b.) A privy near the head of the vessel. 

Rouiid'i*lf I °" Somewhat r0UI1 <i ! nearly round. 

Round'let, n. A little circle. 

Round'ly, adv. 1. In a round form or manner. 2. ' 

Openly ; "boldly ; plainly. 3. Briskly; with speed. 
Round'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being round ; t 

cylindrical form. 2. Smoothness of flow. 3. Plain- j 

ness ; boldness ; positiveness. 

Syn. — Circularity ; sphericity; globosity; globularity ; | 
globularness ; orbicularness ; cylindricity ; fullness ; plunip- 
ness; rotundity. 

Round'-shoul/dered, a. Having the shoulders pro- j 
jecting behind ; round-backed. 

Roufe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rouse D ; p. pr. & vb. n. ' 
ROUSING ] [A.-S. rasian, arasian. See Raise and 
Arouse.] 1. To wake from sleep or repose. 2. To j 
excite to lively thought or action. 3. To awaken into 
activity, as the attention, or some passion, emotion, or 
faculty. 4. To put into motion; to agitate. 5. To 
startle or surprise. 

Rouge, v. i. 1. To awake from sleep or repose. 2. To 
be excited to thought or action. 

Rou§e, n. [Icel. riiss, N. H. Ger. rausch : Icel. russa, to 
get drunk.] A carousal ; a festival ; a drinking frolic. 

Roug'er, n. One who, or that which, rouses or excites. 

Roust, v. t. To rouse ; to disturb ; to vex. 

Rout (40), n. [0. Fr. route, rote, troop, company, from 
Lat. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere, to break.] 1. A fashion- 
able assembly, or large evening party. 2. A tumultuous | 
crowd ; a rabble. 3. An uproar ; a noise. 



Rout, ft. [From Lat. ruptus, rvpta, p. p. of rumpere, to 
break. Cf. supra'.] Defeat of an army or band of troops, 
or the disorder and confusion of troops thus defeated and 
put to flight. 

Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. routed : p. pr & vb. n. 
ROUTING.] To defeat and throw into confusion. 

Syn.— To defeat; discomfit; beat; overpower; overthrow; 
conquer. 

Route (ro~ot or rowt, 40), n. [Fr. route, from Lat. rvpta 
(sc. via), from ruptus, p. p. of rumpere, to break; hence, 
lit. a broken or beaten way or path.] The course or way 
which is traveled or passed, or to be passed ; a passing ; 
a course ; a march. 

BSfWalker gives the preference " to the pronunciation rowt." 
Most of the_orthoepists who have succeeded him give the pref- 
erence to root; but roust is perhaps the more common pronun- 
ciation in the United States. 

Rou-tine' (rob-teen'), n. [Fr., from route, a path, way, 
road. See supra and Rote.] 1. A round of business, 
amusements, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued. 
2. Any regular course of action adhered to by mere 
force of habit. 

Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ROVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. ROV- 
ING-.] [Orig. to rob, and hence, from the rambling, wan- 
dering mode of life of a robber, to ramble, to range, 
to wander. See Rob.] To wander ; to ramble ; to 
range ; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in 
any manner. 

Rove, v. t. To wander over. 

Syn. — To wander; roam; range; ramble; strolL 

Rove, v. t. [Perh. from reeve.] To draw through an eye 
or aperture ; to draw out into flakes ; to card, as wool. 

Rov'er, ft. 1. A wanderer. 2. A fickle or inconstant 
person. 3. A robber or pirate : a freebooter. 

Row (r5), n. [A.-S. raw, 0. H. Ger. rlga.] 1. A series 
of persons or things in a continued line ; a line ; a rank ; 
a file. 2. An excursion taken in a boat with oars. 

Row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROWED ; p.pr. & vb. n. ROW- 
ING.] [A.-S. rCwan, Icel. rOa, H. Ger. rudcrn. Cf. 
Rudder.] 1. To impel, as a boat or vessel, along the 
surface of water by oars. 2. To transport by rowing. 

Row, v. i. 1. To labor with the oar. 2. To be moved 
by oars. 

Row (rou), n. [Abbreviated from rout, q. v.] A riot- 
ous, noisy disturbance. 

Row'dy (rou'dy), n. [From rout, or row.) One who 
engages in rows, or riots ; a riotous, turbulent fellow. 
[Amer.] 

Row'el (rou'el), n. [Fr. rouelle, equiv. to Lat. rotula, a 
little wheel, dim. of rota, a wheel.] 1. The little wheel 
of a spur, formed with sharp points. 2. (Far.) A roll 
of hair or silk, answering to a seton in surgery. 

Row'el (rou'el), v. t. [imp. & p. p. roweled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. ROWELING.] (Far.) To insert a rowel in. 

Row'en (rou'en), n. [Called also roivet, rowelt, rowings, 
roughings, from rough, 0. Eng. row, rowe.] 1. A field 
kept up till after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the 
ground may sprout into green. 2. The second growth 
of grass in a season. 

Row'er, n. One who rows or manages an oar. 

Row'lock (colloq. rul'uk), n. (Naut.) A contrivance or 
arrangement for supporting an oar in rowing. 

Roy'al, a. [Fr. royal, fr. Lat. regalis. See Regal.] 1. 
Kingly : pertaining to the crown. 2. Becoming a king 
or queen. 3. Noble ; illustrious. 

Syn. —Regal; monarchical; imperial: king-like; princely; 
august; majestic; superb; splendid; magnanimous. 

Roy'al, ft. 1. A large kind of paper, usually 20 by 25 
inches or more. 2. (Naut.) A small sail above the top- 
gallant-sail. 

Roy'al-igm, ft. Principles or conduct of royalists. 

Roy'al-ist, n. An adherent to a king, or one attached 
to a kingly government. 

Roy'al-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. royalized; p. pr. & 
vb. n. ROYALIZING.] To make royal. 

Roy'al-ly, adv. In a royal or kingly manner. 

Roy'al-ty, ft. [0. Fr. roialte, royaulte, N. Fr. royaute.] 
1. State of being royal; kingship; kingly office. 2. 
The person of a king or sovereign. 3. Royal preroga- 
tive. 4. Kingdom : domain ; province : sphere. 5. A 
tax or duty paid to the crown or government, as on the 
produce of a mine. 6. Hence ( Corn.), a duty paid by 
one who uses the patent of another, at a certain rate for 
each article manufactured : or a percentage paid to the 
owner of an article or privilege by one who hires the use 
of it. 

Roys'ter-er, n. The same as Roisterer. 



fo"rt.f rt ot; Am, rude, pull; pell, pnaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; this- 



RUB 



630 



RUFFLE 



Biib, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RUBBED ; p. p. & vb. n. RUB- 
BING.] [W. rhvMaw, Gael, rub, 0. H. Ger. riban, Icel. 
rlfa. Cf. RlVE.] 1. To move with pressure or friction ; 
hence, to wipe ; to clean; to scour. 2. To spread a sub- 
stance thinly over the surface of; to smear. 

To rub down, to clean by rubbing ; to comb or curry.— To 
rub off, to separate by friction.— To rub out, to remove or sepa- 
rate by friction; to erase. — 'To rub up, (a.) To burnish; to 
polish ; to clean, (p.) To excite; to awaken; to rouse to ac- 
tion. 

Biib, v. i. 1. To move along the surface of a body with 
pressure. 2. To fret ; to chafe. 3. To move or pass 
with difficulty. 

Bub,ra. 1. Act of rubbing; friction. 2. That which 
rubs ; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to over- 
come ; a pinch. 3. Something grating to the feelings ; 
sarcasm ; joke. 

Bub'ber, n. 1. One who. or that which, rubs. 2. In 
some games of chance, as whist, &c, the decisive game 
or games, being the best of three, or two out cf three 
games. 3. pi. Overshoes made of India-rubber. 
[Amer.] 

India rubber, caoutchouc; — so called as having been origi- 
nally used to rub out pencil marks. See CAOUTcnouc. 

Biib'bisli, n. [From rub; orig. that which is rubbed 
off.] Waste or rejected matter ; any thing worthless ; 
fragments ; ruins ; debris. 

Biib'ble, n. Water-worn or rough stones, broken bricks, 
&c., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between walls. 

Bub'ble-stone, n. 1. Rubble. 2. { Geol.) A kind of 
conglomerate rock composed of fragments of different 
kinds of rock cemented together by some substance. 

Bu/be-f a'cient, a. Making red. 

Bu/be-f a'cient, n. [Lat. rubefacient, p. pr. of rubefa- 
e'ere, to make red, from rubtre, to te red, and facere, to 
make.] (Med.) A substance which produces redness of 

Bu-bes'cence, n. A reddening; a flush. [the skin. 

Bu-bes'cent, a. [Lat. rubescens, p. pr. of rubescere, to 
grow red, inchoative form of ritbere, to be red.] Growing 
or becoming red ; tending to a red color. 

Bu'bi-eund. a. [Lat. rubicundus, from rubere, to be 
red, from ruber, red.] Inclining to redness. 

Bu-bif'ie, a. [Lat. ruber, red, and facere, to make.] 
Making red. 

Bij/bi-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of making red. 2. That 
which serves to make red. 

Bu'bi-form, a. [Lat. ruber, red, and forma, form.] 
Having the form or nature of red. 

Bu'bi-fy, v. t. [See Rubific] To make red; to red- 
den. [Rare.] 

Mti-bVgo, n. [Lat. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, mildew 
on grain.] (Bot.) A kind of rust on plants, consisting 
of a parasitic fungus or mushroom ; mildew. 

Bu'ble (ru'bl), n. [Russ. rubl, orig. a piece cut off, from 
rltb'itj, to cut.] 1. A silver coin of Russia, worth from 
about $0.75 to about $0.86. 2. A gold coin of Russia, 
100 of which are held equal to 103 of the silver ruble. 

Bu'brie, n. [Lat. rubrica, from ruber, red.] That part 
of any woi'k which in the early manuscripts and typog- 
raphy was colored red; hence, specifically, (a.) (Law- 
books.) The title of a statute ; — so called as being an- 
ciently written in red letters, (b.) (Prayer-books of the 
Episcopal Church.) The directions and rules for the con- 
duct of service, formerly printed in red ; hence, an epis- 
copal injunction, (r.) Hence, also, that which is estab- 
lished or settled, as by authority. 

Bu'brie, ) a. 1. Colored in red ; placed in rubrics. 

Bu/brie-al, j 2. Pertaining to the rubric 

Bii'bri-e-ate, v. t. [Lat. rvbricare, rubricatum. See 
supra.] To mark or distinguish with red ; to arrange as 
in a rubric. 

Bu'by (32), n. [From Lat. rubeus, red, reddish, from ru- 
ber, red.] 1. (Min.) A precious stone or mineral, of a 
carmine red color. 2. (Print.) A size of printing type 
smaller than nonpareil ; — so called in England. In the 
United States it is called agate. 

dgp^ This line is printed in Ruby, or Agate. 

Bu'by , a. Having the color of the ruby ; red. 

Muche (ro~osh), n. [Fr., from ruche, a beehive, which was 
formerly made of the bark of trees, Pr. rusca, ruscha, 
bark.] A kind of plaited or goffered quilling ; rouche. 

Buck, v. t. [imp. & p.p. rucked (rukt); p. pr. & vb. 
n. rucking.] [Icel. hrucka, to wrinkle, rhucka, wrinkle, 
fold, allied to Lat. ntgare, to wrinkle, to fold, ruga, wrin- 
kle, fold.] To draw into wrinkles or folds ; to crease. 

Buck, v. i. To be drawn into wrinkles or folds. 

Buck, n. A wrinkle, fold, or plait in a piece of cloth. 




Rudd. 
a rudder as a guide 

ruddy ; redness, or 



coarsely ; unskilh 



Buc-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. ructare, to belch.] Act of 

belching wind from the stomach. 
Biidd, n. [A.-S. rud, red.] ( lchth.) 

A fresh-water European fish of 

the carp family : it has red irises. 
Rud'der, n. [0. Eng. rother, 

A.-S. rodher. 0. II. Ger. ruodar. 

Cf. Row.] 1. (Naut.) The in- 
strument by which a ship is 

steered. 2. That which resembles 

or governor. 
Bud'di-ness, n. State of beirif 

rather a lively flesh color. 
Bud'dle,?;. [A.-S. rud, red; W. rhuddell.] (Min.) A 

species of red earth ; red ochcr. 
Biid'dy, a. [compar. ruddier ; superl. ruddiest.] 

[A.-S. rud, reid, red. See Red.] 1. Of a red color; 

red. 2. Of a lively flesh color. 
Bude (32), a. [compar. RUDER; superl. rudest.] [Lat. 

r'udis.) Characterized by roughness ; uneven ; rugged ; 

lacking delicacy or refinement ; coarse. 

Syn. — Impertinent ; rough ; shapeless; tmfashioncd ; art- 
less; unpolished; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; vulgar; clown- 
ish ; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate ; ignorant; uncivil; 
impolite; saucy ; impudent; insolent; surly ; currish; churlish; 
brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; f;ercc; tumul- 
tuous ; turbulent ; impetuous; boisterous ; harsh; inclement; 
severe. See Impertinent. 

Bude'ly, adv. In a rude manner ; 
fully ; uncivilly ; violently. 

Bude'ness, n. The condition of being rude ; uneven- 
ness ; coarseness ; inelegance ; unskillfulness ; incivility ; 
violence ; impetuosity ; boisterousness. 

Bu/di-ment (32), n. [Lat. rudimentum, from rudis, un- 
wrought, ignorant, rude.] 1. That which is unformed 
or undeveloped ; unfinished beginnings. 2. Hence, an 
element or first principle of any art or science. 3. (Nat. 
Hist.) An organ not fully formed. 

Bu/di-ment'al, ) a. 1. Pertaining to rudiments, or 

Bu/di-ment'a-ry, ) consisting in first principles ; in- 
itial. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Imperfectly developed. 

Bue (32), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
RUING.] [A.-S. hrrouan, J). rouwen,0. II. Ger. hriu* 
ican.] To lament ; to regret ; to grieve for. 

Bue, n. [Lat. ruta, Gr. pvrr\ ; A.-S. rude, "W. rhuw, 
rhut ] (Bot.) A plant, having a strong, heavy odor, and 
a bitter taste. 

Bue'f ul, a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament; woful ; 
mournful ; sorrowful. 2. Expressing sorrow. 

Bue'f ul-ly, adv. In a rueful manner ; mournfully. 

Buff, n. [0. Eng. ruff, equiv. to 
rough, q. -v.] 1 . A muslin or linen 
collar plaited, crimped, or fluted. 
2. Something formed in plaits or 
flutings, like the collar of this 
name. 3. (Ornith.) (a.) A bird, 
allied to the woodcock and sand- 
piper. The male has a tuft of 
feathers around the neck during 
the breeding season, (b.) A cer- 
tain species of pigeon. 

Buff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RUFFED 
(raft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. RUFFING.] 
To ruffle ; to disorder. 

Buf'fiau (ruf'yan or rQfii-an), n. [Probably from Ger. 
raufen, to pluck, scuffle, fight, It. ar-ruffare, to ruffle the 
hair, arruffarsi, to take each other by the hair.] A 
boisterous, brutal fellow ; a fellow ready for any desper- 
ate crime. [boisterous. 

Buf'fiau (rufyan or rilffi-an). a. Brutal ; savagely 

Buf 'fian-igiu (rufyan- or ruf'ii-an-), n. Act or con- 
duct of a ruffian. 

Biif 'f ian-ly (ruFyan- or rBf fi-an-), a. Like a ruffian ; 
bold in crimes ; violent ; licentious. 

Biif 'fie (ruf fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ruffled : p. pr. & 
vb. n. RUFFLING.] [From 0. Eng. ruff, equivalent to 
rough.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract 
into wrinkles, open plaits, or folds. 2. To furnish with 
ruffles. 3. To roughen or disturb the surface of. 4. 
To discompose ; to agitate. 5. To throw into disorder 
or confusion. 

Biif'fle (ruff)), v. i. To play loosely ; to flutter. 

Biif'fle (rufil), n. 1. A strip of plaited cambric, or 
other fine cloth, attached to some border of a garment ; a 
frill. 2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed ; agitation ; 
commotion. 

Biif'fle (ruf 0), n. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, 
not so loud as a roll. 




Ruff. 



si, e,&,c.,long; a,6,&c. ,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 



RUFFLE 



631 



RUN 



Ruffle (riiffl), v. t. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruf- 
fle, as a drum. 

Eu'f oils, a. [Lat. rufux.] Reddish ; brownish-red. 

Rug, n. [A.-S. rug, rti/i, rtiw, rough, shaggy. See 
Rough.] A coarse, nappy, woolen fabric, used for pro- 
tecting a carpet, and for various purposes. 

Rtig'ged (60), a. [From the root of rug, rough, q. v.] 
1. Full of asperities on the surface. 2. Not neat or reg- 
ular. 3. Rough with bristles or hair. 4. Harsh ; 
crabbed; austere. 5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestu- 
ous ; — said of weather, wind, storms, and the like. 6. 
Rough to the ear. 7. Sour; surly; frowning. 8. Vio- 
lent; rude; boisterous. 9. Vigorous; robust; hardy. 

Svn.- Rough ; uneven ; wrinkled ; craved ; coarse ; 
hard; severe! tumultuous; turbulent; stormy; tempestu- 
ous; inclement. 

Rug'ged-ly, adv. In a rough or rugged manner. 

Riig'ged-ness, n. Quality or state of being rugged. 

Ru'gine, n. [Fr., from ruginer, to rasp, Lat. runcinare, 
to plane off.] A surgical instrument used for rasping 
bones to detach the periosteum , either in certain surgical 
operations or for anatomical purposes. 

Eu-gose' (125), a. [Fr. rugosus, from ruga, a wrinkle.] 
Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. 

Ru-gos'i-tj?', n. State of being rugose or wrinkled. 

Ru/in (32),' n. [Lat. ruina, from mere, to fall with vio- 
lence, to rush or tumble down.] 1. That change of 
any thing which destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, 
or unfits it for use. 2. That which is fallen down and 
become worthless ; especially, hi the plural, the remains 
of a destroyed or desolate house, fortress, city, &c. 3. 
The state of being decayed, or worthless. 4. That which 
promotes injury, decay, or destruction. 

Sj^n. — Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; 
subversion; defeat; bune; pest; mischief. 

Ru'in, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RUINED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

RUINING.] To bring to ruin; to impair seriously; to 

damage essentially. 
Ru'in, v. i. To fall to ruins ; to perish. 
Ru in-l'tion, v. Subversion; overthrow; demolition. 
Rii'iii-ei', n. One who ruins or destroys. 
Ru'in-otis, a. 1. Lringing, or tending to bring certain 

ruin. 2. Characterized by ruin. 3. Composed of, or 

consisting in, ruins. 

Syn. — Dilapidated; decayed; demolished; pernicious; 

destructive ; baneful ; wasteful; injurious ; mischievous. 

Ru'in-ous-ly, adv. In a_ruinous manner ; destructively. 

Ryiin-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being ruinous. 

Riil'a-l>le, a. Accordant or conformable to rule. 

Rule (32), n. [Lat. regula, a ruler, rule, model, from 
regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct ; A.-S. regol, re- 
gul, reognl.] 1. An instrument which serves as a guide 
in drawing a straight line. 2. That which is prescribed 
or laid down as a guide to conduct or action ; a minor 
law. 3. The administration of law ; government ; au- 
thority ; control. 

Hide of three (Aritli.), that rule which directs, when three 
terms are given, how to find a fourth; proportion. 

Syn. — Regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; 
order ; method ; direction ; control ; government; sway ; em- 
pire. 

Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RULED ; p. pr. & vb. n, RUL- 
ING.] 1. To mark with lines by a ruler. 2. To exercise 
authority over ; to govern. 3. To establish or lay down 
as a rule, a decree, or decision. 4. (Law.) To require 
or command by rule ; to enter ajrule against. 

Rule, v. i. 1. To have power or command; to exercise 
s'iipretne authority. 2. (Law.) To decide ; to order by 
rule; to enter a rule. 3. (Com.) To stand or maintain 
on a level. 

Rul'er, n. 1. An instrument with straight edges or 
sides, for drawing lines ; a rule. 2. One who rules ; a 
governor. 

Rul'ing, p. a. 1. Marking with a ruler, or as with a 
ruler. 2. Predominant ; reigning. 

Syn. — Chief ; controlling ; governing ; prevailing ; preva- 
lent. 

Riim, n. [Said to be a West Indian or American word.] 
A kind of spirit distilled from cane juice, or from treacle 
or molasses. 

Rum, a. [Prov. Eng., old-fashioned rubbish, rummel, 
fragments of bricks and mortar.] Old-fashioned ; queer ; 
odd. [Cant.] 

Rum'ble, 11. 1. A boot with a seat above it for servants, 
behind a carriage. 2. A low, heavy sound : a rumbling. 

Rum'l)l3. v. i. To make a low. heavy, continued sound. 

Rum'bler, n. One who, or that which, rumbles. 



Ru/ml-nant,^. [Lat. ruminants, p. pr. of ruminare, to 
chew over again, to chew the cud, from rumen, the throat.] 
Chewing the cud. 

Ru'mi-nant, n. An animal that chews the cud, as the 
camel, de_er, goat, and bovine kind. 

Ru'mi-nate, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. ruminated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. RUMINATING.] 1. To chew the cud. 2. To 
muse ; to meditate ; to ponder. 

Ru/mi nate, v. t. 1. To chew over agaiu. 2. To muse 
oh ; to meditate. 

Ru/mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of ruminating, or chewing 
the cud. _ 2. Deliberate meditation or reflection. 

Ru'mi-na/tor, n. One who ruminates or mures. 

Rum'mage, n. [Fr. remuage, a moving or stirring, fr. 
remuer, to move, to stir, from Lat. re, again, and mutare, 
to move away from its place, to change.] A searching 
carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning 
things over. 

Rum'mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rummaged ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RUMMAGING.] 1. To search or examinine thor- 
oughly. 2. (Navt.) To remove, as goods or luggage, from, 
one place to another. 

Rum'mage, v. i. To search a place narrowly. 

Rum'ma-ger, n. One who rummages. 

Ru'mor, n. [Lat. rumor.] 1. A current story passing 
from one person to another, without any known author- 
ity for the truth of it. 2. A story well authorized. 3. 
Fame ; reputation. 
Syn. — Report ; hearsay ; story. 

Eu'mor, «. t. [imp. & p. p. RUMORED; p. pr. & vb. 
ii. RUMORING.] To report by rumor ; to tell. 

Ru'mor-er, n. A reporter ; a teller of news. 

Rump, n. [II. Ger. rumpf, D. romp, Icel. rumpr, Sw. 
rumpa, a tail.] 1. The end of the back-bone of an ani- 
mal, with the parts adjacent. 2. The buttocks. 

Rum'ple (rum'pl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rumpled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. RUMPLING.] [See RlMPLE.] To make 
uneven; to wrinkle. 

Rum'ple, 11. An irregular fold or plait. 

Rum'pus, n. A disturbance; noise and confusion. 
[ Colloq. Eng. & Amer.] 

Run, v. i. [imp. RAN, or RUN ; p. p. RUN ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. RUNNING.] [A.-S. rin nan (imp. rann), runnon,run- 
nen, and more commonly irnan, union, also rennan, 
Goth. & 0. H. Ger. rinnan.] 1. To go with a lighter 
or more rapid gait than by walking ; hence, — said of in- 
animate things,— to move with an easy or rapid move- 
ment. 2. To move or go; — said of voluntary or personal 
action; as, (a.) To hasten; to hurry, (b.) To retreat. 
(c.) To steal off; to quit ; to depart, (d.) To contend in 
a race ; hence, to enter, as a candidate, into a contest. 
(e.) To go from one state to another. (/.) To proceed. 
(g.) To pass, in thought or conversation, from one sub- 
ject to another, (h.) To press for payment, as upon a 
bank, with numerous demands. 3. To be moved; to 
pass; to go; — said of involuntary motion; as, (a.) To 
flow, as a liquid ; to descend, as a stream, (b.) To pro- 
ceed along a surface ; to extend; to'spread. (e.) To turn, 
r,s a wheel, (d.) To move on wheels or runners, (e.) 
To extend through a period of time. (/.) To go back and 
forth from place to place, as a stage, a packet, and the 
like, (g.) To make progress; to pass, (h.) To continue 
in operation. (?'.) To have a course or direction. (_/.) 
To be in form thus, as a combination of words, (k.) To 
have growth or development. (I.) To tend ; to incline. 
(in.) To spread and blend together. («.) To continue 
without falling due ; to hold good. 

Run, v. t. 1. To cause to run, in the various senses of 
the word. 2. To pursue in thought. 3. To cause to 
enter ; to thrust. 4. To drive or force. 5. To shape ; 
to mold ; to cast. 6. To cause to be drawn ; to mark 
out ; to determine. 7. To smuggle. 8. To be exposed 
to the risk of; to hazard; to venture. 9. To sew by 
passing the needle through cloth back and forth in a 
continuous line. 

To rim down, (a.) (Raul.) To run against and sink, as a 
vessel. (&.) To crush ; tooverthrow ; to overbear.— 7b run 
hard, (a.) To press with jokes, sarcasm, or ridicule, (b.) To 
urge or press importunately. — To run throur/h, to expend ; to 
waste.— To run up, (a.) To thrust up. (b.) To increase ; to 
enlarge by additions, as an account. 

Run,w. 1. Act of running. 2. That which runs ; also, 
a method or rate of running ; mode of conduct or pro- 
cedure. 3. State of being current; currency ; prevalence. 
4. A small stream; a brook; a creek. [Prov. Eng. 
Local, Amer.] 5. A pressure on a bank or treasury for 
payment of its notes. 

In the long run, in or during the whole process or course of 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get ; a§; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 



EUNAGATE 



632 



RYOT 



things taken together ; in the final result. — To let go by the 
run (Kaut.), to loosen, as lines, so as to let that which they 
support fall suddenly and completely. 

Riin'a-gate, n. [See Renegade.] A fugitive ; a vag- 
abond ; an apostate ; a renegade. 

Run'a-way, n. One who flees from danger or restraint ; 
a fugitive. 

Run'a-way, a. 1. Fleeing from danger or restraint. 2. 
Accomplished by or during flight. 

Ruii'dle (run'dl), n. [Eng. round, Ger. rund.] 1. A 
round ; a step of a ladder. 2. Something put round an 
axis. 

Rune, n. [A.-S. run, a magical letter, a mystery, Icel. 
run, riina, 0. H. Ger., Goth., & Sw. runa.] One of the 
letters or characters of a peculiar alphabet in use among 
the Norsemen. 

Rung, imp. & p. p. of ring. See Ring. 

Sung, n. [Ger. range, a short, thick piece of iron or 
wood, 0. D. ronglie, romine, a prop, support, Goth. 
hrugga, a rod.] 1. (Naut.) A floor timber in a ship. 2. 
One of the rounds of a ladder. 3. One of the stakes of 
a cart. 

Ru/ni-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Runes, or the lan- 
guage and letters of the ancient Norsemen. [brook. 

Run'let, n. [Dim. of run.] A little run or stream; a 

Riin'iiel, n. [From run.] A rivulet or small brook. 

Run'ner, n. 1. One who, or that which, runs ; a racer. 
2. Hence, one employed to solicit custom, as for a steam- 
boat, railroad, &c. 3. (Bot.) A slender branch running 
along the ground, and forming at its extremity roots and 
a young plant. 4. One of the curved pieces on which 
a sled or sleigh slides. 

Run'net, n. Same as Rennet, q. v. 

Runt. n. [Scot, runt, au old cow, an old withered woman, 
a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a tree, D. rund, a 
bullock, an ox or cow.] Any animal small below the 
natural or usual size of the species. 

Rupee', n. [Hind, and Per. rtipiyah, rnpah, silver, a 
rupee, from Skr. rxipya, silver, wrought silver or gold, 
handsome.] A coin and money of account in the East 
Indies. 

C3f* The gold rupee of Bombay and Madras is worth about 
$7.00. The silver rupee, coined by the E. I. Company at Cal- 
cutta, is worth nearly $0.30. 

Rup'tion, n. [Lat. ruptio, from rumpere, ruptuin, to 
break.] A breaking or bursting open ; breach. 

Rupt'ure (53), n. [L. Lat. ruptura, from Lat. rumpere, 
ruptum, to break.] 1. Act of breaking or bursting. 2. 
State of being broken or violently parted. 3. Breach of 
peace or concord ; between nations, open hostihty or war. 
4. {Med.) Hernia. 

S3 r n. — Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; disso- 
lution. See Fracture. 

Rupt'ure, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. ruptured ; p. pr. & vb. 
it. RUPTURING.] To part by violence ; to break ; to 
burst. 

Ru'ral, a. [Lat. ruralis, from rus, ruris, the country.] 
1. Pertaining or belonging to the country, as distin- 
guished from a city or town. 2. Pertaining to farming 
or agriculture. 

Syn. — Rustic. — Rural refers to the country itself; as, ru- 
ral scenes, prospects, delights, &c. Rustic refers to the charac- 
ter, condition, taste, &c, of the original inhabitants of the 
country, who were generally uncultivated and rude. 

Ru'ral-ist, n. One who leads a rural life. 

Riige (32). n. [Fr., from O. Fr. rei'tser, rehuser, to turn 
aside, to shuffle, allied to refuser, refusar. See Refuse.] 
Artifice ; trick : stratagem ; wile ; fraud ; deceit. 

Rush, n. [A.-S. risce, ricse, Lat. ruscum, allied to Goth. 
raits, reed.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of many species; growing 
in wet ground, 2. The merest trifle ; a.straw. 

Rush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. rushed (rusht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. rushing.] [A.-S. hriscian, to shake, vibrate, hiisian, 
to push, hit, hrysian, to cast down, to shake, hreosan, to 
rush, shake, fall down, Goth, hrisjan, to shake, Icel. rus- 
ka, to disturb.] 1. To move or drive forward with im- 
petuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity. 2. To 
enter with undue eagerness. 

Rush, v. t. To push forward with violence. 

Rush, n. A driving forward with eagerness and haste. 

Riish'er, n. One who rushes. 

Riish'i-ness, n. State of abounding with rushes. 



Rush'- light (-lit), n. A rush-candle, or its light ; hence, 
a small, feeble light. 

Rush'y, a. Abounding with, or made of, rushes. 

Rusk, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. rusken, to creak, crackle.] 
A kind of light, soft cake, or a kind of soft, sweetened 
biscuit. 

Russ, or Russ, n. 1. A Russian. 2. The language of 
the Russians. [dish color. 

Rus'set, a. [A dim. from Lat. russus, red.] Of a red- 

Riis'set, \n. A kind of apple of a russet color and 

Rus'set-ing, ) rough skin. 

Rus'set-y, a. Of a russet color ; russet. 

Rus'sian (rush'an or ru'shan), a. (Geog.) Of, or per- 
taining to, Russia. 

Rus'sian (rush'an or ryi'shan), n. 1 . ( Geog.) A native 
or inhabitant of Russia. 2. The language of Russia ; 
Russ. 

Rust, n. [A.-S. rust, Icel. ryd, TV. r/nvd, prob. from its 
color, and allied to rud, ruddy, red.] 1. An oxide of 
iron which forms a rough, reddish coat on the surface of 
that metal ; hence, sometimes, any metallic oxide. 2. 
That which resembles rust in appearance or effects ; es- 
pecially, a dust-like parasitic fungus or mushroom which 
forms on the leaves and stalks of many kinds of grain. 

Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. rusted ; p. pr. & vb. v. RUST- 
ING.] 1. To be oxidized, and contract a roughness on 
the surface. 2. To become dull by inaction. 

Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust ; to corrode 
with rust. 2. To impair by time and inactivity. 

Riis'ti-e, a. ■ [Lat. rusticus, from rus, ruris, the country.] 
1. Pertaining to the country. 2. Rude ; unpolished. 
3. Coarse ; plain. 4. Simple ; artless. 

Syn. — Rural; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; un- 
adorned; honest. See Rural. 

Riis'tie, n. An inhabitant of the country ; a clown. 

Rus'tie-al-ly, adv. In a rustic manr.er ; rudely. 

Rus'tie-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. rusticated; p. pr. 
& vb. «._RUSTICATING.] To dwell in the country. 

Rus'tie-ate, v. t. To compel to reside in the country ; 
to banish from a town or college for a time. 

Rus'ti-ea'tion, n. Act of rusticating, or state of being 
rusticated. 

Rus-tic'i-ty, n. State of being rustic ; rustic manners ; 
rudeness ; coarseness ; simplicity ; artlessness. 

Rust'i-ly, adv. In a rusty state. 

Riist'i-ness, n. The state of being rusty. 

Rus'tle (rus'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rustled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. RUSTLING.] [A.-S. hristlan, to rustle. hruxl,a 
rustling, H. Ger. rasseln, to settle in the throat. Cf. 
Rattle.] To make a quick succession of small sounds, 
like the rubbing of silk cloth or dry leaves. 

Rus'tle (rus'l), n. A quick succession of small sounds 
like those made by rubbing silk ; a rustling. 

Riist'y, a. [compar. RUSTIER ; sirperl. RUSTIEST.] 1. 
Covered or affected with rust. 2. Impaired by inaction 
or neglect of use. 3. Covered with a substance resem- 
bling rust ; rubiginous. 

Rut, a. [From Lat. rugitus, a roaring, from rvgire, to 
roar ; — so called from the noise made by deers in rutting 
time.] The copulation of animals, especially of deer. 

Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. RUTTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. RUT- 
TING.] To seek copulation. 

Rut, a. [L. Lat. ruta, rutta, rvpta (sc. via, sc. rolse). See 
Route.] A furrow or track worn by a wheel. 

Rii/ta-ba'ga, n. (Bot.) A variety of turnip. 

Ruth, n. [From rue.] Sorrow for the miser3 r of an- 
other ; pity; tenderness. [Cos., excrpt in poetry.] 

Riith'less, a. Having no ruth or pity ; cruel : pitiless. 

Riith'less-ly, adv. In a ruthless manner: cruelly. 

Riith'less-iiess, n. The state of being ruthless ; want 
of compassion. 

Rut'ty, a. [From rut.] 1. Lustful. 2. Full of ruts. 

Rye (ri), n. [A.-S. ryge, rige, Icel. rugr, 0. H. Ger. rocco, 
'rogso, TV. rhyg, Lith. ruggei, Russ. rozhj.] (Bot.) A 
hardy plant, closely allied to wheat ; also, the grain or 
fruit of this plant. 

Rye'-grass, n. (Bot.) (a.) A grass-like plant, some- 
times cultivated for cattle in England ; the darnel, (b.) 
A species of barley . 

Ry'ot, n. [At. & Hind, ra^iyat, a subject, tenant, peas- 
ant.] A cultivator of the soil ; a peasant ; — so called in 
Hindostan. 



5, e, &,c.,long; a, e, &c, short; care,f ar, ask, all, what • ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf } 



633 



SACRAME^TARY 



S. 



S(ess), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is 
a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, from its 
hissing sound. It has two uses ; one to express a mere 
hissing, as in sin, this ; the other a vocal hissing or a buzz 
ing, precisely like that of z, as in muse, wise, pronounced 
muze, wize. It generally has its hissing sound at the 
beginning of all proper English words, but in the middle 
and end of words its sound is to be known only by 
usage. See Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 90-94. 

Sab'a-oth, or Sa-ba'oth, n. pi. [Heb. sebaOth. pi. of 
saba, an army, from saba, to go forth to war.] Armies ; 
hosts ; — used only in the phrase. Lord of Sabaotk. 

Sab'ba-ta'ri-an, n. [From Sabbath.] 1. One who re- 
gards the seventh day of the week as holy, agreeably to 
the letter of the fourth commandment in the decalogue. 
2. A strict observer of the Sabbath. 

Sab'ba-ta'ri-aii, a. Pertaining to the Sabbath, or to 
the tenets of Sabbatarians. 

Sab'bath, a. [Heb. shabbath, from shabath, to rest from 
labor.] 1. The seventh or last day of the week, the ob- 
servance of which as a day of rest or worship, was en- 
joined upon the Jews in the decalogue ; among Christians, 
the first day of the week, the day on which Christ arose 
from the dead. 2. The seventh year, observed among 
the Israelites as one of rest and festival. 3. Intermission 
of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like. 

Syn. — Sunday. — Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with 
Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name 
of the iirst da3' of the week. The Sabhath of the Jews is on Sat- 
urday, and the Sabbath of the Christians on Sunday. In New 
England, the first day of the week has been called "the Sab- 
bath," to mark it as holy time: Sunday is the word commonly 
used in the southern parts of our country and in England. 

Sab'batli-breab/er, n. One who breaks or profanes 
the Sabbath. 

Sab-bai'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the Sabbath; resem- 

Sab-bat'ic-al. 1 bling the Sabbath. 

SabTba-tigm, n. [Gr. cra.8/3aTta>i.6?, from o-a^ari^eiv, to 
keep the Sabbath. See SABBATH.] Intermission of la- 
bor, as upon the Sabbath ; rest. 

Salier, I n. [Fr. sabre, Ger. sdbel, 

SaHbre. I Hung, szablya. Cf. L. 
Gr. £a.Bos, crooked, curved, and 
At. sn if, a s word . ] As word wi th 
a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and a little 
curved toward the point ; a cavalry sword. 

Sa'ber, )v. t. [imp. & p. p. sabered, or sabred; 

SaHbre, ) p. pr. & vb. n. saberi> t &, or SABRING.] To 
strike, cut, or kill with a saber. 

Sa'bi-an, a. Relating to the religion of Saba, in Arabia, 
or to the worship of the heavenly bodies. 

Sa'bi-an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a 
worshiper of the heavenly bodies. 

SaTbi-an-igm, n. The doctrine of the Sabians; that 
species of idolatry which consisted in worshiping the 
sun, moon, and stars. 

Sa'ble (-bl), n. [L. Lat. sabelli- 
nus, sabellum, zibellinns, zebel- 
inus, D. sabel, Ger. zobel, Russ. 
sobolj.] 1. (Zo'Jl.) A carnivo- 
rous animal of the weasel fam- 
ily, found in the northern lati- 
tudes of Europe and Asia. 2. Sable. 
The fur of the sable, consisting of a downy under-wool 
with a dense coat of hair over-topped by another still Ion 
ger. This upper covering will lie in any direction, back- | 
ward or forward ; and a skin is valued in proportion as 
this coat is abundant, black, and glossy. The American 
sable is the pine marten. 3. A mourning garment; a| 
funeral robe. 4. ( Her. ) The tincture or color black ; — 
represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each 
_other. 

Sa'ble, a. [From the noun.] Of the color of the sable's 
Jur ; black ; — chiefly in poetry. 

Sa'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sabled ; p. pr. & vb. n. SA- 
BLING.] To render sable or dark in color. 

Sabot (sa-bV), n. [Fr. ; Bisc. zapata, shoe, zapatu, to 
tread.] A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the lower classes 
in some European countries. 

Sa'bre (s:t'ber). n. See Saber. 



Saber. 




receptacle for a liquid. See 



Sa-e, n. (Nat. Hist.) A 
Sack. 

Sa-e-eade', n. [Fr. saccade, from 0. Fr. saquer, sachier, 
to remove, to pull or draw out, from Lat. saccus, sack.] 
(Horsemanship.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by 
drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with 
one pull. 

Sae'eha-rif' er-ous, a. [Lat. saccharum, sugar, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing sugar. 

Sae'eha-rine (-rln or -rln), a. [Lat. saccharum, sugar, 
Gr. adiix a P; o-a.K\apL, o-6.Kxa.pov, Skr. garkara.] Pertain- 
ing to sugar : having the qualities of sugar. 

Sae'cha-roid, ) a. [Gr. a-anxap, sugar, and et8o?, 

Sae'clia-roid'al. j form.] Having a texture resemb- 
ling that of loaf-sugar. 

Sae'elia-rom'e-ter , n. [Gr. o-6.<x a P, sugar, and p.irpov, 
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity 
of saccharine matter in any solution. 

Sac'er-do'tal (110), a. [Lat. sacerdotalis, from sacerdos. 
a priest, from sacer, holy, sacred.] Pertaining to priests, 
or to the order of priests ; priestly. 

Sa'clieni, n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians ; 
a sagamore. See SAGAltfORE. 

Sack, n. [A.-S. sacc, sdec, Goth, salclcus, Lat. saccus, Gr 
o-aKKos, Heb. sale, W. sach, Hung, zsak.] A bag for 
holding and carrying goods of any kind ; a large pouch. 

Sack, n. [Lat. saginn, sagus, Gr. o-ayo?. a coarse woolen 
blanket or mantle, according to Polybius a Celtic word.] 
A loosely hanging garment for men or women, worn 
like a cloak about the shoulders. 

Sack, v. t. To put in a sack ; to bag. 

Sack, n. [Fr. sec, Lat. siccus, dry, harsh.] A Spanish 
wine of the dry kind ; sherry. 

Sack, n. [From Lat. saccus, sack, bag ; the original 
meaning was pack, packet, booty packed up.] The pil- 
lage or plunder, as of a town or city ; devastation ; ravage. 

Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sacked (siikt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SACKING.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city ; 
to devastate ; to ravage. 

Sack'age, n. Act of taking by storm and pillaging ; sack. 

Sack'but, n. [From Sp. sacabuche, a sackbut, the tube 
or pipe of a pump. fr. sacar, to draw, and buche, stomach, 
because they who blow this instrument draw up their 
breath with great force, as it were from the stomach.] 
(Mas.) A brass wind instrument of music, like a trum- 
pet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened. 

Sack'-elotli, re. Cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse 
cloth ; often a cloth or garment worn in mourning, dis- 
tress, or mortification. 

Saek'er, n. One who sacks or captures and plunders a 
town. 

Sack'ful, n.; pi. sack/fuls. As much as a sack will 
hold. ' 

Sack'ing, re. [A.-S. saccing, from sacc, sacc, sack, bag.] 

1. Cloth of which sacks or bags are made. 2. The 
coarse cloth or canvas fastened to a bedstead for sup- 
porting the bed. 

Sack'-jios'set, ?i. A posset made of sack, milk, and 
some other ingredients. 

Sac'ra-ment, n. [Lat. sarramentum, an oath, a sacred 
thing, a mystery, from sacrare, to declare as sacred, from 
sacer,' sacred.] (Theol.) One of the solemn religious 
ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian 
church, to be observed by his followers. 

Syn. — Eucharist. — Protestants apply the term sacrament 
to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The 
Romish and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., 
confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme 
unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word lias 
been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's Supper, where 
the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in com- 
memorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the 
giving of thanks ; and this term also has been applied to the 
same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of 
Christ's sufferings and death. 

SJt-e'ra-ment'al, a. 1. Belonging or relating to, or 
constituting a sacrament ; sacredly or solemnly binding. 

2. Bound by a sacrament. [ment. 
Sae'ra-ment'al-Iy, adv. After the manner of a sacra- 
Sae'ra-ment-a'ri-an, ) a. Pertaining to the sacra- 
Sae'ra-ment'a-ry, J ments. 



food, fobt; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§; e$ist; linger, link ; fcnis- 



SACRED 



634 



SAGE 



Sa'-ered, a. [Originally p. p. of 0. Eng. sacre, to conse- 
crate ; from Lat. sacer, sacred, holy, cursed.] 1. Set 
apart by solemn religious ceremony ; especially, in a 
good sense, made holy ; set apart to religious use. 2. 
Relating to religion, or to the services of religion. 3. 
Possessing the highest title to respect, reverence, or ven- 
eration. 4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated. 5- 
Consecrated ; dedicated. 

Syn.- Holy; divine ; hallowed ; devoted ; religious ; ven- 
erable ; reverend. 

Sa/ered-ly, adv. 1. In a sacred manner ; religiously. 

2. Inviolably ; strictly. 
SaAered-ness, n. State or quality of being sacred. 
Syn. — Holiness; sanctity; inviolableness. 

Sae'ri-flce (sak'rT-ffz, 64), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sacri- 
ficed ; p. pr. & vb. n. SACRIFICING.] [From the 
noun.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or 
present, by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token 
of acknowledgment or thanksgiving, to some divinity. 
2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for 
the sake of obtaining something. 

Sae'ri-fice (-ilz), v. i. To make offerings to God, or to 
a deity, of things consumed on the altar. 

Sae'ri-fxce (-flz), n. [Lat. sacrificium, from sacer, sacred, 
holy.] 1. The offering of any thing to God or to a god. 
2. Any thing consecrated and offered to a divinity. 3. 
Destruction or surrender of any thing made for the sake 
of something else ; hence, also, the thing so devoted or 
given up. 

Sae'ri-f ic'er (-fiVer), n. One who sacrifices or immolates. 

Sae'ri-fi'cial (-fisb/al), a. Relating to, concerned with, 
or consisting in, sacrifice. 

Sae'ri-Iege (-lej), n. [Lat. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus, 
that steals, prop. "gathers or picks up, sacred things, fr. 
sacrum, that which is sacred, fr. saccr, sacred, and legare, 
to gather, pick up.] The crime of violating or profaning 
sacred things. 

Sae'ri-le'gioiis, a. Violating sacred things ; involving 
sacrilege ; profane ; impious. 

Sae'ri-le'gioiis-ly, adv. In a sacrilegious manner ; 
with sacrilege. 

Sae'ri-le'gioiis-ness, n. The quality of being sacri- 
legious ; disposition to sacrilege. 

Sae'ri-le'gist, n. One who is guilty of sacrilege. 

Sae'ris-tan, n. [Low Lat. sacristanus, from Lat. sacer, 
sacred.] An officer of the church who has the care of its 
utensils or movables ; a sexton. 

Sae'ris-ty, n. An apartment in a church where the 
sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are kept ; vestry. 

Sad, a. [compar. SADDER ; superl. SADDEST.] [A.-S. 
sad, satisfied, sated, weary, sick ; 0. Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, 
saddr, saturated, sated ; Goth, satlis, sads, id.] 1. 
Heavy ; dull ; grave ; dark ; — said of colors. 2. Serious ; 
grave. 3. Affected with grief or unhappiness. 4. Causing 
sorrow. 5. Hence, bad; naughty ; troublesome. [Colloq.] 

Syn.— Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; 
cheerless; downcast; sedate; grievous; afflictive; calamitous. 

Sad'den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. saddened ; p.pr. & vb. 
ii. saddening.] To make sad ; to make melancholy or 
sorrowful. 

Sad'dle (-dl), n. [A.-S. sadid, saclel, sadl, Icel. sodull, 
Ger. sattel, W. sadell, Lat. sella, for sedla, sedida, from 
the root of Eng. sit, Lat. sedere.] 1. A seat to be placed 
on a horse's back for the rider to sit on. 2. Hence, 
something resembling a saddle in form, use, or the like ; 
especially, a piece of meat containing a part of the back- 
bone of an animal with the ribs on each side. 

Sad'dle (-dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. saddled; p. pr. & 
vb. n. saddling.] 1. To put a saddle upon. 2. 
Hence, to fix as a charge or burden upon ; to encumber. 

Sad'dle-bag§>, n. pi. Bags, united by straps, for trans- 
portation on horseback, one bag being placed on each 
side. 

Sad'dle-bow, n. The bow or arch in front of a saddle, 
or the pieces which form the front. 

Sad'dler, n. One whose occupation is to make saddles. 

Sad'dler-y, n. 1, Materials for making saddles and 
harnesses ; the articles usually offered for sale in a sad- 
dler's shop. 2. The trade or employment of a saddler. 

Sad'dle-tree, n. The frame of a saddle. 

Sad'du-cee (sad'yu-see), n. [From SadCk, the founder 
of the sect, who lived about 250 years B. c] One of a 
sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, 
a future state, and the existence of angels. 

Sad'du-cee'igm, ) n. The doctrines or tenets of the 

Sad'du-^igm, ) Sadducees. 



Sad'-I'ron (-I'firn), n. An instrument for ironing 
clothes ; a flat iron. [rowfully. 

Sad'ly, adv. In a sad manner ; darkly ; gloomily ; sor- 

Sad'ness, n. The state or quality of being sad. 

Syn. — Sorrow; heaviness; grief; dejection. See Geief. 

Safe, a. [compar. SAFER ; superl. SAFEST.] [Lat. salvits, 
prob. allied to servare, to save, preserve.] 1. Free from 
harm; injury, or risk. 2. Conferring safety ; securing 
from harm ; to be relied upon. 3. In secure care or 
custody. 
. Syn. — Secure; unendangered; sure. 

Safe, n. 1. A place for safety ; specifically, a fire-proof 
chest or closet for containing money, valuable papers, or 
the like. 2. A chest or cupboard for meats ; a re- 
frigerator. 

Safe'-con'du-et, n. That which gives a safe passage; 
either a convoy or guard, or a writing, pass, or warrant 
of security. 

Safe'guard, n. 1. That which defends or protects; 
defense ; protection. 2. A convoy or guard. 3. A 
warrant of security given by a sovereign or military com- 
mander to protect any one. 

Safe'-keep'ing, n. Act of keeping or preserving in 
safety from injury or from escape. 

Saf e'ly, adv. 1. In a safe manner. 2. Without injury. 
3. Without escape ; in close custody. 

Saf e'ness, n. Condition or quality of being safe ; free- 
dom from harm or danger ; security ; safety. 

Saf e'ty, n. 1. Condition or state of being safe : exemp- 
tion from hurt, injury, or loss. 2. Quality of making 
safe or secure, or of giving confidence, insuring against 
loss, &c. 3. Close custody. 

Saf e'ty-lamp, n. A lamp surrounded with a cylinder 
of wire gauze, to give light in mines, without the danger 
of setting fire to inflammable gases. 

Safe'ty-vaive, n. (Steam-eng.) (a.) A valve fitted to 
the boiler, which opens and lets out the steam when the 
pressure within becomes too great for safety, (b.) A 
valve, opening inward, to admit the air and prevent the 
boiler from being crushed or injured by the pressure of 
the atmosphere as the steam cools. 

Saf 'flow-er, n. [From saffron and fiower.] 1. (Bot.) 
An annual plant, the flowers of which are used as a dye- 
stuff and in making rouge. 2. A deep-red substance 
separated from orange-colored flowers. 

Saffron, n. [Turk. za]feran, from Ar. & Per. za'faran.] 
(Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, having 
flowers of a deep yellow color. 

Saffron, a. Having the color of saffron flowers ; deep 
yellow. 

Sag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAG- 
GING.] [D. zakken, allied to A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. slgan, 
to fall, incline, sink down. Cf. Sink and Swag.] To 
lean, incline, bend, hang away, in consequence of un- 
supported or insufficiently supported weight ; to give 
way ; to yield. 

Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way : to load or burden. 

Sa'gd, n. ; pi. SA' GAS. [See Say.] A northern European 
popular historical or religious tale of olden time. 

Sa-ga'cious, a. [Lat. sagax, sagacis, from sagire, to 
perceive quickly or keenly.] Of keen penetration and 
judgment ; discerning and judicious. 

Syn. — Shrewd ; quick ; discerning ; wise ; sage. See 
SnitEWD. 

Sa-ga/cioiis-ly, adv. In a sagacious manner. 

Sa-ga'cioue-ness, n. Quality of being sagacious ; acute- 
ness of discernment ; sagacity. 

Sa-gac'i-ty, n. [See supra.] Quality of being sagacious ; 
keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness 
of judgment. 

Syn. — Penetration ; shrewdness: judiciousness. — Penetra- 
tion enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, 
to detect motives, plans, &c. Sagacity adds to penetration a 
keen, practical iudgment, which enables one to guard against 
the designs of others, and to turn every thing to the best possi- 
ble advantage. The Essays of Lord Bacon show a degree of 
sagacity, as well as penetration, which are found in scarcely 
any other work. 

Sag'a-more, n. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe, 
among the American Indians ; — generally used as syn- 
onymous with sachem, but some writers distinguish be- 
tween them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, 
and a sagamore one of the second rank. 

Sage, n. [Lat. salvia, from salvvs, saved, salvare, to 
save ; A.-S. sahvige.] (Bot.) A plant of several species. 
The common sage is mostly employed in cookery as a 
condiment. 

Sage, a. [compar. sager ; superl. sagest.] [From a 



n,,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; p5£que,flrm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SAGE 



635 



SALIVA 



hypoth. Lat. sapius, sabius, savins, from sapere, to be 
wise.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judg- 
ing. 2. Proceeding from wisdom ; well adapted to the 
purpose. 

Syn. — Wise ; sagacious ; sapient ; grave ; prudent ; judi- 
cious. 

Sage, n. A wise man ; especially, a grave philosopher, 
venerable for his years. 

Sage'ly, adv. In a sage manner ; wisely. 

Sage'ness, n. Quality of being sage ; wisdom. 

Sag'it-tal, a. [N. Lat. sagittalis, from Lat. sagitta, an 
arrow.] Pertaining tD an arrow ; resembling an arrow ; 
furnished with an arrow-like appendage. 

S&f/'it-ta' H-iis , n. [Lat., an archer, fr. Sagittarius, be- 
longing to an arrow, from sagitta, an arrow.] (Astron.) 
One of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun 
enters about November 22. 

Sag'it ta-ry, n. [See supra.] {Myth.) A centaur, an 
animal half man, half horse, armed with a bow and 
quiver. 

Sag'it ta-ry, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. 

Sag'it-tate, a. (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like an arrow-head. 

Sa'go, n. [Malay. & Jav. sagu.] A dry, granulated 
starch, imported from the East Indies. It is the pre- 
pared pith of several different palms. 

Sa-goin', n. [The indigenous South American name.] 
(Zool.) A monkey of South America, having a long, 
hairy tail. 

Sa'ic,n. [Turk, sha'ika, Russ. tshdika.] (Naut.) A Turk- 
ish or Grecian vessel, very common in the Levant. 

Said (sed), a. Before mentioned ; already spoken of or 
specified ; aforesaid ; — used chiefly in legal style. 

Sail, n. [A.-S. segel, segl, 0. II. Ger. sekal, segal, Icel. 
segl, Ir. & Gael. 
seol.] 1. A sheet 
of canvas, or of 
some other sub- 
stance, spread 
to the wind, to 
assist the prog- 
ress of a 
in the water, ti. 
(pi. Sail.) A 
sailing .vessel ; 
a ship of any 
kind ; a craft. 
3. A journey or 
excursion upon 
the water. Sails. 

1, flying jib ; 2, jib ; 3, foretop-mast stay sail; 4, fore-course; 5, 
foretop'sail; 0, foretop-gallant sail; 7, fore-royal; 8, fore sky-sail; 
9, fore-royal studding sail; 10, foretop-gallant studding sail; 11, 
foretop-mast studding sail ; 12, main-course ; 13, maintop sail ; 
14, maintop-gallant sail; 15, main-royal; 16, main sky sail; 1", 
main- royal studding sail; 18, maintop-gallant studding sail; 19, 
maintop'-mnst studding sail; 20, mizzen-coursc; 21, inizzen-top 
saih 22, rnizzen-top-gallant sail ; 23, mizzen-royal ; 24, mizzen 
sky-sail; 25, mizzen-spanker. 

Sail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n SAIL- 
ING.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the ac- 
tion of wind upon sails, as a ship on water. 2. To be 
conveyed in a vessel on water. 3. To set sail ; to begin 
a voyage. 4. To move smoothly through the air. 

Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon in a ship, by means 
of sails. 2. To fly through. 3* To direct or manage 
the motion of, as a vessel. [igable. 

Sail'a-Me, a. Admitting of being passed by ships ; nav- 

Sail'— elotli, n. Duck or canvas used in making sails. 

Sail'er, n. A ship or other vessel ;— with qualifying words 
descriptive of speed or manner of sailing. 

Sail'ing, 11. 1. (Naut.) Act of a person or thing that 
sails. '2. Art or method of directing a ship's way on 
the ocean ; navigation. [and made. 

Sail'-16f t, ii. A loft or apartment where sails are cut out 

Sail'or, n. [Another form of sailer.'] One who follows 
the business of navigating ships or other vessels. 
Syn.- Mariner; seaman; seafarer. 

Sail'-yard, n. (Naut.) The yard or spar on which sails 
_are extended. 

Sain'foin, n. [Fr.,from sain, wholesome, and. /bin, hav, 
Lat. sanvm fcenum.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant culti- 
vated for fodder. 

Saint, n. [Fr. saint, Lat. sanctus, sacred, prop. p. p. of 
sanr.ire, to render sacred by a religious act.] 1. A holy 
or godly person. 2. One of the blessed in heaven. 3. 
(Eccl.) One canonized by the church. 

Saint Vitns's dance (3fed.), a disease affecting the voluntary 
muscles with constant, irregular movements; chorea. 





s^css^*^ 



to, or resembling, a 



Saint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sainted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
| _SAINTING.] To make a saint of; to beatify ; to canonize 
' Saint'ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. 3, 
| Gone to heaven. 

i Saint'ly, o. [compar. saintlier; sUperl. saint- 
_LIEST.] Like a saint ; becoming a holy person. 

Saint'sliip, n. The character or qualities of a saint. 

Sake, 11. [A.-S. sacic, sac, strife, a cause or suit at law, 
from A.-S. sacan, Goth, sakan, to contend, strive, defend 
one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, allied to seek, q. 
v.] Final cause ; end ; purpose ; reason ; account ; re- 
gard or respect. 

Sal, n. [Lat. See Salt.] Salt ; — a word much used in 
_chemistry and pharmacy. 

Sal'a-ble, a. [From sale.] Capable of being sold ; find- 
ing a ready market ; in good demand. 

Sal'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being salable. 

Sal'a-bly, adv. In a salable manner. 

Sa-la'cioiis, a. [Lat. salax, salads, fond of leaping, 
lustful, from salire, to leap.] Lustful ; lecherous. 

Sa-lac'i-ty, n. Lust ; lecherousness. 

Sal'ad, ii. [Fr. salad e, from Lat. sal, salis, salt.] 1. 
Uncooked herbs, dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, 
and eaten as a relish. 2. A dish composed of some kind 
of meat, chopped fine, and mixed with uncooked herbs, 
as lettuce, &c, seasoned with mustard and other condi, 
ments. 

Sa-lam', n. [Ar. salam, peace, safety.] A salutation oi 
compliment of ceremony or respect in the East. 

Sal'a-mander (110), n. 
[Lat. salamandra. Gr. 
cra\afj.a.vSpa, Skr. sala- 
mandala.] (Zool.) A ge- 
nus of batrachian reptiles 
having some affinities 
with lizards, but more 
with fro° - s. Salamander. 

BQf The popular belief that the salamander is able to endure 
fire, is a mistake. 

Sal'a-man'drlne, a. Pertaining 

salamander ; enduring fire. 
Sal'a-ry, n. [Lat. salarium, orig. salt money, from sal, 

salt.] Recompense or consideration stipulated to be paid 

to a person for services. 
Syn. — Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance. 
Sal'a-ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. salaried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

_salarying.] To fix or pay a salary to one. 
Sale, n. [A.-S. sellan, to give, to sell. See Sell.] 1. 

Act of selling ; the transfer of property for a price in 

money. 2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market. 

Syn. — Sales by auction ; sales at auction. — In America the 
more prevalent expression has been "sales at auction," as if 
referring to the place where they are made. In England the 
form has always been "sales b>/ auction," /'. e., by an increase 
of bids (Lat. anctione). This latter form is now" coming into 
use in our leading newspapers. 

SaFe-ra'tus, n. [N. Lat. sal acratus. Sec Sal and Aer- 
ated.] A bi-carbonate of potash, much used in cookery 

Sales/man, n. ; pi. sales/bten. One whose occupation 
is to sell goods or merchandise. 

Sale'work (-wurk), n. Work or things made for sale ; 
hence, work carelessly done. 

Sal'i-e, a. [From the Salian Franks, who in the 5th cen- 
tury formed a body of laws, by the 62d paragraph of 
which females were excluded from succession to the 
crown.] Designating a law by which, as in France, 
males only can inherit the throne. 

Sa'li-ent, a. [Lat. saliens, p. pr. of salire, to leap.] 1. 
Moviug by leaps. 2. Shooting out or up; projecting; 
springing. 3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the 
attention; prominent; conspicuous. 4. (Math. & Fort.) 
Projecting outwardly, as an angle. 

Sa-lTf 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. sal, salt, and fe.rre, to bear.] Pro- 
ducing or bearing salt. 

Sal'i-fi'a-ble, a. [See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of 
combining with an acid to form a salt. 

SaPi-fi-ea'tion, n. The act of salifying. 

Sal'i-f y, r. t. [imp. & p. p. salifjed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SALIFYING.] [Lat. sal, salt, and facere, to make.] To 
form into a. salt, as a base, by combining it with an acid. 

Sa-line'. or Sa'line, a. [Lat. salinus, from sal, salt.] 
1. Consisting of, or containing, salt. 2. Partaking of 
the qualities of salt. 

Sa-line', or Sa'line, n. A salt spring, or a place whero 
salt water is collected in the earth. 

Sa-lin'oiis, a. Consisting of, or containing, salt ; saline 

Sa-li'va,n. [Lat., allied to Gr. aiakov.] The transparent, 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, cliaise, -eall, eelio ; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



SALIVAL 



636 



SALVE 



alkaline liquid secreted by certain glands in the mouth ; 
spittle. 

Sa-li'val, a. Pertaining to saliva ; salivary. 

Sal'i-va-ry, a. Pertaining to saliva; secreting or con- 
veying saliva. 

Sal'i-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. salivated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SALIVATING-.] [Lat. salivare, salivatum. See 
Saliva.] {Med.) To produce an abnormal secretion of 
saliva, as by the use of mercury. [of saliva. 

Sal'i-va/tion, n. (Med.) A continued unnatural flow 

Sa-li'vous, a. Pertaining to saliva ; partaking of the 
nature of saliva. 

Sal'low, n. [A.-S. salig, sealh, seal, ~L&t. salix.] (Bot.) 
One of certain trees or low shrubs of the willow kind. 

Sal'low, a. [compar. sallower ; superl. sallowest.] 
[A.-S. salu, D. zaluw, 0. H. Ger. salo, salaw.] Of a 
pale, sickly color, tinged with a dark yellow. 

Sal'low-ness, n. Paleness, tinged with a dark yellow. 

Sal'ly, n. [See the verb.] 1. A leaping forth. 2. A 
sudden eruption : specifically, an issuing of troops from 
a place besieged to attack the besiegers. 3. Excursion 
from the usual track ; digression ; deviation. 4. A flight 
of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like. 5. Act of levity ; 
wild gayety ; frolic ; escapade. 

Sal'ly^ v. i. [imp. & p. p. sallied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SALLYING-.] [From Lat. satire, to leap, spring.] To 
leap or rush out ; to issue suddenly, as a body of troops 
from a fortified place to attack besiegers. 

Sal'ly-port, n. (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage 
under ground, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. 

Sal'ma-gun'di, n. [From Lat. salgama condita, pi., 
from salgama, pickles, and condita, preserved, p. p. of 
condire, to preserve : or from the Countess Salmagondi, 
lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who invented it.] 1. 
A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring with oil, 
vinegar, pepper, and onions. 2. Hence, a mixture of 
various ingredients ; an olio or medley. 

Salm'on (sam'un), n. [Lat. 
salmo, salmonis.] (Ichth.) A 
fish of a yellowish-red color, 
of northern climates. It is 
highly esteemed for food. Salmon. 

Salm'on- trout (sam'un-), n. (Ichth.) A small fish 
resembling the common salmon in color. 

Salon (sa/long'), n. [Fr.] An apartment for the recep- 
tion of company; hence, in the pi., fashionable parties ; 
circles of fashionable society. 

Sa-lobn', n. [Fr. & Sp. salon, from 0. H. Ger. sal, house, 
hall, A.-S. sel, seat, dwelling, hall.] (Arch.) A spacious 
and elegant apartment for the reception of company, or 
for works of art ; — applied also to halls and apartments 
for specific public uses. 

Sal'si-fy, n. [Fr. salsifis, Sp. salsifi.] (Bot.) A plant 
having a long, tapering root, of a mild, sweetish taste 
like the parsnip, often called the oyster-plant, from its 
taste when fried. 

SaF-so'tla, n. ( Com.) Impure carbonate of soda. 

Salt, n. [A.-S. sealt, salt, Goth. & Icel. salt, Lat. sal, Gr. 
aA?.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for 
seasoning certain kinds of food, for the preservation of 
meat, &c. 2. Hence, flavor ; taste ; savor ; smack ; 
seasoning. 3. Piquancy ; wit. 4. A salt-cellar. 5. 
A sailor ; especially, an old sailor. [Colloq.] 6. (Chem.) 
A combination of an acid with a base, forming a com- 
pound which has properties differing from those of either 
constituent. 

Salt, a. [compar. SALTER; superl. SALTEST.] Fur- 
'hished or impregnated with, abounding in, or containing, 
salt ; prepared with, or tastiug of, salt. 

Salt, v. t. [imp. & p.p. salted ; p.pr. & vb. n. SALT- 
*ing.] To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt. 

Sal'tant, a. [Lat. saltans, p. pr. of saltare, to dance, 
intensive form of satire, to leap.] Leaping; jumping; 
dancing. 

Sal-ta'tion, n. [Lat. saltatio, from saltare, to dance. 
See supra.] 1. A leaping or jumping, 2. Beating or 
palpitation. 

Sal'ta-to-ry (50), a. Leaping or dancing ; or having the 
power of leaping or dancing ; used in leaping or dancing. 

Salt'-cel'lar, n. A small dish for salt at table. 

Salt'er, n. One who salts ; one who gives or applies salt. 

Salt'ern, n. A salt-work ; a place where salt is made. 

Sal'tler, n. [From Lat. saltare, to leap.] 1. (Her.) A 
St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X. 2. One 
who leaps or dances. 

Sal'ti-grade, a. [From Lat. saltus, a leap, and gradi, 
to walk, go.] (Zool.) Having feet or legs formed for 
leaping. 



Salt'ing, n. 1. The act of sprinkling or impregnating 
'with salt. 2. A marsh subject to be overflowed with 

salt water ; a salt-marsh. 

Salt'ish, a. Tinctured with salt ; somewhat salt. 

Salt'-junk, n. Hard salt beef for use at sea. 

Salt'-lick, n. See Lick, n. 

Salt'-marsh, n. Grass-land subject to the overflow of 
'salt or sea- water. 

Salt'-mine, n. A mine where rock-salt is obtained. 

Salt'ness, n. 1. Quality of being salt, or impregnated 
'with salt. 2. Taste of salt. [or made. 

Salt'-pan, n. A pan, basin, or pit, where salt is obtained 

Salt-pe'ter, ) n. [N. Lat. sal petrse, i. e., rock-salt, or 

Salt-pe'tre, j stone-salt, so called because it exudes 
'from rocks or walls.] ( Chem.) A salt consisting of nitric 
acid and potassa ; nitrate of potassa ; — called also niter. 

Salt'-pit, n. A pit where salt is obtained or made. 

Salt'-rheum (-rum), n. (Med.) A kind of herpes, or 
skin disease ; — a vague and indefinite popular name, ap- 
plied to almost all the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions 
which are common among adults, except ringworm and 
itch. 

SaJt'-wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) A certain plant found on 
"the sea-shore and other places where the ground is moist 
and saline. 

Sa-lu/lbri-ous, a. [Lat. salubris, or saluber, from salus, 
health, from salvus, safe, sound, well.] Favorable to 
health ; promoting health. 

Syn. — Healthful ; wholesome ; healthy ; salutary. 

Sa-lu'bri-oiis-ly, adv. In a salubrious manner. 

Sa-lu'fori-ty, n. Quality of being salubrious ; whole- 
someness ; healthfulness. 

Sal'u-ta-ri-ness, n. Quality of being salutary. 

Sal'u-ta-ry, a. [Lat. salutaris, fr. salus, health, safety.] 
1. Promoting health. 2. Promotive of public safety ; 
contributing to some beneficial purpose. 

Syn. — Wholesome; healthful ; salubrious; beneficial ; use- 
ful ; advantageous ; profitable. 

SaFu-ta'tion, n. Act of saluting or paying respect or 
reverence by the customary words or actions ; act of 
greeting ; that which is uttered in saluting or greeting. 

Syn. — Greeting ; salute ; address. — A greeting is literally 
an outcry or exclamation, and hence usually denotes some 
warm expression of feeling when one meets another. Saluta- 
tion and salute signify literally a wishing of health. Saluta- 
tion, however, is the act of the person saluting, while salute is 
the thing given ; that is, the thing received by the person ad- 
dressed. A bow is given by way of salutation, and a lady 
sometimes receives the salute of a liiss. Salute is used also for 
something more formal ; as, the firing of guns by way of 
salute. 

Sa-lu/ta-to'ri-an, n. The student of a college who pro- 
nounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commence- 
ment. [Amer.] 

Sa-lu'ta-to-ry (50), a. Containing or expressing saluta- 
tions ; speaking a welcome ; greeting. 

Sa-lu'ta-to-ry, n. The salutatory or opening oration at 
the commencement of a college. [Arner.] 

Sa-lute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SALUTED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SALUTING.] [Lat. salutare, from salus, health, safe- 
ty. See Salubrious.] 1. To address with expressions 
of kind wishes ; to greet ; to hail. 2. Hence, to greet 
with a kiss ; to greet with a wave of the hand. 3. (Mil. 
& Naval.) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by 
a discharge of cannon or small arms, by striking colors, 
by shouts, or the like. ' 

Sa-lute', n. 1. Act of saluting or expressing kind 
wishes or respect ; salutation ; greeting. 2. A kiss. 3. 
A discharge of cannon or small arms in honor of some 
distinguished personage, or on the anniversary of some 
festival ; — sometimes also performed by lowering the 
colors or beating the drums. 

Sa-lut'er, n. One who salutes. 

Sal'va-lble, a. [From Lat. salvare, to save, from salvus, 
safe.] Capable of being saved ; admitting of salvation. 

Sal'vage, n. [Fr. salvage, sauvage, from Lat. salvare, to 
save.] 1. The compensation allowed to persons who 
voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from 
peril. 2. That part of the property that survived the 
peril and is saved. 

Sal-va'tion (110), n. 1. Act of saving ; preservation 
from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 2. ( Theol.) 
Redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liabil- 
ity to eternal death. 

Sai'va-to-ry, n. A place where things are preserved. 

Salve (s'av), n. [A.-S. seal/, O. H. Ger. salba, Goth, sal- 
bons.] An adhesive composition or substance to be ap- 
plied to wounds or sores. 

Salve (s'av), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. salved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



sL,e,&c.,long; a,,e,8i,c.,short; care, far. ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SALVER 



637 



SANGUINARY 



SALVING.] To heal by applications or medicaments; 
to apply salve to. 

Sal'ver, n. [0. Eng. salve, to save, preserve, Lat. salvare, 
to save, from salvus, safe.] A plate or waiter on which 
any thing is presented. 

Sal'vo, n. ; pi. sAWOs. [Lat. salvo jure, an expression 
used in reserving rights.] 1. An exception ; reserva- 
tion. 52. {Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms not 
. intended for a salute ; a volley. 

Sam'bo, n. [Written also zambo, q. v.] The offspring 
of a black person and a mulatto ; — hence, humorously 
or in contempt, a negro. 

Same, a. [A.-S. same, Goth, sama, Icel. samr.] 1. Not 
different or other ; identical. 52. Of like kind, species, 
sort, dimensions, or the like ; corresponding ; similar j 
like. 3. Just, or just about to be, mentioned. 

Same'ness, n. 1. State of being the same ; identity; 
near resemblance ; correspondence ; similarity. 52. Tedi- 
ous monotony. 

Sa'mi-el, n. [Ar. sam&m, fr. samma, to poison, samm, 
poison; Turk, sam-yeli, from Ar. samm, poison, and 
Turk, yel, wind.] A hot and destructive wind that 
sometimes blows in Arabia and the adjacent countries, 
from the desert ; the simoom. 

Samp, n. [From the Mass. sapac, saupac, made soft or 
thinned.] Maize broken or bruised, cooked by boiling, 
and often eaten with milk. 

Sam'pan, n. ( Naut. ) A Chinese boat from twelve to fif- 
teen feet long. 

Sam'phlre (sam'tir or sSm'fur), n. [Fr. l'herbede Saint 
Pierre, from which the English word is corrupted.] (Bol.) 
A fleshy herb which grows on rocks near the sea-shore, 
where it is washed by the salt water ; its leaves are used 
in the form of a pickle as an article of diet. 

Sam'ple, n. [See Example .] A part of any thing pre- 
sented for inspection, or intended to be shown, as evi- 
dence of the quality of the whole. 
Syn.— Specimen ; example ; illustration. See Specimen". 

Sam'pler, n. 1. One who distributes things into sam- 
ples for inspection. 52. A pattern of work ; especially, a 
collection of needle-work patterns. 

San'a-hil'i-ty, n. The state of being sanable. 

San'a-ble, a. [Lat. sanabilis, from sanare, to make 
sound, to heal, from sanus, sound, healthy.] Capable of 
being healed or cured. 
Syn. — Remediable ; curable ; healable. 

San'a-tlve, a. [From Lat. sanare, to heal.] Having the 

" power to cure or heal ; curative ; healing ; sanatory. 

San'a-to-ry, a. [From Lat. sanare, to heal.] Condu- 
cive to health ; healing ; curative ; sanative. 

Sane'ti-f i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of sanctifying or making 
holy ; state of being sanctified. 52. Act of setting apart 
for a sacred purpose ; consecration. 

Sanc'ti-fl'er, n. One who sanctifies or makes holy ; 
specifically, the Holy Spirit. 

Sane'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sanctified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SANCTIFYING.] [Lat. sanctificare, from sanctus, 
holy, and facere, to make.] 1. To make sacred or holy ; 
to set apart to a holy or religious use ; to hallow. 52. To 
make holy or free from sin. 3. To render productive 
of holiness or piety. 4. To secure from violation ; to 
give sanction to. 

Sane'ti-mo'ni-ous, a. 1. Possessing sanctimony ; sa- 
cred ; saintly. 52. Making a show of sanctity ; hypo- 
critically devout or pious. [ner. 

Sane'ti-mo'ni-oiis-ly, adv. In a sanctimonious man- 

Sanc'ti-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. State of being sanctimo- 
nious ; sanctity, or the appearance of it. 

Sane'ti-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. sanctimonia, from sanc- 
tvs, holy.] Holiness; devoutness; sanctity; especially, 
artificial saintliness ; hypocritical devoutness. 

Sanc'tion, n. [Lat. sanctic, from santire, sanctum, to 
render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably.] 1. Sol- 
emn or ceremonious ratification ; approbation and accept- 
ance. 52. Any thing done or said to enforce the will, law, 
or authority of another. 

Syn. — Ratification ; authorization ; authority ; counte- 
nance ; support. 

Sanation, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. sanctioned; p. pr. & 

vb. n. sanctioning.] To give validity or authority to. 
Syn.— To ratify ; confirm ; authorize ; countenance ; sup- 
port. 

San-e'ti-tude (30), n. Holiness; sacredness ; sanctity. 
Sane'ti-ty, n. [Lat. sanctitas, from sanctus, holy.] 1. 

State or quality of being sacred or holy. 52. Religious 

binding force. 




Sandals. 



Syn. — Religion ; holiness; godliness; piety; devotion » 
goodness ; purity ; religiousness;' sacredness ; solemnity. See 
Religion. 

Sanet'u-a-ry (sankVyu-a-ry), n. [Lat. sanctuarium, fr. 
sanctus, sacred, holy.] 1. Asacred place ; a consecrat- 
ed spot. 52. Hence, a place of refuge and protection; 
shelter; refuge. 

Sjine'tum, n. [Lat., p. p. of sancire, to consecrate.] A 
sacred place ; hence a retreat for privacy. 

Sanctum sanctorum [Lat.J, the holy of holies ; most holy 
place. 

Sand, n. [A.-S. sand, Icel. sandr, 0. H. Ger. sant, Gr. 
^/aju.ju.05, i//a/ua0os, afifAos.] 1. Fine particles of stone, 
especially of silicious stone, but not reduced to powder 
or dust. 52. Hence, from the use of sand in the hour- 
glass, a moment ; a measured interval. 3. pi- Tracts of 
land consisting of sand. 

Sand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SANDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sanding.] To sprinkle or cover with sand. 

San'dal, n. [Lat. sandalium, 
Gr. o-a.v8a.Kov, dim. oavSakiov, 
perh. for aavihakov, from a- avis, 
aavCSos, a board, plank, and any 
thing made thereof.] A kind of 
shoe consisting of a sole fastened 
to the foot ; a kind of slipper ; 
also, an overshoe with parallel 
openings across the instep. 

San'dal- wood, n. [Ar. ' sandal, sanadil, jandal, from 
Skr. tshandana.] (Bot.) The wood of a low tree, having 
a general resemblance to the privet or prim. When old 
it has a yellow color and great fragrance. 

San'da-rae, ) n. [Lat. sandaracha, Gr. o-avSapiicri , 

San'da-raeh, j u-avSapdxri^ Ar. sandarUs, Per. sanda- 
rah, sandar, Skr. sindhra.] 1. A resin in white, trans- 
parent tears, obtained from a tree growing in Barbary. 
52. Realgar. 

Sand'ed,j>. a. 1. Covered with sand. 52. Marked with 
small spots ; speckled. [Prov. Ens;.] 

Sand'-eel, n. (Ichth.) A small eel-like fish. It buries 
itself in the moist sand after the retiring of the tide. 

Sand'-heat, n. The heat of warm sand in chemical 
operations. 

Sand'i-ness, n. State of being sandy, or of being of a 
sandy color. 

San'di-ver, n. [Corrupted from Fr. sel de verre, salt of 
glass.] A whitish substance cast up, as a scum, from 
the materials of glass in fusion. 

Sand'-pa/per, n. Paper covered on one side with a 
fine gritty substance, for smoothing and polishing. 

Sand'-pi-per, n. (Ornith.) A 
wading bird of the snipe family. 
It inhabits sea-shores and ma- 
rine marshes. 

Sand'stone, n. ( Geol.) A rock 
made of sand more or less firmly 
united. 

Sand'wich, n. Two pieces of 
bread and butter, with a thin 

slice of meat between them ; —said to have been a favor, 
ite dish of the Earl of Sandwich. 

Sand'wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sandwiched (sand'- 
wicht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. SANDWICHING.] To make into 
a sandwich; hence, to form of alternate parts or alter- 
nating layers of different nature. 

Sand'y, a. 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resem- 
bling sand ; full of sand. 52. Of the color of sand ; of a 
yellowish red color. 

Sane, a. [Lat. sanus, allied to Gr. c-aos,cr(os, safe, sound.] 
1. In a sound condition ; not disordered or shattered. 
52. Especially, not disordered in intellect ; in one's right 
mind ; of sound reason. 
Syn. — Sound ; healthy ; underanged. 

Sang, imp. of sing. See Sing. 

San/ga-ree', n. [Sp. sangria, the incision of a vein, a 
drink, from sangre, Lat. sanguis, blood.] Wine and 
water sweetened and spiced. 

Sang-froid (song-frwa'), n. [Fr., cold-blood.] Freedom 
from agitation or excitement of mind ; cooluess ; indif- 
ference. 

San-guif'er-ofis, a. [Lat. sanguis, blood, and/enr, to 
bear.] Conveying blood. 

San/gui-f i-ea'tion, n. ( Physiol. ) Production of blood ; 
conversion of the products of digestion into blood. 

San/gui-f I'er, n. A producer of blood. 

San'gui-fy, v. i. [From Lat. sanguis, blood, and facere, 
to make.] To produce blood. 

San'gui-na-ry, a. [Lat. sanguinarius, from sanguis, 




Sand-piper. 



food, fobt ; urn, rude, pi/U ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



SANGUINE 



638 



SARDONIC 



Mood.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed. 2. Eager 
to shed blood. 

Syn. — Bloody ; murderous ; bloodthirsty ; savage ; cruel. 

Saii'guiiie, a. [Lat. sanguineus, from sanguis, blood. J 
1. Having the color of blood ; red. 2. Characterized by 
abundance and active circulation of blood. 3. Warm ; 
ardent. 4. Anticipating the best ; feeling assured ; full 
of hope. 
Syn.— Animated; lively; confident; hopeful. 

San'guine-ly, adv. In a sanguine manner ; ardently. 

San'gume-iiess (109), n. Condition or quality of being 
sanguine. 

Saii-gulii'e-ous, a. 1. Abounding -with blood; san- 
guine. 2. Of, or pertaining to blood. 3. Constituting 
blood. 4. Blood-red: crimson. 

San'Iie-drlm, n. [Heb. sanhedrin, from Gr. aave'Spiov, 
from cruv. with, together, and eSpa, a seat.] The great 
council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, 
to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction 
of religious matters. 

San'i-ele (san'i-kl), n. [N. Lat. sanicula, from Lat. sa- 
nare, to heal.] (Bot.) A plant of several species; black 
snake-root; — so called from its reputed healing quali- 
ties. 

Sa'ni-es, n. [Lat., prob. a weakened form of sanguis, 
blood. ] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly exhaled 
_at the surface of ulcers. 

Sa'ni-ous, a. [Lat. sa?iiosus, from sanies. Sec supra.] 
1. Thin and serous with a slight bloody tinge. 2. Ex- 
creting or effusing a thin, serous, reddish matter. 

San'i ta-ry, a. [From Lat. sanitas, health. See infra.] 
Pertaining to, or designed to secure sanity or health ; 
relating to the preservation of health ; hygienic. 

San'i-ty, n. [Lat. sanitas, from sanus, sound, healthy.] 
Condition or quality of being sane ; soundness or health- 
iness of body or mind, especially the latter. 

Sank, imp. of sink. See Sink. 

San's-erit. n. The same as SANSKRIT, q. v. 

Sans-<eulotte (sung'ku-lof), n. [Fr. , without breeches.] 
1. A ragged fellow ; — a name of reproach given in the 
first French revolution to the extreme republican party, 
who rejected breeches as an emblem or badge peculiar to 
the upper classes or aristocracy. 2. Hence, an extreme 
or radical republican. 

San'skrit, n. [Skr. sanskrita, the Sanskrit language, i.e.. 
the perfect, polished or classical language, from sanskri- 
ta, prepared, wrought, made, excellent, perfect.] The 
ancient language of the Hindoos. 

Sap, n. [A.-S. sap, 0. H. Ger. sqf, Icel. saft, Lat. sapa, 
must or new wine boiled thick.] 1. The juice of plants 
of any kind. 2. (Bot.) The alburnum of a tree ; sap- 
wood. 

Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sapped (sapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SAPPING-.] [Fr. sapcr, prob. from Gr. <ncd-eiv, (jk6.t:thi.v , 
to dig.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away ; to 
mine; to undermine. 2. (Mil.) To pierce with saps. 

Sap, v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly under- 
mining. 

Sap, n. ( Mil.) An approach made to a fortified place by 
digging under cover of gabions, &c. 

Sap'-green, n. A light-green pigment prepared from 
the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn. 

Sap'id, a. [Lat. sapidus, from sapere, to taste.] Posses- 
sing savor or flavor ; having a relish ; savory. 

Itn'id-ness I n " Q uant y of bein S sa P i(1 5 savoriness. 
Sa'pi-ence, n. Quality of being sapient ; wisdom; sage- 

ness ; knowledge. 
Sa'pi-ent, a. [Lat. sapiens, p. pr. of sapere, to taste, to 

have sense, to know.] 1. Havingwisdom ; discerning. 2. 

Would-be wise ; supposing one's self sage. 

Syn. — Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning. 

Sap'less, a. 1. Destitute of sap ; not juicy. 2. Dry; 

old ; withered. 
Sap'ling. n. [From sap.] A young tree. 
Sap'o-dil'Ia, n. [Mexican cochit-zapotl.] (Bot.) A tree, 

growing in the West Indies, and in some parts of South 

America. 
Sap'o-na'ceoiis, a. [From Lat. sapo, saponis, soap.] 

Resembling soap ; having the qualities of soap ; soapy. 
Sa-pon/i-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of converting into soap, or 

state of being converted into soap. 
Sa-pon'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. saponified ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. SAPONIFYING.]. [Lat. sapo, saponis, soap, and 

faccre, to make.] To convert into soap. 
j Sap'o-imle, n. [From Lat. sapo, saponis, soap.] ( Chem.) 



An imperfect soap, formed by the action of an alkali up- 
on an essential oil. 

Sa'por,n. [Lat., from sapere^ to taste.] Taste ; relish ; 
flavor ; savor. 

Sap'o-rif i-e, a. [Lat. sapor, taste, andfacere, to make.] 
Having the power to produce taste. 

Sap'o-rous, a. [Lat. saporus, savory, from sapor, taste.] 
Having taste : yielding some kind of taste. 

Sap'per, n. 1. One who saps. 2. (Mil.) One who ia 
employed in working at saps. 

Sap'pliie (safik). a. 1. Pertaining to Sappho, a Gre- 
cian poetess. 2. (Pros.) In the manner of Sappho : — 
used of a certain kind of verse (said to have been invented 
by Sappho). 

Sap'pliire (safir or saf ur), n. [Lat. sapphirus, Gr. crd~- 
4>eipo?, Heb. sappir, Ar. safir.] (Min.) Pure, crystallized 
alumina, a precious stone used in jewelry. The name is 
usually restricted to the blue crystals. [sapphire 

Sap'phir-ine (safur-), a. Resembling sapphire ; made of 

Sap'pi-ne&s, n. State or quality of being sappy or full 
of sap; succulence; juiciness. 

Sap'py, a. [corr.par. sappier ; svperl. sappiest.] 1. 
Abounding with sap ; juicy ; succulent. 2. Hence, 
young ; weak. 3. Weak in intellect. 

Sap'-rot, n. The dry rot, a disease of timber. 

Sap'sa-go, n. [Ger. schabzieger, from shaben, to shave, 
to scrape, and zieger, a sort of whey or sour milk.] A kind 
of cheese, made in Switzerland, having a dark-green color. 

Sap'-wdod, n. (Bot.) The alburnum or exterior part 
of the wood of a tree, next to the bark. 

Sar'a-Tband, n. [From Per. serbend, a kind of song.] 
(3Ius.) [a.) A grave Spanish dance, to an air in triple 
time, (b.) The air itself. 

Sar'a-cen, n. [From Ar. sharki, pi. sharknn, Oriental, 
Eastern, from sliaraka, to rise, of the sun.] An Arabian ; 
a Mussulman ; an adherent or propagator of Mohamme- 
danism in countries further west than Arabia. 

Sar'a-ven'ic, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, the Sara- 

Sar'a-^eii'ie-al, ) cens. 

Sar'-eagm, n. [Gr. o-ap/caayxo's, from crap/cd^eii/, to tear 
flesh like dogs, to bite the lips in rage, to sneer, from 
o-<ipf, crapKos, flesh.] A satirical remark uttered with 
some degree of scorn or contempt. 

Syn.— Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe. 

Sar-etis'ti-e, la. Eitterly satirical ; scornfully severe ; 

Sar-eas'tre-al, J taunting. 

Sar-eas'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner. 

Sar^e'net, n. [L. Lat. saracenicum, cloth made by Sar- 
acens.] A species of fine, thin, woven silk, used lor rib- 
bons, linings, &c. 

Sar'eo-log'ie, 

Sar x <;o-log'i€-al, 

Sar-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. crdp£, crap^ds, flesh, and Aoyo?, 
discourse.] That part of anatomy which treats of the 
soft parts of the body. 

Sar-eo'tnn, n.; pi. sar-€om ! a-Ta. [Gr. crdpKwjua, 
from aapg, crap/cos, flesh.] (Med.) A tumor of fleshy 
consistence. 

Sar~eoph'a-gous, a. [Sec Sarcophagus.] Feeding 
on flesh ; flesh-eating. 

Sar-eopli'a-giis, n. [Gr. crop/co^dyos, eating flesh , from 
crdp£, aapKog, flesh, and <£ayetv, to eat.] 1. A species of 
limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins ; — 
so called because it consumed the flesh of bodies depos- 
ited in it within a few weeks. 2. Hence, a coffin, or 
tomb, of this land of stone; and, generally, a stor.e 
coffin. [flesh. 

Sar-eoph'a-gy, n. [See supra.] The practice of eating 

Sar-eot'ie, n. [Gr. crap/cumKos, producing flesh, from 
adpii, crapifos, flesh.] (Mtd.) A medicine or application 
which promotes the growth of flesh. [ Rare.] 

Sar'dine, n. [So called from the island of Sardinia, near 
which it is caught.] (Ichth.) A Mediterranean fish, of 
the herring family ; — often prepared or put up with olive 
oil as a delicacy. 

Sar'dine, I n. [See supra.] A precious stone, probably 

Sar'di-u<5, J a carnelian, of which one was set in Aaron's 
breastplate. 

Sar-don'ie, a. [Lat. sardonius, sardonicus, Gr. crapSdvios, 
crapSoftos, either from cratpety, to grin like a dog, or from 
a-ap86i/i.ov, a plant of Sardinia, Gr. ~XapSu>, which was said 
to screw up the face of the eater.] Forced, heartless, or 
bitter ; — said of a laugh or smile ; concealing bitterness 
of heart ; mocking. 

Sardonic Inuah, a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the 
face, giving it a horrible appearance of laughter, and said to 
have been first noticed as the effectof eating the Herba sardon- 
ica, a species of Ranunculus, that grows in Sardinia. 



Of, or pertaining to, sarcology. 



a,e, &c, long; a,6,&c., short; care, far,ask,all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, dg, wolf, 



SARDONYX 



639 



SAUCE 



Sar'do-nyx, n. [Gr. aapSSvog, from SapSio?, Sardian, or 
ZapSaJa?, Sardinian, and 6i/v£, a nail, a veined gem.] 
(Min\) A silicious stone or gen, nearly allied to onyx, of 
a reddish yellow. 

Sar-g&s'so, n. [Sp. sargazo, pea-weed.] (Bot.) The 
floating sea -weed of the North Atlantic. It often accu- 
mulates so as to cover large areas. 

Sar'ment-ose', la. [Lat. sarmentosus, sarmentum, a 

Sar-ment'ous, { tioig, from sarpere, to cut off, to 
trim.] (Bot.) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or 
having only leaves in bunches at the joints or knots where 
it strikes root. 

Sar'sa-pa-rll'la, n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla, from zarza, 
Bisc. zartzia, a bramble, and pirrilla, a vine, or Parillo, 
the name of a physician who is said to have discovered it.] 
(Bot ) A Mexican plant, whose root is valued in medicine 
for its mucilaginous and farinaceous or demulcent qual- 
ities. 

Sar-to'ri-iis, n. [L. Lat. sartorius, a tailor, fr. Lat. sar- 
tor, a patchcr, tailor, from sarr.ire, sartum, to patch, 
mend.] (Anat.) The muscle which throws one leg across 
the other, reaching from above the hip to below the 
knee. 

Sash, n. An ornamental belt; a band worn about th°! 
waist or over the shoulder. 

Sash, n. [Low Lat. cacia, from Lat. capsa, a chest, box, 
case.] The frame of a window in which the panes of 
glass arc set. 

Sash, v. t. [imp. & p.p. sashed (sasht); p. pr. & vb. 
n. sashing.] To furnish with sashes, or frames for 
glass. 

SaVsa-fras, n. [Lat. saxifraga (sc. herba). from saxum, 
rock, stone, and frangere, to break.] (Bot.) A tree of 
the laurel family, whose bark has an aromatic smell and 
taste. 

Sat, imp. of sit. Sec Sit. 

Sa'tan (formerly pron. sat/an), n. [Ileb. satan, an ad- 
versary, from satan, Ar. shatana, to be adverse, to per- 
secute.] The grand adversary of man ; the devil. 

Sa-tan'ie, i a. Having the qualities of Satan ; re- 

Sa-tan'ie-al, { sembiing Satan ; devilish ; infernal. 

Sa-tan'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a satatiic manner; with the 
wicked and malicious spirit of Satan ; diabolically, 

Satch'el, n. [Lat. sacellus, dim. of sacchus, sack, bag.] 
A little sack or bag. 

Sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAT- 
ING.] [0. H. Ger. satian, sattOn, to satiate, lrom sat, 
A.-S. sad, sated, sadian.] To satisfy the desire or appe- 
tite of. 
Syn. — To satiate; to glut; to surfeit. 

Sate (sat), old imp. of sit, for sat. See Sit. 

Sate'less, a. Not capable of being satisfied ; insatiable. 

Sat'el-lite, n. [Lat. sateUes, sdlellitis.] 1. A small 
planet revolving round another ; a moon. 2. An obse- 
quious depeudent or follower. 

Sat'el-li'tious (-llsh'us), a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, satellites. 

Sa'ti-iite (sa/shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. satiated ; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. SATIATING.] [Lat. satiare, satiatum, 
from sat, satis, enough.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or 
desire of; to feed to the full. 2. To fill to repletion or 
loathing. 

Syn. — To satisfy ; content ; sate ; suffice ; cloy : gorge ; 
overfill; surfeit; glut. — Satiate, sati-.fi/, and content differ 
principally in degree. To content is to make contented, even 
though every desire or appetite is not gratified. To satisfy is to 
appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to go further, 
and fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy 
more. What satisfies gives us pleasure ; what satiates produces 
disgust. 

Sa'ti-ate (sa'shl-, 45, 95), a. [Lat. saliatus, p. p. of sati- 
are. See supra.] Filled to satiety ; glutted. 

Sa/ti-a'tion (sa'slii-a'shun), n. State of being satiated. 

Sa-ti'e-ty, n. [Lat. saiielas, from sat, satis, enough.] 
The state of beiug satiated or glutted ; fullness of gratifi- 
cation even beyond desire. 
Syn. — Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment. 

Safin, n. [From It. & L. Lat. seta, silk, originally, seta 
serica,\. e., silk-hair, from Lat. seta, thick, stiff hair.] A 
glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot 
woof. 

Sat'i-net' (110), n. [From satin. See supra.] 1. A thin 
species of satin. 2. A certain kind of cloth made of 
cotton warp and woolen filling. 

Safin-spar, n. (Min.) A fine fibrous variety of carbo- 
nate of lime, having a pearly luster. 

Sat'in-y, a. Like, or composed of, satin. 

Sat'Ire (in Eng. often pron. sat'ur), n. [Lat. satira, sa- 



tura, fr. satura.se. lanx, a dish filled with various kinds 
of fruits, a medley, from satur, full of food, from sat, salts, 
enough.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding 
up vice or folly to reprobation ; an invective poem. 2. 
Keenness and severity of remark ; trenchant wit. 

Syn. — Lampoon ; sarcasm ; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; 
burlesque; wit; humor. See Lampoon. 

Sa-tir'ie, ) a. 1. Belonging to, or conveying, satire; 

Sa-tir'i-e-al, { of the nature of satire. 2. Censorious ; 
severe in language. 

Syn. — Cutting ; poignant ; sarcastic ; bitter ; reproachful ; 
abusive. 

Sa-tir'ie-al-ly, adv. In a satirical manner. 
j Sat'ir-ist, n. One who writes satire. 

Sat'ir-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. satirized; p. pr. & 
vb. n. satirizing.] To make the object of satire; to 
censure with keenness or severity. 

Sat/is-fa-e'tion, n. [Lat. satisfaction 1. Act of satis- 
fying, or state of being satisfied ; gratification of desire. 
2. Settlement of a claim, due, demand, &c. 3. That 
which satisfies or gratifies. 

Syn. — Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; re- 
compense; compensation ; amends ; remuneration ; indemni- 
fication; atonement. 

Sat'is-fae'to-ri-ly, adv. In a satisfactory manner. 

Sat'is-fa-e'to-ri-iiess, n. Quality or condition of being 
satisfied or satisfactory. 

Safis-fae'to-ry, a. 1. Giving or producing satisfac- 
tion ; yielding content. 2. Making amends, indemnifi- 
cation, or recompense. 

Sat'is-f I'er, n. One who gives satisfaction. 

Sat'Js-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. satisfied ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. SATISFYING.] [Lat. salisfacere, in. sat, satis, enough, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To gratify fully the desire of*, 
to make content. 2. To comply with the rightful de- 
mands of; to answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal 
demand, or the like. 3. To free from doubt, suspense, 
or uncertainty ; to give assurance to. 

Syn. — To satiate ; content ; please ; gratify ; sate ; recom- 
pense; compensate; remunerate; indemnify. See Satiate. 

Sat'is-fy, v. i. 1. To give satisfaction or content. 2. 
To feed or supply to the full. 3. To make payment , to 
atone. 

Sa/trap, or Sat'rap, n. [Gr. aaTpd-mris, orig. a Persian 
•word, khshatrapavan, ruler.] The governor of a prov- 
ince. [Ancient Fersia.] 

Sat'ra-pal, a. Pertaining to a satrap or a satrapy. 

Sat'ra-py , n. The government or jurisdiction of a satrap. 

Sat'u-i'a-ble, a. Admitting of being saturated. 

Sat'u-rant, a. Impregnating to the full ; saturating. 

Sat'u-rant, n. (Med.) A substance which neutralizes 
the acid in the stomach. 

Sat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. saturated ; p. pr. Sc 
vb. n. SATURATING.] [Lat. saturare, sati/ratum, from 
satur, full of food, sated.] To cause to become coin= 
pletely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked. 

Sat'u-ra'tion, n. [Lat. saturatio.] Act of saturating ^or 
state of being saturated ; complete penetration or im- 
pregnation. 

Sat'ur-day, n. [A.-S. Sdterddg, Sdtemddg, Faiernes 
dag, Saturn's day.] The seventh or last day of the week. 

Sat'uvn, n. [Lat. Saturnus.] 1. (Myth.) One of the 
oldest and principal deities, the son of Ccelus and Terra 
(heaven and earth), and the father of Jupiter. 2. (Astron.) 
One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude 
to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. 

Sat'ur-na'li-d.n.pl. [Lat. See supra.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) 
The festival of Saturn, celebrated as a period of unve* 
strained license and merriment for all classes. 2. Hence, 
a period or occasion of general license or excess. 

Sai/ur-na'li-an, a. 1. Pertaining to the Saturnalia. 2. 
Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity ; riotously merry. 

Sa-tur'ni-an, a. (Myth.) Pertaining to Saturn, whose 
age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his gov- 
ernment, is called the golden age. 

Sat'ur-mne, a. [From Lat. Saturnus, equiv. to Saturni 
Stella, the planet Saturn.] 1. Under the influence of the 
planet Saturn. 2. Hence, not readily susceptible of ex- 
citement ; phlegmatic ; dull : heavy ; grave. 

Sa/tyr (sa/tur), n. [Lat. satyrus, Gr. trdrvpo?.] (Myth.) 
One of a class of sylvan deities, represented as monsters, 
part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous 
merriment and lasciviousness. 

Sa-tyr'ie, a. Pertaining to satyrs. 

Sauce, n. [Fr. sauce, L. Lat. salsa, properly salt-pickle, 
'from Lat. salsus, salted, salt.] A mixture or composition 
to be eaten with food for improving its relish. 



food, ftfbt ; &m, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; liijger, link ; tails- 



SAUCE 



640 



SAY 



Sauce, v. z. [imp. & p. p. SAUCED (sawst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
"n. saucing.] 1. To accompany with something in- 
tended to give a higher relish. 2. To give zest, flavor, 
or interest to. 3. To be impudent or saucy to. ' [Low.] 

Saupe'taox, n. [See Sauce and Saucy.] A saucy, im- 
pudent fellow. 

Sau'cer, n. [Fr. sauciire, from sauce. See Sauce.] A 
'small dish, like a deep plate, in which a tea-cup or coffee- 
cup is set. 

Sau'ci-iy, adv. In a saucy manner ; impudently. 

Sau'^i-ness, n. Quality of being saucy ; that which is 
'saucy. 

Syn. — Impudence ; impertinence ; rudeness ; insolence. 
See Impudence. 

Sau'cy, a. [compar. saucier; superl. sauciest.] [EDg. 
"sauce, from Lat. salsus, salt, sharp. See Sauce.] 1. 
Bold to excess ; transgressing the rules of decorum. 2. 
Expressive of impudence. 

Syn. — Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude. 

Sauer'kraut (sour'krout), n. [Ger., from sauer, sour, 
and kraut, herb, cabbage.] Cabbage preserved in brine, 
and allowed to ferment ; — a German dish. 

Saun'ter (s'An'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sauntered ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SAUNTERING.] [From Fr. sainte terre, 
the holy land, from idle people who roved about the 
country and asked charity under pretense of going d la 
sainte terre, to the holy land.] To wander about idly. 
Syn. — To loit<er; linger; stroll; wander. See Loiter. 

Saun'ter-er, n. One who saunters, or wanders about 
idly. 

Sau'ri an, a. [Gr. <ravpa, o-aOpos, a lizard.] (Zo'dl.) 
'Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian. 

Sau'ri-an, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the order of reptiles 
'which includes all that are covered with scales, and have 
four legs, as the lizard. 

Sau'sage, n. [Fr. saucisse, L. Lat. salcitia, salsicia, fr. 
'Fr. sauce. See Sauce.] An article of food made of meat 
minced and highly seasoned, and iuclosed in a cylindrical 
case or skin. 

Sav'a-lble, a. [From save.] Capable of being saved. 

Sav'age, a. [0. Eng. salvage, from Lat. silvaticus, be- 
longing to a wood, wild, from silva, a wood.] 1. Per- 
taining to the forest ; remote from human residence and 
improvements. 2. Wild; untamed. 3. Uncivilized; 
unpolished. 4. Characterized by cruelty. 

Syn. — Ferocious ; uncultivated ; untaught ; rude ; brut- 
ish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; 
pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; murderous. See Fekocious. 

Sav'age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of 
rudeness. 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cru- 
elty ; a barbarian. 

Sav'age-ly, adv. In a savage manner ; cruelly. 

Sav'age-ness, n. State or quality of being savage. 

Sav'age-ry, n. 1. State or condition of being savage; 
a wild, uncultivated condition ; barbarism. 2. An act 
of cruelty ; barbarity. 

Sav'ag-i§m, n. State of being savage ; savageness. 

Sa-van'na, n. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet for a bed, a 
large plain covered with snow, from Lat. sabanum , Gr. 
crajiavov, a linen cloth.] An extensive open plain or 
meadow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered with 
grass. 

Savant (sa/vong'), n. ; pi. savants (sa/vong'). [Fr., 
from savoir, to know, Lat. sapere. .] A man of learning ; 
one versed in literature or science. 

Save, v . t. [imp. & p. p. SAVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAV- 
ING.] [Lat. salvare, from salvus, saved, safe.] 1. To 
make safe; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil 
of any kind. 2. To keep from being spent or lost ; to 
lay up. 3. To insure against ; to spare. 4. To hinder 
from occurrence; to prevent. 5. To catch; to be in 
time for. 

To save appearances, to preserve a decent outside ; to avoid 
exposure of any thing disgraceful or embarrassing. 
Syn. — To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; reserve. 

Save, v. i. To hinder expense ; to be economical. 

Save,£>rep. Except; excepting; not including. 

Save'-all, n. [From save and all.] Any contrivance 
intended to prevent waste or loss. 

Sav'er, n. 1. One who saves, preserves, or rescues. 2. 
One frugal in expenses ; an economist. 

Sav'in, n. [Lat. sabina.] (Bot.) An evergreen tree or 
shrub, with dark -colored foliage and producing small 
berries. 

Sav'ing, p. a. 1. Avoiding unnecessary expenses ; fru- 
gal ; economical. 2. Incurring no loss, though not 
gainful. 



Sav'ing, p. pr., but commonly called a prep. With the 
^exception of ; in favor of ; excepting. [is saved. 

Sav'ing, n. 1. Exception ; reservation. 2. That which 

Sav'ing-ness, n. Frugality ; parsimony. 

Sav'ingg-foank, n. A bank in which savings or earn- 
ings are deposited and put to interest. 

Sav'ior ) (sav'yyir), n. [Lat. salvator, from salvare, to 

Sav'iour j save.] 1. One who saves or delivers from 
destruction or danger. 2. Specifically, Jesus Christ, the 
Redeemer. 

Sa'vor, n. [Lat. sapor, from sapere, to taste, savor.] 1. 
Quality affecting the organs of taste or smell. 2. Hence, 
specific flavor or quality ; characteristic property. 
Syn. — Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell. 

Sa'vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. savored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
savoring.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste. 
_2. To indicate the presence or influence. 

Sa'vor-i-ly, adv. In a savory manner. 

Sa'vor-i-ness, n. Quality or condition of being savory. 

Sa'vor-less, a. Having no savor ; insipid. 

Sa'vor-y, a. Having savor or relish ; pleasing to the 
_organs of taste or smell. 

Sa'vor-y, n. [Lat. satureia.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant, 
much used in cooking. 

Sa-voy', n. (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage, 
having curled leaves, much cultivated for winter use. 

Saw, imp. of see. See See. 

Saw, n. [A.-S. sage, Icel. sb'g, 0. H. Ger. saga.] An 
instrument for cutting, consisting of a thin blade or 
plate of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on one edge. 

Saw, v. t. [imp. SAWED ; p. p. SAWED, or SAWN ; p. pr. 
"& vb. n. SAWING.] [0. H. Ger. sagon, segCn, allied to 
Lat. secare, to cut.] 1. To cut or separate with a saw. 
2. To form by cutting with a saw. 

Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw ; to practice sawing. 2. To 
cut with a saw. i 3. To be cut with a saw. 

Saw'dust, n. Dust or small fragments of wood, stone, or 
other material, made by the attrition of a saw. 

Saw'-fish, n. (Ichth.) A car- 
tilaginous fish, closely allied to 
the sharks. It has the upper 
jaw prolonged into a long beak 
or snout, with teeth arranged 
along both edges. 

Saw'- fly, n. (Entom.) One of 
'a family of insects, the females 
of which are furnished with an 
ovipositor toothed like a saw, 
for boring holes for eggs in the 
twigs and stems of plants. Saw-fish. 

Saw'- mill, n. A mill for sawing timber or marble, &c. 

Saw'-pit, n. A pit over which timber is sawed by two 
men, one standing below the timber and the other 
above. 

Saw'- get, n. An instrument used to set or turn the 
'teeth of a saw a little outward. 

Saw'yer, n. [From saw, like laxoyer from law, and bow- 
"yer from bow.] 1. One who saws timber into planks or 
boards, or wood for fuel. 2. A tree which, having fallen 
into a stream, lies fast by the roots, with its branches 
rocking above and below the surface of the water, like 
the motion of a saw. [Amer.] 

Sax'i-frage, n. [Lat. saxifraga, from saxum,, rock, and 
frangere, to break.] (Bot.) A plant which embraces 
many species, mostly hardy herbs, growing naturally on 
or among rocks. 

Sax-if 'ra-goiis, a. [See supra.] Dissolving stone ; espe- 
cially, dissolving stone in the bladder. 

Sax'on (or saks'n), n. [A.-S. Seaxa, pi. Seaxe, Seaxan, 
from seax, a knife, a short sword, a dagger.] 1. ( Geog.) 
(a.) One of a people who formerly dwelt in the northern 
part of Germany, and who invaded and conquered Eng- 
land in the 5th and 6th centuries ; an Anglo-Saxon, (b.) 
A native of Saxony. 2. The language of the Saxons ; 
Anglo-Saxon. 

Sax'on (or saks'n), a. ( Geog.) (a.) Pertaining to the 
Saxons, to their country, or to their language ; Anglo- 
Saxon, (b.) Of, or pertaining to, Saxony or its inhab* 
itants. [guage. 

Sax'on -i§m (or sitks/n-), n. An idiom of the Saxon Ian- 
Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SAID (contr. from sayed) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. saying.] [A.-S. secgan, seggan, 0. H. Ger. 
sagon, smgen, sagjan, segjan, Icel. segia.] 1. To utter 
in words ; to tell ; to speak. 2. To repeat ; to rehearse ; 
to recite. 3. To announce as a decision or opinion; 
hence, to be sure about. 

Say, n. A speech ; something said. 




5,e, Sac, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do,, wolf. 



SAYING 



641 



SCANDALOUSLY 



Say'ing, n. That which is said ; an expression ; especial- 
ly, a proverbial expression. 

Syn.— Declaration ; speech : adage ; maxim ; aphorism ; 
apothegm; saw; proverb; by-word. 

Scab, n. [A.-S. scabb, sceabb, scebb, Lat. scabies, allied to 
A.-S. scqfan, Goth, skaban, Icel. ska/a, Eng. shave, Lat. 
scabere, to scratch.] 1. (Med.) An incrustation over a 
sore or wound. Si. A contagious disease of sheep. 

S<5fth'bard, n. [0. Eng. scauberk, scawberk, perh. from 
Icel. ska/a, chisel, and biarga, Goth, bairgan, to conceal. 
Cf. Icel. skalpr, scabbard.] The case in which the blade 
of a sword, &c, is kept ; a sheath. 

Seab'bed (60), a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased 
with scabs. 2. Hence, mean ; paltry ; vile ; worthless. 

Seab'bed-ness, n. The state of being scabbed. 

Scab'bi ness, n. State or quality of being scabby. 

JSeab'by, a. [compar. SCABBIER ; superl. SCABBIEST.] 
1. Affected with scabs ; full of scabs, Si. Diseased with 
the scab or mange ; mangy. 

Cca/bi-oiis, a. [Lat. scabiosus, from scabies, the scab.] 
Consisting of scabs ; rough; itchy; leprous. 

Sca'broiis, a. [Lat. scabrosus, from scaber, rough.] 
Having hard, short, rigid points ; rough ; rugged. 

Sea'broiis-ncss, n. Roughness ; ruggedness. 

Scaffold, n. [0. Fr. cschafault, It. catafalco, L. Lat. 
escafaldus, from the Romansch catar, to view, from Lat. 
captare, to strive to seise (sc. oculis) with the eyes, and 
It. falco, for pa!co,& scaffold, stage, from 0. H. Ger. 
palc.'w, balco, beam.] 1. A temporary structure of tim- 
ber, boards, &c, for various purposes, as for supporting 
workmen and the materials, in building, £zc. Si. Espe- 
cially, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a 
criminal. 

S-eaf'fold, v. t. [imp. &p.p. scaffolded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. scaffolding-.] To furnish with a scaffold. 

Sca£'fcld-iiig, n. 1. A frame or structure for tempo- 
rary support ; a scaffold. Si. Materials lor scaffolds. 

Seag-lio'la (skiil-yo'ia), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scag- 
lia, a scale, shell, chip of stone.] An imitation of mar- 
ble, formed by studding the surface of a substratum of 
gypsum mixed with glue, with splinters of stone of dif- 
ferent colors, and then-polishing ic. 

Seal'a-blc, a. Capable of being scaled. 

Sea-ladc', v. [See Scale, v. t.] (Mil.) An assault on 
a besieged place with ladders to mount the walls ; an 
escalade. 

Scald, v. t. {imp. & p. p. SCALDED ; p. pr. £; vb. n. 
SCALDING.] [Lat. cxcaldare, from ex and caldus, cali- 
dus, warm, hot.] 1. To burn with hot liquid. Si. To 
expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in water 
or other liquor. 

Scald, n. [See supra.] A burn, or injury to the skin 
and ilesh by some hot liquid, or by steam. 

S-eald, n. [Originally scall, q. v.] Scurf on the head; 
ccab. 

Scald, n. [Icel. skald, Ger. skalde, allied to 0. n. Ger. 
scellan, to sound.] A reciter and singer of heroic poems, 
eulogies, &c, among the Norsemen. 

Scald'-head, n. [See SCALD.] (Med.) A pustular 
eruption of the hairy scalp. 

Sc&Id'ic,a. Pertaining to the scalds or poets of antiquity. 

Scale, n. [A.-S. scalu, sr.ealu, dish of a balance, balance, 
Icel. skctl, balance, dish. 0. II. Ger. scala, dish, shell.] 
The dish of a balance ; hence, the balance itself; an in- 
strument or machine for weighing ; — chiefly in the plural 
when applied to the whole instrument. 

Scale, n. [A.-S. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings.] 1. One 
of the small, thin, membranous or bonv pieces which 
form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, Si. Hence, 
any thin layer or leaf of metal or other material. 3. An 
incrustation deposited on the inside of a vessel in which 
water is heated. 

Scale, n. [Lat. scalds, scala.] 1. A ladder; series of 
steps. Si. Hence, any thing graduated, especially when 
employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines or 
degrees at regular intervals ; especially, (Mus.) The 
gamut, or graduating series of all the tones, ascending or 
descending, from the key -tone to its octave. 3. Hence, 
gradation ; scheme of comparative rank or order. 4. 
Relati ve dimensions, without difference in proportion of 
parts. 

Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCALING.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder ; 
to clamber up. 

Scale, v. t. [From scale, the covering of a fish.] 1. To 
strip or clear of scales. Si. To take off in thin layers or 
scales. [laminae. 

Scale, v. i. To separate and come off in thin layers or 



Sca-lene', a. [Lat. scalenus, Gr. cncaA^pos.] (Geom.) 
(a.) Having the sides and angles unequal; — said of a 
triangle, (b.) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a 
cone. [angles unequal. 

Sca-lene', n. ( Geom.) A triangle having its sides and 

Scal'er, n. One who scales. 

Sea/li-ness, n. [From scaly.] The state of being scaly ; 
roughness. [leprosy. 

Scall, n. [See Scald and Scale.] Scab ; scabbiness ; 

Scall'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. cxpa Ascalonia, from Asca- 
lon, a town in Palestine.] (Bot.) A plant, which grows 
about Ascalon, in Palestine. It is allied to the garlic 
and onion. 

Scal'lop (skoPIup), n. [See Escalop.] 1. (Conch.) 
A" marine shell-fish or bivalve mollusk, often used for 
food. The shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a 
mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Si. A curv- 
ing of the edge of any thing, like the segment of a cir- 
cle. 3. A kind of dish for baking oysters in. 

Scal'lop (skol'lup), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCALLOPED 
(skol'lupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. scalloping.] To mark or 
cut the edge or border of into segments of circles. 

Seal'loped (skoPlupt), a. 1. Made or done with or in a 
scallop. Si. Having the edge or border cut or marked 
with segments of circles. 

Scalloped oysters (Cooker)/.), oysters baked with crumbs of 
bread strewed over the surface. This wns, at first, done in scal- 
lop shells, and afterward in a dish for the purpose called a scal- 
lop. 

Scalp, n. [Cf. Lat. scalpere, to cut, carve, scalprum, a 
sharp, cutting instrument.] That part of the integu- 
ment of the head usually covered with hair ; hence, the 
skin of the head, or a part of it, with the hair belonging 
to it, torn off, as by Indian warriors, as a token of vic- 
tory over an enemy. 

Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scalped (skalpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCALPING.] To deprive of the scalp, or integu- 
ments of the head. 

S-eal'pel, n. [Lat. scalpcllum, dim. of sralprum. See 
supra.] (Surg.) A knife used in anatomical dissections 
and surgical operations. 

Scalp'er, In. (Surg.) An instrument 

Scalp'ing-i'ron (-I'urn), ) used in scraping foul and 
carious bones. 

Scal'y, a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales ; rough. 
2. Resembling scales, laminae, or layers. 3. Mean; 
scabby. [Colloq. and vulgar.] 

Scam'ble, v. i. [0. D. schampelen, to deviate, to slip, 
schampen, to go away, escape, slip.] 1. To stir quick; 
to be busy ; to scramble. Si. To be awkward. 

Scam'ble, v. t. To mangle ; to maul. 

Scam'bler, n. 1. One who scambles. Si. A bold in- 
truder upon the generosity or hospitality of others. 

Seam'mo-ny. n. [Lat. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. 
07caju.|ua>i/ta..] A certain plant and an inspissated sap ob- 
tained from it, having a blackish-gray color, a nauseous 
smell, and a bitter and acrid taste. 

Scamp, 11. [See infra.] A great rascal; a scoundrel ; a 
mean villain. [ Colloq.] 

Scam'per, v. >'. [imp. & p. p. scampered ; p. pr. & 
vb. ii. SCAMPERING.] [0. Fr. escamper, to escape, to 
save one's self, as if from a Lat. excampare, from ex, 
from, and campus, the field (sc. of battle).] To run with 
speed ; to hasten escape. 

Sean,r. t. [imp. & p. p. SCANNED; p. pr. 8zvb.ii. SCAN- 
NING.] [Lat. scandere, to climb, to scan.] 1. To mount 
by steps ; specifically, to go through with, as a verse, 
marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is com- 
posed. Si. To go over and examine point by point ; to 
scrutinize. 

Scan'dal, n. [Lat. scandalum, Gr. o-Kav8a\ov, the stick 
or spring in a trap, a snare laid for an enemy, offense, 
scandal.] 1. Reproach or reprobation called forth by 
what is regarded as wrong, heinous, or flagrant ; imputed 
disgrace. Si. Reproachful aspersion ; defamatory speech 
or report. 

Syn. — Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny ; oppro- 
brium; reproach; shame; disgrace. 

Scan'dal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scandalized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. scandalizing.] 1. To give offense to; 
to excite the reprobation of. Si. To reproach, to defame. 

Scan'dal-ous, a. 1. Giving offense ; exciting veproba* 
tion ; calling out condemnation. Si. Disgraceful to rep- 
utation ; bringing shame or infamy. 3. Defamatory; 
libelous. 
Syn. — Opprobrious; disgraceful; shameful; base. 

Soan'dal-ous-ly, adv. In a manner to give offense;, 
shamefully. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist . 
41 " 



linger, link ; this. 



SCANDALOUSNESS 



642 



SCENERY 



Sean'dal-ous-ness, n. Quality of being scandalous. 

S^an'da-lum Ulag-na'tiim. [Lat., scandal of mag- 
nates.] (Law.) A defamatory speech or writing made or 
published to the injury of a person of dignity ; — usually 
abbreviated scan. mag. 

Scan'dent, a. [Lat. scandens, p. pr. of scandere. to 
climb.] (Bot.) Climbing, either with spiral tendrils for 
support, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk. 

Sean'sion, ft. [Lat. scansio, from scandere, scansum, to 
climb.] The act of scanning. 

Sean-so'ri-al , a. ( Bot.) Climbing, or adapted to climb- 
ing ; — a term applied to an order of birds. 

Scant, v. t. [imp. &/>. p. scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
scanting.] [From the adjective.] 1. To limit ; to 
straiten; to treat illiberally. 2. To make small, nar- 

Seant, v. i. To fail, or become less. [row, or scanty. 

Scant, a. [compar. SCANTER ; superl. SCANTEST. 

\ Rare.] [A.-S. scasned, seined, p. p. of scsenan, scinan, 
to break, wound, destroy, Icel. skeina, to wound slightly.] 
Scarcely sufficient ; less thau is wanted for the purpose. 

Seant'i-ly, adv. In a scanty manner ; not fully. 

Seant'i-ness, ft. Quality or condition of being scanty ; 
narrowness ; want of sufficiency. 

Scant'ling, n. [Fr. echantillon, a sample, pattern, from 
cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. See Cantle.] A 
piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, 
rails, &c. 

Seant'ly, adv. In a scant manner; not fully or suffi- 
ciently ; narrowly ; penuriously. 

Seant'ness, n. Condition or quality of being scant. 

Seant'y, a. [compar. scantier ; superl. scantiest.] 
[From' scant.) 1. Wanting amplitude or extent. 5$. 
Not abundant for use or necessity ; hardly sufficient. 3. 
Sparing ; niggardly. 

Syn.— Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; scarce; par- 
simonious; penurious. 

Seape, v. t. or i. To escape. [Obs. or poet.] 

Scape, n. [Lat. scapus, G'r. a/ca;ro?, cncT)7ros, o-KrjnTpov.] 
(Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or a subterra- 
nean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and 
the like. _ 

S-eape'-goat, ft. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose 
head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, 
after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. 

Seape'-grace, n. A graceless, hair-brained fellow. 

Seape'ment, ft. A kind of mechanism. See Escape- 
ment. 

Seapli'oid, a. [Gr. o-Kd<f>r}, or o-kou^os, a boat, and elSos, 
likeness.] Resembling a boat in form. 

S^dp'u-ld, «.,- pi. seAp'TJ-LJE. [Lat.] (Anat.) The 
shoulder-blade. 

Seap'u-lar, a. [Lat. scapidaris, from scapula.] Per- 
taining to the shoulder or to the scapula. 

Seap'u-lar, ) n. [See supra.] A part of the habit 

Scap'u-la-ry, ) of certain religious orders in the Ro- 
man Catholic church, consisting of two bands of woolen 
stuff worn over the gown, of which one crosses the back 
or shoulders, and the other the stomach. 

Sear, n. [Dan. skaar, a cut, notch, slash, from share, 
skiare, to cut. Cf. Fr. escarre, an eschar, a dry slough, 
Gr. ecr^apa.] 1. A mark remaining after a wound or 
ulcer is healed ; a cicatrix ; a blemish, ti. A bare and 
broken place on a side of a mountain, or in the high 
bank of a river. 

S-ear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scarred; p. pr. & vb. n. 
scarring.] To mark with a scar, or scars. 

Scar'a-mouch/ (-mowch / ), n. [Originally the name of 
a celebrated Italian comedian.] A personage in the old 
Italian comedy, characterized by great boastfulness and 
poltroonery ; a buffoon ; hence, a person of like charac- 
teristics. 

Scarce, a. [compar. SCARCER; superl. SCARCEST.] 
[0. Fr. escars, eschars, from Low Lat. scarpsus, ezcarpsus, 
for Lat. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere, to pick out, and 
hence to contract, to shorten.] Not plentiful or abun- 
dant ; not easily to be procured. 

Syn.— Rare; infrequent; deficient; uncommon. See Rake. 

Scarce, ? adv. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; 

Scar^e'ly, 1 barely ; but just. 

Scar^e'ness, ) n. 1. Condition of being scarce ; defect 

Sear'ci-ty, I of plenty. 2. Infrequency. 

Syn.— Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; 
rarity. 

Scare (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. scared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCARING.] [Tcel. skirra, to drive away, skiarr, fleeing.] 
To terrify suddenly ; to make afraid. 
Syn. — To frighten; affright; alarm; terrify. 



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Scare'crow, ft. Any thing set up to frighten crows or 
other fowls from cornfields ; hence, any thing terrifying 
without danger ; a vain terror. 

Scarf, ft. [Prob. fromO. H. Ger. scarbon, A.-S. scearpan, 
Fr. escharper, echarper, to cut, carve ; A.-S. scearf, a 
fragment, and hence, also, a strip cut off.] A light arti- 
cle of dress, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the 
neck. 

Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scarfed (sk'arft) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. SCARFING.] To throw loosely on ; to put on like 
a scarf. 

Scarf, v. t. [Ger. scharben, to 
notch, indent. See supra.] To | 
cut a scarf on, as for a joint in 
timber. 

Scarf , ft. [See supra.] (Carp.)l 
(a.) The part cut away from 
each of two pieces of timber to 
be joined longitudinally , so that 
the corresponding ends may fit 
together in an even joint, (b.) „, , 
The joint so formed. Modcs of Scarfing. 

Scarf 'skin, ft. (Anat.) The outer thin integument 
of the body ; the cuticle ; the epidermis. 

Scar'i-fi-ea'tion, ft. (Surg.) The operation of scarify- 
ing, especially with the cupping instrument. [ping- 

Sear'i-fi-ea'tor, ft. ( Surg.) An instrument used in cup- 

Sear'i-fi'er, ft. 1. One who scarifies. 2. The instru- 
ment used for scarifying. 3. (Agric.) An implement 
for stirring and loosening the soil. 

Scar'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCARIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. SCARIFYING.] [Lat. scarificare, fr. Gr. o-/capi<f>acr0ta. s 
to scratch up, from cncdpi^os, a pointed instrument.] 1. 
To scratch or cut the skin of; to make small incisions in, 
by means of a lancet or cupping instrument. J£. To stir 
the surface soil of. 

Sear'la-t'i'na, ft. [N. Lat. See SCARLET.] (Med.) 
Scarlet fever. See Scarlet Fever. 

Scar'let, ft. [Low Lat. scarlatum, Turk, iskerlet, Per. 
sakarlat.] 1. An orange-red color, of many tints, hues 
and shades. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. [color. 

Scar'let, a. Of the color called scarlet ; of an orange-red 

Scarlet fever (lied.), a contagious febrile disease, character- 
ized by inflammation of the fauces, and a scarlet rash, appear- 
ing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation 
about the sixth or seventh day. 

Scarp, ft. [See Escarp.] 1. A perpendicular, or nearly 
perpendicular, slope. i Z. (Fort.) The interior slope of 
the ditch nearest the parapet. 

Scarp, v . t. [imp. Sep. p. scarped (sk&rpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. scarping.] To cut down perpendicularly, or 
nearly so. 

Scath,ft. [A.-S. scedh, for scadhi, Goth, skathis, Icel. 
skadi.] Damage; injury; waste; harm. 

Seafh, ) v. t. [imp. & p. p. scathed (skatht or 

Seattle, ) skathd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. scathing (skath'- 
ing or skath/ing).] To do harm to ; to injure ; to damage ; 
to waste ; to destroy. 

Seath'ful, o. Injurious ; harmful ; destructive. 

Seath'less, a. Without waste or damage. 

Scat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. SCATTERING.] [A.-S. scateran, allied to sceddan, to 
shed. Cf. Shed.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle 
around. 2. To cause to separate in different directions- 
3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow. 
Syn. — To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew; sprinkle. 

Scat'ter, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated. 

Seat'ter-Tbrain, n. A giddy or thoughtless person. 

Scaur, ft. A precipitous bank or rock ; a scar. See SCAR. 

Scav'en-ger, ft. [A.-S. scafen, to shave, to scrape. See 
Shave.] A person whose employment is to clean the 
streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying 
off the filth. 

Scene (seen), ft. [Lat. scena, from Gr. ctk^vyi, a covered 
place, a tent, a stage.] 1. The structure on which a spec- 
tacle or play is exhibited ; stage. 2. One of the slides, 
hangings, or other devices, used to give an appearance of 
reality to the action of a play. 3. A separate portion of 
a play, subordinate to the act. 4. Place, time, circum- 
stances, &c, in which any thing is imagined to occur, or 
where the action of a story, play, poem, or the like, is 
laid. 5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view 
at once ; spectacle ; show ; exhibition ; view. 6. A dra- 
matic or striking exhibition of passionate feeling, or an 
interview, or the like ; often, action, or course of action, 
done for effect. 

Scen'er-y, n. 1. The paintings and hangings represent- 



Sjej&c.^on^; a,6,&c.,5Aor(; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, tSrm; pique, firm ; son,6r, dQ, wplf, 



SCENIC 



643 



SCHOONER 



ing the scenes of a play. 2. General aspect, as regards 
variety and beauty or reverse in a landscape ; combina- 
tion of natural views. 
Syn. — Representation; imagery. 

Scen'ie, or Scen'i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or of the 

Scen'ic-al (sen'ik-al, 110), J nature of, scenery, espe- 
cially the scenery of a theater ; theatrical. 

Scen'o-gr&ph'ic:, 1 a. Pertaining to scenography ; 

♦Scen'o-graph'icj-al, j drawn in perspective. 

>Sce-iiog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. a-Kr)voypa<j)Ca, from otoji/jJ, 
scene, stage, and ypajteiv, to write.] The representation 
of a body oh a perspective plane ; or a description of it, 
in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. 

Scent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCENTING.] [0. Eng. also sent, from Fr. sentir, to feel, 
to smell, Lat. sentire.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory 
organs ; to smell. 2. To imbue or fill with odor ; to per- 
fume. 

Scent, n. [From the verb.] 1. Odor; smell. 2. Power 
of smelling; sense of smell. 3. Chase followed by the 
scent ; course of pursuit ; track. 

Scent'less, a. Having no scent ; inodorous. 

Scep'ter, I n. [Lat. sceptrum , from Gr. o-Krjirrpov, 

S^ep'tre, J a staff to lean upon, a scepter, from 
cr(oj7TT£i.v, to lean.] 1. A staff borne by kings, as a 
badge of authority ; a royal mace. 2. Hence, royal 
power or authority. 

Scep'ter, }v. t. [imp. & p. p. sceptered, or 

Sfep'tre, J sceptred ; p. pr. & vb. n. scepter- 
INGf, or SCEPTRING-.] To invest with roya,* ar.thor- 
ity, or with the ensign of authority. 

S-eep'tie, n. See Skeptic ; and for Sceptical, 
Scepticism, &c, see Skeptical, Skepticism, Seep 
&c^ ter. 

S-ehe'di-agmfske'di-azm), n. [Gr. o-xeSCaafj.a, an extem- 
pore speech or action, from tr^eSta^'eii', to do off-hand 
from crxe'Sio?, sudden, off-hand.] Cursory writing on a 
loose sheet. [Rare.] 

S-ehed'ule (sked'yul, 30), n. [Lat. schedida, dim. of 
schedi, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper, Gr. 
<rxeSrj, a tablet, leaf, allied to uxifeii', to cleave.] A writ- 
ten or printed scroll of paper ; a document ; especially, 
an official or formal list or inventory. 
B@™ In England, commonly pronounced shedhjul. 
Syn. — Catalogue; list; inventory. — A list is a bare record 
of names, titles, &c, set down with or without regular order. 
A catalogue is a list arranged according to some principle, and 
is usually designed to describe things more or less particularly. 
A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or 
business purposes. A list must be complete; a catalogue must 
be properly arranged; a schedide must have the titles and de- 
scriptions explicitly given, and be properly attested. 

Scheik (sheek), n. The same as sheik. See Sheik. 

S-ehem'a-tigm (skd'ma-), n. [Gr. o-x7)|u.a.Tio><.6s, the as- 
suming of a shape or posture, a dressing up, from ctxtj- 
lxo.Ti$eiv, to form, shape, dress up.] Particular form or 
disposition of a thing ; outline; figure. 

Schem/a-tist (skem'a-tist), n. One given to forming 
schemes ; a projector ; a schemer. 

S-eheme (sk5m), n. [Lat. schema, Gr. o-xrjju-a, form, 
shape, outline, plan, from axetv, e'x etI/ > ^° have or hold.] 
1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by 
design. 2. A plan of something to be done. 3. Any 
lineal or mathematical diagram. 

Syn. — Plan ; project ; design ; contrivance ; purpose ; de- 
vice ; plot. — Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they 
propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is 
the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A 
plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into 
effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; 
hence the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more 
practical, are more frequently carried into effect. 

Scheme, v . t. [imp. & p. p. schemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCHEMING.] To plan ; to contrive ; to project. 

Scheme, v. i. To form a plan or project ; to contrive. 

S-ehem'er, n. One who schemes or contrives. 

Schem'ist, n. A schemer ; a projector. 

S-ehe'sis (skS'sis), n. [Gr. o-xeVis, from o^eif, e'xetv, to 
have or hold.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby a cer- 
tain affection or inclination of an adversary or opponent 
is feigned for the purpose of answering it. 

Schir'rlius, n. See SCHIRRUS. 

Schigm (sTzm), n. [Lat. schisma, Gr. <rx»rju.a,from <T\i- 
$eiv, to split.] Division or separation : specifically, per- 
manent division or separation in the Christian church, 
occasioned by diversity of opinions, or any other reason. 

Schi§-mat'i-e (siz-mat'ik, 123), 1 a. Pertaining to or 

Schig-mat'i-e-al (siz-mat'ik-al), ) implying, schism ; 
partaking of the nature of schism ; tending to schism. 

Schig-mat'ie (siz-), n. One who separates from an 



established church or religious faith on account of a 

diversity of opinions. 
Syn. — Heretic ; partisan. See Heretic. 
Schist (shist), n. [From Gr. crxicrros, divided, divisible, 

from crx^eiv, to divide.] {Geol.) A rock having a slaty 

structure ; — used especially in the case of crystalline or 

metamorphic rocks. 
Schist-ose' (125), ) a. ( Geol.) Admitting of division by 
S^hist'ous, ) natural cleavage into flags, slabs, or 

slates ; — used only with reference to metamorphic rocks 
Sdhol'ar (skoFar), n. [L. Lat. scholaris. See School.] 

1. One who attends a school ; one who learns of a teacher. 

2. A learned person ; oise versed in any branch of knowl- 
edge. 3. One acquainted with books only ; a pedant. 

Syn. — Pupil ; learner; disciple. — Scholar refers to the in- 
struction, and pupil to the care and government of a teacher. 
A scholar is one who is under instruction ; apupil is one who 
is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; 
hence we speak of a bright scholar and an obedient pupil. 

S-ehol'ar-ly, a. Like a scholar ; becoming a scholar. 

Schol'ar-ship, n. 1. Character and qualities of a 
scholar; attainments in science or literature. 2. A 
foundation for the support of a student. 
Syn. — Learning ; erudition ; knowledge. 

S-eho-las'tre, n. One who adheres to the method or 
subtilties of the schools. 

Scho-las'ti«, \a. [Gr. trxoA-acrnKo?, from 0-xoA.tj, 

Scho-las'ti-e-al, J leisure, a lecture, a school. See 
School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a 
school, or schools. 2. Pertaining to the schoolmen, or 
philosophers and divines of the middle ages, who spent 
nrach time on points of nice and abstract speculation. 

3. Hence, pedantic ; formal. 
Scho-las'ti«-al-l,y, adv. In a scholastic manner ; ac- 
cording to the niceties or method of the schools. 

S-eho-las'ti-cigm, n. The method or subtilties of the 
schools of philosophy ; scholastic formality. 

S-eho'li-ast (sko'll-ilst), n. [Gr. crx ^" 10 ""?^ from trxp- 
Klov, a scholium. See Scholium.] A commentator or 
annotator. [suits. 

S-eho'li-ast'i-e, a. Pertaining to a scholiast or his pur- 

S«ho'li-um, n. ; Lat. pi. S€HO'li-a, Eng. pi. scho'li- 
UMS_. [N. Lat. scholium, fr. Gr. crxoAioc, fr. (rxoArj. See 
School.] 1. A marginal annotation ; — so called as be- 
ing the fruit of the leisure hours of the writers. 2. (Math.) 
A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration. 

School (skobl), n. [Lat. schola, from Gr. <rxoA.)j, leisure, 
time given to literary studies, a school.] 1. A place for 
learned intercourse and instruction ; an institution for 
learning. 2. An institution of learning of a lower grade, 
below a college or university ; a place of elementary in- 
struction. 3. A session of an institution of instruction- 

4. One of the mediaeval seminaries for teaching logic, 
metaphysics, and theology, which were characterized by 
academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. 5. 
An assemblage of scholars ; a body of pupils. 6. The 
disciples or followers of a teacher ; a sect or denomina- 
tion in philosophy, theology, science, &c. 

Seho~bl, n. [0. Eng. scull, fr. A.-S. sceOl, a multitude.] 

A shoal or compact body, as of fish. 
S-ehdbl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. schooled ; p. pr. & vb.' 

n. schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learn- 
ing. 2. To tutor ; to chide and admonish. 
Schobl'-boy, n. A boy who attends a school. 
Schobl'-dame, n. The female teacher of a school. 
School'-f eFlow, n. One bred at the same school and 

at the same time as another. 
Schobl'-house, n. ; pi. SCHOOL'-Hous/Eg. A house 

appropriated for the use of schools, or for instruction. 
Schobl'ing, n. 1. Instruction in school ; tuition. 2. 

Reproof; reprimand. 3. Compensation for instruction. 
Seho"bl'-man, n. ; pi. school'-MEN. One versed in 

the niceties of academical disputation, or of the school 

divinity of the middle ages. 
S-ehobl'-mas'ter, n. A man who presides over and 

teaches a school ; a male teacher or instructor. 
S-ehdbl'-mis'tress, n. A woman who governs and 

teaches a school. 
S-ehobn'er (skobn'er), n. [From 

scoon, a word popularly used in some 

parts of New England to denote the 

act of making stones skip along the 

surface of the water. Cf. Scot, scon, 

id. ; also A.-S. scunian, to avoid, 

shun, Prov. Eng. scun. The word was 

originally written scooner.] (Naut.) 

A small, sharp-built vessel, usually Schooner. 

having two masts, with fore-and-aft sails. 



istructor. 
who governs and 

A 



food, foot; ftm, ru.de, pull; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist, linger; link; this. 



SCHORL 



644 



SCORE 



Sch6rl (shorl), n. [Ger. schorl, Sw. skSrl, perh. from skor, 
Dan. ski'dr, brittle.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. 

Sci-ag'ra-phy, n. [Gr. trKiaypa<j)Ca, fr cnaa, a shadow, 
and ypafyeiv, to write, describe.] 1. The art or science 
of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. 

2. (Arch.) The profile or vertical section of a building. 
Sci-at'ic, \n. [From Gr. icrxiaSucos, subject to pains 
Sfl-at'i-ca, j in the hips and loins, from icrxias, icrxia- 

Sos, pain in the loins and hips, from la-xj-ov, the hip 
joint.] (Med.) (a.) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, (b.) 
A rheumatic affection of the hip joint, or of the parts 
surrounding it. 

Sci-at'ic, a. Pertaining to, or affecting, the hip. 

Scl'ence, n. [Lat. scientia, from scire, to know.] 1. 
Penetrating and comprehensive information, skill, or ex- 
pertness. 2. Investigation of truth for its own sake. 

3. That which is known. 4. Knowledge duly arranged, 
and referred to general truths and principles on which it 
is founded, and from which it is derived. 

Syn. — Literature ; art. — Science is literally l-noivlcdge, but 
now denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowl- 
edge, and hence we speak of reducing a subject to a science. 
In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches 
of knowledge which give a positive statement of truth as 
founded in the nature of tilings or established by observation 
and experiment. The term literature sometimes denotes all 
compositions not embraced under science, but is usually con- 
fined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that 
which depends on practice and skill in performance. 

Sei'en-tif 'ie, o. [Lat. scientia, science, and facere, to 
make.] Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or 
principles of science. 

Sci'en-tif 'i-e-al, \ adv. In a scientific manner ; aecord- 

Sci'en-tif'ie-al-ly, j ing to the principles of science. 

S^ll'i-get (sil'i-set). [Lat., contracted from scire licet, 
you may know.] To wit ; namely; — often abbreviated 
to sc, or 55. 

Scim'i-ter, \n. A short sword with a convex edge or 

Scim'i-tar, ) recurved point. Sec Cimeter. 

S^m'til-laiit, a. [Lat. scintillans , p. pr. of scintillare, to 
sparkle.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles ; 
sparkling. 

Scin'til-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. scintillated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. scintillating.] [Lat. scintillare, scin- 
tillatum, from scintilla, a spark.] 1. To emit sparks, or 
fine igneous particles. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. 

SciiVtil-la/tion, n. Act of scintillating ; act of emitting 
sparks, or of twinkling. 

Sci-6g'ra-phy, n. The same as Sciagraphy. 

Sfl'o-ligm (sl'o-llzm), n. The knowledge of a sciolist ; 
superficial science. 

Sci'o-list (sFo-lTst), n. [Lat. sciolus, dim. of scius, know- 
ing, from scire, to know.] One who knows any thing 
superficially ; a smatterer. 

Scl-6m'a-chy, n. [Gr. o-Kia.ix.axLa, tr/cio^iaxta, fr. ova'a, 
a shadow, and /".axr/, battle.] A mock contest with one's 
own shadow or with shadows ; imaginary or futile com- 
bat. 

Sci'o-man'cy, n. [Gr. ovaa, a shadow, and /uavreia, 
divination.] Divination by means of shadows. 

Scl'on, n. [See CiON.] 1. A shoot or twig of a plant, 
especially when cut for ingrafting in a stock ; a cion. 
2. A descendant ; an heir. 

Sci-op'tic, I a. [Gr. amd, shadow, and otttikos, belong- 

Sci-op'trie, ] ing to seeing or sight, from the root ott, 
future 6\po/xaL, to see.] Of, or pertaining to, a certain 
optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened 
room. 

Scire-facias (sT/re-fa'shi-as), n. [Lat., cause you to 
know.] (Law.) A judicial writ, founded upon some 
record, and requiring the party proceeded against to 
show cause why the party bringing it should not have 
advantage of such record, or why the record should not 
be annulled. 

Seir-rhos'i-ty (skir-roVi-ty), n. [See SCIRRHUS.] 
( Med. ) A morbid induration , as of a gland. 

Seir'rhoiis (skir'rus), a. [See infra.] Proceeding from 
scirrhus ; of the nature of scirrhus ; indurated ; knotty. 

Seir'rhus (skir/i'us), n. ; Lat. pi. seiR'RHi, Eng. pi. 
seiR'RHUS-ES. [N. Lat. scirrhus, Gr. <r/appo?, ovapos.] 
(Med.) (a.) An indolent induration, particularly of the 
glands, (b.) A hard, cancerous growth, which emits a 
creaking sound when incised. 

Scis'sel (61), n. [See ScissiLE.] Clippings of met- 
als made in various mechanical operations. 

Scis'sile (sis'sil), a. [Lat. scissilis, from scindere, scis- 
sum, to cut, to split.] Capable of being cut or divided 
by a sharp instrument. 

Scig'gioii (sizh'un), n. [Lat. scissio, from scindere, scis- 



sion, to cut, to split.] Act of cutting or dividing by an 
edged instrument. 

Scig'gor, v. t. To cut with scissors or shears. 

Sflg'gorg (siz'zurs), n. pi. [Lat. scissor, one who cleaves 
or divides, from scindere. scrssum, to cut, split.] A cut- 
ting instrument consisting of two cutting blades mova- 
ble on a pin in the center 

Scig'giire (sizh'yyir), n. [Lat. scissura, from scindere, 
scissum, to cut, split.] A longitudinal opening made by 
cutting ; a cleft ; a fissure. 

Sela-vo'ni-an. a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Sclavo- 
nia, or the country inhabited by the Slavic race. 

Sela-vo'ni-an, a. (Geog.) (a.) A native or inhabitant 
of Sclavonia. (b.) The language of the Slavic race. 

S^le-re'md, n. [From Gr. cncA-npos, hard.] (Med.) In- 
duration of the cellular tissue. 

Sele-rot'ic, a. [From Gr. or/cArjpo?, hard.] Hard; firm. 

Sele-rot'ic, n. (Anat.) The firm, white outer coat of 
the eye. 

Scofog, n. sing. & pi. [Lat. scobs, or srobis, from scabere, 
to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, 
&c. 2. The dross of metals. 

Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. scoffed (skoft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. scoffing.] [Icel. skuppa, to laugh at ; 0. II. Ger. 
scoph, sport.] To show insolent ridicule, mockery, or 
contumelious language. 
Syn.— To sneer ; mock ; gibe ; jeer. See Sneer. 

S-eoff, v. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to mock at. 

S-eoff, n. Expression of scorn or contempt. 

Scoffer, n. One who scoffs ; one who mocks or derides. 

Scof f 'ing-ly, adv. In a scoffing manner ; with mockery. 

Scold, v.i. [imp. kp.p. scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCOLDING.] [D. schelden, 0. II. Ger. scellan.] To find 
fault ; to chide sharply or coarsely. 

Scold, v. t. To chide with rudeness and boisterous 
clamor ; to rate ; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity. 

Scold, n. 1. One who scolds ; especially, a rude, clamor- 
ous, foul-mouthed woman ; a shrew. 2. A scolding. 

Seold'er, n. One who scolds or rails. 

Seol'lop, n. 1. A kind of shell-fish. [See SCALLOP.] 2. 
An indenting like those of a scollop shell. [LOP. 

Scol'lop, v. t. To form or cut with scollops. See SCAL- 

Seonce, n. [D. schans, Icel. skans,~N. II. Ger. schanze.] 
1. A fortification ; a fort. 2. Hence, a helmet. 3. 
Hence, the head ; the skull ; and also, 
brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.] 

4. A protection for a light ; hence, a 
fixed hanging or projecting candlestick. 

5. Hence, the circular tube, with a 
brim, in a candlestick, into which the 
candle is inserted. 

S-eo"bp, n. [D. schop, a shovel, Dan. 

shiffe, a shovel, allied to Ger. schie.be.n, 

schuppen, Eng. shove.'] 1. A largo 

ladle ; a vessel for bailing boats. 2. 

(Surg.) A spoon-shaped vessel, used to 

extract certain foreign bodies. 3. A 

basin-like cavity. 4. A sweep ; a stroke ; 

a swoop. 
Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scooped (skcTopt),/). pr. & 

vb. n. scooping.] 1. To take out with a scoop, or 

with a sweeping motion. 2. To empty by lading. 3. 

To make hollow, as a scoop or dish ; to excavate. 
Scdbp'-net, n. A hand-net, so formed as to fish froni a 

river. 
Scope, n. [Gr. cvcottos, from a-Ke-n-reo-Oai, vicoTrelv, root 

cnceiT, to view.] 1. That at which one aims ; the thing, 

or end, to which the mind directs its view. 2. Room 

or opportunity for free outlook or aim ; amplitude of 

opportunity ; freo course or vent. 3. Length ; extent ; 

sweep. 

Syn. — Space ; room ; design ; aim ; purpose j intention ; 

object; tendency; drift. 

Seor-bfi'tie, ) a. [N. Lat. scorbuticus, D. scheurbuih, 

S-eor-bu'ti-e-al, j H. Ger. scharbock,schorbock, scurvy.] 
Pertaining to, resembling, or affected with, scurvy. 

Scorch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scorched (scorcht); p. 
pr. & vb. n. SCORCHING.] [L. Lat. excorlicare, fr. Lat. 
ex, from, and cortex, corticis, bark ; because the skin, 
which is, as it were, the bark of the body, falls off when 
scorched.] 1. To burn superficially ; to parch, or 
shrivel by heat, the surface of. 2. To affect painfully 
with heat, or as with heat. 

Scorch ,v.i. To be burnt on the surface ; to be parched j 
to be dried up. 

Score, n. [A.-S. scor, a notch ; a score, from sceran, to 
shear, cut, divide.] 1. A notch or incision ; especially, 




Sconce, (4). 



a, e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SCORE 



645 



SCRAPE 



a mark made for the purpose of keeping account of 
something ; a tally-mark. 2. An account or reckoning ; 
bill; hence, indebtedness. 3. Reason; motive; sake. 
4. The number of twenty, as being marked off by a 
special score or tally. 5. (Mus.) The original and en- 
tire draught, or its transcript, of a musical composition, 
■with the parts for all the different instruments or voices ; 
— so called from the bar, which was formerly drawn 
through all the parts. 

Score, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scored; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCORING.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches or notches. 
2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, 
for keeping account of something. 3. To mark or signify 
by lines or notches ; to set down ; to charge. 4. To 
write do'.vn, as music, in proper order and arrangement. 

S^o'ri-d, n. ; pi. sed'Rl-AZ. [Gr. o-KiopCa, from <r/cwp, 
dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion; 
slag; dross. 2. The cellular, slaggy lavas of a volcano. 

Gco'ri-a/ceoiis, a. Pertaining to dross; partaking of 
the nature of scoria. [into scoria. 

Seo'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. {Metal.) Act of reducing a body 

Seo'ri-form, a. [Lat. scoria, dross, and forma, form.] 
Like scoria ; in the form of dross. 

Seo'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scorified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCORIFYING.] [Lat. scoria, dross, and facere, to 
make.] To reduce to scoria or drossy matter. 

Sc6i*n, n. [0. Fr. escorner, to humiliate, outrage, N. Fr. 
ccorner, to break off the horns, to curtail, to diminish, 
fr. Lat. ex, from, and cornu, a horn.] 1. Extreme and 
passionate contempt. 2. That which is scorned ; an ob- 
ject of extreme disdain. 

Syn.— Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; 
slight; dishonor; contempt. 

Se6rn, r. t. [imp. & p. p. scorned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCORNING.] To hold in extreme contempt. 

Syn.— To contemn; despise; slight; disdain; neglect; dis- 
regard. See Contemn. 

S-eorn'er, «. 1. One who scorns; a contemner. 2. A 
scoffer ; a derider. 

Scorn'ful, a. Full of scorn or contempt. 

Syn.— Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproach- 
ful; insolent. 

Scorn'f ul-ly, adv. In a scornful manner ; with con- 
tempt or contumely. 

Seor'pi-on, n. [Lat. scorpio, 
scorpius, Gr. a-/cop7rio?, <r/cop~iW, 
allied to A.-S. scearp, Eng. sharp.] 
1. A sort of spider, having an 
elongated body, terminated by a 
long, slender tail formed of six 
joints, the last of which termi- 
nates in a very acute sting, which 
effuse3 a venomous liquid. 2. Scorpion. 

(Script.) A painful scourge. 3. (Astron.) The eighth 
sign of the zodiac. 4. (Tcktk.) A certain sea-fish. 

Seor'ta-to-ry, a. [From Lat. scortator, a fornicator, 
from scortari, to fornicate, from scortum, a prostitute.] 
Pertaining to, or consisting in, fornication or lewdness. 

Scot, n. [A.-S. sco\ N. H. Ger. schosz, scot, tax, from 
schieszen, to shoot, geld sckieszen, to count money by 
casts.] A portion of money assessed or paid ; a tax or 
contribution ; a mulct : a fine. 

Scot, n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Scotland. 

Scotch, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Scotland or its 
inhabitants ; Scotti?h. 

Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p.p. scotched (skotcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SCOTCHING.] [Cf. Armor, skoaz, the shoul- 
der, skoazia, to shoulder up, to prop, to support ; W. 
ysgwydd, a shoulder, ysgwi/'Maw, to shoulder.] To 
support, as a wheel, by placing some obstacle to prevent 
its rolling. 

Scotch, v. t. [Gael, sgoch, to make an incision, to slit.] 
To chop off a bit of the bark, skin, or surface of; to 
wound superficially. 

Scotch, n. A slight cut ; a shallow incision. 

Scotch'-eol'lops, \n.pl. Veal cut into 

Sedtch^d'-eoPlops (skotcht'-), ) small pieces. 

Seotch'man. n. ; pi. scotch'men. ( Geog.) A native 
or inhabitant of Scotland: a Scot ; a Scotsman. 

Scot'- free, a. 1. Free from payment or scot ; untaxed. 
'2. Hence, unhurt ; clear ; safe. 

Seot'o-graph, n. [Gr. o-koto?, darkness, and ypa<f>eiv, 
to write.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or 
without seeing. 

Seot'o-my, n. [Gr. o-Korwjua, dizziness, from o-kotovv, to 
darken, from ovcotos, darkness.] Dizziness or swimming 
of the head, with dimness of sight. 




Scots, a. Of, or -pertaining to, the Scotch; Scotch; 
Scottish. 

Seot'ti-cism, n. An idiom or expression peculiar to the 
natives of Scotland. 

ScSt'tish, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to the inhabitants of 
Scotland, or to their country or language. 

Scou.il/drel, n. [Corrupted from Ger. schandkerl, a 
scoundrel, from scliande, disgrace, infamy, and kcrl, 
fellow.] A mean, worthless fellow ; a rascal ; a base 
villain. 

Scoun'drel, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled 

Seoun'drel-Ism, n. Baseness ; turpitude ; rascality. 

Scour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCOURED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCOURING.] [A.-S. scar, a scouring. D. scliuren, schue- 
ren, to scour, N. H. Ger. scheuern, N. Fr. ecurer, from 
Lat. ex and curare, to take care of.] 1. To rub hard 
with something rough, for the purpose of cleaning ; to 
cleanse from grease, dirt, &c. 2. To purge violently. 
3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing. 4. To pass 
swiftly over ; to range ; to traverse thoroughly. 

Scour, v. i. 1. To clean any thing by rubbing. 2. To 
clean ; to cleanse. 3. To be purged to excess. 4. To 
run with celerity. 

Seour'er, n. One who, or that which, scours. 

Scourge, n. [Fr. escourgte, for escouriee, from Lat. ex- 
coriata (sc. scutica), from ex and corium, leather.] 1. 
A lash ; a strap or cord, especially one used to inflict 
pain or punishment ; a whip. 2. Hence, a punishment, 
or a means of inflicting punishment. 

Scourge, v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. SCOURGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SCOURGING.] [From the n.] 1. To whip severely ; 
to lash. 2. To afflict for sins or faults, and with the 
purpose of correction. 

Scour'ger, n. One who scourges or punishes. 

Scout, n. [0. Fr. escout, spy, from escouter, escolter, N. 
Fr. ecouter, to listen, to hear, Lat. auscultare, to hear 
with attention, to listen to.] A person sent out to gain 
and bring in tidings, especially of the movements and 
condition of an enemy ; a spy. 

Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCOUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCOUTING.] [Cf. Prov. Eng. scout, to pelt.] 1. To spy 
out ; to watch for. 2. To pass over or through, for the 
purpose of spying out ; to reconnoiier. 3. To sneer at ; 
to treat with contempt. 

Scout, v. i. To act as a scout. 

Seow(skou), n. [D. schouw, fr. schouwen, Ger. schauen, 
to look, to see, prob. because it was visible by a flag set 
up.] (Naut.) A large, flat-bottomed boat. 

Scowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SCOWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCOWLING.] [H. Ger. schielen, to squint ; A.-S. scUl- 
eaged, sceoleged, scowl-eyed.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, 
as in frowning or displeasure. 2. Hence, to look gloomy, 
dark, or tempestuous. 

Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows in frowning. 
2. Hence, gloom ; dark or rude aspect. 

Scrab'hle (skrab'bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. scrabbled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SCRABBLING.] [Diminutive of scrape. ] 

1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands ; to scram- 
ble. [Local and Colloq.] 2. To scribble ; to scrawl. 

Serab'ble, n. The act of scrabbling ; a scramble. 
Scrag, n. [Contr. from Ir. & Gael, scrabach, sgrabach, 

rough, rugged.] Something thin or lean with roughness ; 

especially, a neck piece of meat. 
Scrag'ged, a. 1. Rough with irregular points ; scraggy. 

2. Lean with roughness. 

Scrag'ged-ness, n. State or quality of being scragged. 

Scrag'gy, a. [compar. scraggier; svperl. SCRAG- 
GIEST.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged- 
2. Lean and rough. 

SeramTjle,r. i. [imp. & p. p. scrambled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCRAMBLING.] [Dim. of Prov. Eng. scramb, to 
rake together with the hands, or scramp, to snatch at. 
Cf. Scrabble.] 1. To go on all-fours; to clamber 
with hands and knees. 2. To struggle with others for 
something thrown upon the ground. 

Scram'ble, v. t. To mix and cook in a confused mass. 

Scram'ble, n. 1. Act of scrambling ; climbing on all- 
fours, or clambering. 2. Act of jostling and pushing 
for something desired. 

Seram'bler, n. One who scrambles. 

Scrap, n. [0. Eng. scrape, from scrape, v. t.] 1. Some- 
thing scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit ; a frag- 
ment. 2. pi. The skinny substance that remains after 
trying animal fat. 

Scrap'-book, n. A blank book in which extracts cut 
from books and papers may be pasted and kept. 

Scrape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scraped (skrapt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCRAPING.] [A.-S. screpan,screopan, Icel. skrapa, 



food, foot; urn, rude, pi,!** ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link.; this. 



SCRAPE 



646 



SCRIVENER 



to crack, waver.] 1. To rub the surface of with a sharp 
or rough instrument ; to abrade. 2. To remove by rub- 
bing or grating. 3. To collect by harsh, coarse, and 
laborious effort. 4. To express disapprobatiou of by 
noisy movements of the feet upon the floor. 

To scrape acquaintance, to make one's self acquainted; — a 
phrase introduced from the practice of scraping in bowing. 

Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of any thing 
with something which roughens or removes it. 2. 
Hence, to play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a vio- 
lin, &c. 3. To make an awkward bow, with a drawing 
back of the foot. 

Scrape, ». [See supra.] 1. A rubbing over with some- 
thing harsh ; hence, the effect produced by rubbing, as 
of a scraping instrument, of the foot, &c. 2. An awk- 
wardly obsequious bow. 3. A disagreeable and embar- 
rassing predicament. 

JScrap'er, n. 1. An instrument with which any thing 
is scraped. 2. One who scrapes. 

Serap'ing, n. Something scraped off. 

Scratch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scratched (skratcht) ; 
p.pr. Scvb.n. scratching.] [0. Eng. cratch, cracchen, 
O. H. Ger. krazjan, krazCn.] 1. To rub and tear the 
surface of with something sharp or ragged. 2. To dig 
or excavate with the claws. 

To scratch out, to erase; to rub out; to obliterate. 

Seratcli, v. i. To use the claws in tearing or digging. 

Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made 
by scratching ; a slight incision. 2. (Pugilistic Matches.) 
A line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are 
brought when they join fight ; hence, test, trial : or proof 
of courage. [Colloq.] 3. pi. (Far.) A disease in horses 
consisting of dry chaps or scabs, between the heel and 
pastern joint. 4. A kind of wig covering only a portion 
of the head. 

Scrawl, r. t. [imp. & p. p. scrawled; p.pr. & vb. 
n. SCRAWLING.] [Cf. D. schravelen, scrafelen, to scratch 
or scrape ; Eng. scrabble and crawl.] To draw or write 
awkwardly and irregularly ; to scribble. 

Scrawl, v. i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly. 

Scrawl, n. 1. Unskillful or inelegant writing ; or apiece 
of hasty, bad writing. 2. A ragged, broken branch of 
a tree ; brush. [Local, Amer.] [writer. 

Serawl'er, n. One who scrawls ; a hasty or awkward 

Screak, v.i. [imp. & p. p. screaked (skreekt) ; p. 
pr. & vb.n. SCREAKING.] [Icel. skrakia. Cf. SHRIEK 
and Screech.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound 
or outcry ; to scream ; to creak, as a door or wheel. 

Screak, n. A creaking ; a screech. 

Scream, v. i. [imp- & V- V- screamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCREAMING.] [Cf. A.-S. hreman, hryman, to cry out ; 
Icel. hreima, to resound.] To utter a sudden, sharp out- 
cry, as in a fright or extreme pain ; to shriek. 

Scream,n. A shriek, or sharp, shrill cry, uttered sud- 
denly, as in terror or in pain ; a shriek ; a screech. 

Sereecli, v. i. [imp. & p. p. screeched (skreecht); 
p. pr. & vb. n. SCREECHING.] [Icel. skrakia, to howl, 
skrikja, to twitter; W. ysgrechian, ysgrechiaw, to 
scream.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry, as in terror or 
acute pain ; to scream ; to shriek. 

Screech, n. 1. A harsh, shrill cry, uttered in acute 
pain, or in a sudden fright. 2, A harsh, shrill cry, as 
of a fowl. [greeable cry. 

Sereech'-owl, n. An owl that utters a harsh, disa- 

Screed, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. screed, a shred, the border 
of a cap ; A.-S. screade, a shred, leaf. See Shred.] 
(Arch.) A wooden rule for running moldings. 

Screen, n. [N. H. Ger. schirm, a screen; 0. H. Ger. 
scirm, scerm.] 1. Any thing that shelters or protects 
from danger, prevents inconvenience, shuts off view, &c. 
2. A long, coarse riddle or sieve. 

Screen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. screened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. screening.] 1. To provide with a 
shelter or means of concealment ; to pro- 
tect by hiding ; to conceal. 2. To pass 
through a screen. 

Syn.— To cover; shelter; protect; defend; 
shield; hide. 

Screw (skryj), n. [0. Eng. scrue, Icel. skru- 
fa, D. schroef, 0. D. schroeve, H. Ger. 
schraube.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical 
perforation, having a continuous rib or Screw. 
thread winding round it spirally ; — used a. nut; o,han- 
for various purposes. It is one of the six die, or lever; 
mechanical powers. 2. Any thing shaped c ' screw - 
or acting like a screw ; esptcially, a form of wheel forpro- 
pelling steam -vessels. 3. A miser ; a skinflint ; a sharp 





Screw-pine. 



bargainer; also, a harsh, inexorable instructor; a per- 
sistent questioner. 4. A small quantity of tobacco 
twisted up in a piece of paper. 5. A steam-vessel pro- 
pelled by a screw instead of wheels. 

Screw (skru), v. t. [imp. & p. p. screwed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCREWING.] 1. To press, fasten or make firm 
by a screw. 2. To force ; to squeeze ; to press. 3. To 
use violent means toward. 4. To deform by contortions; 
to distort. 5. To examine minutely, as a student. [Cant. 
Amer. Colleges.] 

Screw'- driver (skru/-), n. An implement for turning 
screws, resembling a blunt chisel. 

Screw'-jack (skru/jak), n. A contrivance for raising 
great weights through short lifts by means of a screw, or 
more usually a powerful combina- 
tion of toothed wheels, working 
in a stock or frame. 

Screw'-pine (skru'-), n. (Bot.) 
A tree or bush having long, lance- 
olate leaves, like those of the pine- 
apple, arranged spirally about the 
trunk, whence the name. It grows 
in loose, sandy, or marshy places, 
and often shoots down aerial roots. 
There are several species. They 
abound on tropical islands of the , 
Old World and the Pacific Ocean. 

Serew'-pro-pel'ler (skru'-), n. 
A steam - vessel propelled by a 
screw ; also the screw, or spiral- 
bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam -vessels. 

Serib'ble (skrlb'bl), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. SCRIBBLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. scribbling.] [From 
Lat. scribere, to write.] 1. To 
write with haste, or without 
care or regard to correctness or 
elegance. 2. To fill or cover 
with worthless writing. 

Serib'ble, v. i. To write with- 
out care, elegance, or value ; to 
scrawl. Screw-propeller. 

Serib'ble, n. Hasty or careless writing. 

Serib'bler, n. One who scribbles ; a writer of no rep- 
utation. 

Scribe, n. [Lat. scriba, from Lat. scribere, to write.] 1. 
One who writes ; a writer ; especially, an official or public 
writer. 2. (Jewish & Sacred Hist.)' A. writer and a doctor 
of the law ; one who read and explained the law to the 
people. 

Scribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scribed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
scribing.] ( Carp.) To mark or fit by a rule or com- 
passes ; to fit, as one edge of a board, &c, to another 
edge, or to a surface. 

Scrim'mage, n. [Probably a corruption of skirmish.] 
A general row or fight. 

Scrimp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. scrimped (skrimt, 84); 
p.pr. & vb. n. scrimping.] [H. Ger. schrumpfen, D. 
krimpen, to crumple, shrivel, shrink.] To make too small 
or short; to limit or straiten; to scant. [Prov. Eng. 
Local, Amer.] 

Scrip, n. [L. Lat. scrippum, Icel. skreppa, W. ysgrab, 
dim. ysgrepan.] A small bag ; a wallet ; a satchel. 

Scrip, n. [Abbrev. from script, q. v.] 1. A small writ- 
ing, certificate, or schedule. 2. A certificate of stock 
subscribed to a bank or other company, or of a share of 
other joint property ; one of the forms of certificate given 
in exchange for a loan. 

Script, n. [Lat. scriptum, something written, from scrib- 
ere, scriptum, to write.] (Print.) A kind of type mad© 
in imitation of handwriting. 




q^eT/tt 



ua cone ed 



/- 



ited 



"cn/it. 



Scrip'to-ry, a. [Lat. scriptorius, from scribere, scrip- 
turn, to write.] Expressed in writing. 

Script'ur-al, a. Contained in the Scriptures ; accord- 
ing to the Scriptures. 

Seript'ure (53), n. [Lat. scriptura, from scribere, scrip- 
tu7n, to write.] 1. Any thing written ; a writing. 2. 
The books of the Old and New Testament ; the Bible ; — 
chiefly in the plural. 

Serlpt'ur-ist, n. One strongly attached to, or versed 
in, the Scriptures. 

Scrive'ner (skriv'ner), n. [0. Fr. escrivain, N. Fr. ecri- 
vain, from Lat. scribere, to write.] 1. One whose occu- 
pation is to draw contracts or other writings. 2. One 
whose business is to place money at interest. 



5, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,, wolf. 



SCROFULA 



647 



SCUTCH 



Serof u-la, n. [Lat. scrofulas, from scrofa, a breeding 
sow, because swine are frequently subject to that com- 
plaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular 
swellings to little pigs.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, 
generally hereditary, which affects the lymphatic glands, 
oftenest those of the neck ; king's-evil. 

Serof 'u-lous, a. 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partak- 
ing of its nature. 2. Diseased with scrofula. 

Scroll, n. [0. Fr. escrol, escrou, escroue, N. Fr. ecrou, 
ecrouc, fr. Lat. ex, con, and rotulus, rotula. See Roll.] 
1. A roll of paper or parchment ; a schedule. 2. (Arch.) 
(a.) A convolved or spiral ornament, variously intro- 
duced, (b.) The volute of the Ionic and Corinthian 
capital. 3. A mark or flourish added to a person's sig- 
nature to a writing. 

Sero'ti-f orm, a. [Lat. scrotum and forma, form. See 
SCROTU3I.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. 

S-ero'tum, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The. bag which contains 
the testicles. 

S-erilb, v. t. [imp. & p.p. scrubbed; p.pr. k,vb.n. 
SCRUBBING-.] [D. schrobben. L. Ger. schrubben, to scrub, 
Gael, sgrob to scratch or scrape with the nails.] To rub 
hard ; usually, to rub with a brush, or with something 
coarse or rough. 

Scrub, v. i. To be diligent and penurious. 

Scrub, n. [See the verb.] 1. One who labors hard and 
lives meanly. 2. Something small and mean. 3. A 
worn-out brush. 4, Close, low growth of bushes. 

Seriib'bed, a. Dwarfed or stunted ; scrubby. 

Seriib'by, a. [compar. scrubbier ; superl. SCRUBBI- 
EST.] Small and mean ; stunted in growth. 

S-erxi'ple, n. [From Lat. scrupulus, a small, sharp stone, 
the 24th of an ounce, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus, 
a rough or sharp stone.] 1. A weight of 20 grains, the 
third part of a dram. 2. Hence, a very small quantity. 
3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of deter- 
mining what is right or expedient. 

Seru/ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SCRUPLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. scrupling-.] To be reluctant as regards decision or 
action ; to doubt or hesitate. 

Scru'pler, n. One who scruples or hesitates. 

Scrii'pu-los'i-ty, n. ^Quality or state of being scrupu- 
lous ; doubt ; doubtfulness respecting decision or action. 

Seru/pu-loiis, a. 1. Full of scruples ; cautious in de- 
cision from a fear of offending or doing wrong. 2. Care- 
ful; cautious; exact. 

Seru'pu-lous-ly, adv. In a scrupulous manner ; with 
a nice regard to minute particulars or to exact propriety 

Scru/pu-lous-ness. n. The state or quality of being 
scrupulous ; niceness, exactness, or caution iu determin- 
ing or in acting, from a regard to truth, propriety, or ex- 
pedience. 

Seru/ti-iiize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scrutinized; p. 
pr''&c vb. n. scrutinizing.] [From scrutiny.} To 
search closely ; to examine or inquire into critically. 

Serii'ti-ny, n. [Lat. scrutinium, from scrutari, to search 
carefully, orig. to search even to the rags, from scruta, 
also gruta, Gr. ypvrq, trash, trumpery.] Close search ; 
minute inquiry ; critical examination. 

Seru-toire' (skru-twor'), n. [See EscRITOIR.] A kind 
of desk or cabinet, with a lid opening downward for 
writing on it. 

Scud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SCUDDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
scudding.] [A.-S. sceotan, to shoot, dart, rush, haste 
away. See SHOOT.] 1. To be driven or to flee or fly 
with haste; to fly. 2. (Naut. ) To be driven with pre- 
cipitation before a tempest, with little or no sail spread. 

Scud, v. t. To pass over quickly. 

Scud, n. 1. Act of scuddiug; a driving along. 2. Loose, 
vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind. 

Scuffle (skuf'fl), n. [A.-S. scufan, to shove, push, thrust. 
See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. A contention or trial 
of strength betsveen two persons, who embrace each 
other's bodies. 2. Hence, a confused contest ; a fight. 

Scuffle, v. i [imp. & p. p. scuffled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SCUFFLING.] 1. To strive or struggle with close 
grapple. 2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously. 

Seuf fler, n. One who scuffles. 

Sculk, v. i. See Skulk. 

Scull, n. (Naut.) (a.) A boat. [See Sculler.] (b.) An 
oar so short that one man can work a pair ; especially, a 
single oar used in propelling a boat, it being placed over 
the stern. 

Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sculling.] (Naut.) To impel a boat by moving and 
turning an oar over the stern. 

Sciill'er, n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, 
or short oars. 2. One who sculls, or rows with sculls. I 




Scul'ler-y, n. [0. Fr. esculier, escueillier, from escuttle, 
escudelle, a dish, a porringer, fr. Lat. scutella, a square 
salver.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, &c, are kept. 
2. An apartment attached to the kitchen, where the 
dirty work is done. 

Scull/iou (skul'3'un), n. [0. Fr. sculier, from 0. Fr. 
escuelle. See Scullery.] A servant who does menial 
services in the kitchen. 

Seul'pin, n. (Ichth.) A cer- 
tain small fish furnished with 
spines. 

Sculp'tor,n. One who sculpt- 
ures ; one who carves ima _ 
or figures. 

Sculpt'ur-al, a. Pertaining Sculpia. 

to sculpture. 

Seulpt/ure (53), n. [Lat. sculptura, fr. scidpere, sculp- 
tum, to carve, allied to Gr. yXv^eiv .] 1. The art of 
carving or cutting wood, stone, or other material int* 
images. 2. Carved work. 

Seulpt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCULPTURED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. sculpturing.] To form with the chisel on 
wood, stone, or metal ; to carve ; to engrave. 

Sciim, n. [Icel. sktim, 0. H. Ger. scUm, Gael, sgtom, 0. 
Fr. escume.] 1. The impurities which rise to the sur- 
face of liquids, in boiling or fermentation, or which form 
on the surface by other means ; also the scoria ; dross. 
2. Hence, refuse ; that which is vile or worthless. 

Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scummed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SCUMMING.] To take the scum from ; to skim. 

Seum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scumbled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SCUMBLING.] [Dim. of scum.] To cover lightly, 
or spread thinly, as a painting, drawing, and the like, 
with opaque or semi-opaque colors. 

Scum'rner, n. Excrement ; dung ; scumber. 

Scum'rner, n. An instrument used for taking off the 
scum of liquors ; a skimmer. 

Seup'per, ii. [Probably from scoop, v. t.] (Naut.) The 
channel cut through the water-ways and side of a ship, 
for carrying off the water from the deck. 

Seup'per-lio§e, n. (Naut.) A pipe attached to the 
mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to pre- 
vent the water from entering. 

Scup'per-nail, n. (Naut.) A nail with a broad head, 
for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. 

Scurf, n. [A.-S. scurf, from sceorfan, to gnaw, bite.] 
1. A dry scab or mealy crust formed on the skin of an 
animal. 2. Any thing adhering to the surface. 

Scurf i-ness, n. The state of being scurfy. 

Scurf y, a. [compar. SCURFIER ; superl. SCURFIEST.] 
Having scurf ; covered with scurf ; resembling scurf. 

Seur'rile, a. [Lat. scurrilis, from scurra, a buffoon, 
jester.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester ; gross- 
ly opprobrious in language ; scurrilous ; low ; mean. 

Scur-ril'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being scurrile or scur- 
rilous ; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity. 2. Gross or 
obscene language or behavior. 

Syn.- Seurrilousness ; abuse ; insolence ; vulgarity ; in- 
decency. 

Scur'ril-ous, a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using low and 
indecent language. 2. Containing low indecency or 
abuse. 

Syn.— Opprobrious ; abusive; reproachful; insulting; 
insolent ; offensive ; gross ; vile ; vulgar ; low ; foul ; foul- 
mouthed ; indecent ; scurrile ; mean. 

Seiir'ril-ous-ly, adv. In a scurrilous manner. 

Seur'ril-ous-iiess, n. Quality of being scurrilous ; that 
which is scurrilous. 

Seur'vi-ly, adv. In a scurvy manner ; basely; meanly. 

Seur'i'i-ness, n. State of being scurvy ; vileness ; mean- 
ness. 

Seiir'vy, n. [See Scurf and Scorbutic] (Med.) A 
disease characterized by livid spots of various sizes, pale- 
ness, languor, depression of spirits, general exhaustion, 
pains in the limbs, spongy and bleeding gums, and bleed" 
ing from almost all the mucous membranes. 

Scur'vy, a. [compar. SCURVIER ; superl. scurviest.] 
1. Covered or affected by scurf or scabs ; scurfy ; specific- 
ally, diseased with the scurvy. 2. Tile ; mean ; low ; 
contemptible. 

Scur'vy- grass, n. (Bot.) A plant growing on rocks 
near the sea, often used as a remedy for the scurvy. 

Scut, n. [Icel. skott, allied to W. cwt, a rump or tail, 
Lat. cauda.] The tail of a hare or other animal whose 
tail is short. 

Scutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scutched (skutcht), p. pr. 
& vb. n. scutching.] [Same as Scotch, to cut slight- 
ly.] 1. To beat or whip slightly. 2. To dress by beat- 



f ood, fcdbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



SCUTCHEON 



648 



SEARCH 



ing and separating -woody fiber from, as flax. 3. ( Cot- 
ton Manuf.) To beat and loosen the fiber of, as the fila- 
ments of cotton. 

Seiitcli'edn, n. [Abbrev. from escutcheon.] 1. An 
escutcheon ; an emblazoned shield. 2. An ornamental 
brass plate placed over a key -hole. 

S-eu'ti-fdrm, a. [Lat. scutum, shield, undforma, form.] 
Having the form of a buckler or shield. 

S-eut'tle (skiit'tl), n. [From Lat. scutella, diminutive of 
sculra, a dish or platter.] 1. A broad, shallow basket. 2. 
Specifically, a wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal. 

S-eut'tle, n. [0. Fr. escoutille, N. Fr. ecoutille. from es- 
couter, ecouter, to listen, to hear; Sp. escotilla. See 
SCOUT.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or cov- 
ering, furnished with a lid. 2. The lid or door which 
covers or closes an opening in a wall, roof, or the like. 

Seut'tle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. scuttled ; p.pr. & vb.n. 
SCUTTLING.] [From the n.] 1. To cut large holes 
through the bcttom, deck, or sides of, as a ship, for 
any purpose. 2. To sink, as a ship, by making holes 
through the bottom . 

hcym'e-tar, n. See Cimeter. 

Seytne (slth), n. [A.-S. sidhe, for sigdhe, Icel. sigdh, al- 
lied to Lat. secare, Eng. saw, q. T.] An instrument 
for mowing grass, grain, or the like, composed of a long, 
curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a handle. 

Scytiie'man, n.; pi. scythe'men. One who uses a 
scythe ; a mower. 

Scytli'i-an, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Scythia, a 
name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe ad- 
joining to Asia. 

Spytb'i-an, n. {Geog.) (a.) Anative or inhabitant of 
_Scytuia. (b.) The language of the Scythians. 

Sea, n. [A.-S. sx, szo, 0. H. Ger. seo, Icel. seer, Goth. 
saivs.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less 
than an ocean, found on the earth's surface. 2. An in- 
land body of water ; a lake. [Rare.] 3. The ocean. 4. 
The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a tem- 
pest. 5. A high wave or billow ; a surge. 

Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] — On the high seas, in 
*he open sea, the common highway of nations. 

Sea'-a-nem/o-ne, n. (ZoUl.) A kind of polyp resem- 
bling a flower. 

Sea'-bank, n. 1. The sea-shore. 2. A bank or mole 
to defend against the sea. 

Sea'-board, n. [From sea and board, Fr. bord, side.] 
The sea-shore. 

Sea'-board, adv. Toward the sea. 

Sea'-boat, n. A vessel considered with reference to" her 
power of resisting a storm. 

Sea'-born, a. 1. Lorn of the sea ; produced by the sea. 
2. Born at sea. [banks. 

Sea'-breacli, n. Irruption of the sea by breaking the 

Sea'-breeze, n. A wind, or current of air, blowing from 
the sea upon land. 

Sea'-ealf , n. ; pi. sea'-calves (-k'ivz). (Zo'Cl.) A ma- 
rine animal, the common seal. 

Sea'-eap'tain (42), n. The captain of a vessel. 

Sea'-- eoal, n. Coal brought by sea; — a name formerly 
used for mineral coal. [to the sea or ocean. 

Sea'-eoast, n. The shore or border of the land adjacent 

Sea'-eFe-pliaiit, n. (Zo'Cl.) A species of seal, of great 
size, and remarkable for the prolongation of the nose, in 
the male, into an erectile, soft, elastic snout. [sailor. 

Sea'-f ar'er, n. One who follows the seas ; a mariner ; a 

Sea'-f ar'ing, a. Following the business of a seaman ; 
customarily employed in navigation. 

Sea'-fight (-Jit), n. An engagement between ships at 
sea ; a naval action. 

Sea'-f Ish, n. Any fish that lives usually in salt water. 

Sea'-fowl, n. A marine fowl ; any bird that lives by the 
_sea, and procures its food from salt water. 

Sea'-gage, n. The depth that a vessel sinks in the water. 

Sea'-god, n. A marine deity ; a fabulous being supposed 
to preside over the ocean or sea, as Neptune. 

Sea'-going, a. Going upon the sea ; especially, sailing 
upon the deep rea. 

Sea'-green, a. Having the color of sea-water ; being 
of a faint green color, with a slightly bluish tinge. 

Sea'-hog, n. [Zo'Cl.) The porpoise. 

Sea'-horse, n. 1. (Zool.) (a.) The walrus, (b.) The 
hippopotamus, or river-horse. 2. (Ichth.) A fish allied 
_to the_pipe-fish, and having a prehensile tail. 

Sea'-kale, n. (JBot.) A plant found growing along sandy 
shores, the young shoots and leaf-stalks of which are 
used as food. 

Sea'- king, n. One of the leaders of piratical squadrons 
among the Danes or Normans ; a Norse pirate chief. 




Seal. 
"Wax, or other tenaciou9 



Seal, n. [A.-S. seol, siol, syl, 
seolh, Icel. selr, 0. H. Ger. 
selach.] (Zool.) An aquatic 
carnivorous mammal inhab- 
iting sea-coasts, and found 
principally in the higher lat- 
itudes of both hemispheres. 

Seal,n. [From Lat. sigillum, 
a little figure or image, a 
seal, dim. of signum, a mark, 
sign, figure.] 1. An en- 
graved or inscribed stamp, 
for making an impression in 
wax or other soft substance. 2 
substance, set to an instrument and stamped with a seal. 
3. Hence, the wax or wafer that makes fast a letter oi 
other paper. 4. Hence, that which confirms, ratifies, 
makes stable, or authenticates. 

Seal, v. t. [imp. & ;;. p. sealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEAL- 
ING.] 1. To set or affix a seal to ; to confirm ; to ratify. 
2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard 
exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality. 3. To 
fasten with a seal. 4. Hence, to shut or keep close; to 
make fast ; to keep secure or secret. 

Sea'-leg§, n. pi. Legs able to maintain their possessor 
upright in stormy weather at sea ; ability to walk steadily 
on deck in a rough sea. 

Seal'er,«. One who reals ; especially, an officer whose duty 
it is to seal writs, to stamp weights and measures, and 
_the like. 

Seal'ing-wax, n. A compound of the resin lac, with 
some less brittle resin, used for sealing letters. 

Sea'-K'cn, 3!. (ZoiJ!.) A seal of large dimensions, as the 
sea-elephant; — especially applied to certain large, ear- 
less seals, with manes somewhat like those of the lion. 

Seam, n. [A.-S. seam, seom, scm, from scowian, to sew.] 
1. The fold or line on the surface of cloth formed by the 
sewing together of two different pieces. 2. Hence, a line 
of junction; a suture. 3. {Geol. & Mining.) A narrow 
vein between two thicker ones. 4. A scar ; a cicatrix. 

Seain,n. [A.-S. seam, 0. H. Ger. soum, Low. Lnt.sau?na, 
Lat. sagma, Gr. <rayixa.] A denomination of weight or 
measure ; rs, (a.) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. 
(b.) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass, (r.) A horse- 
load of timber, of about three hundred weight. [Eng.] 

Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SEAMING.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by 
sewing together. 2. To mark with something resem- 
bling a seam ; to rear. 3. To knit with a certain stitch. 

Sea'-maid, n. 1. The mermaid. 2. A sea-nymph. 

Sea'-man, n.; pi. sILV-men. A mariner; a sailor; — 
applied both to officers and common marirers. 

Sea'man-sliip, n. The skill of a good seaman ; the art, 
or skill in the art, of working a ship. 

Sea'-mark, n. Any elevated object on land which serves 
for a direction to mariners ; a beacon visible from the sea. 

Sea'-mew (-mil), n. ( Crnith.) A gull ; the mew. 

Seam'less, a. Without a seam. 

Sea'-mon/ster, n. A huge marine animal. 

Seam'strese, or Seamstress, n. [For scamsleress.] 
A woman whose occupation is sewing ; a needle-wcman. 

Seamy, a. Containing seams, or showing them. 

Sea'-iia/vel, n. (Zo'Cl.) A kind of small shell-fish. 

Seance (sa/ongss'), n. [Fr.,from Lat. scdens, p. pr. of 
sedere, Fr. seoir, to sit.] Session, as cf seme public body. 

Sea'-net'tle, n. (Zo'Cl.) Any medusa which has the 
property of stinging when touched. 

Sea'-nympli, n. A nymph or geddess of the rea. 

Sea'-ot'ter, n. (Zo'Cl.) An aquatic, mamn.ifcrous ani- 
mal found in the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean, 
the fur of which is highly valued. 

Sea'-pie, n. A dish of food consisting of paste and meat 
boiled together ; — so named because common at sea. 

Sea'-piece, n. A picture representing a scene at sea. 

Sea'-port, n. A port on the sea-shore ; an ocean harbor. 

Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seared ; p. pr. & vb. n: SEAR- 
ING.] [A.-S. searian, 0. II. Ger. siren, to dry, allied to 
Gr. frjpos, dry, ^-qpaivav, to dry, parch.] 1. To wither; 
to dry up. 2. To expose to a degree of heat such as 
changes the color or hardness of the surface ; to scorch ; 
to make callous. 

Sear, a. Dry ; withered. [Written also sere.] 

Search, v. t. [imp. & p. p. searched (strcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. searching.] [L. Lat. cercare, circare, to go 
about, seek, from Lat. rircum, circa, around.] 1. To 
look over or through, for the purpose of finding some- 
thing. 2. To inquire after ; to look for. 3. To try or 
put to the test. 



a 3 e,&c, long; a,e, S^c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; eon, or, do, wolf, 



SEARCH 



649 



SECRECY 



Syn.— To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; 
pry into; inquire. 

Search, v. i. To seek ; to look ; to make inquiry or ex- 
ploration ; to hunt. 

Search, n. Act of seeking or looking for something. 

Syn.— Scrutiny; examination; exploration ; investigation ; 
research; inquiry; quest; pursuit. 

Search'a-hle, a. Capable of being searched, examined, 
or explored. 

Search'er, n. One who, or that which, searches, ex- 
plores, or examines ; a seeker ; an inquirer; an examiner; 
a trier. 

Search'-war'rant.H. (Law.) A warrant legally issued, 
authorizing' persons to search houses, or other places, for 
goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. 

Sear'-eloth, n. [A.-S. sir-clddh, a sore cloth. See 
Sore.] A cloth to cover a sore ; a plaster. 

Sear 'ed-n ess, ". The state of being seared, cauterized, 
or hardened ; hardness ; hence, insensibility. 

gea'-room, n. Ample space or distance from land, 
shoals, or rocks, sufficient for a ship to drive or scud 
without danger of shipwreck. 

Sea'-ser'pent, n. 1. A serpent-like animal of great 
size, supposed to dwell in the sea : now commonly reck- 
oned as fabulous. 2. A kind of eel found in the Medi- 
terranean, is. A large marine serpent found in the Aus- 
tralian seas, [sea. 

Sea'-shell, n. A marine shell ; a shell that grows in the 

Sea'-shore, n. 1. The coast of the sea. 2. (Law.) 
All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low- 
water marks. 

Sea'sick, a. Affected with sickness or nausea, by means 
of the pitching or rolling of a vessel. 

Sea'sick-ness, n. The sickness or nausea occasioned by 
the pitching and rolling of a ship. 

Sea'-side, n. The land bordering on the sea. 

Sea'gon (se'zn), n. [Fr. saison, from Lat. satio,a sowing, 
a planting, from severe, saturn, to sow, plant.] 1. One 
of the four divisions of the year, spring, summer, au- 
tumn, winter. 2. A suitable or convenient time ; proper 
conjuncture. 3. A certain period of time not very long ; 
a while ; a time. 

In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. 
— Out of season, beyond or out of the proper or usual time. 

Sea'§on (sj'zn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. seasoned ; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appro- 
priate ; to prepare, 2. To habituate ; to accustom. 3. 
To prepare by drying or hardening, cr removal of natu- 
ral juices. 4. To render palatable ; to give zest or relish 
to ; to spice. 5. To fit for enjoyment ; to render agree- 
able. 6. To qualify by admixture : to temper. 7. To 
imbue ; hence, to communicate first instruction to. 

Sea'gon (sS'zn), v. i, 1. To become mature ; to grow fit 
for use ; to become adapted to a climate. 2. To become 
dry and hard, as timber. 

Sea'goii-a-Tble (so'zn-a-bl), a. Occurring in good time, 
in due season, or in proper time for the purpose. 
Syn. — Opportune; timely; fit; convenient. 

Sea'§on-a-l>le-ness (sj'zn-),?;. Opportuneness. 

Sea'§on-a-bly (s3'zn-), adv. In due time ; in time con- 
venient; sufficiently early. 

Sea'§on-er (sS'zn-), n. One who, cr that which, seasons. 

Sea'gon-ing (sG'zn-ing), n. 1. That which is added to 
any species of food, to give it a higher relish ; a condi- 
ment. 2. Hence, something added or mixed, to enhance 
the pleasure of enjoyment. 

Seat, n. [A.-S. slot, set, seat, a setting. See Sit.] 1. 
The place or thing upon which one sits. 2. The place 
where any thing is situated, resides, or abides ; station ; 
Bite : abode. 3. Something made to be set in or upon. 

4. That part of a thing on which a person sits. 5. A 
right to sit ; regular place of sitting. 6. Posture or way 
of sitting of a person on horseback. 7. (Mach.) A part 
on which another part rests. 

Seat, t*. t. [imp. & p. p. seated: p. pr. & vb. n. 
SEATING.] 1. To place on a seat ; to cause to sit down. 
2. To station ; to locate ; to establish ; to fix. 3. To 
assign a seat to, or the feats of. 4. To fix ; to set firm. 

5. To repair by making the seat new. 

Sea'- term, n. A word or term used appropriately by 
seamen, or peculiar to the art of navigation. 

Sea'-u'ni-eorn, n. (Ickth.) The narwhal. Sec Nar- 
whal. 

Sea'ward, a. Directed toward the sea. [sea. 

Sea'ward, adv. Toward the sea ; in the direction of the 

Sea'- weed, n. (Bol.) A marine plant of the class of 

AlgSB. 




Secant. (2.) 



Sea'-wor'thy (.-wCr'thy), a. Fit for a voyage ; worthy 
of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety. 

Se-Tba'ceoiis, a. [N. Lat. sebac.eus, from Lat. sebum, 
tallow.] 1. Made of, or pertaining to, tallow or fat. 2. 
(Bat.) Looking like wax, tallow, or grease. 3. (Physiol.) 
Affording fatty secretions. 

Se'cant, a. [Lat. secans, p. pr. of secare, to cut.] Cut- 
ting ; dividing into two parts. 

Se'cant, n. 1. (Geom.) Aline 
that cuts another, 2. ( Trigonom- 
etry.) A right line drawn from 
the center of a circle through one 
end of an arc, and terminated by 
a tangent drawn through the 
other end. Thus the line c d is 
the secant of the arc a b. 

Se-cede', v. i. [imp. & p. p se- 
ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. seceding.] [Lat. secedere, 
secession , from se, aside, and cedere, to go, to move.]- To 
withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association ; 
especially, in the United States, to withdraw, as a State, 
from the National Union. 

Se-ced'ei', n. One who secedes. 

Se-^ern', v. t. [imp. & p. p. secerned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. secerning.] [Lat. secernere, from se, aside, and 
cernere, to separate, sift.] 1. To separate ; to distinguish. 
2. (Physiol.) To secrete. 

Se-cern'ment, n. The process or act of secreting. 

Se-9es'sion(-sesh / un),«. [Lat. seressio. See Secede.] 
1. Act of seceding ; separation from fellowship or asso- 
ciation. 2. ( U. iS. Hist.) The withdrawal, or attempt 
to withdraw, from the National Union. 

Se-ces'sion-ist, »• One who upholds secession. 

Seck'el (sek'l), n. A small, pulpy variety of pear of 
delicious flavor. 

Se-elude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. secluded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. secluding.] [Lat. secludere, seclusum, fr. se, aside, 
and claudere, to shut.] 1. To shut up apart from oth- 
ers ; to withdraw into solitude. 2. To shut out ; to pre- 
vent from entering ; to exclude. 

Se-elu'§ion, n. Act of secluding, or state of seclusion ; 
separation from society or connection. 

Syn.— Solitude ; separation ; withdrawment ; retirement ; 
privacy. See Solitude. 

Sec'oiid- a. [Lat. secundus, the second, from sequi, to 
follow. j 1. Immediately following the first ; next to the 
first in order of place or time. 2. Next in value, power, 
excellence, dignity, or rank. 

Sec'ond, n. 1. One who follows or comes after; one 
next and inferior in place, time, rank, or the like. 2. 
One who attends another for his support and aid ; specif- 
ically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel. 3. The 
sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a degree, that is, 
the second regular division next to the hour or degree. 
4. (Mus.) (a.) The interval between any tone and the 
tone represented on the degree of the staff next above it. 
(b.) The second part in a concerted piece : — often popu- 
larly applied to the alto. 5. pi. A coarse kind of flour. 

Sec'ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seconded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SECONDING.] 1. To follow or attend for the pur- 
pose of assisting ; to support ; to back ; to assist ; to for- 
ward ; to encourage. 2. Specifically, to support, as a 
motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of the 
mover or proposer. 

Sec'ond-a-ri-ly, adv. In a secondary manner or de- 
gree ; not primarily. 

Sec'ond-a-ry, a. 1. Succeeding next in order to the 
first; of second place, origin, rank, .and the like. 2* 
Acting by deputation or delegated authority. 
Syn.— Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior. 

Sec'ond-a-ry, n. 1. One who occupies a subordinate, 
inferior, or auxiliary place. 2. {Aatrjn.) A satellite. 3. 
( Ornith.) A quill growing on the second bone of a bird's 
wing. 

Sec'ond-er, n. One who seconds or supports what 
another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes. 

Sec'ond-hand, n. The hand marking the seconds in 
a clock or watch. 

Sec'ond-hand, n. Possession obtained by transfer 
from a previous owner. 

Sec'ond-hand, a. 1. Not original or primary. 2. 
Not new ; previously possessed or used by another. 

See'ond-ly, adv. In the second place. [value. 

S6c'ond-rate, a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or 

Sec'oiid-sslght (-sit), n. The po^er of seeing things 
future or distant ; prophetic vision. 

Se'cre-cy, »■ 1« State of being sec; it ; separation; re- 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, Unit ; this- 



SECRET 



650 



SEDATELY 




tirement ; privacy ; concealment. 2. Fidelity to a 
secret. 
Se'-eret, a. [Lat. secretus, p. p. of secernere, to put apart, 
to separate.] 1. Separate; hence, hid ; concealed from 
general notice or knowledge. 2. Kept from general 
knowledge or solution ; known only to one or to few. 

Syn. — Hidden ; concealed ; secluded ; retired ; unseen ; 
unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clan- 
destine; privy. See Hidden. 

Se'-eret, n. 1. Something studiously concealed ; a thing 
kept from general knowledge. 2. A thing not discov- 
ered ; a mystery. 3. pi. The genital organs. 

In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state 
or place not seen; privately. 

Sec're-ta-ry (44), n. [L. Lat. secretarius, from Lat. se- 
cretion, a secret; originally a confidant, one intrusted with 
secrets.] 1. A person employed to write orders, letters, 
dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the 
like. 2. An officer whose business is to superintend and 
manage the affairs of a particular department of govern- 
ment. 3. A piece of furniture with conveniences for 
writing ; an escritoire. 

Se-e're-ta-ry- tolrd, n. [So 
called from the tufts of feathers 
at the back of its head, which 
were fancifully thought to re- 
semble pens stuck behind the 
ear.] ( Omith.) A bird of South 
Africa, with an aquiline head 
and beak, the legs of a crane, 
and a lengthened crest and tail. 

See're-ta-ry-ship, n. The of- 
fice of a secretary. 

Se-erete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
SECRETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SECRETING.] [Lat. secernere, Secretary-bird, 

to separate, p. p. secretus, separated, secret, hidden. See 
Secret.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding ; to re- 
move from observation. 2. (Physiol.) To separate by 
the processes of the vital economy, from the circulating 
fluids, as the blood, sap, &c. 

Syn.— To conceal; hide. See Conceal. 

Se-ere'tion, n. 1. Act of secreting; especially, pro- 
duction from the general nourishing substance, of partic- 
ular substances in the vital economy. 2. The matter 
secreted. [tion. 

Se'-ere-tl'tioiis (-tish'us), a. Produced by animal secre- 

Se-eret'ive, a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or 
private. 

Se-eret'ive-ness, n. The quality of being secretive. 

Se'-eret-ly, adv. In a secret or clandestine manner. 
Sy li. — Privately; privily; latently; covertly. 

Se'-eret-ness, n. State or quality of being secret. 

Se'-ere-to-ry, or Se-eret'o-ry, a. Performing the 
office of secretion. 

Seet, n. [Lat. secta, from secare , sectvm , to cut off, to 
separate.] A body of persons who have separated from 
others in virtue of some special doctrine, or set of doc- 
trines, which they hold in common ; a school or denom- 
ination ; especially, a religious denomination. 

Se-e-ta'ri-an (89), a. Pertaining or peculiar to a sect, or 
to sects. 

Se-e-ta'ri-an, n. One of a sect ; a member or adherent 
of a special school, denomination, or religious or philo- 
sophical party. 
Syn. — Heretic; partisan; schismatic. See Heretic. 

Se-e-ta'ri-an-igm, n. The quality or character of a 
sectarian ; devotion to the interests of a party. 

See'ta-ry, n. [See Sect.] A sectarian ; a member or 
adherent of a sect. 

See'tile, a. [Lat. sectilis, from secare, sectuni, to cut.] 
1. Capable of being cut. 2. (Im.) Capable of being 
cut smoothly. 

Se-e'tion, n. [Lat. sectio, from secare, sectum, to cut 
off.] 1. Act of cutting, or of separation by cutting. 2. 
A part separated from the rest ; a division ; a portion ; 
as, specifically, (a.) A distinct part of a book or writing ; 
the subdivision of a chapter, law, or other writing ; 
hence, the character §, often used to denote such a 
division, (b.) A distinct part of a country or people, 
community, class, or the like, (c.) One of the portions, 
of one square mile each, into which the public lands of 
the United States are divided. 3. ( Geom.) The intersec- 
tion of two superficies, or of a superficies and a solid. 
4. Representation of any thing as it would appear if cut 
through by any intersecting plane ; profile. 




acb, sector. 



Syn. — Part. — The Eng'ish apply the word section to a 
part or portion of a body of men, as " a section of the clergy," 
"a small section of the Whigs," &c. We have no such use of 
the word in this country, but use it abundantly in a way never 
known in England, as in the phrases, " the eastern section of 
our country," &c, giving the same sense also to the adjective 
sectional, as, sectional feelings, interests, &c. This perhaps 
arose from our public lands being surveyed and divided into 
squares of 640 acres each, called sections, which has made tho 
term in this sense prevalent throughout the United States. 

See'tion-al, a. Pertaining to a section ; partial. 

See'tor, n. [Lat. , a cutter, from secare, a. 

sectum, to cut.] 1. ( Geom.) A part 
of a circle comprehended between two 
radii and the included arc. 2. A 
mathematical instrument, used for I 
plotting, &c, to any scale. 3. An I 
astronomical instrument, used for 
measuring differences of declination 
too great for the compass of a microm- 
eter. 

See'u-lar, a. [Lat. secidaris, from sec- 
ulum, a generation, age, the times, the world.] 1. 
Coming or observed once in an age or century. 2. Per- 
taining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long 
period of time. 3. Pertaining to this present world, or 
to things not spiritual or holy; worldly 4. (Rom. 
Catk. Church.) Not bound by monastic vows or rules. 

Se-e'u-lar, n. 1. An ecclesiastic not bound by monastic 
rules. 2. (Eccl.) A church officer whose functions are 
confined to the vocal department of the choir. 

See'u-lar'i-ty, n. Supreme attention to the things of 
the present life ; worldliness. 

See'u-lar-i-za'tion, n. Act of rendering secular, or 
state of being rendered secular ; conversion from relig- 
ious to lay possession and uses. 

See'u-lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. secularized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SECULARIZING.] 1. To convert from 
regular or monastic into secular. 2. To convert from 
spiritual to secular or common use. 3. To make worldly 
or unspiritual. 

Se-e'vi-lar-ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner. 

Se-e'u-lar-iiess, n. Quality of being secular; worldli- 
ness. 

See'un-dine, n. 1. (Bot.) The second coat of an ovule. 
2. pi. ( Obstet.) The several coats or membranes in which 
the fetus is wrapped in the womb ; the after-birth. 

Se-eur'a-lhle, a. Capable of being secured. 

Se-efire', a. [Lat. securus, from se, for sine, without, 
and cura, care.] 1. Free from care or anxiety ; easy in 
mind. 2. Over-confident. 3. Confident in opinion; 
not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, 
doubt. 4. Not exposed to danger. 

Syn. — Safe ; undisturbed ; easy ; sure ; certain ; assured; 
conhdent; careless; heedless; inattentive. 

Se--eure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. secured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SECURING.] 1. To make safe; to guard; to protect. 
2. To make certain ; to assure ; to insure. 3. To make 
fast ; to close, inclose, or confine effectually. 4. To get 
possession of; to make one's self secure of. 

Se-eure'ly, adv. In a secure manner ; without fear or 
apprehension ; without danger ; safely. 

Se-enre'ness, n. Condition or quality of being secure ; 
confidence of safety ; want of vigilance. 

Se-eii'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being secure; as, (a.) 
Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care, (b.) Over- 
carelessness ; negligence, (c.) Freedom from risk ; safety. 
2. That which secures or makes safe; specifically, (a.) 
Something given or deposited to make certain the fulfill- 
ment of an obligation, the payment of a debt, or the like. 
('/.) One who becomes surety for another. 3. An evi- 
dence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of 
stock, and the like. 

Syn. — Protection ; defense ; guard ; 
tainty ; ease ; assurance ; carelessness : 
pledge. 

Se-dan', n. [Said to be named 
from Sedan, in France, where it 
was first made.] A portable 
chair or covered vehicle for car- 
rying a single person. 

Se-date', a. [Lat. sedatus, p. p. 
of sedare, to allay, calm.] Un- 
ruffled by passion. 

Syn.— Settled; composed; calm; 
quiet; tranquil; still; serene; -un- 
ruffled ; undisturbed ; contempla- 
tive; sober; serious. 



shelter ; safety ; cer- 
confidence ; surety ; 




Se-date'ly, adv. 



Sedan. 
In a sedate manner ; soberly. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, -what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 



SEDATENESS 



651 



SEESAW 



Se-date'ness, n. Condition or quality of being sedate ; 
freedom from agitation ; composure ; serenity ; tran- 
quillity. 

Sed'a-tive, a. [From Lat. sedare. See Sedate.] Tend- 
ing to calm, moderate, or tranquilize ; specifically, allay- 
ing irritability and irritation. 

Sed'a-tive, n. {Med.) A remedy which allays irritabil- 
ity and irritation, and irritative activity or pain. 

Sed'en-ta-ri-ness, n. State or quality of being seden- 
tary. 

Sed'en-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. sedentarius, from sedere, to 
sit.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long. 2. Requiring 
much sitting. 3. Passed for the most part in sitting. 

Sedge, n. [A.-S. secg, Ir. & Gael, seisg, W. hesg.] (Bot.) 
A plant growing in dense tufts, generally in wet grounds. 

Sedg'y, a. Overgrown with sedge. 

Sed'i-ment, n. [Lat. sediment um, from sedere, to sit, to 
settle.] The matter which subsides to the bottom, from 
water or any other liquid. 

Syn.— Settlings; lees; dregs; feculence. 

Sed'i-meiit'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, formed by, or con- 
sisting of, matter that has subsided. 

Se-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. [Lat. seditio, from se, sed, 
aside, and itio, a going, from ire, itum, to go.] The rais- 
ing of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrec- 
tion ; excitement of resistance to lawful authority. 

Syn. — Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; re- 
volt. SeelNSUEKECTION. 

Se-di'tion-a-ry (-dish'un-), n. An inciter or promoter 
of sedition. 

Se-di'tioiis (-dish/us), a. 1. Pertaining to, or partaking 
of the nature of, sedition. 2. Tending to excite sedition. 
3. Turbulent ; factious, or guilty of sedition. 

Se-di'tioiis-ly (-dish'us-), adv. In a seditious manner. 

Se-di'tious-ness (-dlsh'us-), n. The quality of being se- 
ditious ; disposition to excite popular commotion in oppo- 
sition to law, or the act of doing so. 

Sed'litz Pow'derg (108). [From Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] 
Certain aperient powders which are dissolved separately 
in water, and, when mixed, form an effervescing drink. 

Se-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. seduced (se-dusf) ; p. pr. 
&,vb. n. SEDUCING-.] [Lat. seducere, from se, aside, and 
dur.ere, to lead.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rec- 
titude and duty. 2. To induce to surrender chastity. 

Syn. — To allure ; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; 
inveigle. See Alluee. 

Se-duce'ment, n. 1. Act of seducing ; seduction, 2. 
The means employed to seduce. 

Se-du'cer, n. One who seduces ; specifically , one who 
prevails by art and persuasions over the chastity of a 
woman. 

Se-du'cl-l>le, a. Capable of being seduced or led astray. 

Se-due'tion, n. 1. Act of seducing, or of enticing from 
the path of duty ; specifically, the act or crime of per- 
suading a female to surrender her chastity. 2. That 
which seduces ; means of leading astray. 

Se-du-e'tive, a. Tending to lead astray. 

Se-du'li-ty, n. [Lat. sedulitas. See infra.] Quality of 
being sedulous ; unremitting industry. 

Sed'u-lous, a. [Lat. sedulus, from sedere, to sit.] Dili- 
gent in application or pursuit ; steadily industrious. 

Syn. — Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unre- 
mitted. 

Sed'u-lous-ly, adv. In a sedulous manner ; assiduously. 

Sed'u-lous-ness, n. Assiduity ; assiduousness ; steady 
diligence. 

See, n. [From Lat. sedes, a seat, from sedere, to sit.] 1. 
A diocese ; the jurisdiction of a bishop. 2. The seat of 
an archbishop ; a province or jurisdiction of an arch- 
bishop. 3. The seat, place, or office of the pope or Ro- 
man pontiff. 4. The pope or court of Rome. 

See, v. t. [imp. saw ; p. p. seen ; p. pr. & vb. n. see- 
ing.] [A.-S. seon, for sehwan, Goth, saihvan, Icel. sia.] 
1. To perceive by the eye. 2. To perceive by mental 
vision ; to form an idea or conception of. 3. To regard 
or look to ; to take care of; to beware. 4. To have an 
interview with ; especially, to make a call upon ; to visit. 
5. To fall in with ; to meet or associate with. 6. To 
make acquaintance with ; to experience. 
Syn. — To behold; discern; perceive; descry. 

See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight. 2. To have 
intellectual apprehension. 3. To be attentive ; to pay 
regard ; to give heed. 

Seed, n. [A.-S. seed, from saivan, to sow; Goth, seds, 
seths, Icel. sad.] 1. (Bot.) The embryo, with its en- 
velop or envelops, or the matured ovule, the growth of 
which gives origin to a new plant. 2. (Physiol.) The 



generative fluid of the male ; semen. 3. That from 
which any thing springs ; first principle. 4. The prin- 
ciple of production. 5. Progeny ; offspring ; children; 
descendants. 6. Race ; generation ; birth. 

Seed, v. i. 1. To grow to maturity, so as to produce 
seed. 2. To shed the seed. 

Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seeded ; p. pr. & vb. n. seed- 
ing.] To sprinkle with seed, or as if with seed ; to sow 

Seed'-biid, n. (Bot.) The germ, germen, or rudiment of 
the fruit in embryo ; the ovule. 

Seed' --cake, n. A sweet cake containing aromatic seeds. 

Seed'Iing, n. A plant reared from the seed, as distin- 
guished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like. 

Seedg'man, n. ; pi. seeds/men. A person who deals 
in seeds ; also, a sower. 

Seed'- time, n. The season proper for sowing. 

Seed'-ves'sel, n. (Bot.) The case which contains the 
seeds ; a pod. 

Seed'y, a. [compar. seedier ; superl. seediest.] 1. 
Abounding with seeds ; bearing seeds. 2. Old and worn 
out ; poor and miserable looking ; shabbily clothed. 
[Colloq.] 

See'ing, p. pr., but commonly regarded as a conj. In 
view of the fact that ; considering ; taking into account 
that ; inasmuch as ; since. 

Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sought (sawt); p. pr. & vb, 
n. SEEKING.] [A.-S. secan, secean, ssecan, Goth, sukjan, 
Icel. sokia, from A.-S. sacan, to contend, strive, Goth. 
sakan, Icel. saka, allied to Lat. sequi, to follow.] 1. To 
go in search or quest of; to try to find. 2. To endeavor 
to find or gain by any means. 

Seek, v. i. 1. To make search or inquiry. 2. To en- 
deavor ; to attempt ; to strive. 

Seek'er, n. 1. One who seeks ; an inquirer. 2. One 
of a sect who profess no determinate religion. 

Seel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. seel- 
ing.] [Fr. siller, ciller, from oil, Lat. cilium, an eyelash.] 
1. To render incapable of seeing by sewing the eyelids 
together. 2. Hence, to shut the eyes of: to render 
blind. 

Seem, r. i. [imp. & p. p. seebied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SEEMING.] [Prov. Eng. seem, to think, imagine ; 0. 
Eng. seem, to become, befit ; A.-S. seman, to judge, ap- 
pease ; Goth, samjan, to please ; Icel. sCma, to become, 
beseem.] To have a show or semblance ; to present an 
appearance. 

Syn.— To appear; look. — To appear has reference to a 
thing's being presented to our view; as, the sun appears;^ to 
seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually im- 
plies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's 
being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. " The story appears 
to be true" means that the facts, as presented, go to show its 
truth: " the story seems to be true " means it has the semblance 
of being so, and we infer that it is true. 

Should serm, would seem. — These phrases differ only in 
strength. "We use " should seem " when the case is so strong as 
to render the inference almost a necessary one; we use 1 ' would 
seem" to express a prevailing semblance or probability, with 
perhaps a slight implication that the case may be- otherwise. 
Mr. Pickering supposed "would seem" to be a peculiarity of 
America; it is used, however, by English writers in the sense 
given above. 

Seem'er, n. One who seems ; one who carries an appear- 
ance or semblance. [of. 

Seem'ing, p. a. Appearing like ; having the semblance 
Syn. — Apparent; specious. See Appat.ext. 

Seem'ing, n. Appearance ; show ; semblance ; fair ap- 
pearance, [sibly. 

Seem'ing-ly, adv. In appearance ; apparently ; osten- 

Seem'ing-ness, n. Fair appearance ; plausibility. 

Seem'li-ness, n. State or quality of being seemly, 
comeliness ; grace ; fitness ; propriety ; decency. 

Seem'ly, a. [compar. seemlier; superl. SEEMLIEST.] 
[From seem, v. t.] Suited to the object, occasion, pur- 
pose, or character. 

Syn. — Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; con- 
gruous; meet; decent; decorous. 

Seen, p.p. of see. See See . 

Seer, n. [From see.] A person whe foresees events; a 
prophet. 

See'saw, n. [Prob. a reduplication of saic, expressing 
the motion to aud fro, in the act of sawing.] 1. A play 
among children, in which two persons, seated upon the 
opposite ends of a board which is supported in the mid- 
dle, move alternately up and down. 2. A board adjust- 
ed for this purpose. 3. A vibratory or reciprocating 
motion. 

See'saw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. seesawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
seesawing.] To move backward and forward, or up- 
ward and downward. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, cnaise, -e all, e-eho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tills. 



SEESAW 



652 



SELF-SUFFICIENT 




See'saw, a. Moving up and down or to and fro ; having 
a reciprocating motion. 

Seethe, v. t. [imp. seethed (son, obs.) ; p. p. seeth- 
ed, sodden ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEETHING.] [A.-S. seo- 
dhan, siodhan, 0. H. Ger. siudan, Icel. siOda.] To decoct 
or prepare for food in hot liquid ; to boil. 

Seethe, v. i. To be in a state of ebullition ; to boil. 

Seg'ment, n. [Lat. tegmentum, from 

secare, to cut, cut off.] 1. One of the #./__ 
parts into which any body naturally / 
separates or is divided ; a section ; a por- / 
tion. 2. ( Geom.) A part cut off from I 
a figure by a line or plane ; especially, \ 
that part of a circle contained between \ 
a chord and an arc of that circle. \ 

Seg're-gate, v. t. [mp. & p. p. SEG- Segment ( 

REGATED;p.£>r. & vb. n. SEGREGAT- a b, chord; a c b, 
ING.] [Lat. segregate, segregatum, fr. segment. 

se, aside, and gregare, to collect into a flock or herd, from 
grex, gregis, a flock or herd.] To separate from others ; 
to set apart. 

Seg're-ga'tion, n. Act of segregating, or state of being 
segregated ; separation from others ; a parting. 

Seld'litz (sld'lits). See Sedlitz. 

Seign-en'ri-al (seen-yyj'-), a. [Fr., from seigneur. See 
Seignior.] 1. Pertaining to the lord of a manor ; 
jnanorial. 2. Tested with large powers ; independent. 

Seign'ior (seen'yur), n. [Fr. seigneur, 0. Fr. seignor, 
from Lat. senior, elder, compar. of senex, senis, old.] A 
lord ; the lord of a manor ; — the English equivalent of 
the Spanish Senor and Italian Signor, titles of address 
corresponding to Sir or Mr. 

Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey. 

Seignior-age (eeen'yur-, 45), n. 1. Something claimed 
or taken b}' virtue of sovereign prerogative ; specifically , 
a certain toll or deduction on bullion brought to a mint 
to be coined. 2. Profit or percentage, as the money paid 
_on a copy -right by a publisher to an author. [Eng.] 

Seign'ior-y (seen'yur-y), n. 1. Power or authority of 
_a lord ; dominion. 2. A lordship ; a manor. 

Seine (seen), n. [Fr. seine, A.-S. segene, It. & Lat. 
sagena, Gr. aay-qviq.] A large net for catching fish. 

Seig'in, n. The same as seizin. See SEIZIN. 

Seiz'a-ble, a. Capable of being seized ; liable to be taken. 

Seize, v. c. [imp. & p. p. seized ; p. pr. & vb. n. seiz- 
ing.] [From 0. II. Ger. sazjan, to set, bi-sazjan, to 
occupy, to seize.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and 
lay hold on. 2. To take possession of by force. 3. To 
come upon suddenly. 4. To take possession of by virtue 
of a warrant or legal authority. 5. (Naut.) To bind or 
fasten together, as ropes. 

Syn.— To catch ; grasp ; clutch; snatch ; apprehend ; ar- 
rest; take; capture. 

Seiz'er, n. One who, or that which, seizes. 

Seiz'in, n. [See SEIZE.] 1. (Law.) Possession of an 
estate of freehold. 2. The thing possessed ; possession. 

Seiz'or, n. (Law.) One who seizes, or takes possession. 

Seiz'ure, n. 1. Act of seizing, or state of being seized ; 
sudden and violent grasp or gripe. 2. Retention within 
one's grasp or posver ; possession. 3. Thing laid hold of 
or possessed. 

Se-ju'goiig, a. [Lat. sejugis (sc. currus), a team of six 
horses, from sex, six, and jugum, yoke, team.] (Bot.) 
Having six pairs of leaflets. 

Se'I<ih,n. [Heb., from salah, to repose, to be silent.] 
(Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occurring very 
frequently in the Psalms ; by some supposed to signify 
silence or a pause in the musical performance of the 
song ; by others, to call special attention to the subject. 

Sel'dom, adv. [A.-S. seldan, seldon, seldum,0. H. Ger. 
seltan.] Rarely ; not often ; not frequently. 

Se-leet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. selected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
selecting.] [Lat. sdigere, selectum, from se, aside, 
apart, and legere, to gather.] To choose and take from 
a number ; to pick out ; to cull. 

3e-leet', a. Taken from a number by preference ; of 
special value or excellence. 

Syn.— Selected; chosen; picked; choice. 

Se-lee'tion, n. 1. Act of selecting, or state of being se- 
lected ; choice, by preference, from many others. 2. 
That which is selected ; something chosen or culled ; also, 
the collection of things culled. 

Se-lect'inan, n. ; pi. se-lEct'men. [From select and 
man.] A town officer chosen annually, in the New Eng- 
land States, to manage the concerns of the town, pro- 
vide for the poor, &c. 



Se-18-et'ness, n. State of being select or well chosen. 

Se-leet'or, n. [Lat.] One who selects or chooses. 

Sel'e-nite, n. [Lat. selenites, Gr. o-eA.rji'tTTjs (sc. Ai'0os), 
from <re\rjvri, the moon ; — so called from a resemblance 
in luster or appearance to the moon.] (Min.) A va- 
riety of sulphate of lime or gypsum , occurring in transpa- 
rent crystals, or crystalline masses. 

Sel/e-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. <re\-qvrj, the moon, and ypa- 
$eiv, to describe.] A description of the surface of the 
moon. 

Self, n.; pi. SELVEg. [A.-S. silf, sylf, self, seolf, Tcel. 
sialfr, 0. H. Ger. selb, Goth, silba, silbu, prob. contracted 
from si-liba, from sik, one's self, and Up, body, life, hav- 
ing one's own body.] 1. The individual as an object to 
his own reflective consciousness ; a person as a distinct 
individual. 2. Hence, personal interest, or love of pri- 
vate interest. 

S3f- Self is imited to certain personal pronouns and pro- 
nominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, 
for emphasis, I mi/self \\i\l write; I will examine for myself. Is 
is also used rerlexively. 

Self -a-base'ment, n. Humiliation or abasement pro- 
ceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame. 

Self-a-huse', n. 1. Abuse of one's own person or 
powers. 2. Masturbation ; onanism. 

SSlf-con-ceif, n. Conceit of one's self; a high opinion 
of one's powers or endowments ; vanity. 

Self 7 -- eon-ceit'ed, a. Having a high or overweening 
opinion of one's own person or merits ; vain ; puffed up ; 
conceited. 

Self -eon'fi-dence, n. Confidence in one's own opinion 
or powers, without extraneous aid ; self-reliance. 

Self -eSn'scioiis, a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or 
states as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. 2. 
Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of 
others. 3. Estimating too highly one's capacities, claims, 
or importance. 

Self'-eon-trol', «. Control of one's self; restraint ex- 
ercised over one's self. 

Self -de-f ense', I n. The act of defending one's own 

Self -de-f ence', ) person, property, or reputation. 

Self-de-ni'al, n. The denial of one's self; the for- 
bearing to gratify one's own appetites or desires. 

Self -es-teem', n. The esteem or good opinion of one's 
self; complacency. 

Self '-ev'i-dent, a. Evident without proof or reasoning ; 
producing certainty or clear conviction upon a bare 
presentation to the mind. 

Self -e^-ist'ent (-egz-), a. Existing of or by himself, 
independent of any other being. 

Self-gov'ern-ment. n. 1. The government of one's 
self; self-control. 2. Hence, government by the mass 
of the nation, or the people; democracy. 

Self -In'ter-est, n. Private interest ; the interest or 
advantage of one's self. 

Selfish, a. Regarding one's own good in disregard, or 
at the expense, of that of others. 

Self ish-ly, adv. In a selfish manner ; with regard to 
private interest only or chiefly. 

Self 'ish-ness, n. The quality of being selfish ; exclusive 
regard to one's own interest or happiness. 
Syn. — See Self-love. 

Self-love (-lQv), n. The love of one's self; tendency to 
seek one's own benefit or advantage. 

Syn.— Selfishness. — The term self-loi-e is used in a twofold 
sense: (1.) It denotes that longing for good or for well-being 
which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characteriz- 
ing every special desire. In this sense, it has no moral quality, 
being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. (2.) 
It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special 
desires. In this sense, it is morally good or bad according as 
these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfish- 
ness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard 
to our own "interests, gratification,*&c, which is sought or in- 
dulged at the expense and to the injury of others. 

Self-made, a. Made by one's self. 

Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty, ignorance, 
or obscurity, to wealth, learning, fame, or power, by means of 
his own talents or energies. 

Self-pos-s6s'sion (-pos-sgsh / uu or poz-zesh'un), n. 
The possession of one's powers ; calmness ; self-command ; 
presence of mind. 

Self -re-proach', n. The act of reproaching or con- 
demning one's self. 

Self-same, a. Precisely the same ; the very same ; 
identical. 

Self -suf-f j'cient (-fYsh'ent), a. Having full confidence 
in one's own strength, abilities, or endowments ; hence, 
haughty ; overbearing. 



% e,&,c.,long; a,e, Sac.,short; care, far, ask:, all, what; Gre, veil, term; p'ique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SELF-WILL 



653 



SENbATED 



Self '-will, n. One's own •will; obstinacy. 

Self- willed', a. Governed by one's own will; not 

jielding to the will or wishes of others. 
Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SOLD ; p.pr. & vb.n. SELLING.] 

[A.-S. sellan, syllan, to give, to sell ; Goth, saljan, Icel. 

selin.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to 

dispo.-e of in return for something, especially for money. 

2. Hence, to accept a price or reward lor, as for a breach 

of duty, trust, or the like: to betray. 3. To impose 

upon or betray ; to make a fool of ; to cheat. 
Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling. 2. To be sold. 
Sell, n. An imposition or trick, as in a case where con- 
fidence has been reposed, or expectation excited. 
Sel'lan-ders, I n.pl. [Fr. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) 
SeT'len-ders, ) A skin disease on the front of a horse's 

hock, owing~to a want of cleanliness. 
Sell'er, n. One who sells ; a vender. 
Sel'vage, I n. [Prob. from self and edge, as if its own 
SSFvcdge, ) proper edge.] The edge of cloth, woven 

in such a manner as to prevent raveling ; list. 
Selves, pi. of self. Sec Self. 
Sem/a-phore, n. [Gr. <rr,i±a, a sign, and <£epeiv, to 

bear.] An apparatus for exhibiting signals to convey 

information from a distance ; a telegraph. 
Sem/a-phor'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a semaphore, or 
Sem/a-phor'ie-al, I to semaphores ; telegraphic. 
Sem'folance, n. [Fr. from sembler, to seem, resemble, 

from Lat.* similare, simulare, to imitate, from similis, 

like, resembling.] 1. Seeming; appearance ; show ; form. 

2. Likeness ; resemblance ; similitude. 
Se'mc7i,n. [Lat., from the root se, whence severe, sevi, 

satum, to sow.] Seed, especially the male generative 

product of animals; sperm. 
Se-?7ics'te>\ n. [Gcr. , from Lat. semestris, half-yearly, fr. 

sea:, six, and mensis, a month.] A period or term of 

tix months. [Gcr. Universities.] 
Sem'1-an'mi-al (-an'yn-), a. Half yearly. 
Sem/i-an'nu-al-ly (-an'yu-), adv. Every half year. 
Sem'i-an'nu-lar (-an/JU-), a. Having the figure of a 

half circle ; half-round. 
Sem'i-breve, n. (Mus.) A note, of half the time of the 

breve ; — called also a whole note. It is the longest note 

now in general use. 
Sem'I-eho'rus, n. [Lat. scmichorus, Gr. rnxixoptov.] 

(Mus.) A short chorus performed by a few singers. 
Sem'I-cir'ele, n. 1. The half of a 

circle. 2. A body in the form of half 

cf a circle. 
Sem'i-cir'eu-lar, a. Having the form 

of half of a circle. 
Sem'I-eo'loii (110), n. A point or 

sentential mark [:] used to indicate a 

separation between parts or members 

of a sentence, more distinct than that 

marked by a comma, and a pause iu 

reading usually of longer duration. 
Sem'i-dl-am'e-ter, n. Half of a diameter ; a right 

line, or the length of a right line, drawu from the center 

of a circle, sphere, or other curved figure, to its circum- 
ference ; a radius. 
Seni'i-dl-aph'a-nous, a. Half or imperfectly diaph- 
anous or transparent ; translucent. 
Sem'I-flu'id, a. Imperfectly fluid. 

Ifmlm'ntte, I a - Kc?embli »S in form a half moon. 
Sem'i-nal, a. [Lat. srmivalis, from semen, seminis, 

seed.] 1. Pertaining to seed. 2. Contained in seed; 

holding the relations of seed, source, or first principle. 
Syn. — Germinal; radical; rudimental; original. 

SSm'i-na'ri-an, ) n. One educated in a seminary; 

Sem'i-na-rist, \ specifically , a Roman Catholic priest 
educated in a foreign seminary. 

Sem'i-na-ry (44), n. [Lat. seminarium, from seminarius, 
belonging to seed, from semen, seminis, seed.] An in- 
stitution of education ; a school, academy, college, or 
university, in which young persons are instructed in the 
branches of learning. 

Sem/i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of sowing. 2. (Bot.) Nat- 
ural dispersion of seeds. 

Seui/i-nlf' ie, ) a. [Lat. semen, seminis, seed, and 

Sem'i-nif'ie-al, 1 facer e, to make.] Forming or pro- 
ducing seed, or the originative principle. 

Sem/I-or'di-nate, a. ( Conic Sections.) The half of an 
ordinate. See ORDINATE. 

Se-mip'e dal, a. Containing a half foot. 

Sgm'I-qua'ver, n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration 
of the quaver ; a sixteenth note. 




Semicircle. 



Seml-spheVie, ) a. Having the figure of a halt 

Sem'i-spher'ie-al, ) sphere. 

Se-mit'ie, a. Pertaining to the family of nations or 
languages of which the Hebrews, fcha Syrians, and the 
Arabs are the chief members ; — so called because in the 
Bible genealogies they are chiefly ranked as descendants 
of Shem, the son of Noah. 

Sem'i-tone, n (Mus.) Haifa tone; — the name com- 
monly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic 
scale. 

Sem'I-ton'ie, a. Pertaining to a semitone; consisting 
of a semitone or of semitones. 

Sem'i-vow'el, n. (Gram.) (a.) A sound intermediate 
between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the 
nature of both, and sometimes used in language with 
the value of a vowel. (&.) The sign representing such a 
sound. 

Sem'pi-ter'nal, a. [Lat. sempiternus, from semper, 
always.] Of never-ending duration ; everlasting ; end- 
less ; having beginning, but no end. 

Sem'pi-ter'ni-ty, n. Future duration without end. 

Semp'stress, n. See Seamstress. 

Sen'a-ry, a. [Lat. senarius, from seni, each, from sex, 
six.] Of six ; belonging to six ; containing six. 

Sen'ate, n. [Lat. senatus, from senex, senis, old, an old 
man.] An assembly or council of citizens distinguished 
by birth, dignities, wealth, influence, &c, and invested 
with a share in the government; as, (a.) (Anc. Rome.) 
A body of elders chosen from the nobles of the nation, 
and having supreme legislative authority, (b.) The up- 
per or less numerous branch of a legislature in various 
countries, as in France and in the United States. Hence, 
in general, a legislative body ; a state council. 

Senate-house, a house in which a senate meets, or a place of 
public council. 

Sen'a-tor, n. A member of a senate. 

Sen/a-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or becoming a sen- 
ator or a senate. 2. Entitled to elect a senator. [Amcr.] 

Sen/a-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a senate ; 
with dignity or solemnity. 

Sen'a-tor-ship, n. The office or dignity of a senator. 

Send, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sent ; p. pr. & vb. n. send- 
ing.] [A.-S. sendan, Goth, sandjan, Icel. senda, allied to 
Goth, sintk, A.-S. sidli, way, journey.] 1. To cause to go 
in any manner ; to dispatch. 2. To procure the going, 
carrying, transmission, &c.,of. 3. To emit; to cast; 
to throw ; to hurl. 4. To commission or direct to go and 
act. 5. To cause to happen; to inflict. 6. To grant ; 
to bestow. 

Send, v. i. To dispatch an agent or messenger. 

Se-nes'cence, n. [From Lat. senescens, p. p. of sencs- 
ce.re, to grow old, inch, form of senere, to be old.] The 
state of growing old ; decay by time. [of time. 

Se-nes'cent, a. Growing old; decaying with the lapse 

Sen'es-clial (sen'e-shal ; formerly sen'es-kal, 95), n. [L. 
Lat. seniscalcus, siniscalcus, 0. Ger. senescalc, seneschalt, 
from the root sin, signifying strength, duration, age (cf 
Lat. senex, senis, old), and scale, scalh, a servant.] A 
steward ; an officer in the houses of princes and digni- 
taries, who has the superintendence of feasts and domes- 
tic ceremonies. 

Se'nlle, a. [Lat. senilis, from senex, senis, old ; an old 
man.] Pertaining to old age ; proceeding from age. 

Se-nil'i-ty, n. State of being senile ; old age. 

Sen'ior (seen'yur), a. [Lat. senior, compar. of senex, 
senis, old.] 1. More advanced iu age or rank ; elder. 
2. Belonging to the fourth year of the collegiate course 
in American colleges, or the third year in professional 
schools. 

Sen'ior, n. 1. One -who is older than another. 2. Ono 
older in office ; one prior in grade or rank. 3. An aged 
person. 4« One in the fourth year of his collegiate 
course at an American college ; — also, one in the third 
year of his course at a professional school. 

Sen-ior'i-ty (seen-yor'i-ty), n. 1. Quality or condition 
of being senior ; priority of birth. 2. Priority or supe- 
riority in office or rank. 

Sen'na, n. [Ar. sana or sena.] (Bot.) A leguminous 
plant, and especially its leaves, which last are largely 
used in medicine as a cathartic. 

Sfin'night (sen'nit), n. [Contracted from severnight, a3 
fortnight, from fourteennight.] The space of seven nights 
and days ; a week. 

Se-noe'u-lar, a. [Lat. seni, six each, from sex, six, 
and oculus, eye.] Having six eyes. 

Sen'sate, I a. [Lat. sensatus, gifted with sense, intel- 

Sen'sa-ted, j ligent, from sensus, sense.] Perceived by 
the senses. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



SENSATION 



654 



SENTIMENTALISM 



Sen-sa/tion, n. [From Lat. sensus, sense.] 1. An im- 
pression made upon the mind through, the medium of the 
organs of sense. 2. Agreeable or disagreeable feelings 
occasioned by objects not corporeal or material. 3. A 
state of excited interest or feeling. 

Syn.— Perception.— The distinction between sensation and 
perception, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus 
Btated: If I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer 
that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a 
perception. Thus the former is mere feeling, without the idea 
of an object; the latter is the mind's apprehension of some ex- 
ternal object as occasioning that feeling. 

Sen-sa/tion-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the sensations, 2. 
Attended by, or fitted to excite, great interest. 

Seii-sa'tion-al-i§m, n. The doctrine that our ideas 
originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations 
transformed. 

Sense, n. [Lat. sensus, fr. sentire, sensum, to perceive, to 
feel.] 1. Perception by the bodily organs ; sensation ; 
feeling. 2. Perception through the intellect; appre- 
hension; discernment; appreciation. 3. Perception, or 
the capacity of gaining a knowledge of the exterior world 
by means of the bodily organs ; — often used in the pi. , 
and especially of the five senses of feeling, sight, hearing, 
smell, and taste. 4. Sound perception and reasoning. 
5. Judgment; notion; opinion. 6. Meaning; import; 
signification. 

Common sense, " such ordinary complement of intelligence, 
that, if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or 
foolish." 

Syn. —Understanding; reason.— Some philosophers have 

fiven a technical signification to these terms, which may here 
e stated. Sense is' the mind's acting in the direct cognition 
either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the 
first case, it is called'thc outer, in the second, the inner, sense. 
Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of appre- 
hending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, 
arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of 
apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles 
which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, 
and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation 
and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, 
but simply because they often occur in writers of the present 
day. 

Sense'less, a. 1. Destitute of sense ; incapable of feel- 
ing ; insensible. 2. Wanting appreciation or sympathy ; 
without sensibility. 3. Destitute of understanding; 
foolish ; stupid. 4. Contrary to reason or sound judg- 
ment ; unwise ; ill-judged ; foolish. 

S<5nse'less-ly, adv. In a senseless manner. 

$6iise'less-ness, n. The state or quality of being sense- 
less ; unreasonableness ; folly ; stupidity. 

Sen'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
sensible; capacity to feel or perceive. 2. The capacity 
of the soul to exercise, or to be the subject of, emotion 
or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the 
will ; also, the capacity for any specific feeling or emo- 
tion. 3. Acuteness of sensation or of perception j quick 
emotion or sympathy. 4. That quality of an instru- 
ment which makes it indicate very slight changes of con- 
dition; delicacy. 

Syn. — Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste. 

Sen'si-ble, a. [Lat. sensibilis, fr. sensus, sense.] 1. Ca- 
pable of being perceived by the senses ; hence, also, per- 
ceptible to the mind. 2. Having the capacity of receiv- 
ing impressions from external objects. 3. Easily affected ; 
having nice perception or acute feeling ; also, readily 
moved or affected by natural agents. 4. Perceiving or 
having perception, either by the senses or the mind ; cog- 
nizant ; satisfied; persuaded. 5. Having moral percep- 
tion. 6. Possessing or containing sense or reason ; char- 
acterized by good sense. 

Syn. —Intelligent; wise. — Wc call a man sensible whose 
judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound 
judgment or good common sense. We call one intelligent who 
is quick and clearin his understanding, i. e., who discriminates 
readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinc- 
tions. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of prac- 
tical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual 
interest. 

Sfin'si-ble-ness, n. 1. Condition or quality of being 
sensible ; sensibility ; susceptibility. 2. Intelligence ; 
reasonableness. 

SSn'si-bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner ; perceptibly 
to the senses. 2. With intelligence or good sense. 

Sen-sif'ie, a. [Lat. sensificus, from sensus, sense, and 
farere, to make.] Producing sensation. 

Sen/si-tlve, a. 1. Having seuse or feeling. 2. Espe- 
cially, having quick and acute sensibility ; highly suscep- 
tible ; easily and acutely affected. 3. Having a capacity 
of being easily affected or moved. 4. Pertaining to, or 
depending on, sensation. 



Sen'si-tive-ly, adv. In a sensitive manner. 

Sen'si-tive-ness, n. The state or quality of being sen- 
sitive ; acute sensibility. 

Sen-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the sensory or sensorium. 

Sen-so'ri-um, ) n. [From Lat. sentire, sensum, to dis- 

Sen'so-ry, ) cern or perceive by the senses.] 1. 

The whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is 
susceptible of common or special sensations. 2. An or- 
gan of sense. 

Sen'so-ry, a. Of, or connected with, the sensory, or 
with sensation. 

Sen'su-al (sen'shu-al), a. [Lat. sensualis, from sensus, 
sense.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the 
senses, or bodily organs of perception. 2. Carnal; 
fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification 
of sense, or the indulgence of appetite. 3. Devoted to 
the pleasures of sense and appetite ; luxurious ; voluptu- 
ous. 4. Pertaining cr peculiar to sensualism, as a phil- 
osophical doctrine. 

Sen'su-al-i§m (sen'shyj-al-), n. 1. Condition or char- 
acter of one who is sensual; sensuality. 2. (Philos.) 
The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the 
understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are 
transformed sensations, copies, or relics of sensations ; 
sensationalism. 

Sen'su-al-Ist (sen'shu-al-), n. One given to the indul- 
gence of the appetites or senses. 

S^n'su-al'i-ty (sen'shij-), n. Quality of being sensual ; 
free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures. 

Sen'su-al-Ize (sen'shu-al-), v. t. [imp. & p.p. sensu- 
alized; p. pr. & vb. n. sensualizing.] To make 
sensual ; to debase by carnal gratifications. 

Sen'su-al-ly (sen'shu-al-), adi\ In a sensual manner. 

Sgn'su-ous (sen'shu-), a. Pertaining to, or addressing, 
the senses ; connected with sensible objects. 

Sen'tence, n. [Lat. sententia, for sentientia, from sen- 
tire, to discern by the senses and the mind, to feci, to 
think.] 1. An opinion ; a decision ; especially, a philo- 
sophical or theological opinion. 2. (Law.) In the civil 
and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced 
in a cause ; in the common law, a judgment passed on a 
criminal by a court or judge. 3. ( Gram.) A combina- 
tion of words, which is complete as expressing a thought. 

Sen'tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sentenced (sen'tenst) ; 
p. pr. &' vb. n. sentencing.] To pass or pronounce 
judgment upon ; to doom. 

Sen-ten'tial, a. 1. Comprising sentences. 2. Pertain- 
ing to a sentence, or full period. 

Sen-ten'tious, a. Abounding with sentences, axioms, 
and maxims ; short and energetic. 

Sen-ten'tioiis-ly, adv. In a sententious manner ; in 
short, expressive periods ; with striking brevity. 

Sen-ten'tiotis-ness, n. Quality of being sententious. 

Sen'ti-ent (sen'shi-ent), a. [Lat. sentiens, p. pr. of sen- 
tire, to discern or perceive by the senses.] Having a 
faculty of sensation and perception. 

Sen'ti-ent (sen/shi-ent), n. One who has the faculty of 
perception. 

Sen'ti-ment, n. [From Lat. sentire, to perceive, feel, 
think.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling ; 
feeling toward or respecting some person or thing. 2. 
The decision of the mind formed by deliberation or rea- 
soning. 3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the ex- 
pression of a thought ; a maxim ; a toast. 4. Sensibil- 
ity ; feeling ; tender susceptibility. 

Syn.— Thought ; opinion ; notion ; sensibility; feeling.— 
An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and 
every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleas- 
ure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient 
and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) 
lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in 
regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are 
presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence it ig 
more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opin- 
ions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. 
The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to 
the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects 
affecting the heart. 

Sen'ti -ment'al, a. 1. Abounding with sentiments or 
reflections. 2. Hence, having an access of sentiment or 
sensibility ; artificially or affectedly tender. 

Syn. — Romantic. — Sentimental usually describes an error 
or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagina- 
tion. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensi- 
bilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of 
the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of 
creating scenes of ideal enioyment, and gazing on the creations 
which he has made. One who is sentimental is apt to be laughed 
at; one who is romantic not unfrequently falls into fatal errors. 

Sen'ti-mgnt'al-Igm, n. Character or behavior of a sen- 
timentalist ; sentimentality. 



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SENTIMENTALIST 



655 



SEQUESTRABLE 



M 




gen'ti-ment'al-ist, n. One who affects sentiment, fine 
feeling, or exquisite sensibility. 

Sen'ti-men-tal'i-ty, n. Affectation of fine feeling or 
exquisite sensibility. 

Sen'ti-ment'al ize, v. i. To affect exquisite sensibility. 

Sen'ti-ment'al-ly, adv. In a sentimental manner. 

Sen'ti-nel, n. [From Lat. sentina, bottom of a ship, 
where filthy water collects, and which the sentinator was 
obliged to watch, and take care of, on account of the sea- 
water continually entering ; afterward transferred from 
the navy to the army.] (Mil.) A soldier set to watch or 
guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise. 

Sen'try, n. [Abbreviated and corrupted from sen linel.] 

1. A soldier on guard; a sentinel. 2. Guard; watch; 
the duty of a sentinel. 

Sen'try-box, n. A box to cover a sentinel at his post, 
and shelter him from the weather. 

Se'pal, n. [N. Lat. sepalum.] s ^ ,^-iv 
(Bot.) A leaf or division of the 
calyx. 

Sep'a-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being separable. 

Sep'a-ra-blc, a. Capable of being 
separated, disjoined, disunited, or 
rent. 

Sep'a-ra-ble-ness, re. Quality 
of being separable. 

Sep'a-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SSS, Sepals, 

SEPARATED ; p. pr. & vb. re. SEPARATING.] [Lat. 
separare, separatum, from se, aside, and parare, to make 
ready, prepare.] 1. To part in any manner. 2. To 
sever, as by an intervening space ; to hold apart. 3. To 
6et apart ; to select from among others. 

Syn. — To part ; disunite ; sever ; disjoin; divide; discon- 
nect. 

Sep'a-rate, v. ?'. To part; to become disunited; to be 
disconnected ; to withdraw from each other. 

Sep'a-rate (45), a. 1. Divided from another or others ; 
disconnected ; separated. 2. Unconnected ; not united ; 
distinct. 3. Disunited from the body ; incorporeal. 

Sep'a-rate-ly, adv. In a separate state; apart; dis- 
tinctly ; singly. 

Sep'a-rate-ness, re. The state of being separate. 

Sep'a-ra/tion, n. 1. Act of separating; disjunction. 

2. State of being separate ; disunion ; disconnection. 

3. Chemical analysis. 4. Disunion of married persons. 
Syn. — Divorce. — In England, a distinction is made be- 
tween a separation and a divorce in the proper sense of the 
term. The former may be granted by the Ecclesiastical Court, 
but allows neither of the parties to marry again: the latter can 
be granted only by a special act of Parliament. 

Sep'a-ra-ti§m, n. Disposition to withdraw from a 
church ; the practice of so withdrawing. 

Sep'a-ra-tist, n. One who withdraws or separates him- 
self; especially, one who withdraws from a church to 
which he has belonged. 

Syn. — A dissenter; a non-conformist; a schismatic; a sec- 
tary. 

Sep'a-ra/tor, n. One who, or that which, separates or 
disjoins ; a divider. 

Sep'a-ra-to-ry (50), re. 1. A chemical vessel for sepa- 
rating liquors. 2. A surgical instrument for separating 
the pericranium from the cranium. 

Se-pawn', n. A species of food, consisting of meal of 
maize boiled in water ; hasty pudding. [Local, Amer.] 

Se'pi-d, n. ; pi. SE'PI-^E. [Lat., from Gr. crrj-n-Ca, the 
cuttle-fish or squid.] 1. (Zool.) The cuttle-fish. 2. A 
pigment, formerly supposed to be prepared from the ink 
of the cuttle-fish ; Indian ink. 

Se'poy, n. [Hind, sipahee.] A native of India, employed 
as a soldier in the service of a European power. 

S6pt, re. [A.-S. sib, consanguinity, alliance ; 0. H. Ger. 
sippea, M. H. Ger. sippe, sipt, Icel. sift, line of consan- 
guinity.] A clan, race, or family, proceeding from a 
common progenitor; — used of the races or families in 
Ireland. 

Sept'an/gle, re. ( Geom.) A figure with seven sides and 
seven angles ; a heptagon. 

Sept-an'gu-lar, a. [From Lat. septem, seven, and an- 
gulus, an angle.] Having seven angles. 

Sep-tem'ber, n. [Lat., from septem, seven, as being 
the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with 
March.] The month following August ; the ninth month 
of the year, reckoning from January. 

S6p'ten-a-ry, a. [Lat. septenarius, from septem, seven.] 
1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven. 2. Lasting seven 
years. 

Sep-ten'ni-al, a. [Lat. septennis, from septem, seven, 



and annus, year.] 1. Continuing seven years. 2. Hap- 
pening once in every seven years. 

Sep-ten'tri-on, n. [Lat. septentrio, the northern re- 
gions, the north, septentriones, the seven stars near the 
north pole, called the Great Bear, or those called the Lit- 
tle Bear, properly, the seven plow-oxen, because they were 
compared to a wagon with oxen yoked to it, fr. septem , 
seven, and trio, a plow-ox.] The north or northern re- 
gions, [northern. 

Sep-ten'tri-on-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, the north ; 

S&p'tie, I a. [Gr. otjtttikos, from an^neiv, to make pu- 

Sep'ti-e-al, j trid.] Having power to promote putre- 
faction. 

Sep-tif lu-ous, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and fiuere, to 
flow.] Flowing in seven streams. 

Sep'ti-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and lalus, la> 
teris, a side.] Having seven sides. 

Sep-tlll'ion, ii. [From Lat. septem, seven.] According 
to the English notation, the product of a million involved 
to the seventh power, or the number expressed by a unit 
with forty-two ciphers annexed ; according to the French 
notation, the number expressed by a unit with twenty- 
four ciphers annexed. See Note under Numeration. 

Sep-tln'su-lar, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and insula, isl- 
and.] Consisting of seven islands. 

Sep'tu-ag'e-na'ri-an , n. A person who is seventy years 
of age ; a septuagenary. 

Sep'tu-ag'e-na-ry, a. [Lat. septuagenarius , from sep- 
tuageni, seventy each, from septuaginta, seventy.] Con- 
sisting of seventy ; also, seventy years old. 

Sep'tu-ag'e-na-ry, re. A person seventy years of age ; 
a septuagenarian. 

Sep'tu-a-aes'i-md, n. [From Lat. septuagesimus, the 
seventieth, from septuaginta., seventy.] (Eccl.) Thethird 
Sunday before Lent; — so called because it is seventy 
days before Easter. 

Sep'tu-a-ges'i-mal, a. Consisting of seventy, or of 
seventy years. 

Sep'tu-a-gint, re. [From. Lat. septuaginta, seventy.] A 
Greek version of the Old Testament : — so called because 
it was said to be the work of seventy, or rather of seventy- 
two, interpreters. 

Sep'tum, n. ; pi. sitP'TA. [Lat., an inclosure, hedge, 
fence, from sepire, to hedge in, to inclose.] A partition ; 
specifically, (a.) (Bot.) A partition that separates the 
cells of the fruit, (b.) (Anat.) A partition which sepa- 
rates two cavities. 

Sep'tu-ple, a. [Gr. eTrraTrAovs, late Lat. septuplum, a 
septuple.] Seven times as much ; sevenfold. 

Sep'tu-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. septupled ; p. pr. & 
vb. re. septupling.] To multiply by seven. 

S6p'ul--elier, ) n. [Lat. sepulcrum, sepidchrum, from 

Sep'ul-ehre, ] sepelire, to bury,] A place in which ths 
dead body of a human being is interred, or a place des- 
tined for that purpose ; a grave ; a tomb. 



Se-pul'-eheiv 



v. t. To bury ; to inter ; to entomb. 



Se-pul'chre, 

Se-pul'ehral, a. Pertaining to burial, to the grave, or 
to monuments erected to the memory of the dead. 

Sep'ul-ture (58), n. [Lat. sepultura, from sepelire, se- 
pidtum, to bury.] Act of depositing the dead body of a 
human being in the grave ; burial ; intermeut. 

Se-qua/cious, a. [Lat. sequaz, seqaacis, from sequi, to 
follow.] 1. Inclined to follow a leader ; following ; at- 
tendant. 2. Having or observing logical sequence. 

Se'quel (Sd'kwel), n. [Lat. sequela, from sequi, to follow.] 
1. That which follows ; a succeeding part ; continua- 
tion. 2. Consequence ; event. 

Se'quence, n. [See infra.] 1. State or quality of being 
sequent; succession. 2. That which follows or succeeds ; 
consequence. 3. (Mus.) A succession of similar har- 
monic steps. 

Se'quent, a. [Lat. sequens, p. pr. of sequi, to follow ; 
It. seguente.] Following ; succeeding. 

Se-ques'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sequestered ; p. pr. 
& vb. re. SEQUESTERING.] [Lat. sequestrare, to give up 
for safe keeping, from Lat. sequester, a depositary, trus- 
tee.] 1. (Law.) To separate from the owner for a time ; 
to take possession of, as property belonging to another, 
and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for 
which it is taken, or till he has performed the decree of 
court or clears himself of contempt. 2. To take from 
or set aside from, as parties in controversy, and put into 
the possession of an indifferent person. 3. To set apart ; 
to separate from other things. 

Se-ques'ter, v. i. ( Law.) To renounce, as a widow, any 
concern with the estate of her husband. 

Se-ques'tra-ble, a. Capable of being sequestered. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; lirjger, link ; tiiis. 






SEQUESTRATE 



656 



SERVANT 



Se-ques'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sequestrated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SEQUESTRATING.] To sequester. 

Seq'ues-tra'tion, n. 1. (Civil & Common Law.) Act 
of separating or setting aside a thing in controversy from 
the possession of both the parties tnat contend for it, to 
be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. ( Chancery. ) 
A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners 
to take and hold a defendants property, and receive the 
rents and profits thereof, till he clears himself of a con- 
tempt or performs a decree of the court. (Eccl. Law.) 
A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a bene- 
ficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have 
satisfied some debt established by decree. ( International 
Law.) The seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due 
from its subjects to the enemy. 2. State of being sepa- 
rated or set aside ; retirement ; seclusion from society. 

Seq'ues-tra/tor, n. [Lat. See svpra.] 1. One who 
sequesters property. 2. One to whom the keeping of 
sequestered property is committed. 

Se'quin, n. [It. zecchino, from zecca, the mint, from Ar. 
sekkah, sikkah,a die, a stamp.] A gold com of Italy worth 
about $2.30, and of Turkey worth about §1.85. 

Se-ragl'io (-raFyo), n. [It. serraglio, an inclosure of 
palisades, from It. serrare, to shut, from L. Lat. serra, 
Lat. sera, a bar for fastening doors; afterward used for 
the Per. serai, a palace.] 1. The palace of the grand 
seignior, or Turkish sultan, in which nre confined the fe- 
males of the harem. 2. Hence, a harem ; and hence, a 
house of debauchery. 

Ser'apli, n. ;~Eng.pl. ser'aphs ; Reb.pl. SER'A-PHiM. 
[From Heb. saraph, to burn, to be eminent.] An angel 
of the highest order. 

Se-rapli'ie, \a. 1. Pertaining to, becoming or suit- 

Se-raph/ie-al, ) able to, a seraph ; angelic ; sublime. 

2, Burning or inflamed with love or zeal. 
Ser'a-pliim, n.pl. [See Seraph.] Angels of the high- 
est order in the celestial hierarchy ; — sometimes improp- 
erly written serap/iims } as in the common English version 
of the Bible. 

Ser'apli-iiie , n. [T?r ova seraph.] (Mus.) A wind instru- 
ment of the organ kind whose sounding parts are metal- 
lic reeds. 

Se-ras'kicr, n. [Per. scr'asker, from ser, head, chief, and 
Ar. asker, an army.] A general or commander of land 
forces in the Turkish empire. 

Sere, a. Dry; withered; sear. See Sear. 

Scr'e-nade', n. [Fr., from soir, It. sera, evening, from 
Lat. serus, late.] (Mns.) Music performed in the open 
air at night in compliment to some person, especially to a 
lady. 

Ser'e-nade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. serenaded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SERENADING.] To entertain with nocturnal 
music. 

Ser'e-nacle', v. i. To perform nocturnal music. 

Se-rene', a. [Lat. screnus.] 1. Clear and calm ; fair; 
bright. 2. Unruffled ; undisturbed. 

B3f Serene is given as a title to several princes and magis- 
trates in Europe; as, serene highness; most serene. 

Se-rene'ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; calmly; 
quietly. 2. With unruffled temper ; coolly. 

Se-reiie'ness, n. State of being serene ; serenity. 

Se-ren'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being serene ; 
clearness and calmness ; quietness ; stillness ; peace. 2. 
Calmness of mind. 

Serf (14), n. [Fr. serf, Lat. servus.] A servant or slave 
employed in husbandry. 

Syn.— Slave.— A slave is the absolute property of his mas- 
ter, and may be sold in any way; a .««:/' is usually one bound 
to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, though 
in some countries serfs are mere slaves. 

Serfdom, n. The state or condition of serfs. 

Serge, n. [Low Lat. sargia, sargium, from Lat. serir.us, 
silken ; originally a silken stuff.] A woolen twilled stuff , 
the warp of which is worsted and the weft woolen. 

Ser'gean-cy (sar'jen-sy or ser'jen-sy), «■ The office of 
a sergeant ; sergeantship. 

Ser'gearit (sar'jent or ser'jent), n. [From Lat. serviens, 
p. pr. of servire, to serve.] [Wri tten. also Serjeant.] 1. 
Formerly, an officer in England, nearly answering to the 
more modern bailiff of the hundred. 2. (Mil.) A non- 
commissioned officer, next in rank above the corporal, in 
a company of infantry or troop of cavalry, whose duty is 
to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, &c. 

3. A lawyer of the highest rank. - [Eng.] 
Ser'geant-at-armg' (sir/- or ser'-), n. (Legislative 

Bodies.) An officer who executes the commands of the 
body in preserving order and punishing offenses. 
Ser'geant-ma'jor (sir'- or ser'-), n. (Mil.) A non- 



commissioned officer who acts as assistant to the ad- 
jutant. 

Ser'geant-ship (s'Ar'jent-shTp or ser'jent-slnp), n. The 
office of a Serjeant. 

Se'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a series ; ap- 
pearing in successive parts. 

Se'ri-al, n . A work appearing in a series or succession of 
parts ; a tale, or other writing, published in successive 
numbers of a periodical. 

Se'ri-a'tim, adv. [Lat.] In regular order. 

Se-i'i'ceoiis (-rish'us), a. [Lat. scriceus, cquiv. to sericus, 
silken, sericum, Seric stuff, silk, from teres, Gr. Srjpes, 
the Chinese, celebrated lor their tiiken fabrics.] Pertain- 
ing to silk ; consisting cf silk; silky. 

Se'rieg (sG'rGz cr sG'rl-Gz, ££). n. |Lat. series, fr. serere, 
sertum, to join or bind together.] 1. A numl er of things 
or events standing cr succeeding in order., and connected 
by a like relation ; a line or row of things. 2. (Nat. 
Hist.) An order or subdivision cf scne class cf natural 
bodies. 3. (Math.) An indefinite numl cr of terms suc- 
ceeding one another, each cf which is derived from one or 
more of the preceding by a fixed law. 

Se'ri-o-eom/ie, )a. Having a mixture of seriousness 

Se'ri-o-eom'ie-al, J and comicality. 

Se'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. serins.] 1. Grave in manner or dis- 
position ; earnest; not light, gay, or volatile. 2. lleally 
intending what, is said ; being in earnest. 3. Important ; 
not trifling. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension ; at- 
tended with danger. 
Syn.— Grave; solemn; weighty. See Grave. 

Se'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a serious manner ; gravely ; sol- 
emnly ; in earnest ; without levity. 

Se'ri-oiis-nes?, n. Condition or quality of being serious : 
gravity of manner cr of mind ; solemnity. 

Sei''jeant, n. A sergeant. See Sergeant. 

Ser'mon (14), n. [Lat. scrmo, sermonis, a speaking, dis- 
course, from serere, sertum, to jcin, connect, i. q. serta 
oratio, a connected speech.] 1. A discourse delivered in 
public, for the purpose of religious instruction, and 
grounded on some text or passage of Scripture. 2. 
Hence, a serious address ; a ret exhortation or reproof. 

Ser'mon-Ize, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. sermonized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. sekmontzing.] To compose cr write a ser- 
mon or sermons ; to preach. 

Ser'mon-iz'cr, n. One who sermonizes. 

Se-ron' H-rdon'), n. [Fr. scrrcn, Sp. seron, a hamper, 

Se-robn' ) pannier, augm. of sera, a large pannier or 
basket.] 1. A bale or package cf d:in cr leather for 
drugs or the like. 2. (Com.) A weight, varying with 
the substance to which it is applied. 

Se-ros'i-ty, n. 1. The thin, watery liquid forming the 
chief constituent of most ar.imal fluids ; serum. 2. A 
fluid which exudes from the albumen of the scrum of the 
blood when coagulated by heat. 

Se'roiis, a. [See Serum.] 1. Thin; watery; like whey; 
said of that part of the blood which separates in coagu- 
lation from the red part ; iilso, of the fluid which lubri- 
cates a serous membrane. 2. Pertaining to scrum. 

Ser'pent, n. [Lat. serpens, serpentis (sc. beslia), fr. ser- 
pens, p. pr. of serpere, Gr. eprreiv. to creep.] 1. (Zool.) 
A snake ; an ophidian reptile without feet, with an ex- 
tremely elongated body, and moving by means cf the folds 
it forms when in contact with the ground. 2. Figura- 
tively, a subtle or malicious person. 3. A species of 
firework having a serpentine motion. 4. (Astron.) A 
certain constellation. 5. (Mus.) A bass wind instru- 
ment ; — so called from its form. 

Ser'pen-tine, a. Resembling a serpent ; having the 
shape or qualities of a serpent ; moving like a serpent ; 
meandering ; crooked ; spiral. 

Ser'pen-tiiie, n. (Min.) A mineral or rock usually of 
an obscure green color, with shades and spots, which 
give it a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a ser- 
pent's skin. 

Ser'rate, ) a. [Lat. serratus, from serra, a saw.] 

Ser'ra-ted, J Notched on the edge, like a saw. 

Ser'ra-ture (53), n. [Lat. scrratura, a sawing, from ser- 
rare, to saw.] A notching like that between the teeth 
of a saw, in the edge of any thing. 

Se'rum, n. [Lat., allied to Gr. opd?, or 6pp6s.] (Physiol.) 
(a.) The liquid portion of the blood, after the separation 
of the coagulum or clot. (b. ) A fluid of similar nature 
exuded from the blood-vessels. 

Serv'ant, n. [Lat. serviens, p. pr. of servire.] 1. One 
who serves, or does services, voluntarily or involuntarily. 
2. One in a state of subjection. 3. A person of base 
condition or ignoble spirit. 



SERVE 



657 



SETTER 



Tour humble sen-ant, i/our obedient servant, phrases of civility, 
used more especially in closing a letter, and expressing the 
willingness of the speaker or writer to do service to the person 
addressed. 
Sy u. — Serf ; menial ; drudge ; slave. 

Serve (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. served ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SERVING.] [Lat. servire, from Lat. servus, a servant or 
slave.] 1. To work for ; to labor in behalf of ; to act as 
servant to ; to be in the employment of; specifically, to 
render spiritual obedience and worship to. 2. To be 
subservient or subordinate to ; to minister to. 3. To 
attend at meals. 4. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, 
deal, distribute ; as, a portion of any thing, errjecially of 
food prepared for eating. 5. To do the duties required 
in or for. 6. To contribute or conduce to ; to be left 
sufficient for; to satisfy. 7. To treat; to behave one's 
self to. 

To serve an attachment, execution, &c, (Law), to levy it. 
— To serve a process or writ, to read it, so as to give due notice 
to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him 
or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. — To serve a 
warrant, to re'ad it, and to seize the person against whom it is 
issued. — To serve a rope (Xant.), to wind something, as spun- 
yarn, &c, tight round it, to prevent friction. 

Syn.— To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; 
assist; benefit; succor. 

Serve, v. i. 1. To be a servant or slave. 2. To wait; 
to attend. 3. To discharge the requirements of an office 
or employment ; specifically, to act as a soldier, seaman, 
&c. 4. To be of use ; to be sufficient ; to answer. 

Ser'vice, n. 1. Act of serving ; occupation of a servant ; 
performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at 
another's command, 2. Labor performed for another ; 
assistance or kindness rendered ; office. 3. Official 
religious duty performed. 4. A musical composition 
for use in churches. 5. Duty performed in, or appro- 
priate to, any office or charge ; hence, specifically, military 
or naval duty. 6. Useful office ; advantage conferred ; 
benefit ; avail. 7 . Profession of respect uttered or sent. 

8. A set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table. 

9. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, as 
spun-yarn, &c. 10. (Bot.) A tree and its fruit, the 
Europeau mountain-ash, or roan-tree. 

Ser'vice-a-ble, a. 1. Doing service ; promoting hap- 
piness, interest, advantage, or any good ; beneficial ; ad- 
vantageous. 2. Prepared for rendering service ; hence, 
active ; diligent ; officious. 

Ser'vlce-a-ble-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being 
serviceable ; beneficialness. 2. Readiness to do service ; 
diligence. 

Ser'vice-a-bly, adv. In a serviceable manner. 

Ser'vile, a. [Lat. servilis, from servire, to serve.] 1. 
Pertaining to, or befitting, a servant or slave ; slavish ; 
mean. 2. Held in subjection ; dependent. 3. Meanly 
submissive; cringing; fawning. 4. (Gram ) (a.) Not 
belonging to the original root, (b.) Not itself sounded, 
but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. 

Ser'vlle-ly, adv. In a servile manner ; slavishly. 

Ser'vile-ness, ) n. State or quality of being servile ; the 

Ser-vil'i-ty, J condition of a slave or bondman; 
slavish deference. 

Syn.— Slavery ; baseness ; obsequiousness. 

Ser'ving-maid, n. A female servant ; a menial. 

Ser'vi-tor, n. [Lat., from servire, to serve.] 1. A 
servant ; an attendant ; a follower or adherent. 2. 
( University of Oxford.) An undergraduate, who is partly 
supported by the college funds. They formerly waited 
at table. 

Ser'vi-tor-ship, n. Office or condition of a servitor. 

Ser'vi tu.de (14), n. [Lat. servititdo, from servire, to 
serve; servus, a slave.] 1. State of voluntary or in- 
voluntary subjection to a master ; service ; slavery ; 
bondage. 2. (Law.) A right, whereby one thing is sub- 
ject to another thing or person , for use or convenience, 
contrary to the common right. 

S6s'a-me, n. [Lat. sesamum, sesama, Gr. crqcaixov, 
OTjtra/xTj, Ar. si?nsiin.] (Bot.) An annual herbaceous 
plant, from the seeds of which an oil is expressed. 

Ses-quip'e-dal, ) a. [Lat. sesquipedalis, from ses- 

Ses-quip'e-da'li-an, ) qui, one and a half, and pes, 
pedis, a foot.] Measuring or containing a foot and a 
half; — sometimes humorously or derisively applied to 
long words. 

SSs'sile, a. [Lat. sessilis, low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, 
to sit.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting 
support. 2. (Bot.) Issuing directly from the main stem 
or branch, without a footstalk. 

SeVsion, n. [Lat. sessio, from sedere, sessum, to sit.] 
1. Act of sitting, or state of being seated. 2. Actual 



sitting of a court, council, legislature, &c, for the trans- 
action of business. 3. The time or term during which 
a court, council, legislature, and the like, meet daily for 
business. 

Ses'sion-al, a. Pertaining to a session, or to sessions. 

Sess'-pool, n. [From A.-S. sess, a settle, a seat, sessian, 
to settle, sit. Cf. (Jess-pool. ] A cavity sunk in the 
earth to receive the sediment of water conveyed in drains ; 
a cess-pool. 

Ses'terce, n. [Lat. sestertius (sc. nummits), from sester- 
tius, two and a half, from semis, half, and tertius, third.] 
(Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, in value originally con- 
taining two asses and a half, afterward four asses; — 
equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. 

egp" The sestertium was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, 
equal to about $40. 

Set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SET ; p. pr. & vb. ». SETTING.] 
[A.-S. settan, Goth satjan, Icel. setia. Cf. sit, of which 
set is prop, the causative verb.] 1. To cause to sit; to 
seat ; to make to assume a specified position ; to place ; 
to put ; to fix. 2. To attach to ; to put or place on. 3. 
To put in a condition or state ; to cause to be. 4. To 
make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless. 
Hence, specifically, (a.) To cause to stop; to obstruct; 
hence, to embarrass, (b. ) To determine ; hence, to make 
unyielding or obstinate ; to render stiff or rigid, (c.) To 
plant, (d.) To fix, as a precious stone in metal; hence, 
to place in or amid something which embellishes and 
shows off. (e.) To convert into curd. 5. To appoint; 
to assign. 6. To put into a desired position or condition; 
to adjust ; to regulate ; to adapt. Hence, specifically, (a.) 
To put in due order, as an instrument, (b.) To extend, 
as the sail of a ship, (c.) To give a pitch to, as a tune. 
(d.) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state, as a 
limb. 7. To stake at play ; to wager ; to risk. 8. To 
adapt, as words to notes ; to prepare for singing. 9. To 
variegate with objects placed here and there. 

Set, v. i- 1. To pass below the horizon ; to go down. 
2. To strike root ; to begin to germinate. 3. To become 
fixed or rigid. 4. Hence, to congeal or concrete. 5. 
To have a certain direction in motion ; to move on ; to 
tend. 6. To indicate the position of game ; — said of a 
dog. 7 . To apply one's self. 

Set,/>. a. 1. Fixed; firm; obstinate. 2. Regular; uni- 
form; formal. 3. Established; prescribed. 

Set, n. 1. Act of setting; descent below the horizon. 
2. That which is set, placed, or fixed; as, (a.) A young 
plant for growth, (b.) (Meek.) Permanent change of 
figure, in consequence of pressure 3. A number of 
things of the same kind, ordinarily used together ; an 
assortment ; a suit. 4. A number of persons associated 
by custom, office, common opinion, or quality, or the 
like ; a clique. 5. Direction or course. 
Syn. — Pair; collection; series. Sec Pair. 

Se-ta/ceous, a. . [From Lat. seta, a bristle.] 1. Set with, 
or consisting of, bristles ; bristly. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Hav- 
ing the slender form of a bristle. 

Se-tlg'er-ous, a. [Lat. seta, bristle, and gerere, to bear.] 
(Nat. Hist.) Covered with bristles. 

Set'-off , n. 1. That which is set off against another 
thing; an offset. 2. A decoration ; an ornament. 3. 
(Laiv.) A counter-claim ; a distinct claim filed or set up 
T)y the defendant against the plaintiff's demand. 4. 
(Arch.) The part of a wall, &c, which is exposed horizon- 
tally when the portion above it is reduced in thickness. 
Syn. — Offset. — Offset originally denoted " that which 
branches off or projects," as a shoot from a tree, but has long 
been used in America in the sense of set-ojf, or equivalent. 
This use is beginning to obtain in England, though Macaulay 
uses set-off; and so, perhaps, do a minority of English writers. 
Set-off is the appropriate term in legal proceedings. 

Se'ton (colloq. se-uu;, »■-. ii^at. seta, a thick, stiff hair, a 
bristle.] (Surg.) A few horse hairs, or a twist of silk or 
fine linen, drawn through the skin by means of a larco 
needle, by which a small opening is made and continued. 

Se-tose' (125), | a. [Lat. setosus, from seta, bristle.] 

Se'tous, S (Nat. Hist.) Having the surface set 

with bristles ; bristly. 

Set-tee', n. [From set.] A 
long seat with a back ; a 
kind of arm -chair for several 
persons to sit in at once. 

SSt'ter, n. 1. One who, or 
that which, sets. 2. A sport- 
ing dog of the hound kind, 
that indicates, by sitting or 
crouching, the place where 
game lies hid. 




Setter (2;. 



food, foot 



urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, eeho ; 



gem, get ; a§ ; e^Ast ; linger, link ; tills; 



SETTING 



658 



SEXENNIAL 



Set/ting, n. 1. Act of putting, placing, fixing, or estab- 
lishing. 2. Act of sinking, or seeming to sink, below 
the horizon. 3. (a.) Something set in or inserted, (b.) 
That in which something, as a gem, is set. 4. The direc- 
tion of a current, sea, or wind. 

S6t/tAe (set'tl), n. [A.-S. sitel, setel, setl, from sittan, to 
sit.] 1. A wide step or platform lower than some other 
part. 2. A bench with a high back. 

Set/tie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. settled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
settling.] [From set.] 1. To place in a fixed or per- 
manent condition ; to make firm, steady, or stable, hence, 
specifically, (a. ) To establish in business, in situation, and 
the like, (b.) To establish in the pastoral office. [Amer.] 
2. To render quiet, clear, and the like ; to still. Hence, 
specifically, (a.) To clear of dregs and impurities ; to ren- 
der pure or clear, (b.) To restore to a smooth, dry, or 
passable condition. 3. To cause to sink; to lower; to 
depress. 4. To free from uncertainty or wavering ; to 
make sure, firm, or constant. 5. To adjust, as some- 
thing in discussion or controversy ; to adjust, as accounts ; 
to liquidate ; to balance. 6. To plant with inhabitants ; 
to colonize ; to people. 

Syn. — To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; ad- 
just; determine; decide. 

Set'tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to es- 
tablish one's self ; to assume a lasting form or con- 
dition. 2. Specifically, to fix one's place or residence ; 
to take up habitation ; also, to be established in an 
employment or profession. 3. To become quiet or clear ; 
to become dry and hard, as the ground after rain or 
frost ; to clarify and deposit dregs, as a liquid. 4. To 
sink gradually; to subside. 5. To become calm; to 
cease from agitation. 6. To adjust differences or ac- 
counts. 

Set'tle-ment (set'tl-), n. 1. Act of settling, or state 
of being settled; as, specifically, (a.) Establishment in 
business, condition, or the like ; ordination or installa- 
tion as pastor, (b.) Establishment of inhabitants ; colo- 
nization, (c.) Act or process of adjusting or determining ; 
composure of doubts or differences ; liquidation of ac- 
counts, (d.) Bestowal or giving possession under legal 
sanction, (e.) (Law.) A disposition of property for the 
benefit of some person or persons, usually through the 
medium of trustees. 2. That which settles, or is settled, 
established, or fixed ; as, (a.) Matter that subsides; set- 
thugs; lees; dregs, (h.) A colony newly established ; a 
place settled, (c.) The sum secured toaperson ; especially, 
a jointure made to a woman at her marriage. 3. (Law.) 
A settled place of abode ; residence ; legal residence. 

Set/tier, n. 1. One who settles. 2. Especially, one who 
establishes himself in a colony ; a colonist. 

Set'tling, n. 1. Act of making a settlement. 2. Act 
of subsiding, as lees. 3. Adjustment of differences. 4. 
pi. Lees; dregs; sediment. 

Sei/-to, n. A conflict in boxing, argument, or the like. 

Sev'eii' (seVn), a. [A.-S. seofon, seofan, seofen, Goth. & 
0. II. Ger. sibun, allied to Lat. septem, Gr. eirra., Skr. 
saptan.] One more than six. 

Sev'en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six. 2. 
A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii. 

Sev'en-f old, a. Repeated seven times ; increased to 
seven times the size or amount. 

Sev'en-niglit (sen'nlt, 101), n. A week; the period of 
seven days and nights. 

Sev'en-teen, a. [A.-S. seofontlne,\. e=, seven-ten.] One 
more than sixteen or less than eighteen. 

Sev'en-teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and seven. 2. A 
symbol representing seventeen units, as 17, or xvii. 

Sev'en-teenth, a. 1. One next in order after the six- 
teenth. 2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal 
parts. 

Sev'en-teentli, n. 1. One of seventeen equal parts. 
2. The next in order after the sixteenth. 

S6v'entli (seventh), a. 1. One next in order after the 
Bixth. 2. Constituting or being one of seven equal 
parts. 

Sev'entli, n. 1. One of seven equal parts. 2. One next 
in order after the sixth. 3. (Mus.) (a.) The interval be- 
tween any tone and the tone represented on the seventh 
degree of the staff next above, (b.) A certain chord. 

Sev'enth-ly, adv. In the seventh place. 

Sev'en-ti-eth., a. 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth. 
2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts into 
which any thing is divided. 

Sev'en-ti-eth, n. 1. One of seventy equal parts. 2. 
One next in order after the sixty -ninth. 

Sev'en-ty (sev'n-ty), a. [A.-S. seofontig.] Seven times 
ten; one more than sixty-nine. 



Sev'«n-ty, n. 1. The sum of seven times ten. 2. A 

symbol representing seventy units. 
Sev'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. severed; p. pr. & rb. n. 
severing.] [From Lat. separare. See SEPARATE.] 
1. To separate, as one from another. 2. To cut or break 
open or apart. 3. To keep distinct or apart ; to make a 
distinction respecting. 4. (Law.) To part possession of. 

Syn. — To divide; part; disjoin; distinguish; discriminate; 
except; disunite; disconnect. 

Sev'er, v.i. 1. To make a separation or distinction ; to 
distinguish. 2. To be parted or rent asunder. 

Sev'er-al, a. [L. Lat. separalis. See supra.] 1. Sepa- 
rate ; distinct ; not common to two or more ; single. 2. 
Diverse; different; various. 3. Consisting of a number ; 
more than two, but not very many ; diverse ; sundry. 

Sev'er-al-ly, adv. Separately ; distinctly ; apart from 
others. 

Sev'er-al-ty, n. A state of separation from the rest, or 
from all others. 

Sev'er-ance, n. Act of severing or dividing ; separa- 
tion. 

Se-vere', a. [compar. severer ; superl. severest.] 
[Lat. severus.) 1. Serious in feeling or manner ; exter- 
nally sedate. 2. Very strict, in judgment, discipline, or 
government. 3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule 
or principle ; exactly conformed to a standard. 4. Diffi- 
cult to be endured. 

Syn.— Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; 
rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; 
sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See 
Strict. 

Se-vere'ly, adv. In a severe manner ; gravely ; rigidly ; 
strictly ; painfully ; extremely ; fiercely. [ity. 

Se-vere'ness, n. State or quality of being severe ; sever- 

Se-ver'i-ty, n. Quality of being severe ; as, (a.) Gravity 
or austerity ; extreme strictness, (b.) Quality or power 
of distressing or paining, (c.) Extreme coldness or in- 
clemency, (d.) Harshness ; cruel treatment, (e.) Exact- 
ness ; rigorousness. (/.) Strictness; rigid accuracy. 

Sew (so), v. t. [imp. sewed ; p. p. sewed, rarely 
SEWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEWING.] [A.-S. siwian, seo- 
wian, suwan, Goth, siujan, allied to Lat. suere.] To 
unite or fasten together with a needle and thread. 

Sew (so), v. i. To practice sewing. 

Sew'age (suVej, 45), n. 1. The contents of a sewer; 
sewerage. 2. A systematic arrangement of sewers ; sew- 
erage. 

Sew'er (su'er), n. [From 0. Eng. sew, to drain, fr. A.-S. 
slhan, contr. seon, to strain, filter, flow down, descend, 
0. H. Ger. sihan, Icel. sia.] A drain or passage to con- 
vey off water and filth under ground. 

Sew'er (su'er), n. [From 0. Eng. sew, to follow, to bring 
on and remove meat at table, 0. Fr. sevre, sievre, seure, 
sieure, suire, sivre, siure, N. Fr. suivre, from Lat. sequi.] 
An upper servant who set on and removed the dishes at 
a feast. 

Sew'er (so'er), n. One who sews, or uses a needle. 

Sew'er-age (sQ'er-, 45), n. 1. Construction of a sewer. 
2. The system of sewers in a city, town, &c. ; the gen- 
eral drainage of a place by sewers. 3. The materials col- 
lected in, and discharged by, sewers ; sewage. 

Sex, n. [Lat. sexus.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity 
of male or female ; the physical difference between male 
and female. 2. One of the two groups of organic beings 
formed on the distinction of male and female. 3. (Bot.) 
(a.) The distinguishing peculiarity of plants, as stami- 
nate or pistillate, (b.) One of the groups founded on 
this distinction. 4. Womankind; females; — so used 
by way of emphasis. 

Sex'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. A person of the age of sixty years. 

Sex-ag'e-na-ry, or Sex'a-ge-na-ry, a. [Lat. sex- 
agenarius, from sexageni, sixty each, from sexaginta, 
sixty.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty ; 
proceeding by sixties. 

Seoc'a-c/es'i-md, n. [Lat. sexagesimits, sixtieth, fr. sex- 
aginta, sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent, 
the next to Shrove-Tuesday, so called as being about the 
sixtieth day before Easter. 

Sex'a-ges'i-mal, a. Pertaining to, or founded on, the 
number sixty. 

Sex-an'gu-lar, a. [Lat. se.xangidus, sexangular, from 
sex, six, and angulus, angle.] Having six angles ; hexag- 
onal. [Rare.] 

Sex-an'gu-lar-ly, adv. With six angles ; hexagonally. 

Sex-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. sexennis, from sex, six, and an> 
nus, a year.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six 
years. 



a,e, ^c.,long; &,&,kc., short; c^re,far,a,sls. 1 SLll,\v'h.a,t- ) ere, vfiil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, wolf, 



SEXFID 



659 



SHAKE 




Sextant. 



Sex'fid, ) a. [Lat. sex, six, and findere, fidi, to cleave 
Sex'i-fld, / or split.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; divided iuto six 

parts. 
Sex'tain, n. [It. sestina, from Lat. sextus, sixth, from 

sex, six.] A stanza of six lines. 
Sex'tant, n. [Lat. sextans, sextantls, 

the sixth part of an as, from sex, six.] 

1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle. 

2. An instrument of reflection for 
measuring angular distances between 
objects, especially at sea. 

Sex'tUe, n. [From Lat. sextus, the 
sixth, from sex, six.] (AstroL) Aspect 
or position of two planets when dis- 
tant from each other sixty degrees, or 
two signs, marked thus,*. 

Sex-till'ion (seks-tll'yun), n. [From Lat. sex, six, sex- 
tus, the sixth.] According to the English notation, the 
product of a million involved to the sixth power, or the 
number expressed by a unit with 33 ciphers annexed ; ac- 
cording to the French notation, the number expressed by 
a unit with 21 ciphers annexed. See Note under Nu- 
meration. 

Sex'to-dec'i-mo, a. [Lat. sextusdecimus, the sixteenth, 
from sextus, the sixth, sex, six, and decimus, the tenth, 
decern, ten.] Formed of sheets folded so as to make six- 
teen leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of sheets so folded. 

Sex'to-dep'i mo, n. ; pi. sex'to -dec'i-bios. [See su- 
pra.] 1. A book composed of sheets folded so as to make 
sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages. 2. The size of a book 
thus composed ; — usually indicated thus : 18mo., 16°. 

Sex'ton, n. [Contr. from sacristan, q. v.] An under 
officer of the church, who takes care of the vessels, vest- 
ments, &c, of the church, attends on the officiating 
clergyman, digs graves, and the like. 

Sex'ton-ship, n. The office of a sexton. 

Sex'tu-ple, a. [Low Lat. sextuplus.] 1. Six times as 
much; sixfold. 2. (Mus.) Having six parts. 

Sex'u-al (sek'shu-al), a. [Lat. sexualis, from sexus, sex.] 
Pertaining to sex or the sexes ; distinguishing sex ; re- 
lating to the distinct organs of the sexes. 

S<5x'u-al-ist (sek'shu-), n. (Bot.) One who believes and 
maintains the doctrine of sexes in plants. 

Sex'u-al'i-ty (sek'shu-), n. The state or quality of be- 
ing distinguished by sex. 

Shah, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shabbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks ; to 
act shabbily. [meanly ; raggedly. 

Shab'bi-ly, adv. [From shabby.] In a shabby manner ; 

Shab'bi-ness, n. The quality of being shabby ; mean- 
ness ; raggedness. 

Shab'by, a. [compar. shabbier ; superl. shabbiest.] 
[D. schabbig, H. Ger. schabig, from shaben, to shave, 
scratch, schabe, a shaving tool, scab. Cf. SCABBY and 
SCAB.] 1. Torn or worn to rags ; poor; mean; ragged. 
2. Clothed with ragged or soiled garments. 3. Mean ; 
paltry ; despicable. 

Shack, n. [Prov. Eng. shack, to shake, to shed, the 
grain left after gleaning. See SHAKE.] 1. Liberty of 
winter pasturage. 2. Grain left after harvest or glean- 
ing ; fallen mast or acorns. 3. A shiftless fellow; a 
vagabond. 

Shack'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shackled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SHACKLING.] [See infra.] 1. To tie or confine the 
limbs of, so as to prevent free motion ; to fetter ; to join 
by a link or chain, as rail-road cars. 2. To confine so as 
to obstruct or embarrass action ; to impede. 

Shack'le, n. [Generally in the pi.] [A.-S. scacul, sceacul, 
a shackle, from scacan, to shake.] 1. A fetter; gyve; 
chain. 2. Heuce, that which obstructs or embarrasses 
free action. 3. A link for con- 
necting railroad cars. - j =*s^=_ _ 

Shad, n. sing. & pi. [Prov. Ger. J§| ' '"" [^ 

schade ; Ir. & Gael, sgadan, ~'^ r J: 
W. y sgadan, a herring. Cf. 
Skate .] ( Ichth.) A fish, highly 
prized for food. 

Shad'dock, n. [Said to be so 
called from Captain Shaddock, 
who first brought this fruit 
from the East Indies.] (Bot.) 
A tree and its fruit, which is a large species of orange. 

Shade, n. [A.-S. scadu, scado, sceadu, scad, scead, Goth. 
skadus, Icel. skuggi, W. ysgaiod, allied to Gr. ovaa, a 
shade, shadow, o-koto?, darkness.] 1. Comparative ob- 
scurity owing to the interception of the rays of light. 2. 
Darkness ; obscurity. 3. An obscure place ; a secluded 
retreat. 4. Protection; shelter; cover. 5. Figure of 




Shad. 



any thing formed* by interception of the rays of light ; a 
shadow. 6. The soul, after its separation from the body ; 
a spirit; a ghost. 7. (Paint.) The darker portion of a 
picture. 8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or 
lighter. 9. A very minute difference ; degree. 10. A 
screen ; something that intercepts light or heat. 
Shade, u. t [imp. & p. p. shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHADING.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the 
rays of light. 2. To cover from injury ; to protect : to 
screen. 3. To overspread with darkness or obscurity ; 
to obscure. 4. To paint in obscure colors ; to darken. 

5. To mark with gradations of light or color. 
Shad'er, n. One who, or that which, shades. 
Shad'i-ness, n. State of being shady ; umbrageousness 
ShM'ow, n. [A.-S. scadu, gen. scaduwes. See Shade] 

1. Shade within defined limits, representing the form of 
a body which intercepts the rays of light. 2. Darkness; 
shade; obscurity. 3. Obscure place ; secluded retreat; 
shelter. 4. The darker or less illuminated part of a 
picture. 5. That which follows or attends a person or 
thing, like a shadow. 6. An imperfect and faint repre- 
sentation ; adumbration ; indistinct image ; hence, mysti- 
cal representation ; type. 7, Something unsubstantial ; 
phantom ; mockery. 

Shadow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shadowed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. shadowing.] 1. To cut off light from ; to put 
in shade ; to shade. 2. To protect ; to screen from 
danger. 3. To paint in obscure colors. 4. To mark 
with slight gradations of color or light ; to shade. 5. To 
represent faintly or imperfectly ; to adumbrate ; hence, 
to represent typically. 6. To cloud; to darken. 

Shad'ow-y, a. 1. Full of shade; serving to shade. 2. 
Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy. 3. Faintly light. 4. 
Faintly representative ; typical. 5. Unsubstantial ; un- 
real. 

Shad'y, a. [compar. shadier ; superl. shadiest.] 1. 
Abounding with shade or shades ; overspread with shade. 

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. 
Shaft, n. [A.-S. sceaft, scaft, 0. H. Ger. scaft, Icel. skapt, 

allied to Lat. scapus, Gr. o-Konros, o-/cr/iro?.] 1. A body of 
a long cylindrical shape ; the cylindrical, column-shaped 
part of any thing. 2. Hence, the stem of an arrow ; and 
hence, an arrow ; a missile weapon. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The 
body of a column, (b.) The part of a chimney above the 
roof, (c.) The spire of a steeple. 4. The handle of a 
weapon. 5. The stem, or stock, of a feather or quill. 

6. The pole or one of the thills of a carriage. 7 . ( Mach.) 
A bar having one or more journals on which it rests and 
revolves. 8. [Upper Ger. schaft, H. Ger. schacht, allied to 
Gr. a-Ka<f>os, that which is dug, a trench, a pit, cr/ccui-Teii/, 
to dig.] (Mining.) A well-like excavation in the earth, 
through which the inner cavity of a mine is reached and 
the ore is brought to the surface. 

Shag, n. [A.-S. sceacga, a bush of hair, that which is 
rough or shaggy, Icel. skegg, the beard.] 1. Coarse 
hair or nap, or rough, woolly hair. 2. A kind of cloth 
having a long, coarse nap. 

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shagged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
shagging.] 1. To make rough or hairy. 2. To make 
shaggy ; to deform. 

Shag'bark, n. (Bot.) (a.) A species of hickory; — so 
called from its shaggy bark ; called also shellbark. (b.) 
The nut of this tree ; a hickory-nut. 

Shag'ged-ness, ) n. State of being shagged or shaggy ; 

Shag'gi-ness, j roughness, with long, loose hair or 
wool. 

Shag'gy, a. [compar. SHAGGIER ; superl. shaggiest.] 
[From shag, n.] 1. Rough with long hair or wool. 2. 
Rough ; rugged. 

Sha-green', n. [From Turk. & Per. sagri, the back of 
a horse or other beast of burden, the leather of a horse's 
back, the skin of a certain fish.] A kind of leather pre- 
pared without tanning, from the skins of horses, asses, 
and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small 
round pimples or granulations. 

Shall, n. [Per. shah, a king, sovereign, prince.] The 
king or monarch of Persia. 

Shake, v. t. [imp. shook ; p. p. shaken; p. pr. & vb. 
n. shaking.] [A.-S. scacan, sceacan, Icel. skaka, A.-S. 
ofscacan, to escape.] 1. To cause to move with quick 
vibrations ; to make to tremble or shiver ; to agitate. 2. 
To weaken the stability of; to endanger. 3. To cause to 
waver ; to impair the resolution of. 4. To give a trem- 
ulous note to ; to trill. 5. To move or remove by agitat- 
ing ; to rid one's self of. 

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory 
motion ; to tremble ; to shiver ; to quake ; to totter. 

Shake, n. 1. A vacillating or wavering motion ; a rapid 



food, foot , ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo; gem, get ; ag ; exist; linger, link ; this. 



SHAKER 



660 



SHARK 



motion one way and the other ; agitation. 2. A fissure 
or rent in timber. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 4. 
(Mux.) A rapid alternation of two tones represented on 
contiguous degrees of the staff ; a trill. 

Shak'er, «. 1. A person or thing that shakes or agi- 
tates. 2. One of a sect of Christians, popularly so 
called from the agitations or movements in dancing 
which characterize their worship. 

Shak'y, a. [compar. shakier; superl. shaktest.] 1. 
Full of shakes, slits, or clefts ; unsound ; wanting in co- 
hesion. 2. Shaking or trembling. 

Shale, n. [Ger. sckale. See Shell.] 1. A shell or husk ; 
a cod or pod. 2. ( Geol.) A fine-grained rock, having a 
slaty structure. 

Shall, v. i. & auxiliary, [imp. should.] [A.-S. seal, 
sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan, scea- 
lan. Goth, skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, Icel. skulu, 
pres. skal, imp. skuldi.] [Shall is defective, having no in- 
finitive, imperative, or participle.] As an auxiliary, shall 
indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived 
from the person speaking ; as, you shall go ; he shall go. 
It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third per- 
sons, a command, a threat, or a promise. It is also cm- 
- ployed in the language of prophecy. In shall with the first 
person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as 
residing elsewhere than in the speaker, as, I shall suffer ; 
we shall see ; and there is always a less distinct and po. c i- 
tive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. " I 
shall go " implies nearly a simple futurity ; more exactly, 
a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, 
naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention 
may be included. In a question, the relation of speaker 
and source of obligation is of course transferred to the 
person addressed. After a conditional conjunction, as 
if, whether, shall is used in all persons to express futuri- 
ty simply. Should is ever}' where used in the same con- 
nection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It 
also expresses duty or moral obligation. Sec WILL. 

Shal-loon', n. [From Chalons, in France, where it was 
first made.] A certain kind of worsted stuff. 

Shal'lop, n. [II. Ger. schaluppe, schlupe, from schlYtpfen, 
to glide, to slip. Cf. SLOOP.] (Navt.) A sort of large 
boat with two masts, and usually rigged like a schooner. 

Shal-loi', n. [See Eschalot and Scallion.] (Bot.) 
A bulbous plant resembling the garlic ; eschalot. 

Shal'low, a. [compar. shallower; superl. shal- 
lowest.] [From the noun.] 1. Having little depth; 
shoal, 2. Slight ; not of low, heavy, or penetrating 
sound. 3. Simple ; ignorant ; superficial ; emptiness ; sil- 
liness. 

Shal'low, n. [From shelf, 2.] A place where the water 
cf a river, lake, or sea is of little depth ; a shoal ; a fiat ; 
a sand-bank ; a shelf. 

Slial'low-ncss, v. 1. State of being shallow ; want of 
depth, 2. Superficialness of intellect; emptiness; fillincss. 

Sham, n. [See infra.] Any trick, fraud, or device that 
deludes and disappoints. 

Syn. — Delusion ; imposture ; feint; humbug. 

Sham, a. [Cf. Icel. skammr, 0. II. Ger. scamm, short, 
skemmt, shortness, skemman, to shorten ; Icel. skemma, 
to shorten, corrupt. Cf. also Shame.] False ; counter- 
feit ; pretended. 

Sham, v. t. [imp. & p.p. shammed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
SHAMMING.] 1. To deceive expectation ; to trick ; to 
cheat. 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. 3. To 
imitate ; to ape. 

Sliam, v. i. To make false pretenses ; to deceive. 

Sha'man, n ; pi. SHAMANg. [From Per. & Hind, sha- 
man, pi. shamanan, an idolater.] A wizard or conjurer 
in some northern Asiatic regions. 

Sha'man-i§m, n. The superstitious religion of the 
northern nations of Asia, consisting in a belief in evil 
spirits, and in the influence of magic spells and rites. 

Sha'man-Ist, n. A believer in, or adherent to, Sha- 
manism. 

Sham'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shambled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. shambling.] [Cf. 0. D. sehampelen, to slip, scharn- 
pen, to slip away, escape. Cf. SCAMBLE.] To walk 
awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak ; to 
shuffle along. 

Sham'bleg, n. pi. [A.-S. scamol, scamul, scamel, scea- 
mol, sceamel, a bench, form, stool, from Lat. scamnum, 
dim. scabellum , from scandere, to climb, ascend.] The 
place where butcher's meat is sold. 

Shame, n. [A.-S. scamu, sceamu, Icel. skb'mm, skam, 
O. H. Ger. scama.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a 
consciousness of guilt, or of having done something which 



injures reputation ; hence, decency ; decorum. 2. Re» 
proach incurred or suffered ; dishonor. 3. The cause or 
reason of shame. 4. The parts which modesty requires 
to be covered. 



For shame! you should be ashamed ; shame on you. 
Syn. — Reproach ; ignominy ; disgrace. 
Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shamed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
shaming.] 1. To make ashamed. 2. To cover with 
reproach or ignominy ; to dishonor ; to disgrace. 
Shame'faced (-fast), a. Easily confused or put out of 
countenance ; diffident ; bashful. 

r^"" Shamefaced was once shamefast. like steadfast, but the 
ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have 
brought it to its present orthography." 
Shame'f ul, a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injuri- 
ous to reputation. 2. Raising shame in others. 

Syn. — Disgraceful; reproachful ; indecent ; unbecoming ; 
degrading ; scandalous ; ignominious ; infamous. 
Shame'fiil-ly, adv. In a shameful manner ; with in- 
dignity or indecency ; disgracefully. 
Shaine'less, a. Destitute of, or indicating an absence 
of, shame ; wanting modesty. 

_ Syn. —Impudent ; brazen-faced ; unblushing; audacious; 
immodest ; indecent ; indelicate. 

Shame'less-ly, cdv. In a shameless manner ; without 

shame ; impudently. 

Shame'lees-nesg, n. Destitution of shame ; want of 
sensibility to disgrace or dishonor ; impudence. 

Sham'er, n. One who, or that which, makes ashamed. 

Sham'my, n. [See Chamois.] A kind of leather pre- 
pared originally from the skin of the chamois, and much 
esteemed for its softness and pliancy. 

Sham-poo', v. t. [Hind, tshcmpna, to press, to squeeze.] 
1. To rub and percuss the whole surface of the body of, 
in connection with the hot bath. 2. To wash thorough- 
ly and rub the head of, with soap or a soapy preparation. 

Sham'rock, n. [Ir. scamrog, scamar.] (Bot.) A plant 
used by the Irish as their national emblem ; white tre- 
foil ; white clover. 

Shank, n. [A.-S. scanc, seeanc, 0. II. Ger. scinca, seinkel.] 
1. The lower joint of the leg from the knee to the foot; 
the shin ; hence, sometimes the bone of the leg ; the 
whole leg. 2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, 
or other thing, which connects the acting part with a 
handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. 

Shan'ty, n. [Said to be from Ir. sean, old. and tig, a 
house.] A mean dwelling ; a temporary building ; a hut. 

Shape, v. t. [imp. shaped (shiipt) ; p. p. shaped, or 
SHAPEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. shaping.] [A.-S. scapan,scea- 
pan, s-.eppan, Goth, skapan, skapjan, Icel. skapa, skepia.] 

1. To form or create ; to make ; to produce. 2. To 
mold or make into a particular form. 3. To adapt to a 
purpose ; to regulate ; to adjust ; to direct. 4. To im- 
age ; to conceive ; to beget. 

Shape, n. 1. Character or construction of a thing as 
determining its external appearance. 2. That which has 
form or figure. 3. Form of embodiment, ts in words. 
Syn. — Make ; figure ; form; guise. 

Shape'less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form. 

Shape'less-ness, n. The state of being shapeless. 

Shape'ly, a. [compar. shapelier; superl. SHAPELI- 
EST.] Havinga regular shape ; symmetrical ; well-formed. 

Shard, n. [A.-S. sceard, from sceran, to shear, cut, share, 
part.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or 
of a like brittle substance. 2. The hard wing-case of 
a beetle. 

Share, n. [A.-S. scar, scear, seer, 0. H. Ger. scaro, scar.] 
The broad iron or blade of a plow which cuts the ground. 

Share (4), n. [A.-S. scearu, scant.] 1. A certain portion ; 
a part, ; a division. 2. Especially, the part allotted or 
belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a 
number. 3. Ono of a certain number of equal portions 
into which any property or invested capital is divided. 
To go shares, to partake ; to be equally concerned. 

Share, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. shared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHARING.] [A.-S. scerian, scirian, scyrian, from sceran. 
See supra.] 1. To part among two or more ; to divide. 

2. To partake or enjoy with others. 

Share, v.i_. To have part ; to receive a portion. 

Share'-hold'er, n. One who holds or owns a share in 
a joint fund or property. 

Shar'er, n. One who shares ; 
one who participates in any* 
thing with another; a par- 
taker. 

Shark, n. [Lat. carcharus, Gr. 
napxapCas, so called from its 




Shark. 



a,e,&c.,tong7 a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SHARK 



661 



SHEEP-COT 



sharp teeth, from itdpxapos, with sharp or jagged teeth.] 

1. (Ichth.) A cartilaginous fish having a long, round 
body, taperiug from the head, the surface set with 
minute osseous granules in place of scales, and the gill- 
openings placed upon the sides of the neck. The mouth 
is set with successive rows of sharp teeth. 2. A rapa- 
cious, artful fellow ; a sharper. [Low.] 

Sliarlt, v. t. To pick up hastily , slyly, or in small quan- 
tities. [Low.] 

Sharls, v. /'. [imp. & p. p. sharked (sh'irkt) ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to swin- 
dle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. 

fjliaxli'er, ». One who lives by sharking. 

Liliarp, a. [compar. sharper; supcrl. sharpest.] 
[A.-S. scearp, Icel. skarpr, 0. II. Ger. scarf, from the root 
of s.'iear.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point. 2. 
Terminating in a point or edge; peaked or ridged. 3. 
Affecting the senses as if pointed or cutting ; keen ; pen- 
etrating. 4. (Mus.) (a.) High in pitch, (b.) Raised a 
eemitone in pitch, (r.) So high as to be out of tune or 
above true pitch. 5. Very trying to the feelings. 6. 
Cutting in language or import. 7. Eager in pursuit; 
impatient for gratification. 8. Violent ; impetuous. 9. 
Of keen perception ; quick to discern or distinguish ; not 
dull. 10. Keenly attentive to one's own interest. 11. 
Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, as cer- 
tain consonants ; whispered. 

Syn. — Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating: quick; 6agacious; 
discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious ; sour; acid; tart; pun- 
gent; acrid ; severe ; poignant ; biting ; acrimonious ; sarcas- 
tic ; cutting ; bitter ; painful ; afflictive ; harsh ; tierce ; 
ardent; fiery. 

Sharp, n. 1. (Mus.) (a.) An acute sound ; especially, a 
note raised a semitone above its proper pitch. (b.) The 
character [g] which directs that a note be thus raised. 

2. A portion ot a stream where the water runs very rap- 
idly. 

Sliarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sharped (sharpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. sharping.] 1. To make keen, acute, penetrat- 
ing, and the like ; to sharpen. 2. (Mies.) To raise above 
the proper pitch ; especially, to raise a semitone above 
the natural tone. 

SharpVn (sh'Arp'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sharpened ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. SHARPENING.] [A.-S. scerpan. scyrpan.] 
To make sharp ; as, (a. ) To give a keen edge or fine 
point to. (b.) To render more quick or acute in percep- 
tion, (c.) To make more quick, acute, or ingenious, (d.) 
To make more eager, (e.) To make more pungent and 
painful. (/.) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe, (g.) 
To render less flat, or more shrill or piercing, (h.) To 
make more tart or acid ; to make sour. (i.) (Mus.) To 
raise, as a sound by means of a sharp. 

Sharp'en, v. i. To grow or become sharp. 

Sharp'er, n. A shrewd man in making bargains. 
Syn.— Swindler; cheat; deceiver. Sec Swindles. 

Sharp'Iy, arlv. In a sharp manner ; keenly ; acutely ; 
severely ; violently. 

Sharp'ness, n. The condition or quality of being sharp, 
in any of its senses. 

Sharp'-s6t, a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratifica- 
tion; ravenous. 

Sharp'-shdbt'er, n. One skilled in shooting at an ob- 
ject with exactness ; a good marksman. 

Sharp'-sight'ed (-slt'ed), a. 1. Having quick or acute 
sight, 2. Of quick discernment or acute understanding. 

Sharp'- wlt'ted, a. Having an acute or nicely discern- 
ing mind. 

Shas'ter, In. A treatise for authoritative instruction 

Shas'trd, ) among the Hindoos ; especially, a treatise 
containing religious instructions and precepts. 

Sliat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. shattering.] [A.-S. scateran.] 1. To break at 
once into many pieces ; to rend ; to crack ; to split. 2. 
To disorder ; to derange ; to render unsound. 

Sliat'ter, v. i. To be broken into fragments. 

Shat'ter, n. A fragment of any thing forcibly rent or 
broken ; — used generally in the plural. [pieces. 

Sliat'ter-y, a. Easily breaking and falling into many 

Shave, v. t. [imp. shaved ; p. p. shaved, or shaven ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. shaving.] [A.-S. scafan, Icel. ska fa, 
Goth, skaban, allied to Lat. scabere.] 1. To cut or pare 
off from the surface of a body by a razor or other edged 
instrument. 2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off 
closely the surface or surface covering of. 3. To cut off 
thin slices, or to cut in thin slices. 4. To skim along or 
near the surface of. 5. To strip ; to fleece. 

To shave a note, to purchase it at a great discount, or to take 
interest upon it much beyond the legal rate. [Colloq.] 



Shave, v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard ; to 
cut closely ; hence, to be hard in a bargain ; to cheat. 

Shave, n. 1. A thin slice ; a shaving. 2. A cutting of 
the beard ; the operation of shaving. 3. An exorbitant 
cutting down or discount on a note, &c, for cash in 
hand. [Amer.] 4. A tool with a long blade and a handle 
at each end, for shaving wood, as hoops, &c. 

Shave'ling, n. A man shaved ; hence, a monk, or other 
person of a religious order. 

Shav'er, n. 1. One who shaves. 2. One who is close in 
bargains ; a cheat. 3. One who fleeces ; a pillager ; a 
plunderer. 4. A little fellow. [Colloq.] 

Shav'ing, n. 1 . Act of paring the surface. 2. A thin 
slice pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other 
cutting instrument. 

Shawl, n. [Per., Hind., and Turk, shell.] A cloth of 
wool, cotton, silk, or hair, used as a loose covering for 
the neck and shoulders. 

Shawm, n. [From Lat. calamus, a reed, reed-pipe.] 
(Mus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use. 

She, pron. [nom. she ; poss. her, or hers; obj. her; 
pi. nom. they ; poss. their, or theirs ; obj. them ] 
[A.-S. seo, heo, Goth, si, A.-S. m. se, he. The possessive 
her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different 
root. See HER.] 1. This o^ that female ; the woman 
understood or referred to. 2. A woman ; a female ; — 
used humorously as a noun. 

Sheaf, n. ; pi. sheaves. [A.-S. seed/, from sebfan, 
seed/an, to shove.] 1. Stalks of wheat, rye, oats, or 
other grain, bound together. 2. Any similar bundle or 
collection. 

Sheaf, v. i. To collect and bind ; to make sheaves. 

Shear, v. t. [imp. sheared (shore, obs.); p. p. 
sheared, or shorn; p. pr. & vb. n. shearing.] 

I. To cut or clip with shears, scissors, or a like instru- 
ment. 2. To cut or clip from a surface. 

Shear, n. [From the verb.] 1. pi. A cutting instrument 
consisting of two blades with a bevel edge, movable on a 
pin, used for cutting cloth and other substances. 2. Any 
thing in the form of shears. Especially, an apparatus 
for raising heavy weights, as, the lower masts of ships. 
It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fast- 
ened together near the top, and furnished with the neces- 
sary tackles. 

Shear'er, n. One who shears. 

Shear'ling, n. A sheep that has been but once sheared. 

Shear'-steel, n. Steel suitable for shears, scythes, and 
other cutting instruments. 

Sheath, n. [A.-S. sceedh, sceadh, 0. II. Ger. sceida, Icel. 
skeidhir, pi., prob. from Skr. tshid, to cover.] 1. A case 
for a sword or other long and slender instrument; a 
scabbard. 2. Any thin covering for defense or protec- 
tion. 

Sheathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sheathed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. sheathing.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or 
scabbard. 2. To fit or furnish with a sheath. 3. To 
case or cover with boards or with sheets of copper. 4. 
To cover or line. 

Sheath'er, n. One who sheathes. 

Sheath'ing, n. That which sheathes ; especially, the 
casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides ; or the 
materials for such covering. 

Sheave, n. [0. D. schijve, orb, disk, wheel, N. D. schijf, 

II. Ger. scheibe. Cf. SHIVE.] A wheel in a block, rail, mast, 
yard, &c, on which a rope works ; the wheel of a pulley. 

Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shed ; p. pr. & vb. n. shed- 
ding.] [A.-S. sceddan, 0. H. Ger. scutian, scuttan.] 1. 
To cause to emanate, proceed, or flow out; especially, 
to throw off or give forth from one's self ; to emit ; dif- 
fuse. 2. To throw off, as a natural covering of hair, 
feathers, shell, and the like. 3. To cause to flow off 
without penetrating. 

Sh6d, v. i. To let fall the parts ; to throw off a covering 
or envelope. 

Shed, n. [Sw. skydd, a defense, skydda, to protect, to 
shelter. Cf. Shade.] A slight or temporary erection 
built to shelter something ; an out-building ; a hut. 

Shed'der, n. One who sheds or causes to flow out. 

Sheen, a. [A.-S. seine, scin, seine, bright, splendid, beau- 
tiful, 0. H. Ger. scOni, Goth, skauns. See SHINE. J 
Bright; glittering; showy. [Rare, except in poetry.] 

Sheen, n. Brightness ; splendor. 

Sheep, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. scsep, seep, sceap, 0. H. Ger. 
sea/.] 1. (Zool.) A small ruminant quadruped, valued 
for its flesh and wool. 2. The people of God, as being 
under the government and protection of Christ, the 
great Shepherd. 

Sheep'-cot, n. A small inclosure for sheep ; a pen. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eaU, echo ; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



SHEEP-HOOK 



662 



SHIELD 



Sheep'-hGM>k, n. A hook fastened to a pole, by which 

shepherds lay hold on the legs of their sheep. 
Sheep'ish, a. Like a sheep ; bashful ; timorous to excess. 
Sheep'ish-ly, adv. In a sheepish manner ; bashfully. 
Sheep'ish-ness, n. The quality of being sheepish ; ex- 
cessive modesty or diffidence ; bashfulness. 
Sheep's'-eye (-T), n. A modest, diffident look ; a loving 
or desiring glance. [sheep. 

Sheep'- shear'er, n. One who shears the wool from 
Sheep'-shear'ing, n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 2. 
Time of shearing sheep ; also, a feast made on that occa- 
sion. 
Sheep'-skin, n. The skin of a sheep, or leather pre- 
pared from it. 
Sheep'- walk (-wawk), n. Pasture for .sheep. 
Sheer, a. "[A.-S. scir, scyr, Icel. skir, sklrr, skdr, Goth. 
skeirs.] 1. Separate from any thing foreign ; pure ; clear. 
2. Being only what it seems to be; simple; mere. 3. 
Clear ; thin. 4. Perpendicular ; straight up and down. 
Sheer, v. i. {imp. & p. p. sheered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sheering.] [See Shear, the sense of which is, to sep- 
arate.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper 
course ; to turn aside. 
Sheer, n. (Naut.) (a.) The longitudinal curve or bend 
of a ship's deck or sides, (b.) The position in which a 
ship is sometimes kept at single anchor, to keep her clear 
of it. 
Sheet, n. [A.-S. scete, scyte, from sceotan, to shoot, dart, 
cast, extend.] In general, any broad, uninterrupted ex- 
panse ; hence, specifically, (a.) A broad piece of cloth 
used as a part of bed furniture, next to the body, (b.) 
A broad piece of paper, folded or unfolded, (c.) pi. 
Hence, a book or pamphlet, (d.) A broad expanse of 
water, or the like, (e.) A broad, thinly expanded portion 
of metal or other substance. 
Sheet, n. [Ger. schote. See supra.] (Naut.) A rope fast- 
ened to the lower corner of a sail, to extend and retain it 
in a particular situation. 
Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sheeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHEETING.] 1. To fold in a sheet. 2. To cover as 
with a sheet. 3. To draw or expand, as a sheet. 
Sheet'-aneh'or, n. [0. Eng. shoot-anchor.] 1. (Naut.) 
The largest anchor of a ship, which, in stress of weather, 
is sometimes the seaman's lar.t refuge to prevent the ship 
from going ashore. 2. Hence, the chief support ; the 
last refuge for safety. 
Sheet'ing, n. Cloth for sheets. 

Sheik (sheek), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old 
man, a chief, from shakha, to grow or be old.] A chief, 
a lord, a man of eminence ; — so called among the Ara- 
bians and Moors. 
Shek'el (shekel), n. [Heb., from shakal, to weigh.] An 
ancient weight and coin among the Jews, equal in weight 
to about half an ounce avoirdupois, and in value equal 
to about 62^ cents. 
She-kl'nah, n. [Heb., presence of God, from shakan, to 
inhabit.] (Jewish Hist.) That miraculous light or vis- 
ible glory which was a symbol of the divine presence. 
Shel'drake, n. [Prov. Eng. sheld, variegated, and 
drake.] (Ornith.) A species of duck somewhat resem- 
bling a goose in its shape, and found in Europe. It has 
a green or greenish-black head, and its body is variegated 
with white. 
Shelf, n. ; pi. SHELVES. [A.-S. scelfe, schylfe.] 1. A 
board, or platform, elevated above the floor, and fixed or 
set horizontally on a frame, or contiguous to a wall, for 
holding vessels, books, &c. 2. A sand-bank in the sea, 
or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow 
and dangerous to ships. 
Shelf y, a. Abounding in, or composed of, shelves ; full 

of dangerous shallows. 
Sh611, n. [A.-S. scell, Icel. skel. See SCALE.] 1. A hard 
outside covering ;, especially, that serving as the natural 
protection of certain fruits and animals ; also, the cover- 
ing or outside layer of an egg. 2. (Zool.) (a.) The hard 
organized substance forming the skeleton of many inver- 
tebrate animals, usually external, but sometimes internal. 
(b.) The hard covering of some vertebrates, as the arma- 
dillo, tortoise, &c. 3. (Mil.) A hollow sphere of iron, 
which, being filled with gunpowder, and fired from a 
mortar or cannon, bursts into pieces when the powder 
explodes; a bomb. 4. Any frame-work or exterior 
structure regarded as not complete or filled in. 5. 
Hence, outward show without inward substance. 6. 
An instrument of music, as a lyre. 7. pi. The husks 
of the cacao-nut, a decoction of which is often used as a 
substitute for chocolate, cocoa, &c. 
Sh611, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shelled; p. pr. & vb. n. 



SHELLING.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; or, 
to take out of the shell. 2. To separate from the ear. 
3. To throw shells or bombs upon ; to bombard. 

Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or exterior 
coat. 2. To cast the shell or exterior covering. 

Shel'lae, \n. The resin lac spread into thin plates, 

Shell'- lae, ) after being melted and strained. 

Shell'-bark,n. (Bol.) A species of hickory whose bark ia 
loose and peeling ; shag-bark. 

Shell'-f Ish, n. An aquatic animal, whose external cov- 
ering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, 
clams, &c, or crustaceous, as in the lobster. 

Shell'- work (-wurk), n. Work composed of shells, or 
adorned with them. 

Shell'y, a. 1. Abounding with shells. 2. Consisting 
of shells, or of a shell. 

Shel'ter, n. [See Shield.] 1. That which covers or 
defends from injury or annoyance. 2. Hence, one who 
protects; a guardian. 3. State of being covered and 
protected. 

Syn.- Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert: sanctuary; protee* 
tion; defense; security. 

Shel'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sheltered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SHELTERING.] 1. To furnish a shelter for ; to cover 
from harm or injury. 2. To betake to cover, or a safe 
place ; — used reflexively. 3. To cover from notice. 
Syn. — To shield; to protect; to disguise. 

Shel'ter, v. i. To take shelter. 

Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. 

Shel'tie, n. A Shetland pony ; one of a breed of small 
ponies ; — so called from Shetland, where they originated. 

Shelve, v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves. 2. To place 
on a shelf; hence, to put aside with a view to prevent re» 
appearance. 

Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shelved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHELVING.] To incline; to be sloping. 

Shelv'y, a. Pull of rocks or sand-banks ; shallow. 

Shep'herd (shep'erd). n. [From sheep and herd.] 1. 
A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep. 
2. A rural lover. 3. The pastor of a parish, church, oi 
congregation. 

Shep'herd-ess (shepherd-), n. A woman that tends 
sheep ; hence, a rustic lass. 

Sher'toet, n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly one 
drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba, to drink.] 
A drink used in the East, composed of water, lemon-juice, 
and sugar, with an infusion of some drops of rose-water 
or other ingredient, to give it an agreeable taste. 

Sherd, n. A fragment. See SHARD. 

Sher'iff, n. [0. Eng. shereve, A.-S. scir-gerefa, scire- 
gerefa, from scir, scire, a shire, and gcrefa, a reeve. See 
Reeve.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom 
is intrusted the execution of the laws. 

iS2f- The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministe- 
rial. In the United States, it is mostly ministerial. 

Sher'iff-al-ty, 

Sher'iff -ship, 

Sher'iff -wick, 

Sher'ry, n. A strong wine of a deep amber color, and 
having, when good, an aromatic odor ; — so called from 
Xeres, near Cadiz, in Spain, where it is made. 

Shew (sh5), ) 

Shewed (shod), J See Show, Showed, Shown. 

Shewn (shon), ) 

&I"~ The use of shew for shewed or showed, common in some 
parts of the United States, is a gross vulgarism, which can not 
be too carefully avoided. 

ShibHbo-leth, n. [Heb shibbdleth, an ear of corn, or a 
stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the crite- 
rion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the 
Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pro- 
nounce the letter & , sh, pronounced the word sibboleth. 
See Judges, xi. and xii. 2. Hence, that which distin- 
guishes one party from another ; usually, some peculiar- 
ity in things of little importance. 

Shield, n. [A.-S. srild, sceld, scyld, Goth, skildus, Icel. 
skioldr, from skyla, to cover, to defend.] 1. A broad 
piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm ; a buckler. 
2. Any thing which protects or defends ; defense ; shel- 
ter ; protection. 3. Figuratively, a person who protects 
or defends. 4. (Bot.) A little colored cup or line, with 
a hard disk, surrounded by a rim, and containing the 
fructification of lichens. 5. (Her.) The escutcheon or 
field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. 
6. (Mining.) A framework used to protect workmen in 
making an adit under ground, and capable of being 
pushed along as the excavation progresses. 



. The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. 
See Shrievalty. 



ajej&c.Zong-; a,e,8cc.,shart; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm', son, or, do, wolf, 



SHIELD 



Shield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shielded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
shielding.] To cover as with a shield j to cover from 
danger ; to defend ; to protect. 

Shift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
shifting.] [A.-S. sciftan, to divide, to order, declare, 
appoint, to verge, decline, drive away ; Icel. skipta, to 
divide, distribute, change.] 1. To change ; to alter. 2. 
To transfer from one place or position to another. 3. To 
put off or out of the way by some expedient. 4. To 
change, as clothes. 5. To dress in fresh clothes. 

Shift, v. i. 1. To vary from one point or direction to 
another ; to change about ; to move. 2. To change one's 
occupation or principles. 3„ To change one's clothes, 
especially the under garments. 4. To satisfy one's wants 
by changing. 5. To resort to expedients for accomplish- 
ing a purpose. 

Shift, 11. 1. A turning from one thing to another; a 
change ; hence, an expedient tried in difficulty. 2. A 
temporary or deceitful expedient ; fraud ; artifice ; a 
trick to escape detection or evil. 3. An under garment ; 
especially, a woman's under garment ; a chemise. 
To make shift, to contrive for the moment; to manage. 

Shift'er, n. One who shifts ; one who plays tricks or 
practices artifice ; a cozener. 

Shift'less, a. Characterized by failure, through negli- 
gence or incapacity, to provide for one's self, or to use 
means requisite for success. 

Shift'less-ness, n. A state of being shiftless. 

Shil-la'lah, I n. An oaken sapling or cudgel, said to be 

Shil-la'ly, j from a wood in Ireland of that name, 
famous for its oaks. [ Irish.] 

Shil'ling, n. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. settling, Icel. skillmgr, 
Goth, skilliggs, probably from A.rS. scillan, to sound.] 

1. An English silver coin, equal to twelve pence, or the 
twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about 24 cents. 

2. In the United States, a denomination of money differ- 
ing in value, relatively to the dollar, in different states, 
but belosv that of the English shilling in all; as, in 
New York, one eighth of a dollar or 12£ cents ; in New 
England, one sixth of a dollar, or 16f cents ; — a term 
used in trade, though no corresponding coin exists. 

Shi'loh, n. [Heb. slnlCh, i. e., quiet, rest, from shaikh, 
to rest.] ( Script.) The Messiah ; — so called by Jacob on 
his death-bed. See Gen. xlix. 10. 

Shi'ly, adv. See Shyly. 

Shim'iner, v. i. [A.-S. scimerian, from sclmian, scl-man, 
to glitter.] To shine faintly ; to gleam ; to glisten ; to 
glimmer. 

Shim'mer, n. A gleaming ; a glimmering. 

Shin, n. [A.-S. scinu,Ger. schic?ie.] The fore part of the 
leg, especially of the human leg, between the ankle and 
the knee. 

Shin, v. t. To climb by the aid of the hands and legs 
alone. [Colloq. or low. Amcr.] [a riot. 

Shin'dy, n. An uproar or disturbance ; a spree ; a row ; 

Shine, v.i. [imp. SHONE, or shined; p. p. SHONE, 
or shined ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHINING.] [A.-S., 0. Sax., 
& 0. H Ger. schian, Goth, skeinan, Icel. skina.] 1. 
To emit rays of light ; to give light. 2. To be lively and 
animated ; to be brilliant. 3. To be glossy or bright, as 
silk. 4. To be gay, splendid, or beautiful. 5. To be 
eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished. 

Shine, n. 1. Fair weather. 2. State of shining ; bright- 
ness ; splendor; luster: gloss; polish. 3. A liking for 
a person ; a fancy. [ Colloq.] 

Shin'er, n. 1. That which shines ; as, a bright piece of 
money. [Cant.] 2. (Ichth.) A brilliant, small fresh- 
water fish of the minnow kind. 

Shi'ness, n. See Shyness. 

Shin'gle (shing'gl), n. [0. Eng. shingle and shindle ,Lat. 
scindula, scandula, from scindcre, to split.] 1. A piece 
of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end 
thinner than the other, in order to lap lengthwise, used 
in covering buildings, especially the roof. 2. ( Geol.) 
Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, on 
shores and coasts. 

Shin'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shingled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SHINGLING.] 1. To cover with shingles. 2. To 
cut, as hair, so that one portion overlaps another, like 
shingles. 

Shin'glpg (shlng'glz), n. [From Lat. cingulum, a girdle, 
from cingere, to gird.] (Med.) A kind of herpes, which 
spreads around the body like a girdle. 

Shin'ing, p. a. 1. Bright; splendid; radiant. 2. Illus- 
trious ; distinguished ; conspicuous. 

Syn. — Glistening ; resplendent ; effulgent ; lustrous ; bril- 
liant; glittering; sparkling. — Shining describes the emission 



663 SHIRE 

of a strong light-from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant 
denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or 
flashes. Sparkling implies a shining intensely from radiant 
points or sparks, bv which the eye is dazzled. The same dis- 
tinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. 
A man of shining talents is made conspicuous by 'possessing 
them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking 
effect, we call them brilliant ; if his brilliancy is marked by 
great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling. 

Shin'-plas'ter, n. A bank-note of low denomination ; 
a piece of paper money ; — a name originally given, dur- 
ing a suspension of specie payments, to notes under one 
dollar, designed to take the place of small change, which 
had disappeared. [Amer.] 

Shin'y, a. [compar. shinier ; superl. SHINIEST.] 
Bright; luminous ; clear; unclouded. 

Ship, n. [A.-S. scip, Icel. & Goth, skip, perh. fr. A.-S. 
scyppan, sceppan, to mold, form, shape. Cf. Gr. enca^r), 
Lat. scapha, a boat, from Gr. o-KaTrreiv, to dig, scoop 
out.] 1. Any large sea -going vessel. 2. Especially, 
a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts, each 
of which is composed of a lower mast, top-mast, and 
topgallant-mast, and is square rigged. 

Ship's husband, one who attends to the requisite repairs of a 
ship while in port, and does all the other necessary acts prepar- 
atory to a voyage. 



~ ~2j « "a 

Ground Plan of a Ship. 
p, prow; I, larboard or port; s, starboard; 1, round-house; 2, 
tiller; 3, grating ; 4, wheel; 5, wheel-chains ; (5, binnacle; 7, 
mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 9, capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 11, 
pumps; 12, galley or caboose; 13,main hatchway; 14, windlass; 
15, fore-mast ; 16, fore-hatchway ; 17, bitts ; 18, bowsprit ; 19, 
head-rail ; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows; 22, fore-chains ; 23, main- 
chains ; 24, mizzen-chains. 

Ship, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shipped (shipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SHIPPING.] 1. To put on board of a ship or vessel 
of any kind for transportation; hence, to dispose of; to 
get rid of. 2. To engage for service on board of a ship. 
3. To receive on board of a ship or vessel. 4. To fix 
any thing in its place. 

Ship, v. i. To engage for service on board of a ship. 

Ship'board, adv. Upon or within a ship ; aboard. 

Ship'-Tbuild / er (-bild'er), n. A man whose occupation 
is to construct vessels ; a naval architect. 

Ship'-ear'pen-ter, n. A carpenter who works at ship- 
building. 

Ship'- chan' dler, n. One who deals in cordage, canvas, 
and other furniture of ships. [of a ship. 

Ship'-mas'ter, n. The captain, master, or commander 

Ship'mate, n. One who serves on board of the same 
ship ; a fellow sailor. 

Ship'ment, n. 1. Act of putting any thing on board 
of a ship or other vessel ; embarkation. 2. That which 
is shipped. 

Ship'-mon'ey, n. (Eng. Hist. ) An imposition formerly 
charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and coun- 
ties of England, for providing and furnishing certain 
ships for the king's service. 

Ship'per, n. One who ships, or places goods on board a 
ship for transportation. 

Ship'ping, n. The collective body of ships in one place ; 
vessels of navigation generally ; tonnage. 

Ship'-shape, adv. In a seaman-like manner; hence, 
properly ; according to usage ; well put. 

Ship'wreck (-rek), n. 1. The breaking in pieces of a 
ship or other vessel by being driven against rocks, shoals, 
and the like. 2. A ship desti-oyed upon the water, or 
the parts of such a ship. 3. Hence, total destruction ; 
ruin. 

Ship'wreck (-rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shipwrecked 
(-rekt); p. pr. & vb. n. SHIPWRECKING.] 1. To destroy, 
as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sand- 
banks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. 2. 
To expose, as sailors, to destruction by the loss of a ship. 

Ship'wright (-rlt). n. One whose occupation is to con- 
struct ships ; a builder of ships or other vessels. 

Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scire, scir, a division, prov- 
ince, county, from sciran, sceran , to shear, cut off, divide.] 
1. A portion of the kingdom, originally under the super- 
vision of an earl ; a territorial division, usually identical 
with a county, but sometimes comprising a smaller dis- 
trict. [Eng.] 2. A division of a state, embracing sev- 
eral contiguous townships ; a county. [Amer.] 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link; this- 



SHIRE-TOWN 



664 



SHORE 



Shire'- town, or SI* ire'- town, re. The capital town 
of a county ; a county town. 

Shirk ( 18), v. t. [Cf. Shark.] To avoid or get off from ; 
to slink away. 

Shirk, re. One who seeks to avoid duty; one who lives 
by shifts and tricks. 

Shirr (shTr), n. An insertion of cord (usually elastic) be- 
tween two pieces of cloth ; also, the cord itself, or the 
cloth made with it. 

Shirred (shird). a. [Cf. 0. Ger. schirren, to prepare.] 
Having lines or cords inserted between two pieces of cloth. 

Shirt (18), n. [Icel. skiria, skyrla, a shirt, D. schort, a 
petticoat, an apron, N. H. Ger. schurz, schvrze, an apron, 
probably from the root of short, q. v. Cf. SKIRT.] A 
loose garment of linen, cotton, or other material, worn 
by men and boys next the body. 

Shirt, v. I. [imp. & p. p. SHIRTED ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
SHIRTING.] 1. To cover or clothe as with a shirt. 2. 
To change the shirt of. 

Shir t'in g, re. Cloth of the rkrht width for shirts. 

SMt'tah, I re. [Ilcb. skittah, pi. skittim.] A sort of 

Shit'tiiti, ) precious wood, of which the tables, altars, 
and boards of the tabernacle were made among the Jews. 
It is supposed to have been the wood of a species of 
Acacia. 

Shive, re. [L. Ger. schieve, II. Ger. scheibe, Icel. sh'ifa, 
from sk':fa, to rpiit. Cf. SHEAVE.] 1. A slice. 2. A 
little piece or fragment. 

Shiv'er, n. [N. II. Ger. schicfer, a splinter, slate, 0. II. 
Ger. scivero, from Icel. sh'ifa. Cf. SnivE.] 1. A small 
piece or fragment into which a thing breaks by sudden 
violence. 2. A thin slice. 

Shiv'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shivered ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
SHIVERING.] [Ger. schicfern, to shiver, to scale, 0. D. 
scheveren , schelfcnn.] 1. To break into many small pieces 
or splinters ; to shatter ; to dash to pieces by a blow. 2. 
(Naut.) To cause to shake in the wind; — applied to sails. 

Shiv'er, v. i. [Cf. 0. D. sckoevcren, 0. Ger. sehurcn, 
schiuren, II. Ger. schauon.] 1. To quake; to tremble ; 
to vibrate. 2. To quiver from cold ; to be affected with 
a thrilling sensation, like that of chilliness. 3. To fall 
at once into many small pieces or parts. 

Shiv'er, 11. Act of shivering : a shaking or shuddering 
caused by cold, pain, fear, or the like ; a tremor. 

Shiv'er-y, a. 1. Full of, or inclined to, shivers; trem- 
bling. 2. Easily falling into many pieces. 

Shoal, n. [A.-S. sr.Clu, sceClu, a school, a band, a com- 
pany, multitude, crowd.] 1. A crowd ; a throng: — said 
especially of fish. 2. [Cf. Shelf, SllALLOV/, and N. 
II. Ger. scholle, a clod, glebe, 0. II. Ger. scollo, scolla.] 
A sand-bank, or bar; a shallow. 

Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shoaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHOALING.] 1. To assemble in a multitude ; to crowd : 
to throng. 2. To become more shallow. 

Shoal, v. t. To cause to become more shallow ; to come 
to a more shallow nart of. 

Shoal, a. Of little'dcpth ; shallow. 

Shoal'i-nees, n. The state of being shoaly; shallow- 
ness ; little depth of water. 

Shoal'y, a. I'ull of shoals or shallow places ; shallow. 

Siioat, re. A young hog. SccShote. 

Shook, re. [0. II. Ger. scoc, a swing, D. schok, a bounce, 
jolt, or leap ; Fr. choc, a shock, collision ; allied to 
shake.] 1. A collision ; a sharp concussion of one thing 
against another. 2. That which surprises or offends the 
intellect or the moral sense ; a blow ; an offense. 3. 
[M. II. Ger. schoc, N. II. Ger. schock, a heap, quantity, a 
score, threescore ] A pile or assemblage of sheaves of 
wheat, rye, and the like. 4. (Med.) A violent agitation 
or derangement cf any organ or organs, or of the nervous 
system . 

Syn.— Concussion; collision. — A shock is literally a violent 
sliuke or agitation ; :\ concussion is a shaking of things together. 
A shock may aiioct the body or the mind; a concussion properly 
affects only the body or material objects: as, a concussion of the 
brain; a concussion of the elements. The effects cf a shock 
may or may not be violent and lasting; those of a concussion 
are usually severe and permanent. 

Shock, ii. [From shag. See Shougti.] 1. A dog with 
long hair or shag. 2. Hence, a thick mass of short 
hair. 

Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shocked (shokt) ; p. fr. & 
vb. n. shocking.] 1 . To strike against suddenly ; to 
encounter. 2. To strike with surprise, horror, or dis- 
gust: to offend; to disgust. 3. To make or collect into 
shocks, as sheaves cf grain. 

Shock'ing, a. Striking, as with horror ; causing to re- 
coil with horror or disgust ; extremely offensive or dis- 
gusting. 



Shock'ing-Iy, adv. In a manner to shock, or to strike 
with horror or disgust. 

Shod, imp. & p. p. of shoe. See Shoe. 

Shod'dy, re. A fibrous material obtained by deviling or 
tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods, old stockings, 
rags, druggets, &c. 

Shoe (shoo), n. ; pi. SHOES (shdbz). [A.-S. scoh, scd y 
sc'eO, Goth. skChs, Icel. s'kCr, 0. II. Ger. scuoh, N. II. Ger. 
schuh.] 1. A covering for the foot, usually of leather; 
also, any thing resembling a shoe in form or use. 2. A 
plate of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it 
from injury. 3. A plate of iron, or slip of wood, nailed 
to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh or sled. 4. Some- 
thing in the form of a shoe, or answering a purpose anal- 
ogous to that of a shoe. 

Shoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SHOD ; p. pr. & vb. re. shoe- 
ing.] 1. To furnish with shoes ; to put shoes on. 2. 
To cover at the bottom. [boots. 

Shoe'-felaek, re. One who cleans and blacks shoes or 

Shoe'iiig-horn, re. 1. A curved piece of horn used to 
fa'cilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe. 2. Hence, 
any thing by which a transaction is facilitated. 

Shoe'-mak'er, n. One who makes shoes and boots. 

Sho'cr, n. One who fits shoes to the feet. 

Shoe'-tlc. re. A ribbon or string used for fastening a 
shoo to the foot. 

Shone, or Shone, imp. & p. p. of shine. See Shine. 

Shoo, intcrj. [Cf. N. H. Ger. scheuch.cn, to scare, drive 
away.] Ecgonc ; away; — used in scaring away fowls 
and other animals. 

Shook, imp. cf shake. Sec SHAKE. 

Shook, n. [Cf. Frov. Eng. shock, split, as wood is by 
shrinking, shake, a crack in wocd, a fissure in the earth.] 
(Com.) (a.) A ret cf staves sufficient in number fcr one 
hogshead, cask, barrel, and the like, (b.) A set of boards 
fcr a sugar-box. 

Shoot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shot ; p. pr. & vb. re. 
SHOOTING.] [A.-S. sccolan, scotian, Icel. skiCia, 0. II. 
Ger. sriozan; Skr. tskud, to send.] 1. To let fly or 
caurc to be driven with force, as an arrow or bullet. 2. 
To discharge and cause to be driven with violence. 3. 
To strike with any thing shot ; to hit with a missile. 4. 
To rend out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden 
motion; to discharge; to emit; to hurl. 5. To push or 
thrust forward. <B. To pars rapidly through or under. 
*<! . To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling. 

Shoot, v. i. 1. To perform the act cf discharging, rend- 
ing with force, or driving any thing by means cf an 
engine or instrument. 2. To be shot or propelled forci- 
bly ; to be emitted, rent forth, or driven along. 3. To 
be felt, as if darting through or.c. 4. To germinate ; to 
bud ; to sprout. 5. Hence, to make progress ; to grow ; 
to advance. 6>. To form by shcoting. 7. IIcr.ce, to 
spread over ; to overspread. 8. To be pushed out ; to 
jut ; to project. 

Shoot, n. 1. A ct of propelling or driving any thing with 
violence ; discharge cf a fire-r.rm cr bcwl. 2. Act of 
striking, cr endeavoring to strike, with a missive weapon. 
3. A j oung branch. 4. [Fr. chute. Sec Chute.] An 
inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which 
timber, coal, &c, are caused to slide; also, a narrow 
passage, cither natural or artificial, in a river, where the 
water rushes rapidly. [Amcr.] 

Shobt'er, re. 1. One who shoots ; an archer; a gunner; 
a shot. 2. That which shoots ; as, a fire-arm. [A:-ncr.] 

Shdbt'ing-rtiir. n. A star-like, luminous meteor, which, 
appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion 
of the sky and as suddenly disappears. 

Shop, re. [A.-S. sccoppa, a treasury, a storehouse.] 1. 
A building in which goods, wares, drugs, &c, arc sold 
by retail. 2. A building in which mechanics work. 
Syn. — Store ; warehouse. Sec Stoee. 

Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shopped (skopt) ; p. pr. & 

vb. re. SHOPPING.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. 
Shop'-Lbbk, re. A book in which a tradesman keeps 

his accounts. [cr by retail. 

Shop'-keep'cr, re. A trader who sells goods in a shop, 
Shop'-Kft'er, v. One who steals anything in a shop, 

or takes goods privately from a shop. 
Shop'-lift/ing, 11. Larceny committed in a shop. 
Shop'-man, n.; pi. shop'-men. 1. A petty trader; a 

shop-keeper ; a tradesman. 2. One who serves in a 

shop : a salesman. 
Shop'per, n. One who shops. 
Shore, n. [A.-S. score, from sceran, sciran, to shear, 

divide.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of 

water, as a sea or lake. 



5, e, &c, long; ft, c, Sac, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



SHORE 



665 



SHOW-BILL 



Shore, n. [D. schoor, Tcel. skorda.] A prop, or timber, 
placed as a brace or support on the side of a building or 
other thing. 

Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SHORED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHORING.] To support by a post or buttress ; to prop 

Shorl, n. [See Schorl,.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. 

Shor'ling, n. The skiu of a sheep shorn living. 

Shorn, p. p. of sliear. See Shear. 

Short, a. [compar. SHORTER ; superl. SHORTEST.] 
[A.-S. scort, sccort, prob. from the root of shear; 0. II. 
Ger. scurz, kurz, hurt, Icel. kortr, Lat. curlits.] 1. Not 
long ; having brief length, 2. Not extended in time ; 
having very limited duration. 3. Limited iu quantity ; 
inadequate ; insufficient ; scanty. 4. Insufficiently pro- 
vided ; inadequately supplied; lacking. 5. Deficient; 
defective ; imperfect ; not coming up, as jo a measure or 
standard. 6. Near at hand. 7. Limited in intellectual 
power or grasp ; not tenacious, as memory. 8. Less 
important, efficacious, or powerful; not equal or equiv- 
alent ; less. 9. Abrupt; petulant, id. {Cookery.) 
Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth : crisp. 11. 
Brittle; friable. 12. [Stock Exchange.) Engaging to 
deliver what is not possessed. 13. (Pron.) (a.) Pro- 
nounced with a less prolonged utterance, and with a 
somewhat thinner and mere slender sound ; — said of 
vowels, in English, a3 distinguished from the same when 
having the " long" sound; as, a in bit, e in m&t, ?! in 
pin, o in nut, u in hut, and the like, (b.) Less prolonged, 
simply, and distinguished from the same sound as of 
long quantitj' ; — said of the vowels in many languages, 
and cometime3 of vowel sounds in English. 

Short, n. 1. A summary account. 2. pi. The part 
of ground grain sifted out which 13 nest finer than the 
bran. 

In short, in few words; briefly; to sum up or close in a few 
words.— The long and short, the whole. 

Short, adv. In a short manuer, as briefly, limitedly, 
abruptly, suddenly, and the like. 

Shorl'-lbreatlird (-bretht), a. Having short breath, 
or quick respiration. 

Short'— eom'ing;, n. Act of failing cr coming short ; 
as, (a.) Failure of a crop, or the like. (b.) Neglect of, or 
failure in, performance of duty. 

Short'en (short'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shortened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. shortening.] [Sec Short, a.] 1. 
To make short in measure, extent, cr time. 2. To re- 
duce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent. 3. 
To make deficient iu rerpect to. 4. To make short or 
friable, as pastry, with butter or lard. 

Syn. — To lessen ; to abridge ; to curtail ; to contract ; to 
restrain; to deprive. 

Short/en (sh'jrt'n), v. i. 1. To become short or shorter. 
2. To contract. 

Short'^n-er, n. One who, or that which, shortens. 

Sh6rt'cn-iug, n. 1. A making or becoming short or 
shorter. 2. ( Cookery. ) That which renders pastry short 
or friable, as butter or lard. 

Short'-hand, n. A compendious method of writing by 
substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for 
words ; stenography. 

Sh6rt'=llv.' d, a. Not living or lasting long ; being of 
short continuance. 

Short'ly, adv. 1. In a short or brief time or manner. 
2. In few words ; briefly. 

Shdrt'iiess, n. Quality of being short; brevity; con- 
ciseness ; limited extent ; deficiency. 

Short'-sight (-sit), n. Short-sighte,dness. 

Shdrt'-sight'ed (-slt'ed), a. 1. Not able to see far ; 
near-sighted. 2. Not able to look far into futurity ; of 
limited intellect. 3. Having little regard for the future ; 
heedless. 

Short'-sIght'ed-neesC-sIt'ed-), n. 1. Inability to see 
things at a distance, or at the distance to which the sight 
ordinarily extends ; myopy. 2. Defective or limited 
intellectual sight. 

Short'-waist'ed, a. 1. Short from the armpits to the 
waist ; — said of persons. 2. Short from the shoulder 
to the commencement of the skirt, to the part about the 
waist, or to the narrowest and smallest part ; — said of 
garments. 

Short'- wmd'ed, a. Affected with shortness of breath. 

Short'-wit'ted, a. Having little wit ; not wise. 

Sh5t, imp. & p. p. of shoot. See Shoot. 

Shot, n.; pi. shot, or SHOTS. [A.-S. scyt.e, a blow; 
Icel. skot, a throwing, a javelin See Shoot.] 1. Act 
of shooting; discharge of a missile weapon. 2. A mis- 
sile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet. 3. Small 



globular masses of lead, for killing birds and other small 
animals. 4. Flight of a missile weapon, or the distance 
which it passes from the engine. 5. A marksman ; one 
who practices shooting. [scot. 

Shot, n. [See Scot.] Share or proportion ; reckoning ; 

Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHOTTING.] To load with shot over a cartridge. 

Shote, n. [A.-S. sceota. a shooting or darting fish, a 
trout, from sceolan, to shoot.] 1. A fish resembling the 
trout. 2. A young hog ; a shoat. 

Shot'- free, a. Free from charge ; exempted from any 
share of expense ; scot-free. 

Shot'-prop, n. (Naut.) A wooden prop covered with 
tarred hemp H to stop a hole made by the shot of an 
enemy in a ship's side. [spawn. 

Shot'ten (shot'tn), a. [From shoot.] Having ejected the 
Sholten herring, a gutted herring dried for keeping; hence, a 
mean, meager fellow. 

Shough (shok), n. A kind of shaggy dog ; a shock. 

Should (shcTod), imp. of s'.a'J. Sec Shall ; also Ought. 

Shoul'der, n. [0. Eng. shulder, A.-S. sculdor, 0. II. 
Ger. scultarra, scultirra, scultra, sculdra, probably from 
Icel. skyla, to cover, defend, and allied to shield.'} 1. 
(Anat.) The joint by which the arm of a human being, 
or the fore leg of a quadruped, is connected with the 
body. 2. The flesh and muscles connected with the 
shoulder-joint ; and hence, the upper part of the back. 

3. Hence, that which supports or sustains ; support. 

4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any 
protuberance or projecting appendage from the body of 
a thing. 5. The fore leg of an animal dressed for 
market. I 

Shoul'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shouldered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the 
shoulder ; to push with violence. 2. To take upon the 
shoulder. 

Shoul'der-lbelt, 11. A belt that passes across the 
shoulder. 

Shoul'der-Tbladc, n. (Anat.) The flat bone of the 
shoulder, or blade-bone. 

Shoul'der-knot (not), n. An ornamental knot of 
ribbon or lace, worn on the shoulder ; a kind cf epaulet. 

Shoul'der- strap, n. A strap worn on or over the 
shoulder; specifically (Mil. & Naval.), a narrow strap 
worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicat- 
ing, by suitable devices, the rink he holds. 

Shout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHOUTING.] [Perhaps originally a contraction from 
shoot out.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, usually 
in joy, triumph, or exultation. 

Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry. 2. To 
treat with shouts or clamor. 

Shout, n. A loud burst of voice or voices ; a vehement 
and sudden outcry, especially of a multitude. 

Shove (shuv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shoved ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SHOVING.] [A.-S. sceofan. scxi/an, Icel. skufa, 
0. II. Ger. & Goth, skiuban.] 1. To drive along by the 
direct application of strength , without a sudden impulse ; 
to push. 2. To push along, aside, or away, in a care- 
less or rude manner ; to jostle. 

Shove (shiiv), v. i. 1. To push or drive forward. 2. To 
push off; to move in a boat or with a pole. 

Shove, n. The act of shoving, pushing, or pressing. 

Shov'el (shuv'l), n. [A.-S. serf/, sceojl. from sceofan, to 
shove.] A familiar instrument for throwing earth or 
loose substances. 

ShovVl, v. t. [imp. & p.p. SHOVELED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. shoveling.] 1. To take up and throw with a 
shovel. 2. To gather in great quantities. 

Show, v. t. [imp. showed ; p. p. shown, or showed ; 
p. pr. & vb. ii. SHOWING.] [A.-S. scawian, sceawian, 
scewian, to look, see, view, 0. II. Ger. scawCn, scouwOn, 
Goth, scavjan, Icel. skoda.] 1. To exhibit or present to 
view ; to exhibit. 2. To cause to see ; to enable to per- 
ceive. 3. To teach ; to inform ; to point out to. 4. Hence, 
to usher or guide ; to conduct. 5. To make apparent or 
clear by evidence, testimony, or reasoning ; to prove ; to 
evince; to explain. &. To bestow ; to confer ; to afford. 

Show, v. i. To appear ; to look ; to seem. 

To show off, to make a show; to display one's self. 

Show, n. 1. Act of showing or bringing to view ; ap- 
pearance ; exhibition. 2. That which is shown or 
brought to view ; a spectacle. 3. Proud or ostentatious 
display; parade; pomp. 4. Semblance: likeness; ap- 
pearance. 5. Pretext : specious plausibility. 

Show'-lbill, n. A broad sheet containing an advertise- 
ment, in large letters, placed at shop doors, windows, &c. 



food, foot; urn, ru.de, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 






SHOW-BREAD 



666 



SHUDDER 



Show'-br6ad, n. (Jewish Antiq.) Loaves of bread which 

the priest of the week placed before the Lord, on the 

golden table in the sanctuary. 
Sliow'er, n. One who shows or exhibits. 
Show'er, n. [A.-S. scur, sceor, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. sk&r, 

Goth, skura.] 1. A fall of rain or hail of short duration. 

2. That which resembles a shower in falling through the 

air copiously and rapidly. 
Sliow'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. showered ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. showering-.] 1. To water with a shower; to wet 

copiously with rain. 2. To bestow liberally. 
Sliow'er, v. i. To rain in showers. 
Show'er-bath, n. A bath in which water is showered 

upon the person, by some contrivance, from above ; also, 

a contrivance for effecting this. 
Show'er-y, a. 1. Raining in showers. 2. Pertaining 

to, or produced by, showers. 
Show'i-ly, adv. In a showy manner ; pompously. 
Show'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being showy. 
Show'y, a. [compar. showier ; superl. SHOWIEST.] 

Making a show ; attracting attention ; presenting a 

marked appearance. 
Syn. — Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; 

grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous; ostentatious. 
Shrank:, imp. of shrink. See Shrink. 
Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shred; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SHREDDING.] [A.-S. screddian, 0. H. Ger. scrotan, Goth. 

skreitan.] To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly 

narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. 
Slired, n. 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a 

strip. 2. A fragment ; a piece, 
ehrew (shru), n. [Prop, a brawler, from L. Ger. schrauen, 

to cry harshly and noisily, to bawl, brawl, D. schreeuwen.] 

1. A brawling, turbulent, vexatious woman; a scold. 

2. [A.-S. scredwa.] A shrew-mouse. 

Shrewd (shrud), a. [compar. shrewder; superl. 
SHREWDEST.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v. t.] 1. 
Disposed to be critical and censorious. 2. Astute ; pene- 
trating ; discriminating. 3. Involving or displaying an 
astute or sagacious judgment. 

Syn. — Keen; vexatious; troublesome; critical; subtle; 
artful ; discerning ; acute ; sagacious. — Slirewd originally 
meant keen, but fault- finding or contentions. This latter sense 
is now dropped, and yet, perhaps, it slightly influences the 
present application of the word. One who is shrewd is keen to 
detect errors, to penetrate false disgruises, to foresee and guard 
against the selfishness of others. It is not, therefore, a word 
of as much dignity as sagacious, which leads us to think of a 
man as possessing a comprehensive as well as penetrating 
mind, whereas shrewd does not. 

Shrewd'ly (shryid'ly), adv. Archly ; sagaciously ; with 

good guess. 
Shrew d'ness (shrud 7 -), n. Quality or state of being 

shrewd ; astuteness ; sagacity. 
Shrew'ish (shryj'ish), a. Having the qualities of a 

shrew ; froward ; peevish ; petulantly clamorous. 
Shrew'ish-ly (shru/ish-), adv. In a shrewish manner ; 

peevishly ; clamorously ; turbulently. 
Shrew'ish-ness (shru/ish-), n. The state of being 

shrewish ; frowardness ; petulance ; clamorousness. 
Shrew'-mouse(shrn/-),n. (Zool.) An insectivorous an- 
imal which burrows in the ground. 
Shriek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shrieked (shreekt) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. shrieking.] [See Screak and Screech.] 

1. To utter a loud, sharp, shrill cry ; to scream, as in a 

sudden fright, in horror or anguish. 2. To mourn with 

sharp, shrill cries. 
Shriek, v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly. 
Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream, such as is 

produced by sudden terror or extreme anguish. 
Shriev'al-ty, n. [Contracted from sheriffalty.] Office 

or sphere of jurisdiction of a sheriff; sheriffalty. 
Shrift, n. [A.-S. scrift, from sen/an, to shrive.] Confes- 
sion made to a priest! 
Shrike, n. [From shriek, q. v.] ( Ornith.) A rapacious 

bird. It is common in Europe. 
Shrill, a. [compar. SHRILLER ; superl. SHRILLEST.] 

[L. Ger. schrill, schrell.] Uttering an acute sound ; sharp ; 

piercing. 
Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p.p. SHRILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SHRILLING.] 1. To utter an acute, piercing sound ; to 

sound in a sharp, shrill tone. 2. To have an acute or 

piercing effect. 
Shrill, v. t. 1. To cause to make a shrill sound ; to 

utter in a shrill tone. 2. To pierce ; to penetrate ; to 

wound. 
Shrill'ness, n. The state of being shrill or acute in 

sound ; sharpness or fineness of voice. [or voice. 

Shril'ly, adv. In a shrill manner ; with a sharp sound 




Shrilly, a. Somewhat shrill or piercing ; sharp. [Poet. 

Shrimp, n. [Prov. Eng. shrimp, 
any thing very small ; A.-S. scrim- 
man, to dry, dry up, wither.] 1. 
(Zool.) A long-tailed, decapod 
crustacean. There are numerous 
species, some of which are used for^ 
food. 2. A little, wrinkled man : 
a dwarf; — in contempt. 

Shrine, n. [SeeScRINE.] 1. A Shrimp, 

case, box, or receptacle, especially 

one in which sacred relics are deposited. 2. Hence, any 
sacred or hallowed place ; an altar ; a place of worship. 

Shrink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shrunk : p. pr. & vb. n. 
shrinking. The old imp. shrank, and ^./(.SHRUNK- 
EN, are nearly obsolete.] [A.-S. scrincan.] 1. To be- 
come wrinkled by contraction ; to shrivel ; to contract ; 
to dry up. 2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; 
to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. 

Shrink, v. t. To cause to contract. 

Shrink, n. Act of shrinking ; contraction ; recoil. 

Shrink'age, n. 1. Contraction into a less compass. 

2. Reduction in the bulk or dimensions of any thing by 
shrinking. 

Shrink'er, n. One who shrinks. 

Shrive, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. SHRIVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHRIVING.] [A.-S. scrifan, Icel. skrifta.} 1. To hear 
or receive the confession of;— said of a priest. 2. To 
confess ; — used reflexively. 

Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions. 

Shriv'el (shrlv'l), v. i. [Cf. Icel. skrifl, a thing torn, and 
Eng. rivel.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles. 

Shriv'el,t\ t. [imp. & p. p. shriveled; p. pr. & 
vb. n. shriveling.] To cause to shrink or contract. 

Shroud, n. [A.-S. scr&d, a garment, shroud, Icel. skrfld, 
adorned, clothed, skreyta, to adorn.] 1. That which 
clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. 2. Es- 
pecially, a winding-sheet. 3. 
Hence, that which clothes, cov- 
ers, or shelters, like a shroud. 
4. pi. (Naul.) A set of ropes 
reaching from the mast-heads to 
the sides of a vessel, to support 
the masts. 

Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
shrouding.] 1. Tocoverwith 
a shroud ; especially, to inclose 
in a winding-sheet. 2. To cover, 
as with a shroud ; to hide ; to 
veil. 

Shrove'-tide, \n. [From 

Shrove'-Tueg'day, ) shrove, Shrouds, 

imp. of shrive, to take a confession. See Tide and 
Tuesday.] The Tuesday following Quinquagesima Sun- 
day, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash- Wed- 
nesday. 

KIT - It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for 
the people to confess their sins to their parish priests. 

Shrub, n. [A.-S. scrob, scrobb, scrybe.] A low, dwarf 
tree ; a woody plant of a size less than a tree. 

Shrub, n. [See Sirup and Sherbet.] A liquor com- 
posed of acid and sugar, with spirit to preserve it. 

Shriib'ber-y, n. 1. A collection of shrubs taken as a 
whole. 2. A place where shrubs are planted. 

ShrubHbi-ness, n. State or quality of being shrubby. 

Shru.b'by, a. [compar. SHRUBBIER; superl. SHRUB- 
BIEST.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Resembling a shrub. 

3. Consisting of shrubs or brush. 

Shrug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shrugged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHRUGGING.] [Allied to shrink, p. p. shrunk.] To draw 
up ; to contract, especially by way of expressing dislike, 
dread, doubt, or the like. 

Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in ex- 
pressing horror, dissatisfaction, aversion, dread, doubt, 
or the like. 

Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders — a motion 
usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt. 

Shriink'en, p. p. of shrink. See Shrink. 

Shuck, n. [Allied to Ger. schote, a husk, pod, shell.] A 
shell or covering; a husk or pod ; especially, the covering 
of a nut. 

Shud'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shuddered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SHUDDERING.] [0. D. schudderen, schudden,B.. 
Ger. schaudern, from D. schu.dden. 0. H. Ger. scutian, 
scuttan, scuten, to shake.] To tremble orshake with fear, 
horror, or aversion ; to shiver with cold ; to quake. 

Shud'der, n. A shaking with fear or horror ; a tremor. 




a, e, 8LC.,long;a,,&,&,c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf t 



SHUFFLE 



667 



SIDEROGRAPHICAL 



Shiif' fie (shtiffl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shuffled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SHUFFLING.] [Dim. of shove. See SHOVE.] 
1. To shove one way and the other ; to push from one 
to another. 2. To mix by pushing or shoving ; to con- 
fuse ; to throw into disorder ; especially, to change the 
relative positions of, as cards in the pack. 

Shuffle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of 
cards in a pack. 2. To shift ground ; to practice shifts 
to elude detection. 3. Hence, to use arts or expedients ; 
to make shift ; to struggle. 4. To move in a slovenly, 
dragging manner. 

Syn.— To equivocate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; evade; 
sophisticate. 

Shuffle, n. 1. Act of shuffling; act of mixing and 
throwing into confusion by change of places. 2. An 
evasion ; a trick ; an artifice. 

Shuffler, n. One who shuffles or prevaricates. 

Shun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shunned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SHUNNING.] [A.-S. scilnian, sceonian, allied to D. 
schuinen, to slope.] To avoid ; to keep clear of ; to get 
out of the way of ; to escape from ; to neglect. 

Shunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shunted; /;. pr. & vb. n. 
shunting.] [See Shun, and also Shunt, n., infra.] To 
turn off to one side ; especially, to turn off, as a railway car- 
riage upon a side track ; to switch off; hence, to put off 

Shunt, v. i. To go aside ; to turn off. [upon one. 

Shunt, n. [D. schuinte, slopeness ; declivity ; or contr. 
from shun it.] ( Railways.) A turn off to a side or short 
rail that the principal rail may be left free. 

Shut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SHUT ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHUT- 
TING.] [A.-S. scyttan, scittan, to shut or lock up, prob. 
allied to Ger. shutzen, to defend, protect, shut.] 1, To 
close, as the fingers ; to contract. 2. To close so as to 
hinder ingress or egress. 3. To forbid entrance into ; to 
prohibit ; to bar. 

Shut, v. i. To close itself; to become closed. 

Shut, p. a. (Pron.) Having the sound suddenly inter- 
rupted or stopped by a succeeding consonant, as the i in 
pit, the o in hop. 

Shut'ter, n. 1. One who shuts or closes. 2. A close 
cover for a window or other aperture. 

Shut' tie, n. [A.-S. scedtel, sreadhel, a weaver's shuttle, 
from sceotan, to shoot.] 1. An instrument used by 
weavers for passing the thread of the woof from one side 
of the cloth to the other, between the threads of the 
warp. 2. A shuttlecock. 

Shut'tle-eock, ) n. A cork stuck with feathers, used 

Shut'tle-eork, j to be struck by a battledoor in play ; 
also, the play itself. 

Shy,_ a. [compar. SHYER; superl. SHYEST.] [A.-S. 
sceoh, Icel. skyggr, 0. H. Ger. sciuhan, to shun, avoid, 
be shy.] 1. Sensitively timid ; reserved. 2. Easily 
frightened ; timid. 3. Cautious ; wary ; suspicious. 

Syn. — Coy.— Coy (originally from Lat. quietus) has refer- 
ence to that quiet caution and reserve with which a delicate fe- 
male shrinks from the approacli of the other sex; shyness is a 
characteristic of sensitive minds, leading them to avoid society 
from the pain it gives them to meet others. This pain often 
springs from " an excessive self-consciousness, and a continual 
impression that every one is looking at them." It therefore 
usually produces awkwardness, and sometimes a reserve or 
stateliness of manner which is too often mistaken for pride. 

Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shied ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHY- 
ING.] To start suddenly aside, as if a little frightened. 

Shy'ly, adv. In a shy or timid manner ; not familiarly ; 
with reserve. 

Shy'ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. 
Syn. — Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity. 

Si- (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the sev- 
enth tone of the major diatonic scale. 

Sl-al'o-gogue, n. [Gr. ariakov, spittle, saliva, and a-yoo- 
yos, leading, from ayeiv, to lead.J (Med.) A medicine 
that promotes the flow of saliva. 

Sib'i-lant, a. [Lat. sibilans, p. pr. of sibilare, to hiss.] 
Making a hissing sound ; uttered with a hissing sound ; 
hissing. 

Sib'i-lant, n. A letter that is uttered with a hissing of 
the voice, as s and z. [the sound itself. 

Sib'i-la'tion, n. Utterance with a hissing sound ; also, 

Sib'yl, n. [Lat. sibylla, Gr. o-Cfivkka, a prophetess, prop- 
erly she that tells the will of Jupiter, from Doric 2ios 
pokka,, from 2tds, Doric for Atos, gen. of Zevs, Jupiter, 
and fiokka, for flovkri, counsel.] 1. (Pagan Antiq.) A 
woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy. 
2. Hence, a female fortune-teller, or gypsy. 

Sib'yl-llne, a. Pertaining to the sibyls ; uttered, writ- 
ten, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of 
sibyls. 



Sibylline books, books or documents of prophecies in verse, 

supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire, and said to 

have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. 

Sle'ci-ty, n. [Lat. siccitas, from siccus, dry.] Dryness ; 

aridity ; destitution of moisture. ' [dice. 

Sice (slz), n. [From Lat. sex, six.] The number six at 

Sick, a. [compar. SICKER ; superl. SICKEST.] [0. Eug. 

seke,q. v., A.-S. syc, sioc,seoc, Goth, siuks, Icel. siiilcr.] 

1. Affected with, or attended by, nausea ; inclined to 
vomit. 2. Having a strong dislike ; disgusted. 3. Af- 
fected with disease of any kind. 

Sick headache {Med.), a variety of headache attended with 
disorder of the stomach and nausea. 

Syn. —Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; 
weak; ailing; feeble; morbid. 
Sick'en (sik'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sickened ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SICKENING.] 1. To make qualmish ; to disgust. 

2. To make sick ; to disease. 

Sick'en, v. i. 1. To be filled to disgust ; to be filled with 
abhorrence ; to be satiated. 2. To become disgusting or 
tedious. 3. To become sick. 

Sick'ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 2. Excit- 
ing sickness or disgust ; nauseating ; nauseous. 

Sick'ish-ness, n. Quality of being sickish, or of ex- 
citing disgust. 

Slck'le (sik'1), n. [A.-S. sicol, sicel, 0. H. Ger. sihhila, 
Lat. secula, from secare, to cut, Gr. gay/ckr), £dy/cA.ov, 
orig. a Sicilian word.] A reaping-hook ; a hooked instru- 
ment with teeth, used for cutting grain. 

Sick'le-man, n. ; pi. sick'le-men. One who uses a 
sickle ; a reaper. 

Sick'less, a. Free from sickness or disease. 

Sick'li-ness, n. 1. State of being sickly ; state of be- 
ing habitually diseased. 2. State of producing sickness 
extensively. 3. Disposition to generate disease extensively. 

Sick'ly, a. [compar. sicklier ; superl. SICKLIEST.] 
1. Somewhat sick ; disposed to illness ; tending to dis- 
ease. 2. Producing or tending to disease. 3. Appear- 
ing as if sick. 

Syn.— Diseased ; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy, 
healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint. 

Sick'ness, n. [A.-S. seocness, equiv. to suht, Ger. sueht.] 
1. State of being sick or diseased. 2. A disease or 
malady ; especially, nausea. 
Syn. — Illness; disease; malady. See Illness. 

Side, n. [A.-S. side, Icel. sida, 0. H. Ger. slta, from A.-S. 
sidan, to be extended, s'td, large, spacious, Icel. sidr, 
loose.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a sur- 
face ; especially, one of the longer edges. 2. One of the 
surfaces which define or limit a solid, especially one of 
the longer surfaces. 3. Any outer portion of a thing 
considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; 
also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or con- 
trasted with another. 4. One half of the body consid- 
ered as opposite to the other half ; the part of the body 
about the ribs. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill. 
6. Position of a person or party regarded as opposed to 
another person or party ; a body of advocates or parti- 
sans. 7. The interest or cause which one maintains 
against another ; a doctrine opposed to another doctrine ; 
hence, interest ; favor. 8. A line of descent traced 

. through one parent, as distinguished from that traced 
through another. 

Side, a. 1. Being on the side ; or toward the side ; lat- 
eral. 2. Hence, indirect ; oblique; collateral. 

Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sided ; p. pr. & vb. n. SID- 
ING.] To embrace the opinions of one party, or engaga 
in its interest, when opposed to another party. 

STde'board, n. A piece of cabinet work, placed on on© 
side in a dining-room to hold dishes, and the like. 

Sid'ed, a. Having a side ; — used in composition. 

Side'ling, a. Inclining to one side ; directed toward on& 
side ; sloping ; inclined. 

Side'long, a. Lateral ; oblique ; not directly in front. 

Slde'lSng, adv. 1. Laterally; obliquely; in the direc- 
tion of the side. 2. On the side. 

Sid'er-al, a. [See infra.] Relating to the stars ; hence, 
affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the 
stars ; baleful. 

Si-de're-al (89), a. [Lat. sideralis, and sidereus, from 
sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star.] 1. Relating to 
the stars; starry; astral. 2. (Astron.) Measured by 
the apparent motion of the stars ; pertaining to, or desig- 
nated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the 
same position in respect to the stars. 

Sid'er-o-graph'ie, ) a. Pertaining to siderography, 

Sid'er-o-graph'ie-al, J or performed by engraved 
plates of steel. 



food, f dot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



SIDEROGRAPHY 



668 



SILENCE 



^ld'er-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. <n'Srjpo?, iron, and ypdfciv, 
to engrave, write.] Art or practice of steel engraving. 

Sid'er-o-s-eope, n. [Gr. o-iSrjpos, iron, and a-KemeoQai, 
o-Konelv, to view, explore.] An instrument for detecting 
small quantities of iron in any substance. 

Side'-sad'dle (-sad'dl), n. A saddle for a woman to sit 
upon when on horseback. 

Sides/man, n. ; pi. sides/men. An assistant to the 
churchwarden. 

Side'walk (-wawk), n. A raised way for foot-passengers 
at the side of a street or road. [Amer.] 

Side'wayg, adv. The same as Side wise. 

Side'wige, adv. 1. Toward one side ; inclining. 2. 
Lateralty : on one side. 

Sl'dle (sl'dl) v. i. [imp. & p. p. sidled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SIDLING.] To go or move side foremost. 

Siege, n. [Fr. siege, a seat, a siege, from Lat. sedes,a 
seat, sedere, to sit.] 1. The setting of an army around 
or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling 
the garrison to surrender. 2. Hence, a continued at- 
tempt to gain possession. 

Si'en-Ite, n. See Syenite. 

SI-en'na, n. [From Sienna, in Italy.] An earthy pig- 
ment of a brownish -yellow color ; — it is a silicate of iron 
and alumina. 

S'i-er'vd, n. [Sp., from Lat. serra, a saw, from the resem- 
blance to the teeth of a saw.] A saw-like ridge of moun- 
tains and craggy rocks. 

S'i-es'td, n. [Sp., from Lat. sexta (sc. hora), the sixth 
hour, sc. of the day after sunrise.] A short sleep taken 
about the middle of the day, or after dinner. 

Sieve, ii. [A.-S. sife, L. Ger. seve, sef } D. zeef, zift, 0. 
II. Ger. sip, N. II. Ger. sieb, Dan. sie,sigte, Iccl. s'.a, Sw. 
sikt.] 1. A utensil for separating the fine part of any 
pulverized or fine substance from the coarse. 2. A kind 
of coarse basket. 

Sift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SIFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SIFT- 
ING.] [A.-S. si/tan, from sife, sieve.] 1. To separate by 
a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse. 
2. To separate or part as if by a sieve. 3. To separate 
the good or bad of; to analyze ; hence, to scrutinize. 

Sif t'er, n. One who sifts ; that which sifts ; a sieve. 

Sigh (si), v. i. [imp. & p. p. SIGHED ; //. pr. & vb. n. 
SIGHING.] [A.-S. slcan, siccettan, scofian, siofian, O. 
H. Ger. suftZn.] 1. To make a deep single respiration, 
especially as the result or involuntary expression of fa- 
tigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like. 2. Hence, 
to lament ; to grieve. 3. To make a sound like sighing. 

Sigh (si), v. t. 1. To utter sighs over; to lament or 
mourn over. 2. To express by sighs. 

Sigh (si), ii. 1. A single deep respiration ; a long breath. 

2. Hence, a manifestation of grief or sorrow. 
Sigh'er (si'er), n. One who sighs. 

Sight (sit), n. [A.-S. sikt, gesiht, from the root of see, 
q. v.] 1. Act of seeing; perception of objects by the 
eye; view. 2. Power of seeing; the faculty of vision. 

3. State of admitting unobstructed vision : visibility ; 
region which the eye at one time surveys. 4. That 
which is seen. 5. Inspection; examination. 6. In- 
strument of seeing; the eye. 7. A small aperture 
through which objects are to be seen, and by which the 
direction is settled or ascertained. 8. A piece of metal 
near the muzzle, or another near the breech, of a fire- 
arm, to guide the e3 7 e in taking aim. 9. A great num- 
ber, quantity, or sum. [ Colloq., Eng. & Amcr.] 

Syn.— Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; ex- 
hibition. 

Sight (sit), v. t. [imp. & p.p. SIGHTED; p.pr. & vb. 
n. SIGHTING.] 1. To get sight of ; to see. 2. To look 
at through a sight; to see accurately. 3. (Mil.) To 
give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a 
sight. 

Sight (sit), v. i. 1. To obtain a distinct view. 2. (Mil.) 
To take aim by a sight ; to take sight. 

Sightless (sit'les), a. 1. Wanting sight; blind. 2. 
Offensive or unpleasing to the eye ; unsightly. 

Sight'li-ness (sit'-), n. State of being sightly ; comeli- 
ness. 

Sight'ly (slt'ly), a. 1. Open to sight; conspicuous. 2. 
Pleasing to the sight ; comely. 

Sight'^see'ing (sit'-), a. Given to seeing sights ; eager 
for novelties or curiosities. 

Sig'mcid, )a. [Gr. o-iyjaoeiSiys, from o-ty/u-a, sigma, 

Sig-moid'al, I and e'Sos, form, likeness.] Curved in 
two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek ?. 

Sign (sin), n. [Lat. signum..] That by which any thing 
is made known or represented ; that which furnishes evi- 



dence ; hence, specifically, (a.) A remarkable event, con- 
sidered by the ancients as indicating the will of a deity. 
(b.) Hence, something serving to indicate the existence, 
or preserve the memory, of a thing, (c.) Any symbol or 
emblem which prefigures, typifies, or represents, an idea. 
id.) A word regarded as the outsvard manifestation of 
thought, (e.) A motion, action, or gesture, by which 
a thought is expressed, or a command or wish made 
known. (/.) Hence, one of the conventional manual 
motions by which conversation is carried on, as by the 
deaf and dumb, (g ) A conspicuous notice placed before 
a house to advertise the business there transacted. (//.) 
(Astron.) The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac. (?'.) 
(Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, 
or an operation performed upon them, (j.) (Mus.) Any 
character, as a flat, sharp, dot, &c. 

Sign-manual {Eng. Laio.), the royal signature (superscribed at 
the top of bills of grants ixn( \ letters-patent; the signature of 
one's name in his own handwriting. 

Syn.— Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; symbol: 
type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. 

Sign (sin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. signed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
signing.] 1. To represent by a sign ; to signify. 2. 
To affix a signature to ; to notify by hand or seal. 

Sign (sin), v. ?'. To make a sign or signal ; to communicate 
intelligence by signs. 

Sig'nal, n. [Low Lat. signale, from Lat. signum. See 
SIGN.] 1. A sign which has been agreed upon to give 
notice of some occurrence, command, or danger, to a 
person at a distance, or, as the occasion of concerted ac- 
tion. 2. Hence, a token ; an indication. [is ordinary. 

Sig'nal, a. [From the noun.] Distinguished from what 
Syn.— Eminent; remarkable; memorable ; extraordinary; 
notable; conspicuous. 

Sig'nal, i'. t. [imp. & p. p. signaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
signaling.] To communicate by signals. 

Sig'nal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. signalized ; p. pr. 
& vb. ii. SIGNALIZING.] [From signal.] 1. To make 
signal or eminent. 2. To communicate with by means 
of a signal. 3. To indicate the existence, presence, or 
fact of, by a signal. 

Sig'nal-ly, adv. In a signal manner ; eminently ; re- 
markably. 

Sisr'na-ture (53), n. [Low Lat. signatura, from Lat. sig- 
nare, signatum. See SIGN, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or 
mark impressed. 2. Especially, the name of any person 
written with his own hand ; a sign-manual. 3. (Mus.) 
The flats or sharps at the beginning of a composition, 
which indicate the key or scale. 4. (Print.) A letter 
or figure by which the sheets of a book or pamphlet are 
distinguished and their order designated. [name. 

Sign'er (sm'er), n. One who signs or subscribes his 

Sig'net, n. [0. Fr., diminutive of signe. See Sign, n.] 
A seal ; especially, the seal used by the sovereign in seal- 
ing private letters, and grants that pass by bill under the 
sign-manual. [Eng.] 

Sig-mf i-eance, In. 1. State of being significant. 2. 

Sig-nif'i-ean-cy, I That which is signified. 3. Mo- 
ment ; weight ; consequence. 
Syn.— Meaning; import; importance; force. 

Sig-nif 'i-eant, a . [Lat. significans, p. pr. of signifi- 
care.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known 
something; standing as a sign or token. 2. Deserving 
to be considered ; important ; momentous. 

Sig-nif 'i-eant-ly, adv. In a significant manner. 

Sig'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of signifying or making 
known. 2. That which is signified or made known. 

Sig-nif'i-ea-tlve, a. 1. Betokening or representing by 
an external sign. 2. Having signification or meaning. 

Sig'ni-fi-ea/tor, n. One who, or that which, signifies. 

Sig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SIGNIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. signifying.] [Lat. significare, from signum, a rfgn, 
and facer e, to make.] 1. To make known by a sign ; to 
communicate by any conventional token. 2. To convey 
the notion of. 3. To make known. 

Syn. — To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; be- 
token; denote; imply; mean. 

Sig'ni-fy, v. i. To express meaning with force. 

Sign'ior \ (seen'yur), n. Sir ; Mr. ; — a title of respect 

S'irjn'or \ or of address among the Italians. 

S'iffn-o'rd (seen-yo^a), n. [It.] Madam ; Mrs. ; — a title 
of address or respect among the Italians. 

Sign'-post (sin'-), n. A post on which a sign hangc, or 
on which papers are placed to give public notice of any 
thing. 

Si'lence, n. [See Silent.] 1. State of being silent; 
entire absence of sound or noise. 2. Forbearance from. 



a,,e,&c.,long; a, a, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; £re, veil, term; pique, flrin; son, or, do, wolf, 



SILENCE 



669 



SIMOOM 



Hint, quartz, 

f 



or absence of, speech. 3. Secrecy. 4. Cessation of 
rage, agitation, or tumult ; calmness ; quiet. 5. Ab- 
sence of mention ; oblivion. 
Syn. — Stillness; muteness; taciturnity. 

S5'leii9e, inter/. Be silent; — used elliptically for let 
t.'iere be silence, or keep silence. 

SI'lence, r. t. [imp. & p. p. silenced (108) ; p. r r - & 
vb. n.' SILENCING.] 1. To compel to silence; to cause 
to be still ; to still. 2. To put to rest ; to quiet. [Amer.] 

Sl'lcnt, a. [Lat. silens, sile7itis, p. pr. of silere, to be 
silent.] 1. Free from sound or noise ; absolutely still. 

2. Indisposed to talk ; speechless ; mute ; habitually 
taciturn. 3. Keeping at rest; inactive. 4. (Pron.) 
Not pronounced ; having no sound ; quiescent. 5. Not 
engaged in active business, or not generally known to be 
so engaged ; dormant. 

Syn. — Mute; taciturn ; dumb ; speechless; quiet; still. 
Scc"Mute r.nd Tacituen. 

SI'lent-ly, adv. In a silent manner ; quietly. 

SIMent-ness, n. State cf being silent ; silence. 

Si-le'ri-rs. (-H'shi-a, 95). ft. A kind of thin, coarse linen 
cloth, originally made in Silesia. 

Si'lcx, n. [Lat., a hint.] (Mm.) Silicic acid, generally 
impure, as itii fouudin nature, constituting Hint, quartz, 
and most sand": and saudstones. 

Sil'liqii -ette (-iKcfo-et), n. [Fr., so called 
froni'Etieane Silhouette, a Trench minister 
of finance, about Ii57, who tried to arrange 
every thi::g in <he most economical way, so 
that every new, and not very expensive, 
fashion at that time was called cl la Silhou- 
ette.] A representation cf the outlines of 
an object fi.lcd in with a black color ; a _. 
profile. Silhouette. 

Sil'i-ca, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. silex, silicis, a flint.] 
( Citem.) Silicic acid in a state of purity. Sec SILICIC. 

Si-K'csouls 1 (si-lisb/iis), a. [Lat. siliceus, from silcx, 

Si-K'cious } silicis, a fijnt.] Pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, silica, or partaking of its nature and qualities. 

SI-lic'ic, a. [From Lat. silcx, silicis, a flint.] (Chem.) 
Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, hint or quartz. 

Silicic acid, an acid composed of one equivalent of silicon 
and three of oxygen. "When pure, it is a light, white powder. 
Rock-crystal, flint, and other varieties of quartz, are nearly 
pure silicic acid. 

ST-li'ci-iim (si-lTsh^-um), n. Silicon. See Silicon. 

S.il'i-cle (sil'i-kl), n. [Lat. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod 
or husk.] (Dot.) A seed-vessel resembling a silique, but 
about a3 broad as long. 

SH'i-con, n. [See Silica.] (Chem.) A dark, nut-brown, 
elementary substance, destitute cf metallic luster, and a 
non-conductor of electricity. It 13 the base of silex, or 
silica. 

Sll'i-qua, n. ; pi. sil'i-qUjE. The same as Silique, q. v. 

Sil'iquo (sihik or si-lGk'), n. [Lat. siliqua, a pod or 
husk , a very small weight or measure.] ( Bot. ) An oblong 
seed-vessel, consisting of two valves, and a dissepiment 
between, and opening by sutures at either margin, with 
the seeds attached to both edges of the dissepiment, and 
alternately upon each side of it. 

Sil'i-quoiis, a. (Bot.) Bearing siliques ; pertaining to or 
resembling siliques. 

Silk, ft. [A.-S. scolc, seoloc, from Lat.sericum, Seric stuff, 
silk. See Sericeous.] 1. The fine, soft thread, pro- 
duced by various species of caterpillars in the form of a 
cocoon, especially that produced by the silk-worm. 2. 
Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above- 
named material. 3. The filiform styles of the female 
flower of maize. 

STlk'en (sihVn), a. 1. Made of, resembling, or pertain- 
ing to, silk. 2. Hence, soft, delicate, tender, smooth. 

3. Dressed in silk. 

Silk'i-ness*, n. State of being silky or silken ; softness 
and smoothness. 

Silk'-meVcer, n. A dealer in silks. 

§Ilk'-worm (-wflrm), n. (Entom.) The caterpillar 
which produces silk ; the larve of a white or cream-col- 
ored moth. 

Sllk'y, a. [compar. SILKIER ; superl. SILKIEST.] 1. 
Made of, resembling, or pertaining to, silk ; silk-like. 2. 
Hence, soft and smooth ; also, pliant ; yielding. 

Sill, ft. [A.-S. syl, syll, 0. H. Ger. suelli, prob. from Goth. 
suljan, gasuljan, to lay a foundation, to found.] The 
basis or foundation of a thing; as, the sills of a house, 
of a bridge, of a loom, and the like; hence, (a.) The 
timber or stone at the foot of a door ; the threshold, (b.) 
The timber or stone on which a window-frame stands. 



SH'la-bulb, ftr [Cf. Prov. Eng. sile, to strain, and bub, 

liquor.] A mixture of wine or cider with milk, forming 

a soft curd. 
Sil'li-ly, adv. In a silly manner ; foolishly. 
Sll'li-ness, n. State of being silly ; want of sound senso 

or judgment. 
SU'ly, a. [compar. SILLIER; superl. SILLIEST.] [0. 

Eng. seely, sely, A.-S. sxlig, gesselig, happy, good; Icel. 

salig,0. II. Ger. salig.] 1. Weak; helpless; frail. [Obs.] 

2. Weak in intellect ; destitute of ordinary strength of 
mind. 3. Proceeding from want of understanding or 
common judgment. 

Syn.— Simple ; brainless ; witless ; shallow ; foolish ; un- 
wise ; indiscreet; imprudent. — One who is simple is uncon- 
scious of his own ignorance, and falls into mistakes either from 
a deficiency of intellect or want of experience and intercourse 
with mankind. One who is silhi is not only weak in intellect, 
but is self-satisfied or pleased with his folly, and even mistakes 
itforwisdom. One who is stupid is like one stupefied, dull 
of apprehension, and slow to feel. 

Silt, ft. [From Prov. Eng. sile, to strain, from Sw. s'da, 
to filter.] Mud or fine earth deposited from running or 
standing water. 

Silt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. silted ; p. pr. & vb. n. silt- 
ing.] To choke, fill, or obstruct with mud. 

Silt, v. i. To flow into, or percolate through, crevices or 
narrow places, as muddy water ; to ooze. 

Sl-lu'ri-an (8i)), a. (Geol.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
country of the ancient Sihtres, who inhabited a part of 
England and "Wales : — a term applied to the earliest of 
the Paleozoic ages, and also to the strata cf the age. 

Sll'va, n. [Written also sylva.] [Lat.] 1. A collection 
of poems. 2. (Bot.) The natural history of the forest 
trees of a country. 

Sll'van, a. [Written also sylvan.] [From Lat. silva, 
sylva, a wood or grove.] Pertaining to, or composed of, 
woods or groves ; woody. 

Sil'ver, ft. [A.-S. silfor, sylfer, Goth, silubr, Icel. silfr, allied 
to Slav, srebro, Eisc. cilarra.] 1. (Mm.) A soft, white, 
metallic element, very malleable anil ductile, andcapablo 
of a high polish. 2. Coin made of silver ; silver money. 

3. Any thing having the luster or appearance of silver. 
Sil'ver, a. 1. Made of silver. 2. Resembling silver. 
Sil'ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SILVERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SILVERING.] 1. To cover with silver. 2. To polish 
like silver ; to cause to resemble silver ; to make smooth 
and bright. 3. To make hoary, or white and shining, 
like silver. 

Sll'ver-ing, ft. 1. Art, operation, or practice of cover- 
ing the surface of any thing with silver. 2. The silver 
thus laid on. 

Sil'ver-smlth, ft. One who works in silver. 

Sil'ver-y, a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, 
silver. 2. Besprinkled or covered with silver. 

SI-marre', ft. A woman's long dress or robe ; also, a 
light covering ; a scarf. 

Siml-lar, a. [From Lat. similis, like, similar.] 1. Ex- 
actly corresponding ; precisely alike. 2. Somewhat like ; 
nearly corresponding. 

Similar figures (Gcom.), figures which difFerfrom each other 
only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like 
parts similarly situated. 

SIm / i-lar'i-ty, n. State of being similar : perfect or par- 
tial resemblance. [ner ; with resemblance. 

SIm'i-lar-ly , adv. In a _similar manner ; in like man- 

SIm'i-le, «.; pi. slM'l-LES. [Lat., from similis. See 
SIMILAR.] (Khet.) A word or phrase by which any thing 
is likened in one of its aspects to another ; a similitude. 

Sl-mil'i-tude (30), ft. [Lat. simililudo, from similis, 
similar.] 1. State of being similar or like ; resemblance; 
likeness. 2. Act of likening one thing to another; fan- 
ciful or imaginative comparison ; simile. 

Slm'i-tar, ft. See ClMETER. . 

SIm'mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SIMMERED ; p pr. & vb. 
ft. SIMMERING.] [Prov. Eng. also simper ; — an ono- 
matopoetic word.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hiss- 
ing. 

SIm'mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently. 

Sl-mo'ni-ae, ft. One who practices simony, or who buys 
or sells preferment in the church. 

SIm/o-ni'ae-al, a. Guilty of, consisting of, involving, 
or pertaining to, simony. 

SIm'on-y, ft. [From Simon Magus, who wished to pur- 
chase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] 
The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 

SI-mdbm', ) ft. [Ar. samhm, from samma, to poison. 

Si-moon', ) Cf. SAMIEL.] A hot, dry wind, that blows 
occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and the neighboring coun- 
tries. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 



SIMPER 



670 



SINGLY 



Sim'per, v. i. [Prov. Ger. zimpern, zimpeln, to be affect- 
edly coy.] To smile in a, silly, affected, or conceited 
manner. 

Sim'per, n. A smile with an air of silliness, affectation, 
or conceit. 

Sim'per-er, n. One who simpers. 

Sim'ple, a. [compar. simpler; superl. SIMPLEST.] 
[Lat. simplex, simplicis, perh. from semel, once, a single 
time, and plicare, to fold ; or from sine, without, and 
plica, a fold.] 1. Single ; not complex; not compounded. 
2. Plain ; unadorned. 3. Not given to artifice, strat- 
agem, or duplicity. 4. Unmistakable; clear; intelligi- 
ble. 5. Artless in manner ; straightforward. 6. Weak 
in intellect; not wise or sagacious. 7. (Bot.) Without 
subdivisions ; entire. 

Syn. — Uncompounded ; unmingled ; unmixed ; mere ; 
uncombined ; elementary ; artless ; sincere ; harmless; unde- 
signing; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; credulous; silly; 
foolish; shallow; unwise. 

Sim'ple, n. 1. Something not mixed or compounded. 
2. (Med.) A medicinal plant; — so called because each 
vegetable is supposed to possess its particular virtue and 
therefore to constitute a simple remedy. 

Sim'ple-ness, n. State or quality of being simple ; sim- 
plicity. 

Sim 'pie-ton (smVpl-tun), n. A silly person; a person 
of weak intellect ; a foolish person. 

Sim-plic'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being simple, unmixed, 
or uncompounded. 2. Quality of being not complex, 
or of consisting of few parts. 3. Artlessness of mind ; 
freedom from duplicity ; sincerity. 4. Freedom from 
artificial ornament; plainness. 5. Freedom from sub- 
tlety or abstruseness ; clearness. 6. Weakness of intel- 
lect; silliness. [simple. 

Sim'pli-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of simplifying, or making 

Sim'pli-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. simplified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. simplifying.] [L. Lat. simplificare, from simplex, 
simple, and facere , to make.] To make simple ; to reduce 
from the complex state by analysis ; to show an easier or 
shorter process for doing or making. 

Sim'plist, n. One skilled in simples, or medical plants. 

Sim'ply, adv. 1. In a simple manner; without art; 
without subtlety ; artlessly ; plainly. 2. When consid- 
ered in or by itself; merely ; solely ; barely. 3. Weakly ; 
foolishly. 

Sim'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. simulated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SIMULATING.] [Lat. simulate, simulatum, from 
similis, like, similar.] To assume the mere appearance of 
without the reality ; to counterfeit ; to feign. 

Sim'u-late, a. Feigned ; pretended. 

Sim'u-la'tion, n. Act of simulating, or putting on what 
is not true. 
Syn. — Counterfeiting; feint; pretense. 

Si'mul-ta'ne-oiis, a. [Low Lat. simultaneous, from I u. 
simul, at the same time, together.] Existing or happen- 
ing at the same time. 

Si'mul-ta'ne-oiis-ly, adv. At a simultaneous time or 
in a simultaneous manner. 

Si'mul-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. The state or quality of 
being simultaneous. 

Sin, n. [A.-S. synn, syn, sin, Icel. synd, H. Ger. sun- 
tia, sunta.] 1. Transgression of the law of God ; dis- 
obedience of the divine command ; moral deficiency in 
the character. 2. A sin-offering ; a sacrifice for sin. 

Deadly or mortal sins (Rom. Cath. Church.), willful and de- 
liberate transgressions, which take away divine grace. The 
seven deadly sins are murder, lust, covetov.sness, gluttony, 
pride, envy, and idleness. 
Syn. — Crime; iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Ceime. 

Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sinned ; p. pr. & vb n SIN- 
NING.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty 
prescribed by God to man ; to violate any known rule of 
jiuty. 2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety. 

Sin'a-pism, n. [Gr. o-tva7rt.<rja6?, from crLvanigeiv, to apply 
a mustard blister, fr. o-Cvam, aCvairv, mustard.] (Med.) 
Mustard seed pulverized, with some other ingredients, 
jused as an external application. 

Since, adv. [0. Eng. silhence, from A.-S. sidhthan, after- 
ward, then, since, after, from sldh, late, lately, afterward, 
and than, for thdm, to the, to this, to that.] In the time 
past, counting backward from the present ; before this 
or now ; ago. 

Since, prep. From the time of; subsequently to ; after ; 
— with a past event or time for the object. 

Since, conj. 1. Since the time when; from the (past) 
time that. 2. From (inferentially), or in view of, the 
fact that ; seeing that ; because ; considering. 

Sin-cere', a. [compar. sincerer ; superl. SINCEREST.] ' 




[Lat. sincerus, said to be composed of sine, without, and 
cera, wax, as if applied originally to pure honey.] 1. 
Pure ; unmixed ; unadulterated. 2. Being in reality 
what it appears to be ; not simulated or falsely assumed. 
Syn. — Hearty ; honest ; unfeigned ; unvarnished ; real ; 
true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright; undissemblinsf. 
See Hearty. 

Sin-cere'ly, adv. In a sincere manner ; honestly ; un- 
feignedly. [sincerity. 

Sin-cere'ness, n. State or quality of being sincere; 

Sin-cer'i-ty, n. State or quality of being sincere ; hon- 
esty of mind or intention. 

Sin'gi-put,n. [Lat., from semi, half, and caput, the 
head.] (Anat.) The fore part of the head from the 
forehead to the coronal suture. 

Sine,w. [From Lat. sinus, a bent surface, 
a curve.] (Trigonometry.) (a.) The 
length of a perpendicular drawn from [e 
one extremity of an arc to the diame' 
ter drawn through the other extremity 
(b.) The perpendicular itself. 

Si'ne-eure, n. [From Lat. sin'e, with- 
out, and cura, care, Low Lat. a cure^ 
1. An ecclesiastical benefice, without d b, sine; d c, art 
the care of souls. 2. An office or po- c «e, diameter, 
sition which requires or involves no labor or active service. 

Sl'ne-eur'ist, n. One who has a sinecure. 

Sin'ew (sm'yii), n. [A.-S. sinewe, and sinu, 0. II. Ger. 
senewa, senawa, senwa, Icel. sin.] 1. (Anat.) That 
which unites a muscle to a bone ; a tendon. 2. That 
which supplies strength. 

Sin'ew (sm'yyj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sinewed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. sinewing.] To knit as by sinews. 

Sin'ewed (sln'yud), a. 1. Furnished with sinews. 2. 
Strong ; firm ; vigorous. 

Sin'ew-less (sln/yu-), a. Having no sinews, and hence 
no strength or vigor. 

Sin'ew-y (sm'yu-y), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, 
or resembling a sinew or sinews. 2. AVell braced with 
sinews ; nervous ; strong ; vigorous ; firm . 

Sin'ful, a. 1. Full of sin; wicked; iniquitous; crim- 
inal ; unholy. 2. Containing sin, or consisting in sin. 

Sin'f ul-ly, adv. In a sinful manner ; wickedly ; in- 
iquitously. 

Sin'ful-ness, n. Quality or state of being sinful, or 
contrary to the divine will ; wickedness ; iniquity. 

Sing, v.i. [imp. SUNG, or SANG (obsolescent) ; p. p. 
SUNG ; p.pr. & vb. n. singing.] [A.-S. singan, Goth. 
siggvan, Icel. syngia.] 1. To utter sounds with music- 
al inflections or melodious modulations of vcice. 2. To 
utter sweet or melodious sounds, as birds. 3. To make 
a small shrill sound. 4. To celebrate something in 
poetry. 

Sing, v. t. 1. To utter with musical modulations of 
voice. 2. To celebrate in song ; to praise in verse. 

Singe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SINGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SINGEING.] [A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. se.ngan, orig. to cause 
to sing, from singan, to sing, because the sound pro- 
duced by burning slightly seems to be a kind of sing- 
ing.] To burn slightly or superficially ; to burn the 
surface of. 

Singe, n. A burning of the surface ; a slight burn. 

Sing'er, n. 1. One who sings. 2. One whose profession 
is to sing. 

Sing'ing-bdblt, n. A book containing music for sing- 
ing ; a book of tunes. 

Sing'ing-mas'ter, n. One who teaches vocal music. 

Sin'gle (sing / gl, 82), a. [Lat. singulus.] 1. One only, 
as distinguished from many, or the whole ; individual ; 
separate. 2. Alone ; having no companion. 3. Hence, 
unmarried. 4. Not twisted or combined with others. 
5. Performed by one person, or one on each side. 6. 
Uncompounded ; pure ; unmixed. 7. Hence, unpreju- 
diced ; unbiased ; sincere. 

Sin'gle (slng'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. singled; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SINGLING.] To select, as an individual person 
or thing, from among a number. 

Sin'gle-hand'ed, a. 1. Having one hand or work- 
man only. 2. Alone; by one's self ; unassisted. 

Sin'gle -heart'ed, a. Having a single or honest heart 
without duplicity. 

Sin'gle-ness, n. 1. State of being single, or separate 
from all others. 2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary 
and selfish ends ; purity of mind and purpose ; simplicity; 
sincerity. 

Sin'gly, adv. 1. Individually ; particularly. 2. Only ; 
by one's self. 3. Without partners, companions, or as- 
sociates. 



ft, §, &c, long ; a, 6, 8cc. t skort ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, vgil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or , do, wcOf, 



SING-SONG 



671 



SIT 



Sing'-s5ng, n. A drawling tone, as of a monotonous or 
badly executed song. 

Sin'gu-lar, a. [Lat. singulars, from singulus, single.] 
1. (Logic.) Existing by itself; single; individual. 2. 
( Oram.) Denoting one person or thing. 3. Standing by 
itself; out of the ordinary course of things. 4. Distin- 
guished as existing in a very high degree ; rarely equaled. 
5. Distinguished as departing from general usage or ex- 
pectations. 6. Being alone ; unique. 

Syn. — Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordi- 
nary ; remarkable ; uncommon ; rare ; unusual ; peculiar ; 
6trange; odd; whimsical; eccentric; fantastic. 

Sin'gu-lar^ n. (Gram.) The singular number. 

Sin'gu-lar 'i-ty, n. 1. State of being singular; some 
character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished 
from all, or from most, others ; peculiarity. 2. Posses- 
sion of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or 
distinction. 

Sin'gu-lar-ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner ; peculiar- 
ly ; strangely ; oddly. 2. So as to express one, or the 
singular number. 

Sin'is-ter, a. [Lat. sinister.] 1. On the left hand, or 
the side of the left hand ; left. 2. Unlucky ; inauspi- 
cious ; disastrous ; injurious ; evil ; — the left being usually 
regarded as the unlucky side. 3. Wrong, as springing 
from indirection or obliquity of purpose ; dishonest. 

Sin'is-tror'sal, a. [Lat. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, to- 
ward the left side, from sinister, left, and verlere, vortere, 
versn.m, t vorsiifn, to turn.] Rising from left to right, as 
a spiral' line, or helix. 

Sin'is-troiis, a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left 
side ; inclined to the left. 2. Wrong ; absurd ; per- 
verse. 

Sink (82), v. i. [imp. & p. p. SUNK (imp. SANK, nearly 
obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. SINKING.] [A.-S. sincan, Goth. 
siggqvan, Icel. siga.] 1. To fall by the force of gravity ; 
to descend lower and lower ; to subside. 2. To enter deep- 
ly ; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface. 3. Hence, 
to enter so as to make an abiding impression. 4. To be 
overwhelmed or depressed. 5. To fail in strength,- to 
decline ; to decay ; to decrease, d. To decrease in volume, 
as a river. 

Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink ; to immerse in a fluid. 
2~. To depress ; to degrade. 3. To plunge into destruc- 
tion. 4. To make, by digging or delving. 5. To bring 
low; to reduce in quantity. 6. To cause to decline or 
fall. 7. To keep out of sight ; to suppress. 8. To low- 
er in value or amount. 9. To reduce in amount ; to 
diminish or annihilate by payment. 

Sinking fund (Finance), a fund created for sinking or pay- 
ing a public debt, or purchasing the stock for the government. 

Syn. — To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; de- 
cay; decrease; lessen. 

Sink, n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water. 2. A shal- 
low box, connected with a drain, and used for receiving 
filthy water, &c, as in a kitchen. 

Smk'er, n. A weight on something, as on a fish- line, 
to sink it. 

Sin'less, a. 1. Free from sin ; pure ; perfect. 2. Inno- 
cent of transgression or trespass. 

Sin'less-ly, adv. In a sinless manner ; innocently. 

Sin'less-ness, n. State of being sinless ; perfect inno- 
cence. 

Sin'ner, n. One who has sinned ; especially, one who has 
sinned without repenting of it ; a persistent or unrepent- 
ing transgressor. 

Sin'o-logue, n. [Sinim, China, or the Chinese, and Gr. 
Aoyos.] One versed in the Chinese language, literature, 
history, and the like. 

Sin'o-ple, n. [Gr. a-wcanis , a-ivtaniKT) , a red earth or ocher 
found in Sinope, a town on the Black Sea.] (Min.) Red 
ferruginous quartz. 

Sin'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sinuated ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SINUATING.] [Lat. sinuare, sinicatum, from sinus, a 
bending, a curve.] To bend in and out ; to wind ; to 
turn. 

Sin'u-a'tion, n. A winding or bending in and out. 

Sin'uos'i ty, n. 1. Quality of being sinuous, or bend- 
ing in and out. 2. A series of bends and turns in arches 
or other irregular figures. 

Sin'u-ous, a. [Lat. sinuosus, from sinus, a bent surface, 
a curve.] Bending in and out ; of a serpentine or undu- 
lating form ; winding; crooked. 

Si'nus, n. ; Lat. pl.si'NUS; Eng. pi. si'NUS-Eg. [Lat., 
a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, 
&«., a bay.] 1. An opening ; a hollow. 2. A recess in 
the shore, or an opening into the land. 3. (Anat.) A 




Siphons. 



common siphon, 
6, improved si- 

Shon with ex- 
austing tube. 



cavity in a bone or other part, wider at the bottom than 
at the entrance. 

Sip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sipped (sipt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
SIPPING.] [A.-S. sipan, allied to siipan, to sip, suck up, 
drink, drink to excess.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small 
quantities ; to take in with the lips in small quantities. 2. 
To draw into the mouth ; to extract. 3. To drink out of. 

Sip, v. i. To drink a small quantity. 

Sip, n. 1. The taking of a liquor with the lips. 2, A 
small draught taken with the lips. 

Si'phon, n. [Lat. sipho, siphonis, Gr. 
atyuv.] A bent tube or pipe with arms 
of unequal length, by which a liquid 
can be transferred from one vessel to 
another, over an intermediate eleva- 
tion, by means of the pressure of the 
atmosphere forcing the liquid up the 
branch immersed in it, while the ex- 
cess of weight of the liquid in the 
other branch (when once filled) causes ' 
a continuous flow. 

Sip'per, n. One who sips. 

Sir (18), n. [0. Fr. sire, contr. from senre, from Lat. senion 
an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex, senis, an aged 
person.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a 
master ; a gentleman ; — applied as a title of deference or 
respect to any man of position. 2. A knight or baronet ; 
— often applied as a prefix to the first or Christian name. 
3. A priest or curate. [Obs.] 4. A master of arts in 
American colleges ; — applied also to a bachelor of arts. 
[ Obs.] 

Sire, n. [0. Fr. sire, from Lat. senior. See SIR.] 1. A 
father ; a progenitor. 2. One who stands in the rela- 
tion of a father, as a king or emperor. 3. An author ; 
an originator. 4. The male parent of a beast; — ap- 
plied especially to horses. 

Sire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sired ; p. pr. & vb. n. siring.] 
To beget ; to procreate ; — used especially of stallions. 

Si'ren (89), n. [Lat. siren.] 1. (Myth.) One of three 
damsels, — said to dwell near the Island of Caprea, and 
to sing with such sweetness that they who sailed by 
forgot their country and died in an ecstasy of delight. 
2. Hence, an enticing or alluring woman. 3. Some- 
thing which is insidious or deceptive. 

Si'ren, a. Pertaining to a siren, or to the dangerous en- 
ticements of music ; bewitching ; fascinating ; alluring. 

Sir'i-us,n. [Lat. ; Gr. Setpto?, from <mpio?, treipos, hot, 
scorching.] (Aslron.) The large and bright star called the 
Dog-star, in the mouth of the constellation Canis 
Major. 

Sir'loin, n. [0. Eng. surloin, surloine, surloyne, from 
Fr. surlonge, from sur, upon, super, over, and longe, 
loin.] A loin of beef. [Written also surloin.] 

Sir 'name, n. See Surname. 

Si-roe'eo, n. ; pi. sI-ROC^eog. [Ar. shoruh, from shark, 
the rising of the sun, the east, from sharaka, to rise, as 
the sun.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan 
deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. 

Sir'rah, n. [0. Eng. sirrha, from sir, ha, or sir, ho, or 
from Ir. sirreach, poor, sorry, lean.] Sir; — a word of 
reproach and contempt, or of familiarity and playfulness. 

Sir'up, n. [From Ar. sharab, sharub^ sharbat, pi. sharcv- 
bat, drink, beverage, sirup, from shariba, to drink.] The 
sweet juice of vegetables or fruits, or sugar boiled with 
vegetable infusions ; also, sweetened liquid of any kind. 

Sir'up-y, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. 

Sis'kin, n. [Dan. sisgen, sisken, sise, Sw. siska, Ger. 
zeisig.] (Ornith.) A certain singing bird. 

Sis'ter, n. [A.-S. sweostor, suster, Icel. systir, systur, 
systr, Goth, svislar, 0. H. Ger. sioestar, Russ. sestrd, Skr. 
swasri, Lat. soror.] 1. A female whose parents are the 
same as those of another person. 2. A female closely 
allied to, or associated with, another person, as in the 
same faith, society, and the like. 

Sis'ter-hdt>d, n. 1. A society of sisters, or of women 
united in one faith or order. 2. State of being a sister. 

Sis'ter-in-law, n. ; pi. sts'TERg-iN-r-AW. A husband's 
or wife's sister ; also, a brother's wife. 

Sis'ter-ly, a. Like a sister ; becoming a sister ; affec- 
tionate. 

Sit, v. i. [imp. SAT; p. p. SAT (SITTEN, obs.) ; p. pr. &vb. 
n. SITTING.] [A.-S. sittan, for sitian, Icel. sitia, Goth. si- 
tan, allied to Lat. sedere, Gr. e£ecr0cu, Skr. sad.] 1. To rest 
upon the haunches. 2. To perch, as birds. 3. Tore- 
main in a state of repose ; to rest ; to abide. 4. To b«» 
adjusted ; to fit. 5. Hence, to lie, rest, or bear. 6. To 
incubate ; to cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a 
fowl. 7. To be officially engaged in public business, as 



ftfbd, f<>bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link j tnis- 






SIT 



672 



SKEWER 



judges, legislators, or officers of any kind. 8. To have 
position, as at the point blown from. 

Sit, r. t. 1. To keep the reat upon. 2. To cause to be 
seated; ^used refiexively. 

Site, n. [Lat. situs, fiom sinere, situm, to let, put, lay, 
or set down, situs, placed, lung, situate.] 1. Place 
•where any thing is fixed ; situation ; local position. 2. 
A place fitted or chosen for an edifice. 

Sitiie, n. A scythe. See Scythe. 

SIt'ten, p. p. of sit, for sat. See Sit. [Obs.] [bates. 

Sit'ter, n. 1. One who tits. 2. A bird that sits or incu- 

Sit'ting, n. 1. I'osture of being on a seat. 2. Act of 
placing one's self on a seat. 3. A seat, or the space oc- 
cupied by a person in a church. 4. Act or time of rest- 
ing in a posture for a painter to take the likeness. 5. 
Actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their 
seats, clothed with authority to transact business. 6. 
A time for which one sits, as at play, at work, or on a 
visit. 

SIt'u-ate, a. [L. Lat. situatns, from sitvare, to place, fr. 
Lat. situs, situation, site. See SrTE.] 1. Permanently 
fixed : placed. 2. Placed ; residing. 

SIt'u-a/ted, a. Ha vine; a situation ; seated, placed, or 
permanently fixed; residing. 

Slt/u-a'tioii, n. 1. Location in respect to something 
else. 2. Position with respect to society or circumstances. 

3. Relative position : circumstances ; temporary state. 

4. Permanent positiou. 

Syn. — State ; position : sent ; site : station ; post ; place ; 
office ; condition ; ease ; plight ; predicament. See State. 

Six, a. [A.-S. six, scox, sex, Goth, saihs, Tcel. & Lat. sex, 
Gr. e£, Per. slush, Lith. szessi, Russ. shestj, Skr. shash, 
Heb. shesh.] Twice three ; one more than five. 

Six, 7i. 1. The sum of three and three. 2. A symbol 
representing six units, as 6, or vi. 

To be at six and seven, or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. 

SIx'f old, a. Six times as much or many. 

Six'pence, n. 1. An English silver coin of the value of 
six pennies ; half a shilling, or about twelve cents. 2. 
The value of six pennies or half a shilling. 

Six'teen, a. Six and ten ; consisting of six and ten. 

Six'teen, 7i. 1. The sum often and six. 2. A symbol 
representing sixteen units, as 13, or xvi. 

Six'teenth, a. 1. Sixth after the tenth ; next in order 
after the fifteenth. 2. Being one of sixteen equal parts 
into which any thine; is divided. 

Six'teenth, ii. 1. One of sixteen equal parts. 2. The 
next in order after the fifteenth. 3. (Mus.) An interval 
comprising two octaves and a rccond. 

Sixth, a. 1. Next in order after the fifth. 2. Eeing one 
of six equal parts into which any thing is divided. 

Sixth, 7?. 1. One of six equal parts. 2. The next in 
order after the fifth. 3. [Mus.) The interval of four 
tones and a semitone, embracing six diatonic degrees of 
the scale. 

Sixth'ly, adv. In the sixth place. 

Six'ti-e'th , a. 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth. 
2. Being one of sixty equal parts into which any thing 
is divided. 

SIx'ti-eth, n. 1. One of sixty equal parts. 2. The 
next in order after the fifty -ninth. 

Six'ty, a. Six times ten ; threescore. 

Six'ty, n. 1. The sum of six times ten. 2. A symbol 
representing sixty units, as 60, or lx., or LX. 

Siz'a-ble, a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. 2. Being 
of reasonable or suitable size. 

Si'zar, n. (University of Cambridge, Eng.) One of a 
body of students next below the pensioners, who eat at 
the public table, after the fellows, free of expense. 

IDST- They were probably so called from being employed in 
distributing the size, or provisions. See Size, 3. 

Size, n. [Abbrev. from assize, q. v.] 1. Extent of super- 
ficies or volume. 2. A settled quantity or allowance. 
[Obs.] 3. ( University of Cambridge, Eng.) An allow- 
ance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the 
regular dinner at commons. 4. A conventional relative 
measure of dimension, applied to shoes, gloves, and the 
like. 

Syn.— Dimension ; bigness ; largeness; greatness ; mag- 
nitude. 

Size, n. [TV. syth, glue, starch, size, from syth, stiff, rigid.] 
A kind of weak glue made from the clippings of parch- 
ment, glove-leather, fish-skin, and the like. 

Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sized ; p.pr. & vb.n. SIZING.] 
1. To arrange, according to size or bulk. 2. To cover 
with size; to prepare with size. 3. (Mining.) To sift, 
as pieces of ore or metal, through a wire sieve. 




Siz'i-ness, n. State of being sizy ; glutinousness ; vis- 
cousness. [arts, &c. ; size. 

Siz'ing, n. A kind of weak glue used in manufactures, 

Siz'y, a. Size-like; glutinous; thick and viscous ; ropy; 
having the adhesiveness of size. 

Siz'zle (sTz'zl), v, i. To make a hissing sound, as a piece 
of hot metal when dipped into water to cool. 

Siz'zle (siz'zl), n. A hissing sound. 

Skald, n. See Scald. 

Skate, n. [D. sckaats.] A frame for the fcot like the 
sole of a shoe, furnished with a metallic runner or some- 
times with small wheels, for moving rapidly on ice, or 
other smooth surface. 

Skate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SKATED; p. pr. £; vb. n. 
SKATING-.] To slide cr move on skates. 

Skate, n. [Lat. squatus, squatina, A.-S. sreadda. Cf. 
Shad.] (Ichth.) A cartilagi- 
nous fish having the body 
flattened, the skin set above 
with spines or thorns, and 
pectoral fins which form 
broad lateral expansions, and 
give the whole body a rhom- 
boid form. 

Skat'er, n. One who skates. 

Ske-dad die, v. i. [Said to be 

of Swedish and Danish origin.] Skate. 

To betake one's self to liight ; to run away with precipi- 
tation, as if in a panic. | Colloq., Amer.] 

Skein (skan), n. [0. Fr. escaigne, N. Tr. ccagne, Ir. 
sgainne, Gael, sgriim, sgeinnidh.] A knot or a number of 
knots, of thread, siik, or yarn ; a quantity of yarn after 
it is taken from the reel. 

Skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. o-KeAeroV (re. ctu>ij.ol), a dried body, 
a mummy, from cr/ccAe-rcs, dried up, parched, from o-ieik- 
Aeiv, to dry.] 1. (Physiol.) The united system of tis- 
sues that give support and protection to the softer parts, 
and transfer motion in an organized todv. as bones, 
shells, the woody tissue of leaves, and the like". ' 2. Hence, 
a very thin or lean person. 3. The general structure or 
frame of any thing. 4. The heads and outline cf a lit- 
erary performance, especially of a sermon. 

Skep'tie, n. [Written also sceptic] [Gr. tneeTTTifcos, 
thoughtful, reflective, from ovce-Tec-flai , to look carefully 
or about, to view, consider ; Lat. scepticus.] 1. One who 
is yet undecided as to what is true ; an inquirer after 
facts or reasons. 2. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether 
any fact or truth can be certainly known ; a universal 
doubter. 3. (Theol.) One who "disbelieves the divine 
origin of the Christian religion. 
Syn. — Infidel ; unbeliever; doubter. SccIxfidel. 

Skep'tie, ) a. 1. Of, pertaining to, cr being, a skep- 

Skep'ti-e-al, ) tic ; hesitating to admit the certainty 
of doctrines or principles. 2. Doubting or denying the 
truth of revelation. 

Skep'ti-cigm, n. [Written also scepticism.] 1. An 
undecided," inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty. 
2. (Metaph.) The doctrine that no fact or principle can 
be certainly known ; universal doubt. 3. (Theol.) A 
doubting of the truth cf revelation, or a denial of the 
divine origin of the Christian religion, cr of the being, 
perfections, or truth of God. 

Sketch, n. [From Lat. schedium, (sc. carmen), an ex- 
temporaneous poem, schedius, Gr. cr^e'Sics, made sud- 
denly or off-hand, hastily put or thrown together.] A 
first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design. 

Syn.— Outline ; delineation. — Outline explains itself; a 
sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches by 
which an imperfect idea may be conveyed : a delineation goes 
further, carrying out the more striking features of the picture, 
and going so much into detad as to furnish a clear conception 
of the whole. 

Sketch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sketched (skecht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. sketching.] 1. To draw the outline or 
general figure of; to make a rough draught of. 2. To 
plan by giving the principal points or ideas of. 

Syn. - To delineate ; design ; draught ; depict ; portray ; 
paint. 

Sketch'y, a. Containing only an outline or rough form ; 
in the manner of a sketch ; incomplete. 

Skew'-b&ck (sku'bak), n. ( Civil engin.) The course of 
masonry forming the abutment for the voussoirs of a 
segmental arch, or in iron bridges, for the ribs. 

Skew'er (sku'er), n. [Prob. allied to the root of shove. 
See Askew.] A pointed rod for fastening meat to a 
spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting ; — formerly 
used instead of pins. 



a,e,&c.,fong; a ) 6,&c.,5/iort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,wolf» 



SKEWER 



673 



SLAB 



gkew'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. skewered ; p*. pr. & vb. 
n. SKEWERING.] To fasten with skewers. 

Skid, n. [Prov. Eng. shide, a splinter, A.-S. scide, Icel. 
skid, from A.-S. scldan, to cleave.] 1. (Naut.) A 
piece of timber used to protect the side of a vessel from 
injury by heavy bodies hoisted or lowered against it. 2. 
A chain for fastening the wheel of a wagon, to prevent 
its turning when descending a steep hill. 3. A piece of 
timber for supporting any thing, or along which some- 
thing is rolled or caused to move. [Amer.] 

Skiff, n. [0. H. Ger. skif. Cf. Ship.] A small, light 
boat. 

Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. skiffed (skift) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. skiffing.] To sail upon in a skiff. 

Skill, n. [A.-S. scilian, scylan, to separate, to distin- 
guish, Icel. s/cilia, to discern, understand, Sw. skilja, 
Dan. skille, D. sckeelen ; A.-S. scile, scyle, a difference, 
distinction, Icel. skil, distinction, right, Dan. skiel, Sw. 
skjdl, skcil, reason, right, justice.] 1. Knowledge ; un- 
derstanding. 2. Familiar knowledge of any art or sci- 
ence, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or 
performance ; ability to perceive and perform. 

Syn. — Dexterity.— Skill is more intelligent; dexterity is 
more mechanical. 'Skill involves superior capacity and culti- 
vation of the intellect ; dexterity implies a greater talent for 
imitation, and a sleight of hand obtained by practice. 

Skilled, a. Having familiar knowledge united with readi- 
ness and dexterity in its application ,' expert ; skillful. 

Skil'let, n. [0. Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle, N. Fr. 
ecuelle, a porringer, from Lat. scutella, dim. of scutra, a 
dish.] A small vessel with a handle, used for heating 
and boiling water, &c. 

Skill'f ill, a. Possessed of, or displaying skill. 

Syn. — Expert ; skilled ; dexterous ; adept ; masterly ; 
adroit ; clever. 

Skill'f ul-ly, adv. In a skillful manner; with skill. 

Skill'f ul-ness, n. Quality of possessing skill ; dexter- 
ousness ; knowledge and ability derived from experience. 

Skim, v. t. [A different orthography of scum, q. v.] 
[imp. & p. p. skimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. skimming.] 
1. To clear as a liquid from scum. 2. To take off by 
skimming. 3. To pass near the surface of. 

Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly ; to glide along near the 
surface. 2. To hasten along superficially. 

Skim'mer, n. A utensil for skimming liquors. 

Skim'- milk, n. Milk from which the cream has been 
taken ; skimmed milk. 

Skim'ming, n. 1. Act of taking off that which floats 
upon a liquid, as scum, cream, or the like. 2. pi. That 
which is removed from the surface of a liquid by skim- 
ming. 

Skin, n. [A.-S. scinn, Icel. skinn, 0. L. Ger. schin, 
schinn.] 1. [Physiol.) The external membranous en- 
velope of animal bodies. 2. Skin of an animal separat- 
ed from the body ; a hide ; a pelt. 3. The exterior coat 
of fruits and plants. 

Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. skinned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay ; 
to peel. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin. 

Skin, v. i. To be covered with skin. 

Skinch, v. i. To squeeze or pinch in order to effect a 
saving. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 

Skin'-deep, n. Superficial ; slight. 

Skin'-flint, n. [From skin and flint.'] A very penuri- 
ous person ; a miser ; a niggard. 

Skin'less, a. Having no skin or a very thin skin. 

Skin'ner, n. 1. One who skins. 2. One who deals in 
skins, pelts, or hides. [ing flesh. 

Skin'ny, a. Consisting of skin, or of skin only ; want- 
Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SKIPPED (skipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SKIPPING.] [Cf. Icel. skopa, skoppa, to run.] To 
leap ; to bound ; to spring as a goat or lamb. 

Skip, v. t. To pass over or by ; to omit ; to miss ; to leap 
over. 

Skip, n. 1. A leap; a bound; a spring. 2. Act of 
passing over an interval from one thing to another ; an 
omission of a part. 

Skip'-jack, n. 1. An upstart. 2. (Entom.) One of a 
family of coleopterous insects remarkable for leaping to a 
considerable height when placed upon their backs. 

Skip'per, n. [D. & L. Ger. schipper. See Skipper 
and Skip.] 1. I Naut.) The master of a small trading 
or merchant vessel. 2. [From skip.] A dancer. 3. 
The cheese maggot. 

Skip'ping-rope, n. A small rope used by young per- 
sons in skipping, or leaping up and down. 

Skir'mish (18), n. [0. Eng. scarmishe, scarmoge, scry- 
mishe, It. scaramuccia, shermvgio, from schermire, to 



fence, fight, from 0. H. Ger. skerman, skirman, to de- 
fend.] 1. A slight fight in war ; a light combat, espe- 
cially, between detachments and small parties. 2. A con- 
test ; a contention. 

Skir'mish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. skirmished (skir'- 
misht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. skirmishing.] To fight slightly 
or in small parties ; to engage in a skirmish. 

Skir'mish-er, n. One who skirmishes. 

Skir'ret, n. [Contracted from skirwort, its older name, 
a corruption of sugar wort.] (Hot.) A plant, cultivated 
in Europe for the sake of its esculent root, which some- 
what resembles the parsnip in flavor. 

Skir'rhus, n. See Scirrhus. 

Skirt (18), n. [A.-S. scyrtan, gescyrtan, to shorten ; Icel. 
skirta, skyrta, an under-garment, a shirt. Cf. Shirt.] 

1. The lower and loose part of a coat or other garment. 

2. The edge of any part of dress. 3. Border; margin; 
extreme part. 4. A woman's garment like a petticoat. 

Skirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. skirted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
skirting.] To border ; to form the border or edge of; 
or to run along the edge of. ' [ity. 

Skirt, v. i. To be on the border ; to live near the extrem- 

Skit'tish, a. [From A.-S. sceotan, sritan, to shoot, dart, 
cast, send forth.] 1. Easily frightened ; shunning fa- 
miliarity ; timorous; shy. 2. Wanton; volatile; hasty. 

Skit'tisii-ly, adv. In a skittish manner ; shyly. 

Skit'tish-ness, n. 1. State of being skittish ; timid- 
ity ; shyness. 2. Fickleness ; wantonness. 

Skit'tleg (skit/tlz), n.pl. [See Skittish.] Ninepins. 

Ski'ver, n. [See Shiver, n.] An inferior quality of 
leather, made of split sheep-skin, tanned by immersion 
in sumac, and dyed. 

Skiilk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SKULKED (skQlkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. skulking.] [Dan. skulke, to spare or save one's 
self, to play the truant, allied to skivle, to hide, conceal, 
Icel. skyla.] To get out of the way in a sneaking man- 
ner ; to lurk. 

Skulk, ) n. A person who skulks ; one who avoids 

Skulk'er, J duty ; a lurker ; a shirk. 

Sku.ll, n. [0. H. Ger. sciulla, skull, Ger. sch'ddel, schc.del, 
0. H. Ger. scctela, Icel. kollr, skull. Cf. SCALE and 
Shell.] 1. (Anat.) The bony case which incloses the 
brain. 2. An empty, brainless head. 

Skull'-eap, n. 1. A close-fitting 
cap. 2. (Bot.) An herbaceous 
plant, the calyx of whose flower, 
when inverted, appears like a hel- 
met with the vizor raised. 

Skunk, n. [Contracted from the 
Abenaki seganku.] (Zob'l.) A fetid, 
carnivorous animal, found over 
very wide extent of country in North 
America. It is nearly allied to the 
weasel on the one hand, and to the 
otter on the other. 

Skunk'-blrd, } n. ( Ornith.) The bobolink ; — 

Skunk '-black / bird, ) popularly so called from the 
resemblance of the colors of the male, at certain periods 
of the year, to those of a skunk. 

Skunk'-eato'lbage, n. (Bot.) An endogenous plant, 
so named from its odor, which strongly resembles that of 
the skunk. 

Sky (72), n. [Icel. sky, 0. Sax. scio, sceo, the region of 
clouds. Cf. A -S. scba, sc&wa, shadow ] 1. The appar- 
ent arch cr vault of heaven ; the heavens. 2. The 
weather ; the climate. 

Sky'-eoFor, n. The color of the sky; a particular 
species of blue color ; azure. 

Sky'ey, a. Like the sky ; ethereal. 

Sky'-lark, n. (Ornith.) A spe- 
cies of lark that mounts and sings 
as it flies. It is common in Eu- 
rope and in some parts of Asia, 
and is celebrated for its melodious 
song. 

Sky'-larklng, n. (Naut.) Act of 
running about the rigging of a 
vessel in sport ; frolicking ; ca- 
rousing. 

Sky '-light (-lit), n. A window in ( 
the roof of a building, or ceiling 
of a room, for the admission of " 5 
light from above. 

Sky'-rock'et, n. A rocket that Sky-lark, 

ascends high and burns as it flies ; a species of fireworks. 

Sky'-sail (colloq. skFsel), n. (Naut.) The sail set next 
above the royal. 

Slab, n. [Cf. W. yslab, llab, a thin slip.] 1. A thin piece- 



se which incloses the 
d. 



Skunk. 




food, foot 



urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get 
43 



a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link \ this. 



SLABBER 



674 



SLAVERY 



of any thing, especially of marble or other stone, having 
plane surfaces. 2. An outside piece taken from a log in 
6awing it into boards or planks. 

Slab'ber (colloq. slob'ber), v. i. [imp. & p. p. slab- 
bered ; p. pr. & vb. n. SLABBERING.] [H. Ger. schlab- 
bern, frequentative form of schlabben, to lap.] To let the 
saliva or other liquid fall from the mouth carelessly ; to 
drivel. * 

Slab'ber ( colloq. sloVber), v. t. 1. To wet and foul by 
liquids suffered to fall carelessly from the mouth, or by 
liquid spilled. 2. To shed ; to spill. 

Slab'ber {colloq. slobber), n. Moisture let fall from the 
mouth in a careless manner : slaver. [an idiot. 

Slab'ber-er {colloq. slSb'er-er), n. One who slabbers ; 

Slack, a. [rompar. slacker ; superl. slackest.] [A.- 
S. sleac, side, Icel. slakr.] 1. Not tense; not hard 
drawn. 2. Not holding fast. 3. Not using due dili- 
gence ; not earnest or eager. 4. Not violent ; not rapid. 
Slack water, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water 
is at rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the 
tide. 

Syn.— Loose; relaxed; weak; remiss; backward; abated; 
diminished; inactive; slow; tardy. 

Slack, adv. In a slack manner ; partially. 

Slack, n. The part of a rope that hangs ioose, having no 
strain upon it. 

Slack, n. [Cf. Slag-.] Small coal ; coal broken into 
small pieces. [Eng.] 

Slack, \ v. i. \irnp. & p. p. slacked (slakt), 

Slacken (slSk'n), I slackened; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLACKING, SLACKENING.] [A.-S. sleacian, slacian, D. 
slaken, Icel. slakna.] 1. To become slack: to be made 
less tense, firm, or rigid. 2. To be remiss or backward ; 
to neglect. 3. To lose cohesion, or the quality of adhe- 
sion. 4. To abate ; to become less violent. 5. To be- 
come more slow. 6. To languish ; to flag. 

Slack, )v.t. 1. To render slack ; to make less tense 

Slack'en, f or tight. 2. Especially, to render less 
earnest, violent, energetic, rapid, or decided. 3. To 
withhold ; to use less liberally. 4. To deprive of cohe- 
sion by combining with water ; to slake. [See Slake.] 
5. To repress ; to check. 

Slack'ly, adv. In a slack manner ; loosely ; remissly. 

Slack'ness, n. State of being slack ; want of tightness 
or rigidness ; negligence ; inattention ; slowness ; tardi- 
ness ; want of tendency ; weakness. 

Slag, n. [Sw. slags, L. Ger. slacke, II. Ger. schlacke.] 1. 
The dross or recrement of a metal ; also, vitrified cinders. 
2. The scoria of a volcano. 

Slake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLAKED (slakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SLAKING.] [Allied to slack, q. v.] 1. To quench ; 
to extinguish. 2. To mix with water, so that a true 
chemical combination shall take place ; to slack. 

Slake, v. i. To go out ; to become extinct. 

Slam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slammed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLAMMING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. lam, to beat, Icel. lemia, to 
beat, strike, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. slahan, Ger. schlagen. 
See SLAY.] To shut with violence. 

Slam, v. i. 1. To strike violently and noisily. 2. {Mach.) 
To strike hard, as a moving part upon its seat. 

Slam, n. A violent driving and dashing against; a vio- 
lent shutting of a door. 

Slan'der, n. [0. Eng. eselaundre, Fr. esclandre, from Lat. 
scandalum, Gr. cr/cavSaAov. See SCANDAL.] A false 
tale or report maliciously uttered, and tending to injure 
the reputation of another. 

Slan'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slandered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. slandering.] To injure by maliciously uttering a 
false report. 

Syn. —To asperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; scandal- 
ize; reproach. See Aspekse. 

Slan'der-er, n. A defamer ; a calumniator. 

Slan'der-oiis, a. 1. Given or disposed to slander. 2. 
Embodying or containing slander ; calumnious. 

Slan'der-ou.s-ly, adv. In a slanderous manner ; calum- 
niously. 

Slang, n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but cf. LINGO.] 
Low, vulgar, unauthorized language ; a colloquial mode 
of expression ; — especially, such as is in vogue with some 
particular class in society. 

Slant, a. [Prov. Eng. slent, slen, to slope, slide, Sw. slin- 
ta, to slide, W. ysglentiaw, to slide.] Inclined from a 
direct line ; sloping ; oblique. 

Slant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLANTING.] To turn from a direct line ; to give an 
oblique or sloping direction to. 

Slant, v. i. To be turned or inclined from a right line ; 
to lie obliquely ; to slope. 



Slant, n. A slanting direction or plane ; a slope. 

Slant'wlse } adv ' In an inclined direction ; obliquely. 

Slap, n. [L. Ger. slappe, H. Ger. schlappe, from slappen, 
scldappen, to slap.] A blow given with the open hand, 
or with something broad. 

Slap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slapped (slapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. slapping.] To strike with the open hand, or with 
something broad. 

Slap, adv. With a sudden and violent blow; hence, 
quickly ; instantly. 

Slap'dash, adv. [From slap and dash.] 1. In a bold, 
careless manner : at random. 2. 'With a slap ; all at 
once; slap. [Colloq.] 

Slap'jack, n. A sort of flat cake baked upon a griddle ; 
a flapjack. [Local, Amer.] 

Slash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slashed (slasht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SLASHING.] [Cf. Icel. slasa, to injure, wound.] To 
cut by striking violently and at random ; to cut in long 
cuts. 

Slash, v. i. To strike violently and at random with an 
edged instrument. 

Slaeh, n. 1. A long cut ; a cut made at random. 2. A 
large slit in the thighs and arms of old costumes, made 
to show a brilliant color through the openings. 

Slat, n. [See Sloat.] A narrow piece of board or tim- 
ber used to fasten together larger pieces, or to support 
something. 

Slat,f. t. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] To slap; to strike,* 
to beat ; to throw down violently. 

Slate, n. [0. Eng. sclate, sclat ; 0. Fr. esclat, N. Fr. eclat, 
a shiver, splinter, from 0. H. Ger. sleizan, for skleizan, 
to slit, split.] 1. {Min.) An argillaceous stone which 
readily splits into plates. 2. Any rock or stone having 
a slaty structure. 3. A prepared piece of such stone ; 
especially, (a.) A thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering 
houses, &c. (b.) A tablet for writing upon. 

Slate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slated ; p. pr. & vb. n. SLAT- 
ING.] To cover with slate, or plates of stone. 

Slat'er, n. One who slates buildings. 

Slat'ing, n. 1. Act of covering with slates. 2. The 
covering thus put on. 3. Slates taken collectively ; the 
material for slating. 

Slat'tern, n. [Ger. schlottem, to hang or fit loosely. Cf. 
Slut.] A woman who is negligent of her dress or house. 

Slat'tern-ly, a. Resembling a slattern ; sluttish ; neg- 
ligent ; dirty. 

Slat'tern-ly, adv. Negligently ; awkwardly. 

Slat'y, a. Resembling slate ; having the nature or prop- 
erties of slate ; composed of thiu, parallel plates, capable 
of being separated by splitting. 

Slaugh'ter (slaw'ter), n. [Icel. sla.tr, slain flesh, sldttr, 
a blow, Goth, slauhts, slaughter, butchery.] 1. Exten- 
sive and unnecessary destruction of human life. 2. Act 
of killing, as a matter of business. 

Syn.— Carnage; massacre; butchery; murder; havoc. 

Slaughter (slaw'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. slaugh- 
tered ; p. pr. & vb. 11. SLAUGHTERING.] 1. To kill ; 
to slay in battle. 2. To butcher. 

Slaugh'ter-er (slaw'ter-), n. A person employed in 
s'iaughtering. 

Slaugh'ter-house (slaw'ter-), n. A house where beasta 
are butchered for the market. 

Slaugh'ter-man (slaw'ter-), n. : pi. slaugh'ter-men 
(slaw'ter-). One employed in killing. 

Slaugh'ter-ous (slaw'ter-), a. Destructive ; murderous. 

Slave, n. [From the Slavonians or Sclavonians, L. Lat. 
Slavi or Sclavi, who were frequently made slaves by the 
Germans.] 1. A person who is held in bondage to an- 
other; one who is wholly subject to the will of another. 
2. One who has lost the power of resistance. 3. A 
drudge ; one who labors like a slave. 

Syn.— Bond-servant; bondman; bond-slave; captive; 
henchman ; vassal ; dependent ; drudge. See Sekf. 

Slave, v. i. To drudge ; to toil ; to labor as a slave. 

Slave'-hold'er, n. One who holds slaves. 

Slav'er, n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave-trade. 2. 
A person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves. 

Slav'er, n. [See Slabber.] Saliva driveling from the 
mouth. 

Slav'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. slavered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLAVERING.] 1. To suffer the spittle to issue from the 
mouth. 2. To be besmeared with saliva. [mouth. 

Slav'er, v. t. To smear with saliva issuing from the 

Slav'er-er, n. A driveler ; an idiot. 

Slav'er-y, n. Condition of a slave ; state of entire sub- 
jection of one person to the will of another. 



a,e,&c.,Zong7 a,e,&c.,sAort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, vgil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,w9lf, 



SLAVE-SHIP 



675 



SLIDE 



Syn. — Bondage : servitude ; inthrallment ; enslavement ; 
captivity ; bond-service ; vassalage. 

Slave'- ship, n. A ship employed in the slave-trade ; a 
ship used for transporting slaves ; a slaver. 

Slave'- trade, n. The barbarous and wicked business of 
dealing in slaves, especially of buying them for trans- 
portation from their homes to be sold elsewhere. 

Slav'ish, a. 1. Pertaining to slaves ; such as becomes 
a slave. 2. Servile ; laborious ; consisting in drudgery. 

Slav'ish-ly , adv. In a slavish manner ; servilely ; mean- 
ly; basely. 

Slav'ish-ness, n. The state or quality of being slavish ; 
servility ; meanness. 

Slav-oe'ra-cy, n. [Eng. slave and Gr. Kparelv, to rule.] 
The persons, or interest, representing slavery politically, 
or wielding political power for the preservation or ad- 
vancement of slavery. [ Amer. ] 

Sla-vo'ni-an, n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
Slavonia. [Written also Sclavonian.] 

Sla-vo'ni-an, ) a. { Geog.) (a.) Pertaining to Slavonia, 

Sla-von'i-e, j or to its inhabitants, (b.) Pertaining 
to the Sclavi, who anciently inhabited the country be- 
tween the Save and Drave ; — applied especially to the 
language now spoken, in its various dialects, in Russia, 
Poland, Bohemia, &c. [Written also Sclavonian and 
Sclavonic] 

Slaw, n. [D. sla, slaa, contr. from salade. See Salad.] 
Sliced cabbage, served cooked, or uncooked, as a salad. 

Slay, v. t. [imp. slew; p. p. slain ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLAYING-.] [A.-S. slahan, sleahan, slagan, contr, slean, 
slan, to strike, beat, slay, Goth. & 0. II. Ger. slahan, 
Sw. sla, Icel. sla.] To put to death by a weapon, or by 
violence ; hence, to kill ; to destroy. 
Syn. — To kill; murder; assassinate; slaughter; butcher. 

Slay'er, n. One who slays ; a killer ; a murderer. 

Sleave, n. [Icel. slefa, a slender thread, Ger. schleife, a 
knot.] The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread ; 
silk or thread untwisted. [weavers. 

Sleave, v. t. To separate, as threads; — a term used by 

Slea'zy, a. [Ger. schleiszig, schlissig, worn out, thread- 
bare, "from srhleiszen, to slit, split, decay.] Wanting 
firmness of texture or substance ; thin ; flimsy. 

Sled, n. [Icel. sledi, 0. II. Ger. slito ; A.-S. slidan, to 
slide.] 1» A vehicle, moved on runners, used for con- 
veying heavy loads over the snow ; — in England, called 
sledge. 2. A light seat mounted on runners, used for 
sliding on snow and ice. 

Sled, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sledded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sledding.] To convey or transport on a sled. 

Sludge (slej), n. [A.-S. slecge, from slahan, to strike, 
beat ; Icel. sleggia.] A large, heavy hammer. 

Sledge (sli'j), n. A vehicle moved on runners, or on low 
wheels; as, (a.) A hurdle on which, formerly, traitors 
were drawn to the place of execution. [Eng.] (b.) A 
sleigh for riding upon snow. 

Sleek, a. [compar. sleeker ; svperl. SLEEKEST.] [0. 
Eng. slick; Icel. slikia, to smooth, polish.] Having an 
even, smooth surface ; smooth; hence, glossy. 

Sleek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sleeked (slekt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. SLEEKING.] 1. To make even and smooth. 2. 
To render smooth, soft, and glossy. 

Sleek'ly, adv. In a sleek manner ; smoothly. 

Sleek'iiess, n. The state or quality of being sleek ; 
smoothness and glossiness of surface. 

Sleep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. slept ; p.pr. & vb. n. SLEEP- 
ING.] [A.-S. slxpan, slapan, Goth, slepan ; Icel. sofa, 
Skr. svap, to sleep, Lat. sopire, to lull to 6leep.] 1. To 
take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the 
powers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the or- 
gans of sense. 2. Hence, to be careless, inattentive, or 
unconcerned. 3. Hence, also, to be dead. 4. To be 
unemployed, unused, or unagitated ; to rest. 

Sleep, n. [A.-S. slxp, Goth, slips, 0. H. Ger. slap.] A 
natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical sus- 
pension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as 
those of the voluntary and rational soul. 
Syn. — Slumber; repose; rest. 

Sleep'er, n. 1. One who sleeps ; also, a drone, or lazy 
person. 2. A piece of timber or stone, on or near the 
level of the ground, for the support of some superstruct- 
ure, as joists, &c, or to steady rails or frame-work. 3. 
(Nant.) One of the knees which connect the transoms to 
the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. 

Sleep'i-ly, adv. In a sleepy manner ; drowsily. 

Sleep'i-ness, n. State of being sleepy ; drowsiness. 

Sieep'ing, p. a. 1. Occupied with sleep. 2. Occupied 
for sleeping. 



Sleeping partner, a dormant partner. See DORMANT. 

Sleep'less, a. 1. Having no sleep ; wakeful. J. Hav- 
ing no rest; perpetually agitated. 

Sleep'less-ness, n. Want or destitution of sleep. 

Sleep'- walk'er (-wawk'-), n. A somnambulist, or noc- 
tambulist ; one who walks in his sleep. 

Sleep'- walking ( -wawk'-), n. Somnambulism ; walk- 
ing in one's sleep ; noctambulism. 

Sleep'y, a. [compar. sleepier ; superl. sleepiest.] 
1. Drowsy ; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep. 2. Tend- 
ing to induce sleep ; soporiferous ; somniferous. 

Sleet, n. [A.-S. sliht, from slahan, to strike.] A fall of 
hail or snow mingled with rain, usually in fine particles. 

Sleet, v. i. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. 

Sleet'y, a. Consisting of sleet, or bringing sleet. 

Sleeve, n. [A.-S. slif, slyf, slefe, slyfe, from slefan, sly- 
fan, to put on, to clothe.] 1. The part of a garment 
that is fitted to cover the arm. 2. Any thing resembling 
a sleeve. 

To laugh in the sleet*, to laugh privately or un perceived, es- 
pecially while apparently preserving a grave or serious de- 
meanor; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in the 
wide sleeves of former times. 

Sleeve, v. t. To furnish with sleeves ; to put sleeves 
into. 

Sleeve'less, a. Having no sleeves. 

Sleid (slid), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sleided ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. sleiding.] [See Sley.] To sley or prepare for use 
in the weaver's sley. 

Sleigh (sla), n. [L. Ger. slede, slee, slie. See Sled.] A 
vehicle moved on runners, and used for transporting per- 
sons or goods on snow or ice ; — in England commonly 
called a sledge. 

Sleigh'ing (slaving), n. 1. State of the snow or ice in 
winter which admits of running sleighs. 2. Act of 
riding in a sleigh. 

Sleight (slit), n. [Eng. sly; Icel. sldgd, cunning.] 1. 
An artful trick ; a feat so dexterously performed that the 
manner of performance escapes observation. 2. Dexter- 
ous practice ; dexterity. 
Sleight of hand, legerdemain. 

Sl&n'der, a. [compar. slenderer ; superl. SLENDER- 
EST.] [0. D. slinder, thin, slender, slinderen, slidderen, 
to creep.] 1. Thin or narrow in proportion to circum- 
ference or width. 2. Weak; feeble; not strong. 3. 
Moderate ; trivial ; inconsiderable. 4. Small ; inade- 
quate ; meager. 5. Spare; abstemious; simple. 

Sl€n'der-ly , adv. In a slender manner ; slightly ; feebly ; 
inadequately ; sparely. 

Slen'der-ness, n. State or quality of being slender ; 
thinness ; weakness ; slightness ; feebleness ; smallness ; 
insufficiency ; spareness. 

Slept, imp. & p. p. of sleep. See SLEEP. 

Slew, imp. of slay. See SLAY. 

Sley (sla), n. [A.-S. six.] A weaver's reed. 

Sley (sla), v. t. To part the threads of, and arrange them 
in a reed ; — a term used by weavers. 

Slice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sliced (sllst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLICING.] [0. H. Ger. sVizan, sleizan, to slit, A.-S. 
slltan.] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, 
broad piece from. 2. To cut into parts. 

Slice, n. 1. A thin, broad piece cut off. 2. That which 
is thin and broad, like a slice ; as, (a.) A broad, short- 
handled fire-pan, for use about fires, (b.) A salver, plat- 
ter, or tray, (c.) A broad, thin knife for taking up or 
serving fish, (d.) A spatula, (e.) (Ship-building.) A 
tapering piece of plank to be driven between the timbers 
before planking. 

Slick, a. Sleek ; smooth. See Sleek. 

Slick, v. t. To make sleek or smooth. 

Slid, imp. & p. p. of slide. See Slide. 

Slid'den (slid'dn), p. p. of slide. See SLIDE. 

Slide, v. i. [imp. slid ; p. p. SLID, slidden; p. pr. 
k,vb. n. sliding.] [A.-S. slidan, Goth, sliulhan.] 1. 
To move along the surface of any body by slipping ; t* 
slip ; to glide. 2. Especially, to move over snow or 
ice with a glib, uninterrupted motion. 3. To pass inad- 
vertently. 4. To move gently onward without friction 
or hindrance. 5. To slip ; to fall. 

Slide, v. t. 1. To thrust along ; or to thrust by slip- 
ping. 2. To pass or put imperceptibly ; to slip. 

Slide, n. 1. A smooth and easy passage. 2. One who, 
or that which, slides ; a slider. 3. Descent of a detached 
mass of earth or rock down a declivity. 4. (Mus.) A 
grace consisting of two small notes moving by conjoint 
degrees, and leading to a principal note either above or 
below. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; as. ; ejist ; linger, link ; thia. 



SLIDER 



676 



SLOPE 



Slid'er, n. One who, or that which, glides. 

Slid'ing-riile, n. A mathematical instrument consist- 
ing of two parts, one of which slides upon the other, for 
the mechanical performance of addition, subtraction, 
multiplication, and division. 

Slid'ing-seale, n. 1. A scale for raising or lowering 
imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices. 2. A 
sliding-rule. 

Slight (slit), a. [corn-par. SLIGHTER ; superl. SLIGHT- 
EST.] [Goth, slaihts, smooth, even ; 0. H. Ger. sleht, 
smooth, simple ; Icel. slettr.] 1. Not decidedly marked ; 
inconsiderable ; unimportant ; weak ; gentle ; — applied 
in a great variety of circumstances, 2. Not stout or 
heavy ; slender. 

Slight (slit), n. A moderate degree of contempt, mani- 
fested chiefly by neglect or oversight. 

Syn. — Neglect ; disregard • inattention ; contempt ; dis- 
dain; scorn. 

Slight (slit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLIGHTED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. slighting.] To disregard, as of little value and 
unworthy of notice. 

Syn.— To neglect; disregard; disdain; scorn.— To slight is 
stronger than to neglect. "We may neglect a duty or person 
from ineonsideratioi), or from being over-occupied in other 
conrerns. To slight is always a positive and intentional act, 
resulting from feelings of dfslikc or contempt. We ought to 
put a kind construction on what appears neglect on the part of 
a friend; but when he slights us, it is obvious that lie is our 
friend no longer. 

Slight'er (slhVer), ?i. One who neglects. 

Slight'ly (slTt'ly), adv. In a slight manner; weakly; 
superficially ; negligently. 

SHght'iiess (sill/-), n. Quality or state of being slight ; 
weakness ; -want of force or strength ; superficialness. 

Sli'ly, adv. See Slyly. 

Slim, «• [cornpar. SLIMMER ; superl. SLIMMEST.] [D. 
& M. II. Ger. slim, Icel. slamr, ill, bad.] 1. Of small 
diameter or thickness in proportion to the height ; slen- 
der. 2. Weak : slight ; unsubstantial. 

Slime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. slim, 0. II. Ger. slim, sllhmc] 
Soft, moist earth, or clay, having an adhesive quality ; 
viscous mud. 

Slim'i-ness, n. The quality of being slimy. 

Slim'ness, n. State of being slim ; slenderness. 

Slim'y, a. [compar. SLIMIER ; superl. slimiest.] 1. 
Abounding with slime ; consisting of slime. 2. Over- 
spread with slime. 3. Resembling slime ; viscous ; 
glutinous. 

Sli'ness, n. See Slyness. 

Sling, n. [0. II. Ger. s'inga, Icel. slongva,slaungva.] 1. 
An instrument for throwing stones, consisting of a strap 
and two strings. 2. A throw ; a stroke. 3. A kind of 
hanging bandage put round the neck, in which a wound- 
ed arm or hand is sustained. 4. (Naut.) A rope, with 
hooks, by which a caslc or bale is swung in or out of a 
ship ; also, a rope or iron band used for securing the 
center of a yard to the mast. 

Sling, n. [Cf. L. Ger. slingen, H. Ger. schlingen, to swal- 
low.] A drink composed of equal parts of spirit (usually 
gin) and water sweetened. 

Sling, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLT/NG ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLINGING.] 1. To throw with a sling. 2. To throw ; 
to hurl; to cast. 3. To hang so as to swing. 4. 
(Naut.) To put in ropes, or suspend, as a cask, gun, or 
the like. 

Sling'er, n. One who slings, or uses a sling. 

Slink, v . i. [imp. & p. p. slunk (SLANK, obs. or rare.) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SLINKING.] [A.-S. slincan, 0. II. Ger. 
sllh/ian.] 1. To creep away meanly ; to steal away ; to 
sneak. 2. To miscarry, as a beast. 

Slink, v. t. To cast prematurely ; to miscarry of, as the 
female of a beast. 

Slip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SLIPPED (slipt) ; p. pr. & vb n. 
SLIPPING.] [A.-S. sllpan, Goth, sliupan, Icel. sleppa ] 
1. To move along the surface of a thing without bound- 
ing, rolling, or stepping ; to slide ; to glide. 2. To move 
or fly out of place. 3. To sneak ; to slink ; to depart or 
withdraw secretly. 4. To err ; to fall into error or fault. 
5. To pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly. 6. Toenter 
by oversight. 7. To escape insensibly ; 'to be lost. 

Slip, v. t. 1. To convey secretly. 2. To part from the 
branches or stem, as a branch of a tree ; to take off. 3. 
To let loose. 4. To throw off; to disengage one's self 
from. 5. To suffer abortion of. 
To slip on, to put on in haste or loosely. 

Slip, n. 1. Act of slipping. 2. An unintentional error 
or fault. 3. A twig separated from the main stock. 4. 
A leash or string by which a dog is held. 5. An escape ; 



a secret or unexpected desertion. 6. A long, narrow 
piece. 7. (Print.) A portion of the columns of a news- 
paper or other work struck off by itself. 8. Any thing 
easily slipped on ; as, (a.) A loose garment worn by a fe- 
male. (6.) A child's pinafore, (c.) An outside covering 
or case. 9. An opening or space left between wharves 
or in a dock. [Amer.] 10. A long seat or narrow pew 
in churches. [A?ner.] 

Slip'-knot (-not), n. A knot which slips along the rope 
or line around which it is made. 

Slip'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, slips. 2. A 
kind of light shoe, which may be slipped on with ease. 
3. A kind of iron slide or shoe for the wheel of a wagon. 

Slip'per-i-ly, adv. ln.a slippery manner. 

Slip'per-i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being slip- 
pery ; lubricity ; smoothness ; glibness. 2. Uncertainty ; 
want of firm footing. 

Slip'per-y, a. 1. Allowing or causing any thing to slip 
or move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface 
of; smooth; glib. 2. Not affording firm footing or con- 
fidence. 3. Liable or apt to slip away. 4. Liable to 
slip; not standing firm. 5. Unstable; changeable; un- 
certain. 

Slip'phod, a. 1. Wearing shoes like slippers, without 
pulling up the quarters or heels. 2. Hence, careless in 
manners, style, &c. ; shuffling. 

Slip'sl6p,n. [A duplication of slop.] Bad liquor. 

Slit, v. t. [imp. slit ; p. p. slit, or slitted ; p. pr. 
& vb. 11. SLITTING.] [A.-S. slitan, slxtan, Icel. slita, 0. 
H. Ger. slizan, sleizjan.} 1. To cut lengthwise ; to cut 
into long pieces or strips. 2. To cut or make a long fis- 
sure in or upon. 3. To rend ; to split ; to cut. 

Slit, n. A long cut ; or a narrow opening. 

SKt'ter, n. One who slits. 

Sllt'ting-mill, n. A mill where iron bars, or plates, are 
slit into narrow strips, as nail-rods, and the like. 

SHv'er, or Sli'ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slivered; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SLIVERING.] [Prov. Eng. slive, A.-S. 
si" fan, to split, cleave.] To cut or divide into long, thin 
pieces, or into very small pieces. 

SHv'er, or Sli'ver, n. A long piece cut or rent off, or 
a piece cut or rent lengthwise. 

Sloat, n. [Cf. L. Ger. slot, slat, D. slot, 0. H. Ger. sloz, 
a lock, sluz, a shutting, the thing which closes or shuts, 
and the place where a thing clones or shuts, from L. Ger. 
sluten, 0. H. Ger. slivzan, to shut, lock, end.] A nar- 
row piece of timber which holds together large pieces ; 

Sloo'ber, n. & v. See Slabber. [a slat. 

Slob'ber-y, a. Wet ; sloppy. 

Sloe, n. [A.-S. sla, slahe, 0. II. Ger. sliha ; D. sleeuw, N. 
H. Ger. schlch, harsh, blunt, dull.] A small, bitter, wild 
plum, the fruit of the black-thorn. 

Slo'gan, n. [Gael, slogan, contr. from sluaghghairm, i. e. , 
an army-cry.] The war-cry, or gathering-word, of a 
Highland clan in Scotland. 

Sloop, n. [L. Ger. slup, slupe, D. 
slorp, II. Ger. schlupe, srhaluppe.] 
(Naut.) A vessel with one mast, the 
mainsail of which is attached to a 
gaff above, to a boom below, and to 
the mast on its foremost edge. 

Slop, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael, slaib, mud, 
dirt.] 1. Water carelessly spilled 
or thrown about ; a puddle. 2. 
pi. Dirty water ; water in which 
any thing has been washed or 
rinsed. 

Slop, n. [A.-S. slop, a frock, from slii- 
pan, sleopan, to enter secretly, Icel. 
sloppr, slipra, a thin garment, 0. II. Ger. slauf slouph,& 
garment.] 1. A lower garment, as breeches, trowsers, 
&c. ; — chiefly in the plural. 2. pi. Hence, ready- 
made clothes, bedding, and the like. 

Slop,f. t. 1. To cause to overflow, as a liquid, by the 
motion of the vessel containing it; to spill. 2. To spill 
liquid upon. 

Slop, v. i. To overflow or be spilled, as a liquid, by th« 
motion of the vessel containing it. 

Slope, a. [Allied to A.-S. slopen, a slipping, sltipan, 
aslujian, to slide or slip away.] Inclined, or inclining, 
from a horizontal direction. [Rare.] 

Slope, n. 1. Aline or direction inclining from a hori- 
zontal line ; properly, a direction downward. 2. Any 
ground whose surface forms an angle with the plane of 
the horizon ; a declivity or acclivity. 

Slope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sloped (slopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. sloping.] To form with a slope ; to direct obliquely ; 
to incline. 




Sloop. 



a,e,&c, long; &,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SLOPE 



677 



SLUTTISHLY 




Slope, v. i. To take an oblique direction ; to be inclined. 

Slop'ing, .??• «• Inclining, or inclined, from a horizontal 
or other right line ; oblique ; declivous. 

Slop'py, «• [compar. sloppier ; superl. sloppiest.] 
[From slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily ; muddy ; 
plashy. [sold. 

Slop'- shop, n. A shop where ready-made clothes are 

Slosh, n. The same as slush. See Slush. 

Slot, n. [L. Ger. slot, slat, D. slot, a lock. See Sloat.] 
A broad, fiat, wooden bar ; a slat or sloat. 

Slot, n. [Scot, sleuth, Cf. Icel. slodi, a path, Sax. slitting.] 
(Much.) A depression or mortise in a plate of metal, or a 
slit or aperture through it, for the reception of some part 
of a machine, either fixed as a key-bolt, or movable as a 
sliding adjustment. 

Sloth, or Sloth (20), n. [A.-S. slewdh, 
sldwfJh, from slaw, slow, q. v.] 1. 
Slowness; tardiness. 2. Disinclina- 
tion to action or labor ; sluggishness ; 
laziness. 3. (Zo'dl.) A South-Amer- 
ican mammal of about the size of a 
common cat, so called from the re- 
markable slowness of its motions. 

Sloth'f ul, or Sloth'f ul, a. Addicted 
to sloth ; inactive ; sluggish ; lazy ; 
indolent ; idle. 

Sloth'f ul-ly, or Sloth'f ul-ly, adv. 
In a slothful manner ; lazily ; slug- 
gishly ; idly. 

Sloth'f ul-ness, or Sloth'f ul- w 
ness, n. State or quality of being " 
slothful ; inactivity ; laziness. olotn. 

Slouch, n. [See infra.] 1. A depression of the head or 
of some other part of the body. 2. An awkward, heavy, 
clownish fellow. 

Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. slouched (sloucht); p. 
pr. & vb. n. SLOUCHING.] [Cf. Eng. slug, slack, and D. 
slus,sluns,slons, loose.] To hang down; to have a down- 
cast, clownish look, gait, or manner. 

Slouch, v. t. To depress ; to cause to hang down. 

Slough (slou), n. [A.-S. slog, a hallow place, W. yslwch, 
a slough.] A place of deep mud or mire ; a hole full of 
mire. 

Slough (slQf ), n. [M. II. Ger. slfoch, the skin of a serpent, 
0. D. slooue.] 1. The cast skin of a serpent. 2. (Med.) 
The part that separates from a foul sore. 

Slough (sluf), v. i. (Surg.) To separate from the sound 
flesh ; to come off, as the matter formed over a sore. 

Slough'y (slufy), a. Resembling, or of the nature 
of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from 
flesh. 

Slov'en (sl&Ven or slfiVn, 58), n. [Prov. Ger. schluf or 
schluff, 0. D. sloef, slow, squalid, negligent.] A man 
or boy careless of his dress, or negligent of cleanliness. 

S16v'en-li-ness (sluVen- or sluVn-), n. State or quality 
of being slovenly ; habitual want of cleanliness. 

S16v'en-ly (sluVen- or sluVn-), a. 1. Negligent of dress 
or neatness. 2. Loose ; disorderly ; not neat. 

Sldv'en-ly (sluv'en- or sluVn-), adv. In a slovenly 
manner. 

Slow, a. [compar. SLOWER ; superl. SLOWEST.] [A.-S. 
slaw, sleaw, 0. II. Ger. sleo, slewo, Icel. slior, sliar, sldr, 
sld, sldft, allied to Goth, slavan, to be silent ] 1. Not 
swift ; not quick in motion ; deliberate. 2. Not happen- 
ing in a short time ; late. 3. Not ready ; not prompt. 
4. Acting with deliberation. 5. Indicating a time later 
than the true time. 6. Not advancing, growing, or im- 
proving rapidly. 7. Heavy in wit ; not alert, prompt, or 
spirited ; wearisome. [ Colloq.] 

Syn. — Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; in- 
active. — Slow is the wider term, denoting either a want of 
rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilatory signifies a 
proneness to defer, a habit of delaying tiie performance of what 
we know must be done. Tardy denotes the habit of being be- 
hindhand; as, tardy in making up one's accounts. 

Slow, v. t. To render slow ; to retard. 

Slow'ly, adv. In a slow manner ; moderately ; not rap- 
idly ; not early ; not rashly ; not readily ; tardily. 

Slow'ness, n. The state or quality of "being slow ; want 
of readiness or promptness ; dullness ; deliberation ; dila- 
toriness ; tardiness. 

Slow'- worm (-wGrm), n. (Zo'dl.) A harmless reptile, 
having a very brittle body ; the blind-worm. 

Sliib, n. A roll of wool slightly twisted. 

Sliib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLUBBED ; p. pr. k, vb. n. 
slubbing.] To draw out and slightly twist ; — applied 
to wool. 

Sliib'ber, v. t. [D. slobberen, Prov. Ger. schhibbern, 



schlubben, to work negligently, to lap. Cf. SLABBER.7 
To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. 

Sludge, n. [See Slough,] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud*, 
shish. 2. Small floating pieces of ice or snow. 

Slue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slued ; p. pr. & vb. n. SLU- 
ING.] [Prov. Eng. slew, to turn round. Cf. Icel. snua, 
to turn, bend.] 1. (Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, 
usually, the center, as a spar or piece of timber. 2. To 
turn about ; to twist. 

Slue, v. i. To turn about ; to slip or slide and turn from 
an expected or desired course. 

Slug, n. [Allied to slack.] 1. A drone ; a slow, heavy, 
lazy fellow. 2. (Zo'dl.) A kind of snail, very destructive 
to plants. 

Slug, n. [Prob. from the root of slay, q. v.] A cylin- 
drical or oval piece of metal, used for the charge of a gun. 

Slixg'gard, n. [From slug and the termination ard.] A 
person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive ; a drone. 

Sliig'gish, a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy. 2. Having 
little motion. 3. Having no power to move one's self or 
itself. 4. Stupid ; tame ; simple. 

Syn. — Inert; idle; lazy; slothful; indolent; dronish; slow; 
dull; drowsy; inactive. See Lnert. 

Sliig'gish-ly, adv. In a sluggish manner ; lazily. 

Slug'gish-ness, n. 1. State of being sluggish ; sloth; 
dullness. 2. Inertness ; slowness. 

Sluice, n. [0. Fr. escluse, Low Lat. exclvsa, sclusa, from 
Lat. excludere, exclusum, to shut out.] 1. An artificial 
passage for water fitted with a sliding valve or gate, for 
regulating the flow. 2. Hence, any opening ; that from 
which any thing flows. 3. The stream which flows 
through a flood-gate. 4. Hence, any stream, or any thing 
regarded as flowing in a stream. 

Sluice, v. t. [imp. & p.p. sluiced (slust) ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. sluicing.] To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice ; 
to overwhelm. 

Slui'cy, a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. 

Slum, n. [Said to be a contr. of asylum, as vulgarly pro- 
nounced with the accent on the first syllable ; but cf. 
Slump.] A back street of a city, especially one filled 
with a poor, dirty, and vicious population. 

Slum'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. slumbered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SLUMBERING.] [0. Eng. slomber, slomer, A.-S. 
slumerian, from sluma, slumber ; Icel. slyma, to remain 
at ease.] 1. To sleep lightly ; to doze. 2=, To sleep. 3. 
To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inac- 
tivity, [sound ; repose. 

Slum'ber, n. Light sleep ; sleep that is not deep or 

Sliim'ber-er, n. One who slumbers ; a sleeper. 

Sliim'ber-ous, a. Inviting slumber ; soporiferous. 

Slump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. slumped (slumpt, 84); p. 
pr. & vb. n. SLUMPING.] [Scot, slump, a dull noise 
produced by something falling into a hole, a marsh 
swamp. Cf. Icel. slumpaz, slembaz, to be jolted sud- 
denly.] To fall or sink suddenly through or in, as when 
walking on snow, ice, a bog, &c. 

Siting, imp. & p. p. of sling. See SLING. 

Slung'- shot. n. A metal ball of small size, with a string 
attached, used for striking. 

Slunk, imp. & p. p. of slink. See SLINK. 

Slur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLURRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SLURRING.] [Prov. Ger. schliiren, schldren, schlurren, 
L. Ger. sliiren, sl'dren, slurren, D. sleuren,sloren,to train, 
drag, to do negligently and slovenly.] 1. To soil; to 
sully ; to contaminate ; to disgrace. 2. To pass lightly ; 
to conceal. 3. (Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, 
gliding style. 

Slur, n. 1. A mark or stain ; hence, slight reproach or 
disgrace; also, a reproachful intimation; an innuendo. 
2. A trick played upon a person. 3. (Mus.) A mark, 
thus [^-^ or ^""^v], connecting notes that are to be 
sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued 
breath ; a tie. 

Slush, n. [See Sludge and SLOUGH.] 1. Soft mud ; 
sludge ; slosh. 2. A mixture of snow and water. 3. 
A soft mixture of grease and other materials, for lubri- 
cation. 4. Refuse grease and fat, especially from salt 
meat. 5. (Mach.) A mixture of white lead and lime, 
with which the bright parts of machines are painted to 
be preserved from oxidation. 

Slush, v. t. 1. To smear with slush or grease. 2. (Mach.) 
To paint with a mixture of white lead and lime. 

Slut, n. [Prov. Ger. schlutte, schlutze, schlotze ; D. slet, a 
rag, a slut, 0. D. slodde, a slut.] 1. An untidy woman ; 
a slattern. 2. A female dog ; a bitch. 

Sliit'tish, a. Like a slut ; untidy ; careless ; disorderly. 

SltLt'tish-ly, adv. In a sluttish manner ; negligently. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link; this* 



SLUTTISHNESS 



678 



SMIT 



Srut'tish-ness, n. Quality or state of being sluttish. 
Sly, a. [corn-par. slyer; superl. slyest.] [II. Ger. 
schlau, Icel. slagr. Cf. Sleight.] 1. Dexterous in 
performing an action so as to escape notice ; nimble ; 
skillful ; cautious ; shrewd ; knowing. 2. Artfully cun- 
ning ; secretly mischievous ; insidious. 3. Done with, 
and marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy. 
On the sly, in a sly or secret manner. 
Syn. — Cunning; crafty; subtile; wily. See Cunning. 

Sly'-foobts, n. A sly, cunning, or waggish person. 
Sly'ly, adv. In a sly manner ; craftily ; insidiously. 
Sly'ness, n. State or quality of being sly ; cunning. 
Smack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. smacked (smiikt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SMACKING.] [A. -S. smer.can, to taste, Icel. smacka, 

0. H. Ger. smecrhan.] 1. To kiss with a loud sound; 
to buss. 2. To make a noise by the separation of the 
lips, after tasting any thing. 3. To be tinctured with 
any particular taste. 4. To have, or exhibit, natural 
indications of the presence or influence. 

Smack, v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise ; to buss. 2. 
To make a noise with, as the lips, by separating them in 
the act of kissing or after tasting. 3. To make a sharp 
noise by striking ; to crack. 

Smack, n. 1. A loud kiss ; a buss. 2. A quick, sharp 
noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a 
■whip. 3. Taste ; flavor ; savor. 4. A quick, smart 
blow ; a slap. 

Smack, n. [D. smak, H. Ger. schmacke, schmake, Fr. 
se?naque., A.-S. snacc, Icel. snakr, sneckia.} (Naut.) A 
small coasting or fishing vessel, commonly rigged as a 
sloop. 

Small, a. [compar. SMALLER; superl. SMALLEST.] 
[A'.'-S. smal, smal, smeal, Goth, smals, Icel. smdr, allied 
to Slav. mal\] 1. Not large or extended in dimensions ; 
little in quantity or degree ; minute in bulk. 2. Being 
of slight consequence ; feeble in influence or importance. 
3. Evincing little worth or ability. 4. Not prolonged in 
duration. 5. Weak; slender; gentle; not loud. 

Small beer, a kind of weak beer.— Small talk, light or tri- 
fling conversation; chit-chat. 

Syn. — Diminutive ; unimportant : trivial ; insignificant ; 
paltry; mean; short; fine. 

Small, n. The small or slender part of a thing. 

Small'-armg, n. pi. Muskets, rifles, pistols, &c, in 
distinction from cannon. 

Small'ness, n. The state of being small ; littleness ; 
diminutiveness ; inconsiderableness. 

Small '-pox, n. [From small, and pox, porks.] (Med.) 
A disease consisting of a constitutional febrile affection, 
and a cutaneous eruption ; variola. 

Smalt, n. [From 0. II. Ger. smaltjan, smalzjan, for 
smelzan, to melt. See SMELT.] Common glass tinged 
of a fine deep blue, by the protoxide of cobalt ground 
fine, and used as a pigment in various arts. 

Sma-rag'dine, a. [Gr. o-fjiapaySivos , from o-(U.apaySo?, 
emerald.] Pertaining to emerald ; consisting of emerald, 
or resembling it. 

Smart, n. [D. smart, smert, 0. II. Ger. smerza, allied to 
Buss, smertj, Lat. mors, death.] 1. Quick, pungent, 
lively pain. 2. Severe, pungent pain of mind. 

Smart, v. i. {imp. & p.p. smarted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SMARTING.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent pain, particu- 
larly a pungent, local pain from some piercing or kritat- 
ing application. 2. To feel a pungent pain of mind. 
3. To be punished. 

Smart, a. [compar. SMARTER; superl. smartest.] 

1. Causing a keen, local pain. 2. Severe ; poignant. 
3. Vigorous ; sharp. 4. Accomplishing, or able to ac- 
complish, results quickly ; active ; efficient. 5. Marked 
by acuteness or shrewdness ; quick in suggestion or re- 
ply ; vivacious ; witty. 6. Showy ; dashy ; spruce. 7. 
Brisk ; fresh. 

Syn. — Pungent ; quick ; lively ; keen ; clever. —Smart 
has been much used in New England to describe a person who 
is intelligent, vigorous, and active; as, a smart young fellow, 
a smart workman, &c , coinciding very nearly with the Eng- 
lish sense of clever: The nearest approach to this in England 
is in such expressions as, he wa-, smart (pungent or witty) in 
his reply, &c. But smart and smartness, when applied to per- 
sons, are more commonly used in reference to dress ; as, a smart 
appearance, &c. 

Smart'ly, adv. In a smart manner ; keenly ; sharply ; 

actively ; wittily ; showily. 
Smart'-mon'ey (-mfin'-), n. Money paid by a person to 

buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement or 

some painful situation. 
Smart'ness, n. Quality of being smart or pungent. 

Syn. — Pungency; poignancy; tartness; sharpness ; acute- 



ness; keenness ; quickness ; vigor ; liveliness ; briskness ; ri. 

vacity; wittmess. 

Smash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. smashed (snulsht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SMASHING.] [From the root of smite, q. v.] 
To break in pieces by violence ; to dash to pieces ; to 
crush. 

Smash, n. A breaking to pieces ; utter destruction. 

Smat'ter, v. i. [Ger. schmettern, to dash, crash, to 
warble, quaver; from the root of smite.} 1. To talk 
superficially or ignorantly. 2. To have a slight taste, or 
a slight, superficial knowledge. 

Smat'ter, n. Slight, superficial knowledge. 

Smat'ter-er, n. One who has only a slight, superficial 
knowledge ; a sciolist. 

Smat'ter-ing, n. A slight, superficial knowledge. 

Smear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. smeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SMEARING.] [A.-S. smerwian, smerian, smirian, srhyri- 
gan, from smeru, fat, grease.] 1. To overspread with 
any thing unctuous, viscous, or adhesive ; to besmear ; to 
daub. 2. To soil ; to pollute. 

Smear, n. A spot made by an unctuous or adhesive sub- 
stance, or as if by such a substance. 
Syn. —Blot; blotch; patch; daub; stain. 

Smell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. smelled, smelt ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. SMELLING.] [L. Ger. sme/len, smelen, smolen y 
schmelen, to smoke, to reek : D. smeulen, to smolder.] 
1. To perceive by the nose ; to have a sensation excited 
of, by means of the nasal organs. 2. To perceive as if 
by the smell ; to give heed to. 

Smell, v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves ; to have 
an odor or particular scent. 2. To have a particular 
tincture or smack of any quality. 3. To exercise the 
sense of smell. 

Smell, n. 1. Sense by which certain qualities of bodies 
are perceived through the instrumentality of the olfac- 
tory nerves. 2. The quality of any thing, or emanation 
therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs. 
Syn.— Scent; odor; perfume; fragrance. 

Smell'er, n. 1. One who smells. 2. The organ of the 
sense of smell ; the nose. 

Smell'ing, n. The sense by which odors are perceived ; 
the sense of smell. 

Smelt, imp. & p. p. of smell. See Smell. 

Smelt, n. (Ichth.) A small fis 
allied to the salmon. It is of 
a silvery white color, and is 
highly esteemed as delicate 
food. It emits a pec uliar odor, Smelt 

■whence the name. 

Smelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SMELTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SMELTING.] [M. D. smelten, Icel. smelta, 0. H. Ger. 
smelzan. Cf. Melt.] To melt as ore, for the purpose 
of separating the metal from extraneous substances. 

Smelt'er, n. One who melts ore. 

Smelt'er-y, n. A house or place for smelting ores. 

Smerk, n. An affected smile. See SMIRK. 

Smick'er, v. i. [Icel. smeikr, slippery, 0. Ger. schmeichen, 
to flatter.] To look amorously or wantonly. 

SmVlax, n. [Lat. ; Gr. o>uAaf .] (Bot.) A genus of 
evergreen, climbing shrubs, found in the warm and tem- 
perate parts of both hemispheres. 

Smile, v. ?'. [imp. & /;. p. smiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. smil- 
ing.] [0. Ger. schmielrn, schmieren, allied to Skr. smL 
to laugh.] 1. To contract the features of the face in 
such a manner as to express pleasure, moderate joy, or 
love and kindness. 2. To express slight contempt by a 
look implying sarcasm or pity. 3. To look gay and 
joyous. 4. To be propitious ; to favor ; to countenance. 

Smile, v. t. To express by a smile. 

Smile, n. 1. Act of smiling ; a peculiar contraction of 
the features of the face, which naturally expresses pleas- 
ure, moderate joy, approbation, or kindness. 2. A some- 
what similar expression of countenance, indicative of 
satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as con- 
tempt, scorn, &c. 3. Favor; countenance ; propitious- 
ness. 4. Gay or joyous appearance. 

Smil'ing-ly, adv. In a smiling manner ; with a smile or 
look of pleasure. 

Smirch (18), v. t. [From the root of smear, q. v.] To 
cloud ; to dusk ; to soil. 

Smirk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SMIRKED (smirkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SMIRKING.] [A.-S. smercian, smeariciaA. Cf. M. 
H. Ger. smieren, smielen, 0. Ger. schmieren, schmielen, 
to smile.] To look affectedly soft or kind ; to smile in an 
affected or conceited manner. [per. 

Smirk, n. An affected, conceited, or silly smile ; a sim- 

Smit, p. p. of smite. See Smite. 



a, e,&c.,Zongva, 6, &c, sAarf; care,far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; soil, 6r, do, wolf* 



SMITE 



679 



SNAP 



Smite, v. t. [imp. smote ; p. p. smitten, rarely 
SMIT ; p. pr. & vb. n. SMITING.] [A.-S. smltan, 0. H. 
Ger. smizan.] 1. To throw, drive, or force the fist or 
hand, or stone or weapon, against; to strike. 2. To 
slay by a blow; to kill. 3. To beat oi put to rout in 
battle. 4. To blast. 5. To afflict; to chasten; to 
punish. 6. To strike or affect with passion, as love or 

Smite, v. i. To strike ; to collide. [fear. 

Smit'er, n. One who smites or strikes 

Smith, n. [A.-S. smidk, Goth, smitha, Icel. smidhr, 0. 
H. Ger. smit, s)nid.] One who forges with the hammer ; 
one who works in metals. 

Smith'er-y, n. 1. The workshop of a smith ; a smithy. 
2. Work done by a smith. 

Smith'y, n. [A.-S. smidhdhe, Icel. smidia, 0. H. Ger. 
smitta.] The shop of a smith ; a smithery. 

Smltt, n. [H. Ger. sckmitz, schmitze, from smitten, 
sctimitzen, to besmear.] Fine clay or ocher made up 
into balls, used for marking sheep. 

Smit'tPii (srnit'tn), p. p. of .smite. 1. Struck; killed. 
2. Affected with some passion ; especially, affected by 
the passion of love ; enamored. 

Smock, n. [A.-S. smocc, 0. H. Ger. smoccho, Icel. 
smolckr.] 1. A woman's under garment ; a shift ; a 
chemise. 2. A blouse. 

Smock'- frock, n. A coarse linen frock or shirt worn 
over the coat by farm-laborers. 

Smoke (20), n. [A.-S. smocca, smeoc, smec, smyc, from 
smeocan, to smoke.] 1. The exhalation, visible vapor 
or substance that escapes or is expelled from a burning 
body. 2. That which resembles smoke, as vapor or 
■watery exhalations. 

Smoke, r. i. [imp. & p. p. smoked (smokt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SMOKING.] 1. To emit smoke. 2. Hence, to 
burn; to be kindled; to rage. 3. To raise a dust or 
smoke by rapid motion. 4. To use tobacco in a pipe or 
cigar. 

Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to ; to scent, medicate, 
or dry by smoke. 2. To burn and draw into the mouth 
and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco ; to burn or use 
in smoking. 3. To subject to the operation of smoke, 
for the purpose of annoying or driving out. 

Smoke'-jack, n. A contrivance for turning a spit by 
means of a fly or wheel turned by the current of ascend- 
ing air in a chimney. 

Smok'er, n. 1. One who dries by smoke. 2. One who 
uses tobacco by inhaling its smoke from a pipe or cigar. 

Smok'i-ly, adv. In a smoky manner. 

Smok'i-ness, n. The state of being smoky. 

Smok'y, a. [rompar. smokier; superl. SMOKIEST.] 
1. Emitting smoke. 2. Having the appearance or na- 
ture of smoke. 3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor 
resembling it. 4. Subject to be filled with smoke from 
the chimneys or fire-places. 5. Tarnished with smoke. 

Smol'der, ) v. i. [Prov. Ger. schmolen, for schmoren, 

Sinoul'der, j D. smeulen, to smolder.] To waste away 
by a slow and suppressed combustion. 

Smooth, a. [compnr. SMOOTHER; superl. SMOOTH- 
EST.] [A.-S. smidke, smzedhe.] 1. Having an even 
surface ; not rough. 2. Gently flowing ; not ruffled 
or obstructed. 3. Flowing or uttered without stops, 
obstruction, or hesitation. 4. Bland; mild; soothing. 

Syn. — Even ; plain ; level ; flat ; polished ; glossy ; sleek; 
soft; voluble; flattering; adulatory; deceptive. 

Smooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SMOOTHED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SMOOTHING.] To make smooth ; to make even on 
the surface by any means; hence, (a.) To make easy. 
(b.) To make flowing. 

Smooth 'ly, ado. In a smooth manner ; evenly ; unob- 
structedly ; blandly ; flatteringly. 

Smobth'ness. n. The quality or condition of being 
smooth ; evenness of surface ; softness or mildness ; gen- 
tleness ; biandness. 

Smote, imp. of smite. See Smite. 

Smoth'er (smutb/er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SMOTHERED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SMOTHERING.] [Allied to 0. Eng. smoor, 
sxiore, to suffocate, A.-S. smorian.] 1. To destroy the 
life of by suffocation. 2. To affect as by suffocation; 
to stifle. 3. Hence, to repress the action of; to cover 
from the view of the public ; to suppress. 

Smoth'er (smuth/er), r. i. 1. To be suffocated or 
stifled. 2. To be suppressed or concealed. 3. To burn 
slowly, without sufficient air and smoke- to smolder. 

Smoul'der, v. i. See Smolder. 

Smug, a. [L. Ger. smurk, II. Ger. scl.muck.] Studiously 
neat or nice ; spruce ; affectedly nice. 

Smug'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. smuggled ; v-T' r - & 



vb. n. SMUGGLING.] [L. Ger. smuggeln,T>. smoklcelen, 
H. Ger. schmuggeln, from Sw. smyga, to introduce or 
convey secretly, A.-S. smeogan, smiigan, smiian, to 
creep, to flow or spread gradually, Icel. smiiiga, to pen- 
etrate, creep.] 1. To import or export secretly, contrary 
to the law ; or without paying the duties iuiposed by 
law. 2. To convey, or introduce, clandestinely. 

Smug'gler, n. 1. One who imports or exports goods 
privately and contrary to law. 2. A vessel employed in 
smuggling. 

Smut, n. [M. H. Ger. smuz, A.-S. smitta; D. smet, a 
spot or stain, smodderen, to smut.] 1. Foul matter, like 
soot or coal-dust, or the spot or soil which thi3 makes. 
2. {Bot.) A parasitic fungus, which forms on grain, 
blasting it. 3. Obscene or filthy language ; ribaldry ; 
obscenity. 

Smut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SMUTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SMUTTING.] 1. To stain or mark with smut. 2. To 
taint with mildew, as grain. 3. To blacken ; to tarnish. 

Smut, v. i. 1. To gather or be converted into smut. 
2. To give off smut ; to crock. 

Smutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. smutched (smucht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SMUTCHING.J [From smoke, q. v.] To 
blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. 

Smutch, n. Stain ; dirty spot. 

Smut'ti-ly, adv. 1. In a smutty manner; smokily ; 
foully - . 2. With obscene language ; obscenely. 

Smut'ti-ness, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
smutty. 2. Obsceneness of language. 

Smiit'ty, a. [compar. SMUTTIER ; superl. SMUTTIEST.] 
1. Soiled with smut, coal, soot, or the like. 2. Tainted 
with mildew. 3. Obscene. 

Snack, n. [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, to snatch, allied to 
snap.] A share ; an equal part or portion ; — obsolete, 
except in the colloquial phi-ase, go snacks, to take part. 

Snaffle, n. [L. Ger. snuff, snuffe,sm'ff, a snout, nose, 
snuffeln, to snuffle, 0. II. Ger. snabul, beak, bill, snout.] 

1. A bridle consisting of a slender bit-mouth, without 
branches. 2. A snaffle-bit. 

Snaffle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. snaffled; p. pr. & vb. 

n. snaffling.] To bridle ; to hold or manage with a 

bridle. 
Snaffle-bit, n. A kind of slender bit, having a joint in 

the part to be placed in the mouth. 
Snag, n. [From Gael. & Ir. snaigh,snaidh, to cut down, 

to prune, to sharpen, p. p. snaighthe, snaidhte, cut off, 

lopped.] 1. A short branch, or a sharp or rough branch. 

2. A tooth, in contempt; or a tooth projecting beyond 
the rest. 3. The trunk of a large tree fixed to the bot- 
tom of a river at one end, and rising nearly or quite to 
the surface at the other end, by which vessels are often 
pierced and sunk. [Amer.] 

Snag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snagged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
snagging.] To injure or destroy by or upon a snag. 
[Amer.] 

Snag'ged, a. Full of snags ; snaggy. 

Snag'gy , a. Full of snags ; full of short, rough branches 
or sharp points ; abounding with knots. 

Snail, n. [A.-S. snagel, snegel, 
snagl, sn&l, dim. of snaca, 
snake.] 1. (ZoUl.) An air- 
breathing mollusk, which 
moves very slowly by creeping. 
The eyes of this animal are in ? 
the horns, one at the end of 
each, which it can retract at 
pleasure. Some of them have 
shells, others do not. 2. Hence Snail. 

a drone ; a sluggard ; a lazy, slow-moving person. 

Snail'-like, adv. In the manner of a snail ; slowly. 

Snake, n. [A.-S. snaca, from snacan, snlr.an, to creep, to 
sneak.] A serpent of the oviparous kind, distinguished 
from a viper. 

Snake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snaked (snakt), p. pr. & 
vb. n. SNAKING.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from 
a hole. [Amer.] 2. (Naut.) To wind round spirally, aa 
a large rope with a smaller one, or with cord. 

Snake'rdot, n. (Bot.) One of several plants of differ- 
ent genera and species, most of which are, or were for- 
merly, reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bite3 
of serpents. 

Snak'y, a. 1. Pertaining to a snake, or to snakes ; re- 
sembling a snake ; serpentine ; winding. 2. Sly ; cun- 
ning ; insinuating. 3. Covered with serpents ; having 
serpents. 

Snap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snapped (snapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SNAPPING.] [L. Ger. & D. snappen, Icel. snapa.] 
1. To break short, as substances that are brittle. 2. 



%%mtm^ 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



SNAP 



680 



SNOW-BALL 



To strike -with a sharp sound. 3. To bite or seize sud- 
denly, especially -with the teeth. 4. To crack; as, to 
snap a whip. 

To snap one up, to treat with sharp words; to interrupt sud- 
denly or snappishly. 

Snap, v. i. 1. To break short ; to part asunder sudden- 
ly. 2. To make an effort to bite. 3. To utter sharp, 
harsh, angry words. 

Snap, n. 1. A sudden breaking of any substance. 2. 
A sudden seizing, or effort to seize, with the teeth. 3. 
A crack of a whip, or a similar sound. 4. A sudden 
and severe interval, as of cold weather. [Amer.] 5. A 
small catch or fastening, as of a bracelet. 6. A crisp 
kind of gingerbread nut or cake. 

Snap'-drag-on, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant, the showy corol- 
las of some species of which resemble the face of an ani- 
mal or a mask. 2. A play in which raisins or sweet- 
meats are snatched from burning brandy, and put into 
the mouth. 

Snap'pish,a. 1. Eager to bite ; apt to snap. 2. Sharp 
in reply ; apt to speak angrily or tartly. 

Snap'pish-ly, adv. In a snappish manner ; peevishly ; 
angrily ; tartly. 

Siiap'pish-ness, ft. The quality of being snappish. 

Snare (4), n. [Icel. snara, snare ; 0. H. Ger. snare, sner, 
a string, snarahha, a noose ; Goth, snorjo, a string.] 1. 
A contrivance consisting often of a noose of cords, by 
which a bird or other creature may be entangled ; a trap ; 
a catch ; a wile. 2. Hence, any thing by which one is 
entangled and brought into trouble. 3. The gut or 
string stretched across the lower head of a drum. 

Snare, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. snared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SNARING.] To catch with a snare ; to entangle ; to bring 
into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. 

Snarl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. snarled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SNARLING.] [L. Ger. & 0. D. snarren.] 1. To growl, 
as an angry or surly dog ; to gnarl. 2. To speak roughly. 

Snarl, v. t. [From snare, v. t.] 1. To entangle ; to 
complicate. 2. To embarrass; to insnare. 

Snarl, n. A knot or complication of hair, thrend, or the 
like, which it is difficult to disentangle; hence, embar- 
rassing difficulty. 

Snarl'er, n. One who snarls ; a surly, growling animal ; 
a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow. 

Snatch, v. t. [imp. &■ p. p. snatched (smtcht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SNATCHING.] [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, to 
snatch. See Snack, n.] 1. To seize hastily, abruptly, 
or without permission or ceremony. 2. To seize and 
transport away. 

Sy ii. — To twitch ; pluck; pull; catch; grasp; gripe. 

Snatch, n. 1. A hasty catch or seizing. 2. A catching 
at or attempt to seize suddenly. 3. A short period of 
vigorous action. 4. A small piece, fragment, or quan- 
tity. 

Snatch'-block, n. (Naut.) A kind of block used in 
ships, having an opening in one sidu to receive the bight 
of a rope. 

Snatch'er, ft. One who snatches or takes abruptly. 

Snath, ft- [A.-S. snxd.] The handle of a scythe. [New 
Eng.] 

Sneak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sneaked (108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SNEAKING.] [A.-S. snlcan, snacan, 0. 11. Ger. snahan, 
snahhan. Of. SNAKE.] 1. To creep or steal away pri- 
vately. 2. To behave with meanness and servility. 

Sneak, n. A mean, sneaking fellow. 

Sneak'ing, 7?. a. 1. Marked by cowardly concealment ; 
mean; servile; crouching. 2. Covetous; niggardly. 

Sneak'ing-ly, adv. In a sneaking manner ; meanly. 

Sneer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SNEERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sneering.] [Cf. snort, to laugh loudly.] 1. To show 
contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular cast 
of countenance. 2. To insinuate contempt by a covert 
expression. 

Syn. — To scoff ; jeer ; gibe. — The verb to sneer implies to 
castcontem t indirectly or by covert expressions. To .jeer is 
stronger, and denotes the use of severe sarcastic reflections. 
To scoff'is stronger still, implying the use of insolent mockery 
and derision. 

Sneer, n. 1. A look of contempt, disdain, derision, or 
ridicule. 2. An expression of ludicrous scorn. 

Sneer'er, ft. One who sneers. 

Sneer'ing-ly, adv. With a look of contempt or scorn. 

Sneeze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sneezed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sneezing.] [Cf. A.-S.fnedsan, to sneeze, fne.dsung, 
a sneezing.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audi- 
bly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive 
force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of 
the nose. 




Snipe. 



Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised or contemned ; no/ 

to be treated lightly. [GbZZog.] 
Sneeze, n. A sudden and violent ejection of air, chiefly 

through, the nose, with an audible sound. 
Snlck'er, v. i. [Prov. Ger. schnickern, from schnicken- 

to move quickly.] 1. To laugh slyly. 2. To laugb 

with small, audible catches of voice, as when persons at' 

tempt to suppress loud laughter. 
Snlck'er, n. A half-suppressed broken laugh. 
Sniff, v. i. [See Snuff.] To draw air audibly up the 

nose ; to snuff. 
Sniff, v. t. 1. To draw in with the breath through the 

nose. 2. To perceive as by sniffing ; to scent ; to smell ; 

to snuff. 
Sniff, n. Perception by sniffing ; that which is taken by 

sniffing. 
Snlft, v. i. [From sniff, supra.] To sniff ; to snuff ; tG 

smell. 
Snlg'ger, v. i. To laugh in a half-suppressed broken 

manner ; to snicker. 
Snig'ger, n. [See Snicker.] A half-suppressed broken 

laugh ; a snicker. 
Snip, v. t. [imp. & p.p. snipped (snipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. SN1PEING.] [D. snippen, Ger. schnippen, schnippsen.] 

To cut off the nip of, or to cut off at once with shears or 

scissors ; to cut off ; to nip. 
Snip, n. 1. A single cut, as with shears or scissors-, a 

clip. 2. A small shred ; a bit cut off. 
Snipe, ft. [From L. Ger. snebbe, 

snibbe, II. Ger. schnebbe, schnibbe, 

schneppe, bill, beak ; — so named 

from its long bill.] (Ornit/i.) A 

bird that frequents the banks of 

rivers and the borders of fens, dis- 
tinguished by its long, straight, 

slender bill. 
Snip'per-snap'per, ft. A small 

insignificant fellow. [ Colloq.] 
Snlv'el (sniVl), n. [A.-S. snyfling, 

snofel. Cf. Sniff and Snuffle.] 

Mucus running from the nose ; snot. 
Sniv'cl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sniveled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

sniveling.] 1. To run at the nose. 2. To cry or 

whine as children. 
Sniv'^l-er, ft. 1. One who cries with sniveling. 2. One 

who weeps for slight causes. 
Snob, ft. [Prov. Eng. snob, snot, snot, a miserable fel- 
low. See Sniff.] An affected and pretentious person ; 

especially, a vulgar person, who apes gentility, or affects 

the intimacy of noble or distinguished persons ; an up- 
start ; a parvenu. 
Snob'bish, a. Belonging to, or resembling, a snob. 
Snob'bish-ness, ft. The quality of being snobbish ; the 

character or habits of a snob. 
Snooze, ft. [Scot, snooze, to sleep, a modification of Eng. 

snuff, to snort.] A short sleep ; a nap ; slumber. [Prov. 

Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 
Snooze, «. !. To sleep; to doze ; to drowse. [Colloq.] 
Snore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. snored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SNORING.] [A.-S. snora, a snoring ; M. II. Ger. snarken, 

N. H. Ger. schnarchen, allied to sclmarren, to rattle ; Icel. 

snarka, to crackle.] To breathe with a rough, hoarse 

noise in sleep. 
Snore, ft. A breathing with a harsh noise in sleep. 
Snort, v. i. [imp. & p. p. snorted; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SNORTING.] [From snore.] 1. To force the air with 

violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as high- 
spirited horses. 2. To laugh out loudly. [Prov. Eng. 

Colloq., Amer.] 
Snot, ft. [A.-S., D., & Dan. snot, Icel. sn'ita.] Mucus 

secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. 
Snot'ty, a. Foul with snot ; hence, mean ; dirty. 
Snout, ft. [L. Ger. snute, Icel. snudr, W. ysnid.] 1. 

The long, projecting nose of a beast, as that of swine. 2. 

The nose of a man ; — in contempt. 3. The nozzle or 

end of a hollow pipe. 
Snout, v. I. To furnish with a nozzle or point. 
Snow, ft. [A.-S. snaw, Goth, snaivs, Icel. snidr, allied 

to Ir. & Gael, sneachd, Bohemian snili, Lat. nix, Gr. 

vb\i, ace. v(<f>a., W. nyf.] Watery particles congealed into 

white or transparent crystals, or flakes, in the air, and 

falling to the earth. 
Snow, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SNOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

snowing.] To fall in snow; — chiefly used imperson- 
ally. 
Snow, v. t. To scatter like snow. 
Snow'-ball, ft. A round mass of snow, pressed or rolled 

together." 



»,e, &c.,Zoftg-;a,e,&c.,s/ior«;care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SNOW-BALL 



681 



SOCIABLENESS 




Snow-shoe. 



2. Abounding with 



Snow'-ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snow-balled ; p. pr. 

& vb. n.'sNOW-EALLiNG.] To peit with snow-balls. 
Snow'-bird , n. ( Ornitk.) A bird which appears in the 

time of snow ; — the popular name of various birds. 
Snow'-blind, a. Affected with snow-blindness. 
Snow'- blindness, n. Blindness, or dimness of sight, 

caused by the light reflected from snow. 
Snow'- drift, n. A bank of snow driven together by 

the wind. 
Snow '-drop, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant bearing white 

flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the 

ground. 
Snow'- shoe, n. A light 

shoe, or racket, worn by men 

traveling on snow, to prevent 

their feet from sinking into' 

the snow. 
Snow'- white, a. White as 

snow ; very white. 
Snow'y, a. 1. White like snow, 

snow. 3. Pure ; unblemished. 
Snub, n. [See infra.] A check or rebuke. 
Snub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snubbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

snubbing.] [Iccl. snubba, to rebuke. Cf. Snip.] 1. To 

clip or break off the end of. 2. To check, stop, or rebuke, 

with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark. 3. To slight de- 
signedly, [or flat nose. 
Snub'-noge, n. [Prov. Eng. snub, to stunt.] A short 
Snuff, ii. [Gcr. schnuppe, from schnuppen, for schnupfen.] 

1. The part of a candle-wick charred by the name, 
whether burning or not. 2. [D. snuif, Dan. & Sw. 
snus.] Pulverized tobacco or other substance, snuffed 
up or prepared to be snuffed up into the nose. 

Up to snuff, not likely to be imposed upon; knowing; acute. 

[Codoq.] 

Snuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snuffed (sniJft); p. pr. & 

vb. n. snuffing.] 1. To draw in with the breath ; to 

inhale. 2. To perceive by the nose ; to scent ; to smell. 

3. To take off the end of the snuff of. 

Snuff, v. i. 1. To inhale air with violence or with noise. 

2. To turn up the noce and inhale air, as an expression 
of contempt ; hence, to take offense. 

Snuff-box, n. A box for carrying snuff about the 
person. 

Snuff 'er, n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. pi. An instrument 
for cropping the snuff of a candle. 

Snuffle (snuf'fl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. SNUFFLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. snuffling.] [L. Gcr. snuffeln, II. Ger. scknvf- 
feln, D. snuffcicn.] To speak through the nose ; to 
breathe hard through the nose, especially when it is 
obstructed ; to sniffle. 

Snuffle, it. 1. A sound made by the passage of air 
through the nostrils. 2. An affected nasal twang ; 
hence, cant. 

Snuf f ler, n. One who snuffles, or speaks through the 
nose when obstructed. [mucus. 

Snuf f leg (snuPi'lz), n. pi. Obstruction of the nose by 

Snuff 'y, a. Soiled with snuff. 

Snug, v. i. [See infra.] To lie close ; to snuggle. 

Snug, a. [compar. SNUGGER ; superl. SNUGGEST.] 
[Prov. Eng. snug, tight, handsome, I eel. snoggr, snog, 
smooth, neat, Ger. schniegen, schniegeln, to smooth, 
polish, to dress smart, allied to A.-S. snican, to creep.] 
1. Closely pressed. 2. Close ; concealed. 3. Compact, 
convenient, and comfortable. 

Snug'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. snuggled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SNUGGLING.] [From snug.] To move one way and 
the other to get a close place ; to Me close for convenience 
or warmth. 

Snxig'ly, adv. In a snug manner ; closely ; safely. 

Snug'ness, n. The state of being snug. 

So, adv. [A.-S. siva, Goth, sva, Icel. sva, svo, so.] 1. 
In that manner or degree ; as indicated in any way, or 
as implied, or as supposed to be known. 2. In like 
manner or degree ; thus ; with equal reason ; — used cor- 
relative^, following as. 3. In such manner ; to such 
degree ; — used correlatively with as or that coming after. 

4. Very ; in a high degree ; that is, in such a degree as 
can not well be expressed. 5. In the same manner ; in 
this or that condition; under these circumstances; in 
this way ; — with reflex reference to something just as- 
serted or implied ; used also with the verb to be, as a 
predicate. 6. Therefore ; on this account ; for this 
reason. 7. It is well; let it be; be it so; — used to 
express assent. 8. Well ; the fact being so ; — used as 
an expletive. 

So forth, further in the same or a similar manner. — So that, 
to the end that; in order that. 



So, conj. Provided that ; on condition that ; in case that 

Soak, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. soaked (sokt); p. pr. & vb 
n. soaking.] [A.-S. socian, to soak, steep, sucan, sugan, 
to suck. Cf. Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a 
fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain ; 
to steep. 2. To drench ; to wet thoroughly. 3. To 
penetrate by wetting thoroughly. 

Soak, v. i. 1. To lie steeped in water or other fluid. 2. 
To enter into pores or interstices. 

Soak'er, n. 1. One who soaks in a liquid. 2„ A hard 
drinker. [Low.] 

Soap (20), n. [A.-S. sctpe, Lat. sapo, Gr. o-airwv; W. 
sebon.] A compound of one or more of the acids ob- 
tained from fatty bodies, with alkalies or oxides. 

Soap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soaped (sjpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
SOAPING.] To rub or wash over with soap. 

Soap'-boiFer, n. One whose occupation h to make soap. 

Soap'-biib'ble, n. A spherical film of soap-suds formed 
by inflation. 

Soap'-stone, n. (Min.) A soft magnesian mineral; 
steatite ; — so called from its soapy or greasy feel. 

Soap'-wort(-wurt),n. (Bot.) A plant; — socalledfrom 
its bruised leaves producing a lather, like soap, when 
agitated in water. 

Soap'y, a. 1. Resembling soap ; having the qualities of 
soap. 2. Smeared with soap. 

Soar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SOARED ; p.pr. & vb. n. SOAR- 
ING.] [Fr. essorer, to soar, essor, a flight ; It. sorare, from 
Lat. ex and aura, the air.] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird ; 
to mount upward on wings, or as on wings. 2. To rise 
or tower in thought or imagination. 

Soar, n. A towering flight. 

Sob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SOBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOB- 
BING.] [A.-S. seofian, siofian, to complain, bewail, seob- 
gende, i. e., seofgende, complaining, sobbing, 0. II. Ger. 
sftftZn, to groan ; Goth, svogjan, A.-S. swCgan.] To sigh 
with a sudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of con- 
vulsive motion. 

Sob, n. 1. A convulsive sigh or catching of the breath 
in sorrow. 2. Any sorrowful cry or sound. 

So'ber, a. [compar. soberer ; superl. soberest.] 
[Lat. sobrius; A.-S: syfer, sifer, sober, pure.] 1. Ha- 
bitually temperate in the use of spirituous liquors. 2. Not 
intoxicated by spirituous liquors. 3. Exercising cool, 
dispassionate reason ; self-controlled. 4. Not proceeding 
from, or attended with, passion. 5. Serious in demeanor, 
habit, or appearance. 

Syn. — Grave; temperate; abstinent; abstemious; moderate; 
regular ; steady ; calm ; cool ; collected ; dispassionate ; un- 
impassioned ; sedate ; staid ; serious ; solemn ; somber. See 
Grave. 

So'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sobered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SOBERING.] To make sober ; to cure of intoxication- 

So'ber, v. i. To become sober. 

So'ber-ly, adv. In a sober manner ; temperately. 

So'ber-mind'ed, a. Having a disposition or temper 
habitually sober, calm, and temperate. 

So'ber-ness, n. State of being sober ; freedom from in- 
toxication ; temperance ; gravity ; calmness. 

So-bri'e-ty, n. 1. Habitual soberness or temperance as 
to the use of spirituous liquors. 2. Habitual freedom 
from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or over-heated 
imagination. 3. Gravity without sadness or melancholy. 
Syn.— Soberness; temperance; abstinence: abstemiousness; 
moderation; regularity; steadiness; calmness; coolness; sober- 
mindedness ; sedateness ; staidness ; gravity ; seriousness ; 
solemnity. 

Sobriquet (so'bre-ka'), n. [Fr., from sot, foolish, silly, 
and 0. Fr. briquet, id.] An assumed name ; a nickname. 

Soe, n. [A.-S. sOc, the power of holding court, sway, 
domain, L. Lat. soca.] (Eng. Law.) (a.) The power or 
privilege of holding a court in a district, as in a manor- 
(b.) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from cus- 
tomary burdens. 

Soe'age, n. [From soc, supra.] (Bng. Law.) A tenure 
of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate ser- 
vice, as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. 

So'cia-bil'i-ty (so'sha-), n. Quality of being sociable ; 
sociableness. 

So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), a. [Lat. sociabilis, from sociare, 
to associate, from sorius, a companion.] 1. Inclined to, 
or adapted for, society ; especially, disposed to company. 

2. Hence, ready to converse ; inclined to talk with others. 

3. Affording opportunities for conversation. 

Syn. — Social ; companionable ; conversible ; friendly ; 
famdiar ; communicative ; accessible. 

So'cia-ble-ness (so'sha-bl-), n. Quality of being socia- 
ble ; inclination to company and converse. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



! 



SOCIABLY 



682 



SOL 



So'cia-bly (so'sha-bly"), adv. In a sociable manner ; with 

free intercourse ; conversibly ; familiarly. 
So'cial, a. [Lat. socialis, from socius, a companion.] 1. 

Pertaining to society ; relating to men living in society. 

2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse. 3. 

Consisting in union or mutual converse. 4. (Bot.) 

Naturally growing together. 

Syn. — Sociable ; companionable ; conversible ; friendly ; 
familiar ; communicative ; convivial ; festive. 

So'cial-igm, n. A theory of society -which advocates a 
better arrangement of the social relations of mankind 
than that which has hitherto prevailed ; communism. 

So'cial-ist, n. One who advocates socialism. 

So'cial-ist'i-e, a. Relating to, or like, socialism. 

So'ci-al'i-ty (so'shT-al'i-ty, 95), n. Quality of being 
social ; sociableness. 

So'cial-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. socialized ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SOCIALIZING.] 1. To render social. '2. To sub- 
ject to, or regulate by, the principles of socialism. 

So'cial-ly, adv. In a social manner or way. 

So-ci'e-ty, n. [Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.] 
1. A number of persons associated for any temporary or 
permanent objects ; a partnership, 2. The persons, col- 
lectively considered, who live in any region or at any 
period ; specifically, the more cultivated portion of any 
community in its social relations and influences. 3. 
Companionship ; fellowship ; company. [creed. 

So-cin'i-an, a. Pertaining to Socinus or his religious 

So-cin'i-an, n. One of the followers of Socinus. 

So-cm'i-an-igm, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets or doc- 
trines of Faustus and Laelius Socinus, Italian theologians 
of the 16th century, who denied the Trinity, the deity 
of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native and 
total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the 
eternity of future punishment. 

So'ci-61'o-gy (s5'shI-),«. That branch of philosophy 
which treats of human society ; social science. 

Sock, n. [Lat. soccus, a kind of low-heeled, light shoe.] 
A covering for the foot; especially, (a.) The shoe worn 
by an ancient actor of comedy ; hence, comedy, in dis- 
tinction from tragedy, (b.) A knit or woven covering for 
the foot, rather shorter than a stocking. 

SoclL'et, 11. [From sock, supra.] 1. An opening into 
which any thing is fitted. 2. Especially, the little hol- 
low tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the can- 
dlestick. 

So'-clo (so'kl or sok'l), n. [Lat. socculus, dim. of soccus. 
See Sock.] (Arch.) (a.) A plain block or plinth, form- 
ing a low pedestal to a statue, column, &c. (b.) A plain 
face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. 

So-e'man, n. ; pi. socmen. [See Socage.] ( O. Eng. 
Law.) One who holds lands or tenements by socage. . 

So-erat'i-e, I a. Pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian 

So-crat'i-e-al, ) sage, or to his manner of teaching and 
philosophizing ; i. e. by series of questions leading to the 
desired result. 

So-erat'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the Socratic method. 

Sod, n. [D. zode, zoo, 0. D. sode, soode.] Earth filled 
with the roots of grass ; turf; sward. 

Sod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sodded ; p. pr. & vb. n. sod- 
_ding.] To cover with sod ; to turf. 

So'da, n. [From Lat. salsus, salted, salt.] The protoxide 
of the metal sodium. 

Carbonate of soda, a salt compounded of carbonic acid and 
soda, chieflv obtained by the conversion of sea-water into sul- 
phate of soda. It is largely used in arts and manufactures. 

So-dal'i-ty, n. [Lat. sodalitas, ft. sodalis, a comrade, 

companion.] A fellowship or fraternity. 
So'da- wa/ter, n. A very weak solution of soda in water, 

or more often simple water highly charged with carbonic 

acid. 
Sod'dr-n, p. p. of seethe. See Seethe. 
Sod'dy, a. Consisting of, or covered with, sod ; turfy. 
So'di-iim, n. [N. Lat., from soda, q. v.] (Chem.) A 

yellowish-white metallic element, soft like wax, and 

lighter than water ; the metallic base of soda. 
Sod'om-ite, n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. One 

gnilty of sodomy. [ner. 

Sod'om-y, n. Carnal copulation in an unnatural man- 
So-ev'er. A word compounded of so and ever, used in 

composition with who, what,tvhere, ivhen, how, &c, and 

indicating a selection from all possible or supposable 

persons, things, places, or times. It is sometimes used 

separate from the pronoun. 
So'f a (20), ii. ; pi. s5'fa§. [Ar. soffah, from saffa, to 

dispose in order.] A long ornamental seat, usually with 

a stuffed bottom. 



So'f 5, n. ; pi. so'FtR. [Per. stifi, or sOfi, prob. from Gr. 
credos, wise.] One of a certain religious order in Persia; 
a dervish. 

So'figm, n. The doctrine or principles of the Sofis. 

Soffit, n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, from Lat. suffixus, p. p. 
of suffigere, to fasten beneath or below, from sub, under, 
beneath, and figere, jixum, to fix, fasten.] (Arch.) A 
ceiling; especially, the under side of the subordinate 
parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, arch- 
ways, cornices, &c. 

Soft (21), a. [cornpar. softer ; superl. SOFTEST.] 
[A.-S. sOfte, sCft, ssjte, 0. II. Ger. samft. samfti, sanfti, 
N. H. Ger. sanfti, L. Ger. sacht, Dan. sagte,$>w. sakta, 
allied to Icel. sS/a, to mitigate, soothe.] 1. Easily yield- 
ing to pressure ; easily impressed or cut. 2. Not rough, 
rugged, or harsh to the touch. 3. Agreeable to perceive 
or feel. 4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight ; pleasing 
to the eye. 5. Not harsh or rough in sound ; gentle 
and pleasing to the ear. 6. Easily jielding ; susceptible 
to influence. *7. Effeminate ; not courageous or manly. 
8. Gentle in action or motion. 9. Not tinged with salts, 
so as to decompose soap. 10. Easy; quiet; undis- 
turbed. 11. (Pron.) Not pronounced with an abrupt 
or explosive utterance ; — said of certain consonants. 

Syn. — Impressible; yielding; smooth; delicate; fine; flex- 
ible; mild; gentle; kind; delicate; weak; quiet; easy. 

Soft, adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. 

Soft, inter j. Be soft ; hold ; stop ; not so fast. 

SoftVn (sof'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. softened; p. pr. 
& vb. n. softening.] To make soft or more soft, in 
any of the senses cf that word. 

Soft'en (sofn), v. i. To become soft or more soft. 

Soft'en-er (sofn-er), n. One who, or that which, soft- 
ens. 

Soft'-heart'ed, a. Having softness or tenderness of 
heart ; gentle ; meek. [quietly ; mildly. 

Soft'ly, adv. In a soft manner ; not hard ; gently ; 

Soft'ness, «. Quality of being soft; as, (a.) Impressi- 
bility, smoothness, fineness, delicacy, and the like ; — said 
of material objects, (b.) Acceptableness to the senses, 
feeling, sight, hearing, &c, arising from delicacy or from 
the absence of harshness, hardness, &c. (c.) Mildness; 
gentleness; — said of manners, language, temper and 
the like, (d.) Hence, effeminacy ; weakness ; simplici- 
ty, (e.) Susceptibility ; tenderness. (/.) Hence, timo- 
rousness ; pusillanimity. 

Sog'gy, a. [compar. SOGGIER; svperl. SOGGIEST.] [Icel. 
s'dggr, damp. Cf. Soak.] Filled with water; soft with 
moisture ; wet. 

So-ho', interj. Ho ! — a word used in calling from a dis- 
tant place ; a sportsman's halloo. 

Soi-disant (swn/de'z^ng'), a. [Fr.] Calling himself; 
self-styled ; pretended ; would-be. 

Soil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOIL- 
ING.] [A.-S. sylian, selan, to soil, stain, Goth, sauljan, 
Icel. sola.] 1. To make dirty on the surface. 2. To 
cover or tinge with any thing extraneous. 3. To cover 
with soil or dung ; to manure. 

Syn. — To foul; dirt; dirty; begrime; bemire; bespatter: be- 
smear; daub; bedaub; stain; tarnish ; sully ; defile; pollute. 

Soil, v. t. [0. Fr. saoler, saouler, to satiate, Lat. satullare, 
from satullus, dim. of satur, sated.] To feed, as cattle or 
horses in the barn or an inclosure with fresh grass or 
green food cut for them ; hence, to purge by feeding upon 
green food. 

Soil, n. 1. Any foul matter upon another substance; 
dirt; foulness; spot. 2. Stain; tarnish. 

Soil, n. [Lat. solum, bottom, soil.] 1. The upper stra- 
tum of the earth ;, mold. 2. Land ; country. 3. Dung; 
compost ; manure. 

Soiree (swa'ra'), n. [Fr., from soir, evening, from Lat. 
serus, late.] An evening party. 

So'journ (so/jurn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sojourned; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SOJOURNING.] [0. Fr. sojorner, sejorner, 
from Lat. sub, under, about, and diurnus, belonging to 
the day.] To dwell for a time ; to live in a place as a 
temporary resident, or as a stranger. 

So'journ (so^urn), n. A temporary residence, as that of 
a traveler in a foreign land. 

So'journ-er, n. A temporary resident ; a stranger or 
traveler who dwells in a place for a time. 

So'journ-ment (so^urn-), n. Temporary residence. 

Sdl, n. [Lat.] 1. The sun. 2. (Her.) The color of 
gold in the coats of sovereign princes. 

Sol (20), n. (Mus.) (a.) A syllable applied in solmiza- 
tion to the fifth tone of the diatonic scale, (b.) The tone 
itself. 



a,e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; dre.veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SOLACE 



683 



SOLIFIDIANISM 



SSl'ace, v- t. [imp. & p. p. solaced (soPest) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. solacing.] 1. To cheer in grief, or under ca- 
lamity ; to relieve in affliction. 2. To assuage. 
Syn. — To comfort ; alleviate; allay; console. 

Sol'ace, n. [Lat. solatium, from solar i , to comfort, con- 
sole.] Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; 
also that which relieves in distress. 

Syn. — Comfort ; alleviation ; relief. See Comfort. 

Sol'ace-ment, n. The act of solacing or comforting ; 
the state of being solaced. 

So'lan-gdbse, n. [Norw. suit, Icel. sula, haf-sula.] 
(Ornitk.) The gannet, a web-footed sea-fowl, found on 
the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, Labrador, &c. 

So'lar, a. [Lat. Solaris, from sol, the sun.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to the sun ; proceeding from the sun. 2. Measured 
by the progress of the sun, or by its revolution. 3. Pro- 
duced by means of the sun. 

Sold, imp. & p. p. of sell. See Sell. 

Sol'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soldered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SOLDERING.] [From Lat. solidare, from solidus, firm, 
eolid.] To unite the surfaces of, as metals, by the inter- 
vention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. 

Sol'der, n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting 
the surface of metals ; a metallic cement. 

Sol'dier (sol'jer, 77), n. [From Lat. solidus, a piece of 
money, the pay of a soldier.] 1. One who is engaged in 
military service, as an officer or private. 2. Especial- 
ly, a private in military service as distinguished from an 
officer. 3. A brave warrior. 

Sol'dier-ly (soFjer-), a. Like or becoming a real soldier ; 
brave ; martial ; heroic ; honorable. 

Sol'dier-y (sol'jer-y), n. A body of soldiers collectively 
considered ; the military. 

Sole, n. [A.-S. sole, Icel. soli, Goth, sulja, Lat. solea.] 1. 
The bottom of the foot; hence, also, rarely, the foot 
itself. 2. The bottom.of a shoe or boot, or the piece of 
leather which constitutes the bottom. 3. The bottom 
or lower part of any thing, or that on which any thing 
rests in standing. 

Sole, n. [Lat. solea.] (Ichth.) A 
marine flat fish which has both 
eyes placed on one side of the head, 
namely, that side which is upper- 
most when they are swimming. 

Sole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soled ; 
p. pr. & vb. SOLING.] To furnish 
with a sole. 

Sole, a. [Lat. solus.] 1. Being or acting without an- 
other. 2. (Law.) Unmarried. 

Syn. — Single ; individual ; only ; alone ; solitary. 

Sol'e-cigm, n. [Gr. o-oA.oi/ao-|u.6s, from o-oA.oiKi<etj>, to 
speak or write incorrectly, from the corruption of the 
Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of 26Aoi, in 
Cilicia.] 1. Impropriety in language, or a gross devia- 
tion from the rules of syntax. 2. Hence any unfitness, 
^surdity, or impropriety. 

Syn. — Barbarism. — These terms have come down from 
/ie ancient rhetoricians. A barbarism is a word either, foreign 
©r uncongenial to a language, and not yet received into it. 
Solecism is derived from the Soli, a people of Attica, who, hav- 
ing colonized in Cilicia, lost the purity of their language. Hence, 
the term solecism was applied to a violation of the laivs of syn- 
tax; and at a subsequent period, to any expression involving 
an absurdity or violation of the necessary laws of thought. The 
term iias also been applied figuratively to absurdity of conduct. 

Sol'e-cist, n. One who commits a solecism. 

SoPe-^ist'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, or involving, a sol- 

Sol'e-pist'ie-al, ) ecism. 

Sole'ly (109), ado. Singly ; alone ; only ; without an- 
other. 

Sol'emn (soFem), a. [0. Fr. solempne, Lat. solemnis, so- 
lennis, from Oscan sollus, all, and Lat. annus, a year, 
prop, that which takes place every year, used esp. of re- 
ligious solemnities.] 1. Marked with religious rites and 
pomps ; enjoined by religion. 2. Fitted to awaken or 
express serious reflections. 3. Affectedly grave or seri- 
ous. 4. (Law.) Made in legal form. 

Syn. — Grave ; formal ; ritual ; ceremonial ; sober ; serious ; 
reverential ; devotional ; devout. See Grave. 

So-lem'ni-ty, n. 1. A rite or ceremony performed with 
religious reverence. 2. A ceremony adapted to impress 
awe. 3. Gravity ; steady seriousness. 4. Hence, af- 
fected gravity or seriousness. 5. Appearance calculat- 
ed to inspire with solemn feelings. 6. (Law.) A proceed- 
ing according; to due form. 

SSPem-nl-za'tion, n. Act of solemnizing ; celebration. 

Sol'em-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. solemnized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SOLEMNIZING.] 1. To perform with solemn 




Sole. 



or ritual ceremonies and respect, or according to legal 
forms. 2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies ; hence, 
to celebrate ; to make famous. 3. To make grave, seri- 
ous, and reverential. [This sense is not well authorized.] 

S61'emn-ly (sdl'em-ly ), adv. In a solemn manner ; with 
jravity ; seriously ; formally ; truly. 

Sol-fa', v. i. [imp. & p. p. sol-faed ; p. -pr. & vb. n. 
sol-faing.] [It. & Sp. sol/a, the gamut, from the syl- 
lables fa, sol.] To pronounce the notes of the gamut, 
ascending or descending. 

Sol-fefi'glo (sol-fed'jo), n. [It,, from solfa, the gamut.] 
(Mus.) The system of arranging the scale by the names 
do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught. 

So-lic'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. solicited; p. pr. & vb 
n. SOLICITING.] [Lat, sollicitare,solicitare, from sollic- 
itus, wholly (i. e., violently) moved, from Oscan sollus, 
whole, and citus, p. p. of ciere, to move, excite.] 1. To 
ask from with earnestness ; to make petition to. 2. To 
endeavor to obtain; to seek. 3. To awake or excite to 
action ; to invite. 

Syn. — To beseech ; ask ; request ; crave ; supplicate ; en- 
treat ; beg; implore; importune. See Beseech. 

So-lic'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of soliciting ; earnest re- 
quest ; importunity. 2. Excitement ; invitation. 

So-llc'it-or, n. 1. One who solicits or asks with earnest- 
ness. 2. (Law.) An attorney or advocate ; one admitted 
to practice in a court of chancery or equity ; a title some- 
times given to the law officer of a city, town, or govern- 
ment. 

So-lic'it-or-gen'er-al, n. An officer of the crown, 
associated with the attorney-general in managing the 
legal business of the crown and public offices. [Ens;.] 

So-lic'it-oiis, a. [Lat. sollicitus, solicitus.] Disposed to 
solicit ; eager to obtain, as something desirable ; anxious 
to avoid, as any thing evil ; concerned ; careful. 

So-lic'it-ous-ly,atft 4 . In a solicitous manner : anxiously. 

So-lic'it-ress, n. A woman who solicits or petitions. 

So-ll£'i-tude (30), n. [Lat. sollicitudo.] State of being 
solicitous ; uneasiness of mind occasioned by the fear of 
evil or the desire of good. 

Syn.— Care ; carefulness ; concern ; anxiety ; trouble. See 
Care. 

Sol'id, a. [Lat. solidus, fr. solum, the bottom, ground.] 
1. Having the constituent parts so firmly adhering as 
to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies. 2. 
Not hollow ; full of matter ; not spongy ; dense. 3. Hav- 
ing all the geometrical dimensions; cubic. 4. Firm; 
compact; strong. 5. Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem 
Solid angle {Geom.)', an angle formed by three or more plane 
angles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in a point. 

Syn. — Hard; substantial ; stable; sound; real: valid; true; 
iust; weighty; profound; grave; important. — Solid and hard 
both relate to the internal constitution of bodies; but hard de- 
notes a firmer adherence of the component parts than solid. 
Hard is opposed to soft, and solid to fluid or liquid. Wood is 
always solid ; but some kinds of wood are hard, and others are 
soft. 

Sol'id, n. 1. A substance held in a fixed form by cohe- 
sion among its particles. 2. (Geom.) A magnitude 
which has length, breadth, and thickness. 

SoFi-dar'i-ty, n. [Fr. solidarity, from solide, solid.] An 
entire union or consolidation of interests and responsibili 
ties ; fellowship. 

So-lul/i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of making solid. 

So-lid'i-fy, v. t, [imp. & p.p. solidified; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SOLIDIFYING.] [Lat. solidus, solid, and facere, 
to make.] To make solid or compact. 

So-lid'i-f y, v. i. To become solid ; to harden. 

So-lid'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being solid; fullness of 
matter. 2. Moral firmness or soundness. 3. ( Geom.) 
The solid contents of a body ; volume. 

Syn. —Firmness ; solidness ; hardness; density; com- 
pactness ; strength ; soundness ; validity ; certainty. 

Sol'id-ly, adv. In a solid manner ; densely ; compactly ; 

firmly ; truly. 
Sol'id-ness, n. 1. The quality of being solid ; solidity, 

as of material bodies. 2. Soundness ; validity , as of ar- 
guments, reasons, principles, &c. 
S6rid-un'gu.-late, n. [Lat. solidus, solid, and ungula, 

a hoof.] (Zo'dl.) One of a tribe of mammals having a 

single or solid hoof on each foot. 
SoFid-un'gu-lous, a. (Zo'dl.) Having hoofs that are 

not cloven. 
Sol'i-fld'i-an, n. [Lat. solus, alone, and fides, faith.] 

(Eccl.) One who maintains that faith alone, without 

works, is sufficient for justification. 
SoVi-fid'1-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Solifidians. 
SSl'i-f id'i-an-i§m, n. The tenets of Solifidians. 



food, ftfbt; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; tliis- 



SOLILOQUIZE 



684 



SON 



So-KPo-quize, v. i. [imp. & p.p. soliloquized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. soliloquizing.] To utter a soliloquy. 

So-lil'o-quy, n. [Lat. soliloquium, from solus, alone, 
and loqui, to speak.] 1. A talking to one's self. 2. A 
written composition, reciting what it is supposed a per- 
son speaks to himself. 

S61'i-ped, n. [Lat. solus, alone, and pes, pedis, a foot.] 
(Zool.) An animal whose hoof is not cloven ; a solidun- 
gulate. 

SoFi-taire', n. [Fr. See Solitary.] A certain game 
which one person can play alone. 

Sol'i-ta-ri-ness, n. 1. State of being solitary; retire- 
ment, or habitual retirement. 2. Destitution of com- 
pany, or of animated beings ; solitude ; loneliness. 

Sol'i-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. solitarius, from solus, alone.] 
1. Inclined to be alone ; destitute of associates ; alone; 
living alone. 52. Not much visited or frequented ; retired. 
3. Gloomy; still; dismal. 4. Single; individual. 5. 
(Bot.) Being one only in a place ; separate. 

Gol'i-ta-ry, n. One who lives alone or in solitude ; a 
hermit ; a recluse. 

Sol'i-tude (30), n. [Lat. solitudo, from solus, alone.] 
1. A state of being alone ; a lonely life. 52. Remoteness 
from society ; Destitution of company. 3. A lonely 
place ; a desert. 

Syn. — Loneliness ; solitariness ; loneness ; retiredness ; re- 
cluseness.— Retirement is a withdrawal from general society, 
implying that a person has been engaged in its scenes. Solitude 
describes the fact that a person is alone ; seclusion, that he is 
shut out from others, usually by his own choice ; loneliness, 
that he feels the pain and oppression of being alone. Hence, 
retirement is opposed to a gay or active life ; solitude, to socie- 
ty ; seclusion to freedom of access on the part of others ; and 
loneliness to that of society, which the heart demands. 

Sol'mi-za'tion. n. [Fr. solmisation, from solmiser, fr. 
the musical notes sol, mi. See Sol-fa.] (Mus.) The 
act of sol-faing. 

So'lo, n. ; Eng. pi. so'LOg ; Lat. so'Li. [It., from Lat. 
solus, alone.] (Mus.) A tune, air, or strain, played by a 
single instrument, or sung by a single voice. 

Sol'stice ; n. [Lat. solstithan, from sol, the sun, and sis- 
tere, stiti, to cause to stand.] (Astron.) (a ) The point 
in the ecliptic at which the sun is furthest from the equa- 
tor, north or south , namely , the first point of Cancer and 
the first point of Capricorn, the former being called the 
summer solstice, the latter the winter solstice, (b.) The 
time of the sun's entering the solstices or solstitial points, 
namely about the 21st June and the 21st December. 

Sol-sti'tial (sol-stish'al), a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a 
solstice. 52. Happening at a solstice ; especially (with ref- 
erence to the northern hemisphere), happening at the 
summer solstice. 

Sol'u-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of a body which renders it 
susceptible of solution. 

Sol'u-ble, a. [Lat. solubilis, from solvere, solutum, to 
loosen, to dissolve.] Susceptible of being dissolved in a 
fluid ; capable of solution. 

So'lus, a. [Lat.] Alone ; — chiefly used in the directions 
of plays, and the like. 

So-lu'tion, n. [Lat. solutio, from solvere, solutum, to 
loosen; dissolve.] 1. Act of separating the parts of 
any body ; disruption ; breach. 52. The disentangle- 
ment of any intricate problem or question; — used espe- 
cially in mathematics. 3. State of being solved or disin- 
tegrated ; disintegration. 4. Action of an attraction be- 
tween one or more solids and a fluid when brought in 
contact, by which the former become themselves fluid, 
and are diffused through the latter; state of a body as 
thus diffused. 5. The preparation made by dissolving a 
solid in a liquid. 6. ( Law. ) Release from an obligation ; 
especially, release from a debt by payment. 7. (Med.) 
(a.) Termination of a disease, (b.) A crisis. 

Solution of continuity, the separation of connection or of con- 
nected substances or parts ; — applied, in surgery, to afracture, 
laceration, and the like. 

Sol'u-tive, a. Tending to dissolve. 

Solv'a-bil'i-ty, n. Ability to pay all just debts. 

bolv a-ble, a. [From Lat. solvere, to dissolve, pay.] 1. 
Capable of being solved, resolved, or explained. 52. Ca- 
pable of being paid. r ifcy _ 

golv'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being solvable ; solvabil- 

Solve, v. t. [imp. & p. v . solved; /;. pr. & vb. n. SOLV- 
ING.] [Lat. solvere.] 1. To loosen or separate the parts 
°Ji ° dlssl P at e- 2. To clear up, as what is obscure, or 
difficult to be understood. 
Syn. — To explain; resolve; unfold; clear up; remove. 

S5Iy'en-cy , n. State of being solvent ; ability to pay all 
debts or just claims. 



Solv-6iid', n. [Lat. solvendus, solvendum, from solvere. 
See Solution.] A substance to be dissolved. 

Solvent, a. [Lat. solvens, p. pr. of solvere. See Solv- 
able.] 1. Having the power of dissolving. 52. Able 
to pay all just debts. 3. Sufficient to pay all just debts. 

Solv'ent, n. A fluid that dissolves any substanoe ; a 
menstruum. 

Solv'er, n. One who solves, or explains. 

So-mat'ies, n. sing. The science which treats of the 
general properties of matter ; somatology. 

So'ma-tist, n. One who admits the existence of corpo- 
real or material beings only. 

So'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. aw/Aa, o-io/uaTo?, the body, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] The doctrine of the general prop- 
erties of bodies or material substances. 

Som'ber, ) a. [From Lat. sub umbra, under shade.] 

Som'bre, ) Dull ; dusky ; cloudy ; gloomy : melan- 
choly ; sad ; grave. 

SomTbroiis, a. Gloomy : somber. 

Some (sum), a. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sums, Icel. sumr.] 1. 
Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum. 52. A cer- 
tain ; — indicating a person, thing, event, &c, as not 
known individually or more specifically. 3. Not much ; 
a little ; moderate. 4. About ; near : more or less. 5. 
Certain ; this, not that ; these ; not those ; — in distinction 
from others. 6. A part ; a portion ; — used pronominally. 
C@~The illiterate of our country often use some as an adverb 
instead of somewhat, or an equivalent expression, as, "I am 
some tired ;" " he is some better;" " it rains some," &c. This 
blunder is rarely if ever heard in England, and is a decided 
Americanism. 

S6me'bod-y (sum'-), n. 1. A person unknown or un- 
certain ; a person indeterminate. 52. A person of con- 
sideration, [not yet known. 

Some'liow, adv. In one way or another ; in some way 

Som'er-sault I (sum'er-), n. [Corrupted from Fr. sou- 

Som'er-set J bresaut, from Lat. supra, over, and 
saltus, a leap.] A leap in which a person turns with his 
heels over his head, and lights upon his feet. 

Some'tliing, n. 1. Any thing unknown or undeter- 
mined. 2. A part ; a portion, more or less ; an indefinite 
quantity or degree. 

Some'thing, adv. In some degree ; somewhat. 

Some'time, adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely re- 
ferred to ; once ; formerly. 52. At one time or other 
hereafter. 

Some'time, o. Having been formerly ; former. 

Some'timeg, adv. 1. At times ; at intervals ; not al- 
ways ; now and then. 2. At one time. 

Some'what (sum'hwot), n. More or less ; a certain 
quantity or degree, indeterminate ; something. 

Some'wliat (stim'hwot), adv. In some degree or quan- 
tity. See "Some. 

Some'where. adv. In someplace unknown or not speci- 
fied ; in one place or another. 

Som-nam/bu-la'tion, n. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and 
ambulatio, a walking about.] Act of walking in sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-lie, a. Walking in sleep; pertaining to 
somnambulism. 

Som-nam'bu-ligm, n. A state of sleep in which some 
of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake. 

Som-nam'bu-list, n. A person who walks in his sleep ; 
a sleep-walker. 

Som-nif er-oiis, a. [Lat. somnifer, from somnus, sleep, 
and ferre, to bring.] Causing or inducing sleep ; soporific. 

Som-nif ie, a. [Lat. somnificus, from somnus, sleep, 
and facere, to make.] Causing sleep ; tending to induce 
sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quence, n. The act of talking in sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quist, n. One who talks in his sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quoiis, a. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and loqui, to 
speak.] Apt to talk in sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quy, n. A talking or speaking in sleep. 

Scm-nlp'a-thy, n. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and Gr. wados, 
a suffering of the body.] Sleep from sympathy, or by the 
process of mesmerism. 

Som'no-lence, ) n. [Lat. somnolentia.] 1. Sleepi- 

Som'no-len-cy, ) ness ; drowsiness ; inclination to 
sleep. 2. (Med.) A state intermediate between sleeping 
and waking. 

Som'no-lent, a. [Lat. somnolentus, from somnus, sleep.] 
Sleepy ; drowsy ; inclined to sleep. 

Som'no-leiit-ly, adv. In a somnolent manner. 

Son (sun), n. [A.-S. sunu, Goth, sunus, Icel. sonr, Slav. 
syn, Skr. sunu, from sh, to beget.] 1. A male child ; the 
male issue of a parent. 2. A male descendant, however 
distant; hence, in the plural, descendants in general. 
3. Any young male person spoken of as a child. 4. A 



a, e,&.c.,long; a,e,&c.,s/io«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SONANT 



685 



SORITES 



native or inhabitant of some specified place. 5. The 
produce of any thing. 6. Jesus Christ, the Savior. 

So'nant, a. [Lat. sonans, p. pr. of sonare, to soiind.] 
1. Pertaining to sound ; sounding. 2. (Pron.) Uttered 
■with intonated or resonant breath ; intonated ; vocal, not 
surd ; — said of certain articul?,tions of alphabetic sounds. 

So-na'td, n. [It., from It. and Lat. sonare, to sound.] 
(Mus.) An extended composition for one or two instru- 
ments, consisting usually of three or four movements. 

Song, n. [A.-S. song, sang, sane, from singan, to sing.] 
1. That which is sung. 2. A short poem to be sung ; a 
ballad. 3. A lay ; a strain ; a poem. 4. Poetical compo- 
sition ; poetry. 5. An object of derision. 6. A mere trifle. 
Syn. — Sonnet ; ballad ; canticle ; carol; canzonet; ditty; 
hymn; descant; lay; strain; poesy; verse. 

SSng'ster, n. [From Eng. song.] One who sings; one 
skilled in singing ; especially, a bird that sings. 

Song'stress, n. A female singer. 

So-mfer-oiis, a. [From Lat. sonus, sound, andferre, 
to produce.] Sounding ; producing sound. 

Son'- in-law, n. ; pi. SONS'-in-law. A man married to 
one's daughter. 

Son'net, n. [It. sonetto, from It. suono, a sound, a song, 
from Lat. sonus, a sound.] A poem of fourteen lines, 
the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. 

Son'net, v. i. To compose sonnets. 

Son'net-eer', n. A composer of sonnets or small poems ; 
a small poet ; — usually in contempt. 

Son'o-rlf'ie, a. [From Lat. sonor, sonoris, a sound, and 
facere, to make.] Producing sound. 

So-no'roiis (118), a. [Lat. son orus, from sonor, sonoris, 
a sound, from sonare, to sound.] 1. Giving sound when 
struck. 2. Giving a clear or loud sound. 3. Yielding 
sound ; characterized by sound ; vocal. 4. High-sound- 
ing : magnificent in respect of sound. 

So-no'rou-s ly, adv. In a sonorous manner. 

So-iio'roiis-iiess, n. Quality or state of being sonorous. 

Son/ship, n. 1. State of being a son, or of having the 
relation of a son. 2. Character of a son ; filiation. 

Soon (28), adv. [A.-S. sona, suna, sones, Goth, suns.] 

1. In a short time ; shortly after any time specified or 
supposed. 2. Without the usual delay ; early. 3. 
Readily ; willingly. 

Soot (sdbt or soot), n. [A.-S. & Icel. sOt, Gael, suith, Ir 
- suth, suitheke, W. swta.] A black substance formed by 

combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of 

combustion. 
Soot (so!)t or soot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sooted ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. SOOTING.] To cover or foul with soot. 
Soot'er-km, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. sutlern, to boil gently.] 

A kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by the Dutch 

women from sitting over their stoves. 
Sdbth, n. [A.-S. sodh, for sanadk, Icel. sannr, Goth, su- 

nis] Truth ; reality. 
Soothe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SOOTHED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

soothing.] [A.-S. ge-sodhian, to soothe, to flatter ; 

Goth, suthjan, suthjon, to tickle, as the ears.] 1. To 

please with blandishments or soft words ; to flatter. 2. 

To soften ; to assuage ; to calm. 3. To gratify ; to please. 

Syn.— To allay; compose; mollify; tranquilize ; pacify; 
mitigate. 

Sooth'er, n. One who, or that which, soothes. 

Sooth'say, v. i. To foretell ; to predict. 

Sooth'sa'y-er, n. One who undertakes to foretell 
events ; a foreteller ; a prognosticator. 

Sobth'say-ing, n. The foretelling of events. 

Soot'i-ness (scfofc'- or soot'-), n. Quality of being sooty, 
or foul with soot. 

Soot'y (scTot'y or sGbt'y), a. [compar. SOOTIER ; superl. 
SOOTIEST.] Producing, pertaining to, consisting of, or 
jioiled by, soot ; dusky ; dark ; dingy. 

Sop, n. [A.-S. sype, a wetting, sop, soup, from A.-S su- 
pan, to sip, taste, soak ; Icel. setup, sup, soup.] 1. Any 
thing steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid, es- 
pecially in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. 

2. Any thing given to pacify ; — so called from the sop 
given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. 

Sop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sopped (s5pt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sopping.] To steep or dip in liquor. 

Soph, n. 1. (Eng. Univ.) A sophister ; — abbreviated 
from sophister. [See Sophister.] 2. (Amer. Colleges.) 
A sophomore ; — abbreviated from sophomore. 

Soph'igm, n. [Lat. sopkisma, Gr. o-6<£io>ia, from o-o<Jh- 
£e<rO(x.L, to be or become wise, to play the sophist, from 
<ro<f)6s, wise.] The doctrine or avowed mode of reasoning 
practiced by a sophist ; hence, any fallacy designed to 
deceive. I 



Soph/ist, n. *[Gr. o-o</>«m??. See supra.] 1. One of* 
class of men -who taught eloquence, philosophy and poli- 
tics in ancient Greece, and were noted for their falla- 
cious but plausible mode of reasoning. 2. Hence, a 
captious or fallacious reasoner. 
S6ph'ist-er, n. [See supra.] (Eng. Universities.) A 
student who is advanced beyond the first year of his 
residence. 

eg*- In the older American colleges, the Junior and Senior 
classes were originally called— and in some of them are still 
called — Junior Sophisters and Senior Sophisters. 
So-phlst'ie, ) a. Pertaining to a sophist, or embody- 
So-phist'ie-al, j ing sophistry ; fallaciously subtle. 
So-phist'ie-al-ly, adv. In a sophistical manner. 
! So-phist'i-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sophisticated ; 
J p. pr. & vb. n. sophisticating.] To render worthless 
by admixture ; to pervert. 
Syn. — To adulterate ; debase; corrupt; vitiate. 
So-phist'i-eate, ) a. Adulterated ; not pure ; not 
So-phist'i-ea/ted, j genuine. 

So-phist'i-ea'tion, n. Act of adulterating ; a counter- 
i feiting or debasing the purity of any thiDg by a foreign 
! admixture. 

So-phist'i-ea/tor, n. One who adulterates. 
, S6ph'ist-ry, n. The practice of a sophist ; fallacious 
I reasoning. 

Soph'o-more, n. [Prob. from Soph or Sophister (q. v.) 
I and Gr. /uwpos, foolish.] One belonging to the second of 
! the four classes in an American college. 
' Soph'o-mor'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
1 Soph/o-mor'ie-al, j sophomore ; inflated in style or 
! manner. [Amer.] 

Sop'o-rif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. soporifer, from sopor, a heavy 
sleep, and ferre, to bring.] Causing sleep, or tending to 
produce it. 
Syn.— Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne. 
Sop'o-rif'ie, a. [Lat. sopor, a heavy sleep, and facere, 
to make.] Causing sleep ; tending to cause sleep ; sopo- 
riferous. 
Sop'o-rlf 'ie, n. A medicine, drug, plant, or other thing 

that has the quality of inducing sleep. 
Sop'o-rose' (125), \ a. [Lat. soporus, from sopor, a heavy 
Sop'o-rous, j sleep.] Causing sleep ; sleepy. 

So-pra'no, n. [It., from soprano, superior, highest, from 
sopra, equiv. to Lat. supra, above.] (Mus.) The treble; 
the highest female voice. 
S6r'cer-er, n. [Low Lat. sortiarius, from Lat. sors, sortis, 
a lot, decision by lot, fate, destiny.] A conjurer ; an en- 
chanter; a magician. 
S6r'cer-ess, n. A female sorcerer. 
Sor'cer-otis, a. Pertaining to sorcery. 
Sor'f er-y, n. Divination by the assistance, or supposed 
assistance, of evil spirits ; magic ; enchantment ; witch- 
craft. 
Sor'did, a. [Lat. sordidus, from sordere, to be filthy or 
dirty.] 1. Vile; base; mean. 2. Meanly avaricious. 

Syn. — Filthy ; foul ; dirty ; gross ; avaricious ; covetous; 
niggardly. 

S6r'did-ly , adv. In a sordid manner ; meanly ; basely ; 
covetously. 

S6r'did-ness, n. The state of being sordid ; filthiness ; 
baseness ; meanness ; niggardliness. 

Sor'dine, n. [It. sordina, sordino, from sordo, Lat. sur- 
dus, deaf, dull-sounding.] (Mus.) A small damper in 
the mouth of a trumpet, or on the bridge of a violin, 
violoncello, &c, to make the sound fainter. 

Sore, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sar, Goth, sair.] 1. A place where 
the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to bo 
tender or painful. 2. An ulcer; aboil. 3. Grief; afllic. 
tion ; trouble ; difficulty. 

Sore, a. [compar. sorer ; svperl. SOREST.] [A.-S & 
Icel. sar.] 1. Tender; painful; inflamed. 2. Tender, 
as the mind ; easily pained, grieved, or vexed. 3. Violent 
with pain ; severe ; afflictive ; distressing. 

Sore, adv. 1. In a sore manner ; with pain. 2. Greatly; 
violently ; deeply. 

Sor'el, n. [Dim. of sore, a buck.] 1. A buck of the 
third year. 2. A yellowish or reddish-brown color ; sorrel. 

Sore'ly, adv. In a sore manner ; grievously ; greatly. 

Sore'ness, n. State of being sore ; tenderness ; painful' 
ness. 

Sdr'ghum (sor/gum), n. (Eot.) A genus of tall grasses 
or canes, of which some species are used as fodder, and 
have a sweetish ju 3e, which has been used for the man- 
ufacture of sugar. 

So-rl'te$, n. [Gr. a-wpetTrj? (sc. <n»AAoyt<rju.ds), properly, 
heaped up ; hence, a heap of syllogisms, from trwpos, a 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link; this. 



SORORICIDE 



686 



SOUNDLY 



heap.] (Logic.) An abridged form of stating a series of | Sot'tish-ly, adv. 

syllogisms, in a series of propositions so arranged that the Sot'tish-ness, n 

predicate of each one that precedes forms the subject of 

each one that follows, and the conclusion from all affirms 

the predicate of the last of the subject of the first propo- 
sition. 
So-ror'i-eide, n. [Lat. sororicida, from soror, a sister, and 

csedere, to kill.] The murder, or murderer, of a sister. 
Sor'rel, a. [0. Fr. sor, sore, yellowish brown, It. sauro, 

soro, from Bisc. zuria, churia, white.] Of a yellowish or 

reddish brown color. 
Sor'rel, n. A yellowish or reddish brown color. 
Sor'rel, n. [From 0. H. Ger., A.-S., & Icel. stir, sour.] 

(Bot.) One of various plants having a sour juice. 
Sor'ri-ly, adv. In a sorry or pitiful manner. 
Sor'ri-ness, n. The state of being sorry or pitiful ; mean- 
ness ; poorness ; despicableness. 
Sor'row, n. [0. Eng. sorice, sorewe, A.-S. sorg, sorh, 

Goth, saurga, Icel. sorg ; allied to sore, q. v.] Uneasiness 

or pain of mind produced by the loss of any good, real 

or supposed, or by disappointment in the expectation of 

good ; regret ; unhappiness. 

Syn.— Affliction; grief; sadness; mourning. — Sorrovj de- 
notes suffering of mind, either from the loss of some good, real 

or supposed, or disappointment in our expectation of good. 

Grief expresses a poignant or uncontrollable degree of sorrow, 

•which weighs or presses down the mind under a sense of loss. 

Sadness is that depression of thought and feeling which is a 

frequent but not invariable result of sorrow. See Grief. 

Sor'row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sorrowed ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. sorrowing.] To feel pain of mind in consequence 

of evil experienced, feared, or done ; to grieve : to be sad. 
Sor'row-f ill, a. 1. Full of sorrow ; exhibiting sorrow. 

2. Producing sorrow. 3. Expressing sorrow. 
Syn. — Sad; mournful: dismal; disconsolate; drear; dreary; 

grievous; lamentable; doleful; baleful; distressing. 

Sor'row-fiil-ly, adv. In a sorrowful manner 

S6r'row-f ul-ness, n. State of being sorrowful : grief. 

Sor'ry, a. [compar. SORRIER; superl. SORRIEST.] [Al- 
lied to sorrow and sore.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some 
good ; pained for some evil. 2. Melancholy ; dismal. 3. 
Poor ; mean ; vile ; worthless. 
Syn. — Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined. 

Sort, n. [Lat. sors, sortis, a lot, part.] 1. A kind or spe- 
cies ; any number or collection of individual persons or 
things characterized by the same or like qualities. 2. 
Manner; form of being or acting. 3. Degree of any 
quality. 4. pi. (Print.) Letters, points, marks, spaces, 
or quadrats of particular kinds. 



Out of sorts (.Print.), with some letters, or sorts of type, in 
the font, deficient or exhausted: hence, in ill-humor; unwell. 
[Colloq.]— To run upon sorts (Print), to use or require a 
greater number of some particular letters or marks than the 
regular proportion. 

Syn. — Kind; species; rank: condition. — Kind originally 
denoted things of the same family, or bound together bv some 
natural affinity; and hence, a class. Sort signifies that" which 
constitutes a particular lot or parcel, not implying, necessarilv, 
the idea of affinity, but of mere assemblage. The two words 
are now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort 
(perhaps from its original meaning of lot) sometimes carries 
with it a slight tone of disparagement or contempt, as when we 
say, that sort of people, that sort of language, &c. 

S6rt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SORTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SORT- 
ING-.] 1. To separate, as things having like qualities, 
from other things, and p'ace in distinct classes or divis- 
ions. 2. To reduce to order from a state of confusion. 
3. To conjoin; to put together in distribution. 4. To 
select ; to cull. 

Sort, v. i. 1. To be joined with others of the same spe- 
cies ; to agree. 2. To consort ; to associate ; to conjoin. 
3. To suit; to fit. 4. To terminate; to have success; 
to fall out. 

Sort'a-ble, a. Capable of being sorted. 

Sort'er, n. One who sorts ; one who arranges by sorts. 

Sor'tie, n. [Fr., from sortir, to go out, to issue.] (Mil.) 
The issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to 
attack the besiegers ; a sally. 

Sdr'ti-lege, n. [Lat. sors, sortis, a lot, and legere, to 
gather, to select.] Act or practice of drawing lots ; 
_divination by drawing lots. 

So'-so, a. Neither very good nor very bad; passable; 
tolerable : indifferent. 

Sot. n. [A.-S. sot, L. Lat. sottus, from Chald. & N. Heb. 
shoteh, foolish.] A person stupefied by excessive drink- 
ing ; an habitual drunkard. 

S5t'tish, a. 1. Doltish ; very foobxa. 2. Dull or stu- 
pid with intemperance. 
Syn. — Dull; stupid; senseless; infatuate. 



In a sottish manner ; stupidly. 
State or quality of being sottish ; stu- 
pidity ; especially, stupidity from intoxication. 

Sotto Voce (sot'to-vo'cha). [It.] (Mus.) With a re. 
strained voice or moderate force. 

Sou (sob), n. ; pi. sous (sob). [Fr. sou, sol, from Lat. 
"solidus. See SOLDIER.] A French money of account, 
and a copper coin, in value the 20th part of a livre, or of 
a franc. 

Sou-chong', n. [Chin, se ou chong, i. e., small, good 
quality.] A kind of black tea. 

Sough"(suf), v. i. [0. D. soeffen, to blow, A.-S. seofian, 
siqfian, to groan. Cf. SlGH and Sob.] To whistle or 
sigh, as the wind. 

Sough (suf), n. 1. A hollow murmur or roaring ; a buz- 
zing. 2. Hence, a rumor or flying report. 

Sought (sawt), imp. & p. p. of seek. See SEEK. 

Soul, n. [A.-S. saicel, said, said, Goth, saivala, Icel. 
sdla, sal.] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal part 
in man ; — sometimes, in distinction from the mind, the 
moral and emotional part of man's nature, in distinction 
from intellect ; — sometimes, the intellect only ; the un- 
derstanding. 2. The seat of real life or vitality ; the 
animating or essential part. 3. Hence, the leader ; the 
inspirer of any action. 4. Any noble manifestation of 
the heart or moral nature. 5. A human being; a per- 
son ; a man. 6. A pure or disembodied spirit. 
Syn. — Spirit; life; courage; fire; ardor. 



Soul'less (109), a. Without a soul, or without greatness 
or nobleness of mind ; mean ; spiritless. 

Sound, a. [compar. sounder ; superl. soundest.] 
[A.-S. sund, gesund, 0. H. Ger. gisunt, allied to Lat. 
sanus.] 1. Entire; unbroken; free from imperfection, 
defect, or decay. 2. Healthy ; not diseased ; — said of 
body or mind. 3. Firm ; strong ; vigorous. 4. Founded 
in truth ; supported by justice or law ; weighty ; solid. 
5. Heavy : laid on with force. 6. Profound ; unbro- 
ken ; undisturbed. 7. Free from error ; correct. 8. 
Founded in right and law ; legal ; valid. 

Sound, adv. Soundly ; heartily. 

Sound, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sund,& swimming. See infra.] 
The air-bladder of a fish. 

Sound, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sund, a narrow sea or strait, 
from Icel. synda, A.-S. swimman, to swim; A.-S. sund, 
for swumd.] (Geog.) A narrow passage of water; a 
strait between the main land and an isle, or connecting 
two seas, or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean. 

Sound, n. [A.-S. sundgerd, sundline, a sounding line.] 
(Surg.) A probe of any kind; especially, a probe to be 
introduced into the bladder, in order to discover whether 
there is a stone in that organ. 

Sound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sounding.] 1. To measure the depth of; especially, 
to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plum- 
met. 2. To seek to interpret or discern the intentions or 
secret wishes of; to examine; to test. 3. (Svrg.) To 
introduce a sound into the bladder of, as a patient, in 
order to ascertain whether a stone is there or not. 

Sound, v. i. To use the line and lead in searching the 
depth of water. 

Sound, n. [0. Eng. soun. A.-S. son, Lat. sonus, from 
sonare, to sound.] 1. A sensation or perception of the 
mind received by means of the ear, and produced bj T the 
impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with 
which the ear is in contact ; noise ; report. 2. The im- 
pulse or vibration which would occasion sound to a per- 
cipient if present with unimpaired organs. 3. Noise 
without signification ; noise and nothing else. 

Sound, v. i. 1. To make a noise ; to utter a voice. 2* 
To be conveyed in sound ; to be spread or published. 

Sound, v. t. 1. To cause to make a noise; to play on. 
2. To utter audibly. 3. To give a signal for by a cer- 
tain sound. 4. To celebrate or honor by sounds ; to 
cause to be reported. 5. To spread by sound or report. 

Sound'-board, n. A sounding-board. 

Sound'ing, p. a. 1. Sonorous ; making a noise. 2. 
Having a magnificent sound. 

Sound'ing, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
sounds. 2. pi. ( Naut. ) Any place or part of the ocean 
or other water where a sounding-line will reach the bot- 
tom. 

Sound'ing-board, n. 1. A thin board which propa- 
gates the sound in an organ, violin, &c. 2. A board, or 
structure with a flat surface, suspended behind or over a 
pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness and effect to a 
speaker's voice. 

Sound'ly, adv. In a sound manner ; healthily ; heartily; 



a, e, kc.,long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SOUNDNESS 



687 



SPAN 



severely ; smartly ; truly ; without error ; firmly ; fast ; 
closely. 
Sound'ness, n. State of beirg sound or firm ; freedom 
from error or fallacy. 

Syn. — Wholeness ; entireness ; firmness; strength; solid- 
ity; healthiness; truth; rectitude; orthodoxy. 

Soup. n. [Fr. soupe, Icel. s&itp, sup, 0. II. Ger. sou/, suf. 
See Sop and Sup.] A decoction of flesh, for food, highly 
seasoned ; strong broth. 

Sour, a. [cornpar. SOURER; superl. SOUREST.] [A.-S., 
0. H. Ger., & Icel. stir, W. & Fr. sur.] 1. Having a 
pungent taste ; sharp to the taste. 2. Turned or coagu- 
lated, as milk ; raucid. 3. Harsh of temper. 4. Disa- 
greeable to the feelings ; producing discontent ; hard to 
bear. 5. Expressing discontent or peevishness. 

Syn. — Acid ; sharp ; tart ; acetous ; acetose ; harsh ; acri- 
monious; crabbed; dogged; currish; peevish. 

Sour, n. A sour or acid substance ; an acid. 

Sour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soured ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOUR- 
ING.] 1. To make acid. 2. To make harsh, cold, or 
unkindly. 3. To make cross, crabbed, peevish, or dis- 
contented. 4. To make unhappy, uneasy, or less agree- 
able. 

Sour, v. i. 1. To become acid or tart. 2. To become 
peevish or crabbed. 

Source, n. [Fr. source, for soars", from 0. Fr. sors, p. p. 
of sourdre, to spring forth or up, from Lat. surgere, to lift 
or raise up, to spring up.] 1. That person or place from 
which any thing proceeds. 2. Especially, the spring or 
fountain "from which a stream of water proceeds ; any 
collection of water in which a stream originates. 
i,Syn.— Origin ; rise; spring; fountain; beginning. See 
Origin. 

Sour'-«rout, ) n. [Ger. sauer-kraut , i. e., sour-cabbage.] 

Sour'-krout, ) Cabbage cut fine, and suffered to fer- 
ment till it becomes sour. 

Sour'ly, adv. In a sour manner ; acidly ; peevishly ; ac- 
rimoniously ; discontentedly. 

Sour'ness, n. State of being sour; acidity; harshness ; 
peevishness ; discontent. 

Souse, n. [A modification of sauce.] 1. Pickle made 
with salt. 2. Something kept or steeped in pickle ; es- 
pecially, the ears, feet, &c, of swine pickled. 3. Act of 
plunging suddenly into water. 

Souse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soused (soust) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SOUSING.] 1. To plunge into water. 2. To steep in 
pickle. 

Souse, v. i. [Cf. Ger. sausen, to rush, bluster.] To plunge, 
as a bird upon its prey ; to fall suddenly. 

South, n. [A.-S. sudh, for sundk, sunnadh, from sunne, 
the sun ; 0. H. Ger. surul, Icel. shdkr, sunnr.] 1. The 
point of compass directly opposite to the north. 2. Any 
particular land considered as opposed to the north. 

South, a. Lying toward the south ; situated at the 
south, or in a southern direction from the point of obser- 
vation or reckoning. 

South, adv. 1. Toward the south ; southward ; as, to 
go south. 2. From the south. 

South, v. t. [imp. & p. p. southed (southd); p. pr. 
& vb. n. SOUTHING (southing).] 1. To turn or move 
toward the south. 2. (Astron.) To come to the merid- 
ian ; to cross the north and south line ; — said chiefly 
of the moon. 

South-east', n. The point of the compass equally dis- 
tant from the south and east. 

SoSthllaS'er-lv I °" Pertainin S *<>, or proceeding 

South'er-li-ness (sutb/er-), n. The state or quality of 
being southerly. 

Soiith'er-ly (sutb/er-ly), ) a. Pertaining to, situated in, 

South'em (sutb/ern), ) or proceeding from, the 
south ; situated, or proceeding, toward the south. 

South'ern-er (suth'ern-er), n. An inhabitant or native 
of the south or Southern States. 

South'ern-most (suth/ern-most 20), a. Furthest to- 
ward the south. 

South'ern-wdo-d (sutb/ern -wo*bd), n, (Bot.) A com- 
posite fragrant plant, used in making beer. 

South'ing, n. 1. Tendency or motion to the south. 2. 
The time at which the moon passes the meridian. 3. 
(Navigation.) Course or distance south. 

South'ron (stith'-), n. An inhabitant of the more 
southern part of a country ; a southerner. 

South'ward {or suth/ard*), adv. Toward the south. 

South'ward (or sQth/ard), n. The southern regions or 
countries. 



South-west', n. The point of the compass equally dis- 
tant from the south and west. 

South-west', ) a. Pertaining to, or proceeding 

South- west'er-ly, j from, the south-west; lying in 
the direction of the south-west. 

South-west'er, n. A storm or gale from the south-west. 

South- west'ern, a. In the direction of south-west, or 
nearly so ; in that direction from the central part. 

Souvenir (soov'neer'), n. [Fr., from souvenir, to remem- 
ber, from Lat. subvemre, to come up, to come to mind.] 
A remembrancer ; a keepsake. 

Sov'er-eign (sov'er-in or sQVer-in, 22,) a. [0. Fr. sove~ 
rain, suverain, as if from a Lat. superamts, from superus, 
upper, higher, fr. super, above.] 1. Supreme in power; 
superior to all others: chief; possessing, or' envied to, 
original authority or jurisdiction. 2. Efficacious in the 
highest degree ; effectual ; controlling ; predominant. 

Sov'er-eign (sSv'er-in or suv'er-in), n. 1. One who 

exercises supreme control. 2. A gold coin of England, 

bearing an effigy of the head of the reigning king or 

queen, and valued at one pound sterling, or about $4.84. 

Syn. — King; prince; monarch; potentate; emperor. 

Sov'er-eign-ty (sov'er-in- or suVer-in-), n. Exercise of, 
or right to exercise, supreme power ; dominion. 

Sow, n. [A.-S. sugu, 0. H. Ger. sh, Icel. syr, allied to Lat. 
sus ; Skr. sitkara.] The female of the hog kind, or of 
swine. 

Sow (so), v. t. [imp. sowed ; p. p. sowed, or sown ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. sowing.] [A.-S. sdivau, Goth, saian, 
Icel. sa, sCa, allied to Lat. serere, sevi.] 1. To scatter, 
as seed, upon the earth ; hence, to plant in any way. 2. 
To supply or stock with seed ; to scatter seed upon. 3. 
To spread abroad ; to propagate. 4. To scatter over ; to 
besprinkle. [of a crop. 

Sow, v. i. To scatter seed for growth and the production 

Sow$e, n. & v. t. The same as souse. See Souse. 

Sow'er, n. 1. One who sows or scatters. 2. A breeder; 
a promoter. 

Soy, n. 1. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly from 
Japan, said to be produced from a species of bean. 2. 
The plant from which this sauce is obtained. 

Spa, 7i. A spring of mineral water; — so called from a 
place of this name in Belgium. 

Space, n. [Lat. spatium, space, spatiari, to walk about.] 
1. Extension, considered independently of any thing 
which it may contain ; room ; extension. 2. The inter- 
val between any two or more objects. 3. Quantity of 
time ; also, the interval between two points of time. 4. 
(Print.) (a.) Distance or interval between lines, or be- 
tween words in the lines, as in books, (b.) A small piece 
of metal cast lower than a letter, used to separate words 
or letters. 

Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spaced (spnst); p. pr. & vb. 
ii. SPACING.] (Print.) To arrange the spaces and inter- 
vals in or between. 

Spa'cious, a. [Lat. spatiosus. See supra.] 1. Inclos- 
ing an extended space ; vast in extent. 2. Having largo 
or ample room ; roomy. 

Syn. — Ample; capacious. — Ample implies largeness in 
quantity or amount, as, amjila stores, ample room, ample re- 
sources, &c. ; spacious denotes wide physical extent or space, 
ns, a spacious hall, the spacious ocean, &c. ; capacious demotes, 
literallv, the power of holding much, and hence wide or com- 
prehensive, as, a capacious harbor, a capacious mind. 

Spa'cioiis-ly, adv. In a spacious manner ; widely ; ex- 
tensively. 

Spa'cious-ness, n. The quality of being spacious ; large- 
ness of extent ; extensiveness ; roominess. 

Spade, n. [A.-S. spadu, spada, spad, Icel. spadi, 0. H. 
Ger. spato, spado, Lat. spatha, Gr. cnraOrj.] 1. An in- 
strument for digging or cutting the ground. 2. pi. A 
suit of cards, each of which bears one or more figures re- 
sembling a spade. 

Spade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPADED; p. pr & vb. n 
SPADING.] To dig with a spade. 

Spa-dT'ceoiis (-dish'us), a. [N. Lat, spadtcevs, from 
spadix, spadicis, a date-brown or nut-brown color.] Of 
a light red color, usually denominated bay. 

Spa-dille', n. [Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada, a sword.] 
The ace of spades at omber and quadrille. 

Span. n. [A.-S. spann, sponn, 0. H. Ger. spanna, Icel. 
sponn, from A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. spannan, to span.] 1. 
The space from the end of the thumb to the end of the 
little finger when extended ; nine inches. 2. Hence, a 
brief extent or portion of time. 3. (Arch.) Extent of an 
arch between its abutments. 4. ( Naut.) A rope secured 
at both ends to any object, the purchase being hooked to 
the bight. 5. [D~ span, Ger. gespann, from A.-S. & 0. 



food, f o'bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link j this. 



SPAN 



688 



SPATTER 



H. Ger. spannan, to span, join.] A pair of horses driven 
together. [Amer.] 

Span, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPANNED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPANNING.] 1. To measure by the hand with the fin- 
gers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the ob- 
ject. 2. To measure, or reach, from one side of to the 
other ; to measure ; to compass. 

Span, imp. of spin, for spun. [Obs.] See Spin. 

Span'drel, n. [Eng. span, 0. Eng. spande.] {Arch.) 
The irregular triangular space between the curve of an 
arch and the rectangle inclosing it ; or the space between 
the outer moldings of two contiguous arches, and a 
horizontal line above them, or another arch above and 
inclosiDg them. 

Span'gle (spang'gl), n. [0. Eng. spang, Prov. Ger. span- 
gel, prob. from A.-S. & 0. II. Ger. spannan, to span, 
clasp, join.] 1. A small plate or boss of shining metal, 
used as an ornament, 2. Any thing small and brilliant. 

Span'gle (sp-ing'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPANGLED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SPANGLING.] To set or sprinkle with span- 
gles. 

Span'iard (span'yard), n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabi- 
tant of Spain. 

Span'iel (-yel), n. [Lat. Jus- 
paniolus, from Hispaniola, or 
Hayti, where was the best breed 
of this dog.] A dog used in 
sports of the field, remarkable 
for his sagacity and obedience. 

Span'ish, a. (Geog.) Of, or 
pertaining to, Spain. 

Span'isli, n. The language of 
Spain. 

Spank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spanked (spankt) 

& vb. n. SPANKING.] [From span.] To strike on the 
breech with the open band ; to slap. 

Spank'er, n. 1. [From spank.] (Naut.) The after-sail 
of a ship or bark. 2. One who takes long strides in 
walking ; also, a stout person. [Eng.] 3. Something 
very large, or larger than common. [ Coll or/.] 

Spank'ing, p. a. Moving with a quick, lively pace. 
Spanking breeze, a strong breeze. 

Span'-long, a. Of the length of a span. 

Span'ner, n. 1. One who spans. 2. An instrument 
used in the manner of a lever to tighten the nuts upon 




bp^uiol. 



p. pr. 



Span'- worm (-wia-m), n. (Entom.) The canker-worm ; 
— so called from the way in which it spans or measures 
the distance over which it passes. 

Spar, n. [Prov. & 0. Eng. spaad, spat. Cf. M. II. Ger. 
spat, a chip, a splinter, and A.-S. spar-stan, chalk-stone.] 
(Min.) Any earthy mineral that breaks with regular sur- 
faces, and has some degree of luster. 

Spar, n. [D. spar, Icel. sparra, 0. H. Ger. sparro,& beam, 
bar. J (Naut.) A long beam ; — a general term for mast, 
yard, boom, and gaff. 

Spar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SPARRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPARRING.] [Prov. Eng. spar, to inquire. Cf. A.-S. 
spyrian, to inquire, argue, dispute; 0. H. Ger. spurian.] 
1. To contend with the fists for exercise or amusement ; 
to box. 2. To dispute ; to quarrel in words ; to 
wrangle. 

Spar, n. 1. A feigned blow. 2. A contest at sparring 
or boxiDg. 

Spar'a-ble, n. [Corrupted from sparrow-bill, q. v.] A 
small nail used by shoemakers. 

Spare (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. spared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPARING.] [A.-S. sparian, 0. H. Ger. sparen, sparGn, 
Icel. spara.] 1. To hold as scarce or valuable ; to use 
frugally ; to save. 2. To part with reluctantly ; to allow 
to be taken away; to give up. 3. To do without ; to 
dispense with. 4. To omit: to forbear. 5. To save 
from danger or punishment ; hence, to treat tenderly. 
6. To withhold from. 7. Tosave or gain, as fromsome 
engrossing occupation or pressing necessity. 

Spare, v. i. 1. To be frugal. 2. To live frugally; to 
be parsimonious. 3. To forbear ; to be scrupulous. 4. 
To use mercy or forbearance ; to be tender. 

Spare, a. [compar. SPARER ; superl. SPAREST:— not 
used in all the senses of the word.] 1. Not abundant 
or plentiful. 2. Parsimonious; sparing. 3. Over and 
above what is necessary, or which may be dispensed with. 
4. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency. 5. 
Wanting flesh. 

thmT n '~ SCantyi parsimonious ' superfluous; lean; meager; 

Spare'ly, adv. In a spare manner ; sparingly. 



To shine with ; to emit, as light 




Spare'-rib, n. [Eng. spare, a., and rib.] The piece of 
a hog taken from the side, consisting of the ribs with 
little flesh on them. 
Spar'ing, a. 1. Scarce ; little. 2. Scanty ; not plenti- 
ful ; not abundant. 3. Saving; parsimonious; chary. 

Spar'ing-ly, adv. In a sparing manner ; not abundant- 
ly ; frugally ; parsimoniously ; abstinently. 

Spark, n. [A.-S. spearca, from A.-S. and 0. H. Ger. 
springan, to spring, or allied to Lat. spargere, to scatter.] 
1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance emitted 
from bodies in combustion. 2. A small, shining body, 
or transient light. 3. That which, like a spark, may be 
kindled into a flame or action; a feeble germ ; an ele- 
mentary principle. 4. A brisk, showy, gay man. 5. A 
lover ; a gallant ; a beau. ■ 

Spark, v. i. To play the spark or lover. 

Spark'ish, a. 1. Like a spark ; airy ; gay. 2. Showy: 
well-dressed ; fine. 

Spark'le (spark'l), n. [Diminutive of spark.] A little 
spark ; a scintillation. 

Spark'le (spark'l), v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. sparkled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SPARKLING.] . 1. To emit sparks. 2. To 
appear like sparks. 3. To twinkle. 4. To flash as with 
sparks. 5. To emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of 
hquors. 

Syn. — To shine; glisten; scintillate; radiate; coruscate. 

Spark'le (sp'^rk'l), v. t. 
or fire. 

Spark'ler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles. 

Spark'ling, p. a. Emitting sparks. 

Syn. — Glittering; brilliant; shining. See Shining. 

Spar'row, n. [0. Eng. sparive, 
A.-S. spearwa, speara, Goth.- 
sparwa, Icel. sporr.] ( Ornith.) 
One of several species of small 
passerine birds, having conical ' 
bills, and feeding on insects and^ 
seeds. 

Spar 'row- grass, n. [Corrupt, 
from asparagus.] Asparagus. 
[ Vulgar.] See ASPARAGUS. 

Spar'row-hawk, n. ( Ornith.) 
A small species of short-winged 

Spar'ry, a. Resembling spar, or consisting of spar ; hav- 
ing a confused crystalline structure. 

Sparse, a. [compar. SPARSER; superl. SPARSEST.] 
[Lat. sparsus, p. p. of spargere , to strew, scatter.] Thinly 
scattered ; set or planted here and there. 

Sparse'ness, n. State of being sparse ; thinness. 

Spdr'sini, adv. [Lat., from spargere, to strew, scatter.] 
Sparsely ; scatteredly ; here and there. 

Spar'tan, a. [Lat. Spartanus.] ( Geog.) Of, or pertain- 
ing to, Sparta, especially to ancient Sparta ; hence, 
hardy ; undaunted. 

Spasm, n. [Gr. o-nao-fx6<;, from cnrdeiv, a-7rav, to draw, to 
cause convulsion.] 1 . ( Med. ) An involuntary and mor- 
bid contraction of one or more muscles or muscular 
fibers. 2. A sudden, violent, and perhaps fruitless 
effort. 

Spag-mod'ie, ) a. 1. Relating to spasm ; consisting 

Spag-mod'ie-al. ) in spasm. 2. Soon relaxed or ex- 
hausted ; convulsive. 

Spag-mod'ie, n. (Med.) A medicine good for removing 
spasm ; an anti-spasmodic. 

Spas'tie, a. [Gr. oTrao-Ti/cos , from <nrdeiv, to draw.] Re- 
lating to spasm ; spasmodic. 

Spat, imp. of spit. [Rare.] See SPIT. 

Spat, n. [From the root of spit; that which is ejected.] 
1. The young of shell-fish. 2. [Cf. Pat.] A slight 
blow. 3. Hence, a little quarrel or dissension. [Local, 
Amer.]_ [spathe. 

Spa-tka'cecus, a. (Bot.) Having or resembling a 

Spatne, n. [Lat. spatha, Gr. o-ndOrj.] (Bot.) A sheath- 
formed involucre, as in the Indian turnip. 

Spatk'i-e, a. [From Ger. spath, spar.] Like spar ; foli- 
ated or lamellar ; spathose. 

Spath'i-f6rm, a. [N. Lat. spathum, spar, and Lat. 
forma, form.] Resembling spar in form. 

Spatk'ose, ) a. 1. (Bot.) Having a spathe ; resembling 

Spatk'ous, ) a spathe ; spathaceous. 2. (Min.) Hav- 
ing the characters of spar ; sparry. 

Spat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SPATTERING.] [From the root of spit.] 1. To 
sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet substance, as 
water, mud, or the like. 2. To injure by aspersion; 
to defame. [Obs.] 



a,e,&c.,long; &,e,&,c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SPATTEK-DASHES 



689 



SPECTACULAR 



Spat'ter-dash'eg, n. pi. [From spatter and dash.] 
Coverings for the legs, to keep them clean from water 
and mud. 

Spat'u-la, n. [Lat. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha. 
Cf. Spade.] A thin, broad-bladed knife, used for 
spreading plasters, &c. 

Spat'u-late, a. (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like a spatula, or 
like a battledoor ; roundish, with a long, narrow, linear 
base. 

Spav'in, n. [From 0. H. Ger. sparwari, & sparrow-hawk, 
because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg, 
like a sparrow-hawk.] ( Far.) A swelling in or near some 
of the joints of a horse, by which lameness is produced. 

Spav'ined, a. Affected with spavin. 

Spawn, n. [0. H. Ger. spunni, udder, A.-S. spanu, spana, 
Prov. Eng. spea?i, spene, a teat, from 0. H. Ger. spanian, 
spenian, spenen, to milk.] 1. The eggs of fish or frogs 
when ejected. 2. Any product or offspring; — in con- 
tempt. 3 . Buds or branches produced from underground 
stems. 4. (Bot.) The white fibrous matter forming the 
matrix from which fungi are produced. 

Spawn, v. t. [imp. & p.p. spawned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPAWNING-.] 1. To produce or deposit, as fishes do 
their eggs. 2. To bring forth ; to generate ; — used 
contemptuously. 

Spawn, v. i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs. 2. 
To issue, as offspring ; — used contemptuously. 

Spawn'er, n. The female fish. 

Spay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPAYING-.] [Cf. W. yspaddu, to exhaust, to empty, 
dyspaddu, to geld, Lat. spado, a eunuch, Gr. o~rrd§u>v, 
from a-n-deiv, cnrav, to draw out.] To extirpate the ova- 
ries of; to castrate ; — said only of female animals. 

Speak, v. i. [imp. spoke (spake, nearly obsolete) ; p. 
p. spoken (SPOKE, collog. or rare); p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPEAKING.] [A.-S. sprecan, spreocan, specan, 0. H. 
Ger. sprekhan.] 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, 
as human beings ; to express thoughts by words. 2. 
To express opinions. 3. To utter a speech, discourse, 
or harangue. 4. To make mention. 5. To give sound ; 
to sound. 

Syn.— To say; tell; talk; converse; discourse; articulate; 
pronounce. 

Speak, v. t. 1. To utter with the mouth ; to pronounce. 
2. To declare ; to proclaim. 3. To talk or converse in. 
4. To address ; to accost. 5. To exhibit ; to make 
known. 6. To express silently, or by signs. 7. To 
communicate. 
To speak a ship (Naut.), to bail and speak to her commander. 

Speak'a-ble, a. Capable of being spoken. 
Speak'er, n. 1. One who speaks. 2. Espesially, one 

who utters or pronounces a discourse. 3. One who pre- 
sides over, or speaks for, a deliberative assembly, pre- 
serving order and regulating the debates : a chairman. 

Speak'er-ship, n. The office of speaker. 

Speak'ing, n. 1. Act of uttering words ; discourse. 2. 
Public declamation. 

Spear, n. [A.-S. spere, speore, spiore, Icel. spior, Lat. 
sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and 
hunting, by thrusting or throwing ; a lance. 2. A 
sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing 
fish, &c. 3. A shoot, as of grass ; a spire. 

Spear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. speared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPEARING.] To pierce or kill with a spear. 

Spear, v. i. To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. 

Spear'man, n.; pi. spear'MEN. One who is armed 
with a spear. 

Spear'mlnt, n. (Bot.) A plant ; a species of mint. 

Spe'cial (spesh'al), a. [Lat. specialis, fr. species, a par- 
ticular sort, kind, or quality.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
constituting, a species or sort. 2. Different from others ; 
extraordinary; uncommon. 3. Designed for a partic- 
ular purpose or person. 4. Limited in range ; confined 
to a definite field of action or discussion. 

In special, particularly. — Special pleading, the allegation of 
special or new matter as distinguished from a direct denial of 
matter previously alleged on the other side. The popular de- 
nomination of the whole science of pleading. The phrase is 
sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, 
argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. 

Syn. —Peculiar ; appropriate ; specific ; distinctive. See 
Peculiar. 

Spe'cial-ist (spesh'al-ist), n. One who devotes himself 

to a specialty. 
Spg'ci-al'i-ty (spesh'i-), n. 1. A particular or peculiar 

case. 2. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic 

of a person or thing ; a special occupation or object of 

attention; a specialty. 



Spe'cial ly (spSsh'al-iy), adv. 1. In a special manner ; 

particularly ; especially. 2. For a particular purpose. 

Spe'cial-ty (speWal-ty), n. 1. Particularity. 2. A 

particular or peculiar case. 3. (Laiu.) A contract, or 
obligation, under seal ; a contract by deed. 4. That for 
which a person is distinguished, or which he makes an 
object of special attention; speciality. 

Spe'cie (spe'shy), n. [Cf. obs. species, coin; also, It. in 
ispecie, in cash or ready money.] Copper, silver, or gold 
coin ; hard money. 

Spe'cieg (spe'shez), n. sing. & pi. [Lat., from specere, 
to look, behold.] 1. Appearance ; image. [Rare.] 2. 
(Logic.) A conception subordinated to another concep- 
tion, called a genus, or generic conception, from which 
it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, 
and extending to fewer individuals. 3. (Nat. Hist.) A 
permanent class of existing things, or beings, associated 
according to attributes, or properties determined by 
scientific observation. 4. Sort ; kind ; variety. 5. (Civil 
Law.) The form or shape given to materials ; fashion 
or shape ; form ; figure. 

Spe-cif'i-e, ) a. [N. Lat. specificus, from Lat. species, 

Spe-£if 'i-e-al, j a particular sort or kind, and facere, to 
make.] 1. Pertaining to, characterizing, or constituting 
a species. 2. Tending to specify or make particular ; 
definite; limited; precise. 3. (Med.) Exerting a pecu- 
liar influence over any part of the body. 

Specific gravity (Physics), the weight that belongs to an 
equal bulk of each body. — Specific name (Nat. Hist.), the 
name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes 
the distinctive name of the species. 

Spe-cif'i-e, n. (Med.) A remedy which exerts a special 
action in the prevention or cure of a disease ; a remedy 
supposed to be infallible. 

Spe-cif 'ie-al-ly, adv. In a specific manner ; according 
to the nature of the species ; definitely ; particularly. 

Spe-cif 'ie-al-ness, n. State or quality of being specific. 

Spec'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of specifying, or determin- 
ing, by a mark or limit. 2. Designation of particulars ; 
particular mention. 3. A written statement containing 
a minute description or enumeration of particulars. 4. 
Any article or thing specified. 

Spec'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. specified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SPECIFYING.] [L. Lat. specificare. See SPECIFIC] 
To mention or name, as a particular thing. 

Spec'i-men, n. [Lat., from specere, to look, to behoW.] 
A part, or small portion, of any thing, or number of 
things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the 
whole, or of what is not exhibited. 

Syn. — Sample; model; pattern. — Aspecimen is a repre- 
sentative of the class of things to which it belongs; as, a speci- 
men of photography. A sample is a part of the thing itself, 
designed to show the quality of the whole; as, a sample of 
sugar or of broadcloth. A cabinet of minerals consists of 
specimens; if a part be broken off from any one of these speci- 
mens, it is a sample of the mineral to which it belongs, 

Spe'cioxis, a. [Lat. speciosus, from species, look, show, 
appearance, from specere, to look, to behold.] 1. Obvi- 
ous ; showy ; manifest. 2. Apparently right ; super- 
ficially fair, just, or correct ; appearing well at first view. 
Syn. — Plausible ; ostensible ; colorable ; feasible. See 
Plausible. 

Spe'cioiis-ly, adv. In a specious manner ; with a fair 
appearance ; with show of right. 

Spe'cioiis-ness, n. The quality of being specious ; 
plausible appearance ; fair external show. 

Speck, n. [A.-S. specca, L. Ger. spaak.] 1. A small 
place in any thing that is discolored by foreign matter, 
or is of a color different from that of the main substance. 
2. A very small thing. 
Syn. — Spot ; stain ; flaw ; blemish. 

Speck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. specked (spekt); p. pr. & 
vb. n. specking.] To stain in spots or drops ; to spot. 

Speck'le (spek'l), n. [Dim. of speck.] A little spot in 
any thing, of a different substance or color from that of 
the thing itself; a speck. 

Speckle (spek'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. speckled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. speckling.] To mark with small spots 
of a different color ; to variegate with spots. 

Spee'ta-ele, n. [Lat. spectacidum, from spectare, to 
look at, to behold, in tens, form of specere, id.] 1. Some- 
thing exhibited to view ; — usually, as extraordinary, or aa 
unusual and worthy of special notice. 2. pi. An optical 
instrument used to assist or correct some defect of vision. 
Syn. — Show ; sight ; exhibition ; representation ; pageant. 

Spee'ta-eled, a. Furnished with spectacles ; wearing 
spectacles. 

Spee-tae'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to shows ; of the- 



fdbd,fobt; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; this. 

"44 



SPECTATOR 



690 



SPERMATOCELE 



nature of a show. 2. 
or glasses for the eyes. 



Of, or pertaining to, spectacles, 
i or beholds ; one personally 



observer ; -witness. 
A female beholder or looker-on. 



_>ec-ta/tor, n. One who sees 
"present at any exhibition. 
Syn. — Looker-on ; beholder 

Spe«-ta'tress 

Spe-e-ta'trix, 

Spee'ter, 1 n. [Lat. spectrum, an appearance, image, 

Spe-e'tre, j from spectre, to look.] 1. An apparition ; 
a ghost. 2. Something made preternaturally visible. 

Spe-e'tral, a. 1. Pertaining to a specter ; ghostly. 2. 
Pertaining to a spectrum. 

Spe^'tr%im,n. ; pi. spe€'tra. [Lat, See Specter.] 
1. A visible form; something seen. 2. {Opt.) The 
several colored and other rays of which light is com- 
posed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other 
means. 

Spe-e'u-lar, a. [Lat. specularis. See Speculum.] Hav- 
ing the qualities of a speculum or mirror; having a 
smooth, reflecting surface. 

Specular iron (3Tm.), an ore of iron occurring frequently in 
crystals of a brilliant metallic luster. 

Speculate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. speculated : p. pr. 

& vb. n. SPECULATING-.] [Lat. speculari, speculatus, to 
spy out, observe, from specula, a lookout, from specere, 
to look.] 1. To consider by turning an object in the 
mind, and viewing it in its different aspects and relations ; 
to meditate. 2. (Com.) To purchase with the expecta- 
tion of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent 
sale at a profit. 

Spee'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. speculatio.] 1. The act of 
speculating; as, (a.) Mental view of any thing in its 
various aspects and relations ; contemplation, (b.) (Com.) 
Act or practice of buying land or goods, &c. , in expecta- 
tion of a rise of price and of selling them at an advance, 
as distinguished from a regular trade. 2. Conclusion 
to which the mind comes by speculating ; mere theory ; 
view; conjecture. 3. Act or result of scientific or ab- 
stract thinking. 

Spe-e'u-la-tist, n. A speculator ; a theorist. 

Spe-e'u.-la-tive, a. 1. Given to, or concerning, specu- 
lation ; involving, or formed by, speculation ; ideal ; 
theoretical. 2. Pertaining to speculation in land, goods, 
and the like. 

Spe-e'u-la/tive-ly, adv. 1. In a speculative manner ; 
ideally ; theoretically. 2. In the way of speculation in 
lands, goods, and the like. 

Spe-e'u-la/tor, n. 1. One who speculates or forms 
theories. 2. ( Com.) One who buys goods, land, or 
other things, with the expectation of a rise of price, and 
of deriving profit from such advance. 

Spee'u-la-to-ry, a. 1. Exercising speculation ; specu- 
lative. 2. Intended or adapted for viewing or espjing. 

Spe^'u-liim,n. ; pi. SPE€'U-LA. [Lat., from specere, 
to look, behold.] 1. A mirror or looking-glass. 2. A 
reflector of polished metal, especially such as is used in 
reflecting telescopes. 3. (Surg.) An instrument for 
dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing the 
light within them. 

Sped, imp. & p. p. of speed. See Speed. 

Speech, n. [A.-S. sprsec, spsec, 0. H. Ger. spr&hha. See 
Speak.] 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds 
or words, as in human beings ; power of speaking. 2. 
That which is spoken; words, as expressing ideas. 3. 
A particular language ; a tongue ; a dialect. 4. Talk ; 
common saying. 5. A formal discourse in public. 6. 
Any declaration of thoughts. 

Syn. — Harangue slanguage ; address ; oration. See Ha- 
kangoe and Language. 

Speecli'i-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. speechified ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. speechifying.] [Eng. speech and Lat. 

facere, to make.] To make a speech; to harangue; — 

used derisively or humorously. 
Speecli'less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of the faculty 

of speech ; dumb. 2. Not speaking for a time ; mute ; 

silent. 
Speech'less-ness, n. The state of being speechless ; 

muteness. 
Speed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sped, speeded ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. speeding.] [A.-S. spSdan, from spuwan, 0. H. 

Ger. spuoan, spuOan, spuon, to succeed, A.-S. sped, 0. 

H. Ger. spuot, prosperity, haste. Cf. Gr. o-rrevSeiv. to 

make haste.] 1. To make haste. 2. To attain -what 

one seeks for ; to prosper ; to succeed. 3. To have any 

condition, good or ill ; to fare. 
Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to make haste ; to dispatch 

with celerity. 2. To help forward ; to cause to succeed. 



3. To hasten to a conclusion ; to bring to a result. 4. 
To bring to destruction ; to ruin. 
Syn. — To dispatch ; hasten ; accelerate ; hurry. 
Speed, n. 1. The moving or causing to move forward 
with celerity. 2. Prosperity in an undertaking ; favor- 
able issue; success. 3. Start; advance. 

Syn. — Haste ; swiftness ; celerity ; quickness ; dispatch ; 
expedition; hurry; acceleration. See Haste. 

Speed'er, n. One who, or that which, speeds. 

Speed'i-ly, adv. In a speedy manner ; quickly. 

Speed'i-ness, n. The quality of being speedy ; quick- 
ness ; celerity ; haste ; dispatch. 

Speed'y, a. [compar. speedier ; superl. speediest.] 
Not dilatory or slow ; quick ; swift ; nimble ; hasty ; 
rapid in motion. 

Speiss, n. [Ger. speise, food ; mixed metal, for bells, &c] 
(Min.) Copper nickel, consisting of nickel and arsenic. 

Spell, n. [See Spell, v. t.] 1. The relief of one person 
by another in any piece of work. 2. A gratuitous help- 
ing forward of another's work. [Amer.] 3. A short 
period ; a brief time ; a season. 

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
spelling.] [A.-S. spelian, to supply another's place, 
speling, spelung, a turn, change.] To supply the place 
of; to relieve ; to help. 

Spell, n. [A.-S. spell, history, tale, speech, a magic charm 
or song, 0. H. Ger. spel, spil, Icel. spiall, conversation, 
Goth, spill.] A verse or phrase repeated for its magical 
power ; hence, any charm. 

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spelled, or spelt ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. spelling.] [A.-S. spellian, Goth, spillon, to 
relate, narrate.] 1. To discover by characters or marks ; 
to read ; — with out. 2. To tell or name the letters of, 
as a word. 3. To write or print with the proper letters. 

Spell, v. i. To form words with the proper letters, either 
in reading or writing. [charm. 

Spell'-lioiuid, a. Arrested or locked up by a spell or 

Spell'er, n. 1. One who spells ; one skilled in spelling. 
2. A book containing exercises in spelling ; a spelling- 
book. [Amer.] 

Spell'ing, n. 1. Act of naming the letters of a word, or 
of writing or printing words with their proper letters. 
2. Manner of forming words with letters ; orthography. 

Spell'ing-lbobk (27), n. A book for teaching children 
to spell and read ; a speller. 

Spelt, n. [A.-S. spelt, 0. H. Ger. spelza, spelzo, spelta, 
spelt, from 0. H. Ger. spaltan, to split, on account of the 
deep splits or cuts of the ears.] ( Bot. ) A species of grain, 
much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland. 

Spel'ter, n. [L. Ger. spialter, H. Ger. & D. spiauter. See 
Pewter.] Zinc. 

Spence, n. [0. Pr. despense, buffet, buttery, from des- 
pendre, to spend, distribute, Lat. dispendere, dispensum. 
See Dispense.] A place where provisions are kept; a 
buttery ; a larder ; a pantry. 

Spen'cer, n. 1. [From Lord Spencer, who first wore it, 
or brought it into fashion.] A short over-jacket worn 
by men or women. 2. (Naut.) A fore-and-aft sail, abaft 
the fore and maiu masts, set with a gaff and no boom ; 
a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast. 

Spend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spent ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPENDING.] [A.-S. spcndan, aspendan, from Lat. ex- 
pendere or dispendere, to weigh out, to expend, dispense.] 
1. To weigh or lay out ; to dispose of; to part with. 2. 
To bestow for any purpose. 3. To consume ; to waste ; 
to squander. 4. To pass, as time ; to suffer to pass 
away. 5. To exhaust of force or strength ; to waste. 

Spend, v. i. 1. To make expense ; to make disposition 
of money. 2. To be lost or wasted ; to be dissipated or 
consumed. 

Spend'er, n. One who spends. 

Spendthrift, n. One who spends money profusely or 
improvidently ; a prodigal ; one who lavishes his estate. 

Sperm (14), n. [Gr. cnrepp.a, gen. a-n-epp-aros , from o-rrei- 
peiv, to sow.] 1. Animal seed. 2. Spermaceti. [.4 col- 
loquial contraction.] 3. Spawn of fishes or frogs. 

Sperm/a-ce'tS, n. [Lat. sperma, sperm, and cetus, Gr. 
ktjtos, any large sea-animal, a whale.] A fatty matter 
obtained chiefly from the head of the cachalot, or sperm- 
aceti whale. 

Sperm'a-ry, n. (Anat.) The spermatic gland or glands 
of the male. 

Sper-mat'i-e, ] a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 

Sper-mat'i-e-al, j the semen, or conveying it \ sem- 
inal. 

Sper-mat'o-cele, n. [Gr. anepfj-a, sperm, and ktjAtj, a 
tumor.] (Med.) A swelhig of the spermatic vessels. 



S,e,&c,fong7 a,e,&c.,s/iori; care , far, aak, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, W9lf, 



SPERM-OIL 



691 



SPINE 



Sp8rm'-oil, n. Oil obtained from the cachalot, or 

spermaceti whale. 
Spew (spu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. spewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

■ SPEWING.] [A.-S. speowian, splwan, Goth, speivan, 
spevan, Icel. spya, allied to Lat. spuere.] 1. To eject 
from the stomach ; to vomit. 2. To cast forth with ab- 
horrence. 

Spew, v. i. To discharge the contents of the stomach ; 
to vomit. 

Sphac'e-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sphacelated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SPHACELATING.] [N. Lat. sphacelare, 
sphacelation, from Gr. tr^d/ceAo?, gangrene.] 1. To mor- 
tify ; to become gangrenous, as flesh. 2. To decay or 
become carious, as a bone. 

Sphac'e-la/tion, n. (Med.) The process of becoming, 
or making, gangrenous ; mortification. 

Sphene, «. [Gr. aQrjv, a wedge.] (Min.) A mineral com- 
posed of silica, titanic acid, and lime. It is found usually 
in thin, wedge-shaped crystals. 

Sphe'noid, ) a. [Gr. cr$r?v, o-^tji'os, a wedge, and 

Sphe-noid'al, j elSos, likeness.] Resembling a wedge. 

Sphere, n. [Lat. spliera, Gr. <r<palpa.] 1. ( Geom.) A 
body contained under a single surface, which, in every 
part, is equally distant from a point within, called its 
center. 2. Any orb or star. 3. (Astron.) (a.) The 
apparent surface of the heavens, which seems to the eye 
spherical and every where equally distant, (b.) One of 
the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transpa- 
rent shells, in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon 
were once supposed to be set, and by which they were 
carried. 4. Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence. 
5. Rank; order of society. 

Syn. — Globe ; orb ; circle ; compass ; province ; employ- 
ment. See Globe. 

Sphere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sphered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sphering.] 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To form into 
roundness. 

Spher'ie, )a. 1. Having the form of a sphere ; 

Spher'ic-al, J globular. 2. Pertaining to a sphere. 
3. Relating to the heavenly orbs. 

Spher'ie-al-ly, adv. In the form of a sphere. 

Spher'ie-al-ness, I n. State or quality of being spher- 

Sphe-ric'i-ty, J ical ; roundness. 

Spher'ies, n. sing. The science of the properties and 
relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of 
a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it. 

Sphe'roid, n. [Gr. o-fjxupoeiSrjs, ball-like, spherical, 
from <r<palpa, sphere, and elSos, form.] A body nearly 
spherical ; especially, a solid generated by the revolution 
of an ellipse about one of its axes. 

Sphe-roid'al, ) a Ha ^ Q 

Sphe-roid'ie, 

Sphe-roid'ie-al 

Spher'ule (sier'crol, 53), n. [Lat. sphserula.] A little 
sphere 'or spherical body. 

Sphinx, n. [Lat. sphinx, Gr. cr0iy£, 
from cn^iyyeiv, to bind tight or to- 
gether, as if the throttler.] ( Myth.) 
A monster usually represented as' 
having the winged body of a lion, 
and the face and breast of a young 
woman. It proposed riddles and 
put to death all who were unable 
to solve them. 

Sphra-gis'tics, n. sing. [Gr. o-^payicrri/co?, of or for 
sealing, from o-$payi? , a seal.] The science of seals, 
their history, age, and distinctions. 

Spice, n. [Lat. species, a particular sort or kind, a species, 
Late Lat. spices, drugs, &c, of the same sort.] 1. A 
vegetable production, fragrant or aromatic to the smell 
and pungent to the taste. 2. Hence, that which resem- 
bles spice, or enriches or alters the quality of a thing in ! 
a small degree ; hence, also, a small quantity. 

Spice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spiced (splst) ; p. pr. So vb. \ 
n. spicing.] 1. To season with spice, or that which re- 
sembles spice. 2. To fill or impregnate with the odor 
of spices. 

6pi'cer, n. 1. One who seasons with spice. 2. One who ' 
deals in spice. [spices. 

Spi'cer-y, n. 1. Spices in general. 2. A repository of 

Spick, n. [See Spike.] A spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.] 
Spick and span new, quite new; that is, as new as a spike or 
nail jnst made and a chip just split. 

Spie'u-lar, a. [From Lat. spiculum 

Ming a dart; having sharp points. 
Spie'u-late, v. t. [Lat. sjnculare, spictdatum, from 

spiculum, a little point ; a dart.] To sharpen to a point. 



the form of a spheroid ; 
approaching the form of a sphere. 




Sphinx. 



dart.] Resem- 



Spi-e'ule, n. [Lat. spiculum, dim. of spicum, spica, a 
point, a dart.] A minute, slender granule or point. 

Spl'cy, a. [compar. spicier; saperl. spiciest.] 1. 
Producing, pertaining to, or abounding with, spices. 2. 
Hence, pungent ; pointed. 

_ Syn. — Racy ; aromatic ; fragrant ; smart ; pungent. See 
Racy. 

Spi'der, n. [For spinder, from spin, so named from 
spinning his web.] 1. (Zool.) An animal of the class 
Arachnida, some of which are remarkable for spinning 
webs for taking their prey and forming a convenient hab- 
itation. 2. A frying-pan, somewhat resembling, in form, 
a spider. 

Spig'nel, n. See Spicknel. 

Spig'ot, n. [From spick, for spike. ,] A pin or peg used 
to stop a faucet, or to stop a small hole in a cask of 
liquor. 

Spike, n. [D. spijker, Icel. sp'ikari, a spike, allied to Lat 
spica, a point, a dart.] 1. A sort of very large nail. 2. 
An ear of corn or grain. 3. A shoot. 4. (Hot.) A spe- 
cies of inflorescence, in which sessile flowers are alternate 
on a common simple peduncle, as lavender, corn, and 
the like. 

Spike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spiked (splkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. spiking.] 1. To fasten with spikes, or long and 
large nails. 2. To set with spikes. 3. To stop the vent 
of with a spike, nail, or the like. 

Spiked (spTkt),/>. a. Furnished with spikes, as corn; 
fastened with spikes ; stopped with spikes. 

Spike'let, n. (Hot.) A small spike making a part of a 
large one. 

Spike'nard (colloq. spikenard), n. [See Spike and 
Nard.] 1. (Bot.) i An aromatic plant. The spikenard 
of the ancients is a species of valerian. 2. A fragrant 
essential oil. 

Spik'y, a. 1. Having a sharp point or points. 2. Fur- 
nished or armed with spikes. 

Spile, n. [L. Ger. spile, D. spijl.] 1. A small peg or 
wooden pin, used to stop a hole. 2. A stake driven 
into the ground as a support for some superstructure ; a 
pile. 

Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spilled, or spilt ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SPILLING.] [A.-S. spillan, Icel. spilla, 0. H. Ger. 
spildan.] 1. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel ; to 
lose or suffer to be scattered. 2. To cause to flow out 
or lose ; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in 
manslaughter. 

Spill, v. i. To be shed ; to run over ; to fall out, be lost, 
or wasted. 

Spin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPUN ; p. pr. & vb. n. spin- 
ning.] [A.-S., Goth., & 0. H. Ger. spinnan, Icel. 
spinna, allied to span.] 1. To draw out and twist into 
threads, either by the hand or machinery. 2. To draw 
out tediously ; to extend to a great length ; — with out . 

3. To protract; to spend by delays. 4. To turn oi 
cause to whirl; to twirl. 5. (Mach.) To shape, as 
metal, by revolving as in a lathe, and pressing against it 
with a roller or hand-tool. 

Spin, v. i. 1. To practice spinning. 2. To perform the 
act of drawing and twisting threads. 3. To whirl, as a 
top or a spindle. 4. To stream or issue in a thread or 
smj.ii current. 

Spin'ach ) (spin'ej), n. [L. Lat. spinachium, spinachia, 

Spin'age j spinacia, fr. Lat. spina, a thorn, prickle, so 
called from its pointed leaves.] (Bot.) A plant whose 
leaves are used for greens and other culinary purposes. 

Spi'nal, a. Pertaining to the spine or back -bone of an 
animal. 

Spin'dle, n. [A.-S. spindel, spinl, from spinnan, to spin.] 

1. The long, slender rod in spinning-wheels by which 
the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is 
wound. 2. A slender, pointed rod or pin on which any 
thing turns; an axis, or arbor. 3. The fusee of a watch. 

4. A long, slender stalk. 

Spin'dle, v.i. [imp. & p.p. SPINDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

spindling.] To shoot or grow in a long, slender stalk 

or body. 
Spin'dle-legged, a. Having long, slender legs. 
Spin'dle- shanked (-shankt), a. Having long, slender 

legs. 
Spin'dle-shanks, n. A tall, slender person; — used 

humorously or in contempt. 
Spine, n. [Lat. spina, a thorn, the spine.] 1. (Bot.) A 

sharp process from the woody part of a plant ; a thorn. 

2. (Zool.) A rigid, jointed spike upon any part of an 
animal. 3. The back-bone or spinal column of an 
animal. 



rood, f <>bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this* 



SPINEL 



692 



SPITE 



SpT'nel, or Spi-nel', ) n. [L. Lat. spinellus, from Lat. 

Spi-nelle' (spi-nel'), j sp ina, a thorn, a prickle, prob. 
so called from its pointed crystals.] (Min.) A mineral 
occurring in octohedrons, of great hardness. 

Spin'et, or Spi-net', n. [From Lat. spina, a thorn, be- 
cause its quills resemble thorns.] ( Mus.) An instrument 
of music resembling a harpsichord, but smaller; a vir- 
ginal ; — now superseded by the piano-forte. 

Spi-iiif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. spinifer, fr. spina, & thorn, and 
ferre, to bear, produce.] Producing spines ; bearing 
thorns ; thorny. 

Spin'ner, n. 1. One who spins. 2. A spider. 

Spin'ner, ) n. { Zool. ) An organ with which spiders 

Spin'ner-et, j and some insects form their silk or webs. 

Spin'ning-jen / ny, n. An engine or machine for spin- 
ning wool or cotton. 

Spin 'ning- wheel, n. A machine for spinning yarn or 
thread, in which a wheel drives a single spindle. 

Spi-nose' (125), a. [Lat. spinosus, from spina, a thorn.] 
Full of spines ; armed with thorns ; thorny. 

Spi-n5s'i-ty, n. The state of being spiny or thorny. 

Spi'noiis, a. Spinose. 

Spin'ster, n. [From spin and the termination ster.] 1. 
A woman who spins. 2. (Law.) Ah unmarried woman ; 
a single woman ; — used in legal proceedings as an addi- 
tion to the surname. 

Spin'y, a. 1. Full of spines ; thorny. 2. Like a spine ; 
slender. 3. Perplexed; difficult; troublesome. 

Spir'a-ele (spir'a-kl or spT'ra-kl, 89), n. [Lat. spirar.u- 
lum, from spirare, to breathe.] 1. (Anat.) A small aper- 
ture in animal and vegetable bodies, by which air or 
other fluid is exhaled or inhaled. 2. Any small aper- 
ture, hole, or vent. 

Spl-rse'a,, n. [Lat. ; Gr. a-rreipaCa, from o-rrelpa, spire.] 
(Bot.) A genus of plants including the meadow-sweet and 
the hardhack. 

Spi'ral (89), a. [From Lat. spira, a coil, a spire.] "Winding 
round a cylinder or other round body, or in a circular 
form, and at the same time rising or advancing forward ; 
winding like a screw. 

Spi'ral, n. ( Geom.) A curve described by a point called 
the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to 
a mathematical law, while the line is revolving about a 
fixed point called the pole. 

Spi'ral-ly, adv. In a spiral form or direction. 

Spi'rant, n. [Lat. spirans, spirantis, p. pr. of spirare, 
to breathe.] (Pron.) A consonant sound uttered with 
perceptible expiration, or emission of breath ; — said of 
f, v, th surd and sonant, and the German ch. 

Spire, n. [Lat. spira, Gr. a-rreipa, a coil, a spire ; L. Ger. 
spier, a little point or sharp end ; Icel. spira, a pinnacle.] 
1. A winding line like the threads of a screw ; any thing 
wreathed or contorted ; a curl ; a twist ; a wreath. 2. 
A body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or 
pyramidal form ; a steeple. 3. A stalk or blade of grass 
or other plant. 

Spire, v. i. [Lat. spirare.] 1. To shoot up in a conical 
form. 2. To sprout, as grain in malting. 

Spir'it, n. [Lat. spiritus, from spirare, to breathe, to 
blow.] 1. Air set in motion by breathing ; breath ; 
hence, sometimes, life itself. 2. Life, or living substance, 
considered independently of corporeal existence 3. The 
intelligent, immaterial, and immortal part of man; the 
soul. 4. A disembodied soul. 5. Hence, a supernat- 
ural apparition; a specter ; a ghost; also, sometimes, a 
sprite; a fairy. 6. Any remarkable manifestation of 
life or energy. 7. One who evinces great activity or pe- 
culiar characteristics of mind or temper. 8. Temper or 
disposition of mind ; intellectual or moral state; often, 
in the pi., animation ; cheerfulness. 9. pi. Hence, a 
liquid produced by distillation ; especially, alcohol. 10. 
pi. Hence, rum, whisky, brandy, and other distilled 
liquors having much alcohol. 11. Intent ; real mean- 
ing;— opposed to the letter, or to formal statement; 
also, characteristic quality. 

Holy Spirit, or The Spirit (.TheolX the Spirit of God, or the 
third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. - Spirit of wine, 
pure alcohol, so called because formerly obtained only from 
wine. J 

Syn.— Life; ardor; fire; courage; vivacity; enterprise. 
Spir'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spirited \ p.pr. & vb. n. 
spiriting.] 1. To animate with vigor; to excite ; to 
encourage; to inspirit. 2. To convey rapidly and se- 
cretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit ; 
to kidnap. rg re 

Spir'it-ed, p. a. Animated ; full of life ; full of spirit or 
Syn. — Lively ; vivacious; ardent ; active ; bold; coura- 
geous. 



Spir'it-ed-ly, adv. In a spirited manner ; with spirit. 

Spir'it-igm, n. Belief or doctrine of the spiritists ; spir- 
itualism . 

Spir'it-ist, n. One who believes in direct intercourse 
with departed spirits through persons called mediums; 
a spiritualist. 

Spir'it-less, a. 1. Destitute of spirits ; wanting anima- 
tion ; dejected; depressed. 2. Wanting life, courage, or 
fire. 

Spir'it-less-ly, adv. In a spiritless manner ; lifelessly. 

Spir'it-less-ness, n. The state of being spiritless; 
dullness ; want of life or vigor. [ardent. 

Spir'it-ou.s, a. 1. Like spirit ; refined ; pure. 2. Fine; 

Spir'it-u-al, a. 1. Consisting of spirits; incorporeal. 2. 
Pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of 
the mind ; mental ; intellectual. 3. Pertaining to the 
moral feelings or states of the soul. 4. Pertaining to 
the soul or its affections, as influenced by the Spirit ; 
proceeding from the Holy Spirit ; pure ; holy ; divine. 
5. Relating to sacred things ; ecclesiastical. 

Spir'it-u-al igm, n. 1. State of being spiritual. 2. 
(Philos.) The doctrine in opposition to the materialists, 
that all which exists is spirit or soul. 3. A belief in the 
frequent communication of intelligence from the world of 
spirits, by means of physical phenomena, commonly 
manifested through a person of special susceptibility, 
called a medium. 

Spir'it-u-al-ist, n. 1. One who professes a regard for 
spiritual things only. 2. One who maintains the doc- 
trine of spiritualism. 3. One who believes in direct in- 
tercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of 
persons called mediums. 

Spir'it-u-al 'i-ty, n. 1. State of being spiritual. 2, 
That which belongs to the church, or to a person as an 
ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities. 

Spir'it-u-al-i-za'tioii, n. The act of spiritualizing. 

Spir'it-u-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spiritualized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SPIRITUALIZING.] 1. To refine intellec- 
tually or morally. 2. To imbue with spirituality or life. 

Spir'it-u-al-ly, adv. In a spiritual manner ; with puri- 
ty of spirit or heart. 

Spir'it-u-oiis, a. 1. Having the quality of spirit ; ten- 
uous in substance, and having active powers or prop- 
erties ; active ; pure. 2. Consisting of, or containing, 
refined spirit ; ardent. 

Spi-rom'e-ter, n. [Lat. spirare, to breathe, and Gr. 
fterpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
vital capacity of the lungs. 

Spirt, v. t. & i. To spurt. See Spurt. 

Spir'y, a. 1. Of a spiral form; wreathed; curled. 2. 
Having the form of a pyramid ; pyramidical. 3. Fur- 
nished or abounding with spires. 

Spis'si-tude (30), n. [Lat. spissitudo, from spissus, 
dense.] Thickness of soft substances ; denseness or com- 
pactness belonging to substances not perfectly liquid nor 
perfectly solid. 

Spit, n. [A.-S. spitu, D. spit, 0. H. Ger. spiz, Icel. sp'ita, 
a wooden nail, spiot, a spear.] 1. A pointed iron prong 
or bar on which meat is roasted. 2. A small point of 
land running into the sea. 

Spit, n. [See the verb.] The secretion formed by the 
glands of the mouth ; saliva. 

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
spitting.] [From the noun.] 1. To thrust a spit 
through ; to put upon a spit. 2. Hence, to thrust 
through ; to pierce. 

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPIT (SPAT, obs.) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SPITTING.] [A.-S. spittan, spsetan, Icel. spyta, 
0. Ger. sp'vtzev. Cf. Lat. sputare, from spuere.] 1. To 
eject from the mouth, as saliva or other matter. 2. To 
eject or throw out with violence. 

Spit, v. i. To throw out saliva from the mouth. 

Spit'al, n. [Also spittle, abbreviated from hospital.] [0. 
Fr. ospital, hospital.] A hospital. See HOSPITAL. [Obs.] 

Spite, n. [Abbreviated from despite, q. v.] Hatred ; mal- 
ice ; malignity. 

In spite of, in opposition to all efforts of ; in defiance or con- 
tempt of. — To owe one a spite, to entertain a mean hatred for 
him. 

Syn. — Pique ; rancor ; malevolence ; grudge ; malice. — 
Malice has more reference to the disposition, and spite to the 
manifestations of it in words and actions. Malice denotes a 
spirit which desires evil to others. Spite is a temper which de- 
lights to express itself in bitter and cutting language, or in low 
and irritating actions. It is, therefore, meaner than malice, 
though not always more criminal. 

Spite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spited ; p. pr. & vb. n. SPIT- 
ING.] 1. To be angry or vexed at ; to hate. 2. To 

treat maliciously ; to injure ; to thwart. 



*,e,&c.,long; &,e,8cc:, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dQ, wol*» 



SPITEFUL 



693 



SPONGY 



Splte'f ul, a. Filled with spite ; having a desire to vex, 
annoy,* or injure ; malignant ; malicious. 

Splte'f ul-ly, adv. In a spiteful manner ; malignantly. 

Splte'f ul-ness, n. State of being spiteful; malice. 

Spiff Ire, n. A violent, irascible, or passionate person. 
L Colloq.] 

Spit'ter, n. 1. One who puts meat on a spit. 2. One who 
ejects saliva from his mouth. 3. A young deer whose 
horns begin to shoot or become sharp. 

Spit'tle (spTt'tl), n. [From Eng. spit.] The thick, moist 
matter which is secreted by the salivary glands ; saliva. 

Spit-toon', n. A vessel to receive spittle. 

Splash, v. t- [imp. &p. p. splashed (splasht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. splashing.] [Allied to plash, q. v.] To 
spatter with water, or with water and mud. 

Splash, v. i. To strike and dash about water. 

Splash, n. Water, or water and dirt thrown upon any 
thing, or thrown from a paddle and the like. 

Splash'y, a. Full of dirty water ; wet and muddy, so as 
to be easily splashed about. 

Splay, a. [Abbrev. from display, q. v.] Displayed ; 
spread ; turned outward. 

Splay, n. A slanted or sloped surface ; especially, the 
expansion given to doors, windows, and the like, by slant- 
ing their sides. 

Splay'-f dot, n. A foot having the sole flattened instead 
of concave; flat-foot. 

Splay'-f dot, ) a. Having the foot turned outward ; 

Splay'-f oot'ed, J having a wide foot. 

Splay'-mouth, a. ; pi. splay'-mouths (-mouthz). A 
wide mouth ; a mouth stretched in derision. 

Spleen, n. [Gr. ottAiji/, the milt or spleen, affection of 
the spleen.] 1. (Anat.) A glandular organ, situated in 
the upper portion of the abdominal cavity to the left 
of the stomach ; the milt. The ancients supposed it to be 
the seat of anger and melancholy. 2. Anger ; latent 
spite; ill humor. 3. Melancholy; hypochondriachal 
affections. 

Spleen'ish, a. Spleeny ; affected with spleen. 

Spleen'y, a. 1. Angry ; peevish ; fretful. 2. Affected 
with nervous complaints ; melancholy. 

Splen'dent, a. [Lat. splendens, p. pr. of splendere, to 
shine.] 1. Shining ; beaming with light. 2. Very con- 
spicuous ; illustrious. 

Splen'did, a. [Lat. splendidus, from splendere, to shine j 
1. Possessing or displaying splendor ; shining ; very 
bright. 2. Showy ; magnificent ; sumptuous. 3. Il- 
lustrious : heroic ; brilliant ; celebrated ; famous. 

Splen'did-ly, adv. In a splendid manner : brightly ; 
magnificently ; sumptuously. 

Splen'dor, n. [Lat., from splendere, to shine.] 1. 
Great brightness ; brilliant luster. 2. Great show of 
richness and elegance. 3. Eminence. 

Syn.— Luster ; splendor; brilliancy ; magnificence ; gor- 
geousness ; display ; showiness ; pomp ; parade. 

Splen'e-tie (123), a. Affected with spleen. 

Syn. — Morose ; gloomy ; sullen ; peevish ; fretful. 

Splen'e-tie, n. A person affected with spleen. 

Splice, v. t. [imp. & p.p. spliced (spllst); p. pr. & 
vb. n. SPLICING.] [D. splitsen, splitlen, Ger. split sen, 
splizzen, splissen, spleiszen, allied to split.] 1. To unite 
as two ropes or parts of a rope, by a particular manner of 
interweaving the strands. 2. To unite, by lapping two 
ends together, and binding, or in any way making fast. 
3. (Much.) To scarf. 

Splice, n. 1. The union of ropes by interweaving the 
strands. 2. (Mach.) A connection between pieces of 
wood or metal by means of overlapping parts ; a scarfing. 

Splint, n. [Ger. splint, splinten, splitter, D. splint, splin- 
ter. See infra.] 1. A piece split off; a splinter, 2. 
(Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to 
hold or protect a broken bone when set. 

Splint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. splinted ; p. pr. So vb. n. 
splinting.] To fasten or confine with splints, as a 
broken limb. 

Splin'ter, n. A thin piece of wood, or other solid sub- 
stance, rent from the main body. 

Splin'ter, v. t. [L. Ger. splinten, spliten, splitlen, split- 
tern, D. splinteren. See Split.] To split or rend into 
long thin pieces ; to shiver. 

Splin'ter, v. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. 

Splin'ter-y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, splinters. 

Split, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPLIT (SPLITTED, rare) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. splitting.] [Icel. splita, 0. H. Ger. splizan.] 
1. To divide longitudinally or lengthwise ; to rive ; to 
cleave. 2. To tear asunder by violence ; to burst ; to 
rend. 3. To separate into parts or parties. 



Split, v. i. 1. To part asunder ; to burst. 2. To burst 
with laughter. * 3. To be dashed to pieces. 

Split, n. 1. A crack, rent, or longitudinal fissure. 2. 
A breach or separation, as in a political party. [ Colloq.] 

Spliit'ter, n. A bustle ; a stir. [Colloq. and low.] 

Spliit'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. spluttered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. spluttering.] [Prov. Eng. splutter, equiv. to 
splutter, q. v.] To speak hastily and confusedly. [Colloq 
and low.] 

Spoil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spoiled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPOILING.] [Lat. spoliare, from spolium. See SPOIL, n.] 
1. To plunder ; to strip by violence ; to rob. 2. To seize 
by violence; to take by force. 3. To cause to decay and 
perish ; to vitiate ; to mar. 4. To render useless by in- 
jury ; to ruin ; to destroy. 

Spoil, v.i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery. 2, To 
lose the valuable qualities ; to be corrupted ; to decay 

Spoil, n. 1. That which is taken from others by violence ; 
especially, the plunder taken from an enemy ; pillage; 
booty. 2. That which is gained by strength or effort 
3. Act or practice of plundering ; robbery. 4. Corrup- 
tion ; cause of corruption. 

Spoil'er, n. 1. One who spoils ; a plunderer ; a pillag- 
er; a robber. 2. One who corrupts, mars, or renders 



Spoke (20), imp. of speak. See Speak. 

Spoke, n. [A.-S. spaca, 0. H. Ger. speihho, speihha.] 1. 
One of the small bars inserted in the hub, or nave of a 
wheel, and serving to support the rim or felly. 2. The 
round of a ladder. 3. A contrivance for fastening the 
wheel of a vehicle, to prevent it from turning in going 
down a hill. 

Spoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spoked (spokt) ; p pr. & vb 
n. SPOKINGJ To furnish with spokes. 

Spok'en (spok'n, 20), p. p. of speak. See Speak. 

Spoke'shave, n. A kind of drawing-knife for dressing 
the spokes of wheels, and other curved work. 

Spokesman, n. ;pl. spokes'men. [From speak, spoke, 
and man.] One who speaks for another. 

Spo'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spoliated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. spoliating.] [Lat. spoliare, spoliatum. See 
Spoil.] To plunder; to pillage; to destroy. 

Spo'li-ate, v. i. To practice plunder ; to commit rob- 
bery 

Spo'li-a/tion, n. 1. Act of plundering ; robbery; de- 
struction ; deprivation ; despoliation. 2. Robbery in 
war ; especially, the act or practice of plundering neutrals 
at sea, under authority. 

Spo'li-a'tor, n. One who spoliates. 

Spon-da'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a spondee; con- 

Spon-da're-al, J sisting of spondees. 2. Composed 
of spondees in excess. 

Spdn'dee, n. [Lat. spondeus, Gr. o-rrovSelo? (sc. novs), 
from o-novh-q, a libation, so called because at libations 
slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] 
(Pros.) A poetic foot of two long syllables. 

Spon'dyl, 1 n. [Lat. spondylus, Gr. o-tt6v8v\o<;, a<f>6v- 

Spon'dyle, ) fiuAo?.] (Anat.) A joint of the back-bone , 
a vertebra. 

Sponge (spQnj), n. [Lat. spongia, Gr. o-rroyyta, cnrdyyos.] 
1. A fibrous substance, regarded as of the nature of a 
compound animal, found adhering to rocks, shells, &c, 
under water. It is so porous as to imbibe a great quan- 
tity of water, and is used for various purposes in the 
arts and in surgery. 2. One who lives upon others ; a 
sponger. 3. Any sponge-like substance ; especially, 
dough before it is kneaded and formed, and while being 
converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the 
yeast or leaven. 4. ( Gun.) An instrument for cleaning 
cannon after a discharge. 

Sponge (spiinj), v. t. [imp. & p.p. sponged; p. pr. 
& vb. n. sponging.] 1. To cleanse or wipe with a 
sponge. 2. To wipe out with a sponge ; to efface ; to 
destroy all trace of. 

Sponge, v. i. 1. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge. 2. 
To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on. 3. 
To be converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by 
the agency of yeast or leaven. 

Spon'ger, n. 1. One who uses a sponge. 2. A parasit- 
ical dependent ; a hanger-on. 

Spon'gi-ness, n. The quality or state of being spongy, 
or porous like sponge. 

Spon'ging-house, n. (Law.) A bailiffs house to put 
debtors in before being taken to jail, or until they com- 
promise with their creditors. 

Spon'gy, a. 1. Soft and full of cavities. 2. Wet ; 
drenched ; soaked and soft, like sponge. 3. Having the 
quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. 



food, f dot ; firu, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



SPONSAL 



694 



SPRAY 



Spon'sal, a. [Lat„ sponsalis, from sponsus, a betrothal, 
from spondere, sponsum, to betroth.] Relating to mar- 
riage, or to a spouse. 

Spon'sion, n. [Lat. sponsio, from spondere, sponsum, to 
promise solemnly.] Act of becoming surety for another. 

Spon'sor, n. [Lat., from spondere, sponsum, to engage 
one's self.] 1. A surety. 2. One who, at the baptism 
of an infant, professes the Christian faith in its name, 
and guarantees its religious education ; a godfather or 
godmother. 

Spon'ta-ne'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being sponta- 
neous, or acting from native feeling, proneness, or tem- 
perament, without constraint or external force. 

Spon-ta/ne-oiis, a. [Lat. spontaneus, from sponte, of 
free will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceeding from natural feel- 
ing, temperament, or disposition, or from a native inter- 
nal proneness, readiness, or tendency. 2. Proceeding 
from internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without 
external force. 3. Produced without being planted, or 
without human labor. 

Syn. — Voluntary ; uncompelled ; willing. — What is vol- 
untary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it therefore 
implies some degree of consideration, and may be the result of 
mere reason without excited feeling. What is spontaneous 
springs wholly from feeling by a kind of outburst of the mind 
which admits of no reflection ; as, a spontaneous burst of ap- 
plause. Hence, the term is sometimes applied to things inan- 
imate. 



1. In a spontaneous man- 
2. By its own force or en- 



Spon-ta'ne-oiis-ly, adv. 
ner ; of one's own accord 
ergy. 

Spon-toon', n. [Fr. sponton, esponton,lt. spontone, fr. 
spuntare, to break off the point, to blunt, from punta, a 
point, top, end, from pungere, pugnere, p. p. punto, Lat. 
pungere, to prick, sting.] (Mil.) A kind of half pike, 
borne by inferior officers of infantry. 

Spool, n. [D. spoel, 0. II. Ger. spuolo, spuolaJ] A piece 
of cane or reed with a knot at each end, or a hollow cyl- 
inder of wood with a ridge at each end, used to wind 
thread or yarn upon. 

Spool, v. t. {imp. & p. p. SPOOLED; p. pr & vb. n. 
spooling.] To wind on spools. 

Spobm, v. i [Prob. from spume, foam. See Spume.] 
(Naut.) To be driven steadily and swiftly as before a 
strong wind. 

Spdbn, n. [A.-S. spon, spoon, a chip, Icel. spann,sponn, 
a chip, a spoon.] An instrument consisting of a small 
concave basin with a handle, used in preparing or par- 
taking of food. 

Spoon/bill, n. ( Ornith.) A cer- 
tain wading bird, so named 
from the shape of the bill. In 
form and habits it is allied to 
the heron. 

Spoon'- drift, n. (Naut.). A 
showery sprinkling of sea-wa- 
ter, swept from the tops of the 
waves, and driven upon the 
surface in a tempest. 

Spobn'ful, n. ; pi. spoon'- 
FULg. 1. The quantity which 
a spoon contains, or is able to 
contain. 2. Hence, a small 
quantity. 

Spobn'-meat, n. Food that : 
a spoon ; liquid food. 

Spo-rad/i-e, ) a. [Gr. o-nropaSiKos, scattered, from 

Spo-rad'ie-al, J o-Tropas, 0-77-opaSos, id., from aTreipeiv, 
to sow seed, to scatter like seed.] Occurring singly or 
apart from other things of the same kind ; separate ; 
single. 

Spore, n. [Gr. oTropo?, a sowing, seed, from crneipeiv, to 
sow.] (Bot.) One of the minute grains in rlowerless 
plants which performs the function of seeds. 

Sport, n. [Abbrev. from disport, q. v.] 1. That which 
diverts and makes mirth. 2. Contemptuous mirth. 3. 
That with which one plays or which is driven about ; a 
toy. 4. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fish- 
ing, and the like. 

Syn. — Play; game; diversion; frolic; mirth; mock; mock- 
ery ; jeer. 

Sport, v. t. 1. To divert ; to make merry ; — used reflex - 
ively. 2. To represent by any kind of play. 3. To ex- 
hibit or bring out in public. [ Colloq.] 

Sport, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sported ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sporting.] 1. To play ; to frolic ; to wanton. 2. To 
practice the diversions, of the field. 3. To trifle. 

Sport'er, n. One who sports ; a sportsman. 




Spoonbill, 
or must be taken with 



Sport'ful, a. 1. Pull of sport; merry; frolicsome. 2. 
Done in jest or for mere play. 

Sport'ive, a. Tending to, or provocative of , sport ; gay, 
frolicsome ; playful. 

Sport'ive-ly, adv. In a sportive manner ; gayly ; mer- 
rily ; playfully. 

Sports'man, n. ; pi. sports'men. Ons who pursues 
or is skilled in the sports of the field ; one who hunts, 
fishes, and fowls. 

Sports'man-ship, n. The practice of sportfemen ; skill 
in field sports. 

Spot, n. [D. spat, from the root of spit ; 0. II. Ger. spot, 
Icel. spott, mockery, derision.] 1. A mark on a sub- 
stance made by foreign matter. 2. Hence, a stain on 
character or reputation. 3. A small extent of space ; 
any particular place. 4. A place of a different color 
from the ground upon which it is. 

Syn. — Stain; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; reproaeh; fault; 
blemish; place; site; locality. 

Spot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
spotting.] 1. To make visible marks upon with somo 
foreign matter. 2. To mark or note so as to insure recog- 
nition. [ Colloq.} 3. To blemish; to tarnish, as repu- 
tation. 

Spotted fever (Med.), a species of fever accompanied by a rask 
or eruption of red spots ; typhus. 
Syn.— To mark; blot; stain; discolor; disgrace. 

Spot'less, a. Without a spot ; especially, free from re- 
proach or impurity. 

Syn. — Blameless ; unspotted ; unblemished ; pure ; im- 
maculate; irreproachable. See Blameless. 

Spot'less-ly, adv. In a spotless manner. 

Spot'less-ness, n. State or quality of being spotless ; 
freedom from spot or stain ; freedom from reproach. 

Spot'ted, a. Marked with spots. 

Spot'ti-ness, n. State or quality of being spotty. 

Spot'ty, a. Pull of spots ; marked with discolored 
places. 

Spoug'al, a. [See Espousal, Sponsal, and Spouse.] 
Pertaining to a spouse, or to a marriage. 

Syn. — Nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal; connubial; bridal. 

Spoug'al, n. Marriage ; nuptials ; — generally used in the 
plural. 

Sponge, n. [0. Fr. espous, espos, fern, espouse, spouse, 
Lat. sponsus, sponsa, from spondere, sponsum., to prom- 
ise solemnly, to engage one's self.] A man or woman 
engaged or joined in wedlock ; a married person , hus- 
band or wife. 

Spouge'less, a. Destitute of a spouse ; having no hus- 
band or wife ; unmarried. 

Spout, n. [D. spuit, a spout, spuiten, to spout, allied to 
spit, q. v.] 1. A pipe or tube for conducting a fluid. 
2. A pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, used in di- 
recting a stream of a liquid poured out. 

To put, or shove up the spout, to pawn or pledge at a pawn- 
broker's. [Cant.') 

Spout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SPOUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPOUTING.] 1. To throw oat, as liquids through a 
narrow orifice, or pipe. 2. To throw out, as words, with 
affected gravity ; to mouth 

Spout, v. i. 1. To issue with violence, as a liquid through 
a narrow orifice or from a spout. 2. To utter a speech, 
especially in a pompous manner. 

Sprain, v. t. [imp. & p.p. SPRAINED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
SPRAINING.] [0. Fr. espreindre, N. Fr. eprtindre, to 
press, to force out, from Lat. exprimere. See Express.] 
To weaken, as a joint or muscle, by sudden and excessive 
exertion ; to overstrain. 

Sprain, n. An excessive strain of the muscles or liga- 
ments of a joint, without dislocation. 

Sprang, imp. of spring, for sprung. See SPRING. 

Sprat, n. [0. Eng. & D. sprot, II. Ger. sprotte.] (Ichth.) 
A small fish, closely allied to the herring and pilchard. 

Sprawl, v. i. [imp. & p.p. sprawled; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SPRAWLING.] [Dan. sprdlle, spralde, Sw. sprattla, to 
palpitate, D. spartelen, spertelen, to palpitate.] 1. To 
he with the limbs stretched out or struggling. 2. To 
spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or trees. 3. To 
move, when lying down, with awkward extension and 
motions of the limbs. 

Spray, n. [A.-S. spree, a twig, branch, Icel. sprek, id., 
0. H. Ger. spraioh, twigs, from sprahh&n, to cut Cf. 
Sprig.] 1. A small shoot or branch ; a twig. 2. A 
collective body of small branches. 

Spray, n. [A.-S. spregan, to pour, geondspregan to 
pour through, D. spreijen, spreiden, to sprinkle.] Water 



sL,e,&c,long;», 6, &c, sAor*; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wol^ 



SPREAD 



695 



SPUNGE 



flying in small drops or particles, as by the force of 
wind, the dashing of waves, &c. 

Spread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spread; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPREADING.] [A. -S. sprxdan, 0. H. Ger. spreitan.] 1. 
To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth only. 2. 
To extend so as to cover something. 3. To divulge ; to 
publish, as news or fame. 4. To cause to affect great 
numbers. 5. To emit ; to diffuse, as emanations or ef- 
fluvia. 6. To scatter over a larger surface. 7. To pre- 
pare ; to set and furnish with provisions. 

Syn. — To open; unfurl; diffuse; propagate; disperse; pub- 
lish; distribute; scatter; circulate; disseminate; dispense. 

Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth in all 
directions, dr in breadth only. 2. To be extended by 
drawing or beating. 3. To be made known more ex- 
tensively. 4. To be propagated from one to another. 

Spread, n. 1. Extent; compass. 2. Expansion of 
parts. 3. A table, as spread or furnished with a meal. 
[Colloq.] 

Spread'er, n. One who, or that which, spreads. 

Spree, n. [Fr. spre, a spark, animation, spirit.] A merry 
frolic ; especial!;/, a drinking frolic ; a carousal. [ Colloq.] 

Sprig, n. [A.-S. spree. See SPRAY.] 1. A small shoot 
or twig of a tree or other plant. 2. A youth ; a lad ; — 
used as a term of slight disparagement. 

Sprig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sprigged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPRIGGING.] To mark or adorn with the representa- 
tion of small branches. 

Sprig'gy, a. Full of sprigs or small branches. 

Spriglit (sprit), n. [Contracted from spirit, q. v.] A 
spirit ; a shade ; a soul ; an incorporeal agent ; an ap- 
parition. 

Spright'less (sprit/-), a. Destitute of life ; dull. 

Spright'li-ness (sprit'-), n. Quality of being sprightly ; 
liveliness. 

Syn. —Life; briskness; vigor; activity; gayety; vivacity. 

Spright'ly (sprit 7 -), a. Spirit-like, or spright-like ; live- 
ly ; brisk ; animated ; vigorous ; airy ; gay. 

Spring, v. i. [imp. sprung (sprang, obsolescent); p. 
p. sprung ; p. pr. & vb. n- springing.] [A.-S. sprin- 
gan, sprincan, 0. H. Ger. springan, Icel. springa.] 1. 
To leap ; to bound : to jump. 2. To issue with speed 
and violence. 3. To start or rise suddenly from a cov- 
ert. 4. To fly back ; to start. 5. To bend or wind 
from a straight direction or plane surface. 6. To shoot 
up, out, or forth ; to come to the light ; to begin to ap- 
pear. 7. To issue or proceed, as from a parent or an- 
cestor ; to result, as from a cause, motive, reason, or 
principle. 8. To grow ; to thrive. 

Spring, v. t. 1. To cause to spring up ; to start or | 
rouse, as game. 2. To produce quickly or unexpectedly. 

3. To contrive, or to produce or propose on a sudden. 

4. To cause to explode. 5. To burst ; to cause to open. 

6. To crack or split ; to bend or strain so as to weaken. 

7. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap. S. 
To insert, as a beam in a place too short for it, by bending 
it so as to bring the ends nearer together, and allowing 
it to straighten wheu in place. 

Spring, n. 1. A leap; a bound; a jump, as of an ani- 
mal. 2. A flying back ; resilience. 3. Elastic power or 
force. 4. An elastic body, as a steel rod, plate, or coil ; 
amass, or strip, of India rubber, &c. ; — used for va- 
rious mechanical purposes. 5. Any source of supply ; 
especially, the source from which a stream proceeds ; a 
fountain. 6. That by which action, or motion, is pro- 
duced or propagated ; cause ; origin. 7. The season of 
the year when plants begin to vegetate and rise ; the 
months of March, April, and May. 

Springe, n. [From spring, v. i.] A noose, which, being 
fastened to an elastic body, is drawn close with a sud- 
den spring, by which means it catches a bird or other 
animal. 

Spring'er, n. 1. One who springs; one who rouses 
game. 2. A young plant. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The impost, 
or point at which an arch unites with its support, and 
from which it seems to spring, (b.) The bottom stone 
of an arch, which lies on the impost, (c.) The rib of a 
groined roof. 

Spring'-halt, n. (Far.) A kind of lameness in which 
a horse suddenly twitches up his legs. 

Spring'-head, n. A fountain or source. 

Spring'i-ness, n. 1. State of being springy ; elasticity ; 
also, power of springing. 2. State of abounding with 
springs ; wetness or sponginess, as of land. 

Spring'-tide, n. 1. The tide which happens at, or soon 
after, the new and full moon, which rises higher than 
common tides. 2. The time of spring ; spring time. 



Spring'y, a. ^ [compar. springier ; superl. SPRING- 
IEST.] 1. Resembling, or pertaining to, a spring ; elas- 
tic ; light ; nimble. 2. Abounding with springs or foun- 
tains ; wet ; spongy. 

Sprink'le (sprlnk'l), v. t. [imp. & p.p. sprinkled; 
p. pr. & yb. n. SPRINKLING.] [Diminutive of 0. & Prov. 
Eng. sprinke, springe, sprenge, A.-S. sprengan, sprencan, 
to sprinkle.] 1. To scatter, or disperse, in small drops 
or particles, as water, seed, &c. 2. To scatter on ; ta 
disperse over in small drops or particles. 3. To baptize 
by the application of a small quantity of water ; hence, 
to cleanse ; to purify. 

Sprink'le (sprink/1), v. i. 1. To perform the act of scat- 
tering a liquid, or any fine substance. 2. To rain mod- 
erately, or with drops falling now and then. 

Sprink'le (sprink'1), n. 1. A small quantity scattered; 
a sprinkling. 2. A utensil for sprinkling. 

Sprink'ler, n. One who, or that which, sprinkles. 

Sprink'ling, n. 1. Act of scattering in small drops or 
parcels. 2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops 
or parts. 3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity, 
distributed like separate drops. 

Sprit, n. [A.-S. spreot, a sprit, spear, pike.] (Naut.) A 
small boom, pole, or spar, crossing the sail of a boat diag- 
onally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner, which 
it is used to extend and elevate. 

Sprite, n. [Contracted from spirit. This is the preferable 
orthography, but is less common than spright.] A spirit ; 
a soul ; a shade ; an apparition. 

Sprit'-sail, n. (Naut.) (a.) The sail extended by a sprit. 
(b.) A sail attached to a yard which hangs under the 
bowsprit. 

Sprout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SPROUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPROUTING.] [H. Ger. sprossen, sprieszen, A.-S. spredtan, 
sprytan, spryttan.] 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant ; 
to germinate ; hence, to grow like shoots of plants. 2. 
To shoot into ramifications. 

Sprout, n. The shoot of a plant. 

Spruce, a. [compar. SPRUCER ; superl. SPRUCEST.] 
[Perhaps from spruce, a sort of leather from Prussia, 
which was an article of finery. Cf. also Prov. Ger. spreus- 
zen, spreuzen, spruzen, sprutzen, H. Ger. spreizen, to 
prop, to boast of, gespreuzt, gespreizt, stiff, prim, boast- 
ing.] Neat, without elegance or dignity. 
Syn. — Finical; neat; trim. See Finical. 

Spruce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spruce d (sprust) ; p. pr. & 
vb'.'n. sprucing.] To dress with affected neatness. 

Spruce, v. i. To dress one's self with affected neatness. 

Spruce, n. [0. Eng. Spruce or 
Pruse, Prussia, Prussian; so 
named because it was first known 
as a native of Prussia.] (Bot.) A 
coniferous tree, especially the 
species called Norway Spruce, a 
native of the north of Europe ; 
— applied in the United States to 
the hemlock spruce. 

Spruce'-toeer, n. A kind of beer 
wh'i'ch is tinctured or flavored 
with spruce. 

Spruce'ly, adv. In a spruce 
mariner ; with affected neatness. 

Spruce'ness, n. The state or Norway Spruce, 

quality of being spruce ; trimness ; fineness. 

Sprung, imp. & p. p. of spring. See SPRING. 

Spry, a. [compar. SPRYER ; superl. SPRYEST.] Having 
great power of leaping or running ; nimble ; active ; vig- 
orous. [Prov. Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 

Spud, n. [Dan. spyd, a spear.] 1. An implement some- 
what like a chisel, with a long handle, used* for destroy- 
ing weeds. 2. Any short and thick thing. [Amer.] 

Spume, n. [Lat. spuma, from spuere, to spit, to spew.] 
Frothy matter raised on liquors or fluid substances by 
boiling, effervescence, or agitation ; froth ; foam ; scum. 

Spiime,t).i. [imp. & p. p. SPUMED; p. pr. & vb.rt. 
spuming.] To froth ; to foam. 

Spu-mes'cence, n. State of being foamy ; frothiness. 

Spu-mes'cent, a. [Lat. spumescens, p. pr. of spumes- 
cere, to grow foamy, from spuma, foam.] Resembling 
froth or foam. 

Spum'ous, I a. [Lat. spumosus, from spuma, foam } 

Spum'y, ) Consisting of froth or scum ; foamy. 

Spun, imp. & p. p. of spin. See Spin. 

Spun hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient carriage, as 
on a military expedition. 

Spunge, n. See Sponge. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, full ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



SPUNK 



696 



SQUARE 



Spunk, n. [Gael, spong, It. sponc, tinder, sponge ; A.-S. 
sponge, a sponge, spon, spoon, a chip, tinder, touch- 
wood. Cf. Punk.] 1. Wood that readily takes fire ; 
touchwood; also, a kind of tinder made from a species 
of fungus ; punk ; amadou. 2. An inflammable tem- 
per ; spirit ; pluck. [ Colloq.] 

Spunk'y, a. [compar. SPUNKIER ; superl. SPUNKIEST.] 
Full of spunk ; quick; spirited. [Colloq.] 

Spiin'-yarn, n. (Naut.) A line or cord formed of two 
or three rope-yarns twisted. 

Spur, n. [A.-S. spura, spora, Icel. spori, 0. H. Ger. sporo, 
allied to spear.] 1. An instrument having a little wheel, 
with sharp points, worn on a horseman's heels, to prick 
a horse in order to hasten his pace. 2. Incitement ; in- 
stigation. 3. Something that projects ; a snag. 4. The 
largest or principal root of a tree. 5. The hard, pointed 
projection on a cock's leg. 6. ( Geog. ) A mountain that 
shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, 
and extends to some distance in a lateral direction. 7. 
(Carp.) A brace; a strut. 8. (Bot.) (a.) Any projecting 
appendage of a flower looking like a spur, (b.) A seed 
of rye, and some other grasses, affected with a species of 
fungus ; ergot. 

Spur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPURRING.] [From the noun.] 1. To prick with spurs ; 
to incite to a more hasty pace. 2. To urge or encourage 
to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object. 
Syn. — To incite ; to instigate; to impel; to drive. 

Spur, v. i. 1. To travel with great expedition ; to hasten. 
2. To press forward. 

Spur'-gall, v. t. To gall or wound with a spur. 

Spur'-gall, n. A place galled or excoriated by much 
using of the spur. 

Spurge, n. [0. Fr. espurg, from Lat. expurgare, to purge. 
See Expurgate.] (Bot.) A plant having an acrid, 
milky juice. 

Spu'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. spurius.] 1. Not proceeding from 
the true source, or from the source pretended ; not gen- 
uine. 2. Not legitimate. 

Syn. — Counterfeit ; false; adulterate; supposititious; ficti- 
tious; bastard. 

Spu'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a spurious manner ; falsely. 

Spu'ri-oiis-ness. n. State or quality of being spurious, 
counterfeit, or illegitimate. 

Spurn, v. t. {imp. & p. p. SPURNED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPURNING.] [A.-S. spurnan, speornan, to kick, offend, 
allied to spura, heel. See Spur.] 1. To drive back or 
away, as with the foot ; to kick. 2. To reject with dis- 
dain ; to treat with contempt. 

Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels. 2. To 
manifest disdain in rejecting any thing. 

Spurn,?i. 1. A kick. [Rare.] 2. Disdainful rejection ; 
contemptuous treatment. 

Spurred (spurd), p. a. 1. Wearing spurs, or having 
shoots like spurs. 2. Affected with spur or ergot. 

Spur'rer, n. One who uses spurs. 

Spur'ri-er, n. One who makes spurs. 

Spur'-roy'al, n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of 
Edward IV., and having a star on the reverse, resem- 
bling the rowel of a spur. Its value was about 15 shil- 
lings. 

Spurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spurted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SPURTING.] [Written also spirt, formed from 0. Eng. 
sprit, to sprout, to bud, by a transposition of the letters 
% and r. Of. Sprout.] To throw, drive, or force out, vio- 
lently, as a liquid in a stream, from a pipe or small orifice. 

Spurt, v. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as liquor 
from a cask. 

Spurt, n. A sudden or violent gushing of a liquid sub- 
stance from a tube, orifice, or other confined place ; a jet. 

Spiit'ter, i-. i. [imp. & p. p. sputtered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. sputtering.] [From the root of spout and spit. See 
Spatter.] 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth 
in small or scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 2. 
To throw out moisture in small, detached parts. 3. 
To fly off in small particles with some crackling or noise. 
4. To utter words hastily and indistinctly. 

Spiit'ter, v. t. To throw out with haste and noise ; to 
utter with indistinctness. 

Spiit'ter, n. Moist matter thrown out in small particles. 

Spijt'ter-er, n. One who sputters. 

Spy, n. [See Espy.] 1. One who keeps a constant watch 
of the conduct of others. 2. (Mil.) A person sent into 
an enemy's camp to inspect their works, ascertain their 
strength or their movements, and secretly communicate 
intelligence to the proper officer. 
Syn.— SeeEMissAEY. . 



Spy, v.t. [imp. & p.p. SPIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SPYING.^ 
[See ESPY, v. t.] 1. To gain sight of; to discover at a 
distance, or in a state of concealment ; to espy ; to see , 
2. To discover by close search or examination- 3. To 
view, inspect, and examine secretly. 

Spy, v. i. To search narrowly ; to scrutinize. 

Spy'-boat, n. A boat sent to make discoveries and bring 
intelligence. 

Spy'-glass, n. A small telescope for viewing distant 
terrestrial objects. 

Squab (skwob), a. [Prov. Sw. sgvab, a soft and fat body, 
sqv'abba, allied to Icel. qvap, soft, fat, qvapa, to tremble 
with loose fat, D. lewab, Ger. quabbe, a dewlap, a fat 
lump of flesh.] 1. Fat; thick; plump; bulky. 2. 
Unfledged; unfeathered. 

Squab (skwob), n. 1. A young pigeon or dove. 2. A 
person of a short, fat figure. 3. A thickly stuffed cush- 
ion for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair. 

Squab'ble (skwSb'bl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. squabbled ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. squabbling.] [Allied to L. Ger. kab- 
beln, Sw. kdbbla, to quarrel.] 1. To contend for supe- 
riority. 2. To debate peevishly. 

Syn. — To dispute ; contend ; scuffle ; wrangle ; quarrel; 
struggle. 

Squab'ble (skwob'bl), v. t. (Print.) To disarrange or 
mix, so that the letters of one line get into any of the 
adjacent lines ; — said of lines or a page or form of type. 

Squab'ble (skwob'bl), n. A scuffle ; a wrangle ; a brawl ; 
a petty quarrel. [son. 

Squab 'bier, n. One who squabbles ; a contentious per- 

Squab'by, a. Short and thick ; squabbish. 

Squad (skwod), n. [Fr. escouade, It. squadra, from Lat. 
ex and quadra, a square, from quatuor, four.] 1. (Mil.) 
A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or 
other purposes. 2. Hence, any small party. 

Squad'ron, n. [See supra.] 1. A square body of troops. 
[Rare.] 2. (Mil.) A body of cavalry comprising two 
companies or troops, averaging from 150 to 200 men. 3. 
(Naut.) A detachment of vessels under the command of 
the senior officer. 

Squal'id (sqwol'id), a. [Lat. squall dus, from squalere, to 
be foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect ; foul ; filthy. 

Squa-lid'i-ty, n. State of being squalid ; foulness ; 
filthiness. 

Squal'id-ly, adv. In a squalid, filthy manner. 

Squal'id-ness, n. State or quality of being squalid. 

Squall, v. i. {imp. & p. p. SQUALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SQUALLING.] [Sw. sqv'dla, to cry out, Ir. & Gael, sgal, 
to shriek.] To scream or cry violently, as a woman 
frightened, or a child in anger or distress. 

Squall, n. [See supra.] 1. A loud scream" a harsh cry. 
2. "A sudden and violent gust of wind, often attended 
with rain or snow. 

Squall'er, n. One who squalls or cries aloud. 

Squall'y, a. Abounding with squalls ; disturbed often 
with sudden and violent gusts of wind 

Squa'loid, a. [Lat. squalus, a shark, and tlSos, likeness.] 
Like a shark ; resembling a shark. 

Squa'lor,n. [Lat., from squalere, to be foul or filthy.] 
Foulness ; filthiness ; squalidity ; squalidness. 

Squa-mose' (125), I a. [Lat. squamosum, from squama, 

Squa'moiis, ) a scale.] Covered with, or consist- 

ing of, scales ; scaly. 

Squan'der (skwon'-), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. squandered; 
p. pr. & vb. n. squandering.] JO. & Prov. Ger. 
schwenden, now only verschwenden,6. II. Ger. suandian, 
suentan, from swindan, swintan, to vanish, dwindle.] 
To spend lavishly or profusely ; to spend prodigally. 
Syn. — To spend ; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate. 

Squan'der-er, n. One who squanders ; a prodigal. 

Square (4) ; a. [See infra.] 1. Having four equal sides 
and four right angles. 2. Forming a right angle. 3. 
Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and 
angular rather than curving outlines. 4. Exactly suit- 
able or correspondent ; true; just. 5. Rendering equal 
justice; fair; honest. 6. Even; leaving no balance. 7» 
(Naut.) (a.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, 
and parallel to the horizon, (b.) Of greater length than 
usual ; as, a square sail. 

Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface, 
which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly.— 
Square number. See Square, n., 5. — Square root of a quan- 
tity (Math.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by it- 
self, produces the given quantity. — Three-square, five-square, 
&c, having three or five equal sides. 

Square, n. [From Lat. ex and quadra, a square.] ( Geom.) 
1. A rectilineal figure having four equal sides and four 
right angles. 2. Hence, that which is square, or nearly so, 



S, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wol£ 



SQUARE 



697 



STAB 



oris reckoned by squares or square measure. 3. An area 

of four sides, with houses on each side ; 

sometimes, a solid block of houses; 

also, sometimes, an open place formed 

by the meeting or intersection of two 

or more streets. 4. [Carp. & Joinery ' 

An instrument used to lay out or test 

square work. It is of several forms. 5. 

The product of a number or quantity 

multiplied by itself. 6. {Mil.) A 

square body of troops used to resist the 




Square, 
charge of cavalry on critical occasions. 7. Relation of 



harmony or exact agreement ; equality ; level. 

On the square, or upon the square, in an open, fair manner; 
honestly, or upon honor. 

Square, f. t. [imp. & p.p. squared ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
SQUARING.] 1. To form with four equal sides and four 
right angles. 2. To reduce to a square ; to form to 
right angles. 3. To turn squarely or completely, as in 
dislike, anger, &c. 4. To compare with, or reduce to, 
any given measure or standard. 5. To adjust ; to reg- 
ulate; to fit ; to accommodate. 6. To make even, so as 
to leave no difference or balance. 7. (Math.) To mul- 
tiply by itself. 8. {Naut.) To place at right angles with 
the mast or keel. 

To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents 
of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous 
problem is now generally admitted to be impossible. 

Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly ; to conform 
or agree ; to suit ; to fit. 2. To take a boxing attitude. 

Square'ly, adv. In a square form or manner. 

Square'ness, n. The state of being square. 

Square'-riggcd, a. {Naut.) Having the chief sails ex- 
tended by yards, suspended by the middle, and not by 
stays, gaffs, booms, and lateen yards. 

Squar-rose', a. [Lat. squarrosus, perhaps scurfy, scab- 
by.] (Nat. Hist.) Ragged, or full of loose scales or pro- 
jecting parts ; rough ; jagged. 

Squash (skwosh), v. t. [Eng. quash, q. v., or from 0. Fr. 
escdcher, esquachier, to squash, to crush.] To beat or 
press into pulp, or a flat mass ; to crush. 

Squash, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed, es- 
pecially, an unripe pod of pease. 2. A sudden fall of a 
heavy, soft body. 

Squash, n. [Mass. Indian asq, pi. asquash, raw, green, 
immature, applied to fruit and vegetables used when 
green, or without cookiog; askutasquash, vine-apple.] 
(Bot.) A plant and its fruit, of the gourd kind. 

Squat (skwot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. SQUATTED ; p. pr. & 
vb.'n. SQUATTING.] [From Prov. Eng. quat, to squat 
down. Cf- It. quatto, squat, cowering, from Lat. coactus, 
p. p. of cogere, to drive or urge together.] 1. To sit down 
upon the hams or heels, as a human being. 2. To stoop 
or lie close to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit. 
3. To settle on anothers land without title. [Amer.] 

Squat (skwot), a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels : sit- 
ting close to the ground ; cowering. 2. Short and thick, 
like the figure of an animal squatting. 

Squat (skwot), n. The posture of one that sits on his 
hams, or close to the ground. 

Squat'ter, n. 1. One who squats or sits close. 2. One 
who settles on new land, particularly on public land, 
without a title. [Amer.] 

Squaw, n. [Massachusetts squa, eshqua, Narragansett 
squaws.] A woman ; — in the language of Indian tribes 
of the Algonquin family. 

Squeak;, v.i. [imp &p.p. squeaked (skwekt) ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. squeaking.] [Sw. sqvdka, to cry like a frog, 0. 
Sw. to cry out, H. Ger. quieken, to squeak, squeal.] To 
utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short duration ; or to 
make a sharp noise, as a pipe or quill, a wheel, a door, &c. 

Squeak, n. A sharp, shrill sound suddenly uttered, 
either of the human voice or of any animal or instru- 
ment. 

Squeak'er, n. One who, or that which, squeaks. 

Squeal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SQUEALED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SQUEALING.] [Sw. sqvala, to cry out. See SQUALL.] 
To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain 
animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. 

Squeal, n. A shrill, sharp, and somewhat prolonged cry. 

Squeam'ish, a. [From qualmish. See Qualm.] Hav- 
ing a stomach that is easily turned, or that readily nau- 
seates any thing ; hence, nice to excess in taste ; easily 
disgusted. 

Syn. — Fastidious ; dainty; over-nice; scrupulous. See 
FASTinious. 

Squeam'ish-ly, adv. In a squeamish manner. 



Squeam'ish-ness, n. The state of being squeamish; 
fastidiousness f excessive scrupulousness. 

Squeeze, i'. f. [imp. &cp.p. SQUEEZED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
squeezing.] [A.-S. cwisan, cwissan, cwysan, tocrush, 
squeeze, 0. H. Ger. quezzon.) 1. To press between two 
bodies ; to press closely. 2. To oppress with hardships, 
burdens, and taxes. 3. To force between close bodies ; 
to compel, or cause to pass. 

Syn. — To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd. 

Squeeze, v. i. To urge one's way ; to pass by pressing ; 
to press ; to crowd. 

To squeeze through, to pass through by pressing and urging 
forward. 

Squeeze, n. Act of one who squeezes ; compression. 

Squelch. (66), v. t. [Allied to Prov. Eng. quelch, a blow, 
and quell, to crush.] To crush ; to put down. [Colloq.] 

Squib, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. squib, a child's syringe.] 1. 
A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with pow- 
der, or combustible matter, and sent into the air burn- 
ing, and bursting with a crack ; a cracker. 2. [Allied 
to quip.] A sarcastic speech ; a petty lampoon ; a brief, 
witty essay. 

Squid, n. The cuttle-fish ; — often used as bait by fisher- 
men. 

Squill, n. [Lat. squilla, scilla, Gr. <r/a'AAa.] 1. (Bol.) 
A lily-like plant, having a bulbous root, of acrid and 
emetic properties. 2. (Zool.) A crustaceous sea animal, 
called also sea-onion. 3. (Entom.) An insect having a 
long body covered with a crust, the head broad and 
squat. 

Squin'an-cy, n. [0. Fr. squinance, from Lat synanche, 
Gr. avvdyxr), from o~uv, with, and dyxetv, to strangle, 
throttle, the same as icvvdyxr), strictlya dog-throttling; 

0. Eng. squinacy, squincy.] The quinsy. [Obs.] 
Squint, a. [D. schuinte, a slope, schuin, schuinsch, 

sloping, oblique, schuins, slopingly. Cf. Askant.] 

1. Looking obliquely. 2. Not having the optic axes 
coincident; — said of the eyes. 3. Looking with sus- 
picion. 

Squint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. squinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SQUINTING.] 1. To see obliquely. 2. To have the 

axes of the eyes not coincident. 3. To run obliquely; 

to slope. 
Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position. 2. To 

cause to look with non-coincident optic axes. 
Squint, n. 1. Act, or habit, of squinting. 2. A want 

of coincidence of the axes of the eyes. 3. (Arch.) An 

oblique opening in the wall of a church. 
Squint'-eye (-1), n. An eye that squints. 
Squint'- ey^d (-id), a. 1 . Having eyes that squint. 2. 

Oblique ; indirect ; malignant. 3. Looking obliquely, 

or by side glances. 
Squire, n. The same as esquire. See Esquire. 
Squire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SQUIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SQUIRING.] 1. To attend as a squire. 2. To attend 

as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection. [ Colloq.] 
Squir-een', n. One who is half squire and half farmer ; 

— used humorously. [Eng.] 
Squirm (18), v. i. or t. [imp. & p. p. SQUIRMED ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. SQUIRMING.] [Allied to Lith. kirm, Skr. 

Icrimi, a worm. Cf. Swarm, v. ?'., 5.] 1. To move, or 

cause to move, like a worm or eel. 2. To climb, by em- 
bracing and clinging with the hands and feet, as to a 

tree. 
Squir'rel (skwiVrelor skwur'rel), 

n. [L. Lat. squirelus, squirolus, 

dim of Lat. sciurus, Gr. o-Kiovpos, 

from cr/aa, shade, and ovpd, tail.] 

(Zool.) A small, rodent mammal 

having a bushy tail, and very 

nimble in running and leaping on 

trees. 
Squirt (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

SQUIRTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SQUIRTING.] [Cf. L. Ger. swirt- 

jen, to squirt, 0. Sw. squatta, id., 

squattra, to scatter.] To eject or 

drive out of a narrow pipe or orifice, in a stream. 
Squirt, v. i. To throw out liquid from a narrow orifice, 

in a rapid stream. 
Squirt, n. 1. An instrument with which a liquid is 

ejected in a stream with force. 2. A small , quick stream. 
Squirt'er, n. One who, or that which, squirts. 
Stab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STABBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

STABBING.] [0. D. staven, to fix, fasten, from stave, 

staf, a staff, rod, Ger. stab, a staff, stick.] 1. To pierce 

with a pointed weapon. 2. To kill by the thrust of a 




food, f dot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



STAB 



698 



STAKE 



pointed instrument 3. To injure secretly or by ma- 
licious falsehood or slander. 
Stab, v. i. 1. To give a wound with a pointed weapon. 

2. To give a mortal wound. 

Stab, n. 1. The thrust of a pointed weapon. 2. A 
wound with a sharp-pointed weapon. 3. An injury 
given in the dark. 

Sta'bat Ma'ter. [Lat.] A celebrated Latin hymn, be- 
ginning with these words. 

Stab'ber, n. One who stabs ; a privy murderer. 

Sta-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. stabilitas, from stabilire, to make 
firm or stable, from Lat. stabilis.] 1. State of being sta- 
ble or firm ; strength to stand without being moved or 
overthrown. 2. Steadiness or firmness of character, 
resolution, or purpose. 

Syn.— Steadiness ; stableness ; constancy ; immovability; 
firmness. 

Sta/ble (sta/bl), a. [Lat. stabilis, from stare, to stand.] 
1. Firmly established; not easily moved, shaken, or 
overthrown. 2. Steady in purpose ; firm in resolution. 

3. Not subject to be overthrown or changed. 
Syn. — Fixed; steady; constant; abiding; strong. 

Sta/ble, a. [Lat. stabulum, from stare, to stand.] A 
house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in. 

Sta/ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stabled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
stabling.] To put or keep in a stable. 

Sta/ble, v. i. To dwell or lodge in a stable. 

Sta/ble -ness, n. Quality or state of being stable ; fix- 
edness ; firmness of position or establishment. 

Sta'bling, n. 1. Act or practice of keeping cattle in a 
stable. 2. A house, shed, or room for keeping horses 
and cattle. [ily. 

Sta'bly, adv. In a stable manner ; firmly ; fixedly ; stead- 

Sta^-^ci'to, a. [It., p. p. of staccare, equiv. to distac- 
care. See Detach.] (Mus.) Disconnected ; separated; 
distinct ; — a direction to perform the notes of a passage 
in a short, distinct, and pointed manner; — often indi- 
cated by heavy accents written over or under the notes. 

Stack, n. [Icel. stackr, a heap, Prov. Ger. stock, from 
the root of stick.] 1. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, 
and the like. 2. A number of funnels or chimneys 
standing together. 3. The chimney of a locomotive or 
steam-vessel. 

Stack of arms (Mil.), a number of muskets or rifles set up 
together, with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a 
conical pile. 

Stack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stacked (stakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. stacking-.] To lay, as hay or grain, in a conical or 
other pile ; to make into a large pile. 

Stad'dle (stad'dl), n. [A.-S. stadhol, stadhul, stadhel,& 
foundation , firm seat, from the root of stead, steady.] 
1. Any thing which serves for support ; especially, the 
frame or support of a stack of hay or grain. [Eng.] 2. 
A small tree of any kind, especially a forest tree. 

Sta'di-um, n. ; pi. STA'VI-A. [Lat., from Gr. o-TaSiov, 
strictly, that which stands fast, hence, a fixed standard 
of length, from crrafito?, standing, fast and firm, from 
iaT&voLL, to stand.] A Greek measure of length, equal to 
606 feet_9 inches English. 

Stadt'hold-er (staf-), n. [D. stadhouder, from stad, a 
city, a town, and Iwuder, a holder.] Formerly, the chief 
magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland ; or the 
governor or lieutenant-governor of a province. 

Staff, n. ; pi. staves or staffs (in the first five senses). 
staffs (in the last two senses). [A.-S. staf, a staffj 
prop, steb, a stump ; Icel. stafr.] 1. A pole or stick, 
used for many purposes. 2. A stick carried in the hand 
for support or defense ; hence, a support. 3. (Mus.) The 
five lines and the spaces on which music is written. 4. 
A pole or stick borne as an ensign of authority. 5. A 
pole erected in a ship, or elsewhere, to hoist and display 
a flag upon. 6. [From staff, as an ensign of authority 
and supreme command.] (Mil.) An establishment of 
officers in various departments attached to an army, or 
to the commander of an army. 7. Hence, a corps of 
executive officers connected with some large establish- 
ment, who act in carrying out its designs. 

Stag, n. [Icel. steggr, the male of several animals.] 1. 
The male red deer ; the male of the hind ; a hart. 2. 
The male of the bovine genus, castrated at such an age 
that he never gains the full size of an ox. 

Stage, n. [0- Fr. estage, estaige, N. Fr. e'tage, as if from 
a Lat. staticus, from stare, to remain.] 1. A platform 
slightly elevated, on which an orator may speak, a play 
be performed, &c. 2. A scaffold ; a staging. 3. The 
floor for scenic performances ; hence, the theater ; hence, 
also, the dramatic profession ; the drama, as acted or 



exhibited. 4. A place where any thing is publicly ex- 
hibited ; the scene of any noted action or career. 5. A 
place appointed for the relay of horses. C The distance 
between two places of rest on a road. 7. A degree of 
advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an 
end or result. 8. Any large vehicle running from sta- 
tion to station for the accommodation of the public. 

Stage'-eoach (20), n. A coach that runs regularly 
from one stage to another, for the convenience of pas- 
sengers, [coach. 

Stage'-drlv / er, n. One who drives- a stage or stage- 

Stage'-play, n. A dramatic or theatrical entertain- 
ment. 

Sta'ger, n. 1. One who has long acted on the stage of 
life ; a person of skill derived from long experience. 2. 
A horse used in drawing a stage. 

Stag'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. staggered ; p. pr. & vb, 
n. STAGGERING.] [0. D. staggeren, to stagger, from 
staken, staecken, to stop.] 1. To move to one side and 
the other in standing or walking ; to reel ; to vacillate. 
2. To cease to stand firm ; to begin to give way. 3. To 
begin to doubt and waver in purpose ; to hesitate. 

Stag'ger, v. t. 1. To cause to reel. 2. To make les* 
steady or confident. 

Stag'ger-ing-ly, adv. In a staggering manner. 

Stag'ger§, n. pi. (Far.) A disease of horses and other 
animals, by which they fall down suddenly without sense 
or motion ; apoplexy. 

Sta/ging, n. 1. A structure of posts and boards for sup- 
porting workmen, &c, in building. 2. The business of 
running, managing, or of journeying in, stage-coaches. 

Stag'nan-cy, n. The state of being stagnant. 

Stag'nant, a. [Lat. stagnans, p. pr. of stagnare. See 
STAGNATE.] 1. Inclined to stagnate ; motionless ; im- 
pure from want of motion. 2. Not active ; dull ; not 
brisk. 

Stag'nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stagnated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STAGNATING.] [Lat. stagnare, stagnatum, from 
stagnum, a piece of standing water.] 1. To cease to 
flow ; to be motionless. 2. To cease to be brisk or 
active. 

Stag-na/tion, n. 1. Condition of being stagnant; ces- 
sation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid. 2. Cessa- 
tion of action, or of brisk action ; state of being dull. 

Staid, imp. & p. p. of stay. See Stay. 

Staid, a. [From stay, to stop.] Sober ; not wild, volatile, 
flighty, or fanciful. 
Syn. — Grave; steady; composed; regular; sedate. 

Staid'ness, n. The state or quality of being staid. 

Syn. — Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; regularity ; constancy ; 
firmness; stability. 

Stain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
staining.] [Abbrev. from distain, q. v.] 1. To dis- 
color by the application of foreign matter. 2. To color, 
as wood, glass, &c, by processes affecting the material 
itself. 3. To tinge with a different color. 4. To im- 
press with figures, in colors different from the ground. 
5. To spot with guilt or infamy ; to bring reproach on. 

Syn. — To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; 
taint. 

Stain, n. 1 . A discoloration from foreign matter. 2. A 
natural spot of a color different from the ground. 3. 
Taint of guilt. 4. Cause of reproach. 

Syn. — Blot ; spot ; taint ; pollution ; blemish ; tarnish ; 
color; disgrace; infamy; shame. 

Stain'er, n. One who stains, blots, or tarnishes ; a dyer. 

Stain'] ess. a. 1. Free from any stain. 2. Free from 
the reproach of guilt; free from sin. 
Syn. — Blameless; spotless; faultless. 

Stair (4), n. [A.-S. stseger, from A.-S. & O. H. Ger. 
stigan, to ascend, rise.] 1. One step of a series, for as- 
cending or descending to a different level. 2. A series 
of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to an- 
other ; — commonly in the plural. 

Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs ; — a legitimate expre«- 
sion, pair, in this phrase, having its ancient meaning of a set. 

Stair'-ease, n. A flight of stairs with their supporting 
framework, casing, balusters, &c. 

Stair'- way, n. A flight of stairs or steps. 

Stake, n. [A.-S. staca, from the root of stick.] "1. A 
stick, pointed at one end so as easily to be pushed into 
the ground. 2. Especially, the piece of timber to which 
a martyr was affixed while he was burning ; hence, mar- 
tyrdom, especially by fire. 3. That which is laid down 
as a wager. 
At stake, in danger ; hazarded; pledged. 



STAKE 



699 



STAND 



Stake,!', t. [imp. & p. p. STAKED (stakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STAKING.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with 
stakes. 2. To mark the limits by stakes. 3. To put at 
hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future 
contingency ; to wager. 

Sta-la-e'ti-e, ) a. Pertaining to stalactite ; resembling 

Sta-lae'tie-al, j a stalactite; stalactitic. 

Sta-lae'tlte, ft. ; pi. sta-la^'tites. [From. Gr. crra- 
Acuctos, oozing out in drops, dropping, from <rTa\a£eiv, to 
drop.] (Mm.) A pendent cone or cy Under of carbonate 
of lime, resembling an icicle in form. 

StaFae-tit'ic, ) a. Having the form or characters 

Stal/a-e-tit'i-e-al, J of a stalactite. 

Sta-lag'mlte, ft. [From Gr. crra.\ayii.a, that which 
drops, a drop, from crraAa£e4j>, to drop.] A deposit of 
earth}' or calcareous matter, made by calcareous water 
dropping on the floors of caverns. 

StaFag-mit'ie, ) a. Having the form of stalag- 

StaFag-mlt'ic-al, j mites. 

Stale, a. [From stale, urine, first used of beer and simi- 
lar fermented liquors.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from age. 

2. Not new ; not freshly made. 3. Having lost the life 
or graces of youth ; decayed. 4. Worn out by use ; 
trite ; common ; having lost its novelty and power of 
pleasing. 

Stale, n. [See infra.] 1. Old vapid beer. [Obs.] 2. 
Urine, especially that of beasts. [Obs.] 

Stale, v. i. [Ger. & D. stallen, from 0.. H. Ger. stal, 
A.-S. steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] To make water; to 
discharge urine ; — said especially of horses aud cattle. 

Stale'-mate, ft. (Chess-playing.) The position of the 
king, when, being required to move, though not in 
check, he cannot move without being placed in check. 

Stale'ness, n. 1. State of being stale; vapidness. 2. 
Triteness ; commonness. 

Stalk (stawk), n. [Icel. stiller, allied to A.-S. stealc, 
s'izelc, high, steep.] 1. The stem or main axis of a 
plant. 'J. The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant. 

3. The stem of a quill. 

Stalk (stawk), v. i. [imp. & p. p, stalked (stawkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. STALKING-.] [A.-S. stselcan,stealcian, to 
go slowly, from Steele, stealc, high, elevated.] 1. To walk 
with high and proud steps. 2. To walk behind some- 
thing as a screen, for the purpose of taking game. 

Stalk (stawk), v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, 
or by stealth. 

Stalk'er (stawk'er), ft. 1. One who stalks. 2. A kind 
of fishing-net. 

Stalk'ing-hdrse (stawk'-), n. 1. A horse, or a figure 
resembling a horse, behind which a fowler conceals him- 
self from the sight of the game which he is aiming to 
kill. 2. Hence, a pretense ; a mere pretext. 

Stalk'y (stawk'y), a. Hard as a stalk; resembling a 
s'talk. 

Stall, ft. [A.-S. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a 
stable, state, condition, D. & 0. H. Ger. stal, Icel. stallr, 
from the root stal, Skr. sthal, to stand, whence 0. H. 
Ger. stallan, stellan, to place.] 1. A stand ; a station ; 
hence, the place where a horse or an ox is kept and fed. 
2. A stable ; a place for cattle. 3. A small apartment 
or slight shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale. 

4. The seat of an ecclesiastical dignitary in the choir of 
a church. 

Stall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stalled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STALLING.] 1. To put into a stall or stable ; to keep 
in a stable. 2. To plunge into mire so as not to be able 
to proceed. 

Stall'age, ft. Right of erecting stalls in fairs ; rent paid 
for a stall. 

Stall'-feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stall-fed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. stall-feeding.] To feed and fatten in a sta- 
ble, or on dry fodder. 

Stall'ion (stal'yun), n. [From 0. H. Ger. stal, A.-S. 
steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] A horse not castrated, used 
for raising stock. 

Stal'wart, a. [Cf. A.-S. st&lweordh , worth stealing or 
taking, and afterward extended to other causes of estima- 
tion, stealweard, help, aid, stelfe.rhd 'h , a man of iron 
mood, stadholferhdh, firm-minded, brave.] Brave ; bold ; 
strong ; redoubted ; daring : vehement ; violent. 

Sta'men, n. ; Eng. pi. STA'MENg (used only in 
the fourth sense); Lat. pi. stam'i-na (in the 
first three senses). [Lat. stamen, the warp, a 
thread, fiber, from Gr. <rri\\x.v>v, the warp, from 
IcxTavai., to stand.] 1. A thread ; especially, a warp 
thread. 2. pi. The fixed, firm part of a body Sta- 
which supports it or gives it its strength and men. 
solidity. 3. pi. Whatever constitutes the principal 



strength or support of any thing. 4. (Bot.) The male 
organ of flowers for secreting and furnishing the poller 
or fecundating dust. 

Stam'i-nal, a. Pertaining to stamens or stamina ; con- 
sisting in stamens or stamina. 

Stam'i-nate, a. (Bot.) Furnished with, or producing 
stamens. 

Sta-min'e-al, ) a. [Lat. stamineus, from stamen, q. 

Sta-min'e-ous, ) v.] 1. Consisting of stamens or 
threads. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or attached to, the 
stamens. 

Stam'mer, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. stammered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STAMMERING.] [0. H. Ger. stammalon, stam- 
men, Icel. stama, A--S. stommettan, to stammer; sta- 
mor, stamur, stamer, one who stammers, Icel. stamr, 0. 
H. Ger. stam, stamm, Goth, stamms.] To hesitate or 
falter in speaking ; and hence, to speak with stops and 
difficulty ; to stutter. 

Stam'mer, v. t. To utter, or pronounce, with hesita- 
tion, or imperfectly. 

Stam'mer, n. Defective utterance, or involuntary in- 
terruption of utterance ; a stutter. 

Stam'mer-er, n. One who stutters, or hesitates, in 



Stamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stamped (84) ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. STAMPING.] [0. H. Ger. stamphon, to stamp, pound, 
beat.] 1. To strike, beat, or press forcibly with the bot- 
tom of the foot. 2. To impress with some mark or fig- 
ure. 3. To impress; to imprint; to fix deeply. 4. To 
coin ; to mint ; to form. 5. To cut out into various 
forms with a stamp. 6. (Metal.) To crush by the 
downward action of a. kind of heavy hammer. 

Stamp, v. i. To strike the foot forcibly downward. 

Stamp, ft. 1. Act of stamping. 2. Any instrument 
for making impressions on other bodies. 3. The mark 
made by stamping ; an impression. 4. That which is 
marked ; a thing stamped. 5. An official mark set upon 
things chargeable with duty to government, as evidence 
that the duty is paid. 6. Hence, a stamped or printed 
device, issued by the government, and required by law 
to be affixed to certain papers, as evidence that the gov- 
ernment dues are paid. 7. An instrument for cutting out 
materials, as paper, leather, &c, into various forms. 8. 
A character of reputation, good or bad, fixed on any 
thing. 9. Current value derived from suffrage or attes- 
tation; authority. 10. Make; cast; form; character. 
11. (Metal.) A kind of hammer, or pestle, for beating 
ores to powder. 

Stamp'-aet, n. An act of the British Parliament, im- 
posing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used 
in the British American colonies, and declaring all writ- 
ings on unstamped materials to be null and void. 

Stam-pede', n. [From Stamp, q. v.] A sudden fright 
seizing upon large bodies of cattle or horses, and leading 
them to run for many miles ; hence, any sudden flight 
in consequence of a panic. 

Stam-pede', v. t. To disperse by causing sudden fright, 
as a herd, troop, or teams of animals. 

Stamp'er, ft. An instrument for pounding or stamping. 

Standi (66), v. t. [Formerly written staunch.] [imp. & 
p. p. STANCHED (stancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STANCH- 
ING.] [L. Lat. stancare, stagnare, to stanch, from Lat. 
stagnare, to be or make stagnant.] To stop the flowing 
of, as blood ; to dry up. 

Stanch, v. i. To stop, as blood ; to cease to flow. 

Standi, a. [compar. STANCHER; 5i«perf. STANCHES!.] 
[From stanch, v. t., and hence, lit. stopped or stayed.] 
1. Strong and tight ; sound ; firm. 2. Firm in princi- 
ple ; constant and zealous ; hearty ; steady. 

Stanch'er, ft. One who, or that which, stanches or stops 
the flowing, as of blood. 

Stan'chion (stan'shun), n. [See Stanch, v. t.] A 
prop or support ; a small post. 

Staiich'ness, n. The state of being stanch ; soundness ; 
firmness in principle ; closeness of adherence. 

Stand, v. i. [imp. & p. p. STOOD; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STANDING.] [A.-S. standan, stondan, Goth, standan, 
Icel. standa.] 1. To remain at rest in an erect position ; 
as, (a.) To rest on the feet, neither lying nor sitting, (b.) 
To continue upright, fixed by the roots or fastenings. 
(r..) To remain firm on a foundation. 2. To occupy, as 
its place ; to be situated or located. 3. To cease from 
progress ; to stop ; to pause ; to halt. 4. To remain 
without ruin or injury ; to endure ; hence, to find endur- 
ance, strength, or resources. 5. To maintain one's 
ground ; to be acquitted. 6. To maintain an invinci- 
ble or permanent attitude ; to be fixed, steady or firm. 
7. To adhere to fixed principles ; to maintain moral rec- 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, edio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



STAND 



700 



STAR-LIGHT 



titude. 8. To have or maintain a position, order, or 
rank. 9. To be in some particular state ; to be. 10. 
(Naut.) To hold a course at sea. 11. (Law.) (a.) To be 
or remain as it is ; to continue in force, (b.) To appear 
in court. 

To stand by, (a.) To be near ; to be present, (b.) To main- 
tain ; to defend ; to support. — To stand for, (a.) To offer one's 
self as a candidate. (o.) To side with ; to support ; to main- 
tain, or to profess or attempt to maintain, (c.) To be in the 
place of. {d.) (JVaut.) To direct the course toward. — To stand 
in hand, to be conducive to one's interest ; to be serviceable or 
advantageous.— To stand out, (a.) To project; to be promi- 
nent. (6.) To persist in opposition or resistance. — To stand 
to, (a.) To ply ; to urge ; to persevere in using. (6.) To re- 
main fixed in a purpose or opinion, (c.) To adhere to, as to a 
contract, assertion, promise, and the like, (rf.) To maintain 
the ground, (e.) To be consistent with. — To stand up for, to 
defend ; to justify ; to support or attempt to support. 

Stand, v. t. 1. To endure; to sustain; to bear. 2. To 
resist, without yielding or receding ; to withstand. 3. To 
yield to ; to abide by ; to admit. 

To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy with- 
out giving way.— To stand it, stoutly to endure ; to maintain 
one's ground or state. [Colloq.'] — To stand one's ground, to 
maintain one's position. — To stand trial, to sustain the trial or 
examination of a cause. 

Stand, n. 1. A place, or post, where one stands. 2. 
Hence, a station in a city for carriages, cabs, and the like. 

3. A stop ; a halt. 4. An erection for spectators. 5. 
Something on which a thing rests or is laid. 6. Any 
frame on which vessels and utensils may be laid. 7. The 
place where a witness stands to testify in court. 8. Act 
of opposing ; resistance. 

To be at a stand, to stop on account of some doubt or difficul- 
ty ; hence, to be perplexed ; to be embarrassed. — To make a 
stand, to halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursu- 
ing enemy. 

Syn. — Rest ; interruption ; obstruction ; perplexity ; diffi- 
culty ; embarrassment ; hesitation. 

Stand'ard, n. [From Lat. extendere, to spread out, ex- 
tend.] 1. An ensign of war ; a staff with a flag or colors ; 
a banner. 2. That which is established by authority as 
a rule or measure of quantity ; hence the original weight 
or measure sanctioned by government. 3. That which 
is established as a rule or model ; criterion. 4. ( Coin- 
age.) Proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy estab- 
lished by authority. 5. A standing tree or stem. 6. A 
tree not dwarfed by grafting upon a stock of a smaller 
species. 7. ( Carp.) An upright support, as the poles of 
a scaffold ; any upright in framing. 

Stand'ard, a. 1. Having a fixed or permanent value. 
2. Not of the dwarf kind. [ard. 

Stand'ard-toear'er, n. An officer who bears a stand- 

Stand'er, n. One who stands. 

Stand'ing, p. a. 1. Established, either by law or by 
custom, or the like ; settled ; permanent ; not tempora- 
ry. 2. Not flowing ; stagnant. 3. Not movable ; fixed. 

4. Remaining erect ; not cut down. 

Stand'ing, n. 1. Act of stopping or coming to a stand ; 
state of being erect upon the feet ; stand. 2. Duration 
or existence; continuance. 3. Possession of an office, 
character, or place. 4. Power to stand. 5. Condition 
in society ; reputation ; rank. 

Stand'ish, n. [From stand and dish.] A stand or case 
for pen and ink. 

Stand'-point, n. A fixed point or station ; a basis or 
fundamental principle ; point of view. 

Stand'-still, n. A standing without moving forward ; 
a stop. 

Stan'hope (colloq. stan'up), n. A light, two-wheeled, 
or sometimes four-wheeled, carriage, without a top ; — so 
called from Lord Stanhope. 

Stan'na-ry, a. [From Lat. stannum, tin.] Of, or per- 
taining to, tin-mines, or to tin-works. 

Stan'na-ry, n. 1. A tin-mine ; or tin-works. 2. Cer- 
tain royal rights or prerogatives in respect to tin-mines 
in a district. [Eng.] 

Stan'ni-e, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from, tin. 

Stan-nif'er-ous, a. [Lat. stannum, tin, and ferre, to 
bear.] Containing or affording tin. 

Stan'noiis, a. Of, pertaining to, or containing, tin. 

Stan'za, n. ; pi. STAN'ZAg. [It. stanza, a room, habita- 
tion, a stanza, i. e., a stop, from Lat. stans, p. pr. of 
stare, to stand.] (Poet.) A combination or arrangement 
of lines of verse usually recurring, whether like or unlike, 
in measure. 

Sta'ple (sta'pl), n. [A.-S. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a 
prop, post, table, from stapan, to step, go, raise.] 1. A 
settled mart or market ; an emporium. [Obs.] 2. A 



principal commodity or production of a country or dis. 
trict. 3. Hence, the principal element ; the chief ingre- 
dient. 4. The thread or pile of wool, cotton, or flax. 
5. A loop of metal formed with two points, to be driven 
into wood, to hold a hook. 6. Unmanufactured mate- 
rial ; raw material. 

Sta'ple (sta'pl), a. 1. Pertaining to, or being a market 
or staple for, commodities. [Rare.] 2. Established in 
commerce ; settled. 3. Regularly produced or made for 
market; chief; principal. 

Sta'pler, n. 1. A dealer in staple commodities. 2. One 
employed to assort wool according to its staple. 

Star, n. [0. Eng. sterre, A.-S. steorra, Icel. stiarna, Goth. 
stairno, Gr. dcmjp, Lat. stella, for sterna, or sterla, sterula, 
W. seren, Skr. stri, tar a, for star a, Basque izarra.] 1. 
One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heav- 
ens. 2. That which resembles the figure of a star, as 
an ornament -worn on the breast to indicate rank or hon- 
or. 3. Especially, the figure of a star [thus *] used in 
writing or printing, as a reference to a note in the margin, 
and for other purposes ; an asterisk. 4. A person of brill- 
iant and attractive qualities, especially on public occa- 
sions ; a distinguished theatrical performer, and the like. 

Star, v. t. [imp. & p. p. starred; p. pr. & rb. n. 
starring.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, ra- 
diating bodies. 

Star, v. i. To be bright, or attract attention, as a star ; 
to shine like a star ; hence, to figure. prominently, espe- 
cially as a theatrical performer. 

Star'bcard (colloq. star'burd), n. [A. S. stedrbord, from 
steoran, to steer, and bord, a board, plank, border.] 
(Naut.) The right hand side of a ship or boat, to a per- 
son looking forward. 

Star'tooard (colloq. star'burd), a. (Naut.) Pertaining 
to the right-hand side of a ship ; being or lying on the 
right side. 

Starch, a. [A.-S. stearc, stark, strong, rough. See 
Stark.] Stiff ; precise ; rigid. 

Starch, n. [From starch, stiff; Ger. stdrke, from stdrken, 
to strengthen, stiffen, starch, from stark, strong.] A 
granular substance, chiefly of vegetable origin, used for 
stiffening cloth. 

Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. starched (starcht) ;p.pr. 
& vb. n._STARCHING.] To stiffen with starch. 

Star'-cham'ber, n. [So called either fr. A.-S. steoran, 
styran, to steer, govern, or from being held in a room at 
the exchequer where the chests containing certain Jewish 
contracts and obligations called Starrs (from the Hebrew 
shetar, pronounced shtar) were kept.] An ancient court 
of criminal jurisdiction in England, which sat without 
the intervention of a jury. It was abolished during the 
reign of Charles I. 

Starched (starcht), p. a. 1. Stiffened with starch. 2. 
Stiff ; precise ; formal. 

Starch'ed-ness, n. The state of being starched; stiff- 
ness in manners ; formality. 

Starch'er, n. One who starches. 

Starch'ly, adv. In a starch manner ; formally. 

Starch'ness, n. State or quality of being starch ; stiff- 
ness of manner ; preciseness. 

Starch'y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, starch ; stiff. 

Stare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. STARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. STAR- 
ING.] [A.-S. starian, 0. II. Ger. staren, Icel. stara.] To 
look with fixed eyes wide open ; to fasten an earnest look 
on some object. 
Syn.— To gaze; to look earnestly. See Gaze. 

Stare, v. t. To look earnestly at ; to gaze at. 

Stare, n. Act of staring; a fixed look with eyes wide 
open. 

Star'er, n. One who stares or gazes. 

Star'-finch (66), n. (Ornith.) A certain bird;-— the 
red-start. 

Star'-f ish, n. A marine animal. 

Star'-gaz'er, n. One who gazes at the stars; some- 
times, in contempt, an astronomer. 

Star'-gaz'ing, n. Act or practice of observing the stars 
with attention ; astrology. 

Stark, a. [compar. starker ; svperl. starkest.] 
[A.-S. stearc, 0. H. Ger. starach, Icel. sterkr, styrkr, 
strong, rough ; formed on the root of Ger. siarr, stiff.] 
1. Stiff; strong; rugged. 2. Mere; sheer; pure; 
downright ; unmistakable. 

Stark, adv. Wholly ; entirely ; absolutely. 

Star'less, a. Having no stars visible, or no starlight. 

Star'light (-lit), n. The light proceeding from the stars. 

Star'light (-lit), a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars 
only 



a,e,&>c.,long; a.e,&c.,sAori; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf. 



STARLING 



701 



STATUE 




Starling, n. [See Stare.] 
(Omith.) A small bird, com- 
mon in Europe. It is sociable, 
and builds about houses, old 
towers, and the like. 

Star'ry, a. 1. Abounding with, 
stars ; adorned with stars. 2. 
Consisting of, or proceeding 
from, the stars; stellar; stel- 
lary. 3. Shining like stars; 
resembling stars. 

Start, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
started; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STARTING.] [0. Eng. stirte, btarhng. 

sterte, 0. H. Ger. sturzan, to hurl, rush, fall, allied to 
the root of stir, q. v.] 1. To move suddenly, as with a 
spring or leap, from any sudden feeling or emotion. 2. 
To shrink ; to wince. 3. To set out ; to begin. 

Start, v. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly ; to alarm ; to 
rouse. 2. To produce suddenly to view or notice. 3. 
To bring within pursuit. 4. To move suddenly from 
its place; to dislocate. 5. (Naut.) To quicken or give 
a start to by punishing with a rope's end. 

Start, n. 1. A sudden spring, leap, or motion, occa- 
sioned by surprise, fear, pain, or the like. 2. A con- 
vulsive motion, twitch, or spasm. 3. A wanton or unex- 
pected movement; a sally. 4. Act of setting out ; outset. 

Start, 11. [A.-S. steort, a tail, an extremity, Icel. stertr, 
N. H. Ger. slerz, a tail.] A projection ; a push ; a horn ; 
a tail. 

Start'er, n. One who starts. 

Start'ing-post, n. A post, stake, barrier, or place, 
from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race. 

Start'le (start'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. startled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STARTLING.] [Diminutive of start.]^ To 
shrink ; to move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling a 
sudden alarm. 

Start'le (start/1), v. t. To excite by sudden alarm, sur- 
prise, or apprehension. 

Syn.— To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm; surprise. 

Start'le (start'l), n. A sudden motion or shock occa- 
sioned by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehen- 
sion of danger. 

Start'-iip, n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] 2. A kind of high 
rustic shoe. [being starved. 

Star-va'tion, n. The act of starving, or the state of 

Starve, v. i. [A.-S. steorfan, stearjian, to perish with 
hunger or cold, N. H. Ger. sterben, to die, either by dis- 
ease or hunger, or by a wound, 0. II. Ger. sterban.] 1. 
To perish or die with cold. [Ens:.] 2. To perish with 
hunger ; to suffer extreme hunger or want ; to be very 
indigent. 

Starve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. starved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STARVING.] 1. To kill with cold. [Ens;.] 2. To kill 
with hunger. 3. To distress or subdue by famine. 4. 
To destroy by want. 5. To deprive of force or vigor. 

Starve'ling (starving), a. Hungry ; lean ; pining with 
want. 

Starve'ling, n. An animal or plant made thin, lean, 
and weak through want of nutriment. 

State,n. [Lat. status, a standing, position, from stare, 
statum,, to stand.] 1. Circumstances or condition of a 
being or thing at any given time. 2. Rank ; quality. 
3. Condition of prosperity or grandeur ; wealthy or 
prosperous circumstances. 4. Any body of men united 
by profession, or constituting a community of a particu- 
lar character. 5. The bodies that constitute the legisla- 
ture of a country. 6. A body politic ; the whole body 
of people united under one government, whatever may 
be the form of the government. 1 . In the United 
States, one of the commonwealths or bodies politic, the 
people of which make up the body of the nation, and 
which stand in certain specified relations with the na- 
tional government.- 8. Appearance of greatness ; yomp. 

Syn. — Situation; condition. — State is generic; the situa- 
tion of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and in- 
fluences; its condition is its internal state, or what' it is in itself 
considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things 
hear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good 
or bad, according to the state we are actually in as respects our 
persons, families, property, and other things which comprise 
our sources of enjoyment. 

State, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STATED; p. pr. & vb. n. 

STATING.] To express the particulars of; to represent 

fully in words ; to narrate ; to recite. 
Stat'ed, a. 1. Settled ; established ; regular ; occurring 

at regular times. 2. Fixed ; established. 
Stat'ed-ly, adv. At stated or appointed times. 



State'-Iiouse, n.; pi. stAte'-hous/es_. The building 
in which the legislature of a state holds its sessions ; a 
state capitol. [grandeur- 

State'li-ness, n. Condition of being stately ; dignity, 
State'ly, a. [compar. statelier; superl. stateli- 
est.] Evincing state or dignity. 

Syn.— Lofty ; dignified ; majestic ; magnificent ; grand; 
august. 

State'ly, adv. Majestically ; loftily. 

State'ment, n. 1. Act of stating, reciting, or present- 
ing, verbally or on paper. 2. A narrative ; a recital. 

State'-rdbm (28), n. 1. A magnificent room in a pal- 
ace or great house. 2. An apartment for lodging in a 
ship's cabin. 

States'man, n. ; pi. statesmen. 1. A man versed 
in the arts of government ; especially, one eminent for 
political abilities. 2. One employed in public affairs. 

States'man-ly, adv. In a manner becoming a states- 
man, [ments of a statesman. 

States'man-ship, n. The qualifications or employ- 

Stat'i-e, (. a. [Gr. oraTiKO?, from icrrdvat, to cause to 

Stat'ie-al, J stand.] 1. Pertaining to bodies at rest, 
or in equilibrium. 2. Resting ; acting by mere weight. 

Stat'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. o-tcitkoj, (sc. eirio-Trjixri, fr. cn-art- 
kos.] That branch of mechanics which treats of the | 
equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest 
by the forces acting on them. 

Sta'tion, n. [Lat. statio, from stare, statum, to stand.] 
1. The spot or place where any thing stands, espe- 
cially, where a person or thing habitually stands, or is 
appointed to remain for a time ; hence, specifically, (a.) 
A stopping-place where railroad trains take in passen- 
gers, &c. (b.) The place where the police force of any 
precinct is assembled when not on duty, (c.) (Surv.) 
The place at which an instrument is planted, and obser- 
vations are made. 2. Post assigned; office. 3. Situa- 
tion ; position. 4. Employment ; occupation ; busi- 
ness. 5. Character; state; condition of life. 6. (Eccl.) 
(a.) The fast of the fourth and sixth days of the week, 
Wednesday and Friday, in memory of the council which 
condemned Christ, and of his passion, (b.) A church, 
among the Roman Catholics, where indulgences are to be 
had on certain days, (c.) One of the places at which 
ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an 
act of devotion. 

Syn.— Depot. —It is unfortunate that, in America, the 
stopping-places on our railways first received the name of 
depot— a gross misapplication of the term, since it means sim- 
ply a store-house, or magazine. In England, the name has al- 
ways been " station," or " station-house; " and there is now a 
strong tendency to adopt this in America as the only proper 
word. 

Sta'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STATIONED ; p. pr. & vb. 
it. stationing.] To place; to set; to appoint to the 
occupation of a post, place, or office. 

Sta'tion-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a station. 

Sta'tion-a-ry, a. 1. Not moving, or not appearing to 
move ; stable ; fixed. 2. Not improving ; not growing 
wiser, greater, or better. 

Sta'tion-er, n. One who sells paper, quills, inkstands, 
pencils, and other furniture for writing. 

Sta'tion-er-y, n. The articles usually sold by stationers, 
as payer, ink, quills, and the like. 

Sta'tion-er-y, a. Belonging to a stationer. 

Sta'tist, n. [From state.] A statesman; a politician", 
one skilled in government. 

Sta-tls'tie, 1 a. Pertaining to the condition of a 

Sta-tis'tie-al, ) people, their economy, their property, 
and resources ; pertaining to statistics. 

Sta-tist'ie-al-ly, adv. In the way of statistics. 

Stat'is-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. A person who is familiar 
with the science of statistics. 

Sta-tist'i-es, n. sing. &pl. [From Eng. statist, a statesman, 
from state, Lat. stattts.] 1. A collection of facts ar- 
ranged and classified, respecting the condition of the peo- 
ple in a state, or respecting any particular class or inter- 
est. 2. The science which has to do with the collection 
and classification of such facts. 

Sta'tive, a. [Lat. stativus, from stare, statum, to stand.] 
Pertaining to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. 

Stat'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. statuaria (sc. ars), from statua, 
statue.] 1. Art of carving statues or images. 2« One 
who practices the art of carving images or making stat- 
ues. 3. A statue, or collection of statues. 

Stat'ue (stat/yu), n. [Lat. statua, i. e., stativa effigies, 
from Lat. stativus, standing still, from stare, statum, to 
stand.] A solid substance formed by carving into the 
likeness of a whole living being ; an image. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, call, eehro; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link; tills. 



STATUESQUE 



702 



STEEP 



Stat'u-gsque' (-Ssk/), a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, 
the characteristics of a statue. 

Stat'u-gtte', n. [Fr.] A small statue. 

Stat'ure, n. [Lat. statura, orig. an upright posture, 
hence height or size of the body, from stare, statum, to 
stand.] The natural height of an animal body ; — gen- 
erally used of the human body. 

Sta'tus, n. [Lat.] State ; condition. 

Sta'tus In Quo. \ [Lat.] A treaty between belligerents, 

Sta'tus Quo. ) which leaves each party in statu 
quo ante bellum, that is, in the state in which it was be- 

Sta'tu Quo. See Status Quo. [fore the war. 

Stat'u-ta-fole, a. [From statute.'] 1. Made or intro- 
duced by statute. 2. Made or being in conformity to 
statute. 

Stat'ute (stat'yut), n. [L. Lat. statutum, from statutus, 
p. p. of statuere, to set, ordain, from stare, statum, to 
stand.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or coun- 
try, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something ; 
a positive law. 2. The act of a corporation, or of its 
founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. 

Statute of limitations (Law.), a statute assigning a certain 
time, after which rights cannot be enforced by action. 
Syn. — Law; act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law. 

Stat'u-to-ry, a. Enacted by statute ; depending on 

Staunch, a. See Stanch. [statute for its authority. 

Stave, n. [Eng. staff, Ger. stab.] 1. A thin, narrow 
piece of wood, of which casks are made. 2. A part of a 
psalm appointed to be sung in churches. 

Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. staved, or STOVE ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STAVING.] [From stave, staff, n.] 1. To 
thrust through with a staff ; to break a hole in ; to 
burst. 2. To push, as with a staff. 3. To delay forci- 
bly ; to drive away ; — with off. 4. To pour out. 5. 
To render solid by compressing with a pointed or edged 
tool. 

Stay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stayed, or staid; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STAYING.] [Dan. staae, Sw. sld, to stand. Cf. 
Lat. stare, to stand.] 1. To remain ; to continue in a 
place ; to stop ; to stand still, 2. To continue in a state. 
3. To wait; to attend. 4. To dwell ; to tarry. 5. To 
rely ; to confide ; to trust. 

Stay, v. t. 1. To hold from proceeding ; to withhold; to 
restrain; to stop. 2. To delay ; to obstruct. 3. [0. Fr. 
estayer, to prop, from 0. D. stae.de, staeye, a prop, staede.n, 
to establish, Icel. stedia, to confirm ; A.-S. stede, a place, 
stead.] To stop from motion or falling ; to prop ; to hold 
up ; to support. 4. To sustain with strength ; to sat- 
isfy in part. 5. (Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the 
wind, from being on one side, is caused to blow on the 
other. 

Stay, n. 1. Continuance in a place ; abode for a time 
indefinite; sojourn. 2. Cessation of motion or progres- 
sion ; stand ; stop. 3. [Fr. estai, etai, support, a large 
rope, estaie, etaie, a prop, Icel. stag, a strong rope to 
support the mast.] That which serves as a prop or sup- 
port. 4. pi. A bodice; a corset. 5. (Naut.) A large, 
strong rope, employed to support a mast. 

In stays, or hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation of 
staying, or going about from one tack to another.— To miss 
stays, to fail in the attempt to go about. 

Stay'er, n. One who, or that which, stays, stops, or re- 
strainsj one who upholds or supports. 

Stay'-sail, n. (Naut.) Any sail extended on a stay. 

Stead, n. [0. Eng. stede, A.-S. stede, a place, station, 
Icel. stadr, Goth, staths.] Place or room which another 
had, or might have. 
To stand in stead, to be of use or great advantage. 

StSad'fast, a. [From stead and/a.si, i. e., fast in place.] 
1. Firmly fixed or established'; fast fixed; firm. 2. 
Constant ; firm ; resolute. 

Stead'f ast-ly, adv. In a steadfast manner ; firmly. 

Stead'f ast-ness, n. The state of being steadfast ; firm- 
ness ; fixedness ; constancy. 

St6ad'i-ly, adv. In a steady manner ; firmly. 

St6ad'i-ness, n. State of being steady ; firmness. 

Syn. — Constancy ; steadfastness ; resolution ; immutabil- 
ity ; unchangeableness. 

StSad'y, a. [compar. steadier; superl. STEADIEST.] 
1. Firm in standing or position ; fixed. 2. Constant in 
feeling, purpose, or pursuit ; not fickle, changeable, or 
wavering. 3. Constant; uniform. 

Syn. —Fixed; regular; undeviating; unremitted; stable. 

Stgad'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. steadied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
steadying.] To hold or keep from shaking, reeling, 
or falling ; to support. [tion. 

Stead'y, v. i. To be firm ; to maintain an upright posi- 



Steak, n. [Icel. steik, broiled meat, steikia, to broil. Cf. 
A.-S. stycce, sticce, a part, piece, steak.] A slice of beef, 
pork, venison, or the like, broiled or cut for broiling. 

Steal, v. t. [imp. STOLE ; p. p. stolen ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STEALING.] [A.-S. stelan, stxlan, Goth, stilan, Icel. 
stela.] 1. To take without right or leave. 2. To with- 
draw or convey without notice, or clandestinely. 3. To 
gain or win by address or gradual and imperceptible 
means. 4. To accomplish in a concealed or unobserved 
manner. 

To steal a march, to gain an advantage unobserved. 
Syn.— To filch; pilfer; purloin. 

Steal, v. i. 1. To practice theft. 2. To slip in, along, 
or away, unperceived. 

Steal'er, n. One who steals ; a thief. 

Stealth, n. The bringing to pass any thing in a secret 
or concealed manner ; a secret or clandestine procedure. 

Stgalth'i-ly, adv. In a stealthy manner ; by stealth. 

Stealth 'i-ness, n. The state, quality, or character of 
being stealthy ; stealth. 

Stealth'y, a. [compar. STEALTHIER; superl. STEALTH- 
IEST.] Done by stealth ; accomplished clandestinely ; 
unperceived ; secret ; private ; sly. 

Steam, it. [A.-S. steam, stim, stym, L. Ger. stum, 
weather when snow or rain is drifted by the wind.] 1. 
The elastic, aeriform fluid into which water is converted, 
when heated to the boiling point. 2. Mist formed by 
condensed vapor ; visible vapor. 3. Any exhalation. 

Steam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. steamed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
steaming.] 1. To rise or pass off in vapor, or like 
vapor. 2. To rise in steam-like vapor. 3. To move or 
travel by the agency of steam. 

Steam, v. t. 1. To exhale ; to evaporate. 2. To apply 
steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing. 

Steam'- Iboat, n. A boat, especially one of large size, 
propelled through the water by steam. 

Steam'-fooil'er, n. A boiler for generating steam, or 
for subjecting objects to the operation of steam. 

Steam'- en/gine (-en'jin), n. An engine moved by 
steam. 

Steam'er, n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam. 2. A 
fire-engine, the pumps of which are worked by steam. 
3. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action 
of steam , as in washing or cookery. 

Steam'-gauge, n. An instrument for indicating the 
pressure of the steam in a boiler. 

Steam'i-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
steamy ; vaporousness ; mistiness. 

Steam'-pack/et, n. A packet or vessel propelled by 
steam, and running periodically between certain ports. 

Steam'-ship, n. A ship propelled by the power of 
steam. 

Steam'-tiig, n. A steam-vessel used in towing ships. 

Steam'- ves'sel, n. A vessel propelled by steam. 

Steam'y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam ; full 
of steam; vaporous; misty. 

Ste'a-rliie, n. [From Gr. o-riap, tallow, suet.] (Chem.) 
(a.) One of the proximate principles of animal fat. (b.) 
An acid produced by the action of alkalies on stearine. 

Ste'a-tite, n. [From Gr. crreap, a-rea/ros, fat, tallow.] 
(Min.) A soft magnesian rock having a soapy feel. It is 
also called soap-stone. 

Sted'fast, a. See Steadfast. 

Steed, n. [A.-S- stcda, stcdha, from stdd, a stud of breed- 
ing steeds. Cf. Icel. ste'dda, a mare.] A horse; especially, 
a spirited horse for state or war. 

Steel, n. [A.-S. stel, styl, for st&hel, Icel. stal, 0. H. Ger. 
stahal.] 1. Iron combined with a small portion of car- 
bon. It is used in making a great variety of instruments. 
2. Hence, an instrument made of steel, as a sword, knife, 
or the like. 3. Specifically, an instrument of steel for 
sharpening table knives upon. 4. Hardness ; sternness ; 
rigor. 

Steel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. steeled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STEELING.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel. 
2. To make hard or extremely hard ; to make insensible 
or obdurate. 3. To cause to resemble steel, as in smooth- 
ness, polish, or other qualities. 

Steel'y, a. 1. Made, or consisting of, steel. 2. Hence, 
resembling steel ; hard; firm. 

Steel'yard (colloq. stlPyard), n. A 
form of balance in which the body 
to be weighed is suspended from the ' 
shorter arm of a lever. 

Steep, a. [compar. STEEPER ; su- 
perl. STEEPEST.] [A.-S. steap. Cf. 
Icel. steypir, a precipice, steypa, to 




Steelyard. 



§., e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what j 6re, vgil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dQ, wolf, 



STEEP 



703 



STEREOTYPOGRAPHY 



hurl down, disturb.] Ascending or descending with 
great inclination ; precipitous. 

Steep, n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or 
ascent. 

Steep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. steeped (steept); p. pr. & 
vb. n. STEEPING.] [Ger. stippen, to steep, dip, Icel. 
steypa, to overthrow.] To soak in a liquid ; to macerate. 

Steep'er, n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things 
are steeped. 

Stee'ple, n. [A.-S. stepel, stypel, allied to steep, a.] A 
tower or turret of a church, ending in a point ; a spire. 

Stee'ple-chase, n. A race between a number of horse- 
men, to see which can first reach some distant object (as 
a church steeple) in a straight course. 

Steep'ly, adv. In a steep manner ; with steepness. 

Steep'ness, n. State of being steep ; precipitous de- 
clivity. 

Steep'y, a. Having a precipitous declivity ; steep. 
[Poet.] 

Steer, n. [A.-S. steor, Goth, stiur, Skr. sthaurin, sthdrin, 
Gr. rcivpos, Lat. laurus, Icel. thior, W. tarw.] A young 
male of the bovine genus ; especially, a castrated taurine 
male from two to four j'ears old. 

Steer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. steered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STEERING-.] [A.-S. stedran, stioran, Icel. styra, Goth. 
stiurjan, to establish.] To control the career of; to di- 
rect ; to guide ; to govern ; — applied especially to a ves- 
sel in the water. 

Steex*, v. i. 1. To direct and govern a ship or other ves- 
sel in its course. 2. To be directed and governed. 3. 
To conduct one's self. 

Steer'age, n. 1. Act or practice of directing and gov- 
erning in a course. 2. ( Naut.) (a.) The manner in which 
an individual ship is affected by the helm, (b.) An 
apartment in the space between decks forward of the great 
cabin ; also, an apartment in a ship for an inferior class 
of passengers. 3. That by which a course is directed. 

Steerg'man, n.; pi. steers/men. One who steers ; the 
helmsman of a ship. 

Steeve, v. i. [Cf. 0. D. steve, staff.] (Ship-building.) 
To make an angle with the horizon, or with the line of a 
vessel's keel ; — said of the bowsprit. 

Steg'a-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-reyavos, covered, from 
oreyeii/, to cover closely, and ypdc/>eiv, to write.] The art 
of writing in ciphers, or characters not intelligible except 
to the persons who correspond with each other. 

Stel'lar, ) a. [Lat. stellaris, from Stella, a star.] 1. 

Stel'la-ry, ( Pertaining to stars ; astral. 2. Full of 
stars ; set with stars ; starry. 

Stel'late, ) a. [Lat. stellatus, p. p. of stellare, to set or 

Stel'la-ted, ) cover with stars, from Stella, a star.] 1. 
Resembling a star ; radiated. 2. (Bot.) Arranged in the 
form of a star. 

Stel-lif er-oils, a. [Lat. stellifer, from stella, a star, 
and /erre, to bear.] Having, or abounding with, stars. 

Stel'li-f 6rm, a. [Lat. stella, a star, and forma, a form.] 
Like a star ; radiated. 

Stel'lu-lar (stel'yu-), a. [From Lat. stellula, dim of stella, 
a star.] Having the shape of little stars ; radiated. 

Ste-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-ttjAtj, a post, slab, pillar, and 
ypd4>€Lv, to write, <rn}A.oypa$ia, an inscription on a tab- 
let.] Art of writing or inscribing characters on pillars. 

Stem, n. [A.-S. stemn, ste.fn, stafn, Icel. stofn, 0- H. Ger. 
stamme; allied to the root of staff.] 1. The principal 
body of a tree, shrub, or plant of any kind. 2. A little 
branch which connects a fruit or flower with a main 
branch. 3. The stock of a family. 4. A descendant; 
progeny. 5. [A.-S. stefn, Icel. stafn.] (Naut.) A curved 
piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united 
at the fore end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel. 6. 
Hence, the leading position; the lookout. 7. (Mus.) 
The short, perpendicular line added to the body of a 
note. 

Stem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stemmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
stemming-.] 1, To oppose, or cut, as with the stem 
of a vessel ; to make progress against, as a current. 2. 
To oppose ; to check, as a stream or moving force. 

St€m'son, n. (Skip-building.) A piece of timber, fixed 
on the after part of the apron inside. 

St6ncli (66), n. [A.-S. stem, stanc, fr. stincan, to stink.] 
An ill smell ; offensive odor ; stink. 

Stgn'cil, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. stencil, the post of a door, 
A.-S. stenge, a bar of wood, stake, pole.] A thin plate 
of metal, leather, or other material, used in painting, 
marking, &c. The pattern is cut out of the plate, which 
is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, and the 
color brushed over it. 

Sten'cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stenciled ; p. pr. 8c vb. 



n. stenciling.] To paint or color in figures wi«h 
stencils. 
Ste-nog^ra-pher, n. One skilled in stenography. 
Stgn'o-graph/ie, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, stenog- 
Sten/o-grapn'ie-al, j raphy. 
Ste-nog'ra-phist, n. A stenographer. 

Ste-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. artvos, narrow, close, and 
■ypoKfreiv, to write.] The art of writing in short-hand, by 
using abreviations or characters for whole words. 

Sten-to'ri-an, a. [Gr. o-rei/Topeios, fr. STeVrtop, a herald, 
spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice.] 1. Ex- 
tremely loud. 2. Able to utter a very loud sound. 

Step, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stepped (stept) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. STEPPING.] [A.-S. steppan, stapan, 0. H. Ger. 
stephan, allied to Gr. o-TeijSeiv, to tread.] 1. To advance 
or recede by a movement of the foot or feet. 2. To walk 
a little distance. 3. To walk gravely, elowly,or reso- 
lutely. 

St6p, v. t. 1. To set, as the foot. 2. To fix the foot of, 
as a mast, in its step. 

St£p, n. 1. An advance or movement made by one re- 
moval of the foot ; a pace. 2. One remove in ascending 
or descending ; a stair. 3. Space passed by the foot in 
walking or running. 4. A small space or distance. 5. 
Gradation ; degree. 6. Act of advancement ; progres- 
sion ; decisive gain or advantage. 7. A print of the 
foot ; footprint ; track ; trace ; vestige. 8. Gait ; man- 
ner of walking. 9. Proceeding; measure; action. 10. 
The round or rundle of a ladder. 11. (Mus.) A degree ; 
— a name sometimes given to one of the larger diatonie 
degrees or intervals of the scale, as between one and two. 
12. pi. A portable frame -work of stairs. 13. (Naut.) 
(a.) A block of wood, or a solid platform on the keelson, 
supporting the heel of the mast, (b.) A piece of wood in 
which another is fixed upright. 14. (Mach.) A kind of 
bearing in which the lower extremity of a spindle or a 
vertical shaft revolves. 

Step'-Drdtn'er (-brutb/er), n. A brother by marriage. 

Step'-daugh/ter (-daw'ter), n. A daughter by mar. 
riage only. 

Step'-fa/tner, n. A father by marriage only. 

Step'-moth/er (-milth'er), n. A mother by marriage 
only. 

Steppe (step), n. [Russ. stepj.] One of the vast plains 
in South-eastern Europe and Asia, generally elevated, 
and free from wood. 

Step'ping-stone, n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above 
the water or mud in walking. 2. Hence, a means of 
progress or further advancement. 

Step'-sls'ter, n. A sister by marriage only. 

Step'-son (-sun), n. A son by marriage only. 

Ster'eo-ra/ceous, a. [Lat. stercus, stercoris, dung.] Of, 
or pertaining to, dung, or partaking of its nature. 

St&re (ster), n. [Fr., from Gr. crrepeos, firm, solid.] The 
French unit for solid measure, commonly used for bulky 
articles, being equal to a cubic meter, equivalent to 
3_5.8166 English, or 31.31044 American cubic feet. 

Ste're-o-grapli'i-e, ) a. Made or done according to 

Ste're-o grapli'ie-al, ] the rules of stereography ; 
delineated on a plane. 

Ste're-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-repeos, firm, solid, and 
ypd<£eiv, to write.] The art of delineating the forms of 
solid bodies on a plane ; a branch of solid geometry 
which shows the construction of all solids which are 
regularly defined. 

Ste're-om'e-try, n. [Gr. orepeos, firm, solid, and (x.4t- 
pov, a measure, fxerpelv, to measure.] The art of meas- 
uring solid bodies, and finding their solid contents. 

Ste're-o-s-eope, n. [From Gr. crrepeos, firm, solid, and 
o-Koneiv, to view.] An optical instrument for giving to 
pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. 

Ste're-o-s-eop'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the stereoscope ; 

Ste're-o-s-eop'ie-al, ) adapted to the stereoscope. 

Ste're-St'o-my, n. [Gr. <rTepe6s, firm, solid, and rifuvetv, 
to cut, rop.ri, a cutting.] The science or art of cutting 
solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, and the 
like. 

Ste're-o-type, n. [Gr. o-Tepeo?, firm, solid, and totto?, 
type.] !. A plate of type-metal, resembling the sur- 
face of a page of type. 2. The art of making plates oi 
type-metal in imitation of pages of type. 

Ste're-o-type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stereotyped 
(108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. stereotyping.] To make stere- 
otype plates for, as for a book. 

Ste're-o-typ'er, n. One who makes stereotype plates. 

Ste're-o-ty-pog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. orepgos, firm, solid, 
TV7ros, a type, and ypdc^etv, to write.] The art or prac- 
tice of printing from stereotype plates. 



f ood , f oot ; iXrn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; tills. 



STERILE 



'04 



STIFF-NECKED 



SteVile, a. [Lat. sterilis, allied to Gr. trreppos, oreZpos, 
stiff, barren.] 1. Producing little or no crop ; barren; 
unfruitful; not fertile. 2. Producing no young. 3. 
Destitute of ideas or sentiment. 4. (Bot.) Bearingonly 
stamens. 

Ste-ril'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being sterile ; 
barrenness ; unproductiveness ; unfruitfulness. 

Ster'ling, a. [0. Eng. sterlynge, starling, from Easter- 
ling, once the popular name of German traders in Eng- 
land, whose money was of the purest quality.] 1. Be- 
longing to, or relating to, the British money of account, 
or to the British coinage. 2. Genuine ; pure ; of excel- 
lent quality. 

Stern (14), a. [compar. sterner ; superl. sternest.] 
[A.-S. sterne, styrne, allied to N. H. Ger. starr, 0. H. Ger. 
star, stiff, stornen, to be stiff, astonished.] 1. Fixed, 
■with an aspect of severity and authority. 2. Severe of 
manner. 3. Rigidly steadfast. 

Syn.— Severe; austere; rigid; rigorous; harsh; cruel; un- 
relenting; immovable. 

Stern, n. [A.-S. steam, equiv. to stedr, stidr, helm, 
steorern, equiv. to steorsetl, stearnsetl, stern, steorn, a 
steering.] 1. (Naut.) The hind part of a ship or other 
vessel, or of a boat. 2. The hinder part of any thing. 

Stern'al, a. Pertaining to the sternum, or breast-bone. 

Stern'- Doard, n. (Naut.) The backward motion of a 
vessel ; hence, a loss of way in making a tack. 

Stern'- chase, n. A chase in which two vessels sail on 
one and the same course, one following in the wake of the 
other. 

Stern'-chase, ) n. (Naut.) A cannon placed in a 

Stern'-chas / er, J ship's stern, pointing backward, and 
intended to annoy a ship that is in pursuit of her. 

Stern'ly, adv. In a stern manner ; austerely. 

Stern'ness (109), n. The quality or state of being stern ; 
rigidity ; rigor ; severity. 

Stern'-post, n. (Naut.) A straight piece of timber, 
erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rud- 
der and terminate the ship behind. 

Stern'-sheets, n. pi. (Naut.) That part of a boat 
which is between the stern and the aftermost seat of the 
rowers. 

Ster'nutn, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. crripvov.] (Anat.) A 
flat, symmetrical bone on the median line of the chest 
in frout ; the breast-bone. 

Ster'nu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. sternittatio, from sternutare, 
to sneeze, intensive form of sternuere, id.] The act of 
sneezing. 

Ster-nii'ta-tive, a. Having the quality of provoking 
to sneeze. [to sneeze. 

Ster-nu'ta-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of exciting 

Ster-nii'ta-to-ry, n. A substance that provokes sneez- 
ing. 

Stern'- way, n. (Naut.) The movement of a ship back- 
ward, or with her stern foremost. 

Ster-to'ri-ous, I a. [From Lat. stertere, to snore.] 

Ster'to-roiis, ) Characterized by a deep snoring, 
which accompanies inspiration in some diseases, espe- 
cially apoplexy ; hence, hoarsely breathing ; snoring. 

Steth'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. o-rrj6o<;, the breast, and aKonelv, 
to examine.] An instrument used to distinguish sounds 
in the human chest, so that the operator may judge of 
the regular action or condition of the part thus exam- 
ined, as the heart, the lungs, &c. 

Steve, v. t. [From the root of stow.] To stow, as cotton 
or wool in a ship's hold. 

Ste've-dore 7 , n. One whose occupation is to load and 
unload vessels iu port. 

Stew (stu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. STEWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STEWING-.] [O. Fr. estuver, L. Ger. stowen or stoven, 
D. stoven. See STOVE.] To boil slowly, in a moderate 
manner, or with a simmering heat ; to seethe. 

Stew (stu), v. i. To be seethed in a slow, gentle manner, 
or in heat and moisture. 

Stew (stu), n. 1. A house for bathing, sweating, cupping, 
&c. 2. A house of prostitution; a brothel. 3. A dish 
that has been cooked by stewing. 4. A state of agitat- 
ing excitement ; confusion. [Colloq.] 

Stew'ard (stuVard), n. [O. Eng. stivard, A.-S. sttgeioeard, 
stiweard. Cf. A.-S. stigu, stig, a way, path, stlge, a sty, 
Icel. st'ia, a box, recess, and Eng. ward.] 1. A man em- 
ployed to manage domestic concerns, superintend other 
servants, collect rents, keep accounts, &c. 2. (Naut.) 
A waiter on board a ship or other vessel. 3. A fiscal 
agent of certain bodies. 

Stew'ard-ess, n. A female waiter on shipboard. 

Stew'ard-ship, n. The office of a steward. 



Stew'ish (stu 7 -), a. Suiting a stew, or brothel. 

Stew'-pan, n. A pan in which things are stewed. 

Stib'i-al, a. [From Lat. stibium, antimony.] Like, or 
having the qualities of, antimony ; antimonial. 

Stib'i-um, n. [Lat. stibium, stibi, stimmi, Gr. cm'j3i, 
o-ti>jui.] (Mm.) (a.) Antimony, (b.) Antimony glance 

Stieh (st!k), n. [Gr. o-ri'xos, a row, line, from o-reixeiV, 
to ascend.] 1. A verse, of whatever measure or number 
of feet. 2. A line in the Scriptures. 3. A row or rank 
of trees. 

Stick, n. [A.-S. sticca, allied to stecan, stician, to stab, 
prick, pierce ; Icel. stiki, a staff, sticki, a dagger: 0. H. 
Ger. steccho.] 1. Thesmall shoot, or branch, ofa tree or 
shrub, cut off ; arod ; also, a staff. 2. Any stem or branch 
ofa tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber. 3. Any thing 
shaped like a stick. 4. (Print.) An instrument of adjust- 
able width in which type are arranged in words and 
lines. 5. A thrust ; a stab. 

Gold-stick, a title ofthe colonels of the two regiments of Life 
Guards in England, whose duty it is to attend the sovereign on 
all state occasions.— Sih-er-stick, a title Riven to the field-offi- 
cer ofthe Life Guards when on duty at the palace. 

Stick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STUCK ; p. pr. & vb. n. STICK- 
ING-.] 1. To cause to enter, as a pointed instrument; 
to pierce ; to stab ; hence, to kill by piercing. 2. To 
fasten or cause to remain by piercing. 3. To set ; to 
fix in. 4. To set with something pointed. 5. To fix 
on a pointed instrument. 6. To attach by causing to 
adhere to the surface. 7. (Print.) To compose, or ar- 
range in a composing-stick. [ Colloq.] 

Stick, v. i. 1. To hold to, by cleaving to the surface, as 
by tenacity or attraction ; to adhere. 2. Hence, to re- 
main where placed ; to cling ; to be united closely. 3. 
To be hindered from proceeding; to stop. 4. To be 
embarrassed or puzzled ; to hesitate. 5. To cause diffi- 
culties or scruples. 6. To adhere closely in friendship 
and affection. 

To stick at, to hesitate. — To stick by, (a.) To adhere closely; 
to be constant; to be firm in supporting, (£>.) To be trouble- 
some by adhering.— To stick out, to project; to be prominent. 
— To stick to, to be firm ; to be persevering. 

Stick'i-ness, n. Quality of being sticky ; adhesiveness ; 
viscousness ; glutinousness ; tenacity. 

Stick'-lae, n. Lac in its natural state, incrusting small 
twigs. 

Stick'le (stnVl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. stickled ; v p. pr. 
& vb. n. STICKLING.] [From the practice of prize- 
fighters, who placed seconds with staffs or sticks to inter- 
pose occasionally.] 1. To take part with one side or the 
other. 2. To contend, contest, or altercate, in a perti- 
nacious manner on insufficient grounds. 

Stick'le-lback, n. [0. & Prov. 
Eng. stickle, a prickle, spine, 
sting, and back.] (Ichth.) A small i 
fish ; — so called from the spines 
which arm their back, ventral 
fins, and other parts. 

Stick'ler, n. One who stickles ; 
as, (a.) One who arbitrates a duel ; a second ; an umpire. 
(b.) One who pertinaciously contends for some trifling 
thing. 

Stick'y, a. [compar. STICKIER ; superl. STICKIEST.] 
Inclined to stick ; having the quality of adhering to a 
surface. 

Syn. — Adhesive ; gluey ; viscous ; viscid ; glutinous ; 
tenacious. 

Stiff, a. [compar. STIFFER ; superl. STIFFEST.] [A.-S. 
stif, Icel. styfr, 0. H. Ger. stif.] 1. Not easily bent; 
not flexible or pliant. 2. Not liquid or fluid ; thick and 
tenacious; inspissated. 3. Impetuous in motion. 4. 
Not easily subdued ; firm in resistance or perseverance. 
5. Not natural and easy ; formal in manner. 6. (Naut.) 
Bearing a press of canvas without careening much. 

Syn. — Rigid; inflexible ; strong; hardy; stubborn : obsti- 
nate ; pertinacious ; harsh ; formal ; constrained ; affected ; 
starched ; rigorous. 

Stiffen (stif n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. stiffened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STIFFENING.] 1. To make stiff; to make less 
pliant or flexible. 2. To inspissate ; to make more thick 
or viscous. 

Stiffen (stifn), v. i. 1. To become stiff; to become 
more rigid or less flexible. 2. To become more thick, 
or less soft ; to be inspissated. 3. To become less sus- 
ceptible of impression ; to grow more obstinate. 

Stiffly, adv. In a stiff manner; firmly; strongly; 
rigidly ; obstinately. 

Stif f -necked (-nekt), a. Stubborn; inflexible; obsti- 
nate; contumacious. 




Stickleback. 



a,e,&c.,Zow£; &,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



STIFFNESS 



705 



STIPULATE 



Sti'fle (stl'fl), v. t. 

vb. n. STIFLING.] 

styfla, to repress, 
breath ; to choke. 




Stiff 'ness, n. State of being stiff ; rigidness ; thickness; 
torpidness ; tension ; obstinacy ; constraint ; rigorous- 
ness ; harshness. 

[imp. & p. p. stifled; p. pr. & 
[Diminutive of stive. Cf. Icel. stifla, 
styfa, to cut off.] 1. To stop the 
2. To extinguish ; to deaden ; to 
quench. 3. To suppress the manifestation or report of; 
to conceal ; to destroy. 

Sti'fle, n. [From stiff.] 1. (Far.) The joint on the 
hind leg of a horse next to the flank, and corresponding 
to the knee in man. 2. A disease in the knee-pan of a 
horse or other animal. 

Stig'ma, n. ; Eng. pi. STiG'MAg 
Lat. pi. STXG'MA-TA. [Gr. ariyfj-a 
prick or mark of a pointed instru- 
ment, spot, mark burned in, from 1 
arlgew, to prick, brand.] 1. A 
mark with a burning iron ; a brand. 
2. Any mark of infamy. 3. (Bot.) 
That vascular part of the pistil which 
receives the pollen. s ' Stl S ma - ^°*-> 

Stig-mat'fe, ) a. 1. Marked with a stigma, or with 

Stig-mat'ic-al, j something reproachful to character. 
2. Impressing with infamy or reproach. 

Stig'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stigmatized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. stigmatizing.] 1. To mark with a stig- 
ma or brand. 2. To set a mark of disgrace on. 

Stile, n. [See Style.] A pin set on the face of a dial to 
form a shadow ; a style. 

Stile, n. [A.-S. stigel, a step, a ladder, from stigan, to 
ascend.] A step, or set of steps, for ascending and de- 
scending, in passing a fence or wall. 

Sti-let'to, n. ; pi. STl-LET'TOg. [It., dim. of stilo, a 
dagger, from Lat. stilus, stylus, a pointed instrument.] 

1. A small dagger with a round, pointed blade. 2. A 
pointed instrument for making eyelet holes in working 
muslin. 

Sti-let'to, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. STILETTOED ; p. pr. & 
vb. 11. stilettoing.] To stab or pierce with a stiletto. 

Still, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STILLING.] [A.-S. stillan, from stille, still, quiet, firm ; 
0. H. Ger. stilljan, Icel. stilla.] 1. To stop, as noise. 

2. To stop, as motion or agitation ; to make quiet. 3. 
To quiet, as tumult, agitation, or excitement. 

Syn.— To calm; allay; lull; pacify; appease; subdue; sup- 
press; silence; check; restrain. 
Still, a. [compar. STILLER ; superl. STILLEST.] 1. 
Uttering no sound ; silent. 2. Not disturbed by noise 
or agitation. 3. Motionless. 

Syn. — Quiet; calm; noiseless; serene; inert; stagnant. 

Still, n. Freedom from noise ; calm; silence. [Poet.] 

Still, adv. 1. To this time; until and during the time 
now present. 2. Habitually ; always ; uniformly. 3. 
By an additional degree ; with repeated and added efforts. 
4. Hence, notwithstanding what has been said or done ; 
in spite of what has occurred ; nevertheless ; — some- 
times used as a conjunction. 5. After that. 

Still, n. [From the v. infra.] 1. A vessel, used in the 
distillation of liquors. 2. A distillery. 

Still, v. t. [Abbrev. from distill, q. v.] 1. To cause to 
fall by drops 2. To distill. 

Stil'la-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. [Lat. stillatitius , from 
stillare, to drop, from stilla, a drop.] Falling in drops ; 
drawn by a still. 

Stil'la-to-ry, n. [From still, for distill. Cf. Distil- 
latory, a.] [Rare..] 1. An alembic ; a vessel for dis- 
tillation. 2. A laboratory. 

Still'-Mrtn, n. A thing born without life. 

Still'-bdrii, a. 1. Dead at the birth. 2. Abortive. 

Still'-bum, v. t. To burn in the process of distillation. 

Still'- life, n. ( Painting.) The class or style of painting 
which represents objects not having animate existence, 
as fruits, flowers, dead game or animals, &c. 

Still'ness, n. State or quality of being still ; freedom 
from noise, motion, agitation, excitement, and the like. 

Still'y, a. Still ; quiet ; calm. 

Stil'ly(109),atfv. 1. Silently; without noise. 2. Calmly; 
quietly ; without tumult. 

Stilt, n. [D. stelt, 0. H.. Ger. stelza.] 1. A piece of 
wood constructed to raise the foot above the ground in 
walking. 2. A root whieh rises above the surface of the 
ground. 

Stilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stilted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
stilting.] 1. To raise on stilts; to elevate. 2. To 
raise by unnatural means. 

Stim'u-lant, a. [Lat. stimulans, p. pr. of stimulare. 



See Stimulate.] 1. Serving to stimulate. 2. (Med.) 
Producing increased vital action in the organism, or any 
of its parts. 

Stim'u-lant, n. 1. That which stimulates, provokes, 
or excites. 2. (Med.) An agent which produces an in- 
crease of vital activity in the organism , or any of its parts. 

Stimulate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. stimulated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STIMULATING.] [Lat. stimulare, stimulatum, 
to prick or goad on, to incite, from stimulus, a goad.] 

1. To excite, rouse, or animate to action or more vigor- 
ous exertion by some pungent motive, or by persuasion. 

2. (Med.) To produce an exaltation of vital activity in. 

Syn. — To animate ; incite ; encourage ; impel ; urge ; in- 
stigate; irritate; exasperate; incense. 

Stim/u-la/tion, n. 1. Act of stimulating, or state of 
being stimulated. 2. (Med.) An exaltation of organic 
action. 

Stim'u-la/tive , a. Having the quality of stimulating. 

Stim'u-la'tive, n. That which stimulates ; that which 
rouses into more vigorous action. 

Stim'u-la'tor, n. One who stimulates. 

Stlm'u-lus, n.; pi. STlM'u-Li. [Lat., for stigmulus, 
allied to Lat. instigare, to stimulate, Gr. crrt£eiv, to prick, 
root o-Tty.] 1. A goad ; hence, something that rouses 
the mind or spirits. 2. (Med.) That which produces an 
increase of vital action. 

Sting, n. [A.-S. sting, stincg, Icel. stingr, stunga. Cf. 
Stick.] 1. A sharp-pointed weapon or instrument with 
which certain animals are armed by nature for their 
defense, and which they thrust from the hinder part of 
the body, to pierce any animal that annoys or provokes 
them. 2. The thrust of a sting into the flesh. 3. Any 
thing that gives acute pain. 4. The point of an epigram, 
or other pointed, sarcastic saying. 

Sting, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stung (STANG is obsolete) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. STINGING.] 1. To pierce with a sting. 
2. To pain acutely. 

Sting'er, n. One who, or that which, stings. 

Stin'gi-ness, n. State or quality of being stingy ; ex- 
treme avarice ; niggardliness. 

Stin'go, n. [From sting, on account of the sharpness of 
the taste.] Old beer ; sharp or strong liquor. [Low.] 

Sting'y, a. Having power to sting or produce pain. 

Stin'gy, a. [compar. STINGIER ; superl. STINGIEST.] 
[Originally, eager, greedy, pricked on, stimulated, from 
sting, supra.] Extremely close and covetous ; meanly 
avaricious ; niggardly. 

Stink, v. i. [imp. stank, or stunk ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STINKING.] [A.-S. stincan, 0. H. Ger. stinchan.] To 
emit a strong, offensive smell. 

Stink, n. A strong, offensive smell ; a disgusting odor. 

Stink'ard, n. 1. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. 2. 
( Zo'dl. ) A carnivorous animal allied to the skunk, found 
in Java and Sumatra. 

Stint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STINTING.] [A.-S. stintan, styntan, to blunt, dull. Cf. 
Stunt.] 1. To restrain within certain limits ; to bound ; 
to confine ; to limit. 2. To assign a certain task in 
labor to. [ Colloq. Amer.] 

Stint, n. 1. Limit ; bound ; restraint ; extent. 2. Quan- 
tity assigned ; proportion allotted. 

Stint'er, n. One who, or that which, stints. 

Stipe, n. [Lat. stipes, a stock, post, branch ; Gr. crrvnos.] 
(Bot.) (a.) The base of a frond, as of a fern, (b.) The 
stalk of a pistil, (c.) The trunk of a tree, (d.) The 
stem of a fungus or mushroom when any exists. 

Sti'pend, n. [Lat. stipendium, from stips, stipis, a gift, 
donation, given in small coin, and pendere, to weigh or 
pay out.] Settled pay or compensation for services, 
whether daily or monthly wages, or an annual salary. 

Sti-pend'i-a-ry, a. Keceiving wages or salary. 

Sti-pend'i-a-ry, n. One who receives a stipend. 

Stip'ple (stip/pi)) v - t- [imp- & P- P- stippled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. stippling.] [D. stippelen, to make points, to 
spot, dot, dim. of slippen, to dip, point, dot, slip, stippel, 
a dot, spot.] To engrave by means of dots. 

Stip'ple, n. A mode of engraving in imitation of chalk 
drawings, in which the effect is produced by dots instead 
of lines. 

Sttp'u-ld,n.;pl.STiP'TT-LJE. [Lat.] (Bot.) A stipule, 

Stip'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stipulated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STIPULATING.] [Lat. stipulari, stipulatus, 
orig. to conclude a money transaction, from stips, stipis,, 
a gift in small coin.] To make an agreement or covenant 
with any person or company to do or forbear any thing •,. 
to bargain ; to contract. 

Stip'u-late, a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules. 



food, foot : 



urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist, linger 

45 



link; this. 



STIPULATION 



706 



STOLE 




Stip'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of stipulating ; a contracting 
or bargaining. 2. That which is stipulated or agreed 
upon. 
Syn.— Covenant; agreement; contract; engagement. 

Stip'u-la/tor, n. One who stipulates, contracts, or 
covenants. 

Stip'ule, n. [Lat. stipula, a stalk, stem, 
straw, dim. of stipes.] (Bot.) An appendage 
at the base of petioles or leaves, usually some- 
what resembling a small leaf in texture and 
appearance. 

Stir (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. stirred ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STIRRING.] [A.-S. styrian, 0. H. 
Ger. storjan, stOran.] 1. To change the 
place of in any manner. 2. To bring into 
debate ; to agitate. 3. To incite to action ; 
to instigate ; to prompt. 

Syii. — To move ; incite ; awaken ; rouse ; ani- _ 
mate; stimulate; excite; provoke. stipule. 

'Stir, v. i. 1. To move one's self; to change one's position. 
2. To be in motion ; to be active. 3. To become the ob- 
ject of notice or conversation. 4. To rise in the morning. 

Stir, n. 1. Agitation ; tumult ; bustle. 2. Public dis- 
turbance or commotion ; seditious uproar. 3. Agitation 
of thoughts. 

Stir'rer, n. 1. One who stirs, or is in motion. 2. One 
who puts in motion. 3. A riser in the morning. 4. 
An exciter ; an instigator. 

Stir'rup (stur/rup or stir'rup), n. [A.-S. stigerap, 
stigrap, stirap, from stigan, to mount, ascend, and rap, 
a rope.] 1. A kind of ring, for receiving the foot of a 
rider, and attached to a strap which is fastened to the 
saddle. 2. (Mach.) Any piece resembling, in shape and 
functions, the stirrup of a saddle. 

Stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stitched (sticht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STITCHING.] [A.-S. stician, to prick, pierce. Cf. 
STICK.] 1. To form stitches in; especially, to sew in 
euch a manner as to show on the surface a continuous 
line of stitches. 2. To sew or unite together. 

Stitch, v. i. To practice stitching. 

Stitchi n. 1. A single pass of a needle in sewing ; the 
loop or turn of the thread thus made. 2. A single turn 
of the thread round a needle in knitting. 3. A space 
between two double furrows in plowed ground. 4. An 
acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle. 

Stith'y, n. [Icel. stedhi, Sw. stdd, an anvil.] 1. An 
anvil. 2. A smith's shop ; a smithy. 

Stive, v. t. [Allied to stew, stow, stuff, and Lat. stipare, 
to press together.] 1. To stuff up close. 2. To make 
hot, sultry, and close. 

Sti'ver, n. [D. stuiver.] A Dutch coin and money of 
account, of the value of two cents, or about one penny 
sterling. 

Stoak, v. t. [Cf. Ger. stochen, to stop, and sticken, to 
choke.] (Naut.) To stop: to choke. 

Stoat, n. [Cf. Stote and Stot.] (Zool.) The ermine ; 
— so called when of a reddish color, as in summer. 

Stoe-cade', n. See Stockade. 

Stock, n. [A.-S. store, & stock, trunk, stick, fr. stecan, 
to strike, prick ; 0. H. Ger. stoc, stoch, Icel. stockr. See 
STICK.] 1. The stem or main body of a tree or plant ; 
the fixed, strong, firm part. 2. The stem or firm branch 
in which a graft is inserted. 3. Something fixed, solid, 
and senseless ; a post. 4. Hence, one who is as dull and 
lifeless as a post. 5. The principal supporting part ; the 
part in which others are inserted, or to which they are 
attached; as, specifically, (a.) The wood to which the 
barrel, lock, &c, of a fire-arm are secured ; also, a long, 
rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of 
several forms of gun-carriage. (b.) The wooden handle 
or contrivance by which bits are held in boring ; a brace, 
(c.) The block of wood which constitutes the body of a 
plane, (d.) The piece of timber in which the shank of 
an anchor is inserted, (e.) The block in which an anvil 
is fixed, (f.) An adjustable wrench for holding dies for 
cutting screws, (g.) The part of a tally struck in the 
exchequer, which is delivered to the person who has lent 
the king money on account, the other part being kept by 
an officer in that court. [Eng.] 6. The original pro- 
genitor ; also, the race or line of a family ; lineage ; 
family. 7. Money invested in business ; capital of a 
bank or other company ; money funded in government 
securities; pi. property consisting of shares in joint- 
stock companies [Amer.], or in the obligations of a gov- 
ernment for its funded debt. [Eng.] 8. (Book-keeping.) 
The account which is debited with all the sums con- 
tributed or added to the capital of the concern, and 





Stockade. 



credited with whatever is at any time withdrawn. 9. 
Supply provided ; store. 10. (Agric.) Domestic animals 
or beasts collected, used, or raised on a farm. 11. A 
kind of stiff, wide band or 
cravat for the neck. 12. 
pi. A frame, with holes in 
which the feet or the feet 
and hands of criminals were 
confined by way of punish- 
ment. 13. pi. The frame 
or timbers on which a ship 
rests while building. 14. ^^-'^^ 
(Bot.) A flowering, crucifer- 
ous plant, several species of 
which are cultivated for 
ornament. 

Dead stock (Agric), the im- 
plements of husbandry, and Stocks (12). 
produce stored up for use; — in 

distinction from live stock, or the domestic animals on a farm. 
— To take stock, to make an inventory of stock or goods on 
hand. 

Syn. —Fund; capital; store; supply; accumulation; hoard; 
provision. 

Stock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stocked (stokt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STOCKING.] 1. To lay up for future use, as 
merchandise, &c. 2. To provide with material requi- 
sites ; to store; to fill; to supply. 3. To put into a 
pack, as cards. 

Stock, a. Used or available for constant service or 
application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or 
supply ; standard ; permanent ; standing. 

Stock-ade', n. [See Stoccade.] 1. 
(Mil.) A line of posts or stakes set in the 
earth as a fence or barrier. 2. An in- 
closure or pen made with posts and 
stakes. 

Stock-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. stock- 
aded; p. pr. & vb. n. STOCKADING.] 
To surround or fortify with sharpened 
posts fixed in the ground. 

Stock'- bro'ker , n. A broker who deals in the purchase 
and sale of shares or stocks. 

Stock'-dove (-diiv), n. (Ornith.) The wild pigeon of 
Europe, so called because at one time believed to be the 
stock of the domestic pigeon, or else from its breeding 
in the stocks of trees. 

Stock'-ex-change', n. 1. The building or place where 
stocks are bought and sold; hence transactions of all 
kinds in stocks. 2. An association or body of stock- 
brokers. [Eng.] 

Stock'-fish, n. Cod dried in the sun without being 
salted ; — so called from its hardness. 

Stock'hold-er, n. One who is a proprietor of stock in 
the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other 
company. 

Stock'ing, n. [From stock.] A close-fitting covering 
for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven. 

Stock'ish, a. Hard ; stupid ; blockish. 

Stock'-job'ber , n. One who speculates in stocks for gain. 

Stock'-job'bing, n. Act or art of dealing in stocks. 

Stock'-still, a. Still as a fixed post ; perfectly still. 

Stock'y, a. [From stock.] Thick and firm ; stout ; rather 
thick than tall or corpulent. 

Sto'i-e, n. [Gr. o-tohkos, from o-roa, a roofed colonnade, a 
porch, esp. a porch in Athens where Zeno and his suc- 
cessors taught.] 1. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, 
who taught that men should be unmoved by joy or grief, 
and submit without complaint to the unavoidable neces- 
sity by which all things are governed. 2. Hence, a 
person not easily excited ; an apathetic person. 

Sto'ie, \a. 1. Of, pertaining to. or resembling, the 

Sto'ic-al, j Stoics or their doctrines. 2. Unfeeling ; 
manifesting indifference to pleasure or pain. 

Sto'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of the Stoics ; without 
apparent feeling or sensibility. 

Sto'i-e-al-ness, n. The state of being stoical. 

Sto'i-cigm, n. 1. The opinions and maxims of the 
Stoics. 2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure 
or pain. 

Stok'er, n. [From Prov. Eng. stoke, to stir the fire, 
from stoke, a stock, stick, post.] One who is employed 
to tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, especially that 
of a locomotive, or marine steam-engine. 

Stole, imp. of steal. See Steal. 

Stole, n. [Gr. o-roArJ, equipment in clothes, dress, robe, 
from a-reWetv, to array, equip.] 1. A long, loose gar- 
ment reaching to the feet. 2. (Rom- Cath. Church.) A 



5>>e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,sAor£; care, far, ask, all, what; &re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do, wolf, 



STOLE 



707 



STORE 



narrow band of silk or stuff, worn on the left shoulder 
of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and 
priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. 

Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bed-chamber, in the 
household of the king of England. 

Stole, n. [Lat. stolo, stolonis.] {Bot.) A lax, trailing 
stem given off at the summit of the root, and taking root 
at intervals ; a sucker. 

Stolen (stoln, 58), p. p. of steal. See Steal. 

Stol'id, a. [Lat. stolidus.] Hopelessly insensible or 
stupid ; dull ; foolish. 

Sto-lid'i-ty, n. State or quality of being stolid ; dull- 
ness of intellect ; stupidity. 

Stdm'aeh (stum'ak), n. [Lat. stomachus, Gr. crrojuiaxos, 
from a-To/xa, a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. 
(Anat.) A musculo-membranous reservoir, situated im- 
mediately beneath the diaphragm. It is one of the prin- 
cipal organs of digestion. 2. Appetite. 3. Inclination; 
liking ; desire. 

Stdm'aeh (stiim'ak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. stomached 
(stum'akt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STOMACHING.] [See supra; 
Lat. slomachari, to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. 
To resent, 2. To receive or bear without repugnance ; 
to brook. [ Colloq.] 

Stdm'a-cher (stunVa-cher), n. An ornament or support 
to the breast, worn by women. 

Sto-maeh'ie, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the 

Sto-maeh'ie-al, j stomach. 2. Strengthening to the 
stomach ; exciting the action of the stomach. 

Sto-maeh'ie (sto-miik'ik), n. (Med.) A medicine that 
strengthens the stomach and excites its action. 

Stomp, v. i. To stamp with the foot. [Vulgar.'] 

Stone (20), n. [A.-S. stan, Icel. steinn, Goth, stains.] 
1. A mass of concreted earthy or mineral matter. 2. 
A precious stone; a gem. 3. A monument erected to 
preserve the memory of the dead. 4. (Med.) A calcu- 
lous concretion in the kidneys or bladder ; the disease 
arising from a calculus. 5. A testicle. 6. The nut of 
a drupe or stone fruit. 7. A weight which legally is 14 
pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. 
[Eng.] 

GST- The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs. ; 
of cheese, 16 lbs.; of hemp, 32 lbs.; of glass, 51bs. 
8. Torpidness and insensibility. 

Philosopher's stone, a pretended substance formerly supposed 
to have the property of turning any other substance into gold. 
— Rocking-stone, a large stone so balanced upon another stone 
that it can beset in motion, or made to oscillate, by a slight 
force. — To leave no stone unturned, to use all practicable means 
to effect an object. 
Syn. — See Rock. 

Stone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STONING.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones. 2. 
To free from stones. 3. To wall or face with stones. 

Stone'-eoal, n. Hard coal ; anthracite coal. 

Stone'-eiit'ter, n. One whose occupation is to cut or 
hew stones. 

Stone'-fruit, n. Fruit whose seeds are covered with a 
hard shelf enveloped in the pulp, as peaches, cherries, 
plums, and the like ; a drupe. 

Stone'-mar'ten, n. (Zobl.) A species of marten, found 
in stony or mountainous regions. 

Ston'er, n. 1. One who beats or kills with stones. 2. 
One who walls with stones. 

Stone'g'-east, ) n. The distance which a stone may 

Stone'g'-throw, j be thrown by the hand. 

Stone'- ware, n. A species of potter's ware of a coarse 
kind, glazed and baked. 

Stone'- worlc (-wfirk), n. Mason's work of stone. 

Ston'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being stony, or 
abounding with stones. 

Ston'y, a. 1. Relating to, made of, abounding in, or 
resembling, stone. 2. Converting into stone ; petrifying. 
3. Inflexible ; cruel ; pitiless ; obdurate. 

Ston'y-heart'ed, a. Hard-hearted ; cruel ; unfeeling. 

Stood, imp. of stand. See STAND. 

Stbbk, n. [L. Ger. stUke, a heap, bundle, H. Ger. 
stauche, a truss, bundle of flax.] A small collection of 
sheaves set up in the field ; — in England, 12 sheaves. 

Stobk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stooked (stobkt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. stooking.] To set up, as sheaves of grain, in 
stooks. 

Stool, n. [A.-S. stdl, Icel. stdll, Goth, stols, allied to 0. 
H. Ger. stellan, staljan, to put, set, place.] 1. A seat 
without a back, intended for one person. 2. The seat 
used in evacuating the contents of the bowels ; hence, a 
disoharge from the bowels. 

Stool, n. [Lat. stolo. See STOLE.] The root or stem 



of a tree or plant, cut off near the ground, from which 
shoots spring up ; also, the set of shoots thus produced. 

Stool'-pig'eon (-pij'un), n. A pigeon used as i decoy, 
to draw others within a net ; hence, a person used as a 
decoy for others. 

Stoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stooped (stoopt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STOOPING.] [A.-S. stupian, 0. D. stuypen, 
stoepen.] 1. To bend the body downward and forward ; 
to incline forward in standing or walking, 2. To bend 
by compulsion. 3. To descend from rank or dignity. 

4. To come down on prey, as a hawk ; especially, to 
come down from a height with closed wings ; to swoop. 

5. To alight from the wing ; to sink. 

Syn. — To lean ; yield ; submit ; condescend ; descend ; 
cower ; shrink. 

Stoop, n. 1. Act of stooping. 2. Descent from dignity 
or superiority ; condescension. 3. The fall of a bird on 
its prey ; a swoop. 

Stoop, n. [D. stoep, fr. 0. D. stoepen, to sit.] The steps 
of a door ; often, a porch with a balustrade and seats on 
the sides. [Amer.] 

Stdbp, n. [A.-S. stoppa, a large cup, D. stoop, a measure 
of about two quarts, Icel. staup, a cup, 0. H. Ger. stouph, 
stopha.] A vessel of liquor ; a flagon. 

Stdbp'er, n. One who stoops, or bends the body forward. 

Stop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STOPPED (stopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. stopping.] [Icel. stoppa, 0. H. Ger. stophun, L. 
Lat. stopare, stupare, from Lat. stupa, stuppa, the coarse 
part of flax, tow, oakum.] 1. To close, as an aperture, 
by filling or by obstructing. 2. To obstruct ; to render 
impassable. 3. To arrest the progress of. 4. To hinder 
from acting or moving. 5. To regulate the sounds of, 
as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger- 
board. 6. To punctuate. 

Syn. — To obstruct ; hinder ; impede ; repress ; suppress ; 
restrain; delay; interrupt. 

Stop, v.i. 1. To cease to go forward. 2. To cease from 
any motion or course of action. 3. To spend a short 
time ; to stay ; to tarry. [Colloq., Amer.] 

St5p, n. 1. Act of stopping or state of being stopped ; 
hindrance of progress, of operation, or of action. 2. 
That' which stops, impedes, or obstructs. 3. Any con- 
trivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument 
are regulated. 4. A mark of punctuation. 

Syn. — Cessation ; check ; obstruction ; hindrance ; inter- 
ruption ; obstacle; impediment. See Cessation. 

Stop'-eSck, n. A pipe for letting out a fluid, stopped 
by a turning-cock. 

Stop'- gap, n. 1. That which closes or fills up an open- 
ing, gap, or chasm. 2. Hence, a temporary expedient. 

Stop'page, n. Act of stopping or arresting progress or 
motion, or state of being stopped. 

Stop'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, stops, closes, 
shuts, or hinders ; that which closes or fills a vent or hole 
in a vessel. 2. (Naut.) A short piece of rope having 
a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the 
knot, used to secure something. 

Stop'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STOPPERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STOPPERING.] To close or secure with a stopper. 

Stop'ple (stop'pl), n. [Dim. of stop, n.] That which 
stops or closes the mouth of a vessel ; a stopper. 

Stor'age (stor'ej, 45), n. [From store.} 1. Act of de- 
positing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping ; or the 
safe keeping of goods in a warehouse. 2. The price for 
keeping goods in a store. 

Sto'rax, n. [Lat. st or ax, styr ax, Gr. o-rupa£.] A fragrant 
resin resembling benzoin. In medicine, it is used as an 
expectorant. 

Store, n. [L. Lat. storia, storium, a certain quantity of 
a thing, staurum, any necessity. Of. A.-S. & Icel. stdr, 
great, large, vast.] 1. A source from which supplies 
may be drawn ; hence, a great quantity, or a great num- 
ber. 2. A place of deposit for large quantities ; a store- 
house ; a magazine. 3. Hence, any place where goods 
are sold, whether by wholesale or retail. [Amer.] 4. 
pi. Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some 
specific object. 

In store, in a state of accumulation ; hence, in a state of readi- 
ness. — To set store by, to value greatly. [Colloq.'] 

Syn. — Fund; supply; abundance; plenty; accumulation; 
provision ; shop. — The English call the place where goods 
are sold (however large or splendid it may be) a shop, and 
confine the word store to its original meaning ; viz., a ware- 
house or place where goods are stored. Our American ap- 
plication of the word store to all places, except the lowest, 
where goods are sold, marks a tendency to " scale upward " in 
the use of terms, which we have in common with the French, 
among whom boutique has, in like manner, given place to 
magasin as a place for the sale of goods. 



food, foot; Urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; thift 



STORE 



708 



STRAIT 



Store, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
storing.] 1. To collect as a reserved supply ; to ac- 
cumulate ; to furnish ; to supply. 2. To stock or furnish 
against a future time. 3. To deposit in a store, ware- 
house, or other building, for preservation. 

Store'-house, n. A building for keeping goods of any 
kind, especially provisions ; a magazine ; ware-house. 

Store'-rdbm, n. A room in which articles are stored. 

Sto'ried(sto'rid),^. a. [From story.} 1. Told in a story. 
2. Having a history ; interesting from the stories which 
pertain to it. 3. Furnished with, or having, stories ; — 
chiefly in composition. 

Stork, n. [A.-S. store, Icel. storkr, 
0. H. Ger. stork, stora/i.] (Ornith.) 
A large wading bird with a long, 
straight, conical bill, allied to the 
heron. 

Storm, n. [A.-S. storm, Icel. stormr, 
0. & N. H. Ger. stur?n, from the root | 
of stir.] 1. A violent disturbance 
of the atmosphere, producing wind, 
rain, snow, hail, or thunder and 
lightning ; hence, often, a fall of 
rain or snow. 2. Hence, a violent g* 
agitation of human society ; a civil, ^8s§p 




Stork. 



political, or domestic commotion. 
3. Tumultuous force ; adversity ; 
distress. 4. (Mil.) A violent assault on a fortified place. 
Syn. — Tempest; violence; agitation; calamity. — Storm is 
violent agitation, a commotion of the elements by wind, &c., 
but not necessarily implying the fall of any thing from the 
clouds. Hence, to call a mere fall of rain without wind a 
storm (though common in this country), is a departure from 
the true sense of the word. A tempest is one of those sudden 
and violent storms common on the coast of Italy, where the 
term originated, and is usually attended by a deluge of rain, 
with lightning and thunder. 

Storm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STORMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
storming.] (Mil.) To attack and attempt to take by 
scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, and the like. 

St6rm,i>. t. 1. To raise a tempest. 2. To blow with 
violence ; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, especially 
in a violent manner ; — used impersonally . 3 . To rage ; 
to fume. 

Storm'-beat, a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. 

Storm'i ness, n. The state of being stormy ; tempest- 
uousness ; impetuousness. 

Storm'y, a. [compar. STORMIER; superl. STORMIEST.] 
1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, storm; agi- 
tated with furious winds ; boisterous. 2. Proceeding from 
violent agitation or fury. 3. Violent ; passionate ; rough. 

Storth'ing (stort'ing), n. [Norw. storting, from stor. 
great, and ting, court, court of justice.] The Parliament 
of Norway, elected once in three years, but holding an- 
nual sessions. 

Sto'ry (20), n. [From Lat. historia. See History.] 1. 
A narration or recital of that which has occurred ; his- 
tory. 2. Especially, the relation of an incident or minor 
event; a short narrative; a tale. 3. More especially, 
a fictitious narrative, less elaborate than a novel. 4. A 
falsehood. [Colloq.] 

Sto'ry, n. [Either from store, a store-house, ware-house, 
or allied to stair.} A set of rooms on the same floor or 
level ; a loft ; a floor. 

Sto'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STORIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
storying.] To make the subject of a story or tale ; to 
narrate or describe. 

Sto'ry-tell'er, n. One who tella 
stories ; a narrator of a series of inci- 
dents or fictitious tales. 

Stoup (stoop), n. [See STOOP.] 1. 
A flagon. [Scot.] 2. (Eccl.) A basin 
for holy water at the entrance of Ro- 
man Catholic churches. 

Stout, a. [rmnpar. STOUTER ; superl. 
STOUTEST.] [Icel. stoltr, D. stout, 0. 
& N. H. Ger. stolz, bold, stout, proud.] 

1. Strong ; lusty ; vigorous ; robust. 

2. Bold ; intrepid ; valiant ; brave. 3. 
Big in stature ; large. [ Colloq.] 

Syn. — Corpulent. — Stout, in our early writers (as in the 
English Bible;, was used chiefly or whoily in the sense of 
strong or bold ; as, a stout champion, a stout heart, a stout resist- 
ance, &c. At a later period it was used for thick-set or bulky ; 
and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been 
carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms, " The 
stout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and 
fleshy in relation to his size." Few in America entirely drop the 
original sense: and many who have read Washington Irving's 
6tory of the " Stout Gentleman" never suspected that he was 
merely a very fat man. 




Stout, n. A strong kind of beer. 

Stout'ly, adv. In a stout manner; lustily; boldly; 

obstinately. 
Stout'ness, n. The condition of being stout. 

Syn.— Strength; bulk: courage ; force ; valor; lustiness; 
brawniness; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness. 

Stove, n. [A.-S. stofe, a stove, bath, Icel. stofa, a room, 
D. stoof, 0. D. stove, 0. H. Ger. stupa, stuba, L. Lat. 
stuba.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed ; a hot- 
house for plants. [Obs.] 2. Especially, an apparatus 
in which a fire is made for warming a room or house, or 
for culinary or other purposes. 

Stove, imp. of stave. See Stave. 

Sto'ver,n. [0. Fr. estover, estovoir, necessity, provisions.] 
Fodder, and all kinds of provision for cattle. 

Stow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stowed; p. pr. & vb. 11. 
STOWING.] [D. stouwen, stuwen, M. H. Ger. stouwen. 
Cf. A.-S. stov, a place, a fixed place or mansion, Icel. 
sto.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass. 2. To 
fill, by packing closely. 

Stow'age, n. 1. Act or operation of placing in a suita- 
ble position ; or the suitable disposition of several things 
together. 2. Room for the reception of things to be re- 
posited. 3. State of being laid up. 

Stra-bl§'mus, n. [N. Lat. strabismus, Gr. trrpajSto-jaos, 
from crrpajSt^eiv, to squint, from arpa^dJv, crrpajSo?, dis- 
torted, squinting, from o-rpe^eiv, to twist, turn.] (Med.) 
An affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes 
cannot be directed to the same object ; squinting. 

Strad'dle (strad'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. straddled ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. straddling.] [From the rootof stride.] 
To stand or walk with the legs far apart. 

Strad'dle, v. t. To stand or sit astride of. 

Strad'dle, n. 1. Act of standing, sitting, or walking 
with the feet further apart than usual. 2. Position, or 
distance between the feet, of one who straddles. 

Strag'gle (strag'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. straggled ; 
p. pr. & vb.n. STRAGGLING.] [From stray ; Prov. Eng. 
strage.] 1. To wander from the direct course or way ; 
to rove. 2. To wander at large without any certain di- 
rection or object. 3. To escape or stretch beyond proper 
limits, as the branches of a plant. 4. To occur at inter- 
vals or apart from one another. 

Strag'gler, n._ One who straggles ; a vagabond. 

Straight (strat), a. [compar. STRAIGHTER ; superl. 
STRAIGHTEST.] [A.-S. streht, p. p. of streccan, to 
stretch, extend.] 1. Passing from one point to another 
by the nearest course ; direct ; not deviating or crooked. 

2. (Bot.) Not much curved. 3. According with justice 
and rectitude ; upright. 

Straight (strat), a. Narrow; close; tight; — properly 
written strait. See STRAIT. 

Straight (strat), adv. Immediately; directly; in the 
shortest time. 

Straight'en (strain), v. t. [imp. & p. p. straight- 
ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. straightening.] ].. To make 
straight ; to reduce to a straight form. 2. To reduce to 
difficulties or distress. 

Straight'en-er (strat'n-er), n. One who, or that which , 
straightens. 

Straight'f or- ward (strat'-), a. Proceeding in a straight 
course ; not deviating. [edly. 

Straight'ly (strai'ly), adv. In a right line ; not crook- 

Straight'ness (strat'-), n. The quality or state of being 
straight ; rectitude. 

Straight'way (strat'-), adv. Immediately ; without loss 
of time ; without delay. 

Strain, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. strained; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STRAINING.] [0. Fr. straindre, estraindre, estreindre, 
Lat. stringer e, to draw or bind tight.] 1. To draw with 
force ; to stretch. 2. To put to the utmost strength ; 
to exert to the utmost. 3. To harm by over-exertion ; 
to injure by drawing or stretching ; to sprain. 4. To 
make tighter. 5. To make uneasy or unnatural ; to 
force ; to constrain. 6. To filter. 

Strain, v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. 2. To bo 
filtered. 

Strain, n. 1. "A violent effort. 2. Especially, an inju- 
rious tension of the muscles, or hurtful over-exertion. 

3. A continued course of action. 4. A particular por- 
tion of a tune ; especially, one with a peculiar interest or 
expression. 5. The subject or theme of a poem or dis- 
course ; style. 6. Turn ; tendency ; inborn disposition. 

Strain'er, n. 1. One who strains. 2. That through 

which any liquid passes for purification. 
Strait, a. [compar. STRAITER; superl. STRAITEST.] 

[0. Fr. estreit, estroit, stroit, from Lat. strictus, drawn 



STRAIT 



709 



STREAKY 



together, close, tight, p. p. of stringere, to draw tight.] 

1. Narrow ; close ; not broad, 2. Difficult ; distress- 
ful. 

Strait, n. ; pi. STRAITS. [See supra.] 1. (Geog.) A 
narrow pass or passage, either in a mountain or in the 
ocean ; — chiefly in the plural. 2. Distress ; difficulty ; 
distressing necessity. 

Strait'enTstrafn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. straitened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. STRAITENING.] 1. To make strait ; to 
narrow ; to confine. 2. To make tense or tight. 3. To 
distress ; to press with poverty or other necessity. 

Strait'-jack'et, n. A strait-waistcoat. 

Strait'-laced (-last), a. 1. Bound tightly with stays. 

2. Strict in manners or morals. 

Stralt'ly, adv. In a straight manner ; narrowly ; closely ; 
strictly ; rigorously ; intimately. 

Strait'ness, n. State or quality of being strait ; nar- 
rowness ; strictness ; rigor ; distress ; difficulty ; want ; 
scarcity. 

Strait'-waist'eoat, n. A dress used for restraining 
maniacs, or those laboring under violent delirium, and 
having long sleeves which are tied behind the back, so 
that the arms can not be extricated from them. 

Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. An iron band by which 
the felloes of a wheel are secured to each other. 2. 
( Ship-building. ) A continuous range of planks on the 
bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the 
stern ; a streak. 

Stra-min'e-ofls, a. [Rare.] [Lat. stramineus, fr. stra- 
men, straw, from sternere, stratum, to spread out, to 
strew.] 1. Consisting of straw. 2. Chaffy ; like straw ; 
straw-colored. 

Stra~mo'ni-um, n. [N. Lat. stramonium, Buss, dur- 
rnan.] (Bot.) A plant having rank leaves, and large 
trumpet-shaped flowers. It is used in medicine as a 
narcotic. 

Stram'o-ny, n. (Bot.) Stramonium. 

Strand, n. [A.-S., Ger., & D. strand, Icel. strb'nd, strind.] 
1. The shore or beach of the sea or ocean, or of a large 
lake. 2. One of the twists of which a rope is composed. 

Strand,^, t. [imp. So p.p. stranded; p. pr. & vb.n. 
STRANDING.] 1. To drive or run aground on a shore 
or strand, as a ship. 2. To break one of the strands of, 
as a rope. 

Strand, v. i. To drift or be driven on shore ; to run 
aground. 

Strange, a. [compar. stranger; superl. strangest.] 
[0. Fr. estrange, fr. Lat. extraneus, that is without, ex- 
ternally.] 1. Belonging to another country. 2. Not 
domestic ; belonging to other persons. 3. Not before 
known, heard, or seen. 4. Not according to the com- 
mon way. 5. Causing surprise ; exciting curiosity. 

Syn. — Foreign; new; outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; 
marvelous; unusual; odd; uncommon; irregular; queer; ec- 
centric; particular. 

Strange'ly, adv. In a strange manner ; in a manner or 
degree to excite surprise or wonder. 

Strange'ness, n. 1. Condition of being strange. 2. 
Distance in behavior ; reserve ; coldness. 3. Uncouth- 
ness. 4. Alienation of mind ; estrangement. 5. The 
po_wer of exciting surprise and wonder ; wonderfulness. 

Stran'ger, n. One who is strange ; as, (a.) a foreigner. 
(b. ) One whose home is at a distance from the place where 
he is, but in the same country, (c.) One who is unknown 
or unacquainted. 

Strftn'gle (strang'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. strangled : 
p. pr. & vb. n. strangling.] [Lat. strangulare, Gr 
o-rpayyakqv, anpayyakigeiv, from o-rpayydkr\, a halter, 
from o-Tpdyyeiv, to draw or bind tight, to squeeze, Lat 
stringere.] 1. To destroy the life of by stopping respira 
tion ; to suffocate ; to choke. 2. To suppress. 

Stran'gler, n. One who strangles. 

Stran'gle § (strang'glz), n. (Far.) A tumor or swelling 
in a horse's throat. 

Stran'gu-la'ted, a. (Surg.) Having the circulation 
stopped in any part by compression. 

Stran/gu-la'tion, n. 1. Act of strangling ; suffoca- 
tion. 2. (Med.) Inordinate compression or constriction. 

Stran-gu/ri-oiis, a. Laboring under strangury ; of the 
nature of strangury. 

Stran'gu-ry, n. [Lat. stranguria, Gr. arrpayyovpCa, from 
arpdyt;, crrpayyo?, a drop, and ovpelv, to make water, 
ovpov, urine.] (Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop 
by drop. 

Strap, n. [Lat. stroppus, struppus, Gr. orpo^o?, from 
<TTpd<f>eiv, to twist. Cf. Strop.] 1. A long, narrow 
slip of cloth, leather, or other material, of various forms 
and for various uses. 2. An instrument for sharpening I 



a razor ; a strop* 3. ( Carp.) An iron plate for connect- 
ing two or more timbers, to which it is screwed by bolts. 
4. (Mac/i.) A band or strip of metal, usually curved, to 
clasp and hold other parts. 5. (Naut.) A piece of 
rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in its 
position. 

Strap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. strapped (strapt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STRAPPING.] 1. To beat or chastise with a strap. 
2. To fasten or bind with a strap. 3. To sharpen by 
rubbing_on a strap, or strop, as a razor. 

Strap-pa'do, n. [It. strappata, a pull, the strappado, 
from strappare, to pull.] A military punishment, which 
consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam, 
and letting him fall. [pado. 

Strap-pa'do, v. t. To punish or torture by the strap- 

Strap'ping, a. Tall ; lusty. 

Stra'ta, n. ; pi. of stratum. See Stratum. 

Strat'a-gem, n. [Gr. o-TpaTijyrjM-a, from a-rpar^yslv, to 
be leader of an army, from o-Tparrqyoq, a commander.] 

1. A plan or scheme for deceiving an enemy. 2. Any 
artifice. 

Strat'e-get'ies, n. sing. (Mil.) The science of military 

movement ; generalship. 
Stra-te'gic, ) a. Pertaining to strategy ; effected by 
Stra-te'gi-e-al, J artifice. 

Strategic point, any point or region in the theater of warlike 

operations which affords to its possessor an advantage over his 

opponent. 

Strat'e-gxst, n. One skilled in strategy, or the science 

of directing great military movements. 
Strat'e-gy, n. Science of military command, or science 

of directing great military movements ; generalship. 
Strat'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. State of being formed into 

layers in the earth. 2. Act of laying in strata 3. 

Process of being arranged in strata or layers. 
Strat'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. stratum and forma, form.] Hav- 
ing the form of strata. 
Strat'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stratified; p. pr & 

vb. n. STRATIFYING.] [Lat. stratum and facere, to 

make.] 1. To form or deposit in layers, as substances 

in the earth. 2. To lay in strata. 
Stra-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. a-rparos, an army, and ypd- 

<J)6lv, to write.] Description of an army, or what belongs 

to an army. 
Stra'tum, n. ; Eng. pi. STRA/TUMg (Bare) ; Lat pi. 

STRA'TA. [Lat., from sternere, stratum, to spread.] 1. 

( Geol.) A bed of earth or rock of any kind, formed by 

natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers. 

2. A bed or layer artificially made. 

Straw, n. [A.-S. straw, streaw, streow, strewu, streu, 
street, from the root of strew.] 1. The stalk or stem of 
certain species of grain, pulse, &c. 2. A mass of the 
stalks of certain species of grain when cut, and after 
being thrashed. 3. Any thing proverbially worthless. 

Man of straw, an image of straw, &c, resembling a man; 
hence, an imaginary person. — Straw bail, worthless bail, as 
being given by irresponsible persons.— To be in the straw, to 
be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman, beds having been for- 
merly made of straw. 

Straw'ber-ry, n. [From straw and berry.] (Bot.) A 
plant and its fruit of many varieties. 

Straw'-eoFor (-kuRur), n. The color of dry straw ; a 
delicate, yellowish color. 

Straw'y, a. Pertaining to. made of, or like, straw. 

Stray, v. i. [imp. & p. p. strayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STRAYING.] [0. Fr. estrayer, to stray, L. Lat. extrava- 
gare, from Lat. extra, on the outside, without, and va- 
gare, vagari, to stroll about, to ramble.] 1. To wander, 
as from a direct course. 2. To wander from company, 
or from the proper limits. 3. To wander from the path 
of duty or rectitude. 
Syn.— To deviate; err; swerve; rove; ramble; depart. 

Stray, a. Having gone astray ; strayed , wandering. 
[Colloq.] 

Stray, n. Any domestic animal that wanders at large, or 
is lost ; an estray . 

Streak, n. [A.-S. strica, a line, stroke, course, fr. strican, 
to go, 6. H. Ger. strichan.] 1. A line or long mark, of 
a different color from the ground ; a stripe. 2. ( Ship- 
building.) A uniform range of planks on the side or bot- 
tom, reaching from the stem to the stern. 

Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. streaked (streekt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STREAKING.] To form streaks or stripes in ; 
to stripe. 

Streaked (streekt or streek^ed, 60), a. Marked or vari- 
egated with stripes of a different color. 

Streak'y, a. Having streaks ; striped ; variegated with 
lines of a different color. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



STREAM 



710 



STRIKE 



Stream, ft. [A.-S. stream, Icel. straumr, 0. H. Ger. 
stroum.] 1. A current of water or other fluid ; specifi- 
cally, (a.) A current of water in the ocean, (b.) A cur- 
rent of melted metal or other substance, (c.) A current 
or flow of air or gas. 2. An issuing in beams or rays, 
as of light. 3. Any thing issuing from a source, and 
moving with a continued succession of parts. 4. Drift ; 
tendency ; series of tending or moving causes. 

Syn. — Current. — Current gives us tmt one idea, that of 
running ; stream adds the idea of this onward flow being the 
result of some uniform force ; hence we speak of a shifting 
current and a steady stream. There are many currents in the 
ocean, but there is only one Gulf Stream. The stream of the 
Mississippi rolls on with increasing force; but where it is most 
rapid there are reflex currents on the side which run in a con- 
trary direction. 

Stream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. streamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
streaming.] 1. To issue in a stream ; to flow in a 
current, as a fluid or whatever resembles fluids. 2. To 
pour out or emit an abundant stream, as of tears. 3. 
To issue in streaks or rays ; to radiate. 4. To extend ; 
to stretch in a long line. [pour. 

Stream, v. t. To send forth in a current or stream ; to 

Stream'er, n. 1. An ensign or flag ; a pennon. 2. An 
auroral stream or column of light shooting upward from 
the horizon. 

Stream'let, n. A small stream ; a rivulet ; a rill. 

Stream'y, a. 1. Abounding with streams or running 
water. 2. Flowing with a current. 

Street, n. [L. Lat. strata (sc. via), a paved way, from 
Lat. sternere, stratum, to spread, pave.] A paved way or 
road ; a city road ; hence, a main way, in distinction from 
a lane or alley. 
Syn. — Road; way. See Road. 

Street'-waXk/er (-wawk'-), n. A common prostitute 
who offers" herself to sale in the streets. 

Strength, n. [A.-S. strengdhu, strengdho, strengdh, from 
strenge, strong. See Strong.] 1. Quality or state of 
being strong ; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether 
physical, intellectual, or moral. 2. Quality of bodies by 
which they endure the application of force without break- 
ing or yielding. 3. Power of resisting attacks. 4. 
Effective power in an institution or enactment ; legal or 
moral force. 5. One who, or that which, is regarded as 
embodying force, strength, or firmness. 6. Amount or 
numbers of any body, as of an army, a navy, and the 
like. 7. Vigor of style ; force of expression ; — said of a 
literary work. 8. Intensity or degree of the distinguish- 
ing and essential element. 9. Yehemence ; force. 

Syn. — Force; robustness; toughness; hardness; stoutness; 
brawniness; lustiness; firmness ; puissance ; support; spirit ; 
validity; confidence; authority. See Force. 

Strengthen (strengths), v. t. [imp. & p.p. strength- 
ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. strengthening.] 1. To make 
strong or stronger; to add strength to. 2. To fix in 
resolution. 3. To cause to increase in power or se- 
curity. 

Syn. - To invigorate; confirm; establish; fortify; animate; 
encourage. 

Strengthen ( strengths), v. i. To grow strong or 
stronger. 

Strgngth'en-er ( strength' n-er), n. One who, or that 
which, increases strength, physical or moral. 

StrSn'u-oiis, a. [Lat. strenuus, allied to Gr. o-rprji^s, 

strong, hard, rough, harsh.] Eagerly pressing or urgent. 

Syn. — Zealous; ardent; bold; earnest; valiant; intrepid. 

Stren'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a strenuous manner ; ardently ; 
boldly ; vigorously ; actively. 

Stren'u-oiis-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
strenuous ; eagerness ; earnestness ; active zeal. 

Stress, n. [Abbrev. from distress.] 1. That which bears 
with force or weight, or the force or weight itself ; that 
which constrains ; pressure ; urgency ; importance ; vio- 
lence. 2. (Mech.) Force exerted in any direction or 
manner between contiguous bodies or parts of bodies. 

Stretch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stretched (strecht); 
p. pr. & vb. n. stretching.] [A.-S. streccan, 0. H. 
Ger. strecchan.] 1. To draw out ; to extend, especially 
in length. 2. To extend in breadth ; to spread ; to ex- 
pand. 3. To reach out; to put forth. 4. To make 
tense ; to render tight. 5. To strain. 6. To exaggerate ; 
to extend too far. 

Stretch, v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length or in 
breadth, or both. 2. To be extended; to spread. 3. 
To be extended, without breaking, as elastic substances. 
4. To strain beyond the truth ; to exaggerate. 5. 
(Naut. ) To direct a course ; to sail. 6. To make violent 
efforts in running. 



Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being 
stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain. 2. Extent 
to which any thing may be stretched ; hence, any ex- 
tended portion or division. 3. (Naut.) Reach or extent 
of progress on one tack ; a tack. 4, Course ; direc- 
tion. 

Stretchier, n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches. 
2. (Masonry.) A brick or stone laid with its longer di- 
mension in the line of direction of the wall. 3. A piece 
of timber in building. 4. (Naut.) A narrow piece of 
plank for rowers to set their feet against. 5. A litter or 
frame for carrying sick, wounded, or dead persons. 

Strew (stru or stro), v. t. [imp. & p. p. strewed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. STREWING.] [A.-S. strevnan, streatvian, 
streowian, Icel. strd, Goth, straujan, allied to Lat. ster- 
nere, stravi, stratum, and Gr. enrpa) vvvvcu, a-TOpevvvvat.] 
1. To scatter ; to spread by scattering. 2. To scatter 
loosely. 3. To cover by scattering something over. 

Strt'd, n.; pi. stri'^e. [Lat.] (Nat. Hist.) A small 
channel, or thread-like line, in the surface of a shell, a 
crystal, or other object. 

Stri'ate, ) a. [Lat. striatus, p. p. of striare, to furnish 

Stri'a-ted, J with channels, frbm stria. See supra.] 
Formed with small channels ; finely channeled. 

Strick/en (striken), />. p. of strike, and p. a. 1. Struck ; 
smitten. [See Strike.] 2. Brought under influence or 
control. 3. Worn out; advanced. 4. Whole; entire; 
— said of the hour as marked by the striking of the 
clock. 

Strick'Ie (strik'l), n. 1. An instrument to strike grain 
to a level with the measure. 2. An instrument for whet- 
ting scythes ; a rifle. 

Strict, a. [compar. STRICTER ; superl. STRICTEST.] 
[Lat. strictus, p. p. of stringere, to draw or bind tight, to 
strain.] 1. Strained; drawn close ; tight. 2. Tense; 
not relaxed. 3. Exact; accurate; rigorously nice. 4. 
Governed or governing by exact rules ; observing exact 
rules ; rigorous. 5. Rigidly interpreted ; exactly limited ; 
restricted. 

Syn. — Severe. — Strict points to a person or thing, as one 
that binds closely or keeps under control, as strict in discipline, 
strict rules, &c. ; severe marks a readiness or disposition to in- 
flict pain. Strict is therefore ordinarily taken in a good sense; 
severe in a bad one, except where peculiar circumstances de- 
mand punishment. 

Stri-et'ly , adv. In a strict manner ; tightly ; closely ; ex- 
actly ; precisely ; rigorously. 

Stri-et'ness, n. 1. Quality or condition of being strict ; 
closeness ; tightness. 2. Exactness in the observance of 
rules, laws, rites, and the like. 3e Rigor ; harshness ; 
sternness. 

Stri-et'ure (53), n. 1. A touch of adverse criticism; 
critical remark; censure. 2. (Med.) A drawing; a 
morbid contraction of any passage of the body. 

Stride, n. [See infra.] A step, especially one that iS" 
long, measured, or pompous. 

Stride, v. i. [imp. strid, strode ; p. p. strid, 
stridden ; p. pr. & vb. n. striding.] [A.-S. strldan, 
to walk about, gestrlda?i, to stride, mount.] 1. To walk 
with long steps. 2. To straddle. 

Stride, v . t. To pass over at a step. 

Stri'dent, a. [Lat. stridens, p. pr. of strid ere, to make a 
grating or creaking noise.] Characterized by harshness ; 
grating. 

Stri'dor, n. [Lat., from stridere, to make any harsh, 
grating, or creaking sound.] A harsh, shrill, or creak- 
ing noise. 

Strid'u-loiis, a. [Lat. stridulus. See supra.] Making 
a small, harsh sound, or a creaking. 

Strif e, n. [See Strive.] 1. Exertion or contention for 
superiority, either intellectual or physical. 2. Conten- 
tion in battle ; struggle for victory. 3. That which is 
contended against. 

Syn. — Contention; contest; struggle; quarrel. See CON- 
TENTION. 

Stri-gose', \ a. [Lat. strigosus, from stringere, to scrape.] 
Stri'gous,} (Bot.) Set with stiff, lanceolate bristles; 

hispid. 
Strike, v t. [imp. struck ; p. p. struck, stricken 
(strook, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STRIKING. Struck is 
more commonly used, in the p. p., than stricken.] [A.-S. 
strican, astrican, Icel. strikia.] 1. To touch or hit with 
some force ; to give a blow to. 2. To give, as a blow ; 
to impel with or as with a blow. 3. To stamp with a 
stroke ; to coin. 4. To cause to enter or penetrate. 5. 
To graze in successive hits or touches. 6. To punish ; to 
smite. 7. To cause to sound by one or more beats. 8. 
To lower ; to let or take down. 9. To impress strongly. 



5,e, Sec, long; a, &, &,c.,short; care, far, ask., all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



STRIKE 



711 



STRUCTURAL 



10. To affect in some particular manner by a sudden 
impression or impulse. 11. To produce by a sudden 
action. 12. To make and ratify. 13. To level, as a 
measure of grain, salt, &c, by scraping off with a straight 
instrument what is above the level of the top. 

To strike hands with, to make a compact or agreement 
with.— To strike off, (a.) (Print.) To impress; to print. (6.) 
To separate by a blow or any sudden action. — To strike out, 
(a.) To produce by collision; to force out. (6.) To blot out; to 
efface; to erase, (c ) To devise ; to invent ; to contrive. — To 
strike sail, to take in sail; hence, to cease to advance. — 7b 
strike up, (a.) To cause to sound. (6.) To begin to sing or 
play. 

Strike, v. i. 1. To make a quick blow or thrust. 2. To 
hit ; to dash ; to clash. 3. To sound by percussion, with 
blows, or as if with blows. 4. To make an attack. 5. 
To touch. 6. To be stranded. 7. To pass with a quick 
or strong effect ; to penetrate. 8. To quit work in order 
to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages. 
[Recent.] 9. To lower a flag or colors in token of re- 
spect, or to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy. 
10. To break forth ; to commence suddenly. 

Strike, n. 1. An instrument with a straight edge for 
leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like. 2. Act 
of combining and demanding higher wages for work. 3. 
( Geol. ) The horizontal direction of the out-cropping 
edges of tilted rocks. 

Strik'er,ra. One who, or that which, strikes. 

String, n. [A.-S. string, strenge, streng, Icel. strengr.] 
1. A small or slender rope, hue, or cord. 2. A ribbon. 

3. A thread on which any thing is filed ; and hence, a 
line of things. 4. The cord of a musical instrument. 
5. A nerve or tendon of an animal body. 6. A series 
of things connected or following in succession. 7. (Ship- 
building.) The highest range of planks in a ship's 
ceiling. 

String, v. t. [imp. strung ; p. p. strung, rarely 
STRINGED; p.pr. & vb. n. STRINGING.] 1. To furnish 
with strings. 2. To put in tune the strings of, as a 
stringed instrument. 3. To put on a string or thread. 

4. To make tense ; to strengthen. 5 . To deprive of 
strings ; to strip the strings from. 

Stringed (strlngd, 60), a. Having strings. 

Strin'gen-cy, n. State or quality of being stringent ; 
severe pressure. 

Strin'gent, a. [Lat. stringens. p. pr. of stringere, to 
draw or bind tight.] Binding strongly ; urgent ; making 
severe requirements. 

String'er, n. 1. One who strings; one who makes or 
provides strings, especially for bows. 2. (Raihvay En- 
gin.) A longitudinal sleeper. 3. A streak of planking 
carried round the inside of a vessel on the under side of 
the beams. 

String'- halt, n. ( Far. ) A sudden and convulsive twitch- 
ing of the hinder leg of a horse. [Corruptly called 
spring-halt.] 

Strlng'i-ness, n. The state of being stringy. 

String'y, a. 1. Consisting of strings or small threads ; 
fibrous ; filamentous. 2. Capable of being drawn into 
a string, or strings ; ropy ; viscid. 

Strip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stripped (strlpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STRIPPING.] [A.-S. strypan.] 1. To pull or 
tear off, as a covering. 2. To deprive of a covering ; to 
skin ; to peel. 3. To deprive ; to bereave ; to make des- 
titute. 4. To uncover or unsheathe. 5. To press out 
the last milk of, at a milking. 

Strip, v. i. To take off clothes or covering ; to undress. 

Strip, n. A narrow piece, comparatively long. 

Stripe, n. [L. Ger. stripe, Ger. streif, streifen. See Strip, 
v. t.] 1. A line, or long, narrow division of any thing, 
of a different color from the ground. 2. A long, narrow 
piece attached to something of a different color. 3. A 
stroke or blow, especially one made with a rod, strap, or 
scourge. 4. A long, narrow discoloration of the skin 
made by the blow of a lash or rod. 

Stripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. striped (strTpt) ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. STRIPING.] To make stripes; to form with lines 
of different colors ; to variegate with stripes. 

Striped. (strTpt, 60), a. Having stripes of different colors. 

Strip'ling, n. [Dim. of strip ; as if a small strip from 
the main stock or stem.] A youth just passing from boy- 
hood to manhood ; a lad. 

Strip'pingg, n. pi. The last milk drawn from a cow at 
a milking. 

Strive, v. i. [imp. STROVE, p. p. STRIVEN ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STRIVING.] [0. Fr. estriver, 0. H. Ger. streban.] 
1. To make efforts ; to use exertions ; to labor hard. 2. 
To struggle in opposition. 3. To contend reciprocally. 



Syn. — To contend; vie; emulate; struggle; endeavor; aim; 
contest. 

Striv'er, n. One who strives or contends. 

Stroo'ile, n. [Gr. o-Tpo/3iA.os, from <rTpe<freiv, to twist.] 
1. (Bot.) A multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 
as that of the hop or pine ; a cone. 2. (Physiol.) An in- 
dividual producing, non-sexually, sexual individuals dif- 
fering from itself also in other respects, as the tape-worm. 

Stroke, n. [From strike.] 1. A blow ; the striking of 
one body against another. 2. A hostile blow or at- 
tack. 3. A sudden attack of disease or affliction ; ca- 
lamity. 4. Fatal attack. 5. The sound of the clock. 

6. A dash in writing or printing ; the touch of a pen or 
pencil. 7. A masterly effort. 8. An effort suddenly or 
unexpectedly produced. 9. Series of operations. [Col- 
loq.] 10. (Naut.) The sweep of an oar in rowing. 11. 
(Steam-eng.) The entire movement of the piston from 
one end to the other of the cylinder. 

Stroke, v . t. [imp. & p. p. stroked (strokt) ; p. pr. fc 
vb. n. STROKING.] [A.-S. stracian, from strican, to 
strike, Icel. striuga. See Strike.] 1. To rub gently 
with the hand ; especially, to rub gently in one direction ; 
to soothe. 2. To make smooth. 

Strok'er, n. One who strokes ; one who pretends to 
cure by stroking. 

Strokes'man, n. ; pi. str5kes'men. (Roioing.) The 
man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to 
be followed by the rest. 

Stroll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. STROLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STROLLING.] [Prov. Ger. strollen, strolen, strielen, 
strolchen.] To wander on foot; to ramble idly or leis- 
urely. 

Syn. — To rove; roam; range; stray. 

Stroll, n. A wandering on foot ; a walking idly and leis- 
urely ; a ramble. 

Stroll'er, n. One who strolls ; a vagabond ; a vagrant. 

Strong, a. [compar. STRONGER; superl. STRONGEST 
(82).] [A.-S. strung, strong, strenge, from the root of 
string ; Icel. strangr, 0. H Ger. strangi, strengi, severe, 
tight, strong.] 1. Having physical active power, or 
great physical power to act ; vigorous. 2. Having phys- 
ical passive power ; having ability to bear or endure. 

3. Able to sustain attacks ; not easily subdued or taken. 

4. Having great military or naval force. 5. Having 
great wealth, means, or resources. 6. Keaching a cer- 
tain degree or limit, in respect to strength or numbers. 

7. Moving with rapidity ; violent; impetuous. 8. Nat- 
urally secure against the attacks of disease ; sound ; ro- 
bust.- 9. Adapted to make a deep or effectual impres- 
sion on the mind or imagination. 10. Ardent ; zealous j 
earnestly engaged. 11. Having virtues of great effi- 
cacy ; or having a particular quality in a great degree. 
12. Full of spirit ; intoxicating. 13. Affecting the 
sight forcibly ; bright ; vivid. 14. Affecting the taste 
forcibly. 15. Affecting the smell powerfully. 16. Not 
of easy digestion; solid. 17. Well established; not 
easily overthrown or altered. 18. Violent ; vehement ; 
earnest. 19. Having great force, vigor, power, or the 
like, as the mind, intellect, or any faculty. 20. Com- 
prising much in few words ; energetic. 

Syn. — Robust ; vigorous ; powerful ; stout ; solid ; firm ; 
hardy; muscular; forcible; cogent; valid. See Robust. 

Strong'hold, n. A fastness ; a fort or fortress ; a forti- 
fied place ; a place of security. 

Strong'ly, adv. In a strong manner ; with strength ; 
with great force or power ; firmly ; forcibly : eagerly. 

Stron'ti-a (strSn'shi-a.), ) n. [From Strontian, in 

Stron'ti-an (strSn'shi-an), J Argyleshire, where it was 
first found.] (Min.) An earth of a white color, resem- 
bling baryta in many of its properties. 

Strop, n. [See Strap.] A strip of leather, or of wood 
covered with leather or other suitable material, used for 
sharpening razors. 

Strop; v. t. [imp. & p. p. STROPPED (stropt) ; p. pr. Ss 
vb. n. stropping.] To draw over a strop with a view 
to sharpen. 

Strop, n. [From Lat. struppus, stropus.] (Naut.) A 
piece of rope spliced circularly, and put round a block 
for hanging it. 

Stro'plie, n. ; pi. STRO'PHES. [Gr. arpo^rj, fr. <rrpe(f>eiv, 
to twist, to turn.] (Anc. Poet.) That part of a song, or 
dance, which was performed by turning from the right 
to the left of the orchestra. 

Strove, imp. of strive. See STRIVE. 
j Strow, v. t. The same as Strew, q. v. 
| Struck, imp. & p. p. of strike. See Strike. 
I Struet'ur-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, structure. 



iobd, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, lirtk; this- 



STRUCTURE 



712 



STUMBLE 



Stru-et'iire, n. [Lat. structura, from struere, structum, 
to join together, to construct.] 1. Act of building. 
[Rare.] 2. Manner of building ; form ; construction. 

3. Arrangement of parts, or of constituent particles. 

4. Manner of organization. 5. A building of any kind ; 
an edifice. 

Strug'gle (strug'gl), v. i. [imp. & p.p. struggled; 
p.pr. & vb. n. STRUGGLING.] [Cf. Prov. Ger. strucheln, 
straucheln, to scold, quarrel, Icel. striugr, a hostile dis- 
position.] 1. To strive, or to make efforts with contor- 
tions of the body. 2. To use great efforts ; to labor 
hard. 3. To be in agony ; to labor in any kind of diffi- 
culty or distress. 

Syn. — To strive; contend; labor; endeavor. 

Strug'gle, n. 1. Great labor ; forcible effort to obtain 
an object, or to avoid an evil. 2. Contention; strife. 
3. Contortions of extreme distress ; agony. 

Syn.— Endeavor ; effort ; contest ; labor ; difficulty. See 
• Endeavoe. 

Strug'gler, n. One who struggles, strives, or contends. 

Stru'rnd,n. [Lat.] 1. (Med.) The same as Scrofula, 
q."v. 2. (Bot.) The swelling or protuberance of any 
organ. 

Stru-mose', ) c. Scrofulous ; having struma, or swell- 

Strii'mo-iis, J ings in the glands. 

Strum'pet, n. [Prov. Eng. strum, strump, a prostitute, 
Lat. stuprata, from stuprare, to debauch, stuprum, de- 
bauchery.] A prostitute ; a harlot. 

Striing, imp. & p.p. of string. See STRING. 

Strut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. STRUTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STRUTTING.] [Dan. striate, Ger. strotzen.] To walk 
affectedly with a lofty, proud gait and erect head. 

Strut, n. 1. Affectation of dignity in walking. 2. 
(Arch.) A piece of timber obliquely placed from a king 
or queen post to strengthen a rafter or a horizontal piece ; 
abrace. 3. (Mach.) Any part of a machine or structure, 
of which the principal function is to hold things apart. 

Strut'ter, n. One who struts. 

Sti'yeli'ni-a, ) n. [From Lat. strychnos, Gr. arpvxvos, 

Stryeh'nine, ) a kind of nightshade, a family of 
plants, of which the ancients knew three or four species.] 
(Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid, having an intensely bitter 
taste. It is a valuable medicine, but when taken in ex- 
cess is very poisonous. 

Stub, n. [A.-S. slybb, steb. Icel. stubbr, stabbi, stobbi, al- 
lied to Lat. stipes.] The stump of a tree, especially of a 
small tree, or shrub. 

Stub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STUBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STUBBING.] 1. To grub up by the roots ; to extirpate. 
2. [L. Ger. stubben.] To strike, as the toes, against a 
stump, stone, or other fixed object. [Amer.] 

Stubbed (60), a. Short and thick. 

Stub'bed-ness, n. State or quality of being stubbed. 

Stiib'ble (sttib'bl), n. [Dim. of stub, 0. H. Ger. stupfila, 
Lat. stipula, dim. of stipes.] The stumps of wheat, rye, 
barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. 

Stiib'borii, a. [0. Eng. stubborne, stibborne, stibbern, fr. 
stub.] 1. Unreasonably obstinate ; not to be moved or 
persuaded by reasons. 2. Persevering ; steady ; con- 
stant. 3. Stiff; not flexible. 4. Enduring without 
eomplaint ; hardy ; firm. 5. Not easily melted or worked. 
Syn. — Obstinate; inflexible; obdurate ; headstrong; stiff; 
hardy; firm; refractory ; intractable ; rugged ; contumacious; 
heady. —Stubborn describes a high degree of obstinacy. He 
who is obstinate is one who will not yield to the appeals we 
make to his reason and his better feelings. He who is stubborn 
grows more obstinate the more clearly his unreasonableness is 
exposed, and the more powerfully his feelings are addressed. 

Stub'born-ly, adv. In a stubborn manner ; obstinately. 

Stub'born-ness (109), n. State or quality of being 
stubborn ; obstinacy ; contumacy ; refractoriness. 

Stub'by, a. 1. Abounding with stubs. 2. Short and 
thick ; short and strong. 

Stub'-nail, n. A nail broken off; a short, thick nail. 

Stu-e'-eo, n. [It., from 0. H. Ger. stuccki, shell, stucco.] 
1. Plaster of any kind used as a coating for walls ; espe- 
cially, a fine plaster, used for internal decorations and 
nice work. 2. Work made of stucco. 

Stive'-eo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stuccoed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
stuccoing.] To overlay with stucco or fine plaster. 

Stuck, imp. & p. p. of stick. See Stick. 

Stud, n. [A.-S. studu, D. stut, Icel. stod, stylta.] 1. 
(Arch.) A small piece of timber or joist inserted in the 
sills and beams, between the posts, to support the beams 
or other main timbers. 2. A kind of ornamental nail 
With a large head. 3. A kind of ornamental button or 
catch for a shirt. 4. (Mach.) A short rod, fixed in and 
projecting from something. 



Stud, n. [A.-S. & Icel. stod, 0. H. Ger. stuat, stuot, a 
mare. Cf. STEED.] A collection of breeding horsea 
and mares ; or the place where they are kept. 

Stud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STUDDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
studding.] 1. To adorn with shining studs or knobs. 
2. To set thickly, as with studs. 

Stud'ding, n. Material for studs or joists ; studs or 
joists considered collectively ; studs. 

Stud'diug-sail, n. (Navt.) A light sail set outside of 
a principal or square sail of a vessel in free winds to in- 
crease her speed. 

Stu'dent, n. [Lat. studens, p. pr. of stud ere, to study.] 

1. A person engaged iu study ; a scholar. 2. A man 
devoted to books ; a bookish man. 

Stud'ied (stud'id), p. a. [From study.] 1. Closely ex- 
amined ; well considered. 2. Well versed in any branch 
of learning; qualified by study. 3. Premeditated. 

Stu'di-o, n. ; pi. stu'DI-os.. [It., study, school.] The 
workshop of an artist. 

Stu'di-ous, a. 1. Given to study. 2. Given to thought, 
or to the examination of subjects by contemplation ; 
contemplative. 3. Eager to discover something, or to 
effect some object ; diligent. 4. Attentive to ; careful. 
5. Planned with study; studied. 6. Favorable to 
study. [Poet.] 

Stu/di-ous-ly, adv. In a studious manner ; with study : 
diligently, carefully ; attentively. 

Stu'di-ous-ness, n. The quality of being studious : 
addictedness to books ; thoughtfulness ; diligence. 

Stiid'y, n. [Lat. studium, from studere, to study.] 1. 
Application of mind to books, to arts or science, or to 
any subject, for the purpose of learning what is not be- 
fore known. 2. Absorbed or thoughtful attention ; 
meditation ; contrivance. 3 . Any particular branch of 
learning that is studied ; any object of attentive consider- 
ation. 4. A building or an apartment devoted to study 
or to literary employment. 5. (Fine Arts.) (a.) A work 
undertaken for improvement in the art, and often left 
incomplete, (b.) A sketch from nature, to be used in 
the composition of larger and more finished works. 

Stud'y, v. i. 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; 
to muse. 2. To apply the mind to books or learning. 3. 
To endeavor diligently. 

Stud'y, i\ t. [imp. & p.p. STUDIED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STUDYING.] 1. To apply the mind to. 2. To con- 
sider attentively. 3. To con over ; to commit to memory. 

Stii'fd, n. [It. stufa, a stove, hot-house. See Stove.] 
A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. 

Stuff , n. [Probably from Lat. stuppa, tow, oakum.] 1. 
Material to be worked up in any process of manufacture. 

2. Especially, woven material ; cloth not made into gar- 
ments. 3. Specifically, a textile fabric made entirely of 
worsted. 4. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, fool- 
ish or irrational language ; nonsense. 

Stuff , v . t. [imp. & p. p. STUFFED (stuft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. STUFFING.] 1. To fill by crowding ; to load to ex- 
cess. 2. To thrust or crowd ; to press. 3. To fill by 
being put into. 4. Specifically, to fill with seasoning. 
5. To obstruct, as any of the organs. 6. To fill the 
skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen ; — 
said of animals. 7. To form or fashion by stuffing. 
8. To crowd with facts ; to cram the mind of. 

Stuff, v. i. To feed gluttonously. 

Stuff 'i-uess. n. State of being stuffy, sulky, or obsti- 
nate. 

Stuffing, n. 1. That which is used for filling any 
thing. 2. Seasoning for meat. 

Stuff 'ing-bo^ :.. ^n arrangement for rendering a 
joint tignt where a movable rod passes into a vessel of 
some kind, as the cylinder of a steam-engine. 

Stuff 'y, a. Angry and obstinate; sulky. [Amer.] 

Stiil'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stultified ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. STULTIFYING.] [Lat. stultus, foolish, andfacere, 
to make.] 1. To make foolish ; to make a fool of. 2. 
(Law.) To allege or prove to be insane, for avoiding 
some act. 

Stum, n. [D. stom. Cf. STOOM.] 1. Unfermented 
grape-juice or wine ; must. 2. Wine revived by new 
fermentation, from the admixture of must. 

Stum, v. t. To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it, 
and raising a new fermentation. 

Stum'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. STUMBLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. STUMBLING.] [Prov. Eng. stummer, to stumble, 
stump, to walk or step very heavily.] 1. To trip in 
walking or moving in any way upon the legs. 2. To 
walk in a bungling or unsteady manner. 3. To slide 
into a crime or an error ; to err. 4. To fall or light by 
chance. 



STUMBLE 



713 



SUASION 



SturnHble, n. 1. A trip in walking or running. 2. A 
blunder ; a failure. 

Stum/bler, n. One who stumbles or makes a blunder. 

Stum'bling-block:, \n. A block or stone that causes 

Stum'bling- stone, J stumbling ; any cause of stum- 
bling or error. 

Stump, n. [L. Ger., Dan., & Sw. stump, D. stomp, H. 
Ger. stump/.] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining 
in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off. 2. The 
part of a limb or other body remaining after a part is 
amputated or destroyed. 3. pi. Legs. [Colloq.] 4. 
A rod, or frame of rods, used in the game of cricket. 5. 
A short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, 
and used to shade or color a crayon or pencil drawing. 

Stump orator, one who harangues the populace from the 
stump of a tree, or other elevation. [Amer.] — To take thestump, 
to make public addresses for electioneering purposes. [Amer.] 

Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stumped (84, 108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. STUMPING.] 1. To strike, as any thing fixed 
and hard, with the toe. [ Vulgar.] 2. To cut off a part 
of; to reduce to a stump. 3. To challenge. [Colloq. 
and low, Amer.] 4. To travel over, delivering speeches 
for electioneering purposes. [Colloq. Amer.] 5. To 
knock down, as the stump or wicket in cricket-playing. 

Stiimp'y, a. 1. Full of stumps. 2. Short and thick ; 
stubbv. [Low.] 

Stiiii, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stunned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STUNNING.] [A.-S. stunian ; M. H. Ger. stunen, to be 
astonished.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy with a blow 
on the head. 2. To overcome ; especially, to overpower 
the sense of hearing of. 3. To surprise completely. 

Stung, imp. & p. p. of sting. See Sting. 

Stunk, imp. & p. p. of stink. See STINK. 

Stun'ner, n. One who, or that which, stuns; — often 
vulgarly applied to whatever overpowers by astonish- 
ment. 

Stunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. STUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STUNTING.] [A.-S. stintan, styntan, to blunt, stunt, 
blunt, foohsh. See Stint.] To hinder from growth; 
to prevent the growth of. 

Stunt, n. A check in growth, or that which has been 
checked in its growth ; a stunted animal or thing. 

Stupe, n. [Lat. stupa, stuppa, tow, Gr. crrum), o-rvmnq. 
Cf. Stuff.] (Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm 
medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore ; fomentation. 

Stu/pe-fae'tion, n. 1. Act of stupefying. 2. A stupid 
or senseless state ; insensibility ; stupidity. 

Stu'pe-fae'tive, a. Causing insensibility ; deadening 
or blunting the sense of feeling or understanding. 

Stu'pe-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, stupefies. « 

Stu'pe-f y, v. t. [Written also stupify, especially in Eng- 
land, but with obvious impropriety.] [imp. & p. p'. 
stupefied; p. pr. & vb. n. stupefying.] [Lat. 
stupefacere, from stupere, to be struck senseless, and 
facere, to make.] To make stupid ; to blunt the faculty 
of perception or understanding in. 

Stu-p6n'dous, a. [Lat. stupendus, astonishing, p. future 
pass, of stupere, to be astonished at.] Astonishing ; won- 
derful ; amazing ; especially, of astonishing magnitude or 
elevation. 

Stu-pen'dous-ly, adv. In a stupendous manner. 

Stu-pen'dous-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
stupendous or astonishing. 

Stu'pid, a. [Lat. stupidus, from stupere, to be stupefied.] 
1. Very dull ; wanting in understanding ; — said of per- 
sons. 2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity ; — said 
of things. 

Syn. — Simple ; insensible ; sluggish ; senseless ; doltish ; 
sottish; dull; heavy. See Silly. 

Stu-pid'i-ty, n. State or quality of being stupid ; ex- 
treme dullness of perception or understanding. 

Syn. —Insensibility; sluggishness; sottishness; doltishness; 
blockishness; senselessness. 

Stu'pid-ly, adv. In a stupid manner; sottishly. 

Stu'pid-ness, n. Stupidity. 

Stu'pi-fy, v. t. See Stupefy. 

Stu'por, n. [Lat., from stupe re, to be struck senseless.] 
1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility ; numb- 
ness. 2. Intellectual insensibility ; moral stupidity. 

Stu-pra'tion, n. [From Lat. stuprare, stupratum, to 
ravish.] Violation of chastity by force ; rape. 

Stur'di-ly, adv. In a sturdy manner ; hardily ; stoutly. 

Stur'di-ness, n. Condition or quality of being sturdy 
or stout ; stoutness. 

Stur'dy, a. [compar. STURDIER ; superl. STURDIEST.] 
[0. Fr. estourdi, N. Fr. ctourdi, stunned, giddy, thought- 
less, rash, p.p. of estourdir, etourdir, to stun, to render 



Sturgeon. 



giddy, to amaze. Cf. Icel. styrdr, rigid, hard.] 1. Fool- 
ishly obstinate ; implying coarseness or rudeness. 2. 
Characterized by strength or force. 3. Stiff ; stout ; 
strong. 

Syn. — Hardy ; stout ; strong ; firm ; robust ; obstinate; 
forcible. 
Stur'geon (stfivjun), n. [L. 
Lat. sturio, sturgio, 0. H. Ger. 
sturo, sturio, sturi, A .-S. styria, 
styriga.] (Ichth.) A large car- 
tilaginous fish, several species 
of which are found in Northern Europe, in the Black and 
Caspian Seas and their tributaries, in the lakes of North 
America, &c. 
Stut'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stuttered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. STUTTERING.] [H. Ger. stottern, D. stotteren, from 
D. stooten, H. Ger. stoszen, to thrust.] To hesitate in 
uttering words ; to stammer. 
Stut'ter, n. The act of stuttering ; stammer. 
Stut'ter-er, n. One who stutters ; a stammerer. 
Sty, n. [A.-S. stigend, a tumor on the eyelid, from stlgan, 
to ascend, rise.] (Med.) An inflamed tumor on the edge 
of the eyelid. 
Sty, n. [A.-S. stige, 0. H. Ger. stiga, Icel. stia.] 1. A 
pen or inclosure for swine. 2. A place of bestial de- 
bauchery. 
Sty, v. t. To shut up in a sty. 

Styg'i-an, a. [Lat. Stygius, from Gr. 2tu|, Srvyd?, the 
Styx, i. e., the Hateful, from o-rvyelv, to hate.] Of, or 
pertaining to, Styx, fabled by the ancients to be a river 
of hell over which the shades of the dead passed, or the 
region of the dead ; hence, hellish ; infernal. 
Sty'lar, a. Of, or pertaining to, the stile of a dial ; stilar. 
Style, n. [Lat. stylus, stilus, Gr. o-tvaos, 
a pillar, a writing instrument.] 1. An 
instrument used by the ancients in writ- 
ing on tablets covered with wax. 2. 
Hence, any thing resembling the ancient 
style ; as, (a.) A sharp-pointed tool used 
in engraving, (b.) A pointed surgical 
instrument, (c.) The pin or gnomon of 
a dial, (d.) (B^t.) The cylindrical and 
tapering portion of the pistil between the 
ovary and the stigma. 3. Mode of ex- 
pressing thought in language, whether 
oral or written ; choice of words. 4. Mode 
of presentation, especially in music or any j, style"(i?o? ) 
of the fine arts. 5. Regard to what is ' 
deemed elegant and appropriate, especially in literary 
composition or in social demeanor ; fashion. 6. Mode 
or phrase by which any thing is formally designated ; the 
title ; official designation. 7. ( Chron.) A mode of reck- 
oning time. 

Ggf Style is Old or ]S T ew. The Old Style follows the manner 
of computing the months and days established by Julius 
Csesar, according to which every fourth year consists of "6(5 
days, and the other years of 365 days. Thisisaboutll minutesin 
a year too much. Pope Gregory XIII. reformed the calendar by 
retrenching 10 days in October, 15S2, in order to bring back the 
vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the council of 
Nice, a. d. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of Par- 
liament in Great Britain in 1751, by which act 11 days in Sep- 
tember, 1752, were retrenched, and the 3d day was reckoned 
the Uth. This mode of reckoning is called liew Style, accord- 
ing to which every year divisible by 4, (unless it is divisible by 
100 without being divisible by 400), has 366 days, and any other 
year 365 days. 

Syn. — Diction; phraseology; manner ; course ; title. See 
Diction. 
Style, v. t. [imp. & p. p. styled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
STYLING.] To give a title to in addressing. 

Syn. — To call ; name ; denominate ; designate ; term ; 
characterize. 
Styl'et, n. [Diminutive of style, q. v.] A small poniard 

or dagger ; a stiletto. 
Styl'ish, a. Given to, or fond of, the display of style ; 

highly fashionable ; modish; genteel. [Colloq.] 
Styl'ist, n. One who is attentive to style ; a critic of 

style ; one who is a master or model of style. 
Styp'tie, n. (Med.) Something which serves to arrest 
hemorrhage ; — often used synonymously with astrin- 
gent. 
Styp'tie, \a. [Lat. stypticus, Gr. o-tvtttikos , from 
Styp'tie-al, j o-rv<$>eiv, to contract.] Producing con- 
traction ; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage ; 
astringent. 
Styp-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being styptic ; astringency. 
Sii'a-ble, a. [From sue.] (Law;.) Capable of being sued. 
Sua'gion, n. [Lat. suasio, from Lat. suadere, suasum, 
to advise, persuade.] Act of persuading ; persuasion. 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis- 



SUASIVE 



714 



SUBLET 



Sua'sive, a. Haying power to persuade ; influencing the 
mind or passions ; persuasive. 

Sua'so-ry, a. Tending to persuade. 

Suav'i-ty (swaVi-ty), n. [Lat. suavitas, from suavis, 
sweet, allied to Gr. dcros, ^crvs, Eng. sweet, Skr. svadu, 
from svad, to taste.] That which is sweet or pleasing to 
the mind ; agreeableness ; softness ; pleasantness ; gentle- 
ness. 

Siib-ac 'id, a. Moderately acid or sour. 

Sub-ae'rid, a. Bloderately sharp, pungent, or acrid. 

Sub-al'pine, a. Approximately alpine ; belonging to a 
region on any high mountain next below alpine. 

Sub-al'tern (113), a. [L. Lat. subalternus, from Lat. 
SM&,"under, and alternus, one after another.] Ranked or 
ranged below ; subordinate ; inferior. 

Sub-al'tern, n. A person holding a subordinate position ; 
specifically, a commissioned military officer below the 
rank of captain. 

Sub'al-ter'nate, a. 1. Succeeding by turns ; succes- 
sive. 2. Subordinate ; inferior. 

Siib-a/que-ous, a. 1. Being under water, or beneath 
the surface of water. 2. ( Geol.) Formed in or under 
water. 

Sub-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars or heavens ; terrestrial. 

Siib'as-trin'gent, a. Astringent in a small degree ; 
moderately astringent. 

Sub'au-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. subauditio, from 
subaudire, to understand or supply a word omitted, from 
prefix sub, under, and audire, to hear.] Act of under- 
standing something not expressed. 

Sub'-base (109), I n. (Mus.) The deepest pedal stop, or 

Siib'-bass, j the lowest tones of an organ; the 

fundamental base. 

Siib-chant'er, n. (Eccl.) An underchanter ; a deputy 
of the precentor of a cathedral. 

Sub'eom-mit'tee, n. An under committee ; a part or 
division of a committee. 

Sub--eon'tra-ry, a. 1. Contrary in an inferior degree. 
2* (Geom.) Having, or being, in a contrary order; — 
said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base by 
a plane not parallel to tbe base, but inclined to the axis, 
so that the section is a circle ; — applied also to two 
similar triangles when so placed as to have a common 
angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. 
3. (Logic.) Characterizing the relation of opposition be- 
tween the particular affirmative and particular negative ; 
also, applied to the relation between two attributes which 
co-exist in the same substance, yet in such a way that 
the more there is of one, the less there is of the other. 

Sub-eon'tra-ry , n. ( Logic. ) A subcontrary proposition ; 
a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree. 

Sub'eu-ta'ne-ous, a. Situated under the skin. 

Siib-dea'-eon (-dd'kn), n. (Eccl.) A deacon's servant, in 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Sub-dean', n. An under dean ; a dean's substitute or 
vicegerent. 

Sub-dean'er-y, n. The office and rank of subdean. 

SiiVdi-vide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subdivided ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBDIVIDING.] To divide the parts of into 
more parts ; to divide again, as what has already been 



Siib'di-vide', v. i. To be subdivided. 

Sub'di-vig'ion (-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of subdividing, or 
separating a part into smaller parts. 2. Part of a thing 
made by subdividing. 

StLb-dom'i-nant, n. (Mus.) The fourth tone above the 
tonic ; — so called as being under the dominant. 

Sub-duet', v. t. [Lat. subducere, subductvm, from sub, 
under, and ducere, to lead, to draw.] 1. To withdraw ; 
to take away. 2. To subtract by arithmetical operation. 

Sub-due'tion, n. 1. Act of subducting, taking away, 
or withdrawing. 2. Arithmetical subtraction. 

Sub-due', v . t. [imp. & p. p. subdued ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
n. subduing.] [From Lat. sub, under, and ducere, to 
lead.] 1. To bring under ; to conquer by force or the 
exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent 
subjection. 2. To overpower so as to disable from 
further resistance. 3. To overpower and destroy the 
force of. 4. To break, by conquering a refractory tem- 
per or evil passions. 5. To overcome by persuasion, or 
other mild means. 6. To reduce to tenderness. 7. To 
make mellow ; to break, as land ; also, to destroy, as 
weeds. 

Syn.— To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; 
vanquish. See Conquer. 

Sub-du'er, n. One who, or that which, conquers and 
brings into subjection ; a tamer. 



Su-ber'ie, a. [From Lat. suber, the cork-tree.] ( Chem.) 
Of, pertaining to, or extracted from, cork. 

Sub'fanVi-ly, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subordinate family; 
a division of a family. 

Sub'ge'nus, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subdivision of a genus, 
comprehending one or more species. [rapidly. 

Su'bi-to, adv. [It. and Lat.] (Mus.) In haste; quickly; 

Sub-ja'cent, a. [Lat. subjacent, p. pr. of subjacere, to 
lie under, from prefix sub, under, and jacere, to lie.] 1. 
Lying under or below. 2. Being in a lower situation, 
though not directly beneath. 

Sub'je-et, a. [Lat. subjectus, lying under, subjected, p. p. 
of subjicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under, from 
prefix sub, under, and jacere, to throw.] 1. Placed or 
situate under. 2. Placed under the power and dominion 
of another. 3. Exposed ; disposed. 

Syn.— Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; tributary. 
See Liable. 

Sub'jeet, n. [Lat. subjectus. See supra.] 1. That which 
is placed under the authority, dominion, or influence of 
something else. 2. Especially, one who is brought un- 
der the authority of a ruler. 3. That which is brought 
under any physical operation or process. 4. That which 
is brought under thought or examination ; that which 
is taken up for discussion. 5. The person who is treated 
of. 6. (Logic & Gram.) That of which any thing is 
affirmed or predicated ; that which is spoken of. 7 . That 
in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether 
spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these 
appertain; substance. 8. Hence, that substance or being 
which is conscious of its own operations ; the thinking 
agent or principal. 9. (Mus.) The principal melody or 
theme of a movement. 10. (Anat.) A dead body for 
the purposes of dissection. 

Sub-je-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subjected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. subjecting.] 1. To bring under the control , power, 
dominion, or action of; to subdue; to enslave. 2. To 
expose ; to make liable. 3. To submit ; to make account- 
able. 4. To make subservient. 5. To cause to undergo. 

Sub-jee'tion, n. 1. Act of subjecting or bringing un- 
der the dominion of another. 2. State of being subject, 
or under the control and government of another. 

Sub-jeet'xve, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a subject. 2. 
Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own con- 
sciousness, in distinction from external observation. 
Syn.— See Objective. 

Sub-jeet'ive-ly, adv. In a subjective manner ; in rela- 
tion to the subject. 

S,ub-jeet'ive-ness, n. The state of being subjective. 

Sub'je-et-iv'i-ty, n. 1. State of being subjective. 2. 
That which is treated in a subjective manner. 

Sub'jeet-mat'ter, n. The matter or thought presented 
for consideration in some statement or discussion. 

Sub-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subjoined : p. pr. 8c vb. 
n. subjoining.] To add after something else has been 
said or written. 
Syn. — To add; annex; join; unite; coalesce. See Add. 

Siib'ju-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subjugated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBJUGATING.] [Lat. subjugare, subjugatum, 
from prefix sub, under, and jugum, a yoke.] To subdue 
and bring under the yoke of power or dominion ; to 
compel to submit to the absolute control of another. 
Syn.— To conquer; vanquish; subdue; overcome. 

Sub / ju-ga'tion, n. Act of subjugating or bringing un- 
der the power or absolute control of another. 

Sub-jiine'tion, n. Act of subjoining, or state of being 
subjoined. 

Sub-juiie'tlve, a. [Lat. subjunctivus, from subjiingere, 
to subjoin.] Subjoined or added to something before said 
or written. 

Subjunctive mode (Gram.), that form of a verb winch ex- 
presses condition, hypothesis, contingency, and is subjoined or 
added as subordinate to some other verb, and often connected 
with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, &c. 

Sub-jiine'tive, n. (Gram.) The subjunctive mode. 

Sub'lap-sa'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Sublap- 
sarians, or to their opinions. 

Sulb/lap-sa'ri-an, n. [From Lat. prefix sub, under, be- 
low, after, and lapsus, fail.] One of that class of Cal- 
vinists who consider the decree of election as contem- 
plating the apostasy as past, and the elect as being in a 
fallen and guilty state. 

Sub-la'tion, n. [Lat. sublatio, from tollere, sublatum, to 
take away.] Act of taking or carrying away. 

Sub-let', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBLET ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
subletting.] To underlet •; to lease, as a lessee to an- 
other person. 



a,e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



SUBLIMABLE 



715 



SUBSCRIPT 



»ub-lim'a-ble, a. Capable of being sublimated. 

Siib'li-mate, v. t. [imp. &.p.p. sublimated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBLIMATING-.] [Lat. sublimare, sublimation, 
to raise, elevate, from sublimis, nigh.] 1. To bring by 
heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns 
again to the solid state. 2. To refine and exalt ; to 
heighten ; to elevate. 

Siib'li-mate, n. ( Chem.) The product of a sublimation. 

Sub'li-mate, a. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, 
and again condensed, as solid substances. 

Sub'li-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of sublimating, or state of 
of being sublimated. 2. Act of heightening or improv- 
ing ; exaltation ; elevation. 

Sub-lime', a. [compar. SUBLIMER ; superl. SUBLIMEST.] 
[Lat. sublimis, from sublevare, to lift up.] 1. Lifted up 
high in place. 2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits ; 
eminent. 3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of 
awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, and the like. 
4. Elevated by joy ; elate. 
Syn.— Grand; exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Gkand. 

Sub-lime', n. A grand or lofty style. 

Sub-lime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. sublimed ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. subliming.] 1. To bring to a state of vapor by 
heat, and condense again by cold ; to sublimate. 2. To 
exalt ; to heighten ; to improve. 3. To dignify ; to en- 
noble. 

Sub-lime', v. i. To be brought or changed into a state 
of vapor by heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid 
substance. 

Sub-Hme'ly, adv. In a sublime manner ; with elevated 
conceptions ; loftily. 

Sub-lime'ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
sublime ; sublimity. 

Sub-lim'i-ty, n. 1. State of being sublime ; as, (a.) 
Elevation of place; lofty height, (b.) Nobleness of nature 
or character; eminence, (c.) An elevated feeling of as- 
tonishment and awe, at the contemplation of great scenes 
and objects, or of exalted excellence. 2. Loftiness of 
sentiment or style. 

Syn. — Grandeur; magnificence. — The mental state indi- 
cated by these two words is the same, namely, a mingled emo- 
tion of astonishment and awe. In speaking of the quality 
which produces this emotion, we call it grandeur when it 
springs from what is vast in space, power, &c; we callits;^6- 
limitij when it springs from what is elevated far above the ordi- 
nary incidents of humanity. An immense plane is grand. The 
heavens are not only grand, but sublime (as the predominating 
emotion), from their immense height. Exalted intellect, and 
especially exalted virtue under severe trials, gives us the sense 
of moral sublimity, as in the case of our Savior, in his prayer 
for his murderers. We do not speak of Satan, when standing 
by the fiery gulf, with his " unconquerable will and study of 
revenge," as a sublime object; but there is a melancholy gran- 
deur thrown around him, as of " archangel ruined." 

Sub-lin'e-a/tion, n. A mark of a line or lines under a 
word in a sentence, or under another line. 

Sub-lin/gual, a. Situated under the tongue. 

Sub-lu'nar, 1 a. Situated beneath the moon ; terres- 

Sub'lu-na-ry, ] trial ; earthly ; pertaining to this 
world. 

Sub'ma-rine', a. Being, acting, or growing, under 
water in the sea. 

Sub-me'di-axit, n. (Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale; 
the predominant. 

Sub-merge', v. t. [im-p. & p. p. submerged ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBMERGING.] [Lat. submergere,summergere, 
from prefix sub, under, and mergere, mersum, to plunge.] 
1. To put under water ; to plunge. 2. To cover or 
overflow with water ; to drown. 

Sub-merge', v. i. To plunge, as into water or other 
fluid ; hence, to be completely included or incorporated 

Sub-mer'gence, n. Act of submerging, or state of 
being submerged. 

Submerse' (14), ) a. [See supra.] (Bot.) Being 

Sub-mersed' (-merst'), ) or growing under water, as 
the leaves of aquatic plants. 

Sub-mer'sion, n. 1. Act of submerging, or putting 
under water or other fluid, or of causing to be over- 
flowed. 2. State of being put underwater or other fluid. 

Sub-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. submissio. See SUB- 
MIT.] 1. Act of submitting ; act of yielding to power 
or authority ; obedience. 2. State of being submissive ; 
acknowledgment of inferiority or dependence ; meekness ; 
resignation. 3. Acknowledgment of a fault ; confession 
of error. 4. (Law.) An agreement by which parties 
engage to submit any matter of controversy between 
them to the decision of arbitrators. 

Sub-mis'sive, a. Inclined or ready to submit. 

Syn. — Obedient ; compliant ; yielding ; obsequious ; sub- 
servient; humble; modest; passive. 



Sub-mls'siye-ly, adv. In a submissive manner ; with 
submission ; humbly. 

Sub-mis'sive-ness, n. Quality or condition of being 
submissive ; humbleness ; dependence : penitence. 

Sub-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBMITTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUBMITTING.] [Lat. submittere, from prefix sub, 
under, and mittere, to send.] 1. To yield, resign, or 
surrender to power, will, or authority. 2. To leave or 
commit to the discretion or judgment of another or oth- 
ers ; to refer. 

Sub-mit', v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the power of 
another. 2. To yield one's opinion to the opinion or 
authority of another. 3. To acquiesce in the authority of 
another. 4. To be submissive ; to yield without mur- 
muring. 

Syn. — To surrender; bend; stoop; acquiesce; comply. 

Sub-mul'ti-ple , n. (Math.) A number or quantity 
which is contained in another an exact number of times, 
or is an aliquot part of it. 

Siib-iias'ceiit, a. [Lat. subnascens, p. pr. of subnasci, 
to grow under, from prefix sub, under, and nasci, to be 
born ; to arise.] Growing underneath. 

Sub-or'di-na-cy, n. [Lat. prefix sub, under, and ordi- 
nans, p. pr. of ordinare, to set in order, to arrange.] 
State of being subordinate, or subject to control. 

Sub-or'di-nate, a. 1. Placed in a lower class or rank ; 
holding a lower position. 2. Inferior in order, in nature, 
in dignity, in power, importance, or the like. 

Sub-or'di-nate, n. One who stands in order or rank 
below another. 

Sub-or'di-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subordinated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SUBORDINATING.] [Lat. prefix sub, un- 
der, and ordinare, to set in order, to arrange.] 1. To 
place in a lower order ; to make, or consider as, of less 
value or importance. 2. To subject or subdue. 

Sub-6r'di-nate-ly, adv. In a subordinate manner. 

Sub-or'di-na'tion, n. 1. Act of subordinating, plac- 
ing in a lower order, or subjecting. 2. State of being 
subordinate ; inferiority of rank or dignity ; subjection. 
3. Place of rank among inferiors. 

Sub-6rn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBORNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUBORNING.] [Lat. subornare, from prefix sub, under, 
secretly, and ornare, to furnish, provide.] 1. (Law.) 
To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to 
perjury. 2. To procure privately, or by collusion. 

Sub^r-na'tion,?!. 1. (Law.) Act of suborning ; crime 
of procuring a person to take such a false oath as con- 
stitutes perjury. 2. Crime of procuring one to do a 
criminal or bad action. 

Sub-orn'er, n. One who suborns. 

Siib-o'val, a. Somewhat oval ; nearly oval. 

Sub-poe'na,n. [Lat. sub, under, andpcen a, punishment.] 
(Law.) A writ commanding the attendance in court of 
the person on whom it is served, as a witness, &c, under 
a penalty. [Written also subpena.] 

Sub-pce'na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subpoenaed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUBPC3NAING.] (Law.) To serve with a writ of 
subpoena ; to command attendance in court by a legal 
writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience. 

Silb-re-e'tor, n. A rector's deputy or substitute. 

Sub-rep'tion, n. [Lat. subreptio, from subripere, sub- 
reptum, to snatch or take away secretly; from prefix 
sub, under, secretly, and rapere, to snatch away.] Act 
of obtaining a favor by surprise or unfair representation. 

Siib'salt, n. (Chem.) (a.) An oxysait containing a less 
number of equivalents of the acid than of the base, or 
in which the latter is a suboxide, (b.) A haloid salt, or 
analogous compound, in which the number of equiva- 
lents of the electro -negative constituent is less than that 
of the electro-positive constituent. 

Sub-seribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subscribed ; p. pr. 8c 
vb. n. SUBSCRIBING.] [Lat. subscribere , from prefix sub, 
under, and scribere, to write.] 1. To write underneath ; 
to sign with one's own hand ; to bind one's self by writ- 
ing one's name beneath. 2. To attest by writing one's 
mime beneath. 3. To promise to give, by writing one's 
name. 

Sub-seribe', v. i. 1. To give consent to something 
written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to 
agree. 2. To promise to give a certain sum by setting 
one's name to a paper. 3. To enter one's name for a 
newspaper, a book, and the like. 

Sub-sei'ib'er, n. 1. One who subscribes ; one who con- 
tributes to an undertaking by subscribing. 2. One who 
enters his name for a paper, book, map, and the like. 

Sub'seript, n. Any thing underwritten. 

Sub'seript, a. Written below or underneath. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



SUBSCRIPTION 



716 



SUBTILE 



Sub-s«rip'tion, n. 1. Act of subscribing. 2. That 
which is subscribed ; as, (a.) A paper to which a signa- 
ture is attached, (b. ) The signature attached to a paper, 
(c.) Consent or attestation given by underwriting the 
name, (d.) Sum subscribed; amount of sums sub- 
scribed. 

Siib'se-quence, ) n. State of being subsequent, or of 

Siib'se-quen-cy, ) coming after something. 

Silb'se-quent, a. [Lat. subsequens, p. pr. of subsequi.] 
1. Following in time ; coming or being after something 
else at any time. 2. Following in order of place. 

Sub'se-quent-ly, adv. In a subsequent time, manner, 
position, or the like. 

Sub-serve', v. t. [imp. & p.p. subserved ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUBSERVING.] [Lat. subservire, from prefix sub, 
under, and servire, to serve.] To serve in subordination 
or instrumentally ; to be subservient to ; to help forward ; 
to promote. 

Sub-serve', v. i. To be subservient or subordinate. 

Sub-serv'i-ence, )n. Condition of being subservient ; 

Sub-serv'i-en-cy, J use or operation that promotes 
some purpose. 

Sub-serv'i-ent, a. Fitted or disposed to subserve ; use- 
ful in an inferior capacity ; subordinate. 
Syn.- Subject ; inferior ; submissive. 

Sub-side', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. subsided; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUBSIDING.] [Lat. subsidere, from prefix sub, under, 
below, and sidere, to sit down, to settle.] 1. To sink or 
fall to the bottom. 2. To fall into a state of quiet; to 
become tranquil ; to abate. 3. To tend downward ; to 
descend ; to sink. 
Syn.— See Abate. 

Sub-sid'ence, ) n. 1. Act or process of subsiding or 

Sub-sid'en-cy, j falling, as in the lees of liquors, 2. 
Act of sinking or gradually descending, as ground. 

Sub-sid'i-a-ry (44), a. [Lat. subsidiarily. See SUBSI- 
DY.] Furnishing a subsidy ; serving to help ; assistant ; 
auxiliary. 

Sub-sid'i-a-ry, n. One who, or that which, contributes 
aid ; an assistant ; an auxiliary. 

Sub'si-dlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subsidized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBSIDIZING.] [From subsidy.] To purchase 
the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy. 

Siib'si-dy, n. [Lat. subsidium, orig., troops stationed in 
reserve in the third line of battle, from subsidere, to sit 
down. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; especially, ex- 
traordinary aid in money rendered to a sovereign, or to 
a friendly power. 2. Specifically, a sum of money paid 
by one prince or nation to another, to purchase the ser- 
vice of auxiliary troops. 

Syn. — Tribute. — A subsidy is voluntary ; a tribute is exact- 
ed. A subsidy is paid to an ally for his services ; a tribute is 
given in acknowledgment of dependence or subjection. Eng- 
land gave subsidies to most of the German powers for carrying 
on the war against Bonaparte ; tribute was paid to the Roman 
republic by most of the nations of the earth. 

Sub-sist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. SUBSISTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUBSISTING.] [Lat. subsistere, from pref. sub, under, 
and sistere, to stand, to be fixed.] 1. To be ; to have 
existence ; to inhere. 2. To continue. 3. To be sup- 
ported; to live. [maintain. 

Sub-sist', v. t. To support with provisions ; to feed ; to 

Sub-sist'ence, n. 1. Real being. 2. State of being 
subsistent ; inherency. 3. Means of support ; provis- 
ions, or that which procures provisions. 

Sub-sist'ent, a. 1. Having real being. 2. Inherent. 

Siib'soil, n. The bed or stratum of earth which lies 
immediately beneath the surface soil . 

Sub-spe'eieg (-spS'shez), n. A subordinate species ; a 
division of a species. 

Sub'stance, n. [Lat. substantia, from substare, to be 
under or present, to stand firm, from prefix sub, un- 
der, and stare, to stand.] 1. That which underlies 
all outward manifestations ; substratum ; that which 
constitutes any thing what it is ; nature ; real or exist- 
ing essence. 2. The most important element in any 
existence; the characteristics of any thing. 3. Any 
thing which has a material form ; body ; matter. 4. 
Estate ; property. 

Sub-stan'tial, a. 1. Belonging to substance ; actually 
existing. 2. Not seeming or imaginary ; real ; true. 
3. Corporeal ; material. 4. Having good substance ; 
strong ; stout ; solid. 5. Possessed of goods or estate ; 
moderately wealthy. 

Sub-stan'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-aPT-ty), n. The state of being 
substantial ; corporeity ; materiality. 

Sub-stan'tial-ly, adv. In a substantial manner ; really ; 
solidly ; truly ; essentially ; competently. 



Sub-stan'tial-ness, n. State or quality of being sub- 
stantial ; firmness ; strength ; power of holding or last- 
ing. 

Sub-stan'tial§, n. pi. Essential parts. 

Sub-stan'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. substan- 
tiated ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUBSTANTIATING.] 1. To 
make to exist. 2. To establish by proof or competent 
evidence ; to verify. 

Siib'stan-tiv'al, a. Of, pertaining to, or in the nature 
of a substantive. 

Sub'stan-tive, a. Betokening, or expressing existence. 

Sub'stan-tive, n. ( Gram.) A noun ; the part of speech 
which designates something that exists, or some object of 
thought, either material or immaterial. 

Siib'stan-tive-ly, adv. 1. In a substantive manner ; 
in substance ; essentially. 2. (Gram.) As a substan- 
tive name, or noun. 

Sub'sti-tute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. substituted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBSTITUTING.] [Lat. substituere, substitu- 
tum, from prefix sub, under, and statuere, to put, place.] 
To put in the place of another ; to exchange. 

Sub'sti-tute, n. One who, or that which, is substituted 
or put in the place of another. 

Sub'sti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of substituting or putting 
one person or thing in the place of another. 2. State 
of being substituted for another person or thing. 3. 
( Theol. ) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. 

Sub'sti-tu'tion-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, substitution. 

Sub'strate, a. Having very slight furrows. 

Sub-stra'tum, n. ; pi. SUB-STRATA. [Lat. substratus, 
p. p. of substernere, to strew under, fr. prefix sub, under, 
and sternere, to strew.] 1. That which is laid or spread 
under ; a layer of earth lying under another. 2. (Agric.) 
The subsoil. 3. (Metaph.) The permanent subject or 
cause of phenomena ; substance. 

Sub-strii-e'tion, n. [Lat. substructio, from substruere, 
substructum, to under-build, from prefix sub, under, and 
struere, to build.] Under-building ; foundation. 

Sub-stru-et'ure, n. An under-structure ; a foundation. 

Sub'style, n. A right line, on which the style or gno- 
mon of a dial is erected. 

Sub-siil'to-ry, a. [Lat. subsilire, subsultum, to spring 
up, from prefix sub, under, and salire, saltum, to leap, 
spring.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps 



Sub-tan'gent, n. (Geom.) The part of the axis con- 
tained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the 
same point in a curve. 

Sub-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBTENDED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. subtending.] [Lat. subtendere, fr. prefix sub, 
under, and tendere, to stretch, extend.] To extend under, 
or be opposite to. 

Sub-tense', n. [Lat. subtendere, subtentum, or subten- 
sum, to stretch underneath.] ( Geom.) The line subtend- 
ing or stretching across ; the chord. 

Sub-ter'flu-ent, ) a. [Lat. subterfluens, p. pr. of sub- 

Sub-ter'f lu-oiis, ) terfluere, to flow beneath ; from 
prefix subter, under, beneath, a,u(ifluere, to flow.] Run- 
ning under or beneath. 

Sub'ter-f uge, n. [L. Lat. subterfugium, fr. Lat. subter- 
fugere, to flee secretly, to escape, fr. prefix subter \ under, 
&ndfugere, to flee.] That to which a person resorts for 
escape or concealment ; hence, a shift ; an evasion. 
Syn. — Prevarication ; quibble ; excuse. 

Sub'ter-ra'ne-an (124), ) a. [Lat. subterraneus, from 

Siib'ter-ra'ne-ous, ] prefix sub, under, and terra, 
earth.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth ; 
situated within the earth, or under ground. 

Sub'tile, a. [Lat. subtilis, from prefix sub, under, some- 
what, slightly, and tela, a web, warp, and therefore 
properly woven fine.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; 
rare. 2. Delicately constituted or constructed ; nice ; 
fine; delicate. 3. Acute; piercing. 4. Characterized 
by acuteness of mind ; refined. 5. Sly; crafty; insinu- 
ating. [In the last two senses commonly written subtle.} 
Syn. — Acute; shrewd; artful; cunning.— In acute the 
image is that of a needle's point ; in subtile that of a thread 
spun out to extreme fineness. Hence, he who is acute has a 
piercing judgment, which enables him to discern and discrim- 
inate with the nicest accuracy ; he who has a subtile intellect 
can spin the finest thread of thought, and follow out a subject 
in its most complicated relations, without letting go his hold, 
or becoming lost or perplexed in its utmost intricacies. Acute- 
ness guards against error ; subtilty carries forward our investi- 
gations into tenuous and recondite truths. The former belongs 
more to speculative and abstract inquiries : the latter to the 
philosophy of the heart and of social life. Edwards was singu- 
larly acute ; Lord Bacon had a subtilty of intellect which seemed 
to spread itself throughout every part of a subject like a kind 
of " diffusive touch." 



a,e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; p'ique,flrm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SUBTILELY 



717 



SUCH 



Siib'tile-ly (109), adv. In a subtile manner ; thinly ; 

finely ; artfully ; cunningly ; craftily. 

Siib'tlle-ness, n. State or quality of being subtile ; 
thinness ; rareness ; fineness ; acuteness ; cunning ; art- 
fulness. 

Sub-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being subtile ; subtilty. 

SiiVtil-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of making subtile, fine, or 
thin. 2. (Chem.) The operation of making so volatile 
as to rise in steam or vapor. 3. Refinement ; extreme 
acuteness. 

Siib'til-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subtilized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUBTILIZING.] 1. To make thin or fine ; to 
make less gross or coarse. 2. To refine. 

Siib'til-ize, v. i. To refine in argument ; to make very 
nice distinctions. 

Suh'til-ty, n. [Contr. from subtility, q. v.] 1. State or 
quality of being subtile ; thinness ; fineness. 2. Refine- 
ment; extreme acuteness. 3. Slyness; cunning; arti- 
fice. [In the last two senses, the word is more commonly 
written subtlety.] 

Siibt'le (stit'l), a. [compar. SUBTLER ; superl. SUBT- 
LEST.] [Contr. from subtile, q. v.] 1. Sly in design ; 
artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile. 2. Cunningly 
devised. 

Sitbt'le-ness (suVl-nes), n. Quality of being subtle. 

Subt'le-ty (sut'l-ty), n. 1. Quality of being subtle, or 
sly ; cunning ; craftiness ; artfulness. 2. Acuteness of 
intellect ; shrewdness. 

Siibt'ly (sut'ly), adv. 1. In a subtle manner; slyly; 
artfully. 2. Nicely ; delicately. 

Sub-ton/i-e, n. (Pron.) An elementary sound or element 
of speech having a partial vocality ; a vocal or sonant 
consonant. 

Sub-tract', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subtracted ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. SUBTRACTING.] [Lat. subtrahere, subtraction, fr. 
prefix sub, under, and trahere, to draw.] To withdraw 
or take from the rest, as a part ; to deduct. 

Sub-traet'er, n. One who subtracts. 

Sub-trac'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of subtracting 
or deducting. 2. {Math.) The taking of a lesser number 
or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomi- 
nation. 

Sub-trac'tive, a. 1. Tending or having power to sub- 
tract. 2. {Math.) Preceded by the sign minus. 

Suh'tra-hend', n. [Lat. subtrahendus, p. fut. pass, of 
subtrahere. See SUBTRACT] (Math.) The sum or num- 
ber to be subtracted or taken from another. 

Sub'-treag'u-ry, n. A subordinate treasury or place 
of deposit, as for the income derived from various sources 
of revenue in different places remote from the capital of 
a state or nation. 

Sitb'urb, n. [Lat. suburbium, from prefix sub, under, 
below, near, and urbs, a city.] 1. The region on the 
confines of any city or large town, including buildings, 
streets, or territory. 2. Hence, the confines; the out 
part. 

Sub-ur'bau, a. Pertaining to, inhabiting, or being in, 
the suburbs of a city. 

Sub-ur'ban, n. A dweller in the suburbs of a city. 

SulVva-ri'e-ty, n. A subordinate variety. 

Sub-vene', v. i. [imp. & p. p. subvened ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUBVENING.] [Lat. prefix sub, under, and venire, to 
come.] To come under or happen. 

Sub-ven'tion, n. [Low Lat. subventio, from Lat. subve- 
nire, to assist, from prefix sub, under, and venire, to 
come.] 1. Act of coming under. 2. A government aid or 
bounty. 

Sub-ver'sion, n. Act of subverting, or state of being 
subverted ; entire overthrow ; utter ruin. 

Sub-ver'sive, a. Tending to subvert or overthrow and 
ruin. 

Sub-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subverted ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUBVERTING.] [Lat. subvert ere, subversum , from 
prefix sub. under, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To c*'—throw 
from the foundation ; to ruin utterly. 2. To pervert, as 
the mind, and turn it from the truth. 

Syn. — To overturn ; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse ; 
extinguish ; corrupt ; confound. 

Sub-vert'er, n. One who subverts ; an overthrower. 

Sub-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being subverted. 

Sub-work'er (-wfirk'er), n. A subordinate worker. 

Suc'ce-da'ne-oiis, a. [See Succeed.] Pertaining to, 
or acting as, a succedaneum ; supplying the place of 
something else. 

Su^'qe-dd'ne-ii'm,n. ; pi. sue' pE-DA'NE-A. [Lat. See 
infra.] That which is used for something else ; a sub- 
stitute. 

Suc-ceed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. succeeded; p.pr. & 



vb. n. SUCCEEDING.] [Lat. succedere, successum, from 
prefix sub, under, and cedere, to go, to go along, to go 
from.] 1. To follow in order ; to take the place of. 2. 
To come after ; to be subsequent or consequent. 
Syn. — To follow ; pursue. See Follow. 

Suc-ceed', v.i. 1. To come next in order. 2. To 
come in the place of another. 3. Hence, to ascend the 
throne after the removal or death of the occupant. 4. 
To obtain the object desired ; to have a prosperous ter- 
mination. 5. To be received with general favor. 

Sue-ceed'er, n. One who succeeds ; one who follows or 
comes in the place of another ; a successor. 

Sue-cess', n. [Lat. successus. See Succeed.] Act of 
succeeding, or state of having succeeded ; favorable ter- 
mination of any thing attempted ; prosperous issue. 

Suc-cess'f ul, a. Resulting in, assuring, or promotive of 
success ; accomplishing what was proposed. 

Syn. — Happy ; prosperous ; fortunate ; auspicious ; lucky. 

Suc'cess'ful-ly, adv. In a successful manner; pros- 
perously ; favorably. 

Suc-cess'f ul-ness, n. Condition of being successful; 
prosperous'conclusion ; favorable event ; success. 

Sue-c£s'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. successio. See Suc- 
ceed.] 1. Act of succeeding ; a following of things in 
order of time or place, or a series of things so following ; 
sequence. 2. A series of persons or things according to 
some established rule of precedence. 3. An order of de- 
scendants ; lineage ; race. 4. Power or right of acced- 
ing to the station or title of a father, or other predeces- 
sor. 5. The right to enter upon the possession of the 
property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or preceding 
in an established order. 

Sue-ces'siou-al (-sesh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or exist- 
ing in, a regular order or succession ; consecutive. 

Sue-ces'sive, a. Following in order or uninterrupted 
course ; coming after without interruption or interval. 

Suc-ces'sive-ly, adv. In a successive manner; in a 
series or order. 

Suc-ces'sive-ness, n. State of being successive. 

Sue-^es'sor, n. One who succeeds or follows ; one who 
takes the place and part which another has left. 

Sue-cinet', a. [Lat. succinctus, p. p. of succingere, to 
gird below, or from below, to tuck up, from sub, under, 
below, and cingere, to gird.] 1. Girded or tucked up ; 
bound. [Rare.] 2. Compressed into a narrow compass. 
Syn. — Short ; brief ; concise ; compendious ; summary ; 
laconic ; terse. 

Sue-cinct'ly, adv. In a succinct manner; briefly; 
concisely. 

Suc-cinct'ness, n. State or quality of being succinct ; 
brevity ; conciseness. 

Su-e-cln'ic, a. [Lat. succinum, amber.] ( Chem.) Of, or 
pertaining to, amber ; drawn from amber. 

Suc'ci-nous, a. [See supra.] Of, pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, amber. 

Sue'cor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. succored; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUCCORING.] [0. Fr. sucurre, soucourre, It. soccor- 
rere, Lat. succurrere, from sub, under, and currere, to 
run.] To help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or dis- 
tress. 

S3Ttt. — To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; cherish; comfort. 

Sue'cor, n. 1. Aid; help; assistance; especially, as- 
sistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, 
or distress. 2. The person or thing that brings relief. 

Suc'eor-er, n. One who affords succor ; a helper. 

Site'-eo-ry, n. [Corrupted from chicory, q. v.] (Bot.) A 
plant ; chicory. 

Su-e'-eo-tash, n. [Narraganset Ind. msickquatash, corn 
boiled whole.] Green maize and beans boiled together- 
[Amer.] 

Site'-eu-lence, ) n. The condition of being succuler '; ; 

Su-e'-eu-len-ey, ) juiciness. 

Su^'-eu-lent, a. [Lat. sucailentus, from succus, juice, 
from sugere, to suck.] Full of juice ; juicy. 

Su-e-eumb' (62), v. i. [imp. & p. p. succumbed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SUCCUMBING.] [Lat. succumbere, from sub, 
under, and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] To yield ; 
to submit ; to sink unresistingly. 

Su-e-«u.s'sion (-kush^un), n. [Lat. succussio, from sue- 
cutere, intens. form of succussurn, to shake below, from 
sub, under, below, and quatere, to shake. See supra.] 
1. Act of shaking ; a shake. 2. {Med.) A mode of as- 
certaining the existence of a liquid in the thorax, by 
shaking the body. 

Such, a. [0. Eng. swiche, swilch, sivilk, A.-S. swelic, sivile, 
sulic, Icel. slikr, for svalikr, Goth, svaleiks, from sva, so, 
and leiks, like.] 1. Of that kind ; of the like kind ; like ; 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get; ag; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



SUCK 



718 



SUGAE 



—followed by as before the thing to which it relates. 
2. Of that particular quality or character specified. 3. 
The same that ; — with as. 

Such and such, or such or such, certain ; Bome ; — used to 
represent the object indefinitely. 

Suck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sucked (sukt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUCKING.] [A.-S. sbcan, sugan, 0. H. Ger. sugan, 
Icel. siuga, allied to Lat. sugere.] 1. To draw up, in, or 
out, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue. 
2. To draw milk from, with the mouth. 3. To draw in 
or imbibe, by any process which resembles sucking ; to 
inhale ; to absorb. 4. To draw or drain. 5. To draw 
in, as a whir 1 pool ; to ingulf. 

Suck, v. i. 1. To draw by exhausting the air, as with 
the mouth, or with a tube. 2. To draw the breast. 3. 
To draw in ; to imbibe. 

Suck, n. 1. Act of drawing with the mouth. 2. Milk 
drawn from the breast by the mouth. 

Siick'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks or draws 
with the mouth. 2. The piston of a pump. 3. A pipe 
through which any thing is drawn. 4. (Bot.) The shoot 
of a plant from the roots or lower part of the stem. 5. 
(Ichlh.) (a.) A fish ; the lump-sucker or lump-fish. (b.) 
A fresh-water fish of the carp family. 6. An inhabitant 
of Illinois. [Colloq., Amer.] 

Siick'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suckered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SUCKERING.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from. 

Siick'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SUCKLING.] [Dim. of suck.] To give suck to ; to nurse 
at the breast. [breast. 

Siick'ling, n. A young child or animal nursed at the 

Sue'tion, n. [From Lat. sugere, suctum, to suck.] Act 
of sucking or drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air. 

Sue-to'ri-al, a. 1. Adapted for sucking ; living by 
sucking. 2. Capable of adhering by suction. 

Su'da-to-ry, n. [See infra.'] A sweating-bath ; a vapor 
bath. 

Su'da-to-ry, a. [Lat. sudatorius, from sadare, to sweat.] 
Sweating ; perspiring. 

Sud'den (58), a. [A.-S. soden, 0. Fr. sodain, sudain, 
soubdain, fr. Lat. subitus, that has come on suddenly, 
sudden, from subire, subitum, to come on, to steal upon, 
from sub, under, secretly, and ire, to go.] 1. Happening 
without previous notice ; coming unexpectedly. 2. 
Hastily prepared or employed ; quick ; rapid. 

Syn. — Unexpected; unanticipated ; unusual; abrupt; un- 
looked-for. 

Sud'den, n. An unexpected occurrence ; surprise. 

Sud'den-ly, adv. In a sudden, unexpected manner; 
unexpectedly ; hastily. 

Siid'den-ness, n. State of being sudden ; a coming or 
happening without previous notice. 

Su'dor-if er-oiis, a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing or secreting perspiration. 

Su'dor-if ' ie , a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, and facere, to make.] 
Causing sweat. 

Su/dor-if ie, n. (Med.) A medicine that produces sweat. 

Su/dor-Ip'a-rous, a. (Phys.) Producing sweat. 

Sudoriparous glands, glands consisting of a minute tube 
coiled in a globular form, situated in the subcutaneous areolar 
tissue, and secreting the sweat. 

Sudg, n. sing. [Ger. sud, a seething, from sieden, to 
seethe.] Water impregnated with soap. 

Sue (64), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sued ; p. pr. & vb. n. SU- 
ING.] [See Sew.] 1. To follow up; to prosecute; to 
endeavor to win. 2. (Law.) (a.) To seek justice or 
right from, by legal process.; to prosecute judicially. 
(b.) To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its 
proper termination. 3. (Naut.) To leave high and dry on 
shore. 

To sue out (Law), to petition for and take out, or to apply for 
and obtain. 

Su.e,r.?. 1. To seek by request; to make application; 
to petition ; to plead. 2. To prosecute ; to make legal 
claim. 3. (Naut.) To be left high and dry on the shore, 
as a ship. 

Su'et, n. [Fr. suif Lat. sebum, sevum.] The harder and 
less fusible fat of an animal about the kidneys and loins. 

Su'et-y, a. Consisting of suet or resembling it. 

Suffer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
SUFFERING.] [Lat. sufferre, from pref. sub, under, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To feel or endure with pain, annoy- 
ance, and the like ; to undergo. 2. To endure without 
sinking. 3. To be affected by. 4. To allow; not to 
forbid or hinder. 

Syn. — To permit; bear; endure; support ; sustain; admit; 
tolerate. See Permit. 



Suffer, v. i. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind. 

2. To undergo punishment. 3. To be injured. 
Siif fer-a-lble, a. Capable of being suffered or permitted; 

allowable ; tolerable. 
Suf f er-a-fole-ness, n. The state or quality of being 

sufferable ; tolerableness. 
Suf f er-a-lbly, adv. In a sufferable manner ; tolerably. 
Suf fer-ance, n. 1. State of suffering ; pain endured. 

2. Submission under difficult or oppressive circum- 
stances. 3. Negative consent by not forbidding or hin- 
dering. 

Syn. — Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patience; 
moderation; toleration; permission. 

Suf f er-er, n. 1. One who suffers ; one who endures 
suffering. 2. One who permits or allows. 

Siif f er-ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or 
loss ; pain endured ; distress, loss, or injury incurred. 

Suffice' (-iiz 7 , 64), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sufficed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUFFICING.] [Lat. sufficere, to hold out, to be 
sufficient, from prefix sub, under, and facere, to make.] 
To be enough or sufficient. 

Suf-fice' (suf-fiz'), v. t. To satisfy ; to content ; to be 
equal to the wants or demands of. 

Suf-fl'cien-cy (-fish'en-), n. 1. State of being suffi- 
cient, or adequate to the end proposed. 2. Qualification 
for any purpose ; ability ; capacity. 3. Adequate sub- 
stance or means ; competence. 4. Ample stock or fund. 

Suf-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. [Lat. sufficiens, p. pr. of 
sufficere.] 1. Adequate to suffice ; equal to the end pro- 
posed. 2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplish- 
ments ; of competent power or ability. 

Syn. — Enough ; adequate ; competent; full ; satisfactory; 
ample: qualified; fit; responsible. 

Suf-f i'cient-ly (-fish'ent-), adv. To a sufficient degree ; 
enough. 

Siif fix, n. [See infra.] A letter or syllable added to the 
end of a word ; an affix ; a postfix. 

Suf-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffixed (suf-fikstO ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SUFFIXING.] [Lat. suffigere, suffixum, to fix 
below or on, from prefix sub, under, below, andflgere, to 
fix.] To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable 
to a word. 

Suf -f late', v. t. [Lat. suff/are, sufflatum, from sub, under, 
and flare, to blow.] To blow up ; to inflate. 

Suf-f la'tion, n. Act of blowing up or inflating. 

Suf fo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffocated ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. SUFFOCATING.] [Lat. suffocare, suffocatum, 
from sub, under, and faux, faucis, pi. fauces, the throat.] 
1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration ; to stifle ; to 
smother. 2. To destroy ; to extinguish. [ered. 

Suf fo-eate, v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smoth- 

Siif fo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of suffocating, choking, or 
stifling. 2. Condition of being suffocated. 

Suf f o~ea/tive, a. Tending or able to suffocate. 

Suf-f os'sion, n. [Lat. suffosio, fr. svffodere, suffossum, 
to dig under, fr. sub, under, audfodere, to dig.] A dig- 
ging under ; an undermining. 

Siif fra-gau, a. [Lat. suffragans, p. pr. of suffragari, 
to support with one's vote, to be favorable, from suffra- 
gium, a vote, suffrage.] Assisting. 

Siiffra-gan, n. (Eccl.) A bishop considered as an as- 
sistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan ; an assistant 
bishop. 

Suffrage, n, [Lat. suffragium. See supra.] 1. A 
voice given in deciding a controverted question, or in the 
choice of a man for an office or trust ; vote. 2. Testi- 
monial ; attestation. 3. United response or prayer. 

Suf -fu 'mi-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffumigated-, 
p. pr. & vb. n. SUFFUMIGATING.] [Lat. suffumigare, 
suffumigatum, from sub, under, below, and fumi gar e, to 
smoke, to fumigate.] To apply fumes or smoke to the 
parts of, as to the body in medicine. 

Suf-fu'mi-ga'tion, n. The operation of smoking any 
thing, especially the parts of the body ; fumigation. 

Suf-fu§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SUFFUSING.] [Lat. suffundere, svffusvm, from sub, 
under, and fundere, to pour.] To overspread, as with a 
fluid or tincture. 

Suf-fu'§ion, n. 1. Act or operation of suffusing, as 
with a fluid or with a color. 2. State of being suffused. 

3. That which is suffused. 

Sug'ar (shcTog'ar), n. [Lat. saccharum, Gr. aaKxap, 
'cr6.Kxo.pi, o-6.Kxo.pov, Ar. sukkar, assukkar, Skr. sarkara, 
Pracrit. sakkara.] 1. A sweet, crystalline substance, 
obtained from certain vegetable products, as the sugar- 
cane, maple, beet, sorghum, &c. 2. That which resem- 
bles sugar in taste, appearance, or the like ; as sugar of 



a,e,&e.,Z£mgv a,e>&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; plque,firm; son, dr. do, wolf, 



SUGAR 



719 



SUMACH 




Sugar-cane. 



lead, that is, acetate of lead, so called because it has a 
close resemblance to sugar in appearance, and tastes sweet. 
3. Figuratively, compliment a: flattery employed to dis- 
guise or render acceptable something obnoxious. 

Sug'ar (shobg'ar), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUGARED ; p. pr. 
*& vb. n. SUGARING.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, 
sprinkle, or mix with sugar, 2. To disguise by flattery 
or soft words ; to compliment ; to sweeten. 

Sug'ar-ean'dy (shobg'ar-), n. Sugar clarified and con- 
creted or crystallized. 

Sug'ar-eane (shtfbg'ar-), n. 
\Bot.) The cane or plant from 
whose juice sugar is obtained 

Sug'ar-loaf (shdbg'ar-), n. A 
mass of refined sugar, usually 
in the form of a truncated cone. 

Sug'ar-plum (sho"og'ar-), n. A 
species of candy made up in 
small, flattened balls or disks. 

Sug'ar-y (shdbg'ar-y), a. Re- 
sembling or containing sugar ; 
6weet. 

Suggest' (sug-jesf or sud-jest'), 
V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUGGEST- 
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUGGEST- 
ING.] [Lat. suggerere, suggest- 
um, from sub, under, and gerere, to carry, to bring.] 1. 
To introduce indirectly to the thoughts. 2. To propose 
with diffidence or modesty. 

Syn. — To hint; allude; refer to; glance at; insinuate. 

Sug-g6st'er (sug- or sud-), n. One who suggests. 

Sug-ges'tion (sug-jest'yun or sud-jest'yun), n. 1. Act 
of suggesting. 2. That which is suggested ; a difiident 
proposal or mention ; also, formerly, a secret incitement. 
Syn. — Hint. — A hint is literally a nod, and is the briefest 
mode of calling one's attention to a subject ; a suggestion is lit- 
erally a throwing of something before the mind, a modest or 
delicate mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usu- 
ally something slight or covert, and may be merely negative in 
its character; a suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us 
with some practical assistance or directions. " He gave me 
a hint of my danger, and added some kind suggestions as to 
the means of avoiding it." 

Sug-gest'ive (sug-jesf- or sud-jest'-), a. Containing a 

suggestion, hint, or intimation. 
Su/i-cid'al (110), a. Partaking, or in the nature of, the 

crime of suicide. 
Su'i-cide (92), n. [L.Lat. suicidium, fr. Lat. sui,'of one's 
self, and cazdere, to slay, to kill.] 1. Act of designedly 
destroying one's own life, committed by a person of years 
of discretion and of sound mind ; self-murder. 2. One 
guilty of self-murder. [ing. 

Su'i-ci-digm, n. State of being suicidal, or self murder- 
Suit, n. [Er. suite, from suivre, to follow. See Sue.] 
1. Act of suing ; the process by which one endeavors to 
gain an end or object ; endeavor. 2. Especially, the at- 
tempt to win a woman in marriage; courtship. 3. 
(Law.) An action or process for the recovery of a right 
or claim ; prosecution of right before any tribunal. 4. 
A retinue ; a company of attendants or followers. 5. 
The individuals collectively considered which constitute 
a series, as of rooms, buildings, cards, and the like. 6. 
A number of things used together, and in a degree neces- 
sary to be united, in order to answer the purpose ; a set ; 
sometimes with less dependence of the particular parts 
on each other, but still united in use. 
Suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suited ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUIT- 
ING.] 1. To fit ; to adapt; to make proper. 2. To be 
fitted to ; to become. 3. To please ; to make content. 
Suit, v. i. To agree ; to accord. 

Syn. — To comport; tally; correspond; match; answer. 
Suit'a-ble, a. Capable of sui ting ; likely to suit. 

Syn. — Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; competent; 
correspondent. 

Suit'a-ble-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 

suitable ; fitness ; propriety. 

Suit'a-lbly, adv. In a suitable manner ; fitly ; agreeably. 

Suite (sweet), n. [Fr. See SUIT, w.] 1. The retinue or 
attendants of a distinguished personage. [See Suit, n. 
4.] 2. A connected series or succession, as of objects ; 
a set ; a series ; a collection ; as, a suite of rooms. [See 
SuiT,n. 5.] 

Suit'or, n. 1. One who sues ; a petitioner ; an appli- 
cant. 2. Especially , one who solicits a woman in mar- 
riage ; a wooer ; a lover. 3. (Law.) (a.) One who sues 
or prosecutes a demand in court, (b.) One who attends 
a court, whether plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appel- 
lant, witness, juror, or the like. 



Siil'eate, ) a. [Lat. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare, to fnr- 
Siil'-ea-ted, ) . row, from sulcus, a furrow.] (Nat. Hist.\ 
Scored with deep, broad channels longitudinally ; fur- 
rowed ; grooved. 
SulJk/i-ly, adv. In a sulky manner ; sullenly ; morosely. 
Siilk'i-ness, n. State or quality of being sulky ; sullen- 
Sulks, n. pi. A sulky mood or humor. [ness. 
Sulk'y, a. [compar. SULKIER; superl. SULKIEST.] 

[From sulk.] Sullen ; sour ; obstinate ; morose. 
Sulk'y, n. [From sulky, a., so called from the owner's 
desire of riding alone.] A two-wheeled carriage for a 
single person. 
Sul'len, a. [0. Eng. solein, solain, lonely, sullen, as if 
from Lat. solanus, from solus, alone.] 1. 'Gloomy ; dis- 
mal. 2. Mischievous; malignant. 3. Gloomily angry 
and silent ; cross ; affected with ill humor. 4. Obsti- 
nate ; intractable. 5. Heavy; dull; sluggish. 
Syn. — Sulky; sour ; cross; ill-natured. 

Siil'len-ly, adv. In a sullen manner ; gloomily ; obsti- 
nately ; intractably ; with moroseness. 

Sul'len-ness (109), n. The state or quality of being sul- 
len; ill nature with silence. 

Syn. — Moroseness ; gloominess ; malignity ; intractable, 
ness; intractability; sulkiness. 

Sully, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sullied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sullying.] [Fr. souiller. See Soil.] 1. To soil ; to 
dirt ; to spot. 2. To tarnish ; to darken. 3. To stain ; 
to injure, as the purity of reputation. 

Siil'ly, v. i. To be soiled or tarnished. 

Siil'ly, n. Soil ; tarnish ; spot. 

Sul'phate (45), n. [From Lat. sulphur, sulfur, brim- 
stone, sulphur.] ( Chem.) A salt formed by sulphuric 
acid in combination with any base. 

Sul'phur, n. [Lat.] A simple mineral substance, of a 
yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, burning with a 
blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. 

Sul'phu-rate, a. Belonging to, or resembling sulphur. 

SuFphu-ra'tion, n. (Chem.) The subjecting a thing 
to the action of sulphur, especially of sulphurous gas. 

Sul-phu're-oiis, a. Consisting of sulphur ; having the 
qualities of, or impregnated with, sulphur 

Siil'phu-rSt, n. (Chem.) A combination of sulphur, 
with another element, or with a body which may take 
the place of an element. 

SuFphu-ret'ed, a. (Chem.) Having sulphur in com- 
bination ; containing, or combined with, sulphur. 

Sul-phu'ri-e, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from, sulphur. 

Sulphuric acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur 
combined with three equivalents of oxygen. 

Siil'pliur-ous, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, 
sulphur ; containing sulphur. 

Sulphurous acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur 
combined with two equivalents of oxygen. 

Sul'phur-y , a. Partaking of sulphur ; having the qual- 
ities of sulphur. 

Siil'tan ( Oriental pr on. sul-tan'), n. [Ar. sultan, sulut&n, 
power, prince, king, fr. salita, to be hard, strong.] The 
emperor of the Turks ; the grand seignior. [sultaness. 

Sul-ta'na, or Sul-ta'na, n. The wife of a sultan ; a 

Siil'tan-ess, n. A sultana. [or close air. 

Siil'tri-ness, n. State of being sultry ; heat with a moist 

Sul'try, a. [compar. sultrier; superl. sultriest.] 
[Corrupted from swellry, q. v.] 1. Very hot, burning, 
and oppressive. 2. Hot, close, stagnant, and oppres- 
sive, as air. 

Siim, n. [Lat. summa, from summus, highest, from su- 
perus, upper, higher, from super, above.] 1. The aggre- 
gate of two or more, numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or 
particulars. 2. A quantity of money or currency ; any 
amount, indefinitely. 3. The principal heads or thoughts, 
when viewed together ; the amount ; the substance ; com- 
pendium. 4. Height; completion. 5. A problem to 
be solved, or example to be wrought, in arithmetic. 

Siim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. summed ; p.pr. & vb. n. SUM- 
MING.] 1. To bring together into one whole ; to cast 
up, as a column of figures. 2. To bring or collect into 
a small compass. 3. (Falconry.) To supply or furnish 
with feathers full grown. 

Syn. — To collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; com-, 
pute. 
Su'ma-e, ) (colloq. shij/mak), n. [From Ar. summak, 
Su'ma^h, ) from samaka, to be high, tall, or long.] 
'(Bot.) A plant or shrub of many species, some of which 
are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medi- 
cine. 



food, foot •, urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; as ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



SUMMARILY 



720 



SUPERANNUATION 



Siim'ma-ri-ly, adv. 1. In a summary manner ; briefly ; 
concisely. 2. In a short way or method ; -without delay. 

Silm'ma-ry, a. [From Lat. summa. See Sum. J 1. 
Formed into a sum ; summed up ; reduced into a nar- 
row compass, or into few words. 2. Hence, rapidly 
performed : quickly executed. 

Syn. — Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct. 

Siim'ma-ry, n. An abridged account ; an abstract, or 
compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller 
account. 

Sum-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of summing, or forming a 
sum, or total amount, 2. An aggregate. 

Sum'mer, n. [A.-S. sumor, sumer, 0. H. Ger. & Icel. 
sumar.] The warmest period of the year ; north of the 
equator, the months of June, July, and August. 

Indian summer, in the United States, a period of warm 
weather late in autumn. — Summer-complaint (Med.), diarrhea 
occurring in summer ; — often applied also to dysentery and 
cholera infantum. 

Sum'mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. summered; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUMMERING-.] To pass the summer. 

Sum'mer, n. [Fr. sommier, a rafter. See Sumpter.] 
(Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on 
columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various 
uses. 

Sum'mer-fal'low, n. A fallow made during the warm 
months, to kill weeds. 

Surn'mer-house, n. ; pi. sUM'MER-HOUS/Eg. 1. A 
house or apartment in a garden, to be used in summer. 
2. A house for summer residence. 

Sum'mer-sault, ) n. See Somersault, Somer- 

Sum'mer-set, J set. 

Sum'mit, n. [From Lat. summum, from summits, high- 
est.] 1. The top ; the highest point. 2. The highest 
degree ; utmost elevation. 

Siim'mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. summoned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUMMONING.] [From Lat. summonere, to give a 
hint, from sub, under, secretly, and monere, to warn.] 
1. To call, cite, or notify to appear. 2. To give notice 
to, or command to appear, as in court. 3. To call up ; 
to excite into action or exertion. 4. ( Mil.) To call upon 
to surrender. 

Syn. — To convene ; convoke ; excite ; invite ; bid. See 
Call. 

Sum'mon-er,n. One who summons or cites by authority. 

Sum'mong, n. ; pi. sUM/MONg-ES_. [With a pi. termina- 
tion, but used in the singular number.] 1. The com- 
mand of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to 
attend to some public duty. 2. (Law.) A warning or 
citation to appear in court at a day specified. 3. (Mil.) 
A call or invitation to surrender. 

Siimp'ter, n. [N. Fr. sommier, a beast of burden, Lat. 
sagmarius, a pack-horse, from Fr. somme, from Lat. 
sagma, Gr. cray^-a, a pack-saddle, L. Lat. sagma, load.] 
An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or bur- 
dens ; — chiefly in composition. 

Siimpt'u-a-ry, a. [Lat. sumptuarius, from sumptus, 
expense, cost, fr. snmere, sumptum, to take, use, spend.] 
Relating to expense ; regulating expense or expenditure. 

Sumptuary laws, such as restrain or limit the expenses of cit- 
izens in apparel, food, furniture, or the like. 

Siimpfu-ous (84), a. [Lat. sumptuosus, from snmptus, 
expense, cost.] Involving large outlay or axpense. 
Syn. — Costly; splendid; magnificent; princely. 

Sumpt'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a sumptuous manner. 

Siimpt'u-ous-ness, n. State of being sumptuous ; cost- 
liness ; expensiveness ; splendor. 

Sun, n. [A.-S. sunna, sunne, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. sunna, 
Goth, sunna, Skr. syTma, syona, Goth, sau'il, Icel. sol, 
Lat. sol, Gr. tjAios, ae'Aios, Skr. surya, from svar, heaven.] 
1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes 
day, and its absence night ; the central body round which 
the earth and planets revolve. 2. Any heavenly body 
which forms the center of a system of orbs. 3. The sun- 
shine. 4. Whatever resembles the sun in splendor or 
importance. 

Sun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sunned ; p. pr. & vb. n. sun- 
ning.] To warm or dry in the light of the sun. 

Sun'-beam, n. A beam or ray of the sun. 

Sun'-lbon'net, n. A bonnet projecting in front of the 
face, worn as a protection against the rays of the sun. 
[Amer.] 

Sun'l>urn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sunburned, or sun- 
burnt ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUNBUrning.] To burn, dis- 
color, or scorch by the sun. 

Sun'day, n. [From sun and day ; — so called because 
this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its 



worship.] The first day of the week ; the Christian Sab 
bath ; the Lord's day. 
Syn.— See Sabbath. 

Sun'day- seh obi, n. A school for religious instruction 
on the Lord's day. 

Siin'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sundered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUNDERING.] [A.-S. sunderian, sundrian, syndrian, 
from sundor, sunder, sunder, separate, apart.] To disu- 
nite in almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, or 
breaking ; to part ; to separate ; to divide ; to sever. 

Sun'der, n. A separation into parts ; a division or sev* 



Sun'-dew (sfin/du), n. (Bot.) A plant, the leaves of 
which are furnished with small, bristle - like glands, 
which exude drops of a clear fluid, glittering like dew- 
drops. 

Sun'-di'al, n. An instrument to show the time of day 
by means of the shadow of a gnomon or style on a plate, 

Sun'down, n Sunset ; sunsetting. 

Sun'drieg, n. pi. Many different or small things; sun- 
dry things. 

Siin'dry, a. [A.-S. synderig, syndrig, sundrig, fr. sun- 
dor, sunder, separate. See Sunder, v.] Several ; di- 
vers ; more than one or two. 

Sun'f Ish, n. (Ichth.) (a.) A large, soft-finned sea-fish, 
supposed to be so named from its nearly circular forn? 
and shining surface, (b.) A small, fresh-water fish of 
the perch family. [Amer.] (c.) A species of shark. 

Sun'f low-er, n. A plant; — so called from the form 
and color of its flower, which is a large disk with yetiovr 
rays, or from its habit of turning to the sun. 

Siing, imp. & p. p. of sing. See Sing. 

Sunk, imp. & p.p. of sink. See SINK. 

Sunk'en (siink'n), a. Lying on the bottom of a river or 
other water; sunk. 

Sun'Iess, a. Destitute of the sun or its rays. 

Sun'light (-lit), n. The light of the sun. 

Siin'ny, a. [compar. SUNNIER ; superl. SUNNIEST.] 1. 
Pertaining to, proceeding from, or resembling, the sun. 
2. Exposed to the rays of the sun. 3. Colored by the 
sun. 

Siin'rige, ) n. 1. First appearance of the sun above 

Sun'rlg-ing, ) the horizon in the morning ; more gen- 
erally, the time of such appearance. 2. Hence, the east. 

Sun'set, \n. 1. The descent of the sun below 

Sun'set-ting, J the horizon ; or the time when the sun 
sets ; evening. 2. Hence, the west. 

Sun'shine, n. 1. The light of the sun, or the place 
where it shines. 2. State of being warmed and illumi- 
nated by the rays of the sun, or as if by its rays. 

Sun'shin-y, a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun; 
clear, warm, or pleasant. 2. Bright like the sun. 

Sun'-stroke, n. (Med.) Any affection produced by the 
action of the sun on some region of the body ; especially, 
a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symp- 
toms resembling those of apoplexy, occasioned by expo- 
sure to excessive heat. 

Sup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUPPED (supt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
supping.] [A.-S. supan, to sip, drink, Icel. supa. See 
SIP.] To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid ; 
to sip. 

Sup, v. i. [Fr. souper. See supra and Soup.] To eat 
the evening meal ; to take supper. 

Sup, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth ; a little 
taken with the lips ; a sip. 

Su'per-a-ble, a. [Lat. superabilis, from svperare, to go 
over, to surmount, from super, above, over.] Capable 
of being overcome or conquered. [berant. 

Su/per-a-bound', v. i. To be very abundant or exu- 

Su / per-a-foun'dan£e, n. State of being superabun- 
dant ; more than enough. 

Su'per-a-lbun'dant, a. Abounding to excess ; being 
more than is sufficient. 

Sii / per-a-bun'dant-ly, adv. More than sufficiently. 

Su'per-add', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superadded; p. pr. 
& vb. n. superadding.] 1. To add over and above. 
2. To add or annex, as something extrinsic. 

Su/per-ad-di'tion (-dish/un), n. 1. Act of adding to 
something, or of adding something extraneous. 2. That 
which is added. [angels 

Su / per-an-gel'i-e, a. Superior in nature or rank to the 

Su'per-an'nu-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. superannu- 
ated; p. pr. & vb. n. superannuating.] [Lat. su- 
per, above, over, and annus, a year.] To impair or dis- 
qualify by old age and infirmity. 

Su'per-an'nu-a'tion, n. State of being superannu- 
ated, or too old for office or business, or of being disqual- 
ified by old age ; decrepitude. 



a,e, &c, long; &,§,&(>., short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



SUPERB 



721 



SUPERSCRIBE 



Su-perb', a. [Lat. superbus, from super, above, over.] 1. 
Grand ; magnificent ; august ; stately. Si. Rich ; ele- 
gant. 3. Showy ; pompous. 

Su-perb'ly, adv. In a superb or splendid manner ; mag- 
nificently ; elegantly ; showily ; pompously. 

Su/per-ear'go, n. An officer or person in a merchant 
ship, whose business is to manage the sales and superin- 
tend all the commercial concerns of the voyage. 

Su'per-cil'i-oxis, a. [Lat. superciliosus , from superdli- 
um, an eyebrow, pride, from super, above, over, and cili- 
um, an eyelid.] 1. Lofty with pride; haughty; dicta- 
torial. Si. Manifesting haughtiness, or proceeding from 
it ; overbearing. 

Sii'per-cil'i-ous-ly, adv. In a supercilious manner; 
haughtily ; dogmatically. 

Su/per-cil'i-ous-ness, n. State of being supercilious ; 
an overbearing temper or manner ; haughtiness. 

Su/per-dom'i-nant, n. {Mas.) The sixth tone of the 
scale ; that which is next above the dominant ; — called 
also sub-mediant. 

Su'per-em'i-nence, ) n. State of being supereminent ; 

Su/per-em'i-nen-cy, J distinguished eminence. 

Su/per-6m'i-nent, a. Eminent in a superior degree; 
surpassing others in excellence. 

Su'per-em/i-nent-ly, adv. In a supereminent man- 
ner ; in a superior degree of excellence. 

Su/per-er'o-gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SUPEREROGAT- 
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUPEREROGATING.] [Lat. super- 
erogare, super erogatum, to spend or pay out over and 
above, from super, over, above, and erogare, to expend 
money from the public treasury after asking the consent 
of the people.] To do more than duty requires. 

Sil/per-er'o-ga'tion, n. Act of supererogating ; per- 
formance of more than duty or necessity requires. 

Su'per-e-rog'a-to-ry, a. Performed to an extent not 
enjoined or not required by duty or necessity. 

Su'per-ex'cel-len^e, n. Superior excellence. 

Su/per-ex'cel-lent, a. Excellent in an uncommon de- 
gree. 

Su/per-fe-ta'tion, n. [Lat. superfetare, superfetatum, 
from super, above, over, and fetare, to bring forth.] A 
second conception after a prior one, and before the birth 
of the first, by which two fetuses are growing at once in 
the same womb. 

Su'per-f I'cial (-iish / al), a. [Lat. superfidalis. See Su- 
perficies.] 1. Lying on, or pertaining to, the sur- 
face ; shallow ; not deep. Si. Reaching or comprehend- 
ing only what is obvious or apparent ; not profound ; 
shallow. 

Su'per-f I'cial-ly (-fish'al-), adv. In a superficial man- 
ner ; on the surface only. 

Sii'per-fl'cial-ness (-iish'al-nes), n. 1. State of being 
superficial ; shallowness. Si. Slight knowledge ; sciolism. 

Su'per-fi'cieg (-Hsh'ez), n. [Lat., from super, above, 
over, and fades, make, figure, shape.] 1. The surface ; 
the exterior part or face ot a thing. Si. (Civil Law.) 
Every thing on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a 
building, so closely connected by art or nature as to con- 
stitute a part of it. 

Su'per-flne (110), a. Very fine, or most fine ; surpass- 
ing others in fineness. 

Svi'per-flu'i-ty, n. [Lat. superfluitas.] 1. A greater 
quantity than is wanted. Si. State of being superfluous ; 
something beyond what is wanted. 

Syn.— Superabundance; excess; redundancy. 

Su-per'flu-oiis, a. [Lat. superfluus, overflowing, from 
superfluere, to overflow, from super, over, and fluere, to 
flow.] More than is wanted or sufficient. 

Syn. — Unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant ; redundant ; 
needless. 

Su-per'flu-oiis-ly, adv. In a superfluous manner. 

Su-per'flu-ous-ness, n. The state of being superflu- 
ous, or beyond what is wanted. [divine. 

Su'per-hu'man, a. Above or beyond what is human ; 

Su/per-im-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superimposed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SUPERIMPOSING.] To lay or impose on 
something else. [thing else. 

Su'per-in-cum'bent, a. Lying, or resting, on sonie- 

Su/per-in-duce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superinduced 
(-dust'); p.pr. &vb.n. SUPERINDUCING.] To bring in, 
or upon, as an addition to something. 

Su'per-in-due'tion, n. Act of superinducing, or state 
of being superinduced. 

Su'per-in-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superintended ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SUPERINTENDING.] To have or exer- 
cise the charge and oversight of ; to take care of with 
authority . 



Su/per-in-tend'ence , 
Su'per-in-tend'en-cy, 

purpose of direction. 



Act of superintending; 
care and oversight for the 



Syn. — Inspection ; oversight; care; direction; control; 
guidance. 

Su/per-in-tend'ent, n. One who has the oversight and 
charge of something, with the power of direction. 
Syn. — Inspector; overseer; manager; director; curator. 

Su-pe'ri-or (89), a. [Lat. superior, compar. of superus, 
being above, from super, above, over.] 1. More elevated 
in place ; higher ; upper. Si. Higher in rank or office. 
3. Surpassing others in the greatness, goodness, or value 
of any quality. 4. Beyond the power or influence of. 5. 
(Bot.) (a.) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower 
which is toward the main stem. (b.) Pointing toward the 
apex of the fruit ; — said of the radicle. 

Su-pe'ri-or, n. 1. One who is more advanced in age. Si. 
One who is more elevated in rank or office. 3. One who 
surpasses others in dignity, excellence, or qualities of any 
kind. 4. The chief of a monastery, convent, or abbey. 
5. (Print.) A small letter or figure used as an exponent, 
or as a mark of reference, or for other purposes ; — so 
called from its position, standing above or near the top 
of the line, as, a or l . 

Su-pe'ri-or'i-ty (89), n. State or quality of being su- 
perior. 

Syn. — Pre-eminence ; excellence ; predominancy ; preva- 
lence; ascendency; odds; advantage. 

Su-per'la-tive (14), a. [Lat. superlativus , from super- 
latus, p. p. of superferre , from super, over, andferre, latum, 
to carry, to bear. See supra.] 1. Most eminent ; sur- 
passing all other ; supreme. Si. (Gram.) Expressing, as 
a form of the adjective or adverb, the highest degree of the 
quality, as among the objects that are compared. 

Su-per'la-tive, n. 1. That which is highest or most 
eminent. Si. (Gram.) (a.) The highest degree of com- 
parison of adjectives and adverbs, (b.) A word in the 
superlative degree. 

Su-per'la-tive-ly, adv. In a superlative manner. 

Su-per'la-tlve-ness, n. The state of being superlative, 
or in the highest degree. 

Su/per-lu'nar, I a. Being above the moon ; not sub- 

Su/per-lu'na-ry, \ lunary, or of this world. 

Su-per'nal, a. [Lat. supernus, from super, above.] 1. 
Being in a higher place or region. Si. Relating to things 
above ; celestial ; heavenly. 

Su/per-na'tant, a. [Lat. supernatans, p. pr. of super- 
natare, to swim above, from super, above, and natare, to 
swim.] Swimming above ; floating on the surface. 

Sii'per-nat'u-ral, a. Being beyond, or exceeding, the 
powers or laws of nature ; miraculous. 

Syn.— Preternatural. — Preternatural signifies beside na- 
ture, and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What is very 
greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is preternatw 
red; what is above or beyond the established laws of the uni- 
verse is supernatural. The dark day which terrified all Europe 
nearly a century ago was preternatural; the resurrection of the 
dead is supernatural. 

Su'per-nat'u-ral-igm, n. 1. State of being super- 
natural. Si. Doctrine of a divine and supernatural 
agency in the production of the miracles and revelations 
recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and 
sanctifies men. 

Su/per-nat'u-ral-ist, n. One who holds the prin- 
ciples of supernaturalism. 

Su'pei'-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a supernatural manner. 

Su/per-nCi'mer-a-ry, a. 1. Exceeding the number 
stated or prescribed. Si. Exceeding a necessary, usual, 
or required number or quantity. 

Su'per-nu/mer-a-ry, n. A person or thing beyond 
what is necessary or usual ; especially, a person employed 
to fill the place of another, as of an officer killed in bat- 
tle, an actor upon the stage, or the like. 

Su/per-po-§i'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. A being placed or 
situated above or upon something. Si. That which is 
situated above or upon something else. 

Su'per-roy'al, a. Larger than royal; — denoting the 
largest species of printing paper. 

Su/per-salt, n. ( Chem.) A salt with a greater number 
of equivalents of acid than of the base. 

Su'per-sat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. supersatu- 
rated ; p.pr. & vb. n. supersaturating.] To add 
to beyond saturation. 

Su/per-s-eribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superscribed ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. superscribing.] [Lat. superscribere , fir. 
super, over, and scribere, to write.] To write or engrave 
on the top, outside, or surface ; or to write the name or 
address of a person on the outside or cover of. 



food, foot 



urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; 

*46 



gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- 



SUPERSCRIPTION 



722 



SUPPORT 



j&u'per-scrip'tion, n. 1. Act of superscribing. 2. 
That which is written or engraved on the surface, out- 
side, or above something else. 

Sfi'per-sede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superseded ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUPERSEDING.] [Lat. supersedere , to sit above, 
to be superior to, to forbear, omit, from super, above, and 
sedere, to sit.] 1. To come or be placed in the room of; 
to displace ; to replace. 2. To set aside ; to render un- 



Syn. — To suspend; set aside; overrule; succeed. 

Su'per-se'de-as,n. [Lat., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d 
person present subjunctive of supersedere. See supra.] 
(Law.) A writ or command to suspend the powers of an 
officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under an- 
other writ. 

Su/per-sed'ure, n. The act of superseding. 

Su/per-stl'tion (-stish'un), n. [Lat. superstitio, orig. 
a standing still over or by a thing : hence, amazement, 
wonder, esp. of the divine or supernatural, from super- 
stare, to stand over, from super, over, and stare, to stand.] 
1. An excessive reverence or fear of that which is un- 
known or mysterious. 2. Especially, an ignorant or ir- 
rational worship of the Supreme Deity ; excessive ex- 
actness or rigor in religious opinions or practice. 3. The 
worship of false gods ; false religion. 4. Belief in the 
direct agency of superior powers, in certain extraordinary 
or singular events, or in omens and prognostics. 

Syn.— Fanaticism. — Superstition springs from the imagi- 
nation in a gloomy state; fanaticism from this same faculty m 
a state of high-wrought and self-confident excitement. The 
former leads to weak fears or excessive scrupulosity as to out- 
ward observances ; the latter to an utter disregard of reason 
under the false assumption of enjoying a direct guidance from 
on high. 

Sfi'per-sti'tious (-stish'us), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
proceeding from, superstition. 2. Evincing superstition ; 
addicted to superstition ; full of idle fancies and scruples 
in regard to religion. 3. Scrupulous beyond need. 

Su/per-sti'tious-ly (-stish'us-), adv. In a superstitious 
manner. 

Sn/per-stl'tious-ness (-stPtious-), n. The quality of 
being superstitious : superstition. 

Su/per-stra'tum, n. ; pi. su'per-stra'ta. A stratum 
or layer above another, or resting on something else. 

Sii/per-strue'tion, n. [Lat. superstruere, superstructum, 
from super, over, and struere, to build.] 1. Act of build- 
ing upon. 2. That which is built upon some foundation ; 
a superstructure. 

Sii'per-struet'ure (53), n. 1. Any material structure 
or edifice built on something else ; especially, the build- 
ing raised on a foundation. 2. Any thing erected on a 
foundation or basis. 

Su'per-sUb-stan'tial , a. Being more than substance. 

Su'per-vene', v. i. [imp. & p. p. supervened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUPERVENING-.] [Lat. supervenire, to come 
over or upon, from super, over, and venire, to come.] To 
come upon as something extraneous ; to take place ; to 
happen. [ditional or extraneous. 

Su/per-ven'ient, a. Coming upon as something ad- 

Su'pei'-ven'tion, n. The act of supervening. 

Stl/per-vig'al, n. Act of supervising; supervision. 

Su / per-vl§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. supervised; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUPERVISING.] [Lat. super, over, and visere, 
to look at attentively, to view, survey, intens. form of 
videre, visum, to see.] To oversee for direction ; to su- 
perintend ; to inspect. 

Su'per-vlg'ion (-vlzh'un), n. Act of overseeing ; in- 
spection ; superintendence. 

Su/per-vls/or, n. One who supervises; an overseer; an 
inspector ; a superintendent. 

Su'per-vi'go-ry , a. Pertaining to, or having, supervision. 

Sii'pi-na'tion, n. [Lat. supinatio. See Supine.] Act 
of lying, or state of being laid, with the face upward. 

Su'plne, 7i. [Lat. supinum (sc. verbum), from supinus, 
bent or thrown backward, prob. because, although fur- 
nished with substantive case-endings, it throws itself 
back, as it were, on the verb.] ( Gram.) A verbal noun ; 
or a substantival modification of the infinitive mood, in 
Latin. 

Su-plne', a. 1. Lying on the back, or with the face 
upward. 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with ex- 
posure to the sun. 3. Negligent ; heedless. 

Syn. — Indolent ; thoughtless ; inattentive ; listless ; care- 
less; drowsy. 

Su-pine'ly, adv. In a supine manner ; carelessly ; in- 
dolently ; drowsily ; in a heedless, thoughtless state. 

Su-pine'ness (109), n. The state of being supine; in- 
dolence ; drowsiness ; heedlessness. 



Sup'per, n. [Fr. souper. See Soup and Sup.] That 
which is supped ; a meal taken at the close of the day. 

Siip'per-less, a. Wanting supper ; being without supper. 

Sup-plant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. supplanted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUPPLANTING.] [Lat. supplantare, to trip up 
one's heels, to throw down, from sub, under, and planta, 
the sole of the foot.] 1. To remove or displace by strata- 
gem ; or to displace and take the place of. 2. To over- 
throw ; to undermine. 

Syn.— To remove ; displace ; overpower ; force away; su- 
persede. 

Sup'plan-ta'tion, n. Act of supplanting. 

Sup-plarit'er, n. One who supplants. 

Sup'ple (suVpl), a. [From Lat. supplez, bending the 

knees, from sub, under, and plicare , to fold.] 1. Easily 

bent. 2. Compliant; not obstinate. 3. Bending to the 

humor of others ; obsequious. 
Syn. — Pliant ; flexible ; yielding ; bending ; flattering ; 

fawning ; soft. 

Sup'ple (sup/pl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. suppled ; p. pr- 
& vb. n. SUPPLING.] 1. To make soft and pliant; to 
render flexible. 2. To make compliant or submissive. 

Sup'ple (stip'pl), v. i. To become soft and pliant. 

Sup'ple-ment, n. [Lat. supplementum , from supplere, 
to fill up.] That which fills up, completes, or perfects 
something to which it is added ; specifically, something 
added to a book or paper to make good its deficiencies or 
correct its errors. 

Sup'ple-ment, v.t. [imp. & p.p. supplemented; 
p. pr. & vb. n. supplementing.] To fill up or sup- 
ply by additions ; to add to. 

Sup'ple-ment'al, ) a. Added to supply what is 

Sup'ple-ment'a-ry, ) wanted ; additional. 

Sup'ple-ness (sup'pl-nes), n. [From supple.] 1. Qual- 
ity of being supple, or easily bent. 2. Quality of easily 
yielding. 

Syn. —Pliancy; pliableness ; flexibility ; facility ; compli- 
ance. 

Sup'ple-tive, 1 a. Supplying what is lacking ; filling 

Siip'ple-to-ry, j up deficiencies ; supplemental. 

Sup'pli-aut, a. [Fr. suppliant, p. pr. of supplier, to en- 
treat. See Supplicate.] 1. Asking earnestly and 
submissively. 2. Manifesting entreaty ; expressive of 
humble supplication. 

Syn.— Entreating ; beseeching; suing; begging; suppli- 
cating ; imploring. 

Sup'pli-ant, n. A humble petitioner ; one who entreats 
submissively. 

Sup'pli-ant-ly, adv. In a suppliant manner. 

Sup'pli-eant, n. One who supplicates; a petitioner 
who asks earnestly and submissively. 

Sup'pli-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. supplicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. supplicating.] [Lat. supplicare , supplica- 
tum, from supplex, suppliers, kneeling down.] 1. To 
entreat for ; to seek by earnest prayer. 2. To. address 
in prayer. 

Syn. — To beseech ; entreat ; beg ; petition ; implore ; im- 
portune ; solicit ; crave. 

Sup'pli-eate, v. i. To petition with earnestness and 
submission ; to implore. 

Sup'pli-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of supplicating ; humble 
and earnest prayer in worship. 2. Humble petition ; 
earnest request. 

Syn. — Entreaty ; petition ; solicitation ; craving. 

Siip'pli-ea-to-ry, a. Containing supplication ; submis- 

Sup-pli_'er, n. One who supplies. [sive. 

Sup-ply', v. t. [imp. & p. p. supplied: p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUPPLYING.] [Fr. supplier, Lat. supplere, from sub, 
under, and plere, to fill.] 1. To fill up, as any deficien- 
cy happens ; to furnish with what is wanted. 2. To 
serve instead of. 3. To bring or furnish. 

Syn. — To provide ; administer ; minister ; contribute ; 
yield ; accommodate. 

Sup-ply', n. 1. Sufficiency of things for use or want. 

2. Especially, the food, &c, which meets the daily ne- 
cessities of an army or other large body of men ; store ; 
— chiefly in the plural. 

Sup-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUPPORTED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUPPORTING.] [Lat. supportare, from sub, under, 
and portare, to carry.] 1. To keep from falling ; to sus- 
tain, in a literal or physical sense. 2. To endure with- 
out being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character. 

3. To keep from fainting or sinking. 4. To assume and 
carry successfully, as the part of an actor. 5. To fur- 
nish with the means of sustenance or livelihood. 6. To 
carry on ; to enable to continue. 7. To verify ; to makr> 



a, e,&c.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf , 



SUPPORT 



723 



SURFEITER 



good. S. To defend successfully. 9. To uphold by aid 
or countenance. 10. To attend as an honorary assist- 
ant. 

Syn. —To maintain ; endure ; substantiate ; countenance; 
patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve: uphold ; en- 
courage ; favor ; nurture ; nourish ; cherish ; shield ; defend ; 
protect ; stay ; assist ; forward. 

Sup-port', n. 1. Act or operation of supporting, up- 
holding, or sustaining. 2. That which upholds, sustains, 
or keeps from falling. 3. That which maintains or pre- 
serves from being overcome, failing, yielding, sinking, 
giving way, &c. 

Syn. — Stay ; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; 
favor ; countenance ; encouragement; patronage; aid ; help; 
succor ; nutriment ; sustenance ; food. 

Sup-port'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being supported, 
borne, or sustained ; endurable ; tolerable. 2. Capable 
of being maintained. 

Sup-port'er, n. One who, or that which, supports. 

Sup-pog'a-ble, a. Capable of being supposed, or im- 
agined to exist. 

Sup-po§'al, n. Position without proof ; supposition. 

Sup-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. supposed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUPPOSING.] [From Lat. sub, under, and pausare, to 
pause; or from Lat. supponere, suppositum, from sub, 
under, and ponere, to put, to place.] 1. To imagine or 
admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration ; 
to assume to be true. 2. To receive as true. 3. Tore- 
quire to exist or be true ; to imply by the laws of thought 
or of nature. 

Syn. — To imagine ; believe ; conclude ; judge ; consider ; 
view ; regard; conjecture ; assume. 

Sup-poge', v. i. To make supposition ; to think ; to be- 
lieve or imagine. 

Sup-pog'er, n. One who supposes. 

Sup'po-gi'tionf-zlsh'uu), n. 1. Act of supposing. 2. 
That which is supposed ; hypothesis. 

Sup'po-gi'tion-al (-zish'un-), a. 'Hypothetical. 

Sup-pog'i-ti'tious (-tish/us), a. [Lat. supposititius, fr. 
supponere, suppositum, to put in the place of another, to 
substitute.] Put by trick in the place or character be- 
longing to another ; spurious ; counterfeit. 

Sup-pSs/i-ti'tious-ly (-tlsh/us-ly), adv. In a supposi- 
titious manner ; spuriously. 

Sup-pog'i-ti'tious-ness (-tish/us-nes), n. The state 
of being supposititious. 

Sup-pog'i-tive, a. Including or implying supposition. 

Sup-po§'i-tive-ly, adv. With, by, or upon, supposition. 

Sup-pr6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. suppressed (-prest') ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SUPPRESSING.] [Lat. supprimere, sup- 
pressum, from sub, under, and premere , pressum, to press.] 
1. To overpower and crush ; to put down. 2. To keep 
in; to restrain from utterance or vent. 3. To retain 
without disclosure or making public. 4. To obstruct 
from discharges. 

Syn. — To repress ; restrain ; put down ; overthrow; over- 
power; overwhelm; conceal; stifle; stop; smother. 

Sup-preVsion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of suppressing, 
or state of being suppressed. 2. Stoppage or obstruction 
of excretions or discharges, or of a cutaneous eruption. 
3. (Gram.) Omission. 

Syn. — Overthrow ; destruction ; concealment ; detention; 
retention ; obstruction. 

Sup-press'ive, a. Tending to suppress; subduing; 
concealing. 

Sup-press'or, n. [Lat.] One who suppresses. 

Siip'pu-rate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. suppurated; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SUPPURATING.] [Lat. suppurare, suppuratum, 
from sub, under, and pus, puris, matter.] To generate 
pus. 

Siip'pu-ra'tion, n. 1. Process of suppurating, or form- 
ing pus, as in a wound or abscess. 2. The matter pro- 
duced by suppuration. 

Siip'pu-ra-tive, a. Tending to suppurate ; promoting 
suppuration. [suppuration. 

Sti.p'pu-ra-tive,n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes 

Su'pra-lap-sa'ri-an, n. [Lat. supra, above, beyond, 
and lapsus, fall.] ( Eccl. Hist. ) One of that class of Cal- 
vinists, who believed that God's decree of election deter- 
mined that man should fall, in order that the opportu- 
nity might be furnished of securing tlfe redemption of a 
part of the race. 

Su'pra-miin'dane , a. Being, or situated, above the 
world or above our system. [ISM, q. v. 

Su'pra-nat'u-ral-Igm, n. Same as Supernatural- 

Su-prem'a-cy, n. [See Supreme.] State oi being 
supreme, or in the highest station of power ; higher 
authority or power. 



Su-preme' (92), a. [Lat. supremus, superl. of superus, 
that is above, upper, from super, above.] 1. Holding the 
highest place in government or power. 2. Highest, 
greatest, or most excellent. 3. Utmost; greatest pos- 
sible. 

Su-preme'ly, adv. In a supreme manner ; in the high- 
est degree ; to the utmost extent. 

Su'ral, a. [Lat. sura, the calf of the leg.] (Anat.) Being 
in, or_pertaining to, the calf of the leg. 

Sur'base, n. (Arch.) A cornice or series of moldings on 
the top of the base of a pedestal, podium, &c. 

Sur-base'ment. n. (Arch.) The trait of any arch or 
vault which describes a portion of an ellipse. 

Surcharge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SURCHARGED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. surcharging.] [Fr. surcharges See Charge.] 
1. To overload ; to overburden. 2. (Law.) (a.) To over- 
stock ; especially, to put more cattle into, as a common, 
than the person has a right to do, or more than the herb- 
age will sustain, (b.) (Equity.) To show an omission in 
for which credit ought to have been given. 

Sur-charge', n. An excessive load or burden ; a load 
greater than can be well borne. 

Sur-char'ger, n. One who surcharges or overloads. 

Sur'cin-gle (-smg-gl), n. [Prefix sur and cingle.] 1. A 
belt, band, or girth, which passes over a saddle, or over 
any thing laid on a horse's back, to bind it fast. 2. 
( Eccl. ) The girdle of a cassock. 

Sur'-eoat, n. [Prefix sur and coat.} 1. A short coat 
worn over the other garments ; especially, the long and 
flowing drapery of knights, anterior to the introduction 
of plate armor. 2. A short robe worn by females, at 
the close of the 11th century, over the tunic. 

Surd, a. [Lat. surdus.] 1. Deaf. [Obs.] 2. (Math.) 
Not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; 
radical. 3. (Pron.) Uttered with simple breath; not 
sonant ; unintonated ; toneless ; atonic. 

Surd, n. (Math.) A quantity which cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers. 

Sure (shur), a. [compar. SURER ; superl. SUREST.] [Fr. 
's&r, 0. Fr. sew, segur. See SECURE.] 1. Certainly 
knowing and believing; confident beyond doubt. 2. 
Certain to find or retain. 3. Certain not to fail or dis- 
appoint expectation. 

To be sure, or be sure, certainly ; without doubt. — To make 
sure, to make certain ; to secure so that there can be no fail- 
ure of the purpose or object. 

Syn. — Certain ; unfailing ; infallible ; safe; firm ; perma- 
nent; steady; stable; strong; secure; indisputable; confident; 
positive. 

Sure (shur), adv. Certainly ; without doubt ; doubtless ; 
surely. 

Sure'-f obt'ed (shur 7 -), a. Not apt to stumble or fall. 

Siire'ly (shur 7 -), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner ; 
certainly ; infallibly ; undoubtedly. 2. Without danger 
of falling ; steadily. 

Sure'uess (shur 7 -), n. State of being sure ; certainty. 

Siire'ty (shur'fcy), n. 1. State of being sure ; certainty ; 
security. 2. That which makes sure ; ground of confi- 
dence or security. 3. Security against loss or damage. 
4. (Law.) One who engages to answer for another's ap- 
pearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for 
the performance of some act ; a bondsman ; a bail. 

Sure'ty-slilp (shur'ty-), n. State of being surety ; obli- 
gation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or 
miscarriage of another. 

Surf, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. surflot, the rising of billow upon bil- 
low, and Prov. Ger. surfen, surfen, to suck in, to swallow.] 
The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, or 
upon sand-banks or rocks. 

Surface, n. [Fr. surface. See SUPERFICIES, and 
FACE.] 1. The exterior part of any thing that has 
length and breadth ; superficies ; outside. 2. Hence, 
outward or external appearance. 3. ( Geom.) A magni- 
tude that has length and breadth without thickness; 
superficies. 

Sur'f eit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SURFEITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. surfeiting.] [From the noun.] 1. To overfeed, 
and produce sickness or uneasiness. 2. To fill to satiety 
and disgust ; to cloy. 

Sur'f eit, v. i. To be fed, or to feast, till the system is 
oppressed, and sickness or uneasiness ensues. 

Sur'f eit, n. [0. Fr. surfait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. 
surfaire, to augment, exaggerate, fr. sur, over, and faire, 
to make, do, Lat. facere.] 1. Excess in eating and drink- 
ing. 2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occa- 
sioned by excessive eating and drinking. 3. Hence, dis- 
gust caused by excess ; satiety. 

Sur'f eit-er, n. One who surfeits or riots ; a glutton. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this» 



SURGE 



724 



SURVEY 



Surge, n. [From Lat. surgere, to rise. See SOURCE.] 
A large wave or billow ; a great, rolling swell of water. 

Surge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. surged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
surging.] (Naut.) To let go, as a portion of a rope, 
suddenly ; or to render, as a rope, round a pin. 

Surge, v. i. 1. To swell ; to rise high and roll, as waves. 
2. (Naut.) To slip back. 

Sur'geontsur'jun), n. [0. Eng. surgian, 0. Fr. surgien, 
contr. from chirurgien. See Chirurgeon.] One whose 
profession or occupation is to cure diseases or injuries of 
the body by manual operation. 

Sur'geon-cy, n. Office or employment of a surgeon. 

Sur'ger-y, n. [Contr. from 0. Eng. surgeonry.] 1. Art 
of healing by manual operation ; that branch of medical 
science which treats of manual operations for the healing 
of diseases or injuries of the body. 2. A place where 
surgical operations are performed, or medicines prepared. 

Sur'gie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, surgeons or surgery. 

Sur'gy, a. Rising in surges or billows ; full of surges ; 
resembling surges in motion or appearance. 

Sur'li-ly, adv. [From surly.] In a surly manner. 

Sur'li-ness, n. State of being surly ; gloomy morose- 
ness ; crabbed ill nature. 

Sur'loin, n. [Fr. surlonge, from sur, upon, and longe, 
loin.] A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin. 
See Sirloin, the more usual, but not the preferable or- 
thography. 

Sur'ly, a. [compar. surlier ; superl. surliest.] [From 
sour.] 1. Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and 
rude ; sour ; crabbed ; cross and rude. 2. Rough ; 
dark ; tempestuous. 

Sur-ml§e', v . t. [imp. & p. p. surmised ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SURMISING.] [From the noun.] To imagine 
without certain knowledge ; to infer or suppose. 

Sur-mige', n. [0. Fr. surmise, accusation, from surmet- 
tre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse, from sur, over, upon, 
and mettre, to put, set.] The thought or imagination 
that something may be, on feeble or scanty evidence. 
Syn. — Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt. 

Sur-ml§'er, n. One who surmises. 

Surmount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surmounted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SURMOUNTING.] [Fr. surmonter, from sur, 
over, and monter, to mount.] 1. To rise above, or higher 
than. 2. To overcome. 3. To surpass ; to exceed. 
Syn. — To conquer; vanquish; subdue. 

Sur-mount'a-ble, a. Capable of being surmounted. 

Sur-mount'er, n. One who, or that which, surmounts. 

Sur-miil'let, n. [Fr. surmulet, from saur, saure, brown- 
ish yellow, red, and mulct, a mullet.] (Ichth.) A fish al- 
lied to the perch. 

Sur'name, n. [Prefix sur and. name.] 1. A name or 
appellation added to, or over and above, the baptismal 
or Christian name, and which becomes a family name. 
2. An appellation added to the original name. 

Surname', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surnamed ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. surnaming.] To name or call by an appellation 
added to the original name. 

Surpass', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surpassed (sur-pasf) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SURPASSING.] [Fr. surpasser, from sur, 
over, and passer, to pass.] To go beyond in any thing 
good or bad. 

Syn. — To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip. 

Sur-pass'a-ble, a. Capable of being surpassed. 

Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in an eminent degree ; 
exceeding others. 

Sur'pllce, n. [Fr. surplis, L. Lat. superpellicium, from 
super, over, and pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur. See 
Pelisse.] (Eccl.) A white garment worn over another 
dress by the clergy of certain churches. 

Sur'plice-feeg, n. pi. (Eccl.) Fees paid to the English 
clergy for occasional duties. 

Sur'plus, n. [Fr. surplus, from sur, Lat. super, over, 
and Fr. & Lat. plus, more.] That which remains when 
use is satisfied ; excess beyond what is prescribed or 
wanted. 

Sur'plus-age, n. [See supra, and cf. Superplusage.] 
1. Surplus; excess. 2. (Law.) Matter in pleading not 
necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be re- 
jected. 

Sur-prl§'al, n. Act of surprising, or coming upon sud- 
denly and unexpectedly ; or state of being surprised. 

Sur-prige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surprised ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SURPRISING.] [Fr. surprendre, p. p. surpris, from 
Lat. super, supra, over, and prendere, prehendere, to 
take] 1. To come or fall upon suddenly and unexpect- 
edly. 2. To strike with wonder or astonishment by 
something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable. 3. To 



throw the mind of into disorder by something suddenly 
presented to the view or to the mind ; to confuse. 

Sur-prl§e', n. [Fr. surprise, from surprendre, surpris. 
Sue supra.] 1. Act of coming upon unawares, or of tak. 
ing suddenly and without preparation. 2. (Law.) State 
of being surprised, or taken unexpectedly. 3. A mod- 
erate degree of sudden wonder and astonishment. 
Syn. — Wonder; astonishment; amazement. 

Sur-prlg'er, n. One who surprises. 

Sur-pris/ing, p. a. Exciting surprise. 

Syn. — Wonderful ; extraordinary ; astonishing. 

Sur-prl§'ing-ly, adv. In a surprising manner or degree. 

Sur're-but', t>. i. [Prefix sur and rebut.] (Law.) Tore- 
ply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 

Sur're-tout'ter, n. (Law.) The plaintiff's reply in mat- 
ters of fact to a defendant's rebutter. 

Siir're-join', v. i. [Prefix sur and rejoin.] (Law.) To 
reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

Sur're-join'der, n. (Law.) The answer of a plaintiff 
in matters of fact to a defendant's rejoinder. 

Sur-ren'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. surrendered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SURRENDERING.] [0. Fr. surrender, to 
deliver, from sur, over, and rendre, to render, q. v.] 1. 
To give or deliver up possession of upon compulsion or 
demand. 2. To yield to the possession of another ; to 
give up ; to resign. 3. (Law.) To give up, as a principal 
by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, &c. 
4. To yield to any influence, passion, or power ; — used' 
reflexively. 

Sur-ren'der, v. i. To give up one'r self into the power 
of another ; to yield. 

Sur-ren'der, n. Act of surrendering ; the act of yielding 
or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, 
into the power of another. [surrender. 

Sur-ren'der-or (127), n. (Law.) One who makes a 

Sur-rep'tion, n. [Lat. surreptio, or subreptio. See SUB- 
REPTION.] Act or process of getting in a surreptitious 
manner. 

Sur'rep-tl'tious (-tish'us), a. [Lat. surreptitius, or sub- 
reptitius. See SUBREPTION.] Done by stealth, or with- 
out proper authority. 

Surrep-ti'tioiis-ly (-tish'us-ly), adv. In a surrepti- 
tious manner ; by stealth ; fraudulently. 

Sur'ro-gate, n. [Lat. surrogatas, p. p. of surrogare, to 
substitute, fr. pref. sub, under, and rogare, to ask, pro- 
pose.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a substitute. 2. The 
deputy of an ecclesiastical judge. [Eng.] 3. In some of 
the States of the Union, an officer who presides over the 
probate of wills and testaments. 

Sur-round', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. surrounded; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SURROUNDING.] [Prefix sur and round.] 1. 
To inclose on all sides. 2. To lie or be on all sides of. 

Syn. — To encompass; encircle; environ ; invest; hem in; 
fence about. 

Sur-round'ing, n. 1. An encompassing. 2. pi. Things 
which surround ; external or attending circumstances. 
[Recent.] 

Sur-sol'id, n. (Math.) The fifth power of a number. 

Sur-tout' (-toot'), n. [Fr. surtout, from sur, over, and 
tout"&\\.] A man's coat worn over his other garments ; 
an overcoat, especially when long and fitting closely. 

Surveillance (sur-vaPyongss'), n. [Fr., from surveiller, 
to watch over, from sur, over, and veiller, Lat. vigilare, 
to watch.] Watch ; inspection. 

Surveillant (sur-vaPyong'), n. ; pi. surveillants. 
[See supra.] One who watches over another ; an over- 
seer ; a spy. 

Survey' (115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. surveyed ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SURVEYING.] [0. Fr. surveoir, from sur, over, 
and veoir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1. To inspect or take a 
view of, as from a high place. 2. To view with a scru- 
tinizing eye. 3. To examine with reference to condition, 
situation and value. 4. To determine the form, extent, 
position, &c, of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or 
the like, by means of linear and angular measurements. 

Sur'vey, n. [Formerly accented universally on the last 
syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. A 
general view, as from an elevated place. 2. A particular 
view ; an examination ; especially, an official examina- 
tion of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a de- 
sign to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality. 3. 
Operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, 
or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's sur- 
face ; also, a measured plan and description of any line 
or portion of country. 4. A district for the collection 
of the customs. [Amer.] 
Syn. — Review; retrospect; examination; prospect. 



&,e,8cc.,long; a,£,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



SURVEYING 



725 



SWADDLE 



Sur-vey'ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics 
which teaches the art of determining the area of any 
portion of the earth's surface, with an accurate delinea- 
tion of the same on paper. 

Sur-vey'or (sur-va/ur), n. 1. An overseer ; a superin- 
tendent. 2. One who views and examines for the purpose 
of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of any 
thing. 3. One who measures land, or practices the art 
of surveying. 4. [Customs.) (a.) An officer who ascer- 
tains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors 
subject to duty ; a gauger. (b.) In the United States, an 
officer who ascertains the weight and quantity of goods 
subject to duty. 

Sur-vey'or-ship, n. The office of a surveyor. 

Sur-vfv'al, n. A living longer than, or beyond the life 
of, another person, thing, or event. 

Survive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. survived ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SURVIVING.] [Fr. survive, from sur (Lat. super), 
above, beyond, and vivre (Lat. vivere), to live.] To live 
beyond the life or existence of ; to outlive ; to live lon- 
ger than. 

Sur- vive', v. i. To remain alive ; to continue to live. 

Sur-vlv'or, n. One who survives or outlives another 
person, or any thing. 

Sur-viv'or-ship, n. 1. State of being a survivor. 2. 
(Law.) Right of a joint tenant, or other person who bas 
a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon 
the death of the other. 

Sus-cep'ti-bil'i-ty, a. 1. State or quality of being 
susceptible ; capability of receiving impressions, or of 
being affected. 2. Specifically, capacity for feeling or 
emotional excitement. 

Syn.— Capability; sensibility; feeling; emotion. 

Sus-cep'ti-ble, a. [From Lat. suscipere, to take up, to 
support, undertake, suffer, admit, from sus, from subs, 
for sub, under, and capere, to take.] 1. Capable of ad- 
mitting any thing additional, or any change, affection, or 
influence. 2. Capable of impression ; impressible ; ten- 
der. 3. Having nice sensibility. 

Sus-c6p'tive, a. Capable of admitting ; readily admit- 
ting. 

Sus'cep-tiv'i-ty, n. Capacity of admitting. 

Sus-£ip'i-e»t, a. [Lat. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere, to 
take up, admit.] Receiving : admitting. 

Sus-cip'i-ent, n. One who takes or admits. 

Sus-peet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. suspected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUSPECTING.] [Lat. suspicere, suspectum, from sub, 
under, and specere, to look, view.] 1. To imagine to 
exist, often upon weak evidence, or no evidence at all. 2« 
To imagine to be guilty upon slight evidence, or without 
proof. 3. To hold to be uncertain. 
Syn.— To mistrust; distrust; surmise; doubt. 

Sus-peet', v. i. To imagine guilt ; to have a suspicion. 

Sus-peet'a-ble, a. Capable of being suspected ; open, 
or liable to, suspicion or distrust. 

Sus-peet'ed-ness, n. State of being suspected or 
doubted. 

Sus-pect'er, n. One who suspects. 

Sus-pend', f. «. [imp. & -p. p. suspended; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SUSPENDING.] [Lat. suspendere, suspensum, fr. 
sus, from subs, for sub, under, and pendere, to hang.] 1. 
To attach to something above. 2. To make to de- 
pend. 3. To cause to cease for a time ; to hinder from 
proceeding. 4. To hold in a state undetermined. 5. 
To debar from any privilege, from the execution of an 
office, or from the enjoyment of income. 6. To cause to 
for a time from operation or effect, 



Syn. — To hang; interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; 
debar. 

Suspend', v. i. To cease from operation or activity ; 
especially, to stop payment, or be unable to meet ob- 
ligations or engagements. 

Sus-pend'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, suspends. 
2. pi. Straps for holding up pantaloons ; braces ; gal- 
lowses. 

Sus-pense', n. [See supra.] 1. A state of uncertainty ; 
indetermination ; indecision. 2. Cessation for a time ; 
stop. 

Sus-pen'sion, n. 1. Act of suspending, or state of 
being suspended. 2. Especially, temporary delay, in- 
terruption, or cessation, as of labor, judgment, payment, 
punishment, &c. 3. A conditional withholding, inter- 
ruption, or delay. 

Syn. — Delay; interruption; intermission; stop; withhold- 
ing. 

Sus-pen'so-ry, a. 1. Suspended ; hanging ; depending. 
2. Fitted or serving to suspend ; suspending. 



Sus-pen'so-ry, n. That which suspends, or holds up, 
as a truss ; specifically, a bandage for suspending the 
scrotum. 

Sus-pi'cion(-pTsh'un),n. [Lat. suspicio. See Suspect.] 
Act of suspecting ; imagination of the existence of some- 
thing without proof, or upon very slight evidence, or 
upon no evidence at all. 

Syn.— Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt. 

Sus-pi'cious (-ptsh'us), a. 1. Inclined to suspect. 2. 
Indicating suspicion or fear. 3. Liable to suspicion; 
adapted to raise suspicion. 4. Given to suspicion. 

Syn. — Jealous ; distrustful ; mistrustful ; doubtful ; ques- 
tionable. See Jealous. 

Sus-pi'cioxis-ly (-plsh / us), adv. In a suspicious manner. 

Sus-pi'cious-ness (-pish'us), n. Quality or state of 
being suspicious. 

Sus-pir'al, n. [From suspire.] 1. A breathing-hole; 
a vent or ventiduct. 2. A spring of water passing under 
ground toward a cistern or conduit. 

Sus'pi-ra/tion, n. [See infra.] Act of sighing; a sigh. 

Sus-plre', v. i. [Lat. suspirare, to breathe out, to sigh, 
from sub, under, and spirare, to breathe.] To fetch a 
long, deep breath ; to sigh. 

Sus-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUSTAINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SUSTAINING.] [Lat. sustinere, from sus, fr. subs, for 
sub, under, and tenere, to hold.] 1. To keep from fall- 
ing ; to bear. 2. Hence, to keep from sinking in de- 
spondence. 3. To maintain ; to keep alive : to nourish. 
4. To aid, vindicate, comfort, or relieve. 5. To endure 
without failing or yielding. 6. To suffer ; to undergo. 
7. To allow the prosecution of; to sanction. 8. To 
prove ; to establish by evidence ; to be conclusive of as 
evidence. 9. (Mus.) To continue as the sound of notes 
through their whole length. 
Syn. — To support; uphold; subsist; assist; relieve. 

Sus-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being sustained. 

Sus-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, sustains. 

Sus'te-Aance, n. [0. Fr. sustenance. See SUSTAIN.] 
1. Act of sustaining; support; maintenance. 2. That 
which supports life ; food ; provisions. 

Siis'ten-ta'tion, n. [Lat. sustentatio, from sustentare, 
to support, maintain, intens. form of sustinere. See 
Sustain.] 1. Preservation from falling; support. 2. 
Use of food or provisions. 3. Maintenance of life. 

Siit'ler, n. [D. zoetelaar, 0. D. soeteler, a small trader, 
especially in camps, from soetelen, to undertake low of- 
fices ; H. Ger. sudeln, to do dirty work, to sully, soil.] A 
person who follows an army, and sells to the troops pro- 
visions, liquors, &c. 

Sut-tee', n. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, existing, real, true, 
good, p. pr. of sat, to be.] 1. A widow who immolates 
herself on the funeral pile of her husband. 2. The sac- 
rifice of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her hus- 
band. [India.] 

Sut-tee'i§m, n. The practice of self-immolation among 
widows in Hindostan. 

Sttt'tle (stit'tl), n. [From subtle, subtile.] (Com.) The 
weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet 
to be allowed. 

Sut'ur-al, a. Of, or relating to, a suture or seam. 

Sut'ure (53), n. [Lat. sutura, from suere, sutum, to sew 
or stitch.] 1. Act of sewing ; also, the line along which 
two things or parts are sewed together, or are united so 
as to form a seam, or that which resembles one. 2. 
(Anat.) The seam or joint which unites the bones of the 
skuU. 

Su'ze-rain, n. A superior lord, to whom fealty is due. 

Su'ze-rain-ty, n. [Fr. suzerainete, from suzerain, par- 
amount, a lord paramount, from Fr. sus, above, over, 
Lat. susum, sursum. See SOVEREIGN.] Dominion or 
authority of a suzerain ; paramount authority. 

Swab (swob), n. [From the root of siveep.] 1. A mop 
for cleaning floors, &c. 2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or 
the like, fastened to a handle for cleansing the mouth. 

Swab (swob), v. t. [imp. & p. p. swabbed ; p. pr. & 
vb'. n. SWABBING.] To clean with a mop or swab. 

Swab'ber (swob'ber), n. 1. One who uses a swab to 
clean a floor or deck. 2. An inferior officer on board of 
ships of war, whose business it is to see that the ship is 
kept clean. 

Swad'dle (swod'dl), v. t. [imp. &p.p. swaddled; 
p. 'pr. & vb. n. SWADDLING.] [From the noun. See 
infra.] To bind, as with a bandage ; to swathe, as an 
infant. 

Swad'dle (swod'dl), n. [A.-S. swxdhil, swedhil, sivedhel, 
a bundle, from swedhian, to bind.] Clothes bound tight 
round the body. 



food, *«ibt -, urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo, gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link ; this- 






SWADDLING-BAND 



726 



SWEATINESS 




Swad'dling-lband, \n. A band or cloth wrapped 

Swad'dling--el5th, ) round an infant, especially 
round a new-born infant. 

Swag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. swag&ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swagging.] [Prov. Eng. swag, to hang loose and 
heavy, to swing about, allied to Ger. schwanken, to tot- 
ter, to reel, from schwingen, Eng. swing.] To sink down 
by its weight ; to lean. 

Swage, n. A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the 
end or face, used by workers in metals, for shaping their 
work. 

Swage, v. t. To shape by means of a swage ; to fashion, 
as a piece of iron, by drawing it into a groove or mold 
having the required shape. 

Swag'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SWAGGERED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. SWAGGERING.] [Cf. A.-S. swigan, to make a 
noise, to rattle, swegian, to prevail.] To boast or brag 
noisily ; to bluster ; to bully. 

Swag'ger, n. Boastfulness or insolence of manner. 

Swag'ger-er, n. A blusterer ; a bully ; a boaster. 

Swag'gy, a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or 
leaning by its weight. 

Swain, n. [A.-S. swhn, 0. H. Ger. suein, Icel. sveinct.] 
A rustic ; especially, a country gallant or lover. 

Swale, n. [Gael. & Ir. sgail, a shade, a shadow.] An 
interval or vale ; a tract of low, and usually wet land. 
[Local, Amer.] 

Swale, v. t. & i. To waste ; to sweal. See Sweal. 

Swal'low, n, [A.-S. swalewe, 
swealwe, 0. H. Ger. sualawa, Icel. 
svala.] (Ornith.) A small bird 
with long wings, a forked or point- 
ed tail, and small, hooked feet. 

Swal'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
SWALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWALLOWING.] [A.-S. swelgan, 
swilgan, 0. H. Ger. suelahan, 
suelhan, Icel. svelgja, svelgr, 0. 
Ger. schwalg, the throat, gullet.] Swallow. 

1. To take into the stomach, 2. 

To draw into an abyss or gulf. 3. To receive or em- 
brace, as opinions or belief, without examination or scru- 
ple. 4. To appropriate. 5. To occupy ; to employ. 6. 
To seize and waste ; to exhaust. 7 . To retract ; to recant. 
Syn. — To absorb; imbibe; ingulf; engross; consume. 

Swal'low, «. 1. The gullet or esophagus ; the throat. 
2." As much as is, or can be, swallowed at once. 

Swal'low- tailed, a. Like a swallow's tail in form , 
having narrow and tapering or pointed skirts. 

Swam, imp. of swim. .See Swim. 

Swamp (swomp), n. [Allied to sump, from the root of 
swim.] Low ground filled with water; land wet and 
spongy, but not usually covered with water. 

Swamp (swomp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. swamped (84) ; 
p.'pr. & vb. n. SWAMPING.] 1. To plunge, whelm, or 
sink in a swamp, or as in a swamp, 2. (Naut.) To 
overset, sink, or cause to become filled, as a boat, in 
water. 3. To plunge into inextricable difficulties. 

Swamp'y, a. Consisting of swamp ; like a swamp. 

Swan, n. [A.-S. swan, 0. H. Ger. suan, 
Icel. svanr.] (Ornith.) A large web- 
footed bird, like the goose, but hand- 
somer, and more graceful, having also 
a longer neck and beak, and being gen- 
erally larger and stronger. 

Swan's-down, n. A fine, soft, thick 
cloth of wool mixed with silk or cot- 
ton ; a sort of twilled fustian, like Swan, 
moleskin. 

Swan'-skin, n. A species of flannel of a soft texture, 
thick and warm. 

Swap (swop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. swapped (swopt) ; p. 
pr'. & vb. n. SWAPPING.] [0. & Prov. Eng., to strike; 
Ger. schwappen. Cf. to strike a bargain.] To exchange ; 
to barter ; to swop. [ Colloq.] 

Swap (swop), n. An exchange ; barter. [Colloq.] 

Sward, n. [A.-S. sweard, Icel. svordr.] The grassy sur- 
face of land ; turf. 

Sward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swarding.] To cover with sward. 

Sware, imp. of swear. [Obs.] See S WEAR. 

Swarm, n. [A.-S. swearm, 0. H. Ger. swarm, Icel. 
sv'ermr, from the root of Ger. schwirren, to make a sharp, 
Shrill, or piercing noise, Skr. swar, to sound.] 1. A 
large number of small animals or insects, especially 
when in motion. 2. Specifically, a great number of 
honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, under 




the direction of a queen ; or a like body of bees united 
and settled permanently in a hive. 3. Hence, any 
great number or multitude. 

Swarm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. swarmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swarming.] 1. To collect and depart from a hive by 
flight in a body, as bees. 2. To appear or collect in a 
crowd ; to throng together. 3. To be crowded ; to be 
thronged. 4. To abound ; to be filled, as with a num- 
ber or crowd of objects. 5. [Allied to worm.] To climb, 
as a tree, by embracing it with the arms and legs, and 
scrambling ; to shin. 

Swart, ) a. [A.-S. sweart, Goth, srarts, Icel. svartr, 

Swarth, ) 0. H. Ger. swarz.] Being of a dark hue ; 
moderately black ; tawny. 

Swarth'i-ly , adv. In a swarthy manner ; with a tawny 
hue ; duskily. 

Swarth'i-ness, n. The state of being swarthy. 

Swarth'y, a. [compar. swarthier ; superl. SWARTH- 
IEST. [From swarth or swart.] Being of a dark huo 
or dusky complexion ; black or tawny. 

Swash (swSsh), n. [See infra.] 1. A swaggering fellow. 
2." [From wash, with s prefixed.] Impulse of water 
flowing with violence ; a dashing of water. 3. A narrow 
channel of water lying within a sand -bank, or between 
that and the shore. [Local, Amer.] 

Swash, v. i. [Sw. svassa, to bully, to rodomontade, Ger. 
sc/iwatzen, to talk, prattle, prate.] 1. To bluster; to 
make a great noise. 2. [See supra, n., 2.] To dash or 
flow noisily, as water ; to splash. 

Swath (swawth), n. [A.-S. swadhu.] 1. A band or 
fillet. 2. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown to- 
gether by the scythe. 3. The whole sweep of a scythe, 
or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut 
by_it. 

Swathe, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. swathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWATHING.] [A.-S. swedhian, to bind. Cf SWADDLE.] 
To bind with a swath, band, bandage, or rollers. 

Swathe, n. A bandage. 

Sway, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWAYING.] [Prov. Eng. siveg, sweigh. sway, to swing, 
incline, Icel. sveigia, L. Ger. swajen, to be turned by 
the wind, A.-S. swegian, to prevail. Cf. Swag.] 1. To 
move or wield with the hand. 2. To influence or direct 
by power and authority, or by moral force. 3. To cause 
to incline to one side. 4. (Naut.) To hoist ; to raise. 

Syn.— To bias ; rule ; govern ; direct ; influence ; swing ; 
move ; wave. 

Sway, v. i. 1. To bear rule ; to govern. 2. To have 
weight or influence. 3. To be drawn to one side by 
weight. 

Sway, k. 1. Power exerted in governing. 2. Influence, 
weight, or authority that inclines to one side. 3. Pre- 
ponderation. 4. Swing or sweep of a weapon. 

Syn. — Rule ; dominion ; power ; empire ; control ; influ- 
ence ; direction ; preponderance ; ascendency. 

Sweal, v. i. [imp- & p. p. swealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

SWEALING.] [A.-S. swelan, to burn slowly and without 
a flame, 0. H. Ger. suelan, suelcn, suillen, Icel. svdla.] 
To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle. 

Swear (4), v. i. [k^.swoRE (formerly sware) ; p.p. 
sworn; p. pr. & vb. n. swearing.] [A.-S. & 0. H. 
Ger. swerian, Goth, svaran, Icel. sveria, allied to A.-S. 
sivarian, to affirm, to answer, Icel. svara, to answer, q. 
v.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an 
appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. 2. 
(Laiv.) To give evidence on oath. 3. To use the name 
of God or sacred things profanely. 

Swear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal 
to God for the truth of the declaration. 2. (Law.) To 
cause to take an oath ; to administer an oath to. 3. To 
declare or charge upon oath. 

Swear'er, n. One who swears ; especially, one who uses 
profane language. 

Sweat, n. [A.-S. siv&t, Icel. sveiti, 0. H. Ger. sweiz, 
allied to Skr. svedas, Lat. sudor, Gr. ISpug.] 1. The 
fluid or sensible moisture which is excreted from the skin 
of an animal. 2. State of one who sweats ; hence, labor ; 
toil ; drudgery. 3. Moisture issuing from any substance. 

Sweat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sweat, or sweated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SWEATING.] 1. To excrete sensible moist- 
ure from the skin. 2. To toil ; to labor ; to drudge. 3. 
To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap. 

Sw6at, v. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from the 
skin. 2. To emit or suffer to flow from the pores ; to 
exude. 

Sweat'er, n. One who sweats. [sweat. 

Sw6at'i-ness, n. State of being sweaty, or moist with 



5, e, &c, long ; a, S, &c, short; care, far, ash, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dg, wolf* 



SWEATY 



727 



SWINDLE 



Swgat'y, a. [compar. sweatier ; superl. sweatiest.] 
1. Moist with sweat. 2. Consisting of sweat. 3. La- 
borious ; toilsome ; difficult. 

Swed'ish, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Sweden. 

Swed'ish, n. The language of the Swedes. 

Sweep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swept ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWEEPING-.] [A.-S. swapan, Icel. sopa, Goth, sveipan.] 

1. To brush, or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, 
for removing loose dirt. 2. To drive or carry along or 
off by a long, brushing stroke, or force, or by flowing on 
the earth. 3. To drive, destroy, or carry off many at a 
stroke, or with celerity and violence. 4. To move over 
in strides or with a train. 5. To carry with a long, 
swinging, or dragging motion. 6. To strike with a long 
stroke. 7. (Naul.) To draw or drag over. 8. To pass 
rapidly over, as with the eye or other instrument of ob- 
servation. 

Sweep, v. i. 1. To pass with swiftness and violence, as 
something broad, or brushing the surface of any thing. 

2. To pass over or brush along with celerity and force. 

3. To pass with pomp. 4. To move with a long reach. 
5. To include or comprehend many individuals or par- 
ticulars in a single act or assertion. 

Sweep, n. 1 . Act of sweeping. 2. Compass of a stroke. 
3. Compass of any turning body or motion. 4. Com- 
pass of any thing flowing or brushing. 5. Violent and 
general destruction. 6. Direction and extent of any 
motion not rectilinear. 7. One who sweeps ; a sweeper. 
8. The pole moved on a fulcrum or post, used to raise 
and lower a bucket in a well. 

Sweep'er, n. One who sweeps ; a sweep. [bish. 

Sweep'ingg, n. pi. Things collected by sweeping ; rub- 

Sweep'stakes, n. sing, or pi. 1. The whole money or 
other things staked or won at a horse-race. 2. One who 
wins all. 

Sweep'y, a. Passing with speed and violence over a 
great compass at once. 

Sweet, a. [compar. sweeter; superl. sweetest.] 
[A.-S. swete, Goth, sutis, for svotis, Icel. sbtr, allied to 
Lat. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. 1761;?, Skr. svadu, from svad, 
svad, to be of a sweet taste, to taste.] 1. Having a 
taste or flavor resembling that of honey or sugar. 2. 
Pleasing to the smell ; fragrant. 3. Pleasing to the ear ; 
soft ; melodious ; harmonious. 4. Pleasing to the eye ; 
beautiful. 5. Fresh; not salt. 6. Not changed from a 
sound or wholesome state. 7. Mild; soft; gentle. 
Syn. — Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious. 

Sweet, n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste ; — used 
chiefly in the plural. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant 
in odor ; a perfume. 3. That which is pleasing or grate- 
ful to the mind. 4. A darling ; — a term of endearment. 

Sweet'-bread, n. The pancreas of an animal, used 
for food. 

Sweet'-bri'er, n. (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the rose 
kind, cultivated for its fragrant smell. 

Sweet'en (swet'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SWEETENED : p. 
pr. & vb.11. sweetening.] 1. To make sweet to the 
taste. 2. To make pleasing to the mind. 3. To make 
mild or kind. 4. To make less painful. 5. To increase 
the agreeable qualities of. 6. To make delicate. 7. To 
make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter. 
8. To make warm and fertile. 9. To restore to purity. 

Sweet'en, v. i. To become sweet. 

Sweet'en-er, n. One who, or that which, sweetens. 

Sweet'-f ern, n. {Bol.) A small North American shrub, 
having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern- 



Sweet'heart, n. A lover or mistress. 

Sweet'ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. 2. A darling; — a 
word of endearment. 

Sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet or grateful to the taste. 

Sweet'ly,_a^. In a sweet manner ; gratefully. 

Sweet'meat, n. Fruit preserved with sugar, as peaches, 
pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, and the like. 

Sweet'ness, n. Quality of being sweet, in any of its 
senses ; as, gratefulness to the taste, or to the smell ; fra- 
grance ; agreeableness to the ear, melody ; agreeableness 
of manners; softness; mildness; amiableness. 

Sweet'-oil, n. Olive-oil. 

Sweet'-po-ta'to, n. (Bot.) A trailing plant and its 
sweetish starchy tubers, which are much used for food. 

Sweet 7 - will'iam, n. (Bot.) A species of pink of many 
varieties. 

Swell, v. i. [imp. swelled ; p. p. swelled (swol- 
len, or SWOLN, is less usual) ; p. pr. & vb. n. SWELL- 
ING.] [A.-S. sivellan, swillan, Icel. svella.] 1. To grow 
larger by matter added within, or by expansion of the 



inclosed substance. 2. To increase in size or extent by 
any addition. 3. To rise or be driven into waves or bil- 
lows. 4. To be puffed up or bloated. 5 . To be inflated : 
to belly. 6. To be turgid or bombastic. 7. To bulge 
out. 8. To be elated ; to rise into arrogance. 9. To 
grow upon the view. 10. To become larger in amount. 
11. To act in a pompous, ostentatious, or arrogant man- 
ner ; to strut. 

Swell, v. t. 1. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions 
of. 2. To aggravate ; to heighten. 3. To raise to arro- 
gance. 4. (Mus.) To augment in force or loudness, as 
the sound of a note. 

Swell, n. 1. Act of swelling. 2. Gradual increase ; as, 
(a.) Augmentation in bulk, (b.) Elevation; rise;— said 
of height, (c. ) Force ; intensity ; power ; — said of sound. 
(d.) Increase of power in style, or increase of rhetorical 
force. 3. A gradual ascent or elevation of land. 4. A 
wave or billow ; especially, a succession of large waves. 

5. The fluctuation of the sea after a storm. 6. (Mus.) 
A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; 
— generally indicated thus -<d^i=-. 7. A showy, 
dashing, boastful person. 

Swell'ing, n. 1. Protuberance ; prominence. 2. A 
tumor. 3. A rising or enlargement by passion. 

Swell'- moo, n. Well-dressed thieves, taken collectively. 

Swelt'er, v. %. [imp. & p. p. sweltered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. sweltering.] [A.-S. sweltan, Goth, sviltan, 
gasviltan, to perish, Icel. svelta, to hunger.] To be over- 
come and faint with heat ; to be ready to perish with 
heat. 

Swelt'er, v. t. To oppress with heat. 

Swept, imp. & p. p. of sweep. See SWEEP. 

Swerve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. swerved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swerving.] [L. Ger. swarven, D. zwerven, to swerve, 
to rove, M. H. Ger. swerben, to be whirled, to wander, 0. 
H. Ger. suerban, Goth, svairban, to wipe. Cf. Swarm.] 
1. To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule 
of duty ; to deviate. 2. To climb or move forward by 
winding or turning. 

Swift, a. [compar. SWIFTER ; superl. SWIFTEST.] 
[A.-S. swift, from swifan, to move quickly, to whirl, to 
wander, Icel. svifa, to be moved, 0. H. Ger. sueibdn, to 
wave, hover. Cf. Sweep.] 1. Moving with celerity or 
velocity. 2. Ready ; prompt. 3. Coming without de- 
lay. 

Syn.— Quick; fleet; speedy; nimble; rapid; expeditious. 

Swift, n. 1. A reel, for winding yarn, thread, &c. ; — 
chiefly in the plural. 2. ( Ornith.) A small bird, like the 
swallow, but having a shorter bill and very long wings. 
3. (Zool.) The common newt or eft ; a species of lizard. 

Swif t'ly, adv. In a swift manner ; with celerity. 

Swift'ness, n. State or quality of being swift ; speed ; 
rapid motion ; quickness ; celerity ; velocity ; rapidity. 

Swig, v. t. & i. [A.-S. swilgan, swelgan, to swallow, 
devour.] To drink by large draughts. [Colloq. and 
vulgar. ,] 

Swig, n. A large draught. [Colloq. and vulgar .] 

Swill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swilled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWILLING.] [A.-S. swilgan, swelgan, to swallow, de- 
vour ; swilian, to wash.] To drink grossly or greedily. 

Swill, v . i. To drink greedily or swinishly ; to drink to 
excess. 

Swill, n. 1. Large draughts of liquor. 2. The wash, or 
mixture of liquid substances, given to swine. 

Swill'er, n. One who swills, or drinks voraciously. 

Swim, v. i. [imp. SWAM ; p. p. swum; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWIMMING.] [A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. swimman, Icel. 
svema.] 1. To be supported in water or other fluid ; to 
float. 2. To move progressively in water by means of 
the hands and feet, or of fins. 3. To be borne along by 
a current. 4. To glide along with a smooth motion, or 
with a waving motion. 5. To be dizzy or vertiginous. 

6. To be overflowed or drenched. 7. To abound ; to 
have abundance. 

Swim, v. t. 1. To pass or move over, or on, by swim- 
ming. 2. To immerse in water that the lighter parts 
may swim. 3. To cause or compel to swim ; to make to 
float. 

Swim, n. 1. Act of swimming ; a gliding motion, like 
that of one swimming. 2. The time or distance one 
swims, or can swim. 3. The air-bladder of a fish ; the 
sound. 

Swim'mer, n. One who swims. 

Swim'ming-ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as 
if swimming; smoothly; hence, successfully. 

Swin'dle (swnydl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. swindled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. SWINDLING.] [N. II. Ger. schwindeln, to 



food, fo w ot; urn, ru.de, pull; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this* 



SWINDLE 



728 



SYLLABLE 



be dizzy or giddy, to cheat, from schwindel, dizziness, 
giddiness, from schivinden, to vanish, to dwindle.] To 
cheat and defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice. 

Swin'dle, n. Act or process of defrauding by systematic 
imposition. 

Swin'dler, n. One who swindles ; a cheat. 

Syn. — Sharper. — One who obtains money or goods under 
false pretenses is a swindler ; one who cheats by sharp practice, 
as in playing at cards, or staking what he can not pay, is a 
sharper. 

Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. swin, Icel. 
svin, Goth, svein, Pol. swinia.] (Zob'l.) A well-known 
pachydermatous animal ; a hog ; a pig. The male is 
called boar, and the female sow. 

Swine'-herd, n. A keeper of swine. 

Swine'-pox, n. (Med.) A variety of the chicken-pox, 
with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid. 

Swing, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SWUNG- ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
SWINGING.] [A.-S. swingan, swengan, 0. H. Ger. 

. swingan.] 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended 
in the air ; to wave ; to vibrate. 2. To practice swing- 
ing. 3. (Naut.) (a.) To move or float, (b.) To turn 
round an anchor. 4. To be hanged. [Colloq.] 

Swing, v. t. 1. To cause to wave, or vibrate, as a body 
suspended in the air. 2. To move to and fro ; to flour- 
ish ; to brandish. 

Swing, n. 1. Act of swinging ; vibratory motion ; os- 
cillation. 2. Motion from one side to the other. 3. A 
line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, 
upon which any thing may swing. 4. Influence or 
power of a body put in motion. 5. Free course ; unre- 
strained liberty or license ; tendency. 

Swinge (swmj), v. t. [A.-S. swingan, to swing, whip] 
To beat soundly ; to whip ; to chastise. 

Swinge'ing (swinging), a. Huge ; very large. [ Vulgar.] 

Swin'gel (swmg / gl), n. [A.-S. svingel, svingele, whip, 
scourge. See Swing.] That part of a flail which falls 
on the grain in thrashing ; swiple. 

Swing'er, n. One who swings ; one who hurls. 

Swin'gle (swing'gl), v. t. [From swing ; A.-S. swing- 
lung, a whipping, from swinglan, sivingelian, to whip.] 
1. To clean as flax, by beating it with a swingle. 2. To 
cut off the tops of, without pulling up the roots ; — said 
of weeds. 

Swin'gle, n. [See Swingle, v. t.] A wooden instru- 
ment like a large knife, used for cleaning flax. 

Swin'gle-tree, n. A whiffle-tree. See Single-tree. 

Swing'- tree, n. The bar of a carriage to which the 
traces are fastened ; the whiffle-tree or whipple-tree ; 
swingle-tree. 

Swln'ish, a. Befitting swine ; like swine ; gross ; hog- 
gish ; brutal. 

Swipe, n. A sweep. See Sweep. 

Swip'le (swip'l), n. That part of a flail which strikes the 
grain in thrashing ; a swingle. 

Swirl, n. [Icel. swirra, to whirl.] An eddy, as of water, 
wind, or snow ; a whirl ; a gyration. 

Swiss, n. sing. & pi. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant 
of Switzerland ; the people of Switzerland. 

Swiss, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Switzerland. 

Switch, n. [From swing, swinge.] 1. A. small, flexible 
twig or rod. 2. (Railways.) A movable part of two 
opposite rails, for transferring a car from one track to 
another. 

Switch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SWITCHED (swicht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SWITCHING.] 1. To strike with a small twig 
or rod ; to beat ; to lash. 2. To turn from one railway 
track to another ; to transfer by a switch. 

Switch'man, n. ; pi. switch/men. One who tends a 
switch on a railway. 

Swiv'el (swiv'l), n. [A.-S. swifan, to move quickly, to 
revolve, Icel. sveifla, to whirl, 
shake. Cf. Swift.] 1. (Mech.) 
A ring, link, or staple, that turns 
round on a pin or neck. 2. (Mil.) 
A small cannon fixed in a swivel, Swivel and cham - 
or in a socket, or turning on a pivot. 

Swiv'el (swiv'l), v. i. To turn on a staple, pin, or pivot. 

Swob, n. & v. The same as swab. See Swab. 

Swollen (sworn, 58), I p. p. of swell ; — irregular and less 

Swoln, ) common than swelled. 

Swoon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. swooned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swooning.] [A.-S. swunan, aswunan, to fail in intel- 
lect, allied to swanian, aswanian, to faint, svima, verti- 
go, failure.] To sink into a fainting fit ; to faint. 

Swoon, n. A fainting fit; syncope. 

Swoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swooped (swobpt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. SWOOPING.] [Allied to sweep.] 1. To fall 



on at once and seize ; to catch while on the wing. 2. 
To catch up with a sweep. 

Swoop, v. i. To descend with closed wings from a height 
upon prey, as a hawk ; to stoop. 

Swoop, n. A falling on and seizing, as of a rapacious 
fowl on his prey. 

Swop, v. t. The same as swap. See SWAP. 

Sword (s5rd), n. [A.-S. sweord, sword, Icel. sverd, 0. H. 
Ger. swert.] 1. An offensive weapon having a long, 
strong, and usually sharp-pointed blade, for cutting or 
thrusting. 2. Hence, the emblem of judicial vengeance 
or punishment, or of authority and power. 3. Destruc- 
tion in battle. 4. The military power of a country. 

Sword'-belt (sord'-), n. A belt to suspend a sword by. 

Sword'ed (sordid), a. Girded with a sword. 

Sword'-fish (sord'-), n. (Ichth.) A large fish, allied to 
the mackerel, and having the 
upper jaw elongated into a 

. sword-shaped process. 

Sword'-knot (sord'not), n. A 
ribbon tied to the hilt of a Sword-fish 

sword. 

Sword'-play'er^sord'-), n. A fencer ; a gladiator. 

Swords/maii (sordz'-), n. ; pi. swords/men. 1. A 
soldier ; a fighting man. 2. One skilled in the use of 
the sword. 

Swore, imp. of swear. See Swear. 

Sworn, p. p- or p. a. from swear. See SWEAR. 

Swound, n. A swoon. [Rare.] 

Swum, imp. & p. p. of swim. See SwiM. 

Swung, mij). & p. p. of siving. See SWING. 

Syb'a-rite, n. [From Lat. Sybaris, Gr. 2uj8apt'?, a city 
in Italy, noted for the effeminacy and voluptuousness of 
its inhabitants.] A person devoted to luxury and pleas- 



ure. 
Syb'a-rit'ie, 
S5 r b / a-rit'ie-al, 
Sye'a-mine, n. 

mulberry -tree. 
S5'Ca-more, 



a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 

Sybarites ; hixurious ; wanton. 
[Lat. sycaminus, Gr. o-vKa/u. ivos.] The 




Sycamore. 



[Lat. sycamorus, Gr. 
crvKOjuopos , the fig-mulberry, from <tvkov, 
a fig, and fxopov, the black mulberry ; 
Heb. sik' mah.] (Bot.) A large tree al- 
lied to the common fig. It is found in 
Egypt and Syria. 

GQf In America, the plane tree, or but- 
tonwood, is often called by this name. In 
England, the name is given to a large 
maple. 

Sy-cee', )n. Silver in the form of small masses, 

Sy-cee'- siFver, j lumps, or ingots, and used as a cur- 
rency. [ China.] 

Sy-e'o-phan-cy, n. Character or characteristic of a 
sycophant; hence, obsequious flattery ; servility. 

Sye'o-phant, n. [Lat. sycophanta, Gr. avKo4>avrri<;, fr. 
ovkov, a fig, and </>cuveiv, to show.] 1. Originally, an 
informer in Athens, who sought favor by denouncing 
those who stole figs, or exported them contrary to law. 
2. Hence, a base parasite ; a mean flatterer ; especially, 
a flatterer of princes and great men. 

Sye'o-phant'ie, { a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 

Sye'o-phant'ie-al, J a sycophant ; obsequiously flat- 
tering ; parasitic. 

Sy'e-nite, n. (Min ) A crystalline rock composed of 
quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, taking its name from 
Syene, in Upper Egypt, where it is found. It differs 
from granite only in containing hornblende in the place 
of mica. 

Sy'e-nit'ie, a. Relating to. or like, syenite. 

Syl-lab'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a syl- 

Syl-lab'ie-al, ) lable or syllables. 

Syl-lab'ie-al-ly, adv. In a syllabic manner. 

Syl-lab'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. syllabicated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. syllabicating.] To form into sylla- 
bles; to syllabify. 

Syl-lab'i-ea'tion, n. Act or method of dividing words 
into syllables. 

Syl-laVi-fi-ea'tion, n. Same as Syllabication, q. v. 

Syl-lab'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. syllabified ; /;. pr. 
& vb. n. SYLLABIFYING.] To form or divide into syl- 
lables. 

Syl'la-ble, n. [Lat. syllaba, Gr. avWa^, that which is 
held together, a syllable, from crv AAa.fi /Baveiv, to take to- 
gether, from (rw/with, and Aaju/3avetv, to take.] 1. An 
elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, 
uttered together, or at a single effort or impulse of the 
voice, and constituting a word or a part of a word. 2. 
In writing and printing, a part of a word separated from 



a, e, See, long; a,e, ^c.^short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dg, wolf 



SYLLABUB 



729 



SYNCHRONICAL 



the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single 
impulse of the voice. [See Prin. of Pron. §129.] 3. A 
small part of a sentence or discourse ; a particle. 
Syl'la-touto, n. A compound drink made of wine and 

milk. 
Syl'la-toils, n. ; Eng. pi. syl'la-Bus-es ; Lat. pi. svU- 
LA-BI. [Lat., from the same source as syllable.] A com- 
pendium containing the heads of a discourse; an ab- 
stract. 
Syl-lep'sis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. crvAArji/as, a taking together, 
from cruAAa/xfiavetv. See SYLLABLE.] 1. (Rhet.) The 
use of words in a literal and metaphorical sense at the 
same time. 2. ( Gram.) The agreement of a verb or 
adjective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, 
with either of which it might agree in gender, number, &c. 
Syl-lep'tie, ) a. Of, pertaining to, or containing, 
Syl-lep'tic-al, } syllepsis. 

Syl'lo-gigm, n. [Lat. syllogismus, Gr. (rvAA.oyicr/u.6?, a 
reckoning all together, a reasoning, from crvAAoyi£ecr0ai , 
to reckon all together, to bring at once before the mind, 
to infer, from o-vv, with, together, and Xoyc^eaOai, to 
reckon, to conclude by reasoning.] (Logic.) The regular 
logical form of every argument, consisting of three prop- 
ositions, of which the first two are called the premises, 
and the last the conclusion. 
SyFlo-gis'tic, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, a syllogism ; 
Syl'lo-gis'tie-al, J consisting of a syllogism, or of the 

form of reasoning by syllogisms. 
Syl'lo-gis'tie-al-ly, adv. In the form of a syllogism ; 

by means of syllogisms. 
Syl'lo-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. syllogized ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. SYLLOGIZING.] To reason by syllogisms. 
Sylph, n. [From Gr. o-Ckfyy], a kind of grub, beetle, or 
moth!] An imaginary being inhabiting the air ; a fairy. 
Sylph/id, n. A little sylph ; a young sylph. 
Spl'vd, n. ; pi. sIil'vje. [Lat. sylva, silva.] 1. The 
forest trees of any region or country. 2. (Bot.) A work 
containing a botanical description of the forest trees of 
any region or country. 3. (Poet.) A collection of poet- 
ical pieces of various kinds. 
Syl'van, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a sylva; forest-like ; 
hence, also, rural ; rustic. 2. Abounding in forests or 
in trees ; woody. 
S5 r l'van, n. [Lat. Sylvanus, from sylva, a wood or for- 
est.] A fabled. deity of the wood; a satyr; a faun; 
sometimes, a rustic. 
Sym'tool, n. [Lat. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. crvfjifioKov, 
sign by which one knows or infers a thing, fr. av ix$ akkeiv, 
to throw or put together, to compare, from o-vv, with, and 
(iaWetv, to throw.] 1. The sign or representation of 
something moral or intellectual by the images or proper- 
ties of natural things. 2. A letter or character which 
is significant. 3. (Math.) Any character used to rep- 
resent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbre- 
viation. 

Syn.— Emblem; figure; type; representation. 

Sym-tool'ie, n. (Tfieol.) That branch of historic theolo- 
gy which treats of creeds. 

Sym-tool'i-e, ) a. Of, pertaining to, or in the nature 

Sym-tool'ie-al, ) of, a symbol ; representative. 

Sym-tool'ie-al-ly, adv. In a symbolical manner; by 
signs ; typically. 

Sym-tool'i-es, n. sing. The same as Symbolic, q. v. 

Sym'tool-i§m, n. 1. A system of symbols or represen- 
tations. 2. ( Chem.) A combining together of parts or 
ingredients. 3. (Theol.) The science of creeds; sym- 
bolic, [in properties. 

Sym'tool-i-za'tioiijn. Act of symbolizing ; resemblance 

Sym'tool-Ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. symbolized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. symbolizing.] To have a resemblance of qual- 
ities or properties. 

Sym'fool-Ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or 
qualities. 2. To make representative of something. 3. 
To represent by a symbol. 

Sym-tool'o-gy, n. [For symbolology, from Gr. o-vp.j3o\ov, 
symbol, and Aoyos, discourse.] The art of expressing by 
symbols. 

Sym-met'ric-al, a. 1. Involving or exhibiting sym- 
metry ; proportional in its parts. 2. (Math.) Having cor- 
responding parts or relations. 

Sym-met'ric-al-ly, adv. In a symmetrical manner. 

Sym'me-trlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. symmetrized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SYMMETRIZING.] To reduce to sym- 
metry. 

Sym'me-try, n. [Lat. symmetria, Gr. o-v^p.eTp(.a, from 
o-vv, with, together, and p.erpov, measure.] A due pro- 
portion of the several parts of a body to each other ; or 



I the union and conformity of the members of a work f 

1 the whole. 

i Sym'pa-tnet'ic, la. 1. Inclined to or exhibiting 
Sympa-thet'ic-al, j sympathy, 2. (Med.) Produced 
by sympathy. 

; SynVpa-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. With or by sympathy. 

J Sym'pa-tnize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sympathized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. sympathizing.] 1. To have a common 
feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain. 2. To feel in con- 

I sequence of what another feels. 
Sym'pa-thy, n. [Lat. sympathia, Gr : <Tvp.ira.eeia, from 
<rvv,vrith, and traOos, suffering, passion, from ndcrxeiv. 
naAelv, to suffer.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that which 
another feels ; fellow-feeling. 2. An agreement of affec- 
tions or inclinations, or a conformity of natural tempera- 
ment, which makes two persons pleased with each other. 
3. Pity: commiseration. 4. (Bled.) The reciprocal in- 
fluence exercised by the various parts of the body on one 
another. 

Syn. — Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; 
tenderness; condolence; agreement.— Sympathy is literally a 
fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditions of i"oy or of 
grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to 
a fellow-f'eelmg with others under affliction, and then coincides 
very nearly with commiseration. In this case it is commonly 
followed by for; as, to feel sympathy for a friend when we see 
him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with ; as, 
to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. See 
Pity. 

Sym-plio'ni-ous, a. Agreeing in sound; accordant; 
harmonious. 

Sym'pho-ny, n. [Lat. symphonia, Gr. (rv^iavCa, from 
o-vv, with, and <f>ioviq, a sound, the voice.] 1. A conso- 
nance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear. 2. 
(Mus.) (a.) An elaborate instrumental composition for a 
full orchestra, consisting usually of three or four con- 
trasted yet inwardly related movements, (b.) An instru- 
mental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course 
of, a vocal composition. 

Syiri'pJiy-sts, n. [Lat., from Gr. ovV^ucri?, fr. ovp.<\>veiv, 
to grow together, from o-vv, with, and <pveiv, to grow.] 
(Anat.) (a.) Union of bones by cartilage, (b.) Union or 
coalescence of parts previously separate, (c.) Insertion 
of different parts, as tendons. 

Sym-po'gi-a-e, a. [Lat. symposiacus, Gr. o-vp.nocrCaKo<;. 
See Symposium.] Of, or pertaining to, drinking to- 
gether and merry-making. [Rare.] 

Sym-po'§i-ae, n. A conference or conversation, as of 
philosophers at a banquet. 

Sym-po' si-urn, n. ; pi. sym-po'si-A. [Lat. ; Gr. ovfj.- 
iroo-iov, from o-vp.niveiv, to drink together, from o-vv, with, 
and Titveiv, to drink.] A drinking together ; a merry 
feast. 

Symp'tom (84), n. [Gr. <rvp.nTu>p.a, from o-up.TrCirreiv, to 
fall together, from o-vv, with, and iriiTTeiv, to fall, nrcap-a, 
a fall.] 1. (Med.) A perceptible change in the body or 
its functions, which indicates disease. 2. That which in- 
dicates the existence of something else. 
Syn. — Mark; note; sign; token; indication. 

Symp'tom-at'ie, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, symp- 

Symp'tom at'ic-al, ) toms ; indicating the existence 
of something else. 2. According to symptoms. 

Symp'tom-at'ie-al-ly, adv. By means of symptoms. 

Syn-ser'e-sfs, 1 n. [Gr. crvvaipeo-is , a taking or drawing 

Syn-er'e-sis, ) together, from o-waipelv, to take to- 
gether, from o-vv, with, and alpeiv, to take with the hand, 
to grasp.] ( Gram.) A figure by which two vowels that 
are ordinarily separated are drawn together into one 
syllable. 

Syii'a-gog'ie-al , a. Of, or pertaining to, a synagogue. 

Syn'a-gogue, n. [Lat. synagoga, Gr. o-vvayioyri, an as- 
sembly, fr. o-vvayeiv, to bring together, fr. o-vv, with, and 
dytiv, to lead.] 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews 
met for the purpose of worship. 2. A Jewish place of 
worship. 

Syn'a-le'pna, n. [Gr. auvakoL^rj, a melting together, 
from o-uva\eC4>eiv, to melt together, from o-vv, with, to- 
gether, and a\el<j>et.v, to besmear, anoint.] (Gram.) A 
contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or 
diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or 
diphthong. 

Syii'a-loe'ptoa, n. See Synalepha. 

Syn'ar-thro'sis, n. [Gr. o-vvap9pu>cris , a being jointed 
together, from avvapOpovv, to link or join together, from 
o-vv, with, and dpOpov, a joint.] (Anat.) Union of bones 
without motion. 

Syn'clxro-nal (sink'ro-), 1 a. [See Synchronous.! 

Syn~eliron'ic-al, j Happening at the same 

time ; simultaneous. 



food, foot ; urn, rvide, piill ; pell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; ttois. 



SYNCHRONISM 



730 



SYSTEMATIZE 



Syn/ehro-ni§m, n. [Gr. crvyxpovi.aiJ.6g, from crvyxpovC- 
£eiv, to be contemporary with, from crv'yxpovos, synchro- 
nous.] 1. Concurrence of two or more events in time ; 
simultaneousness. 2. The tabular arrangement of his- 
torical events and personages, according to their dates. 

Syn'eliro-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. synchronized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SYNCHRONIZING-.] To agree in time ; 
to be simultaneous. [multaneous. 

Syn/ehrojnous, a. Happening at the same time ; si- 

Syn'«o-pate (smk/o-pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. synco- 
pated ; p. pr. & vb. n. syncopating.] [L. Lat. syn- 
copare, syncopatum. See SYNCOPE.] 1. To contract, 
as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from 
the middle. 2. (Mus.) To commence, as a tone on an 
unaccented part of a measure, and continue into the 
following unaccented part. 

Syn'eo-pa/tion, n. 1. Contraction of a word by taking 
a letter, letters, or a syllable, from the middle. 2. (Mas.) 
Performance of a passage by syncopating the notes. 

Spn'^o-pe, n. [Lat. syncope, syncopa, Gr. o-vyKOTrq, from 
ovyicoTrTeiv , to beat together, to weary, from <rvv, with, 
and kotttslv, to strike, cut off.] 1. (Mus.) Same as SYN- 
COPATION, q. v. 2. (Gram.) An elision or retrench- 
ment of one or more letters, or a syllable, from the mid- 
dle of a word. 3. (Med.) A fainting or swooning. 

Syn'-ere-tigm, n. [Gr. cruy K.pr\Tiaii.6<; , from avyi<pr)Ti£eLV, 
to make two parties join against a third, from crvv, with, 
together, and Kp-qr^eiv, to behave like a Cretan, i. e., to 
he.] Attempted union of principles or parties irrecon- 
cilably at variance with each other. 

Syn'die, n. [Lat. syndicus, Gr. owSikos, helping in a 
court of justice, an advocate, from crvv, with, and Sua?, 
justice.] An officer of government, invested with differ- 
ent powers in different countries ; also, one chosen to 
transact business for others. 

Syn'dro-me, n. [Gr. crvvSpojajy, from crvv, with, and 
fipojao?, a course, a running.] (Med.) The concourse or 
combination of symptoms in a disease. 

Syn-ee'do-ehe, n. [Lat. synecdoche, Gr. crvve/cSox??, fr. 
<rweK§e'x«r0ax, to receive jointly, from crvv, with, and 
eKSexecrOaL, to receive.] (Rhet.) A figure or trope by 
which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a part for 
the whole. 

Syn'ee-doeh'ie-al (-dok'-), a. Expressed by synec- 
doche ; implying a synecdoche. [ner. 

Syn'ee-doeh'ie-al-ly, adv. In a synecdochical nian- 

Syn'od, n. [Lat. synodus, Gr. crvvoo'os, a meeting, from 
crvv, with, and 656s, a way.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A council 
or meeting of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of re- 
ligion. 2. A meeting, convention, or council. 

Syn-od'i-e, la. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a synod; 

Syn-od'ie-al, j transacted in a synod. 2. (Astron.) 
Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period be- 
tween two successive conjunctions. 

Syn-od'ie-al-ly, adv. In a synodical manner ; by the 
authority of a synod. 

Syn/o-nym, n. [See Synonymous.] One of two or 
more words in the same language which are the precise 
equivalents of each other, or which have very nearly the 
same signification, and therefore are liable to be confound- 
ed together. 

Syn'o-nym'ie, n. (Gram.) The science, or the scien- 
tific treatment, of synonymous words. 

Syn-on'y-mlst, n. One who collects and explains syn- 
onymous words. 

Syn-on'y-mlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. synonymized ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SYNONYMIZING.] To express in differ- 
ent words of the same meaning. 

Syn-on'y-mous, a. [Gr. <rvviovv/u.os, from crvv, with, 
together, and ovojaa, owu.a, name.] Expressing the same 
thing ; conveying the same idea ; pertaining to syn- 
onyms. 

Syn.— Identical ; interchangeable. — If no words are syn- 
onymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, 
bo that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we 
have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term 
more properly denotes that the words in question approach so 
near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be 



used in ten 

connections, and so be interchanged, when they cannot be in- 
terchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either of 

the force (not 



rchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in certain 

ms, and so be interchanged. 
— ed in other connections; thu^ „ 
strength of mind or of force of mind, but - 

strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly/but 
this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's "object, so 
that he may freely interchange them ; thus it makes but little 
difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having 
secured his object or having attained his object. For these and 
other causes we have numerous words which may, in many 
cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are 
properly called synonyms. 

Syn-6n'y-mous-ly, adv. In a synonymous manner. 



Syn-on'y-my, n. 1. Quality of being synonymous. 2. 

(Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to 

amplify a discourse. 
Syn-op'sis, n. ; pi syn-op'ses. [Lat., fr. Gr. crvvoi^i?, 

from crvv, with, together, and 6i//is, a sight, view.] A 

general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged 

as to exhibit a general view of the whole. 

Syn. — Conspectus ; abridgment ; compendium I epitome : 
abstract. See Abridgment. 

Syn-op'tie, \a. Affording a general view of the whole, 

Syn-op'tie-al, ) or of the principal parts of a thing. 

Syn-op'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In such a manner as to present 
a general view in a short compass. 

Syn-o'vi-d, n. [From Gr. <rvv, with, and Lat. ovum, Gr. 
toov, an egg.] (Anat.) A fluid secreted within the syno- 
vial capsules of the joints, serving as a lubricating fluid 
to the latter. 

Syn-o'vi-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, the synovia, or lu- 
bricating fluid of the joints. 

Syn-ta-e'ti-e, )a. Of, or pertaining to, s}-ntax; ae- 

Syn-ta-e'tie-al, ) cording to the rules of syntax. 

Syn'tax, n. [N. Lat. syntaxis. Gr. avvra^, fr. avvr&aaeiv, 
to put together in order, from crvv, with, and rdaaeiv, to 
put in order.] [Gram-.) The construction of sentences ; 
the due arrangement of words in sentences in their neces- 
sary relations, according to established usage. 

Syn'the-sis, n. ; pi. syn'the-ses. [Lat., fr. Gr. crvvfle- 
cri?, from <rvvTi0evcu, to place or put together, from crvv, 
with, and Tifte'vcu, to place, 0ecn.<r, a placing.] 1. Compo- 
sition, or the putting of two or more things together 2. 
( Chem. ) The uniting of elements to form a compound. 3. 
(Logic.) The combination of separate elements of thought 
into a whole. 

Syn-thet'ie, ) a. Pertaining to synthesis ; consisting 

Syn-tliet'i-e-al, j in synthesis or composition. 

Syn-tliet'i-e-al-ly, adv. By synthesis. 

Sypli'i-lis, n. [From Syphilus, a shepherd in a Latin 
poem " Syphilus, sive morbus Gallicus," published in 
1530 : from Gr. crvs, hog, swine, and cbtAos, dear, loving.] 
(Med.) An infectious venereal disease. 

Syph/i-lit'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, syphilis ; infected 
with syphilis. 

Sy'phon, n. The same as Siphon, q. v. 

Sy'ren, n. The same as siren. See SIREN. 

Syr'i-a-e, n. The language of Syria; especially, the an- 
cient language of that country. [language. 

Syr'i-ae^ a. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Sj^ria, or its 

Sy-rin'ga, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. avpiy^, aipiyyos, a 
pipe, tube.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the lilac. 

«£?*■ The mock orange is popularly so called because its stems 
were formerly used as pipe-stems. 

Syr'inge, n. [From Gr. avpiy£, a pipe or tube. Cf. su- 
pra.'] A tube terminating in a small orifice, and filled, 
by the action of a piston, with a liquid, which is first 
drawn in and then expelled in a stream, as for injecting 
animal bodies, &c. 

Syr'inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SYRINGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. SYRINGING.] 1. To inject by means of a s3-ringe. 
2. To wash and cleanse by injections from a syriDge. 

Syr'm-got'o-my, n. [Gr. crvpiy£, a pipe or tube, a hol- 
low sore, and re'/xveiv, to cut.] ( Surg.) The operation of 
cutting for the fistula. 

Syr'tis (seV-), n. [Lat. syrtis, Gr. crvpns, from crvpeiv, 
to draw along.] A quicksand. 

Syr'up, n. See Sirup, the preferable, but perhaps less 
usual, orthography. 

Sys'tem, n. [Lat. systema, Gr. avarrijxa, from avviardvai, 
to place together.] 1. An assemblage of objects arranged 
in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, 
usually logical or scientific. 2. Hence, the whole scheme 
of created things regarded as forming one complete plan 
or whole ; the universe. 3. Regular method or order. 
4. (Mus.) An interval compounded, or supposed to be 
compounded, of several lesser intervals. 5. (Physiol.) 
The totality of parts in the body, performing the same, 
or an analogous or a connected function ; hence, also, the 
body as a functional unity or whole. 

Sys'tem-at'i-e, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, system ; 

Sj'S'tem-at'i-e-al. ) consisting in system ; method- 
ical. 2. Proceeding according to system or regular 
method. 

Sys'tem-at'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a systematical manner. 

Sys'tem-a-tlst, n. One who forms a system, or reduces 
to system. 

Sys'tem-a-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. systematized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. SYSTEMATIZING.] To reduce to system; 
to arrange methodically. 



»,e, &c, long; a.e^&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wqU k 



SYSTEMATIZER 



731 



TABOR 



Sys'tem-a-tiz'er, n. One -who systematizes, or reduces 
things to system. 

Sys'tem-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. systemized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. systemizing.] To reduce to system ; to sys- 
tematize. 

Sys'tem-iz'er, n. One who systemizes ; a systematizer. 

Sys'to-le, n. [Gr. ctvotoAtj, from a-uo-Te'AAeiv, to contract, 
from avv, with, and crre'AAeij/, to set, place.] 1. ( Gram.) 
The shortening of a long syllable. 2. (Physiol.) The 
contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the 
blood and carrying on the circulation. 



Sys'tyle, n. [Gr. owtvAos, from o-vv, with, and o-rvAos, 
a column.] ' (Arch.) (a.) The arrangement of columns 
in such a manner that they are two diameters apart. 
(b.) A temple, or other edifice, having a row of columns 
set close together around it, as in the Parthenon at 
Athens. 

Syz'y-gy, n. [Lat. syzygia, Gr. <rv£vy[a, union, from 
o-vgevyvvvat., to yoke together, fr. o-vv, with, and £evyvv- 
vai, to yoke.] (Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the 
moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or oppo- 
sition ; — commonly used in the plural. 



T. 



T(te), the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, is a 
simple consonant, allied to both D and N, all three 
of these letters being dental elements. "When t is fol- 
lowed by h, -as in think and that, the combination really 
forms a distinct sound, for which we have no single char- 
acter. This combination has two sounds in English ; 
surd or whispered, as in think, and sonant or vocal, as in 
that. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 96 — 100. 

To suit or fit to a T, to suit exactly ; to answer perfectly; — 
perhaps so used with reference to a carpenter's T-square. 

Tab, n. A border of lace, resembling in form and position 
the border of a cap, worn on the inner front edges of 
ladies' bonnets. 

Tab'ard, n. [W. tabar, L. Gr. Ta.ju.7rapi.ov, L. Lat. tabar- 
dus, tabardum, tabarrus.] A sort of tunic or mantle for- 
merly worn over the armor, covering the body before and 
behind, and reaching below the loins, but open at the 
sides, from the shoulders downward. 

Tab'ard-er, n. One who wears a tabard. 

Tab'a-sheer', n. [Cf. Per. tabshir, clay.] A concretion 
in the joints of the bamboo, consisting chiefly of pure 
silex. It is used in the East Indies as a medicine. 

Tab'by, a. [See the noun.] 1. Having a wavy or watered 
appearance. 2. Brinded ; brindled ; diversified in color. 

Tab'by, n. [From Per. utabi, a kind of rich, undulated 
silk.] 1. A kind of waved silk, usually watered, 2. 
A mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones, and 
water, forming a kind of artificial rock. 3. A cat of a 
tabby color. 

Tab'by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tabbied ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
tabbying.] To water, or cause to look wavy by the 
process of calendering. 

Tab'e-fae'tion, n. A wasting away by disease. 

Tab'e-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tabefied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TABEFYING.] [Lat. tabefacere, from tabes, a wasting 
away, and facere, to make.] To waste gradually ; to lose 
flesh. 

Tab'er-na-ele, n. [Lat. tabernacidum , dim. of taberna, 
a hut, shed, from the root of tabula, a board.] 1. A slight- 
ly built or temporary habitation ; a tent. 2. A portable 
structure used by the Jews during the exodus as a place 
of worship. 3. Hence, the Jewish temple ; and, more 
rarely any other place of worship. 4. Any small cell, 
or like place, in which some holy or precious thing was 
deposited or kept. 

Feast of Tabernacles, a Jewish festival lasting seven days, 
during which the people dwelt in booths formed of the boughs 
of trees, in commemoration of the habitation of their ances- 
tors in similar dwellings during their pilgrimage in the wilder- 
ness. 

TaVer-na-ele, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tabernacled; 
p. pr. & vb. n tabernacling.] To dwell or reside for 
a time. 

Tab'er-nac'u-lar, a. Pertaining to a tabernacle, or to 
the Jewish tabernacle. 

Ta'bes, n. [Lat., from tabere, to waste away.] (Med.) 
Progressive emaciation of the whole body, accompanied 
with hectic fever, and with no well-marked local symp- 
toms. 

Tab'id, a. [Lat. tabidus. See Tabes.] Relating to, or 
wasted by, tabes. 

Tab'id-ness, n. The state of being wasted by tabes. 

Tab'la-ture (53). n. [From Lat. tabula, a board, a tab- 
let. ] 1. (Paint.) A painting on a wall and ceiling; 
hence, a picture in general. 2. (Mus.) An ancient 
mode of indicating musical sounds by letters instead of 
notes. 

Ta/ble, n. [From Lat. tabula, a board, tablet, a painting.] 
1. A smooth, flat surface like the side of a board; a 



thin, flat, smooth piece of any thing. 2. Hence, a slab, 
leaf, or flat superficies, of wood, stone, metal, or other 
material, on which any thing is cut or written ; a tablet ; 
hence, sometimes, a memorandum -book. 3. That which 
is cut, drawn , or written on a smooth, flat surface ; an in- 
scription ; a drawing ; sometimes, a painting. 4. Hence, 
in a great variety of applications, a condensed statement 
which may be comprehended by the eye in a single view ; 
the presentation of many items or particulars in one con- 
nected group ; a scheme ; a schedule ; a synopsis ; an in- 
dex. 5. An article of household furniture used for a 
great variety of purposes, as to eat, work, or write upon. 

6. Hence, food placed on a table to be partaken of; fare- 

7. The company assembled round a table. 

The Lord's Table, the communion of the Lord's Supper. — 
To lay on the table (.Parliamentary Usage.), to lay, as a report, 
motion, and the like, on the table of the presiding officer,— 
that is, to postpone, by a vote, the consideration of — To turn 
the tables, to change the condition or fortune of contending 
parties; — a metaphorical expression taken from the vicissi- 
tudes of fortune in gaming. 

Ta'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tabled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TABLING.] 1. To form into a table or catalogue ; to 
tabulate. 2. (Carp.) To scarf. 3. (Parliamentary 
Usage.) To lay on the table, that is, to postpone the 
conrideration of, till called for, or indefinitely, by a 
formal vote. 4. (Presbyterian Church.) To enter upon 
the docket. 

Tableajii (tab-15 7 ), «■ ; pi. tableaux' (tab-lozO- [Fr., 
from Lat. tabula, a painting. See TABLE.] A striking 
and vivid representation ; especially, the representation of 
some scene by means of persons grouped in the proper 
manner, placed in appropriate postures, and remaining 
silent and perfectly still. 

Ta'ble-beer, n. Beer for the table, or for common use. 

Ta'ble-boblc (27), n. A memoi-andum-book ; a tablet. 

Ta'ble— eloth, n. A cloth for covering a table. 

Tdble-d'hote (ta/bl-dot), n. [Fr. , literally table of the 
landlord.] A common table for guests at a French hotel ; 
an ordinary. 

Ta'ble-land (109), n. Elevated flat land ; a plateau. 

Ta'ble-spoon, n. One of the larger or largest spoons 
used at the table. 

Ta'ble- spdbn'f ul, n. ; pi. TA'BLE-spo"bN / FULs_. As 
much as a table-spoon will hold. 

Tab'let, n. [Diminutive of table.] 1. A small table or 
flat surface. 2. A small, flat piece of any thing on 
which to write, paint, draw, or engrave. 3. pi. A kind 
of pocket memorandum-book. 4. (Med.) A solid kind 
of confection, commonly made of dry ingredients, usu- 
ally with sugar, and formed into little flat squares ; — ■ 
called also lozenge and troche. [meals. 

Ta'ble-talk (-tawk), n. Conversation at table, or at 

Ta'ble-tip'ping, 1 n. Certain movements of tables or 

Ta'ble-turn'iiig, j other objects, attributed by some 
to the agency of departed spirits, by others to the devel- 
opment of latent vital or spiritual forces, but more com- 
monly ascribed to the muscular force of persons in con- 
nection with the objects moved. 

Ta'bling, n. 1. A forming into tables. 2. (Carp.) The 
letting of one timber into another by alternate scores or 
projections. 

Ta-bdb', n. A political prohibition and religious conse- 
cration interdict, formerly of great force among the in- 
habitants of the islands of the Pacific ; hence, a total 
prohibition of intercourse with or approach to any thing. 

Ta-bob', v. t. [imp. & p.p. tabooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tabooing.] To forbid, or to forbid the use of; to in- 
terdict approach or use. 

Ta'bor, n. [From Ar. & Per. tumbilr, timbar, tambUr, a 



food, fo*bt ; flrn, r\ide, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



TABORET 



732 



TAINTURE 



»md of lute or guitar, a drum.] A small drum used as 
an accompaniment to a pipe or fife. 

Tab'o-r6t, n. [From tabor.] A small tabor. [Rare.] 

Tab'o-riine, ) n. [Cf. Tambourine.] A small, shallow 

Tab'o-rm, } drum ; a tabor. 

Tab'ou-ret, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. tabor, tabour, a 
drum ; so called from its resemblance to a drum. See 
Tabor.] 1. A seat without arms or back, cushioned 
and stuffed ; a stool. 2. An embroidery frame. 

Tab'ret, n. [See Tabor.] A small tabor ; a taboret. 

Tabu', n. & v. See Taboo. 

Talb'u-lar, a. [Lat. tabularis, from tabula, a board, ta- 
ble.] Having the form of, or pertaining to, a table, in 
any of the uses of the word. . 

Tab'u-late, v t. [imp. & p. p. tabulated ; p. pr. & 
ib. n. TABULATING.] [L. Lat. tabulare, from Lat. tab- 
ula, a board, table.] 1. To reduce to tables or synopses. 
2. To shape with a flat surface. 

Tae'a-ma-h&e(110), ) n. 1. (Bot.) A tree of North 

Tae'a-ina-ha'ca, ) America, commonly called bal- 
sam poplar. 2. A resin yielded by certain plants. 

Ta-ehom/e-ter, n. [From Gr. rdxos, swiftness,_ speed, 
from Taxvs, quick, and txerpov, a measure.] An instru- 
ment for measuring Telocity, as of running water or of 
machines. 

Ta-ehyg'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. raxvypa-^etv, to write 
fast, from raxus, quick, fast, and ypacfreiv, to write.] The 
art or practice of rapid writing; stenography; short- 
hand writing. 

Tac'it, a. [Lat. tacitus, from tacere, to be silent.] Im- 
plied, but not expressed ; silent. [cation. 

Tac'it-ly, adv. In a tacit manner ; silently ; by impli- 

Tac'i-turn, a. Habitually silent ; not free to converse ; 
not apt to talk or speak. 

Syxi. — Silent ; reserved. — Silent has reference to the act; 
taciturn, to the habit. A man may be silent from circum- 
stances; he is taciturn from disposition. The loquacious man 
is at times silent ; one who is taciturn may now and then make 
an effort at conversation. 

Tac'i-turn'i-ty, n. Habitual silence or reserve in speak- 
ing. 

Tack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tacked (takt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TACKING.] [0. D. tacken, to touch, take, seize, fix, 
allied to Eng. take.] 1. To fasten or attach. 2. .Es- 
pecially, to attach or secure in a slight or hasty manner, 
as by stitching or nailing. 

Tack, n. [D. talc, H. Ger. zaclce, Gael, tacaid.] 1. A 
small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad 
head. 2. (Naut.) (a.) A rope to confine the foremost 
lower corners of the courses and stay-sails, when the wind 
crosses the ship's course obliquely ; also, a rope to pull 
the lower corner of a studding-sail to the boom, (b.) The 
part of a sail to which the tack is usually fastened, (c.) 
The course of a ship in regard to the position of her 
sails. 

Hard tack, a large kind of hard crackers, much used for food 
by sailors and soldiers. 

Tack, v. i. (Naut.) To change the course of a ship by 
shifting the tacks and position of the sails and rudder. 

Tack, v. t. (Naut.) To change the course of, as a ship, 
by shifting the position of the sails and rudder. 

Tack'le (tak'1), n. [T). takel, allied to Goth, tahjan, Icel. 
taka, Eng. take.] 1. A machine for raising or lowering 
heavyweights. 2. Instruments of action ; weapons. 3. 
(Naut.) The rigging and apparatus of a ship. 

SS*~ Sometimes improperly pronounced ta'kle, especially by 
seamen. 

Tack'le (ta.k'1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TACKLED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TACKLING.] 1. To harness. [Prov. Eng. Colloq., 
Amer.] 2. To seize ; to lay hold of. 

Tack'ling, n. 1. Furniture of the masts and yards of 
a ship. 2. Instruments of action. 3. The straps and 
fixtures by which a horse draws a carriage ; harness. 

Tact, n. [Lat. tactus, from tangere, tactum, to touch.] 
Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice perception ; ready power 
of appreciating and doing what is required by circum- 
stances. 

Tae'tic, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, the art of military 

Ta-e'tic-al, ) and naval dispositions for battle, evolu- 
tions, &c. 

Tae-ti'cian (-tTsVan). n. One versed in tactics ; hence, 
a maneuverer ; an adroit manager. 

Ta-e'ti-CS, n. sing. [Gr. TaxTKtd, pi., and Ta/cri/oj (sc. 
rexvy), from t<x»ct<.k6s, fit for ordering or arranging, from 
To.crcre.iv, Tarnziv, to put in order, to arrange.] The 
science and art of disposing military and naval forces in 
order for battle, and performing military and naval evo- 
lutions. 



Ta-e'tile, a. [Lat. taetilis, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch.] 
Capable of being touched ; pertaining to the organs, or 
the sense, of touch. [by touch. 

Ta-e-til'i-ty, n. The state of being tactile ; perceptibility 

Tae'tion, n. [Lat. tactio, from tangere, tactum , to touch.] 
Act of touching ; touch ; contact. 

Ta-et'u-al, a. Pertaining to the sense, or the organs, of 
touch ; consisting in, or derived from, touch. 

Tad'pole, n. [0. Eng. tadde, now toad, and the root of 
Gr. iTtoXos, Lat. pullus, a young animal, Eng. foal, filly.] 
The young of a frog, in its first state from the spawn ; a 
polliwog. 

Tee'di-um, n. [Lat.] Weariness; tedium. See Tedium. 

Ta'en (tan). A contraction of taken. [Poet.] 

Taf 'f er-el, n. See Taffrail. 

Taf 'f e-ta, 1 n. [From Per. taftah, i.e., orig., twisted, 

Taf fe-ty, j woven, from taftan, to twist, to spin.] A 
fine, smooth stuff of silk, having usually a remarkably 
wavy luster. 

Taffrail, n. [D. tafereel, a panel, picture, from taf el, 
table.] (Naut ) The upper part of a ship's stern, which 
is flat like a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented 
with carved work ; the rail around a ship's stern. 

Taffy, n. A kind of candy made of molasses boiled down 
and poured out in shallow pans. 

Tag, n. [Allied to tack, q. v.] 1. A metallic point at 
the end of a string. 2. Hence, any slight appendage, as 
to an article of dress ; specifically , a direction -card, or 
label. 3. Something mean and paltry; the rabble. 
[Low.] 

Tag, v. t. [imp. &p. p. tagged ; p. pr. & vb. n. tag- 
ging.] 1. To fit with a point or points. 2. To fit, as 
one thing to another. 

Tag, v. i. To follow closely, as it were an appendage. 

Tag, n. [Allied to tack, to fasten, attach.] A play in 
which one person runs after and touches another, and 
then in turn runs away to avoid being touched. 

Taglia (taPya), n. [It. taglia, a cutting, a pulley, from 
tagliare, to cut.] (Mech.) A peculiar combination of 
pulleys. 

Tag'-rag, n. or a. [See Tag, n., 4. and RAG.] The 
lowest class of people ; the rabble. [Low.] 

Tail, n. [A.-S. teegel, tsegl, Icel. tagl, 0. H. Ger. zagil, 
zagal, from Goth, tagl, hair.] 1. Any long, flexible, 
terminal appendage ; the part of an animal which termi- 
nates its body behind. 2. Hence, the back, lower, or 
inferior part of any thing. 3. The side of a coin oppo- 
site to that which bears the head or effigy. 4. Whatever 
resembles, in shape or position, the tail of an animal, as 
a catkin. 

Tail, n. [0. Fr. tail, a cutting, from Fr. tailler, to cut.] 
(Law.) Limitation; abridgment. 

Estate in tail, an estate limited to certain heirs, and from 
which the other heirs are precluded. 

Tail, a. [See supra.] (Law.) Limited ; abridged ; reduced ; 
curtailed. 

To tail in or on (Arch.), to fasten by one of the ends into a 
wall or some other support. 

Tail'age, n. [Fr. taillage, from tailler, to cut. Bee supra.] 
A share ; hence, a tax or toll ; tallage. 

Tai'lor, n. [Fr. tailleur, from tailler, to cut.] One whose 
occupation is to cut out and make men's garments. 

Tai'lor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tailored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAILORING.] To practice making men's clothes. 

Tai'lor-ess, n. A woman who makes garments for men 
or boys. 

Tail'-piece,r?. 1. An appendage. 2. (Print.) An or- 
nament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up 
the space, or at the end of a book. 

Tail'-race, n. The stream of water which runs from the 
mill after it has been applied to move the wheel. 

Taint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TAINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAINTING.] [Fr. teindre, to dye, tinge, p. p. teint, 0. 
Fr. taindre, p. p. taint, from Lat. tingere. See Tinge.] 
1. To imbue or impregnate, as with some extraneous 
matter which alters the sensible qualities of the sub- 
stance. 2. More generally, to impregnate with somer 
thing odious, noxious, or poisonous. 3. To stain ; to 
sully ; to tarnish. 

Syn. — To contaminate ; defile ; pollute ; corrupt ; infect; 
disease; vitiate; poison. 

Taint, v. i. 1. To be infected or corrupted. 2. To be 
affected with incipient putrefaction. 

Taint, n. 1. Tincture; stain. 2. Infection; corrup- 
tion. 3. A blemish on reputation. 

Taint'ure (53), n. Taint ; tinge ; defilement ; stain. 
[Rare.] 



a, e, &.c.,long ; a, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 



TAKE 



733 



TALL 



Take, v. t. [imp. TOOK ; p.p. TAKEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAKING-.] [A.-S. tacan, Icel. taka, allied to Goth, tekan, 
Lat. tangere, root tag, to touch.] 1. In a more active 
sense, to lay hold of; to seize with the hands, or other- 
wise ; to get into one's hold or possession ; hence, specif- 
ically, (a.) To obtain possession of by force or artifice ; 
to capture ; also, to come upon or befall ; to attack ; to 
seize, (b.) To captivate; to interest ; to charm, (c.) To 
make selection of; to choose ; also, to have recourse to ; 
— in this latter sense often intransitive, (d.) To employ ; 
to use; hence, to demand ; to require, (e.) To form a 
likeness of ; to delineate; to picture. (/.) To assume; 
to acquire, as shape ; to permit to one's self; to enjoy or 
experience, as rest, revenge, delight, shame ; to form and 
adopt, as a resolution ; — used in general senses, limited 
by the following complement, in many rather idiomatic 
phrases, 2. In a more passive sense, (a.) To accept, as 
something offered; to receive. (6.) To partake of; to 
swallow, (c.) To undertake readily; to surmount or 
leap, (d.) To submit to; to tolerate; to endure, (e.) 
To admit, as something presented to the mind ; also, to 
receive in thought ; to understand ; to interpret ; to sup- 
pose. (_/.) To admit ; to receive ; to bear ; to submit to ; 
to agree with ; — used in general senses. 3. With prep- 
ositions, take means to convey, move, or remove ; to con 
duct ; to transfer ; to recover ; to assume, &c. 

To take advantage of, to cateh by surprise; to make use of a 
favorable state of things to the prejudice of. — To take aim, to 
aim. — To take air, to be divulged or made public. — To take 
arms, to commence war or hostilities. — To take breath, to stop, 
as from labor, in order to breathe or rest. — To take care, to be 
careful. — To take care of, to have the charge or care of. — To 
takedown, (a.) To reduce; to bring lower; to depress, (b.) To 
swallow, (c.) To pull down; to pull to pieces, (d.) To record; 
to write down, (e.) To attack; to make an attack upon.— To 
take effect, to have the intended effect; to be efficacious. — To 
take fire, to become ignited or inflamed. — To take heart, to 
gain confidence or courage. — To take heed, to be careful or 
cautious. — To take in, (a.) To inclose; to fence. (6.) To en- 
compass or embrace; to comprise, (c.) To draw into a smaller 
compass; to contract; to furl, (d.) To cheat; to circumvent ; 
to deceive. [Colloq.] (e.) To admit; to receive. — To take in 
hand, to imdertake; to attempt to execute.— To take in vain, 
to employ or utter, as in an oath. — To take leave, to bid adieu 
or farewell. — To take notice, (a.) To observe, or to observe 
with particular attention, (ft.) To show by some act that ob- 
servation is made. — To take oath, to swear with solemnity, 
or in a judicial manner. — To take off, (a.) To remove, as 
from the surface, top, or outside. (ft.) To cut off. (c.) To 
destroy, (d.) To remove; to invalidate, (e.) To withdraw; to 
call or draw away, (f.) To swallow, (g.) To purchase; to 



take in trade. (A.) To copy; to reproduce. (£.) To imitate ; 
to mimic— To take out, (a.) To remove from within a place; 
to separate; to deduct, (b.) To draw out; to remove; to clear 



or cleanse from. — To take a paper, or the like, to receive regu- 
larly, on paying the price of subscription.— To take part, to 
share; to partake. — To take part with, to unite with; to join 
with.— To take place, to happen; to come, or come to pass. — 
To take root, (a.) To live and grow, as a plant, (b.) To be 
established, as principles. — To take the art vantage of, to use 
any advantage offered by ; to employ to advantage. — To take 
the air, to walk or ride in the open air.— To take the field (Mil\ 
to encamp; to commence the operations of a campaign. — To 
take to heart, to be sensibly affected by; to feel sensibly. — To 
take up, (a.) To lift; to raise. (ft.) To buy or borrow, (c.) To 
begin, (d.) To engross; to employ, (e.) To seize; to catch; 
to arrest. (/.) To admit; to believe, (a.) To reprimand. (h.S 
To begin where another left off. (£.) To occupy ; to fill. (,;'.) 
To assume; to carry on or manage for another, (k.) To com- 
prise; to include. (I.) To adopt; to assume, (m.) To receive, 
accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to favor, (n.) To 
collect; to exact, as a tax. (o.) To pay and receive. — To take 
up one's connection, to terminate one's relations. — To take 
uponone's self, (a.) To assume; to undertake, (ft.) To appro- 
priate to one's self; to allow to be imputed to one's self. 

Take, v. i. 1. To catch ; to fix, or be fixed. 2. To have 
the intended or natural effect. 3. To please ; to gain re- 
ception. 4. To move or direct the course ; to betake 
one's self; to go. 

To take after, (a.) To learn to follow; to copy; to imitate, 
(ft.) To resemble.— To take on, to be violently affected. — To 
take to, (a.) To apply to; to be fond of. (ft.) To resort to; to 
betake to.— To take up with, to be contented to receive; to re- 
ceive without opposition. 

Take, n. 1. The quantity of fish captured at one haul 
or catch. 2. (Print.) The quantity of copy taken in 
hand by a compositor at one time. 

Take'-off, n.; pi. take'-offs. An imitation, espe- 
cially in the way of caricature. 

Tak'er, n. One who takes, receives, or apprehends. 

Tak'ing, p. a. Alluring ; attracting. 

Tak'ing, n. 1. Act of gaining possession. 2. Agita- 
tion ; excitement; distress of mind. 

Tal'bot (tawl'bot), n. A sort of dog, noted for his quick 
scent and eager pursuit of game. 

rag"* The figure of a dog is said to be borne in the arms of the 
Talbot family; whence, perhaps, the name. 



Tal'bo-type, n. [From the name of the inventor.] A 
process of talcing pictures by the camera obscura on chem- 
ically prepared paper. 

Tale, n. [From Ar. talk.] (Min.) A soft magnesian 
mineral, of a soapy feel, and usually of greenish, whit- 
ish, or grayish colors. ' [talc. 

Talck/y, a. Containing, consisting of, or resembling, 

Tal-eose', 1 a. Pertaining to, composed of, or resem- 

T&le'oiis, J bling, talc ; talcky. 

Tale, n. [A.-S. talu, from telian, tellan, to tell. See 
TELL.] 1. That which is told ; an oral relation. 2. A 
reckoning by count ; an enumeration ; a number reck- 
oned or stated. 3. A written rehearsal of what has oc- 
curred. 

Syn. — Anecdote ; story; fable; incident; memoir; relation; 
account; legend; narrative. 

Tale'-lbe&r'er, n. One who officiously tells tales. 

Tale'-bear'ing, n. The act of informing officiously ; 
communication of secrets maliciously. 

Tal'ent, n. [Lat. talentum, fr. Gr. r&Aavrov, a balance, 
any thing weighed, a definite weight, a talent, fromTA<xi>, 
for raKav, to bear.] 1. Among the ancient Greeks,' a 
weight and denomination of money. The Attic talent, 
as a weight, was nearly equal to 57 lbs. avoirdupois ; as 
a denomination of silver money, £243 15s. sterling, or 
about $1180. 2. Among the Hebrews, a weight and de- 
nomination of money. As a weight it was equal to about 
93f lbs. avoirdupois ; as a denomination of silver, it has 
been variously estimated at from £340 to £396 sterling, 
or about $1645 to $1916. 3. Intellectual ability, nat- 
ural or acquired ; a special gift, particularly in business, 
art, or the like ; — a metaphorical use of the word, prob- 
ably originating in the Scripture parable of the talents. 
Matt. xxv. 

Syn. — Genius ; ability ; faculty ; gift ; endowment. See 

Genius. 

Tal'ent-ed, a. Furnished with talents or skill. 

C®°- This word has been strongly objected to by Coleridge 
and some other critics, but, as it would seem, upon not very 
good grounds, as the use of talent or talents to signify mental 
ability, although at first merely metaphorical, is now fully es- 
tablished, and talented, as a formative, is just as analogical and 
legitimate as gifted, bigoted, turreted, targeted, and numerous 
other adjectives having a participial form, but derived directly 
from nouns, and not from verbs. 

Ta'leg, n. pi. [Lat., pi. of talis, such.] (Law.) A supply 
of persons from those in or about the court-house to make 
up any deficiency in the number of jurors regularly sum- 
moned, being like, or sucli, as the latter. 

Taleg'man, n. ; pi. talesmen. (Law.) A person 
called to make up the deficiency in the number of jurors 
when a tales is awarded. 

Tal'i§-man, n. ; pi. TAL'lg-MANg. [From Ar. tilism, 
tilsam, a magical image, pi. talasim, tilsam&t, from Gr. 
reAeo-ju-a, tribute, tax, Late Gr., an initiation, incanta- 
tion, from reXelv, to perform, to pay tax, to initiate, es- 
pecially in the mysteries.] 1. A magical figure cut or 
engraved under certain superstitious observances of the 
configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects 
are ascribed. 2. Hence, something that produces ex- 
traordinary effects, especially in averting or repelling 
evil ; a charm. 

TaFig-man'ie, ) a. Pertaining to. or having the 

TaFig-man'ie-al, ) properties of, a talisman ; magical. 

Talk (tawk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. TALKED (tawkt) ; p. pr. 
'& vb. n. TALKING-.] [Prov. Ger. talken, to speak indis- 
tinctly ; Icel. tulka, to interpret, allied to tell.] 1. To 
converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar discourse. 
2. To confer; to reason. 3. To prate; to speak im- 
pertinently. 

Talk (tawk), v. t. 1. To speak freely ; to use for con- 
versing or communicating. 2. To mention in talking ; 
to utter. 3. To cousume or spend in talking. 

Talk (tawk), n. 1. Familiar converse ; mutual discourse- 
2. Report; rumor. 3. Subject of discourse. 

Syn. —Conversation; colloquy; discourse; chat; dialogue; 
conference ; communication. See Conversation. 

Talk'a-tive (tawk'a-tiv), a. Given to much talking. 
" Syn. — Garrulous ; loquacious ; prating. See Garrulous. 

Talk'a-tive-ness (tawk'-), n. The quality or condition 
of being talkative ; loquacity ; garrulity. 

Talk'er (tawk'er), n. 1. One who talks ; especially, one 
'who is noted for his power of conversing readily or agree- 
ably. 2. A loquacious person; also, a boaster ; a brag- 
gart. 

Tall, a- [compar. TALLER ; super?,. TALLEST.] [W. 
i'al, tal'au, to make or grow tall. Cf. Sw. tall, a pine- 
tree.] High in stature ; long and comparatively slender. 



food, fo~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ', this- 



TALLAGE 



734 



TANGLE 



Syn. — High; lofty.— High is the generic term, and is prob- 
ably allied to the verb to hang, as hung up. Tall describes 
that which has a small diameter in proportion to its height; 
hence, we speak of a tall man, a tall steeple, a tall mast, &c, 
but not of a tall hill or a tall house. Lofty has a special ref- 
erence to the expanse above us, and may be applied to exten- 
sion in breadth as well as height; as; a lofty mountain, a lofty 
room. Tall is applied only to physical objects; high and lofty 
have a moral acceptation, as, high thought, purpose, &c, lofty 
aspirations, a lofty genius. Lofty is the stronger word, and is 
usually coupled with the grand, or that which excites admi- 
ration. 

Tal'lage, ) n. [Written also tallage.] [See Tail AGE.] 

Tal'li-age, ) ( O. Eng. Law.) A certain rate or tax 
paid by barons, knights, and inferior tenants, toward the 
public expenses. 

TalFness, n. The quality or state of being tall. 

TaI'low, n. [A.-S. telg, talg, Tcel. tolg, tolk.] 1. The 
suet or fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds. 2. The 
fat of some other animals, or the fat obtained from cer- 
tain plants, or from other sources resembling that of 
animals of the sheep and ox kind. 

TaI'low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tallowed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TALLOWING.] 1. To grease or smear with tallow. 
2. To fatten. 

Tal'low-chandler, n. One who makes or sells tal- 
low candles. 

Tal'low-ish, a. Having the properties or nature of tal- 
low ; resembling tallow. 

Tal'low'y, a. Having the qualities of tallow ; greasy. 

Tal'ly, n. [Fr. taille, a cutting, cut, tally, from tailler, to 
cut.'] 1. A piece of wood on which notches or scores are 
cut, as the marks of number. 2. One thing made to 
suit another ; a match ; a mate. 

Tal'ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tallied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TALLYING.] 1. To score with correspondent notches ; 
to make to correspond. 2. (Naut.) To pull aft, as the 
sheets or lower corners of the main and fore-sail. 

Tal'ly, v. i. To be fitted ; to suit ; to correspond. 

Tal'ly-ho, interj. & n. The huntsman's cry to incite or 
urge on his hounds. 

Tal'ly-man, n. ; pi. tal'ly-men. 1. One who keeps 
the tally. 2. One who keeps a tally-shop. 

Tal'ly- shop, n. A shop at which goods or articles are 
sold to customers on account, the account being kept in 
corresponding books, one called the tally, kept by the 
buyer, the other the counter-tally , kept by the seller, pay- 
ments being made weekly or otherwise by agreement. 

Tal'ma, n. ; pi. tal'mas. A kind of large cape, or short, 
full cloak, worn by ladies and also by gentlemen. 

Tal'mud, n. [Chald. talmud, instruction, doctrine, fr. 
lamad, to learn, limmad, to teach, talmid, a scholar.] 
The body of the Hebrew laws, traditions, and explana- 
tions, or the book that contains them. 

Tal-mu.d'i«, ) a. Of, pertaining to, or contained in, 

Tal-miid'ie-al, j the Talmud. 

Tal'mud. -1st, n. One versed in the Talmud. 

TaFmud-Ist'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Talmud; 
resembling the Talmud ; Talmudic. 

Tal'on, n. [L. Lat. talo, from Lat. talus, the ankle, heel.] 
1. The claw of a fowl. 2. (Arch.) A kind of molding ; 
ogee. 

Ta'lus, n. [Lat. talus, the ankle.] 1. (Anat.) That 
bone of the foot which articulates with the leg. 2. 
( Arch. & Fort.) The slope or inclination of a work. 3. 
( Geol. ) A sloping heap of fragments of rocks at the foot 
of a precipice. 

Tam'a-ble, a. Capable of being tamed or subdued. 

Tam'a-raclt, n. (Bot.) The larch, a coniferous tree 
having deciduous leaves. 

Tam'a-rmd, n. [From Ar. tamar-hindi , i. e., Indian 
date, from tamar, a dried date.] (Bot.) (a.) A legumi- 
nous tree, cultivated in tropical countries for its shade 
and its fruit, (b.) One of the preserved seed-pods of the 
tamarind, which abound with an acid pulp of refrigerant 
and laxative properties. 

Tam'a-risk, n. [Lat. tamariscus, tamaricum, Gr. fxvpC- 
kt).] (Bot.) A tree or shrub of several species. 

Tamlba-e, n. 1. An alloy of copper. 2. Aloes-wood. 

Tam'bour, n. [Fr. tambour, a drum. See TABOR.] 1. 
A kind of small flat drum ; a tambourine. 2. A small 
circular frame, somewhat resembling a drum, for work- 
ing embroidery upon ; also, a species of embroidery in 
which threads of gold and silver are worked in leaves, 
flowers, &c. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The vase on which the 
leaves of the Corinthian and Composite capitals are 
placed, (b.) The wall of a circular temple surrounded 
with columns, (c.) The circular vertical part above or 
below a cupola, (d.) A lobby or vestibule, inclosed with 
folding doors. 




Tambourine. 



Tam'bourine', n. [Fr. tam- 
bourin, It. tamburino. See 
supra.] 1. A shallow drum , 
with only one skin , played on 
with the hand, and having 
bells at the sides. 2. A live- 
ly French dance, formerly in 
vogue in operas. 

Tame, a. [compar. tawer ; 
superl. TAMEST.] [See infra.] 
1. Having laid aside, or be- 
come changed from, native wildness and shyness ; accus- 
tomed to man. 2. Crushed ; subdued ; spiritless. 3. 
Deficient in animation ; dull ; flat. 

Syn. — Gentle ; mild ; meek. See Gentle. 

Tame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAMING.] [A.-S. tamian, temian, Goth, tamjan, gatam- 
jan, Icel. temia, 0. H. Ger. zamdn, zamjan, zemjan, 
allied to Skr. dam, Gr. Ba.fj.av, Lat. domare.] 1. To 
reduce from a wild to a domestic state ; to reclaim : to 
domesticate. 2. To subdue ; to conquer. 

Tamely, adv. In a tame manner; with unresisting 
submission ; meanly ; servilely. 

Tame'ness, n. The quality of being tame or gentle ; a 
state of domestication ; want of spirit. 

Tam'er, n. One who tames or subdues. 

Tam'is, ) n. A kind of woolen cloth highly glazed, 

Tam'my, j often used for straining sauces. 

Tamp, v. t. [See Tampion.] 1. To fill up, as a hole 
bored in a rock for blasting, especially by driving in 
something with frequent strokes. 2. To drive in or 
down by frequent gentle strokes. 

Tam'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tampered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. tampering.] [A modif. of temper, q. v.] To meddle; 
to try little experiments. 

Tam'pi-on, n. [Fr. tampon, tapon, tape, Sp. tapon, fr. 
L. Ger. tappe, D. & Eng. tap. See Tap, n., 2.] [Written 
also tompion.] 1. The stopper of a cannon or other 
piece of ordnance. 2. A plug to stop the upper end of 
an organ-pipe. 

Tan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tanned ; p. pr. & vb. n. tan- 
ning.] [See infra.] 1. To convert into leather, as the 
skins of animals. 2. To make brown by exposure to 
the rays of the sun. 

Tan, v. i. To become tanned. 

Tan, n. [Fr. tan, 0. D. tane, tanne, prob. from Armor. 
tann, an oak, and oak-bark, allied to Ger. tanne, a fir.] 
1. The bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised 
and broken by a mill, for tanning hides. 2. A yellow- 
ish-brown color, like that of tan. 3. A browning of the 
skin by exposure to the sun. 

Tan'dem, adv. [Lat. tandem, at length.] One after 
another ; — said of horses harnessed and driven one be- 
fore another, instead of side by side. 

Tang, n. [Prov. Eng. tang, part of a knife or fork which 
passes into the haft, prong of a fork, a sting, a bad taste 
or flavor, Icel. tangi, id., Gr. rayyos, rancid.] 1. A 
strong or offensive taste ; especially, a taste of something 
extraneous to the thing itself. 2. Relish ; taste. 3. 
Something that leaves a sting or pain behind. 4. A pro- 
jecting part of an object by means of which it is secured 
to a handle, or to some other part ; any thing resembling 
a tongue in form or position. 

Tan'gen-cy, n. State or quality of being tangent ; a 
contact or touching. _& c 

Tan'gent, n. [Lat. tangens, p. pr. 
of tangere, to touch.] ( Geom. ) A 
right line which touches a curve, 
but which, when produced, does 
not cut it. 

Tan'gent, a. 1. Touching. 2. Tangent. 

( Geom.) Touching at a single point, ac, tangent; atf,tangen- 

Tan-gen'tial. a. Of, or pertain- tial radius ; be, arc. 
ing to, a tangent; in the direction of a tangent. 

Tan'gi-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being tangible, or per- 
ceptible to the touch. 

Tan'gi-ble, a. [Lat. tangibilis, from tangere, to touch.] 
1. Perceptible by the touch ; palpable. 2. Capable of 
being possessed or realized ; readily apprehensible by the 
mind. 

Tan'gle (tang'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TANGLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TANGLING.] [Prob. allied to Goth, tagl, hair. 
See TAIL.] 1. To unite or knit together confusedly ; to 
interweave or interlock, as threads. 2. To insnare ; to 
entrap. [fusedly. 

Tan'gle (tang/gl), t>. i. To be entangled or united con- 

Tan'gle (tang/gl), n. 1. A knot of threads, or other 




a,e,&o.,Jcm£7 a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere , veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 



TANK 



735 



TARNISH 



things, so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged. 2. 
[Ger. & Dan. tang, Sw. tang.] (Bol.) An edible sea- 
weed, having long, ribbon-shaded fronds. 

Tank, n. [Fr. etang, 0. Fr. estanc, Lat. stagnum] A 
large basin or cistern. 

Tank'ard, n. [0. Fr. tanquart, 0. D. tanckaerd, perh. 
by a metathesis, from Lat. cantharus, Gr. KavOapos. Cf. 
supra.] A large vessel for liquors, or a drinking vessel, 
with a cover. 

TSn'ner, n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. 

Tan'ner-y, n. The house and apparatus for tanning. 

Tan'nie, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, 
tan. 

Tan'nin, n. [Fr. tannin, N. Lat. tanninum. See Tan.] 
( Chem.) The astringent principle of oak-bark, nut-galls, 
&c. 

Tan'gy, n. [Fr. tanaisie, N. Lat. athanasia, from Gr. 
adavacria, immortality, from dtfavaros, immortal.] (Bot.) 
An extremely bitter plant used for medicinal and culina- 
ry purposes. 

Tan'ta-ligm, n. The punishment of Tantalus ; a teas- 
ing with vain hopes. 

Tan'ta-li-za'tion, n. The act of tantalizing. 

Tan'ta-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tantalized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TANTALIZING.] [From Tantalus. See infra.] 
To tease or torment with a prospect of good that can not 
be realized. 

Syri. — To disappoint ; tease; vex; irritate; provoke.— 
To disappoint is literally to do away what was (or was taken to 
be) appointed ; hence, the peculiar pain from hopes thus 
dashed to the ground. To tantalize describes a most distress- 
ing form of disappointment, as in the case of Tantalus, a Phry- 
gian king in fabulous history, who was condemned to stand up 
to his chin in water, with a tree of fair fruit over his head, both 
of which, as he attempted to allay his hunger or thirst, fled 
from his approach. Hence, to tantalize is to visit with the 
bitterest disappointment, — to torment by exciting hopes or ex- 
pectations which can never be realized. 

Tan'ta-liz'er, n. One who tantalizes. 

Tan'ta-momit/, a. [Lat. tantus, so much, and Eng. 
amount, from Fr. amont, on high.] Equivalent in value 
or signification ; equal . 

Tan-tiv'y, or Tan'ti-vy, adv. [Said to be from the 
note of a hunting-horn.] Swiftly; speedily; rapidly; — 
a hunting term. 

Tan'trum, n. A whim or burst of ill-humor ; an affect- 
ed air. [Collog.] 

Tan'-yard, n. An inclosure where the tanning of leath- 
er is carried on. 

Tap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tapped (tapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAPPING.] [Fr. taper, to strike, tape, a slap, tap, from 
Prov. Ger. tapp, tapps, a blow, tappe,& paw, fist.] 1. To 
strike with something small, or to strike with a very 
gentle blow. 2. To put a new sole or heel on, as a shoe 
or boot. 

Tap, n. [See supra.] 1. A slight blow with a small 
thing. 2. The piece of leather fastened upou the bottom 
of a boot or shoe, in repairing the sole or heel. 

Tap, v.i. To strike a gentle blow. 

Tap, v. t. [A.-S. lappan, tappian, Icel. tappa.] 1. To 
pierce so as to let out a fluid, as a cask, a tree, a humor, 
or any thing containing a pent-up fluid. 2. Heuce, to 
draw from in any analogous way. 

Tap, n. [A.-S. tappa, Icel. tappi, 0. H. Ger. zapfo. Cf- 
TAMPION.] 1. A hole or pipe through which liquor is 
drawn. 2. A plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced 
in a cask. 3. Liquor measured out, as through a tap. 

4. A place where liquor is drawn for drinking ; a bar. 

5. (Mech.) A conical screw grooved longitudinally, for 
cutting threads in nuts. 

Tape, n. [A.-S. tdppe, a fillet. Cf. 0. H. Ger. tepi, teppi, 
tepih, a cloak, and Eng. tippet.] A narrow piece of woven 
fabric used for strings and the like. 

Ta'per, n. [A.-S. tapur, tapor, taper, Ir. tapar.] 1. A 
small wax-candle, or a small light. 2. A gradual dimi- 
nution of thickness in an elongated object. 

Ta'per, a. [Supposed to be from the form of a taper.] 
Regularly narrowed toward the point ; conical ; pyra- 
midical. 

Ta'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tapered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tapering.] To diminish or become gradually smaller 
toward one end. 

Ta'per, v. t. To make or cause to taper. 

Tap'es-try, n. [Fr. tapisserie, from tapisser, to carpet, to 
cover with tapestry, from tapis, a carpet, carpeting ; fr. 
Lat. tapes, or tapete, tapetis, carpet, tapestry ; Gr. Tarrrj?, 
Tcnus.] A kind of woven hangings of wool and silk, often 
enriched with gold and silver, representing various 
figures. 



Tapestry carpet, an elegant kind of two-ply or ingrain car- 
pet, in which the warp or weft is printed before weaving, so as 
to produce th» figure in the cloth. 

Tap'es-try, v. t. To adorn with tapestry, or as if with 
tapestry. 

Tape'- worm (-wQrm), n. {Med.) A broad, flat, many- 
jointed worm, often many feet in length, found in the 
intestines of man and other vertebrate animals. 

Tap'-house, n. A house where liquors are retailed. 

Tap'i-o'ea, n. A coarsely granular substance obtained 
by heating the moistened starch obtained from the roots 
of a Brazilian plant. 

Ta'pir, n. [Braz. tapyha.] 
(Zobl.) A hoofed mammal, 
somewhat like a pig, but hav- 
ing a short proboscis. 

Ta'pis (or t'a-pe'), n. [Fr. See 
Tapestry.] Carpeting; tap- 
estry ; formerly, the cover of a 



council-table. 




Tapir. 




Tarantula. 



Upon the tapis, on the table, or under consideration. 

Tap'pet, n. (Mach.) A small lever or projection intended 
to tap or touch lightly something else, with a view to 
change or regulate motion. 

Tap'-robt, n. (Bot.) The root of a plant which pene- 
trates the earth directly downward. 

Tap'ster, n. [From Eng. tap, to pierce, broach, or open 
a cask.] One whose business is to draw ale or other 
liquor. 

Tar, n. [A.-S. teru, tear, Icel. tiara, H. Ger. theer.] 1. A 
thick, impure, resinous substance, of a dark color, ob- 
tained from pine and fir-trees, by burning the wood with 
a close, smothering heat. 2. A sailor ; — so called from 
his tarred clothes. 

Tar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TARRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TA*. 
ring.] To smear with tar. 

Ta-rant'u-la, n. [From Ta- 
ranto, in the south of Italy.] 
(Zool.) A species of spider. Its 
bite sometimes produces a tri- 
fling effect, about equal to the 
sting of a wasp. 

Tar'cli-ly, adv. In a tardy man- 
ner ; slowly. 

Tar'di-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing tardy ; slowness ; lateness. 

Tar'dy, a. [compar. TARDIER ; 
super'l. tardiest.] [Lat. tardus, slow.] 1. Moving 
with a slow pace or motion. 2. Not being in season ; 
late. 

Syn. — Slow; dilatory; tedious; reluctant. See Slow. 

Tare, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. tore, brisk, eager.] 1. A weed 
growing among wheat and other grain ; — alleged by mod- 
ern naturalists to be the darnel. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A plant 
of several species, which are troublesome weeds, (b.) A 
plant of the vetch kind, cultivated in England for fodder ; 
vetch. 

Tare, n. [From Ar. tarah, thrown away, removed, from 
taraha, to reject, remove.] (Com.) Allowance or abate- 
ment of a certain weight or quantity from the weight or 
quantity of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, bag, &c, 
which the seller makes to the buyer. 

Tare, imp. of tear, for tore. [Obs.] See TEAR. 

Tar'get, n. [Fr. targe, A.-S. targe, Icel. tiarga, 0. H. 
Ger. targa, Ar. & Per. turs, dark, dirk, darkah, darkih. 
Cf. 0. H. Ger. zarga, frame, border, edge.] 1. A kind 
of small shield or buckler. 2. A mark for marksmen to 
fire at in their practice. 

Tarjget-eer', j ft . 0ne arme( j ^^ a target or shield. 

A ar get-ier , ) 

Tar'gum, n. [Chald. targum, interpretation, from tar' 
gem, to interpret.] A translation or paraphrase of the 
Scriptures in the Chaldee language. 

Tar 'iff, n. [From Ar. ta-rif, information, explanation, 
definition, from ahafa, to know, to inform, explain.] 
( Com.) (a.) Properly, a list or table of goods with the 
duties or customs to be paid for the same, either on im- 
portation or exportation, (b.) A list or table of duties or 
customs to be paid on goods imported or exported. 

Tar'la-tan, n. A kind of thin, transparent muslin, used 
for ladies' dresses, and the like. 

Tarn, n. [Icel. tiorn.] 1. A small lake among the moun- 
tains. 2. A bog ; a marsh ; a fen. 

Tar'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TARNISHED (-nisht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TARNISHING.] [Fr. ternir,^. pr. ternissantj 
to tarnish, from 0. H. Ger. tarnjan, A.-S. dernan, dyrnan. 
to hide, 0. H. Ger. tarni, hidden.] 1. To diminish c* 



toba, foot; urn, rude, pull ; {sell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link; this- 



TARNISH 



736 



TATTOO 



destroy the luster of. 2. To diminish or destroy the 
purity of. 
Syn. — To sully; stain; dim. 

Tar'nish, v. i. To lose luster ; to become dull. 

Tar'nisli, n. State of being soiled or tarnished ; soil ; 
blemish. 

Tar-pau'lin, n. [Written also tarpauling, and tarpaw- 
ling. " Cf. 0. Eng. pall, a sort of fine cloth, and Prov. 
Eng. pauling, a covering for a cart.] 1. A piece of can- 
vas covered with tar, or a composition, to render it water- 
proof. 2. A hat covered with painted or tarred cloth, 
worn by sailors and others. 3. Hence, a sailor. 

Tar'ra-gon, n. [0. Fr. targon, from L. Lat. draco, for 
Lat. dracunculus , dim. of draco, a dragon.] (Bot.) A 
plant used in France for perfuming vinegar. 

T&r'ras, n. See Trass. 

Tar'ri-ance, n. Act of tarrying ; delay; lateness. 

Tar'ry (5), v. i. [imp. & p. p. tarried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TARRYING.] [0. Eng. targen, 0. Fr. larger' tar jer, tar- 
g-ier, as if from a Lat. word tardicare, from tar dare, to 
make slow, to tarry, from tardus, slow.] 1. To stay be- 
hind ; to remain in arrear. 2. To delay ; to put off 
going or coming. 3. To stay ; to remain. 
Syn.— To abide; continue; lodge; await; loiter. 

Tar'ry, n. Stay ; stop ; delay. 

Tar'ry (5), a. Consisting of, covered with, or like, tar. 

Tart, a. [A.-S. teart, from tearan, to tear, split.] 1. 
Sharp to the taste ; acidulous. 2. Keen ; severe. 

Tart, n. [From Lat. tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist, 
bend, wind, because tarts were originally made of a 
twisted shape.] A species of small open pie or fiat piece 
of pastry, containing jelly or conserve. 

Tar'tan, n. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey, Sp. tiritana, 
tiritaira, a sort of thin silk, from tiritar, to shiver with 
cold.] "Woolen cloth, checkered with threads of various 
colors, much worn in Scotland. 

Tar'tar, n. [Low Lat. tartarum, L. Gr. Taprapov.] 1. 
( Chem.) An acid concrete salt, deposited from wines com- 
pletely fermented. When pure, it is called cream of 
tartar, and when crude, argal, or argol. 2. A concre- 
tion which often incrusts the teeth. 3. ( Geog.) A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Tartary. 

Tartar-emetic (Cfiem.), a double salt, consisting of tartaric 
acid in combination with potassa and protoxide of antimony.— 
To catch a Tartar, to lay hold of or encounter a person who 
proves too strong for the assailant. 

Tar-ta're-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Tartarus ; hellish ; 
Tartareous. 

Tar-ta're-ous, a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, tar- 
tar, or partaking of its properties. 2. Of, or pertaining 
to, Tartarus ; Tartarean. 

Tar-tar'i-e, a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from tartar. 

Tartaric acid, an acid obtained from tartar, soluble, white, 
and crystalline. 

Tar'tar-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tartarized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TARTARIZING.] To impregnate with tartar; 
to refine by means of the salt of tartar. 

Tar'ta-rils, n. [Lat.; Gr. Taprapo?.] ( Gr. Myth.) The 
infernal regions ; the place of punishment for the spirits 
of the wicked. 

Tart'ly, adv. In a tart manner ; sourly ; sharply. 

Tart'ness, n. The quality of being tart or sharp. 

Syn. — Acrimony; sourness; keenness; poignancy; severi- 
ty; asperity; acerbity; harshness. 

Tar 'tr ate, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by the combina- 
tion of tartaric acid with a base. 

Tar-tuff e', n. [Fr. tartufe.] An hypocritical devotee ; 
— a nickname derived from the name of the hero in a 
celebrated comedy of Moliere. 

Tar'-wa/ter, n. 1. A cold infusion of tar in water, 
used as' a medicine. 2. The ammoniacal water of gas- 
works. 

Task, n. [L. Lat. tasca, taxa, from Lat. taxare, to rate, 
appraise, estimate. Cf. Tax.] 1. Business or study 
imposed by another. 2. Business ; undertaking. 3. 
Burdensome employment. 4. A lesson ; a fixed portion 
of study imposed by a teacher. 

To take to task, to reprove; to reprimand. 

Syn. — Work; labor; business; study; toil; drudgery. 

Task, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tasked (taskt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TASKING.] 1. To impose a task upon. 2. To oppress 
with severe or excessive burdens. 

Task'er, n. One who imposes a task. 

Task'-mas'ter, n. One who imposes a task, or burdens 
with labor ; an overseer. 

Tas'sel, ». [From Lat. taxillus, a little die, dim. of talus, 



a die of a longish shape, rounded on two sides and marked 
only on the other four.] 1. A sort of pendent ornament, 
attached to cushions, curtains, &c, ending in loose 
threads. 2. The pendent flower or head of some plants. 

Tas'sel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tasseled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tasseling.] To put forth a tassel or flower. 

Tas'sel, v. t. To adorn with tassels. 

Tast'a-ible, a. Capable or worthy of being tasted ; sa- 
vory ; relishing. 

Taste, t;. t. [imp. &. p. p. tasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TASTING.] [0. Fr. taster, as if from a Lat. word taxi- 
tare, from taxare, to touch sharply, to estimate, intensive 
form of langere, to touch.] 1. To try by the touch of 
the tongue ; to perceive the relish or flavor of by taking 
a small quantity into the mouth. 2. To eat a small 
quantity of. 3. To become acquainted with by actual 
trial; to experience; to undergo. 4. To partake of; to 
participate in ; — usually with an implied sense of relish 
or pleasure. 

Taste, v. i. 1. To try food with the mouth; to eat or 
drink ; sometimes to eat or drink a little only. 2. To 
excite a particular sensation, by which the quality or 
flavor is distinguished ; to have a particular quality or 
character. 3. To have perception, experience, or enjoy- 
ment ; to partake. 

Taste, n. 1. Act of tasting. 2. A particular sensation 
excited by the application of a substance to the tongue. 
3. The sense by which the savor of bodies is ascertained, 
having its principal seat in the tongue. 4. Intellectual 
relish. 5. Nice perception, or the power of perceiving 
and relishing excellence in human perforn jnces ; criti- 
cal judgment; discernment. 6. Manner, with respect 
to what is pleasing ; style. 7. A small portion given as 
a specimen ; a bit. 8. A kind of narrow ribbon. 

Syn. — Savor; relish; flavor; sensibility: judgment.— Some 
consider taste as a mere sensibility, and others as a simple exer- 
cise of judgment ; but a union of both is requisite to the exist- 
ence of any thing which deserves the name. An original sense 
of the beautiful is just as necessary to esthetic judgments, as a 
sense of right and wrong to the formation of any just conclu- 
sions on moral subjects. But this " sense of the beautiful " is 
not an arbitrary principle. It is under the guidance of reason ; 
it grows in delicacy and correctness with the progress of the 
individual and of society at large ; it has its laws, which are 
seated in the nature of man ; and it is in the development of 
these laws that we find the true " standard of taste." 

Taste'ful, a. 1. Having a high relish; savory. 2. 
Having' or exhibiting, good taste ; tasty. 

Taste'f ul-ly, adv. In a tasteful manner ; with good 
taste. 

Taste'ful-ness, n. State or quality of being tasteful. 

Taste'less, a. 1. Having no taste ; insipid. 2. Having 
no power of giving pleasure. 

Taste'less-ness, n. The state of being tasteless, or in 
bad taste. 

Tast'er, n. 1. One who tastes. 2. One who first tastes 
food or liquor. 

Tast'i-ly, adv. In a tasty manner ; with good taste. 

Tast'y, a. [compar. TASTIER ; superl. TASTIEST.] 1. 
Having a good taste, or nice perception of excellence. 2. 
Being in conformity to the principles of good taste ; ele- 
gant. 

Tat'ter, v. t. & i. [Cf. Icel. tetr, tetur, a torn garment, 
totr, a cento, tatter.] To rend or tear into rags ; to be in 
tatters or rags ; — obsolete, except in the p. p. 

Tat'ter, n. A rag, or a part torn and hanging to the 
thing. 

T&t'ter-de-mal'ion, n. [From Eng. tatter and 0. Fr. 
maillon, long-clothes, swaddling clothes.] A ragged fel- 
low ; a ragamuffin. 

Tat'ting, n. A kind of lace edging woven or knit from 
common sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. 

Tat'tle (tat'tl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. tattled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TATTLING.] [L. Ger. tateln, tateln., talern, Up. 
Ger. tattern, D. tateren.] 1. To prate; to use many 
words with little meaning. 2. To tell tales ; to commu- 
nicate secrets. 

Tat'tle, n. Idle talk or chat ; trifling talk ; prate. 

Tat'tler, n. One who tattles ; an idle talker. 

Tat -too', n. [D. taptoe, from tap, a tap, faucet, and toe. 
to shut (i. e. , the taps, or drinking-houses, shut from the 
soldiers).] (Mil.) A beat of drum at night, giving notice 
to soldiers to repair to their quarters or tents. 

Devil's tattoo, a beating or drumming with the fingers, or 
foot, as from listlessness, fatigue, or the like. [Colloq.] 

Tat-tob', v. t. [imp. & p. p. tattooed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TATTOOING.] [Prob. by reduplication of the Poly- 
nesian word ta, to strike.] To color indelibly, as the 
flesh, by pricking in fluids or dye-stuffs. 



TATTOO 



737 



TEARFUL 



Tat-tO~o', n. Indelible marks or figures made by punc- 
turing the body and introducing some pigment. 

Taught (tawt, 75), a. [Written also taut.] [From the 
root of tight.] Tightly drawn or strained. 

Taught (tawt, 75), imp. & p. p. of teach. See Teach. 

Taunt, a. [0. Fr. tant, Lat. tantus, of such size, so great 
in extent.] (Naut.) Very high or tall, as the masts of a 
ship. 

Taunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. taunted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAUNTING-.] [0. Sw. tanta, danta, to reproach, tant, 
tand, mockery, 0. D. tanden, to attack, danten, to trifle. 
Cf. Fr. tancer, to taunt, upbraid.] To reproach with 
severe or insulting words ; to revile ; to upbraid. 

Syn. — To deride; ridicule; mock; censure. See Deride. 

Taunt, n. Upbraiding words ; bitter or sarcastic re- 
proach ; insulting invective. 

Taunt'er, n. One who taunts, reproaches, or upbraids. 

Taunt'ing-ly, adv. In a taunting manner ; insultingly ; 
scoffingly. 

Tau'ri-f 6rm, a. [Lat. tauriform is , from taurus, a bull, 
'and forma, a form.] Having the form of a bull. 

Tau'rlne, a. [Lat. taurinus, from taurus, a bull.] 1. 
Relating to a bull. 2. Of, or relating to, the common 
bull, ox, and cow. 

Tcm/vus, n. [Lat. ; Gr. raOpos.] (Astron.) (a.) The Bull, 
one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, (b.) The second 
zodiacal constellation. 

Taut, a. Tight. See Taught, a. 

Tau-tog', n. [The plural of taut, the Indian name.] 
'(Ichth.) A fish found on the coast of New England, val- 
ued for food ; the blackfish. 

Tau'to-log'ie, ) a. Involving tautology ; having the 

Tau'to-log'ie-al, J same signification. 

Tau-tol'o-gist, n. One who uses different words or 
phrases, in succession, to express the same sense. 

Tau-tol'o-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tautologized; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TAUTOLOGIZING.] To repeat the same 
thing in different words. 

Tau-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. TavToAoyia,from tclvto, the same, 
"and \eyeiv, to say, speak, Aoyos, speech.] A repetition 
of the same meaning in different words. 

Syn. — Repetition. — There may be frequent repetitions (as 
in legal instruments) which are warranted either by necessity 
or conveniencp ; but tautology is always a fault, being a same- 
ness of expression which adds nothing either to the sense or the 
sound. 

Tau'to-phon'ie-al, a. [Gr. TavTO(/>a>vos, from ravro, 
the same, and <f>(i>vrj, sound, voice.] Repeating the same 
sound. 

Tau-toph'o-ny, n. Repetition of the same sound. 

Tav'ern, n. [Lat. taberna, from the root tab, whence 
tabula, a board.] A public house where entertainment 
and accommodation for travelers and other guests are 
provided ; an inn ; a hotel. 

Taw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. TAW- 
ING.] [A.-S. tawian, teagen, to prepare, to taw, Goth. 
taujan, to do.] To dress and prepare in white, as the 
skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kids, for gloves, &c, by 
imbuing them with alum, salt, and other materials. 

Taw, n. [See supra.] 1. A large marble to be played 
'with. 2. A game at marbles. 

Taw'dri-ly, adv. In a tawdry manner. 

Taw'dri-ness, n. State or quality of being tawdry ; ex- 
cessive finery. 

Taw'dry, a. [compar. tawdrier; superl. tawdri- 
est.] [Corrupted from Saint Audrey or Auldrey, mean- 
ing Saint Ethelreda, and orig. implying, bought at the 
fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys of all sorts 
were sold.] Very fine and showy in colors, without taste 
or elegance. 

Taw'er, n. One who taws ; a dresser of white leather. 

Taw'ny, a. [compar. tawnier; superl. tawniest.] 
[D. tanig, Fr. tanne, p. p. of tanner, to tan, D. tanen.] 
Of a dull yellowish-brown color, like things tanned, or 
persons who are sunburnt. 

Tax, n. [L. Lat. taxa, for Lat. taxatio, from taxare, to 
value, estimate.] 1. A charge, especially a pecuniary 
burden imposed by authority ; as, (a. ) A levy made upon 
property for the support of a government, (b. ) Especially, 
the sum laid upon a specific thing, as upon polls, lands, 
houses, income, &c. (c.) A sum imposed on the members 
of a society, to defray its expenses. 2. A task exacted 
from one who is under control. £ . A disagreeable or 
burdensome duty or charge. 

Syn. — Impost; tribute; contribution; duty; toll; rate; as- 
sessment; exaction; custom; demand. 

Tax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. taxed (takst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TAXING.] 1. To subject to pay a tax or taxes ; to lay 



a burden upqp .; especially, to exact money from for the 
support of government. «. To assess, fix, or determine 
judicially, as the amount of cost on actions in court. 3. 
To charge ; to censure ; to accuse. 

Tax'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being taxed ; liable by law 
to the assessment of taxes. 2. (Law.) Capable of being 
legally charged by a court against the plaintiff or defend- 
ant in a suit. 

Tax'a-bly, adv. In a taxable manner. 

Tax-a'tion, n. 1. Act of laying a tax, or of imposing 
taxes. 5$. Act of assessing a bill of cost. 

Tax'er, n. One who taxes. 

Tax'i-der'mie, a. Pertaining to the art of preparing 
and preserving the skins of animals. 

Tax'i-der / mist, n. A person skilled in taxidermy. 

Tax'i-der'my, n. [Gr. Td£is, arrangement, and Sipfxa, 
a skin.] Art of preparing and preserving the skins of 
animals, so as to represent their natural appearance. 

Tea, n. [Chin, tsha, Prov. Chin, tha, the.] 1. The leaves 
of a shrub or small tree, a native of China and Japan. 
52. A decoction or infusion of the dried leaves of tea in 
boiling water. 3. Any infusion or decoction, especially 
when made of the dried leaves of plants. 4. The even- 
ing meal, at which tea is usually served ; supper. 

Teach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. taught ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
teaching.] [A.-S. txcan, to show, teach, allied to tlhan, 
teon, to say, accuse, Goth, teihan, Icel. tia, allied to Gr. 
b~eiKvvvai, to show, and Lat. docere, to teach.] 1. To im- 
part the knowledge of ; to inculcate as true or important ; 
to exhibit impressively ; to tell. 2. To direct as an in- 
structor ; to guide the studies of. 3. To admonish ; to 
counsel. 
Syn. — To instruct; tell; guide. See Learn*. 

Teach'a-fole, a. Capable of being taught ; also, readily 
receiving instruction ; docile. 

Teach'a-hle-ness, n. Quality of being teachable. 

Teach'er, n. 1. One who teaches or instructs ; an in- 
structor ; a tutor. 2. One who instructs others in re- 
ligion ; a preacher ; a minister of the gospel. 

Teaching, n. Act or business of instructing. 

Syn. — Education ; instruction ; breeding. See Educa- 
tion. 

Tea'-eiip, n. A small cup for drinking tea from. 

Teague, n. [W. taeog, taeawg, taiawg, rustic, rude, a 
vassal, villain, peasant, clown. Cf. Tike.] An Irish- 
man ; — in contempt. 

Teak, «. [Malabar theka, tekka.] (Bot.) A tree of the 
East Indies, which furnishes very excellent ship timber ; 
also, the timber of the tree. [making tea. 

Tea'-ket'tle, n. A kettle in which water is boiled for 

Teal, n. [D. teling, teeling, tal- 
ing.] (Ornith.) A web-footed 
water-fowl, nearly allied to the 
common duck, but smaller. 

Team,w. [A.-S. team, for teaham, 
offspring, progeny, race of de- . 
scendants, any thing following ' 
in a row, order, or team, from 
teamian, teman, tyman, to bear, 
to teem.] 1. A number of ani- 
mals moving together. 2. Two 
or more horses, oxen, or other beasts harnessed together 
to the same vehicle for drawing. 

Team'ster, n. [From team and the termination ster.] One 
who drives a team. 

Tea'-pot, n. A vessel with a spout, in which tea ia 
made, and from which it is poured into tea-cups. 

Tear, n. [A.-S. tselier, teer, tear, Goth, tagr, Icel. t&r, W. 
daigr; Gr. Sdnpv, Sdicpvov, SaKpv/u.a, Lat. lacrima, for 0. 
Lat! dacrima.] 1 . A drop of the limpid fluid secreted 
by the lachrymal gland, and appearing in the eyes, or 
flowing from them. 2. Something in the form of a 
transparent drop of fluid matter ; also, a solid, transpa- 
rent, tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. 

Tear (tar), v. t. [imp. TORE (tare, obs.); p. p. TORN; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TEARING.] [A.-S. teran, Goth, tairan, 
allied to Lat. terere, Gr. reipeiv.] 1. To separate by vio- 
lence ; to pull apart by force ; to rend ; to lacerate. 2> 
Hence, to divide by violent measures ; to shatter ; to 
rend. 3. To pull with violence. 4. To move violently. 

Tear, v. i. To move and act with turbulent violence ; to' 
rush with violence ; hence, to rage ; to rave. 

Tear, n. A rent ; a fissure. 

Tear'er, n. 1. One who tears or rends any thing. 2, 
One who rages or raves with violence. 

Tear'f ul, a. Abounding with tears ; weeping ; shed- 
ding tears. 




Teal. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link; this. 

* 47 






TEARLESS 



738 



TELLER 



Tear'less, a. Shedding no tears ; without tears. 

Teage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. teased; p. pr. & vb. n. 
teasing.] [A.-S. tsesan, to pluck, tease, 0. H. Ger. 
zeisan, to pluck, pull. Cf. Touse.] 1. To comb or 
card, as wool or flax. 2. To scratch, as cloth in dress- 
ing, for the purpose of raising a nap. 3. To harass, an- 
noy, disturb, or irritate, by petty requests, or by jests 
and raillery. 

Syn. — To vex ; plague ; torment ; mortify ; tantalize ; 
chagrin. — To tease is literally to pull or scratch, and implies 
a prolonged annoyance in respect to little things, which is 
often more irritating and harder to bear than severe pain. Vex 
meant originally to seize and bear away hither and thither, and 
hence, to disturb; as, to vex the ocean with storms. This sense 
of the term now rarely occurs; but vex is still a stronger word 
than tease, denoting the disturbance or anger created by minor 
provocations, losses, disappointments, &c. We are teased by 
the buzzing of a fly in our ears;. we are vexed by the careless- 
ness or stupidity of our servants. 

Tea'gel (tG'zl), n. [A.-S. tsesel, tsesl, the fuller's herb. 
See supra.] 1. (Bot.) A plant, of which one species bears 
a large bur used for raising a nap on woolen cloth. 2. 
The bur of the plant. 3. Any contrivance intended as 
a substitute for teasels in dressing cloth. 

Tea'gel (te'zl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. teaseled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. teaseling.] To subject as woolen cloth, to the 
action of teasels. 

Teas/er, n. One who teases or vexes. 

Tea'-spobn, n. A small spoon used in drinking tea and 
other beverages. 

Teat, n. [A.-S. tit, titt (not unusually so pronounced to 
this day), H. Ger. zitze, W. teth, didi, Gr. tit#t), tit06?.] 
That organ, in female mammals, through which their 
young draw the milk from the breast or the udder. 

Tea'-ta/fole, n. A table on which tea furniture is set. 

Tea-to'tal, a. See Teetotal. 

Tea'-urn, n. A vessel in the form of an urn or vase, for 
supplying heated water for tea. 

Tea'zle, n. & v. t. The same as teasel. See Teasel. 

Te-eh'nie , ) a. [Gr. rex^tKos, fr. rexvn, an art.] 1. Of, 

Te-eli'nre-al, ) or pertaining to, the useful or mechanic 
arts ; also, to any science, business, or the like. 2. 
Specially appropriate to any art, science, or business. 

Te-ch/ni-eal'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being tech- 
nical. 2. That which is technical, or peculiar to any 
trade, profession, sect, or the like. 

Te«h'ni«-al-ly, adv. In a technical manner. 

TS-cli'iii-e-al-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
technical, or peculiar to the arts ; technicality. 

Tech'iiies*, n. sing, or pi. The doctrine of arts in gen- 
eral ; such branches of learning as respect the arts ; in 
the plural, technical terms or objects. 

Tech/no-log'i*:, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, technol- 

Te-eh/no-log'i-c-al, j ogy. 

Te-eli-nol'o-gist, n. One who discourses or treats of 
arts, or of the terms of art. 

Te-eh-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. rex^y, an art, and Aoyo?, dis- 
course.] 1. A description of, or a treatise on, the useful 
arts. 2. An explanation of technical terms. 3. A col- 
lection and explanation of terms peculiar to an art or 
science. 

Tech'y, a. [Corrupted from touchy.] Peevish ; fretful. 

Te-e-ton'le, a. [Gr. tektovi/cos, from Te'/cTcov, reKTOvos, a 
carpenter, builder.] Of, or pertaining to, building or 
construction. 

Ted, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. TED- 
DING.] [W. tedu, to stretch out, distend, teddu, to 
spread out, display.] To spread, or turn, as new-mowed 
grass from the swath, and scatter it for drying ; — chiefly 
in the p. p. [TETHER. 

Ted'der, n. [0. D. tudder, Icel. tiodhr.] A tether. See 
Te De'um. [Lat.] An ancient Christian hymn, often 
sung in churches on occasions of special worship or 
thanksgiving; — so called from the first words, " Te De- 
um laudamus" — We praise thee, God. 
Te'di-oiLs (or ted'yus), a. [Lat. tzediosus, from tsedium. 
See infra.] Involving tedium ; tiresome from continu- 
ance, prolixity, or slowness which causes prolixity. 

Syn. — Irksome; wearisome; fatiguing; sluggish; dilatory; 
tardy. See Irksome. 

Te'cli-ous-ly [or t3d'yus-ly), adv. In a tedious manner. 

Te'di-oiis-ness (or ted'yus-nes), n. Quality of being 
tedious ; wearisomeness ; tiresomeness ; prolixity. 

Te'di-iam, n. [Lat. t&dium, from teedet, it disgusts, 
wearies one.] Irksomeness ; wearisomeness. 

Teem, v. i. [imp. & p. p. teemed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TEEMING.] [A.-S. tyman, tcman, tedmian, to produce. 
Cf. TEAM.] 1. To bring forth, as an animal ; to pro- 
duce fruit, as a plant ; to bear. 2. To be pregnant ; to 



conceive. 3. To be full ; to be stocked to overflowing; 
to be prolific. 

Teem, v. t. To produce ; to bring forth. 

Teem'er, n. One who teems, or brings forth young. 

Teeng, n. pi. [From teen, ten.] The years of one's age 
having the termination teen, beginning with thirteen and 
ending with nineteen. 

Teeth, n. ; pi. of tooth. See Tooth. 

Teetrh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. teethed ; p. pr. & vb. », 
teething.] [From the noun.] To breed teeth. 

Teeth'ing, n. The process by which first teeth make 
their way through the gums ; dentition. 

Tee-to'tal, a. Entire ; total. [ Colloq.] 

Tee-to'tal-er, n. One pledged to entire abstinence from 
all intoxicating drinks ; — a cant word formed in England, 
by reduplicating, for the sake of emphasis, the initial 
letter of the adjective total. [ance. 

Tee-to'tal-igm, n. Principle or practice of strict temper- 

Tee-to'tum, n. A child's toy, somewhat resembling a 
top, and twirled by the fingers. 

Teg'u-lar, a. [L. Lat. tegularis, from tegida, a tile, from 
tegere, tectum, to cover.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
tile, or arranged like tiles. 

Teg'u-ment, n. [Lat. tegumentum, from tegere, to 
cover.] 1. A cover or covering. 2. Especially, the cov- 
ering of a living body, or of some part or organ of such 
a body. [teguments. 

Teg'u-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 

Teil (teel), ) n. [Lat. tilia, Ir. & Gael, teile.] (Bot.) The 

Teil'-tree, ) lime-tree or linden. 

TeTa-ry (110), a. [L. Lat. telaris, fr. Lat. tela, a web, for 
texela, fr. texere, to weave.] Of, or pertaining to, a web. 

Tel'e-gram, n. [Gr. TrjAe, far, and ypafipa, that which 
is written, from ypd^eiv, to write.] A message sent by 
telegraph; a telegraphic dispatch. [Recent.] 

Tel'e-graph, n. [Gr. TrjAe, far, far off, and ypafyeiv, to 
write.] An apparatus, or a process, for communicating 
intelligence rapidly between distant points, especially by 
means of preconcerted visible signals representing words 
or ideas, or by means of words and signs transmitted by 
electro-magnetism. 

TeT'e-graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. telegraphed (108) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. TELEGRAPHING.] To convey or announce 
by telegraph. [ist. 

Tel'e-graph'er, n. A telegraphic operator ; a telegraph- 

Tel'e-grapli'i-e, I a. Of, or pertaining to, the tele- 

Tel'e-graph/i-e-al, } graph ; made, or communicated 
by, a telegraph. 

Te-leg'ra-pliistjOrTel'e-graplVistjn. One who ope- 
rates on a telegraph ; a telegraphic operator ; a telegrapher. 

Te-leg'ra-phy, n. Science or art of constructing, or of 
communicating by means of, telegraphs. 

Te'le-ol'o-gy (110), n. [Gr.Te'Aos,Te'Aeos, the end or issue, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] The science or doctrine of the final 
causes of things. 

Tel'e-s-eope, n. [Gr. TT)Aeo-K6Vo<j, viewing afar, far-see- 
ing, fr. TrjAe, far, far off, and a-Konelv, to view.] An op- 
tical instrument employed in viewing distant objects, as 
the heavenly bodies. 

Tel'e-s-eop'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed 

Tel/e-s^jop'ie-al, j by, a telescope. 2. Seen or dis- 
coverable only by a telescope. 3. Able to discern ob- 
jects at a distance ; far-seeing. 4. Having the power of 
extension by joints sliding one within another, like the 
tube of a pocket telescope. 

Te-les'ti-eh, n. [Gr. te'Aos, the end, and o-ti'xos, a line, 
verse.] A poem in which the final letters of the lines 
make a name ; — the reverse of an acrostic. 

Tel'i-e, a. [Gr teAcko?, from Te'Aos, the end.] (Gram.) 

Denoting the final end or purpose. 
Tell, v. t. [imp. & p.p. TOLD ; p. pr. & vb. n TELL- 
ING.] [A.-S. telian, tellan, Icel. tola, telia, O. H. Ger. 
zeljan, zellan.] 1. To enumerate ; to number; to 
count. 2. To utter or recite in detail ; to give an ac- 
count of. 3. To make known ; to publish ; to betray. 
4. To give instruction to ; to teach. 5. To ascertain 
by observing ; to find out ; to discover. 

Syn.— To communicate; impart; reveal; disclose; inform; 
acquaint; report; repeat; rehearse; recite; narrate. 

Tell, v. i. 1. To give an account, to make report. 2. 
To produce a marked effect. 

Tell'er, n. 1. One who tells, relates, or communicates ; 
as, (a.) A recounter; an enumerator, (b.) A narrator 
or describer. 2. In the English Exchequer, one of four 
officers whose business it is to receive and pay all moneys 
due or belonging to the crown. 3. An officer of a bank, 
who counts over money received, and pays it out on 



fr>e, &c.,Zongva,e,&c.,sAori;care,far,ask,all,wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



TELL-TALE 



739 



TENANT 



checks. 4. One who is appointed to count the votes 
given in a public meeting, assembly, and the like. 

Tell'- tale, a. Telling tales ; babbling. 

Tell'-tale, n. 1. An officious informer ; one who tells 
that which prudence should suppress. 2. {Mack.) A 
machine or contrivance for indicating or recording some- 
thing. 

Tel-lu'ric, a. [Tat- tellus, telluris, the earth.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or proceeding from, the earth, 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or containing, tellurium. 

Tel-lu'ri-um, ft. [From Lat. tellus, telluris, the earth.] 
( Chem.) A metal of a silver-white color, and in its chem- 
ical properties closely resembling sulphur and selenium. 

Tel'o-type, ft. [Gr. Tr/Ae, afar, and tvttos, impression.] 
An electric telegraph which prints the messages. 

Te-m&r'i-ty, ft. [Lat. temeritas, from temere, by chance ; 
rashly.] Unreasonable contempt of danger ; extreme 
venturesomeness. 

Syn. — Rashness. — Temerity refers to the disposition, rash- 
ness to the act. We show temerity in our resolutions, conclu- 
sions, &c. We show rashness, from time to time, in the actions 
of life. 

Tem'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TEMPERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
ft. TEMPERING.] [Lat. temperare, from tempus, time, 
orig. a piece cut off, a part, from the root tern, Gr. reja- 
veiv, to cut off.] 1. To mingle in due proportion ; to 
modify, as by adding some new element. 2. Hence, to 
soften ; to mollify ; to assuage. 3. To bring to a proper 
degree of hardness. 4. (Founding.) To moisten to a 
proper consistency. 5. (Mus.) To adjust, as the math- 
ematical scale to the actual scale, or that in actual use. 

Tem'per, ft. 1. Due mixture of different qualities ; just 
combination. 2. Constitution of body ; temperament. 
3. Disposition of mind; constitution of the mind, par- 
ticularly with regard to the passions and affections. 4. 
Calmness or soundness of mind ; moderation. 5. Heat 
of mind or passion ; proneness to anger. [ Colloq.] 6. 
State of a metal or other substance, especially as to its 
hardness, produced by some process of heating or cooling. 

Tem'per-a-ment, n. 1. Internal constitution ; tem- 
perature. 2. Act of tempering or modifying ; adjust- 
ment, as of clashing rules, interests, passions, &c. 3. 
(Mus.) A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, 
piano fortes, &c, whereby the tones generated with the 
vibrations of a ground-tone, are mutually modified and 
in part canceled, until their number is reduced to the 
actual practicable scale of twelve tones to the octave. 4. 
(Med.) The peculiar physical and mental character of 
an individual ; natural organization or constitution. 

Tem'per-ance, n. [Lat. temperantia. See Temper.] 
Habitual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the 
natural appetites and passions ; sedateness. [Rare.] 

T6m'per-ate, a. [Lat. temperatus, p. pr. of temperare. 
See Temper.] 1. Moderate: not excessive. 2. Mod- 
erate in the indulgence of the appetites and passions. 
3. Not marked with passion ; not violent. 
Syn. — Abstemious; sober; calm; cool; sedate. 

Tem'per-ate-ly, adv. In a temperate manner ; moder- 
ately ; without excess; calmly. 

Tem'per-ate-ness, n. State or quality of being tem- 
perate ; moderation ; calmness ; temperance. 

Tem'per-a-ture (53), n. 1. Constitution; state; de- 
gree of any quality. 2. (Physics.) Condition with re- 
spect to heat or cold ; degree of heat or cold. 

Tem'pest, ft. [Lat. tempestas, a portion of time, a sea- 
son, weather, storm, from tempus, time.] 1. A storm of 
extreme violence. 2. Hence, any violent tumult or com- 
motion. 
Syn.— Storm; agitation; perturbation. See Storm. 

Tem-pest'u-oiis, a. Involving, resembling, or pertain- 
ing to, a tempest ; turbulent; violent; stormy. 

Tem-pest'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a tempestuous manner ; 
turbulently ; violently. 

Tem-pest'u-oiis-ness. n. The state or quality of being 
tempestuous; turbulence; storminess. 

Tem'plar, ft. 1. One of a religious military order, first 
established at Jerusalem to protect pilgrims traveling to 
the Holy Land ; they occupied an apartment of the pal- 
ace of Baldwin II., near the Temple. 2. A student of 
law, so called from having apartments in the Temple at 
London, which originally belonged to the Knights Tem- 
plars. 

Tem'plate,n. A templet. See Templet. 

TSm'pIe (tem'pl), n. [Lat. templum, a space marked out, 
a temple, for tempulum, as a dim. of tempus, according 
to its primary signification, a piece or portion cut off.] 1. 
An edifice in honor of some deity, or for his worship. 2. 



(Jewish Antiq.) The edifice erected at Jerusalem for the 
worship of Jehovah. 3. A place of public Christian 
worship; a church. 4. Any place in which the divine 
presence specially resides. 5. In London, an edifice onee 
occupied by the order of Knights Templars, and now ap- 
propriated to the chambers of two inns of court. 

Tem'ple, n. [Prom Lat. tempora, tempus, properly the 
right place, the fatal spot, from tempus, temporis, the 
fitting or appointed time.] The flat portion of the head 
between the forehead and ear. 

Tem'plet, n. [L. Lat. templatus, vaulted, from Lat. tem- 
plum, a small timber.] 1. A mold used by bricklayers 
and masons in cutting or setting out their work. 2. A 
thin mold or pattern used by machinists, millwrights, 
&c. 3. (Arch.) A short piece of timber under a beam 
to distribute the weight or pressure. 

Tem'po-ral, a. [Lat. temporalis, from tempus, temporis, 
time.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, time, that is, to the pres- 
ent life, or this world ; secular. 2. Civil or political. 
Syn.— Transient; fleeting; transitory. 

Tem'po-ral, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the temple 
or temples of the head. Iporality. 

Tem'po-ral, n. Any thing temporal or secular ; a tem- 

Tem'po-r&l'i-ty, ft. 1. (Eng. Law.) State or quality 
of being temporary. 2. pi. That which pertains to tem- 
poral welfare ; especially, revenues of an ecclesiastic pro- 
ceeding from lands, tenements, or lay-fees, tithes, and the 
like. 

Tgm'po-ral-ly, adv. In a temporal manner. 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ly, adv. In a temporary manner. 

T€m'po-ra-ri-hess, n. State of being temporary. 

Tem'po-ra-ry (44), a. [Lat. temporarius, from tempus, 
temporis, time.] Lasting for a time only ; existing or 
continuing for a limited time. 

Tem/po-ri-za/tion, n. Act of temporizing. 

Tem'po-rTze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. temporized ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. TEMPORIZING.] [From Lat. tempus, temporis, 
time.] To comply with the time or occasion ; to humor 
or yield to the current of opinion or to circumstances. 

Tempt (84), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tempted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TEMPTING.] [Lat. tentare, temptare, intens. form of 
tendere, to stretch.] 1. To endeavor to accomplish or 
reach ; to try. 2. To endeavor to persuade ; to incite ; 
to instigate. 3. To put to trial ; to test ; to prove. 4. 
To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil. 
Syn. — To entice; allure; attract; decoy; seduce. 

Tempt'a-hle, a. Liable to be tempted ; capable of being 
tempted. 

Temp-ta'tion (84), ft. 1. The act of tempting ; entice- 
ment to evil. 2. State of being tempted. 3. That 
which tempts ; an allurement. 

Tempt'er, ft. 1. One who tempts or entices. 2. Espe- 
cially, Satan or the Devil, regarded as the great enticer 
to evil. 

Tempt'ress, n. A woman who entices. 

Ten, a. [A.-S. ten, tin, tyn, for tehon, Goth, taihun, Icel. 
tiu, W. deg, Gr. Se'fca, Lat. decern, Skr. dagan.] Twice 
five ; nine and one. 

Ten, «. 1. The number consisting of nine and one ; the 
sum of five and five. 2. A symbol representing ten units, 
as X or 10. 

Ten'a-ble (ten'a-bl, 110), a. [Fr. tenable, from tenir, 
Lat. tenere, to hold.] Capable of being held, maintained, 
or defended against an assailant. 

Ten'a-fole-ness, n. The state of being tenable. 

Te-na'cious, a. [Lat. tenax, tenacis, from tenere, to 
hold.] 1. Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast ; apt to 
retain ; retentive. 2. Apt to adhere to another sub- 
stance ; adhesive. 3. Holding stoutly to one's opinion 
or purpose ; obstinate ; stubborn. 

Te-na'cious-ly, adv. In a tenacious manner; reten- 
tively ; firmly ; adhesively. 

Te-na'cious-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
tenacious ; retentiveness ; firmnesc ; adhesiveness. 

Te-nac'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being tenacious ; reten- 
tiveness ; adhesiveness. 2. That quality of bodies which 
keeps them from parting without considerable force ; co- 
hesiveness. 

Ten'an-cy, n. [L. Lat. tenentia, tenantia.] (Law.) A 
holding, or a mode of holding, an estate ; tenure ; the 
temporary possession of what belongs to another. 

Ten'ant, ft. [Fr. tenant, p. pr. of tenir, Lat. tenere, to 
hold.] 1. (Law.) One who has the occupation or tem- 
porary possession of lands or tenements, whose title is in 
another. 2. A dweller ; an occupant. 

T6n'ant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tenanted ; p. pr. & vb. 
«. tenanting.] To hold or possess as a tenant. 



food, f <rat ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist •, linger, link ; this. 






TENANTABLE 



740 



TENTH 



Ten'ant-a-ble, a. Fit to be rented ; in a state of repair 
suitable for a tenant. 

Ten'ant-less, a. Having no tenants ; unoccupied. 

Ten'ant-ry, n. The body of tenants. 

Tench. (66), n. [0. Fr. tenche, Lat. tinea.} (Ichth.) A 
European fresh-water fish, of the carp family, very tena- 
cious of life. 

Tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tended; p.pr. & vb. n. 
tending.] [Abbrev. from attend.] 1. To accompany 
as an assistant or protector ; to care for the wants of; to 
watch ; to guard. 2. To be attentive to ; to note care- 
fully ; to attend to. 

Tend, v. i. [Lat. tendere, Gr. reiveiv, rawixat, Goth. 
lhanjan, Skr. tan.] 1. To move in a certain direction. 
2. To be directed, as to any end or purpose ; to aim ; to 
exert activity or influence. 3. To act as a means ; to 
contribute. [ance. 

Tend'ance, n. State of attending or waiting ; attend- 

Tend'en-cy, n. Direction or course toward any place, 
object, effect, or result. 

Syn. — Disposition ; inclination ; proneness ; drift ; scope ; 
aim. See Disposition. 

Tend'er, n. [From tend.] 1. One who tends or takes 
care of another. 2. (Naut.) A small vessel employed to 
attend a larger one, for supplying her with provisions, 
&c. 3. A car attached to locomotives, to supply them 
with fuel and water, while making a trip. 4. [See Tend- 
er, i'. t.] (Law.) An offer, either of money to pay a 
debt, or of service to be performed, in order to save a 
penalty or forfeiture. 5. Any offer for acceptance ; es- 
pecially, a proposal for performing a service advertised 
for. 6. The thing offered. 

Tend'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tendered; p. pr. hvb.. 
n. tendering.] [Fr. tendre, to stretch, stretch out, 
reach, Lat. tendere. See Tend, v. ?'.] 1. To offer in 
payment or satisfaction of a demand, for saving a pen- 
alty or forfeiture. 2. To offer in words ; to exhibit or 
present for acceptance. 

Ten'der, a. [compar. tenderer ; superl. tender- 
EST.] [Fr. tendre, Lat. tener.] 1. Easily impressed, 
broken, bruised, or injured ; not firm or hard. 2. Sen- 
sible to impression and pain; easily pained. 3. Not 
hardy, or able to endure hardship. 4. Not yet strong 
and mature ; weak and feeble. 5. Susceptible of the 
softer passions, as love, compassion, kindness ; easily ex- 
cited to pity, forgiveness, or favor. 6. Exciting kind 
concern ; precious. 7. Careful to save inviolate, or not 
to injure. 8. Unwilling to cause pain. 9. Apt to give 
pain. 10. Adapted to excite feeling or sympathy ; ex- 
pressive of the softer passions. 

Syn. —Delicate ; effeminate ; soft ; compassionate ; kind ; 
humane; merciful; pitiful; pathetic. 

Ten'der-heart'ed, a. Having great sensibility ; sus- 
ceptible of impressions or influence. 

Ten'der-loin, n. A tender part of flesh in the hind 
quarter of beef. 

Ten'der-ly, adv. In a tender manner ; with tenderness ; 
mildly ; gently ; softly ; kindly. 

Ten'der-ness, n. State or quality of being tender. 

Syn. — Delicacy; softness; brittleness; soreness; sensibility; 
benignity; humanity; benevolence; kindness; pity; clemency; 
scrupulousness; caution. 

Ten'di-noiis, a. 1. Pertaining to, or partaking of the 
nature of, a tendon. 2. Full of tendons ; siDewy. 

Ten'don, n. [N. Lat. tendo, fr. Lat. tendere, to stretch, 
extend ; Gr. revuv, from TeiVeiv, to stretch.] (Anat.) A 
hard, insensible cord or bundle of fibers, by which mo- 
tion is communicated from a muscle to a bone. 

Ten'dril, n. [From tender, properly the tender branch 
or sprig of a plant.] (Bot.) A filiform, spiral shoot of a 
plant that winds round another body for the purpose of 
support. 

Te-neHbri-ous, ) a. [Lat. tenebrosus, from tenebrse, dark- 

Ten'e-brous, j ness.] Dark ; gloomy ; dusky ; ob- 
scure. 

Ten'e-ment, n. [L. Lat. tenementum, from Lat. tenere, 
to hold.] 1. A house or lands depending on a manor. 
2. A dwelling house ; a building for a habitation ; or an 
apartment in a building, used by one family ; often, in 
modern usage, an inferior dwelling house rented to poor 
persons. 3. (Law.) Any species of permanent property 
that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as lands, 
houses, rent, an office, a peerage, &c. 

Syn.— House; dwelling; habitation.— There may be many 
houses under one roof, but they are completely separated from 
each other by party-walls. A tenement may be detached by 
itself, or it may be part of a house divided off for the use of a 
distinct family. 



Ten'e-ment'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a tenement; 

capable of being held by tenants. 

Ten'et, n. [Lat. tenet, he holds, from tenere, to hold.] 
Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine, which a per- 
son holds or maintains as true. 
Syn. — See Dogma. 

Ten'f old, a. Ten times more or ten times as many. 

Ten'nis, n. [Fr. tenez, hold or take it, from tenir, Lat. 
tenere, to hold.] A play in which a ball is driven contin- 
ually, or kept in motion by striking it with rackets or 
with the open hand. 

Ten'on, n. [Fr., from tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] The 
end of apiece of wood cut into form, for insertion into a 
cavity in another piece called a mortise, in order to unit© 
the two pieces. 

Ten'on, v. t. To fit for insertion into a mortise, as the 
end of a piece of timber. 

Ten'on- saw, n. A saw with a thin blade usually stiff- 
ened by a'brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. 

Ten'or, n. [Lat. tenor, from tenere, to hold ; that is, a 
holding on in a continued course.] 1. Stamp ; charac 
ter. 2. The general drift, course, or direction of thought; 
purport ; intent ; general meaning. 3» [Fr. tenor, It. 
tenore.] (Mus.) (a.) The higher of the two kinds of 
voices usually belonging to adult males ; hence, the parf 
of a tune adapted to this voice, (b.) A person who sings 
the tenor, or the instrument that plays it. 4. (Law.) 
An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and 
figures of it. 

Ten'-pin§, n. A game played with ten pins, usually of 
wood, and a ball. 

Tense, a. [Lat. tensus, p. p. of tendere, to stretch.] 
Stretched ; strained to stiffness ; rigid ; not lax. 

Tense, «. [Fr. te mps, Lat. tempus, time, tense.] (Oram.) 
One of the forms wdiich a verb takes to indicate the time 
of the action or event signified. 

Tense'ness, n. The state of being tense, or stretched to 
stiffness ; stiffness. 

Ten'sile, a. [From Lat. tendere, tensum, to stretch.] 

1. Of, or pertaining to, extension. 2. Capable ol ex- 
tension. 

Ten'sion, n. [Lat. tensio, from tendere, tensum, to 
stretch.] 1. Act of stretching or straining. 2. State 
of being stretched or strained to stiffness ; the state of 
being bent or strained ; hence, high intellectual effort ; 
strong excitement of feeling. 3. The degree of stretching 
to which a wire, cord, beam, &c, is strained by drawing 
it in the direction of its length. 4. (Mech.) The force by 
which a bow or string is pulled when forming part of 
any system in equilibrium or in motion. 5. (Physics.) 
Expansive or elastic force. 

Ten'si-ty, n. State of being tense, or strained to stiff- 
ness ; tension. 

Tent, n. [L. Lat. tenia, for Lat. tentorium, prop, some- 
thing stretched out, from tendere, tensum, tostretch.] 1. 
A pavilion or portable lodge of canvas or other coarse 
cloth, stretched and sustained by poles. 2. [From Lat. 
tentare, to handle, feel, try.] (Surg.) A roll of lint or 
linen, used to dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent 
the healing of a wound. 

Tent, v. t. 1. To cover with tents ; to pitch tents upon. 

2. To probe ; to search as with a tent. 
Ten'ta-ele, n. [N. Lat. tentandum, from Lat. tentare, 

to handle, feel.] (Zo'dl.) A filiform process or organ, pro- 
ceeding from the head of an invertebrate animal, as polyp, 
snail, insect, crab, &c, being either an organ of feeling, 
prehension, or motion. 

Ten-tae'u-lar. a. Pertaining to tentacles ; in the na- 
ture of a tentacle or tentacles. 

Ten'ta-tiVe, a. [From Lat. tentare, to try.] Trying; 
essaying ; experimental. 

Tent'ed,^. a. 1. Covered or furnished with tents, as 
soldiers. 2. Covered with tents. 

Ten'ter, n. [From Fr. tendre, Lat. tendere, tentum, to 
stretch.] A machine or frame for stretching cloth, by 
means of hooks, so that it may dry even and square. 

To be 071 the tenters, to be on the stretch ; to be in distress, 
uneasiness, or suspense. 

Ten'ter, v.t. To hang or stretch on tenters. 

Ten'ter-hobk, n. A sharp, hooked nail, used in stretch- 
ing cloth on a tenter. 

Tenth, a. [From ten.] 1. Next in order after the ninth 
2. Being one of ten equal parts into which any thing is 
divided. 

Tenth, n. 1. One of ten equal parts. 2. The tenth 
part of any thing, as of annual produce or increase; 
tithe. 3. (Mus.) The interval between any tone and 



»,e, &c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



TENTHLY 



741 



TERRIBLY 



the tone represented on the tenth degree of the staff 
above it. 

Tenth'ly, adv. In the tenth place. 

Te-im'i-ty, n. [Lat. tenuitas, from tenuis, thin.] 1. 
Smallness in diameter ; thinness, applied to a broad sub- 
stance, and slenderness, applied to one that is long. 2. 
Rarity ; rareness ; thinness, as of a fluid. 

Ten'u-oiis, a. [From Lat. tenuis, thin.] 1. Thin ; 
slender; small; minute. 2. Rare; subtile; not dense. 

Ten'ure, n. [L. Lat. tenura, from Lat. tenere, to hold.] 
1. Act or right of holding, as property, especially real 
estate. 2. [Eng. Law.) The manner of holding lands 
and tenements of a superior. 3. The consideration, con- 
dition, or service which the occupier of land gives to his 
lord or superior for the use of his land. 4. Manner of 
holding in general. [or moderately warm. 

Tep'e-f ae'tion, n. Act or operation of making tepid, 

Tep'e-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tepefied; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TEPEFYING.] [Lat. tepefacere, from tepere, to be 
tepid, and facere, to make.] To make moderately warm. 

T6p'e-fy, v. i. To become moderately warm. 

Tep'id, a. [Lat. tepidus, from tepere, to be warm.] 
Moderately warm ; luke-warm. 

Te-pid'i-ty, I n. State or quality of being tepid ; mod- 

Tep'id-ness, j erate warmth ; lukewarmness. 

Te'por, n. [Lat., from tepere, to be tepid.] Gentle heat ; 
moderate warmth. 

Ter'a-phim, n. pi. [Heh. teraphlm.] Household deities 
or images ; tutelary domestic divinities. 

Tgr'a-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. repag, ripa.ro?, a wonder, mon- 
ster, and \6yos, discourse.] The science which treats of 
malformations and monstrosities. 

Terce, n. The same as tierce. See Tierce. 

Ter£e'-ma/jor, n. See tierce. {Card-playing.) A se- 
quence of the three best cards. 

Ter'e-blnth, n. [Lat. terebinthus, Gr. Tepe'/3ii>0os.] The 
turpentine-tree. 

Ter'e-bin'thine, a. Of, or pertaining to, turpentine. 

Ter'e-bra'tion, n. [Lat. terebratio, fr. terebrare, terebra- 
tum, from terebra, a borer, from terere, to rub.] Act of 
terebrating or boring. 

Te-rete', a. [Lat. teres, teretis, rounded off, prop, rubbed 
off, from terere, to rub.] (Bot.) Cylindrical and slightly 
tapering ; columnar, as some stems of plants. 

Ter-gem'i-noiis, a. [Lat. tergeminus , from ter, thrice, 
and geminus, twin-born.] Threefold. 

Ter'gi-ver-sa/tion, n. [Lat. tergiversatio, tergiversari, 
tergiversatus, to turn one's back, to shift, from tergum, 
the back, and versare, intens. form of vertere, to turn.] 
1. A shifting ; shift ; subterfuge ; evasion. 2. Fickle- 
ness of conduct ; change. 

Term (14), n. [Lat. termen, terminis, and terminus, al- 
lied to Gr. repfj.a, repixotv.] 1. A bound or boundary ; 
the extremity of any thing ; a limit. 2. The time for 
which any thing lasts ; any limited time. 3. Especially, 
in universities and colleges, the time during which in- 
struction is regularly given to students. 4. (Law.) (a.) 
The whole duration of an estate, as for the term of a 
life, or for a term of years, (b.) A space of time granted 
to a debtor for discharging his obligation, (c.) The time 
in which a court is held or open for the trial of causes. 
5. (Logic.) One of the three component parts of a syllo- 
gism, each one of which is used twice. 6. Hence, a word 
or expression ; specifically, one that denotes something 
peculiar to an art. 7. (Alg.) A member of a compound 
quantity. 8. pi. (Law.) In contracts, propositions 
stated or promises made ; conditions. 

To bring to terms, to make to submit or agree.— To make 
terms, to come to terms; to make an agreement; to agree. 

Syn. — Word. — Term signifies a word of specific meaning, 
applicable to a definite class of objects. It is therefore more 
determinate and technical than word, which denotes an ut- 
terance that represents or expresses our thoughts and feelings. 
Hence we speak of a scientific term (not word), and of stating 
things in distinct terms, &c. Still, in a looser sense, it is used 
to a great extent interchangeably with word, for variety of ex- 
pression. 

Term, «. <. [imp. & p. p. termed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
terming.] To apply a term to ; to name ; to call ; to 
denominate. 

Ter'ma-gan-cy, n. The state or quality of being ter- 
magant ; turbulence ; tumultuousness. 

Ter'ma-gant, a. [See infra.] Tumultuous ; turbulent ; 
boisterous or furious ; quarrelsome ; scolding. 

Ter'ma-gant, n. [Orig. a kind of supposed deity of the 
Mohammedans, extremely vociferous and tumultuous in 
the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows ; 0. Eng. 
Triviganl, Termagant.] A boisterous, brawling, turbu- 
lent woman. 



Of, pertaining to, or forming, a 



Term'er, n. (Law.) One who has an estate for a term 
of years or for life. 

Ter'me$, n. ; pi. ter'mi-te£. [Lat. termes, tarmes, 
gen. tarmitis, a wood-worm.] A species of ant mostly 
found within the tropics, and very destructive to trees 
and wood-work. 

Ter'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of being bounded ; limitable. 

Ter'mi-nal, a. [Lat. terminalis. See Term.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or forming, the end or extremity. 2. ( Bot.) 
Growing at the end of a branch or stem. 

Ter'mi-nate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. terminated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TERMINATING.] [Lat. terminare, terminatum. 
See Term.] 1. To set a term or limit to ; to limit. 2. 
To put an end to. 
Syn.— To complete; finish; end; bound. 

Ter'mi-nate, v. i. 1. To be limited in space by a point, 
line, or surface ; to stop short; to cease, 2. To come 
to a limit in time ; to end ; to close. 

Ter'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of terminating ; act of end- 
ing or concluding. 2. Limit in space or extent ; bound. 
3. End in time or existence. 4. Effect; consequence; 
conclusion; result. 5. (Gram.) The end or ending of a 
word. 

Ter'mi-na'tion-al, 
termination. 

Ter'mi-na-tive, a. Tending or serving to terminate; 
terminating ; determining ; absolute ; definitive. 

Ter'mi-ner, n. [Fr. terminer, to bound, limit, end. See 
Terminate .] A determining ; as, in oyer and terminer. 
See Oyer. 

Ter'mi-nol'o-gy, n. [Lat. terminus, term, and Gr. 
Aoyos, discourse.] 1. The doctrine of terms ; a treatise 
on terms. 2. The terms actually used in any business, 
art, science, or the like ; nomenclature. 

Ter'mi-nus, n. ; pi. ter'mi-ni. [Lat. Cf. Term.] 
1. Literally, a boundary; a border. 2. Any post or 
stone marking a boundary. 3. The extreme point at 
either end of a piece of railway ; also, the station-house 
at either end. 

Ter'mite, n. ; pi. tEr'Mites. (Entom.) The white ant. 
See Termes. 

Term/or, n. (Law.) One who 
has an estate for a term of 
years or life ; a termer. 

Tern, n. [Dan. terne, tame, 
Icel. thernay, sea-swallow, maid- 
servant.] (Ornith.) A long- 
winged aquatic fowl, closely* 
allied to the gulls. J 

Ter'na-ry, a. [Lat. ternarius, 
from term, three each, three, 
fr. tres, tria, three.] Proceed- 
ing by threes ; consisting of 
three. 

Ter'na-ry, n. The number three ; three things taken 

Ter'rd, n. [Lat.] The earth ; earth. 

Terra cotta, [It.] Baked clay; a kind of pottery made from 
fine clay hardened by heat, and used for statues, vases, and 
the like. 

Ter'race, n. [From Lat. terra, the earth.] 1. A raised 
level space or platform of earth, supported on one or 
more sides by a wall or bank of turf, or the like. 2. The 
flat roof of a house. 

Ter'ra-pin, «. [Fr. terrapene.] (Zob'l.) A large kind 
of turtle or tortoise, living in sea-water, the flesh of 
which is highly valued as an article of food. 

Ter-ra'que-oiis, a. [Lat. terra, the earth, and aqua, 
water.] Consisting of land and water, as the globe or 

Ter'ras, n. See Trass. [earth. 

Ter-rene', a. [Lat. terrenus, from terra, the earth.] l e 
Of, or pertaining to, the earth; earthy. 2. Earthly; 
terrestrial. 

Te,r-reVtri-al, a. [Lat. terrestris, from terra, the earth.] 
1. Of, or pertaining to, the earth ; existing on the earth; 
earthly. 2. Representing, or consisting of, the earth. 
3. Pertaining to the present state ; sublunary. 4. Con- 
sisting of, or belonging to, land, in distinction from 
water. [manner. 

Ter-r6s'tri-al-ly, adv. After a terrestrial or earthly 

Ter'ri-ble, a. [Lat. terribilis, from terrere, to frighten.] 
1. Adapted to excite terror, awe, or dread. 2. Exces- 
sive ; extreme; severe. [Colloq.] 

frightful ; formidable ; dreadful? 




Tern. 



[together. 



Syn.— Terrific : 
horrible; shocking: 



fearful 
awful. 



TSr'ri-ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being terrible. 
Ter'ri-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to excite terror. 2. 
Violently ; very greatly. [Colloq.] 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; fell, flxaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link; tni* 




TEREIER 

Ter'ri-er, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. 
terra, the earth.] 1. A dog or 
little hound, remarkable for 
going into the ground after an- 
imals that burrow, 2. A lodge 
or hole where foxes, rabbits, 
badgers, &c., and the like, se- 
cure themselves. 

Ter-rif'Le, a. [Lat. terrificus, .*tUBr-'~ 

from terrere, to frighten, and Terrier Bog. 

facere, to make.] Causing terror ; adapted to excite great 
fear or dread. 

Ter'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. terrified; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TERRIFYING.] [See supra.] To alarm or shock with 
fear ; to frighten ; to alarm. 

Ter'ri-to'ri-al, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, territory or 
land. 2. Limited to a certain district. 

Ter'ri-to-ry (110), n. [Lat. territorium , from terra, the 
earth.] 1. The extent of land within the bounds, or 
belonging to the jurisdiction, of any state, city, or other 
body. 2. A tract of land belonging to, or under the do- 
minion of, a prince or state, lying at a distance from the 
parent country or from the seat of government. 3. Es- 
pecially, in the United States, a portion of the country not 
included within the limits of any State, and not yet ad- 
mitted as a State into the Union, but organized with a 
separate legislature, under a territorial governor and 
other officers appointed by the President and Senate of 
the United States. 

Ter'ror, n. [Lat. terror, from terrere, to frighten.] 1. 
Extreme fear : fear that agitates the body and mind ; 
violent dread. 2. The cause of extreme fear. 

Syn.— Alarm; fright; consternation; dread; dismay. See 
Alaem. 

Ter'ror-ism, n. A state of being terrified, or a state 
impressing terror. 

Ter'ror-Ist, n. (Fr. Hist.) An agent or partisan of the 
revolutionary tribunal of 1793-94. 

Terse (14), a. [compar. TERSER ; superl. TERSEST.] 
[Lat. tersus, p. p. of tergere, to rub or wipe off.] Elegantly 
concise ; compact with smoothness, grace, or elegance. 

Syn. — Concise. — Terse was defined by Johnson " cleanly 
written," i. e., free from blemishes, neat, or smooth. Its pres- 
ent sense is "free from excrescences," and hence compact, 
with smoothness, grace, or elegance, as in the following lines 
of Whitehead : — 

"In eight terse lines has Phaedrus told 
(So frugal were the bards of old) 
A tale of goats; and closed with grace, 
Plan, moral, all, in that shoit space." 
It differs from concise in not implying perhaps quite as much 
condensation, but chiefly in the additional idea of "grace or 
elegance." 

Terse'ly, adv. In a terse manner ; neatly ; concisely. 

Terse'ness, n. The state or quality of being terse ; 
neatness ; conciseness ; succinctness. 

Ter'tial,?!. [From Lat. tertius, third, because they are 
feathers of the third row.] (Ornith.) One of the quills or 
large feathers near the junction of the wing with the 
body. 

Ter'tian, a. [Lat. tertianus, from tertius, the third.] 
Occurring every third day. 

Ter'tian, n. [Lat. tertiana (sc. febris).] (Med.) A dis- 
ease or fever whose paroxysms return every third day. 

Ter'ti-a-ry (ter'shl-a-ry, 44, 95), a. [Lat. tertianus, 
from tertius, the third.] Of the third formation, order, 
or rank ; third. 

Ter'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [Lat. tertiare, tertiatum, from 
tertius, the third.] 1. To do or perform for the third 
time. 2. To examine the thickness of, as ordnance, in 
order to ascertain its strength. 

Tes'sel-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tessellated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. tessellating-.] [Lat. tessellare, from tes- 
sella, a little cube, dim. of tessera, a square piece of stone, 
wood, &c, from Gr. reWepes, retro-apes, four.] To form 
into squares or checkers ; to lay with checkered work. 

Tes'sel-la'ted, p. a. 1. Formed in little squares or 
mosaic work ; checkered. 2. (Bot. ) Spotted like a chess- 
board. 

Tes'sel-la'tion, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of 
making it. 

Test, n. [From Lat. testum, an earthen vessel, fr. testa, an 
earthen pot.] 1. (Metal.) A cupel, in which metals are 
melted for trial and refinement. 2. Examination by the 
cupel; hence, any critical trial and examination." 3. 
Means of trial. 4. That with which any thing is com- 
pared for proof of its genuineness ; a standard. 5. 
Ground of admission or exclusion. 6. Judgment ; dis- 
tinction; discrimination. 7. (Chem.) A substance em- 



742 TESTIMONY 



ployed to detect any unknown constituent of a com- 
pound, by causing it to exhibit some characteristic prop- 
erty ; a re-agent. 

Test-act (Eng. Law\, an oath and declaration against tran- 
substantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were 
formerly obliged to take within six months after their admis- 
sion. 

Syn. — Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment; 
trial. — Trial is the wider term; test is a searching and decisive 
trial. It is derived from the Latin testa (earthen pot), which 
term was early applied to the fining-pot, or crvcible, in which 
metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the peculiar 
force of the word, as indicating a trial or criterion of the most 
decisive kind. 

Test, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

TESTING.] 1. (Metal.) To refine, as gold or silver, by 
means of lead, in a test. 2. To put to the proof ; to prove 
the truth or genuineness of by experiment, or by some 
fixed principle or standard. 3. (Chem.) To examine or 
try by the application of test-paper, or some re-agent. 

Test'a-'ble, a. [Lat. testabilis, from testari, to testify, to 
publish one's last will.] (Law.) Capable of being devised, 
or given by will. 

Tes-ta'ce-d (-she-), ) n. pi. [Lat. testaceum, a shelled 

Tes-ta'cean§, j animal, from testaceus.] (Zo'dl.) 
Marine animals covered with shells, especially mollusks ; 
shell-fish. 

Tes-ta'ceous, a. [Lat. testaceus, from testa, a shell.] 
Consisting of a hard shell, or having a hard, continuous 
shell. 

Testaceous animals (Zool.), animals having a strong, thick, 
entire shell, as oysters and clams, thus distinguisned from 
cruMaceous animals, whose shells are more thin and soft, and 
consist of several pieces jointed, as lobsters. 

Tes'ta-ment, n. [Lat. testamentum, fr. testari, to be a 
witness, to make one's last will, fr. testis, a witness.] 1. 
(Law.) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by 
which a person declares his will as to the disposal of his 
estate and effects after his death. 

e@*» This is otherwise called a will, and sometimes a last will 
and testament. 

2. One of the two general divisions of the canonical 
books of the sacred Scriptures ; as, the Old Testament ; 
the New Testament; — often limited, in colloquial lan- 
guage, to the latter. 

Tes'ta-ment'al. a. Of, or pertaining to, a testament ; 
testamentary. 

Test'a-ment'a-ry, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a will 
or testament. 2. Bequeathed by will ; given by testa- 
ment. 3. Done, or appointed by, or founded on, a 
testament or will. 

Tes'tate, a. [Lat. testatus, p. p. of testari. See Testa- 
ment.] Law. ) Having made and left a will. 

Tes-ta'tor. '. A man who makes and leaves a will or 
testament at death. 

Tes-ta'trix, n. A woman who makes and leaves a will 
at death ; a female testator. 

Tes'ter, n. [From Lat. testa, an earthen pot, the skull.] 

1. A flat canopy, as over a pulpit, tomb, and the like. 

2. The top covering of a bed, consisting of some species 
of cloth, supported by the bedstead. 

Tes'ter, n. [0. Fr. teston, from teste, the head, the head 
of the king being impressed upon the coin.] An old 
French silver coin, of the value of about sixpence ster- 
ling. 

Tes'ti-ele, n. [Lat. testi cuius, dim. of testis, a testicle.] 
(Anat.) One of the glands which secrete the seminal fluid 
in males. 

TeVti-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of testifying, or giving testi- 
mony or evidence. [mony. 

Tes'ti-fi / ei*, n. One who testifies ; one who gives testi- 

Tes'ti-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. testified ; p. pr. & vb. 
ii. TESTIFYING.] [Lat. testificari , from testis, a wit- 
ness, andfacere, to make.] To make a solemn declara- 
tion, verbal or written, (and in law under oath or affir- 
mation ) to establish some fact.; to give testimony ; to 
bear witness. 

Tes'ti-fy, v. t. To bear witness to ; to support the truth 
of by testimony ; to affirm or declare solemnly, or under 
oath. 

Tes'ti-ly, adv. In a testy manner ; fretfully ; peevishly. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-al, n. A writing or certificate which bears 
testimony in favor of one's character or good conduct. 

Tes'ti-mS'iii-al, a. Relating to, or containing, testi- 
mony. 

Tes'ti-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. testimonium, from testari, 
to be a witness, to testify, to attest. See Testament.] 
1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the 
purpose of establishing or proving some fact. 2. Affir- 



TESTINESS 



743 



THANE 



mation ; declaration. 3. Open attestation ; profession. 
4. Witness; proof of some fact. 5. Manifestation; ex- 
pression or correct manifestation. 6. (Jewish Antiq.) 
The two tables of the law. 7. Hence, the whole divine 
revelation ; the Scriptures. 

Syu. — Proof; evidence. — Proof, being Anglo-Saxon, is 
most familiar, and is used more frequently (though not ex- 
clusively) as to facts and things which occur in the ordinary 
concerns of life. Evidence is a word of more dignity, and is 
more generally applied to that which is moral or intellectual ; 
as, the evidences of Christianity, &c. Testimony is strictly the 
evidence of a witness given under oath; when used figuratively 
or in a wider sense, the word testimony has still a reference to 
some living agent as its author, as when we speak of the testi- 
mony of conscience, or of doing a thing in testimony of our 
affection, &c. 

Tes'ti-ness, n. The state of being testy ; fretfulness ; 

peevishness ; petulance. 
Tes-tobn', n. [It. testone, Sp. & 0. Fr. ieston. See 

Tester.] An Italian silver coin. The testoon of Rome 

is worth Is. 3d. sterling, or about 30 cents. 
Tes-tu'di-nal, a. Pertaining to the tortoise, or re- 
sembling it. 
Tes-tu/di-nate, ) a. [Lat. testudinatus, fr. Lat. tes- 
Tes-tu/di-na/ted, J tudo, testudinis, a tortoise, an 

arch or vault.] Shaped like the back of a tortoise ; 

roofed ; arched ; vaulted. 
Tes'tu-din'e-ous, a. [Lat. testiidineus.] Resembling 

the shell of a tortoise. 
Tes-tu'do, n. [Lat., from testa, the shell of shell-fish, or 

of testaceous animals.] 1. (Zool.) The tortoise. 2. 

Among the ancient Romans, a cover or screen which a 

body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by 

holding them over their heads when standing close to 

each other. 3. (Med.) An encysted tumor, supposed to 

resemble a tortoise in form. 
Tes'ty, a. [compar. testier; superl. testiest.] [0. 

Fr. testu, N. Fr. tetu, from teste, tste, the head. See 

Tester.] Fretful ; peevish ; petulant ; easily irritated. 
Tet'a-niis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. re'ravos, fr. rerai>6s, stretched, 

fr. reiveiv, to stretch.] (Med.) A painful and usually 

fatal disease, resulting generally from a wound, of which 

the principal symptom is persistent spasm of the volun- 
tary muscles. 
T&te (tat), n. [Fr., the head. See Tester.] False hair; 

a kind of wig of false hair. 
Tete-d-tete (tat'a-tat'), n. [Fr., head to head.] 1. 

Private conversation. 2. A form of sofa for two persons, 

so curved that they are brought face to face while sitting 

on different sides of the sofa. 
Teth'er, n. [See Tedder.] A rope or chain by which 

a beast is confined for feeding withiu certain limits. 
Teth'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tethered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

tethering.] To confine, as a beast, with a rope or 

chain, for feeding within certain limits. 
Tet'ra-ehord, n. [Lat. tetrachordon, Gr. rerpdxopSov, 

fr. TerpdxopSos, four-stringed, fr. rerpa, for reropa, tct- 

rapa, Te'o~crapa, fr. reo~o~ape<; , four, and x°pS?7, a chord.] 

(Anc. Mus.) A series of four sounds, of which the ex- 
tremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. 
Tet'rad, n. [Lat. tetras, tetradis, Gr. rerpa?, rerpaoos.] 

The number four ; a collection of four things. 
Tet'ra-g6n,n. [Lat. tetragonum, i 1 

Gr. rerpdytavov, from rerpa, four, 

and yioi/ia, corner, angle.] 1. 

(Geom.) A plane figure, having ' 

four angles ; a quadrangle. 2. 

(Astrol. ) An aspect of two planets 

with regard to the earth, when 

they are distant from each other 

90°, or the fourth of a circle. 
Te-trag'o-nal, a. 1. Of, or per 

taining to, a tetragon ; having 

four angles or sides. 2. (Bot') 

Having prominent longitudinal 

angles, as a stem. Tetragons. (Geom.) 

Tet'ra-he'dral, a. [See Tetrahedron.] Having, 

or composed of, four sides. 
Tet/ra-lie'dron, n. [Gr. Te'Tpa,four, 

and eSpa, seat, base, from egeo-8au, tc 

sit.] ( Geom.) A solid figure inclosed 

by four triangles. 
Te-tram'e-ter, n. [Lat. tetramelrus, 

Gr. rerpap-erpos, from rerpa, four, and 

fLerpov, a measure.] (Anc. Poet.) A 

verse consisting of four measures, 

that is, in iambic, trochaic, and ana- 

pestic verse, of eight feet 

four feet. 



■Oi 




Tetrahedron. 
in other kinds of verse, of 



Tgt/ra-pgt'al-oiis, a. [Gr. rerpa, four, and nerakov, a 
leaf.] (Bot.) Containing four distinct petals or flower 
leaves. 

Te-traph'yl-loils, or T6t/ra-pliyl'loiis (117), a. [Gr. 

reVpa, four, and <f>v\Kov, a leaf] (Bot.) Having four 
leaves ; consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. 
Tet'rap-tote, or Te-trap'tote, n. [Lat. tctraptotum, 
Gv.rer pd-rrroirov, fr. Gr. rerpa, four, and irroiros, falling, 
7rnocris, a failing, a case, fr. Tmrreiv, to fall.] ( Gram.) A 
noun that has four cases only. 
Te'trareh, n. [Gr. rerpapxrj?, rerpapxo?, fr. rerpa, four, 
and apxos, a ruler, dpxeiv, to lead, rule.] ( Rom. Antiq.) 
A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province ; 
hence, any petty king or sovereign. 
Te-trareh'ate, n. (Rom. Antiq.) The fourth part of a 
province under a Roman tetrarch ; office or jurisdiction 
of a tetrarch. 

Te-trar-eh'i-e-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a tetrarchy. 

Tet'rareh-y, n. A tetrarchate. 

Te-tras'tieh . (-traVtik), n. [Gr. rerpdo-nxov , from rerpa, 
four, and trrt'xo?, a row, verse.] A stanza, epigram, or 
poem, consisting of four verses. 

Tet'ra-style, n. [Lat. tetrastylon, Gr. TerpatrrvAov, fr. 
rerpa, four, and o-rvKos, a column.] (Anc. Arch.) A 
building with four columns in front. 

Tet'ra-syl-lab'ie, ) a. Consisting of, or having, four 

Tet ra-syl-lab'ie-al, J syllables. 

Tet'ra-syl'la-ble, n. [Gr. rerpao~v\AaPo<; , of four sylla- 
bles, from rerpa, four, and <rvAAaj3^, syllable.] A word 
consisting of four syllables. 

Tet'ter, n. [A.-S. teter, tetr, O. H. Ger. zittarorh. Cf. 
Tatter.] A vesicular disease of the skin; herpes; a 
cutaneous disease. 

Tet'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TETTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tettering.] To affect with tetter. 

Tevi-ton'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Teutons, a peo- 
ple of ancient Germany ; or to their descendants, among 
whom are included all who are of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. 

Tew (tu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tewing.] [A.-S. tawian. See Taw.] 1. To work at; 
to prepare by working ; hence, to work hard ; to fatigue. 
2. To beat or dress, as leather, hemp, and the like ; 
to taw. 

Text, n. [Lat. textus, texture, structure, context, from 
texere, textam., to weave, to compose.] 1. A discourse 
or composition on which a note or commentary is writ- 
ten ; the original words of an author, in distinction from 
a paraphrase or commentary. 2. A verse or passage of 
Scripture quoted as the subject of a discourse, or in 
proof of a doctrine. 

Text'-l>obk, n. A volume, as of some classical author, 
on which a teacher lectures or comments ; hence, any 
manual of instruction ; a school-book. 

Text'-liand, n. A large hand in writing; — so called 
because it was the practice to write the text of a book iu 
a large hand, and the notes in a smaller hand. 

Text'ile, a. [Lat. textilis, from texere, to weave.] Woven, 
or capable of being woven ; formed by weaving. 

Tex-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. textorius, from textor, a weaver, 
from texere, textum, to weave.] Of, or pertaining to, 
weaving. 

Text'u-al, a. Pertaining to, or contained in, the text. 

Text'u-a-rist, ) n. One who is well versed in the Script- 

Text'u-a-ry, ) ures, and can readily quote texts. 

Text'u-a-ry, a. 1. Contained in the text ; textual. 2. 
Serving as a text ; authoritative. 

Text'ure (53), n. [Lat. textura, from texere, textum, to 
weave.] 1. Act of weaving. 2. That which is woven ; 
a fabric formed by weaving. 3. The disposition or con- 
nection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies in- 
terwoven. 4. The disposition of the several parts of any 
body in connection with each other. 

Than, conj. [A.-S. thanne, thonne, thenne, 0. H Ger. 
danne, denni. See Then.] A particle expressing com- 
parison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs which 
express comparison or diversity. It is usually followed 
by the object compared in the nominative case. Some- 
times, however, the object compared is placed in the ob- 
jective case, and than may then be considered as a prep- 
osition. 

Thai^a-top'sis, n. [Gr. 0<£varos and 6i/as, view.] A 
view of, or meditation on, death. 

Thane, n. [A.-S. thegen, tkegn, theng, then, a minister 
or servant, a servant of the king, a obleman, a soldier, 
officer, Icel. thegn, a freeman, O. H. Ger. degan, a disci- 
ple, soidier, master.] A dignitary under the Anglo-Sax- 
ons and Danes in England. After the Conquest, this 
title was disused, and baron took its place. 



food, foot ; iirn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, -call, echo; gem, get ; a§; exist ; linger, link ; this- 



THANESHIP 



744 



THEOCRATICAL 



Thane'ship, n. The state or dignity of a thane. 
Thank, v. t. [imp. Si, p. p. thanked (thankt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. thanking.] [See infra.] To express gratitude 
to for a favor or for kindness bestowed. 

Thank, n. ; pi. THANKS. [Generally in the plural.] 
[A.-S. thane, thonc, thought, will, thanks, Goth, lhagks, 
thanks, Icel. thackir, pi., allied to Goth, thagkjan, A.-S. 
thencean, thencan, to think, to remember. See THINK.] 
Expression of gratitude ; acknowledgment expressive of 
a sense of favor or kindness received. 

Thank'ful, a. Impressed with a sense of kindness re- 
ceived, and ready to acknowledge it ; grateful. 

Thank'ful-ly, adv. In a thankful manner ; gratefully. 

Thank'ful -ness, n. State of being thankful ; expres- 
sion of thanks. 

Thank'less, a. Not acknowledging favors, or expressing 
thankfulness for them ; unthankful ; ungrateful. 

Thank'less-ness, n. The state of being thankless ; 
ingratitude. 

Thanks-gfiv'er, n. One who gives thanks, or acknowl- 
edges a kindness. 

Thanks'giv-ing, n. 1. Act of rendering thanks, or 
expressing gratitude for favors or mercies, 2. A public 
celebration of divine goodness ; also, a day set apart for 
such celebration. 

Thank'- worthy (-wiVthy), a. Deserving thanks ; 
worthy of gratitude ; meritorious. 

That (128), pron. or conj. ; — pi. THOSE, when used as a 
pron. [A.-S. the, se, m., thed, seo, f., that, n., Goth, sa, 
so, thata; Icel. that. Cf. The.] 1. A pronoun refer- 
ring usually to something before mentioned or under- 
stood, or to something more remote, and used, (a.) As a 
demonstrative pronoun, pointing out a person or thing 
before mentioned, or supposed to be understood. Hence, 
it often designates a specific thing or person emphatically. 
j&if- In these cases, that is an adjective. That is also used 
in opposition to this, or by way of distinction. When t7iis and 
that refer to foregoing words, this refers to the latter, and that 
to the former. 

(b.) As a relative pronoun, equivalent to who or which, 
serving to point out and make definite a person or thing 
spoken of or alluded to before. In such cases it is used 
both in the singular and plural, (c.) Referring to an en- 
tire sentence or paragraph, and not merely to a word. 
2. [A.-S. that, Goth, thatei, contracted from thata and ei, 
that.] A conjunction, having still much of the force of 
a demonstrative pronoun, (a.) Introducing a clause, as 
the object of the preceding verb. 

$3f That -was formerly used for thativhich, like what, 
(b.) Introducing a reason or purpose, and sometimes a 
result. 

In that, for the reason that; because ;— a phrase denoting 
some particular attribute, cause, or reason. 

Thatch, n. [A.-S. thdc, thac, theac, Icel. thak, 0. H. Ger. 
dah.] Straw or other substance used to cover the roofs 
of buildings, or stacks of hay or grain. 

Thatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thatched (thacht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. thatching.] To cover with straw, reeds, or 
some similar substance. 

Thatch'er, n. One who thatches. 

Thau'ma-tur 'gi-e , 

Thau'ma-tur'gic-al, 

Thau'ma-tiir'gus, n. [Gr. Oavixarovpyos, wonder-work- 
ing, from Oavfjia, a wonder, and epyew, epSecv, to work, 
epyov, work.] A miracle-worker. 

Thau'ma-tur'gy, n. Act of performing something 
wonderful. 

Thaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. THAWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
THAWING.] [A.-S. thawan, Icel. thdma, to consume, 
digest, Goth, daujan, to unloose, enfeeble.] 1. To melt, 
dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow. 2. To become 
so warm as to melt ice and snow. 

Thaw, v. t. To cause to melt ; to dissolve, as ice, snow, 
hail, or frozen earth. 

Thaw, n. The melting of ice or snow ; liquefaction by 
heat of any thing congealed by frost. 

The (128), definite article, or definitive a. [A.-S. the or se, 
thed or seo, that, Goth, sa, sd, thata, Icel. s&, su, that.] A 
word placed before nouns, and used, (a.) To designate or 
specify a general conception, or to limit a meaning more or 
less definitely, (b.) To personify or individualize a speciec. 
(c.) [A.-S. thy, the, equiv. to Lat. eo, instrumental case 
of the, that; Gcth. the, 0. H. Ger. thiu. See That.] 
Before adjectives in the comparative and superlative de- 
gree, to heighten or make more complete the contrast. 

The'ar-ehy, n. [From Gr. ©eos, God, and apxeiv, to 
be first, to rule; Gr. 6eapxCa.] Government by God; 
theocracy. 



Exciting wonder. 



| The'a-ter, ) n. [Lat. theatrum, Gr. Oearpov, fr . Seacrdtx^ 
; The'a-tre, ) to see, view.] 1. Among the ancients, 
1 an edifice in which spectacles or shows were exhibited. 
2. In modern times, a house for the exhibition of dra- 
matic performances ; a playhouse. 3. Any room adapted 
to the exhibition of any performance before an assembly, 
as for public lectures, for anatomical demonstrations be- 
fore a class, and like purposes. 4. That which resem- 
bles a theater in form, use, and the like. 

The-at'ric, I a. Of, or pertaining to, a theater, or to 

The-at'ri-e-al, ) scenic representations ; resembling 
the manner of dramatic performers. 

The-at'ric-al-ly, adv. In a theatrical manner ; in a 
manner suiting the stage. 

The-at'ri-e-al§, n. pi. Dramatic performances. 

The'ban, n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Thebes ; 
also, a wise man. 

The'ban, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Thebes. 

Theban year (Anc. Chron.), the Egyptian year of 3C5 days 
and 6 hours. 

Thee, pron. ; objective case of thou. [A.-S. the, thee, 
Goth, thuk.] See Thou. 

Theft, n. [A.-S. theofdh, thyfdh. See Thief.] The 
act of stealing ; (Laic.) the private, unlawful, felonious 
taking of another person's goods or movables, with an in- 
tent to steal them. 

The'ine, it. [From N. Lat. thea. See supra.] (Chem.) 
A bitter, fusible, and volatile principle, obtained from 
tea and coffee. 

Their (th&r, 12), a. pron. [A.-S. thara, thsera, properly 
gen. pi. of the, se. See That.] Of them ; — employed 
in the sense of a pronominal adjective, denoting of or be- 
longing to, or the possession by two or more. When 
standing alone, that is, when the word qualified by it is 
omitted, it has the form theirs ; and, being used as a sub- 
stitute for the adjective and the noun to which it refers, 
may be the nominative to a verb, or the object of a verb 
or preposition. 

The'igm, n. [From Gr. ©eo?, God.] The belief or ac- 
knowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to 
atheism. 

The'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God ; 
especially, one who believes in a personal God. 

The-Ist'ie, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, theism, or to a 

The-ist'i-e-al, j theist ; according to the doctrine of 
theists. 

Them, pron. ; objective case of they. Those persons or 
things; those. See They. 

Theme, n. [Lat. thema, Gr. 6£p.a, from nOivai, to set, 
place.] 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes 
or speaks. 2. A short dissertation, usually on some as- 
signed topic. 3. ( Gram.) A radical verb, or the verb in 
its primary, absolute state, not modified by inflections, 
as the infinitive mode in English. 

Them-selve§>', pron. ; pi. of himself, herself, or itself. 
See Himself, Herself, and Itself. 

Then, adv. [A.-S. thonne, thanne, thenne, Goth. than. 
Cf. Than.] 1. At that time, referring to a time speci- 
fied, either past or future. 2. Soon afterward, or im- 
mediately ; afterward. 3. Therefore ; for this reason. 
4. At another time. 
By then, by the time that.— Till then, until that time. 
IBS"" Then is often used elliptically, like an adjective, for the 
then existing ; as, the then administration. 

Then, conj. In that case ; in consequence. 

Syn. — Therefore. — Both these words are used in reason- 
ing; but therefore takes the lead, while then is rather subordi- 
nate or incidental. Therefore states reasons and draws infer- 
ences in form ; then, to a great extent, takes the point as proved, 
and passes on to the general conclusion. " Therefore, being 
justified by faith, we have^peace with God." " So. then, faith 
cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." 

Thence, adv. [0. Eng. thenne, or with the termination 
of a genitive, thennes, thens, A.-S. thanan. thanon, tha- 
nun, thanone, thanonne, Icel. thadhan, Goth. thathrOh, 
thathrd. Cf. supra.] 1. From that place. 

I8g-It is not unusual, though a pleonasm, to use from before 
thence. 
2. From that time. 3. For that reason. 

Thence'f orth, adv. From that time. 

Thence-f dr'ward, adv. From that time onward. 

The-oe'ra-cy, n. [Gr. BeoKparia., from ©eds, God, and 
KpaTelv, to be strong, to rule, from /cpai-os, strength.] 1. 
Government of a state by the immediate direction or ad- 
ministration of God. 2. The state thus governed. 

The'o-erat'ie, 1 a. Of, or pertaining to, a theocracy ; 

The'o-erat're-al, ) administered by the immediate 
direction of God. 



»,e,&c.jZong; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



THEODOLITE 



745 



THESIS 




Theodolite. 



THe-od'o-lite, n. [Of obscure ori- 
gin ; probably ill-formed either from 
Gr. Qea.ofi.ai, ^eto/otai, I see, or 0e<o, I 
run, and SoAixos, long.] An instru- 
ment, variously constructed, used, 
especially in trigonometrical survey- 
ing, for the accurate measurement 
of horizontal angles, and also usu- 
ally of vertical angles. 

The-og'o-ny, n. [Lat. theogonia, Gr. 
Oeoyovia, from Oeos, a god, and yovrj, 
yovos,yevos, race, birth, from -yeveii/, 
yCyvea-bat., to bring forth, to beborn.] 
The generation of the gods ; that 
branch of heathen theology which 
taught the genealogy of their deities. 

The'o-lo'gi-an, n. [Lat. theologies, 
from Gr. 0eo\6yos, a theologian, from 
©eos, God, and Ae'yeiv, to speak ] A person well versed in 
theology ; a professor of divinity ; a divine. 

Tlie'o-log'ie, I a. Of, or pertaining to, divinity, 

The'o-log'ie-al, j or the science of God and of di- 
vine things. 

The'o-lSg'ie-al-ly, adv. According to the principles 
of theology. 

Tlie-61'o-gist, n. One versed in theology. 

The-ol'o-gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. theologized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. THEOLOGIZING.] To render theological. 

The-ol'o-gize, v. i. To frame a system of theology ; to 
theorize or speculate upon theological subjects. 

The'o-logue (-log), n. The same as Theologist. 

The-dl'o-gy, n. The scieuce which treats of the exist- 
ence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and gov- 
ernment, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties 
we are to practice. 

Natural theology, the knowledge of God from his works, by 
the light of nature and reason. 

The-om'a-ehy, n. [Gr. Oeofxaxia., from 0eds, a god, and 
(iaxeo-0ai, to fight, ju.dx^,a battle ] 1. A fighting against 
the gods. 2. Opposition to the divine will. 

The-op'a-thy, n. [Gr. @eo?, God, and 7ra#os, suffering, 
violent feeling, from Trdo-xetv, naOelv, to suffer.] Capacity 
for religious affections or worship. 

The-6ph'a-ny, n. [Gr. Qeofyaveia, from ©eos, God, and 
<J>a»>ea-0ai, to appear.] A manifestation of God to man 
by actual appearance. 

The-6r'bo, n. [Fr. theorbe, teorbe, tuorbe, It. tiorba.] 
(Mus.) A musical instrument made like a large lute, but 
with two heads, to each of which some of the strings 
were attached. 

The'o-rem, n. [Lat. theorema, Gr. 6eu>pr)[jia, fr. deuipelv, 
to look at, from Oeojpos, a spectator.] 1. That which is 
considered and established as a principle ; hence, some- 
times, a rule. 2. {Math.) A statement of a principle to 
be demonstrated. 

The'o-re-mat'i*, \ a. Of, or pertaining to, a the- 

The'o-re-mat'ie-al, > orem ; comprised in a theorem ; 

The'o-rem'ie, ) consisting of theorems. 

The'o-ret'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, depending on, 

The'o-ret'ie-al, j or confined to, theory ; speculative. 
2^ Terminating in theory or speculation ; unpractical. 

The'o-ret'ie-al-ly, adv. In a theoretical manner ; by 
theory ; in speculation ; speculatively ; not practically. 

The'o-rlst, n. One who forms theories ; one given to 
theory ; a theorizer. 

The'o-rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. THEORIZED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. theorizing.] To form a theory or theories ; to 
speculate. 

The'o-rlz'er, n. One who theorizes ; a theorist. 

The'o-ry, n. [Lat. theoria, Gr. 0eo>pia, from 0ewpeu>, to 
look at.] 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which ter- 
minates in speculation or contemplation, without a view 
to practice ; speculation. 2. An exposition of the gen- 
eral principles of any science. 3. The science distin- 
guished from the art. 4. The philosophical explanation 
of phenomena, either physical or moral. 

Syn. — Hypothesis. — A hypothesis is, literally, a supposition, 
and is brought forward to account for certain 'phenomena: it 
rests for its proof soleiy on the fact that it explains the phenom- 
ena. Theory is a deduction from established truths, from 
which it follows as a necessary consequence. Hypothesis might 
attempt to explain the tides by assuming a magnetic virtue in 
the sun and moon; theory does it by deducing them from the 
known laws of gravitation. 



Thg'o-soph'ie, 
The'o-soph'ie-al, 
The-os'o-phism, % 
The-os'o-phist, n. 



a. Of, or pertaining to, theoso- 

Pby. 

Theosophy, or a process of it. 
One addicted to theosophy. 



The-os'o-phy-, n. [Gr. 0eo<ro0ia, from fleocro^os, wise 
in the things of God, ©eos, God. and ero<£6s, wise.] 
Supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and 
consequent attainment of superhuman knowledge by 
physical processes ; also, a direct, as distinguished from 
a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by 
extraordinary illumination. 

Ther'a-peu'tie, ) a. [Gr. 0epcurevn/c6s, fr. 6epanev- 

Ther'a-peu'tie-al, j et.v, to serve, to take care of, to 
heal.] Of,_or pertaining to, the healing art ; curative. 

TheVa-peu'ties, n. sing. That part of medicine 
which respects the discovery and application of remedies 
for diseases. 

There (12), adv. [A.-S. thxr, thir, Icel. & Goth, thar.] 
In that place. 

fS3"There is used to begin sentences, or before a verb, with- 
out adding essentially to the meaning. It is also much used in 
composition, and then has the sense of a pronoun. 

There'a-bout', ) adv. 1. Near that place. 2. Near 

There'a-foouts', J that number, degree, or quantity ; 
nearly. 

There-af t'er, adv. After that ; afterward. 

There-at', adv. 1. At that place. 2. At that occur- 
rence or event ; on that account. 

Tii6re-foy', adv. By that ; by that means ; in conse- 
quence of that. 

Th6re-for', adv. For that, orthis, or it. 

Tiiere'fore (thSr'for or thar't'or), conj. & adv. [From 
there and for.] 1. For that or this reason, referring to 
something previously stated ; for that. 2. Consequently ; 
by consequence. 3. In return or recompense for this or 
that. 
Syn.— See Thett. 

Th6re-from', adv. From this or that. 

Tii6re-in', adv. In that or this place, time, or thing ; 
in that particular. 

ThSre'in-to', adv. Into that, or that place. 

Thereof (ther-off' or ther-ov', 71), adv. Of that or 
this. 

Tii£re-6n', adv. On that or this. 

Tli^re-out', adv. Out of that or this. 

Tiiere-to', adv. To that or this. 

There-iiii'to, adv. Unto that or this ; thereto. 

Tiitire'iip-oiV, adv. 1. Upon that or this. 2. On ac- 
count of that ; in consequence of that. 3. Immediately ; 
without delay. 

Tliere-wlth' (ther-with' or ther-witb/, 99), adv. With 
that or this. 

Tlie'ri-a«, n. [Lat. theriaca, from theriacus, Gr. (fypia- 
*cos, of wild or venomous beasts, good against the poison 
of animals, from drjpiov, a beast.] An ancient composi- 
tion of pulverized drugs and honey, esteemed efficacious 
against the effects of poison. 

Ine ri-ae. ) a of, or pertaining to, theriac ; having 

i;: 1 -/ 1 ? a ^" al > f the properties of theriac ; medicinal. 

Ther'mal, a. [From Lat. thermee, Gr. Bip^ai, hot 
springs, from 0ep/u/>), heat, from 0ep/u6s, hot, warm.] Of, 
cr pertaining to, heat ; warm. [electricity. 

Ther'mo-e-lee'trie, a. Of, or pertaining to, thermo- 

Tlier'mo-e'lee-trif'i-ty, n. [From Gr. 6epix6s, warm, 
hot, and Eng. electricity.] Electricity developed by the 
action of heat. 

Ther-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. &ipfxr\, heat, Oep/xog, hot, and 
fjLerpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring tem- 
perature, founded on the principle that changes of tem- 
perature in bodies are accompanied by proportional 
changes in their volume or dimensions. 

Ther'mo-met'ri*, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to. a 

Ther'mo-met'rie-al, j thermometer. 2. Made by 
means of a thermometer. 

Ther'mo-s-eope, n. [Gr. Oep^r}, beat, 0epiu.ds, hot, and 
a-KOTzeiv, to view.] Any instrument for indicating changes 
of temperature without indicating the degree of heat by 
which it is affected. 

The-sau'rtis, n. [Lat.] A treasury or storehouse : — 
often applied to a comprehensive volume, like a diction- 
ary or cyclopedia. 

The§e, pron. ; pi. of this. [A.-S. this, thus, gen. pi. 
thises, thisse, thisere.] See THIS. 

The'sis, n. ; pi. the'SES. [Lat. thesis, Gr. 0eo-L<;, from 
riOivai, to place, set.] 1. A position or proposition 
which a person advances and offers to maintain , or which 
is actually maintained by argument ; a theme ; especially, 
a subject or proposition for a school or university exer- 
cise, or the exercise itself. 2. Hence, an essay upon a 
specific theme. 3. (Mus.) The unaccented part of the 



food, foot ; ■firn, rude, pull ; $e11, $haise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e jist ; linger, link; tnis- 



THESPIAN 



746 



THIRD 



measure. 4. (Pros.) (a.) The depression of the voice 
in pronouncing the syllables of a word, (b.) The part 
of the foot upon which such a depression falls. 

Thes'pi-an, a. [From Thespis, Gr. ©eo-Tris, the founder 
of the Greek drama.] Of, or relating to, tragic acting. 

The-ur'gie, 

The-iir'gle-al, 



Of, or pertaining to, theurgy. 



The'ur-gist, n. [Lat. theurgus, Gr. 0eovpy6s, doing the 
works of God, from ©eos, God, and epyeiv, epSeiv, to 
work, epyov, work.] One who pretends to, or is addicted 
to, theurgy. 

The'ur-gy, n. [Lat. theurgia, Gr. OeovpyCa. See supra.] 
1. Among the Egyptian Platonists, an imaginary science 
supposed to have been revealed to men by the gods them- 
selves in very ancient times ; also, the ability, by means 
of certain acts, words, and symbols, to move the gods to 
impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of reason , 
and to render themselves visible. 2. That species of 
magic in which effects are produced by supernatural 
agency. 

Thew (thu), n. [Chiefly used in the plural.] [A.-S. 
thediv, thau. thaiv.] Muscle or strength ; nerve ; brawn. 

They (tha), pron. pi. ; poss. THEIRS, obj. them. [A.-S. 
tha, Goth, thai.] The plural of he, she, or it; denoting 
more than one person or thing. 

EST" They is sometimes used indefinitely, as our ancestors 
used man, aud as the Trench use on. 

Thick, a. [compar. THICKER; superl. thickest.] 
[A.-S. thicce, Icel. thyckr, 0. H. Ger. thiki, dicchi. Cf. 
Tight.] 1. Dense ; not thin ; inspissated. 2. Not 
transparent or clear ; hence, turbid, muddy, or misty. 
3. Abundant, close, or crowded in space ; frequently re- 
curring. 4. Measuring in the third dimension other 
than length and breadth, or in general dimension other 
than length ; — said of a solid body. 5. Having more 
depth or extent from one surface to its opposite than 
usual. 6. Not having a good articulation. 7. Some- 
what deaf ; dull. 8. Intimate ; very friendly ; familiar. 
[Colloq.] 
Syn.— Dense; close; compact; solid; gross; coarse. 

Thick, n. The thickest part, or the time when any thing 
is thickest. 

Through thick and thin, through whatever is in the way; 
through all obstacles or impediments. 

Thick, adv. 1. Frequently: fast; quick. 2. Closely. 
3. To a great depth, or to a thicker depth than usual. 

Thick'en (thik'n), v. t<. [imp. & p. p. thickened; 
p. pr. & vb. n. thickening.] To make thick, in any 
of the senses of the word ; as, (a.) To render dense : to 
inspissate. (6.) To make close ; to fill up interstices in. 

Thick'en (thlk'n), v. i. To become thick iu any of the 
senses of the word ; as, (a.) To become more dense; to 
be inspissated, (b.) To become consolidated ; to concrete. 
(c.) To become dark or obscure, (d.) To become close, 
or more close or numerous ; to crowd ; to press, (e.) To 
become quick and animated. 

Thick'en-ing (thlk'n-ing), n. Something put into a 
liquid or mass to make it thicker. 

Thick'et, n. A wood or coUection of trees or shrubs 
closely set. 

Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. 

Thick'ly, adv. In a thick condition or manner ; deeply ; 
closely ; quickly. 

Thick'ness,' n. The quality or state of being thick ; 
denseness ; density ; consistence ; spissitude ; grossness ; 
dullness. 

Thick'set, a. 1. Close planted. 2. Having a short, 
thick body ; stout. 

Thick'set, n. 1. A close or thick hedge. 2. A kind 
of stout, twilled cotton cloth. 

Thick'- skinned, a. 1. Having a thick skin. 2. Not 
sensitive ; dull ; obtuse. [head. 

Thick'-skull, n. Dullness, or a dull person ; a block- 
Thief, 77..' pi. thieves. [A.-S. thfdf, thiof, the/, Icel. 
tliiofr, Goth, thiubs.] One who secretly, unlawfully, 
and feloniously takes the goods or personal property of 
another. 

Syn. — Robber: pilferer. — A thief takes out propertv by 
stealth : a rohher attacks us openlv, and strips us bv main force. 
The robber braves the laws; the thief endeavors to evade them. 

Thieve, v. i. To practice theft ; to steal. 
Thiev'er-y, n. 1. The practice of stealing ; theft. 2. 

That which is stolen. 
Thiev'ish, a. 1. Given to stealing; addicted to the 

practice of theft. 2. Like a thief : acting by stealth ; 

sly ; secret. 3. Partaking of the nature of theft. 
Thiev'ish-ly, adv. In a thievish manner ; by theft. 



Thiev'ish-ness, n. State or quality of being thievish. 

Thigh (thi), n. [A.-S. theoh, Icel. thid, 0. H. Ger. dioh, 
thioh.] (Anat.) The thick, fleshy portion of the leg, be- 
tween the knee and the trunk. 

Thill, n. [A.-S. thile, thill, a board, plank, beam, thill, 
Icel. thil, thili, thilia, a table, allied to Eng. deal, q. v.] 
A shaft of a cart, gig, or other carriage. 

Thim'tole (thim'bl), n. [Prob. a diminutive of thumb.] 

1. A kind of metallic cap or cover, or sometimes a ring, 
for the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger from 
the needle. 2. (Mech.) Any thimble-shaped appendage 
or fixture. 3. (Naut.) An iron ring with a groove round 
its circumference, to receive the rope which is spliced 
about it. 

Thini'hle-ber'ry, n. (Bot.) A kind of black raspberry, 
common in America. 

Thim'fole-rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick played with 
three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball. 

Thim/ble-rlg, v. t. To cheat by means of small cups 
or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under one of 
the thimbles, and quickly shifted to another. 

Thin, a. [compar. thinner; superl. thinnest.] [A.-S. 
thynne, thyn, thin, Icel. thunnr, 0. H. Ger. dunni, allied to 
Lat. tenuis, Skr. tanu, Gr. tvvvos, Celt, tanas, tana, tene, 
and A.-S. thenian, to extend, Goth, thanjan, Icel. thenia, 
Gr. retVetv, Lat. tendere.] 1. Having little thickness or 
extent from one surface to the opposite. 2. Rare ; not 
dense ; — applied to fluids or soft mixtures. 3. Not close ; 
not crowded ; not filling the space ; hence, not abundant. 
4. Not full or well grown. 5. Slim ; small ; slender ; 
lean ; gaunt. 6. Small ; fine ; not full. 7. Slight ; 
flimsy ; not sufficient for a covering. 

Thin, adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a scattered state. 

Thin, v. t, [imp. & p.p. thinned; p. pr.' & vb. n. 
thinning.] To make thin in any of its senses ; as, (a.) 
To make rare or less thick ; to attenuate, (b.) To make 
less close, crowded, or numerous, (c.) To attenuate; to 
rarefy ; to make less dense. 

Thin, v. i. To grow or become thin. 

r ¥\\in.e, pronominal a. [A.-S. th'tn, prop, and orig. gen. 
of thu or thti, thou ; Goth, theina, theins, Icel. thinn.] 
Belonging to thee ; relating to thee ; thy ; — formerly 
used for thy before a vowel. 

EST" Thine is used when the substantive to which it belongs 
is separated from the pronoun, or when the noun is not ex- 
pressed. 

Thing, n. [A.-S. thing, thincg, Icel. thing, 0. H. Ger. 
ding, allied to A.-S. thingan, to become heavy ; hence, 
orig. a heavy thing.] 1. An inanimate object ; any life- 
less material. 2. Whatever exists or is conceived to ex- 
ist, as a separate being, whether animate or inanimate. 
3. A transaction or occurrence; an event; a deed. 4. 
A portion or part ; something. 5. A diminutive or 
slighted object ; any object viewed as merely existing. 6. 
pi. Clothes; furniture; appurtenances. [Colloq.] 

Think, v. i. [imp. & p. p. THOUGHT (thawt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. THINKING.] [A.-S. thencean, thencan,thyncean, 
thyncan, Icel. thenkja, Goth, thagkjan, thaggkjan ,thank- 
jan.] To employ any of the intellectual powers except 
sense and perception ; hence, specifically, (a.) To call any 
thing to mind; to remember (6.) To reflect upon any 
subject; to consider; to deliberate, (c.) To form an 
opinion ; to judge, (d.) To purpose ; to intend ; to design. 
(e.) To presume; to venture. 

Syn.— To expect ; guess ; cogitate ; reflect ; ponder ; con- 
template ; meditate ; muse ; imagine ; suppose ; believe. Se« 
Expect. 

Think, v. t. [See supra.] 1. To conceive ; to imagine. 

2. To plan or design ; to plot ; to compass. 3. To be- 
lieve ; to consider ; to esteem. 

Think'er, n. One who thinks; especially and chiefly, 
one who thinks in a particular manner. 

Think'ing, p. a. Having the faculty of thought ; cogi- 
tative : capable of a regular train of ideas. 

Think'ing, n. Imagination; cogitation ; judgment. 

Think'ing-ly, adv. By thought. 

Thln'ly, adv. In a thin, loose, scattered manner. 

Thin'iiess (109), n. State of being thin, in any of the 
senses of the word ; smallness of extent from one side or 
surface to the opposite ; tenuity ; rareness ; fluidity. 

Thin'-skinned, a. 1. Having a thin skin. 2. Hence, 
sensitive ; irritable. 

Third (18), a. [0. Eng. thridde, A.-S. thridda, for thri- 
dia, Goth, thridja, Icel. thridie, Gr. rpiVo?, Lat. terlius. 
See Three.] 1. The next after the second; coming 
after two of the same class. 2. Constituting or being 
one of three equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
Third estate, (a.) In England, the commons, or the com- 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do, \v9lf, 



THIRD 



747 



THOUGHTFUL 



monalty, -who are represented in Parliament by the Commons, 
(ft.) In 'France, the body of the people, exclusive of the nobil- 
ity and titled classes; the commons; —so called previously to 
the Revolution of 1789. 
Third, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three ; 
one of three equal parts. 2. The sixtieth part of a 
second of time. 3. (Mus.) The interval of a tone and a 
semitone, embracing three diatonic degrees of the scale ; 
— called also, sometimes, third sound. 4. pi. [Law.) 
The third part of the estate of a deceased husband, which, 
by some local laws, the widow is entitled to enjoy during 
Third'ly, adv. In the third place. [her life. 

Thirst (18), re. [See infra.] 1. The desire, uneasiness, 
or suffering, occasioned by want of drink. 2. A want 
and eager desire after any thing. 
Thirst, v. i. [imp. & p.p. THIRSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
THIRSTING-.] [A.-S. thyrstan, Goth, thaursjan, Icel. 
thyrsta, allied to Goth, thairsan, to be dry, thaursus, 
dry, Gr. Tepo-ecr9au., to be or become dry, Lat. torrere, to 
dry, Skr. trish, to thirst.] 1. To experience a painful 
sensation of the throat, or fauces, for want of drink, 2. 
To have a vehement desire. 
Thirst'i-ly, adv. In a thirsty manner. 
Thirst'i-ness, re. State of being thirsty ; thirst. 
Thirst'y, a. [compar. thirstier ; superl. thirst- 
iest.] 1. Feeling a painful or distressing sensation from 
want of drink. 2. Deficient in moisture ; dry ; parched. 
3. Having a vehement desire of any thing. 
Thir'teen, a. [A.-S. threotyne , from thri, m., threo, f. and 
neut., three, and tyn, tin, ten, ten.] One more than 
twelve ; ten and three. 
Thir'teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and three. 2. A 

symbol representing thirteen units, as 13, or xiii. 
Thir'teenth, a. 1. Next in order after the twelfth ; the 
third after the tenth. 2. Being one of thirteen equal 
parts into which any thing is divided. 
Thir'teenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
thirteen; one of thirteen equal parts. 2. (Mus.) The 
interval comprising an octave and a sixth. 
Thir'ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the twenty-ninth ; 
the tenth after the twentieth. 2. Being one of thirty 
equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
Thir'ti-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by thirty ; 

one of thirty equal parts. 
Thir'ty, a. [0. Eng. thritty, A.-S. thritig, thrittig.] Three 

times ten ; one more than twenty -nine. 
Thir'ty, re. 1. The sum of three times ten, or twenty 
and ten. 2. A symbol representing thirty units, as 30, 
or xxx. 
This, pron.; pi. the§e. [A.-S. thes, m., theos, f., this, 
n., Icel. thessi , thetta.] A pronoun, used, (a.) As a de- 
monstrative, denoting something that is present or near 
in place or time, or something just mentioned, or that is 
just about to be mentioned ; — thus used as a pronoun 
proper, or as a pi'onomiual adjective. (b.) Denoting the 
last part, as a period of time, (c.) As opposed or correl- 
ative to that, and sometimes as opposed to other. 
This'tle (this'sl), n. [A.-S. thistel, Icel. thistill, allied to 
Eng. teasel, q. v.] (Bot.) One of numerous prickly plants 
of the class Syngenesia, and several genera. The name 
is also given to other prickly plants not of the class Syn- 
genesia. 
This'tly (this'ly), a. Overgrown with thistles. 
Thith'er, adv. [A.-S. thi/ier,thyder, Icel. thadhra, Goth. 
tnathrd, allied to A.-S. the, theo, that. See THAT and 
THE.] 1. To that place ; — opposed to hither. 2. To 
that point, end, or result. 

Syn.— There. —Thither denotes motion toward a place; there 
denotes rest in a place ; as, I am going thither, and shall meet you 
there. But thither has now become obsolete, except in poetry, 
or a style purposely conformed to the past, and hence there has 
taken the place of thither ; as, I shall go there to-morrow; we 
shall go together. 

Thrth'er-ward, adv. Toward that place. 

Thole, n. [A.-S. thol, Icel. thollr, post, pin.] A pin in- 
serted into the gunwale of a boat, to keep the oar in the 
rowlock, when used in rowing. 

Thole'-pin, n. The same as Thole, q. v. 

Thom-so'ni-an-I§m (tom-so'ni-an-). n. (Med.) A med- 
ical system, of which one of the leading principles is, 
that the human body is composed of four elements, 
earth, air, fire, and water ; and one of its apothegms, that 
metals and minerals are in the earth, and, being extract- 
ed from the depths of the earth, have a tendency to carry 
all down into the earth who use them ; that the tendency 
of all vegetables is to spring up from the earth, and there- 
fore to uphold man from the grave ; — so called from the 
founder, Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Massachusetts. 

ThSng, n. [0. Eng. thwang, A.-S. thwang, thwong, from 



0. Sax. thuingan, Icel. thvinga, 0. H. Ger. dwingan, to 
press, force.] A strap of leather, used for fastening any 
thing. [or breast. 

Tho-rap'ie, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the thorax 

Tho'ral, a. [From Lat. thorus, torus, a couch, bed.] Of, 
or_pertaining to, a bed. 

Tho'rax (89), n. [Lat., from Gr. 0<ipaf.] 1. (Anat.) 
The portion of the trunk between the neck and ab- 
domen ; the chest. 2. (Entom.) The second general seg- 
ment of insects. 

Thorn, n. [A.-S. thorn, thyrn, Icel. thorn, Goth, thaur- 
nus; Pol. tarn, W. draen.] 1. A sharp, ligneous, or 
woody shoot from the stem of a tree or shrub ; a spine ; 
— popularly, but incorrectly, a prickle. 2. A tree or 
shrub armed with spines, or sharp, ligneous shoots ; — 
sometimes incorrectly applied to a bush with prickles. 3. 
Hence, any thing troublesome; trouble; care. 

Thorn'back, re. (Ichth.) A fish of the ray kind, which 
has prickles on its back. 

Thorn'-hedge, n. A hedge or fence consisting of thorn. 

Thorn'y, a. [compar. thornier ; superl. thorniest.] 

1. Full of thorns or spines. 2. Sharp ; pricking. 3. 
Troublesome ; vexatious ; harassing. 

Thor'ough (thuVo), a. [A.-S. thuruh, thurh, 0. H. Ger- 
duruh, durah, durih, durh. See THROUGH.] Passing 
through or to the end ; hence, complete ; perfect. 

Thor'ough (thuVo), prep. The same as Through, 
q.v. _[Obs.] 

Thor'ough-base (thu^o-bas), n. (Mus.) Representa- 
tion of chords by figures placed under the base ; — some- 
timesjused as synonymous with harmony. 

Thor'ough-forace (thur'o-), re. A leather strap sup- 
porting the body of a carriage, and serving the purpose 
of a spring. 

Thor'ough-hred (thuVo-), a. 1. (Horsemanship.) 
Bred from the best blood, as horses. 2. Hence, com- 
pletely bred or accomplished. 

Thor'ough-fare (thuVo-), n. A passage through; a 
passage from one street or opening to another ; an unob- 
structed way ; hence, a frequented street. 

Thor'ough- go'ing (thur'o-), a. Going through, or to 
the end or bottom ; very thorough ; complete. 

Thor'ough-ly (thuVo-), adv. In a thorough manner ; 
fully ; entirely ; completely. 

Thor'ough-ness (thur'o-), re. State or quality of being 
thorough ; completeness ; perfectness. 

Th6r'ough-pac<?d (thuVo-past), a. Perfect in what is 
undertaken ; complete ; going all lengths. 

Thor'ough-wort (thuVo-wfirt), n. (Bot.) A North 
American plant found in low or wet grounds, and valued 
for its medicinal properties ; boneset. 

Thoge, pron. ; pi. of that. [A.-S. tha, nom. and ace. pi. 
of the, theo, that, thas, nom. and ace. pi. of thes, theos, 
this, this. See These.] See That. 

Thou, pron. [nom. THOU ; poss. THY, or THINE ; obj. 
THEE ; pi. nom. YOU ; poss. YOUR or YOURS ; obj. YOU.] 
[A.-S. thu, thu, Icel. thu, Goth, thu, allied to Lat. tu, Gr. 
crv, Slav, ty, Celt, ti, Skr. tvam.] The second personal 
pronoun, in the singular number, denoting the person 
addressed ; — used in the solemn or poetical style. 

Though (tho, 75), adv. & conj. [A.-S. thedh, thch, Goth. 
than, thauh, Icel. tho, thbat.} 1. Granting; admitting; 
notwithstanding. 2. However ; — used in familiar lan- 
guage at the end of a sentence. 

As though, as if ; of the same kind, or in the same manner, 
that it would be, if. 

Syn.— Although. — These words differ only in one respect; 
although is the stronger and more emphatic of the two, and is 
therefore usually chosen to begin a sentence, as, "Although I 
have many competitors, I still hope to succeed." See While. 

Thought (thawt), imp. & p. p. of think. See Think. 

Thought (thawt), n. [A.-S. theaht, thoht, gethoht, from 
thenc ean, then can, to think.] 1. Act of thinking ; exer- 
cise of the mind in any way except sense and perception ; 
reflection. 2. Meditation; serious consideration. 3. 
That which is thought, (a.) An opinion; a conclusion; 
a judgment, (b.) A conceit ; a fancy. 4. Design; pur- 
pose ; intention. 5. A small degree or quantity. [ColloqJ] 
Syn. —Idea; conception ; imagination ; notion ; supposi- 
tion ; reflection ; consideration ; meditation ; contemplation; 
cogitation; deliberation. 

Thought'ful (thawt'-), a. 1. Full of thought; em- 
ployed in meditation. 2. Having the mind directed to 
an object. 3. Promoting serious thought ; favorable to 
musing or meditation. 

Syn. — Considerate ; deliberate; contemplative; attentive; 
careful; wary; circumspect; reflective; discreet. — He who is 
habitually thoughtful rarely neglects his duty or his true inter- 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



THOUGHTFULLY 



748 



THROAT 



est; he who is considerate pauses to reflect and guard himself 
against error. One who is not thoughtful by nature, if he can 
be made considerate, will usually be guarded against serious 
mistakes. 

Thought'f ul-ly (thawt 7 -), adv. In a thoughtful man- 
ner. 

Thought'ful-ness (thawt'-), n. State or quality of 
being thoughtful ; deep meditation ; solicitude. 

Thought'less (thawt'-), a. Lacking or free from 
thought ; careless ; negligent. 

Thought Mess-ly (thawt'-), adv. In a thoughtless man- 
ner ; without thought ; carelessly ; stupidly. 

Thought'less-ness (thawt'-), n. State or quality of 
being thoughtless ; heedlessness ; carelessness. 

Thousand, a. [A.-S. thiisend, Icel. thusund, thusun- 
drad, Goth. thUsundi, i. e., ten times a hundred, from 
thus, for tigus, taihun, ten, and hund, hundred.] 1. 
Consisting of ten hundred ; being ten times one hundred. 
2. Hence, consisting of a great number indefinitely. 

Thousand, n. 1. The number of ten hundred. 2. 
Hence, indefinitely, a great number. 3. A symbol repre- 
senting one thousand units ; as, 1000, M, or CIO. 

Thousandth, a. 1. Next in order after nine hundred 
and ninety -nine ; — the ordinal of thousand, 2. Con- 
stituting one of a thousand equal parts into which any 
thing is divided. 

Thousandth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by a 
thousand; one of a thousand equal parts. 

Thrall, n. [A.-S. thral, thrall, threal, Icel. thrall, from 
thrala, to serve, drudge, toil.] 1. A slave ; a bondman. 
2. Slavery ; bondage ; servitude. 

Thrall, v. t. To enslave ; to inthrail. 

Thrall'dom, n. Condition of a thrall; slavery ; bond- 
age"; state of servitude. 

Thrash, v. t. [imp. & p. v. thrashed (thrasht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. thrashing.] [A.-S. thriscan, threscan, Goth. 
thriskan, Icel. threskia.] 1. To beat out grain from ; to 
thresh the husk of with a flail. 2. To beat soundly ; to 
drub. 

Thrash, v. i. 1. To practice thrashing. 2. Hence, to 
labor ; to drudge. 

Thrash'er, n. [A.-S. thriscere , therscere .] 1. One who 
thrashes grain. 2. The fox-shark or sea-fox, a large spe- 
cies of shark. 

Thrash'ing-flobr, n. [From thrash and floor.] A 
floor or area on which grain is beaten out. 

Thra-son'ic-al, a. [Lat. Thrasonianus, from Thraso, 
the name of a braggart soldier in Terence's Eunuch.] 1. 
Given to bragging ; boasting. 2. Implying ostentatious 
display ; boastful. 

Thra-son'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a thrasonical manner ; 
boastfully. 

Thread, n. [A.-S. thread, Icel. thradr, 0. H. Ger. drat, 
for drahad, from A.-S. thrawan, 0. H. Ger. drajan, dra- 
han, trahan, to twist.] 1. A very small twist of flax, 
wool, cotton, silk, or the like, drawn out to considerable 
length. 2. A filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous 
substance, as of bark ; also, a line of gold or silver. 3. 
Something continued in a long course or tenor. 4. The 
prominent spiral part of a screw or nut. 

Thread, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. threaded ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. THREADING.] 1. To pass a thread through the eye 
of. 2. To pass or pierce through, as a narrow way or 
channel. 

Threadbare, a. 1. Worn to the naked thread; hav- 
ing the nap worn off. 2. Hence, worn out ; trite ; hack- 
neyed ; used till it has lost its novelty or interest. 

Thread'y, a. 1. Like thread or filaments ; slender. 2. 
Containing or consisting of thread. 

Threat, n. [See infra.] Declaration of an intention or 
determination to inflict punishment, loss, or pain on 
another. 

Syn. — Menace ; denunciation. — Threat is Anglo-Saxon, 
and ^menace is Latin. As often happens, the former is the more 
familiar term; the latter is employed only in the higher kinds 
of style. We are threatened w.th a drought ; the country is 
menaced with war. 

Threaten (thret'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. threatened ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. threatening.] [A.-S. threatian, to 
urge, threaten, Icel. threyta, to weary ; O. H. Ger. driu- 
zan, driozan, to vex, Goth, thrivtan , usthriutan, to grieve, 
vex.] 1. To hold up to, as a terror, the expectation of 
evil ; to menace. 2. To exhibit the appearance of some- 
thing evil or unpleasant as approaching to or toward. 

Thrgat'en, v. i. To use threats or menaces. 

Thrgat'en-er (thret'n-er], n. One who threatens. 

Thr6at'en-ing (thret'n-ing), p. a. 1. .Indicating a 
threat or menace. 2. Indicating something impending. 
Syn. — Imminent; impending. See Imminent. 



Full of threats ; having a menacing 



Threat'ful, 

appearance. 

Three, a. [A.-S. thri, m.,threo, f. and neut., Goth, threis, 
thrijos, thrija, Icel. thrlr, thriar, thrill, allied to Lat. tres, 
tria, Gr. rpei?, rpia, It., Gael., & W. tri, Pol. trzy, Skr. 
tri.] Two and one. 

Three, n. 1. The sum of two and one ; the number next 
above two. 2. A symbol representing three units, as 3 
or hi. 

Three'— eor'nered, a. Having three corners or angles. 

Three'-deck/er, n. (Naut.) A vessel of Avar carrying 
guns on three decks. 

Three'fold, a. Consisting of three, or thrice repeated 

Three'pence (thrTp'ens), n. A small silver coin of 
three times the value of a penny. 

Three'pen-ny (thrip'en-ny), a. Worth three pence 
only ; hence, worth but little ; poor ; mean. 

Three'-ply, a. [From three and ply, a, fold.] Consisting 
of three distinct webs inwrought together in weaving, as 
cloth or carpeting. 

Three'-sid'ed, a. Having three sides, especially thret 
plane sides. 

Thren'o-dy, n. [Gr. 0pr)vco6ta, from 6prjvos and wSt?, a 
song.] A song of lamentation ; a short funereal poem ; 
a dirge ; a threnode. 

Thresh, v. t. To thrash. See Thrash. 

Thresh'er, n. One who threshes ; a thrasher. 

Thresh'old, n. [O. Eng. threswold, A.-S. threscwald, 
therscwald, prob. fr. threscan, therscan, to thresh, thrash, 
and wold, weald, wood, forest.] 1. The door -sill ; the 
plank, stone, or piece of timber which lies at the bottom 
or under a door ; hence, entrance ; gate ; door. 2. The 
place or point of entering or beginning ; outset. 

Threw (thru), imp. of throw. See Throw. 

Thrice, adv. [0. Eng. thries, from three, with the termi- 
nation of a genitive.] 1. Three times. 2. Repeatedly ; 
earnestly ; emphatically ; very. 

Thrid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thridded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
THRIDDING.] [From thread, v. t.] To slide through, 
by a narrow passage ; to pass, as a thread through the 
eye of a needle ; to thread. 

Thrift, n. [From thrive.] 1. A thriving state or con- 
dition; economical management in regard to property. 

2. Success and advance in the acquisition of property. 

3. Vigorous growth, as of a plant. 

Syn. — Frugality; economy; prosperity; gain; profit. 

Thrif t'i-ly, adv. In a thrifty manner ; frugally ; suc- 
cessfully ; prosperously. 

Thrlft'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being thrifty ; 
frugality ; good husbandry. 2. Prosperity in business. 

Thrif t'less, a. Not thrifty ; deficient in thrift ; profuse ; 
extravagant ; not thriving. 

Thrif t'y, a. [compar. THRIFTIER; superl. THRIFT- 
IEST.] 1. Given to, or evincing, thrift ; using economy 
and good management of property. 2. Thriving by in- 
dustry and frugality ; increasing in wealth. 3. Growing 
rapidly or vigorously, as a plant ; thriving. 

Syn. — Frugal; sparing; economical; saving; careful. 

Thrill, n. [See the verb.] 1. A drill. 2. A warbling; 
a trill. [See Trill.] 3. A breathing place or hole. 4. 
A thrilling sensation. 

Thrill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. THRILLED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
thrilling.] [A.-S. thyrhelian, thyrlian, Ger. drillen, 
trillen, Prov. Ger. tirlen, tirrelen. See THIRL and 
Drill.] 1. To perforate by turning a pointed instru- 
ment ; to bore ; to drill. 2. Hence, to pierce ; to pene- 
trate ; to affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks, 
or that causes a tingling sensation. 

Thrill, v. i. 1. To pierce, as something sharp ; to pen- 
etrate ; especially, to cause a tingling sensation that runs 
through the system with a slight shivering. 2. To feel 
a sharp, shivering sensation, running through the body. 

Thrive, v. i. [imp. thrived ; p. p. thrived or 
thriven ; p. pr. & vb. n. thriving.] [Icel. thrifa, 
to care, thrifaz, to grow, flourish, thrif, n. pi., good suc- 
cess, care, threifa, to touch, A.-S. thrqflan, to urge, impel, 
allied to Goth, dreiban, A.-S. drifan, Eng. drive, q. v.'/ 
1. To prosper by industry, economy, and good manage- 
ment of property. 2. To prosper in any business. 3. 
To grow vigorously or luxuriantly, as a plant ; to flour- 
ish. 

Thriv'er, n. One who thrives or prospers. 

Throat (20), n. [A.-S. throte, throtu, O. H. Ger. droza.] 
1. (Anat.) The portion of the neck anterior to the spinal 
column, with its cavities or passages. 2. Hence, the 
passage through which any thing is ejected upward from 
the lungs or stomach. 3. Any thing long and deep. 



ie,&c.,fon£; a, 6, 8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; er«, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf* 



THROB 



749 



THUNDER 



ThrSb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. throbbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
THROBBING. J [Probably contracted from throw up, or 
allied to Gr. Qopvfidv, to make a noise.] To beat, as the 
heart or pulse, with more than usual force or rapidity ; 
to palpitate. 

ThrSb, n. A beat, or strong pulsation ; a -violent beating 
of the heart and arteries ; a palpitation. 

Throe, n. [A.-S. threa, for thrediv, chiding, menace, 
affliction, from threowan, to suffer.] Extreme pain ; 
violent pang ; anguish ; agony ; especially, the anguish 
of travail in childbirth, or parturition. 

Throne, n. [Lat. thronus, Gr. 9p6vos, allied to Qpavos, 
a bench, and dprjws, a footstool, from 6pao>, to set, aorist 
middle Op-qo-aadai,, to set one's self, to sit.] 1. A chair 
of state, commonly a royal seat. 2. Hence, sovereign 
power and dignity. 3. Hence, one who is invested with 
power or authority. 

Throne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. THRONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
THRONING.] 1. To place on a royal seat ; to enthrone, 

2. To place in an elevated position ; to exalt. 
Throng, n. [A.-S. thrang, throng, Icel. tkraung, from 

A.-S. thringan, to press.] A multitude of living beings 
pressing or pressed into a close body or assemblage. 

Syn. — Multitude; crowd. — Any great number of persons 
form a multitude ; a throng is a large number of persons who 
press together into a collective body; a crowd is a mass of per- 
sons who press so closely together as to bring their bodies into 
immediate or inconvenient contact. A dispersed multitude; 
the thronged streets of a city ; a crowded coach ; a crowded 
table. 

Throng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. thronged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. thronging.] To crowd together ; to press into a 
close body, as a multitude of persons. 

Throng, v. t. To crowd, or press, as persons. 

Thros'tle (thros'l), n. [A.-S. throstle, thr^le, Icel. throstr, 
allied to Lat. turdus.] ( Ornith.) See THRUSH. 

Thros'tle (thros'l), n. A machine for spinning wool, 

COttOD, &c. 

Throt'tle (throt/tl), n. [Dim. of throat, q. v.] The wind- 
pipe or trachea ; the weasand. 

Throt'tle, v. i. 1. To hare the throat obstructed so as 
to endanger suffocation ; to choke ; to suffocate. 2. To 
breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. 

Throt'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. throttled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. throttling.] To choke ; to strangle. 

Through (throb, 21), prep. [A.-S. thurh, thuruh, Goth. 
tha'irh, W. trio, trwy.] 1. From end to end of, or from 
side to side of. 2. Between the sides or walls of; within. 

3. By means of; by the agency of. 4. Over the whole 
surface or extent of. 5. Among or in the midst of. 6. 
From beginning to end ; to the end or conclusion. 

Through (throb), adv. 1. From one end or side to the 
other, 2. From beginning to end. 3. To the end; to 
the ultimate purpose. 

To fall through, to be given up. as a project or plan, before 
being brought to an issue; to be abandoned; to fail. 

Through-out' (throb-), prep. Quite through ; in every 
part of; from one extremity to the other of. 

Through-out' (throb-), adv. In every part. 

Thr5w, v. t. [imp. threw; p. p. thrown; p. pr. & 
vb. n. THROWING.] [A.-S. thrawan, to twist, turn, 
throw, 0. H. Ger. drajan, drhhan, to turn, twist.] 1. 
To fling or cast in a winding direction ; to hurl. 2. 
Hence, to fling or cast in any manner ; to propel ; to pro- 
ject ; to send. 3. To wind or twist two or more filaments 
of, as silk, so as to form one thread. 4. (Pottery.) To 
form or shape roughly on a potter's wheel. 5. To ven- 
ture at dice. 6. To divest or strip one's self of ; to put 
off. 7. To put on ; to spread carelessly. 8. To over- 
turn ; to prostrate in wrestling. 

To throw away, (a.) To lose by neglect or folly; to spend in 
vain, (t.) To reject.— To throw back, (a.) To retort ; to cast 
back, as a reply. (&.) To reject: to refuse. — To throiv by, to lay 
aside or neglect as useless. — To throw down, (a.) To subvert ; 
to overthrow ; to destroy, (b.) To bring down from n high 
station ; to degrade. ^- To throw in, (a.) To inject, a> • fluid. 
(.b.) To deposit with others ; to add without enumeration or 
valuation, (c.) To give up or relinquish.— To throw o.f, (a.) 
To expel; to clear from, (ft.) To reject; to discard.— To throw 
on, to cast on ; to load. — To throiv one's self 'down, to lie down. 
— To throw one's self on or upon, to resign one's self to the favor, 
clemency, or sustaining power of. — To throw out, (a.) To cast 
out; to reject or discard; to expel. (ft.) To utter; to give utter- 
ance to; to speak. — To throw up, (a.) To resign ; to give up. 
(ft.) To discharge from the stomach. 

Throw, v. i. To perform the act of casting ; to cast ; spe- 
cifically, to cast dice. 

Throw, n. 1. Act of hurling or flinging ; a driving or 
propelling from the hand, or from an engine. 2. A cast 
of dice ; the manner in which dice fall when cast. 3. The 
distance which a missile is or may be thrown. 




Thrush. 
ST ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



Throw'er,n. One who throws; specifically, (a.) One 
who throws or twists silk ; a throwster, (b.) One who 
shapes vessels on a potter's wheel . 

Throw'ster, n. [From throw and ster.] One who throws, 
twists, or winds silk. 

Thrum, n. [Icel. throm, edge, lip, 0. H. Ger. drum, 
end.] 1. One of the ends of weavers' threads ; a tuft. 
2. Any coarse yarn. 

Thrum, v. i. [Icel. thruma, to groan, to sigh, to thun- 
der, equiv. to H. Ger. trommeln, to drum.] To play 
rudely or monotonously on an instrument with the 
fingers. 

Thrum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. THRUMMED; p. pr. & vb. 
11. THRUMMING.] [See THRUM, n.] 1. To furnish 
with thrums ; to insert tufts in. 2. To play, as an in- 
strument, in a rude or monotonous manner. 

Thrush, n. [A.-S. thrysce, 0. 
H. Ger. drosca, droscha, 
throsga, Icel. throstr. Cf. 
Throstle.] 1. [Ornith.) 
A small, plainly-colored sing- 
ing bird, of various species. 
2. [From thrust.] (Far.) An 
inflammatory and suppurat- 
ing affection in the feet of the 
horse and some other ani- 
mals. 3. (Med.) Minute ul- 
cers in the mouth, fauces, 
and esophagus. 

Thrust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 

THRUSTING.] [Icel. thrlsta, to force, urge, A.-S. thrist, 
jan, to hear.] To push or drive with force ; to drive, 
force, or impel. 

To thrust one's self , to obtrude; to intrude ; to enter wher». 
one is not invited or not welcome.— lb thrust through, to pierce; 
to stab. 

Thrust, v. i. 1. To make a push ; to attack with a 
pointed weapon. 2. To enter by pushing; to squeeze 
in. 3. To push forward; to press on ; to intrude. 

Thrust, n. 1. A violent push or driving, as with a 
pointed weapon or with the hand or foot. 2. Attack ; 
assault. 3. (Arch.) A horizontal, outward pressure, as 
of an arch against its abutments. 

Syn. — Push ; shove ; assault ; attack. — Push and shove are 
distinguished from thrust. The two former imply the applica- 
tion of force by one body already in contact with the body to 
be impelled, thrust, on the contrary, often implies the impulse 
or application of force bv a moving body— a body in motion 
before it reaches the body to be impelled. This distinction 
does not, however, extend to every case. 

Thrust'er, n. One who thrusts or stabs. 

Thud, ii. [A.-S. thoden, noise, din.] 1. A stroke or 
single impetus of a tempestuous wind. 2. A stroke, or 
blow, causing a blunt, dull, and hollow sound. 

Thug, n. [Hind, thag, a deceiver, robber, from thagna, 
to deceive.] One of a Hindoo sect who practiced mur- 
der stealthily and from religious motives. 

Thumb (thdm), n. [A.-S. thuma or thuma, Icel. thumaU 
fingr, 0. H. Ger. dtuno.] The short, thick finger of the 
human hand, or the corresponding member of other 
animals. 

Thumb (tlitfm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. thumbed : p. pr. 
& vb. ii. thumbing.] 1. To handle awkwardly ; to 
play with the fingers. 2. To soil or wear with the 
thumb or the fingers. 

Thumb (thum), v. i. To play with the thumbs, or with 
the thumbs and fingers ; to thrum. 

Thiimb'-serew (tham'skrij), n. A screw having the 
head flattened in the direction of its length, so that it 
may be turned by the thumb and fore finger. 

Thumb'-stall ('thum'-), n. A kind of thimble or ferule 
of iron, horn, or leather, for protecting the thumb. 

Thfan'mlm, n. pi. [See URIM.] Perfections ; — a He- 
brew word. 

®l="The urim and thummim were worn as ornaments in the 
breastplate of the high priest when he attended the altar ; but 
what they were has never been ascertained. 

Thump, ft. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. The sudden 
fall of a heavy weight. 2. The sound made by the sud- 
den fall of a heavy body, as of a hammer, or the like. 

Thump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thumped (84) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. THUMPING.] To strike or beat with something 
thick or heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound. 

Thump, v. i. To strike or fall with a heavy blow. 

Thump'er, n. One who, or that which, thumps. 

Thun'der, n. [A.-S. thunor, thunder, Icel. dunr, 0. H. 
Ger. donar, Per. tundur, W. & Corn, taran, Lat. tonitru.] 
1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning. 2. A 



*o«d, foot , urn, rude, piill ; cell, chaise, call, echo , gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, linlc ; this 



THUNDER 



750 



TIDE 



thunder-bolt. [Obs.] 3. Any loud noise. 4. An alarm- 
ing or startling threat or denunciation. 

Tliun'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. thundered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. THUNDERING.] 1. To sound, rattle, or roar, as 
an explosion of electricity. 2. To make a loud noise, 
especially, a heavy sound, of some continuance. 

Thviii'der, v. t. To emit with noise and terror ; to pub- 
lish, as a threat or denunciation. 

Thiiii'der-bolt, n. 1. A shaft of lightning. 2. Hence, 
a daring or irresistible hero. 3. Ecclesiastical denunci- 
ation ; fulmiriation. 

Thun'der-elap, n. A burst of thunder ; sudden re- 
port of an explosion of electricitj T , 

Thun'der-er, n. One who thunders ; — an epithet 
applied by the ancients to Jupiter. 

Thuii'der-oils, a. 1. Producing thunder. [Rare.] 2. 
Making a noise like thunder ; sonorous. 

Thuii'der-show'er, n. A shower accompanied with 
thunder. 

Thun'der-stdrm, n. A storm accompanied with light- 
ning and thunder. 

Thun'der-struck,/?. a. Astonished : amazed ; struck 
dumb by something surprising or terrible suddenly pre- 
sented to the mind or view. 

Thfin'der-tube, n. A fulgurite. See Fulgurite. 

Thu'ri-ble, n. [Lat. thuribulum, fr. thus, thuris, fra,nk- 
incense, fr. Gr. 0v'os, a sacrifice, an offering, from 6veiv, to 
sacrifice.] A censer of metal, for burning incense, held 
in the hand or suspended by chains, used in solemn ser- 
vices of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Thu-rif'er-ous,a. [Lat. thurifer, from thus, thuris, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing or bearing frankincense. 

Thu'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. [From Lat. thus, thuris, and 
facere, to make.] The act of fuming with incense ; or, the 
act of burning incense. 

Thurg'day, n. [A.-S. thunres dag, from thunres, geni- 
tive of thunor, thunder, and dag, day ; — so called from 
its being orig. consecrated to Thor, Icel. Thorr, the god 
of thunder.] The fifth day of the week ; the day after 
Wednesday and before Friday. 

Thus, adv. [A.-S. & 0. Low G. thus, 0. H. Ger. sus.] 1. 
In this or that manner ; on this wise. 2. To this degree 
or extent; so. 

Thwack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thwacked (thwakt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. THWACKING.] [A.-S. thaccian, to touch 
gently, to stroke. Cf. WHACK.] To strike with some- 
thing flat or heavy. 
Syn. — To bang ; to beat or thrash ; to thump. 

Thwack, n. A heavy blow with something fiat or 
heavy ; a thump. 

Thwart, a. [A.-S. thweorh, thweorg, thioeor, adv. thwe- 
ores', Icel. thver, adv. thvert, Goth, tvairhs, angry. Cf. 
Queer.] Across something else ; transverse. 

Thwart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thwarted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. thwarting.] 1. To move across or counter to ; to 
cross. 2. To cross, as a purpose ; to oppose ; hence, to 
frustrate or defeat. 

Thwart, v. i. To move or go in an oblique or crosswise 
manner. 

Thwart, n. {Naut.) The seat or bench of a boat on 
which the rowers sit, placed athwart the boat. 

Thwart'-ships, adv. (Naut.) Across the ship. 

Thy, "pron. [Abbrev. from thine., q. v.] Of thee, or be- 
longing to thee; the possessive of thee; — used in the 
sojemn or grave style, and in poetry. 

Thy 'me- wood, n. [Gr. £vkov Qv'ivov, from Qvivo<;, adj., 
pertaining to the tree OvCa, or Ova, an African tree with 
sweet-smelling wood, from Ovetv, to sacrifice, to smell.] A 
precious wood, mentioned Rev. xviii. thought to be from 
a tree which is a native of Barbary, and allied to the 
pines 

Thyme (tTm), n. [Lat. thymum, thymus, Gr. 0u>ov, Ov- 
fxos, from Ovtiv, to sacrifice, to smell, because of its sweet 
smell, or because it was first used to burn on the altar.] 
(Bot.) A certain plant. The garden thyme is a warm, 
pungent aromatic, much used to give a relish to season- 
ing and soups. 

Thym'y (tim'y), a. Abounding in thyme ; fragrant. 

Thy'roid, a. [Gr. 0vpeoetSrj<r, shield-shaped, fr. Qvpeos, a 
large, oblong shield, from Ovpa, a door, and elSos, form.] 
Resembling a shield. 
_ Thyroid cartilage (Anat.), a cartilage constituting the ante- 
rior, superior, and largest part of the larynx, and sometimes 
popularly called Adam's apple. 

Thy-self ', pron. An emphasized form of the personal pro- 
uoun of the second person ; r— used as a subject with thy, 
to express distinction with emphasis. 




Tiara (2.) 



Ti-a'ra, n. [Lat. ; Gr. napa, rtapas, 
Tuyprjs.] 1. A form of head-dress 
resembling a hat with a high crown, 
worn by the ancient Persians. 2. 
The pope's triple crown. 

Tlb'i-d, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The 
shin-bone ; the larger of the two 
bones which form the second seg- 
ment of the leg. 

Tib'i-al, a. [Lat. tibialis, fr. tibia, 
the shin bone, and a pipe or flute 
orig. made of bone.] 1. Pertaining 
to the large bone of the leg. 2. 
Pertaining to a pipe or flute. 

Ti-e,n. [See infra.] (Med.) A local and habitual convul- 
sive motion of certain muscles ; especially, such a motion 
of some of the muscles of the face ; twitching ; vellica- 
tion. 

Tic- douloureux (tik'do'o-lo'o-ro'o'), n. [Fr., from tic, 
a knack, and douloureux, painful.] (Med.) Neuralgia 
in the face ; a painful affection of a nerve, coming on in 
sudden attacks, usually in the head or face. 

Tick, n. [Probably abbrev. from ticket, q. v.] Credit ; 
trust. 

Tick, n. [Fr. tique, D. teek, M. & N. H. Ger. zecke.] 
(Entom.) A little insect, of a livid color, that infests 
sheep, dogs, goats, cows, and other animals. 

Tick, n. [From Lat. theca, case, Gr. flij/a).] 1. The 
cover or case of a bed, containing feathers, wool, or 
other material. 2. A kind of cloth, woven in stripes of 
different colors, of which the tick or cover of a bed is 
made. 

Tick, v. i. [From tick, credit.] 1. To go on trust or 
credit. 2. To give tick ; to trust. 

Tick, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ticked (tlkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TICKING.] To make a small noise, as a watch or clock ; 
to beat ; to click. 

Tick, n. 1. The distinct, quick beat, as of a watch ©r 
clock. 2. Any small mark to direct attention to some- 
thing else, or to serve as a check. 

Tick'en, n. [From tick.] Cloth for bed-ticks, or cases 
for beds ; ticking. 

Tick'et, n. [For sticket, from 0. Fr. esticquette, N. Fr. 
etiquette, a label, ticket, a small pointed piece of wood, 
from L. Ger. stikke, a tack, pin, peg, stikken, H. Ger. 
stecken, to stick, to fix.] A small piece of paper serving 
as a notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of some- 
thing ; — used for various purposes; as, (a.) A certifi- 
cate of right of admission to a place of assembly, or to be 
carried in a public conveyance, (b.) A label to show the 
character or price of goods in a parcel, (c.) A certificate 
or token of a share in a lottery, &c. 

Ticket of leave, a license given to a convict or prisoner of the 
crown to be at large, and to labor for himself. [Eng.] 

Tick'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TICKETED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ticketing.] 1. To distinguish by a ticket. 2. 
To put a ticket on, as goods, &c. 3. To furnish with a 
ticket. [Amer.] 

Tick'ing, n. [From tick. See TlCKEN.] A closely- 
woven cloth used for making bed-ticks ; ticken. 

Tick'le (tik'l), v. t. [imp. & p.p. tickled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TICKLING.] [Diminutive of tick, to beat, pat.] 

1. To touch lightly, so as to cause a peculiar thrilling 
sensation, which commonly causes laughter. 2. To 
please by slight gratification. 

Tick'le (tik'l), v. i. 1. To feel titillation. 2. To excite 
the sensation of titillation. 

Tick'ler, n. One who, or that which, tickles or pleases. 

Tick'lish, a. 1. Sensible to slight touches ; easily 
tickled. 2. Standing so as to be liable to totter and fall 
at the slightest touch. 3. Difficult ; nice ; critical. 

Tick'lish-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being ticklish. 

2. The state of being tottering, or liable to fall. 3. 
Criticalness of condition or state. 

Tid'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, tides; periodically rising 
and falling, or flowing and ebbing. 

Tid'bit, n. A delicate or tender piece of any thing eat- 
able. [Written also titbit.] 

Tide, n. [A.-S. ttd, for tihadh, time, from tihan, to say, 
show, Goth, teihan.] 1. Time; season. [Obs.] 2. The 
alternate rising and falling of the waters of the ocean, 
and of bays, rivers, &c, connected therewith. 

G®- The flow or rising of the water is called food-tide, and 
the reflux, ebb-tide. See also Spring-tide and Neap-tide. 

3. Stream ; current. 4. Tendency or direction of 
causes, influences, or events ; course ; current ; some- 
times, favorable concurrence of causes or influences. 



5,e,&c.,Zcmg7 a, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique,flrm; son, 6r, do, \v9lf, 



TIDE 



751 



TILT 



Tide, v . t. To drive with the tide or stream. 
Tide, v.i. 1. To pour a tide or flood. 2. {Naut.) To 
work in or out of a river or harbor by favor of the tide, 
and anchor when it becomes adverse. 
Tide'-lock, n. A lock situated between an entrance- 
basin and a canal, harbor, or river, and forming a com- 
munication between them, being furnished with double 
gates, so that craft can pass either way at all times of the 
tide ; — called also guard-lock. 

Tideg'-man, n. ; pi. tide£'-men. An officer who re- 
mains on board of a merchant ship till the goods are 
landed, to prevent the evasion of the duties. 

Tlde'-wait'er, n. An officer who watches the landing 
of goods, to secure the payment of duties. 

Ti'di-ly, adv. In a tidy manner ; with neat simplicity. 

Ti'di-ness, n. State or quality of being tidy ; neatness. 

TI'ding§, n. pi. [From O. Eng. tiden, A.-S. tldian, to 
happen, Eng. betide, from A.-S. ltd, Eng. tide.] Account 
of what has taken place, and was not before known. 

Syn. — News; advice; information; intelligence. — The 
term news denotes recent intelligence from any quarter ; the 
term tidings denotes intelligence expected from a particular 
quarter, showing what has there betided. We may be indiffer- 
ent as to news, but are always more or less interested in tidings. 
We read the news daily in the puDiic prints ; we wait for ti- 
dings respecting an absent or sick friend. We may be curious 
to hear the news ; we are always anxious for tidings. 

Tl'dy, a. [compar. TIDIER; superl. TIDIEST.] [From 
tide, time, season.] Arranged in good order ; neat ; kept 
in proper and becoming neatness, or habitually keeping 
things so. 

Tl'dy, n. 1. A cover, often of ornamental work, for the 
back of a chair, the arms of a sofa, and the like. 2. A 
child's pinafore. [Eng.] 

Tie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TIED; p. pr. & vb. n. TYING.] 
[A.-S. tegean, tygan, contr. tyan, tian.] 1. To fasten 
with a band or cord and knot ; to bind. 2. To fold and 
make fast ; to knit ; to complicate. 3. To unite so as 
not to be easily parted ; to fasten. 4. To hold or con- 
strain by authority or moral influence ; to constrain ; to 
restrain; to confine. 5. (Mux.) To unite, as notes, by 
a cross line, or by a curve line drawn over them. 

Tie, n. 1. A knot; fastening. 2. Bond; obligation, 
moral or legal. 3. A knot of hair. 4. An equality 
in numbers, as of votes, &c, which prevents either party 
from being victorious. 5. (Arch. & Eng.) Any part, 
as a beam, a rod, or the like, for holding two bodies 
or parts together. 6. (Mas.) A line 
drawn across the stems of notes, or a 
curved line written over or under the 
notes, signifying that they are to be 
slurred, or closely united in the per- 
formance. Tie (3fus.) 

Ti'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, ties. 2. A child's 
apron without sleeves, and covering the upper part of the 
body ; a pinafore. 

Tier (ter), n. [A.-S. tier, rank, series, heap, attire, fir, tyr, 
splendor, brightness, 0. H. Ger. ziari, zieri, ornament. 
See Tire.] A row or rank, especially when two or more 
rows are placed one above another. 

Tiers of a cable, the ranges of windings of a cable, laid one 
within another when coiled. 

Tierce (terss or terss), n. [Fr. tierce, a third, fr. tiers, tierce, 
third, from Lat. tertius, the third.] 1. A cask whose 
content is one third of a pipe, that is, 42 wine gallons ; 
also, a liquid measure of 42 wine, or 35 imperial, gallons. 
2. A cask for packing salt provisions for shipping, con- 
taining 338 pounds. 3. (Mits.) A third. [See Third.] 
4. [Cf. Terce.] (Card-playing.) A sequence of three 
cards of the same suit. 5. A particular sort of thrust 
in fencing. 

Tier'cel, ) n. [L. Lat. tertiolus, from Lat. tertius, the 

Tierce'let, ) third, so called because the third in the 
nest is said to be a male.] The male hawk, or goshawk. 
See Tercel. 

Tier'cet (ter'set or teVset), n. [From Lat. tertius, the 
third. Cf. Tierce.] (Poetry.) A triplet; three lines 
rhyming together. 

Tiers-6tat (te-erz'a'ta'), n. [Fr.] The third estate, or 
commonalty, answering to the commons in Great Brit- 
ain ; — so called in distinction from, and as inferior to, 
the nobles and clergv. [France.] 

Tiff, n. [Allied to Prov. Eng. tip, tift, a draught of liquor, 
tipe, to pour liquor from one vessel into another.] 1. 
Liquor, or rather a small draught of liquor. 2. A fit 
of anger or peevishness. 

Tif'fa-ny, n. [0. Eng. tiffenay. Cf. 0. Fr. tiffe, orna- 
ment, tiffer, to adjust, adorn.] A species of gauze, or 
yery thin silk. 





Ti'ger, n. [Lat. tigris, Gr. r/ypi?.] 
1. ( Zoo/. )*A fierce and rapacious 
animal found in the warmer parts 
of Asia, chiefly in India, and the 
Indian islands. 2. A servant in 
livery, who rides- with his master 
or mistress. 3. A kind of growl 
or screech, after cheering. [Col- 
loq., Amer.] 

American tiger {Zool.), the panther, 
_See Panther. Bengal Tiger. 

Tl'ger-eat, n. (Zool.) A carnivorous animal resembling 
_th_e tiger, but of smaller size, as the ocelot. [Howers° 

Ti'ger-Hl'y, n. (Bot.) A species of lily having spotted 

Tight (tit), a. [compar. TIGHTER ; superl. TIGHTEST 1 
[0. Eng. tight, p. p. of tie, to bind ; A.-S. tyged, tyd'.\ 
1. Firmly held together ; compact. 2. Close so as no* 
to admit the passage of a fluid ; not leaky. 3. Close so 
as not to admit the entrance of air. 4. Fitting close to 
the body. 5. Not ragged; whole; neat. 6. Close; par- 
simonious ; saving. [ Colloq. , Amer.] 7, Not elae'- ™- 
loose ; taut ; — applied to a rope extended or stretched 
out. 8. Somewhat intoxicated. [Collcq. Aoner.] 9 S 
Pressing orstringent. [A7ncr.] 

TIght'eii (thVn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tightened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TIGHTENING.] To draw tighter ; to straight- 
en ; to make more close in any manner. 

Tight'ly (tlt'ly), adv. In a tight manner ; closely. 

Tlght'ness(tlt'nes),n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
tight ; closeness ; compactness ; neatness. 2. Strin- 
gency. 

Tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting pantaloons. 

Ti'gress, n. [From tiger.] The female of the tiger. 

Tl'grish, a. Resembling a tiger. 

Tike, n. [Armor, tick, a housekeeper, farmer, from ti, a 
house, W. ty, Gael, tigh, teach.] 1. A countryman or 
clown. 2. [Icel. tik, a bitch, cur.] A dog; a cur. 

Tll'bu-ry, n. [Prob. from Tilbury fort, in the County 
of Essex, in England.] A kind of gig or two-wheeled 
carriage, without a top or cover. 

Tile, n. [A.-S. tigul, tigol, tigel, from Lat. tegula, from 
tegere, to cover.] A plate or thin piece of slate-stone or 
of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of buildings, 
for floors, for drains, &c. 

Tile, 'f . t. [imp. & p. p. tiled ; p.pr. & vb. n. TILING.] 

1. To cover with tiles. 2. To cover, as tiles. 
Tll'er, n. 1. A man who covers buildings with tiles. 2. 

A doorkeeper at a lodge of freemasons. 

Tll'er-y, n. A place where tiles are made or burned. 

Till, n. [A.-S. tilian, to prepay, provide, seek, tell, com- 
pute.] A money-box in a shop ; a drawer. 

Till, prep. [A.-S. til, prob. accusative of til, till, an end, 
object, station, 0. H. Ger. zil, end, limit, object.] 1. To 
the time of ; until. 2. Up to the time ; — that is to 
the time specified in the sentence or clause following. 
Till now, to the present time. — Till then, to that time. 

Till, v. t. [imp. & p.p. TILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TILL- 
ING.] [A.-S. tilian, teolian, 0. H. Ger. zilCn, zilcn. Cf. 
Till, n. , and Toil.] To plow and prepare for seed, and 
to dress crops of; to cultivate. [arable. 

Till'a-ble, a. Capable of being tilled ; fit for the plow ; 

Till'age, n. 1. The operation, practice, or art of tilling. 

2. A place tilled or cultivated. 

Syn. — Cultivation ; culture ; husbandry ; farming ; agri- 
culture. 

Till'er, n. 1. One who tills; a husbandman; a culti- 
vator. 2. (Naut.) The bar or lever used to turn the 
rudder of a ship or boat. 3. (Agric.) (a.) The shoot of 
a plant, springing from the root of the original stalk. 
(6.) The sprout or young tree that springs from the root 
or stump. 

Till'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tillered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TILLERING.] To put forth new shoots from the root, 
or round the bottom of the original stalk. [Sometime^ 
written tillow.] 

Tilt, n. [A.-S. teld, geteld, geteald , Icel. tiald,Jl. Ger. 
zelt, fr. A -S. teldan, to cover, shut in.] 1. A covering 
over head ; a tent. 2. The cloth covering of a cart or 
wagon. 3. A small awning extended over the stern^ 
sheets of a boat. 

Tilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tilted ; p.pr. & vb. n. TILT. 
ING.] To cover with a tilt, or awning. 

Tilt, v. t. [A.-S. tealtrian, tealtian, to waver, tealt, in, 
constant, Icel. tolt, a trotting, tolta, to trot.] 1. T<& 
raise one end of, as a cask, for discharging liquor from 
2. To point or thrust, as a lance. 3. To hammer o\ 
forge with a tilt-hammer, or tilt. 



food, f o~ot; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; egcist ; linger, link ; this 



TILT 



752 



TINGE 



Tilt, v . i. 1. To run, or ride, and thrust with a lance. 

2. To fight with rapiers. 3. To rush, as in combat 4. 
To play ur steadily ; to ride, float, and toss. 5. To lean; 
to fall , as on one side. 

Tilt. n. 1. A thrust, as with a lance. 2. A military 
exercise on horseback, in which the combatants attacked 
each other with lances ; a tournament. 3, A tilt-ham- 
mer. 4. Inclination forward. 

Tilt'er, n. 1. One who practices the exercise of pushing 
a lance on horseback. 2. One who hammers with a tilt, 
or tilt-hammer. 

Tilth, n. [A.-S. tildh, from tilian, to till.] State of being 
tilled or prepared for a crop ; culture. 

Tilt'-ham'iner, n. A heavy hammer, used in iron- 
works, which is lifted or tilted by projections or wipers 
on the axis of a wheel ; a trip-hammer. 

Tim'ber, n. [A.-S. timbor, timber, wood, building, Icel. 
timbr, beams, 0. H. Ger. zimbar, wood, edifice ; A.-S. tim- 
berian, timbran, to build, Goth, timrjan, timbrjan, Icel. 
Umbra.] 1. That sort of wood which is proper for build- 
ings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, 
ships, and the like. 2. The body or trunk of a tree. 

3. Material for any structure. 4. A single piece or 
squared stick of wood for building, or already framed. 

5. Woods or forest; wooded land. [Western U. S.] 

6. (Naut.) A rib of a curving piece of wood, branch- 
ing outward from the keel and bending upward in a 
vertical direction. 7. [Sw. timber, M. H. Ger. zimber, 
Fr. timbre, a bundle of firs, 0. D. timmer, timber, top, 
apex.] A legal quantity of fur-skins, as of martens, er- 
mines, sables, and the like, being in some cases 40 skins, 
in others 120. 

TimTber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TIMBERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TIMBERING.] To furnish with timber. See TIM- 
BERED. 

Tim'bered (fim/berd), jp. a. 1. Furnished with tim- 
ber. 2. Covered with growing timber. [Amer.] 

Tim'bre (tim'ber), n. [Fr. timbre. See Timber.] 1. 
{Her.) A rank or row, as of ermine ; also, the crest on a 
coat of arms. 2. (Mus.) The quality of tone distin- 
guishing voices or instruments. 3. A legal quantity of 
small skins, varying from 40 to 120. 

Tim/forel, n. [It. tamburello, dim. of tamburo, a tabor.] 
An instrument of music; a kind of drum, tabor, or 
tabret. [timbrel. 

Tim'breled (trnVbreld), a. Sung to the sound of the 

Time, n. [A.-S. tlma, for tikama, from tilian, to say, 
Icel. thni, time, Ir. & Gael, tim, time.] 1. A particular 
period or part of duration, whether past, present, or fu- 
ture. 2. A proper season ; an opportunity. 3. Abso- 
lute or unmeasured duration. 4. The duration of one's 
life ; hours and days one has at his disposal. 5. The 
period at which any definite event occurred, or person 
lived ; age ; period. 6. Allotted period. 7. Partu- 
rition ; delivery. 8. Performance or occurrence of an 
action or event, considered with reference to repetition; 
repetition. 9. pi. State of things at a particular period. 
10. The present life ; existence in this world. 11. 
(Mus.) Measure of sounds; measure ; tone. 

Apparent time, the time of day reckoned by the sun, or so 
that twelve o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of 
the sun's center over the meridian.-- At times, at distinct in- 
tervals of duration; now and then. — Common time (Mil.), the 
ordinary time of marching, in which 90 steps, each 28 inches 
in length, are taken in one minute.— Quick time, time of march- 
ing, in which 110 steps, of the same length as in common time, 
are taken in one minute. — In time, (a7) In good season ; suf- 
ficiently early. (b.) After a considerable space of duration ; 
eventually: finally. — Mean solar time, or mean time, time reg- 
ulated by the average or mean motion of the sun ; time as indi- 
cated by a uniformly-going clock once rightly adjusted.— 
Tnne of dan, salutation appropriate to the times of th'e day, as 
good-morning, good evening, greeting, &c— Time out of mem- 
ory, or time immemorial (Laic), time bevond memorv ; 'time to 
which memory does not extend.— To kill time, to busy one's self 
with something which occupies the attention, so as to make the 
time pass pleasantly, or without tediousness. — To lose time, 
(a.") To delay, (h.) To go too slow. — True time, (a.) Mean time 
as kept by a uniformly-going clock, (b.) (Astron.) Apparent 
time as reckoned from the transit of the sun's center over the 
meridian. 

Time, v. t. [imp. & p. p. timed; p. pr. & vb. n. TIM- 
ING.] 1. To adapt to the time or occasion. 2. To reg- 
ulate as to time. 3. To ascertain the time, duration, or 
rate of. 4. To measure, as in music or harmony. 

Time, v. i. To keep or beat time ; to proceed in time. 

Time'-keep'er,)!. A clock, watch, or other chronometer. 

Time'H-ness, n. State or quality of being timely ; sea- 
sonableness ; a being in good time. 

Time'ly, a. [compar. timelier ; superl. TIMELIEST.] 
Being in good time ; sufiiciently early ; seasonable. 



Time'ly, adv. Early ; soon ; in good season. 
Time'-piece, n. A clock, watch, or other instrument, 

to measure the progress of time ; a chronometer. 
Time'-serv'er, n. One who adapts his opinions and 

manners to the times ; one who obsequiously complies 

with the ruling power. 
Time'-serv'ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the 

spirit of the times, or the humors of men in power. 
Time'-serv'ing, n. An obsequious compliance with 

the spirit of the times, or the humors of men in power, 

which implies a surrender of one's independence, and 

sometimes of one's integrity. 

Syn. — Temporizing. — Both these words are applied to the 
conduct of one who adapts himself servilely to times and sea- 
sons. A time-server is rather active, and a temporizer, passive. 
One whose policy is time-serving comes forward to act upon 
principles or opinions which may promote his advancement; 
one who is temporizing yields to the current of public senti- 
ment or prejudice, and shrinks from a course of action which 
might injure him with others. The former is dishonest; the 
latter is weak; and both are contemptible. 

Time'-ta/fole, n. A tabular statement of the time at 
which, or within which, something is to take place. 

Tim'id, a. [Lat. timidus, from timere, to fear.] Want- 
ing courage to meet danger. 

Syn.— Fearful; timorous; afraid; cowardly; pusillanimous; 
faint-hearted; shrinking; retiring. 

Ti-mid'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being timid ; want 
of courage ; timorousness ; fearfulness. 

Tim'id-ly, adv. In a timid manner; weakly; without 
courage. 

Tim'ist, n. (Mus.) (a.) A performer who keeps good 
time, (b.) A performer spoken of with reference to his 
ability to keep good time. 

Tim'o-roiis, a. [L. Lat. timorosus, from Lat. timor, 
fear, from timere, to fear.] 1. Fearful of danger ; timid ; 
destitute of courage. 2. Indicating fear ; full of scru- 
ples. 

Tim'o-roiis-ly, adv. In a timorous manner ; fearfully. 

Tim'o-rous-ness, n. The state or quality of being tim- 
orous ; fearfulness ; timidity ; want of courage. 

Tim'o-thy, \ n. [From Timothy Hanson, who 

Tim'o-thy-grass, I carried it to England from Amer- 
ica about 1780.] (Bot.) A kind of grass much prized for 
fodder ; herds-grass. 

Tin, n. [A.-S. & Icel. tin, O. H. Ger. zin; Ir. start, W. 
ystaen, Lat. stannum.] 1. (Chem.) A white, soft, non- 
elastic metal, very malleable. 2. Thin plates of iron 
covered with tin. 3. Money. [Cant.] 

Tin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinned ; p. pr. & vb. n. TIN- 
NING.] To cover with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay 
with tin-foil. 

Tine'al, n. [Malay, tingkal, Hind, tinkar, tankar, Per. 
tinkar, linked, tangar.] Crude borax. 

Tinet, n. Stain ; color ; tinge ; tincture. 

Tine-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. tinctorius, from tinctor, a dj r er, 
tingere, tinctum, to dye.] Of, or relating to, color; serv- 
ing to color. 

Tiiiet'ure (53), n. [Lat. tinctura, fr. tingere, tinctum, to 
tinge, dye. See Tinge.] 1 . A tinge or shade of color. 
2. (Her.) One of the metals, colors, or furs used in ar- 
mory. 3. The finer and more volatile parts of a sub- 
stance, separated by a solvent. 4. (Med.) A spirit con- 
taining medicinal substances in solution. 5. Slight 
taste superadded to any substance. 6. Slight quality 
added to any thing. 

Tinet'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinctured ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TINCTURING.] 1. To tinge : to impregnate with 
some extraneous matter. 2. To imbue the mind of; to 
communicate a portion of any thing foreign to. 

Tin'der, n. [A.-S. tender, tynder, tyndre, from tendan, 
tindan, Goth, tandjan, tindan, Icel. tendra, to kindle.] 
Something very inflammable, used for kindling fire from 
a spark. 

Tin'der-foox, n. A box in which tinder is kept. 

Tine, n. [A.-S. tind,a, prickle, tindas, a harrow, Icel. 
tindr, a tooth or prickle, 0. H. Ger. zinna, wing, zinko, 
prong, spike, summit, pinnacle.] The tooth pr spike of 
a fork ; a prong ; also, the tooth of a harrow or drag. 

Tin'-f oil, n. Tin reduced to a thin leaf. 

Ting, n. [An onomatopoetic word. Cf. Lat. tinnire, to 
ring, jingle, tinkle, Eng. ding-dong, din, tink.] A sharp 
sound, as of a bell ; a tinkling. 

Tinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TINGEING.] [Lat. tingere, Gr. reyyeiv.] To imbue or 
impregnate with something foreign ; especially, to color 
slightly. 
Syn. — To color; dye; stain. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do,wolf, 



TINGE 



753 



TITLE 



Tinge, ft. A slight degree of some color, taste, or some- 
thing foreign, infused into another substance or mixture, 
or added to it. 

Syn.— Tincture; color; dye; taste. 

Tin'ger, ft. One who, or that which, tinges. 

Tin'gle (ting'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. tingled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TING-LING-.] [Dim. of ting, q. v.] 1. To feel 
a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound. 

2. To feel a sharp, thrilling pain. 3. To have a sharp, 
thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation. 

Tink'er, n. [From tink, because their way of proclaim- 
ing their trade is to beat a kettle, or because in their 
work they make a tinkling noise.] A mender of brass 
kettles, pans, and other metal ware. 

Tink'er, v. t. To mend or solder, as metal wares ; 
hence, more generally, to mend. 

Tink'er, v. i. To busy one's self in mending old vessels ; 
to be occupied with small mechanical works. 

Tink'le (tinkl), v. i. [Dim. of tink. See Tink and 
Tingle.] 1. To make small, quick, sharp sounds, as 
by striking on metal ; to clink. 2. To hear, or resound 
with, a small, sharp sound. 

Tink'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinkled ; p. pr. Scvb. n. 
tinkling.] To cause to clink, or make sharp, quick 
sounds. 

Tink'le, n. A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made 
by striking metal. 

Tin'man, n. ; pi. TIN'MEN. A manufacturer of tin ves- 
sels ; a dealer jn tin ware. 

Tin'ner, n. 1. One who works in the tin-mines. 2. One 
who works in tin w, re ; a tinman. 

Tin'ny, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, abounding with, 
or resembling, tin. 

Tin'-plate, n. Thin sheet-iron coated with tin. 

Tin'sel, n. [Fr. etincelle, 0. Fr. estincelle, a spark, Lat. 
scintilla.] 1. A shining material used for ornamental 
purposes. 2. Something very shining and gaudy, or 
having a false luster, and more gay than valuable. 3. 
A kind of ornamental lace. 

Tin'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TINSELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tinseling.] To adorn with tinsel ; to deck out with 
cheap but showy ornaments. 

Tint, ft. [Fr. teinte, teint, from Lat. tinctus, p. p. of tin- 
gere, to dye.] A slight coloring distinct from the princi- 
pal color ; a feeble dye. 

Tint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TINT- 
ING.] To give a slight coloring to ; to tinge. 

Tin'tin-nab'u-la-ry, a. [From Lat. tintinnabulum, a 
little bell, fr. tintinnare, to ring, jingle, a reduplicated 
form of tinnire, id.] Having or making the sound of a 
bell. 

Tin'tin-nab'u-la'tion, n. A tinkling sound, as of a 
bell or bells. 

Tiii'tin-nab'xi-Ioiis, a. Of, pertaining to, or resemb- 
ling, the tinkling of a bell ; having a tinkling sound. 

Ti'ny, a. [compar. TINIER ; superl. TINIEST.] [Prob. 
a dim. of thin, Dan. tynd.] Very small ; little ; puny. 

Tip, n. [D. & Dan. tip, Icel. typpi.] The point or ex- 
tremity of any thing small ; the end. 

Tip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tipped (tlpt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TIPPING.] 1. To form a point upon ; to cover the 
tip. top, or end of. 2. [L. Ger. tippen, Sw. tippa.] To 
strike slightly , or with the end of any thing small ; to tap. 

3. To bestow a gift or douceur upon ; to give to. [Eng.] 

4. To lower one end of, or to throw upon the end. 
[Amer.] 

To tip the wink, to direct a wink, or to wink to another for 
notice. 

Tip, v. i. To fall on or toward one side ; to throw off; to 
fall headlong ; to die. 

Tip'pet, n. [A.-S. tappet, from tappe, tape. See TAPE.] 
A narrow covering for the neck, made of fur or cloth. 

Tip'ple (tTp/pl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. TIPPLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TIPPLING.] [Dim. of tip, v. t. See TIPSY.] 
To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually ; espe- 
cially, to drink frequently, without absolute drunkenness. 

Tip'ple (tlp'pl), v. t. To drink, as strong liquors, in lux- 
ury or excess. 

Tip'pler, n. One who habitually indulges in the exces- 
sive use of spirituous liquors ; often one who does so 
without absolute drunkenness. 

Tip'staff , n. 1. An officer who bears a staff tipped with 
metal ; a constable. 2. A staff tipped with metal. 

Tip'sy, a. [Prov. Ger. tips, drunkenness. Cf. Tipple.] 
1. Affected with strong drink, but not absolutely or 
completely drunk ; fuddled ; intoxicated. 2. Staggering, 
as if from intoxication. 



Tip'toe, n. The end of the toe. 

Tip'-top, n. The highest or utmost degree. 

Tip'-top, a. Very excellent ; most excellent or perfect. 

Ti-rade', ft. [Fr., from tirer, to draw. See TIRE, v. t.] 
A strain of censure or invective ; a series of violent decla- 
mation. 

Tire, ft. [See Tier.] 1. A row or rank. 2. A head, 
dress; a tiara. 3. Attire; apparel. 4. A childs apron, 
covering the breast and having no sleeves ; a tier. [See 
Tier.] 5. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the fel- 
lies of wheels. 

Tire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tired; p. pr. & vb. n. TIR- 
ING.] [A.-S. terian, tirian, to vex, irritate, teorian, 
ateorian, geteorian, to weary, from teran, to tear; Fr. 
tirer, to draw, It. tirare, from Goth, tairan, A.-S. teran, 
Eng. tear.] To exhaust the strength of, by toil or labor. 
Syn. — To jade; weary; fatigue; exhaust; harass. See Jade. 

Tire, v. i. To become weary ; to be fatigued ; to have tho 
strength fail ; to have the patience exhausted. 

Tire, v. i. [Fr. tirer, to draw or pull.] To seize, pull, 
and tear prey, as a bird does. 

Tired'ness, ft. State of being wearied ; weariness. 

Tire'some, a. Fitted or tending to tire ; exhausting the 
strength or patience ; wearisome ; fatiguing ; tedious. 

Tire'some-ness, n. Quality or state of being tiresome ; 
wearisomeness ; tediousness. 

Tire'-wom/an, n. ; pi. tire'-wom'en (-wlm'en). 1. 
A woman who makes head-dresses. [ Obs.] 2. A dresser 
in a theater. [dress for the stage. 

Tir'ing-robm, ft. The room or place where players 

Ti'ro, n. [Lat.] A beginner ; a tyro. See Tyro. 

Ti-ro'ni-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Tiro, the learned 
freedman and amanuensis of Cicero. 

Tironian notes, the short-hand of Roman antiquity. 

Tig'ie, ft. [See supra.] Consumption; morbid waste; 
phthisis. See Phthisis. 

Tis'siie (tish'shn), ft. [Fr. tissu, from tissu, p. p. of tis- 
ser, 'iistre, to weave, from Lat. texere.] 1. Cloth inter- 
woven with gold or silver, or with figured colors. 2. 
(Anat.) The texture of anatomical elements of which 
any part of the body is composed. 3. A connected 
series. 

Tissue-paper, very thin, gauze-like paper. 

Tis'siie (tish'shu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TISSUED ; p. pr. 
& vb. ft. TISSUING.] To form tissue of; to interweave- 

Tit, ft. A teat. See Teat. 

Tit, ft. [Cf. Icel. tita, a tender thing.] 1. A small horse ; 
also, in contempt, a woman. 2. [Cf. Eng. Teat and 
Titmouse.] A small bird ; a titmouse, or tomtit. 
Tit for tat, an equivalent. 

Tl-ta'ni-um, n . [So called from the Titans ; Gr. Ti rave?, 
giants of the Greek mythology.] ( Chem.) A metal of a 
deep-blue color, found in various parts of the world. 

Tit'bit, n. A tender piece. See TIDBIT. 

Tith'a-l>le, a. Subject to the payment of tithes. 

Titiie, ft. [A.-S. teodha, the tenth.] 1. A teuth : the 
tenth part of any thing ; specifically, the tenth part of 
the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, 
allotted to the clergy for their support. 2. Hence, a 
small part or proportion. 

Tithe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tithed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tithing.] To tax to the amount of a tenth. 

Tith'ing, n. 1. Act of levying or taking tithe; that 
which is taken as tithe ; a tithe. 2. (Anglo-Sax. Law.') 
A number or company of ten householders dwelling near 
each other, and sureties for each other's good behavior •, 
a decennary. 

Tith'ing-man, ft. ; pi. tith/ing-men. 1. (Anglo- 
Sax. Laio.) The chief man of a tithing. 2. (Laic.) A 
peace officer ; an under constable. 3. A parish officer 
annually elected to enforce the observance of the Sab- 
bath. [Local, Amer.] 

Tit'il-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. titillated; p. pr. & 
vb. ft. titillating.] [Lat. titillare, titillatum.] To 
tickle. 

Tit'il-la'tion, ft. 1. Act of tickling, or state of being 
tickled. 2. Any pleasurable sensation. 

Tit'lark, ft. ( Ornith.) A small bird ; a species of lark. 

Ti'tle (tl / tl), ft. [Lat. titulus.] 1. An inscription put 
over any thing as a name by which it is known. 2. 
The inscription iu the beginning of a book, containing 
the subject of the work, and sometimes the author'* 
name. 3. ( Civil & Canon Laivs.) A chapter or division 
of a book. 4. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or 
pre-eminence given to persons. 5. A name ; designation. 
6. (Law.) (a.) That which constitutes a just cause of 



food, foot; flrn, rude, pi.ill ; cell, chaise, -call, echo, gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this 






TITLE 



754 



TOGGLE 




Titmouse. 



exclusive possession ; right. (b.) The instrument which 
is evidence of a right. 

Syn. — Epithet ; name ; appellation ; denomination. See 
EriTHET and Name. 

Ti'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. titled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TITLING.] [Lat. titulare.] To call by a title ; to name ; 
to eu title. [title! 

Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book which contains its 

Tit/mouse, n. ; pi. tIt/mice. 
[From tit, small, little, and A.-S. 
mase, a titmouse.] ( Ornith.) A 
small perching bird ; the tit, or 
tomtit. There are numerous spe- 
cies. 

Tlt'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tit- 
tered ; p. pr. & vb. n. TITTER- 
ING.] [Cf. Icel. titra, to tremble, 
N. H. Ger. zittern, to tremble, 
kichern, to titter. See Didder.] 
To laugh with the tongue striking 
against the root of the upper teeth. 

Tit'ter, n. A restrained laugh. 

Tit'tle (tnVtl), n. [Apparently a 
dim. of tit, small.] A small particle ; a minute part; a 
jot ; an iota. 

Tit'tle- tat'tle, n. [A reduplication of tattle.] Idle, 
trifling talk ; empty prattle. 

Tit'u-lar, a. [From Lat. titulus. See Title.] Exist- 
ing in title or name only ; nominal ; having the title to 
an office or dignity without discharging its appropriate 
duties. 

Tit'u-lar-ly, adv. In a titular manner ; nominally. 

Tit'u-la-ry, n. A person invested with a title, in virtue 
of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he per- 
forms the duties of it or not. 

Tit'u-la-ry, a. 1. Consisting in a title; titular. 2. 
Of, or pertaining to, a title. 

Tme'sis (me'sis), n. [Lat. ; Gr. t/oujo-i?, from refiveiv, to 
cut.] ( Rhet.) A figure by which a compound word is sep- 
arated, by the intervention of one or more words. 

To (too vj/ien emphasized , or standing alone, but tdb when 
not emphatic), prep. [A.-S. t'o, Goth, du, for tu, Ir. & 
Gael, do.] 1. It primarily indicates approach and arri- 
val, motion made in the direction of a place or thing and 
attaining it, access ; and, also, motion or tendency with- 
out arrival ; it is opposed to from. 2. Hence, it indi- 
cates motion, course, or tendency toward a time, a state 
or condition, an aim, or any thing capable of being re- 
garded as a limit to movement or action. 3. Hence, 
further, in a very general way, and with innumerable 
varieties of application, it connects transitive verbs with 
their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, 
and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which 
limits their action. 4. As sign of the infinitive, to had 
originally the use just defined, governing the infinitive as a 
verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a 
preceding verb or adjective. But it has come to be the 
almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situa- 
tions where it has no prepositional meaning. 5. In 
many phrases, and in connection with many other words, 
to has a pregnant meaning, or is used elliptically : thus 
it denotes or implies, (a.) Extent ; limit ; degree of com- 
prehension, (b.) Effect; end; consequence, (c.) Appo- 
sition ; connection ; antithesis ; opposition, (d.) Accord ; 
adaptation, (e.) Comparison. (/.) Addition ; union, 
(g-.) Accompaniment. 

igg'To-day, to-night, to-morroio, are peculiar phrases derived 
from our ancestors. To, in the two first, has the sense or force 
of this; this day. this night. In the last, it is equivalent to in 
or on; in or on the morrow. 

To and fro. backward and forward. In this phrase to is ad- 
verbial.— To fh 3 face, in presence of ; not in the absence of. — 
To wit, to know; namely. 

G@~ To is often used adverbially to modify the sense of verbs; 
as, to come to ; to heave to. 

Toad (20), n. [A.-S. tadie, tadige, perhaps allied to 
Icel. tad, dung, so called from its ugly appearance.] A 
small batrachian reptile, having a warty and thick body. 
It is useful in gardens by feeding on noxious insects. 

Toad'-eat'er, n. [Said to be from an old practice 
among mountebanks' boys of eating toads (vulgarly sup- 
posed to be poisonous), in order that their masters might 
have an opportunity of pretending to effect a cure.] A 
fawning, obsequious parasite ; a mean sycophant ; a 
toady. 

Toad'-stone, n. 1. (Min.) A variety of trap-rock, of 
a brownish-gray color. - 
G®"» The name is said by some to be derived from the Ger- 



man todt stein, meaning dead stone, that is, stone which con- 
tains no ores. 

2. A kind of jewel or precious stone formerly popularly 
supposed to be contained in the head of a toad. 

Toad'-stobl, n. A mushroom, a plant which commonly 
grows in moist and rich ground. 

Toad'y, n. [See Toad-eater.] A toad-eater ; a syco- 
phant. [Colloq. and vulgar.] 

Toad'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. toadied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOADYING.] To fawn upon with mean sycophancy. 

Toast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TOASTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOASTING.] [Lat. torrere, tostum, to parch, roast.] 1. 
To dry and scorch by the heat of a fire. 2. To warm 
thoroughly. 3. To name when a health is drank ; to 
drink to the health of, or in honor of. 

Toast, n. 1. Bread dried and scorched by the fire, 
sometimes put into milk or melted butter, and, formerly, 
into liquor. 2. A lady in honor of whom persons are 
invited to drink ; — so called from the toasts formerly 
put into liquor, which were considered a great delicacy. 

3. Hence, the name of any person, especially a person 
of distinction, in honor of whom health is drunk ; hence, 
also, any thing considered worthy to be commemorated 
in a similar way ; a sentiment. 

Toast'er, n. 1. One who toasts. 2. An instrument for 
toasting any thing. 

Toast'-mas'ter, n. One who, at public dinners, an- 
nounces the toasts, and directs or times the cheering. 

To-bae'-eo, n. [From the Indian tabaco, the tube or 
pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked the plant, 
transferred by the Spaniards to the herb itself.] 1. A 
plant, a native of America, much used for smoking and 
chewing, and in snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, 
emetic, and cathartic. 2. The leaves of the plant pre- 
pared for smoking, chewing, &c. 

To-b3/e'«o-iiist, n. A dealer in tobacco ; also, a manu- 
facturer of tobacco. 

To-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. to/cos, a birth, from tlktsiv, to 
bring forth, and Aoyos, discourse.] (Med.) The science 
of obstetrics or midwifery. 

To-e'sin, n. [Fr.,from 0. Fr. toquer, to touch, strike, 
and sein, seint, a bell, L. Lat. signum, from Lat. signum, 
a sign, signal.] An alarm-bell, or the ringing of a bell 
for the purpose of alarm. 

Tod, n. [Icel. toddi, a piece of a thing, tota, a little 
branch, Ger. zotte, zote, a tuft of hair, hanging together, 
a shag.] 1. A bush: a thick shrub. [Rare.] 2. A 
quantity of wool, being 28 pounds. 

To-day', n. [From to and day.] The present day. 

To-day', adv. On this day ; on the present day. 

TSd'dle, v. i. [Allied to totter, daddle, and topple.] To 
walk with short steps, as a child. 

Tod'dler, n. One who toddles ; an infant or joung 
child. 

Tod'dy, n. [From Hind, t&ri, the juice of the palmyra 
tree, vulgarly toddy.] 1. A juice drawn from various 
kinds of the palm in the East Indies ; or a spirituous liquor 
prepared from it. 2. A mixture of spirit and water 
sweetened. 

To-do', n. Bustle : stir ; commotion ; ado. [ Colloq.] 

Toe, n. [A.-S. tali, ta, Icel. ta, 0. H. Ger. zeha.] 1. One 
of the small members which form the extremity of the 
foot. 2. The fore part of the hoof of a horse, and of 
other hoofed animals. 3. The member of a beast's foot 
corresponding to the toe in man. 

Toe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TOED; p. pr. & vb. n. TOE- 
ING.] To touch or reach with the toes ; t«> come fully 
up to. 

Toffy, n. The same as TAFFY, q. v. 

To'ga, n. [Lat. tegere, to cover.] (Rom. Antiq.) The 
loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, con- 
sisting of a single broad piece of cloth, and wrapped 
around the body. 

To'ga-ted, ) a. [Lat. togatus, from toga, a covering, 

To'ged, j gown, from tegere, to cover.] Dressed in 
a gown ; wearing a gown. 

To-getb-'er, adv. [A.-S. td gddere, i. e., at gddere, on- 
geador, together, from gador, at once. Cf. GATHER.] 
1. In the same place. 2. In the same time; contempo- 
raneously. 3. In company ; unitedly. 4. In or into 
union; into junction. 5. In concert. 

Together with, in union with; in company or mixture with. 

Tog'ger-y, n. [From 0. Eng. toge, a toga, gown. See 
Togated.] Clothes; garments; articles of dress. [Col- 
loq.] 

Tog'gle, n. [Cf. Eng. tug, and Ger. stbckel, a little stick.] 
1. (Naut.) A small wooden pin tapering toward both 
ends with a groove around its center. 2. A button. 



a, e, &c . , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or , do, , wolf, 



TOGGLE-JOINT 



755 



TONE 



Tog'gle-Joint, n. An elbow or knee joint, con- 
sisting of two bars so connected that they may- 
be brought into a straight line, and made to 
produce great end-wise pressure. 

Toil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOILED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TOILIN&.] [A.-S. teolian, tili an, to study, toil. 
See Till, v. t. & n.] To exert strength with 
pain and fatigue of body or mind ; to labor ; to 
work hard. 

Toil, n. Labor with pain and fatigue ; labor that Toggle- 
oppresses the body or mind. joint. 

Syn. — Labor ; drudgery ; work ; exertion ; occupation ; 
employment ; task ; travail. — Labor implies strenuous exer- 
tion, but not necessarily such as overtasks the faculties ; toil 
denotes a severity of labor which is painful and exhausting ; 
drudgery implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, work 
which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or dull uniform- 
ity. 

Toil, n. [Fr. toiles, pi., toils, nets, from toile, cloth, can- 
vas, fr. Lat. tela, any woven stuff, a web, contracted from 
texela, fr. texere, to weave.] A net or snare ; any thread, 
web, or string spread for taking prey. 

Toil'er, n. One who toils, or labors with pain. 

Toi'let, n. [Fr. toilette, from toile, cloth, linen. See 
supra.] 1. A covering spread over a table in a chamber 
or dressing-room. 2. A dressing-table. 3. Mode of 
dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing ; attire ; 
dress. 4. A bag oi oase for night-clothes. 

To make one's toilet, to adjust one's dress with care. 

Toil'some, a. Attended with toil, or fatigue and pain ; 
laborious; wearisome. 

Toil'some-ness, n. The quality or state of being toil- 
some ; laboriousness ; wearisomeness. 

Toige (toiz), n. [Fr. toise. Cf. It. tesa, tension, from Lat. 
tendere, tensitm, to stretch, extend.] A fathom or long 
measure in France, containing six French feet, or about 
6.39459 English feet. 

To-kay', n. A kind of wine produced at Tokay, in Hun- 
gary, made of white grapes, and having a remarkable 
aroma. 

To'ken (to'kn), n. [A.-S. tacon, tacun, tacen, txcen, fr. 
tsecan, to teach, show; Goth, taikns, Icel. takn, teikn.] 
1. Something intended or supposed to represent or indi- 
cate something else ; a sign. 2. A memorial of friendship ; 
a souvenir. 3. A piece of metal intended for currency, 
and issued by a private party, redeemable by the issuer 
in lawful money. 4. {Print.) Ten quires of paper. 
Syn. — Sign ; note ; symbol ; badge. 

Told, imp. & p.p. oi tell. See Tell. 

Tole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TOLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOL- 
ing.] [Prob. from toll, to call by the sound of a bell.] 
To allure by some bait. 

Tol'er-a-ble, a. [Lat. tolerabilis.] 1. Capable of being 
borne or endured ; supportable, either physically or 
mentally. 2. Fit to be tolerated ; sufferable 3. Mod- 
erately good or agreeable ; not contemptible ; passable. 

Tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. The state of being tolerable. 

Tol'er-a-bly, adv. 1. In a tolerable manner; sup- 
portably. 2. Moderately well ; passably ; not perfectly. 

Tol'er-ance, n. The endurance of offensive persons or 
opinions ; toleration. 

Tol'er-ant, a. [Lat. tolerans, p. pr. of tolerare.] In- 
clined to tolerate ; forbearing ; indulgent. 

Tol'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tolerated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TOLERATING.] [Lat. tolerare, toleratum, fr. the 
root tol, whence tollere, to lift up, and tuli, perfect of 
ferre, to bear.] To suffer to be or to be done without 
prohibition or hindrance ; not to restrain. 

Tol'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. toleratio. ] 1. Act of tolerating ; 
allowance of that which is not wholly approved. 2. Spe- 
cifically^ the allowance of religious opinions and modes 
of worship in a state, when contrary to or different from 
those of the established church or belief. 3. Freedom 
from bigotry and severity, especially in respect to mat- 
ters of religion. 

Toll, n. [A.-S. toll, fr. Lat. telonium, teloneum, Gr. rekut- 
viov, a toll-house, custom-house, from Te'A.os, a tax, duty, 
toll.] 1. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, partic- 
ularly for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on a 
highway. 2. A portion of grain taken by a miller as a 
compensation for grinding. 

Syn. — Tax ; custom ; duty ; impost 

Toll, v. t. [Lat. tollere.] 1. (Law.) To take away; to 
vacate ; to annul. 2. To draw. See Tole. 

Toll, V. i. [imp. & p.p. TOLLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. TOLL- 
ING.] [Cf. W. tol, tolo, a loud sound, a din.] To sound 
or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly repeated at 
intervals, as at funerals. 




Tomahawks. 



Toll, v. t. 1. To cause to sound, as a bell, with strokes 
slowly and uniformly repeated. 2. To strike, or to indi- 
cate by striking, as the hour. 

Toll, n. The sounding of a bell with strokes slowly and 
uniformly repeated. 

Toll'bobth, n. [From toll and booth.] [Written also 
tolbooth.] 1. A place where goods are weighed to ascer- 
tain the duties or toll. [Obs.] 2. A prison. 

Toll'-bridge, n. A bridge where toll is paid for pass- 
ing it. 

Toil'er, n. 1. A toll-gatherer. 2. One who tolls a bell. 

Toll'-gatb/er-er, n. The man who takes or gathers 
toll. 

Toll'-house, n. ; pi. toll'-hou^es. A house erected 
or occupied by a receiver of tolls. 

Toll'man, n. ; pi. toll'men. One who receives or col- 
lects toll ; a toll-gatherer. 

To-l«', n. A resin, or oleo-resin, produced by a tree of 
South America. It is said to have been first brought 
from Santiago de Tolu, in New Granada. 

Tom'a-hawk, n. [Indian.] 
A kind of war-hatchet used by 
the American Indians. It was 
originally made of stone, but 
afterwards of iron. 

Tom'a-hawk, v. t. [imp. & 

p. p. TOMAHAWKED (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TOMAHAWKING.] 
To cut or kill with a hatchet 
called a tomahawk. 

To-ma'to, or To-ma'to, n. 
[Of American origin.] (Eot.) 
A plant and its fruit, which 
is called also love-apple, and is 
eaten either raw or cooked. 

Tomb (toom), n. [Late Lat. tumba, from Gr. tv'ju|3os, 
a tomb, grave.] 1. A pit in which the dead body of a 
human being is deposited ; a grave. 2. A house or 
vault for the reception of the dead. 3. A tombstone. 

Tomb (tobm), v. t. [i?np. & p. p. TOMBED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TOMBING.] To place in a tomb ; to bury ; to 
inter. 

Tom'ba-e, n. [From Malay, tambaga, copper, Jav. tem- 
baga.] An alloy of copper and zinc. 

Tomb'less (tobm'les), a. Destitute of a tomb or sepul- 
chral monument. 

Tom'boy, n. [From Tom, for Thomas, and boy.] A 
rude, boisterous boy ; also, and more commonly, a 
romping girl. [ Colloq.] 

Tomb'stone (tobm'-), n. A stone erected over a grave, 
to preserve the memory of the deceased; a monument. 

Tom'-eat, n. A male cat, especially when full grown or 
of large size. 

Tom'-eod, n. [From Tom. for Thomas, and cod. Cf. 
Fr. tacaud, whiting-pout, Ind. tacaud, i. e. plenty -fish.] 
(Ichth.) A small fish which is abundant on the American 
coast soon after frost commences, and hence often called 
frost-fish. 

Tome, n. [Lat. tomus, from Gr. to^os, a piece cut off, a 
part of a book, a volume, from Te'/uveiv, to cut.] A pon- 
derous volume ; a book. 

To-mor'row, n. [From to and morrow. See To.] The 
day after the present ; the next day. 

To-mor'row, adv. On the day after the present day ; 
on the morrow. 

Tom'pi-on, n. The stopper of a cannon. See TAMPION. 

Tom'rig, «. [From To m, for Thomas, and rig.] A rude, 
wild, wanton girl ; a tomboy. 

Tom'tit, or Tom-tit', n. [From Tom, for Thomas, 
and tit.] A little bird : the titmouse. 

Ton, n. [Fr. See Tone.] The prevailing fashion or 
mode ; vogue. 

Ton (ttln),-n. [A.-S. tunne, a tun, tub, a large vessel, H. 
Ger. tonne. See Tun.] ( Com.) (a.) The weight of twenty 
hundred gross, or 2240 pounds. In the United States 
the ton is commonly estimated at 2000 pounds, this being 
sometimes called the short ton. {b.) A certain weight or 
space, — in the latter case about forty cubic feet, — by 
which the burden of a ship is estimated, (c.) A certain 
quantity of timber, consisting of 40 solid feet, if round, or 
54 feet, if square. 

Syn. — Tun. — The spelling ton has long been appropriated 
to the dry measure, and tun to the wet measure, denoting a 
large cask, and also a certain measure for liquids, which varies 
in different countries. Although the words were originally 
derived from the same Saxon word tunna, this distinction is a 
convenient one, and is now generally prevalent. The word 
tun is falling out of use even as to liquids. 

Tone, n. [Lat. tonus, a sound, tone, from Gr. tovos, a 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, eeho; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; this- 



TONE 



756 



TOP 



stretching, straining, raising of the voice, a tone, accent 
from reiveiv, to stretch or strain.] 1. Sound, or the 
character of a sound, or a sound considered as of this or 
that character. 2. (Rhet.) Inflection or modulation of 
the voice. 3. A whining or affected style of speaking. 

4. (Mus.) (a.) A sound considered as to pitch, (b.) The 
larger kind of interval between contiguous sounds in the 
diatonic scale, the smaller being called a semitone, (c.) 
The peculiar quality of sound in any voice or instrument 

5. (Med.) Healthy and vigorous state of the body, or of 
any of its organs or parts. 6. State of mind ; temper ; 
mood. 7. Tenor ; character ; spirit ; drift. 8. General 
or prevailing character or style, as of morals, manners, 
or sentiment, in reference to a scale of high and low. 9. 
( Paint. ) Prevailing color of a picture, or its general effect. 

Tone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. toned ; p. pr. & vb. n. ton- 
ing.] 1. To utter with an affected tone. 2. To tune. 
See Tune. 

To tone down, (a.) To give a lower tone or sound to ; hence, 
to diminish or weaken the striking characteristics of; to soften. 
(b.) (Paint.') To bring the colors of into harmonious relations 
as to light and shade. 

Tone'less, a. Having no tone ; unmusical. 

T5ng§, n. pi. [A.-S. tange, Icel. taung, t'ong, 0. H. Ger. 
zanga.] An instrument, consisting of two long shafts 
joined at one end, used for handling fire or heated metals. 

Tongue (tung), n. [A.-S. tunge, Icel. tunga, Goth, tug- 
gd, 0. Lat. dingua, afterward lingua.] 1. (Anat.) A 
muscular organ, attached by one end to the floor of the 
mouth, serving as the instrument of taste, and in man 
of articulation also. 2. Hence, speech, discourse ; some- 
times, fluency of speech. 3. Power of articulate utter- 
ance ; speech. 4. A language. 5. Words or declara- 
tions only. C A nation, as distinguished by language. 
7, That which is considered as resembling an animal's 
tongue, in position or form ; as, the tongue of a buckle ; 
a tongue of land, &c. 

To hold the tongue, to be silent; to keep one's peace. 
Syn. — See Language. 

Tongue (tung), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TONGUED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TONGUING.] 1. (Mus.) To modulate or mod- 
ify with the tongue, as notes, in playing the flute, &c. 
2. To join by means of a tongue and groove. 

Tongue (tung), v. i. (Mus.) To use the tongue in form- 
ing the notes, as in playing the flute, and some other 
wind instruments. 

Tongued (timgd), a. Having a tongue. 

Tdngue'less (tung'-), a. 1. Having no tongue. 2. 
Hence, speechless ; mute. 

Tongue'-tied (tung'tTd), a. 1. Destitute of the power 
of distinct articulation ; having an impediment in the 
speech. 2. Unable to speak freely, from whatever 
cause. 

Ton'ie, a. [Gr. tovikos. See Tone.] 1. Of, or relating 
to, tones or sounds. 2. Increasing tension ; hence, 
increasing strength. 3. (Med.) Increasing strength, or 
the tone of the animal system. 

Ton'ie, n. 1. (Med.) A medicine that increases the 
strength, and gives vigor of action to the system. 2. 
(Mus.) The key-tone, or first tone of the scale. 

To-night' (-nit), n. [From to and night. See To.] The 
present night,_or the night after the present day. 

To-night' (-nit), adv. On this night. 

Ton'nage (tun'naj, 45), n. [From ion.] 1. The weight 
of goods carried in a boat or ship. 2. The cubical con- 
tent or burden of a ship in tons ; or the amount of 
weight which one or several ships may carry. 3. A 
duty or impost on ships, estimated per ton, or a duty, 
toll, or rate payable on goods per ton, transported on 
canals. 4. The whole amount of shipping estimated by 
tons. See Ton. 

Ton'sil, n. [Lat. tonsillx, pi.] (Anat.) One of two gland- 
ular bodies in the throat or fauces. 

Ton'sile, a. [Lat. tonsilis, from tondere, tonsum, to 
shear^clip.] Capable of being clipped. 

Ton-so'ri-al, a. [Lat. tonsorius, from tonsor, a shearer, 
barber, from tondere, tonsum, to shear.] Of, or pertain- 
ing to, a barber, or to shaving. 

TSn'sure (ton'shyjr), n. [Lat. tonsura. See supra.] 1. 
Act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the 
head ; or the state of beingshorn. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church ) 
The corona or crown which priests wear as a mark of 
their order, and of their rank in the church. 

Ton-tine' (-ten'), n. ^ [So called from its inventor, Tonti, 
an Italian, in the 17th century.] An annuity or survi- 
vorship ; or a loan raised on life-annuities, with the ben- 
efit of survivorship. 



Too, adv. [A.-S. to, Ger. dazu. See To.] 1. Over, 
more than enough, 2. Likewise ; also ; in addition. 
Syn. — Also ; likewise. See Also. 

Tobk (27), imp. of take. See TAKE. 

To'bl, n. [A.-S. tol, for tawil, from taivian, to make, 
prepare. See Taw.] 1. An instrument, used in the 
manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations ; any 
instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his work ; 
an implement. 2. Hence, any instrument of use or 
service. 3. A person used as an instrument by another 
person. 

Tool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TOOLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOOLING.] To shape, form, or finish with a tool. 

Tobl'ing, n. Workmanship performed with a tool. 

Toot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tooted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOOTING.] [D. totten, tuiten, tuyten, Ger. tuten, tvten, 
to blow the horn ; Icel. tauta, to murmur.] To make a 
peculiar noise by contact of the tongue with the root 
of the upper teeth at the beginning and end of the sound ; 
ahso, to sound a horn in a similar manner. 

Toot, v. t. To cause to sound, as a horn, the note being 
modified at the beginning and end as if by pronouncing 
the letter t ; hence, to blow ; to sound. [or horn. 

Toot'er, n. One who toots ; one who plays upon a pips 

Tooth, n.; pi. TEETH. [A.-S. tbdh, 
pi. tedh, Icel. tonn, Goth, tunthus, 
allied to Lat. dens, dentis, Gr. 6Sov?, 
oSoVto?, W. dant, Skr. danta, from 
dang , dag , to bite, Gr. Micveiv.] 1. 
(Anat.) One of the series of small 
bones attached to the jaws of verte- 
brate animals which serve the pur- 
pose of taking and chewing food. 2. 
Hence, taste ; palate. 3. Any pro- 
jection corresponding to the tooth 
of an animal, in shape, position, or 
office. 




In the teeth, directly; in direct oppc 
tion ; in front. — Skin of the teelh. 



Teeth. 



phrase occurring in Job xix. 20, of which a > a, incisors ; 6, 
various explanations have been given. canine, cuspid, or 
By some it is thought to signify the enam- dogtooth; c, c, 
el of the teeth, by others the gums ; but bicuspids, or les- 
Gesenius regards it as a proverbial ex- ser molars ; d, d, 
pression, meaning, "I have scarcely a a, molars, or great 
sound spot in my body."— To cast in molars. 
the teeth, to retort reproachfully. — Tooth and nail, as it were 
by biting and scratching; with one's utmost power. — To show 
the teeth, to threaten. — To the teeth, in open opposition ; 
directly to one's face. 

Tooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TOOTHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
toothing.] 1. To furnish with teeth, 2. To indent; 



Pain in the teeth. 
One who extracts 



teeth with 



to cut into teeth. 
Tobth'aehe (-ak), n. 
Tdbth'-draw'er, n. 

instruments. 
Toothed (tobtht), p. a. 1. Having teeth or jags. 2. 

(Bot.) Having projecting points, remote from each other, 

about the edge ; dentate. 
Tdoth'-edge, n. The sensation excited by grating 

sounds, and by the touch of certain substances, as keen 
Tooth'less, a. Having no teeth. [acids. - 

Tooth'-pick, 1 n. An instrument for cleaning the 
Tobth'-pick'er, ] teeth of substances lodged between 

them. [dentifrice. 

Tooth'- pow'der, n. A powder for cleaning the teeth ; a 
Tobth'some, a. Grateful to the taste ; palatable. 
Top, n. [A.-S. top, Icel. toppr, W. 

top, tob.] 1. The highest part of 

anything; the upper end, edge, or 

extremity ; the upper side or surface. 

2. The utmost degree. 3. The high- 
est rank ; the most honorable posi- 
tion. 4. The chief person. 5. The 

crown of the head, or the hair upon 

it; the head. 6. (Naut.) A sort of 

platform, surrounding the head of t t, Top (Naut.). 

the lower mast, and projecting on all sides. 
Top, n. [M. H. Ger. & Up. Ger. top/.] A child's toy, 

commonly pear-shaped, made to spin on its point. 
Top, v. i. [imp. & p. p. topped (108); p. pr. & vb. n. 

topping.] 1. To rise aloft ; to be eminent. 2. To 

predominate. 3. To excel ; to rise above others. 
Top, v. l. 1. To cover on the top ; to tip; to cap. 2. 

To rise above. 3 . To rise to the top of. 4. To outgo ; 

to surpass. 5. To take off the top or upper part of; to 

crop. 6. To perform eminently. 

To top off, to complete by putting on, or finishing, the top or 
uppermost part of; hence, to eomplete; to finish; to adorn. 




a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



TOPARCH 



757 



TORTIVE 



To'par-eh., n. [Gr. T07rapxos, T07rdpxTjs, from toitos, a 
place, and apx^LV, to govern, to rule.] The ruler or prin- 
cipal man in a place or country. 

To'parch-y, n. A small state, consisting of a few cities 
or towns ; a petty country governed by a toparch. 

To'paz, n. [Gr. roira^os, -rona^ios, To-na^i.ov, prob. from 
Skr. tapus, fire, the sun, from tap, to heat.] (Min.) A 
mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish 
and pellucid. It is higbly valued as a gem. 

Top'-foobts, n. pi. Boots with an ornamental band of 
bright-colored leather around the upper part. 

Top'-eloth, n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas used to cover 
the hammocks which are lashed to the top in action. 

Tope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOPED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOPING.] [Gf. Prov. & 0. Eng. to top off to empty at 
one draught.] To drink hard ; to drink spirituous liquors 
to excess. 

To'per, n. One who drinks to excess ; a drunkard ; a sot. 

Top'-gal'lant, a. (Naut.) Situated above the topmast 
and below the royal mast ; being the third of the kind 
in order from the deck. 

Top'-heav'y, a. Having the top or upper part too 
heavy for the lower. 

To'phet, n. [Heb. tdphet, literally, a place to be spit 
upon, an abominable place, from t&pk, to spit out.] A 
place lying east or south-east of Jerusalem, in the val- 
ley of Hinnom, where fires were continually kept to burn 
dead carcasses, and where all the filth of the city was 
poured ; hence, in symbol, hell. 

Top'i-a-ry, a. [Lat. topiarius, belonging to ornamental 
gardening, from topia (sc. opera), ornamental gardening, 
from Gr. to7tos, a place.] Shaped by cutting. 

Top'ie, n. [Lat. topica, Gr. tottiko.. See infra.] 1. (Rhet. 
& Logic.) One of the various general forms of argu- 
ment to be employed in probable as distinguished from 
demonstrative reasoning ; also a prepared argument, or 
point of argument, of a sort applicable to a great variety 
of cases, (pi.) A treatise on, or a system or scheme of, 
forms of argument or oratory. 2. An argument or rea- 
son. 3. The subject of any distinct portion of a dis- 
course, argument, or literary composition; also, the 
main subject of the whole ; a matter treated of; a point ; 
a head. 4. [See infra.] (Med.) An external local 
remedy, applied as a plaster, a poultice, &c. 

Top're, ) a. [Gr. tottlkos, belonging to a place, from 

T6p r i«-al, } toitos, a place, topic, commonplace.] 1. 
Of, or pertaining to, a place ; limited ; local. 2. Per- 
taining to, or consisting of, a topic or topics. 3. Not 
demonstrative, but merely probable. 

T6p'ie-al-ly, adv. In a topical manner ; with applica- 
tion to, or limitation of, a particular place or topic. 

Top'-knot (-u5t), n. A crest of feathers on the head or 
top, as of a bird ; also, an ornamental knot or bow worn 
on the top of the head, as by women. 

Top'mast, n. (Naut.) The second mast, or that which 
is next above the lower mast, and above which is the top- 
gallant-mast. 

Top'most, a. Highest ; uppermost. 

To-pog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in the science of topog- 
raphy. 

Top'o-graph/ie, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, topogra- 

Top'o-graph'ie-al, J phy ; descriptive of a place. 

Top'o-graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In a topographical man- 
ner. 

To-pog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Tonoypafyia, from ronoq, a place, 
andypa^eii-', to describe.] The description of a particular 
place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land ; espe- 
cially, the exact and scientific delineation and description 
in minute detail of any place or region. 

Top'ping, p. a. 1. Rising above ; surpassing. 2. 
Hence, assuming superiority ; proud. 

Top'ple (top'pl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOPPLED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. toppling.] [Dim. of top.] To fall forward ; 
to pitch or tumble down. 

Top'-sail, n. (Naut.) A sail extended across the top- 
mast, above which is the top-gallant-sail. 

Top'sy-tur'vy, adv. [ Tops, or heads, in the turf.] In 
an inverted posture ; with the top or head downward ; 
with the bottom upward ; upside down. 

Toque (tok), \n. [Fr. toque, toquet,W. toe, from 

To-quet' (to-ka/), ) tociaiv, tivciaw, to curtail, clip, 
dock, trim.] A kind of bonnet or head-dress. 

Torch., n. [Fr. torche, L. Lat. tortisius. from Lat. tor- 
quere, torlum, to twist, because it is twisted like a rope, 
Lat. tortum.] A light formed of some combustible sub- 
stance ; a large candle or flambeau. 

Torch'-bear'er, n. One who carries a torch. 

Tdrch'- light (-lit), n. 1. The light of a torch, or of 



ssive motion ; a hurri- 



torches. 2. A ljght kindled to supply the want of th« 
sun. 

Tore, imp. of tear. See Tear. 

To-reu'tie, a. [Gr. TopeunKos, belonging to work in 
relief, Topevros, elaborate.] (Sculp.) Highly finished or 
polished; — applied properly to figures in hard wood, 
ivory, and the like. 

Tdr'ment, n. [Lat. tormentum, an engine for hurling 
missiles, an instrument of torture, torture, prop, an in- 
strument with which any thing is turned or twisted, 
from torquere, to turn, to twist.] 1. Extreme pain; 
anguish ; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or 
mind. 2. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. 

Torment', v. t. [imp. & p. p. tormented ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TORMENTING.] 1. To put to extreme pain 
or anguish, either of body or mind. 2. To pain ; to 
distress ; to afflict. 3. To tease ; to vex ; to harass. 

Tor-ment'er, ) n. One who, or that which, torments 

Tor-ment'or, ) or tortures. 

Torn,p. p. of tear. See TEAR. 

Tor-na'do, n. ; pi. TOR-NA'DOEg. [From Sp. tornar, 
It. & L. Lat. tornare, to turn, that is, a whirling wind. 
See Turn.] A violent gust of wind, or a tempest dis- 
tinguished by a whirling, progressive motion ; a hurri- 
cane. 

Tor-pe'do, n. ;pl. TOR-PE'DOEg. 
[Lat., from torpere, to be stiff, 
numb, or torpid.] 1. (lchth.) A 
species of ray, having electric 
power. It is also called cramp-fish. 
2. An engine or machine used 
for destroying ships by blowing Torpedo (1.) 

them up. 3. A small ball or 

pellet, which explodes when thrown upon a hard ob- 
ject. 

Tor-pes'cent, a. [Lat. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere, 
to grow stiff, numb, or torpid, inchoative form of tor- 
pere.] Becoming torpid or numb. 

Tor'pid, a. [Lat. torpidus, from torpere, to be stiff, 
numb, or torpid.] 1. Having lost motion, or the power 
of exertion and feeling ; numb. 2. Dull ; stupid ; slug- 
gish ; inactive. 

Tor-pid'i-ty, n. Torpidness ; numbness ; dullness. 

Tor'pid-ness, ) n. 1. The state of being torpid ; numb- 

Tor'pi-tude, ) ness. 2. Dullness ; inactivity ; slug- 
gishness; stupidity. 

Tor'por, n. [Lat., from torpere, to be numb or torpid.] 
1. The state of being torpid ; loss of motion, or of the 
power of motion ; numbness ; inactivity. 2. Dullness ; 
laziness ; sluggishness ; stupidity. 

T6r 7 por-if 'i-e, a. [From Lat. torpor andfacere, to make.] 
Tending to produce torpor. 

Tor're-f action, n. Operation of torrefying, or state 
of being torrefied. 

T6r're-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. torrefied ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TORREFYING.] [Lat. torrefacere, from torrere, to 
dry by heat, and facere, to make.] 1. To dry by a fire ; 
to parch. 2. (Metal.) To roast or scorch, as metallic 
ores. 

Tor'rent, n. [Lat. torrens, torrentis, from torrens, burn- 
ing, roaring, boiling, p. pr. of torrere, to dry by heat, to 
burn.] 1. A violent stream, as of water, lava, or the 
like. 2. A violent or rapid flow ; a strong current. 

Tor'rid, a. [Lat. torridus, from torrere, to parch.] 1. 
Parched ; dried with heat. 2. Violently hot ; burning 
or parching. 

Torrid, zone (Geog.), that space or broad belt of the earth in- 
cluded between the tropics, where the heat is always great. 

Tor'sion, n. [Late Lat. torsio, from Lat. torquere, torsi, 
tortum, to twist.] 1. Act of turning or twisting. 2. 
(Meek.) That force with which a thread, wire, or rod of 
any material, returns, or tends to return, to a state of 
rest after it has been twisted. 

Tor'so, n. ; Eng. pi. TOR'sog ; It. pi. TdR's'l. [It. 
torso, from Lat. thyrsus, Gr. Bvpaos, a light, straight 
staff, a stalk, stem.] (Sculp.) The trunk of a statue, 
mutilated of head and limbs. 

T6rt, n. [From Lat. tortus, twisted, crooked, p. p. of 
torquere, to twist, bend.] ( Law. ) Any wrong or injury ; 
a wrongful act, for which an action will lie ; a form of 
action, in some States, for a wrong or injury. 

Tort'Ile, a. [Lat. tortilis, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist, 
wind.] Twisted ; wreathed ; coiled. 

T6r'tious, a. [From tort.] 1. Injurious ; done wrong- 
fully. 2. (Law.) Implying tort, or injury for which the 
law gives damages. 

Tdrt'ive, a. [From Lat. tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist, 
wind.] Twisted; wreathed. 



food, f o~ot ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



TORTOISE 



758 



TOURNAMENT 




Tor'toise (tor'tis), n. [0. Fr. 
from tortis, tortisse, crooked, 
fr. Lat. tortus, twisted, crook- 
ed, contorted, p. p. of tor- 
quere, tortum, to twist, to 
wind ; — so called from its 
crooked feet.] 1. (Zool.) A Tortoise, 

reptile inclosed in a case formed by two leathery or scaly 
shields, and having horny jaws in the place of teeth. 

eEi** The name is sometimes restricted to the land tortoises, 
the term turtle being applied to the marine species. 
2. (Antiq.) A defense used by the ancients ; a testudo. 

T6rt'u-ou.s, a. [Lat. tortuosus, from tortus, twisted, 
crooked, p. p. of torquere, to twist, wind.] 1. Bent in 
different directions ; wreathed ; twisted ; winding. 2. 
Deviating from rectitude ; erroneous ; wrong ; deceitful. 

Tort'ure (tort'yur, 53), n. [Lat. tortura, from Lat. tor- 
quere, tortum, to twist, rack, torture.] 1. Extreme pain ; 
anguish of body or mind ; pang ; agony ; torment. 2. 
Especially, severe pain inflicted judicially, either as a 
punishment for a crime, or for the purpose of extorting 
a confession. 

Tort'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TORTURED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TORTURING.] 1. To put to torture ; to pain extreme- 
ly. 2. To punish with torture. 

T6rt'ur-er, n. One who tortures ; a tormentor. 

Tb'rus,n. [Lat., an elevation, protuberance.] (Arch.) A 
large molding used in the bases of columns. Its profile 
is semicircular. 

To'ry, n. [Said to be an Irish word, denoting a robber 
or a savage, or from toree, give me (sc. your money).] 1. 
(Eng. Politics.) A member of the conservative party, as 
opposed to the whig or progressive party. 2. (Amer. 
Hist.) One who, in the time of the Revolution, favored 
the claims of Great Britain against the colonies. 

To'ry, a. Of, or pertaining to, the tories. 

To'ry-i§m, n. The principles of the tories. 

Toss (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tossed (less properly 
TOST) ;p.pr.&c vb. n. TOSSING.] [W. tosiaw, tosio, to 
jerk, toss, snatch, tos, a quick jerk, a toss, a snatch.] 
1. To throw with the hand; to throw upward. 2. To 
lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion. 3. To 
cause to rise and fall. 4. To agitate ; to make restless. 
To toss off, to drink hastily. 

Toss, v. i. 1. To roll and tumble ; to be in violent com- 
motion. 2. To be tossed. 

To toss for, to gamble for. — To toss tip, to throw a coin into 
the air, and wager on what side it will fall. 

Toss, n. 1. A throwing upward, or with a jerk. 2. A 
throwing up of the head with a jerk. 

Toss'pot, n. A toper ; an habitual drunkard. 

Tost, imp. & p. p. of toss. See TOSS. 

Tot, n. Any thing small : — used as a term of endearment. 

To'tal, a. [L. Lat. totalis, from Lat. totus, all, whole.] 
1. Full ; complete. 2. Not divided. 

Syn. — Whole; entire; complete; integral; See Whole. 

To'tal, n. The whole ; the whole sum or amount. 

To-tal'i-ty, n. The whole sum ; whole quantity or 
amount. 

To'tal -ly, adv. In a total manner ; wholly ; entirely ; 
fully ; completely. 

Tote, v. t. [ivip. Sep. p. TOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. TOT- 
ING.] [Said to be of African origin.] To carry or bear. 
[Colloq., Southern States.] 

Tot'ter, v i. [imp. & p. p. tottered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOTTERING.] [Allied to Prov. Ger. tattern, dattem, 
cdottern, to tremble, shake. Eng. titter, didder, dadder.] 
1. To shake so as to threaten a fall. 2. To shake ; to 
reel ; to lean. 

Tot'tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOTTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tottling.] To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner ; 
to toddle. [Prov. Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 

Tpn'-ean (torykan), n. [Sp. & S. American tucd, tulcan, 
Pg. & Braz. Ivcano.] ( Ornith.) 
A bird of tropical America, of 
several species, remarkable for 
the large size of its bill. 

Touch., v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
touched (108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. touching.] [Fr. toucher. 
It. toccare. Cf. Goth, tekan, 
taitok, taitokun, to touch ; 
Lat. tangere, tactum, orig. Toucan. 

tagere, id., 0. H. Ger. zuchon, zochon, to pluck, seize, 
move quickly.] 1. To come in contact with ; to extend 
the hand, foot, &c, so as to reach or rest on. 2. To 
perceive by the sense of feeling. 3. To come to ; to 




reach ; to attain to. 4. To relate to ; to concern. 5« 
To handle, speak of, or deal with gently or slightly. 6. 
To meddle or interfere with. 7. To affect the senses or 
the sensibility of; to move. 8. To mark or delineate 
slightly. [Rare.] 9. To make an impression on. 10. 
To strike, as an instrument of music. 11. To perform, 
as a tune ; to play. 12. To influence by impulse. 13. 
To afflict or distress. 

To touch up, to repair, or to improve by slight touches or 
emendations. 
Touch (tiich), v. i. 1. To be in contact. 2. To treat 
any thing slightly in discourse. 

To touch and go (Xuut.), to touch bottom, as a ship in sail- 
ing, with much decrease of speed. — To touch at, to come or go 
to, without tarrying. 

Touch, n. 1. Act of touching, or state of being touched ; 
contact. 2. The sense of feeling or common sensation, 
one of the five senses. 3. Power of exciting the affec- 
tions. 4. An emotion or affection. 5. Personal refer- 
ence or application. 6. A stroke ; hence, animadver- 
sion ; censure ; reproof. 7. A single stroke on a draw- 
ing or picture. 8. Feature ; lineament. 9. Act of the 
hand on a musical instrument ; hence, musical notes. 
10. A small quantity intermixed ; a little. 11. A hint ; 
suggestion ; slight notice. 12. Examination or trial by 
some decisive standard; test; proof. 13. {Mits.) Par- 
ticular or characteristic mode of action ; also, the man- 
ner of touching, striking, or pressing the keys of a piano- 
forte. 

Touch'a-ble,a Capable of being touched ; tangible. 

Touch'-hole, n. The vent of a cannon or other species 
of fire-arms, by which fire is communicated to the pow- 
der. 

Touch 'i-ne ss, n. The quality of being touchy ; peevish- 
ness ; irritability ; irascibility. 

Touch'ing, p. a. Affecting ; moving ; pathetic. 

Touch'ing, prep. Concerning ; relating to ; with re- 
spect to. 

Touch'-me-not, n. (Bot.) (a.) A plant of the genus 
Jmpatiens. (b.) The squirting-cucumber. 

Toiich'-stone, n. 1. (Mil.) A variety of extremely 
compact silicious schist, used for ascertaining the purity 
of gold and silver by the streak impressed on the stone. 
2. Hence, any test or criterion. 

Touch'-wobd, n. Decayed wood, used like a match for 
taking fire from a spark. 

Touch'y, a. Peevish ; irritable ; irascible ; apt to take 
fire. [ Colloq.] 

Tough (tuf), a. [com/par. TOUGHER : superl. TOUGH- 
EST.] [A.-S. tdh, for tali, txh, 0. H. Ger. zah,zahi, zach, 
Icel. segr.] 1. Having the quality of flexibility without 
brittleness. 2. Not easily broken ; able to endure hard- 
ship ; firm ; strong. 3. Not easily separated ; tenacious ; 
ropy. 4. Stiff; rigid; not flexible. 5. Severe; vio- 
lent. [ Colloq.] 

Toughen (tuf'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOUGHENED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TOUGHENING.] To grow tough, or tougher. 

Tough'en (tuf'n), v. t. To make tough or tougher. 

Tough'ness (tufnes), n. 1. The quality of being 
tough ; flexibility, with a firm adhesion of parts. 2. 
Strength of constitution or texture. 3. Viscosity ; te- 
nacity ; clamminess. 

Ton-pee', I n. [Fr. tovpet, dim. of 0. Fr. top, 

Tqu-pet'(tob-pa'), J a tuft, allied to Eng. top.] 1. A 
little tuft ; a curl or artificial lock of hair. 2. A small 
wig. 

Tour (tobr), n. [Fr., from Gr. -ropvos, a carpenter's tool, 
a turner's chisel, a circle, a round.] 1. A going round ; 
hence, a journey in a circuit. 2. (Mil. ) Any thing done 
successively, or by regular order ; a turn. 
Syn. — Journey ; excursion; pilgrimage. See Journey. 

Tour,f./. [imp. & p. p. TOURED ; p. pr. & vb.n. TOUR- 
IN G . ] To make a tour. 

Tour-biU'ion (tobr-bil'yun), n. [Fr. tovrbillon, a whirl- 
wind, whirlpool, tourbillion, from Lat. turbo, turbinis,a, 
whirl, whirlwind.] An ornamental fire-work, turning 
round, when in the air, so as to present the appearance 
of a scroll of fire. 

Tour'ist (tobr'ist), n. One who makes a tour, or performs 
a, journey in a circuit. 

Tour'ma-line, n. [From toitrnnmal, a name given to 
this stone in Ceylon.] (Min.) A mineral occurring usu- 
ally in black three-sided or six-sided prisms, terminated 
bv' three-sided pyramids. 

Tour'na-ment (tuVna-ment), n. [See Tourney.] A 
mock-fight or military sport, in which a number of 
combatants were engaged. 



a, e,&., long; &,e, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term.; pique, firm; s6u,6r,do,woH, 



TOURNEY 



759 



TRACTATE 



Tour'ney (tur'ny), n. [See infra.] A tournament. 

Tour'ney, v. i. [0. Fr. tournoier, tornoier, torneier, fir. 
the root of turn, q. v.] To perform tournaments ; to tilt. 

Tour-ni'quet (tQr'ni-ket), n. [Fr., from tourner, to 
turn.] A surgical instrument or bandage which is tight- 
ened or relaxed with a screw, and used to check the now 
of blood, as from wounds, by external pressure. 

Toumiire (to~br-no~br / ), n. [Fr., from tourner, to tnrn.] 

1. Turn; contour; figure, 2. A part of the dress of a 
lady used for expanding the skirt : a bustle. 

Touge, v. t. & ?'. [L. Ger. tfisen, N. H. Ger. zausen, 
zeisen. Cf. Tease.] To pull; to haul; to tear; to 
rave. 

Touf'er, n. One who touses. 

Tou'gle (tou'zl), v. t. [Dim. of touse ; L. Ger. tuseln.] 
To put into disorder ; to tumble ; to touse. [ Colloq. 
and low.] 

Tout-ensemble (to~ot'5ng'song'bl), n. [Fr., all together.] 
(Fine Arts.) The general effect of a work as a whole. 

Tow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. towed; p.pr. & vb. n. TOW- 
ING-.] [A.-S. teohan, teon, to lead, draw.] To drag, as 
a boat or ship, through the water by means of a rope. 

Tow, n. [A.-S. taw, tow, tow ; Icel. taug, H. Ger. tan, 
a rope.] 1. The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp. 

2. Act of towing, or state of being towed. 
Tow'age, n. 1. Act of towing. 2. Price paid for 

towing. 

To'ward (to'ard), Iprep. [A.-S. tdweard, toweardes. 

To'wardg (to'ardz), ( See To and Ward.] 1. In the 
direction of. 2. With direction to, in a moral sense ; 
with respect to ; regarding. 3. Nearly ; about. 

To'ward (toward), ) adv. Near ; at hand ; in a state 

To'wardg (to'ardz), j of preparation. 

To'ward (to'ward), a. [A.-S. tdweard. See supra.] 
Ready to do or learn ; not froward ; apt. 

To'ward-li-ness (to'ward-), n. Quality of being to- 
ward ; readiness to do or learn ; aptness ; docility. 

To'ward-ly (to'ward-), a. Ready to do or learn ; apt ; 
docile; tractable; compliant with duty. 

To'ward-ness (to'ward-), n. Towardliness. 

Tow'-boat, n. 1. A boat which is towed. 2. A steamer 
used for towing other vessels. 

Tow'el, n. [From 0. H. Ger. duahilla, dwahilla, from 
dwahan, Goth, thvahan, A.-S. dhvahan, dhvean, Icel. 
thvo, to wash.] A cloth used for wiping the hands, and 
for other purposes ; a napkin. 

Tow'er, n. [A.-S. torr, Lat. turn's, Gr. ruppis, rvpo-ts.] 
1. A lofty building much higher than broad, and vari- 
ously shaped, standing alone or forming part of another 
edifice, as of a church, castle, &c. 2. A citadel ; a fort- 
ress ; hence, a defender. 3. A high head-dress formerly 
in vogue. 

Tow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOWERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TOWERING.] To be lofty or very high ; hence, to soar. 

Tow'ered, n. Adorned or defended by towers. 

Tow'er-ing, p. a. 1. Very high ; elevated. 2. Ex- 
treme ; violent ; surpassing. 

Tow'er-y, a. Adorned or defended by towers. 

Tow'-liiie, n. (Naut.) A small hawser, used to tow a 
ship, &c. 

Tow'-path, n. A path used by men or horses that tow 
boats. 

Town, n. [A.-S. tun, inclosure, garden, house, village, 
town, tynan, to inclose, shut, Icel. tun, 0. II. Ger. zun.] 
1. A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls. 
[Obs.] 2. Hence, any collection of houses larger than 
a village, and not incorporated as a city. 3. Any num- 
ber of houses to which belongs a regular market, and 
which is not a city or the see of a bishop. [Eng.] 4. 
The body of inhabitants resident in a town. [Amer.] 
5. A township. [Local, Amer.] 6. The court end of 
London. 7. The metropolis or its inhabitants. 
Syn. — Village; hamlet. See Village. 

Town'-«lerk, n. An officer who keeps the records of a 
town, and enters all its official proceedings. 

Town'- eri'er, n. A public crier. 

Town'-hall, n. A public room or building for trans- 
acting the business of a town. 

Town'-house, n. ; pi. town'-HOUS/ES. 1. The house 
where the public business of the town is transacted by 
the inhabitants. [Amer.] 2. A house in town, in op- 
position to a house in the country. 

Town'-meet'ing, n. A legal meeting of the inhabi- 
tants of a town for the transaction of business. 

Town§'-f oik (-fok), n. The people of a town ; especially, 
the inhabitants of a city. 

Town'ship, n. The district or territory of a town. 



Towns/man, n. ; pi. towns/men. An inhabitant of 
a town ; one of the same town with another. 

Town'-talk (-tawk), n. The common talk of a place, 
or the subject of common conversation. 

Tow'ger, n._ [From touse.] A familiar name for a dog. 

Tox'i-eo-log'ie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, toxicology. 

Tox'i-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. to^lkov, poison, and A.6yo?, a 
discourse.] The science which treats of poisons, their 
effects, antidotes, and recognition. 

Toy, n. [D. tool, tire, attire, ornament, tooijen, to attire, 
adorn, allied to toogen, toon, to show.] 1. A plaything 
for children ; a bawble. 2. A thing for amusement, but 
of no real value ; a trifle. 3. Matter of no importance. 
4. Wild fancy ; folly ; trifling opinion or behavior. 5. 
Amorous dalliance. 

Toy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. toyed; p.pr. & vb. n. TOY- 
ING.] To dally amorously ; to trifle ; to play ; to wanton. 

Toy'er, n. One who toys ; one who is full of trifling 
tricks. 

Toy'man, n. ; pi. TOY'r^EN. One who deals in toys. 

Toy'- shop, n. A shop where toys are sold. 

Trace, n. [See Trace, v. t.] 1. A mark left by any 
thing passing ; a footprint ; a track. 2. A mark, im- 
pression, or visible appearance of any thing left when 
the thing itself no longer exists. 
Syn. — Vestige ; mark; token. See Vestige. 

Trace, n. [See infra.] One of the two straps, chains, or 
ropes, by which a carriage or sleigh is drawn by horses. 

Trace, v. t. [imp, &p. p. TRACED (trast) ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
TRACING ] [Fr. tracer, as if from a Lat. tractiare, from 
tractus, p. p. of trahere, to draw.] 1. To walk over; to 
pass through. 2. To draw or delineate with marks ; es- 
pecially, to copy, as a drawing, by following the lines and 
marking them on a sheet superimposed. 3. To follow 
by footsteps or tracks, or some mark that has been 
left by a person or thing which has preceded. 4. Hence, 
to follow the trace or track of. 5 . To follow with exact- 

Tra'cer, n. One who, or that which, traces. [ness. 

Trace'a-ble, a. Capable of being traced. 

Tra'cer-y, n. (Goth. Arch.) (a.) An ornamental diver- 
gency of the mullions of a window, into arches, curves, 
&c. (b.) The subdivisions of groined vaults, and the 
like. 

Tra'ehe-a (tra'ke-a, Lat. pron. tra-ke'a), n. ; pi. TRA'- 
CHE-.E (Lat. pron. tra-ke'e). [Lat. trachia. N. Lat. 
trachea, Gr. rpa\ela (sc. ap-rr/pia), from rpaxvs, rough, 
rugged.] 1. (Anat.) The windpipe, or canal conveying 
air to the lungs ; the weasand. 2. The air-tubes of the 
body in insects and similar animals. 

Tra'ehe-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. Tpa\ela, the windpipe, and 
refxveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) Operation of making an open- 
ing into the windpipe. 

Tra'ehyte (tra'kit), n. [Gr. rpaxvs, rough, rugged.] A 
nearly compact, feldspathic, volcanic rock, breaking with 
a rough surface. 

Track, n. [0. Fr. trac, track of horses, mules, trace of 
animals, D. treck, trek, a drawing, trecken, trekken, to 
draw.] 1. A mark left by something that has passed 
along. 2. A mark or impression left by the foot, either 
of man or beast ; trace ; vestige ; footprint. 3. A road ; 
a beaten path. 4. Course; way. 5. (Railways.) The 
permanent way. 

Track, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRACKED (trakt); p.pr. & 
vb. n. TRACKING.] 1. To follow when guided by a 
trace, or by footsteps. 2. (Naut.) To draw or tow, as a 



Track'age, n. A drawing or towing, as of a boat. 

Track'less, a. Having no track ; marked by no foot- 
steps. 

Tract, n. [Lat. tractus, from trahere, tractum, to draw.] 
1. Something drawn out or extended. 2. A region, or 
quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent. 3. A 
written discourse or dissertation, generally not of great 
extent ; especially, a short treatise on practical religion. 
4. Continued or protrac ted duration; length: extent. 

Syn. — Region ; district ; quarter ; essay ; treatise ; disser- 
tation. 

Tra-efa-biFi-ty, n. Quality or state of being tractable 
or docile ; docility ; tractableness. 

Traet'a-ble, a. [Lat. tractabilis, from tractare, to draw 
violently, to handle, treat.] 1. Capable of being easily 
led, taught, or managed ; docile ; manageable. 2* 
Capable of being handled ; practicable ; feasible. 

Traet'a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being tracta- 
ble ; docility. 

Traet'a-bly, adv. In a tractable manner. 

Tract'ate, n. [Lat. tractatus.] A treatise ; a tract. [Obs.] 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



TEACTILE 



760 



TRAIN 



Traet'ile, a. [From Lat. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 
Capable of being drawn out in length ; ductile. 

Tra-e-tll'i-ty, n. Quality of being tractile ; ductility. 

Trae'tion, n. [From Lat. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. 
Act of drawing, or state of being drawn. 54. Attraction ; 
a drawing toward. 

Traet'tve, a. Serving to draw ; pulling; attracting. 

Traet'or, n. [From Lat. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. 
That which draws, or is used for drawing. 54. pi. 
(Med.) Two small, pointed bars of brass and steel, which, 
being drawn over diseased parts of the body, were, at one 
time, supposed to give relief through the agency of elec- 
tricity or magnetism. 

Traet'o-ry, ) n. [Lat. tractorius, of drawing, and a 

Traet'rix, J hypoth. Lat. word tractrix, from trahere, 
tractum, to draw. ( Geom.) The curve described on a plane 
by a heavy point attached to a string and drawn along by 
moving the other end of the string. 

Trade, n. [Fr. traite, conveyance of corn, wine, &c, 
transportation, trade ; from traiter, to handle, to treat, 
to trade, Lat. tractare.] 1. Act or business of exchang- 
ing commodities by barter ; the business of buying and 
Belling for money ; commerce ; traffic ; barter. 54. The 
business which a person has learned, and which he car- 
ries on; especially, mechanical employment. 3. Business 
pursued. 4. Instruments of any occupation. 5. Cus- 
tom ; habit. 6. A company of men engaged in the same 
occupation. 7. pi. The trade- winds. 

Syn. — Profession ; occupation; office; calling; avocation; 
employment; commerce; dealing; traffic. 

Trade, f. i. [imp. & p. p. traded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRADING.] 1. To barter, or to buy and sell ; to traffic ; 
to bargain. 54. To buy and sell or exchange property, in 
a single instance. 

Trade, v. t. 1. To sell or exchange in commerce. 54. 
To barter ; to exchange. 

Trade'-mark, n. A distinguishing mark or device used 
by a manufacturer on his goods or labels, the legal right 
in which is recognized by law. 

Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade or commerce ; a traf- 
ficker ; a merchant. 

Trade'-sale, n. An auction by and for the trade, especial- 
ly that of the booksellers. 

Tradesman, n. ; pi. trades/men. 1. One who 
trades; a shopkeeper. 54. Any mechanic or artificer. 

TradesZ-un'ioii, n. A combination among workmen for 
the purpose of maintaining their rights and privileges, 
with respect to wages, hours of labor, customs, and the 
like. 

Trade'- wind, n. A wind in or near the torrid zone, 
which blows from the same quarter throughout the year, 
— so called because of great advantage to navigators, and 
hence to trade. 

Tra-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. traditio, from tradere, 
transdere, trad Hum, to give up, transmit, fr. trans, over, 
and dare, to give.] 1. Act of delivering into the hands 
of another ; delivery. 54. Unwritten or oral delivery of 
opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and customs, from 
father to son, or from ancestors to posterity. 3. Hence, 
knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of writ- 
ten memorials. 

Tra-di'tion-al (-dish'un-al), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
derived from, tradition; communicated from ancestors 
to descendants by word only. 

Tra-di'tion-al-iy (-dlsh'un-), adv. In a traditional 
manner ; by tradition. 

Tra-dl'tion-a-ry (44), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived 
from, tradition; traditional. 

Tra-di'tion-er ) (-dish/un-), n. One who adheres to 

Tra-di'tion-ist i tradition. 

Trad'i-tive, a. Transmitted or transmissible from father 
to son, or from age to age, by oral communication. 

Traduce', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. traduced (-dust', 108); 
p. pr. & vb. n. traducing.] [Lat. traducere, to lead 
along, to exhibit as a snectacle, to disgrace, to transfer, 
to derive, fr. trans, across, over, and ducere, to lead.] To 
represent as blamable ; willfully to misrepresent. 

Syn. —To calumniate; vilify; defame; disparage; detract; 
depreciate; decry; slander. 

Tra-du/cer, n. One who traduces; a calumniator; a 
slanderer. 

Tra-diie'tion, n. 1. Derivation from one of the same 
kind ; propagation. 54. Transmission from one to another ; 
tradition; also, a translation into another language. 3. 
Act of transferring ; conveyance ; transportation. 

Traf'fie, n. [See infra.'] 1. Commerce, either by bar- 
ter or by buying and selling; trade. 54. Business done 



on a railway with reference to the number of passengers 
or the amount of freight. 

Syn. — Commerce; dealing; barter. 

Traf'fie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trafficked (traffikt); 
p. pr. & vb. n. trafficking.] [L. Lat. iraficare, traf- 
figare, either from Lat. tra, for trans, across, over, and fa- 
cere, to make, or from Lat. transfretare , to pass over the 
sea, to ferry over. L. Lat. corrupted into transfegare .] 
To pass goods and commodities from one person to an- 
other for an equivalent in goods or money ; to barter ; to 
trade. 

Traf'fie, v. t. To exchange in traffic. 

Traf 'f iclt-er, n. One who traffics ; a trader ; a merchant. 

Trag'a-eaiitn, n. [Gr. rpayaKavOa, from rpayos, a he- 
goat, and aKCLvOa., a thorn.] The concrete juice or gum 
of several species of shrubby or herbaceous plants, 
found in various parts of the northern hemisphere. 

Tra-ge'di-an, n. 1. A writer of tragedy. [Rare.] 54. 
A tragic actor or actress. 

Trag'e-dy, n. [Lat. tragcedia, Gr. rpay^Sia, orig. a goat- 
song, from rpdyos, a goat, and oJSij , a song, either from the 
oldest tragedies being exhibited when a goat was sacri- 
ficed, or because a goat was the prize, or because the ac- 
tors were clothed in goat-skins.] 1. A dramatic poem 
representing some signal action performed by illustrious 
persons, and generally having a fatal issue. 54. A fatal 
and mournful event ; any event in which human lives 
are lost by human violence. 

Trag'ie, )a. 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 

Trag'ie-al, j tragedy. 54. Fatal to life ; calamitous. 
3. Mournful ; expressive of tragedy, loss of life, or of 
sorrow. 

Tra^'ie-al-ly, adv. In a tragical manner ; mournfully. 

Trag'ie-al-iiess, n. Quality of being tragical ; sadness. 

Trag'i-eom'e-dy, n. [See Tragic and Comedy.] A 
composition partaking of the nature both of tragedy and 
comedy. 

Tra^i-eom'ie, ) a. Pertaining to tragi-comedy ; 

Trag'i-eom'ie-al, j partaking of a mixture of grave 
and comic scenes. 

Trail,i'. t. [imp. & p. p. TRAILED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRAILING.] [Norm. Fr. trailler, to search after, 0. Fr. 
trailler, to hunt a deer on a cold scent, also to pursue him 
with a lime-hound, Fr. trailler, tirailler, to trail a fishing- 
line ; D. treilen, to draw with a rope, to tow, treil, a rope for 
drawing a boat.] 1. To hunt by the track. 54. To draw 
along the ground. 3. (Mil.) To carry , as a fire-arm , with 
the breech near the ground and the upper part inclined 
forward, the piece being held by the right hand near the 
middle. 4. To tread down, as grass, by walking through. 

Trail, v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length 54. To grow 
to great length, especially when slender and creeping 
upon the ground, as a plant. 

Trail, n. 1. Scent left on the ground by an animal pur- 
sued. 54. Any thing drawn to length. 3. Any thing 
drawn behind in long undulations ; a train. 4. The en- 
trails of a fowl, especially of game ; — also, sometimes, the 
entrails of sheep. 5. (Mil.) That part of the stock of a 
gun-carriage which rests on the ground when the piece is 
unlimbered. 

Train, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRAINING.] [L. Lat. trahinare, trainare,fv. trahina, fr. 
Lat. traha, a drag, sledge, fr. Lat. trahere, to draw.] 1. 
To draw along; to trail. 54. To draw by persuasion, 
artifice, &c, to entice ; to allure. 3. To teach and form 
by practice ; to exercise ; to discipline. 4. To break, 
tame, and accustom to draw, as oxen. 5. (Hort.) To 
lead or direct, and form to a wall or espalier ; to form by 
growth, lopping, or pruning. ~ 

To train a gun (Mil.), to point it at some object either forward 
or else abaft the beam, that is, not directly on the side. 

Traill, v. i. To do duty in a military company. [ Colloq.] 
Train, n. 1. That which draws along ; especially, per- 
suasion, artifice, or enticement. 54. That which is drawn 
along in the rear of or after something ; that which is in 
the hinder part or rear; as, (a.) That part of a gown 
which trails behind the wearer ; (b.) The after part of a 
gun-carriage, (c.) The tail of a bird. 3. A number of 
followers ; a retinue. 4. A succession of connected 
things ; a series. 5. Regular method ; process ; course. 
6. A line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a charge, or 
to a quantity intended for execution. 7. A continuous 
or connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. 

Syn.— Cars. — Train is the word universally used in Eng- 
land with reference to railway traveling ; as, I came in the 
morning train, &c. In the United States, the phrase the cars 
has been extensively introduced in the room of train; as, the 
cars are late; I came in the cars, &c, though, in fact, a person 



,e, Sec, long; a, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term: pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



TRAINABLE 



761 



TRANSCENDENTALISM 



travels in only one car. The English expression is obviously 
more appropriate, and is prevailing more and more among 
Americans, to the exclusion of the cars. 

Train'a-ble, a. Capable of being trained. 

Train'-band, n. A band or company of militia. 

Train'-bear'er, n. One who holds up a train, as of a 
robe. 

Train'er, n. 1. One who trains ; especially, one who 
trains or prepares men, horses, &c.,for athletic exer- 
cises. 2. A militia-man when called out for exercise or 
discipline. [Amer.] 

Train'-oil, n. [D. traan, N. H. Ger. tkran, allied to D. 
traan, Ger. thrdne, a tear, drop.] Oil from the blubber 
or fat of whales. 

Traipse, v. i. [Ger. trapsen, trappsen, to tread noisily, 
to walk stamping, intens. form of trappen, id.] To walk or 
run about sluttishly or thoughtlessly. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Trait (triit), n. [Fr. ; Lat. traclus, from trahere, to draw.] 
1. A stroke ; a touch, 2. A distinguishing or marked 
feature or peculiarity. 

Trai'tor, n. [0. Fr. traitor, traiteur, traditeur, Lat. tra- 
ditor, fr. trader -e, tradilum, to deliver, to give up, to be- 
tray.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays 
his country ; one guilty of treason. [See TREASON.] 2. 
One who betrays his trust ; a betrayer. 

Trai'tor-ess, n. A woman who betrays. 

Trai'tor-oiis, a. 1. Guilty of treason ; treacherous ; 
perfidious; faithless. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, 
treason. 

Trai'tor-oiis-ly, adv. In a traitorous manner. 

Trai'tor-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being traitorous ; 
treachery. 

Trai'tress, n. A female traitor ; a traitoress. 

Tra-jeet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. trajected ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TRAJECTING.] [Lat. trajicere, trajectum, fr. trans, 
across, and jacere, to throw.] To throw or cast through. 

Tra-jee'tion, n. Act of trajecting ; a throwing or cast- 
ing through or across ; also, emission. 

Tra-jeet'o-ry, n. The curve which a moving body de- 
scribes in space. 

Tral / a-ti'tion(tral / a-tish'un),«. [Seeinfra.] A change, 
as in the use of words ; a metaphor. 

Tral'a-ti'tious (traPa-tish'us), a. [Lat. tralatitius. 
translations, from transferre, translatum, or tralatum, 
See Transfer.] Metaphorical ; figurative ; tropical ; 
not literal. 

Train, n. [Prov. Eng. tram, a train, shaft of a vehicle, 
beam or bar. See TRAIN, and cf. 0. Sw. tram, trum, 0. 
Ger. tram, a heam.] 1. A coal wagon used in some parts 
of England, especially at Newcastle. 2. One of the rails 
or tracks of a tram-road. 

Tram'mel, n. [Fr. tramail, L. Lat. tramallum, tramela, 
a kind of net for taking fish, fr. Lat. tres, three, and macu- 
la, Fr. maille, spot.] 1. A kind of long net for catching 
birds or fishes. 2. A kind of shackles for regulating the 
motions of a horse. 3. Whatever impedes activity, pro- 
gress, or freedom. 4. An iron hook, used for hanging 
kettles and other vessels over the fire. 5. ( Meek .) An in- 
strument for drawing ellipses ; also, another name for 
beam-compasses. 

Tram'mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trammeled; p.pr. 
& vb. n. trammeling.] To confine; to hamper; to 
shackle. 

Tram'mel-er, n. 1. One who, or that which, trammels 
or restrains. 2. One who uses a trammel-net. 

Tra-mon'tane, or Tram'on-tane, a. [It. tramon- 
tano, Lat. transmontanus, fr. trans, across, beyond, and 
mons, montis, mountain.] Lying or being beyond the 
mountain ; foreign ; barbarous. 

Tramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tramped (84) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TRAMPING.] [Icel. trampa, Goth, trim-pan, pret. 
tramp, D. & Ger. trappen.] To tread forcibly and re- 
peatedly ; to trample. 

Tramp, v. i. To travel ; to wander or stroll. 

Tramp, n. 1. A foot-journey. 2. A foot traveler ; a 
tram per. 

Tranxp'er, n. One who tramps ; a stroller ; a vagrant. 

Tram'ple (triinVpl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. trampled; 
p.pr. & vb. n. TRAMPLING.] [Ger. trampeln, fr. tramp- 
en, D. trampelen, trappelen. See supra.] 1. To tread 
under foot ; especially, to tread upon with pride, con- 
tempt, triumph, or scorn. 2. To prostrate by treading. 
3. To treat with pride, contempt, and insult. 

Tram'ple, v. i. 1. To tread in contempt. 2. To tread 
with force and rapidity. 

Tram'pler, n. One who tramples or treads down. 

Tram'-road, ) n. [See TRAM.] A road prepared for 

Tram'-way, j easy transit of trains or wagons, by 



forming the wheel-tracks of smooth beams of wood, blocks 
of stone, or plates of iron. 

Trance, n. [Fr. transe, fright, Lat. transitus, a passage, 
from transire, to pass over; trans, across, over, and ire, 
to go.] 1. A state in which the soul seems to have 
passed out of the body into another state of beiug ; an 
ecstasy. 2. (Med.) Total suspension of mental power 
and voluntary motion, pulsation and breathing contin- 
uing ; catalepsy. 

Tran'quil (trank'wil), a. [Lat. tranquillus.] Quiet; 
calm ; undisturbed : peaceful ; not agitated. 

Tran'quil-ize I (trank/wil-) v. t. [imp. & p. p. tran- 

Tran'qnil'lize | QUIlized, or tranquillized; 
p.pr. Scvb.n. TRANQUILIZING, or TRANQUILLIZING.] 
To render tranquil ; to allay when agitated. 



Syn. 

pacify. 



To quiet ; compose ; still ; soothe ; appease; calm 



. One who, or that which, tran- 
quilizes, or makes calm and peace- 



Tran'quil-iz'er, 
Tran'quil-liz'er, 

ful. 

Tran-quil'li-ty, n. [Lat. tranquillitas.] State or qual- 
ity of being tranquil ; a calm state ; freedom from dis- 
turbance or agitation ; quietness. 

Tran'quil-ly, adv. In a tranquil manner ; quietly. 

Tran'quil-ness, n. The state or quality of being tran- 
quil ; quietness ; peacefulness. 

Trans-act', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transacted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRANSACTING.] [Lat. transigere, transactum; 
trans, across, through, and agere, to lead, act.] To do ; 
to perform ; to manage. 

Trans-act', v. i. To conduct matters ; to manage. 

Trans-ae'tion, n. 1. The doing or performing of any 
business ; management of any affair. 2. That which is 
done ; an affair. 

Syn. — Proceeding ; action ; process. — A transaction is 
something already done and completed; a. proceeding is either 
something which is now going on, or, if ended, is still contem- 
plated with reference to its progress or successive stages. The 
proceedings at the trial of Lord Russell were marked bv deep 
injustice, and they led to a transaction, in his beheading, of 
flagrant enormity. 

Trans-aet'or, n. [Lat.] One who transacts or performs. 

Trans-alp'lne, a. [Lat. transalpinus, from trans, across, 
beyond, and Alpinus, Alpine, of the Alps.] ( Geog.) Lying 
or being beyond the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on 
the north or west of the Alps : — opposed to Cisalpine. 

Trans'at-lan'tie, a. Lying or being beyond the Atlan- 
tic. 

Tran-scend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transcended ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TRANSCENDING.] [Lat. transcend ere, from 
trans, beyond, over, and scandere, to climb.] 1. To rise 
above ; to surmount. 2. To pass over : to go beyond. 
3. To surpass; to outgo ; to excel ; to exceed. 

Tran-scend'ence, \ n. State of being transcendent ; 

Tran-sfend'en-cy, ) superior excellence; superemi- 
nence. 

Tran-scend'ent, a. 
supreme in excellence : 
Philos.) Transcending 
human knowledge. 

Tran / scend-ent'al, a. 1. Supereminent ; surpassing 
others. 2. {Kantian Philos.) Of, or pertaining to, that 
which can be determined a priori, in regard to the funda- 
mental principles of all human knowledge. 

Transcendental quantity (Math.), a quantity which can not 
be represented by an algebraic expression of a finite number 
of terms. 

Syn. — Empirical. — Transcendental and empirical, with the 
corresponding nouns, transcendentalism and empiricism, are 
of comparatively recent origin. Empirical refers to knowledge 
which is gained by the experience of actual phenomena, with- 
out reference to the principles or laws to which they are to be 
referred, or by which they are to be explained. Transcendental 
has reference 'o those beliefs or principles which are not derived 
from experience, and yet are absolutely necessary to make ex- 
perience possible or useful. Such, in the better sense of the 
term, is the transcendental philosophy, or transcendentalism. 
Each of these words has also been used in a bad sense. Empi- 
ricism, in this case, is applied to that one-sided view of knowl- 
edge which neglects or loses sight of the truths or principles 
referred to above, and trusts to experience alone. Transcend- 
entalism has been applied to the opposite extreme, which, in 
its depreciation of experience, loses sight of the relation which 
facts and phenomena sustain to principles. Hence the term 
has been applied to a kind of investigation, or a use of lan- 
guage, which is vague, obscure, fantastic, or extravagant. 

Tran'scend-ent'al-igm, n. (Kantian Philos.) The 
transcending or going beyond empiricism, and ascertain- 
ing a priori the fundamental principles of human knowl- 
edge. 

E@f The word is also sometimes used for that which is vague 
and illusive in philosophy. 



1 . Tery excellent ; superior or 
surpassing others. 2. (Kantian 
or going beyond the bounds of 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist, linger ; link ; this- 



TRANSCENDENTALIST 



762 



TRANSLUCENCY 



Tran'scend-ent'al-ist, n. One who believes in tran- 
scendentalism, [ner. 

Tran'sceiid-eiit'al-ly, adv. In a transcendental man- 

Tran-scend'ent-ly, adv.' In a transcendent manner ; 
verj- excellently ; supereminently. [lence. 

Tran-scend'eiit-ness, a. Superior or unusual excel- 

Tran-serifoe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transcribed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TRANSCRIBING.] [Lat. transcribere, from 
trans, across, over, and scribere, to write.] To write over 
again, or in the same words ; to copy. 

Tran-serlb'er, n. One who transcribes ; a copyist. 

Tran'seript, n. [Lat. transcriptum, from trafiscriptus, 
p. p. of transcribere. See supra.] 1. That which has 
been transcribed; a written copy. 2. A copy of any 
kind ; an imitation. 

Tran-serip'tion, n. 1. Act of transcribing or copy- 
ing. 2. (Mus.) A kind of free translation of a vocal into 
a piano-forte or an orchestral work. 

Trans-eFe-men-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. trans, over, 
and elementum, element.] (Eccl.) Transubstantiation. 

Tran'sept, n. [From Lat. trans, across, beyond, and 
septum, an inclosure.] ( Arch.) Any part of a church that 
projects at right angles to the body (that is, the high 
central portion of either nave or choir), and is of equal, 
or nearly equal, height to this ; in a cruciform church, 
one of the arms of the cross. 

Trans-f er', v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRANSFERRED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRANSFERRING.] [Lat. transferre, from trans, 
across, over, sm&ferre, to bear.] 1. To convey from one 
place or person to another. 2. To make over the posses- 
sion or control of. 3. To remove from one substance to 
another. 
Syn.— To sell; give; alienate; estrange; sequester. 

Trans'fer, n. 1. Act of transferring, or of being trans- 
ferred. 2. Conveyance of right, title, or property, either 
real or personal, from one person to another. 3. That 
which is transferred. 

Trans-f er'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being transferred or 
conveyed from one place or person to another. 2. Nego- 
tiable, as a note, bill of exchange, &c. [made. 

Trans'fer-ee', n. The person to whom a transfer is 

Trans'f er-ence, n. Act of transferring ; transfer. 

Trans-fer'rence, n. See Transference. 

Trans-f er'rer, n. One who makes a transfer. 

Trans-f er'ri-l>le, a. Capable ef being transferred ; 
transferable. See Transferable. 

Trans-f Ig'u-ra'tion, ft. 1. A change of form ; espe- 
cially, the supernatural change in the personal appearance 
of our Savior on the mount. 2. A feast on the 6th of 
August, in commemoration of this miraculous change. 

Trans-f Ig'iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. transfigured ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. TRANSFIGURING.] [Lat. transfigurare, 
from trans, across, over, and figurare, to form, shape, 
from figura* form, figure.] 1. To change the outward 
form or appearance of; to transform. 2. Especially, to 
change to something very elevated and glorious. 

Trans-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transfixed (trans- 
fikst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. TRANSFIXING.] [Lat. transfigere , 
transfixum, from trans, across, through, and figere, to 
fix, fasten.] To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon. 

Trans-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transformed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. transforming.] [Lat. transformare, from 
trans, across, over, and formate, to form.] 1. To change 
the form of; to metamorphose. 2. To change into 
another substance; to transmute. 3. (Theol.) To 
change the disposition and temper of, from a state of 
enmity to God and his law into a disposition and temper 
conformed to the will of God. 4. {Math.) To change into 
another form without altering the value, or changing the 
area or volume. 

Trans'f or-ma'tion, n. Act of transforming, or state 
of being transformed ; change of form or condition ; met- 
amorphosis ; transmutation. 

Trans-form'ing, p. a. Effecting, or able to effect, a 
change of form or state. 

Trans-f u§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transfused ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. transfusing.] [Lat. transfundere, trans- 
fusum, from trans, over, across, and fun dere, to pour, 
pour out.] 1. To pour, as liquor, out of one vessel into 
another. 2. (Med.) To transfer, as blood, from the 
veins or arteries of one animal to those of another. 3. 
To cause to pass from one to another. 

Trans-fu§'i-ble, a. Capable of being transfused. 
Traiis-fii'gion, n. 1. Act of transfusing, or pouring, as 
liquor, out of one vessel into another. 2. (Med.) Act of 
transferring the blood of one animal into the vascular sys- 
tem of another by means of a tube. 



Trans-grSss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transgressed 
(108); p. pr. & vb. n. TRANSGRESSING.] [Lat. trans- 
gredi, transgressus , from trans, across, and gradi, to pass, 
walk.] To overpass, as any rule prescribed as the limit 
of duty ; to break or violate, as a law, civil or moral. 

Trans-gress', v. i. To offend by violating a law ; to sin. 

Trans-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. 1. Act of transgress- 
ing ; violation of a law or known principle of rectitude. 
2. Fault ; offense. 

Syn. — Crime ; infringement ; misdemeanor ; misdeed ; 
affront. 

Trans-gress'rve, a. Disposed to transgress ; faulty ; 
culpable. 

Trans-gress'or, ft. One who breaks a law or violates a 
command ; a sinner. 

Tran-ship', v. t. See Transship. 

Tran'sient (-shent), a. [Lat. transiens, p. pr. of transire, 
to go or pass over, from trans, across, over, and ire, to 
go.] 1. Passing, as it were, over or across a space or 
scene viewed, and then disappearing ; hence, of short 
duration; not permanent or stationary. 2. Hasty; 
momentary ; imperfect. - 

Syn. — Transitory ; fleeting; evanescent. 

Tran'sient-ly (-shent-), adv. In a transient manner; 
in passage ; for a short time. 

Traii'sient-ness (-shent-), n. State of being transient ; 
speedy passage. 

Tran-sil'i-ence, ) ft. [Lat. transiliens, p. pr. of tran- 

Tran-sxl'i-en-cy, ) silire, to leap across or over, from 
trans, across, over, and salire, to leap.] A leap across or 
from thing to thing. 

Tran'sit. ft. [Lat. transitus, from transire, to go over. 
See Transient.] 1. Act of passing ; passage through 
or over. 2. Act or process of causing to pass ; convey- 
ance. 3. A line of passage or conveyance through a 
country. 4. (Astron.) (a.) The passage of a heavenly 
body over the meridian of a place, or through the field 
of a telescope, (b.) The passage of a smaller body across 
the disk of a larger, (c.) A transit-instrument. 

Tran'sit-in'strii-ment, n. A kind of telescope, used 
in connection w'ith a clock for observing the time of 
transit of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place. 

Tran-si'tion (tran-sizh'un or tran-zlsh'un, 109), ft. 
[Lat. transitio. See supra.] 1. Passage from one place 
or state to another; change. 2. (Mus.) A passing di- 
rectly from one key to another. 3. (Rhet.) A passing 
from one subject to another. 

Tran-si'tion-al (-sizh'un- or -zish/un-), a. Containing, 
involving, or denoting transition. 

Tran'si-tive, a. [Lat. transitivus.] Effected by trans- 
ference of signification. 

Transitive verb ( Gram.), a verb which is or may be followed 
by an object. 

Tran'si tive-ly, adv. In a transitive manner. 
Tran'si-to-ri-ly, adv. In a transitory manner ; of short 

continuance. 
Tran'si-to-ri-ness, n. The state of being transitory ; 

speedy departure or evanescence. 
Tran'si-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. transitorius. See supra.] 

Continuing only for a short time ; speedily vanishing or 

ceasing to be. 

Syn. — Transient ; fleeting ; evanescent ; short-lived. See 

Fleeting. 

Trans-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. translated : p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRANSLATING.] [Lat. transferre, translatum. 
See Transfer.] 1. To remove from one place to an- 
other. 2. To cause to remove from one part of the body 
to another. 3. To change to another condition, position, 
office, or form ; to transform ; hence, to remove as by 
death. 4. To render into another language ; to inter- 
pret ; hence, to explain or recapitulate in other words. 

Trans-la'tion, n. 1. Act of translating, removing, or 
transferring ; removal. 2. State of being translated or 
removed. 3. Act of rendering into another language ; 
interpretation. 4. That which is translated ; a version. 
5. (Mech.) Motion in which all the points of the moving 
body have the same velocity or move in parallel straight 
lines. 

Trans-lat'or, n. One who translates. 

Trans-lit'er-ate, v. t. [Lat. trans, across, and litera, a 
letter, literate, literally.] To express by means of differ- 
ent, and usually simpler, alphabetic characters. 

Trans'lo-ea'tion, n. [Lat. trans, across, and locatio, a 
placing.] Removal of things reciprocally to each other's 
places. 

Trans-lu'cence, \ n. State of being translucent ; clear- 

Trans-lu'cen-$y, j ness ; partial transparency. 



long; a,e,&c.,sAort,- c&re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do, wolf, 



a,e,&c. 



TRANSLUCENT 



763 



TRANSVERSE 



Trans-lu'cent, a. [Lat. translucens, p. pr. of translu- 
cere, to shine through, from trans, across, through, and 
lucere, to shine.] 1. Transmitting rays of light without 
permitting ohjects to be distinctly seen ; pellucid. 2. 
clear. 

Syn.— Transparent.— A thing is translucent when it merely 
admits the passage of light without enabling us to distinguish 
objects through it : it is transparent when we can clearly dis- 
cern objects placed on the other side of it. Glass, water, &c, 
are transparent; ground glass, horn, &c, are translucent, 

Trans'ma-rine' (-reen'), a. [Lat. transmarinus, from 
trans, across, beyond, and marinus, marine, from mare, 
the sea.] Lying or being beyond the sea. 

Trans'mi-grant,a. [Lat. transmigrans, p. pr. of trans- 
migrate. See Transmigrate.] Migrating or passing 
from one place or state to another. 

Trans'mi-grate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. transmigrated ; 
p. pr. & vb. :i. TRANSMIGRATING.] [Lat. transmigrate, 
transmigratum, from trans, across, and migrare, to mi- 
grate.] 1. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to 
another for the purpose of residence ; to migrate. 2. To 
pass from one body or state into another. 

Trans'mi-gra'tion, n. 1. Act of transmigrating. 2. 
Especially, the passing of the soul into another body. 

Trans'mi-gra/tor, n. One who transmigrates. 

Trans-mis'si-ble, a. Capable of being transmitted or 
passed from one to another ; capable of being passed 
through any substance. 

Trans-mis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. 1. Act of transmitting, 
or state of being transmitted. 2. {Laiv.) The right pos- 
sessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his succes- 
sor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or priv- 
ilege, to which he is entitled. 

Trans-mis'sive, a. Capable of being transmitted. 

Trans-mit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. transmitted ; p.pr. 
& vb. n. transmitting.] [Lat. transmitter e, from 
trans, across, over, and mittere, to send.] 1. To cause to 
pass over or through ; to send from one person or place 
to another. 2. To suffer to pass through. 

Trans-mit'ter, n. One who transmits. 

Trans-mlt'ti-ble, a. Capable of being transmitted ; 
transmissible. 

Trans-mut'a-ble, a. Capable of being transmuted or 
changed into a different substance. 

Trans-mut'a-bly, adv. In a transmutable manner. 

Trans'mu-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of transmuting, or state 
of being transmuted. 2. ( Geom.) Change or reduction 
of one figure or body into another of the same area or 
solidity, but of a different form. 

Trans-miite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transmuted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRANSMUTING.] [Lat. transmuiare, fr. trans, 
across, and mutare, to change.] To change from one nat- 
ure, form, or substance, into another ; to transform. 

Trans-mut'er, n. One who transmutes. 

Tran'som, n. [From Lat. trans, across, -s==^ 

and sumere, sumptum, to take. Cf. g ; ^==j-^=^ \ s a 

Lat. transenna, a rope, noose, springe, "^/fS^~^ = ~- 

L. Lat., a lattice, window.] 1. {Arch. ) Y, \ ~'Z^-~ * 

(a.) A horizontal nnillion or cross-bar V^>"" 

in a window, {b. ) A lintel over a door. >f/|^r^ 

2. {Naut.) A beam or timber across „, 

,-, . . j. , . .» , r-i . a, a, a, 1 ransoms. 

the stern-post of a ship. 3. ( Gun.) 

The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks of some 
gun-carriages. 

Transom-window (Arch.), a window divided into two parts 
by a transom. 

Trans-par'en-cy, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
transparent. 2. That which is transparent : especially, 
a picture on thin cloth, glass, porcelain, or the like, to be 
viewed by natural or artificial light, which shines through 

Syn. — Clearness; translucency; diaphaneity. 

Trans-par'ent, a. [L. Lat. transparens, p. pr. of trans- 
parere, to be transparent, fr. Latin trans, across, through, 
and paw, to appear.] Having the property of transmit- 
ting rays of fight, so that bodies can be distinctly seen 
through. 

Syn.— Translucent: pellucid; clear; bright; limpid; lucid; 
diaphanous. See Teaxsluceht. 

Trans-par'ent -ly, adv. In a transparent manner; 
clearly. 

Trans-par'ent-ness, n. The quality of being trans- 
parent : transparency. 

Tran-spie'u-ous, a. [From Lat. transpicere, to see or 
look through, from trans, through, and specere, spicere, 
to look, see.] Transparent ; pervious to the sight. 

Trans-pierce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transpierced 



(-pSrsf) ; p..pr. & vb. n. transpiercing.] To pierce 
through ; to penetrate ; to permeate. 

Trans'pi-ra'tion, n. Cutaneous exhalation. 

Trans-pire', 1?. t. [imp. & p.p. transpired; p.pr. 
& vb. n. transpiring.] [From Lat. trans, across, 
through, and spirare, to breathe.] To emit through the 
excretories of the skin ; to send off in vapor. 

Trans-pire', v. i. 1. To pass off in insensible perspira- 
tion 2. To escape from secrecy ; to become public. 3. 
To happen or come to pass. 

Kf~ This sense of the word, which is of recent introduction, 
is common in the United States, especially in the language of 
conversation and of newspaper writers, and is used,"to some 
extent, in England. Its use, however, is censured by critics of 
both countries. 

Trans-place', v. t. To remove ; to put in a new place. 

Trans-plant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transplanted; 
p.pr. & vb. n. transplanting.] 1. To remove and 
plant in another place. 2. To remove and settle or es- 
tablish for residence in another place. 

Trans'plan-ta'tion, n. State of being transplanted. 

Trans-plant'er, n. One who transplants. 

Trans-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transported ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. transporting.] [Lat. transportare, fr. trans, 
across, and portare, to carry.] 1. To carry or convey 
from one place to another; to remove. 2. To carry into 
banishment, as a criminal. 3. To carry away with ve- 
hement emotion ; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. 

Trans'port, n. 1. Transportation ; carriage ; convey- 
ance. 2. A ship or vessel employed for transporting, 
especially for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, &c, from 
one place to another, or to convey convicts to the place 
of their destination. 3. "Vehement emotion ; passion ; 
ecstasy ; rapture. 4. A convict transported or sen- 
tenced to exile. 

Trans-port'a-ble, a. Capable of being transported. 
; Trans'por-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of transporting from 
, one place to another ; removal ; conveyance. 2. State 
of being transported. [if transported. 

j Trans-port'ed-ly, adv. In a transported manner ; as 

Trans-port'er, n. One who transports or removes. 

Trans-port'ing, p. a. Carrying away with vehement 
emotion ; passionate ; ecstatic. [transposed. 

Trans-pos/al, n. Act of transposing, or state of being 

Trans-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p.p. transposed: p.pr. 
& vb. n. TRANSPOSING.] [Lat. transponere, transposi- 
tum, fr. trans, across, and ponere, to put, place.] 1. To 
change the place or order of : to substitute one for the 
other of. 2. {Alg.) To bring, as any term of an equa- 
tion, from one side over to the other, without destroying 
the equation. 3. {Hits.) To change the key of. 

Trans'po-fi'tion (-ztsh'un), n. Act of transposing, or 
state of being transposed; especially, (a.) {Alg.) The 
bringing of any term of an equation from one side over 
to the other, without destroying the equation, {b.) {Mus.) 
A change in the composition, by which the whole is re- 
moved into another key. 

Trans'po-gi'tion-al (-zish'un-al), a. Of, pertaining to. 
or involving, transposition. [conveyance to another. 

Trans-ship', v. t. To transfer from one ship or other 

Trans-shlp'ment, n. Act of transshipping, or trans- 
ferring, as goods, from one ship or other conveyance to 
another. 

Trau'sub-stan'ti-ate (-stan'shi-at, 91), v. t. [Low 
Lat. transubstantiare , transubstantiatum , fr. Lat. trans, 
across, over, and substantia, substance.] {Rom. Catk- 
Theol.) To change, as the sacramental bread and wine, 
into the flesh and blood of Christ. 

Tran'sub-stan'ti-a'tion (-stan'shi-), n. 1. A change 
into another substance. 2. {Rom. Cath. Theol.) The 
doctrine that the bread and wine in the eucharist is con- 
verted into the body and blood of Christ. 

Tran'su-da'tion, n. The act or process of transuding; 
— ( Chem.) the same as Exosmose, q. v. 

Tran-sutle'. v. i. [imp. & p. p. transuded ; p. pr. & 
vb. n transuding.] [From Lat. trans, across, through, 
and svdare, to sweat.] To pass through the pores or in- 
terstices of texture, as perspirable matter or other fluid. 

Trans-vee'tion, n. [Lat. transvectio, from transvehere, 
to carry across, from pref. trans, across, over, and vehere, 
to carry.] Act of conveying or carrying over. 

Trans-ver'sal, a. Running or lying across. 

Trans-ver'sal, n. { Geom.) A straight or curved fine 
which intersects any system of other lines. 

Trans-verse', a.. [Lat. transversus, p. p. of transvertere, 
to turn or direct across, fr. prefix trans, across, and ver- 
tere, to turn.] Lying or being across, or in a crosswise 
direction. 



food, f o"ot ; turn, rude, pnll ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, liilk ; this. 



TRANSVERSE 



764 



TREAD 



7 



Trans'verse, n. ( Geom.) The longer axis of an ellipse. 

Trans-verse'ly, adv. In a transverse manner. 

Trap, n. [A.-S. treppe, trappe, 0. H. Ger. trapo, L. Lat. 
trappa.] 1. A contrivance that shuts suddenly or with 
a spring, used for taking game. 2. An ambush ; a strat- 
agem. 3. A wooden instrument shaped somewhat like 
a shoe, used in the game of trap hall. 4. A drain -pipe 
for sinks, siphons, and the like 5. pi. [See Trap- 
pings, and TRAP, 3.] Small or portable articles for 
dress, furniture, or use ; goods ; furniture. [ Colloq.] 

Trap, n. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, Dan. trappe, Ger. treppe, 
stairs, because the rocks of this class often occur in large, 
tabular masses, rising above one another, like steps.] 
(Min.) A heavy, igneous rock,, of a greenish-black or 
grayish color, consisting of an intimate mixture of feld- 
spar and hornblende or pyroxene. 

Trap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trapped (trapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. trapping.] 1. To catch in a trap. 2. To insnare ; 
to take by stratagem. 3. To adorn. [Rare.] 

Tra-pan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. trapanned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. trapanning.] To insnare ; to catch by strat- 
agem. 

Tra-pan', n. [Fr. trappe, a trap, and pan, a piece of 
string, noose. See Trap, and cf. Trepan.] A snare ; 
a stratagem. 

Tra-pan'ner, n. One who trapans or insnares. 

Trap'-door, n. A door, as in a iloor or roof, which shuts 
close, like a valve. 

Tra-peze', n. A trapezium. .. 

Tra-pe'zi-iim, n. ; Eng. pi. tra-pe'zi- ^^\ 
UM§ ; ~L-dX.pl. TRA-PE'zi-A. [N. Lat.,fr. 
Gr. rpoLTri^iov, a little table, an irregular 
four-sided figure, diminutive of rpdne^a, r^ 
a table.] ( Geom. ) A plane figure contained 
under four right lines, of which no two are parallel. 

Trap'e-zoid, n. [Gr. Tpa.7re£oe<.S?js, fr. rpa- v 
?re<fa, Tpa-n-e^tov, and etSos, shape, likeness.] \ 

(Geom.) A plane, four-sided figure, having ' 

two of the opposite sides parallel to each Trapezoid, 
other. 

Trap'per, n. One who sets traps to catch animals, usu- 
ally for furs. 

Trap'pingg, n. pi. [From trap, v. t., 3.] 1. That which 
serves to trap or adorn ; ornaments ; external decora- 
tions. 2. Especially , ornaments put on horses. 

Trash, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. trasch, trust, grounds, husk of 
grapes, trasch, that which is thrashed. See Thrash.] 
1. That which is worthless ; stuff which is good for 
nothing. 2. Especially, loppings of trees, bruised canes, 
and the like. 

Trash'y, a. [compar. trashier; saperl. TRASHIEST.] 
Like trash ; waste ; rejected ; worthless ; useless. 

Trass, n. [Ger. trass, tarrass, prob. allied to Fr. terrasse, 
earth- work, from terre, Lat. terra, earth.] (Min.) A vol- 
canic earth resembling puzzolana, used as a cement ; or 
a coarse sort of mortar, durable in water, and used to 
line cisterns, &c. 

Trau-mat'i«, a. [Gr. Tpa.v/u.aT<.K6?,fr. rpavp.a, rpavixaros, 
a wound.] (Med.) (a.) Pertaining, or applied to, wounds. 
(b.) Adapted to the cure of wounds ; vulnerary, (c.) Pro- 
duced by wounds. 

Trau-mat'i«, n. (Med.) A medicine useful in the cure 
of wounds. 

Tr&v'ail (42), v. i. [imp. & p.p. TRAVAILED; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRAVAILING.] [Fr. travailler, to labor, to toil, 
to torment, to distract ; Pg. trabalhar, It. travagliare, fr. 
Pg. travar, to stop, check, from Lat. trabs, a beam.] 1. 
To labor with pain ; to toil. 2. To suffer the pangs of 
childbirth. [turition. 

Trav'ail, n. 1. Labor with pain ; severe toil. 2. Par- 

Trav'el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRAVELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
traveling.] [A different orthography and application 
of travail.] 1. To go or march on foot ; to walk. 2. To 
pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place ; to 
journey. 3. To pass ; to go ; to move. 

Trav'el, v. t. To journey over ; to pass. 

Trav'el, n. 1. Act of traveling from place to place ; a 
journey. 2. pi. An account, by one who travels, of oc- 
currences and observations made during a journey. 

Trav'eled, p. a. 1. Gained or made by travel. 2. Hav- 
ing gained knowledge or experience by traveling ; hence, 
knowing. 

Tr&v'el-er, n. 1. One who travels in any way. 2. Spe- 
cifically, a commercial agent who travels for the purpose 
of receiving orders for merchants, making collections, &c. 
3. ( Naut. ) An iron ring made to travel on a rope or boom. 

Trav'ers-a-lble, a. Capable of being traversed or denied. 

Trav'erse, a. [It. trasverso, Lat. transversus, p. p. of 



transvertere, to turn or direct across, fr. trans, across, and 
verier e, to turn.] Lying across; being in a direction 
across something else. 

Trav'erse, n. Any thing that traverses or crosses ; espe- 
cially, (a.) Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs. 
(b.) A barrier, movable screen, or curtain, (c.) (Arch.) 
A gallery or loft of communication in a church or other 
large building, (d.) (Fort.) A work thrown up to intercept 
an enfilade, or reverse fire, along any line of work or pas- 
sage exposed to such a fire, (e.) (Law.) A formal denial 
of some matter of fact alleged by the opposite party in 
any stage of the pleadings. (/.) (Naut.) The series of 
zigzag courses made by a ship in passing from one place 
to another, (g.) ( Geom.) A line lying across a figure or 
other lines, (h.) (Gun.) The turning a gun so as to 
make it point in any desired direction. 
Traverse jury (Law), a jury that tries cases; a petit jury. 

Trav'erse, v. t. [imp. & p.p. traversed (trav'erst); 
p. pr. & vb. n. traversing.] 1. To lay in a cross 
direction; to cross. 2. To thwart ; to obstruct. 3. To 
wander over ; to cross in traveling. 4. To pass over 
and view. 5. ( Gun.) To turn to the one side or the 
other, in order to point in any direction. 6. ( Carp.) To 
plane in a direction across the grain of the wood. 7. 
(Laiv Pleadings.) To deny formally, as, what the oppo- 
site party has alleged. 
To traverse a yard (Naut.), to brace it aft. 

Trav'erse, v. i. 1. To use the posture or motions of 
opposition or counteraction, as in fencing. 2. To turn, 
as on a pivot ; to swivel. 

Trav'ers-er, n. 1. One who, or that which, traverses 
or moves, as an index on a scale. 2. (Laiv.) One who 
traverses or denies. 3. (Raihcays.) A platform for shift- 
ing cars, &c, from one track to another. 

Trav'erse- sail'ing, n. (Naut.) The method of finding 
the resulting course and distance from a series of different 
shorter courses and distances actually passed over by a 
ship. 

Trav'er-tine, n. [Fr. travertin, Lat. lapis Tiburtinus, 
from Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, now Tivoli.] 
(Min.) A white concretionary limestone, deposited from 
water, holding lime in solution. 

Trav'es-ty, n. [Fr. travestir, to disguise, to travesty, fr. 
Lat. tra, trans, across, over, and vestire, to dress, clothe.] 
A burlesque translation or imitation of a work ; a parody. 

Trav'es-ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. travestied ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TRAVESTYING.] To translate or parody so as to 
render ridiculous or ludicrous. 

Trawl, n. 1. A trawl-net. 2. A long line, sometimes 
extending a mile or more, having short lines with baited 
hooks attached to it, used for catching certain fish. 

Trawl, v. i. To take fish with a trawl. 

Trawl'er, n. [Cf. Trail.] One who, or that which, 
tfawls. 

Trawl'-net, n. A kind of drag-net for catching fish that 
live near the bottom of the water. 

Tray, n. [The same as trough, differently written] 1. A 
small trough or wooden vessel, for various domestic uses. 
2. A waiter or salver. 

Treach'er-oiis, a. Like a traitor ; involving treachery ; 
traitorous to the state or sovereign ; betraying a trust. 
Syn. — Faithless ; perfidious ; false ; insidious ; plotting. 

Treach'er-ous-ly, adv. In a treacherous manner; 
faithlessly ; perfidiously. 

Treach'er-oiis-ness, n. Quality or state of being 
treacherous ; faithlessness ; perfidiousness. 

Treach'er-y, n. [Fr. tricherie, a cheating, trickery, from 
tricher, to cheat, to trick. See Trick.] Violation of alle- 
giance, or of faith and confidence ; treasonable or perfid- 
ious conduct. 

Trea'ele (tre'kl), n. [0. Fr. triacle, N. Fr. theriaque, 
Lat. theriaca, Gr. 6r\pia,K.6v (sc. (fxxpfxaKov), an antidote 
against the bite of poisonous animals, from 6y)pLov, a 
beast, a wild beast.] 1. A medicinal compound former- 
ly used as a preventive of, or cure for, the effects of poison 
or the bites of venomous animals. 2. A viscid, uncrys- 
tallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar-refiner's 
molds. The word is often used for molasses. 

Ti'Sad, v. i. [imp. TROD; p.p. TROD, TRODDEN; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TREADING.] [A.-S. tredan, Icel. trodha, 
Goth, trudan, allied to Lat. trudere, to thrust, shove for- 
ward.] 1. To set the foot. 2. To walk or go. 3. To 
copulate, as birds. 

To tread on or upon, to follow closely. — To tread upon the 
heels of, to follow close upon. 

Tread, v. t. 1. To step or walk on. 2. To beat or 
press with the feet. 3. To crush under the foot ; to 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



TREAD 



765 



TRENCH 



trample. 4. To copulate with ; to feather ; to cover ; 
— said of the male bird. 

Tread, n. 1. A step or stepping. 2. Act of copulation 
in birds. 3. Manner of stepping ; gait. 4. (Arch.) 
Horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed. 
5. (Fort.) Top of the banquet on which soldiers stand 
to fire. 6. (Mach.) (a.) The part of a wheel that bears 
upon the road or rail. (b.) The part of a rail upon which 
car-wheels bear. 

Tread'er, n. One who treads. 

Tread'le (tred'l), n. The part of a loom, or other ma- 
chine, which is moved by the foot. 

Tread'- mill, n. A mill worked by persons treading 
on steps upon the periphery of a wide horizontal wheel. 
It is used chiefly as a means of prison discipline. 

Trea'gon (tre'zn), n. [0. Fr. traison, traisson, Lat. tra- 
ditio^fvom. Fr. trahir, 0. Fr. tra'ir, Pr. trahir, tra'ir, Lat. 
tradere, to give up, surrender, betray.] The offense of 
attempting to overthrow or betray the government of the 
state to which the offender owes allegiance ; disloyalty ; 
treachery. 

T&g- In England, to imagine or compass the death of the 
king, or of the prince, or of the queen consort, or of the heir 
apparent of the crown, is high treason, as are many other of- 
fenses created by statute. In the United States, treason is con- 
fined to the actual levying of war against the United States, or 
in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

Trea'§on-a-ble (tre'zn-a-bl), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, treason ; involving the crime of treason, or 
,partaking of its guilt. 

Syn. — Treacherous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; insidious. 

Trea'§on-a-ble-ness (tre'zn-a-bl-) n. State or quality 
of being treasonable. 

Treag'ure (trezh/ur), n. [Lat. thesaurus, Gr. fl-rjcravpds, 
a store laid up, treasure, from 0e, the root of ndivai., to 
put, place.] 1. Wealth accumulated ; especially, a stock 
or store of money in reserve. 2. A great quantity of 
any thing collected for future use. 3. That which is 
very much valued. 

Treag'ure (trezh'rjr), v. t. [imp. & p.p. treasured ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TREASURING.] To collect and lay up, 
as money or other things, for future use ; to hoard. 

Trea§'u.r-ei' (trezh'ur-er), n. One who has the care of 
a treasure or treasury ; one who has charge of collected 
funds. 

Trea§'ure-trove (trezh/ur-), n. [From treasure, and 
trove, trouve, p. p. of 0. Fr. trover, N. Fr. trouver, to find.] 
Any money, bullion, &c, found hidden, the owner of 
which is not known. 

Trea§'ur-y (trezh'ur-y), n. 1. A place or building in 
which stores of wealth are reposited; especially, a place 
where public revenues are deposited and kept ; hence, 
also, the place of deposit and disbursement of any col- 
lected funds. 2. Especially, that department of a, govern- 
ment which has charge of the finances. 3. A repository 
of abundance. 

Treat, v. t. [imp. & p.p. treated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TREATING.] [Fr. traiter, fr. Lat. tractare, to draw vio- 
lently, to handle, manage, treat, intens. form of trahere, 
tractum, to draw.] 1. To manage; to use. 2. To 
handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking. 
3. To entertain with food or drink, especially the latter, 
as a compliment or expression of regard. 4. To manage 
in the application of remedies. 5. To subject to the 
action of. 

Treat, v. i. 1. To discourse ; to handle a subject in 
writing or speaking. 2. To come to terms of accommo- 
dation. 3. To give an entertainment of food or drink, 
especially the latter. 

Treat, n. 1. An entertainment given as an expression of 
regard. 2. Something given for entertainment ; some- 
thing which affords much pleasure. 

Treat'er, n. One who treats ; one who entertains. 

Trea'tise, n. A written composition on a particular sub- 
ject, in which the principles of it are discussed or ex- 
plained. 

Treat'ment, n. 1. Manner in which a subject is treat- 
ed ; manner of mixing or combining, of decomposing. &c. 

2. Manner of using ; behavior toward a person ; usage. 

3. Manner of applying remedies to cure. 4. Manner of 
applying remedies to. 

Trea'ty, n. [Fr. traite, Lat. tractatus. See Treat.] 1. 
Act of treating for the adjustment of differences ; negoti- 
ation. 2. A formal agreement, league, or contract be- 
tween two or more independent nations or sovereigns. 

Treb'le (treb'l), a. [0. Fr. ; N. Fr. triple. See Triple.] 
1. Threefold; triple. 2. (Mus.) (a.) Acute ; sharp, (b.) 
Playing or singing the highest part or most acute sounds. 



Treble (treb'l), n. {Mus.) Highest of the four principal 
parts in music ; the part usually sung by women ; so- 
prano. 

IS®- This is sometimes called the first treble, to distinguish it 
from the second treble, or alto, which is sung bv lower female 
voices. 

Tr6b'le (treVl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TREBLED; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TREBLING.] To make thrice as much ; to 
make threefold. 

Treb'le (treVl), v.i. To become threefold. 

Treb'ly, adv. With a threefold number or quantity. 

Treb'u-chet, In. [Fr. trebuchet, a gin, trap, 0. Fr. 

Tre'buck-et, ) trebuquet, trabuchet, an engine of war 
for hurling stones.] 1. A cucking-stool ; a tumbrel. 2. 
A kind of trap. 3. A machine used in the Middle Ages 
for throwing stones, &c. 

Tree, n. [A.-S. treow, treo, tre, Icel. tre, Goth. triu. al- 
lied to Gr. Spvs, Slav, drews, Skr. tarn.} 1. (Bot.) A 
plant which is woody, branched, and perennial, like a 
shrub, but of larger size, generally exceeding ten feet 
in height, and of a single stock instead of a cluster. 2. 
Something constructed in the form of, or considered as 
resembling, a tree. 3. A piece of timber, or something 
usually made of timber ; —used in composition. 4. A 
cross. [ Obs.] 

Tree of a saddle, the frame of it. 

Tree, v. t. [imp. & p. p. treed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
treeing.] 1. To drive to a tree ; to cause to ascend a 
tree. 2. To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to 
stretch upon a tree. 

Tree'-f rog, n. ( Zool.) A frog having the extremities of 
its toes expanded into rounded, viscous surfaces, by 
means of which it climbs trees. 

Tree'nail (commonly pronounced ' trQn'nel), n. [From 
tree and nail.] (Naut.) A long, wooden pin, used in fas- 
tening the planks of a ship to the timbers. 

Tree'-toad, n. The same as Tree-frog, q. v. 

Tre'foil, n. [Lat. trifolium, fr. 
tres, tria, three, and folium, a 
leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of 
many species, of the genus Tri- 
folium, which includes the 
white clover, red clover, &c. -trefoils. 

2. (Arch.) An ornament of three cusps in a circle, re- 
sembling three-leaved clover. 

Treil'lage, n. [Fr. treillage, from treillis, trellis. See 
infra.] (Hort.) A sort of rail-work, for supporting es- 
paliers, and sometimes for wall-trees. 

Trel'lis, n. [Fr. treillis, from treille, from Lat. trichila,& 
bower, arbor, summer-house.] A frame of cross-barred 
work or lattice-work, used for various purposes. 

Trel'lised (-list), a. Having a trellis or trellises. 

Trem'ble (trem'bl), v. i. [imp. & p.p. trembled; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TREMBLING.] [From Lat. tremulus, 
trembling, tremulous, from tremere, to shake, tremble.] 
1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weak- 
ness : to quake ; to quiver ; to shiver ; to shudder. 2. 
To totter; to shake ; — said of a thing. 3. To quaver; 
to shake, as sound. 

Trem'ble. n. An involuntary shaking or quivering. 

Trem'bler, n. One who trembles. 

Tre-men'dous, a. [Lat. tremendus , that is, to be trem- 
bled at, fearful, fr. tremere, to tremble.] Fitted to excite 
fear or terror ; such as may astonish or terrify by its 
magnitude, force, or violence. 

Syn. — Terrible ; dreadful; frightful; terrific; horrible; 
awful. 

Tre-men'doiis-ly, adv. In a tremendous manner. 

Tre-men'dcms-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
tremendous, terrible, or violent. 

Trem'o-lite (49), n. [From Tremolo, & valley in the 
Alps, where it was discovered.] (Mia.) A white variety 
of hornblende. 

Tre'mor, or Trem'or, n. [Lat., fr. tremere, to tremble.] 
An involuntary trembling ; a shivering or shaking ; a 
quivering or vibratory motion. 

Trem'u-lous, a. [Lat. tremulus, from tremere, to trem- 
ble.] Shaking ; shivering ; quivering. 

Tr6m'u-lous-ly, adv. In a tremulous manner. 

Trem'u-lous-ness, n. State of being tremulous or 
quivering. 

Trench. (66), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. trenched (trencht) ; 
p.pr.Scvb.n. TRENCHING.] [Prob. from Lat. tr?m- 
care, to cut off, to truncate.] To cut or dig, as a ditch, a 
channel for water, or a long hollow in the earth. 

Trench, v. i. To encroach. See INTRENCH. 

Trench, n. 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth ; a ditch. 



food, f dot ; firn, riide, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, g-et ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



TRENCHANT 



766 



TRIBRACH 



2. (Fort.) An excavation made during a siege, for the 
purpose of covering the troops as they advance toward 
the besieged place. 

Trench'ant, a. [0. Fr. trenchant, p. pr. of trancher, 
trencher. See supra.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut ; cut- 
ting ; sharp. 2. Unsparing ; severe. 

Trench'er, n. 1. One woo trenches, or digs ditches. 
2. A large wooden plate or platter. 3. The table ; 
hence, the pleasures of the table ; food. 

Trench'er-man, n.;pl. trench'er-men. A feeder ; 
a great eater ; a gormandizer. 

Treneh'-plow, \n. A plow for opening land to a 

Trench'-plough, j greater depth than that of com- 
mon furrows. 

Trench'-plow, ) v. t. To plow with deep furrows, 

Trench'-plough, ( for the purpose of loosening the 
land to a greater depth than usual. 

Trend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trended ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRENDING.] [Orig. to bend round, from Dan. & Sw. 
trind, round.] To have a particular direction ; to run ; 
to tend. 

Trend, n. Inclination in a particular direction ; ten- 
dency ; direction. 

Tren'dle, n. [A.-S. trend el, tryndel, circle, ring, from 
Fries., Dan., & Sw. trind, round. See Trend, v. i. and 
cf. Trundle.] A little wheel ; the hoop of a wheel ; a 
trundle. 

Tren'tal, n. [L. Lat. trentale, from trenta, Lat. triginta, 
thirty.] 1. An office for the dead in the Roman Catho- 
lic service, consisting of thirty masses rehearsed for thirty 
days successively. 2. A dirge ; an elegy. 

Tre-pan', n. [L. Lat. trepanum, fr. Gr. rpvnavov, a borer, 
auger, from rpvnav, to bore.] (Surg.) A cylindrical saw 
for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a gim- 
blet. 

Tre-pan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. trepanned ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. trepanning.] To perforate the skull with a 
trepan, and take out a piece. 

Tre-pan', v.% [See Trap an.] To insnare ; to trap ; to 
trapan. 

Tre-pan', n. A snare ; a trapan. 

Tre-pan'ner, n. One who trepans. 

Tre-phlne', or Tre-phine', n. [Dim. of trepan, q. v.] 
( Surg.) An instrument for trepanning, more modern than 
the trepan. 

Tre-phlne', or Tre-ph'ine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. tre- 
phined ; p. pr. & vb. n. TREPHINING.] To perforate 
with a trephine ; to trepan. 

Trep'i-da'tion, n. [Lat. trepidatio, from trepidare, to 
hurry with alarm, to tremble, fr. trepidus, trembling.] An 
involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, 
but usually caused by terror or fear ; hence, a state of 
terror. 
Syn. — Tremor ; agitation ; disturbance ; emotion ; fear. 

Tres'pass, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trespassed (tres'past) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TRESPASSING.] [0. Fr. trespasser, trans- 
passer, Low Lat. transpassare , from trans, across, over, 
and passare, to pass, from Lat. passus, step.] 1. To pass 
unlawfully over the boundary line of another's land. 2. 
To go ton far; to intrude. 3. To commit any offense, 
or to do any act that injures or annoys another ; hence, 
in a moral sense, to violate any known rule of duty. 

Tres'pass, n. 1. Any injury or offense done to another. 
2. Any voluntary transgression of the moral law ; any 
violation of a known rule of duty. 3. (Law.) (a.) An 
unlawful act committed with force and violence on the 
person, property, or relative rights of another, (b.) An 
action for injuries accompanied with force. 

Syn. — Offense ; breach; infringement; transgression; 
misdemeanor ; misdeed ; sin. 

Trgs'pass-er, n. 1. One who commits a trespass. 2. A 
transgressor of the moral law ; a sinner. 

Tress, n. [From Gr. Tpi'xa, threefold, because a tress is 
usually formed by interlacing three pieces.] A braid, 
knot, or curl of hair ; a ringlet. 

fres'tle (tres'l), n. [From D. driestal, a tripod, fr. drie, 
three, and stal, a place, stall.] 1. A movable frame or 
support for any thing, consisting of three or four legs 
secured to a top-piece, and forming a sort of stool or 
horse ; also, a kind of frame-work of strong posts or piles, 
and cross-beams, for supporting a bridge, &c. 2. The 
frame of a table. 

Trestle-hoard, a board used by architects, draughtsmen, and 
the like, for drawing designs upon ; so called because formerly 
eupported by trestles. 

Tret, n. [Norm. Fr. trett, draught, N. Fr. trait, fr. 0. Fr. 
traire, Lat. trahere, to draw.] (Com.) An allowance to 




purchasers for waste or refuse matter, of 4 pounds on 
every 104 pounds of weight, after tare is deducted. 

Trev'et, n. [From Lat. tripes, tripedis, having three 
feet, from tres, tria, three, and pes, pedis, a foot.l A 
stool or other thing supported by three legs. 

Trey (tra), n. [0. Fr. trei, trot, trois, Lat. tres, tria, three.] 
A three at cards ; a card of three spots. 

Tri'a-ble, a. 1. Fit or possible to be tried ; liable to be 
subjected to trial or test. 2. Liable to undergo a judi- 
cial examination. 

Tri'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being triable. 

Tri'ad, n. [Lat. trias, triadis, Gr. rpids, rpidSo?, from 
Tpeis, rpia, three.] 1. The union of three ; three objects 
united. 2. (Mus.) The common chord, consisting of a 
tone with its third and fifth. 

Triads of the Welsh bards, poetical histories, in which three 
facts or circumstances are mentioned together. 

Tri'al, n. [See Try.] 1. Act of trying or testing in 
any manner; specifically, (a.) Any exertion of strength 
for the purpose of ascertaining what it is capable of ef- 
fecting, (b.) Act of testing by experience ; experiment. 
(c.) Examination by a test. 2. That which tries or 
afflicts ; that which tries the character or principle ; that 
which tempts to evil. 3. State of being tried or tempted. 
4. (Law.) The formal examination of the matter in issue 
in a cause before a competent tribunal. 

Syn. — Test ; attempt ; endeavor ; effort ; experiment ; 
proof; essay. See Test. 

Trl'an-gle,n. [Lat. triangu- 
lum, fr. tres, tria, three, and 
angulus, corner, angle.] 1. 
{Geom.) A figure bounded 
by three lines, and contain- 
ing three angles. 

ggf™ A triangle is either plane, 
sjiherical, or curvilinear, ac- 
cording as its sides are straight 
lines, or arcs ofgreat circles of a 
sphere, or any curved lines 
whatever. A plane triangle is 
designated as scalene, isosceles, 
or equilateral, according as it 
has no two sides equal, two 
sides equal, or all sides equal ; 
and also as right-angled, or ob- 
lique-angled , according as it has 
one right-angle, or none; and 
an oblique-angled triangle is 
either acute-angled or obtuse- 
angled, according as all the 
angles are acute, or one of them 
obtuse. The terms scalene, isos- 
celes, equilateral, right-angled, acute-angled, and obtuse-an- 
gled, are applied to spherical in the same sense as to plane 
triangles. 

2. (Mus.) A bar of steel bent into the form of a tri- 
angle, and struck with a small rod. 

Tri'an-gled (-ang-gld), a. Having three angles ; tri- 
angular. 

Tri an'gu-lar, a. 1. Having three angles. 2. (Bot.) 
(a.) Flat or lamellar, and having three sides, (b.) Oblong, 
and having three lateral faces. 

Tri-an'gu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRIANGULATED; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TRIANGULATING.] 1. To survey by 
means of a series of triangles properly laid down and 
measured. 2. To make triangular. 

Tri-an/gu-la'tion. n. (Survey.) The series of triangles 
with which the face of a country is covered in a trig- 
onometrical survey ; the operation of measuring the ele- 
ments necessary to determine the triangles into which 
the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided. 

Tri'ar-eh-y, n. [Gr. rpiapxla, from rpt and apxy, sover- 
eignty, apxeiv, to be first, to rule.] Government by three 
persons. 

Tribe, n. [Lat. tribus, orig. a third part of the Roman 
people, afterward a tribe, perhaps from iEolic rpt.TnrC<;, 
equiv. to Tpi-n-rus, a third part.] 1. A family, race, or 
series of generations, descending from the same progen- 
itor. 2. ( Nat. Hist. ) A number of things having certain 
characters or resemblances in common. 3. A nation of 
savages or uncivilized people, united under one leader or 
government. 4. Any division, class, or distinct portion 
of people or persons. 

Trib'let, I n. [Fr. triboulet.] 1. A goldsmith's tool 

Trib'o-let, ) for making rings. 2. A steel cylinder 
round which metal is bent in forming tubes. 

TrI-bom'e-ter, n. [Gr. rpifieiv, to rub, and fxerpov, 
measure.] An instrument to ascertain the degree of fric- 
tion in rubbing surfaces. 

Tri'bra-eh, n. [Gr. Tpi/3paxvs. fr. rpi and /Spaxv's, short.J 
Pros.) A poetic foot of three short syllables. 



Triangles. 
1, equilateral triangle; 2, isos- 
celes triangle ; 3, right-an- 
gled triangle; 4, obtuse-an- 
gled triangle: 5, scalene tri- 
angle. 1, 2, and 5, are also 
acute-angled triangles. 



a,e, &c, long ; &, 6, kc, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; ere,veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dQ, wolf 



TRIBULATION 



767 



TRIGONOMETRICALLY 



Trilyu-la'tion, n. [Lat. tribulatio, from tribulare, to 
press, afflict, from tribulum, a thrashing-sledge.] That 
which occasioDS distress or vexation ; severe affliction. 

Tri-bu'nal, n. [Lat. tribunal, tribunale, from tribunus, 
a tribune who administered justice.] 1. The bench on 
which a judge and his associates sit for administering 
justice. 2. Hence, a court of justice. 3. In France, a 
gallery or eminence where musical performers are placed 
for a concert. 

Trib'une, n. [Lat. tribunus, prop, chief of a tribe, from 
tribus, tribe.] 1. ( Rom. Antiq.) An officer or magistrate 
chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression 
of the patricians or nobles. 2. Anciently, a bench or 
elevated place, from which speeches were delivered ; in 
France, a pulpit or elevated place in a legislative assembly, 
where a speaker stands while making an address. 

Trib'une-ship, n. The office of a tribune. 

Trib'u-ni'tial (-msh'al), a. 1. Pertaining to tribunes. 

2. Suiting a tribune. 

Trib'u-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. tributarius.] 1. Paying 
tribute to another. 2. Hence, subordinate ; inferior. 

3. Paid in tribute. 4. Yielding supplies of any thing ; 
contributing. 

Trib'u-ta-ry, n. One who pays tribute or a stated sum 
to a conquering power. 

Trib'ute, n. [Lat. tributum, from tribuere, tributum, to 
bestow, grant, pay.] 1. An annual or stated sum of 
money or other valuable thing, paid by one prince or 
nation to another, either as an acknowledgment of sub- 
mission, or as the price of peace and protection, or by 
virtue of some treaty. 2. A personal contribution in 
token of services rendered, or as that which is due or 
deserved. 

Trice, v. t. [Ger. trissen, to brace the sprit-sail and sprit- 
top-sail, trisse, brace.] (Naut.) To haul or tie up by 
means of a rope. 

Trice, n. [Perh. from thrice, while one can count three; 
but cf. Sp. tris, noise made by the breaking of glass, trice, 
an instant, en un tris, in an instant.] A very short time ; 
an instant ; a moment. 

TrI-cen'ni-al, a. [Lat. tricennalis, fr. tricennium, thirty 
years, fr. triginta, thirty, and annus, year.] Of, pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, thirty years ; occurring once in 
every thirty years. 

Tr%-^lil'nd, n. ; pi. TRl-eHT'NM. [Gr. rpixivos, hairy, 
made of hair, from OpiQ, Tpix°s, hair.] An animal par- 
asite found in the voluntary muscles of animals, and 
sometimes in man, producing death by its presence. 

Trl'ehord, n. [Gr. rpi'xopSov, fr. rpe? :, three, and x°pS*?> 
cord, or string.] (Mus.) An instrument, as a lyre or 
harp, having three strings. 

Trick, n. [D. trek, a pull, or drawing, a trick, trekken, 
to draw, 0. Fr. tricher, trichier, trecher, to cheat, to trick.] 
1. Artifice or stratagem ; a sly procedure, usually with 
a dishonest intent implied. 2. A sly, dexterous, or in- 
genious procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse. 3. Mis- 
chievous or annoying behavior. 4. A particular habit 
or manner; a peculiarity. 5. (Card-playing.) The 
whole number of cards played in one round, and consist- 
ing of as many cards as there are players. 

Syn. — Stratagem ; wile ; fraud ; cheat ; juggle ; finesse ; 
sleight; deception; imposture; delusion; imposition. 

Trick:, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tricked (trikt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TRICKING.] To deceive ; to impose on ; to cheat. 

Trick, v. t. [Cf. W. treciaiv, to furnish, to equip out, 
tree, an implement, harness, gear.] To dress ; to deco- 
rate ; to set off ; to adorn fantastically. 

Trick, v. i. To live by deception and fraud. 

Trick'ish, a. Given to tricks; full of deception and 
cheating ; knavish. 

Trick'ish-ness, n. State of being trickish or deceitful. 

Trick'le (trik'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. trickled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TRICKLING.] [Cf. Prov. Ger. trippeln, equiv. 
to H. Ger. tropfeln, to fall in small drops, to trickle. Cf. 
Dribble.] To flow in a small, gentle stream; to run 
down. [cheat. 

Trick'ster, n. One who tricks ; a deceiver ; a tricker ; a 

Trlek'-track, n, [Fr. trictrac. Cf. Trictack.] A 
game resembliug backgammon. [ish. 

Trick'y, a. Given to tricks ; practising deception ; knav- 

Tri'coi-or, n. [From Lat. tri, q. v., and color, color.] 1. 
The national French banner, of three colors, blue, white, 
and red, adopted at the first revolution. 2. Any three- 
colored flag. 

TrI-eor'po-ral, ) a. [Lat. tricorpor, from tri, tris, three, 

TrI-eor'po-rate, ) thrice, and corpus, corporis^ body.] 
Having three bodies. 



Tri-eiis'pid, a. [Lat. tricuspis, tricuspidis, from tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and cuspis, cuspidis, a point.] Having thre* 
cusps or points. 

Tri-dae'tyl, ) a. [Gr. TpiSaKrvAos, from rpi, rpi's, 

Trl-dae'tyl-ous, ) three, thrice, and S6.ktvKos, finger, 
toe.] Having three toes. 

TrI'dent, n. [Lat. tridens, tridentis, fr. tri, and 
dens, tooth.] 1. (Anc. Myth.) A kind of scepter \ T /! 
or spear with three prongs, the common attri- v> — [g — Jl 
bute of Neptune. 2. A three-pronged fish- 



Tri'dent, a. Having three teeth or prongs. 

Trl-dent'ate, ) a. Having three teeth or 

Trl-dent'a-ted, ) prongs ; trident. 

Trl-dent'Ine, a. [From Lat. Tridmtum, Trent.] 
Pertaining to Trent, or the celebrated council 
held in that city. 

TrI-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. triennium (sc. spatium), 
the space of three years, from tri, tris, three, Tri denk 
thrice, and annus, year.] 1. Continuing three years- 
2. Happening, or appearing, once in every three years. 

TrI-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in three years. 

TrI'er, n. 1. One who tries : one who makes experiments. 
2. One who tries judicially. 3. (Laio.) A person ap- 
pointed to try challenges of jurors. 

Tri'f al-low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trifallowed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TRIFALLOWING.] [Prefix tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and fallow.] To plow the third time before sow- 
ing, as land or a field. 

Tri'f id, a. [Lat. trifidus, from tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
findere,fidi, to split.] (Bot.) Divided half way into three 
parts ; three-cleft. 

Tri'f le (tri'il), n. [See infra.] 1. A thing of very little 
value or importance. 2. A dish composed of sweetmeats 
and cake, with syllabub. 3. A certain sort of cake. 

TrI'fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trifled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Trifling.] [0. D. treyfelen, to trifle. Cf. A.-S. tri flan, 
trifolian, tribulan, to break, grind, pound.] To act or 
talk with levity ; to indulge in light amusements. 

To trifle with, to treat without respect or seriousness ; to 
mock; to make sport of. 

Tri'fle, v. t. To spend in vanity ; to waste to no good 
purpose ; to dissipate. 

TrI'fler, n. One who trifles, or acts with levity. 

Tri'f ling, p a. Being of small value or importance; 
trivial ; inconsiderable. 

Tri'f ling-ly, adv. In a trifling manner ; with levity. 

TrI-f lo'ral, ) a. [Lat. tri, three, and fos,Jf oris, flower.] 

Trl-flo'roiis, ) (Bot.) Bearing three flowers. 

TrI-fo'li-ate, \a. [From Lat. tri, and folium, leaf.] 

Trl-fo'li-a'ted, I (Bot.) Having three leaves, as clover. 

Tri'f 6rm, a. [Lat. triform is, from tri, tris, three, thrice, 
and/orma, form.] Having a triple form or shape. 

Trig, v. t. [Dan. trykke, to press, Icel. thrykia, A.-S. 
thrycran, 0. H. Ger. druckjan; W. trigaio, to stay, to 
tarry.] To stop, as a wheel, by placing something under 
it ; to scotch. 

Trig, a. [Allied to trick, to dress, to decorate.] Full ; 
trim ; neat. 

Trig'a-my, n. [Gr. rpLya.fj.Ca, from rpi, rpt's, three, thrice, 
and ya/xelv, to marry, yauos, marriage.] State of being 
married three times, or state of having three husbands or 
three wives at the same time. 

Trig'ger, n. [From trig; Ger. dfneker, the trigger of a 
gun.] 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a 
declivity. 2. The catch of a musket or pistol, which, 
being pulled, looses the lock for striking fire. 

TrI-gin'tal, n. The same as Trental, q. v. 

TrI'glyph, n. [Lat. triglyphus, Gr. 
TptyAucpos, fr. rpi, rpt'?, three, thrice, 
and y\v$>eiv, to carve, yAu^rj, a carv- [lt\ 
ing.] (Arch.) An ornament in the |jJJ 
frieze of the Doric column, repeated s q^°^ 
at equal intervals. Triglyphs. 

Tri-glypli'ic, ) a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, 

TrI-glyph'i-e-al, j triglyphs. 

TrI'gon, n. [Gr. rpiytovov, from rpt, rpi's, thi'ee, thrice, 
and ycovia, a corner, angle.] 1. A triangle. 2. (Astrol.) 
Trine, an aspect of two planets distant 120 degrees from 
each other. 

Trig'o-nal (110), a. 1. Having three angles or corners; 
triangular. 2. (Bot.) Having three prominent longitu- 
dinal angles. 

Trig'o-no-met'ri-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, trig- 
Trig'' o-no-met'rie-al, ) onometry ; performed by, or 
according to, the rules of trigonometry. 

Trig'o-no-met'ri-e-al-ly, adv. In a trigonometrical 



food, ftfbt , urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis. 



TRIGONOMETRY 



768 



TRIPLE 



manner ; according to the rules or principles of trigo- 
nometry. 

Trig'o-nom'e-try, n. [Gr. rpiyoivov, a triangle, and 
fxerpov, measure, fxerpelv, to measure.] That branch of 
mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides 
and angles of triangles, with the methods of deducing 
from certain parts given other parts required. 

Tri'graph, n. [Gr. rpi, Tpi's, three, thrice, and ypafyrj, a 
writing.] Three letters united in pronunciation so as to 
have but one sound, or to form but one syllable, as ieu in 
adieu. 

Tri-he'dral, a. Having three equal sides or faces. 

Tri-he'dron, n. [Gr. rpi, Tpi's, three, thrice, and eSpa, 
a seat, base.] A figure having three equal sides. 

Try'vi-goiis, or Tri-ju'gous, a. [Lat. trijugus, triple- 
yoked, threefold, from Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
jugum, a yoke.] (Bot.) In three pairs. 

Tri-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. trilaterus, from tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and lotus, lateris, side.] Having three sides. 

Tri-lit'er-al, a. [From Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
litem, letter.] Consisting of three letters. 

Tri-lit'er-al, n. A word consisting of three letters. 

Trill, n. [See infra.] (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the 
voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument. 

Trill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRILLING-.] [It. trillare, Fr. triller ; D. trillen, drillen, 
to tremble, to shake. Cf. THRILL, v. i., 2.] To utter 
with a quavering or tremulousness of voice ; to shake. 

Trill, v. i- 1. To flow in a small stream : to trickle. 2. 
To shake or quaver. 

Trill'ion (tril'yun), n. [From Lat. tri, and L. Lat. mil- 
Mo, Fr. million, a million.] According to the English 
notation, the product of a million involved to the third 
power, or the number represented by a unit with 18 
ciphers annexed ; according to the French notation, the 
number expressed by a unit with 12 ciphers annexed. 
See Note under NUMERATION. 

Tri-lo'bate, or Tri'lo-bate, a. [From Gr. rpi, Tpi's, 
three, thrice, and AojSos, a lobe.] Having three lobes. 

Tri'lo-bite , n. [See supra.] (Paleon.) One of an ex- 
tinct family of crustaceans. 

Tri-16-e'u-lar, a. [Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and loc- 
ulus, a little place, a cell or compartment, diminutive 
of locus, a place.] (Bot.) Having three cells for seeds; 
three-celled. 

Tril'o-gy, n. [Gr. rpiXoyi'a, from rpi, Tpi's, three, thrice, 
and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] A series of three complete 
dramas, which bear a mutual relation, and form parts of 
one historical and poetical picture. 

Trim, a. [compar. TRIMMER ; svperl. TRIMMEST.] 
[A.-S. trum, firm, strong. See infra.] Fitly adjusted; 
being in good order, or made read}' for service or use. 
Syn.— Firm; compact; snug; neat; fair. 

Trim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRIMMING.] [A.-S. trymian, trymman, to prepare, dis- 
pose, make strong.] 1. To make trim ; to put in order 
for any purpose ; to adjust. 2. To dress ; to decorate ; 
to adorn. 3. To make ready or right by cutting or 
shortening; to clip or lop. 4. (Carp.) To dress, as 
timber; to make smooth. 5. (Naut.) (a.) To adjust, as 
a ship, by disposing the weight of persons or goods so 
that she shall sit well on the water and sail well, (b.) To 
arrange in due order for sailing. 

Trim, v. i. To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, so 
as to appear to favor each. 

Trim, «. 1. Dress; gear; ornaments. 2. Disposition; 
state or condition. 3. State of a ship or her cargo, bal- 
last, masts, &c, by which she is well prepared for 
sailing. 

Tri-mes'ter, n. [From Lat. trimestris, of three months, 
from tri, tris, three, thrice, and mensis, month.] A term 
or period of three months. 

Trim'e-ter, n. [Lat. trimetrus, Gr. Tpi'fxeTpos, Tpifxerpov, 
from rpi, Tpi's, three, thi'ice, and p-erpov, measure.] ( Pros.) 
A poetical division of verse, consisting of three measures. 

Tri-met'rie-al, a. Consisting of three poetical measures. 

Trim'ly, adv. In a trim manner ; nicely ; in good order. 

Trim'mer, n. 1. One who trims, arranges, fits, or or- 
naments. 2. One who fluctuates between parties, so as 
to appear to favor either ; a time-server. 

Trim'ming, n. 1. Act of one who trims. 2. That 
which serves to trim, adjust, ornament, and the like ; es- 
pecially, the necessary or the ornamental appendages, as 
of a garment ; hence, sometimes, the concomitants of a 
dish ; a relish ; — usually in the plural. 

Trim/ness, n. State of being trim ; compactness ; snug- 
ness, 



Tri'nal, a. [From Lat. trinus, trini, three each, three- 
fold, from tres, tria, three.] Threefold. 

Trine, n. [See supra.] (Astrol.) The aspect of planets 
distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the 
zodiac. 

Trin'gle (tring'gl), n. [Fr. tringle, L. Lat. taringa, ta- 
rinca, of Celtic origin.] 1. (Arch.) A little square mem- 
ber, as a listel, reglet, &c, but especially a little member 
fixed exactly over every triglyph. 2. A lath or rod be- 
tween the posts of a bed. 

Trin/i-ta'ri-aii, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Trinity. 

Trin/i-ta'ri-an, n. One who believes the doctrine of the 
Trinity ._ 

Trrn/i-ta'ri-an-igm, n. The doctrine of Trinitarians. 

Trin'i-ty, n. [Lat. trinitas, from trini, three each.] 
( Theol.) The union of three persons (the Father, the Son, 
and the Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, so that all the three 
are one God as to substance, but three persons as to indi- 
viduality. 

Trinity term (Eng. Courts), the sitting of the law courts be- 
tween May 22 and June 12. 

Trink/et, n. [Perh. orig. tricket, from Prov. Eng. trick, 
trig, elegant, neat, trim.] 1. A small ornament, as a 
jewel, ring, or the like. 2. A thing of little value ; tackle ; 
tools. 

Tri-no'mi-al, n. [From Gr. rpi, rpi?, three, thrice, and 
vop.r), division, distribution, from vep.ea>, to distribute.] 
(Math.) A quantity consisting of three terms, connected 
by the sign | or — . 

Tri'o, or Tri'o, n. [It., Sp., & Fr., from Lat. tres, tria, 
three.] 1. Three persons in company or acting together. 

2. (Mus.) A composition for three parts. 
Tri'or, n. [From try.] The same as TRIER, q. v. 
Trip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRIPPED (trlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. TRIPPING.] [D. trippen, trippelen, Ger. trippen, trip- 
peln, Goth, trimpan, 0. Fr. triper, treper, W tripiaw.] 
1. To move with light, quick steps; to skip; to move 
nimbly. 2. To take a brief or sudden journey ; to travel. 

3. To make a false step ; to lose footing ; to make a 
false movement. 4 . To commit an offense against moral- 
ity, propriety, or rule ; to err. 

Trip, v. t. 1. To cause to take a false step ; to cause to 
lose the footing, stumble, or fall. 2. To overthrow by 
depriving of support; to supplant. 3. To detect in a 
misstep; to catch ; to convict. 4. (Naut.) To loose, as 
the anchor, from the bottom, by its cable or buoy -rope. 

Trip, n. 1. A quick, light step; a skip. 2. A brief 
journey or voyage; an excursion or jaunt. 3. A false 
step ; a misstep ; a loss of footing or balance. 4. A 
slight error; a failure ; a mistake. 5. A stroke, or 
catch, by which a wrestler supplants his antagonist. 

Trip'ar-tite, or Tri-part'ite, a. [Lat. tripartitus, fr. 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and partitus, p. p. of partiri, to part, 
to divide, from pars, partis, a part.] 1. Divided into 
three parts. 2. Having three corresponding parts or 
copies. 3. Made between three parties. 

Trip'ar-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. A, division by threes, or 
into three parts. 

Tripe, n. [Fr. tripe, 0. D. tripe, W. tripa.] The entrails; 
also, the large stomach of ruminating animals, when pre- 
pared for food. 

Trip'e-dal. a. [Lat. tripedalis, from tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and pes, pedis, a foot.] Having three feet. 

Tri-per'son-al, a. [From Lat. tri, and persona, a per- 
son.] Consisting of three persons. 

Tri -per' son -al'i-ty, n. The state of existing in three 
persons in one Godhead ; trinity. 

Tri-pet'al-oiis, a. [From Gr. rpi, Tpi's. three, thrice, and 
Trerahov, a leaf.] (Bot.) Having three petals or flower 
leaves. 

Trip'-ham'mer, n. A heavy hammer at the end of a 
beam, which is raised, tilted, or tripped, by projecting 
teeth, on a revolving shaft ; a tilt-hammer. 

Triph'thong (trif thong or trip'thong), n. [From Gr 
rpi, Tpi's, three, thrice, and (j>9oyyr), <£06yyos, the voice, 
a sound.] (Pron.) A combination of three vowels in a 
single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; a 
union of three vowel characters, representing together 
a single sound, as ieu in adieu; a trigraph. 

Triph-tlion'gal (trif- or trip-, 82), a. Of, or pertaining 
to, a triphthong ; consisting of three letters pronounced 
together in a single syllable. 

Trip'le (trTp'l)' a. [Lat. triplex, from tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and phcare, to fold, Lat. triplus, Gr. Tpin\oi>s. 
Cf. TREBLE.] 1. Consisting of three united ; multi- 
plied by three. 2. Three times repeated ; treble. See 
Treble. 



,,long; &,g,&c, short; cftre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do,, wolf, 



a.e.&c 



TRIPLE 



769 



TROLL 



Trip'le (trYp/1), v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. tripled ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TRIPLING.] To make thrice as much or as many ; 
to treble. 

Trip'let, n. [From triple.] 1. Three of a kind, or three 
united. 2. (Poet.) Three verses rhyming together. 3. 
( Mus. ) Three tones or notes sung or pla} ed in the time 
of two. 

Trip'li-cate, a. [Lat. triplicatus, p. p. of triplicare.] 
Made thrice as much : threefold ; tripled. 

Trip'li-eate, n. A third paper or thing corresponding 
to two others of the same kind. 

Trip'li-ea'iion, n. The act of tripling or making three- 
fold ; the state of being tripled. 

Tri-pllc'i-ty, n. State or quality of being triple, or three- 
fold ; trebleness. 

Tri'pod, n. [Lat. tripus, tripodis, Gr. TpiVous, rptVofio?, 
from rpt, rpts, three, thrice, and novs, irodog, a foot.] 1. 
Any utensil or vessel supported on three feet. 2. ( Surv.) 
A three-legged frame or stand, for supporting a theodo- 
lite, compass, or the like. 

Trip'o-H, n. (Min.) An earthy substance (originally 
brought from Tripoli), used in polishing stones and 
metals. 

Tri'pos, n. ; pi. TRi'POS-Eg. [See Tripod.] A univer- 
sity examination of candidates for honors. [ Cambridge 
University , Eng.] 

©2T" The word tripos is supposed to refer to the three-legged 
Btool formerly used at the examination for these honors, though 
some derive it from the three brackets formerly printed on the 
back of the printed list of the successful candidates. 

Trip'per, n. One who trips or supplants ; one who walks 
nimbly. 

Trip'ping, n. 1. Act of one who trips. 2. A light 
kind of dance. 3. ( Naut. ) The loosing of an anchor from 
the ground by its cable or buoy-rope. 

Trip'ping-ly, adv. In a tripping manner ; nimbly. 

Trip'tofce, n. [Lat. triptotum, Gr. TpinrioTov , from rpi, 
Tpis, three, thrice, and nrwros, falling, from riirreiv, to 
fall.] ( Gram.) A name or noun having three cases only. 

Tri'reme, n. [Lat. triremis, from tri, tris, three, thrice, 
and remits, an oar.] ( Gr. Anliq.) A galley or vessel with 
three benches or ranks of oars on a side. 

Tris-a<j'i-6ti, n. [Gr. rpta-aytos, thrice holy, from Tpis, 
thrice, and ayios, holy.] An anthem or hymn in which 
the word " holy " is thrice repeated. 

Trl-seet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRISECTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TRISECTING. ] [From Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, 
and secare, sectum, to cut.] To cut or divide into three 
equal parts. 

Tri-se-e'tion, n. [Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and sectio, 
a cutting, from secare, to cut.] The division of a thing, 
as an angle, into three equal parts. 

Tri-sul'-eate, a. [Lat. trisulcus, from tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and sulcus, a fork.] Having three furrows, forks, 
or prongs. 

Tris'yl-lafo'ic, 1 a. [Lat. trisyttabus, Gr. rpio-uWa^o?, 

Tris'yl-lafo'ie-al, ) from rpt, rpis, three, thrice, and 
<ruAAa/3i}, a syllable.] Of, or pertaining to, a trisyllable ; 
consisting of three syllables. 

Tri-syl'la-ble, n. A word consisting of three syllables. 

Trite, a. [Lat. tritus, p. p. of terere, to rub, to wear out.] 
Worn out ; used until so common as to have lost its nov- 
elty and interest ; hackneyed. 

Trite'ly, adv. In a trite or common manner. 

Trite'ness, n. Quality of being trite ; commonness ; 
staleuess . 

Trl'the-i§m, n. [Prefix tri, tris, three, thrice, and the- 
ism.] (Tkeol.) The opinion that the Father, Son, and 
Holy Spirit are three distinct Gods. 

Tri'the-ist, n. (Eccl.) One who believes that the three 
persons in the Trinity are three distinct Gods. 

Trl'tSe-St'ie-al, } °" 0f ' or P ertainm S to > tritheism. 
TrI'tone, n. [Gr. rpirovoq, of three tones, from rpt, three, 

and tovos, a tone.] (Mus.) A superfluous or augmented 

fourth. 
Trit/u-ra-lble, a. Capable of being reduced to a fine 

powder by rubbing or grinding. 
Trit'u-rate,r. t. [imp. & p. p. triturated ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. TRITURATING.] [Lat. triiurare, trituratum, to 

thrash, from terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] 1. To 

rub, grind, bruise, or thrash. 2. To rub or grind to a 

very fine powder. 
Trit/u-ra'tioii, n. Act of triturating, or reducing to a 

fine posvder by grinding. 
Tri'umph, n. [Lat. triumplms, allied to Gr. QpL<xp.$o<>, 

a procession in honor of Bacchus.] 1. ( Kom. Antiq.) 

A magnificent ceremonial performed in honor of a general 



who had gained a decisive victory. 2. Joy or exultation 
for success. 3. Success causing exultation ; victory. 

Tri'umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. triumphed (108); p.pr. 
& vb. n. triumphing.] 1. To celebrate victory with 
pomp ; to exult in an advantage gained. 2. To obtain 
victory ; to meet with success ; to prevail. 

Tri-umph'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, triumph ; indi- 
cating, or in honor of, a triumph. 

Tri-umph'ant, «. 1. Rejoicing for victory ; triumph- 
ing. «. Celebrating victory. 3. Graced with conquest; 
victorious. 

Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state 
of triumph, her warfare with evil being over ; — distinguished 
from church militant. 

Trl-umph'ant-ly, adv. In a triumphant manner. 

Trx'umph-er, n. One who triumphs. 

Tri-um'vir, n. ; Lat. pi. tri-um'vi-ri; Eng. pi. TRI- 
tJM'viRg. [Lat., from tres, gen. trium, three, and vir,a, 
man.] One of three men united in office. 

Tri-iim'vi-rate, n. 1. Government by three in coali- 
tion or association. 2. A coalition or association of three 
in office or authority. 

Tri'CLne,a. [Lat. tri, three, and units, one.] Being three 
in one ; — an epithet used to express the unity of the 
Godhead in a trinity of persons. 

Tri-u'ni-ty, n. State or quality of being triune ; trinity. 

Trlv'et, n. A three-legged stool, table, or other support. 
See T RE vet. 

Triv'i-al, a. [Lat. trivialis, properly that which is in or 
belongs to the cross-roads or public streets, hence that 
which maybe found every where, common, from trivium, 
a place where three roads meet, a cross-road, the public 
street, from tri, tris, three, thrice, and via, a way.] Of 
little worth or importance ; inconsiderable ; trifling. 

Triv'i-al'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being trivial; 
trivialness. 2. That which is trivial ; a trine. 

Triv'i-al-ly, adv. In a trivial manner ; commonly. 

Triv'i-al- ness, n. 1. State or quality of being trivial ; 
triviality. 2. A trifle. 

Trlv'i-um, n. [L. Lat. See Trivial.] The three arts 
of grammar, logic, and rhetoric; — so called because 
they constitute a triple way, as it were, to eloquence. 

Tri'-weelc'ly, a. Performed, occurring, or appearing 
three times a week ; thrice-weekly. 

g® 1 " This is a convenient word, but it is not legitimately 
formed. It should, according to its formation, mean once in 
three weeks, as triennial means once in three years. 

Tro'-ear, n. [Fr. trocar, or trois quarts, i. e., three 
quarters, from trois, Lat. tres, three, and quart, a fourth, 
Lat. quartus, so called from its triangular point.] A sur- 
gical instrument for evacuating fluids from cavities, as in 
dropsy. 

Tro-€lia'i«, n. A trochaic verse or measure. 

Tro-elia'i«, ) a. ( Pros.) Pertaining to, or consisting 

Tro-elia'i-e-al, ) of, trochees. 

Tro'-elie (tro'kee), n. [Gr. rpoxo?, any thing round or 
circular, a wheel, from Tpex eLV , t0 run.] A form of med- 
icine in a circular cake, intended to be gradually dissolved 
in the mouth, and slowly swallowed, as a demulcent. 

Tro'-eliee (trustee), n. [Lat. trochseus , Gr . Tpo\alo<; (sc. 
ttovs), from rpoxatos, running, from Tpe\eiv, to run.] 
(Pros.) A foot of two syllables, the first long and th« 
second short, or the first accented and the second un- 
accented. 

Tro'-eliil, n. [Lat. trochilus, Gr. TpoxtA.6?, from rpexeiv, 
to run.] ( Ornith.) An aquatic bird with long legs, and 
capable of running very swiftly. 

Tro-ehil'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. rpox^ia, rpoxaXia, a cylin- 
der revolving on its own axis, from rpoxaAos, running, 
from rpexeiv, to run.] The science of rotary motion, or 
of wheel-work. 

Tro'-eliing, n. [From (obs.) troche, to branch.] One of 
the small branches on the top of a deer's head. 

Tro-eh'le-d, n. [Lat. trochlea, Gr. rpoxakCa, a case oi 
sheaf containing one or more pulleys. See TROCHILICS.] 
1. (Mach.) A pulley. [0^5.] 2. (Anat.) A pulley-like 
cartilage. 

Troeh/le-a-ry, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
trochlea. 

Trod, imp. of tread. See TREAD. 

Trftd'Wn, \p-P- of tread - See TRE ad - 
Tr6g'lo-dyte, n. [Gr. rpu>y\o§vry)<;, one who creeps into 

holes, from rpwyArj, a hole, cavern, fron rpcoyetv, to gnaw, 

and tveiv, to enter.] One dwelling in a subterraneous 

cave. 
Troll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trolled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

TROLLING.] [Ger. trollen, to roll, to troll, W. trdliaw, 



food, foot 



urn, rude, pull 

*49 



cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this 



TROLL 



770 



TRUANT 




to troll, trundle, troell, a wheel, a reel.] 1. To move 
circularly or volubly ; to roll ; to turn. 2. To circulate, 
as a vessel in drinking. 3. To sing the parts of in suc- 
cession, as of a round or catch ; also, to sing loudly or 
freely. 4. To angle for with a hook drawn along the sur- 
face of the water ; hence, to allure ; to entice. 5. To 
fish in ; to seek to catch fish from. 

Troll, v. i. 1. To roll ; to run about. 2. To fish with 
a rod whose line runs on a wheel or pulley, or by draw- 
ing the hook through the water. 

Troll, n. (Scandinavian My tk.) A supernatural being 
of diminutive size, said to inhabit caves, hills, and like 
places. 

Trol'lop, n. [From troll, to roll, to stroll.] A woman 
loosely dressed ; a slattern ; a slut. 

Trom'bone (It. pron. trom-bo'na), 
n. [It. trombone, augm. of tromha, a 

i trumpet.] (Mus.) A deep-toned brass 
J instrument of the trumpet kind, con- 
sisting of three tubes. Trombone. ^ 

Tromp, n. [Fr. trom.be, a water-spout, a water-blowing 
machine. See Trumpet.] A blowing apparatus, used 
in furnaces. 

Troop, n. [Ft. troupe, L. Lat. troppus, prob. from Lat. 
turba, a crowd, throng, troop ; Gr. Tvpj37j.] 1. A collec- 
tion of people ; a company ; a number ; a multitude. 2. 
pi. Soldiers taken collectively ; an army. 3. Specifical- 
ly, a small body or company of cavalry, light-horse, or 
dragoons, commanded by a captain. 

Troop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trooped (trcTopt, 108) ; p. 
pr.k, vb. n. TROOPING.] 1. To move in numbers; to 
come or gather in crowds. 2. To march on ; to go for- 
ward in haste. [soldier. 

Tro~bp'er, n. A soldier in a body of cavalry ; a horse- 
Trope, n. [Lat. tropus, Gr. TpoVos, from rpeneiv, to 
turn.] (Rhet.) (a.) Use of a word or expression in a dif- 
ferent sense from that which properly belongs to it. (6.) 
The expression so used. 

Tro'phy, n. [Lat. tropseum. Gr. rpoiraiov, strictly a mon- 
ument of the enemy's defeat, fr. rpoTnj, a turn, a rout, fr. 
rpeVeii/, to turn.] 1. (Antiq.) (a.) A pile of arms, taken 
from a vanquished enemy. (6.) The representation of 
such a pile in marble, on medals, &c. 2. Any thing 
taken from an enemy, and preserved as a memorial of 
victory. 3. Evidence of victory. 

Trop'ic, n. [Lat. tropicus, i. e., where the sun turns 
back, Gr. rpomKo? (sc. kvkAos), fr. -rpiireiv, to turn.] 1. 
(Astron.) One of the two small circles of the celestial 
sphere, situated on each side of the equator , at a distance 
of 23° 28', and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches 
at its greatest declination north or south. 2. ( Geog.) 
(a.) One of the two corresponding parallels of terrestrial 
latitude, (b.) pi. The regions lying between the tropics, 
or near them on either side. 

Trop'ie, I a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the tropics ; 

Trop'i-e-al, I being within the tropics. 2. Incident 
to the tropics. 3. [From trope.] Rhetorically changed 
from its proper or original sense ; figurative. 

Trop'i«-al-ly, adv. In a tropical or figurative manner. 

Trop'o-log'ie, ) a. Characterized or varied by 

Trop'o-log'i-e-al, j tropes; changed from the orig- 
inal import. 

Tro-pol'o-gy, n. [Gr. rpoVos, a trope, and A6yos, dis- 
course.] A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes. 

Trot. v. i. [imp. & p. p. trotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TROTTING.] [Fr. trotter, It. trottare, as if from a Lat. 
trotare, tlutare, tolutare, from tolutim ire, to trot, toluta- 
rius, going on a trot, Ger. trotten, W. trotiaiv.] 1. To 
move faster than in walking, as a horse or other quadru- 
ped, by lifting one fore foot and the hind foot of the oppo- 
site side at the same time. 2. To walk or move fast ; to 
run. 

Trot, v. t. To cause to move, as a horse or other animal, 
in the pace called a trot. 

Trot, n. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, more 
rapid than a walk, when he lifts one fore foot and the 
hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. 

Troth (21), n. [The old orthography of truth, q. v.] 1. 
Belief; faith; fidelity. 2. Truth; verity; veracity. 

Trot'ter, n. 1. A beast that trots. 2. The foot of an 
animal, especially that of a sheep ; — applied humorous- 
ly to the human foot. 

Trou'ba-dpur' (HO), n. [Fr. troubadour, 0. Fr. trou- 
vere, troveur, from Fr. trouver, 0. Fr. trover, trouver, to 
find, invent, compose.] One of a school of poets who 
flourished from the 11th to the latter end of the 13th 
century, principally at Provence, in the south of France. 

Troub'le (trub'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. troubled ; p. 



pr. & vb. n. TROUBLING.] [From Lat. turbare, to dis- 
turb, fr. turba, a disorder, tumult, crowd ] 1. To put 
into confused motion ; to agitate. 2. To give disturb- 
ance or distress to. 3. To give occasion for labor to. 

Syn. — To disturb ; perplex; afflict ; distress; grieve ; har- 
ass ; annoy ; tease ; vex ; molest. 

Troub'le, n. [From Lat. turbula, a disorderly group, a 
little crowd of people, dim. of turba, a crowd.] 1. The 
state of being troubled or disturbed. 2. That which 
gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation. 

To take the trouble, to be at the pains ; to exert one's self. 
Syn. — Affliction ; disturbance ; perplexity ; annoyance ; 
molestation ; vexation ; inconvenience ; calamity ; misfortune; 
adversity ; embarrassment ; anxiety ; sorrow ; misery. 

Troufo'ler, n. One who troubles or disturbs. 

Troub'le-some, a. Giving trouble, disturbance, or in- 
convenience. 

Syn. — Uneasy ; vexatious; perplexing; harassing; an- 
noying ; disgusting ; irksome ; afflictive ; burdensome ; tire- 
some ; wearisome ; importunate. 

Troiib'le-some-ly, adv. In a way to give trouble; 
vexatiously. [troublesome. 

Troiib'le-some-ness, n. State or quality of being 

Troub'loiis, a. 1. Full of trouble or commotion ; agi- 
tated ; tumultuous. 2. Full of trouble or disorder ; 
troublesome ; full of affliction. 

Trough, (trawf, 21), n. [A.-S. trog, troh, Icel. trog. Cf. 
TRAY.] 1. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding 
water or other liquid ; also, a wooden channel for con- 
veying water, as to a mill-wheel. 2. Hence, a channel, 
receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape. 

Trounce, v . t. [imp. & p. p. trounced (108) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. TROUNCING.] [0. Fr. troncer, to cut, tros, 
trons, tronce, tronche, a stump, piece of wood.] To pun- 
ish or beat severely ; to castigate. [ Colloq.] 

Troupe (troop), n. [Fr., troop. See TROOP.] A com- 
pany or troop ; especially, the company of performers in 
a play or opera. 

Trou'§er§, n. pi. [O. Fr. trousses, breeches worn by 
pages, from trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss; q. v.] A 
loose garment worn by males, extending from the waist 
to the knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs. 
Syn. — Pantaloons. — In the United States, the original 
word trousers is almost laid aside, the term being only applied 
to the loose garment of sailors or laborers, while pantaloons is 
used in all other cases. The English adhere to the old term in 
respect equally to the dress of gentlemen and all others, mak- 
ing much less use than we do of the word. pantaloons in speak- 
ing of this part of the dress. 

Troussemi (trob'so'), n. [Fr., from trousse, a bundle, 
truss. See TRUSS.] The collective lighter equipments 
or outfit of a lady when about to be married. 

Trout, n. [A.-S. truht, Lat. 
tructa, tructus, fr. Gr. rpcaic- 
rns, a sea-fish with sharp 
teeth, from rpcoyeiv, to gnaw.] 
( Ichth.) A fresh-water fish va- 
riegated with spots, and es- _ 
teemed most delicate food. lrout. 

Tro'ver, n. [0. Fr. trover, truver. N. Fr. trouver, to find.] 
(Laio.) (a.) The gaining possession of any goods, wheth- 
er by finding or by other means, (b.) An action tore- 
cover damages against one who found goods, and would 
not deliver them to the owner on demand. 

Trow (tro), v. i. [A.-S. treowian, trftiuian, trywian, 
treowan, trywan, to trust, believe, Goth, trauan, Icel- 
trua.] To believe ; to trust ; to think or suppose. [ Obs.] 

Trow'el, n. [Lat. trulla, truella, dim. of trva. a ladle.] 
1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mor- 
tar, and breaking bricks. 2. A gardener's tool, some- 
what like a mason's trowel. 

Trow'gerg, n. pi. The same as Trousers, q. v. 

Troy, ) n. [Said to have been named 

Troy'- weight (-wat), j from Troyes, in France, where 
it was first adopted in Europe. Some, however, say that 
the original name was tron.] The weight by which gold 
and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. 

IS®" In this weight, the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the 
ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 24 
grains. 

Tru'an-cy, n. Act of playing, or state of being, truant. 

Trii/ant, a. [See infra.] Wandering from business; 
lo'i'tering ; idle, and shirking duty. 

Tru'ant, n. [Fr. truand, O. Fr. truant, a vagrant, beg- 
gar, of Celtic origin ; W. tru, truan, wretched, misera- 
ble.] One who stays away from business or duty; an 
idler ; a loiterer ; a shirk ; especially, a pupil who stays 
away from school without leave. 

To play truant, to stray away ; to idle ; to loiter. 




»,e,&c.,fong:; a,e,&c.,sAort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do,wolf , 



TRUCE 



771 



TRUSS 



Truce, n. [0. Eng. trewis, trewse, trewe, from 0. II. 
Ger. Iriwa, triuwa, faith, compact, A.-S. treow, treowa, 
trilwa, Goth, triggva. See TRUE.] 1. (M il.) A tempo- 
rary cessation of hostilities, for negotiation or other pur- 
pose ; an armistice. 2. Hence, intermission of action, 
pain, or contest ; short quiet. 

Flag of truce (.Mil,), a white flag exhibited by one of the 
hostile parties, during the flying of which hostilities are sus- 
pended. 

Truce'-break'er, n. One who violates a truce. 

Truck, v. i. [imp. & p, p. TRUCKED (trakt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TRUCKING.] [Fr. troquer, Sp. & Pg. trocar.] To 
exchange commodities ; to barter ; to deal. 

Truck, v. t. To exchange ; to give in exchange ; to barter. 

Truck, n. 1. Exchange of commodities ; barter. 2. 
Commodities appropriate to barter; hence, small com- 
modities, and sometimes, luggage. [Colloq.] 

Track, n. [Gr. rpo^os, a wheel, from rpexeiv, to run.] 
1. A small, wooden wheel, not bound with iron. 2. A 
low carriage for carrying heavy articles. 3. {Railway 
Mach.) A swiveling frame with wheels, springs, &c, to 
carry and guide one end of a locomotive or car. 4. 
(Naut.) A small wooden cap at the summit of a flag-staff 
or mast-head. 5. A small, solid wheel, as for a gun- 
carriage. 

Triick'age, n. 1. Practice of bartering goods ; ex- 
change; barter. 2. Money paid for conveyance on a 
truck. 

One who traffics by exchange of goods. 
[Dim. of truck, a wheel.] A small wheel 



Truck'er, n. 
Triick'le, n. 

or caster. 
Triick'le, v. 

A.-S. trucian. 



. [L. Ger. truggeln, to flatter; to fawn; 
to fail, diminish.] To yield or beud 
obsequiously to the will of another ; to submit ; to 
creep. 

Truck'le-taed, n. A bed that runs on wheels, and may 
be pushed under another : a trundle-bed. 

Triick'man, n. ; pi. truck'men. 1. One who does 
business in the way of barter. 2. One who conveys 
goods on a truck. [Amer.] 

Tru'eu-lence, I n. 1. Quality of being truculent ; fero- 

Trii/eu-len-cy, ) ciousness. 2. Terribleness of coun- 
tenance. 

Tru/eu-lent (110), a. [Lat. truculentus, fr. trux, trucis, 
wild, fierce.] 1. Fierce; savage ; barbarous. 2. Of fe- 
rocious aspect. 3. Cruel ; destructive ; ruthless. 

Trudge, b. i. [imp. & p. p. TRUDGED: p. pr. & vb. 
n. TRUDGING.] [Allied to tread.] 1. To go on foot. 
2. To travel or march with labor ; to jog along. 

True, a. [compar. TRUER ; superl. TRUEST.] [A.-S. 
tr'towe, triwe, trywe, faithful, Icel. tryggr, triir, Goth. 
triggvs. Cf. Trow.] 1. Conformable to fact ; in ac- 
cordance with the actual state of things. 2. Conforma- 
ble to a rule or pattern ; exact. 3. Steady in adhering 
to friends, to promises, to a prince, or the like ; faithful ; 
loyal. 4. Actual; not counterfeit, adulterated, or pre- 
tended; genuine; pure; real. 

True'-blue, a. Of inflexible honesty and fidelity ; — a 
term derived from the true or Coventry blue, formerly cel- 
ebrated for its unchanging color. 

True'-blue, n. A person of inflexible integrity and 
fidelity. 

True'-born, a. Of genuine birth ; having a right by 
birth to any title. 

True'-breu, a. 1. Of a genuine or right breed. 2. 
Being of real breeding or education. [cere. 

True'-heart'ed, a. Of a faithful heart; honest; sin- 

Triie'love'-knot (-luVnot-), n. A knot composed of 
lines united with many involutions; the emblem of inter- 
woven affection or engagements. 

True'ness, n. Quality of being true; truth; reality; 
genuineness; faithfulness; sincerity; exactness. 

True'-pen'ny, n. An honest fellow. 

Truffle (tru'll), n. [0. Fr. trufle, N. Fr. truffe, Lat. 
tubf-r.] A kind of mushroom found buried in the soil 
of woods at a depth of several inches, much esteemed as 
an esculent. 

Tru'igm, n. An undoubted or self-evident truth. 

Trull, n. [II. Ger. trolle, troll, L. Ger. trulle. See TROL- 
LOP and Troll.] A drab ; a strumpet ; a harlot ; a 
trollop. 

Tru'ly, adv. 1. In a true manner ; according to truth. 
2. Exactly ; justly ; precisely. 3. Sincerely ; honestly ; 
faithfully. 4. In fact ; in reality. 

Trump, n. [Fr. trompe, It. tromba, Lat. tuba, 0. H. Ger. 
trumba, trumpa, Icel. trumba, drum.] A wind instru- 
ment of music ; a trumpet. 

Trump, n. [See Triumph.] 1. One of the suit of 



cards which takes any of the other suits. 2. A good 
fellow. [ Colloq.] 

To put to the trumps, to reduce to the last expedient, or to the 

utmost exertion of power. 
Trump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRUMPED (84) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

TRUMPING.] To play a trump card when another suit 

has been led. 
Trump, v. t. To take with a trump card. 
Trump, v. t. [Fr. tromper.] 1. To trick or impose on. 

2. To impose unfairly ; to obtrude. 

To trump up, to devise ; to collect with unfairness ; to fabri- 
cate. 

Triimp'er-y, a. [Fr. tromperie, deceit, from tromper, to 
deceive.] Something serving to deceive by false show or 
pretenses; worthless but showy matter; hence, things 
worn out and of no value ; rubbish. 

Triimp'er-y, n. Worthless or deceptive in character. 

Trump'et, n. [See Trump.] A wind instru- 
ment of music, often used in war and military 
exercises. 

Ear -trumpet, an instrument, usually trumpet- 
shaped, used as an aid to hearing, by partially deaf 
persons. — Speaking-trumpet, an instrument for con- 
veying articulate sounds with increased force. 

Trump'et, v. t. [imp. & p p. trumpeted; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TRUMPETING.] To publish by 
sound of trumpet ; to proclaim. 

Trump'et-er , n. 1. One who sounds a trump- 
et. 2. One who proclaims, publishes, or de- J-ruropet- 
nounces. 3. (Ornitli.) (a.) A variety of the domestic 
pigeon, (b.) A bird of South America, somewhat resem- 
bling both the pheasants and the cranes ; — so called from 
its uttering a noise resembling that of a trumpet. 

Trune'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. truncated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. TRUNCATING.] [Lat. truncare, truncatum, from 
truncus, maimed, cut short, fr. truncus, a trunk of a tree.] 
To cut off ; to lop ; to maim. 

Trun-e'ate, a. [Lat. truncatus, p. p. of truncare. See 
supra.] (Bot.) Appearing as if cut off at the tip. 

Triine'a-ted, p. a. Cutoff; cut short; maimed. 

Truncated cone or pyramid (Geom.), a cone or pyramid whose 
vertex is cut off by a plane parallel to its base. 

Trun-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of truncating, lopping, or 
cutting off. 2. State of being truncated. 3. (Min.) 
Replacement of an edge by a plane equally inclined to 
the adjoining faces. 

Trun'cneon (trun'shun), n. [Fr. trongon, 0. Fr. tron- 
chon, tronce, tros, from Lat. thyrsus, a stalk, stem, staff, 
Gr. 0upcros.] 1. A short staff; a club. 2. A baton, or 
staff of command. 3. A stout stem, as of a tree, with 
the branches lopped off. 

Trim/die, n. 1. A little wheel. 2. A kind of low cart 
with small wooden wheels. 3. A motion as of something 
moving upon little wheels. 4. (Mach.) (a.) A wheel or 
pinion having its teeth formed of cylinders or spindles, 
as in mill-work, (b.) One of the bars of such a wheel. 

Triin'dle, v. t. 1. To roll, as a thing on little wheels- 
2. To cause to roll. 

Triin'dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trundled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TRUNDLING.] [A.-S. tyndeled , made round, from 
tryndel, trendel, a sphere, an orb, a circle.] 1. To roll, 
as on little wheels. 2. To roll, as a hoop. 

Triin'dle-lbed, n. A low bed that is moved on little 
wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed ; a 

Trunk, n. [Lat. truncus, 0. Lat. troncus.] 1. The stem or 
body of a tree, apart from its limbs and roots ; stock. 2. 
The body of an animal, apart from the limbs. 3. The 
main body of any thing. 4. The snout or proboscis of 
an elephant. 5. A box or chest covered with leather or 
hide, for containing clothes, &c. ; a portmanteau. 

Trunk'-hoge, n. Large breeches 
formerly worn, reaching to the 
knees. 

Trun'nel, n. A wooden pin or 
plug ; a treenail. 

Trunn'ion (trun'yun), n. [0. Fr. 
trognon, the stock, stump, or ! 
trunk of a tree. See Trunk.] 
( Gun.) A knob projecting on each 
side of a piece, and serving to sup- 
port it on the cheeks of the car- 
riage. Trunk-hose. 

Truss, n. [Fr. trousse, 0. Fr. trosse, L. Lat. trossa, from 
Fr. trousser, 0. Fr. trosser, trusser, torser, to pack, pack 
up ; It. torciare, to twist, to tie fast, from Lat. torquere, 
tortum, to twist.] 1. A bundle, as of hay or straw. 2. 




food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, -call, e-eho; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, lir.lt ; this- 



TRUSS 



772 



TUFTY 



(Surg.) A bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia. 

3. (Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the center of 
a yard to the mast. 4. (Arch.) A framed assemblage of 
timbers for fastening or binding abeam, or for supporting 
a roof, &c. 5. (Engin.) A triangular frame, or a polyg- 
onal frame, to which rigidity is given by staying and 
bracing. 

Truss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trussed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. trussing.] 1. To bind or pack close. 2. To skewer, 
as a fowl for cooking it. 3. To execute by hanging ; to 
hang. 

Trust, n. [Icel. traust, confidence, security, Goth, trausti, 
a convention, covenant. See infra.] 1. Reliance on the 
integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, or other sound 
principle of another. 2. Credit given : especially, de- 
livery of property or merchandise in reliance upon future 
payment. 3. Dependence upon something future or 
contingent, as if present or actual. 4. That which is 
committed or intrusted to one. 5. Responsible charge 
or office. 6. That upon which confidence is reposed ; 
ground of reliance. 7. (Law.) An estate held for the 
use of another. 

Syn. — Confidence ; belief ; faith ; hope ; expectation ; 
charge; deposit. 

Trust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trusted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TRUSTING.] [0. D. troesten, troosten, to instigate, in- 
cite ; troosten, to console ; Icel. treysta, to confide, con- 
firm, traustr, faithful, firm; 0. Sax. trustian, gitrOston, 
Ger. trosten, to console. See supra.] 1. To place con- 
fidence in ; to rely on. 2. To give credence to ; to be- 
lieve ; to credit. 3. To show confidence by intrusting. 

4. To commit, as to one's care ; to intrust. 5. To give 
credit to ; to sell to upon credit. 6. To venture confi- 
dently. 

Trust, v. i. 1. To be credulous. 2. To be confident, 
as of something present or future. 3. To sell, exchange, 
or alienate, in reliance upon a promise to pay. 

Triist-ee', n. A person to whom property is legally com- 
mitted in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of 
specified individuals or for public uses. 

Trustee process (Law.), a process by which a creditor may 
attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits in the hands of a 
third person. 

Triist'er, n. One who trusts, or gives credit. 

Triist'f ul, n. Full of trust ; trusting. 

Triist'i-ly, adv. In a trusty manner ; faithfully ; hon- 
estly, [faithfulness. 

Trust 'i-ness, n. Quality of being trusty ; fidelity ; 

Trust'wor-tiii-ness (-wur'thl-nes), n. State or quality 
of being trustworthy. 

Trust'wor-thy (-wur'tby), a. Worthy of trust or con- 
fidence ; trusty. 

Trust'y, a. [compar. trustier; super!, trustiest.] 
1. Admitting of being safely trusted ; fit to be confided 
in ; trustworthy ; reliable. 2. Hence, not liable to fall ; 
strong ; firm . 

Truth, n. ; pi. truths (99). [See True, and cf. Troth.] 
1. The quality of being true; as, (a.) Conformity to fact 
or reality, (b.) Conformity to rule; exactness, (c.) Fidel- 
ity; constancy, (d.) The practice of speaking truth ; ve- 
racity, (e.) Honesty; virtue. 2. Real state of things; 
verity ; reality. 3. A verified fact ; an established prin- 
ciple, fixed law, or the like. 

Truth'f ul, a. Full of truth ; veracious ; reliable. 

Triith'f ul-ly, adv. In a truthful manner. 

Trijth/ful-ness, n. The state of being truthful. 

Try, v. i. '[imp. & p. p. TRIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TRYING.] 
[See infra.] To exert strength ; to endeavor ; to attempt. 

Tx-y, v. t. [Fr. trier, to cull, to pick out, as if from a Lat. 
word tritare, fr. terere, tritum, to rub, bruise, grind.] 1. 
To prove by experiment; to make experiment, of; to 
prove ; to test. 2. To purify or refine, as metals ; to 
melt out and procure in a pure state, as oil, tallow, lard, 
&c. 3. To subject to severe trial ; to put to the test. 
4. (Law.) To examine judicially. 5. To experience; 
to have knowledge of by experience. 6. To essay. 
_ To try on, (a.) To put on, as a garment, to ascertain -whether 
it fits the person, (b.) To attempt; to undertake. [Colloq. and 
low.]— To try tallow, &c, to melt and separate it from the 
membranes.— To try the eyes, to over-exert them; to strain. 

Syn. — To attempt; endeavor; strive; aim; examine.— To 
try is the generic, to attempt is the specific, term. When we 
tr>/,we are usually uncertain as to success; when we attempt, 
we have always some definite obiect in view which we seek to 
accomplish. We may be indifferent as to the result of a trial, 
but we rarely attempt any thing without a desire to succeed. 

Try'ing, p. a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial ; 
severe; afflictive. 

Tub, n. [D. tobbe ; N. H. Ger. zubar, 0. H. Ger. zuipar, 



from zwl, two, and beran, to bear.] 1. An open wooden 
vessel formed with staves, heading, and hoops ; — used 
for various domestic purposes. 2. Hence, the amount 
which a tub contains, as a measure of quantity. 

Tub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TUBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUB- 
BING.] To plant or set in a tub. 

Tube, n. [ Lat. tubus.] 1. A hollow cylinder, of any ma- 
terial, used for various purposes ; a pipe ; a conduit. 2. 
A vessel of animal bodies or plants which conveys a 
fluid or other substance. 

Tube,t'. t. [imp. & p. p. TUBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUB- 
ING.] To furnish with a tube. 

Tu/ber, n. [Lat., a hump, knob, prob. fr. tumber, from 
turner e, to swell.] (Bot.) A fleshy, rounded stem or root, 
usually containing starchy matter, as the potato. 

Tu'ber-ele, n. [Lat. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.] 1. 
(Anat.) A natural small projection or mass. 2. (Med.) 
A small mass or aggregation of diseased matter ; especial- 
ly, the deposit which accompanies scrofula or phthisis. 

Tu-ber'eu-lar, a. 1. Having little knobs or tubercles. 
2. Affected with tubercles ; tuberculous. 

Tiibe'roge, or TuTber-ose, n. [From Lat. tuberosus, 
tuberous.] A plant with a tuberous root much culti- 
vated for the beauty and exquisite fragrance of its flow- 
ers. 

Tu/ber-os'i-ty, n. 1. State of being tuberous. 2. 
(Anal.) A knob-like prominence on a bone, to which 
muscles and ligaments are attached. 

Tu'ber-oiis, a. [Lat. tuberosus. See Tuber.] 1. Cov- 
ered with knobby or wart-like prominences. 2. (Bot.) 
Consisting of, or containing, tubers. 

Tub'ing, n. 1. Act of making tubes. 2. A series of 
tubes ; a piece of a tube ; material for tubes. 

TuHbu-lar, a. [From Lat. tubulus, dim. of tubus, a tube 
or pipe.] Having the form of a tube or pipe ; consisting 
of a pipe ; fistular. 

Tu'bu-late, a. Tubular; tubulated; tubulous. 

Tu'bu-lated, a. [Lat. tubulatus, from tubulus. See 
infra.] 1. Made in the form of a small tube. 2. Fur- 
nished with a tube. 

Tu/bule, n. [Lat. tubulus, dim. of tubus, a tube, pipe.] 
A small pipe ; a little tube. 

Tu-bu'li-form 7 , a. [Lat. tubulus, a little tube, and 
forma, form.] Having the form of a small tube. 

Tu'bu-lous, a. [See TUBULE.] 1. Resembling, or in 
the form of, a tube. 2. Containing small tubes ; com- 
posed wholly of tubulous florets. 

Tuek, n. [W. twca, a kind of knife, twc, a cut, or chip ; 
L. Lat. stocus, stochus, fr. Ger. stock, a stick, staff. See 
infra.] 1. A long, narrow sword ; a rapier. 2. (Naut.) 
The part of a ship where the ends of the bottom planks 
are collected under the stern. 3. A horizontal fold 
made in the garment. 

Tuek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tucked (tQkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TUCKING.] [L. Ger. tucken, H. Ger. zucken, to draw 
with a short and quick motion.] 1. To thrust or press 
in or together ; to fold under. 2. To inclose by pushing 
the clothes closely around. 

Tiick'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, tucks. 2. A 
small , thin piece of the dress for covering the breast of 
women or children. 

Tu.es/day (tuz'dj'),^ [A.-S. Tiwesddg, from Tiw, gen. 
Tiwes, Goth. Tius, Tivis, the Mars of our ancestors, the 
god of war, and A.-S. dag, a day.] The third day of the 
week, following Monday. 

Tu'fa, or Tu'f a, n. [It. tufo, soft, sandy stone.] (Min.) 
(a.) A soft "or porous stone formed by depositions from 
water, (b.) A volcanic sand-rock, rather friable, formed 
of agglutinated, volcanic earth ; also, a similar rock of 
trap or basaltic material. 

Tuff , n. Tufa. See TUFA. 

Tuft, n. [Prov. Eng. tuff, Tr. touffe, for touppe, Prov. 
Fr. touffette, W. twf, L. Lat. tufa, Icel. toppr,& curl, 
tuft of hair, Fr. toupet.] 1. A collection of small, flex- 
ible, or soft things in a knot or bunch. 2. A cluster ; a 
clump. 3. A nobleman, or person of quality, especially 
in the English universities ; — so called from the tuft in 
the cap worn by them. [ Cant or colloq., Eng.] 

Tiift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TUFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUFT- 
ING.] 1. To separate into tufts. 2. To adorn with 
tufts or with a tuft. 

Tuft'ed, p. a. 1. Adorned with a tuft. 2. Growing in 
a tuft or clusters. 

Tuft'-hunfer, n. A hanger-on to noblemen, especially 
in English universities. See Tuft, 3. [ Cant or colloq., 
Eng.] 

Tuft'y, a. 1. Abounding with tufts. 2. Growing in 
tufts or clusters. 



TUG 



773 



TURBAN 



Tug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. tug- 
ging.] [A.-S. teohan, teon (p. teah, tugon, p. p. togen), 
Uohkian, tedgan, to pull, draw, tug, Icel. toga, Goth. 
tiukan.] To pull or draw with great effort ; to drag 
along with continued exertion ; to haul along. 

Tug, v. i. 1. To pull with great effort, Z. To labor ; 
to strive ; to struggle. 

Tug, n. [See supra.] 1. A pull with the utmost effort. 
'>,, A steam-vessel used to tow ships. 3. A trace, or 
drawing-strap, of a harness. 

Tiig'ger. n. One who tugs or pulls with great effort. 

Tu-i'tion (-Tsh'un), w. [Lat. tuitio, from tyeri, tuitus, 
to see, watch, protect.] 1. Superintending care over a 
young person ; guardianship. Z. Especially, the act or 
business of teaching the various branches of learning ; 
instruction. 3. The money paid for instruction. 

Tu-I'tion-a-ry (tu-ish/un-), a. Of, or pertaining to, 
tuition. 

Tu'lip, n. [From Turk. & Per. tulbend, dulbend, i. e., a 
turban ; — so called from the resemblance of the form of 
this flower to a turban.] A bulbous plant, producing 
flowers of great beauty and of a variety of colors. 

Tulle, n. [Fr., so called from the town of Tulle, in 
France, where it was first made.] A kind of silk open 
work or lace. 

Tiim'fole, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TUMBLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TUMBLING.] [0. H. Ger. tumildn, tftm'm, D. tui- 
melen,Q. D. tumen, Icel. tumba, trumba,A.S. tumbian.] 
1. To roll about by turning one way and the other. Z, 
To roll down ; to be precipitated. 3. To play mounte- 
bank tricks by various librations and movements of the 
body. 

Tum'ble, v. t- 1. To turn over, or throw about for 
examination ; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or un- 
ceremonious manner ; to precipitate. Z. To disturb ; to 
rumple. 

Tum'ble, n. Act of tumbling or rolling over ; a fall. 

Tum'foler, n. 1. One who tumbles ; one who plays the 
tricks of a mountebank. Z. That part of a lock which 
detains the shot-bolt in its place, until a key lifts it and 
leaves the bolt at liberty. 3. A drinking glass originally 
made without a foot or stem, with a pointed base, so that 
it could not be set down with any liquor in it. 4. A small 
variety of the domestic pigeon ; — so called from its habit 
of tumbling or turning over in flight. 5. A sort of 
dog used for inveigling game ; so called from his habit 
of tumbling before he attacks his prey. 

Tum'brel, { n. [0. Fr. tomberel, from tomber, to fall, to 

Tum'bril, j tumble.] 1. A ducking-stool for the pun- 
ishment of scolds. Z. A rough cart. 3. A cart with 
two wheels, for conveying the tools of pioneers, car- 
tridges, &c. 4. A kind of cage of osiers, willows, or the 
like, for keeping hay and other food for sheep. [Eng.] 

Tii'me-fae'tion, n. Act or process of tumefying; a 
tumor ; a swelling. 

Tu'me-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tumefied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n tumefying.] [Lat. tuynefacere, from tumere, to 
swell, and facere, to make.] To swell ; to cause to swell. 

Tu'me-fy, v. i. To rise in a tumor ; to swell. 

Tu'mid, a. [Lat. tumidus, from tumere, to swell.] 1. 
Swelled, enlarged, or distended. Z. Rising above the 
level ; protuberant. 3. Swelling in sound or sense ; 
pompous; bombastic; turgid. 

Tu-mid'i-ty, n. State of being tumid ; turgidity. 

Tu'inid-ness, n. State or quality of being tumid. 

Tu'mor, n. [Lat. tumor, from tumere, to swell.] (Med.) 
A morbid swelling, or growth, on any part of the body. 

Tump, n. [W. twmp, twm, a round mass or heap, a 
hillock.] A little hillock ; a knoll. 

Tump. v. t. [imp. & p. p. TUMPED (84) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TUMPING.] To form a mass of earth or a hillock 
round, as a plant. 

Tii'mu-lar, a. [From Lat. tumulus, a mound, fr. tumere, 
to swell.] Consisting in a heap ; formed or being in a 
heap or hillock. 

Tu'mu-lose', a. Tumulous. [Rare.] 

Tu/mult, n. [Lat. tumultus, from tumere, to swell, as 
if a restless swelling up, a ferment.] 1. Commotion, 
disturbance, or agitation of a multitude, usually accom- 
panied with great noise, uproar, and confusion of voice3. 
Z. Violent commotion or agitation, with confusion of 
sounds. 3. Irregular or confused motion ; high excite- 
ment. 

Syn. — Uproar ; hurly-burly ; ferment; disturbance ; tur- 
bulence; disorder; confusion ; noise ; bluster ; hubbub; bus- 
tle; stir; brawl; riot. 

Tu-miilt'u-a-ri-ly, adv. In a tumultuary manner. 



Tu-mult'u-a-rj-ness, n. State or quality of being tu. 

multuary ; turbulence ; disposition to tumult. 
Tu-mult'u-a-ry (44), a. Attended by or producing a 

tumult. 

Syn. — Disorderly ; riotous ; promiscuous ; confused ; tu- 
multuous; restless; agitated; unquiet. 

Tu-mult'u-oiis, a. 1. Full of tumult; conducted 
with tumult. Z. Greatly agitated. 3. Agitated; dis- 
turbed. 4. Turbulent ; violent. 

Syn. -Disorderly; irregular; noisy; confused; boisterous; 
lawless; riotous; seditious. 

Tu-miilt'u-ous-ly, adv. In a tumultuous or disorderly 

maimer ; by a disorderly multitude. 
Tu-mult'u-ous-ness, n. The state of being tumultu- 
ous ; disorder ; commotion. 
Tti'mu-lus, n.;pl. tu'mu-li. [Lat., a mound, a se- 
pulchral mound.] An artificial hillock, especially one 
raised over the grave of a person buried in ancient times: 
a barrow. 
Tun, n. [A.-S. tunne, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. tunna, Ir. & 
Gael, tunna, tonna, W. tynell, Fr. tonne, tonneau.] 1. 
A_ large cask. Z. A certain measure for liquids, as for 
wine, consisting of two pipes or four hogsheads, or 252 
gallons. 3. A large quantity ; — used proverbially. 
Tun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tunned ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUN- 
NING.] To put into tuns or casks. 
Tun'a-ble, a. Capable of being tuned, or made har- 
monious ; hence, harmonious ; musical ; tuneful. 
Tune,». [A different spelling of tone, q. v.] 1. (Mus.) 
(a.) A rhythmical, melodious series of musical tones 
for one voice or instrument, or for any number of voices 
or instruments in unison, or two or more such series 
forming parts in harmony ; a melody ; an air. (b.) State 
of giving the proper sound or sounds ; pitch of the voice 
or an instrument. Z. Hence, order ; harmony ; concord ; 
fit disposition, temper, or humor. 
Tune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tuned ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUN- 
ING.] 1. To put into a state adapted to produce the 
proper sounds ; to harmonize. Z. Hence, to put into a 
proper state or disposition. 3. To give tone to ; to adapt 
in style of music. 4. To sing with melody or harmony. 
Tune, v. i. To form accordant musical sounds. 
Tune'ful, a. Harmonious; melodious; musical. 
Tune'less, a. 1. Without tune; unharmonious ; un- 
musical. Z. Not employed in making music. 
Tung'sten, n. [Sw. tungsten, Ger. tungstein, from Sw. 
tung, heavy, and sten, Ger. stein, stone.] A metal of a 
grayish-white color, and considerable luster. It is brittle, 
nearly as hard as steel, and is fused with extreme diffi- 
culty. Its specific gravity is near 17.6. 
Tu/nie, n. [Lat. tunica.] 1. (Antiq.) An under-gar- 
ment worn by both sexes in ancient Rome and the East. 
Z. (Anat.) A membrane that covers or composes some 
part or organ. 3. (Bot.) A natural covering ; an in- 
tegument. 
Tu'ni-ele (tu'ni-kl), n. [Lat. tunicula, dim. of tunica, 
a tunic] 1. A natural covering. (Eccl.) Z. A kind of 
long robe. 
Tun'ing-f6rk, n. (3tus.) A steel instrument consist- 
ing of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, 
gives a certain fixed tone ; — used for tuning instruments, 
or for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. 
Ttin'nage, n. See Tonnage. 

Tiin'nel, n. [From tun. See Tun.] 1. A vessel with a 
broad mouth at one end, and a pipe qr tube at the other, 
for conveying liquor into casks, bottles, or other vessels. 
2. A flue for the passage of smoke. 3. An artificial 
arch or passage under ground for railways, &c. 4. 
(Mining.) A level passage driven across the measures, or 
at right angles to the veins which its object is to reach. 
Tun'nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tunneled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TUNNELING.] 1. To form into a tunnel, or like a 
tunnel. 2. To catch in a tunnel net. 3. To make an 
opening way for passage through, as a hill or mountain, 
or under, as a river. 
Tiin'ny, n. [Lat. thunnus, 
thynnus, Gr. 0uWos,0vvo?, fr. 
Ovveiv, Qvetv, to rush or dart ' 
along.] ( Iclith. ) A fish of the 
mackerel family, similar in 
form to the mackerel, but 
much larger, rounder, and 
with a shorter snout. 
Tur'foan, n. [0. Eng. tur- Tunny. 

band, turbant, tulibant, tulipant, from Per. dulband, ddl- 
band, from dulai, double, from du, two, and lai, a fold, 
and band, a band, bandage.] 1. A head-dress worn 




food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 






TURBARY 



774 



TURN 



by some Orientals, consisting of a cap, and a sash or 
scarf wound about the cap. 2. A head-dress worn by 
ladies. 

Tur'ba-ry, n. [L. Lat. turbaria, from turba, turf.] (Eng. 
Law.) A right of digging turf on another man's land ; 
the ground where turf is dug. 

Tfir'bid, a. [Lat. turbidus, from turba, tumult, disturb- 
ance, turbare, to disturb.] Having the lees disturbed ; 
foul with extraneous matter ; roiled ; muddy ; thick. 

Tfir'bid-ness, n. The state or quality of being turbid ; 
muddiness ; foulness,. 

Tfir'bi-nate, ) a. [Lat. turbinatus, from turbo or 

Turnbi-na/ted, ) turben, turbinis,& whirl, top.] Shaped 
like a top, or cone inverted ; narrow at the base, and 
broad at the apex. [top. 

Tur'bi-na/tion, n. Act of spinning or whirling, as a 

Tiir'bine, n. [Lat. turbo, turbinis, that which whirls 
round, whirl.] A horizontal water-wheel, usually con- 
structed with a series of curved floats upon the periph- 
ery, against which the water strikes with direct impulse, 
as it rushes from all sides of an inner flume, and after 
expending its force upon the floats, passes out at the cir- 
cumference. 

Tfir'bit, n. [N. Lat.] 1. A variety of the domestic 
pigeon, remarkable for its short beak. 2. The turbot. 

Tur'bot, n. [Fr. turbot, W. 
torbwt, perhaps from Lat. tur- 
bo, a top.] A flat fish, with a 
body nearly circular. 

TurTm-lence, n. State or 
quality of being turbulent ; a 
disturbed state. 



Syn. — Agitation ; tumult; tu- 
insub- 




Turbot. 



>yi 

multuousness; unruliness; 
ordination ; rioting. 
Tur'bu-lent, a. [Lat. turbulentus, from turba, disorder, 
tumult.] 1. In violent commotion. 2. Disposed to in- 
subordination and disorder. 3. Producing commotion. 



Syn. — Disturbed ; agitated; tumultous; riotous; seditious; 
istless; unquiet; refractory. 



tu- 



Tfir'bu-lent-ly, adv. In a turbulent manner 
multuously ; with violent agitation. 

Tfir'cigm, n. The character, belief, religion, manners, 
or the like, of the Turks. 

Tu-reen', n. [From Fr. terrine, from terre, Lat. terra, 
earth.] A large, deep vessel for holding soup, or other 
liquid food, at the table. 

Tfirf , n. ; pi. TURF§. [A.-S. turf, Icel. tor/, 0- H. Ger. 
zurf, zurft, zurba, allied to Ir. & Gael, tarp, a clod, 
lump.] 1. That upper stratum of earth which is filled 
with roots ; sward ; sod. 2. Peat, especially when pre- 
pared for fuel. 3. Race-ground ; or horse-racing. 

Turf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TURFED (tiirft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. TURFING.] To cover with turf or sod. 

Tfirf 'i-ness, n. State or quality of being turfy. 

Turfy, a. [compar. TURFIER ; superl. TURFIEST.] 1. 
Abounding with turf; made of, or covered with, turf. 
2. Having the appearance or qualities of turf. 

Tur'gent, a. [Lat. turgens, p. pr. of turgere, to swell.] 
1. Rising into a tumor, or puffy state ; swelling. 2. 
Inflated ; bombastic. 

Tur-ges'cence, I n. 1. Act of swelling, or state of 

Tur-ges'cen-cy, ) being swelled. 2. (Med.) Super- 
abundance of humors in any part. 3. Empty magnifi- 
cence or pompousness ; bombast. 

Tur-ges'cent, a. [Lat. turgescens, p. pr. of turgescere, 
to begin to swell, inchoative form of turgere, to swell.] 
Swelling ; growing big. 

Tfir'gid, a. [Lat. turgidus, from turgere, to swell.] 1. 
Distended beyond the natural state by some internal 
agent or expansive force ; swelled ; bloated. 2. Swell- 
ing in style or language ; vainly ostentatious. 
Syn. — Tumid; pompous; inflated; bombastic. 

Tur-gld'i-ty, n. State of being turgid ; tumidness. 

Tfir'gid-ness, n. The quality of being turgid. 

Tfir'ltey, n. [So called because it was erroneously be- 
lieved to have come originally from Turkey.] ( Orniih.) A 
lar?:e gallinaceous fowl, a native of America. The flesh 
is highly valued for food. 

Tur'key-buz'zard, n. (Ornith.) A common American 
species of vulture, having a distant resemblance to a 
turkey. [TURQUOIS, q. v. 

Tur-koig' (-koiz' or -keez', 38), ». (Min.) The same as 

Tur'mer-ie (123), n. [N. Lat. terra-merita, turmerica.] 
(Bot.) An East Indian plant. 2. (Med.) The root 



or root-stock of the same plant, 
and also as a medicine. 



It is used for dyeing, 



Turmeric paper ( Chem.), a kind of unsized paper stained yel- 
low with a decoction of turmeric, used as a test for free alkali, 
which changes its color to brown. 

Tfir'moil, n. [See infra.] Harassing labor ; trouble ; 
molestation by tumult; disturbance. 

Tarn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TURNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TURNING.] [From Lat. tornare, to turn in a lathe, to 
round off, from tornus, a lathe, Gr. ropvos, a turner's 
chisel, ropveveiv, to turn, to work with a lathe and chisel ; 
A.-S. tyrnan, to turn, Icel. turna, to invert, Goth, af- 
taurnan.] 1. To form in a lathe. 2. Hence, to give 
form to ; to shape ; to put in proper condition. 3. To 
cause to move upon a center, or as if upon a center ; to 
give circular motion to ; to cause to revolve. 4. To 
cause to present a different side uppermost or outmost. 

5. To give another direction, tendency, or inclination to; 
to incline differently ; — both literally and figuratively. 

6. To change from a given use or office ; to divert, as to 
another purpose or end ; to use or employ. 7. To change 
the form, quality, aspect, or effect of; to alter ; to trans- 
form ; to translate. 

To be turned of, to be advanced beyond. — To turn a corner, 
to go round a corner. — To turn the enemy's flank (Mil."), to pass 
round and take a position upon the side of it.— To turn aside, 
to avert.— To turn, as milk, cider, wine, &c , to cause to fer- 
ment and become sour. — To turn away, (a.) To dismiss from 
service; to discard, (ft.) To avert.— To turn doion, to fold or 
double down. — To turn in, to fold or double under. — To turn 
in the mind, to revolve, ponder, or meditate upon.— To turn 
off, (a.) To dismiss contemptuously. (ft.) To give over ; to 
reduce, (c.) To divert ; to deflect, (d.) To accomplish ; to 
perform, as work. — To turn one's money or goods, to turn a 
penny, and the like, to exchange in the course of trade ; to 
keep in lively exchange or circulation.— To turn out, (a.) To 
drive out; to expel, (6.) To put to pasture, as cattle or horses, 
(c.) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of manu- 
facture ; to furnish in a completed state.— To turnover, (a.) 
To cause to change the sides of; to cause to roll over. (6.) To 
transfer, (c.) To open and examine one leaf of after another, 
as a book, (a.) To overset; to overturn. — To turn tail, to re- 
treat ignominiously. — To turn the back, to flee ; to retreat. — 
To turn the back on or upon, to treat with contempt; to reject or 
refuse unceremoniously. — To turn the edge of, to make dull ; 
to deprive of sharpness. — To turn the head or brain of, to make 
giddy, wild, insane, or the like; to infatuate. — To turn the 
scale, to change the preponderance; to give superiority or suc- 
cess. — To turn the stomach of, to nauseate : to sicken. — To 
turn the tables, to reverse success or superiority. — To turn to, 
to have recourse to ; to refer to. — To turn to profit, advantage, 
or the like, to make profitable or advantageous. — To turn upon, 
to retort; to throw back. 

Turn, v. i. 1. To move round ; to have a circular mo- 
tion; to revolve, entirely, repeatedly, or partially; to 
change position, so as to face differently. 2. Hence, to 
revolve as if upon a point of support ; to hinge ; to de- 
pend. 3. To result or terminate; to issue. 4. To be 
deflected ; to take a different direction or tendency ; to 
be differently applied. 5. To be changed, altered, or 
transformed ; to become transmuted ; also, to become by 
changes. 6. To undergo the process of turning on a 
lathe. Tf . In specific uses, (a.) To become acid ; to 
sour ; — said of milk, ale, &c. (b.) To become giddy ; — 
said of the head, (c.) To be nauseated; — said of the 
stomach, (d.) To become inclined in the other direc- 
tion ; — said of scales, (e .) To change from ebb to flow, 
or from flow to ebb ; — said of the tide. 

To turn about, to move the face to another quarter.— To turn 
away, (a.) To deviate, (ft.) To depart ; to remove. — To turn 
in, (a.) To bend inward, (ft.) To enter for lodgings or enter- 
tainment, (c.) To go to bed. — To turn off, to be diverted : to 
deviate from a course. — To turn on or upon, (a.) To reply or 
retort. (6.) To depend on. — To turn out, (a.) To move from 
its place, as a bone. (6.) To bend outward; to project, (c.) To 
rise from bed. (d.) To come abroad: to prove in the result; to 
issue ; to result. — To turn over, to turn from side to side ; to 
roll; to tumble. — To turn to account, profit, at/vantage, and the 
like, to be made profitable ; to become worth the while. — To 
turn under, to bend or be folded downward or under. — To turn 
up, (a.) To bend or be doubled upward, (ft.) To come to light; 
to occur; to happen. 

TUrn, n. 1. Act of turning ; movement or motion about 
a center, or as if about a center ; revolution. 2. Change 
of direction; different order, position, aspect of affairs, 
&c. 3. Hence, change; alteration; vicissitude. 4. 
Successive portion of a course ; reckoning from change 
to change ; hence, a winding ; a bend ; a brief walk. 5. 
Successive course : alternate or incidental occasion ; ap- 
propriate time. 6. Incidental or opportune deed or 
office. 7. Convenience; occasion; purpose. 8. Form; 
cast ; shape ; manner ; fashion ; — used in a literal or 
figurative sense; hence, form of expression. 9. One 
round of a rope or cord. 10. pi. (Med.) Monthly 
courses ; menses. 11. (Mus.) An embellishment, 
marked thus. <^S>, formed of appoggiaturas,and consist- 
ing of the principal note, together with the note above, 



5,,e,&c.,fong7 a,e,&c.,sAor«; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,d$, w<?lf, 



TURNCOAT 



775 



TWEAK 



and the semitone below, the note above being sounded 
first, the principal note next, and the semitone below 
last, the three being performed very quickly. 

By turns, (a.) One after another ; alternately, (b.) At inter- 
vals'. — In turn, in due order of succession. — To a turn, exactly ; 
perfectly; — from the practice of cooking on a revolving spit. — 
To take turns, to alternate ; to succeed one another in due or- 
der. — Turn awl turn about, an alternate share of duty.— Turn 
of life (Med.), the time of the final cessation of the menses in 
women. 

Turncoat, n. One who forsakes his party or principles ; 
a renegade ; an apostate. 

Turu'er, n. 1. One who turns; especially, one whose 
occupation is to form articles with a lathe. 52. A variety 
of pigeon. 3. A person who practices athletic or gym- 
nastic exercises ; — so called among the Germans. 

Turn'er-y, n. 1. Art of fashioning solid bodies into 
various forms by means of a lathe. 52. Things or forms 
made by a turner, or in the lathe. 

Turn'ing, n. 1. A winding ; a bending course ; flexure ; 
a corner, as of a street or road. 52. Deviation from the 
way or proper course. 3. Act of forming solid sub- 
stances into various forms by means of a lathe.- 4. pi. 
Pieces detached in the process of turnery. 5. (Mil \ A 
maneuver by which an enemy, or position, is turned. 

Turn'ing-poiiit, n. The point upon which a question 
turns, and which decides a case. 

Tur'nip, n. [Ir. turnapa, perhaps from W~. turn, round, 
and meipen, maip, a turnip, A.-S. nape, Lat. napus.] 
(Bot.) A plant, much cultivated on account of its solid, 
bulbous root, which is valued_as an article of food. 

Turn'key, n. ; pi. turn'keys. A person who has 
charge of the keys of a prison. 

Turn'-out, n ; pi. turn'-outs. 1. Act of coming 
forth, 52. A short side track on a railroad ; a shunt. 3. 
An equipage. 

Turn'-o'ver, n. 1. Act or result of turning over. 52. 
A semicircular pie made by turning one half of a circular 
crust over the other. 

Turn 'pike, n. 1. A frame consisting of two bars 
(originally with sharpened ends), crossing each other at 
right angles, and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the 
passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between 
the arms. [Obs.] 52. A toll-gate, or gate set across a 
road. 3. A turnpike-road. 

Turn'pike, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. turnpike d (-plkt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TURNPIKTNG.J To form, as a road, in 
the manner of a turnpike-road. 

Turn'pike-road, n. A road on which turnpikes, or 
toll-gates, are established by law. 

Turn'sole, n. [Fr. tournesol, from tourner, to turn, and 
Lat. sol.] 1. (Bot.) A heliotrope; — so named because 
its flower is supposed to turn toward the sun. ' 52. A 
kind of dye obtained from certain lichens. 

Turn'spit, n. 1. One who turns a spit ; hence, one en- 
gaged in some menial office. 52. A variety of dog ; — so 
called from being formerly employed to turn a spit. 

Turn'stile, n. A revolving frame 
in a footpath ; a turnpike. 

Titrn'-ta'hle, n. A large revolv- 
ing platform, for turning railroad 
cars, locomotives, &c.,in a differ- 
ent direction. 

Tur 'pen- tine, n. [Fr. tcreben- 
tliine, from Lat. terebinthinus, of 
the turpentine-tree, from terebin- 
thus. See Terebintfi.] An 
oleo-resinous substance, exuding naturally or on incision 
from several species of trees, chiefly those of the conifer- 
ous kind. 

Tur'pi-tude (53), n. [Lat. turpitudo, from turpis, foul, 
base.] Inherent baseness or vileness of principle, words, 
or actions. 

Tur-quoi§' (-koiz' or -keez', 33), n. [Fr. turquoise, so 
called because it came first from Turkey.] (Min.) A 
mineral, of a peculiar bluish-green color. It is suscepti- 
ble of a high polish, and used in jewe'.ry. 

Tur'rel, n. [Of. 0. Fr. touroul, a little wooden tourni- 
quet to fasten doors or Aviudows.] A certain tool used 
by coopers. 

Tur'ret, n. [0. Fr. tourette, dim. of tower, Lat. turn's, 
tower. ] A small eminence or spire attached to a building 
and rising above it. [with turrets. 

Tur'ret-ed, p. a. 1. Formed like a tower. 52. Furnished 

Tur'tle (tQVtl), n. [A.-S. turtle, Lat. turtur, dim. tur- 
turilla.] (Ornitli.) A gallinaceous bird; — called also 
turtle-dove and turtle-pigeon. Its note is plaintive and 
tender, and it is celebrated for the constancy of its affec- 
tion. 




Turnstile. 




Turtle. 




Tur 'tie, n. [Prob. corrupted, 
from tortoise, but thought by 
some to be the same word as 
the preceding, transferred to 
the sea-tortoise on account of 
its affection for its mate in 
pairing-time. See Tortoise.] 
(Zo'61.) A tortoise ; — often re- 
stricted to the large sea-tor- 
toise. 
Tur'tle-dove, n. See Turtle. 
Tur'tler, n. One who catches turtles or tortoises. 

Tus'-ean, a. (Geog.) Of, or pertain- 
ing to, Tuscany, in Italy; — specific- 
ally applied to one of the orders of 
architecture, the most ancient and 
simple. 

Tusli, interj. Pshaw! — an exclama- 
tion indicating check, rebuke, or con- 
tempt. 

Tusk, n. [A.-S. tusc, tux.] The long, 
pointed, and often protruding tooth of 
certain rapacious animals. 

Tusked (tuskt), a. Furnished with 
tusks. 

Tiis'sle (tuVsl), n. [See Tousle and 

Touse.] A struggle; a conflict; a Tuscan Order. 
scuffle. [ Colloq.] 

Tiis'sle (tuVsl), v. i. To struggle, as in sport or wrest- 
ling ; to scuffle. [ Colloq.] 

Tilt, interj. Be still ; — an exclamation used for checking 
or rebuking. 

Tu'te-lage. n. [From Lat. tutela, protection, from tuta- 
ri, to guard, from tueri, to watch, defend.] 1. Guardian- 
ship ; protection ; — applied to the person protecting. 52. 
State of being under a guardian. 

Tu'te-lar, I a. Having the charge of protecting a per- 

Tu'te-la-ry, ) son or a thing ; guardian ; protecting. 

Tu/te-nag, n. [N.Lat. tutenago,tutanego. Cf. Tuttv.] 
1. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. 52. Zinc, or 
spelter ; — so called in India. 

Tu'tor, n. [Lat. tutor, from tueri, to watch, defend.] 
One who protects, watches over, or has the care of, an- 
other; hence, specifically, (a.) (Civ. Law.) A guardian. 
(b.) A private or public teacher, (c.) (Eng. Univ. and 
Colleges.) An officer or member of some hall, who has 
the charge of hearing the lessons of the students, and 
otherwise giving them instruction, (d.) (Amer. Colleges.) 
An instructor of a lower rank than a professor. 

Tu'tor, v. t. [imp. & p.p. tutored; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TUTORING.] 1. To have the guardianship or care of; 
to teach ; to instruct. 52. To treat with authority or 
severity. 

Tii'tor-age, n. Office or occupation of a tutor ; tutor- 
ship ; guardianship. [erness. 

Tu'tor-ess, n. A female tutor ; an instructress ; a gov- 

Tu-to'ri al, a. Belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor. 

Tutti (to'ot'te), n. pi. [It., from Lat. totus, pi. toti, all.] 
(Mus.) All; — a direction for all the singers or players to 
perform together. 

Tut'ty, n. [Fr. tutie, L. Lat. tutia, Per. tntiya.] An im- 
pure protoxide of zinc, collected from the chimneys of 
smelting furnaces. 

Twad'dle (twod'dl), v. i. [See Twattle.] To talk in 
a weak and silly manner ; to prate. 

Twad'dle, n. Silly talk ; senseless verbiage ; gabble. 

Twad'dler, n. One who prates in a weak and silly man- 
ner. 

Twain, a. or n. [A.-S. twegen, twa, two, 0. H. Ger. 
zwane, zwD, zwei. See Two.] Two ; — nearly obsolete. 

Twang, v. i. [imp. & p. p. twanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
twanging.] [Cf. Tang, 4, and Prov. Eng. twang, a 
quick pull, a sudden pang, a sharp taste. 0. H. Ger. & D. 
dwang, N. H. Ger. zwang, constraint, force.] To make 
the sound of a string which is stretched and suddenly 
pulled. 

Twang, v. t. To make to sound, as by pulling a tenso 
string and letting it go suddenly. 

Twang, n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by 
a stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go. 52. 
A kind of nasal sound of the voice. 

Twat'tle (twot'tl), v. i. [See Tattle.] To prate; to 
talk much and idly ; to chatter ; to twaddle. 

Tweak, v. t. [A.-S. twiccian, to twitch, pull. It is radi- 
cally the same word as twitch.] To pinch and pull with 
a sudden jerk and twist ; to twitch. 

Tweak, n. 1. A sharp pinch or jerk. 52. Trouble ; dis- 
tress. 



UfoA, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; liijger, link ; tnis. 



TWEED 



776 



TWOFOLD 



Tweed, n. A light, twilled cotton or woolen stuff, used 
for summer clothing. 

Twee'dle (twe'dl), v. t. [Cf. Ger. ducleln, to play badly 
on an instrument.] To handle lightly ; — said with refer- 
ence to awkward fiddling ; hence, to influence as if by 
fiddling ; to coax ; to allure. 

Twee'zerg, n. pi. [0. Eng. tweeze, tweese, a surgeon's 
box of instruments, from Fr. etuis, pi. of etui, a case, 
sheath, box.] Small pincers used to pluck out hairs, &c. 

Twelfth, a. 1. The second after the tenth ; next suc- 
ceeding the eleventh ; — the ordinal of twelve, 2. Con- 
stituting one of twelve equal parts into which any thing 
is divided. 

Twelfth, n. 1. One of twelve equal parts. 2. {Mus.) 
An interval comprising an octave and a fifth. 

Twelfth'-night (-nit), n. The evening of the twelfth 
day after Christmas, or Epiphany, observed as a festival. 

Twelve, a. [A.-S. twelf, Icel. tolf, Goth, tvnlif, from 
tva, two, and -lif, ten, 0. H. Ger. lif, Icel. levu.] One 
more than eleven ; two and ten ; twice six ; a dozen. 

Twelve, n. 1. The sum of ten and two, or of twice six. 
2. A symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii. 

Twelve'month (-munth, 101), n. A year, which con- 
sists of twelve calendar months. 

Twelve'-pence, n. A shilling sterling, being about 
twenty-four cents in United States currency. 

Twelve'seore, a. & n. Twelve times twenty ; two hun- 
dred and forty. 

Twen'ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the nineteenth ; 
— the ordinal of twenty. 2. Constituting one of twenty 
equal parts into which any thing is divided. 

Twen'ti-eth, n. 1. One of twenty equal parts. 2. 
(Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a sixth. 

Twen'ty, a. [A.-S. twentig, twentig, for twantig, Goth. 
tvaitigjus; composed of Goth, tvai, A.-S. twegen, two, 
and Goth, tigjus, tigus, A.-S. tig, a decade.] 1. One 
more than nineteen ; twice ten. 2. An indefinite num- 
ber ; — used proverbially. 

Twen'ty, n. 1. The number next following nineteen ; 
twice ten. 2. A symbol representing twenty units, as 
20, or xx. 

TwI'foil, n. [A.-S. twibill, from twi, twy, twe.o, two, and 
bill, bil, an ax, hoe, bill.] 1. A kind of mattock, or ax. 
2. A reaping-hook. 

Twice, adv. [0. Eng. tivies, from two, with the termi- 
nation of a genitive. Cf. Thrice.] 1. Two times; 
once and again. 2. Doubly ; in twofold quantity. 

Twid'dle, v. t. To touch lightly, or play with ; to 
tweedle ; to twirl with the fingers. 

Twi'falloW, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TWIFALLOWED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. TWIFALLOWING.] [A.-S. twi, two, and 
Eng. fallow.] To plow a second time ; — said of land that 
is fallowed. 

Twig, n. [A.-S. twig, from twi, twig, two, i. e., the 
bisection or division of the trunk.] A small shoot or 
branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or 
size. 

Twig, v. t. To beat with twigs. 

Twig, D. f. 1. To understand the meaning of. [Colloq. 
and loio.] 2. To observe slyly. 

Twig'gy, a. Full of twigs ; abounding with shoots. 

Twi'light (-lit), n. [From A.-S. twi, two, and Eng. 
light; A.-S. tweonleoht, i. e., doubtful light, fr. tweona, 
doubt, fr. tweoan, twedgan, to doubt, fr. twi, twig, two, 
and leoht, light.] 1. The faint light perceived before the 
rising and after the setting of the sun. 2. Hence, a du- 
bious or uncertain view. 

Twi'light (-lit), a. 1. Imperfectly illuminated ; shaded ; 
obscure. 2. Seen or done by twilight. 

Twill, v. t. [See QUILL. Cf. L. Ger. twillen, to separate 
into two parts.] To weave, as cloth, so as to produce the 
appearance of diagonal lines or ribs, on the surface of. 

Twill, n. 1. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs 
produced in textile fabrics. 2. A fabric woven with a 
twill. 

Twin, n. [A.-S. twin, double, from twi, two, getwinne, 
pi., twins. See Twibil, and cf. TWINE.] 1. One of 
two produced at a birth by an animal that ordinarily 
brings forth but one at a birth; — used chietiy in the 
pi. 2. pi. (Astron.) A constellation and sign of the 
zodiac ; Gemini. 3. One very much resembling another. 

Twin, a. 1. Being one of two born at a birth. 2. Be- 
ing one of a pair much resembling one another. 

Twine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TWINING.] [A.-S. twinan, from twi, two.] 1. To twist 
together ; to form by twisting or winding of threads. 2. 
To wind about ; to embrace ; to entwine. 

Twine, v. i. 1. To unite closely, or by complication 



of parts. 2. To wind ; to bend ; to make turns ; to 



Twine, n. [D. twijn, Icel. tvinni, a double thread, A.-S. 
twin, fine linen. See supra.] 1. A twist ; a convolu- 
tion. 2. Act of twining or winding round. 3. A strong 
thread composed of two or three smaller threads or 
strands twisted together ; a small cord or string. 

Twinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twinged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TWINGEING.] [Allied to tweak, twitch, and twang, q. 
v.] 1. To pull with a twitch ; to pinch ; to tweak. 2, 
To torment with pinching or sharp pains. 

Twinge, v. i. To have a sudden, sharp, local pain, like 
a twitch. 

Twinge, n. 1. A pinch; a tweak; a twitch. 2. A 
darting, local pain of momentary continuance. 

Twink'le (twink'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. twinkled; 
p.pr. kvb. n. TWINKLING.] [A.-S. twinclian.] 1. To 
open and shut the eye rapidly ; to blink ; to wink. 2. 
To sparkle ; to flash at intervals : to scintillate. 

Twink'le, n. 1. A closing or opening, or a quick mo- 
tion of the eye; a wink. 2. The time of a wink; a 
twinkling. 

Tv Ink'ling, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
twinkles ; a wink. 2. A scintillation ; a sparkling. 3. 
The time of a wink ; a moment ; an instant. 

Twin'ling, n. [From twin.] A twin lamb. 

Twirl (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TWIRLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TWIRLING.] [A. S. thwiril, a churn-staff, a flail, 0. H. 
Ger. dwiril, A.-S. thweran, athweran, to agitate, twirl. 
Cf. Thwart, Queer, Quirl.] To move or whirl 
round ; to move and turn rapidly with the fingers. 

Twirl, v. i. To revolve with velocity ; to be whirled 
round rapidly. [tation. 

Twirl, n. A rapid circular motion ; a whirling ; quick ro- 

Twist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TWISTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TWISTING.] [A.-S. twist, two, cloth of double thread, 
from twi, two ; Icel. tvistr. id.] 1. To contort ; to com- 
plicate ; to convolve. 2. Hence, to turn from the true 
form or meaning; to pervert. 3. To wreathe ; to wind ; 
to unite by intertexture of parts. 4. Hence, to form ; 
to weave. 5. To wind in: to insinuate; — used reflex- 
ively. 6. To unite by winding one thread, strand, or 
other flexible substance round another. 7. To form into 
a thread from many fine filaments. 

Twist, v. i. To be contorted or united by winding round 
each other. 

Twist, n. 1. A contortion ; a flexure ; a convolution ; 
a bending. 2. Form given in twisting. 3. Specifically, 
that which is formed by twisting, convoluting, or uniting 
the parts. 

Twist'er, n. 1. One who twists. 2. The instrument 
used in twisting, or making twists. 

Twit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TWITTING.] [A.-S. dlw'tan, to reproach, blame, from 
at, at, to, and wttan, to know, to impute, reproach.] To 
vex by bringing to notice or reminding of a fault, defect, 
misfortune, or the like. 
Syn. — To revile ; reproach; upbraid; taunt. 

Twitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twitched (twicht) ; p. pr. 

& vb. n. TWITCHING.] [A.-S. tu-iccian,to pluck, twitch.] 

To pull with a sudden jerk ; to pluck with a short, quick 

motion ; to snatch. 
Twitch, n. A pull with a jerk ; a short, sudden, quick 

pull or contraction. 
Twitch'-grass, n. (Bot.) A species of grass which it 

is difficult to exterminate. 
Twit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TWITTERED : p. pr. & vb. 

n. TWITTERING.] [0. H. Ger. zwizarCn, D. kwetteren, 

Sw. qvittra. Cf. TITTER.] 1. To make a succession of 

small, tremulous, intermitted noises. 2. To have a slight 

trembling of the nerves. 3. To titter; to giggle. 
Twit'ter, n. One who twits, or reproaches. 
Twit'ter, n. 1. A small, tremulous, intermitted noise, 

like that made by a singing-bird. 2. A slight trembling 

or agitation of the nerves. 3. A half-suppressed laugh ; 

a titter ; a giggle. 
'Twixt. A contraction of betwixt. 
Two (tob), a. [A.-S. twegen, twa, two, Goth, tvai, tvos, 

tva, Icel. tveir, tvar, tv'6, W. dau, dwy, Lat. duo, Gr. &vo, 

Skr. dwi.] One and one. 
In two, asunder; into two parts; in halves; in twain. 
Two (to"o), n. 1. The sum of one and one. 2. A symbol 

representing two units, as 2, or ii. 
Two'-edg^d (to~o / -ejd), a. Having two edges, or edges 

on'both sides. [two. 

Two/fold (too'-), a. Double; duplicate; multiplied by 
Two'fold (tob'-), adv. In a double degree ; doubly. 



a,e,&c.,fong; a,e,&c.,5Aort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,d<>, wolf, 



TWO-HANDED 



777 



UBIQUITY 



Two'-hand'ed (too'-)- a. 1. Having two hands ; hence, 
stout ; strong ; powerful. 2. Used with both hands. 

Two'-pence (too'-), n. A small coin and money of ac- 
count, in England, equivalent to two pennies. 

Two'-pen'ny (too 7 -), a. Of the value of two-pence. 

Two'-ply (toV-), a. [From two a,udply, q. v.] 1. Con- 
sisting of two thicknesses, as cloth ; double. 2. Woven 
double, as cloth or carpeting, by incorporating two sets 
of threads of the warp and two sets of the weft. 

Tyke, n. [See Tike, 2.] A dog, or one as contemptible 
as a dog ; a tike. 

Tym'foal, n. [It. timballo , timpano , Lat. tympanum, Gr. 
rvfjiiravov, rviravov, fr. tvittslv, to beat.] A kind of ket- 
tle-drum. 

Tym'pan, n. [From Lat. tympanum, a kettle-drum, a 
panel of a door.] 1. (Arch.) A panel ; a tympanum. 2. 
(Print.) A frame covered with parchment or cloth, on 
which the -blank sheets are put, in order to be laid on the 
form to be impressed. 

Tym'pa-num, n. [Lat. ; Gr. rvfirravov, a kettle-drum, 
a drum or wheel in machines, the triangular area in a 
pediment, the panel of a door.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The 
middle hollow portion of the ear, separated by a mem- 
brane from the external passage ; also, this membrane 
itself, on which atmospheric vibrations act directly in 
producing sound ; — the drum of the ear. (b.) In birds 
and reptiles, the flat scale or membrane which forms the 
external organ of hearing. 2. (Arch.) (a.) The naked 
face of a pediment, (b.) The die of a pedestal, (c.) The 
panel of a door. 

Tym'pa-ny, n. [Gr. rvjot^-avta?, from tviattclvov, a kettle- 
drum. See Tympanites.] 1. (Med.) A flatulent dis- 
tention of the belly. 2. Hence, inflation ; conceit ; 
bombast ; tumidity ; turgidness. 

Type, n. [Lat. typus, Gr. tv7to?, fr. ruTrreiv, root tvtt, to 
beat, strike.] 1. The mark or impression of something ; 
stamp: emblem. 2. Impressed form; kind; sort. 3. 
The aggregate of characteristic qualities ; the represent- 
ative; and specifically, (a.) (Nat. Hist.) The ideal rep- 
resentation of a species or group, combining its essential 

• characteristics, (b.) (Med.) The order in which the 
symptoms of a disease exhibit themselves and succeed 
each other. 4. A figure or representation of something 
to come ; a token ; a sign ; a symbol. 5. ( Typog.) (a.) 
A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in 
metal or cut in wood, (b.) Types in general; — spoken 
of collectively. 

G@** The types which compose an ordinary book-font consist 
of Roman CAPITALS, small capitals, and lower-case 
letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with 
accompanying figures, points, and reference-marks, — in all 
about two hundred characters. Besides the ordinary Roman 
and Italic, the most important varieties of face are 

©15arngltsl),orSlacli£dter ? 

Hitman j§§*#i, 

Full-face, Antique, <&cu/U, 

Old Style, gothic. 

Type'-found'er, n. One who casts or manufactures 

type. 

Type'-met/al (-me't'al or -met']), n. A compound of lead 
and antimony, used for making type. 

Ty'phoid, a. [Gr. tvc/xoStjs, fr. rvfyos, stupor from fever, 
and etSos, form, likeness.] Of, pertaining to', or resem- 
bling, typhus ; like typhus of a low grade. 



Ty-phoon', n. .[Lat. typhon, Gr. tv<J)u>v, tu^ws, a violent 
whirlwind, that raises vast whirling clouds of dust; — 
prob. so called because it was held to be the work of 
Typhon, & giaut struck with lightning by Jupiter, and 
buried under Mount .Etna.] 1. A violent tornado or 
hurricane occurring in the Chinese seas. 2. Sometimes, 
the simoom. 

Ty'phus, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. tO^os, smoke, cloud, stu- 
por arising from fever, from Tv<f>e<.v, to smoke.] (Med.) 
A continuous fever attended with great prostration and 
cerebral disorder. 

Typ'i-e, ) a. [Lat. typhus, Gr. tvtti/cos, from tvVos, 

Typ'ie-al, ) type.] Of the nature of a type ; represent- 
ing something by a form, model, or resemblance ; emblem- 
atic ; figurative. 

Typ'ie-al-ly, adv. In a typical manner ; figuratively. 

Typ'ie-al-ness, n. State or quality of being typical. 

Typ'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. typified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
TYPlFYINa.] [From Gr. ™Vos, type, and Lat. facere, 
to make.] To represent by an image, form, model, or 
resemblance. 

Ty-pog'ra-pher, or Ty-pog'ra-pher, n. A printer. 

Typ'o-graph'ie. or Ty'po-graph-ie, \a. Of, 

Typ'o-grapli'ie-al, or Ty'po-graph'ie-al, j or per- 
taining to, typography or printing. 

Typ'o-graph'ie-al-ly, or Ty'po-graph'ie-al-ly, 
adv. In a typographical manner ; by means of type ; 
after the manner of printers. 

Ty-pog'ra-phy, or Ty-pog'ra-phy, n. [From Gr. 
TV7ros, type, and ypdfyeiv, to write.] The art of printing, 
or the operation of impressing type on paper. 

Ty-ran'nie , {a. [Lat. tyrannicus, Gr. T-pavviKos.] 

Ty-ran'uie-al, ) Of, or pertaining to. «. iyrant ; un- 
justly severe in government. 

Syn. — Imperious; despotic; cruel; arbitrary. 

Ty-ran'nie-al-ly, adv. In a tyrannical manner. 

Ty-ran'ni-csde, n. [Lat. tyrannicidium, the killing of 
a tyrant, tyrannicida, the killer of a tyrant, fr. tyrannus, 
a tyrant, and casdere, to kill.] 1. Act of killing a tyrant- 

2. One who kills a tyrant. 

Tyr'an-mze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tyrannized ; p. pr. 
Scvb. n. tyrannizing.] To act the tyrant ; to exercise 
arbitrary power. 

Tyr'an-nize , v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive^ 
or tyrannical treatment ; to oppress. 

Tyr'an-noiis, a. Tyrannical ; arbitrary ; despotic. 

Tyr'an-ny, n. [Gr. rvpawia. See Tyrant.] J. Gov- 
ernment or authority of a tyrant ; arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power, 2. Cruel government or discipline 

3. Severity ; rigor ; inclemency. 

Ty'rant, n. [Lat. tyrannus, Gr. i-vpavvos, orig. an abso 
lute sovereign, but afterward a severe or cruel ruler, 
prop. Doric for /coipavos, fr. *upos, Kvpios, a lord, master.] 
1. An absolute ruler, or one unrestrained by law or con- 
stitution. 2. A monarch, or other ruler or master, who 
uses power to oppress his subjects ; a despotic ruler ; a 
cruel master ; an oppressor. 

Tyr'i-an, a. 1. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, lyre or its 
people. 2. Being of a purple color, like a celebrated dye 
formerly prepared at Tyre from certain shell-fish, and 
called Tyrian pijrplf. 

Ty'ro, n. ; pi. TY'ROS.. [Lat. tiro, a newly -levied soldier, 
a beginner.] 1. A beginner in learning : one in the ru- 
diments of any branch of study ; a novitiate. 2. Hence, 
a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject. 

Tzar (zar), re. The emperor of Russia. See Czar. 

Tza-ri'na (za-re'na), re. The empress of Russia. See 
Czarina. 



U. 



ITT (ytf"°) is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel in 
HJ the English alphabet. Its true primary sound, in 
Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most 
of the languages of Europe — that of oo in cool, tool. 
This sound was changed to that heard in the words use, 
tube, &c, probably in consequence of the attempt made 
to introduce the Norman-French language into common 
use in England. Besides these two sounds, u has also 
two other sounds, as exemplified in the words but, bull. 
See Prin. of Pron. §§ 29-34, and §§ 52, 53. The vowel 



U has a close affinity to the consonant v, and these two 

_ letters were formerly confounded in writing and printing. 

U-'bi'e-ty, n. [N. Lat. ubietas, fr. Lat. ubi, where.] State 

_ of being in a place ; local relation. 

U-foiq'ui-ta-ry, a. [From Lat. ubique, every where, 
from ubi, where.] Existing every where, or in all places ; 

_ ubiquitous. [nipresent. 

U-biq'ui-tous, a. Existing, or being, every where ; om- 

U-hiq r ui-ty, n. [From Lat. ubique, every where.] Ex- 
istence in all places at the same time ; omnipresence. 



tood, f riot ; Ciru, ry.de, pull ; pell, chaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



UDDER 



778 



UN 



ttd'der, n. [A.-S. ftder, fidr, 0. H. Ger. (Mar, utaro, Icel. 
jugr, jufr, Gr. ovQap, ov4>ap, Lat. uber, Skr. udhar, udhan, 
fttf/ias, Finn, utar, utara, It. uit,uitck.] The gland of a 
female mammal in which the milk is secreted for the 
nourishment of the young. 

tJ-dom'e-ter, n. [From Lat. udus, wet, moist, and Gr. 
(u-eVpoi/, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
quantity of rain which falls ; a rain-gauge. 

tJg'li-ness, n. 1. Quality of being ugly ; want of 
beauty. 2. Turpitude of mind ; moral depravity ; also, 

w ill-nature ; crossness. 

tJg'ly, a. [compar. UGLIER ; superl. UGLIEST.] [A.-S. 
egle, egele, troublesome, hateful, Goth, agls, base, aglus, 
difficult; Goth, agis, A.-S. oga, Icel. ogn, terror; Goth. 
dgan, to fear, Ogjan, to frighten.] 1. Offensive to the 
sight ; of disagreeable or loathsome aspect. 2. Ill- 
natured ; cross-grained. 

HJ-kase', n. [Russ. ukas, from kasatj, to show, to say.] 

__ In Russia, an imperial order having the force of law. 

©J/cer, n. [Lat. ulcus, ulceris, Gr. e'A/cos.] (Med.) A sore 
discharging pus, originating generally in a constitutional 
disorder. 

©I'cer-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ulcerated ; p.pr. & 
vb. n. ULCERATING.] To become ulcerous. 

ftl'cer-ate, v. t. [Lat. ulcerare, ulceratum , from ulcus, 
ulcer.] To affect with an ulcer or with ulcers. 

tJFcer-a/tioii, n. 1. Process of forming into an ulcer ; 
state of being ulcerated. 2. An ulcer. 

©I'c ered, a. Having become ulcerous ; ulcerated. 

Ul'cer-oiis, a. 1. Having the nature or character of an 

^ ulcer. 2. Affected with an ulcer or with ulcers. 

ttl'cer-oiis-iiess, n. The state of being ulcerous. 

U-le'ma, n. [Ar. ulema, the wise or learned men, pi. of 

" allm, wise, learned, fr. alima, to know.] A corporation, 
in Turkey, composed of imams, or ministers of religion, 
muftis, or doctors of law, and cadis, or administrators of 
justice. 

U-lig'i-nous, a. [Lat. uliginosus, from uligo, moisture, 
contr. from uviligo, from uvere, to be moist.] Muddy ; 
oozy ; slimy. 

tjl'lage, n. [Prob. from D. vullen, to fill.] (Coot.) What 
w a cask wants of being full. 

JJV"(ia,n. [Lat. ulna, Gr. J>AeV»), the elbow.] (Anat.) The 
larger of the two bones of the fore-arm. 

tjl'nar, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the ulna. 

Ul-te'ri-or, a. [Lat. ulterior, comp. of niter, that is be- 
yond, or on the other side.] 1. Situated beyond, or on 
the further side. 2. Further ; remoter ; more distant ; 
succeeding. 

tJl'ti-mate (45), a. [L. Lat. ultimatus, last, extreme, fr. 
Lat. ultimare, to come to an end, fr. ultimus, the furthest, 
last, superl. ofulter, that is beyond.] 1. Furthest ; most 
remote. 2. Last in a train of progression or conse- 
quences. 3. Incapable of further analysis, division, or 
separation ; constituent. 

Syn. — Final ; last ; extreme ; conclusive. See Final. 

UFti-m^te, v. t. & ?'. [imp. & p. p. ultimated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. ULTIMATING.] 1. To come or bring to an 
end or issue ; to end. 2. To come or bring into use or 
practice. 

tTl'ti-mate-ly, adv. Finally ; at last ; in the end. 

tJFti-ma/tion, n. State of being ultimate ; ultimatum. 

Tfl'ti-niti'tum, n. [N. Lat.] A final proposition or con- 
dition ; especially, the final propositions, conditions, or 
pterins, offered as the basis of a treaty. 

TJl'ti-mo, n. [Lat. (sc. mense), in the last month.] The 
. last month preceding the present ; — often contr. to ult. 

tjl'tra, a. [Lat., from ulter, that is beyond or on the 
other side, from uls, beyond, from the pronominal root 
il, whence Me, that.] Disposed to go beyond others, or 
beyond due limit ; radical ; extreme. 

"Cl'tra, n. One who advocates extreme measures ; an 
nltraist. [measures. 

tJl'tra-i§m, n. Principles of men who advocate extreme 

tJl'tra-ist, n. One who pushes a principle or measure to 
extremes ; a radical or ultra. 

UFtra-ma-riiiie', a. [Lat. ultra, beyond, and marinus, 
marine.] Situated or being beyond the sea. 

tjl'tra ma-rine', n. [See supra. It was so called be- 
cause the lapis-lazuli was orig. brought from beyond the 
sea, — from Asia.] (Paint.) A blue pigment 'obtained 
originally by powdering the lapis-lazuli, but now made 
artificially. 

tTFtra-mon'tane, a. [L. Lat. ultramontanus, fr. Lat. 
ultra, beyond, and montanus, belonging to a mountain, 
from mons, mantis, mountain.] Being beyond the moun- 
tains, or Alps, in respect to the one who speaks. 




Umbel, 
umbel-like. 



Ul'tra-mon'ta-nigm, n. The principles of those who 
maintain extreme views as to the pope's supremacy ; — so 
used by those living north of the Alps. 

tJFtra-miiii'daiie, a. [Lat. idtramundanus, from Lat. 
ultra, beyond, and rvundanus, belonging to the world, 
from mundus, the world.] Being beyond the world, or 

^beyond the limits of our system. 

tJl'u-late, v. i. [Lat. ululare, ulvlatum, allied to Gr- 
oAoAu'^eu/.] To howl, as a dog or wolf. 

tJl'u-la/tion, n. A howl, as of the wolf or dog. 

tJm'foel, n. [Lat. umbella, a 
little shadow, umbrella, dim. 
of umbra, shade.] (Bot.) A 
kind of flower cluster in which 
the flower-stalks spread mod- 
erately from a common point, 
and form a common plane or 
convex surface above, as in 

w the carrot. 

Um'lbel-lar, a. Of, or per- 
taining to, an umbel ; having 
the form of an umbel. 

tJm'bel-late, \ a. (Bot.) 

tJm'bel-la'ted, J Bearing 

^ umbels ; pertaining to an umbel : 

fjm/bel-let, n. (Bot.) A little or partial umbel. 

tjm/bel-lif 'er-oiis, a. [N. Lat. umbellifer, from um- 
bella and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) Producing the inflores- 
cence called an umbel ; bearing umbels. 

tjrn'ber, n. [N. Lat. umbra, from Lat. umbra, shade, or 
from Umbria, a district in Italy, where it is said to have 
been first obtained.] (Min.) An ocherous ore of iron, of 
a brown or blackish-brown color, often used as a pig- 
ment. 

TJm-l>a'i-e, ) a. [Lat. umbilicus, Gr. oju^aAo?.] Of, 

Um-bil'ie-al, J or pertaining to. the navel. 

XJm-btl'i-eiis, n. [Lat.] 1. (Anat.) A round cicatrix 
about the median line of the abdomen ; the navel. 2. 
(Bot.) The scar left where the stalk of the seed separates 
from thebase ; hilum. 

tjm'bleg (um'blz), n. pi. [See Humbles and Nom- 
bles.] The entrails of a deer; hence, sometimes, en- 

^ trails in general. 

ITm'brage, n. [From Lat. umbra, a shade.] 1. Shade ; 
shadow ; hence, that which affords a shade, as a screen 
of trees. 2. The feeling of being overshadowed ; jealousy 
of another, as standing in one's light or way ; hence, 
suspicion of injury ; offense ; resentment. 

Um-bra'geoiis, a. [Lat. umbraticus, fr. umbra, a shade.] 
1. Forming, or affording, a shade ; shading. 2. Shady : 
shaded. 

Um-bra'geous-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
umbrageous ; shadiness. 

Um-brel'la, n. [Lat. umbra, a shade. Cf. Lat. umbella, 
a sun-shade, a parasol. See Umbel.] A shade or screen, 
carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the 
rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. 

tlm/pi-rage, n. 1. Power, right, or authority of an um- 

^pire to decide. 2. Decision of an umpire ; arbitrament. 

IJm'pire, n. [0. Erg. impier, umpier, also nompeyr, 
nounpere, fr. Fr. impair, nompair, uneven, i. e., a third, 
from pair, 0. Fr. par, per, peer, pair, even, peer, Lat. 
par.] 1. A third person, to whose sole decision a con- 
troversy or question between parties is referred. 2. 
(Law.) A third person, who is to decide a controversy or 
question submitted to arbitrators, in case of their dis- 
agreement. 

Syn. — Judge ; arbitrator ; referee. See Judge. 

tJm'pire-snip, n. Office or authority of an umpire. 

tjn. [A.-S. un, and sometimes on, Goth., 0. & H. Ger. 
un, Icel. 6, equiv. to on, allied to Gr. av, a. Skr. an, a, 
Celtic an, Lat. in.] A negative prefix of very wide ap- 
plication. It may be attached at will to almost any 
English adjective, or participle used adjectively, from 
which it may be desired to form a corresponding negative 
adjective, while it is also prefixed to less numerous classes 
of nouns and verbs. Its uses may be classified as fol- 
lows : — 

I. It is prefixed to adjectives, or to words used adjectively ; 
as, (a.) To adjectives, to denote the absence of the quality 
designated by the adjective ; as, vnuccordant. unalterable, un- 
ambitious, un'anxious', vnappreciahle, unapproachable, unartifi- 
cial, unattainable, unbearable, unbrotherlu, uncandid, uncnnorp- 
ical, unchangeable, uncheerfid, unclatsical, uncommercial, un- 
congenial, unco>-dial, uncourth/, unrlpfinable, undemocratic, un- 
desirable, undevout, undistinguish able, unrh/tiful, unendurable, 
un-English, unenviable, uneventful, unfamiliar, unfe.minine, tin- 
fraternal, ungenial, ungenteel, ungentle ungentlemanly, ungranv- 
matical, unimportant, uninhabitable, unintelligible, unjustifiable. 



9-,e,Si,c.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



UNABLE 



779 



UNBLEMISHED 



vnkingly, unmaidenly, unmanageable, unmeet, unmelodions, 
unmindful, unmotherly, unmusical, unobservant, unpardonable, 
unpatriotic, unphilanthropic, unphilosophic, unpoetic, unpro- 
nounceable, unquenchable, unrational, un remunerative, unro- 
mantic, unsalable, unsatisfactory, unscholarly, unscientific, un- 
selfish, unserviceable, unsubstantial, unsus/ncious, untenable, un- 
thankful, untidy, unvocal, unicarhke, umvatchful, unweary,un- 
welco 'te, unwomanly, unworldly, and the like, (fi.) To past 
passive participles, to indicate the absence of the condition or 
state expressed by the particle ; as, unabated, unabridged, un- 
accented, unadorned, unadulterated, unaided, unaltered, un- 
answered, unappreciated, unarmed, unasked, unassisted, unut- 
tempted, unattended, unbaplized, unbiased, unbleached, un- 
bought, uncalled, unchanged, unchecked, uncircuuicised, un- 
clouded, uncompounderl, uncon fined ', uncoiigealed , unconquered, 
unconstrained , uncultivated , undecided, undefended, undefiled, 
undesen-ed, undesigned, undigested, undiminished, undimmed, 
undisguised, undisturbed, uneducated , unemployed, unenlight- 
ened, unexhausted, unexplained, unexplored, unfathomed, un- 
foreseen, unfulfilled, unfurnished , unguarded, unguessed, un- 
harmed, unheeded, unhelped, unhonored, unimpeached, unin- 
closed, uninhabited, uninspired, unleavened, unlettered , unloved, 
unmarried, unmasked, unmatched, vnmingled, unmitigated, un- 
viixed , unmoved, unnerved, unnoticed .unobserved ', unobstructed, 
unornaniented, unperceived, unpolished, unpracticed, unpre- 
meditated, unprepared, unprotected, unprovoked, unpunished, 
unread, unreconciled, unrefined, unrelated, unrepresented, un- 
resisted, unrewarded, unsatisfied, unscathed, unsettled, un- 
shared, unsheltered, unshod, unshorn, unskilled, unsolicited, un- 
sought, unstinted, unstudied, unsullied, unsurpassed, unsuspected, 
uniasted, untaught, untemfied, untried, untutored, unvaried, un- 
warranted, un wedded, unwept, and the like (c.) To present par- 
ticiples which come from intransitive verbs, or are themselves 
employed as adjectives, to mark the absence of the activity, 
disposition, or condition implied by the participle ; as, unac- 
commodating, unasjjiring, unavailing, unblenching, Jincalcidat- 
ing, unchanging, uncomplaining, unconsuming, unconvincing, 
undeserving, undiminishing, undiscerning, undouiiting, unedify- 
ing, unenvying, unfading, unndtering, unflinching, ungrudging, 
unheeding, uninteresting, uninviting, unloving, unmoving, unob- 
serving, unoffending, unpitying, unpleasing, unquestioning, un- 
repining, unresisting, unresting, unsearching, unseeing, unshrink- 
ing, unsuspecting, unsympathizing, unvarying, unwavering, and 
the like. This class of words is unlimited in extent, and such 
compounds may be formed by any writer or speaker at will, 
from almost all the adjectives or participles in the language, 
excepting those which have a recognized and usual negative 
correspondent with the prefix in. No attempt will be made, 
therefore, to define them all in this Dictionary ; many will be 
omitted from its vocabulary which are negations of the simple 
word, and are readily explained by prefixing a not to the latter. 
Derivatives of these words in -ly and -ness will also, for the 
most part, be omitted for the same or similar reasons. There 
will be inserted as separate articles with definitions, only such 
as the following: 1. Those which have acquired an opposing 
or contrary, instead of a merely negative, meaning; as, un- 
friendly, ungraceful, unpalatable, unquiet, and the like; or else 
an intensive sense more than a prefixed not would express; as, 
unending, unparalleled, undisciplined, undoubted, unsafe, and 
the like. 2. Those which have the value of independentwords, 
inasmuch a< the simple words are either not at all, or rarely, or 
at least much less frequently, used; as, unavoidable, uncon- 
scionable, undeniable, unspeakable, unprecedented, unruly, and 
the like; or inasmuch as they are used in a different sense from 
the usual meaning of the primitive, or especially in one of the 
significations of the latter ; as, unaccountable, unalloyed, un- 
believing, unp> etending, unreserved, and the like ; or inasmuch 
as they are in so frequent and familiar use that they are hardly 
felt to be of negative origin; as, uncertain, uneven, and the 
like. 

II. Un is prefixed to a much smaller class, consisting of 
verbs, to express the contrary, and not the simple negative, of 
the action indicated by the verb. Their participles not nn- 
frequently coincide in form with compounds of un with the 
participles or participial adjec ives : as, undone, from undo, 
meaning unfastened, or ruined; but undone, from zmand done, 
means not done, unfinished. 

III. Un is prefixed to a few nouns to express the p.b=ence or 
the contrary of that which the noun signifies; as, unbelief, un- 
dress, unrest, and the like. 

Compounds of the last two classes are given in full in their 
order. 

Uii-a1>le (-a/bl), a. Not able ; not having sufficient 
strength, means, knowledge, skill, or the like ; impotent. 

tJn'a«-cept'a-ble, a. Not acceptable ; not pleasing ; 
not welcome ; unpleasant : displeasing ; offensive. 

tWa-e-eom'plislifd (-plisht), a. Not accomplished or 
performed ; also, not refined or polished by culture. 

Un'ae-eount'a-ble, a. 1. Not accountable or respon- 
sible. 2. Not to be accounted for ; inexplicable ; strange ; 
mysterious. [ner ; strangely. 

Un'ae-eount'a-bly, adv. In an unaccountable man- 

Un'ad-vlg'a-ble, a. Not advisable : not to be recom- 
mended ; inexpedient ; contrary to prudence or wisdom. 

Un'ad-vigftd', a. 1. Not advised : not discreet. 2. 
Done without due consideration ; imprudent ; rash ; in- 
considerate. 

tln'ad-vig'ed-ly, adv. Without due consideration ; im- 
prudently ; indiscreetly. 

tJn'ad-vig'ed-ness, n. Imprudence ; rashness. 

Un'af-ffiet'ed, a. 1. Not affected or moved ; destitute 
cf affection or emotion. 2. Not affected, artificial, or 
forma] ; plain ; simple ; natural. 



I Un'af-f Set'ed-ly, adv. In an unaffected manner ; with- 
out affectation : really ; without disguise. 

tjn'af-f e«t'ed-ness, n. State of being unaffected. 

Un'al-loy^d', a. Not alloyed ; not reduced by foreign 

^admixture: hence, unmixed; pure. 

tjn'am-big'u-ous. a. Not ambiguous ; not of doubt- 
ful_meaning ; plaiu ; clear ; certain. 

Un-a'mi-a-ble, a. Not amiable : not conciliating love; 
not adapted to gain affection ; unlovely : ill-natured. 

Un/a-nelpd', a. [un and 0. Eng. anele, to administer 
extreme unction.] Not having received extreme unction. 

_[Obs.] 

U'na-nim'i-ty, n. [Lat. unanimitax.] State or quality 
of being unanimous ; agreement in opinion or determina- 
tion. 

U-nan'i-mous. a. [Lat. unanimus, unanimis, fv. imus, 
one, and animus, mind.] 1. Of one mind ; agreeing in 
opinion or determination ; harmonious. 2. Formed with, 
or indicating, unanimity ; with the agreement of all. 

U-nan'i-mou.s-ly, adv. In a unanimous manner. 

TJn-an'swer-a-ble (-Sn'ser-a-bl), a. Not answerable ; 
not capable of refutation. 

Un-an'swer-a-bly (-an'ser-), adv. In an unanswerable 
manner ; in a manner not to be answered. 

TJn-apt', a. Not apt ; inapt ; dull ; unskillful ; not qual- 
ified or fit ; unsuitable. 

Un-apt'ly, adv. In an unapt manner ; inaptly. 

tjn'as-sum'ing, a. Not assuming ; not bold or forward ; 

w not arrogant ; humble ; mo "est. 

IJn'a-vail'ing, a. Of no avail ; not having the effect 
desired ; ineffectual ; useless ; vain. 

Un'a-void'a-ble, a. 1. Not avoidable; incapable of 
being made null or void. 2. Not to be shunned ; neces- 

w sary; ine ita' le. 

tJn'a-void'a-hle-ness, n. The state or quality of 
being unavoidable ; necessity ; inevitablcness. 

tWa-void'a-bly, adv. Necessarily ; inevitably. 

Un'a-ware', a. Not aware ; not noticing ; giving no 
heed ; without thought ; inattentive. 

Un'a-ware', ) adv. Without previous design or prep- 

Un/a-ware§', J aration ; suddenly ; unexpectedly. 

Un-baFaiiCfd (-bal'anst), a. 1. Not balanced ; not in 
equipoise. 2. (Com.) Not adjusted ; not brought to an 
equality of debt and credit. 3. Not in equipoise or equi- 
librium : unsteady ; unsound ; not sane. 

Un-bal'last-ed, p. a. 1. Not furnished with ballast ; 
not kept steady by ballast : unsteady. 2. Freed from 
ballast ; having the ballast discharged or unloaded. 

Urn-bar', v. t. To remove a bar or bars from ; to unfast- 
en; to open. 

Un'be-eom'ing (-kum'ing), a. Not becoming; hence, 
improper for the person or character; unsuitable ; inde- 
cent ; indecorous. 

Un'be-got', U. Not begot ; not generated ; especial- 

Un'be-got'ten, ) ly, having never been generated; 

^having always been self-existent ; e ernal. 

Un'be-known' (-non 7 ), a. Not known ; unknown. [Col- 

^ log.] 

Un'be-lief, n. 1. The withholding of belief; incredu- 
lity. 2. Especially, disbelief of divine revelation, or in 
a divine providence or scheme of redemption ; skepticism ; 
infidelity. 

Syn. — See Disbelief. 

Un'be-liev'er, n. 1. One who does not believe ; an in- 
credulous person. 2. Especially, one who discredits 
revelation, or the mission, character, and doctrines of 
Christ. 

Syn. —Infidel ; disbeliever; freethinker ; deist ; skeptic. 
See Infidel. 

Un/be-liev'ing, a. 1. Not believing; incredulous. 2. 
Discrediting divine revelation, or the mission, character, 
and doctrines of Christ ; infidel. 

Unbend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unbent ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. unbending.] 1. To free from flexure; to make 
straight. 2. To remit from a strain or from exertion ; 
to set at ease for a time; to relax. 3. (Naut.) (a.) To 
unfasten from the yards and stays, as saiis. (b.) To cast 
loose or untie, as a rope, and the like. 

Uii-bend'ing, V- a. 1. Not suffering flexure. 2. Un- 
yielding ; resolute ; rigid ; inflexible. 

Un-bi'as, v. t. [imp. k,p. p. unbiased (un-bT'ast) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. UNBIASING.] To free from bias or prejudice. 

Un-bind', v. t. [imp. & p.p. unbound ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. UNBINDING.] To remove a band from ; to untie ; to 
unfasten : to loose. 

Un blgm'ished (-blem'isht), a. Not blemished; free 
from turpitude, reproach, or deformity ; pure ; spotless. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, e-eho; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; tnia- 



UNBLEST 



780 



UNDER 



Cii-blSst', a. 1. Not blest ; excluded from benediction. 
2. Wretched ; unhappy. 

Un-bolt', v. t. To remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; to 
open. 

Un-born' (126), a. Not born; not brought into life; 
still to appear ; future. [dence. 

Un-bo'gom. v. t. To disclope freely ; to reveal in confi- 

Un-bo'^om-er, n One who unbosoms or discloses. 

Un-boimd'ed, a. 1. Having no bound or limit; un- 
limited in extent; infinite; interminable. 2. Having 
no check or control ; unrestrained. 

Un-bow'el, v. I. To deprive of the entrails ; to exenter- 
ate ; to eviscerate. 

Uii-braid', v. t. To separate the strands of; to undo, as 
a braid ; to disentangle. 

Un-brl'dled, p. a. Loosed from the bridle, or as from 
the bridle ; hence, unrestrained ; violent. 

Un-b'ur'desi, v. t. 1. To relieve from a burden or bur- 
dens. 2. To throw off, as a burden ; to unload. 

Un-cer'tain, a. 1. Not certain ; not positively known. 
2. Not to be depended upon. 3. Not having certain 
knowledge. 4. Not sure of the direction or the result. 

Syn. — Precarious ; doubtful ; dubious ; unreliable ; inse- 
cure. See Pjkecaeious. 

Un-cer'tain-ty, n. 1. Quality or state of being uncer- 
tain; doubtfulness ; dubiousness. 2. Contingency. 3. 
Want of certainty ; want of precision. 4. Something 
unknown or undetermined. 

TJii-cliain', v. t. To free from chains, confinement, or 
slavery. 

Un-cliar'i-ta-ble, a. Not charitable ; contrary to char- 
ity ; severe in judging; harsh; censorious. 

Un-chaste', a. Not chaste ; not continent ; not pure ; 
libidinous ; lewd. 

Un-clias'ti-ty , n. Want of chastity ; lewdness. 

Un-chrls'tian (-krist'yan), a. 1. Not Christian ; not 
converted to the Christian faith ; iufidel. 2. Contrary 
to Christianity ; unbecoming a Christian. 

Un-church', v. t. To expel from a church ; to deprive 

^of the character and rights of a church. 

tJn'cial (un'shal), a. [Lat. uncialis, amounting to the 
12th part of a pound or a foot, from uncia, the 12th part 
of a pound or a foot, an ounce, an inch.] Of, pertaining 
to, or denoting, a species of character of a large size, com- 
pounded between the capital and smaller characters, 
some of the letters resembling the former, and others the 
latter. 

tJn'cial, n. An uncial letter. 

Un'ci-f orm, a. [From Lat. uncus, a hook, and forma, 
form.] Having a curved or hooked form. 

TJn-cir'cum-cis/ion. n. 1. Absence or want of cir- 
cumcision. 2. Those who are not circumcised. 

Un-civ'il, a. 1. Not civil or civilized. 2. Not civil ; 
not complaisant ; not courteous. 

Syn. — Uncourteous ; impolite ; discourteous ; uncourtly ; 
rude ; clownish ; unmannered. 

Un-civ'il-Ized, a. Not civilized ; not reclaimed from 
savage life ; rude ; barbarous. 

tTn-civ'il-ly, adv. In an uncivil manner ; rudely. 

Un~elasp', v. t. To open or loose, as what is fastened 
with a clasp. 

Un'cle (unk'l), a. [0. Fr. uncle, from Lat. avunculus, 
a maternal uncle, dim. of avus, a grandfather.] The 
brother of one's father or mother. 

Un-clean', a. 1. Not clean; foul; dirty; filthy. 2. 
(Jewish Law.) Ceremonially impure. 3". Morally im- 
pure ; sinful. 

Un-clinch', v. t. To cause to be no longer clinched ; to 
open, as the closed hand. 

Un-elo§e', v. t. 1. To open ; to break the seal of. 2. 
To disclose ; to lay open. 

Un-com'f ort-a-ble, a. 1. Not comfortable ; affording 
no comfort ; gloomy. 2. Giving uneasiness. 

tJn € om'f or t-a-bly , adv. In an uncomfortable man- 
ner ; without comfort or cheerfulness. 

HJn-com'mon, a. Not common ; not usual; and hence, 
remarkable ; strange. 

Syn. — Rare ; scarce ; infrequent ; unwonted ; unusual. 

Un-eom'mon-ly, adv. In an uncommon manner or 
degree ; unusually ; rarely. 

Un-«6m'mon ness (109), n. State or quality of being 
uncommon ; rareness of occurrence : infrequency. 

Un-com'pro-mis/ing, a. Not admitting of compro- 
mise ; not agreeing to terras ; making no truce or con- 
cession ; obstinate ; unyielding; inflexible. 

Un'con-cern', a. Want of concern ; absence of anxie- 
ty ; freedom from solicitude. 



Un'con-cSrned', a. Not concerned ; not anxious ; fee"*. 
ing no solicitude ; easy in mind ; carelessly secure. 

tJn'con-cern'ed-ly, adv. In an unconcerned manner ; 

^ without anxiety. 

Uii'con-dl'tion-al (-dish'un-), a. Not conditional, lim- 
ited, or conditioned ; absolute ; unreserved. 

tJu'eon-di'tion-al-ty, adv. In an unconditional man- 
ner ; without conditions; without reservation. 

Un-eon'scion-a-ble, a. 1. Not conscionable ; not 
conformed to reason ; unreasonable ; inordinate. 2« 
Enormous ; vast. 

Un-con'scion-a-bly. adv. Unreasonably. 

Un-con'scioiis, a. 1. Not conscious ; not having con- 
sciousness. 2. Not made the object of consciousness or 
of distinct perception ; imperceptible. 

Un-eon'scious-ly, adv. In an unconscious manner. 

Uii-eon'scious-ness, n. State or quality of being un- 
conscious. 

Un-eon'sti-tu'tion-al, a. Not constitutional ; not 

^agreeable to the constitution, or contrary to it. 

tJn'-eon-vert'ed, a. Not converted ; not changed, as in 
opinion, or from one faith to another; especially, not 
persuaded of the truth of the Christian religion ; hence, 
unregenerate ; sinful ; impenitent. 

Un-coup'le, v. t. To loose, as dogs from their couples ; 
to set loose ; to disjoin. 

Un-eovirt'e-ous, a. Not courteous ; uncivil; unpolite; 
not kind and complaisant ; rude. 

Un-equtli' (-kooth'), a. [A.-S. unciidh, fr. un, not, and 
cudli, known, equiv. to gecixdh , p. p. of cunnan, to know.] 
Having awkward manners ; not pleasing in appearance. 

Syn. — Unfamiliar ; unusual ; strange ; odd ; unseemly ; 
awkward ; boorish; clumsy. 

Un-couth'ly, adv. In an uncouth manner ; strangely. 

Un-equtli'ness (-kobth'nes), n. State or quality of 
being uncouth ; oddness ; strangeness. 

Un-eov'er (-kuv'er), v. t. 1. To take the cover from; 
to divest of covering ; to lay open. 2. To take off the 
hat or cap of ; to bare the head of. 

Un-eov'er. v. ?'. To take off the hat ; to bare the head 
in token of respect. 

Uri-e'tioii, n. [Lat. unctio, from ungere, unctum, to 
anoint.] 1. Act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with 
an unguent, oil, or ointment, especially for medical pur- 
poses, or as a s; mbol of consecration. 2. An unguent ; 
an ointment. 3. Hence, that quality in language, ad- 
dress, or the like, which excites emotion, especially strong 
devotion ; religious fervor and tenderness. 

Extreme unction (Bom. Cath. Church), the application of sa- 
cred oil to the head, the hands, and the feet, of a dying ] 



Un-et/u-os'i-ty, n. State or quality of being unctuous ; 

greasiness ; oiliness ; fatness. 

Un-et'u-oiis (tinkt'yu-us), a. [L. Lat. unctuosus, fr. Lat. 
unctus, an ointment, from ungere, unctum, to anoint.] 
Fat ; oily ; greasy. 

Un-eu.lt'ure, n. Want of culture or education. 

Un'da-ted, a. [Lat. undatus, p. p. of undare, to rise in 
waves, to undulate, fr. unda, a wave.] (Bot.) Rising and 
falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf. 

Un-daunt'ed, a. Not daunted; not to be subdued or 
depressed by fear. 

Syn. — Bold; fearless; brave; courageous; intrepid. 

Un-dec'a-gon, n. [Lat. undecim, eleven, and Or. ywvia, 
an angle.] ( Geom.) A figure of eleven angles, and con- 
sequently of eleven sides. 

Un'de-ceive', v. t. To cause to be no longer deceived ; 
to free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. 

Un'de-ni'a-ble, a. Not deniable ; incapable of denial ; 
palpably true ; obvious. 

Un'de-ni'a-bly, adv. In an undeniable manner ; so 

^plainly as to admit no contradiction or denial. 

Un'der, prep. [A.-S. under, Goth, undar, Icel. undir, allied 
to Lat. inter, Skr. antar.] 1. In a lower position with re- 
spect to ; so as to be covered, overhung, or overtopped by ; 
beneath; below. 2. Hence, in many figurative uses, which 
may be classified as follows: (a.) In relation to some 
thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, 
bows down, governs, directs, powerfully influences, or 
the like, (b.) In relation to something that exceeds in 
rank or degree, in number, size, weight, and the like, (c.) 
In relation to something that comprehends or includes, 
that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, pre- 
text, pretense, or the like, (d.) Less specifically, in the 
relation of being subject, of undergoing regard, treat- 
ment, and the like. 

Under arms (Mil.), drawn up in readiness to use arms. — Un- 
der fire, with exposure to fire; exposed to an enemy's shot- 



s', &c, long; a,e, kc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, ve.il, term ; pique , firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



UNDER 



781 



UNDISCIPLINED 



Under one's signature. See Over. — Under sail (N'a.ut.'), moved 
by sails ; in motion. — Under sentence, having sentence pro- 
nounced against. — Under the breath, with low voice ; very 
softly — Under the lee {Naut.), to the leeward.— Under the 
rose. See Rose. — Under way (Naut.), in a condition to make 
progress; hence, in progress; having started. 

tln'der, adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate con- 
dition ; in subjection ; — used chiefly in a few phrases. 

tjn'der, a. Lower in rank or degree ; subject ; subordi- 
nate, [auctions- 

tJn'der-bid', v. t. To bid or offer less than, as in 

thi'der-brush, n. Shrubs and small trees in a wood or 
foresc, growing beneath large trees ; undergrowth. 

trii/der-cliarge', v. t. To charge below or under ; to 
charge less than is usual or suitable. 

tJn'dei , --elotHie§ (-klothz, colloq. -kloz), n. pi. Clothes 
woru under others. 

t5n'd&r-cur / rent, n. A current below the surface of 
water, sometimes flowing in a contrary direction to that 
on the surface. 

tln/der-do', v. i. [imp. underdid ; p. p. under- 
done ; p'.'pr. & vb. n. underdoing.] 1. To act be- 
low one's abilities. Z. To do less than is requisite. 

tln/der-do/, v. t. To do less than is requisite ; to cook 
insufficiently. 

tJn'der-drain, n. A covered drain or trench below the 
surface of the ground, with joints or openings through 
which the water may percolate from the soil or ground 
above. 

tJn'der-drain', v. t. To drain by forming a covered 
channel below the surface. 

tJll'der-go', V. t. [imp. UNDERWENT ; p. p. UNDER- 
GONE ; p. pr. & vb. n. undergoing.] To be subjected 
to ; to bear ; to pass through ; to suffer ; to sustain. 

tJn'der-grad'u-ate, n. A student or member of a uni- 
versity or college, who has not taken his first degree. 

Uii'der-ground, a. Being below the surface of the 
ground. 

tJn'der-growth, n. That which grows under trees ; 
shrubs or small trees growing among large ones. 

tJii/der-hand, ado. 1. By secret means ; in a clandes- 
tine manner. Z. By fraud ; by fraudulent means. 

Un'der-hand, a. Secret; clandestine; — usually im- 
plying meanness or fraud, or both. 

Un'der-hand'ed, a. Underhand ; clandestine. 

tJn'der-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. underlaid ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. UNDERLAYING.] To lay beneath ; to support by 

w something laid under. [or lessee. 

tJn'der-lease, n. (Laiv.) A lease granted by a tenant 

thi'der-let', v. t. 1. To let below the value. 2. To 
let or lease at second hand ; to let under a lease. 

tfri der-lie', v. t. [imp. underlay ; p. p. under- 
lain : p. pr. & vb. n. underlying.] 1. To lie under ; 
to rest beneath ; to be situated under, 2. To be at the 
basis of; to form the foundation of ; to support. 

tiii'der-lie', v. i. To lie below or under. 

ttn/der-llne', v. t. To mark a hue below, as words ; to 
underscore. [sorry fellow. 

tjii'der-ling, n. An inferior person or agent ; a mean, 

tTn/der-miiie', v. t. 1. To excavate the earth beneath, ' 
especially for the purpose of causing to fill or be over- ! 
thrown ; to sap. 2. To remove the foundation or sup- j 
port of by clandestine means ; to ruin in an underhand ! 
^ay. 

Un'der-min'er, n. One who undermines, saps, or ex- 
cavates ; one who secretly overthrows. [dition. 

tTn'der-most, a. Lowest in place, rank, state, or con- 

tln'der-neatii', or tJn'der-neatli', adv. [A.-S. un- 
derneodhan, fr. under, under, and wodkan, nidkan, be- 
neath, downward.] Beneath ; below ; in a lower place. 

tJn'der-neatii', or tJii'der-neath', prep. Under ; 
beneath. 

tJn'der-pay', v. t. To pay too little. 

tJn'der-pin', v. t. 1. To lay stones under, as the sills 
of a building, on which it is to rest. 2. To place some- 
thing underneath for support. 

tJn'der-pm'ning, n. 1. Act of one who underpins. 
2. The stones on which a building immediately rests. 

tJn'der-plot, n. 1. A series of events in a play, pro- \ 
ceeding collaterally with the main story, and subservient . 
to it. Z. A clandestine scheme. 

tJn/der-prop', v. t. To prop from benpnth ; to support. I 

thi'der-rate', v. t. To rate too low ; to rate below the j 
value ; to undervalue. 

tJn'der-run', v. t. To run or pass under ; especially, to 
pass along and under, as a cable, for the purpose of tak- 1 
ing in, or of examining, the condition of it. 

t/n'der-seore', v. t. To draw a mark or line under. 



tWder-selli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. undersold; p. 
pr. & vb. n. underselling.] To sell the same articles 
at a lower price than ; to sell cheaper than. 

Un'der-shSt, a. Moved by water passing beneath ; — 
said of a_water-wheel, and opposed to overshot. 

Ur-'der-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To write one's name at the 
foot or end of, as a letter or any legal instrument. 

Un'der-sizcd', a. Of a size less than is common. 

tJii'der-stand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. understood; 
p pr. & vb. n. understanding.] 1. To have just and 
adequate ideas of; to apprehend the meaning or intention 
of; to know. Z. To bo apprised; to have information 
of. 3. To hold or suppose to mean; to interpret; to 
ascribe intention to. 4. To mean without expressing ; 
to imply. 

Syn.— To comprehend. — To understand is simply to re- 
ceive into the intellect; to comprehend a subject is to embrace 
it in all its relations and dependencies. It i.s easy to understand 
that there is a God, but impossible to comprehend the vastness 
cf his existence, wisdom, and power. 

tjn'der-stand', v. i. 1. To have the use of the intellect' 
ual faculties. Z. To be informed by another ; to learn. 

Un'der-stand'ing, n. 1. Act of a person who under- 
stands any thing (in the several senses of the word). 2. 
An agreement of opinion or feeling ; adjustment of dif- 
ferences ; any thing mutually understood or agreed upon. 
3. Power to understand ; the intellectual faculty ; power 
to distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means 
to ends. 4. Specifically, the discursive faculty ; the 
faculty of knowing by the medium or use of general con- 
ceptions or relations. 
_ Syn. — Knowledge; discernment; interpretation; explana- 
tion ; belief; harmony ; sense ; reason ; intelligence ; percep- 
tion. See Sense. 

tJn'der-state', v. t. To state or represent less strongly 
than the truth will bear. 

tJn/der-stobd', imp. & p. p. of understand. 

tJn'der-strap'per (110), n. A petty fellow ; an in- 

^ ferior agent. 

tJn'der-taJke', v. t. [imp. undertook ; p. p. under- 
taken ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNDERTAKING.] 1. To take 
upon one's self ; to engage in ; to enter upon ; to set 
about ; to attempt. Z. Specifically , to lay one's self 
under obligations, or enter into stipulations, or covenant 

^or contract, to perform or to execute. 

tjn-der-take', v. i. 1. To take upon or assume any 
business or province. Z. To promise ; to be bound. 

Uii'der-tals/er, n. 1. One who undertakes. Z. Specific- 
ally, one who takes the charge and management of 

^ funerals. 

tJn'der-tak'mg, n. That which is undertaken; any 
business, work, or project which a person engages in, or 
attempts to perform. 

Syn. — Enterprise; attempt; engagement. 

ttn'der-ten'ant, n. The tenant of a tenant ; one who 
holds lands or tenements of a tenant. 

tjii/der-tone, n. A low or subordinate tone or utterance. 

tJn'der-tobls/, imp. of undertake. See Undertake. 

tJn'der-tow, n. A current of water below, in a differ- 
" ent direction from that on the surface. 

Un'der-val'ue, v. t. 1. To value, rate, or estimate be- 
low the real worth. Z. To esteem lightly ; to treat as of 

^ little worth ; to despise. 

TJu'der went', imp. of undergo. See UNDERGO. 

thi'der-wood, n. Small trees that grow among large 
trees ; coppice. 

tJn'der-work/ (-wfirk / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. under- 
worked, or UNDERWROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. n. UN- 
DERWORKING.] 1. To do like work at a less price than. 
Z. To undermine ; to destroy by clandestine measures. 

tJii/der-work' (-wQrk'), v. i. To work or labor upon 

^ less, or for a less price than is sufficient or proper. 

tJn'der-world (-wflrld), n. The lower or inferior world. 

tJn'der-write'f-rlt'), v. t. [imp. underwrote ; p. p. 
underwritten; p. pr. & vb. n. underwriting.] 
1. To write under something else ; to subscribe. Z. To 
set one's name to, as a policy of insurance, for the purpose 
of becoming answerable for loss or damage, for a certain 
premium per cent. 

tJn'der-writ'er (-rit'er, 110), n. An insurer; — so called 
because he underwrites his name to the conditions of the 
policy. . 

Un / de-§ign'ing(-de-zm / -),p. a. Sincere; upright; art- 
less ; having no artful or fraudulent purpose. 

Un-dine' (un-deen'), n. [From Lat. unda ) a wave, water.] 
One of a class of fabled water-spirits. 

Un-dis'ci-plined, a. 1. Not disciplined ; not duly ex- 
ercised and taught ; raw. 2. Not instructed ; untaught. 



food, fcfbt ; Urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 



UNDO 



782 



UNFURL 



Un-dg', v. t. [imp. undid ; p. p. undone ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. undoing.] 1. To reverse, as what has been 
done ; to annul. 2. To loose ; to open ; to take to pieces ; 
to unfasten ; to untie. 3."" To bring to poverty ; to ruin, 
as in reputation, morals, or the like. 

Un-do'er, n. One who undoes or brings destruction. 

Un-done' (-dun''), p. p. of undo. See Undo ; also Un, II. 

Un-doubt'ed (-dout'-), a. Not doubted ; not called in 
question ; indubitable ; indisputable. 

Un-donbt'ed-ly (dout'-), adv. In an undoubted man- 
ner ; without doubt ; without question ; indubitably. 

Un-dress', v. t. 1. To divest of clothes ; to strip. 2. 
To deprive of ornaments; to disrobe. 3. (Med.) To 
take the dressing or covering from, as a wound. 

Un'dress, n. 1. A loose, negligent dress. 2. (Mil. & 
Naval. ) Authorized habitual dress of officers and soldiers, 
but not full uniform. 

Un-diie', a. 1. Not due ; not yet owing. 2. Not agree- 
able to a rule or standard, or to duty. 

Syn. — Disproportioned ; excessive ; immoderate ; inordi- 
nate. 

Un'du-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. undulated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. UNDULATING-.] [N. Lat. undulare, undulatum, 
from undula, a little wave.] To move backward and 
forward, or up and down, as waves ; to cause to vibrate. 

Un'dTii-late, v. i. To vibrate ; to move back and forth ; 
to wave. 

Un'du-la'tion,^. 1. A waving motion or vibration. 2. 
(Med.) The movement of a fluid collected in any natural 
or artificial cavity, which is felt by pressure or by per- 
cussion. 3. (Mus.) A rattling or jarring of sounds, 
as when discordant tones are sounded together. 4. 
(Physics.) A motion to and fro, up and down, or from 
side to side, in any fluid medium, propagated continu- 
ously among its particles, but with no translation of the 
particles themselves corresponding to the propagation of 
the wave ; a vibration. 

Un'du-la-to-ry (50), a. Moving in the manner of waves; 
resembling the motion of waves, which successively rise 
or swell and fill ; pertaining to a propagated alternating 
motion, as of waves. 

Undnlatory theory {Opt.), that theory of light which regards 
its various phenomena as due to undulations in an ethereal 
medium, propagated from the radiant with immense, but 
measurable, velocities, and producing different impressions on 
the retina according to their amplitude and frequency. The 
theory of ethereal undulations is applicable not only to the 
phenomena of light, but also to those of heat, chemical power, 
&c. The undnlatory theori/ is opposed to the corpuscular .or 
emanation theory of light, according to which light is a material 
fluid or substance of extreme subtilty. 

Un-dii'ly, adv. In an undue manner; not according to 
duty or propriety ; not in proper proportion ; excessively. 

Un-earth', v. t. To drive or draw from the earth ; to 
uncover ; hence, to bring out from concealment ; to bring 
to light ; to disclose. [natural. 

Un-earth'ly, a. Not terrestrial ; supernatural ; preter- 

Un-ea'§i-ly, adv. In an uneasy manner ; with uneasi- 
ness or pain. 

Un-ea'gi-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
uneasy ; want of ease ; disquiet ; perturbation. 

Un-ea'§y,w. 1. Not easy; restless ; disturbed ; unquiet; 
disturbed by pain, anxiety, or the like. 2. Not easy in 
manner; constrained; stiff; awkward. 3. Occasioning 
want of ease; cramping; disagreeable; unpleasing. 

Un-end'ing, a. Not euding ; everlasting ; eternal. 

Un-e'qual, a. 1. Not equal ; not matched ; not of the 
same size, length, breadth, quantity, strength, talents, 
acquirements, age, station, or the like. 2. Not uniform ; 
not regular. 

Un-e'qualf d, a. Not equaled or to be equaled ; unpar- 
alleled ; unrivaled. 

Un-e^qual-ly, adv. In an unequal manner ; not equally ; 
in different degrees. 

Un-ei-r'ing, a. 1. Committing no mistake ; incapable of 
error. 2. Incapable of failure ; certain. 

Un-e'ven (-5'vn), a. 1. Not even ; not level ; not uni- 
form ; rough. 2. Not equal ; not of equal length. 

Uneren number, a number not divisible by two without a 
remainder; an odd number. 

Un-e'vpn-ness (109), n. Quality of being uneven ; want 
of uniformity. 

Un'ex-am'pl«>d, a. HaTing no example or similar case ; 
without precedent ; unprecedented ; unparalleled. 

Un'ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Not liable to any exception 
or objection ; unobjectionable ; faultless ; good ; excel- 
lent. 

Un'ex-c£p'tion-a-bly, adv. In an unexceptionable 



Un'ex-pget'ed, a. Not expected ; coming without warn* 

ing ; not provided against ; sudden. [suddenly. 

Un'ex-peet'ed-ly, adv. In an unexpected manner ; 

Un-f aii'ing, p. a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; not 
capable of being exhausted. 

Un-f air' (4), a. Not fair; not honest; not impartial; 
disingenuous ; using or involving trick or artifice. 

Un-f air 'ly, adv. In an unfair or unjust manner. 

Un-f air'ness, n. State or quality of being unfair ; dis- 
honest or disingenuous conduct or practice. 

Un-faith'ful, a. Not faithful ; not observant of prom- 
ises, vows, allegiance, or duty ; violating trust or confi- 
dence. 

Syn. — Perfidious; treacherous; disloyal; undutiful. 

Un-f aith'f ul-Jy, adv. In an unfaithful manner ; in 
violation of'promises, vows, or duty ; treacherously. 

Un-faith'ful-nesg, n. Quality of being unfaithful; 
neglect or violation of vows, promises, allegiance, or other 
duty ; treachery. 

Un-f as'ten (-t'as'n), v. t. To loose ; to unfix : to untie. 

Un-fatli'om-a-ble, a. Not fathomable ; not to be 
sounded with a line of ordinary length. 

Un-f a'vor-a-ble, a. Not favorable : not propitious ; not 
disposed or adapted to countenance or support. 

Syn. — Unpropitious; adverse; contrary; discouraging. 

Un-fa'vor-a-bly, adv. In an unfavorable manner; un- 
propitiously ; unkindly. 

Un-f eel'ing, a. 1. Destitute of feeling ; void of sensi- 
bility ; insensible. 2. Without kind feelings; cruel; 
hard-hearted. 

Un-fet'ter, v. t. 1. To loose from fetters ; to unshackle. 
2. To free from restraint ; to set at liberty. 

Un-f H'ial (-fil'yal), a. Unsuitable to a son or child ; un- 
dutiful ; not becoming a child. 

Un-fin'iehed (-iin'isht), a. Not finished; not brought 
to an end ; imperfect ; incomplete. 

Un-f it', a. Not fit ; unqualified ; improper ; unsuitable. 

Uii-fit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNFITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
unfitting-.] 1. To make unsuitable ; to deprive of 
the strength, skill, or proper qualities for any thing. 2. 
To disqualify. [suitably. 

Un-f It'ly, adv. In an unfit manner ; not properly ; un- 

Un-f it'ness, n. Quality of being unfit ; want of suita- 
ble powers or qualifications. 

Syn. — Improper ; unsuitable; unseasonable; untimely; 
inexpedient; incompetent. 

Un-fix', v. t. To loosen from a fastening ; to detach from 
any thing that holds ; to unhinge. 

Un-ifold', v. t. 1. To open the folds of; to expand ; to 
spread out. 2. To open, as any thing covered or close', 
to lay open to view or contemplation. 3. To release 
from a fold or pen. 

Syn. — To display; disclose; reveal; declare; tell. 

Un-f6rmed',7>. a. 1. Having the form destroyed. 2. 
Not formed ; not arranged into regular shape, order, or 
relations. 

Unformed stars (Astron.), stars not grouped into any con- 
stellation. 

Un-fort'u-nate, a. Not fortunate; not prosperous; 
unlucky ; attended with misfortune ; unhappy. 

Un-fdrt'u-nate-ly, adv. In an unfortunate manner. 

Un-f ort'u-nate-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
unfortunate; ill fortune; failure of success. 

Un-f oimd'ed, a. 1. Not founded ; not built or estab- 
lished. 2. Hence, having no foundation ; baseless ; vain ; 
idle. [infrequent. 

Un-fre'quent, a. Not frequent ; not happening often ; 

Un'fre-quent'ed, a. Rarely visited; seldom resorted 
to b} T human beings. 

Un-fre'qiient-ly, aefr. Not often; seldom; infrequently. 

Un-friend'ed, a. Wanting friends ; not countenanced 
or supported. 

Un-f riend'li-ness, n. The quality of being unfriendly ; 
disfavor ; unkindness. 

Un-friend'ly, a. 1. Not friendly ; not kind or benevo- 
lent ; hostile. 2. Not favorable ; not adapted to pro- 
mote or support any object. 

Un-f riiit'f ul , a. 1. Not producing fruit; barren. 2. 
Not producing offspring ; not prolific ; barren. 3. Not 
producing good effects or works. 4. Unproductive ; not 
fertile. 

Un-fruit'ful-ness, n. Quality of being unfruitful; 
barrenness"; infecundity ; unproductiveness. 

Un-furl', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNFURLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
unfurling.] To loose from a furled state. 
Syn.— To unfold; expand; open; spread. 



a,e,&c.,Zon£; a,6,&c.,sAort; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,dft, W9U 



UNFURNISH 



783 



UNIONIST 



Un-ffir'nish, v. t. 1. To strip of furniture ; to divest ; 
to strip. 2. To leave naked. 

Un-gain'li-ness, n. Clumsiness ; awkwardness. 

TJn-gain'ly, a. [0. Eng untxin, A.-S. ung&gne, un- 
gengne, of no effect, vain, from un audgenge, strong, fr. 
gangan, to go.] Not expert or dexterous ; clumsy ; awk- 
ward ; uncouth. 

Un-ggu'er-ous, a. Not generous; illiberal; ignoble; 
unkind ; dishonorable. 

Un-gen'er-ous-ly, adv. In an ungenerous manner. 

Un-gird', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ungirded, or ungirt; 
•p. pr. & vb. n. UNGIRDING.] To loose from a girdle or 
band ; to unbind. 

TJn-glue', v. t. To separate, as any thing mat is glued or 
cemented. 

TJn-god'li-ness, n. Quality of being ungodly ; impiety ; 
wickedness ; disregard of God and his commands. 

Un-god'ly, «• 1. Not godly ; neglecting the fear and 
worship of God ; wicked ; impious ; sinful, 2. Polluted 
by sin or wickedness. 

Un-gov'erii-a-ble, a. Not capable of being governed, 
ruled, or restrained ; licentious; wild; unbridled. 

Wn-gdv'ern a-bly, adv. In an ungovernable manner ; 
without restraint ; wildly. 

Un-grace'fiil, a. Not graceful; not marked with ease 
and dignity*; wanting beauty and elegance ; awkward ; 
clumsy. 

TJn-grace'ful-ly, adv. In an ungraceful manner ; awk- 
wardly ; inelegantly. 

Un-gra'cious, a. Not gracious; showing no grace or 
kindness of heart ; without good will ; offensive ; unpleas- 
ing ; unacceptable ; not fivored. 

Un-grate'ful, a. 1. Not grateful; not thankful for 
favors. 2.*Unpleasing ; unacceptable; disagreeable. 

Un-grate'f ul-ly, adv. In an ungrateful manner. 

Un'gnal (uu'gwal), a. [From Lat. unguis, a nail, claw, 
or hoof.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling a nail, 
claw, or hoof. 2. Having a nail, claw, or hoof attached ; 
— said of certain bones of the feet. 

Un/guent (liug'gwent), a. [Lat. unguentum , from un- 
guere, ungere, to anoint.] A soft composition used as a 
topical remedy, as for sores, burns, and the like; oint- 
ment. 

TJn-gnie'u-lar, a. [N. Lat. unguicularis, from Lat. un- 
guiculus, diminutive of unguis, a nail.] Of, or pertaining 
to, a claw or nail. 

TJn-guie'u-late, ) a. [N. Lat. ungukulatus, from Lat. 

Un-gule'u-la'ted, ) unguiculus, diminutive of unguis. 
a nail or claw.] 1. Having claws; clawed. 2. (Bot.) 
Furnished with a claw, that is, a narrow base, as the 
petal in some ilowers. 

Un'gii late, a. [Lat. ungulatus, from unguia, a hoof.] 
1. Shaped like a hoof. 2. Having hoofs. 

Un-haVlow, v. t. To profane ; to desecrate. 

Un-liaiid i-ly, adv. In an unhandy manner ; awkward- 
ly : clr.m ily. 

Un-liand'some (Mn'sum), a. 1. Not handsome ; not 
beautiful ; ungraceful ; unbecoming ; unsuitable. 2. 
Unfair ; illiberal ; disinganuous. 3. Not generous or 
decorous ; uncivil ; unpolite. 

Un-hand'some-ly (-hiln'sum-), adv. In an unhand- 
some manner ; inelegantly ; ungracefully ; illiberally. 

Un-liand'y, a. 1. Not handy ; not dexterous ; not 
ready in the use of the hands ; awkward. 2. Not con- 
venient. 

Un-hap'pi-Iy, adv. In an unhappy manner ; unfortu- 
nately : miserably ; calamitously. 

Un-hap'pi-ness, n. State or quality of being unhappy ; 
misfortune; ill luck ; infelicity; misery. 

Un-liap'py, a. 1. Not happy or fortunate ; unfortu- 
nate ; unlucky. 2. In a degree miserable or wretched ; 
not happy. 3. Marked by infelicity. 

Syn. — Distressed ; evil ; afflicted ; calamitous ; miserable; 
wretched. 

Cn'har-mo'ni-ous, fl. Not harmonious; inharmonious. 

Un-liar'ness, v. t. J.. To strip of harness. 2. To dis- 
arm ; to divest of armor. 

Un-liealtli'ful-ness, n. Quality of being unhealthy , 
unwholesomeiiess ; insalubriousness. 

Un-health'i-ly, adv. In an unhealthy or unsound 
manner. 

tJn-health'i-ness, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
unhealthy; want of health. 2. Unsoundness; want of 
vigor. 3. Unfavorableness to health. 

Un-healtli'y, a. 1. Wanting health ; habitually weak 
or indisposed ; unsound ; wanting vigor. 2. Abounding 
with disease ; unfavorable to the preservation of health. 




3. Insalubrious ; unwholesome. 4. Not indicating 
health or resulting from health ; morbid. 
Un-heard', a. 1. Not heard ; not perceived by the ear. 

2. Not known by fame ; not illustrious ; obscure. 
Unhinge', v. t. 1. To take from the hinges. 2. To 

displace ; to unfix by violence. 3. To render unstable 
or wavering. 

Un-hitch', v. t. To free from being hitched, or as if 
from being hitched. 

Un-ho'li-ness, n. Quality of being unholy ; impiety. 

Un-lio'ly, a. Not holy ; not hallowed ; not consecrated ; 
profane ; wicked ; impious. 

Un-horse', v. t. To throw from a horse; to cause to 
dismount. 

Un-hou§e', v. t. To drive from the house or habitation ; 
to dislodge ; hence, to deprive of shelter. 

Un-houg'eled (-houz'ld), a. Not having received the 
sacrament. 

Un-lrurt', a. Not hurt ; not harmed ; free from wounc\ 

_or injury ; safe and sound. 

XJ'iii-eorn, n. [Lat. unicornuus, 
from unicornis, one-horned, hav- 
ing a single horn, from units, one, 
and cornu, a horn.] 1. A fabulous 
animal with one horn ; — often 
represented in heraldry as a sup- 
porter. 2. An animal of some 
unknown kind, so called in the 
Scriptures. It was probably some 

_ species of wild ox. 

U'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of so 
uniting with another as to make 
one being ; act of unifying, or state : 

_ of being unified. 

U'ni-form, a. [Lat. uniformis, fr. Unicorn (1). 

unus, one, and forma, form.] 1. Having always the 
same form, manner, or degree. 2. Of the same form 
with others ; conforming to one rule or mode ; consonant. 

_3. Consistent with itself at all times. 

U'ni-form, n A dress of the same kind, by which per- 
sons are purposely assimilated who belong to the same 

_body, whether military, naval, or any other. 

U'ni-form'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being uniform ; re- 
semblance to itself at all times. 2. Conformity to a 
pattern or rule ; resemblance, consonance, or agreement. 

3. Consistency ; sameness. 4. Similitude between the 
parts of a whole. 5. Continued or unvaried sameness 

_ or likeness. 

U'ni-f orm/ly, adv. In a uniform manner ; without va- 
riation. 

U'ni-fy, v. t. [ijnp. & p. p. UNIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
unifying.] [Lat. units, one, and facere, to make.] To 
cause to be one ; to make into a unit ; to unite ; to view 

^ as one. 

Uii/im-peach'a-ble, a. Not to be impeached ; exempt 
from liability to accusation ; free from stain, guilt, or 
fault ; irreproachable ; blameless. 

Un-in'tei'-est-ed, a. 1. Not interested ; not having 
any interest or property in : having nothing at stake. 2. 
Not having the mind or the passions engaged. 

Un-In'ter-rupt'ed, a. Not interrupted or broken ; 

_ continuous. 

Un'ion (yun/yun), n. [Lat. unio, from unus, one.] 1. 
Act of uniting or joining two or more things into one; 
or state of beiug united or joined. 2. Agreement ; and 
conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affectious, or the like; 
harmony. 3. Something formed by a combination or 
coalition of parts or members; a confederation ; a con- 
solidated body. 4. The upper, inner corner of an en- 
sign, in distinction from the rest of the flag, which is 
called theyfy. 

133™ The union of the United States ensign isablne field with, 
white stars, denoting: the union of the States, and, properly, 
equal in number to that of the States. The union of the Brit- 
ish ensign is a like field Desiring the three crosses of St. George, 
St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, in combination, denoting; the 
union of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

Union down, a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the 
flag, or turning its union downward. 

Syn. — Unity : junction ; connection ; concord ; alliance; 
coalition ; combination ; confederacy. — Union is the act of 
bringing two or more things together so as to make but one. 
Uniti/ is a state of simple oneness, either of essence, as the uni- 
ty of God, or of action, feeling, &c, as unity of design, ofaffec- 
tion, &c. Thus, we may speak of effecting a union of interests 
which shall result in a perfect unity of labor and interest in 
securing a given object. 

Un'ion-Ist, n. One who advocates or promotes union ; 
especially, a loyal supporter of a federal union, as that 
of the United States. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, -eall, e-cho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



UNION-JACK 



784 



UNLIKELY 



fjn'ion-jaclt, n. (Naut.) A small flag containing only 
the union, without the fly. 

U-nip'a-rous, a. [Lat. unus, one, and parere, to bring 

_ forth.] Producing one at a birth. 

U'ni-ped, a. [Lat. unus, one, and pes, pedis, foot.] Hav- 
ing only one foot. 

U-nique' (yu-neek'), a. [Fr. unique, Lat. unicus, from 
unus, one.] Without a like or equal; unmatched; sin- 
gle in kind or excellence. 

U-n'ique', n. Something unequaled or unparalleled. 

TFni-ra'di-a/ted, a. [N. Lat. uniradiatus, from Lat. 

_unus, one, and radius, a ray.] Having one ray. 

TJ'ni-se'ri-al, a. Having only one row or series. 

U'ni-son, n. [Low Lat. unisonus, from Lat. unus, one, 
and sonus, a sound.] 1. Harmony ; agreement ; con- 
cord ; union, 2. (Mus.) An accordance or coincidence 
of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number 
of vibrations made in a given time by a sonorous bod} r . 

TT'ni-son, a. 1. Sounding alone. 2. (Mus.) Sounded 

U-nls'o-iian^e, n. Accordance of sounds. [together. 

U-nis'o-nant, a. [Lat. unus, one, and sonans, p. pr. of 
sonar e, to sound.] Being in unison ; having the same 
degree of gravity or acuteness. 

TJ-nis'o-noiSs, a. Being in unison. 

fj'nit, n. [Lat. unitum, from unitus, p. p. of unire, to 
unite, from unus, one.] A single thing or person ; the 
least whole number ; one. 

tJ/jii-ta'ri-aii, n. [From Lat. unitas, unity.] 1. One 
who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that 
God exists only in one person. 2. One opposed to dual- 

_ism, in philosophy, science, and the like. 

U'ni-ta'ri-an, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, Unitarians, 
or to their doctrines. 2. Of, or pertaining to, a system 
of philosophy, science, and the like, which is opposed to 

_ dualism . 

U'ni-ta'ri-aii-igm, n. Doctrines of Unitarians. 

U'nit-a-ry, a. Of the nature of a unit ; not double. 

U-nite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. united; p. pr. & vb. n. 
UNITING.] [Lat. unire, unitum, from unus, one.] 1. 
To put together or join, as two or more constituents, to 
form a whole ; to cause to adhere. 2. Hence, to join j 
by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, na- ' 
lions by treaty, men by opinions ; to associate. 

Syn. — Add; join; annex; coalesce; attach; continue; con- 
nect. See Add. 

TJ-nlte', v. i. 1. To become one ; to be cemented or 
consolidated ; to coalesce ; to grow together. 2. To 
join in an act ; to act in concert. 

U-iiit'ed-Iy, adv. With union or joint efforts. 

U-nit'er, n. One who, or that which, vinites. 

U'ni-ty, n. [Lat. unitas, from unus, one.] 1. State of 
being one ; oneness. 2. Conjunction ; agreement ; uni- 
formity. 3. (Math.) Any definite quantity, or aggre- 
gate of quantities or magnitudes, taken as one, or for 
which 1 is made to stand in calculation. 4. (Poet. & 
Rhet.) One of the principles by which a uniform tenor 
of story and propriety of representation are preserved ; 
conformity in a composition to these principles. 

B£g™In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those 
of action, of time, and of place ; in other words, thatthere should 
be hut one main plot; that the time supposed should not ex- 
ceed 24 hours; and that the place of the action before the spec- 
tators should be one and the same throughout the piece. 

5. (Fine Arts & Mus.) Such a combination of parts as 
to constitute a kind of symmetry of style and character. 

6. (Law.) The peculiar characteristic of an estate held 
by several , or joint-tenancy. 

Syn. — Union; oneness; junction; concord; harmony. See 
Ukion. 

fj'ni-v&lve, n. (Zo'dl.) A mollusk whose shell is com- 

_ posed of a single piece, as the snail. 

U'ni-valve, i n. ["From Lat. unus, one, and valva, a 

U'ni-valved, ) valve.] Having one valve only, as a 

_ shell or pericarp. 

U'ni-valv'u-lar, a. Having one valve only. 

tPni-vers'al, a. 1. Extending to, or affecting, the 
whole number, quantity, or space ; unlimited. 2. Con- 
stituting or considered as a whole ; total ; whole. 3. Com- 
prising particulars, or all the particulars. 
Syn. — General; all; whole; total. See General. 

0'm-vers'al, n. (Logic.) (a.) A general abstract con- 
ception, so called from being universally applicable to, 
or predicable of, each individual or species contained un- 
der it. (b.) A universal proposition, or one in which the 
subject is taken in its widest extent, and the predicate 
applies to every thing which the subject can denote. 

U'ni-vers'al-igm, n. (Theol.) The doctrine or belief 



that all men will be saved or made happy in a future 

_life. 

U'ni-vers'al-ist, n. (Theol.) One who holds the doc- 

_ trine that all men will be saved. 

U'ni-ver-sal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being univer- 
sal ; unlimited extension or application. 

fPni-vers'al-ly, adv. In a universal manner ; with ex- 
tension to the whole ; without exception. 

tJ'ui-verse, n. [Lat. universum , fr. universus, universal, 
fr. unus, one, and vertere, versum, to turn, i. e., turned 
into one, combined into one whole.] All created tilings 

_ viewed as constituting one s\steni or whole ; the world. 

U'ni-ver'si-ty, n. [From Lat. vmversitas, all together, 
the whole, the universe, a society, corporation, fr. uni- 
v-rsus, all together, universal.] A universal school, in 
which are taught all branches of learning, or the four 
faculties of theology, medicine, law, and the sciences 
and arts ; an assemblage of colleges established in any 
place, with professors for instructing students in the 
sciences and other branches of learning, and where de- 
grees are conferred. 

U-niv'o-eal, a. [Lat. univocus, from unus, one, and vox, 
vocis, a voice, word.] 1. Having one meaning only. 2. 
Having unison of sound, as the octave in music, and its 
replicates. 

U-niv'o-eal, n. (Aristotelian Logic.) 1. A generic term 
applicable in the same sense to all the species it embraces. 

2. A word having but one meaning. 
U-niv'o-eal-ly, adv. In a univocal manner; in one 

term ; in one sense. 

Uii-joint', v. t. To disjoint. 

Un-joirit'ed, p. a. Having no joint or articulation. 

Uii-jmt', a. 1. Acting contrary to the standard of right 
established by the divine law ; not animated or controlled 
by justice. 2. Contrary to justice and right; wrong- 

Un-jiist'ly, adv. In an unjust manner. [ful. 

Un-kiiid', a. Wanting in kindness or benevolence ; 
cruel ; harsh. 

Un-kindli-ness, n. The quality of being unkindly ; 
unkindness ; unfa vorablen ess. 

Uu-litnd'ly, a. 1. Not kind; unkind. 2. Unnatural; 
contrary to nature. 3. Unfavorable : malignant. 

Un-kiiid'ly, adv. 1. In an unkindly manner ; without 
affection; cruelly. 2. Unnaturally. 

Un-liind'ness, n. Quality of being unkind ; want of 
kindness ; want of natural affection ; disfavor. 

Un-knit' (un-nTV, 109), v. t. [-'nip. & p. p. UNKNIT, or 
UNKNITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNKNITTING] To sep- 
arate, as threads^that are knit; to open: to loose, as 
work that is knit or knotted. 

Un-la^e', v. t. 1. To loose from lacing or fastening by 
a cord or strings passed through loops and holes. 2. To 
loose the dress of. 3. (Naut.) To loose and take off, as 
a bonnet from a sail , or to cast off, as any lacing in any 
part of the rigging of a vessel. 

Ujj-lade', v. t. [imp. unladed; p. p. unladed, or 
unladen ; p.pr. & vb. n. unlading.] 1. To unload ; 
to take out the cargo of. 2. To remove, as a load or 
burden ; to discharge. [or tied down. 

Un-lasli', v. t. (Naut.) To loose, as that which is lashed 

TJii-latcli', v. i. To open or loose by lifting the latch. 

Un-law'f ill, a. Not lawful ; contrary to law ; illegal ; 
not permitted by law. 

Usi-law'f ul-ly, adv. In an unlawful manner ; in vio- 
lation of Taw or right ; illegally. 

TJn-law'f ul-ness, n. Contrariety to law ; illegality. 

Un-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNLAID; p.pr. & vb. n. 
UNLAYING.] (Naut.) To untwist. 

Un-learn'ed, a. 1. Not learned ; ignorant; illiterate; 
not instructed. 2. Not gained by study ; not known. 

3. Not suitable to a learned man. 

Un-less', conj. [Prefix un and less. Cf. 0. Eng. lesse 
than and Fr. d moins que . . . ne.] Except, that is, re- 
move or dismiss the fact or thing stated in the sentence 
or clause which follows ; if not ; supposing that not. 

Syn. — Except. — Except and unless were formerly con- 
founded, as, " I will not let thee go except thou bless me." In 
present usage, except has always reference to some general 
fact, rule, &c, of which the speaker goes on to state an " ex- 
ception," as, "none can enter except by permission." Unlessh&s 
reference to some result as affected by our taking away or set- 
ting aside some specified thing, as, " Unless we eat, we shall 
die; " that is, if we take away the fact or supposition of our 
eating, the certain result is death. 

Un-like', a. Not like ; dissimilar ; diverse ; having no 

resemblance. 
Un-like'ly, a. 1. Not likely ; improbable ; not to be 

reasonably expected. 2. Likely to fail ; unpromising. 
Un-llke'ly, adv. In an unlikely manner ; improbably. 



UNLIKENESS 



785 



UNRIP 



Un-like'ness, n. Want of resemblance ; dissimilitude. 

Un-lim'ber, v. t. (Mil.) To detach the limber from. 

Un-lim'it-ett, a. 1. Not hmited ; having no bounds ; 
boundless. 2. Undefined ; indefinite ; not bounded by 
proper exceptions. 3. Unconfined ; not restrained. 

Un-load', v. t. 1. To take the load from ; to discharge 
of a load or cargo ; to disburden. 2. Hence, to relieve 
from any thing onerous or troublesome. 

Un-lock', v. t. 1. To unfasten, as what is locked. 2. 
To open , in general ; to lay open. 

Un-10bse', v . t. To make loose. 

Un-loose', v. i. To fall in pieces ; to lose all connection 
or union. 

Un-lobs'en, v. t. To loosen ; to unloose. 

ggi"- The words unloose and unloosen are not necessary, the 
idea being expressed by loose and loosen. 

Un-16ve'li-ness, n. State or quality of being unlovely ; 
want of loveliness ; unamiabieness. 

Un-Jdve'ly (-lttv'ly), a. Not lovely ; destitute of the 
qualities which attract love, or possessing qualities that 
excite dislike ; disagreeable ; displeasing. [nately. 

Un-liick'i-ly, adv. In an unlucky manner ; unfortu- 

Un-luck'i-ness, n. State or quality of being unlucky. 

Un-luck'y, a. 1. Not lucky ; unfortunate ; not suc- 
cessful; unhappy. 2. Ill-omened; inauspicious. 3. 
Slightly mischievous ; mischievously waggish. [Colloq.] 

Unmake', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unmade ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. UNMAKING.] To destroy the form and qualities of; 
to deprive of being ; to uncreate. 

Un-mal'le-a-ble, a Not malleable; not capable of 
being hammered into a plate, or of being extended by 
beating. 

Un-man', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unmanned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. unmanning.] 1. To emasculate ; to deprive of 
virility. 2. To deprive of the courage and fortitude of a 
man ; to dishearten ; to deject. 3. To deprive of men. 

TJn-man'ly, a. 1. Unsuitable to a man ; effeminate. 
2. Not worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; base ; ungen- 
erous ; cowardly. 

Un-man'ner-ly, a. Not mannerly ; not having good 
manners ; ill bred ; rude in behavior. 

Un-mask', v. t. To strip of a mask, or of any disguise ; 
to lay open ; to expose. 

Un-mean'ing, a. 1. Not meaning ; destitute of mean- 
ing or signification. 2. Inexpressive ; not indicating in- 
telligence. 

Un-mer'ci-ful, a. 1. Not merciful; indisposed to 
mercy or grace ; cruel ; inhuman. '2. Unconscionable ; 
exorbitant. [Colloq.} 

Un-mer'ci-fiil-ly, adv. In an unmerciful manner; 
without mercy or tenderness ; cruelly. 

Un-mer'ci-ful-ness, n. The quality of being unmer- 

^ciful; want of mercy ; cruelty.' 

Un'mis-tak'a-ble, a. Incapable of being mistaken or 
misunderstood ; clear ; evident ; pronounced ; distinct. 

Un-mobr'i d. t. (Naut.) (a.) To cause to ride with a 
single anchor, after having been moored by two or more 
cables, (b.) To loose from ancliorage. 

Un-muffle, v. t. 1. To take a covering from, as the 
face. 2. To remove the muffling of, as a drum . 

Un-miiz'zle, v. t. To loose from a muzzle ; to remove a 
muzzle from. 

Un-nat'u-ral (109), a. 1. Not natural ; not in con- 
formity to nature ; contrary to the laws of nature ; con- 
trary to the natural feelings. 2. Acting without the 
natural affections. 

Syn. — See Factitious. 

Un-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In an unnatural manner ; in 
opposition to natural feelings and sentimentR. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. In an unnecessary manner ; 
without necessity ; needlessly. 

Un-iiec'es-sa-ri-ness, n. State of being unnecessary ; 
needlessness. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ry. a. Not necessary : not required by 
the circumstances of the case ; useless ; needless. 

Un-neigh'bor-ly (-na'bur-), a. Not suitable to the du- 
ties of a neighbor ; unfriendly ; unkind. 

Unnerve' (109), v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, or 
strength ; to weaken ; to enfeeble. 

Un-Ss'ten-ta'tious, a. 1. Not ostentatious ; not 
boastful ; not making show and parade ; modest ; unas- 
suming. 2. Not glaring ; not showy. 

TJn-pack', v. t. To open, as things packed. 

Un-pal'at-a-ble, a. Not palatable ; offensive to the 
taste; nauseous. 

Un-par'al-lel^d, a. Having no parallel or equal ; un- 
equaled ; unmatched. 



Un-par'lia-ment'a-ry, a. 1. Contrary to the usages 
or rules of pfoceeding in Parliament. 2. Contrary to 
the rules or usages of legislative bodies. 

Un-pin', v. t. To loose from pins ; to unfasten, as what 
is held together by pins. 

Un-pleas/ant, a. Not pleasant ; displeasing. 

Un-pleas/ant-ly, adv. In an unpleasant manner. 

Un-pleag'ant-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
unpleasant ; disagreeableness. 

Un-pop'u-lar, a. Not popular; not having the public 
favor ; disliked by the people and community. 

Un-pop'u-lar'i-ty, n. State of being unpopular. 

Un-pi-ec'e-dent-ed, a. Having no precedent or exam- 
ple ; not preceded by a like case ; not having the author- 
ity of prior example ; novel ; new. 

Un-prec'e-dent-ed-ly, adv. In an unprecedented 
manner ; without precedent. 

Un-prej'u-dlced, a. 1. Not prejudiced ; free from un- 
due bias or prepossession ; impartial. 2. Not warped 
by prejudice. 

tJh/pre-tend'ing, a. Not pretending ; making no pre- 

___ tense ; not claiming distinction ; modest. 

Un / pre-tend'ing-ly, adv. In an unpretending man- 
ner; without pretension ; modestly. 

Un-prin'ci-pled, a. 1. Not having settled principles. 
2. Having no good moral principles ; destitute of vir- 
tue; profligate. 

tJii / pro-du.-e'tive, a. 1. Not productive ; barren. 2» 
Not producing large crops; not making profitable re- 
turns for labor. 3. Not profitable ; not producing profit 
or interest, as capital. 4. Not efficient ; not producing 
any effect. 

TJn-prof it-a-lble, a. Not profitable ; bringing no prof- 
it ; producing no gain, improvement, or advantage ; use- 
less. 

Un-prof'it-a-bly, adv. In an unprofitable manner; 
without gain ; without any good effect or advantage. 

Un-prom'is-iiig, a. Not promising; not affording a 
favorable prospect of success, of excellence, of profit, or 
the like. [with success ; unfortunate. 

Un-pros'per-oiis, a. Not prosperous ; not attended 

Un-qual'i-fied (-kwol'T-iid), a. 1. Not qualified ; not 
having* the requisite talents, abilities, or accomplish- 
ments. 2. Not having taken the requisite oath or 
oaths. 3. Not modified or restricted by conditions or 
exceptions ; absolute ; unconditional. 

Un-qnes'tioii-a-ble, a. Not questionable ; not to be 
questioned; not to be doubted ; indubitable; certain. 

Un-ques'tion-a-bly, adv. In an unquestionable man- 
ner ; without doubt ; indubitably ; questionless. 

Un-qui'et, a. Not quiet ; not calm or tranquil; rest- 
less ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. 

Un-qul'et-ness, n. State, condition, or quality of be- 
ing unquiet ; want of quiet ; restlessness ; uneasiness. 

Un-rav'el (-rav'l), v. t. 1. To disentangle ; to disen- 
gage or separate, as threads that are knit. 2. Hence, to 
clear from complication or difficulty ; to unfold ; to 
solve. 3. To separate the connected or united parts of; 
to throw into disorder ; to confuse. 

Un-read'y, a. Not ready or prepared; not prompt or 
quick ; slow ; awkward ; clumsy. [ance only. 

Un-re'al, a. Not real: unsubstantial; having appear- 

XJjti-rea'gon-a-'ble (-re'zn-a-bl), a. 1. Exceeding the 
bounds of reason ; claiming or insisting on more than is 
fit. 2. Immoderate ; exorbitant ; inordinate. 

Un-rea'§on-a-ble-iiess, n. State or quality of being 
unreasonable. 

Un-rea'§on-a-bly, adv. In an unreasonable manner. 

"Cii/re-li'a-ble, a. Not reliable; not to be depended 
upon ; not trustworthy. See Reliable. 

tJn're-mit'ting, a. Not abating ; not relaxing for a 
^ time ; incessant ; continued : persevering. 

Un/re-gerwd', a. 1. Not reserved ; not retained when 
a part is granted. 2. Not limited or restrained ; not 
withheld in part; full; entire. 3. Concealing or with- 
holding nothing ; free ; open ; frank. [easiness. 

Un-rest', n. Want of rest or repose ; unquietness ; un- 

Uii-rid'dle, v. t. To read the riddle of; to solve or ex- 
plain. 

Un-riglit'eoiis (-ri'chus), a. 1. Not righteous; not 
just ; evil ; wicked. 2. Contrary to law and equity ; 
unjust. 

Un-right'eous-ness (-rT'chus-), n. Quality of being 
unrighteous ; injustice ; wickedness. 

Un-rip', v. t. To rip. 

G3t° The prefix in this word is superfluous, as unrip signifies 
simply to rip. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e-eho 



gem, get; a§; e^ist ; linger, link; tiiis. 



UNRIPE 



786 



UNTWINE 



Un-ripe', a. 1. Not ripe ; not mature ; not brought to 
a state of perfection. 2. Not seasonable ; not yet proper. 
3. Not prepared ; not completed. 

Un-roll', v. t. 1. To open, as what is rolled or con- 
volved. 2. To display ; to lay open. 

Un-ruf r fled, a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil; peaceful; 
quiet. 

Un-rii'ly, a. 1. Not submissive to rule ; disregarding 
restraint ; disposed to violate law. 2. Apt to break over 
fences and escape from inclosures. 
Syn.- "Ungovernable; licentious; turbulent; refractory. 

Un-sad'dle, v. t. 1. To strip of a saddle; to take the 
saddle from. 2. To throw from the saddle ; to unhorse. 

Un-saf e', a. Not safe ; not free from danger ; exposed 
to peril ; dangerous ; perilous ; hazardous. 

XJn-sa'vor-y, a. 1. Not savory; having no savor ; taste- 
less ; insipid. 2. Disagreeable to the taste or smell ; 
offensive ; disgusting. 

Un-say', v. t. [imp. & p.p. UNSAID; p. pr. & vb. n. 
UNSAYING.] To recant or recall, as what has been 
said ; to retract ; to take back again. 

Un-s-erew' (-skryj 7 ), v. t. To draw the screws from; to 
loosen or withdraw, as a screw, by turning it. 

Un-s-eru'pu-loiis, a. Not scrupulous : having no 
scruples ; unprincipled ; unrestrained ; ruthless. 

Un-seal', v. t. To break or remove the seal of; to open, 
as what is sealed. 

Un-search'a-Dle, a. Not searchable ; impenetrable by 
searching or exploring ; inscrutable ; hidden ; myste- 
rious. 

Un-sea'son-a-ole, a. 1. Not seasonable; not in the 
proper season or time ; ill-timed ; untimely. 2. Beyond 
the usual time ; late. 3. Not suited to the time or occa- 
sion ; unfit. 4. Not suited to the time of the year. 

Un-sea'§on-a-bly, adv. In an unseasonable manner; 
not seasonably ; not in due time, or not in the usual 
time. [seat. 

Un-seat', v. t. To throw from the seat ; to deprive of a 

Un-sea'wor-thy (-wur-thy), a. Not in a fit state, as to 
repairs, equipments, crew, and all respects, to encounter 
the ordinary perils of a sea-voyage. 

TJn-seem'ly, a. Not seemly ; not fit or becoming; un- 
comely ; unbecoming ; indecent. 

TJn-seem'ly , adv. In an unseemly or unbecoming man- 
ner ; indecently. 

Un-seen', a. Not seen ; not discovered, invisible ; not 
discoverable. 

Un-set'tle (-set'tl), v. t. To move or loosen from a fixed 
state ; to unhinge ; to make uncertain or fluctuating ; 
to unfix. 

Syn. — To disconcert; discompose; displace; remove; con- 
fuse; disorder. 

Un-set'tle, v. i. To become unfixed. 

Un-sliack'le (-shak'l), v. t. To loose from shackles or 
bondsj to set free from restraint ; to unfetter. 

TJn-sheathe', v. t. To draw from the sheath or scab- 
bard, as a sword ; hence, to unsheathe the sword some- 
times signifies to commence or make war. 

Un-ship', v. t. 1. To take out of a ship or other water- 
craft. 2. To remove, as any part or implement, from 
the place in a ship or post where it is fixed or fitted. 

Un-sight'ly (-slt'ly), a. Not sightly ; disagreeable to the 
eye ; ugly ; deformed. 

Un-skill'f ul, a. Not skillful ; wanting the knowledge 
and dexterity which are acquired by observation, use, 
and experience ; awkward ; bungling ; clumsy. 

Un-skill'ful-ness, n. Quality of being unskillful ; awk- 
wardness ; 'clumsiness. 

Un-so'cia-biJ'i-ty (-so'sha-), n. The state or quality of 
being unsociable : unsociableness. 

TJn-so'cia-ble (-so'sha-bl), a. Not sociable ; not inclined 
to society ; averse to companionship or conversation ; 
solitary ; reserved. [edly. 

Un-so'eia-bly, adv. In an unsociable manner ; reserv- 

Un-souiicV, a. 1. Not sound ; wanting any thing essen- 
tial ; deficient ; defective 2. Infirm ; sickly. 3. Not 
orthodox ; defective. 4. Not sound in character : not 
honest; not faithful: not to be trusted; deceitful. 5. 
Not close ; not compact. 6. Not sincere ; not faithful. 
7. Erroneous; wrong; deceitful; sophistical. 8. Not 
strong. 9. Not fast; not calm. 10. Not well estab- 
lished : defective ; questionable. 

Un-sound'ly, adv. In an unsound manner. 

Un-sound'ness, n. The quality or state of being un- 
sound : defectiveness. 

Un-spar'ing, a. Not sparing- ; not parsimonious ; lib- 
eral ; profuse 



Un-speak'a-fole, a. Not speakable ; incapable of being 

uttered or adequately described. 
Syn. — Inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable. 

Un-speak'a-bly, adv. Inexpressibly ; unutterably. 

Un-sp5t'ted, a. 1. Not spotted ; free from spot. 2. 
Especially, free from moral stain ; untainted with guilt ; 
unblemished ; immaculate. 

Un-stead'i-ly, adv. In an unsteady manner. 

Un-stead'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being un- 
steady ; unstableness ; inconstancy ; want of firmness ; 
irresolution ; mutableness. 

TJn-stead'y, a. Not steady; not constant; mutable; 
variable ; changeable. 

Un-stock', v. t. 1. To deprive of a stock : to remove the 
stock from. 2. To remove from the stocks, as a ship. 

Un-stdp', v. t. 1. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or 
cask. 2. To free from any obstruction : to open. 

Un-string', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unstrung ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. unstringing.] 1. To deprive of strings. 2. To 
relax the tension of; to loosen. 3. To take from a 
string. 

tJn/su-e-cess'fnl, a. Not successful ; not producing the 
desired event ; not fortunate; meeting with, or resulting 
in, failure ; unhappy. 

Un-suit'a-ble, a. 1. Not suitable ; not adapted; unfit. 
2. Unbecoming : improper. 

Un-suit'a-bly, adv. In an unsuitable manner ; incon- 
gruously. 

Un-swear', v. t. & i. [imp. unswore ; p. p. un- 
sworn ; p. pr. & vb. n. unswearing.] To recant or 
recall, as an oath ; to recall after having sworn. 

Un-tan'gle (-tang'gl), v. t. To loose from tangles or in- 
tricacy ; to disentangle. 

Un-teach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. untaught ; p. pr. 8s 
vb. n. UNTEACHING.] To cause to forget, or lose from 
memory, as what has been taught. 

Un-tlilnk'ing, a. 1. Not thinking; not heedful; 
thoughtless ; inconsiderate. 2. Not indicating thought 
or reflection ; thoughtless. 

Un-thread', v. t. 1. To draw or take out a thread 
from. 2. To deprive of ligaments ; to loose the liga- 
ments or threads of. 

Un-tie f , v. t. [imp. & p. p. untied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
UNTYING.] 1. To loosen ; to disengage the parts of, as 
a knot. 2. To free from any fastening ; to let loose ; to 
unbind. 3. To loosen from coils or convolution. 4. 
To free from hindrance or obstruction. 5. To resolve; 
to unfold ; to clear. 

TJn-til', prep. [Goth, und, ante, Icel. vns,unz, unst, A.-S. 
odh, Mh, 0. H. Ger. unz, unzi, unznn. to, unto, till, 
until, and Eng. till.] To; till; as far as; — in respect 
to time. 

Un-til', conj. As far as ; to the point that ; to the place 
or degree that ; especially, up to the time that ; till. 

TTn-tlme'ly, a. Not timely ; happening before the usual 
or natural time ; premature ; unseasonable. 

Un-time'ly, adv. Before the natural or usual time ; 

^ prematurely ; unseasonably. 

Un'to, prep. [Goth, unte, 0. Sax. vnti, to till, and Eng. 
to. ' See UNTIL.] To ; — now used only in antiquated, 
formal, or scriptural style. See To. 

TJn-told.', a. 1. Not told; not related ; not revealed. 
2. Not numbered or counted. 

Un-to'ward a. 1. Fro ward; perverse: refractory. 2. 
Awkward ; ungraceful. 3. Inconvenient; troublesome; 

_ unmanageable. 

Un-to'ward-ly adv. In an untoward manner ; per- 
versely ; ungainly. 

Un-to'ward-ly a. Perverse ; froward ; awkward ; un- 
toward. 

Un-to'ward-ness n. State or quality of being un- 
toward ; frowardness ; perverseness ; awkwardness. 

Un-trav'eled, a. 1. Not traveled ; not trodden by pas- 
sengers. 2. Having never seen foreign countries ; not 
having gained experience by travel. 

Un-trtie', a. 1. Not true; false: contrary to the fact. 
2. Not faithful ; inconstant ; not fulfilling duties : false ; 
disloyal. 

Un-tru.1y, adv. In an untrue manner ; not truly ; 
falsely ; not according to reality. 

Un-truth', n. 1. The quality of being untrue ; contra- 
riety to truth ; falsehood ; want of veracity ; treachery ; 
want of fidelity. 2. That which is untrue ; a false asser- 
tion. 
Syn. — Lie ; falsehood. See Lie. 

Un-twlne', v. t. To untwist ; to disentangle ; to sepa- 
rate, as that which winds or clasps. 



,86C,long; a,6,&c, short; c&re,far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pu^ue.flrm; son, or, do, wolf, 



UNTWIST 



787 



UPPISH 



Un-twlst', v. t. or *. 1. To separate and open, as 
threads twisted; to turn back that which is twisted, or 
as that which is twisted. 2. To open ; to disentangle, 
as intricacy. 

Un-u'§u-al (-yu/zhu-al ), a. Not usual ; uncommon ; 
rare. 

Un-u/§u-al-ly (-yu'zhu-), adv. In an unusual manner ; 
not commonly; not frequently ; rarely. 

Un-iit'ter-a-ble, a. Incapable of being uttered or ex- 
pressed ; ineffable ; inexpressible. 

TJn-vail', v. t. To remove a vail from. 

Un-val'ued, a. 1. Not valued ; without value ; hav- 
ing no value. 2. Invaluable. [ Obs.] 

Un-var'nished (-var'nisht), a. 1. Not overlaid with 
varnish. 2. Not artificially colored or adorned ; not 
artfully embellished ; plain. 

Un-veil', v. t. To remove a veil from ; to divest of a veil ; 
to uncover ; to disclose to view. 

Un-wa'ri-ly (89), adv. In an unwary or careless man- 
ner ; _heedlessly. 

TTii-wa'ri-ness, n. Carelessness ; heedlessness. 

Un-warped' (-w6rpt'), a. Not warped ; not biased ; not 
turned from the true direction ; impartial. 

Un-war'rant-a-ble (-wor'rant-), a. Not warrantable ; 
indefensible ; not vindicable ; not justifiable ; illegal ; 
unjust ; improper. 

Un-war'rant-a-bly, adv. In an unwarrantable man- 
ner ; improperly ; unjustly. 

Un-wa/ry (89), a. Not vigilant against danger; not 
cautious ; unguarded ; precipitate. 

Un-wea'ried (89), a. Not wearied; not fatigued or 
tired ; persistent ; not tiring or wearying ; indefatigable. 

Un-weave', v. t. To unfold ; to undo, as what has been 
woven. 

Un-well', a. 1. Not well ; indisposed ; not in good 
health ; somewhat ill ; ailing. 2. Ill from menstrua- 
tion ; affected with, or having, catamenial discharges ; 
menstruant. 

Un-whole'some (-hol'sum), a. 1. Not wholesome; 
unfavorable to health ; insalubrious. 2. Pernicious ; 
injudicious. 

Un-whole'some-ness (-hol'sum-), n. The state or 
quality of being unwholesome ; insalubrity. 

Un-wield'y, a. Not wieldy ; movable with difficulty ; 
unmanageable ; bulky ; ponderous. [luctant. 

TJn-will'ing, a. Not willing ; loath ; disinclined ; re- 

Un-\vlll'ing-ly, adv. In an unwilling manner; not 
cheerfully ; reluctantly. 

Un-will'ing-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
unwilling ; disinclination ; reluctance. 

tn-wind', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unwound ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. unwinding.] 1. To wind off; to loose or separate, 
as what is wound or convolved. 2. To disentangle. 

Unwind' v. i. To be or become unwound ; to be capa- 
ble of being unwound. 

Un-wi§e', a. Not wise ; defective in wisdom ; injudi- 
cious ; indiscreet ; foolish. 

Un-wis_e'ly, adv. In an unwise manner ; not wisely. 

TJn-wit'ting-ly, adv. Without knowledge or conscious- 
ness ; ignorantly. 

Un-wont'ed (-want'-), a. 1. Not wonted ; unaccus- 
tomed ; unused ; not made familiar by practice. 2. Un- 
common ; unusual ; infrequent ; rare. 

Un-wont'ed-ly (-wunVed-), adv. In an unwonted or 
unaccustomed manner. 

Un-wont'ed-ness (-wunt'ed-), n. Quality of being un- 
wonted ; uncommonness ; rareness ; rarity. 

Un-wor'tbi-ly (-wilr'th!-), adv. In an unworthy man- 
ner ; not according to desert. 

Un-wor'tbi-ness (-wuVthl-), n. The quality of being 
unworthy ; want of worth or merit. 

TJn-wor'tby (-wur'thy), a. 1. Not worthy ; undeserv- 
ing ; wanting merit. 2. Having no worth or value ; 
worthless; ill; base. 3. Unbecoming; discreditable; 
not becoming or suiting. [wrapped or folded. 

Un-wrap' (-rap'), v. t. To open or undo, as what is 

Un-wreatbe' (-reetb/), v.t. To untwist or untwine; 
to untwist or undo, as any thing wreathed. 

Un-writ'ten (-rit'tn), a. 1. Not written ; not reduced 
to writing ; verbal. 2. Containing no writing ; blank. 

Un-yield'ing, a. Not yielding ; unbending ; unpliant ; 
stiff ; firm ; obstinate. 

Un-yoke', v. t. 1. To loose or free from a yoke. 2. To 
part ; to disjoin ; to disconnect. 

tip, adv. [A.-S. up, upp, uppe, Icel. upp, Goth, iup.] 1. 
Aloft ; on high ; toward a higher place ; in a higher posi- 
tion; above. 2. Hence, in many derived uses; as, (a.) 
From a lower to a higher position, literally or figurative- 



ly ; — used with verbs of motion expressed or implied, (b. ) 
In a higher place- or position, literally or figuratively ; — 
used with verbs of rest, situation, condition, and the 
like, (c.) To or in a position of equal advance or equal- 
ity ; not short of, back of, less advanced than, away 
from, or the like ; — usually followed by to or with. (d.\ 
To or in a state of completion ; completely ; wholly ; 
quite. 

The time is up, the allotted time is past ; the appointed mo- 
ment is come.— To blow up, (a.) To inflate ; to distend. (6.) 
To destroy by an explosion from beneath, (c.) To reprove an- 
grily ; to scold. [Colloq. and low.] — To come up with, to reach 
in following; to overtake. — To draw up, to arrange in due 
order ; to put in proper form. — lb grow up, to grow to maturi- 
ty. — Up to snuff, experienced ; alert and knowing. [Colloq.] — 
Up and down, from one place, state, or position, to another ; 
backward and forward. 

tip, n. The state of being up or above ; a state of eleva- 
tion, prosperity, and the like. 

Ups and downs, alternate states of elevation and depression, 

or of prosperity and the contrary. [Colloq.] 
"Op, prep. From a lower to a higher place ; on or along ; 

at a higher situation upon ; at the top of. 
Up sound (A T aut.), from the sea. — Up st ream, from the mouth 

toward the head of a stream; against the stream. — Up the 

country, in a direction toward the head of a stream or river. 
U'pas, n. [Malay, puhn-upas, from puhn, a tree, and 

Upas, poison.] (Hot.) A tree common in the forests of 

Java and of the neighboring isles, the secretions of which 

are poisonous. It has been fabulously reported that the 

atmosphere surrounding it is deleterious. 
Up-bear', v. t. [imp. upbore ; p. p. upborne ; p. pr. 

& vb. w/upbearing.] To bear up; to raise aloft ; to 

elevate ; to sustain. 
Up-braid', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UPBRAIDED ; p. pr. & 

vb. n. UPBRAIDING.] [A.-S. upgebredan, upgebregdan, 

to upbraid, reproach, from up, up, and gebredan, gebreg- 

dan, bredan, bregdan, to braid, twist.] 1. To charge 

with something wrong or disgraceful. 2. To reprove 

severely ; to bring reproach on ; to chide. 
Syn. — To reproach ; blame ; censure ; condemn. 
Up-braid'er, n. One who upbraids or reproves. [up. 
Up-heav'al, n. Act of upheaving ; a heaving or lifting 
Up-heave', v. t. To heave or lift up from beneath. 
Up-held', imp. & p. p. of uphold. See Uphold. 
Up'hlll, a. 1. Ascending ; going up. 2. Attended with 

labor ; difficult. 
Up-bold', v. t. [imp. & p. p. upheld (upholden, 

obs.); p.pr. & vb. n. UPHOLDING.] 1. To hold up; 

to lift on high ; to elevate. 2. To support ; to sustain ; 

to keep from falling ; to maintain. 3. To give moral 

support to ; to countenance. 
Up-hold'er, n. One who, or that which, upholds ; a 

supporter ; a defender ; a sustainer. 
Up-hol'ster, v. t. To supply with curtains, &c, as a 

window ; to cover anew and repair, as furniture. 
Up-hol'ster-er (20), n. [A corruption of upholder, and 

formerly also written upholster, upholdster, uphold erer.] 

One who furnishes houses with furniture, beds, curtains, 

and the like. [sterers. 

Up-hol'ster-y (20), n. Furniture supplied by uphol- 
tip'land, n. High land ; ground elevated above the 

meadows and intervals which lie on the banks of rivers, 

near the sea, or between hills. 
tjp'land, a. 1. High in situation; being on upland. 

2. Of, or pertaining to, uplands. 
Up-llf t', v. t. To lift or raise aloft ; to raise ; to elevate. 
Up'most, a. Highest; topmost; uppermost. 
Up-6n', prep. [From up and on; A.-S. uppan, uppon.] 

On ; — used in all the senses of that word, with which 
^ it is interchangeable. 
tip'per, a. ; comp. of up. [0. H. Ger. obaro, oboro, obero, 

oparoro, A.-S. ufor, higher, from ufa, above.] Further 

up, literally or figuratively ; higher in situation, position, 

rank, dignity, or the like ; superior. 

Uppercase, the top one of a pair of compositor's cases, used 

to hold capitals, small capitals, and references. — Upper ten 

thousand, the ten thousand highest in wealth or position ; the 

upper class ; the aristocracy ; — often abbreviated to upper ten. 

[Colloq., Amer.] 
tip'per-bajid', n. Ascendency ; superiority. 
tJp'per-leatb/er, n. The leather for the vamps and 

quarters of shoes ; — often colloquially abbreviated te 

upper. 
tjp'per-most, a. [superl. of up, or upper.] Further up; 

upmost ; highest in situation, position, rank, power, or 

the like ; supreme. 
ttp'pish, a. [From up.] Proud ; arrogant ; assuming; 

putting on airs of superiority. [ Colloq.] 



food, foot; fLrxi, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, eebo; gem, get; a§ J e$ist; linger, link; tbis. 






UPRAISE 



788 



USE 



Up-rai§e f , v. t. To raise ; to lift up. 

Up-rear', v. t. To rear ; to raise. 

Up'right (up'rit), a. 1. In an erect position or posture ; 
pointing directly upward ; perpendicular. 2. Adhering 
to rectitude in all social intercourse; honest; just. 3. 
Conformable to moral rectitude. 

Up'right (up'rTt), n. Something standing erect or per- 

w pendicular. 

Up'right-ly (up'rit-), adv. In an upright manner ; per- 
pendicularly. 

Up'right-ness (Qp'rlt-), n. 1. Quality or condition of 
being upright ; perpendicular erection ; erectness. 2. In- 
tegrity in principle or practice ; honesty. 

Up-rl§e', v. i. [imp. uprose ; p. p. uprisen ; p. pr. 

w & vb. n. uprising.] To rise up ; to get up ; to rise. 

Up'roar, n. [D. uproer, 0. Ger. uffruor, N. H. Ger. auf- 
ruhr, from op, upp, auf, up, and D. roeren, Icel. hrbra, 
N. H. Ger. ruhren, 0. H. Ger. rorjan, hruorjan, A.-S. 
hreran, to stir, agitate.] Great tumult ; violent disturb- 
ance and noise ; bustle and clamor. 

Up-roar'i-ous, a. Making, or accompanied by, a great 
uproar, or noise and tumult. 

Up-robt', v. t. To root up ; to tear up by the roots, or 
as if by the roots ; to eradicate. [awake. 

Up-rou§e', v. t. To rouse up ; to rouse from sleep ; to 

Up-set', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UPSET ; p. pr. & vb. n. up- 
setting.] 1. To set up ; to put upright. 2. To over- 
turn, overthrow, or overset. 

Up'set, n. An overturn ; an overthrow, as of a carriage. 

Up'shot, n. Final issue ; conclusion ; end. 

Up'slde, n. The upper side ; the part that is uppermost. 
Upside down, with the upper part undermost ; hence, in con- 
fusion ; in complete disorder ; topsy-turvy. 

Up-start', v. i. To start or spring up suddenly. 

Up'start, n. 1. Something that starts or springs up 
suddenly. 2. One suddenly arisen from low life to 
wealth, power, or honor ; a parvenu. 

Up-turn', v. t. To turn up ; to direct upward ; to 

^ throw up. 

Up'ward, a. Directed to a higher place. 

Up'ward, ) adv. 1. In a direction from lower to 

Up'wardg, j higher ; toward a higher place ; toward 
the source or origin. 2. In the upper parts ; above. 3. 
Yet more ; indefinitely. 

U-ra'ni-um, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ovpavos, heaven, in 
mythology, the son of Erebos and Gaia, and father of 
Saturn; or from Uranus, the planet.] (Min.) A metal 
of a reddish -brown color, commonly obtained in a crystal- 
line form. 

U'ra-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ovpavoypafyia, from ovpavos, 
heaven, and ypa^eiv, to describe.] A description of the 

_ heavens, and the heavenly bodies ; uranology. 

U'ra-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ovpavos, heaven, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the 
_heavenly bodies. 

U'ra-nus, n. [Lat. Uranus, Gr. Ovpavos, the father of 
Saturn.] (Astron.) One of the primary planets. It is 
about 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun. 

Ur'lban, a. [Lat. urbanus, fr. urbs, urbis, a city.] Of, or 
belonging to, a city. 

Ur-bane', a. [See supra.] Courteous in manners ; polite ; 
courteous ; refined. 

Ur-t>an'i-ty, n. Quality of being urbane ; civility or 
courtesy of manners. 
Syn.— Politeness; suavity; affability; courtesy. 

Ur'chin, n. [O. Eng. urchone, kirchen, Fr. herisson, 0. 
Fr. ericon, irecon, from Lat. ericius, equiv. to erinaceus.] 
1. A hedgehog. 2. A mischievous elf supposed some- 
times to take the form of a hedgehog. 3. A child ; a 
pert or rough little fellow. [Jocose.] 

U-re'ter, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ovpr}rrjp, same as ovprjOpa, 
the passage of the urine, but also the urinary duct, from 
oupeiv, to make water, from ovpov, urine.] (Anat.) One 
of the excretory ducts of the kidney, a tube conveying 
the urine from the kidney to the bladder. 

U-re'thra, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ovprjOpa, from ovpelv, to 
make water.] (Anat.) The canal by which the urine is 
conducted from the bladder and discharged. 

U-re'thral, a. Of, or pertaining to, the urethra. 

Urge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. urged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
URGING.] [Lat. urgere, urguere.] 1. To press ; to push ; 
to drive ; to impel ; to force onward. 2. To ply with 
motives, arguments, persuasion, or importunity. 3. To 
press hard upon ; to follow closely. 4. To present in an 
urgent manner; to press upon attention. 5. To treat 
with forcible means ; to take severe or violent measures 
with. 



Syn. — To animate ; incite ; impel ; instigate ; stimulate; 
encourage. 

Ur'gen-cy, n. 1. Quality of being urgent ; importunity, 
earnest solicitation. 2. Pressure of necessity. 

Ur'gent, a. [Lat. urgens, p. pr. of urgere. See Urge.] 
Urging ; pressing ; besetting ; plying with importunity ; 
instantly important. 

Ur'gent-ly, adv. In an urgent manner; pressingly. 

Ur'ger, n. One who urges ; one who importunes. 

T7'rim, n. [Heb. urim, pi. of iir, flame, fire, or, light, and 
thummlm, pi. of thorn, perfection, innocence.] A part 
of the breastplate of the high -priest among the ancient 
Jews, in connection with which Jehovah revealed his 
will on certain occasions. Its nature is not distinctly 

_ understood. 

U'rin-al, n. [Lat. urinal, from urina, urir*.] 1. A 
vessel for containing urine. 2. A convenience, either 

_ public or private, for urinating purposes. 

U'rin-a-ry, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, urine. 2. Re- 

_ sembling, or of the nature of, urine. 

U'rin-ate, v. i. To discharge urine ; to make water. 

U'rin-a/tive, a. Provoking the flow of urine ; diuretic. 

U'rin-a'tor, n. [Lat., from urinari, to plunge under 
water, to dive.] One who plunges and sinks in water in 

_ search of something, as for pearls ; a diver. 

U'riiie, n. [Lat. urina, Gr. ovpov, allied to Ger. ham, 
urine, and Skr. vari, water.] An animal fluid secreted 
by the kidneys, whence it is conveyed into the bladder 

_ by the ureters, and through the urethra discharged. 

U'rin-ose / , ) a. Pertaining to urine, or partaking of its 

U'rin-oils, ) qualities ; having the character of urine. 

Urn, n. [Lat. urna.] A vessel of various forms, usually 
largest in the middle, and furnished with a foot or 
pedestal, employed for different purposes. 

Urn, v. t. To inclose in an urn, or as if in an urn. 

Xjv'sa, n. [Lat. ursa, a she-bear ; also, as a constellation, 
f. of ursus, a bear.] A bear. 

Ursa Major {Astron.), the Great Bear, one of the most con- 
spicuous of the northern constellations, situated near the pole. 
— Ursa Minor, the Little Bear, the constellation nearest the 
north pole. It contains the pole-star. 

Ur'si-f orm, a. [Lat. ursus, ursa, a bear, and forma, 
form.] In the shape of a bear. 

Ur'sine, a. [Lat. ursinus, from ursus, a bear.] Of, per- 
^ taining to, or resembling, a bear. 

Ur'su-line, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of an order 
of nuns, so called from St. Ursula, under whose protec- 
tion it was placed. 

X5s, pron. pi. [A.-S. fts, usic, Icel. oss, Goth, uns, unsis.] 

_ The objective case of we. See I and We. 

Us/a-ble, a. Capable of being used. 

Ug'age, n. [L. Lat. usagium, usaticum , from Lat. usus, 
use, usage, fr. uti, usus, to use.] 1. Act of using ; mode 
of using or treating ; treatment ; conduct with respect to 
a person or thing. 2. Long-continued practice; ha- 
bitual use ; method. 3. Customary use. as of a word in 
a particular sense or signification, or the signification 

_ itself. 

Us/ance, n. [See Use, v. t.] (Cam.) The time which, 
by usage or custom, is allowed in certain countries for 

_ the payment of a bill of exchange. 

Use, n. [Lat. usus, from vti, usus, to use.] 1. Act of 
employing any thing, or of applying it to one's service ; 
application ; emplojment ; conversion to an act or pur- 
pose. 2. Occasion or need to employ ; necessity. 3. 
Advantage derived ; usefulness ; utility. 4. Continued 
or repeated practice ; customary employment ; usage ; 
custom. 5. (Law.) The benefit or profit of lands and 
tenements. 

Syn.— Custom.— Custom is the frequent repetition of the 
same act either by one or many; usage belongs to the great 
body of a people, and implies a use or practice which is so fully 
established as to have decisive authority. Hence we speak of 
usage (not custom) as the law of language. 

Uge (yuz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. used ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
USING.] [From Lat. uti, usus, to use.] 1. To make 
use of; to convert to one's service; to put to a purpose. 

2. To behave toward ; to act with regard to ; to treat. 

3. To practice customarily. 4. To accustom ; to 
habituate. 

Syn.— Employ. — "We use a thing, or make use of it, when 
we derive from it some enjoyment or service. We employ it 
when we turn that service into a particular channel. We use 
words to express our general meaning: we employ certain tech- 
nical terms in reference to a given subject. To make use of 
implies a kind of passive agency; as, to make use of a pen; and 
hence there is often a material difference between the two 
words when applied to persons. To speak of " making use of 
another" generally implies a degrading idea, as if we had used 
him as a tool; while employ haa no such sense. A confidential 



a,,e,kc.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, vgil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



USE 



789 



UXORICIDE 



friend is employed to negotiate; an inferior agent is made use 
of to carry on an intrigue. 

fjge, v. i. To be wont or accustomed; to practice cus- 

_ tomarily. 

Use'ful, a. Full of use, advantage, or profit ; producing, 
or having power to produce, good ; beneficial ; profita- 
ble. 

Use'f ul-ly, adv. In a useful manner ; profitably. 

Use'f ul-uess, n. State or quality of being useful ; con- 
duciveness to some end, properly to some valuable end. 

Syn. — Utility ; serviceableness ; value ; advantage ; profit. 
SeeUTiLiTY. 

Use'less, a. Having no use ; unserviceable ; producing 
no good end ; answering no valuable purpose. 

Syn. — Fiuitless ; ineffectual. — We speak of an attempt, 
&c, as useless (not capable of being used to effect) when there 
are in it inherent difficulties which forbid the hope of success ; 
as, it is useless to contend against the decisions of Providence. 
We speak of it as fruitless when it fails, not from any such dif- 
ficulties, but from some unexpected hindrance or calamity aris- 
ing to frustrate it; as, the design was rendered fruitless by the 
death of its projector. It is useless to attempt any thing with- 
out adequate means; and even when we do possess them, our 
efforts are often fruitless. Ineffectual nearly resembles fruit- 
less, but implies a failure of a less hopeless character; as, after 
several ineffectual efforts, I at last succeeded. 

Use'Iess-ly, adv. In a useless manner ; without profit 
_or advantage. 

Use'less-ness, n. State or quality of being useless ; un- 
_ serviceableness. 

Ug'er, n. One who uses, treats, or occupies. 
Ush'er, n. [0. Fr. ussier, uissier, oissier, hussier, huissier, 
from ms, uis, ois, hus, huis, hues, huix, wuis, a door.] 

1 . An officer or servant who has the care of the door of a 
court, hall, chamber, or the like ; hence, an officer whose 
business it is to introduce strangers, or to walk before a 
person of rank. 2. An under-teacher or assistant to the 

w preceptor of a school. 

Ush/er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. USHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
USHERING.] To introduce, as an usher, forerunner, or 

^ harbinger ; to forerun. 

Us'que-baugli (uVkwe-baw), n. [Ir. uisge beatha, i. e., 
water of life, from uisge, water, and beatha, life.] 1. A 
kind of whiskey made in Ireland and Scotland. 2. A 
liquor compounded of brandy, raisins, cinnamon, and 
other spices. 

tJst'ion (Qst'yun), n. [Lat. ustio, from urere, ustum, to 

_ burn.] Act of burning ; state of being burned. 

Ug'u-al (yu'zhu-), a. [Lat. usualis, from usus, use.] In 
use ; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or in the 
ordinary course of events ; customary ; ordinary ; fre- 

_ quent. 

U§'u-al-ly (yu/zhu-al-), adv. In the usual manner ; 

_ commonly ; customarily ; ordinarily. 

U'gu-eap'tion, n. [Lat. usucapio, fr. usucapere, usucap- 
tum, to acquire by long use, from usu, abl. of usus, use, 
and capere, to take.] {Civil Law.) Acquisition of the 
title or right to property by the uninterrupted aDd undis- 
puted possession of it for a certain term prescribed by 

_law. 

U'gu-friiet, n. [Lat. usufructus, ususfructus, usus et 
fructus, from usus, use, and fructus, fruit.] (Law.) The 
right of using and enjoying the profits of a thing belong- 
ing to another, withoub impairing the substance. 

U'su-fruet'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. usufructuarius .] A person 
who has the use of property and reaps the profits of it. 

U'su-friiet'u-a-i'y, a. Of, pertaining to, or in the 

_ nature of, a usufruct. 

U'§u-rer (yu/zhu-), n. 1. A person accustomed to lend 
money and take interest for it. [Obs.] 2. One who 
lends money at a rate of interest beyond that established 
by law. 

U-gii'ri-ous (-zhu'rT-), a. [L&t.wsurarius.] 1. Practicing 
usury ; taking exorbitant interest for the use of money. 

2. Partaking of, or containing, usury. 

U-§firp', v. t. [imp. & p. p. USURPED (yrj-zurpt/) ; p. 

pr. & vb. n. USURPING.] [Lat. usurpare, contr. from 

Lat. usurapere, i. e., to seize to one's own use, from usus, 

use, and rapere, to seize.] To seize and hold in possession 

by force or without right. 

Syn. — To arrogate ; assume ; appropriate. 
U'§ur-pa'tion, n. Act of usurping, or of seizing, or 

occupying and enjoying, the power or property of another 

without right. 
U-§urp'er, n. One who usurps ; one who seizes or oc- 
cupies power or property without right. 
fj'gu-ry (yu/zhu-), n. [Lat. usura, from uti, usus, to use.] 

1. Interest. '[Obs.] 2. Practice of taking interest. 

[Obs.] 3. Illegal interest; exorbitant interest. 



U-tgn'sil (113), n. [Lat. ustensile, from ustensilis, fit for 
use, from uti, usus, to use.] An instrument ; an imple- 
ment ; especially, an instrument or vessel used in a 

_ kitchen, or in domestic and farming business. 

U'ter-Ine, a. [Lat. uterinus, from uterus, the womb.] 
1. Of, or pertaining to, the womb ; belonging to the 
uterus. 2. Born of the same mother, but by a different 
_father. 

JJ'te-riiSj^n. [Lai. uterus.] (Anat.) The womb. 

U-tlFi-ta'ri-an (89), a. [From Lat. utilitas, utility.] 
Consisting in, or pertaining to, utility ; pertaining to 
utilitarianism. 

U-til/i-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds the doctrine of 
utilitarianism. 

U-til'i-ta'ri-an-igm, n. 1. The doctrine that the 
greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the 
end and aim of all social and political institutions. 2» 
The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility. 3. Tha 
doctrine that utility is the sole standard of virtue, so thai 
virtue is indicated and tested by its apparent 



U-til'i-ty, n. [Lat. utilitas, from utilis, useful.] State ot 
quality of being useful ; production of good. 

Syn. —Usefulness ; advantageousness ; benefit; profit-, 
avail; service.— Usefulness is Anglo-Saxon, and utility is Latin; 
and hence the former is used chiefly of things in the concrete^ 
while the latter is employed more in a general and abstract 
sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of an invention, and the 
usefulness of the thing invented; of the utility of an institu^ 
tion, and the usefulness of an individual. So beauty and utility 
(not usefulness) are brought into comparison. Still, the wordg 
are, in many cases, used interchangeably. 

U'til-i-za'tion, n. Act of utilizing, or state of being 

_ utilized. 

U'til-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. utilized; p. pr. & vb. 
n. utilizing.] To make useful ; to turn to profitable 

w account or use. 

Ut'most, a. [A.-S. Utemost, Sternest, from ute, ut, out, 
outward, and msest, mest, most.] 1. Situated at the 
furthest point or extremity ; furthest out ; most distant ; 
extreme ; last. 2. Being in the greatest or highest de-* 
gree. 

Ut'most, n. The most that can be ; the greatest power, 
degree, or effort. 

U-to'pi-a, n. [From Gr. ov, not, and tottos, a place.] 1. 
An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in 
a work called Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection 
in politics, laws, and the like. 2. Hence, a place or state 
of ideal perfection. 

U-to'pi-an, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Utopia ; 
hence, ideal ; chimerical ; fanciful. 

U-to'pi-an -Igm, n. Quality or practice of any Utopian 

_ person or scheme ; a chimerical scheme. 

U'tri-ele, n. [Lat. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a bag, 
or bottle made of an animal's hide.] 1. A little bag or 
bladder; a little cell, as the air-cell of a fucus or sea- 
weed. 2. (Physiol.) A microscopic cell in the structure 
of an egg, or animal, or plant. 

Ut'ter, a. [Positive wanting; superl. UTTERMOST, or 
UTMOST.] [A.-S. titter, uter, exterior, from ut, ute, out, 
compar. utdr.] 1. Situated on the outside, or remote 
from the center ; outer. [Obs.] 2. Complete; perfect; 
total ; final. 3. Peremptory ; absolute. 4. Perfect ; 
mere ; entire ; quite. 

Ut'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. UTTERED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
UTTERING.] [From utter, supra.] 1. To put in circu> 
lation, as money ; to put off, as currency ; to cause to 
pass in trade. 2. To give expression to ; to disclose ; to 
publish ; to speak. 

Syn. — To deliver ; give forth ; liberate ; discharge •, pro- 
nounce. See Deliver. 

Ut'ter-a-lble, a. Capable of being uttered, pronounced, 



Ut'ter-ance, n. Act of uttering ; sale; circulation; ex- 
pression ; pronunciation ; manner of speaking ; vocal 
expression. 

Ut'ter-er, n. One who utters. 

Ut'ter-ly, adv. In an utter manner ; to the full extent; 
fully ; perfectly ; totally. 

Ut'ter-most, a. Extreme; utmost; being in the fur« 
thest, greatest, or highest degree. 

tJt'ter-most, n. Utmost; highest degree of measure; 

_extremest thing or degree possible. 

U've-oiis, a. [N. Lat. uveus, from Lat. uva, a bunch or 
_cluster of grapes, a grape.] Resembling a grape. 

JJ'vti-ld, n. [N. Lat., dim. of Lat. uva, a grape.] (Anat.\ 
The fleshy conical body suspended from the middle of 
the lower border of the soft palate. 

U$-5r'i-£lcle, n. [Lat. uxor, wife, and cxdere, to kill.] 



fcfbd, foot; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e€hio ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link: ; tiiis- 



UXORIOUS 



790 



VALANCE 



1. The murder of a wife by her husband. 2. One who 
murders his wife. 
U:$-o'ri-ous (89), a. [Lat. uxorius, from uxor, a wife.] 
Submissively or excessively fond of a wife. 



Uj-o'ri-oiis-ly, adv. With fond or servile submission 

to a wife. 
U$-o'ri-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being uxori* 

ous ; excessive and foolish fondness for a wife. 



V. 



V(ve), the twenty -second letter of the English alphabet, 
represents a uniform consonant sound, as heard in 
vain, eve. Its form is only a variety of the character by 
which the vowel U is denoted, the latter being in its origin 
the cursive character employed with soft materials, while 
V is better adapted for engraving on stone. The two letters 
were formerly used indiscriminately, the one for the 
other. See W. See also Prin. of Pron., § 101. 

Va'«an-cy, n. 1. Quality of being vacant ; emptiness ; 
hence, freedom from employment ; leisure ; idleness. 2. 
That which is vacant; as, (a.) Empty space ; vacuity. 
(b.) A space between bodies or things ; chasm ; gap. (c.) 
Unemployed time; interval of leisure, (d.) A place or 
post unfilled ; an unoccupied office. 

Va/eant. a. [Lat. vacans, p. pr. of vacare, to be empty ; 
to be free from labor.] 1. Deprived of contents ; empty ; 
not filled. 2. Hence, unengaged with business or care; 
unemployed ; unoccupied. 3. Not filled or occupied 
with an incumbent, possessor, or officer. 4. Not occu- 
pied with study or reflection. 5. (Law.) Abandoned; 
having no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier. 

Syn. — Empty ; void ; devoid ; free ; unincumbered ; un- 
crowded; idle. — A thing is empty when there is nothing in it; 
as, an empty room, or an empty noddle. Vacant adds the idea 
of a thing's having been previously filled, or intended to be 
filled or occupied; as, a vacant seat at the table; a vacant space 
between houses; vacant hours, &c. When we speak of a vacant 
look or a vacant mind, we imply that the thought naturally to 
be expected has vacated its proper place or office. 

Va'-eant -ly, adv. In a vacant manner. 

Va'eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vacated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

VACATING-.] [Lat. vacare, vacatum, to be empty.] 1. 
To make vacant ; to leave empty. 2. To annul ; to make 
void ; to make of no authority or validity. 

Va-ea'tion, n. [Lat. vacatio, a being free from a duty, a 
service, &c, from vacare. See supra.] 1. The act of 
vacating, making void, or of no force. 2. Intermission 
of a stated employment, procedure, or office ; intermis- 
sion ; rest; hence, specifically, (a.) (Law.) Intermission 
of judicial proceedings ; the space of time between the 
end of one term and the beginning of the next ; non- 
term, (b.) The intermission of the regular studies and 
exercises of a college or other seminary, when the stu- 
dents have a recess, (c.) The time when a see or other 
spiritual dignity is vacant. 

Va-e'ci-nate. v. t. [imp. & p. p. vaccinated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. vaccinating-.] [From Lat. vaccinus, belonging 
to a cow, from vacca, a cow.] To inoculate with the 
cow-pox or kine-pox, by means of a virus, taken either 
directly or indirectly from cows. 

Vae'ci-na'tion, n. Act, art, or practice of vaccinating, 
or of inoculating persons with the cow-pox or kine-pox. 

Vae'ci-na/tor, n. One who inoculates with the cow-pox 
or kine-pox. 

Vae'cine (vak'sln or vak'sm), a. [Lat. vaccinus, from 
vacca, a cow.] Pertaining to cows, or to vaccination. 

Vae'ci-nist, n. A vaccinator ; one skilled in vaccination. 

Vac'il-lant, a. [Lat. vacillans, p. pr. of vacillare.] 
Vacillating ; wavering ; fluctuating ; unsteady. 

Vac'il-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. vacillated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. VACILLATING.] [Lat. vacillare, vacillatum.] 1. 
To move one way and the other ; to reel. 2. To fluctu- 
ate in mind or opinion ; to be unsteady or inconstant. 
Syn. — To fluctuate; waver; stagger. See Fluctuate. 

Vac'il-la/tion, n. 1. Act of vacillating ; a wavering; 
a reeling or staggering. 2. Fluctuation of mind ; un- 
steadiness ; inconstancy. [in nature. 

Vae'u-ist, n. One who holds to the doctrine of a vacuum 

Va-eu'i-ty, n. [Lat. vacuitas, from vacuus, empty.] 1. 
Quality or condition of being vacuous ; a state of being 
unfilled ; emptiness. 2. Space unfilled or unoccupied, 
or occupied with an invisible fluid only ; emptiness ; 
void ; vacuum. 

Vae'u-iim, n. [Lat., from vacuus.] Space empty or 
devoid of all matter or body. 

Va'de-me'oum, n. [Lat., go with me.] A book or 



The same as Vagabondage. 



other thing that a person carries with him as a constant 
companion ; a manual. 

Vag'a-bond, a. [Lat. vagabundus, fr. vagari, to stroll 
about, from vagus, strolling.] 1. Floating about with- 
out any certain direction ; driven to and fro. 2. Mov- 
ing from place to place without any settled habitation ; 
wandering. 

"Vag'a-Tjond, n. One who wanders from town to town 
or place to place, having no certain dwelling, or not 
abiding in it, and usually without the means of honest 
livelihood ; a vagrant. 

Vag'a-toond'age, n. Condition of a vagabond; a state 
or habit of wandering about in idleness. 

Vag'a-bond'igm, 

VS.g'a-lbond'ry, 

Va-ga'ry, n. [Lat. vagari, to stroll about.] A wandering 
of the thoughts ; a wild freak ; a whim ; a whimsical 
purpose. 

Va-gt'nd, n. ; pi. va-gi'JVJE. [Lat. vagina, a scabbard 
or sheath.] (Anat.) (a.) The canal which leads from the 
external orifice to the uterus or womb, (b.) Any part 
which serves as a sheath or envelope to another. 

Vag'i-nal, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a vagina or sheath, 
orTesembling a sheath. 2. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, 
the vagina. 

Vag'i-nant, a. [N. Lat. vaginans, from Lat. vagina, a 
sheath.] Serving to invest or sheathe. 

Va'gran-cy, n. State of a vagrant ; a wandering with- 
out a settled home. 

Va'grant, a. [Norm. Fr. vagarant, 0. Fr. ragant, from 
Fr. vaguer, to stray, Lat. vagari. See Vagary.] 1. 
Moving without certain direction ; wandering ; unset- 
tled. 2. Wandering from place to place without any 
settled habitation. 

"Va'grant, n. One who strolls from place to place ; an 
idle wanderer ; a sturdy beggar ; a vagabond, [manner. 

Va'grant -ly, adv. In a vagrant, wandering, unsettled 

Vague (vag), a. [compar. VAGUER; sitperl. vaguest.] 
[Lat. vagus.] 1. Unsettled ; unfixed; undetermined. 2. 
Proceeding from no known authority. 
Syn. — Indefinite; loose; lax; uncertain; flying. 

Vague'ly (vag'ly), adv. In a vague manner: unfixedly. 

Vague'ness (vag'nes), n. Quality or condition of being 
vague ; uncertainty ; ambiguousness. 

Vail, n. [Written also veil.] A concealing screen or en- 
velope ; a cover ; a veil. 

Vail, v. t. [From 0. Eng. avale, avail, to let down, from 
Fr. avaler, L. Lat. avalare, fr. Lat. ad and vallis, valley.] 
To lower in token of inferiority, reverence, submission, or 
the like. 

Vain, a. [compar. vainer ; superl. vainest.] [Lat. 
vanus.] 1. Having no real substance, value, or impor- 
tance. 2. Destitute of force or efficiency ; to no pur- 
pose. 3. Elated with a high opinion of one's own ac- 
complishments, or with things more showy than valuable. 
4. Showy ; ostentatious. 

In vain, to no purpose; without effect; ineffectual.— To take 
the name of God in vain, to use the name of God with levity or 
profaneness. 

Syn. — Empty ; worthless ; fruitless; ineffectual; idle; un- 
real"; shadowy; unsatisfying; light; inconstant; false; deceit- 
ful; delusive; unimportant; trifling. 

Vain-glo'ri-oiis, a. Feeling or indicating vainglory ; vain 
to excess of one's own achievements ; boastful ; vaunting. 

Vain-glo'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a vainglorious manner. 

Vain-glo'ry, n. Excessive vanity excited by one's own 
performances ; empty pride ; undue elation of mind. 

Vain'ly, adv. In a vain manner ; without effect ; ineffect- 
ually ; boastingly ; proudly ; arrogantly ; idly ; foolishly. 

Vain'ness (109), n. The state or quality of being vain ; 
inefficacy ; ineffectual ness ; empty pride ; vanity. ' 

Val'ance, n. [From Norm. French valaunt, Fr. aval- 
ant, descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler, to get 
down, to go down with the current, or stream, slavaler, 
to hang or fall down, to flag. See Vail.] Hanging 
drapery for a bed, a couch, a window, &c. ; especially, 



*,e,8cc.,long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, aslt, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique ,firxu; son, 6r,dg, wolf, 



VALANCE 



791 



VAN-COURIER 



that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the 
floor. 

Val'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. valanced (v&l'anst) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. valancing.] To furnish with a val- 
ance. 

Vale, n. [Lat. vallis. Cf. Valley.] 1. A tract of low 
ground, or of land between hills. 2. A little trough or 
canal. 
Syn. — Valley; dingle; dell; dale. 

Val'e-dle'tion, n. [From Lat. valedicere, valedictum, 
to say farewell : from vale, farewell, and dicere, to say.] 
A farewell, a bidding farewell. 

Val'e-die-to'ri-an, n. One who pronounces a valedic- 
tory address. 

VaFe-dle'to-ry, a. Bidding farewell ; taking leave ; 
suitable, or designed, for an occasion of leave-taking. 

Val'e-dae'to-ry, n. A farewell oration or address spoken 
at commencement in American colleges, usually by one 
of the graduating class. 

Va-ieti'gi-ennes', n. [Fr.] A rich kind of lace made 
at Valenciennes "in France. 

Val'en-tlne, n. 1. A sweetheart chosen on St. Valen- 
tine's day. 2. A letter containing professions of love or 
affection, sent by one young person to another on St. 
Valentine's day. 

St. Valentine's day, a day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of 
February. 

Va-le'ri-an, n. [Either from some distinguished indi- 
vidual called Valerius, or from Lat. valere, to be strong, 
powerful, on account of its medicinal virtues.] (Bot.) 
A plant of many species. The root of the officinal vale- 
rian has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine 
as an antispasmodic. 

Val'et (val'et or val'a), n. [Fr. valet, Low Lat. vasletus, 
varletus, vassus, from W. gwas, a youth, lad, page, serv- 
ant. Cf. Varlet and Vassal.] A servant who at- 
tends on a gentleman's person. 

Valet de chambre (val'a de shom'br). [Fr.] A body servant, 
or personal attendant. 

VaFe-tu/di-na'ri-an, a. [Lat. valetudinarius , fr. val- 
etudo, state of health, health, fr. valere, to be strong or 
well.] Of infirm health ; seeking to recover health ; 
sickly ; weakly ; infirm. 

VaJ/e-tu'di-na'ri-an, n. A person of a weak, infirm, 
or sickly constitution ; one who is seeking to recover 
health. 

VaFe-tu'di-na-ry (44), a. Infirm ; sickly ; valetudina- 
rian. 

VaFe-tu'di-na-ry, n. An infirm person ; a valetudi- 
narian. 

Val'iant (val'yant), a. [Fr. vaillant, Lat. valens, p. pr. 
of valere, to be strong.] 1. Intrepid in danger ; heroic; 
courageous ; brave. 2. Performed with valor ; bravely 
conducted ; heroic. 

Val'iant-ly, adv. In a valiant manner ; stoutly ; vigo- 
rously ; courageously ; bravely ; heroically. 

Val'iant -ness, n. State or quality of being valiant ; 
stoutness ; strength ; valor ; bravery ; intrepidity in 
danger. 

Val'id, a. [Lat. validus, from valere, to be strong.] 1. 
Having sufficient strength or force ; founded in truth ; 
capable of being justified, defended, or supported. 2. 
(Law.) Having legal strength or force ; executed with the 
proper formalities. 

Syn.— Prevalent; available; efficacious; just; good; weighty; 
sufficient. 

Va-lid'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being valid; 
strength ; force; especially, power to convince ; justness ; 
soundness. 2. (Law.) Legal strength or force; that 
quality of a thing which renders it supportable in law or 
equity. 

Va-liise', n. [L. Lat. valisia, valixia, valesia, vallegia. as 
if from a Lat. word valitia, vidulitia, from Lat. vidulus, 
a leathern trunk, knapsack.] A small sack or case, for 
containing the clothes, &c, of a traveler ; a portmanteau. 

Val-la'tion, n. [From Lat. vallare, to surround with a 
rampart, fr. vallum, rampart, fr. vallus, stake, palisade.] 
A rampart or intrenchment. 

Val'ley, n. ; pi. VAL'LEYg. [From Lat. vallis, voiles. 
See Vale.] 1. The space inclosed between ranges of 
hills or mountains. 2. (Arch.) The gutter or internal 
angle formed by two inclined sides of a roof. 
Syn. — Vale; dale; dell; dingle; hollow. 

Val'or, n. [L. Lat. valor, fr. Lat. valere, to be strong, to 
be worth.] Strength of mind in regard to danger ; per- 
sonal bravery ; warlike courage. 



Syn. — Courage; heroism; bravery; intrepidity; prowess; 
gallantry; boldness; fearlessness. See Courage and Her- 
oism. 

Val'or-oiis, a. Possessing or exhibiting valor ; intrepid. 

Syn.— Stout; bold; brave; courageous. 

Val'or-oiis-ly, adv. In a valorous manner ; heroically. 

Val'u-a-ble, a. 1. Having value or worth ; possessing 
qualities which are useful and esteemed. 2. Worthy ; 
deserving esteem. 

Syn.— Precious; costly; estimable. 

Val'u-a-ble, n. A thing of value ; a precious possession. 

Val'u-a'tion, n. 1. The act of valuing, or of estimating 
the value or worth ; act of setting a price ; estimation ; 
appraisement. 2. Value set upon a thing ; estimated 
worth. 

Val'u-a'tor, n. One who sets a value on any thing ; an 
appraiser. 

Val'ue, n. [0. Fr., from valoir, p. p. valu, to be worth, 
from Lat. valere, co be strong, to be worth.] 1. The 
property or properties of a thing which render it useful 5 
or the degree of such property or properties ; utility. 2. 
Hence, precise signification. 3. Rate or estimated 
worth ; amount obtainable in exchange for a thing. 
Syn. — Worth; price; rate; importance; import. 

Val'ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. valued ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
VALUING.] 1. To estimate the worth of; to rate at a 
certain price ; to appraise ; to reckon with respect to 
number, power, importance, and the like. 2. To rate at 
a high price ; to have in high esteem ; to hold in respect 
and admiration. 

Syn. — To compute; rate; esteem; respect; regard; prize. 

Val'ue-less, a. Of no value ; having no worth. 

Valv'ate, a. Resembling or serving as a valve ; consist- 
ing of, or opening by, a valve or valves. 

Valve, n. [Lat. valva, the leaf, fold, or valve of a door.] 
1. A door ; especially, a folding door, or one of the leaves 
of such a door. 2. A lid or cover to an aperture, so 
formed as to open a communication in one direction, and 
close it in the other by lifting, turning, or sliding. 

Valved, a. Having valves ; composed of valves. 

Valv'u-lar, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, valves. 2. Con- 
taining valves ; serving as a valve ; opening by means of 
valves. 

Valv'ule, n. A little valve. 

Vamp, n. [Abbrev. fr. Fr. avant-pied, forefoot and vamp, 
fr. avant, before, fore, and pied, foot.] The upper leather 
of a shoe. 

Vamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vamped (84) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
vamping.] To provide, as a shoe, with new upper 
leather ; hence, to piece, as an old thing, with a new 
part ; to repair. 

Vamp'er, n. One who vamps, or pieces an old thing 
with something new. 

Vam'pire, n. [Ger. & D. vam- . ^ 

pir, Serb, wampir, wampira.] J Jg§k 1 

1. A dead person superstitious- -— "rlfiS^i 

ly believed to return in body £%ffl WUL 

and soul from the other world, 
and to wander about the earth 
doing every kind of mischief 
to the living, and to suck the 
blood of persons asleep. 2. 
Hence, one who lives by prey- 
ing on others ; an extortioner. ^iH) °^-~ 
3. (Zo'dl.) A large species of -■^sssss* 
bat found in tropical America. Vampire (3). 
This bat has been fabulously reported to cause the death 
of men and brute animals by sucking their blood. 

Vam'pir-i§m, n. 1. Belief in the existence of vampires ; 
the practice of blood-sucking. 2. Hence, figuratively, 
the practice of extortion. 

Van, n. [Abbreviated from van-guard, q. v.] The front 
of an army ; or the front line or foremost division of a 
fleet, either in saifing or in battle. 

Van, n. [Lat. vannus, a van, or fan.] 1. A fan for 
cleansing grain or the like ; a winnowing machine. 2. 
A wing with which the air is beaten. 3. A large, light, 
covered wagon, for the transportation of goods, and tha 
like. 

Van'-cou'ri-er (-ko'o'ri-er, 89), n. [Fr. avant-courrier, 
avant-'c'oureur , from avant, before, fore, and courier, cour- 
rier, coureur, a runner. See COURIER.] One sent in 
advance ; a precursor ; especially, one of a body of light- 
armed soldiers sent before armies to beat the road upon 
the approach of an enemy. 



tl 



tJ 



food, foot ; Urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



VANDAL 



792 



VARIETY 



Van'dal, n. 1. (Anc. Hist.) One of the most barba- 
rous of the northern nations that invaded Rome in the 
5th century, notorious for destroying the monuments of 
art and literature. 2. Hence, one hostile to the arts and 
literature ; one who is ignorant and barbarous. 

Van'dal, I a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the 

Van-dal'ie, j Vandals ; hence, ferocious ; rude ; bar- 
barous. 

Van'dal-i§m, n. Spirit or conduct of Vandals ; fero- 
cious cruelty ; hostility to the arts and literature. 

Van-dyke', n. An indented and scolloped cape for the 
neck, worn by females, as seen in the portraits of persons 
painted by Vandyke in the reign of Charles I. 

Vane, n. [A.-S. fana, 0. H. Ger. fano, banner, Goth. 
fana, cloth.] 1. A fixture attached to some elevated 
object for the purpose of showing which way the wind 
blows. 2. Any flat, extended surface moved by the 
wind ; hence, a similar fixture moved in or by water. 3. 
The thin, membranous part or web of a feather, on the 

/ side of the shaft. 

Van'-guard, n. [Fr. avant-garde, from avant, before, 
fore, and gar de, guard.] (Mil.) The troops who march 
in front of an army ; the first line. 

Va-nil'la, n. [N. Lat. ; Sp. vainilla and vainica, dim. of 
Sp. vaina, a sheath, a pod, Lat. vagina, because its 
grains of seed are contained in little pods.] (Bot.) (a.) 
A genus of plants of the orchis group, natives of tropical 
America, (b. ) The capsule of the species of this genus, re- 
markable for its delicate and agreeable odor, and for the 
volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from it. 

Van'ish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. vanished (van'isht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. VANISHING.] [Fr. s'evanouir, vanoyer, 
Lat. vanescere, evanescere, fr. vanus, empty, null, vain.] 
1. To pass from a visible to an invisible state ; to be lost 
to view ; hence, to disappear gradually. 2. To be an- 
nihilated or lost ; to pass away ; to disappear. 

Van'ish, n. (Elocution.) The final or closing portion of 
a syllable, or of a vocal element. 

Van'i-ty, n. [Lat. vanitas, fr. vanus, empty, vain.] 1. 
State or quality of being vain; want of substance to 
satisfy desire. 2. Especially, an inflation of mind upon 
slight grounds; empty pride; ostentation. 3. That 
which is vain; any thing empty, visionarj', or unsub- 
stantial ; fruitless desire or effort. 4. One of the estab- 
lished characters in the old moralities and puppet- 
shows. 

Syn.— Egotism ; pride ; emptiness ; unsubstantialness ; 
worthlessness ; self-sufficiency ; ostentation. See Egotism 
and Pkide. 

Van'quish (vank'wish), v. t. [imp. & p.p. VANQUISHED 
(vank/wisht); p. pr. & vb. n. vanquishing.] [Fr. 
vaincre, pret. vainquis, Lat. vincere.] 1. To subdue in 
battle, as an enemy. 2. Hence, to defeat in any con- 
test; to get the better of; to put down; to refute in 
argument. 

Syn. — To conquer; surmount; overcome; confute; silence. 
See Conquer. 

Van'quish-a-hle, a. Capable of being vanquished or 
conquered. 

Vaii'quish-er, n. One who vanquishes ; a conqueror. 

Van'quish-ment, n. The act of vanquishing, or the 
state of being vanquished or subdued. 

Van'tage, n. [See Advantage.] Superior or more 
favorable situation or opportunity ; advantage. [Rare.] 
Vantage-ground, superiority of state or place ; place or con- 
dition which gives one an advantage over another. 

Vap'id, a. [Lat. vapidus, having emitted steam or vapor, 
i. e., having lost its life and spirit, from vapor, steam, 
vapor.] Having lost its life and spirit. 

Syn.— Dead; spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated. 
Vap'id-ly, adv. In a vapid manner. 
Vap'id-ness, 1 n. State or quality of being vapid-, dead- 
ly a-pid'i-ty, 1 ness ; dullness ; want of fife or spirit. 
Va'por, n. [Lat. vapor.] 1. (Physics.) Any substance in 
the gaseous or aeriform state, the condition of which is 
ordinarily that of a liquid or solid. 2. In a loose and pop- 
ular sense, any visible diffused substance floating in the 
atmosphere and impairing its transparency , as smoke, fog, 
or the like. 3 . Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or tran- 
sitory. 4. pi. A disease of nervous debility, in which a 
variety of strange images float in the brain, or appear as 
if visible ; hence, hypochondriacal affections ; dejection ; 
spleen. [Obs. or rare.] 
Va'por, v. i. [imp. & p. p. vapored : p. pr. & vb. n. 
VAPORING.] [From the noun, supra; Lat. vaporare.] 
1. To pass off in fumes, or a moist, floating substance ; 
to steam ; to be exhaled ; to evaporate. 2. To boast 



or vaunt with a vain, ostentatious display of worth ; to 
brag. 

Vap'o-ra-Tbil'i-ty. n. Quality of being vaporable. 

Vap'o-ra-hle, a. Capable of being converted into vapor 
by the agency of heat. 

Vap'o-ra'tion, n. Act or process of converting into 
vapor, or of passing off in vapor ; evaporation. [Rare.] 

Va'por-bath, n. Application of vapor to the body in a 
close place ; also, the place itself. 

Va'por-er, n. A braggart ; a boaster. 

Vap'o-rif 'ie, a. [Lat. vapor, vapor, and facere, to make.] 
Forming into vapor ; converting into steam. 

Va'por-ing-ly, adv. In a vaporing or boasting manner. 

Va'por-ish, a. Full of vapors ; affected by hysterics. 
Syn.— Splenetic; peevish; humorsome; hypochondriacal. 

Vap'o-ri-za'tion, n. Act of vaporizing, or state of be- 
ing converted into vapor ; the artificial formation of 
vapor. 

Vap'or-ize (110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. vaporized ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. vaporizing.] To convert into vapor by 
the application of heat. 

Vap'or-ize, v. i. To pass off in vapor. 

Va'por-oils, a. 1. Full of vapors or exhalations. 2* 
Windy; flatulent. 3. Proceeding from the vapors ; un- 
real ; vain. 

Va'por-y, a. 1. Full of vapors ; vaporous. 2. Hypo- 
chondriacal ; splenetic : peevish. 

Va/ri-a-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being variable; 
variableness. 

Va'ri-a-ble, a. [Lat. variabilis.] 1. Having the capacity 
of varying or changing ; capable of alteration in any 
manner. 2. Over-susceptible of change ; liable to 
change. 

Syn. — Changeable; mutable; fickle; wavering; unsteady; 
versatile; inconstant. 

Va'ri-a-ble, n. 1. (Math.) A quantity which may in- 
crease or decrease ; a quantity which admits of an in- 
finite number of values in the same expression. 2. 
(Naut.) A shifting trade-wind. 

Va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being variable ; 
susceptibility of change ; liableness or aptness to alter. 

Va'ri-a-bly, adv. In a variable manner ; changeably. 

Va'ri-ance, n. 1. Act or state of being variant ; change 
of condition. 2. (Law.) A disagreement or difference 
between two parts of the same legal proceeding, which, 
to be effectual, ought to agree together. 3. Difference 
that produces controversy ; disagreement ; dissension ; 
discord. 

At variance, in disagreement ; in a state of dissension or 
controversy; at enmity. 

Va/ri-ate, v. t. [Lat. variare, variatum. See VARY.] 
To alter ; to make different ; to vary. 

Va'ri-a'tion, n. 1. Act of varying ; a partial change in 
the form, position, state, or qualities of the same thing. 
2. The extent to which a thing varies ; amount or rate 
of change. 3. (Mus.) Repetition of a tune or melody 
with various embellishments and fanciful changes. 

Syn. — Change; vicissitude; variety; mutation; deviation; 
alteration; diversity. 

Var'i-eo-cele, a. [Lat. varix, varicis, a dilated vein, fr. 
varus, bent, and Gr. /07 At), tumor.] (Surg.) A varicose 
enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord. 

Var'i-eose 7 (125), ) a. [See supra.] Preternaturally en- 

Var'i-eoils, I larged, or permanently dilated ; — 

applied only to veins. 

Va'ri-e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. variegated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VARIEGATING.] [Lat. variegare, variegatum, 
fr. varius, various, and agere, to move, make.] To di- 
versify in external appearance ; to mark with different 
colors. 
Syn. — To vary; streak; stripe; checker; dapple. 

Va'ri-e-ga/tion, n. Act of variegating or diversifying, 
or state of being diversified, by different colors ; diversity 
of colors. 

Va-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Quality of being various ; intermixt- 
ure or succession of different things. 2. That which is 
various; as. (a.) A number or collection of different 
things, (b.) Something varying or differing from others 
of the same general kind. 



•Diversity: difference; kind.— A man 



variety of 



syn. - 

employments when he does many things which are not a mere 
repetition of the same act; he has a diversity of employments 
when the several acts performed are unlike each other, that 
is, diverse. In most cases, where there is variety there will be 
more or less of diversity, but not always. One who sells rail- 
way tickets performs a great variety of acts in a day, while there 
is but little diversity in his employment. 



a, ©, &C. , long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ash, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, -wolf 



VARIOLOID 



793 VEGETATION 



Va'ri-o-loid', or Var'i-o-loid', a. (Med.) Resembling 
small-pox; pertaining to the disease called varioloid. 

Va'ri-o-loid/ , or Var'i-o-loid', n. [L. Lat. variola, the 
small-pox, from Lat. varius, various, and Gr. elfios, form.] 
(Med.) The small-pox as modified by previous inocula- 
tion or vaccination. 

Va-rl'o-loiis, a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the 
small-pox. 

Va'vi-o'vum. [Lat., abbrev. from cum notis variorum, 
with notes of various persons.] Of various persons or 
things ; especially (used as an adjective), containing notes 
by different persons. 

Va/ri-oiis, a. [Lat. varius.] 1. Different; diverse; sev- 
eral ; manifold. 2. Changeable ; uncertain ; unfixed. 3. 
Variegated ; diversified. 

Va'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In various or different ways. 

Var'let, n. [0. Fr. varlet, vaslet, vallet. See VALET.] 

1. A servant; a valet. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a low fellow ; 
a scoundrel ; a rascal. 

Var'nish, n. [See infra.] 1. A thick, viscid liquid, 
laid on work to give it a gloss. 2. Glossy appearance. 
3. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any 
act or conduct ; outside show. 

Var'nish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. varnished (var'nisht) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. VARNISHING.] [Fr. vernir, vernisser, It. 
vernicare, verniciare, as if from a Lat. word vitrinire, to 
glaze, from L. Lat. vitrinus, for Lat. vitreus, of or like 
glass, glassy, from vitrum, glass.] 1. To lay varnish on. 

2. To cover with something that gives a fair external 
appearance. 3. To give a fair coloring to. 

Var'nish-er, n. One who varnishes. 

Va'ry (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. varied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

VARYING.] [Lat. variare, from varius, various.] 1. 

To change the aspect of ; to alter in form, appearance, 

substance, or position. 2. To change to something else ; 

to exchange ; to alternate. 3. To diversify ; to variegate. 
Va'ry, v. i. 1. To alter, or be altered in any manner ; 

to suffer a partial change. 2. To differ or be different. 

3. To alternate. 4. To deviate ; to depart. 5. To dis- 
agree ; to be at variance. 

Vas'-eu-lar, a. [From Lat. vasculum, a small vessel, 
dim. of vas, vessel.] 1. Consisting of vessels, or con- 
taining them, as an essential part of a structure, 2. 
Operating by means of, or made up of, an arrangement 
of vessels. 3. Pertaining to the vessels of animal or 
vegetable bodies. 

V&s'eu-lar'i-ty, n. State or quality of being vascular. 

Vase, n. [Lat. vas, vasum.] 1. A 
vessel, of various forms and materials^ 
for domestic purposes, and anciently 
for sacrificial uses. 2. (Arch.) (a.) 
An ornament of sculpture, placed on 
a pedestal, representing one of the 
vessels of the ancients, (b.) The body 
or naked ground of the Corinthian 
and Composite capital. 

15®= Down to the time of Walker, this 
word was made to rhyme with base, case, 
&c, and it is still so pronounced, to a great 
extent, in the United States. In England, v ase- 

it is more commonly pronounced, as Walker gives it, vaze, 
though by some vdz, and by a few vawz. 

Vas'sal, n. [L. Lat. vassallus, vasallus, from W. gwasawl, 
serving, from gwasau, to serve, from gwas, a youth, 
page, servant.] 1. One who holds land of a superior, 
and who vows fidelity and homage to him ; a feudatory. 
2. A dependent; a servant ; a bondman ; a slave. 

Vas'sal-age, n. 1. State of being a vassal. 2. Political 
servitude: dependence; slavery. 

Vast, a. [compar. VASTER; superl. VASTEST.] [Lat- 
vast-us, empty, waste, vast.] 1. Waste; desert. [Obs.] 
2. Being of great extent; very spacious or large. 3. 
Very great in numbers or amount. 4. Very great in 
force. 5. Very great in importance. 
Syn. — Enormous; huge; immense; mighty. 

Vast,_n. A waste region ; boundless space. 

Vas-ta'tion, n. [Lat. vastatio, from vastare, to lay 
waste, from vastus, empty, waste.] A laying waste ; de- 
population ; devastation. 

Vast'ly, adv. To a vast extent or degree ; very greatly. 

Vast'ness, n. State or quality of being vast ; enormous 
magnitude, amount, or importance. 

Vast'y, a. Very spacious ; immense ; vast. 

Vat, n. [A.-S. fat, fat, Ice\. fat, 0. H. Ger. faz, M. H. 
Ger. vaz.] 1. A large vessel or cistern ; a large cask- 
like receptacle. 2. A measure for liquids, and also a 
dry measure of varying capacity. 

Vat'i-ean, n. A magnificent assemblage of buildings in 




Rome, including one of the pope's palaces, a museum, a 
library, &c. ; hence, the papal authority. 

Thunders of the Vatican, the anathemas or denunciations of 
the pope. 

Vat'i-cide, n. [Lat. vates, a prophet, and csedere, to 
kill.] 1. The murder of a prophet. 2. One who murders 
a prophet. 

Va-tic'i-nal, a. Pertaining to, or containing prophecy. 

Va-tic'i-nate, v. t. & i. [Lat. vaticinari, vaticinatus, 
from vaticinus, prophetical, from vates, a prophet.] To 
prophesy ;_to foretell. [prophecy. 

Va-tic'i-na'tion, n. [Lat. vati.cinatio .] Prediction , 

Va-ti^'i-na/tor, n. One who vaticinates ; a prophet. 
Vaude'ville (vod'vil), n. [Fr., from Vau-de-vire, a village 
in Normandy, where Olivier Basselin, at the end of the 
' 14th century, composed such songs.] 1. A kind of song 
of a lively character, sung to a familiar air in couplets 
with a refrain. 2. A theatrical piece, the dialogue of 
which is intermingled with light or satirical songs, sung 
in familiar airs. 

Vault, n. [L. Lat. volta, voluta, volutio, from Lat. vol- 
vere, volutum, to roll, to turn about.] 1. A continued 
arch, or an arched roof or ceiling. 2. An arched apart- 
ment ; especially, a subterranean room, used for storing 
articles, for a prison, for interment, and the like ; a cell ; 
a cellar. 3. A leap or bound ; especially, the bound or 
leap of a horse. 

Vault, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vaulted; p. pr. & vb. n, 
VAULTING.] 1. To form with a vault, or to cover with 
a vault ; to give the shape of an arch to ; to arch. 2. 
To leap on ; to mount by leaping 

Vault, v. i. 1. To leap ; to bound ; to jump ; to spring. 
2. To exhibit feats of tumbling or leaping. 

Vault'ed, a. 1. Arched ; concave. 2. Covered with 
an arch or vault. 

Vault'er, n. One who vaults ; a leaper ; a tumbler. 

Vaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. vaunted; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VAUNTING.] [Fr. vanter, L. Lat. vanitare, from Lat. 
vanus, vain.] To boast ; to talk with vain ostentation ; 
to brag. 

Vaunt, v. t. To boast of; to make a vain display of. 

Vaunt, n. A vain display of what one is, or has, or has 
done ; boast. 

Vaunt'er, n. One who vaunts ; a boaster ; a braggart. 

Veal, n. [0. Fr. veel, vedel, Lat. vitellus, dim. of vitulus, a 
calf, Gr. IraAos.] The flesh of a calf killed for the table. 

Vee'tor, n. [Lat., a bearer, carrier, from vehere,vectum, 
to carry.] Same as RADIUS VECTOR, q. v. 

Ve'da, or Ve'da, n. [Skr. veda, prop, knowledge, from 
vid, to know.] The ancient sacred literature of the Hin- 
doos ; also, one of four collections, constituting the most 
ancient portions and members of that literature. 

Ve-dette', n. [Fr. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta, as if 
from vedere, to see, Lat. videre, but really fr. It. veglia, 
Lat. vigilia, watch.] A sentinel, usually on horseback ; 
a vidette. 

Veer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. veered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
VEERING.] [Fr. virer, It. & L. Lat. virare.] To change 
direction ; to turn. 

Veer, v. t. To direct to a different com-se ; to turn. 

Veg'e-ta-ble, n. [See infra.] 1. An organized body 
destitute of sense and voluntary motion, deriving its 
nourishment through pores on its outer surface, or ves- 
sels in most instances adhering to some other body, as 
the earth, and in general, propagating itself by seeds. 2. 
In a more limited sense, a plant used for culinary pur- 
poses. 

Veg'e-ta-ble, a. [Lat. vegetabilis, enlivening, fromvege- 
tare, to enliven.] 1. Belonging or relating to plants. 2. 
Consisting of, or comprising, plants. 3. Having the 
nature of plants. 

Veg'e-tal, a. 1. Pertaining to, or in the nature of, a vege- 
table ; vegetable. 2. ( Physiol. ) Of, or pertaining to, a class 
of vital phenomena common to plants and animals. 

Veg'e-ta/ri-an (89), n. One who holds that vegetables 
constitute the only proper food for man. 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, vegetarianism. 

Veg / e-ta'ri-an-i§m, n. The theory and practice of 
living solely on vegetables. 

Veg'e-tate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. vegetated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. VEGETATING.] [Lat. vegetare, vegetatum, to en- 
liven, from vegetus, enlivened, animated.] 1. To grow, 
as plants ; to sprout ; to germinate. 2. Hence, figura- 
tively, to lead a life too low for an animate creature ; to 
do nothing but eat and grow. 

Veg^-ta/tion, n. 1. Act or process of vegetating ; veg- 
etable growth. 2. The sum of vegetable life ; vegeta- 



food,fobt; urn, rude, pull; fell, f liaise, -e all, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 



VEGETATIVE 



794 



VENETIAN 



bl&s or plants in general. 3. (Med.) (a.) A morbid ex- 
crescence on the valves of the heart, in syphilis, (b.) A 
fleshy granulation at the surface of a wound or ulcer. 

Veg'e-ta/tive, a. 1. Growing, or having the power of 
growing, as plants. 2. Having the power to produce 
growth in plants. 3. (Zoo7.) Partaking of simple growth 
and enlargement of the systems of nutrition and gener- 
ation, apart from the sensorial or distinctively animal 
functions. 

Veg'e-ta'tive-ness, n. The quality of being vegetative. 

Ve'he-mence, n. 1. Quality of being vehement; im- 
petuous force ; impetuosity; violence; — applied also to 
any kind of forcible action. 2. Violent ardor ; anima- 
ted fervor. 

Ve'he-men-cy, n. Vehemence. [Rare.] 

Ve'he-ment, a. [Lat. vehemens, prob. a protracted form 
of vemens, from ve, an inseparable particle denoting pri- 
vation, and mens, the mind, and thus properly not very 
reasonable, i. e., very eager, violent, vehement.] 1. Act- 
ing with great force ; forcible ; mighty. 2. Very ar- 
dent ; very eager, urgent, or fervent. 

Syn. — Furious ; violent ; impetuous ; passionate ; ardent; 
hot. 

Ve'he-ment-ly, adv. In a vehement manner ; forcibly. 

Ve'hi-ele (ve'hi-kl), n. [Lat. vehiculum, from vehere, to 
carry.] 1. That in which any thing is or may be car- 
ried, as a coach, wagon, cart, carriage, or the like ; a 
conveyance. 2. That which is used as the instrument 
of conveyance or communication. 3. (Pharmacy.) A 
substance in which medicine is taken. 4. (Paint.) A 
liquid with which the various pigments are applied. 

Ve-hi-e'u-lar, ) a. Of, pertaining to, or serving as, a 

Ve-hle'u-la-ry, ) vehicle. 

Veil, n. [Lat. velum, a sail, covering, curtain, vail, contr. 
from vehulum, from vehere, to bear, carry, and thus 
originally that which bears the ship on.] 1. Something 
to intercept the view, and hide an object ; especially, a 
screen, usually of thin gauze or similar material, to hide 
or protect the face. 2. A cover ; a disguise. 

To take the veil, to receive, or be covered with, a veil, as a 
nun, in token of retirement from the world. 

Syn. — A mask; cloak; blind; cover; curtain. See Vail. 

Veil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VEILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VEIL- 
ING.] 1. To throw a veil over; to cover with a veil. 
2. To invest ; to cover ; to hide ; to conceal. 

Vein, n. [Lat. vena.] 1. (Anat.) A vessel in animal 
bodies, which receives the blood from the capillaries, and 
returns it to the heart; a blood-vessel. 2. (fiot.) A 
small rib or branch of the frame-work of leaves, &c. 3. 
(Geol. or Mining.) A seam or layer of any substance, 
more or less wide, intersecting a rock or stratum, and 
not corresponding with the stratification. 4. A fissure, 
cleft, or cavity, as in the earth or other substance. 5. 
A streak or wave of different color, appearing in wood, 
in marble, and other stones. 6. A train of valuable as- 
sociations, thoughts, and the like ; a current; a course. 
7. Peculiar temper ; tendency or turn of mind ; humor ; 
strain; quality. [with veins. 

Vein, v. t. To form or mark with veins ; to fill or cover 

Veined (viind), a. 1. Full of veins ; streaked ; varie- 
gated. 2. (Bot.) Having vessels branching over the 
surface, as a leaf. 

Vein'y, a. Full of veins ; veined. 

Ve-lif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. velifer, from velum, a sail, and 
ferre, to bear.] Bearing, or carrying, sails. 

Vel-le'i-ty, n. [From Lat. velle , to will, to be willing.] 
The lowest degree of desire ; imperfect or incomplete 
volition. 

Vel'li-eate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. vellicated ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. VELLICATING.] [Lat. velli care, vellira- 
tum, from vellere, to pluck, pull.] To move spasmodic- 
ally ; to twitch. 

Vel'li-ea/tion, n. 1. Act of twitching, or of causing 
to twitch. 2. (Med.) A local twitching or convulsive 
motion of a muscular fiber, especially of the face. 

Vel'lum, n. [Fr. velin, from 0. Fr. veel, Lat. vitellus, 
vitulus. a calf.] A fine kind of parchment. 

VeFo-cim'e-ter, n. [Lat. velox, velocis, rapid, and 
metrum, from Gr fxirpov, measure.] An apparatus for 
measuring_the speed of machinery. 

Ve-loc'i-pede, n. [From Lat. velox, swift, and Lat. pes, 
pedis, It. piede, a foot.] A light road-carriage for a sin- 
gle person, usually propelled by means of a bar or pedal 
which puts in motion the cranked axle of the wheels. 

Ve-15c'i-ty, n. [Lat. velocitas, from velox. velocis, swift, 
quick.] 1. Quickness of motion. 2. (Mech.) Rate of 
motion ; relation of motion to time, measured by the 



number of units of space passed over by the moving body 
in a unit of time. 

Syn. — Swiftness; celerity; rapidity; fleetness; speed. 

Vel'vet, n. [0. Eng. velovette, velvet, vellct, L. Lat. vel- 
luetum, vellutum, as if from a Lat. word villutus, for 
villosus, shaggy, fr. villus, shaggy hair.] A soft material 
of silk, or of silk and cotton mixed, having a loose pile 
or short shag of thread on the surface. 

VeFvet-een', n. A kind of cloth made of cotton, in 
imitation of velvet ; cotton velvet. 

Vel'vet-ing, n. The fine shag of velvet ; a piece of vel- 
vet ; velvet goods. [smooth ; delicate. 

Vel'vet-y, a. Made of velvet, or like velvet ; soft ; 

Ve'nal, a. [From Lat. vena, a vein.] Of, or pertaining 
to, a vein, or to veins ; contained in the veins ; venous. 

Ve'nal, a. [Lat. venalis, from vevus, sale, venire, to be 
sold.] To be bought or obtained for money or other 
valuable consideration ; held for sale. 

Syn. — Mercenary; hireling; vendible. — One is mercenary 
who is either actually a hireling (as, mercenary soldiers, % 
mercenary judge, &c), or is governed by a sordid love of gain; 
hence, we speak of mercenary motives, a mercenary marriage, 
&c. Venal goes further, and supposes either an actual purchase, 
or a readiness to be purchased, which places a person or thing 
wholly in the power of the purchaser; as, a venal press. Brissot 
played ingeniously on the latter word in his celebrated saying, 
" My pen is venal that it may not be mercenary" meaning that 
he wrote hooks and sold them to the publishers, in order to 
avoid the necessity of being the hireling of any political party. 

Ve-nal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being venal or pur- 
chasable ; mercenariness. 

Ven'a-ry, a. [L. Lat. venarivs, fr. Lat. venari, venatus, 
to hunt.] Of, or relating to, hunting. 

Vend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vended; p. pr. & vb. n. 
VENDING.] [Lat. vendere.] To dispose of by sale ; to sell. 

Vendee', n. The person to whom a thing is vended or 

Vend'er, n. One who vends : a seller. [sold. 

Vend'i-lnl'i-ty , n. State of being vendible or salable. 

Vend'i-ble, a. [Lat. vendibilis, from vendere, to sell.] 
Capable of being disposed of as an object of trade ; sal- 
able, [vendibility. 

Vend'i-lble-ness, n. State or quality of being vendible ; 

Vend'i-lbly, adv. In a vendible or salable manner. 

Ven-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. venditio, from vendere, 
venditum, to sell.] Act of vending or selling ; sale. 

Vend'or, n. [See Vender.] A vender ; a seller. 

Ven-due', n. [0. Fr. vendue, fr. Fr. vendre, p. p. vendu, 
vendue, to sell.] A public sale of any thing, by outcry, 
to the highest bidder ; an auction. 

Ve-neer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. veneered ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VENEERING.] [Ger. furnieren, fourniren, from Fr. 
fournir, to furnish, q. v.] To overlay or plate with a 
thin layer of wood or other material for outer finish or 
decoration. 

Ve-neer', n. A thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or 
beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one. 

Ve-neei-'ing, n. The act or art of overlaying a coarse 
or inferior wood with thin leaves of a superior material, 
or the covering thus laid on. [venom. 

Ven'e-na'tion, n. 1. Act of poisoning. 2. Poison ; 

Ven'er-a-tole, a. [Lat. venerabilis.] 1. Capable of 
being venerated ; worthy of veneration or reverence. 2. 
Rendered sacred by religious or other associations. 

Ven'er-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being vener- 
able. 

Ven'er-a-my, adv. In a venerable manner. 

Ven'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. venerated ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. VENERATING.] [Lat. venerari, veneratus.] To 
regard with respect and reverence. 
Syn. — To reverence; revere; adore. 

Ven'er-a/tion, n. Act of venerating, or the state of 
being venerated ; respect mingled with aw T e. 
Syn. — Awe; reverence; dread. See Awe. 

Ven'er-a'tor, n. One who venerates and reverences. 

Ve-ne're-al (89), a. [Lat. venereus, venerius,fromVenus, 
Veneris, Venus, the goddess of love. Cf. infra.] 1. Of, 
or pertaining to, venery, or sexual love. 2. Arising 
from sexual intercourse. 3. Adapted to the cure of 
venereal diseases. 4. Adapted to excite venereal desire ; 
aphrodisiac. 

Ven'er-y, n. [Lat. Venus, Veneris, the goddess of love.] 
Sexual love ; sexual intercourse. 

Ven'er-y, n. [Fr. venerie, from 0. Fr. vener, veneir, 
Lat. venari, to hunt.] Act or exercise of hunting ; sports 
of the chase. 

Ve'ne-se-e'tion, «. [From Lat. vena, a vein, and sectio, 
a cutting.] Act or operation of opening a vein for letting 
blood ; blood-letting. 

Ve-ne'tian, re. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Venice. 



a,e, &c. , long;&, e,&c, short ;ca,re, far, Ask, all, what; 6re,vgil, term; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



VENGEANCE 



795 



VERBENA 



Venetian blind, a blind for windows, doors, &c, made of thin 
slats set in a frame, and so disposed as to overlap each other. 

Venge'ance, n. [From Lat. vindicare, to avenge. See 
AVENGE.] Punishment inflicted in return for an in- 
jury or offense ; retribution ; — often, in a bad sense, pas- 
sionate or unrestrained revenge. 

Venge'f \il, a. Vindictive ; retributive ; revengeful. 

Venge'f ul-ly, adv. In a vengeful manner ; vindictively. 

Ve'ni-al,*a. [Lat. venialis, fr. venia, forgiveness, pardon.] 

1. Capable of being forgiven; not heinous; excusable; 
pardonable, 2. Allowed ; permitted. 

Ve'ni-al'i-ty, n. State or quality of being venial, or 
pardonable. 

Ve'ni-al-ly, adv. In a venial manner ; pardonably. 

Ve'ni-al-ness, n. State or quality of being venial. 

Ve-wi're, or Ve-nVre Fa'ci-as (ia'shi-as), n. [Lat., 
make or cause to come.] (Law.) (a.) A judicial writ or 
precept directed to the sheriff, requiring him to cause a 
certain number of qualified persons to appear in court at 
a specified time, to serve as jurors in said court, (b.) A 
writ in the nature of a summons to cause the party in- 
dicted on a penal statute to appear. 

Ven'i-§on (ven'i-zn, or ven'zn), n. [0. Fr. venison, 
veneison, N. Fr. venaison, from Lat. venatio, hunting.] 
The flesh of edible beasts of chase ; game. 

rag-In England, the word is more especially applied to the 
flesh of deer, hares, and certain birds called game. In the 
United States, it is applied exclusively to the flesh of the deer, 
or cervine genus of animals. 

VSn'om,)!. [Lat. venenum.] 1. Matter fatal or injuri- 
ous to life ; poison. 2. Spite ; malice ; malignity. 
Syn.— See Poisoisr. 
Ven'om-oiis, a. [0. Eng. venemous; Fr. venimeux, 
Lat. venenosus, fr. venenum, poison.] 1. Full of venom ; 
noxious to animal life ; poisonous. 2. Noxious. 
Syn. — Mischievous; malignant; spiteful. 

Ven'om-ous-ly, adv. In a venomous manner ; poison- 

ously ; malignantly ; spitefully. 

Ven'ora-ous-ness, n. Quality of being venomous. 

Ve'nous, a. [Lat. venosus, from vena, a vein.] 1. Of, or 
pertaining to, a vein, or to veins ; contained in veins. 2. 
(Bot.) Marked with veins ; veined. 

Vent, n. [Prob. from Fr. vent, wind, Lat. ventus.] 1. 
A small aperture ; a hole, or passage for air or any fluid 
to escape. 2. Hence, specifically, (a.) The opening at 
which the excrements are discharged, (b.) (Mil.) The 
opening at the breech of a fire-arm; touch-hole, (c.) 
(Arch.) A loop-hole, (d.) (Steam-boilers.) The sectional 
area of the passage for gases divided by the length of the 
same passage in feet. 3. Hence, figuratively, oppor- 
tunity of escape from confinement or privacy ; emission ; 
escape. 

Vent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vented; p. pr. & vb. n. 
VENTING.] 1. To let out at a vent, or small aperture. 

2. To suffer to escape from confinement ; to let out. 
Vent'ail, n. [0. Fr. ventaille, from Lat. ventus, wind.] 

That part of a helmet made to be lifted up for the admis- 
sion of air or for breathing. 

Vent'er, n. One who vents ; one who utters or reports. 

Vent'-hole, n. 1. A small hole for the passage of air, 
as in a cask; a vent. 2. (Casting.) A hole pierced 
through a mold for the escape of air and gas. 

Ven'ti-diiet, n. [From Lat. ventus, gen. venti, wind, 
and ductus, a leading, conduit, from ducere, ductum, to 
lead.] A passage or pipe for ventilating apartments. 

Ven'ti-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ventilated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VENTILATING.] [Lat. ventilare, ventilatum, 
fr. ventulus, a slight wind, dim. of ventus, wind.] 1. To 
fan with wind ; to open and expose to the free passage 
of air or wind ; to air. 2. To winnow ; to fan. 3. To 
sift and examine ; to expose to examination and discus- 
sion. 

Ven'ti-la'tion, n. 1. Act of ventilating, or state of 
being ventilated ; free exposure to air. 2. Act of fan- 
ning or winnowing, for the purpose of separating chaff 
and dust from the grain. 3. Act of sifting and bringing 
out to view or examination ; public exposure. 

Ven'ti-la'tor, n. A contrivance for drawing off or ex- 
pelling foul or stagnant air from any close place or apart- 
ment, and introducing that which is fresh and pure. 

Ven-t5s'i-ty, n. [Lat. ventosilas, from ventosus, windy, 
fr. ventus, wind.] 1. State or quality of being ventose ; 
windiness ; flatulence, 2. Vainglory ; pride. 

Ven'tral, a. [Lat. ventralis, from venter, the belly.] 1. 
Belonging to the belly. 2. (Bot.) Of, or pertaining to, 
that side of an organ, &c, which faces toward the center 
of a flower. 



VSn'tri-ele* n. [Lat. ventriculus, the stomach, a ven- 
tricle, dim. of venter, the belly.] (Anat.) A cavity of the 
animal body, as of the brain, or larynx ; especially, either 
of the two cavities of the heart which communicate with 
the auricles. 

Ven-tril'o-qmgm, n. [Lat. ventriloquus , speaking from 
the belly.] Act, art, or practice of speaking in such a 
manner that the voice appears to come, not from the 
person, but from some distant or different place. 

Ven-tril'o-quist, n. One who practices ventriloquism. 

Ven-tril'o-quize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ventrilo- 
quized; p. pr. & vb. n. VENTRILOQUIZING.] To 
practice ventriloquism. 

Ven-tril'o-quous, a. [Lat. ventriloquus, fr. venter, the« 
belly, and ioqui, locutus, to speak.] Speaking in such 
a manner as to make the sound appear to come from a 
place remote from the speaker. 

Vent'ure (vent/yur), n. [Sp. & Pg. aventura, ventura, 
It. avventura, ventura. See Adventure.] 1. An un- 
dertaking of chance or danger ; a hazard. 2. An event 
that is not, or can not be, foreseen ; chance ; contingency ; 
luck. 3. The thing put to hazard; a risk; especially, 
something sent to sea in trade. 

Vent'ure (53), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ventured ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VENTURING.] 1. To have the courage or 
presumption to do, undertake, or say something ; to dare. 
2. To run a hazard or risk. 

Vent'ure, v. t. 1. To expose to hazard ; to risk. 2. To 
put or send on a venture or chance. 

Vent'ur-er, n. One who ventures or puts to hazard ; 
an adventurer. 

Vent'ure-s6me (vent / yur-sum), a. Inclined to vent- 
ure ; not loath to run risk or danger. 
Syn. — Venturous; bold; daring; intrepid. 

Vent'ure-s6me-ly, adv. Boldly ; daringly. 

Vent'ur-oiis, a. Daring : bold ; hardy ; fearless ; advent- 
urous. 

Vent'ur-oiis-ly, adv. Daringly ; fearlessly ; boldly j 
intrepidly. 

Ven'ue, n. (Law.) A neighborhood or near place ; the 
place or county in which an act or fact is alleged to have 
happened ; the place where an action is laid. 

Ve'nus, n. 1. ( Myth. ) The goddess of female beauty and 
of love. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets, the second in 
order from the sun. As the morning-star, it was called 
by the ancients Lucifer ; as the evening-star, Hesperus. 

Ve-ra'cioiis, a. [Lat. verax, veracis, from verus, true.] 
X. Observant of truth ; habitually disposed to speak 
truth ; truthful. 2. Characterized by truth ; true. 

Ve-ra'cioiis-ly, adv. In a veracious manner ; truth- 
fully. 

Ve-rac'i-ty, ru State or quality of being veracious ; 
habitual observance of truth ; truthfulness ; truth. 

Ve-ran'da, n. [An Oriental word ; Malay, baranda, 
buranda, Skr. waranda, Hind. & Per. baramadah, from 
Per. bar, up, and amadah, p. p. of amadan, to come.] 
(Arch.) (a.) A kind of open portico, formed by extending 
a sloping roof beyond the main building, (b.) A light, 
open portico or outer gallery, with a sloping roof. 

Ve-ra'tri-a, ) n. [From Lat. veratrum, hellebore.] 

VeVa-tri'na, \ ( Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid, generally 

Ve-ra'trine, ) obtained as a crystalline powder, nearly 
white, acrid and poisonous. 

Verb (14), n. [Lat. verbum, a word, verb.] (Gram.) A 
word which affirms or predicates something of some per- 
son or thing ; a part of speech expressing being, action, 
or the suffering of action. 

Ver'bal, a. [Lat. verbalis, from verbum, a word.] 1. 
Expressed in words ; addressed to the ear ; spoken ; oral ; 
not written. 2. Consisting in, or relating to, words only ; 
dealing with words rather than things. 3. Having word 
answering to word ; literal. 4. ( Gram.) Derived directly 
from a verb. 

Ver'bal-I§m, n. Something expressed verbally or orally. 

Ver'bal-Ist, n. A literal adherent to, or a minute critic 
of, words. 

Ver'bal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. verbalized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. verbalizing.] To convert into a verb ; to 
make verbal. 

Ver'bal-ly, adv. 1. In a verbal manner; by words 
spoken ; orally. 2. Word for word. 

Ver-ba'tim, adv. [Low Lat., from Lat. verbum, word.] 
Word for word ; in the same words. 

Ver-be'na, n. [Lat. verbenaca, vervain, Low & N. Lat. 
verbena, id. , from Lat. verbena, a bough or branch of 
laurel, olive, or myrtle, a sacred bough.] ( Bot . ) A genus 
of plants, of which several species are extensively culti- 



f obd, f obt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tbis. 



VERBERATTON 



796 



VERONICA 



rated, some for their lemon-scented, fragrant foliage, and 
others for the great heauty of their flowers ; vervain. 

Ver'ber-a/tion, n. [Lat. verberatio.] 1. Act of beat- 
ing, or striking blows. 2. Impulse of a body, which 
causes sound. 

Ver^oi-age, n. [See Verb.] The use of many words 
without necessity ; superabundance of words ; verbosity ; 
wordiness. 

Verbose', a. [Lat. verbosity, from verbum, a word.] 
Abounding in words ; using or containing more words 
than are necessary ; tedious by a multiplicity of words ; 
prolix; wordy. 

Ver-bos'i-ty, n. [Lat. verbositas.] Quality of being 

■ verbose ; use of more words than are necessary ; prolixity. 

Ver'dan-cy, n. [See Verdant.] 1. Quality or condi- 
tion of being verdant ; greenness, 2. Hence, rawness ; 
inexperience ; foolishness. 

Ver'dant, a. [Lat. viridare, p. pr. viridans, to grow 
green, fr. viridis, green, fr. virere, to be green.] 1. Cov- 
ered with growing plants or grass ; green ; fresh. 2. Green 
in knowledge ; ignorant of the ways of the world. [ Colloq.] 

Verd'-an-tique' (-an-tek / ), n. [Fr., from verd, vert, 
green, and antique, ancient.] 1. A green incrustation 
on ancient coins, brass or copper, produced by the action 
of time. 2. (Min.) (a.) A mottled-green serpentine 
marble, (b.) A green porphyry, used as marble. 

Ver'dant-ly, adv. In a verdant manner ; freshly. 

Ver'der-er, ) n. [L. Lat. viridarius, from Lat. viridis, 

Ver'der-or, ) green.] {Eng. Law.) An officer who 
has the charge of the king's forests to preserve the vert 
and venison, &c. 

Ver'dlet, n. [L. Lat. verdictum ,veredictum , fr. Lat. vere, 
truly, and dictum, a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, 
to say.] 1. (Law.) The answer of a jury given to the 
court, concerning any matter of fact in any cause, civil or 
criminal, committed to their examination and determina- 
tion. 2. Decision ; judgment ; opinion pronounced. 

Ver'di-gris (-grees), n. [Fr. verd-de-gris, vert-de-gris, 
apparently from verd, vert, green, de, of, and gris, gray, 
but really a corruption of N. Lat. viride &ris, green of 
brass, equivalent to Lat. serugo.] (Chem.) The bibasic 
acetate of copper, much used as a green pigment. 

Ver'di-ter, n. [Fr. verd-de-terre, i. e., earth green.] 
( Chem.) An azure- blue substance made by the decompo- 
sition of nitrate of copper by chalk. 

Verd'ure (53), n. [Fr. , fr. verd, vert, Lat. viridis, green.] 
Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation. 

Terd'ur-oiis, a. Covered with verdure. 

Verge (14), n. [Fr. ; Lat. virga, from virere, to be 
green.] 1. A kind of rod carried as an emblem of au- 
thority ; the mace of a dean. 2. (Arch.) The shaft of a 
column ; or a small ornamental shaft. 3. The spindle 
of a watch-balance. 4. (Eng. Law.) The compass or 
extent of the king's court. 

Verge, n. [See Verge, v. i., and VlRGE.] The ex- 
treme side or end of any thing which has some extent of 
length. 

Syn. — Border ; edge ; rim ; brim ; margin ; brink. 

Verge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. verged ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. verging.] [Lat. vergere.] 1. To tend downward: 
to bend ; to slope. 2. To border upon ; to tend ; to 
approach. 

Ver'ger, n. [Fr., from verge, a rod. See VERGE.] 1. 
One who carries a verge or emblem of office ; an attend- 
ant upon a dignitary, as on a bishop, a dean, a justice, 
and the like. [Eng.] 2. The beadle of a cathedral 
church. 

Ver'i-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being verified. 

VeVi-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of verifying or proving to be 
true or correct, or state of being verified ; confirmation ; 
authentication. 

Ver'i-fi'er, n. One who verifies or proves. 

Ver'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. verified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
verifying.] [L. Lat. verificare, from Lat. vents, true, 
and/acere, to make.] 1. To prove to be true or correct ; 
to confirm. 2. To confirm or establish the authenticity 
to authenticate. 



of; 



Ver'i-ly, adv. [From very.] 1. In a true manner; in 
truth ; in fact. 2. With great confidence ; really ; truly. 

Ver'i-slm'i-lar, a. [Lat. verisimilis, fr. verus, true, and 
simihs, like, resembling, similar.] Havina; the appear- 
ance of truth; probable; likely. 

Ver'i-si-mil'i-tude, n. Appearance of truth : proba- 
bility ; likelihood. 

Ver'i-ta-ble, a. [From Lat. Veritas, truth.] Agreeable 
to truth or to fact ; actual ; real ; true. 

Ver'i-ta-bly, adv. In a veritable manner ; really ; truly. 



Ver'i-ty, n. [Lat. Veritas, from verus, true.] 1. Quality 
of being very true or real ; consonance of a statement, 
proposition, or other thing to fact. 2. A true assertion 
or tenet. 
Syn. — Truth ; certainty ; reality ; assurance. 

Ver'juice, n. [Fr. verjus, that is, the juice of green 
fruits from verd, vert, green, and jus, juice. [ The sour 
juice of crab-apples, of green or unripe grapes, apples, 
&c. ; also, a kind of vinegar made from such juice. 
Ver F nies, n. pi. [Lat. vermes, pi. of vermis, a worm.] 
AVormst See WORM. 

Ver'mi-cel'li (ver/me-chel'll or ver'me-sel'li), n. [It., 
pi. of vermicello, strictly a little worm, Lat. vermiculus, 
dim. of vermis, a worm.] A kind of wheat paste, made 
into a slender, worm-like form , whence the Italian name. 

Ver-mi-e'u-lar, a. [N. Lat. vermicularis, from vermicu- 
lus, ahttle worm, dim. of vermis, a worm.] Pertaining to, 
or resembling, a worm : shaped like a worm ; especially, 
resembling the motion of a worm ; peristaltic. 

Ver-mi-e'u-late. v. t. [imp. & p.p. vermicuj,ateD', 
p. pr. & vb. n. VERMICULATING.J To inlay ; to form, as 
work, by inlaying which resembles the tracks of worms, 
or appears as if formed by the motion of worms. 

Ver-mle'ti-la'tioii, n. 1. Act or operation of moving 
in the form of a worm ; continuation of motion from 
one part to another, as in the peristaltic motion of the 
intestines. 2. Act of forming so as to resemble the 
motion of a worm. 

Ver-mk'u-lose', ) a. 1. Containing worms ; full of 

Ver-ini-e'u-loiis, J worms or grubs. 2. Resembling 
worms. 

Ver'mi-f 6rm, a. [From Lat. vermis, a worm, and/or- 
ma, form.] Having the form or shape of a worm. 

Ver'mi-fuge, n. [N. Lat. vermifugum, fr. Lat. vermis, 
a worm, and, fugare, to drive away, fv.fugere, to flee.] 
(Med.) A medicine or substance that expels worms from 
animal bodies. 

Ver-mil'ion ( -miPyun), n. [L. Lat. vermilium , from ver- 
miculus, from Lat. vermiculus, a little worm, N. Lat. that 
little worm which furnishes the scarlet color, from Lat. 
■vermis, a worm.] 1. A substance consisting of sulphuret 
or sulphide of mercury, especially when in the form of a 
fine powder. It is of a bright, beautiful red color. 2. 
The cochineal. [See Cochineal.] 3. A beautiful red 
color. 

Ver'min, n. sing. & pi. ; used chiefly as pi. [L. Lat. 
vermen, a worm, from Lat. vermis, a worm.] 1. An an- 
imal in general. [Obs.] 2. A noxious or mischievous 
animal; especially, collectively, petty noxious little ani- 
mals or insects, as squirrels, rats, mice, worms, grubs, 
flies, &c. 3. Hence, noxious human beings; — in con- 
tempt. 

Ver'mi-nate, v. i. [Lat. verminare, to have worms, fr. 
vermis, a worm.] To breed vermin. 

Ver'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Generation or breeding of ver- 
min. 2. A griping of the bowels. 

Ver'miii-ous, a. [Lat. verminosus, fr. vermis, a worm.] 
1. Tending to breed vermin ; full of, or infested by, 
vermin. 2. Caused by, or arising from the presence of, 
vermin. 

Ver-mip'a-rous, a. [Lat. vermis, a worm, and parere, 
to bring forth.] Producing worms. 

Ver-miv'o-rous, a. [Lat. vermis, a worm, and vorare, 
to devour.] Feeding on worms. 

Ver-iia.-e'u-lar, a. [Lat vernaadus, born in one's house, 
native, from vernn, a slave born in his master's house, a 
native.] Belonging to the country of one's birth ; native. 

Ver-nae'u-lar, n. The vernacular language ; one's 
mother tongue. 

Ver-iiae'u-lar-igm, n. A vernacular idiom. 

Ver'nal, a. [Lat. vernalis, from ver, spring.] 1. Be- 
longing to, or appearing in, spring. 2. Hence, belong- 
ing to youth, the spring of life. 

Vernal equinox (Astron.) the equinox in spring or March. 

Ver-na'tion, n. [N. Lat. vernatio.] (Bot.) Disposition 
of the leaves within the bud ; prefoliation. 

Ver'nier, n. [From the inventor, Pierre Vernier.] A 
short graduated scale made to slide along the divisions of 
a graduated instrument, for measuring parts of its small- 
est spaces. 

Ve-r5n'i-ea, n. [From Santa Veronica, who, accord- 
ing to an old legend, as Christ was carrying tne cross, 
wiped his face with a cloth, which received an impres- 
sion of his countenance ; Veronica, M. Gr. Bepovinv, from 
Macedonian BepeviKn, for Gr. $epevtKrj, i. e., carrying off 
victory, victorious ; usually but erroneously, derived from 
Lat. and Gr. verum icon, i. e., a true image.] A portrait 



a,e,kc.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



VERSATILE 



797 



VESTAL 



or representation of the face of our Savior on handker- 
chiefs. 

Ver'sa-tile, a. [Lat. versatilis, from versare, to turn 
around.] 1. Liable to be turned in opinion. 2. Turn- 
ing with ease from one thing to another ; readily applied 
to a new task, or to various subjects. 3. (Nat. Hist.) 
Capable of revolving ; freely movable. 
Syn. — Variable ; changeable ; unsteady ; fickle. 

Ver'sa-tile-ness, n. State or quality of being versatile ; 
versatility. 

Ver'sa-til'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being versatile ; 
aptness to change ; variableness. 2. Faculty of easily 
turning one's mind to new tasks or subjects. 

Verse (14), n. [Lat. versus, a furrow, a row, a line in 
writing, and, in poetry, a verse, from vertere, versum. to 
turn, to turn round.] 1. A line consisting of a certain 
number of long and short syllables, disposed according 
to metrical rules, 2. Metrical arrangement and lan- 
guage ; poetry. 3. A short division of poetical composi- 
tion ; a stanza ; stave. [Common, but improper.] 4. A 
short division of any composition, especially of the chap- 
ters in the Old and New Testaments. 5. A piece of poetry. 

Blank verse, poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes. 
— Heroic verse (Pros.), a kind of verse usually consisting of 
ten syllables, or in English, of five accented syllables, consti- 
tuting five feet. 

Versed (verst), p. a. [From Lat. versatas, p. p. of versari, 
to turn about frequently, to turn over, to be engaged in 
a thing.] Acquainted or familiar, as the result of experi- 
ence, study, practice, and the like ; skilled ; practiced. 

Vers'er, n. A maker of verses ; a versifier. [verse 

Ver'si-ele, n. [Lat. versiculus, dim. of versus.] A little 

Ver'si-eol/or (-kuFur), la, [Lat. versicolor, from 

Ver'si-coFored (-kul'urd), ) versare, to turn, to 
change, and color, color.] Having various colors ; change- 
able in color. [metrical composition. 

Ver'si-fi-ea'tion, n. Act, art, or practice of versifying ; 

Ver'si-fi'er, n. 1. One who makes verses. 2. One 
who expresses in verse the ideas of another written in 
prose. 

Ver'si-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. versified ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VERSIFYING-.] [Lat. versificare , from versus, a verse, 
and facere, to make.] To make verses. 

VSr'si-fy, v. t. 1. To relate or describe in verse. 2. To 
turu into verse. 

Ver'sion, n. [N". Lat. versio, from Lat. vertere, versum, 
to turn, to change, to translate.] 1. Act of translating, 
2. A translation ; that which is rendered from another 
language. 

Verst, n. [Russ. versta.] A Russian measure of length 
containing 1501 feet ; a werst. 

Ver'sus, prep. [Lat., toward, turned in the direction of, 
from vertere, versum, to turn.] Against ; — chiefly used 
in legal language. 

Vert, n. [Fr. vert, green, Lat. viridis, from virere, to be 
green.] 1. (Eng. Forest haw.) Every thing that grows 
and bears a green leaf within the forest. ^ , v , ,. .. v „ x ^^-_ 7 
2. {Her.) A green color, represented in Y , 

a drawing or engraving by parallel lines | 
sloping downward toward the right. 

Ver'te-brd,n. ; pi. ver' te-br^e. [Lat. I 
from vertere, to turn.] (Anat.) A joint [ j 

or segment of the back-bone or spinal \, ■>- .. &y 

column in a fish, reptile, bird, or quadru- 

ped, and in man. * ert W - 

Ver'te-bral, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, tbe joints of 
the spine or back-bone. 2. Having a back-bone. 

Ver'te-brate, n. An animal having an internal jointed 
skeleton, the back-bone in which is called the vertebral 
or spinal column. 

Ver'te-brate, ) a. {Anat.) Having a back-bone, or 

Ver'te-bra'ted, j vertebral column, containing the 
spinal marrow. 

Verjtex, n. ; Eng, pi. v£r/Tex-e§ ; Lat. pi. ver'TI- 
fE§. [Lat., prop, that which turns or revolves about 
itself, from vertere, to turn.] 1. Principal or highest 
point; top; summit: crown; hence, specifically, (a.) 
The crown of the head, (b.) The zenith, or point of the 
heavens directly overhead. 2. {Math.) The point in any 
figure opposite to, and furthest from, the base ; the top 
or point opposite the base. 

Ver'tie-al, a. 1. Situated at the vertex or highest 
point; directly overhead, or in the zenith ; perpendicu- 
larly above one. 2. Perpendicular to the plane of the 
horizon ; upright ; plumb. 

Ver'tie-al-ly, adv. In a vertical manner ; from above 
downward. 



Ver'tie-al-ness, n. The state of being vertical. 

Ver-tic'il-late, )a. [N. Lat. verticillatus, fr. vertex. 

Ver-tic'il-la'ted, j See Vertex.] (Bot.) Arranged 
in a ring or whorl ; arranged around a stem or pedicel, 
like the rays of a wheel. 

Ver-tic'i-ty, n. [See Vertex.] Power of turning; 
revolution ; rotation. [Rare.] 

Ver-tig'i-nous, a. [Lat. vertiginosus, fr. vertigo, giddi- 
ness.] 1. Turning round; whirling; rotary. 2. Af- 
fected with vertigo ; giddy ; dizzy. 

Ver-ti|;'i-n.ous-ry, adv. With a whirling or giddiness. 

Ver-tig'i-norLs-ness, n. State or quality of being ver- 
tiginous ; giddiness. 

Ver'ti-go, n. [Lat., from vertere, to turn.] Dizziness of 
swimming of the head; giddiness. 

Ver'vain (42), n. [Fr. verveine. See Verbena.] (Bot.' 
A plant of the genus Verbena. 

Ver'y, a. [0. Eng. veray, verray, from Lat. verax, true, 
veracious, q. v.] True ; real ; actual. 

Ver'y, adv. In a high degree ; to no small extent ; ex- 
ceedingly ; excessively. [cation. 

Ves'i-eant, n. [See infra.] (Med.) A blistering appli- 

Ves'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vesicated; p. pr. & 
vb. n. VESICATING.] [N. Lat. vesicare,vesicatum, from 
Lat. vesica, a bladder, blister.] To raise little bladders 
or blisters upon ; to blister. [Bare.] 

Ves'i-ea'tion, n. Process of vesicating, or of raising 
blisters on the skin. 

Ves'i-ea-to-ry, n. A blistering application or plaster. 

Ves'i-ea-to-ry, a. Having a power to blister. 

Ves'i-ele, n. [Lat. vesicula, dim. of vesica, a bladder.] A 
bladder-like vessel ; a membranous cavity ; a cyst ; a 
cell ; especially, (a.) (Bot.) A small bladder-like body in 
the substance of a vegetable, or upon the surface of a 
leaf, (b.) (Med.) A small orbicular elevation of the cuti- 
cle containing lymph ; also, any small cavity or sac in 
the human body. 

Ve-sie'u-lar, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, 
vesicles. 2. Full of interstices ; hollow. 3. Having 
little bladders or glands on the surface, as the leaf of a 
plant. 

Ve-sie'u-late, a. Bladdery ; full of bladders ; vesicular. 

Ves'per, n. [Lat. vesper, the evening, the evening star, 
the west, vespera, the evening, allied to Gr. eWepos, e<r- 
irepa.] The evening star; Hesper; Venus; hence, the 
evening. 

Ves'perg, n. pi. The evening song, or evening service, in 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Ves'per-tine, a. [Lat. vespertinus.] Pertaining to the 
evening ; happening, or being, in the evening. 

Ves'sel, n. [Lat. vascellum, dim. of vasculum, dim. of 
vas, a vessel.] 1. A utensil proper for holding any thing ; 
a hollow dish of any kind. 2. Any structure made to 
float upon the water, for purposes of commerce or war. 
3. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in which the blood and 
other fluids are contained, secreted, or circulated. 4. 
(Bot.) (a.) A canal or tube, of very small bore, in which 
the sap is contained and conveyed, (b.) An elongated 
tubular cell, with spiral deposits. 5. Figuratively, 
something receiving or containing : hence, one into whom, 
or that into which, any thing is conceived as poured. 

Vest, n. [Lat. vestis, a garment, vest, allied to Or. e<r0r?s, 
eo-Oos, dress, clothes, Goth, vasti, garment, Skr. vasas, id., 
Goth, vasjan, to clothe, Skr. vas, to be clothed.] 1. An 
article of clothing covering the person ; an outer garment. 
2. Hence, any outer covering. 3. Specifically, a waist- 
coat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and worn 
under the coat. 

Syn.— Garment ; vesture ; dress : robe : vestment : waist- 
coat. — In Ensland, the original word waistcoat is always used 
for the garment worn immediately under a coat. In the United 
States, vest has been universally substituted, while ivaistcoat 
is more generally used for an under garment ; as, a flannel 
waistcoat. 

Vest,^. t. [imp. & p. p. VESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. vest- 
ing-.] [See supra.] 1. To clothe with a garment, or as 
if with a garment, to cover, surround, or encompass 
closely. 2. Hence, to put in possession ; to furnish ; to 
endow. 3. (Law.) To give an immediate fixed right of 
present or future enjoyment. 

Vest, v. i. To come or descend ; to be fixed ; to take 
effect, as a title or right. 

VeVtal, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, Vesta, the goddess 
of fire among the Romans, and a virgin. 2. Hence, 
pure ; chaste. 

Vgs'tal, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, 
and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which waa 
to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. 



food, fo"bt ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, cliai^e, call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 



VESTED 



798 



VICE 



TCst'ed, p. a. Not in a state of contingency or suspen- 
sion ; fixed. 

Ves-tifo'u-lar, a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a vestibule. 

V6s'ti-lbule,n. [Lat. vestibulum.] The porch or entrance 
into a house ; an antechamber between the hall and the 
outer doors ; a lobby ; a porch ; a hall. 

Syn.— Hall; passage. — A vestibule is a small apartment 
■within the doors of a building; a hall is the first large apart- 
ment beyond the vestibule, and, in this country, is usually 
long and narrow, serving as a passage to the several apartments. 
In England, the hall is generally square or oblong, and a long, 
narrow space of entrance is called a, passage, not a hall. 

Vfis'tlge, n. [Lat. vestigium.] The mark of the foot 
left on the earth ; a track or footstep ; trace ; sign ; hence, 
faint mark of something which has been oris present, but 
is lost or has perished. 

Syn. — Trace. — Vestige is literally a foot-print ; a trace is 
something drawn out in a line. Vestige, therefore, always sup- 
poses something left behind, while a trace is a mere indication 
that something has been present or is present; as, traces of for- 
mer population; a trace of poison in a given substance. 

Vest'ing, ft. Cloth for vests ; a vest pattern. 

Vest'ment, n. [Lat. vestimentum , fr. vestire, to clothe, 
fr. vestis, a garment, clothing.] A covering or garment ; 
some part of clothing or dress ; a dress ; a robe. 

Ves'try, ft. [Lat. vestiarium, fr. vestis, a garment, cloth- 
ing.] 1. A room appendant to a church, in which the 
sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are usually kept, 
and where parochial meetings are held. 2. ( Church of 
Eng.) An assembly of persons who manage parochial 
affairs; — so called because held in a vestry. 3. (Epis- 
copal Church, Arner.) A committee chosen annually by 
the parish, who, in conjunction with the church-wardens, 
manage its temporal concerns. 

V6s'try-man, n. ; pi. ves'try-MEN. (Episcopal 
Church. ) One belonging to a select number of persons in 
each parish, who manage its temporal concerns. See 
Vestry. 

Vest'tire (53), ft. [L. Lat. vestitura, from Lat. vestire, to 
clothe, dress.] 1. A garment ; a robe; clothing; dress; 
apparel ; vestment ; habit ; covering ; envelope. 2. 
(Law.) The corn with which land was covered. 

Vetch., n. [Lat. vicia, Gr. jSikiov, 0. H. Ger. wicce, D. & 
Lith. wikke.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant, some species 
of which are valuable for fodder. 

Vetch/ling, n. [From vetch.] (Bot.) A small, legumi- 
nous plant ; everlasting pea. 

Vetch'y, a. 1. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw. 2. 
Abounding with vetches. 

Vet'er-an, a. [Lat. veteranus, from vetus, veteris, old.] 
Long exercised in any thing, especially in military life and 
the duties of a soldier. 

Vet'er-an, ft. One who has been long exercised in any 
service or art, particularly in war. 

Vet'er-i-na'ri-an, ft. [Lat. velerinarius, from veterina- 
rius, belonging to beasts of burden or draught, from vete- 
rinus, contracted from vehiterinus, from ve/iere, to bear, 
carry.] One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic 
animals. 

Vet'er-i-na-ry, a. Pertaining to the art of healing or 
treating the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horses, 
sheep, and the like. 
. 'to, n. ; pi. VE'TOEg. [Lat. veto, I forbid.] 1. Any 
authoritative prohibition ; especially, the power possessed 
by the executive branch of a legislative body, as a king, 
president, governor, &c, to negative a bill which has 
passed the other branches of the legislature ; also, the 
act of exercising this power. 2. Hence, any authorita- 
tive prohibition. 

Ve'to, v . t. [imp. & p. p. VETOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VE- 
TOING.] To withhold assent to, especially to a bill for a 
law, and thus prevent its enactment. 

'Vet'tti-rVno, n. [It., from Lat. vectura, a bearing, convey- 
ance, from vehere, veclum, to carry.] One who carries 
travelers from one place to another in a vettura, or four- 
wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. [Italy.] 

Vex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vexed (vekst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
Vexing-.] [Lat. vexare, orig. to shake, toss, in carrying, 
intensive form of vehere, vectum, to carry.] 1. To make 
angry by little provocations ; to irritate ; to plague ; to 
torment ; to harass ; to afflict ; to trouble. 2. To dis- 
turb ; to disquiet ; to agitate. 

Syn. — To tease ; irritate ; provoke ; trouble ; disquiet ; 
harass ; afflict. See Tease. 

Vex-a/tion, n. [Lat. vexatio. See supra.] 1. Act of 
vexing, or state of being vexed. 2. Cause of trouble or 
disquiet. 3. A harassing by law ; a vexing or troubling, 
as by a malicious suit. 

Syn.— Irritation; chagrin ; agitation ; mortification; uneasi- 



ness; trouble ; grief; sorrow ; distress ; affliction. See Cha- 
grin. 
Vex-a'tious, a. 1. Causing vexation ; disturbing or 
agitating to the mind ; causing disquiet. 2. Distressing ; 
harassing 3. Full of vexation, trouble, or disquiet; un- 
steady. 

Syn.— Afflictive; provoking; troublesome; teasing; irritat- 
ing; annoying. 

Vex-a'tiofis-Iy, adv. In a vexatious manner ; so as to 
give trouble or annoyance. 

Vex-a'tioiis-ness, n. The quality of being vexatious, or 
of giving trouble and disquiet. 

Vex'er, n. One who vexes, irritates, or troubles. 

Vex'ing-ly, adv. In a vexing manner ; so as to vex, 
tease, or irritate. [as, via Boston. 

Vi'a, adv. [Lat., ablative of via, way.] By the way of; 

ViTa-toil'i-ty, ft. 1. Quality of being viable ; capacity 
of living after birth. 2. Capacity of living or being dis- 
tributed over wide geographical limits. 

Vi'a-ble, a. [Fr. viable, team vie, life, Lat. vita,for victa, 
from vivere, victum, to live.] Capable of living ; born 
alive in such a state of formation as to be capable of liv- 
ing, as a new-born infant or premature child. 

Vi'a-diiet, ft. [L. Lat. viaduc- __ ^^^ ^fc ^^- 
tus, from Lat. via, a way, and ^f 1 ?? 
ductus, a leading.] A structure 
of considerable magnitude, and ™|S£ffjfP|s|t82 
usually of masonry, for carry- fM!l[jJ|j| I uBflll 

ing a railway across -a valley or '^^SHiB lKHi Sep 
river. ^ssf 

Vi'a], ft. [See PHIAL.] A ^^^H| -/- 
small bottle, usually of glass ; V^^Ugg ^fc£ f 

a P hiaL Vikdupt 

Vi'al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VI- viaauct. 

ALED ; p. pr. & vb. ft. VIALING.] To put in a vial or 

vials. 

Vi-am'e-ter, ft. [Lat. via, a way, and metrum, a meas- 
ure.] An instrument for measuring distances traveled 
over ; an odometer. 

Vi'and, ft. [Fr. viande, meat, food, Low Lat. vianda, 
vivanda, vivenda, from Lat. vivere, to live.] An article 
of food ; provision for eating ; food ; victuals ; — chiefly 
in the plural. 

Vi-at'ie, a. [Lat. viaticus, from via, a way.] Of, or per- 
taining to, a journey, or to traveling. 

Vi-at'i-eum, n. [Lat., from viaticus, from via, a way.] 
1. Provisions for a journey. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
The communion or eucharist, given to persons in their 
last moments. 

Vl'brate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. VIBRATED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VIBRATING.] [Lat. vibrare,vibratum.] 1. To move 
to and fro, or from side to side, as a pendulum, an elas- 
tic rod, or a stretched string, when disturbed from its 
position of rest. 2. To have the constituent particles 
move to and fro, with alternate compression and dilation 
of parts, as the air, or any elastic body. 3. To produce 
a vibratory effect. 4. To pass from one state to another- 
Syn. — To swing; oscillate; sound. 

Vl'brate, v. t. 1. To brandish ; to move to and fro ; to 
swing. 2. To mark or measure by moving to and fro. 
3. To affect with vibratory motion. 
Syn. — To swing; oscillate; brandish; quiver. 

Vi-hra'tioii, ft. Act of vibrating, or state of being vi- 
brated, or in vibratory motion ; quick motion to and fro ; 
oscillation. 

Vi'bra-to-ry (50), a. 1. Consisting in vibration or oscil- 
lation ; vibrating. 2. Causing to vibrate. 

Vie'ar, ft. [Lat. vicarius. See Vicarious.] (Eng.Eccl. 
Law.) The incumbent of an appropriated benefice. 

Vie'ar-age, ft. 1. The benefice of a vicar. 2. The 
residence of a vicar. 

Vl-ea'ri-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a vicar ; small. 

Vi-ea'ri-ate, a. Having delegated power, as a vicar; 
vicarious. [the office or oversight of a vicar. 

Vi-ea'ri-ate, ft. Delegated office or power ; vicarship ; 

Vi-ea'ri-oiis, «. [Lat. vicarivs, from vicis, change, alter- 
nation, turn, the position, place, office of one person as 
assumed by another.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, a vicar, 
substitute, or deputy ; deputed ; delegated. 2. Acting 
or suffering for another. 3. Performed or suffered in the 
place of another ; substituted. 

Vi-ea'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a vicarious manner ; in the 
place of another ; by substitution. 

Vice, ft. [Lat. vitium.] 1. A defect; a fault; a blem- 
ish ; an imperfection. 2. A moral fault or failing ; espe- 
cially, immoral conduct or habit ; unworthy or undesira- 
ble custom. 3. A character or personage in the old Eng- 



VICE 



799 



VIGNETTE 



Msh moralities, or moral dramas, having the name some- 
times of one vice, sometimes of another, or of Vice itself. 
Syn. — Crime ; Bin ; iniquity ; fault ; wickedness. See 
Crime. 
Vice, n. A smith's instrument consisting of two jaws, 

closing by a screw, for holding work, as in filing, &c. 
Vice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VICED (vlst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
VICING.] To press closely or squeeze with a vice, or as 
if with a vice. 
"Vice. [Lat. vice, in the place of, instead of, for, from vicis, 
change, turn, place.] A prefix used in composition, 
chiefly in words signifying persons, and denoting one 
who acts in the place of another, or who is second in 
rank or authority. 
Vt'ge, prep In the place of; instead of. 
Vice'-ad'mi-ral, n. 1. (British Navy.) The second 
officer in command, 2. A civil officer, in Great Britain, 
appointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty 
for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within their respec- 
tive districts. 
Vice'-ad'mi-ral-ty, n. The office of a vice-admiral. 
Vice'-chan'cel-lor, n. 1. (Law.) An officer next in 
rank to a chancellor. 2. An officer in a university, in 
England, annually elected to manage the affairs in the 
absence of the chancellor. 
Vice-ge'ren-cy, n. The office of a vicegerent ; deputed 

power; lieutenancy. 

Vice-ge'rent (89), n. An officer deputed by a superior, 

or by proper authority, to exercise the powers of another ; 

a lieutenant ; a vicar. 

Vice-ge'rent. a. Having, or exercising, delegated power. 

Vice'-leg'ate, n. A legate second in rank to, or acting 

in place of, another legate. 
Vlce'-preg'i-den-cy, n. The office of vice-president. 
Vice'-preg'i-dent, n. An officer next in rank below a 
president. [royalty. 

Vice'-re'gal, a. Of, or pertaining to, a viceroy or vice- 
"Vice'roy, n. [Fr. vice-roi, from Fr. , Lat., & Eng. vice, 
in the place of, and Fr. roi, roy, Lat. rex, a king.] The 
governor of a kingdom or country who rules as the king's 
substitute. 
Vice-roy'al-ty, ) n. Dignity, office, or jurisdiction of a 
Vi^e'roy-ship, J viceroy. 

Vi£'i-nage, n. [Lat. vicinus, neighboring, a neighbor, 
from vicus, a row of houses, a village.] The place or 
places adjoining or near ; neighborhood ; vicinity. 
Vic'i-nal, I a. [Lat. vicinalis, vicinus.] Near; neigh- 
Vic'ine, ) boring. 

Vi-cin'i-ty, n. [Lat. vicinitas. See supra.] 1. Quality 
of being near, or not remote ; nearness : propinquity ; 
proximity. 2. That which is near, or not remote ; that 
which is adjacent to any thing ; near place. 

Syn. — Neighborhood; vicinage. See Neighborhood. 
Vl'cious (vish/us), a. [Lat. vitiosus, from vitium, vice.] 

1. Characterized by vice or defects. 2. Addicted to 
vice; corrupt in principles or conduct. 3. Lacking 
purity. 4. Not genuine or pure. 5. Not well tamed or 
broken ; given to bad tricks. 

Syn. — Corrupt; faulty; wicked; depraved; defective ; im- 
perfect; foul ; bad; unruly; refractory. 

Vi'cious-ly (vish'us-), adv. In a vicious manner ; fault- 
ily ; corruptly ; incorrectly. [vicious. 

Vi'cious-ness (vish'us-), n. State or quality of being 

Syn. — Corruptness; wickedness; immorality; profligacy; 
unruliness. 

Vi-cls'si-tude v53), n. [Lat. vicissitude-, from vicis, 
change, turn.] 1. Regular change or succession from 
one thing to another; alternation; mutual succession. 

2. Change ; mutation, as in human affairs. 
Vie'tim, n. [Lat. victima, a beast of sacrifice adorned 

with the fillet or vitta, from viere, to bind, bind around.] 
1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the per- 
formance of a religious rite. 2. A person or thing de- 
stroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of an object, or grati- 
fication of a passion. 3. A person or living creature 
destroyed by, or suffering, grievous injury. 4. Hence, 
one who_is caught or cheated ; a dupe ; a gull. [ Colloq.] 

Vie'tim-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. victimized; p. pr. 
&vb.n. VICTIMIZING.] To make a victim of. [Colloq.] 

Vie'tor, n. [Lat., from vincere, victum, to vanquish, to 
conquer.] One who gets the better of another in any 
struggle ; especially, one who conquers in war ; one who 
defeats an enemy in battle. 

Syn. — Conqueror; vanquisher; winner; gainer. 

Vie'tor, a. Gaining the victory ; victorious. 

VIe'tor-ine' (-een'), n. 1. A lady's fur tippet. 2. A 
fruit allied to the peach. 



Vie-to'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. victoriosus.] 1. Belonging or 
relating to victory, or a victor; having conquered in 
battle or contest ; having overcome an enemy. 2. Pro- 
ducing conquest. 3. Emblematic of conquest ; indicat- 
ing victory. 

Syn. — Conquering; vanquishing; triumphant; successful. 

Vic-to'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a victorious manner. 

Vie-to'ri-ous-ness, n. State of being victorious ; tri- 
umph. 

Vie'to-ry, n. [Lat. victoria, from victor, a victor.] The 
defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist in con- 
test ; conquest ; triumph. 

Vlct'ual (vit'1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. VICTUALED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. victualing.] [See infra.] To supply with 
provisions for subsistence ; to provide with food. 

Vict'ual-er (vit'l-er), n. 1. One who furnishes victuals 
or provisions. 2. One who keeps a house of entertain- 
ment. 

Vict'ualg (vitflz), n. pi. [Low Lat. victualia, from Lat. 
victualis, belonging to living or nourishment, from rictus, 
nourishment, from vivere, victum, to live.] Food for hu- 
man beings, prepared for eating ; that which supports 
human life ; provisions ; meat ; sustenance. 

Syn. — Provisions ; sustenance ; subsistence ; meat ; food. 

Vt'de, v. imper. [Lat., imper. of videre, to see.] See ; — 
used to direct attention to something. 

Vl-del'i'^et, adv. [Lat., contr. fiom. videre licet, i. e., it 
is easy to see, one may or can see.] To wit ; namely ; — 
often abbreviated to viz. 

Vid'u-al, a. [L. Lat. vidualis, fr. vidua, a widow, from 
viduus, widowed.] Of, or pertaining to, the state of a 
widow ; widowed. 

Vie, v.i. [imp. & p.p. VIED; p. pr. & vb. n. VYING.] 
[A.-S. wigian, wiggan, to contend, to light, Goth, veigan, 
veikan.] To strive for superiority ; to contend ; to use 
emulous effort, as in a race, contest, competition, rival- 
ship, orstrife. 

View (vu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. viewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
VIEWING.] [From the n.] 1. To look at with atten- 
tion, or for the purpose of examining ; to behold ; to in- 
spect ; to explore. 2. To survey intellectually ; to ex- 
amine with the mental eye ; to consider. 
Syn. — To behold; look; eye; survey. 

View (vu), n. [0. Fr. veue, N. Fr. vue, fr. veoir, voir, to 
see, p. p. veu, vu, fr. veue, vue, from Lat. videre, id.] 1. 
Act of seeing or beholding ; sight ; survey. 2. Hence, 
mental survey ; intellectual examination. 3. Reach of 
the sight ; power of seeing ; either physically or mentally. 
4. That which is seen or beheld ; scene ; display as ap- 
prehended by one who looks. 5. The representation of 
a scene ; a sketch, either drawn or painted. 6. Mode of 
looking at or receiving any thing ; manner of apprehen- 
sion. 7. That which is looked toward or kept in sight, 
as object, aim, intention, purpose, design. 8. Appear- 
ance ; show. 

View'er (vu'er), n. One who views, surveys, or examines. 

View'less ( vu'les), a. Not to be viewed, beheld, or seen ; 
not perceivable by the eye ; invisible . 

Vi-ges'i-mal, a. [Lat. vigesimus, twentieth, from vi- 
ginti, twenty.] Twentieth ; divided into, or consisting 
of, twenties or twenty parts. 

Vig'il, n. [Lat. vigilia, fr. vigil, awake, watchful, from 
vigere, to be lively or vigorous.] 1. Abstinence from 
sleep, either usual sleep or at the customary time ; sleep- 
lessness ; watch. 2. Hence, watching or waking for re- 
ligious exercises. 3. The evening before any feast; 
hence, a religious service performed in the evening pre- 
ceding a holiday ; also, a fast observed on the day preced- 
ing a holiday ; a wake. 

Vig'i-lance, n. [Lat. vigilantia.] State or quality of 
being vigilant ; forbearance of sleep. 

Syn. -^Watchfulness; caution; guard; watch. 

Vig'i-lant, a. [Lat. vigilans, p. pr. of vigilare, to watch, 
fr. vigil, awake.] Attentive to discover and avoid dan- 
ger, or to provide for safety. 
Syn. —Wakeful; watchful; circumspect. 

Vig'i-lant-ly, adv. In a vigilant manner ; watchfully. 

Vignette (vin-yeV or vm'yet), n. [Fr. vignette,^ from 
vigne, a vine, fr. Lat. vinea, id., fr. vineus, belonging to 
wine, fr. vinum, wine.] 1. (Arch.) A running ornament 
consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architect- 
ure. 2. A capital letter in ancient manuscripts. 3. 
(Print.) Formerly, any kind of printers' ornaments, as 
heads, flowers, and tail-pieces ; — more recently, any kind 
of wood-cut, engraving, &c, not inclosed within a defi- 
nite border. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist, linger; link; tliis. 



VIGOR 



800 



VIOLACEOUS 



VIg'or, n. [Lat. vigor, fr. vigere, to be lively or strong.] 
1. Active strength or force of body ; physical force. 2. 
Strength of mind ; intellectual force. 3. Strength or 
force in animal or vegetable nature. 4. Strength ; en- 
ergy ; efficacy. 

Vig'or-oiis, a. 1. Possessing vigor ; full of physical 
strength or active force. 2. Exhibiting strength, either 
of body or mind ; powerful ; strong. 

Vig'or-oiis-ly, adv. In a vigorous manner ; forcibly. 

Vig'or-ous-ness, ft. The quality of being vigorous, or 
possessed of active strength. 

Vl'klng, ft. ; pi. vi'kingr or vi'KlNGg. One of the pi- 
rate chiefs from among the Northmen, who plundered 
the coasts of Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. 

Vile, a. [compar. viler ; superl. VILEST.] [Lat. vilis.] 
1. Humble ; low ; despicable. 2. Morally base or im- 
pure ; depraved by sin ; hateful in the sight of God and 
men. 

Syn. — Base; mean; bad; sinful; wicked. See Base. 

Vlle'ly (109), adv. 1. In a vile manner ; basely; mean- 
ly ; shamefully. 2. In a cowardly manner. 

Vile'ness, n. 1. The quality of being vile ; baseness ; 
meanness. 2. Moral baseness or depravity ; extreme 
wickedness ; badness. 

Syn. — Baseness ; wickedness ; worthlessness ; despicable- 
ness. 

ViFi-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of vilifying or defaming. 

Vil'i-f I'er, ft. One who vilifies or defames. 

VH'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VILIFIED ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
vilifying.] [Lat. vilificare, from vilis, vile, and facere, 
to make.] To attempt to degrade by slander. 
Syn. — To debase; defame; revile; abuse; traduce. 

Vil'la, ft. ; pi. vft/LAg. [Lat. & It. villa. See supra.] 
A country-seat; a country residence, usually of a 
wealthy person. 

Vil'lage, ft. [From Lat. villa, q. v.] A small inhabited 
place ; an assemblage of houses in the country, less than 
a town or city, and inhabited chiefly by farmers and 
other laboring people. 

Syn. — Hamlet; town ; city. — In England, a hamlet denotes 
a collection of houses too small to have a parish church. A 
village has a church, but no market. A town has both a mar- 
ket and a church or churches. A dtp is, in the legal sense, an 
incorporated borough town, which is, or has been, the place 
of a bishop's see. It is hardly necessary to say, that the last 
three words have a different acceptation m the United States. 

Vil'la-ger, n. An inhabitant of a village. 

Vil'lain (42), n. [0. Fr. villain, vilain, vilein, N. Fr. vilain, 
L. Lat. villanus, fr. villa, a village, fr. Lat. villa, a farm.] 
1. (Feudal Law.) A feudal tenant of the lowest class ; a 
bondman or servant. 2. A vile, wicked person ; a de- 
liberate scoundrel ; a designing rascal. 

Syn. —Rascal; scoundrel; knave; scamp; profligate. 

Vil'lam-ous, a. . [Written also villanovs.] 1. Suited 
to a villain ; like a villain. 2. Proceeding from extreme 
depravity. 3. Sorry ; mean ; mischievous. 

Syn. — "Wicked ; base; depraved; rascally; vile; infamous. 

VH'latn-ous-ly, adv. In a villainous manner ; with 
extreme wickedness or depravity ; basely. 

Vil'laiii-oiis-ness, ft. Quality of being villainous ; ex- 
treme depravity ; baseness. 

Vil'lain-y, n. [Written also villany.] 1. Quality of 
being a villain, or villainous ; extreme depravity ; atro- 
cious wickedness. 2. Depraved or infamous talk. 3. 
The act of a villain ; a deed of deep depravity ; a crime. 

Vil'lan-age, ft. [0. Fr. villenage, L. Lat. villanagium, 
villenagium, villanaticum. See Villain.] State of a 
villain ; tenure on condition of doing the meanest serv- 
ices for the lord. [Usually written villenage.] 

Vil'lan-ous, a. [From villain.] See VILLAINOUS. 

Vil'lan-y, n. See Villainy. 

"Vil-lat'i-e, a. [Lat. villaticus, belonging to a country- 
house, from villa, a country-house.] Of, or pertaining 
to, a village. 

VU'lt,n.pl. [Plural' of Lat. villus, shaggy hair.] 1. 
(Anat. ) Minute papillary elevations on animal membranes, 
giving them a velvety appearance. 2. (Bot.) Fine hairs 
on plants. 

Vil'li-f 6rm, a. [Lat. villus, shaggy hair, and forma, 
form.] Having the form or appearance of villi; like 
close-set fibers, either hard or soft. 

Vil-lose' (125), ) a. (Bot.) [Lat. villosus. See supra.] 

VIl'lous, j 1. Abounding or covered with fine 

hairs, or woolly substance; nappy. 2. (Anat.) Fur- 
nished with fine, fibril-like projections over a surface ; 
downy. 

Vim'i-nal, a. [From L&ttvimen, a pliant twig, fr. viere, 



to bend or twist together.] Pertaining to, consisting of, 
or producing, twigs. 

Vl-min'e-ous, a. [Lat. vimineus, fr. vimen, a pliant 
twig.] Made of, or producing, twigs or shoots. 

VI-na'ceous, a. [Lat. vinaceus, fr. vinum, wine.] 1. 
Belonging to wine or grapes. 2. Of the color of wine. 

Vln'di-grette' , n. [Fr., from vinaigre, vinegar.] 1. A 
sauce, of which vinegar, oil, &c, are ingredients. 2. A 
small box, or bottle, used as a smelling-bottle, for hold- 
ing aromatic vinegar, or smelling-salts. 

Vln'ci-oil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being vincible. 

Vin'fi-ble, a. [Lat. vincibilis, fr. vincere, to conquer.] 
Capable of being overcome or subdued ; conquerable. 

Vin'ci-ule-ness, n. The state or quality of being vinci- 
ble ; capability of being conquered ; vincibility. 

Vln-e'u-lum, n. ; pi. riN-e'v-LA. [Lat., from vincire, 
vinctum, to bind.] 1. A bond of union. 2. (Math.) 
A straight, horizontal mark placed over several members 
of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to the 
same operation. 

Vin-de'mi-al, a. [Lat. vindemialis, from vindemia,s, 
vintage, from vinum, wine, and demere, to take away.] 
Pertaining to a vintage. 

Vin'di-ea-ble, a. Capable of being vindicated. 

Vin'di-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vindicated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VINDICATING.] [Lat. vindicare,vindicatum.] 

1. To defend with success ; to prove to be just or valid. 

2. To support or maintain as true or correct, against 
denial, censure, or objections. 3. To maintain, as a law, 
or a cause, by overthrowing enemies. 

Syn.— To assert; maintain; claim; defend; justify. 

Vin'di-ea'tion, n. Act of vindicating, or state of being 
vindicated; claim; defense; support, as by proof, legal 
process, or the like. 

Vin'di-ea/tive, a. Tending to vindicate ; vindicating. 

Vin'di-ea'tor, n. One who vindicates; one who justi- 
fies, maintains, or defends. 

Vin'di-ea-to-ry (50), a. 1. Tending to vindicate; jus- 
tificatory. 2. Inflicting punishment ; avenging ; pu- 
nitory. 

Vin-dle'tive, a. [From Lat. vindicta, revenge, punish- 
ment. Cf. Vindicative.] Given to revenge; revengeful. 

Yin-di«'trve-ly, adv. In a vindictive manner ; revenge- 
fully, [ness. 

Vin-dle'tive-ness, n. Revengeful temper ; revengeful- 
Vine, n. [Lat. vinum, wine, grapes, vinea, a vine, from 
vineus, belonging to wine.] (Bot.) (a.) The plant from 
which wine is made ; the woody, climbing plant, that 
produces grapes, (b.) Hence, a climbing or trailing plant ; 
a creeper. 

Vine'-dress'er, ft. One who cultivates vines. 

Vlne'-fret/ter, n. A small insect that injures vines ; 
an aphis. 

VIn'e-gar,ft. [Fr. vinaigre, fr. vin, Lat. vinum, wine, 
and aigre, Lat. acer, sour.] 1. An acid liquor obtained 
from wine, cider, beer, and the like, by the acetous fer- 
mentation. 2. Hence, any thing sour ; — used also 
metaphorically. 

Vin'er-y, n. A structure usually inclosed with glass for 
rearing vines. 

Vine'yard (vin/yard), n. [From vine and yard.] An 
inclosure or yard for grape-vines ; a plantation of vines 
producing grapes. 

Vi'iioiis, a. [Lat. vinosus, from vinum, wine.] Having 
the qualities of wine ; pertaining to wine. 

Vinfage (45), n. [From vine. See Vindemial.] 1. 
The produce, in grapes or in wine, of the vine for the 
season. 2. The time of gathering the crop of grapes. 

VInt'a-ger, ft. One who gathers the vintage. 

Vint'ner,ft. [0. Eng. vintener, Lat. vinitor, fr. vinum, 
wine.] One who deals in wine. 

Vin'y, a. 1. Belonging to vines ; producing grapes. 2. 
Abounding in vines. 

Vi'ol, n. [Fr. viole, It. viola, L. Lat. vitula.] 1. (Mus.) 
A stringed musical instrument formerly in use, of the 
same form as the violin, but larger. 

G@~ The name is now applied as a general term to designate 
instruments of the violin kind, as tenor viol, base-viol, and the 
like. 

2. (Naut.) A large rope sometimes used in weighing 
anchor. 
Vi'o-la, n. [See supra.] (Mus.) An instrument resem- 
bling the violin, but somewhat larger, and a fifth lower 
in compass. [ble of being violated. 

Vi'o-la-ble, a. [Lat. violabilis. See Violate.] Capa- 
Vi'o-la'ceoiis, a. [Lat. violaceus, from viola, a violet ] 
Resembling violets in color. 



5, e,&c, long; a,e, &c, short,- care , far, ask, all, what; ere, vgil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr, do, wolf, 



VIOLATE 



801* 



VISCERAL 



Vi'o-late,^. t. [imp. & p.p. violated , p. pr. & vb. 
n. VIOLATING-.] [Lat. violare, violatum, fr. vis, strength, 
force.] 1. To treat in a violent manner ; to abuse ; to 
injure. 2. To do violence to, as to any thing that should 
be held sacred or respected. 3. To commit rape on ; to 
ravish. 

Syn. — To injure ; disturb; interrupt; infringe; transgress; 
profane; deflour; debauch. 

Vi'o-la'tion, n. 1. Act of violating, or state of being 
violated ; interruption, as of sleep or peace. 2. Infringe- 
ment ; transgression ; non-observance. 3. Profanation 
or contemptuous treatment of sacred thing3. 4. Rav- 
ishment; rape. 

Vl'o-la/tive, a. Violating, or tending to violate. 

VI'o-la/tor, n. 1. One who violates, injures, interrupts, 
or disturbs. 2. One who infringes or transgresses. 3. 
One who profanes, or treats with irreverence. 4. One 
who debauches ; a ravisher. 

Vi'o-lence, n. [Lat. violentia.] 1. Quality of being 
violent ; highly excited action, whether physical or 
moral. 2. Injury done to that which is entitled to re- 
spect, reverence, or observance ; unjust force. 3. Rav- 
ishment ; rape. 

Syn.— Vehemence; outrage; fierceness ; eagerness; viola- 
tion; infraction; infringement; transgression; oppression. 

Vl'o-lent, a. [Lat. violentus, violens, fr. vis, strength, 
force.] 1. Moving or acting with physical strength ; 
excited by strong feeling or passion. 2. Committing 
outrage; breaking law or right. 3. Produced or effected 
by force. 

Syn. — Fierce ; vehement ; outrageous ; boisterous ; turbu- 
lent; furious ; impetuous ; passionate ; severe ; extreme ; un- 
natural; abnormal. 

Vl'o-lent-ly, adv. In a violent manner ; forcibly. 

Vi'o-let, n. [Lat. viola, a violet.] 1. (Bot.) A plant 
and flower of many species. They are generally low, 
herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species 
are of some shade of blue. 2. The color seen in a vio- 
let, being one of the seven primary colors of the solar 
spectrum. [combined. 

Vl'o-let, a. Dark blue, inclining to red ; red and blue 

Vi'o-lin', n. [Sp. violin, Fr. ,-iolon. See 
VIOL.] (Mus.) An instrument with four 
strings, played with a bow ; a fiddle. 

VI'o-Hn'ist, n. A player on a violin. 

Vl'ol-ist, n. A player on the viol ; a vio- 
linist. 

Vii'o-lon-cel'list, n. One who plays on the 
violoncello. 

Vi'o-lon-ceTlo ( ve'o-lon-chgl'lo or ve'o-lon- v 101m - 
sel'lo), n. [It., dim. of violone, a bass-viol.] (Mus.) A 
bass-viol of four strings, or a bass-violin with long, large 
strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the tenor 
violin. 

Violone (veVo-lo'na), n. [It. violone, augm. of viola, a 
viol.] (Mus.) The largest instrument of the bass-viol 
kind, having strings tuned an octave below those of the 
violoncello. 

Vi'per, n. [Lat. vipera, prob. contr. 
from vi vipera, from vivus, alive, and 
parere, to bring forth, because it was 
believed to be the only serpent that 
brings forth living young.] 1. ( Zo'dl.) 
One of a family of poisonous reptiles 
belonging to the order of the snakes. 
2. Hence, a malignant person. Viper. 

Vl'per-Ine, a. Of, or pertaining to, a viper, or to vipers. 

Vl'per-ous, a. Having the qualities of a viper; malig- 
nant ; venomous. _ 

Vi-ra'go, n. ; pi. vi-RA'GdES.. [Lat. virago, from vir, a 
man.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, 
and courage ; a female warrior. 2. Hence, a bold, im- 
pudent, turbulent woman ; a termagant ; a vixen. 

Vir'e-lay, n. [Fr. virelai, from virer, to turn, and lai, a 
song, a lay, q. v.] An ancient French song, or short 
poem, wholly in two rhymes, and composed ia short lines, 
with a refrain. 

Vl-res'cent, a. [Lat. virescens, p. pr. of virescere, to 
grow green, inchoative form of virere, to be green.] 
Slightly green ; beginning to be green ; greenish. 

Vir'gate (45), a. [Lat. virgatus, fr. virga, a twig, rod.] 
(Bot.) Having the shape of a rod or wand. 

VIr'gin (18). n. [Lat. virgo, virginis, from virere, to be 
green, to flourish.] A female of unspotted purity ; she 
who has preserved her chastity ; a maiden. See VIRGO. 

VIr'gin, a. .1. Chaste ; pure ; undefiled ; fresh; new. 
2. Becoming a virgin ; maidenly ; modest ; indicating 
modesty. 



ed and blue 

V. 




Vlr'gin-al, n. _ [Probably so called from being used by 
young girls, or virgins.] (Mus.) An instrument formerly 
in use, somewhat resembling the spinet, but having a 
rectangular form, like the small piano-forte. 

Vir-gin'i-ty, n. The quality of a virgin ; maidenhood. 

Vlr'yo, n. [Lat., a virgin.] (Astron.) (a.) A sign of the 
zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of August. 
(b.) A constellation of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly 
the sign Libra. 

Vir'i-des'cence, n. State or quality of being viridescent. 

Vir'i-des'cent, a. (Bot.) Slightly green ; greenish. 

Vi-rid'i-ty, I n. [Lat. viriditas, from viridis, green, fr. 

VJr'id-ness, ) virere, to be green.] Greenness ; verdure. 

Vi'rile, or Vir'ile, a. [Lat. virilis, from vir, a man.] 

1. Of, or pertaining to, a man, in the eminent sense of 
the word (not to man, in the sense of the human race) ; 
belonging to the male sex. 2. Masculine. 

Vi-rll'i-ty, or Vl-ril'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being virile ; 
manhood ; manly character. 2. Power of procreation. 

Vir-tu', n. [It. virtu, virtue, from Lat. virtus. See VIR- 
TUE*.'] 1. A love of the fine arts ; a taste for curiosities. 

2. Objects of art or antiquity, taken collectively. 
VIrt'u-al, a. [L. Lat. virtualis, from Lat. virtus, strength, 

power.] Being in essence or effect, not in fact. 

Virt'u-al-ly, adv. In a virtual manner ; in efficacy or 
effect only. 

Virt'ue (18), n. [Lat. virtus, strength, courage, excel- 
lence, virtue, from vir, a man.] 1. Active quality or 
power ; strength ; force ; efficacy . 2. Natural excellence ; 
worth. 3. Moral excellence ; morality ; uprightness. 4. 
A particular moral excellence. 5. Especially, female 
chastity ; virginity ; purity. 6. One of the orders of 
the celestial hierarchy. 

Cardinal virtues. See CARniNAL. — In or by virtue of, 
through the force of ; by authority of. 

Vlr'tu-o'so, n.; Eng. pi. viR'TU-o'sdg ; It. pi. vir'tu- 
o'-s'f. [It. See Virtuous.] One devoted to virtu ; a 
person skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, 
and the like. 

Virt'u-oiis, a. [See VIRTUE.] 1. Possessing or ex- 
hibiting virtue. 2. Showing moral virtue or excellence ; 
excellent ; good ; blameless ; morally right ; righteous. 

3. Chaste; pure; — applied to women. 
Virt'u-ous-ly, adv. In a virtuous manner. 
Virt'u-ous-ness, n. State or character of being virtuous. 
Vir'u-lence, \n. 1. Quality of being virulent ; in- 
Vir'ii-len-cy, I jurious activity ; poisonousness. 2. 

Acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or malignity. 
Syn.— Malignancy; acrimony; bitterness; rancor; venom; 
spite. 

Vir'u-lent, a. [Lat. virulentus, from virus, q. v.] 1. 
Extremely poisonous or venomous ; very active in doing 
injury. 2. Very bitter in enmity. 

Syn. — Malignant; venomous; poisonous; rancorous; bit- 
ter; spiteful. 

Vir'u-lent-ly, adv. In a virulent manner. 

Vi'riis, n. [Lat., a slimy liquid, a poisonous liquid, 
poison.] 1. (Med.) (a.) Contagious or poisonous mat- 
ter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, &c. (b.) The 
special contagion of a disease. 2. Hence, the spirit, 
aim, or drift of any thing injurious, especially any thing 
of a moral nature. 

Vis, n. [Lat.] Force ; power. 

Vis inertise. (a.) The resistance of matter, as when a body 
at rest is set in motion, or a body in motion is brought to rest, 
or has its motion changed either in direction or in velocity, (b.) 
Inertness: inactivity. —Vis mortua (Mech.), dead force ; force 
doing no work, but onlv producing pressure. — Vis viva (Mech.), 
living force; the force of a body moving against resistance, or 
doing work, in distinction from vis mortua, or dead force. 

V'i'sd, n. [Fr.] An official indorsement on a passport ; a 

vise. See Vise. 
Vi'sa, v. t. To indorse, after examination, with the word 

vise, as a passport ; to vise. 
Vis'age (45), n. [L. Lat. visagium , from Lat. visits, a 

seeing, a look, from videre, visum, to see.] The face, 

countenance, or look of a person, or of other animals ; — 

chiefly applied to human beings. 
Vis/agVd, a. Having a visage or countenance. 
Vis-a-vis (viz'a-vS'), n [Fr., opposite, face to face.] _ 1. 

One who, or that which, is opposite, or face to face with, 

another. 2. A carriage in which two persons sit face to 

Vis'ce-ra, n. ; pi. of visr.us. [Lat.] (Anat.) The con- 
tents of the great cavities of the body, as of the head, 
thorax, and abdomen ; but especially those of the ab- 
domen ; bowels. 

Vis'cer-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, the viscera. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull 

Dl 



fell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tliis. 



VISCERATE 



802 



VITRIFACTURE 



VXs'cer-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. viscerated ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VISCERATING.] To deprive of the entrails or 
viscera ; to eviscerate ; to embowel. 

Vis'cid, a. [Lat. visridus, from Lat. viscum, the mistle- 
toe, bird-lime made from the berries of the mistletoe.] 
Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous 
consistency. 
Syn. — Glutinous; adhesive; sticky; tenacious. 

Vis-cid'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being viscid ; glutinous- 
ness : tenacity ; stickiness. 2. That which is viscid ; 
glutinous concretion. 

Vis~eos'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. viscositas.] Quality of being 
viscous ; viscidity. 

Vls'-eount (vi'kount), n. [0. Fr. viscomte, vicecomte, 
vicomte, L. Lat. vicecomes, fr. Lat. vice, q. v., and comes, 
a companion, L. Lat., a count.] 1. (O. Eng. Law.) An 
officer who formerly supplied the place of the count or 
earl. 2. A nobleman next in rank below an earl ; also, 
his degree or title of nobility. [Eng.] 

VIs'eount-ess (vl'kount-), n. The lady of a viscount ; 
a peeress of the fourth order. [viscount. 

Vls'eount-y ( vi'kount-y), n. The quality and office of a 

Vis'-eoiis, a. [Lat. viscosus, from viscum, bird-lime. See 
Viscid.] Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or glu- 
tinous consistency. 
Syn. — Glutinous; clammy; sticky; adhesive; tenacious. 

Vls r -eus,n.; pi. r¥s'pE-RA. [Lat.] (Anat.) One of the 
organs contained in the great cavities of the body ; any 
one of the contents of the cranium, thorax, or abdomen ; 
— chiefly in the plural. 

Vise (vis), n. [Fr. vis, a screw, vise, 0. Fr. vis, Pr. vilz, 
winding-stairs.] 1. (Arch.) A spiral staircase, the steps 
of which wind round a perpendicular shaft or pillar. 
[ Obs.] 2. An instrument for griping and holding things, 
closed by a screw. 

Visd (ve-za 7 ), n. [Fr. vise, p. p. of viser, to put a visa to, 
from Lat. visus, seen, p. pr. of videre, to see.] An in- 
dorsement made by the police officers of certain countries 
on the continent of Europe, on a passport, denoting that 
it has been examined, and that the person who bears it 
is permitted to proceed on his journey. 

Vige (ve-za 7 ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. viseed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VISEING.] To examine and indorse, as a passport ; to 
visa. 

Vig'i-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. visibilitas.'] State or quality of 
being visible or perceivable by the eye ; perceptibility. 

Vlg'i-lble, a. [Lat. visibilis, fr. videre, visum, to see.] 1. 
Perceivable by the eye ; to be seen ; perceptible ; in view. 
2. Noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. 

Vig'i-hle-ness, n. State or quality of being visible; 
visibility. 

Vig'i-foly, adv. In a visible manner; noticeably; appa- 
rently ; clearly. 

VJg'ion. (vizh'un), n. [Lat. visio, from videre, visum, to 
see.] 1. Act of seeing external objects ; actual sight. 2. 
Faculty of seeing; sight. 3. That which is seen; an 
object of sight. 4. Especially, that which is seen other- 
wise than by the rational eye ; an apparition ; a phantom. 
5. Hence, something imaginary; a creation of fancy. 

Vig'ion (vizh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. visioned ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. visioning.] To see in vision ; to dream. 

Vig'ion-a-ry (vizh'un-), a. 1. Affected by phantoms; 
disposed to receive impressions on the imagination ; given 
to reverie. 2. Existing in imagination only ; having no 
solid foundation. 
Syn. —Fanciful; fantastic; unreal. See Fanciful. 

VIg'ion-a-ry (vizh'un-), n. 1. One whose imagination 
is disturbed. 2. One who forms impracticable schemes. 
Vig'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VISITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VIS- 
ITING.] [Fr. visiter, It. & Lat. visitare, from Lat. visere, 
to go to see, to visit, from videre, visum, to see.] 1. To 
go or come to see ; to attend. 2. Hence, specifically, to 
go or come to see for inspection, examination, correction 
of abuses, or the like ; to examine. 3. Hence, chiefly in 
Scripture language, to come to for the purpose of chas- 
tising, rewarding, comforting, or the like ; to appear be- 
fore or judge, [salutations. 
Vig'it, v. i. To keep up the interchange of civilities and 
Vig'it, n. 1. Act of visiting, or going to see a person or 
thing; a brief stay of business, friendship, ceremony, 
curiosity, and the like. 2. Act of going to view or in- 
spect ; official or formal inspection ; examination ; visit- 
ation, [spected. 
Vig'it-a-ble, a. Liable or subject to be visited or in- 
Vig'it-ant, n. One who visits ; one who goes or comes to 
see another. 



Vig/it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of visiting, or the state of be- 
ing visited ; access for inspection or examination. 2. 
Communication of divine favor and goodness, or, more 
usually, of divine wrath and vengeance ; retribution. 3. 
A church festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary 
to Elizabeth, celebrated on the second of July. 

Vig'i-ta-to'ri-al, a. See Visitorial. 

Vi-gite' (-zeet'), n. [Fr] A light cape or short cloak of 
silk or lace worn by ladies in summer. 

Vig'it-or, n. 1. One who visits, or who comes or goes to 
see another. 2. A superior, or person authorized to 
visit a corporation, or any institution, for the purpose of 
seeing that the laws, regulations, &c, are observed. 

Vig'it-o'ri-al, a. Belonging to a judicial visitor or su- 
perintendent. 

Visne (veen or vee'ne), n. [Norm. Fr., from Lat. vicinia, 
neighborhood.] Neighborhood; venue. See Venue. 

Vig'or, or Vi'gor, n. [From Lat. videre, visum, to see.] 

1. A part of a helmet, perforated for the purpose of see- 
ing through. 2. A mask used to disfigure and disguise. 
3. The forepiece of a cap, projecting over and protect 
ing the eyes. 

Vis'ored, a. Wearing a visor ; masked ; disguised. 

Vis'ta, n. ; pi. vlS'TAg. [It., sight, view, from vedere, p. 
p. visto, veduto, to see, from Lat. videre, visum, id.] A 
view, especially a distant view, through or between in- 
tervening objects, as trees ; hence, the trees or othel 
things that form an avenue. 

Vig'u-al (vizh'u-al), a. [L. Lat. visualis, from Lat. visus, 
a seeing, sight, from videre, visum, to see.] Belonging 
or relating to sight ; used in sight. 

Visual angle (Opt.), the angle formed at the eye by the rays 
of light coming from the extremities of the object. — Visual 
point, a point in the horizontal line in which the visual rays 
unite. — Visual ray, a line of light supposed to come to the 
eye from a point of the object seen. 

Vi'tal, a. [Lat. vitalis, fr. vita, life, for victa, fr. vivere, 
victum, to live.] 1. Belonging or relating to life, either 
animal or vegetable. 2. Contributing or necessary to 
life. 3. Containing life ; living. 4. Being the seat of 
life ; being that on which life depends. 5. Very neces- 
sary ; highly important. 
Syn. — Essential; necessary; immediate; absolute. 

Vi-tal'i-ty, n. [Lat. vitalitas.] State or quality of be- 
ing vital ; the principle of life ; animation. 

Vi'tal-Ize v. t. [imp. & p. p. vitalized ; p.pr. & vb. 
n. VITALIZING.] To make vital or alive ; to give life to. 

Vl'tal-ly, adv. 1. In a vital manner ; so as to give life. 

2. Essentially. 

Vi'tal g, n. pi. 1. Parts of animal bodies essential to life, 
such as the viscera dependent upon the great sympathetic 
nerve. 2. Hence, the part essential to life, or to a sound 
state. 

Vit'el-la-ry, n. [From Lat. vitellus, a little calf, the 
yolk of an egg.] The place where the yolk of an egg 
swims in the white. 

Vi'ti-ate (vish/i-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. VITIATED ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. VITIATING.] [Lat. vitiare, vitiatum, fr. 
vitium,& fault, vice.] 1. To make vicious, faulty, or 
imperfect ; to render defective. 2. To cause to fail of 
effect, wholly or in part ; to destroy, as the binding force 
of an instrument or transaction. 

Syn. — To corrupt ; deprave ; defile ; pollute ; taint ; con- 
taminate. 

Vi'ti-a/tion (vish'T-a'shun), n. Act of vitiating, or state 
of being vitiated ; depravation ; corruption ; invalidation. 

Vi'ti-os'i-ty (vish'i-). n. Quality of being vicious ; cor- 
rupt state ; depravation. 

yi'*4°? s \ a " , / See Vicious, Viciously, Vicious- 
Vi'tious-ly, adv. \ ' ' 

Vi'tious-ness, n. ) NESS 

Vit're-otis, a. [Lat. vitreus, fr. vitrum, glass.] 1. Of, 

pertaining to, or derived from, glass. 2. Consisting of 
glass. 3. Resembling glass. 

Vitreous electricity, the kind of electricity excited by rubbing 
gbss with certain substances, as distinguished from that de- 
veloped by the friction of resinous substances; — called also 
positive electricity. 

Vit're-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being vitreous. 

Vi-tres'cen^e, n. State or quality of being vitreous ; 
the quality of being capable of conversion into glass. 

Vi-tr6s'cent, a. [From Lat. vitrum, glass.] Capable of 
being formed into glass ; tending to become glass. 

Vit'ri fa-e'tion, n. Act, process, or operation of vitrify- 
ing, or of converting into glass by heat. 

Vit'ri-f a-et'ure, n. [From Lat. vitrum, glass, and facere, 
to make.] The manufacture of glass and pottery. 



5, e, &c.,long; a, g, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



VITRIFIABLE 



803 



VOICED 



Tit'ri-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being vitrified , or con- 
verted into glass. 

Vit'ri-fi-ea/tion, n. Vitrifaction. 

Vit'ri-f6rm, a. [Lat. vitrum, glass, and forma, form.] 
Having the form or appearance of glass ; resembling glass. 

Vit'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VITRIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. VITRIFYING.] [From Lat. vitrum, glass, and facere, 
to make.] To convert into glass by fusion, or the action 
of heat. 

Vit'ri-f y, v. i. To become glass ; to be converted into glass. 

Vit'ri-ol, n. [N. Lat. vitriolum, from Lat. vitrum, glass; 
from its crystalline form, or its translucency, or perhaps 
from its color.] ( Chem.) A soluble sulphate of either of 
the metals. 

Oil of vitriol, sulphuric, or vitriolic acid ; — popularly so 
called, because, like oil, "when poured from one vessel into 
another, it makes no noise. 

Vit'ri-o-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vitriolated; p. 
pr. & vb. n. VITRIOLATING.] To convert into a vitriol. 

VIt'ri-61'ie, a. Pertaining to vitriol ; having the qual- 
ities of vitriol, or obtained from it. 

Vitriolic acid (Chem.), sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol. 

Vit'ri-ol-ize, v. t. To vitriolate. 

Vit'u-Jine, a. [Lat. vitulinus, from vitulus, a calf.] Of, 
or pertaining to, a calf, or to veal. 

Vl-tii'per-ate, v. t. [Lat. vituperare , vituperatum, from 
vitium, a fault, and parare, to prepare.] To find fault 
with ; to overwhelm with abuse ; to censure. 

Vi-tvt'per-a/tion, n. Act of vituperation ; abuse ; severe 
censure ; blame. 

Vl-tu'per-a-tive, a. Uttering or writing censure ; 
abusive. 

Vi-va'cious, n. [Lat. vivax, vivacis, fr. vivere, to live.] 
Sprightly in temper or conduct. 

Syn. — Sprightly; active; animated; sportive; gay; merry; 
jocund ; light-hearted. 

Vi-va/cious-ness, ) n. 1. Life; spiritedness. 2. Spright- 
Vl-vac'i-ty, J liness of temper or behavior ; air 

of life and activity. 



Syn. — Liveliness ; gayety; animation; 
Liveliness. 

[Fr. 



sprightliness. See 
See Viand.] A 
vivarius, belong- 



Vivandidre (ve'vong/de-er' 

female sutler. 
Vl-vWvi-um,, ) n. [Lat. vivarium, fr 
Vi'va-ry, j ing to living-creatures, fr. vivu.i, alive 

living, fr. vivere, to live.] A place artificially arranged 

for keeping or raising living animals. 
Viv'id, a. [Lat. vividus, fr. vivere, to live.] 1. True to 

the life ; exhibiting the appearance of life or freshness ; 

animated. 2. Forming brilliant images, or painting in 

lively colors ; lively. 
Syn. — Clear; lucid; bright; strong; striking; lively; quick; 

sprightly; spirited; active. 

Viv'id-ly, adv. 1. In a vivid manner; with life. 2. 
With brightness; in bright colors. 3. With animated 
exhibition to the mind. 

Vrv'id-ness, n. 1. Quality of being vivid ; life ; spright- 
liness. 2. Strength of coloring ; brightness. 

Vl-vif ' ie, ) a. [Lat. vivificus, from vivus, alive, and 

Vl-vif 'i-e-al, j facere, to make.] Giving life ; reviving ; 
enlivening. 

Vl-vif' i-eate, v. t. [Lat. vivificare, vivificatum. See 
supra.] To give life to; to animate ; to revive; to re- 
cover ; to vivify. 

Viv'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of vivifying, or state of being 
vivified ; restoration of life ; revival. 

Vrv'i-fi_-ea/tive, a. Able to vivify, animate, or give life. 

Viv'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VIVIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
vivifying. See Vivificate.] To endue with life ; to 
quicken ; to animate. 

Vi-vlp'a-roiis, a. [Lat. viviparus, fr. vivus, alive, and 
parere, to bear, bring forth.] Producing young in a living 
state, as all mammals. 

Viv'i-see'tion, n. [From Lat. vivus, alive, and sectio, 
a cutting, from secare, sectum, to cut.] The dissection 
of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making phys- 
iological investigations. 

Vix'en (vlk'sn), n. [A.-S.fxen, a she-fox. See Fox.] 1. 
A fox's cub of either sex. 2. A cross, ill-tempered 
woman. 

Vix'en-ly, a. Haying the qualities of a vixen. 

Viz'ier (viz'yer), or VI-zier', n. [Ar. wezfr, wazir, 
prop, a bearer of burdens, a porter, from wazara, to bear 
a burden.] A councilor of state ; a high executive officer 
in Turkey and other Oriental countries. 

Grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish empire. 

Vo'ea-ble, n. [Lat. vocabulum, fr. vocare, to call, fr. 



vox, vocis, a voice*, a word.] A word ; a term ; a name ; 
specifically, a word considered as composed of certain 
sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. 

Vo-eah'u-la-ry, n. [L. Lat. vocabularium, vocabidarius. 
See supra.] 1. A list or collection of words arranged ia 
alphabetical order and explained. 2. Sum or stock of 
words employed. 

Vo'eal, a. [Lat. vocalis, fr. vox, voris, voice.] 1. Hav- 
ing a voice. 2. Uttered or modulated by the voice. 3. 
Of, or pertaining to, a vowel or voice-sound; — also, 
spoken with tone, intonation, and resonance ; sonant ; — 
said of certain articulate sounds. 

Vocal chords, or cords (Anat), two thick and strong fibrous 
bands in the larynx, covered externally by a thin and delicate 
mucous membrane, and specially concerned with the formation 
of sound. — Vocal music, music made by the voice, in distinc- 
tion from instrumental music. 

Vo-eal'i-e, a. [From Lat. vocalis (sc. litera), a vowel.] 
Consisting of the voice, or vowel sounds. 

Vo'eal-ist, n. A singer, or vocal musician, as opposed 
to an instrumental performer. 

Vo-eal'i-ty, n. Quality of being vocal ; utterableness ; 
resonance. 

Vo'eal-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of vocalizing. 2. Forma- 
tion and utterance of vocal sounds. 

Vo'eal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vocalized; p. pr. & 
vb.n. vocalizing.] 1. To form into voice ; to make 
vocal or sonant. 2. To practice singing on- the vowel 



Vo'eal-ly, adv. 1. In a vocal manner; with voice; 
orally. 2. In words ; verbally. 

Vo-ea'tion, n. [Lat. vocatio, from Lat. vocare, to call, 
from vox, vocis, voice.] 1. Call ; summons ; citation ; es- 
pecially, designation to a particular state or profession. 
2. Hence, destined or appropriate employment. 3. 
( Theol.) The bestowment of God's distinguishing grace 
upon a person or nation , by which that person or nation 
is put in the way of salvation. 

Syn. — Calling; trade; profession; occupation ; designation ; 
destination. 

Voe'a-tlve, a. [Lat. vocativus, fr. vocare, to call.] Re- 
lating to, or used in, calling or address ; — said of that 
case of the noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a per- 
son or thing is addressed. 

Voe'a-tive, n. ( Gram.) The case in which a word is 
put when the person or thing is addressed. 

Vo-cif'er-ate, v. i. [Lat. vociferare, vociferari, vocifer- 
atum, from vox, vocis, voice, and/erre, to bear.] To cry 
out with vehemence ; to exclaim. 

Vo-?if'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vociferated ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. vociferating.] To utter with a loud 
voice. 

Syn. — To exclaim; bellow; bawl; roar; hoot; clamor. 

Vo-pif'er-a'tion, n. Act of vociferating ; a violent out- 
cry. 

Syn. — Exclamation; clamor; bawling; bellowing. 

Vo-£if 'er-oiis, a. Making a loud outcry ; clamorous ; 
noisy. 

V6«'ule, n. [Lat. vocula, dim. of vox, voice.] A faint 
or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the lips in 
pronouncing p, t, or k. 

Vogue (vog), n. [From 0. H. Ger. wogdn, for wagon, 
M. H. Ger. wagen, to move.] Temporary mode, custom, 
or practice; popular reception; — used now exclusively 
as part of the phrase in vogue. 

Voice, n. [Lat. vox, vocis, allied to Gr. 6^.] 1. Sound 
or audible noise uttered by the mouth ; utterance ; hence, 
the tone or sound emitted by any thing, sometimes, in- 
tonated quality of utterance, as distinguished from mere 
breath sound. 2. Mode of speaking, singing, or other- 
wise producing sound ; distinctive character or quality 
of tone. 3. Language ; words ; expression ; signification 
of feeling or opinion. 4. Opinion or choice expressed ; 
a vote. 5 . Command ; precept ; — chiefly in scriptural 
language. 6. ( Gram.) A particular form of a verb, by 
means of which the relation of the subject of the verb to 
the action expressed by it is indicated. 

Active voice (Gram.), that form of the verb by which its sub- 
ject is represented as the agent or doer of the action expressed 
by it. — Middle voice, that form of the verb by which its subject 
is represented as both the agent, or doer, and the object of the 
action, that is, as performing some act to or upon himself. — 
Passive voice, that form of the verb by which its subject is rep- 
resented as the object, or person affected by the action. 

Voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VOICED (voist) ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. voicing.] To fit for producing the proper sounds ; 

to regulate the tone of. 
Voiced ( voist ),p. a. Furnished with a voice. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; cell, cliaise, eall, echo; gem, get; ag; exist ; linger, link ; tliis. 



VOICELESS 



804 



VOLUPTUOUS 



Voi^e'Iess, a. Having no voice, utterance, or vote. 
Void, a. [0. Fr. void, voide, vuit, vuid, vuide, fr. Lat. 
viduus, widowed, deprived of, with the first u transposed.] 

1. Vacant ; not occupied. 2. Being without ; destitute ; 
free. 3. Having no incumbent ; unoccupied. 4. Hav- 
ing no legal or binding force ; null ; not sufficient to 
produce its effect. 5. Unsubstantial; vain. 

Syn. — Empty ; devoid ; wanting ; unfurnished ; unsup- 
plied. 

Void, n. An empty space ; a vacuum ; emptiness. 

Void, v. t. [imp. & p. p. voided ; p. pr. & vb. n. VOID- 
ING.] 1. To make or leave vacant or empty ; to quit ; 
to leave. 2. To throw, emit, or send out ; to evacuate. 
3 . To render of no validity or effect ; to vacate ; to 
annul. 

Void'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being voided or evacuated. 

2. (Law.) Capable of being adjudged void, invalid, and 
of no force ; capable of being avoided. 

Void'ance, n. 1. Act of voiding or emptying ; ejection ; 
especially, ejection from a benefice. 2. State of being 
void ; vacancy, as of an incumbent in a benefice. 

Void'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, voids, or 
empties, vacates, or annuls. 2. A tray, or basket, used 
to receive or convey that which is voided or cleared 
away from a given place. 

Void'ness, n. State or quality of being void ; emptiness ; 
vacuity ; destitution ; nullity ; inefficacy. 

Vo'lant, a. [Lat. volans, p. pr. of volare, to fly.] 1. 
Passing through the air upon wings, or as if upon wings ; 
flying ; hence, passing from place to place ; current. 2. 
Nimble ; light and quick ; active ; rapid. 

Vol'a-tile, a. [Lat. volatilis, from volare, to fly.] 1. 
Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into the 
aeriform state. 2. Lively ; gay ; full of spirit ; airy ; 
hence, fickle ; apt to change. 

Vol'a-tlle-ness, ) n. 1. Quality of being volatile ; dis- 

VoFa-til'i-ty, j position to exhale or evaporate. 2. 
Great sprightliness ; mutability. 

Syn. — Lightness ; giddiness; liveliness; levity; fickle- 
ness. See Levitt. 

VoFa-tiPi-za'tion, n. Act or process of volatilizing, or 
rendering volatile. 

Vol'a-til-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. volatilized; p. 
pr. & vb. n. volatilizing.] To render volatile ; to 
cause to exhale or evaporate. 

Vol-ean'i-e, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a volcano, or to 
volcanoes. 2. Produced by a volcano. 3. Changed or 
affected by the heat of a volcano. 

Vol'-ean-ist, n. 1. One versed in the history and phe- 
nomena of volcanoes. 2. One who believes in the effects 
of eruptions of fire in the formation of mountains. 

Vol-ea'no, n. ; pi. VOL-OA'NOEg. [From Lat. Vidcanus, 
Yulcan, the god of fire; It. volcano, vulcano, a burning 
mountain.] . ( Geol.) A mountain from which lava, steam, 
sulphureous gases, and the like, are ejected. 

Vole, n. [Fr. vole, from voler, to steal, to steal away ; to 
rob, abbrev. from Lat. involare, to fly at, to seize.] 1. 
A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. 2. (Zobl.) An 
animal of the rat or mouse kind. 

Yol&e (vo'lS'), n. [Fr., a flight, from voler, Lat. volare, to 
fly.] (Mus.) A rapid flight of notes. 

Vo-H'tion (-lish'un), n. [L. Lat. volitio, from Lat. volo, 
velle, to will, be willing, allied to Gr. /3oA, fioAojaat, 
Pov\ofj.ai. Cf. Will.] 1. Act of willing or choosing ; 
exercise of the will. 2. Power of willing or determining! 
Syn. — "Will ; choice; preference ; determination; purpose. 
— Choice is Anglo-Saxon, and volition Latin. Th« former is 
the familiar, and the latter the scientific, term for the same 
state of the will; viz., an "elective preference." When we 
have " made up our minds" (as we sav) to a thing, i. e., have 
a settled state of choice respecting it. that state is called an im- 
manent volition ; when we putforth any particular act of choice, 
that act is called an emanant, or executive, or imjier-ative, voli- 
tion. When an immanent, or settled state of choice, is one 
which controls or governs a series of actions, we call that state 
& predominant volition; while we give the name of subordinate 
volitions to those particular acts of choice which carrv into 
effect the object sought for by the governing or " predominant 
volition." 

Vol'ley, n. ; pi. vol'leysj. [Fr. volee, a flight, avolley 
or discharge of several guns, from voler, to fly.] 1. A 
flight of shot; the discharge of many small arms at 
once. 2. A burst or emission of many things at once. 

Vol'ley, v. t. [imp. & p. p. volleyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
volleying.] To discharge with a volley. 

Vol'ley, v. i. To be thrown out or discharged at once ; 
to be_ discharged in a volley, or as if in a volley. 

Vol-ta'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to, originated by, or named 
m honor of, Volla, who first devised apparatus for devel- 
oping electric currents by chemical action, and estab- I 



2. Pertaining to 



lished this branch of electric science, 
voltaism, or voltaic electricity. 

Voltaic battery, an apparatus, consisting of a series of plates 
or pieces of dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in 
pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solution, 
by which a current of electricity is generated whenever the 
two poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a conductor ; 
a galvanic battery. [See Baiieey.] — Voltaic electricity, that 
form of electricity which is developed by chemical action, as in 
a voltaic pile or battery : galvanism. — Voltaic pile, the form 
of battery first devised by volta, consisting of a column formed 
by successive pairs of metallic disks, as silver and zinc, with 
moistened cloth between every two contiguous pahs. 

Vol'ta-igm (44), n. That form of electricity which is 
developed by the chemical action between metals and 
different liquids ; also, the branch of science which treats 
of this form of electricity ; — called also galvanism. 

Voltiyeur (voPte-zhfir'), n. [Fr., from voltiger, to vault.] 
1. A leaper, or vaulter. 2. (Mil.) A light infantry 
soldier, in distinction from a grenadier. 

VoFii-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. volubilitas.] State or quality of 
being voluble ; as, (a.) Aptness to roll, (b.) Act of 
rolling, (c.) Fluency of speech. 

Vol'n-tole, a. [Lat. vohibilis, from volvere, volutum, to 
roll, to turn round.] 1. Easily rolling or turning; 
rotating ; apt to roll. 2. Moving with ease and smooth- 
ness in uttering words ; of rapid speech ; fluent. 

Vol'u-bly, adv. In a voluble, rolling, or fluent manner. 

Yol'ume (vol'yum, 53), n. [From Lat. volumen, prop, 
a thing rolled or wound up, hence a roll of writing, a 
book, volume, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll.] 1. A roll; 
a scroll. [ Obs.] 2. Hence, a book ; a tome ; especially, 
that part of an extended work which is bound up together 
in one cover. 3. Any thing of a rounded, or swelling 
form ; a contortion ; a whirl. 4. Dimensions ; compass ; 
space occupied, as measured by cubic inches, feet, yards, 
and the like. 5. (Mus.) Power, fullness, quantity, or 
caliber of voice or tone. 

VoPu-met'rie , a. [From Eng. volume, and Gr. /u.erpoi', 
a measure.] (Analytical Chem.) Performed by measured 
volumes of standard solutions of re-agents. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous, a. 1. Consisting of many coils or com- 
plications. 2. Consisting of many volumes or books. 
3. Having written much, or made many volumes ; 
copious ; diffuse. 

Vo-lii'mi-nous-ly, adv. In a voluminous manner ; in 
many volumes ; very copiously. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous-ness, n. State or quality of being 
voluminous. 

Vol'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. In a voluntary manner ; in the 
exercise of volition; spontaneously. 

Vol'un-ta-ri-ness, n. State or quality of being volun- 
tary ; spontaneousness. 

V61'un-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. voluntarius, fr. voluntas, will, 
choice, fr. volens, p. pr. of volo, velle, to will.] 1. Pro- 
ceeding from the will ; produced in or by an act of choice. 
2. Unconstrained by the interference of another ; of his 
or its own accord : spontaneous. 3. Done by design or 
intention ; purposed ; intended. 4. Subject to the will ; 
regulated by the will. 5. Endowed with the power of 
willing. 6. (Law.) Free ; without compulsion ; without 
consideration ; gratuitous. 

V61'un-ta-ry, n. (Mus.) A piece played by a musician 
often ex temporarily, according to his fancy ; now gener- 
ally used to indicate the organ-playing at the opening 
of church service. 

VoFun-teer', n. 1. One who enters into any service of 
his own free will. 2. (Mil.) One who enters into ser- 
vice voluntarily, but when in service is subject to disci- 
pline and regulations like other soldiers. 3. (Law.) One 
to whom a conveyance is made without valuable consid- 
eration. 

VoFun-teer', a. Entering into service of free will ; 
composed of volunteers. 

Vol'un-teer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. volunteered ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. VOLUNTEERING.] To offer or bestow vol- 
untarily, or without solicitation or compulsion. 

Vol'un-teer', v. i. To enter into any service of one's 
free will, without solicitation or compulsion. 

Vo-lupt'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. voluptuarius or voluptarius, 
fr. voluptas, pleasure.] A voluptuous person ; one who 
makes his own bodily enjoyments his chief object or 
care. 

Syn. — Sensualist ; epicure. 

Vo-lupt'u-a-ry, a. Addicted to, or affording, pleasure. 

Vo-lupfu-oiis, a. [Lat. voluptuosus, from voluptas, 
pleasure.] 1. Full of delight or pleasure ; ministering 
to sensual gratification ; exciting sensual desire ; sensual. 
2. Given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure. 



a, e,&o ,long; &,e,kc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



VOLUPTUOUSLY 



805 



VULGAR 



Vo-lupt'u-ous-ly , adv. In a voluptuous manner ; with 

free indulgence of sensual pleasures; luxuriously. 
Vo-lupt'u-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being vo- 
luptuous ; luxuriousness. 
Vo-lute', n. [From Lat. volvere, volutum, to roll.] 

(Arch.) A kind of spiral scroll, used in the Ionic and 

Composite capitals. 
Vom'i-ed, n. [Lat. fr. vomere, to throw up, vomit forth.] 

[Med.) (a.) An abscess in the lungs, (b.) An abscess in 

other soft, spongy organs. 
Vom'it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. VOMITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

VOMITING.] [Lat. vomere, vomit um, and v. intens. 

vo?nitare, allied to Gr. e/xeiv, Skr. warn, Lith. ivemti.JTo 

eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth ; to puke ; 

to spew. 
Vom'it, v. t. 1. To throw up ; to disgorge ; to puke; 

2. Hence, to eject from any hollow place ; to belch forth ; 

to emit. 
VSm'it, n. [Lat. vomitus, fr. vomere, vomitum.] 1. The 

matter ejected from the stomach. 2. ( Med.) An emetic. 

Black vomit {Med.), a copious vomiting of dark-colored mat- 
ter, resembling coffee grounds, — one of the most fatal accom- 
paniments of the yellow fever. 

Vo-mi'tion (-mlsh/un), n. Act or power of vomiting. 

V5m'i-tive, a. Causing the ejection of matter from the 
stomach ; emetic. 

Vo-m'i'to (vo-me'to), n. [Sp.,from Lat. vomitus. See 
TOMIT, n.] (Med.) The yellow fever in its worst form, 
when it is usually attended with the black vomit. 

V6m'i-to-ry, a. Procuring vomiting ; causing to eject 
from the stomach ; emetic ; vomitive. 

V6m'i-to-ry, n. 1. An emetic ; a vomit. 2. A princi- 
pal door or entrance of a large building, as of an amphi- 
theater. 

Vo-ra'cioiis, a. [Lat. vorax, voracis, from vorare, to de- 
vour.] Greedy for eating ; very hungry ; eager to devour 
or swallow. 

Syn. — Ravenous ; rapacious ; greedy. 

Vo-ra'cious-ly, adv. In a voracious manner; with 
greedy appetite ; ravenously. 

Vo-ra'cioiis-ness, n. Quality of being voracious ; greed- 
iness of appetite ; ravenousness : rapaciousness. 

Vo-rac'i-ty, n. Quality of being voracious ; greediness 
of appetite; voraciousness. 

Vo-rag'i-nous, a. [Lat. voraginosus, from vorago, an 
abyss, gulf, from vorare, to swallow up, devour.] Full of 
gulfs. 

Vor'tex, «.; Eng. pi. vor/tex-e§ ; Lat. pi. vor'ti- 
PE§. [Lat. vortex, vertex, fr. vortere, vertere, to turn.] 
1. A whirling or circular motion of any fluid, forming a 
kind of cavity in the center of the circle ; a whirlpool. 2. 
A whirling of the air ; a whirlwind. 

V6r'ti-cal, a. [From Lat. vortex, vorticis. See supra.] 
Pertaining to or resembling a vortex in form or motion ; 
whirling. 

V6r'ti-cel, n. [N. Lat. vorticella, fr. vortex, vorticis. See 
supra.] (Zool.) One of certain wheel-animalcules, which, 
by the rapid rotary motion of the organs round the 
mouth, create a vortex in the water, and thus obtain 
their food. 

Vo'ta-ress, n. [See Votary, n.] A female devoted to 
any service, worship, or state of life ; a female votary. 

Vo'ta-rist, n. One devoted or given up to any person or 
thing, to any service, worship, or pursuit ; a votary. 

Vo'ta-ry, a. [From Lat. votus, p. p. of vovere, to vow, 
to devote.] Consecrated by a vow or promise ; conse- 
quent on a vow ; devoted ; promised. 

Vo'ta-ry, ft. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by a 
vow or promise. 

Vote, n. [Lat. volum, a vow, wish, will, from vovere, 
votum, to vow.] 1. Wish, choice, or opinion, of a per- 
son or body of persons, expressed in some received and 
authorized way ; suffrage. 2. That by which will or pref- 
erence is expressed in elections, or in deciding proposi- 
tions. 3. Expression of will by a majority. 

Vote. v. i. [imp. & p. p. voted : p. pr. & vb. n. VOT- 
ING.] [Fr. voter.] To express or signify the mind, will, 
or preference. 

Vote, v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage ; to elect. 2. To 
enact, establish, grant, or the like, by a vote ; to deter- 
mine, [vote. 

Vot'er, n. One who votes ; one who has a legal right to 

Ve'tive, a. [Lat. votivus, fr. votum, a vow.] Given by 
vow; devoted. 

Vo'tlve-ly, adv. In a votive manner; by vow. 

Vouch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vouched (voucht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. VOUCHING.] [Norm. Fr. voucher, from Lat. 



vocare, to call, from vox, vocis, a voice, cry.] 1. To call 
upon to witness. 2. To warrant ; to maintain by affir- 
mations. 3. To back; to support; to establish. 4. 
(Law.) To call into court to warrant and defend, or to 
make good a warranty of title. 

Syn.— To obtest ; declare ; affirm ; attest ; confirm ; as- 
severate ; aver ; protest ; assure. 

Vouch, v. i. To bear witness; to give testimony or full 
attestation. 

Vouchee', n. (Law.) One who is called into court to 
make good his warranty of title in the process of common 
recover}'. 

Vouch'er, n. 1. One who vouches, or gives witness or 
full attestation to any thing. 2. A book, paper, or doc- 
ument which serves to vouch the truth of account*, or to 
confirm and establish facts of any kind. 3. (Law.) Act 
of calling in a person to make good his warranty of title. 

Vouch'er ) n. (Law;.) One who calls in another 

Vouch'or (127), J to establish his warranty of title. 

Vouch-saf e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. vouchsafed (vouch- 
safe) ; p. pr. & vb. n. VOUCHSAFING.] [From vouch, 
and safe, to vouch or answer for safety.] 1, To permit 
to be done without danger. 2. To condescend to grant. 

Vouch-saf e',v. i. To condescend; to deign; to yield; 
to descend or stoop. 

Vow, n. [Lat. votum, from vovere, volum, to vow.] 1. 
A solemn promise made to God, or to some deity : a devo- 
tion of one's self. 2. Specifically , a promise of fidelity ; 
a pledge of love or affection. 

Vow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VOW- 
ING.] 1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God by a 
solemn promise. 2. To assert solemnly ; to asseverate. 

Vow, v. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise. 

Vow'el, n. [Lat. vocalis (sc. litera), from vocalis, sound- 
ing, from vox, vocis, avoice, sound.] ( Gram.) An utter- 
ance of the human voice made through a more open 
position of the organs than that with which a consonant 
is uttered; also, a letter or character which represents 
such a sound. 

Vow'el, a. Of, or pertaining to, a vowel ; vocal. 

Vow'eled, a. Furnished with vowels. 

Vow'er, n. One who makes a vow. 

Voy'age (colloq. voij), n. [Fr. voyage, 0. Fr. voiage, voi- 
a'ige, veiage, L. Lat. viaticum, fr. Lat. viaticum, travel- 
ing-money, provision for a journey , fr. viaticus, belonging 
to a road or journey.] Originally a passage on the way ; 
a journey in general ; but now chiefly confined to a pass- 
ing by sea or water from one place, port, or country, 
to another ; especially, a passing or journey by water to 
a distant place or country. 

egr° As a in the unaccented termination age often sinks, in 
pronunciation, into the sound of short I (See Frin. of Pron. 
§ 45), and as the first syllable of the present word ends with the 
same sound, the vowel of the termination is apt to be omitted, 
and the word pronounced voij, in one syllable, though some, 
aiming to keep it a dissyllable, say vaw'ij. 

Voy'age (colloq. voij), v. i. [imp. & p. p. voyaged ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. VOYAGING.] To take a voyage or journey ; 
especially, to sail or pass by water. 

Voy'age (colloq. voij), v. t. To travel ; to pass over. 

Voyag&ur (vwS'ya/zhur'), n. [Fr., from voyager, to 
travel. See supra.] A traveler : — the Canadian name 
of a class of men employed by the fur companies, &c, 
in transporting goods by the rivers and across the land, 
to and from the remote stations at the north-west. 

Vul-ca'ni-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Vulcan, or to 
works in iron or other metals. 

Vul'ean-ist, n. A volcanist. See Tolcantst. 

Vul'ean-i-za'tion, n. The art or process of imparting 
new properties to caoutchouc by causing it to combine 
with sulphur. 

Vul'ean-ize. v. t. [imp. & p.p. vulcanized : p. pr. 
& vb. n. VULCANIZING.] To change the properties of, 
as caoutchouc, or India rubber, by the process of vul- 
canization. 

Vul'gar, a . [Lat. vtdgaris, from vvlgus, the multitude, 
the^common people] 1. Of, or pertaining to, the mass 
or multitude of people ; common ; general ; ordinary ; 
public ; hence, in general use ; vernacular. 2. Belong- 
ing or relating to the common people ; pertaining to 
common life : plebeian ; hence, sometimes of little or no 
value. 3. Hence, lacking cultivation or refinement ; 
rustic ; boorish ; also, offensive to good taste, refined 
feelings, or delicacy. 

Vulgar fraction (Arith.), a fraction expressed by a numera- 
tor and denominator ; a common fraction; thus, |. 
Syn.— Common ; ordinary ; mean ; rustic ; unrefined. 

Viil'gar, n. The common people. 



food, foot ; um, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



VULGARISM 



806 



WAGER 



Viil'gar-I§m, n. 1. Grossness of manners ; vulgarity. 
2. A Tulgar phrase or expression. 

Vul-gar'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being vulgar ; the state 
of the lower classes of societ}'. 2. Grossness or clown- 
ishness of manners or language. 

Vul'gar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vulgarized ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. vulgarizing.] To make vulgar. 

Viil'gar-ly, adv. 1. In a vulgar manner ; in the ordi- i 
nary manner among the co mm on people ; commonly. 
2. Meanly ; rudely ; clownishly. 

Vul'gate (45), n. [From Lat. vulgatus, usual, common, 
p. p. of vulgare, to make general or common, fr. vulgus, 
the multitude.] A very ancient Latin version of the 
Scriptures ; — so called from its common use in the Latin 
church. 

Vul'gate, a. Of, or pertaining to, the old Latin version 
of the Scriptures. 

Vul'ner-a-bll'i-ty, n. State of being vulnerable. 

Vul'uer-a-ble, a. [Lat. vidnerabilis, from vulnerare, to 
wound.] 1. Capable of being wounded: susceptible of 
external injuries. 2. Liable to injury ; subject to be af- 
fected injuriously ; assailable. 



Viil'uer-a-ble-ness, n. State of being vulnerable ; vui. 

nerabhity. 

Vul'ner-a-ry, a. [Lat. vulnerarius, fr. vulnus, vulneris, 
a wound.] Useful in healing wounds ; adapted to the 
cure of external injuries. 

Vul'ner-a-ry, n. {Med.) Any plant, drug, or composi- 
tion, useful in the cure of wounds. 

Vul'piue, a. [Lat. vvlpinus, from vulpes, a fox.] Of, per- 
taining to, or resembling, the fox ; cunning ; crafty ; artful. 

Vult'ure (vuhVyyjr, 53), n. [Lat. 
vultur.] ( Ornith.) A rapacious 
bird belonging to a certain genus 
included in the same order as the 
hawks and the owls. Proper vul- 
tures have hitherto been found 
only on the eastern continent. 

Vult'ur-ine(vult''yur-in), n. Of, 
or pertaining to, the vulture ; 
having the qualities of, or resem- 
bling, the Tulture ; rapacious. 

Vulfur-oiis, a. Like a vult- 
ure ; rapacious. Vultur*. 




w. 



W (double u), the twenty-third letter of the English 
alphabet, takes its written form and its name from 
the repetition of a T, this being the form of the Roman 
capital letter which we call U. In English, it performs 
the double office of a consonant and a vowel, being a con- 
sonant at the beginning of words and syllables, as in 
wail, forward, and a vowel at the end of syllables, as in 
neie,vow; but it never occurs at the end of a syllable 
except when united to another vowel. See Principles of 
Pronunciation §§ 100-103. 

W abide (wob'bl), v. i. [Prov. Ger. wabbeln, the same 
as quabbeln, schwabbeln, ivackeln.] To move staggeringly 
from one side to the other ; to vacillate ; — said of a turn- 
ing or whirling body. 

WabTble, ». A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel 
unevenly hung. 

Wack'e, \ n. [Ger. ivacke, grauwacke, 0. H. Ger. wag- 

Wack'y, ) go, a kind of stone, a flint, a pebble.] ( Geol.) 
A rock nearly allied to basalt, of which it may be regard- 
ed as a more soft and earth}- variety. 

Gray wacke (Geol.), a kind of conglomerate grit-rock, com- 
posed of rounded pebbles and sand. 

Wad (w5d), n. [D. & Ger. icatte, allied to A.-S. wasd, 
garment, clothing, weeds, 0. H. Ger. wat, garment.] 1. 
A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. 2. Es- 
pecially, a little mass of some soft or flexible material 
for stopping the charge of powder in a gun and pressing 
it close to the shot, or for keeping the powder and shot 
close ; hence a soft mass of some loose fibrous substance, 
used for various purposes, as for stopping an aperture. 

"Wad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wadded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wadding.] 1. To form into a mass or wad, or into 
wadding. 2. To insert or crowd a wad into. 

"Wad, )n. {Min.) An earthy oxide of manganese ; — 

Wadd, j sometimes applied also to plumbago or black- 
lead. 

Wad'ding (wod'ding), n. [See Wad, supra.] 1. A 
w ? ad, or the materials for wads. 2. A kind of soft stuff 
of loose texture, used for stuffing garments ; also, sheets 
of carded cotton prepared for the same purpose. 

Wad'dle (wod'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. waddled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. waddling.] [A.-S. wddlian, to wander, 
beg, from wadan, to go.] To walk with short steps, 
throwing the body to one side and the other, like a duck, 
or a very fat person. 

"Wade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. waded ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
WADING.] [A.-S. wadan, Icel. vada,0. H. Ger. watan, 
alhed to Lat. vadere, to go, walk.] 1. To walk through 
any substance that yields to the feet, as water, mud, 
sand, &c. 2. To move or pass with difficulty or labor. 

"Wade, v.t. To pass or cross by walking in or through a 
liquid, or other yielding substance. 

Wad'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wades. 2. {Or- 
nith.) One of an order of long-legged birds that wade in 
the water in search of food. 

Wad'y (wod'y) n. [Ar. wadi, a valley, a channel of a 
river, a river.] The channel of a water-course, which is 
chy, except in the rainy season. 



Wa'fer, n. [From L. Ger. & D. wafel. See Waffle.] 
1. A thin cake or leaf of flour and other ingredients. 2. 
A thin leaf-like bread, used by the Roman Catholics in 
the Eucharist. 3. A thin leaf of paste, used in sealing 
letters, &c. 

Wa'fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wafered ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
WAFERING.] To seal or close with a wafer. 

Waffle (wof/fl), n. [N. H. Ger. waff el, L. Ger. & D. 
wafel. See WAFER.] A thin cake baked hard and rolled, 
or a soft indented cake baked in an iron utensil on coals. 

Waft (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WAFTED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAFTING.] [Allied to wave, q. v.] To bear through a 
fluid or buoyant medium ; to convey through water or air. 
Syn.— To float ; swim ; fly. 

Waft, v. i. To be moved or to pass in a buoyant medi- 
um ; to float. 

Waft, n. A signal made by moving something, as a flag 
in the air. 

Waf t'age, n. Conveyance through a buoyant medium, 
as air or water ; transportation ; carriage. 

Waft'er, n. One who, or that which, wafts. 

Wag, v. t . [imp. & p. p. wagged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAGGING.] [A.-S. rvegan, wecgan, wagian, to carry, 
move, wag, Goth, vigan, gavigan.] To move one way 
and the other with quick turns ; to cause to vibrate as a 
part of the body. 

Wag, v.i. 1. To move oneway and the other; to be 
shaken to and fro ; to vibrate. 2. To be in action or 
motion ; to move ; to stir. 

Wag, n. [From the verb.] A man full of sport and 
humor ; a ludicrous fellow ; a humorist : a wit. 

Wage. r. t. [imp. & p. p. waged : p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAGING.] [0. Fr. u-ager, gager, to pledge, promise, N. 
Fr. gager, to wager, lay, bet, fr. O. Fr. wage, gage, guar- 
antee, engagement, L. Lat. wcduim, vadium, guadium, 
from Goth, vadi, A.-S. wedd, wed, a. pledge, promise.] 1. 
To pledge ; to hazard on the event of a contest ; to stake ; 
to bet ; to lay ; to wager. 2. To expose one's self to, as 
a risk ; to venture. 3. To carry on as a war. 

"Wage, n. [From Goth, vadi, 0. H. Ger. wetti, A.-S. 
wed, wedd, pledge, security, promise.] That for which 
one labors ; stipulated payment for service performed ; 
at present almost solely in the plural. 

Syn.— Hire ; reward : stipend ; salary ; allowance ; pay ; 
compensation ; remuneration ; fruit. 

Wa'ger, n. [See supra.] 1. Something deposited or haz- 
arded, on the event of a contest or some unsettled ques- 
tion ; a bet ; a stake ; a pledge. 2. That on which bet* 
are laid. 

Wager of battle (Anc. Law.), the giving: of gage or pledge foi 
trying a cause by single combat, formerly allowed in military, 
criminal, and civil causes. In writs of right, where the trial 
was by champions, the tenant produced his ehampion, who, 
by throwing down his glove as a gage or pledge, thus waged or 
stipulated battle with the ehampion of the demandant, who, by 
taking up the glove, accepted the challenge. 

"Wa'ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wagered; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
wagering.] To hazard on the issue of a contest, or 



n,e,8cc.,long; &,e,8cc, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sou, or, do, wolf, 



WAGER 



807 



WALL 



on some question that is to be decided, or on some casu- 
alty ; to lay ; to bet. 

Wa'ger, v. i. To make a bet ; to lay a wager. 

Wa'ger-er, n. One who wagers or lays a bet. 

Wa'geg, n. [Plural in termination, but singular in sig- 
nification. See Wage.] A compensation given to a hired 
person for his or her services. 
Syn. — Hire; stipend; salary; pay; recompense. 

W&g'ger-y, n. Manner or action of a wag ; sarcasm in 
good humor ; pleasantry. 

Wag'gish, a. 1. Like a wag ; roguish in merriment or 
good humor. 2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for 
sport. 

Syn. — Sportive; merry; roguish; droll; frolicsome. 

W&g'gish-ly, adv. In a waggish manner ; in sport. 

Wag'gislx-ness, n. State or quality of being waggish. 

Wag'gle (wag'gl), v. i. [Dim. of wag ; allied to Lat. 
vacillare.] To reel or move from side to side ; to waddle. 

Wag'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. waggled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. waggling.] To move one way and the other ; to 
wag. 

Wag'on, n. [A.-S. wdgen, ivtign, ivssn, Icel. vagn, 0. 
H. Ger. ivagan, Skr. valia, vakana, Lat. vehes, vekicu- 
lum, from Skr. yah, Lat. vehere, to bear, carry.] A 
four-wheeled carriage ; especially, one used for carrying 
freight. 

H@=- In the United States, light wagons are used for the con- 
veyance of persons, and for carrying light commodities. 

Wag'on-age, n. Money paid for carriage in a wagon. 

Wag'on-er, n. 1. One who conducts a wagon ; a 
wagon-driver. 2. (Astron.) A constellation; Ursa Major. 

Wag'tail, n. ( Ornith.) A small bird, of several species, 
so named from the incessant motion of its long tail. 

Waif, n. [From waive, wave, q. v.] 1. (Eng. Law.) 
Goods found of which the owner is not known. 2. 
Hence, any thing found, or without an owner ; that which 
comes along, as it were, by chance. 

Wail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wailed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAILING.] [Icel. vala, to lament, Ir. ivaill, W. wylaw, 
gwylaw.] To lament; to moan; to bewail; to grieve 
over. 

Wail, v. i. To express sorrow audibly ; to lament ; to 
weep. 

Wain, k. [A.-S. w&n, wdgn, w'agen. See WAGON.] 1. 
A carriage for the transportation of goods on wheels ; a 
wagon. 2. (Astron.) A constellation ; Ursa Major. 

Wain'-rope, n. A rope for binding a load on a wagon ; 
a cart-rope. 

Wain'seot, n. [0. D. waeghe-schot, N. D. wagen-schot, 
a clapboard.] (Arch.) A wooden lining or boarding of 
the walls of apartments, made in panels. 

Wain'seot. v. t. [imp. & p. p. wainscoted; p. pr. 
& vb. n. wainscoting.] To line with boards or panel- 
work, or as if with panel-work. 

Wain'seot-ing, n. 1. Act of covering or lining with 
boards in panel. 2. The material used to wainscot a 
house, or the wainscot as a whole. 

Waist, n. [A.-S. ivdstin, form, figure, stature, 0. H. Ger. 
wahst, increment, stature, Goth, vakstus, from A.-S. 
weaxan, Goth, vahsjan, 0. H. Ger. wahsan, to grow.] 1. 
That part of the human body which is immediately below 
the ribs or thorax. 2. Hence, the middle part of other 
bodies; especially (Naut.), that part of a ship which is 
between the quarter-deck and forecastle. 

Waist'band, n. 1. The band or upper part of breeches, 
trousers, pantaloons, or the like, which encompasses the 
waist. 2. A sash worn by ladies around the waist. 

Waist'eloth, n. 1. A cloth or wrapper worn about 
the waist. 2. (Naut.) A covering of canvas or tarpaul- 
ing for the hammocks, stowed on the gangways, between 
the quarter-deck and the forecastle. 

Waist'eoat (colloq. wes'kut), n. A short coat or gar- 
ment, without sleeves, worn under the coat, extending 
no lower than the hips, and covering the waist ; a vest. 
Syn. — See Vest. 

Wait, v. i. [imp. & p. p. waited; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAITING.] [From 0. H. Ger. icahtcn, Icel. valcta, to 
keep, watch.] 1. To stay or rest in expectation ; to stop 
or remain stationary till the arrival of some person or 
event ; to rest in patience. 2. To lie in ambush, as an 



To ivait on or upon, (a.) To attend, as a servant, (ft.) To go 
to see; to visit on business or for ceremony, (e.) To follow, as 
a consequence; to await. 

Syn. — To attend; expect; watch; stay. 
Wait, v. t. To stay for ; to await. 



Wait, n. 1.- Ambush. 2. pi. Musicians who perform 
at night or in the early morning ; serenaders. 

Wait'er. n. 1. One who waits ; an attendant. 2. A 
salver ; a vessel on which something is carried, as tea- 
furniture, &c. 

Wait'ing-maid, ) n. A female servant who attends 

Wait'ing-wom/an, J a lady. 

Waive, v. t.' [imp. & p. p. WAIVED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAIVING.] [See Wave.] 1. To relinquish; to give up 
claim to ; not to insist on or claim ; to refuse ; to forego. 
2_. To throw away ; to cast off ; to reject ; to desert. 

Waiv'er, n. (Law.) The act of waiving, or not insisting 
on, some right, claim, or privilege. 

Wake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. waked (wakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. waking.] [A.-S. wacan, wacian, Goth, vakan, Icel. 
vaka.} 1. To be or to continue awake; to watch ; not 
to sleep. 2. To hold a night revel. 3. To awake ; to 
be awakened; to cease to sleep. 4. To be stirred up 
from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state. 

Wake, v. t. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To put in mo- 
tion or action : to arouse ; to excite. 3. To bring to life 
again ; to re-animate ; to revive. 4. To sit up, or watch 
with at night, as a dead body. 

Wake, n. 1. Act of waking, or being awaked. 2. State ©f 
forbearing sleep ; vigils. 3. Hence, specifically, (a.) An 
annual parish festival in commemoration of the dedica- 
tion of the church, (b.) The sitting up of persons with a 
dead body, chiefly among the Irish. 4. The track left 
by a vessel in the water. 
In the wake of, immediately after; hence, in the train of. 

Wake'ful, a. Indisposed to sleep ; watchful ; vigilant. 

Wake'ful-ness, n. Quality or condition of being 
wxtkeful"; indisposition to sleep ; want of sleep. 

Wak'en (wak'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. WAKENED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. wakening.] [See Wake, v. i.] To wake ; to 
cease to sleep ; to be awakened. 

Wak'en (wak'n), v. t. 1. To excite or rouse from sleep ; 
to awaken. 2. To excite to action or motion. 3. To 
rouse into action ; to stir up. 

Wak'en-er (wak'n-er), n. One who wakens. 

Wak'er, n. One who wakes or watches. 

Wale, n. [A.-S. walu, a mark of stripes or blows, Goth. 
valus, a rod, staff, Icel. voir, a staff.] 1. The mark of a 
rod or whip on animal flesh. 2. A ridge or streak rising 
above the surface of cloth, &c. 3. (Naut.) One of the 
strong planks extending along a ship's sides, throughout 
the whole length, at different heights. 

Wale, v. t. To mark with wales or stripes. 

Walk (wawk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. walked (wawkt) ; 
p". pr. & vb. n. WALKING.] [A.-S. ivealcan, to roll, turn, 
revolve, 0. H. Ger. u-alkan, gawalchan, to revolve, Icel. 
velkia.] 1. To move along on foot ; to advance by steps ; to 
go on at a slower or faster rate, but without running. 2. 
To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement. 3. 
To be stirring ; to be abroad ; to go restlessly about ; — 
said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a 
sleeping or dead person. 4. Hence, to behave ; to con- 
duct one's self. 

Walk (wawk), v. t. 1. To pass through or upon; to 
perambulate. 2. To cause to walk or step slowly ; to 
lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace. 

To walk the plank, to walk off the plank into the water and 
be drowned: — from the practice of pirates who extend a 
plank from the side of a ship, and compelled those whom they 
would drown to walk off into the water; figuratively, to vacate 
an office by compulsion. 

Walk (wawk), n. 1. Act of walking ; advance without 
running or leaping. 2. Act of walking for air or exer- 
cise. 3. Manner of walking ; gait ; step. 4. That in 
or through which one walks ; place or distance walked 
over ; hence, a place or region in which animals may 
graze. 5. Frequented track; habitual place of action •, 
sphere. 6. Conduct; course of action ; behavior. 
Syn.— Carriage; way; path; range. 

Walk'er (wawk'er), n. One who walks. 

Walk'ing- staff (wawk'-), n. A staff carried in th* 
hand for support or amusement in walking ; a cane. 

Wall (wawl), n. [A.-S. weall, wall, allied to Lat. vallum, 
v'allus.] 1. A solid and permanent inclosing fence, as 
around a field, a park, a town, or the like ; also, one of 
the upright inclosing parts of a building or room. 2. 
pi. Fortifications in general ; works for defense. 

To drive to the wall, to bring to extremities; to push to ex- 
tremes. — To go to the wall, to be hard pressed or driven: to be 
the weaker party.— To take the wall, to take the inner side of 
a walk, that is, the side next the wall; hence, to take the pre- 
cedence. 



WALL 



808 



WARD 



Wall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WALLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
walling.] 1. To inclose with a wall, or as with a 
wall. 2. To defend by walls, or as if by walls. 3. To 
close or fill with a wall. 

Wal-laAelii-an, a. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Wal- 
lachia, or to its inhabitants. 

Wal-la/«hi-an, n. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
VV'allachia, in Northern Turkey ; a Wallach. 

Wal'let (woPlet), n. [Fr. mallette, malette, valise, wal- 
le't, provision-bag, dim. of malle, a mail, a trunk, from 
0. H. Ger. malha, mala/ia, wallet, cloak-bag, portman- 
teau, Gr. (u.oAyos, an ox -hide, a skin.] 1. A bag or sack 
for carrying about the person, as for carrying the neces- 
saries for a journey ; a peddler's pack ; a bag-like purse ; 
a pocket-book for keeping money about the person. 2. 
Any thing protuberant and swagging. 

Wall'-eye (wawl'I), n. 1. An eye in which the iris is of a 
very light gray or whitish color ; — said usually of horses. 
2. An eye in which the white is very large and distorted. 
[Prov. Eng.] 

Wall'-eyed (-Id), a. Having a wall-eye; hence (in 
Shakespeare), having an eye which is utterly and incura- 
bly perverted ; or one that knows no pity. 

Wall'-flow'er, n. (Bot.) A cruciferous, evergreen 
p'iant, which grows in old walls, &c. ; a stock gillyflower. 

Wall'-friiit, n. Fruit which, to be ripened, must be 
planted against a wall. 

Wal'lop (wol'lup), v. i. [imp. & p. p. walloped 
(woKlupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. WALLOPING.] [Formed on 
A.-S. weallan, wyllan, wellan, to spring up, to boil or 
bubble, Eng. to well. Cf. WELL.] [Prov. Eng.] 1. To 
boil with a continued bubbling. 2. To waddle. 3. To 
gallop. 4. To be slatternly. 

"Wal'lop, v. t. To beat soundly ; to flog ; to whip. 
[Prov. Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 

Wal'low (wol'lo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. WALLOWED ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WALLOWING.] [0. Eng. wahve, A.-S. 
wealoivian, wealwian, walwian, Goth, valugjan, allied 
to Skr. valg, to move one's self or itself.] 1. To roll 
one's self about, as in mire or on other substance ; to 
flounder. 2. To live in filth or gross vice. 

Wal'low-er, n. 1. One who wallows. 2. (Mach.) A 
lantern-wheel. 

Wal'nut (wol'mit), n. [A.-S. wealh-hnut, a Welsh or 
foreign nut, a walnut, from toealh, a foreigner, stranger, 
a Welshman, Celt, and limit, a nut.] (Bot.) A tree, and 
its fruit, comprehending several species, of which some 
are natives of the United States. 

Wal'rus (wol'rus), n. [D. wal- 
rus, from wal, in walvisch, a 
whale, and ros, a horse.] ( Zool.) 
An aquatic mammal, resem- 
bling the seal, and allied to it. 

Waltz (wawlts), n. [D. ivals, 
Ger. walzer, from walzen, to 
roll, revolve, dance, 0. H. Ger. 
walzan, to roll.] A dance per- 
formed by two persons in circu- Walrus 
lar figures with a whirling mo- 
tion ; also, a piece of music composed for this kind of 
dance. 

Waltz (wawlts), v. i. [imp. & p. p. waltzed (108); p. 
pr. & vb. n. WALTZING.] To dance a waltz. 

Waltz'er (wawlts'er), n. A person who waltzes. 

Wam'ble (wom'bl), v. i. [Fries, vommelen, Dan. vam- 
mel, squeamish, fastidious, Icel. vdma, to nauseate.] 1. 
To be disturbed with nausea. [Vulgar.] 2. To move 
irregularly to and fro ; to roll. 

Wam'pum (wom'pum), n. [Ind. wampum, wompam, 
from the Mass. wompi, Del. wape, white.] Small beads 
made of shells, used by the North American Indians as 
money ,and also wrought into belts, &c, as an ornament. 

Wan (won), a. [A.-S. wann,wonn, tvan, won, pale, lurid, 
livid, dusky, foul, orig., worn out by toil, from winnan, 
to labor, strive.] Having a pale or sickly hue ; pale. 

Wan, v. i. To grow wan ; to become pale or sickly in looks. 

Wand (wond), n. [Icel. vondr, Goth, vandus.] 1. A 
small stick ; a rod. 2. Hence, specifically, (a.) A staff 
of authority^ (b.) A rod used by conjurers or diviners. 

Wan'der (won'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wandered ; 
p\ pr. & vb. n. WANDERING.] [A.-S. wandrian, wan- 
dorian, Icel. andra, to wander ; A.-S. wandlian, to be 
changeable, to change; 0. H. Ger. wandaldn, wantaldn, 
to be changed ; allied to A.-S. vendan, to change, to go, 
to come ; vindan, to be borne around ; Eng. wend and 
wind, q. v.] 1. To ramble here and there ; to range 
about. 2. To go away; to stray off; to go astray. 3. 
To be delirious. 




Syn. — To roam; rove; range; stroll; gad; stray; straggle? 
err; swerve; deviate; depart. 

Wan'der-er (won'der-er), n. One who wanders ; a ram- 
bler ; one who roves. 

Wane, u. i. [imp. & p. p. waned; /;. pr. & vb. n. 
WANING.] [A.-S. wanian, wonian, 0. H. Ger. wanon, 
Icel. vana, from A.-S. wan, won; Icel. van, vanr, 0. H. 
Ger. wan, deficient, vain, wanting.] 1. To be dimin- 
ished ; to decrease ; — especially applied to the illumi- 
nated part of the moon. 2. To decline ; to fail ; to sink. 

Wane, n. 1. Decrease of the illuminated part of the 
moon to the eye of a spectator. 2. Decline ; failure ; 
decrease; declension. 

Wan'ness (109), n. The state or quality of being wan ; 
a'sallow, dead, pale color ; paleness. 

Wan'nish, a. Somewhat wan ; of a pale hue. 

Want (wawnt), n. [See infra.] 1. State of not having ; 
absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired. 2. In 
a general sense, destitution ; poverty. 3. That which is 
needed or desired ; a thing of which the loss is felt. 

Syn.— Indigence ; deficiency; defect; lack; failure; dearth; 
scarcity; scarceness. See Indigence. 

Want (wawnt), v. t. [imp. &p.p. WANTED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. wanting.] 1. To be without ; to be destitute 
of; to lack. 2. To have occasion for, as useful, proper, 
or requisite; to require; to need. 3. To feel need of; 
to wish or long for ; to desire. 4. To be lacking in re- 
spect of, or to the amount of. 

Want, v. i. [Icel. vanta, to be wanting, allied to A.-S. 
wanian, Eng. wane, q. v.] 1. To be deficient or lack- 
ing ; to fail ; to fall short. 2. To be missed ; not to be 
present. 3. To omit ; to neglect ; to fail. [ficient. 

Wanting, p. a. 1. Absent ; deficient. 2. Slack ; de~ 

Wan'ton (won'tun), a. [W. gwantan, variable, fickle, 
w'anton, gwantwy, apt to move away, fickle, gwantu, to 
sever, to thrusi.] 1. Moving or flying loosely; hence, 
wandering or roving in gayety or sport. 2. Running to 
excess; loose; unrestrained. 3. Luxuriant ; overgrown. 
4. Not turned or formed with regularity. 5. Wander- 
ing from moral rectitude ; licentious ; dissolute. 6. Es- 
pecially, deviating from the rules of chastity. 

Syn.— Sportive; frolicsome; airy; skittish; frisky; coltish; 
lecherous; lascivious; libidinous. 

Wan'ton, n. A lewd person ; a lascivious man or woman. 

Wan'ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wantoned ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WANTONING.] 1. To rove and ramble without re- 
straint, rule, or limit ; to revel; to frolic. 2. To sport 
in lewdness or lasciviously. 

Wan'ton-ly, adv. In a wanton manner ; loosely ; sport- 
ively ; gayly ; lasciviously. 

Wan'ton-ness (109), n. Quality of being wanton. 

Syn. — Levity ; frolicsomeness ; sportiveness ; lascivioug- 
ness; extravagance. 

Wap'en-talte, n. [A.-S. ivzepengetace, wsepentace, so 
called, as some think, because the inhabitants within 
such divisions were taught the use of arms, from wsepen, 
a weapon, and tsccan, to teach. According to others, this 
name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or 
spears when the hundreder, or chief, entered on his 
office.] In some northern counties of England, a division 
or district, answering to the Hundred in other counties. 

War, n. [0. Eng. & A.-S. werre, uuerre, from O. H. Ger. 
werra, scandal, quarrel, sedition, from werran, to con- 
found, mix.] 1. A state of opposition or contest; en- 
mity ; hostility. 2. A contest between nations or states, 
carried on by force ; armed conflict of sovereign powers. 
3. The profession of arms ; art of war. 

War, v. i. [imp. & p. p. warred ; p. pr. & vb. n. WAR- 
RING.] 1. To contend ; to strive violently ; to fight. 2, 
To make war ; to carry on hostilities ; or to be in a state 
of contest by violence. 

War'ble (wor'bl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. warbled ; p. pr. 
&' vb. n. WARBLING.] [0. Eng. werbelle, from Ger. wir- 
beln, to turn, to warble ; D. wervelen, Eng. whirl.] 1. 
To sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner ; 
to trill. 2. To utter musically ; to carol. 3. To cause to 
quaver or vibrate. 

War'ble, v. i. 1. To be quavered or modulated ; to be 
uttered melodiously. 2. To sing in a trilling manner, 
or with many turns and variations. [song. 

War'ble, n. A quavering modulation of the voice; a 

War'bler, n. One who, or that which, warbles ; a singer ; 
a'songster ; — applied chiefly to birds. 

War'-«ry, n. A cry or signal used in war. 

War'-dance, n. A dance among savages preliminary to 
going to war. 

Ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. warded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



-■, e, 



Scc.Joni 



; a, e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wolf| 



WARD 



809 



WARRANTY 



WARDING.] [A.-S. weardian, to keep, protect, allied to 
werian, werigan, to defend ; 0. H. Ger. wartin, gawar- 
ten. See Guard.] 1. To keep in safety ; to watch ; to 
guard. 2. To defend; to protect. 3. To fend off; to 
repel ; to turn aside, as any thing mischievous that ap- 
proaches. 

Ward, n. [A.-S. weard, f., guard, weard, m., keeper, 
guard, Goth, vardja, vards, guard. See supra.] 1. Act 
of guarding ; watch ; guard ; guardianship. 2. One 
whose business is to guard, watch, and defend. 3. State 
of being under guard or guardianship ; custody ; the 
condition of a child under a guardian. 4. Means of 
guarding ; one who, or that which, guards ; defense ; 
protection; defender; protector. 5. A guarding or de- 
fensive motion or position in fencing. 6. One who, or 
that which, is guarded; as, specifically, (a.) A minor or 
person under the care of a guardian, (b.) A certain di- 
vision or quarter of a town or city, under the charge of 
an alderman, (c.) A division of a hospital. 7. A pro- 
jecting ridge of metal in the interior of a lock. 

Syn.— Watch; stronghold; custody; imprisonment; guard- 
ianship. 

Ward'en (word'n), n. [See GUARDIAN and supra.] A 
keeper ; a guardian. 

Ward'en-ry, \ n. The office or jurisdiction of a 

Ward'en-ship, ) warden. 

Ward'er, n. 1. One who wards or keeps; a keeper ; a 
guard. 2. A truncheon or staff of command, the throw- 
ing down of which was a solemn act of prohibition to 
stay proceedings. 

Ward'rolbe, n. 1. A room, apartment, or portable 
closet, where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is 
stored. 2. Wearing apparel in general. 

Ward'rdbm, n. (Naut.) A room occupied as a mess- 
room by the commissioned officers of a war-vessel. 

Ward'ship, n. 1. Office of a ward or keeper ; guardian- 
ship ; right of guardianship. 2. State of being under a 
guardian ; pupilage. 

Ware, d. i. ( Naut. } i To wear ; to veer. See Wear. 

Ware, n. [A.-S. waru, Icel. vara.] Article of merchan- 
dise ; the sum of articles of a particular kind or class ; 
especially, in the plural, goods : commodities ; merchan- 
dise, [for goods. 

Ware'house, n.; pi. WARE'HOUg-ES. A storehouse 

Ware'houge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. warehoused; p.pr. 
& vb. n. WAREHOUSING.] 1. To deposit or secure in 
a warehouse. 2. To place in the warehouse of the gov- 
ernment or custom-house stores, to be kept until duties 
are paid. 

Ware'houseman, n. ; pi. ware'house-men. 1. 
One who keeps a warehouse. 2. One who keeps a whole- 
sale shop or store for Manchester or woolen goods. [Eng.] 

Ware§,w. ; pi. See Ware. 

War'f are, n. [From war and fare, to go, to pass, A.-S. 
fdru.] 1. Military service; war; hostilities. 2. Con- 
test ; struggle. 

War'-horse, n. A horse used in war; especially, a 
strong, powerful, spirited horse for military service ; 
a charger. 

Wa'ri-ly (4, 89), adv. In a wary manner ; cautiously. 

Wa'ri-ness, n. State or quality of being wary ; prudent 
care to foresee and guard against evil. 

Syn.— Caution; watchfulness; circumspection; foresight; 
care; vigilance; scrupulousness. 

War 'like, a. 1. Fit for war ; disposed for war. 2. Be- 
longing, or relating, to war. 

Syn. — Martial; hostile; soldierly; soldier-like. See Mar- 
tial. 

War'lock, n. [A.-S. w'drloga, a belier or breaker of his 
agreement, word, or pledge, from loga, a liar.] A male 
witch ; a wizard ; a sprite ; an imp. 

Warm, a. [compar. warmer ; superl. warmest.] 
[A.-S. wearm, Goth, varms, Tcel. varmr, allied to Skr. 
gharma, heat, Gi\ flep/ATj, 0ep ] u.6?,0epM.eiv, Lat. fervere , 0. 
Lat. formus, warm.] 1. Having heat in a moderate 
degree ; not cold. 2. Subject to heat. 3. Hence, not 
cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or the like, in spirit or tem- 
per. 4. Vehement; excited; passionate. 5. {Paint.) 
Having yellow or yellow-red for a basis. 

Syn. — Ardent; zealous ; fervent; glowing ; cordial; keen; 
violent; furious. 

Warm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. warmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WARMING.] 1. To communicate a moderate degree of 
heat to. 2. To make engaged or earnest ; to excite in- 
terest, ardor, or zeal in. 

Warm, v. i. 1. To become moderately heated. 2. To 
become ardent or animated. 



Warm'-blood / ed(-blud / ed), a. Having warm blood; 

— applied especially to birds and mammals. 
Warm'-heart'ed, a. Possessing lively interest or 

affection ; cordial ; sincere ; hearty. 
Warm'ing.pan, n. A pan with a long handle, and a 

perforated cover used for warming a bed with ignited coals. 
Warm'ly, adv. 1. In a warm manner. 2. Eagerly; 

earnestly ; ardently. 
Warmth, n. 1. State or quality of being warm ; gentle 

heat. 2. A state of lively and excited interest. 3. 

Earnestness; eagerness; enthusiasm. 4. (Paint.) The 

glowing effect which arises from the use of warm colors, 

and also from the use of transparent colors, in the proc^ 

ess of glazing. 

Syn. — Zeal; ardor; fervor; fervency; heat; glow; cordial- 
ity; animation; excitement; vehemence. 

Wa,rn,f. t. [imp. 8c p. p. warned ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. warn- 
ing .] [A.-S. warnian, weamian, Icel. varna, 0. H. Ger. 
'warndn, gawarnon, allied to Eng. ware, wary, q. v.] 1. 
To make ware or aware ; to give previous information or 
notice to ; to admonish ; hence, to notify or summon by 
authority. 2. To caution against any thing that may 
prove injurious. 

Warn'er, n. One who warns ; an admonisher. 

Warn'ing, n. 1. Caution against danger, or against 
faults or practices which incur danger ; admonition. 2. 
Previous notice. 

Warp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. warped (warpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WARPING.] [A.-S. weorpan, werpan, wyrpan, 
wurpan, to throw, to cast, Goth, vairpan, Icel. varpa, 
verpa.] 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of a straight 
direction, as a board in seasoning or by shrinking. 2. 
To turn or incline from a straight, true, or proper cour.-e ; 
to deviate ; to swerve. 3. To fly with a bending or wav- 
ing motion. 

Warp, v. t. 1. To turn or twist out of shape, or out of 
a" straight direction. 2. To turn aside from the true 
direction ; to pervert. 3. (Naut.) To tow or move with, 
as a vessel, a line or warp attached to buoys, to anchors, 
or the like. 4. (Rope-making.) To run off the reel into 
hauls to be tarred, as yarns. 

Warp, n. 1. (Weaving.) The threads which are ex- 
tended lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the woof. 
2. ( Naut. ) A towing-line ; a warping-hawser. 

Warp, n. The state of being warped or twisted. 

Warp'ing, n. 1. Act or operation of one who, or that 
which, warps. 2. Art or occupation of preparing the 
warp of webs for the weaver. 

War'rant (wor'rant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. warranted ; 
p'. pr. & vb. n. WARRANTING.] [0. Fr. warantir, gar- 
antir, guarantor, from 0. Fries, wara, we.ra. to warrant, 
0. H. Ger. weren, N. H. Ger. gewdhren.] 1. To make 
secure ; to guaranty safety to. 2. To support by author- 
ity or proof; to justify. 3. To declare with assurance. 
4. (Law.) (a.) To secure to, as a grantee, an estate 
granted; to assure, (b.) To indemnify against loss, (c.) 
To secure to, as a purchaser, the quality or quantity of 
the goods sold, as represented, (d.) To assure, as a thing 
sold, to the purchaser ; — that is, to engage that the 
thing is what it appears or is represented to be. 

War'rant (wor'rant), n. 1. That which warrants or 
authorizes; a commission giving authority, or justifying 
the doing of any hing. 2. (Law.) A precept author- 
izing an officer to seize an offender and bring him to jus- 
tice. 3. That which vouches or insures for any thing ; 
guaranty ; security. 4. That which attests or proves ; 
a voucher. 5. A writing which authorizes a person to 
receive money or other thing. 

War'rant-a-hle, a. Authorized by commission, precept, 
or right ; justifiable ; defensible. [ble. 

War'rant-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being warranta- 

War'rant-a-hly, adv. In a warrantable manner; justi- 
fiably. 

War'ran-tee', n. The person to whom land or other 
thing is warranted. 

War'rant-er, n. 1. One who warrants, gives authority, 
or legally empowers. 2. One who assures, or covenants 
to assure ; one who contracts to secure another in a right, 
or to make good any defect of title or quality. 

War'rant-or (127), n. One who warrants. 

War'ran-ty, n. 1. (Modern Law & Law of Contracts.) 
An engagement or undertaking, express or implied, that 
a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or 
shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or prom- 
ised to be. 2. (Insurance Laiv.) A stipulation or engage- 
ment by a party insured, that certain things, relating to 
the subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; this- 



WARRANTY 



810 



WATCH 



shall exist, or have been, or shall be done. 3. Security ; 
warrant ; guarantee. 

War'ran-ty, v. t. To warrant ; to guaranty. 

War'ren (worsen), n. [From 0. H. Ger. waron, A.-S. 
warian, Goth, varjan, to beware, guard, defend.] 1. 
(Eng. Law.) (a.) A place privileged, by prescription or 
grant from the king, for keeping certain beasts and fowls. 
(b.) A privilege which one has in his lands, by royal grant 
or prescription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and 
birds of warren, to the exclusion of any other person not 
entering by his permission. 2. A piece of ground for the 
breeding and preservation of rabbits. 3. A place for 
keeping fish, in a river. 

War'reii-er, n. The keeper of a warren. 

War'rior (wor'yur orwor'rT-ur), n. [See War.] A man 
engaged in war or military life ; a soldier ; a champion. 

"Wart. n. [A.-S. vjeart, Icel. varta, 0. H. Ger. warza, 
liat. verruca.'] 1. A small, hard excrescence on the skin. 
2. (Bot.) A glandular excrescence or hardened protuber- 
ance on plants. 

Wart'y, a. 1. Having warts; full of warts ; overgrown 
with warts. 2. Of the nature of warts. 

War'-whobp (-hobp), n. [From war and whoop.'] The 
cry or shout uttered by Indians in war. 

Wa'ry (4, 89), a. [compar. warier ; superl. wariest.] 
[See Ware, a.] Cautious of danger ; carefully watching 
and guarding against deception, artifices, and dangers. 

Syn. — Scrupulous; timorously prudent; circumspect. See 
Cautious. 

Wag (woz), [A.-S. was.] The past tense of the substan- 
tive verb to be. 

Wash (wosh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. washed (wosht) ; p. 
p'r. & vb. n. WASHING.] [A.-S. wascan, wacsan, waxan, 
0. H. Ger. wascan, wasgan, wazkan.] 1. To cleanse 
by ablution, or by dipping or rubbing in water ; to scrub 
with water, &c. 2. To cover with water ; to wet ; hence, 
to overflow or dash against. 3. To waste or abrade by 
the force of water in motion. 4. To remove by washing ; 
to take away by the action of water. 5. To tint lightly 
and thinly. 6. To overlay with a thin coat of metal. 

Wash (wosh), v. i. 1. To perform the act of ablution. 
2". To perform the business of cleansing clothes in wa- 
ter. 3. To bear the operation of being washed. [Colloq.] 
4. To be wasted or worn away by the action of water. 

Wash (wosh), n. 1. Act of washing, or ablution; a 
cl'eansing, wetting, or dashing with water; hence, the 
quantity of clothes washed at once. 2. A piece of 
ground washed by the action of a sea or river, or some- 
times covered and sometimes left dry ; also, the shallow- 
est part of a river or arm of the sea; also, a bog; a 
marsh ; a fen. 3. Substances collected and deposited by 
the action of water. 4. Waste liquor, the refuse of food, 
&c, from a kitchen. 5. (Distilling.) The fermented 
wort from which the spirit is extracted. 6. That with 
which any thing is washed, or wetted, smeared, tinted, 
coated, &c, upon the surface ; as, (a.) A cosmetic for the 
complexion ; also, a liquid dentrifrice ; also, a preparation 
for the hair, (b.) A lotion, (c.) A thin coat of color, 
spread over spaces of a picture, (d. ) A thin coat of metal, 
laid on any thing for beauty or preservation. 7. (Naut.) 
The blade of an oar. 

Wash '-ball, n. A ball of soap, to be used in washing 
the hands or face. 

Wash'-board, n. 1. A board with a fluted or ribbed 
surface on which clothes are rubbed in being washed. 
2. A board running round the walls of a room, next to 
the floor ; mop-board. 3. (Naut.) A broad, thin plank, 
fixed on the top of a boat or other small vessel's side, to 
prevent the sea from breaking over ; also, a piece of 
plank on the sill of a lower deck port, for the same pur- 
pose. 

Wash'er (wosh'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
washes. 2. A ring of metal, leather, or other material, 
used to relieve friction, to secure tightness of joints, or 
for other purposes. 

Wash'er- wom'an, n. ; pi. wash'er-wom'en (-wim / - 
en). A woman who washes clothes for others, or for hire. 

Washing (wosh'ing), n. 1. Act of one who washes ; 
ablution. 2. Clothes washed, especially those washed at 
one time ; wash. 

Wash'-leath'er (wosh'-), n. Split sheep-skin dressed 
with oil, in imitation of chamois or shammy ; also, buff 
leather for regimental belts. 

Wash'-p5t (wosh 7 -), n. A pot or vessel in which anything 
is washed. 

Wash'y (wosh'y), a. 1. Watery : damp ; soft. 2. Lack- 
ing substance or solidity ; watery ; weak ; thin. 



Wasp (wosp), n. [A.-S. wasp, w'dps, wesp, 0. H. Ger. 
ivafsa, wefsa, Lat. vespa.] (Entom.) A hymenopterous 
insect, allied to the hornet, and capable of stinging se- 
verely. 

Wasp'ish (wosp'ish,) a. 1. Having a slender waist, like 
a'wasp. 2. Quick to resent a tritiing affront. 

Syn. — Snappish ; petulant ; irritable ; irascible ; peevish ? 
eaptious. 

Wasp'ish-ly (wosp^ish-ly), adv. In a waspish or snap- 
pish manner ; irritably ; petulantly. 

Wasp'ish-ness (wosp'ish-), n. State or quality of being 
w'aspish ; irritability ; irascibility ; snappishness. 

Was'sail (wos'sil. 42), n. [A.-S. wes-hal, be in health.] 
1". An ancient expression of good wishes on a festive 
occasion, especially in drinking to one. 2. A festive 
season; roistering festivity ; intemperate indulgence. 3. 
A liquor composed of wine or ale, sugar, nutmeg, toast, 
and roasted apples. 4. A song or glee sung at a festive 
gathering. 

Was'sail (wSs'sil), v. i. To hold a festive occasion, 
especially one at which there was much drinking of 
healths ; to carouse. 

Was'sail (wos'sil), a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, 
w'assail. 

Was'sail-er (wos'sil-er), n. One who drinks wassail ; a 
reveler. 

Wast (wost), imp. of the substantive verb to be, in the 
second person singular, indicative. 

Waste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WASTING.] [A.-S. westan, 0. H. Ger. wastjav, wdstjan, 
wuostjan, allied to Lat. vastare.] 1. To bring to ruin ; 
to devastate; to destroy. 2. To wear away by degrees; 
to impair gradually. 3. To spread unnecessarily or care- 
lessly ; to employ prodigally ; to lavish vainly. 4. (Law.) 
To damage, impair, or injure, as an estate, voluntarily, 
or by suffering the buildings, fences, &c, to go to decay. 
Syn. — To squander; dissipate; lavish; desolate. 

Waste, v. i. To be diminished; to be consumed by any 
cause ; to dwindle. 

Waste, a. 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; 
hence, dreary ; dismal. 2. Lying unused; of no worth; 
valueless. 3. Lost for want of occupiers. 

Syn. — Destitute ; worthless ; superfluous; unproductive; 
wild; uncultivated. 

Waste, n. 1. Act of wasting, devastating, desolating, 
squandering, lavishing, expending unnecessarily, care- 
lessly, and the like. 2. That which is wasted or deso- 
late ; devastated ; uncultivated or wild country ; unoc- 
cupied or unemployed space ; desert. 3. That which is 
of no value; worthless remnant; refuse. 4. (Law.) 
Spoil, destruction, or injur}', done to houses, woods, 
fences, lands, &c, by a tenant. 

Syn. — Prodigality: diminution; loss; dissipation; destruc- 
tion; devastation; havoc; desolation; ravage. 

Waste'-book, n. (Com.) A book in which rough en- 
tries of transactions are made, previous to their being 
carried into the journal. 

Waste'f ill, a. 1. Full of waste ; destructive to property. 
2. Expending property, or that which is valuable, with- 
out necessity or use. 

Syn. — Lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant. 

Waste'f ul-ly, adv. In a wasteful manner ; lavishly. 

Waste'f ul-iiess, n. The quality of being wasteful ; 
lavishness ; prodigality. 

Waste'-plpe, n. A pipe for conveying off waste water, 
and the like. 

Wast'er, n. One who wastes ; one who squanders prop- 
erty ; one who consumes extravagantly or without use. 

"Watch (wotch), n. [A.-S. wacce, Goth, vahtvo, Icel. 
v'akt. See Wake and infra.] 1. Act of watching : for- 
bearance of sleep ; vigil ; close observation ; guard : pre- 
servative or preventive vigilance ; formerly, a watching or 
guarding by night. 2. One who watches, or those who 
watch ; a sentry ; a guard. 3. Post or office of a watch- 
man : also, the' place where he is posted. 4. The period 
of the night in which one person, or one set of persons, 
stand as sentinels ; hence, a division of the night. 5. A 
small timepiece or chronometer, to be carried in the 
pocket. 6. (Naut.) (a.) An allotted portion of time, 
usually four hours, for watching, or being on duty, (b.) 
That part of the officers and crew of a vessel who together 
attend to working her for an allotted time. 

G@*» Watch was formerly distinguished from ward, the for- 
mer signifying a watching or guarding by night, and the latter a 
watching, guarding, or protecting by clay. — Watch and icatch, 
an arrangement by which the watches are alternated every 
other four hours. 



a,,e,&c.,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son,6r, do, wolf, 



WATCH 



811 



WATER-TIGHT 



Watch (wotch), v. i. 1. To be awake ; to be or continue 
without sleep ; to keep -vigil. 2. To be attentive or 
vigilant ; to be on the lookout ; to keep guard. 3. To 
be expectant ; to wait ; to seek opportunity. 4. To re- 
main awake with any one as nurse or attendant. 5. 
(Naut. ) To float on the surface of the water, as a buoy. 

Watch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. watched (wStcht) ; p. pr. 
&" vb. n. watching.] 1. To give heed to ; to keep in 
view; not to lose from sight and observation. 2. To 
tend ; to guard ; to have in keeping. 

Watch'-d5g, n. A dog kept to guard premises or prop- 
erty, and to give notice of the approach of intruders. 

Watch'er, n. One who watches ; especially, one who at- 
tends upon the sick during the night. [observe. 

Watch'ful (wStch'ful), a. Full of watch; careful to 
Syn. —Vigilant ; attentive ; cautious ; observant ; circum- 
spect ; wakeful ; heedful. 

Watch'ful-ly, adv. In a watchful manner ; vigilantly. 

Watch'ful-ness, n. State or quality of being watchful ; 
indisposition to sleep ; hence, careful and diligent obser- 
vation for the purpose of preventing or escaping danger, 
or of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. 

Syn. — "Vigilance; heedfulness; wakefulness; circumspec- 
tion; cautiousness. 

Watch'-house, n. ; pi. watch'-hou^es. 1. A house 
in which a watch or guard is placed. 2. A place where 
persons under temporary arrest by the police of a city are 
kept ; a lock-up. 

Watch'-llght (wStch'-lit), n. A light used for watching 
or sitting up in the night ; especially, a candle formerly 
used for this purpose, having a rush wick. 

Watch'man, n.; pi. watch/men. 1. One set to 
watch ; a sentinel. 2. One who guards the streets of a 
city or building by night. 

Watch'-tow'er, n. A tower on which a sentinel is 
placed to watch for enemies or the approach of danger. 

"Watch'- word (wotch'wQrd), n. The word given to 
sentinels, and to such as have occasion to visit the guards, 
used as a signal by which a friend is known from an ene- 
my ; a countersign ; pass-word. 

Wa'ter, n. [A.-S. water, Icel. vatn, Goth, vato, Slav. 
woda, Gr. tiSwp ; Lat. unda, a wave, udus, uvidus, wet, 
uvor, moistness, Skr. uda the sea, und, to flow.] 1. The 
fluid which descends from the clouds in rain , and which 
forms rivers, lakes, seas, &c. 2. A body of water, stand- 
ing or flowing. 3. One of various liquid secretions, hu- 
mors, &c. ; — so named from their resemblance to water ; 
especially, urine. 4. The color or luster of a diamond. 

To make water, (a.) To pass urine. (&.) {Naut.) To admit 
water; to leak. 

Wa'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. watered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WATERING.] 1. To wet or overflow with water. 2. To 
supply with water for drink. 3. To wet and calender, as 
cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy 
lines. [get or take in water. 

Wa'ter, t>. i. 1. To shed water or liquid matter. 2. To 
The mouth waters, a phrase denoting that a person has a 
longing desire, the sight of food often causing an increased 
flow of saliva. 

Wa'ter-baiFiff, n. An officer of the customs, in Eng- 
land, for searching ships. 

Wa'ter-bear'er, m. (Astron.) A sign of the zodiac, and 
tne constellation from which it is named ; Aquarius. 

Wa'ter-eart, n. A cart bearing water ; especially, one 
by means of which water is sprinkled, as in the streets, 
&c. [draulic cement. 

Wa'ter-cem'ent, or Wa'ter-ce-ment', n. Hy- 

Wa'ter-elos/et, n. A pri'vy ; especially, a privy fur- 
nished with a contrivance for introducing a stream of 
water to cleanse it. 

Wa'ter- cdl'or (-kQPur), n. (Paint.) A color ground 
with water and gum or size ; a color the vehicle of which 
is water. 

Wa'ter-eourse, n. 1. A stream of water. 2. A chan- 
nel or canal for the conveyance of water, especially in 
draining lands. 

Wa'ter-eress, n. (Bot.) A small, creeping plant, grow- 
ing in watery places ; — one kind is much cultivated as a 
relish or salad, and as a preventive of scurvy. 

Wa'ter-eure, n. (Med.) The mode or system of treat- 
ing diseases with water ; hydropathy ; — applied also to 
an establishment where such treatment is employed. 

Wa'ter-d5g, n. 1. A dog accustomed to the water ; 
especially, a variety of the common dog, generally of a 
black color, with some white, remarkable for its aquatic 
habits, which render it valuable to sportsmen. 2. A 
small floating cloud, supposed to indicate rain. 3. A 
sailor. [Colloq.] 



Wa'ter-er, n. One who waters. 

Wa'ter-f all, n. 1. A fall or perpendicular descent of the 
water of a river or stream, or a descent nearly perpen- 
dicular ; a cascade ; a cataract. 2. A kind of femal* 
head-dress or arrangement of the long hair at the back of 
the head. 

Wa'ter-f owl, n. A bird that frequents the water, or 
lives about rivers, lakes, or on or near the sea ; an 
aquatic fowl. 

Wa'ter-gauge, n. An instrument for measuring or as- 
certaining the depth or quantity of water, as in the boiler 
of a steam-engine. 

Wa'ter-gild'ing, n. The gilding of metallic surfaces 
by covering them with a thin coating of amalgam of gold, 
and then volatilizing the mercury by heat. 

Wa/ter-gru/el, n. A liquid food," composed of water 
and a small portion of meal, or other farinaceous sub- 
.stance boiled. 

~W a'ter-i-ness, n. The state or quality of being watery. 

Wa'ter-ing-place, n. 1. A place where water may be 
obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, &c. 2. A place to 
which people resort for mineral water, or for the use of 
water in any way, as bathing, drinking, &c. 

Wa'ter-Ish, a. 1. Resembling water ; thin ; watery. 2. 
Somewhat watery ; moist. [waterinees. 

Wa'ter-ish-ness, n. State or quality of being waterish ; 

Wa'ter-lev'el, n. 1. The level formed by the surface 
of still water. 2. A leveling instrument in which water 
is employed for determining the horizontal line. 

Wa'ter-liFy, n. (Bot.) An aquatic plant, distinguished 
for its beautiful, and usually very fragrant, flowers, and 
large, floating leaves ; — applied also to the yellow pond- 
lily. 

Wa'ter-line, n. (Naut.) A horizontal line supposed to 
be drawn about a ship's bottom at the surface of the water. 

Wa'ter-logged, a. (Naut.) Rendered log-like, heavy, 
o'r clumsy in movement, in consequence of being filled 
with water. 

Wa'ter-man, «. ; yZ. wa'ter-men. 1. A man who 
manages water-craft ; a boatman ; a ferryman. 2. An 
attendant on cab-stands, &c, who supplies water to the 
horses. [Eng.] 

Wa'ter-mark, n. 1. A mark indicating the height to 
which water has risen, or at which it has stood. 2. A 
letter, device, &c, wrought into paper during the pro- 
cess of manufacture. 

Wa'ter-mel'on, n. (Bot.) A plant, and its pulpy fruit, 
which abounds with a sweetish liquor resembling water 
in color. [water. 

Wa'ter-mill, n. A mill whose machinery is moved by 

Wa'ter-ou/§el (-oo'zl), n. (Omitli.) An aquatic bird ; 
the dipper. 

Wa/ter-pot, n. A vessel for holding or conveying water, 
or for sprinkling water on cloth in bleaching, or on 
plants, &c. 

Wa'ter-pow'er, n. 1. The power of water employed 
to move machinery, &c. 2. A fall of water which may 
be used to drive machinery ; a source of power from 
water ; a place where water may be readily used to drive 
machinery. 

Wa/ter-prrv'i-lege, n. 1. The right to use water for 
mills, or to drive machinery. 2. A stream of water ca- 
pable of being employed to drive machinery, as for a 
mill. [mit water. 

Wa'ter-probf , a. So firm and compact as not to ad- 

Wa/ter-prdbf, \n. A substance or preparation 

Wa'ter-prdbf 'ing, ) for rendering any thing, as cloth, 
leather, &c, impervious to water. 

Wa'ter-ram, n. A machine by means of which water 
is" raised by the momentum of a larger stream than the 
one which is raised ; an hydraulic ram. 

Wa'ter-rot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. water-rotted ; p.pr. 

£ vb. n. WATER-ROTTING.] To rot _^ ~J^_ 

by steeping in water. 
Wa'ter-shed, n. A range of high 

land between two river-basins, and 

discharging its waters into them from 

opposite directions. 
Wa'ter-soak, v. t. To soak in 

water ; to fill the interstices of j 

with water. ( 

Wa'ter- spout, n. A meteorological Jgj 

phenomenon, of the nature of a f>v- - 

nado or whirlwind, usually observed - : 

over the sea. 
Wa'ter- tight (-tit), «. So tight as to -- 

retain or not to admit water, or to ^=3^s===^s5§^~ 

suffer it to escape ; not leaky. Water-spout. 



li 



food, f o"bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



WATER-WHEEL 



812 



WEAK 



Wa'ter- wheel, n. Any wheel for 
propelling machinery or other pur- 
poses, that is made to rotate by the 
direct action of water ; — called an 
overshot-wheel when the water is ap- 
plied at the top, an undershot-wheel 
when at the bottom, a breast -wheel 
when at an intermediate point, and 
a turbine-wheel, when its axis is ver- 
tical, and the water acts upon differ- 
ent sides 





draulic 
machine 



Undershot- wheel. Breast-wheel, 

a work, or collection of works, by which a 
supply of water is furnished for useful or ornamental 
purposes ; — chiefly in the plural. 
Wa'ter-y, a. 1. Resembling water ; thin or transparent, 
as a liquid. 2. Hence, abounding in thin, tasteless, or 
insipid fluid. 3. Abounding with water ; wet. 4. Of, 
or pertaining to, water. 5. Consisting of water. 
Syn. — Aqueous ; humid; wet; damp; dark; washy. 

Wat'tle (wot'tl), n. [A.-S. watel, watel, watl, hurdle, 
covering, wattle, allied to withe, q. v.] 1. A twig or 
flexible rod ; hence, a hurdle made of such rods. 2. A 
rod laid on a roof to support the thatch. 3. The fleshy 
excrescence that grows under the throat of a cock or 
turkey, or a like substance on a fish. 

Wat'tle (wot'tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WATTLED ; p. pr. 
8z vb. n. WATTLING.] 1. To bind with twigs. 2. To 
twist or interweave, as twigs, one with another ; to plat. 
3. To form of platted twigs. [squall. 

"Waul, v. i. [Allied to wail, q. v.] To cry aa a cat; to 

Wave, n. [A.-S. weeg, iveg, Goth, vegs, from vigan, 
A.-S. wegan, to move.] 1. An advancing ridge or swell 
on the surface of a liquid ; an undulation. 2. (Physics.) 
A state of vibration propagated from particle to particle 
through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmis- 
sion of sound. 3. Water. 4. Inequality of surface. 
5. The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth wa- 
tered and calendered. 6. A waving or undulating motion. 
Syn. — Billow; surge; breaker; inequality; unevenness. 

Wave, r. i. [imp. & p. p. waved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
waving.] 1. To move like a wave, one way and the 
other ; to undulate. 2. To be moved, as a signal. 

Wave, v. t. 1. To raise into inequalities of surface. 2. 
To move one way and the other ; to brandish. 3. To 
signal by a waving motion ; to beckon . 

Wave, v. t. [Norm. Pr. weywer, to wave or waive, 0. Fr. 
guever, guesver, to abandon, 0. Sw. wdga, wagia, to 
shun, from wag, way. Cf. A.-S. wafian, to hesitate, 0. 
H. Ger. weibGn, to flow, weibjan, to destroy.] [Usually 
written waive.] To put off ; to cast off ; to cast away ; 
to reject ; to relinquish, as a right, claim, or privilege. 

Wave'less, a. Free from waves ; undisturbed ; un- 

Wave'let, n. A little wave ; a ripple. [agitated. 

Wave'-of'fer-ing, n. An offering in the Jewish services 
by waving the object, toward the four cardinal points. 

Wa'ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WAVERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wavering.] [D. weifelen, to totter, hesitate, A.-S. wa- 
fian, id. Cf. Wave, v. t.] 1. To play or move to and 
fro. 2. To be unsettled in opinion. 
Syn. — To fluctuate ; reel ; vacillate. See Fluctuate. 

Wa'ver-er, n. One who wavers. 

Wav'y, a. 1. Rising or swelling in waves. 2. Playing 
to and fro ; undulating. 

Wax, n. [A.-S. weax, wax, Icel. vax, 0. H. Ger. wahs, 
Slav, wosk.] 1. A fatty, solid substance, produced by 
bees. 2. Hence, any substance resembling wax in con- 
sistency or appearance ; as, (a.) A thick, tenacious sub- 
stance, secreted in the ear. (b.) A wax-like composition 
used for uniting surfaces, or for excluding air, and like 
purposes, (c.) A composition used by shoemakers for 
rubbing their thread, (d.) (Bot.) A wax-like product 
secreted by certain plants, (e.) (Min.) A substance, 
found in connection with certain deposits of rock-salt 
and coal. 

Wax, v. t. [imp. WAXED (wakst) ; p. p. waxed (wakst), 
or WAXEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. WAXING.] To smear or rub 
with wax ; to treat with wax. 



Wax, v. i. [A.-S. weaxan, Goth, vahsjan, Icel. vaxa.] 
1. To increase in size ; to grow ; to become larger or 
fuller, 2. To pass from one state to another ; to become. 

Wax'-- ean^dle, n. A candle made of wax. 

Waxed.'- end, n. A thread pointed with a bristle and 
covered with shoemaker's wax, used in sewing leather, 
as for boots, shoes, and the like. 

Wax'en(waks/n), a. 1. Made of wax. 2. Resembling 
wax ; hence, soft ; yielding. 3. Covered with wax. 

Wax'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being waxy. 

Wax'- wing, n. (Ornith.) A bird, 
about six or eight inches long. There 
are several beautiful species, so named 
because most of them have small, oval, 
horny appendages on the secondaries 
of the wings, of the color of red sealing- 
wax. 

Wax'-work (-wflrk), n. Work made: 
of wax; especially, a figure or figures^ 
formed of wax, in imitation of real / ' 
beings. Wax-wing. 

Wax'y , a. Resembling wax in appearance or consistency ; 
viscid ; adhesive ; soft ; hence, yielding ; pliable. 

Way, n. [A.-S. iveg, from wegan, to move, Icel. vegr, 
Goth, vigs, Lat. via.] 1. A moving ; passage ; progres- 
sion. 2. That by which one passes or progresses ; road 
or path of any kind. 3. Length of space ; distance ; in- 
terval. 4. Course, or direction of motion or progress. 
5. Means by which any thing is reached, or any thing is 
accomplished ; scheme ; device. 6. Manner ; method ; 
mode ; fashion. 7. Regular course ; habitual method 
of life or action. 8. Determined course ; resolved mode 
of action or conduct. 9. (Naut.) (a.) Progress, {b.) 
pi. The timbers on which a ship is launched. 

By the way, in passing; apropos; aside, as a thing apart from, 
though connected with, the main object or subject. — By way 
— for the purpose of; as being; in character of. — In the 




jou 



amity way, pregnant; with child. [Colloq.]— In the way, so 
as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, and the like.— Out of 
the way, (a.) So as not to fall in with, obstruct, hinder, or the 
like, (p.) Apart; aside; away from the usual or proper course; 
odd; unusual; wrong. — Right of way {Law), & right of pri- 
vate passage over another's ground. — To be -under way, to have 
way (Na.ut.), to be in motion', as when a ship begins to move. — 
To give way, to recede; to make room; or to yield; to concede 
the place or opinion to another. (Xavt.) To row or ply the oars 
vigorously. — To make one's way, to advance in life by efforts; 
to advance successfully. — To male way, to give room for pass- 
ing, or to make a vacancy. 

Syn. — Street; highway: road. — Way is generic, denoting 
any line for passage or conveyance; a highway is literally one 
raised for the sake of dryness and convenience in travelling; a 
road is, 6trictly, a way for horses and carriages; a street is, ety- 
mologically, a paved, way, as early made in towns and cities; 
and, hence, the word is distinctively applied to roads or high- 
ways in compact settlements. 

Way'-hlll, n. A list of passengers in a public vehicle, 
or of the baggage or amount of goods transported by it. 

Way'far-er, n. A traveler ; a passenger. [ney. 

Way'f ar-ing, a. Traveling ; passing ; being on a jour- 

Way'lay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. waylaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WAYLAYING.] [Prom way and lay.] To lie in wait for ; 
especially, to watch insidiously in the way 4 of, with * 
view to seize, rob, or slay. 

Way'lay-er, n. One who waylays or lies in wait. 

Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide in traveling. 

Way'-side, n. The edge or border of a road or path. 

Way'-sta/tion, n. An intermediate station on a line of 
travel, especially on a railroad. 

Way'ward, a. [A.-S. wseivdrdla.ee, wsewyrdlice, wan- 
tonly, from wra,woe, evil, malice.] Liking one's own 
way ; full of humors ; froward ; perverse ; willful. 

Way'ward-ly, adv. In a wayward manner ; perversely* 

Way'ward-ness, n. The quality of being wayward. 

Way'wode, n. [Pol. & Russ. woyewoda, fr. Russ. woi, 
an army, and wod'vty, to lead.] A military commander 
in various Slavonic countries ; afterward applied to gov- 
ernors of towns or provinces, and also in Russia as a high 
military title. 

We, pron. ; pi. of I. [poss. our, or ours ; obj. us. See 
I.] [A.-S. we, Icel. ver, Goth, veis.] land others; a 
number in whom I am included. 

KQf TFe is often used by individuals, as authors, editors, and 
the like, in speaking of themselves, in order to avoid the ap- 
pearance of egotism in the too frequent repetition of the pro- 
noun 7". The plural style is also in use among kings and other 
sovereigns. 

Weak., a. [compar. WEAKER ; svperl. WEAKEST. [A.-S. 
wcXc, from w\can, to yield, to totter; Goth, vahs, Icel. 
veilcr.] 1. Wanting physical strength ; as, (a.) Feeble; 
infirm; sickly; exhausted, (b.) Not able to sustain a 



a, S,&c. ,Jon£; a,e,&f short; care, far. ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



WEAKEN 



813 



WEAVE 



great weight, (c.) Easily broken or separated into pieces ; 
not compact, (d.) Not stiff; pliant; frail; soft, (e.) 
Easily subdued or overcome. (/. ) Lacking force of utter- 
ance or sound; low; small; feeble, (g.) Of less than 
the usual strength or spirit, (h.) Lacking ability for an 
appropriate function or office. 2. Not possessing, or 
manifesting, intellectual, logical, moral, or political 
strength, vigor, or the like; as, (a.) Feeble of mind ; 
spiritless, (b.) Unwise; injudicious ; hence, foolish, (c.) 
Not having full confidence or conviction, (d.) Not able 
to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, or the 
like, (e.) Not having power to convince ; not supported 
by force of reason or truth. (/".) Wanting in point or 
vigor of expression, (g. ) Not prevalent or effective, or 
not felt to be prevalent; feeble. (h.) Not wielding or 
having authority or energy ; deficient in the resources 
that are essential to a ruler or nation. 
Weak/en (wek'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. weakened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WEAKENING-.] 1. To make weak ; to lessen 
the strength of ; to debilitate ; to enfeeble; to enervate. 

2. To reduce in strength or spirit. 
Weak'en-er, n. He who, or that which, weakens. 
Weak'ling, n. A weak or feeble creature. 
Weak/ly, adv. In a weak manner; feebly; with little 

strength. 

Weak'ly, a. [compar. WEAKLIER ; superl. weak- 
liest.] Not strong of constitution ; infirm. 

Weak'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being weak : want 
of physical strength. 2. Want of sprightUness or force. 

3. Want of steadiness or resolution. 4. Want of moral 
force or effect upon the mind. 5. Want of judgment ; 
weak trait or characteristic. 6. Defect ; failing ; fault. 

Syn. — Feebleness; debility; languor; imbecility; unfirra- 
ness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; faintness. 

Weal, n. [A.-S. wela, weela, 0. H. Ger. wela, wola. See 
Well.] A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a 
person or thing ; prosperity ; happiness. 

Weald/en (weeld'n), a [A.-S. weald, ivald, a forest, a 
wood, so called because this formation occurs in the 
wealds or woods of Kent and Sussex.] (Geol.) Of, or 
pertaining to, the upper part of the oolitic series. 

Wealth, n. [Eng. weal, 0. H. Ger. welida, welitha, 
riches.] Large possessions of money, goods, or land. 
Syn. — Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance. 

Wealth'i-ly, adv. In a wealthy manner ; richly. 

W«5alth'i-ness, n. State of being wealthy, or rich. 

Wealth'y, a. [compar. wealthier ; superl. wealth- 
iest.] Having great wealth, or large possessions in 
lands, goods, money, or securities, or larger than the 
generality of men ; opulent ; affluent ; rich. 

Wean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. weaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WEANING.] [A.-S. wenian, ivennan, to accustom, wean, 
awenian, aivennan, to wean.] 1. To accustom and rec- 
oncile to a want or deprivation of the breast. 2. Hence, 
to detach or alienate, as the affections, from any object 
of desire. 

Wean/ling, n. A child or animal newly weaned. 

Weap'on, n. [A.-S. ivxpen, wcpen, wsepun, Icel. v&pn, 
vopn, Goth, vepna, pi.] 1. An instrument of offensive 
or defensive combat; something to fight with. 2. Hence, 
that with which one contends against another. 

Weap'on-less, a. Having no weapon ; unarmed. 

Wear (4), v. t. [imp. wore ; p. p. worn ; p. pr. &,vb. 
n. WEARING.] [A.-S. werian, werigcan, weran, to carry, 
to wear, as arms or clothes, Goth, vasjan, to clothe.] 1. 
To carry or bear upon the person, as an article of cloth- 
ing, decoration, warfare, or the like ; to have on. 2. To 
have or exhibit an appearance of. 3. To consume by 
use; to use up. 4. To impair, waste, or diminish, by 
continual attrition, scraping, percussion, and the like. 
5. To cause or occasion by friction or wasting. 6. To 
affect by degrees. 7. [Cf. Ware.] (Naut.) To put on 
another tack, as a ship, by turning her round, with the 
stern toward the wind ; to veer. 

Syn. — To waste; impair; bear; consume; spend; diminish; 
veer. 

Wear, v. i. 1. To endure or suffer use ; to bear the 

consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or attrition. 

2. To suffer injury by use or time. 3. To be consumed 

by slow degrees. 
Wear, n. 1. Act of wearing, or state of being worn ; 

consumption by uee. 2. The thing worn ; style of dress ; 

the fashion. 
Wear and tear, the loss by wearing, as of machinery in use ; 

injury to which any thing is subject by use, accident, &c. 

Wear, n. [A.-S. weer, wer, an inclosure, a fish-pond, the 
sea, a wave, from waran, warian, werian, to defend, pro- 



tect ; Icel. Her, 0. H. Ger. wari, iveri.] 1. A dam in a 

river to stop and raise the water, for conducting it to a 

mill, for taking fish, &c. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs 

set in a stream for catching fish. 
Wear'a-ble, a. Capable of being worn ; suitable to be 

worn. 
Wear'er, n. 1. One who wears or carries as appendant 

to the body. 2. That which wastes or diminishes. 
Wea'ri-less, a. Incapable of being wearied. , 

Wea'ri-ly (89), adv. In a weary manner. 
Wea'ri-ness (89), n. State of being weary or tired ; 

lassitude ; exhaustion of strength ; fatigue. 
Wea'ri-some (89), a. Causing weariness. 

Syn. — Irksome; tiresome ; tedious; fatiguing; annovin^-; 

vexatious. . 

Wea'ri-sdme-ly, adv. In a wearisome manner. 

Wea'ri-some-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
wearisome ; tiresomeness ; tediousness. 

Wea'ry (89), a. [compar. WEARIER: superl. WEA- 
RIEST.] [A.-S. werig, 0. Sax. ivuorig.]' 1. Having the 
strength exhausted by toil or exertion. 2. Causing wea- 
riness. 



Tired; fatigued; tiresome; irksome; wearisome. 
19), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WEARIED ; p.pr. & vb. 




Weasel. 



Syn. 
Wea'ry 

n. wearying.] 1. To reduce or exhaust the" physical 
strength or endurance of. 2. To make impatient by con- 
tinuance. 3. To harass by any thing irksome. 

To weary out, to subdue or exhaust by fatigue. 

Syn.— To jade; tire; fatigue; fag; dispirit. See Jade. 
Wea'gand, n. [A.-S. zveesend, ivasend, prob. allied to 
Icel. vdsa, to hope.] The windpipe ; the canal through 
which air passes to and from the lungs ; the throttle- 
Wea'gel, n. [A.-S. wesle, 0. 
H. Ger. wisala, wisila, toisula.] 
(Zool.) A small quadruped, 
about 6 inches in length, with 
a tail about 2 inches long. It 
is remarkable for its slender 
form and agile movements. 
Weath'er, n. [0. Eng. & A.- 
S. iveder, Icel. vedr, 0. H. Ger. 
wetar, Lith. wetra, Slav, wietr, 
from Skr. wa, to blow.] The air or atmosphere with re- 
spect to its state as regards heat or cold, wetness or dry- 
ness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, &c. ; me- 
teorological condition of the atmosphere. 

Stress of weather, violent winds; force of tempests. 

W6ath'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. weathered \p. pr. & 
vb. n. WEATHERING.] 1. To expose to the air ; to air ; 
to season by exposure to air. 2. {Naut.) To sail to 
the windward of; to pass between the wind and. 3. 
Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to endure ; to re- 
sist. 

Weath'er-beat'en (-bet'n), a. Beaten or harassed by 
the weather ; worn by exposure to the weather. 

Weath'er-board, n. 1. (Naut.) (a.) That side of a 
ship which is toward the wind. 2. (Arch.) A board ex- 
tending from the ridge to the eaves, and forming a close 
junction between the shingling of a roof and the side of 
the building beneath, usually at the ends where there is 
no cornice. 

Weath'er-board, v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon so 
as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, 
and the like. 

Weath'er-bound, a. Delayed by bad weather. 

Weath'er-eock, n. 1. A vane, or weather-vane ; — so 
called because originally often in the figure of a cock. 
2. Hence, any thing or person that turns easily aud 
frequently. 

Weath'ered, a. 1. (Arch.) Made sloping, so as to thrrw 
off water. 2. (Geol.) Having the surface altered in 
color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off 
by exposure to the elements. 

W6ath'er-gage, n. Position of a ship to the wind- 
ward of another ; hence, a position of advantage or su- 
periority. 

W6ath'er- glass, n. An instrument to indicate the 
state of the atmosphere, especially changes of atmos- 
pheric pressure, and hence, changes of weather. 

Weath'er-mold'ing, )n. (A>ch.) A canopy or cor- 

Weath'er-mould'ing, j nice over doors or windows, 
to throw off the rain. 

Weath'er-probf , a. Proof against rough weather. 

W€ath'er-wi§e, a. Skillful in foreseeing the changes 
or state of the weather. 

Weave, v. t. [imp. wove ; p. p. woven, wove ; p. 



food, fo^t ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



WEAVE 



814 



WELCOME 



pr. & vb. n. WEAVING.] [A.-S. we/an, Icel. vefa, Goth. 
veiban; Per. baftan, Gr. v^atvetv, Skr. wap.] 1. To 
unite, as threads of any kind, in such a manner as to 
form a texture ; hence, to unite intimately, or by close 
connection or intermixture. 2. To form, as cloth, by 
interlacing threads ; hence, to form into a fabric ; to 
compose. 

Weave, v. i. 1. To practice weaving; to work with a 
loom. 2. To become woven or interwoven. 

Weav'er, n. One who weaves. 

Wea'zen (we'zn), a. [Cf. Wizen.] Thin ; sharp. 

"Web, n. [A.-S. webb, 0. H. Ger. tveppi, woppe, giweppi, 
Icel. ve/r, vaf. See Weave.] 1. That which is woven ; 
texture ; textile fabric. 2. The texture of very fine 
thread spun by a spider ; a cobweb. 3. An opaque film 
covering the cornea of the eye. 4. ( Ornith.) The mem- 
brane which unites the toes of many water-fowls. 

Web, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WEBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WEBBING.] To unite or surround with a web, or as if 
with a web ; to envelop ; to entangle. 

Webbed, a. [From web.] Having the toes united by 
a membrane, or web. 

Web'bing, n. A strong and narrow fabric of hemp, 
used for suspenders, straps, &c, and for supporting the 
seats of stuffed chairs, sofas, &c. 

Web'-fdot, n. ; pi. web'-feet. A foot the toes of 
which are connected by a membrane. 

Web'-fobt/ed., a. Having webbed feet ; palmiped. 

Wed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wedded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WEDDING.] [A.-S. weddian, to covenant, promise, to 
wed, marry; 0. H. Ger. wetan, wetian, wettan, Icel. 
vedhja. See Wed, n.] 1. To take for husband or for 
wife ; to marry. 2. To join in marriage ; to give in 
wedlock. 3. To unite closely in affection; to connect 
indissolubly or strongly. 

Wed, v. i. To contract matrimony ; to marry. 

Wtkl'ded, a. Of, or pertaining to, wedlock or marriage. 

Wed'ding, n. Nuptial ceremony ; nuptial festivities ; 
marriage ; nuptials. 

Golden wedding, the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of 
a marriage when the husband and wife are both living. — Silver 
wedding, the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary. — 
Crystal wedding, the celebration of the fifteenth anniversary. 
— Tin wedding, the celebration of the tenth anniversary. — 
Wooden wedding, the celebration of the fifth anniversary. 

Wedge, n. [A.-S. wecg, w'dcg, Icel. veggr, 

0. H. Ger. wekki, weggi.] 1. A piece of 
metal, or other hard material, thick at one 
end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, 
used in splitting wood, rocks. &c. It is one 
of the mechanical powers. 2. Any thing in 
the form of a wedge, as a body of troops 
drawn up in such a form. 

Wedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wedged; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WEDGING.] 1. To cleave or We dge. 
separate with a wedge ; to rive. 2. To force or drive as 
a wedge is driven. 3. To force, as a wedge forces its 
way. 4. To fix in the manner of a wedge. 5. To fasten 
with a wedge, or with wedges. 

Wed'lock, n. [A.-S^edlac,^ pledge, fr. wedd,a, pledge, 
and lac, a gift, an offW-ing.] Marriage ; matrimony. 

Wednesday (wenz'ay), n. [A.-S. Wddnesddg, from 
Woden, 0. H. Ger. Wuotan, Icel. Odhinn, the highest 
god of the Germans and Scandinavians, and A.-S. dag, 
day.] The fourth day of the week. 

Weed, n. [A.-S- wedd,widd. See Weed, v. t.] 1. Any 
plant that is useless or troublesome. 2. Whatever is 
unprofitable or troublesome ; any thing useless. 

Weed, n. [A.-S. wa>d, Icel. vod, 0. H. Ger. wat, gawati, 
from Goth, vidan, to bind.] 1. A garment ; clothing; 
especially, an upper or outer garment. 2. An article of 
dress worn in token of grief; especially in the plural, 
mourning garb, as of a female. 

Weed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WEEDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
weeding.] 1. To free from noxious plants. 2. To 
take away, as noxious plants. 3. To free from any thing 
hurtful or offensive. 

Weed'er, n. One who, or that which, weeds. 

Weed'y, a. [compar. weedier; superl. WEEDIEST.] 

1. Relating to, or consisting of, weeds. 2. Abounding 
with weeds. 

Week, n. [A.-S. weoce, wice, wuce, Icel. vika, Goth. 
viko.] A period of seven days, usually that reckoned 
from one Sabbath or Sunday to the next. 

Week'-day, n. Any day of the week except the Sab- 
bath or Sunday. 

VVeek'ry, a. 1. Pertaining to a week, or to week-days. 

2. Happening, or done, once a week ; hebdomadary. 




Week'ly, n. A publication issued once in seven days, 
or appearing once in a week. 

Week'ly, adv. Once a week ; by hebdomadal periods. 

Ween, v. i. [A.-S. wenan, wsenan, Goth, venjan, Icel. 
vana, vona, vanta; A.-S. ven, vena, hope, expectation, 
opinion, Goth, vins, Icel. van, von.] To think ; to im- 
agine ; to fancy. [Obs. or poet.] 

Weep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wept ; p. pr. & vb. n. Weep- 
ing.] [A.-S. wepan, Goth, vopjan, Icel. opa. Cf. 
Whoop.] 1. To show grief or other passions by shed- 
ding tears ; to shed tears ; to cry. 2. To lament ; to 
complain. 3. To flow or run in drops. 4. To drop 
water ; to drip ; to be very wet. 5. To hang the branches, 
as if in sorrow ; to droop. 

Weep, f. f. 1. To lament; to bewail; to bemoan. 2. 
To shed or pour forth, as tears ; to shed drop by drop, 
as if tears. 

Weep'er, n. One who weeps. 

Weep'ing-wIFlow, n. (Bot.) A species of willow 
whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang 
down nearly in a perpendicular direction. 

Wee'vil (we'vl), n. [A.-S. wifel, ivibil, 0. H. Ger. wibil, 
wibel, allied to A.-S. wefan, 0. H. Ger. weban, to weave.] 
(Entom.) A small insect of the beetle tribe, with a long, 
beaked head. 

■Weft, n. [A.-S. ivift, weft, wefta, fr. wefan, to weave.] 

1. The woof of cloth; the threads that cross the warp 
from selvage to selvage. 2. A thing woven. 

Weigh (wa), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. WEIGHED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. weighing.] [A.-S. wegan, to bear, move, to weigh, 
Icel. vega, allied to Lat. vehere, to carry, Skr. vah.] 1. 
To bear up ; to raise ; to lift so that it hangs in the air. 

2. To examine by the balance ; to ascertain the weight 
of. 3. To be equivalent to in weight; to counterbal- 
ance. 4. To pay, allot, or take by weight. 5. To pon- 
der in the mind ; to estimate deliberately and maturely. 

Weigh (wa), v. i. 1. To have weight ; to be heavy. 2. 
Hence, to be considered as important. 3. To bear 
heavily ; to press hard. 

Weigh (wa), n. A certain quantity estimated by weight ; 
an English measure of weight. 

Weigh'a-ble (wa/-), a. Capable of being weighed. 

Weigh'er (wa'er), n. 1. One who weighs. 2. An offi- 
cer whose duty it is to weigh commodities. 

Weight (wat), n. [See Weigh.] 1. The quality of 
being heavy ; that property of bodies by which they tend 
toward the center of the earth. 2. Quantity of heavi- 
ness ; quantity of matter as estimated by the balance ; 
that which any thing weighs. 3. Hence, pressure; 
importance ; influence ; consequence. 4. A scale or 
graduated standard of heaviness. 5. A ponderous mass : 
something heavy. 6. A definite mass of iron, lead, brass, 
or other metal, to be used for ascertaining the weight of 
other bodies. 7. (Meek.) The resistance against which 
a machine acts, as opposed to the power which moves it. 

Syn. — Ponderonsness ; gravity; heaviness; burden; load; 
power; eflicacy; moment; impressiveness. 

Weight (wat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. weighted ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. weighting] To load with a weight or 
weights ; to load down ; to attach weights to. 

Weight'i-ly (wat'-), adv. 1. In a weighty manner; 
ponderously. 2. With force or impressiveness. 

Weight'i-ness (wat'-), n. 1. State or quality of being 
weighty ; ponderousness ; heaviness. 2. Solidity ; im- 
pressiveness ; importance. 

Weight'less (wat'les), a. Having no weight ; impon- 
derable ; light. 

Weight'y (wat'y), a. [compar. WEIGHTIER ; superl. 
WEIGHTIEST.] 1. Having weight; heavy. 2. Hence, 
important ; adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or 
to convince. 

Syn. — Ponderous ; burdensome ; onerous ; forcible ; mo- 
mentous; efficacious. 

Weir, n. [See Wear.] 1. A dam in a river to stop and 
raise the water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking 
fish, and the like. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs set in 
a stream for taking fish ; a wear. [See Wear.] 

Weird, a. [A.-S. wyrd, fate, fortune, one of the Fates.] 
1. Skilled in witchcraft. 2. Caused by, or suggesting, 
magical influence ; supernatural ; unearthly ; wild. 
Weird sisters, the Fates. 

Wel'-e6me (wehkum), a. [A.-S. wilcuma, a welcome 
guest, wilcume, interj., wilcumian, to welcome, fr. wil, 
for wel, well, and cuman, to come.] 1. Received with 
gladness. 2. Producing gladness in its reception ; grate- 
ful ; pleasing. 3. Free to have or enjoy gratuitously. 



a,e,&c, long; a,6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



WELCOME 



815 



WHACK 



W61'€6me, n. 1. Salutation of a new comer. 2. Kind 

reception of a guest or new comer. 
Welcome, v. t. [imp. & p. p. welcomed ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. WELCOMING.] To salute with kindness, as a new 
comer ; to receive and entertain hospitably and cheerfully. 
Wel'com-er, n. One who welcomes. 
Weld, n. [Prov. Ger. waude, wiede, D. wouw, wouive, 
Fr. gaude, Sp. gualda.] 1. (Hot.) A plant growing in 
England and various I^iropean countries ; woad ; — used 
by dyers to give a yellow color. 2. The color or coloring 
matter extracted from this plant. 
Weld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. weeded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WELDING.] [Ger. & D. wellen. Cf. WIELD.] To press 
or beat into intimate and permanent union, as two pieces 
of iron when heated almost to fusion. 
Weld, n. State of being welded ; joint made by welding. 
Weld'er, n. One who welds, or unites by welding. 
Wel'fare,n. [FromweZZ and fare, to go, to be in any 
state, good or bad, to proceed, to happen.] Well-doing 
or well-being in any respect ; enjoyment of health and 
the common blessings of life. 
Syn.— Prosperity; happiness. 
Wel'kin, n. [A.-S. woken, welcn, cloud, air, sky, 
heaven, 0. H. Ger. wolchan, Skr. valahaka, a cloud.] 
The vault of heaven ; the sky. 
Well, n. [A.-S. well, wyll, wella, wylla, fr. weallan, to 
boil.] 1. An issue of water from the earth ; a spring ; a 
fountain. 2. Hence, a source. 3. A cylindrical hole sunk 
into the earth to such a depth as to reach a supply of 
water. 4. (Naut.) (a.) An inclosure in the middle of a 
ship's hold, around the pumps, from the bottom to the 
lower deck, to preserve them from damage. (b.) An 
apartment in the hold of a fishing- vessel, having holes 
in the bottom to let in fresh water for tbe preservation 
of fish. 5. (Mil.) A hole or excavation in the earth, in 
mining, from which run branches or galleries. 
Well, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WELLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
welling.] To issue forth, as water from the earth; 
to flow ; to spring. 
Well, a. [compar. and superl. wanting, the deficiency 
being supplied by better and best, from another root.] 
[See infra.} 1. Good in condition or circumstances ; de- 
sirable, either hi a natural or moral sense. 2. Being in 
health ; sound in body ; not ailing, diseased, or sick. 3. 
Being in favor ; favored. 

Syn. — Fortunate; convenient; advantageous; happy. 
Well, adv. [A.-S. wela,wel, Goth, vaila, Icel. vel.] 1. 
In a good or proper manner ; justly ; rightly. 2. Suit- 
ably to one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed 
end or use ; suitably ; abundantly ; fully ; adequately ; 
thoroughly. 3. In such manner as is desirable ; favor- 
ably ; advantageously; conveniently. 4. Considerably; 
not a little ; far. 

Well off, in good condition; especially, in good condition as 
to property or any advantages; thriving; prosperous. — Well to 
do, well off; prosperous; — used also adjectively. 

Well'a-day, inter j. [Corrupt, fr. welaway, A.-S. walawa, 
fr. wa, woe, la, lo, oh, and tva, woe.] Alas '. 

Well'-lbe'ing, n. Welfare ; happiness ; prosperity. 

Well'-bdrn, a. Born of a noble or respectable family. 

Well'-fored, a. Educated to polished manners ; polite ; 
cultivated ; refined. 

Well'-dg'ing, n. A doing well ; performance of duties. 

Well'-f a'vored, a. Handsome ; well formed ; beauti- 
ful ; pleasing to the eye. 

Well'-head, n. A source, spring, or fountain. 

Well'-hole, n. (Arch.) The open space in the middle 
of a staircase, beyond the ends of the stairs. 

Well'-man'nered, a. Polite ; well-bred ; complaisant. 

Well'-mean'ing, a. Having a good intention. 

Well'- meant, a. Rightly intended ; kind ; friendly. 

Well'-nlgh (-nT), adv. Almost ; nearly. 

Well'-spok'en (-spok'n), a. 1. Speaking well ; speak- 
ing with fitness or grace ; or speaking kindly. 2. 
Spoken with propriety. 

Well'- spring, n. A fountain; a spring; a source of 
continual supply. 

Well'"S\veep, n. A long pole balanced upon a high 
post and used in drawing water by means of a bucket 
from a well. 

Well'-wish'er, n. One who wishes another well; a 
person benevolently or friendlily inclined. 

Welsh, a. (Geog.) Belonging or relating to Wales, or 
its inhabitants. 

Welsh, n. sing, or pi. 1. sing. The language of Wales, 
or of the Welsh. 2. pi. ( Geog.) The natives or inhabi- 
tants of Wales. 



Welt, n. [A.-S. weltan, to roll, or more prob. from W. 
gwald, a hem, a welt, gwaldu, to welt or to hem, from 
gwaliaw, to inclose.] That which, being folded or 
brought round, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn 
something ; as, (a.) A small cord covered with cloth and 
sewed on a seam or border to strengthen it ; an edge of 
cloth folded on itself and sewed down, (b.) A narrow 
strip of leather around a shoe, between the upper leather 
and sole. 

Welt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. welted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
welting.] To furnish with a welt ; to sew a welt on. 

Wel'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. weltered; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WELTERING.] [A.-S. weltan, waltan, to roll, to 
welter, Icel. velta, Goth, valtjan, valvjan.] 1. To roll, 
as the body of an animal ; to wallow ; to tumble about, 
especially in any thing foul or defiling. 2. To rise and 
fall, as waves ; to tumble over, as billows. 

Wen, n. [A.-S. wenn, D. wen, L. Ger. wenne.] (Med.) 
A circumscribed, indolent tumor, without inflammation 
or change of color of the skin. 

Wench (66), n. [Cf. A.-S. wencle, a maid, a daughter, 
wencel, a pupil, orphan, wincel, winclu, children, off- 
spring.] 1. A low, vicious, coarse young woman : a 
drab ; a strumpet. 2. A black woman ; a colored female 
servant ; a negress. [Amer.] 

Wench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wenched (wencht) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WENCHING.] To frequent the company of 
wenches, or women of ill fame. 

Wench'er, n. One who wenches ; a lewd man. 

Wend, v. i. [A.-S. ivendan, to turn, to go, Icel. venda, 
Goth, vandjan, to turn.] To go ; to pass ; to betake 

Wend, v. t. To direct ; to betake. [one's self. 

Wen'nish, ) a. [From wen.] Having the nature of a 

Wen'ny, J wen ; resembling a wen. 

Went, imp. of wend; — now used as the preterit of go, 
but in origin having no connection with it. 

Wept, imp. & p. p. of weep. See WEEP. 

Were (w5r, 57), imp. ind. pi. & imp. subj. sing. & pi. of 
be. [A.-S. wsere,wseron ; Icel. vera, to be. See Was.] 
It is united with be to supply its want of tenses, as went 
is with go. See Be. 

Werst, n. A certain Russian measure of length ; a verst. 
See Verst. 

Wert. The second person singular of were, used as the 
subjunctive imperfect tense of be. See Were. 

We'sand, n. See Weasand. [Obs.] 

West, n. [A.-S. west, Icel. vestr, 0. H. Ger. west, ivestan.] 

1. The direction or quarter of the heavens where the 
sun sets ; the point, direction, or region, opposed to east. 

2. A country situated in a region toward the sunsetting, 
with respect to another. 

West, a. 1. Situated toward the west, or in the direction 

of the setting sun ; relating to the west. 2. Coming or 

moving from the west, or western region. 
W6st, adv. [A.-S. west.] To the western region ; at the 

westward ; more westward. 
West'er-ing, a. Passing to the west. 
West'er-ly, a. 1. Being toward the west ; situated in 

the western region. 2. Moving from the westward. 
West'er-ly, adv. Tending, going, or moving, toward 

the west. 
West/em, «. 1. Situated in the west; being in that 

quarter where the sun sets. 2. Moving toward the west 
West'ward, adv. Toward the west. 
West'ward-ly, adv. In a direction toward the west. 
Wet, a. [compar. wetter; superl. WETTEST.] [A.-S. 

wset, weaht, Icel. vatr, votr, allied to Goth vato. Icel. 

vatn, water.] 1. Containing water; full of moisture. 

2. Very damp ; rainy. 
Syn. — Nasty; humid; damp; moist. See Nasty. 

W6t, n. 1. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in 
considerable degree. 2. Rainy weather ; foggy or misty 
weather. 

Wet, v . t. [imp. & p. p. WET (rarely wetted) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WETTING.] [A.-S. wsetan, gewsetan, Icel. & 
Sw. vdta, Dan. vade.] To fill or moisten with water or 
other liquid ; to dip or soak in liquor. 

Weth'er, n. [A.-S. wedher, Icel. vedhr, Goth, vithrus.] 
A castrated ram. 

WSt'ness, n. 1. State of being wet ;• moisture ; hu- 
midity. 2. A watery or moist state of the atmosphere. 

Wet'-nurse, n. A nurse who suckles a child, especially 
the child of another woman. 

Wet'- shod, a. Having the feet wet with the shoes or 
boots on.. 

Whack, v. t. [From thwack, q. v.] To strike ; to give, 
heavy or resounding blow to. [ Colloq. or vulgar.] 



food, foot •, urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



WHACK 



816 



WHEREAS 




Wh^clt, v. i. To strike any thing with a smart blow. 

Whack, n. A smart, resounding blow. 

Whale, n. [A.-S. hwdl, Icel. hvalr, 0. H. Ger. wal, allied 
to Gr. <|)aArj, (jxikcuva, Lat. balsena.] (Zool.) An animal 
inhabiting the ocean, of the class of Mammals, and 
family of Cetaceans. 

W3t~ The Greenland whale, or right whale, when fully grown, 
is from fifty to sixty-five or sev- 
enty feet "in length, and from 
thirty to forty feet in its greatest 
circumference. The whale fur- 
nishes oil, whalebone, &c. The 
fin-backed whale, called also 
great northern rorqual, is prob- 
ably the longest animal in crea- 
tion, sometimes exceeding one 
hundred feet in length. Greenland Whale. 

Whale'bone, n. A firm, elastic substance resembling 
bone, taken from the upper jaw of the right whale, used 
as a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, and for various 
other purposes. 

Whale'man, n. ; pi. whale'men. A man employed 
in the whale-fishery. [fishery. 

Whal'er, n. A ship or a person employed in the whale- 

Whap, n. [A.-S. hweop, a whip- hiveopian, to whip, 
scourge. ] A blow, or quick, smart stroke. 

Whap'per (hwop'per), n. [See supra.] Something un- 
commonly large of the kind ; — applied especially to a 
bold lie. [ Colloq. and vulgar.] 

Wharf (hworf), n- ; pi. properly wharfs, but WHARVEg 
is often used, especially in the United States. [A.-S. 
hivearf, hweorf, hwarf, from hweorfan, to turn.] A per- 
pendicular mound of timber or stone and earth, raised on 
the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, or extend- 
ing into the water, for the convenience of lading and un- 
lading vessels ; a mole ; a pier. 

Wharfage, n. 1. The fee paid for the privilege of using 
a wharf. 2. A wharf, or wharves in general ; wharfing. 

Wharf 'in-ger, n. [From wharfing.] A man who has 
the'care of a wharf ; or the proprietor of a wharf. 

What (hwot), pron. [A.-S. hwat, Icel. hvad, Goth, hva, 
allied to Lat. quid. See Who.] 1. An interrogative 
pronoun, used (both substantively and adjectively) in 
asking questions as to things or inanimate objects, cor- 
responding thus to who, which is used for persons. 2. 
Hence, used as an exclamatory word, meaning how re- 
markable, or how great; — sometimes prefixed to ad- 
jectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how; 
also, used independently, and meaning generally, how 
strange a thing! 3. A compound relative, equivalent, 
substantively, to that which; adjectively, to the . . . which; 
the sort or kind of the . . . which; and, rarely, to the . . . 
on or at which ; used also in a corresponding adverbial 
sense. 4. Whatever ; whatsoever ; — used indefinitely. 
5. In part; partly; — with repetition, and followed by 
with. 

What-ev'er, pron. Any thing soever which ; being this 
or that ; all that. 

What'-not, n. [From the abbreviated phrase what not, 
often used at the close of an enumeration of several par- 
ticulars or article^; hence, used substantively, to denote 
a miscellany, a variety.] A kind of stand or piece of 
household furniture, having shelves for books, orna- 
ments, &c. 

What'so-ev'er, a. Whatever. 

Wheal, n. [A.-S. hwile, putrefaction, hwilan, to putrefy. 
Cf. Wale.] A mark raised by a stroke ; a wale. 

Wheat, n. [A.-S. hwsete, allied to hwit, white ; Goth. 
hvaiti, hvaiteis.] (Bot.) A plantand the seed of the plant, 
which furnishes a white flour for bread. 

Wheat'-ear, n. 1. An ear 
of wheat. 2. (Ornith.) A 
small bird common in Europe, 
and found in Greenland ; — 
called also fallow-chat, or fal- 
low-finch. See Fallow - 

FINCH. 

Wheat'en, a. [A.-S. hwseten.] 

Made of wheat. 
Whee'dle (hwe'dl), v. t. 

[imp. & p. p. wheedled ; 

p. pr. & vb. n. WHEEDLING.] 
[Cf. A.-S. wadlian, to be poor, 
to beg, and 0. H. Ger. wada- 
lon, to wander.] 1. To entice by soft words 
gain or get away by flattery. 
Syn.— To flatter; coax; cajole. 
Wheel, n. [A.-S. hwedl, hweohl, Icel. hiol, hvel, wheel ; 
allied to Goth, valvjan, to roll.] 1, A circular frame 




1^0^ 



Wheat-ear. 



2. To 



turning on an axis ; a rotating disk. 2. Any instrument 
having a similar form to that described above, or chiefly 
consisting of a wheel ; as, (a. ) A spinning-wheel. (6.) An 
instrument for punishing criminals, formerly, but now 
no longer used, (c.) (Naut.) A circular frame having 
handles on the rim, used in steering a ship, (d.) (Pot- 
tery.) A round, wooden disk revolving horizontally at the 
top of a vertical shaft or spindle, on which the clay is 
shaped. 3. A rolling or revolving body; a disk; an 
orb. 4. A turn or revolution ; rotation ; compass. 

Wheel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wheeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wheeling.] 1. To convey on wheels. 2. To put into 
a rotatory motion ; to cause to turn or revolve. 

Wheel, v. i. 1. To turn on an axis, or as on an axis; 
to revolve ; to rotate. 2. To go round in a circuit. 3. 
To roll forward. 

Wheel'bar-row, n. A light frame with a box for con- 
veying articles, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a 
single person. 

Wheel'-ear'riage, n. A carriage moved on wheels. 

Wheel'-house, n. ; pi. wheel'-hous/e§. (Naut.) 
(a.) A small house or shelter on deck, which contains the 
steering-wheel, (b.) The paddle-box of steam-vessels. 

Wheel'ing, n. 1. Act of conveying on wheels. 2. 
Adaptation to wheel-carriages; convenience for passing 



Wheel'-work (-wurk), n. A combination of wheels, 
and their connection in a machine. 

Wheel'wright (hweel/rlt), n. A man who makes wheels 
and wheel-carriages. 

Wheeze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wheezed; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WHEEZING.] [A.-S. hweosan. Icel. hvdsa, vdsa, to 
hiss, whiz.] To breathe hard, and with an audible sound, 
as persons affected with asthma. 

Whelk, n. [A.-S. hwylca, varicose vein, hyka, heolca, a 
bend.] 1. A wrinkle ; an inequality on the surface ; a 
protuberance. 2. A stripe or mark ; a streak. 3. (Zool.) 
A mollusk having a one-valved, spiral, and gibbous shell, 
with an oval aperture ending in a short canal or gutter. 

Whelm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whelmed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WHELMING.] [Cf. A.-S. for-welman, to overwhelm, 
to suffocate, hwelfan, hwylfan, to overwhelm, cover over.] 

1. To cover with water or other fluid. 2. To cover com- 
pletely ; to immerse deeply ; to overburden. 

Whelp, n. [A.-S. hwelp, Icel. hvelpr, 0. H. Ger. hivelf, 
xoelf.] 1. The young of the canine species, and also of 
beasts of prey ; a puppy ; a cub. 2. A child ; a youth ; 
— jocosely or contemptuously so called. 

Wlielps of a windlass, capstan, or the like (Naut.), short, up- 
right pieces of wood, &c, placed round the barrel, to prevent 
it from being chafed. 

Whelp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whelped (hwelpt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. whelping.] To bring forth young, as the 
female of the canine species and some beasts of prey. 

When, adv. [A.-S. hwenne, hwdnne, hwanne, hwonne, 
Goth, hvan.] 1. At what time ; — used interrogatively. 

2. At what time ; at the time that ; — used relatively. 

3 . While ; whereas ; — used in the manner of a conjunc- 
tion. 4. Which time; then; — elhptically and inaccu- 
rately used as a substantive. 

When as, at the time that; when. [06s.] 

Whence, adv. [0. Eng. whennes, whens, with the ter- 
mination of a genitive. Cf. Hence and Thence.] 1. 
From what place ; hence, from what or which source, 
origin, antecedent, premise, &c. ; how; — used inter- 
rogatively. 2. From what or which place, source, &c. ; 
the place, source, &c, from which ; — used relatively. 

Whence'so-ev'er, relative adv. or conj. From what 
place soever ; from what cause or source soever. 

When-ev'er, relative adv. or conj. At whatever time. 

When'so-ev'er, relative adv. or conj. At what time so- 
ever ; at whatever time ; whenever. 

Where (4), adv. [A.-S. hwar, hwdr, Goth. & Icel. hvar.] 
1. At what place; in what situation, position, or cir- 
cumstances ; — used interrogatively. 2. At which place ; 
at the place in which ; — used relatively. 3. To what or 
which place ; whither ; — used interrogatively and rela- 
tively. [Recent.] 
Syn. — See Whither. 

Where'a-bout', ) adv. 1. About where ; near what 
Where'a-bouts', J or which place; — used interroga* 

lively and relatively. 2. Concerning which ; about 

which. 
tiSf Whereabout, or whereabouts, is often used colloquially as 

a noun. 

Where-as/, conj. 1. Considering that; since;— used 



a,e,&c.,long; a,e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what, ere, vgil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



WHEREAT 



817 



WHIMWHAM 



to introduce a preamble. 2. When in fact ; the case 
being in truth that ; — implying opposition to something 
that precedes ; or implying a recognition of facts. 

Wh£re-at', adv. 1. At what; — used relatively, 2. 
At what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-foy', adv. 1. By which ; — used relatively. 2. 
By what ; — used interrogatively. 

WhSre'fore, adv. [From where and for.] 1. For 
which reason ; — used relatively. 2. For what reason ; 
why ; — used interrogatively. 

Wh£re-in', adv. 1. In which; in which thing, time, 
respect, book, or the like ; — used relatively. 2. In 
what ; — used interrogatively. 

Wh&re'in-to', adv. 1. Into which ; — used relatively. 
2. Into what ; — used interrogatively. 

WhSre-of^hwer-SrP or hwer-ov'), adv. 1. Of which ; 
— used relatively. 2. Of what; — used indefinitely . 3. 
Of what ; — used interrogatively. 

Wh£re-on', adv. On which : — used relatively. 

Whgre'so-ev'er, adv. In what place soever ; in what- 
ever place, or in any place indefinitely ; wherever. 

Where-to', arff. 1. To which; — used relatively. 2. 
To what " to what end ; — used interrogatively. 

WhSre'up-on', adv. Upon which ; in consequence of 
which. [place. 

Wher-ev'er, adv. [From where and ever.} At whatever 

Wherewith', or Wh£re-with' (99), adv. 1. With 
which; — used relatively. 2. With what; — used in- 
terrogatively. 

Wh&re'with-al', adv. [From where, with, and all. 
See Withal.]*' The same as Wherewith. 

WhSre'with-al', n. The means wherewith to accom- 
plish any purpose. [Colloq.] 

"Wher'ry (hwer'ry), n. [Allied to ferry, q. v.] (Naut.) 
A shallow, light boat, built long and narrow, and sharp 
at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing. 

Whet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WHETTING.] [A.-S. hwettan, Icel. hvetja, hvessa,0. 
H. Ger. huazzan, wezzen, from A.-S. hwdt, Icel. hvattr, 
Goth, hvass, 0. H. Ger. hwas, sharp.] 1. To rub for 
the purpose of sharpening, as an edge-tool. 2. To make 
sharp, keen, or eager ; to stimulate. 3. To stir up ; to 
excite ; to provoke. 

Whet, n. 1. The act of sharpening by friction. 2. 
Something that provokes or stimulates the appetite. 

Wheth'er, pron. [A.-S. hvjddher, Goth, hvathar, Icel. 
hvarr, allied to Lat. uter, Gr. /corepos, 7roTepos, Skr. kata- 
ras, from has, Goth, hvas, who.] Which of two ; which 
one of two ; — used interrogatively and relatively. [ 06s. 
or antiquated.] 

Wheth'er, conj. Used to introduce the first of two or 
more alternative clauses, the other or others being con- 
nected by or, or by or whether ; it also frequently intro- 
duces each one, except the last, of several alternatives ; 
sometimes, when the second of two objective alternatives 
is the simple negative of the first, the second is omitted, 
and whether stands singly, with no correlative. 

Whet'stone (20), n. A stone used for sharpening edged 
instruments by friction. 

Whet'ter, n. One who, or that which, whets. 

Whew, n. or interj. A sound like that of a half-formed 
whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or dislike. 

Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwxg, M. H. Ger. wezzich. Cf. 
Whig.] The serum or watery part of milk, separated 
from the more thick or coagulable part, particularly in 
the process of making cheese. 

Whey'ey (hwa'y), a. Partaking of, or resembling, whey. 

Whey'ish (hwa'ish), a. Having the qualities of whey ; 
resembling whey ; wheyey. 

Which, pron. [0. Eng. whilke, tohiche, A.-S. hwylic, 
hwylc, hwilc, Icel. hvllikr, Goth, hvdeiks, hveleiks, from 
hve, dative of hvas, who, and leiks, like, equal.] 1. An 
interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and ad- 
jectively, to ask for an individual person or thing among 
several of a class, being more demonstrative than who or 
what; — in this use signifying who, or what one of a 
number, sort, kind, or the like. 2. A relative, used 
generally substantively , but sometimes adjectively, in all 
numbers and genders , and for all objects excepting per- 
sons. 3. A compound relative, standing for that which, 
those which, the . . . which, and the like. 
n&r- The which was formerly sometimes used for which. 

Which-ev'er, )pron. Whether one or the other; 

Which'so-gv'er, j which. 

Whiff, n. [Cf. W. chwiff, a whiff, a hiss, Icel. veifa, to 

shake, whirl.] A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth ; 

a quick puff of air. 



■Whiff, v. t.- [imp. & p. p. whiffed (hwiffc) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n whiffing.] 1. To throw out in whiffs ; to 
consume in whiffs ; to puff. 2. To convey by a puff; 
to blow. 

"Whiff, v. i. To emit whiffs, as of smoke ; to puff; to 
smoke. 

Whiffle (whiffl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. whiffled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. whiffling.] [A.-S. wxflan, wseflian, to 
babble, to whiffle, Icel. veifla, to shake often.] To waver 
or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind ; to change from 
one opinion or course to another ; to be fickle and un- 
steady. 

Syn.— To shift; evade; shuffle; prevaricate. 

Whif'fler, n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes, 
his opinion or course. 

Whiff le-tree, n. The bar to which the traces of a car- 
riage are fastened for draught ; a whippletree. 

Whig, n. [From whig, whey, which the Scottish Cov- 
enanters used to drink, and hence a name given to them, 
or from whiggam, a term used in Scotland in driving 
horses, whiggamore, one who drives horses, contr. to 
whig. In 1648, a party of these people marched to Edin- 
burgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton ; and 
hence the name of whig was given to the party opposed 
to the court.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) One of a political party 
which had its origin in England in the seventeenth cent- 
ury, advocated popular rights, and was opposed to the 
tories. Those who supported the king in his high claims 
were called tories, and the advocates of popular rights 
were called whigs. 2. [Amer. Hist.) (a.) A friend and 
supporter of the American Revolution and the war ensu- 
ing ; — opposed to tory and royalist, (b.) One of a polit- 
ical party in the United States from about 1829 to 1853, 
opposed in politics to the so-called democrats. 

"Whig, a. Pertaining to, or composed of, whigs ; adhering 
to the principles of the whigs. 

Whig'ger-y, n. The principles of a whig. 

Whig'gish, a. Pertaining to whigs ; partaking of the 
principles of whigs. 

Whig'gigm, n. The principles of a whig. 

While, n. [A.-S. hwil, Icel. hvila, Goth, hveila.] Space 
of time, or continued duration ; time. 

Worth while, worth the time which it requires; worth the 
time rmd pains; hence, worth the expense. 

While, adv. 1. During the time that; as long as : at 
the same time that. 2. Hence, under which circum- 
stances ; in which case. 

Syn. — Though. — Both these words are used in comparing 
things or drawing parallels between them; but though also im- 
plies contrast, which while does not. For instance, we may 
say, " While I admire his courage, I honor him for his self- 
command;" and " Though I admire his courage, I detest his 
ferocity." While might, indeed, be used in both cases; but 
if we mean distinctly to imply a contrast, we must use though. 

While, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WHILED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WHILING.] [See supra.] To cause to pass away with- 
out irksomeness or disgust ; to spend or pass. 

"Whil e§ (hwTlz), adv. While. 

Whi'lom, adv. [A.-S. hwilum, hwilon, formerly, prop, 
dative pi. of hv 11.] Formerly ; once; of old. [Obs.] 

"Whilst, adv. The same as While, q. v. 

Whim, n. [Icel. hvim, a quick movement, hvima, to 
move quickly, W. chwim, a brisk motion.] A sudden 
turn or start of the mind ; a fancy ; a capricious notion ; 
a humor. 

Syn.— Freak.— A freak is literally a sudden start or change 
of place, and hence denotes some particular act which is hasty 
or fanciful, perhaps humorous or childish; a whim is dictated 
by caprice, and usually implies a state of mind more or less 
permanent. The young are apt to have their freaks, and the 
old to indulge themselves in whims. 

Whim/per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whimpered ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WHIMPERING.] [Scot, whimmer, N. H. Ger. 
wimmern.} To cry with a low, whining, broken voice. 

Whim'per, v. t. To utter in a low, whining tone. 

Whim'per-er, n. One who whimpers, or whines. 

Whim'gey (hwmVzy), n. [From whim.] A whim ; a 
freak ; a capricious notion . 

Whim'gi-eal, a. 1. Full of whims or whimseys ; hav- 
ing odd fancies. 2. Hence, singular ; curious ; odd. 

Syn. — Quaint ; freakish; capricious; fanciful; fantastical 
See Quaint. 

Whim/gi-cal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being whim- | 
sical ; whimsicalness. 

Whim'§i--eal-ly, adv. In a whimsical manner. 

Whim'gi-eal-ness, n. State or quality of being whim- 
sical ; freakishness ; whimsical disposition. 

Whim' wham, n. [From whim by reduplication.] A 
whim or whimsey ; a freak. 



food, foot 



firn, rude, piill ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get 

52 



a§ ; ejist ; linger, link j this. 



WHIN 



818 



WHISTLE 



WIlin, n. [W. chwyn, weeds, a single weed.] (Bot.) 
Gorse ; furze ; — applied also to a leguminous plant, hav- 
ing yellow flowers. 

Whln'chat, n. [From whine and chat.] ( Ornith. ) A small 
singing-bird ; a species of warbler common in Europe. 

Whine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whined; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WHINING-.] [Icel. hvina, to creak, veina, kveina, to la- 
ment, 0. H. Ger. wein'on, to deplore, A.-S. wanian, cwa- 
nian, to mourn, howl, Goth, qvaindn, to groan.] To ut- 
ter a plaintive cry ; to complain in a shrill, long-drawn 
tone : hence, to complain in a mean, unmanly way. 
[Rare.] 

Whine, n. A plaintive tone ; the nasal puerile tone of 
mean complaint ; mean or affected complaint. 

Wh in'er, n. One who whines. 

Whln'ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whinnied ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. whinnying.] [From the root of whine, and allied 
to Lat. hinnire.] To utter the sound of a horse ; to 
neigh. 

Whin'ny, n. The cry or note of a horse ; a neigh. 

Whin'ny, a. Abounding in whins, gorse, or furze- 
bushes. 

Whln'-stone, n., [From whin and stone.] ( Geol.) Trap 
or green-stone ; — a provincial name given to basaltic 
rocks, and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored 
and hard, unstratified rock. 

Whip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whipped (hwipt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WHIPPING.] [A.-S. hweopian, to whip, Icel. vippa, 
to whirl.] 1. To strike with a lash, a cord, a rod, or 
any thing lithe ; to lash ; to beat. 2. To drive with 
lashes. 3. To punish with the whip; to flog ; to beat. 
4. To lash, as with sarcasm, abuse, or the like. 5. To 
etrike ; to thrash ; to beat out, as grain, by striking. 6. 
To sew lightly ; specifically, to form into gathers by over- 
casting a rolled edge and drawing up the thread. 7. To 
overlay, as a cord, rope, &c, with other cords ; to wrap ; 
to in wrap. 8. To take or move by a sudden motion ; to 
jerk; to snatch. 9. (Naut.) To hoist or purchase by 
means of a whip ; to secure the end of from untwisting 
by overcasting it with yarn. 

To whip in, to drive in or keep from scattering, as hounds in 
a hunt; hence, to collect in and keep from scattering, as mem- 
bers of a legislative body, of a party, and the like. 

Whip, v. i. To move nimbly ; to start suddenly and do 
any thing. 

Whip, n. 1. An instrument for driving horses or other 
animals, or for correction. 2. A coachman, or driver 
of a carriage. 3. (Mach.) One of the four arms or frames 
of a windmill, on which the sails are spread. 4. (Naut.) 
A small tackle with a single rope, used to hoist light 
bodies. 

Whip'-eord, n. A kind of hard-twisted or braided cord, 
sometimes used for making lashes. 

Whlp'graf t, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whipgrafted; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WHIPGRAFTING.] To graft by cutting the 
cionand stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each 
other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a slit 
in the stock. 

Whlp'-lash, n. The lash of a whip. 

Whip'per, n. 1. One who whips ; especially, an officer 
who inflicts the penalty of legal whipping. 2. One who 
raises coal with a tackle from a ship's hold. 

Whlp'per-In', n. 1. A huntsman who keeps the hounds 
from wandering, and whips them in, if necessary, to the 
line of chase. 2. Hence, one who enforces the discipline 
of a party, and urges the attendance of the members on 
all necessary occasions. 

Whlp'per-snap'per, n. A diminutive, insignificant 
person. [Colloq.] [tied to be whipped. 

Whlp'ping-post, n. A post to which offenders are 

Whip'ple-tree, n. [See Whip, and cf. Whiffle- 
tree.] The bar to which the traces or tugs of a har- 
ness are fastened. 

Whlp'-poor-wlll (110), n. 
(Ornith.) An American bird, 
allied to the nighthawk and 
nightjar, so called from its 
note, or the sounds of its 
voice. 

Wlilp'saw, n. A saw usually 
set in a frame, for dividing 
timber lengthwise, and com- 
monly worked by two persons. whip-poor-will. 

Whip'-staff, n. ; pi. whIp'-staffs. (Naut.) A bar by 
which the rudder is turned ; a tiller. 

Whlp'ster, n. [From whip, q. v.] A nimble little fellow. 

Whip'- stock, n. The rod or staff to which the lash of 
a whip is fastened ; sometimes, the whole whip. 




Whipt, imp. & p.p. of whip, for whipped. 

Whir (18), v. i. [A.-S. hweorfan, to turn, Icel. hverfa, 
Goth, hvairban.] To whirl round with noise ; to fly with 
a buzzing or whizzing sound. 

Whir, n. A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by the 
rapid or whirling motion of any thing. 

Whirl (hwlrl, 18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. whirled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WHIRLING.] [Icel. hvirfla, to whirl, 0. H. 
Ger. hwarbaldn; A.-S. hverfiung, aberration. See supra.] 
1. To turn round rapidly ; to cause to rotate with ve- 
locity. 2. To remove quickly with a revolving motion. 

Whirl, v. i. 1. To be turned round rapidly ; to move 
round with velocity ; to gyrate. 2. To move hastily. 

Whirl, n. 1. A turning with rapidity or velocity ; rapid 
rotation. 2. Any thing that moves or is turned with 
velocity, especially on an axis or pivot. 3. A revolving 
hook used in twisting. 4. (Bot. & Conch.) A whorL 
See Whorl. 

Whirl'-hat, n. Any thing moved with a whirl as pre- 
paratory for a blow, or to augment the force of it. 

Whirl'-bone, n. The patella ; the cap of the knee ; 
the knee-pan. 

Whirl'er, n. One who, or that which, whirls. 

Whirl'i-gig', n. [From whirl and gig. See GlG.] A 
child's toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel upon an 
axis, or like a top. 

Whirl'pobl, n. An eddy of water ; a vortex or gulf in 
which the water moves round in a circle. 

Whirl'wind, n. A violent wind moving in a circle 
round its axis, and having a progressive motion. 

Whisk, n. [Icel. visk, 0. H. Ger. wise] 1. Act of 
whisking; a rapid, sweeping motion, as of something 
light. 2. A small bunch of grass, straw, hair, or the 
like, used for a brush ; hence, a brush or small besom. 
3. A small culinary instrument for whisking or beating 
eggs, &c. 4. Part of a woman's dress ; a kind of 
tippet. 

Whisk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whisked (hwiskt) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WHISKING.] [0. H. Ger. wiskjan, wisken, D. 
wisschen.] 1. To sweep, brush, or agitate with a light, 
rapid motion, as the dust from a table, or the white of 
eggs into a froth. 2. To move with a quick, sweeping 
motion. 

Whisk, v. i. To move nimbly and with velocity. 

Whlsk'er, n. 1. He who, or that which, whisks, or 
moves with a quick, sweeping motion. 2. That part of 
the beard which grows upou the sides of the face, or the 
cheeks; also, formerly, the hair of the upper lip, or 
mustache. 3. Hence, the long, projecting hairs growing 
at the sides of the mouth of a cat, or other such animal. 

Whlsk'ered, a. Formed into whiskers ; furnished with 
whiskers ; having whiskers. 

Whls'ky, I n. [Corrupted from usquebaugh, q. v.] A 

Whls'key, J spirit distilled from barley, wheat, rye, or 
maize. 

Whis'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whispered ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. whispering.] [A.-S. hwispnan, 0. H. Ger. 
hwispaldn, Icel. hviskra,hvisla. Cf. Whistle.] 1. To 
speak softly, or under the breath ; to utter words with- 
out sonant breath. 2. To make a low, sibilant sound 
or noise. 3. To speak with suspicion , or timorous cau- 
tion. 4. To plot secretly ; to devise mischief. 

Whis'per, v. t. 1. To utter in alow, and not vocal, 
tone. 2. To address in a whisper, or low voice. 

Whis'per, n. 1. A low, soft, sibilant voice ; or words 
uttered with such a voice. 2. A cautious or timorous 
speech. 

Whls'per-er, n. 1. One who whispers. 2. One who 
tells secrets ; hence, one who slanders secretly. 
Syn. — A tattler; backbiter; slanderer. 

Whist, a. [Cf. Ger. st ! pst ! bst ! hush ! peace ! silence ! 
Cf. also Hist.] Not speaking ; not making a noise ; si- 
lent ; mute ; still. 

Whist, n. A certain game at cards ; — so called because 
it requires silence or close attention. 

Whist, inter j. Be silent ; be still ; hush ; — properly the 
verb used imperatively. 

Whls'tle (hwis'sl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. whistled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WHISTLING.] [A.-S. hwistlan, Icel. hvisla, 
to whisper, q. v.] 1. To utter a kind of musical sound, 
by pressing the breath through a small orifice formed by 
contracting the lips. 2. To make a shrill sound with a 
wind instrument, like that made with the lips ; to blow 
a sharp, shrill tone. 3. To sound shrill, or like a pipe. 

Whls'tle (hwis'sl), v. t. 1. To form, utter, or modulate 
by whistling. 2. To send or call by a whistle. 

Whls'tle (hwYs'sl), n. 1. A sharp, shrill sound, made by 



a, e,&c ,long; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 






WHISTLER 



819 WHOLE 



pressing the breath through a small orifice of the lips, or 
through an instrument which gives a similar sound ; the 
sound used by a sportsman in calling his dogs ; the shrill 
note of a bird ; the shrill sound made by wind passing 
among trees or through crevices ; the shrill noise of 
steam or gas escaping through a small orifice. 2. An 
instrument producing a sound like that made by the pas- 
sage of breath through the compressed lips. 3. The 
mouth, as the organ of whistling. [ Colloq.] 

Whis'tler (hwis'ler), n. One who whistles. 

Whit (hwit), n. [From A.-S. wiht, a creature, a thing. 
See Wight and Aught.] The smallest part or particle 
imaginable ; a bit ; a jot ; — used adverbially. 

White, a. [compar. WHITER ; superl. WHITEST.] [A.-S. 
hwit, Icel. hvltr, Goth, hveits, Skr. gveta.] 1. Having 
the color of pure snow ; reflecting to the e}'e all the rays 
of the spectrum combined. 2. Destitute of color, as in 
the cheeks; pale. 3. Hence, pure; clean; free from 
spot or blemish. 4. Gray, as the effect of age ; having 
colorless hair. 5. Characterized by freedom from that 
which defiles, disturbs, and the like ; hence, innocent ; 
fortunate ; happy ; favorable. 

E@~ White feather, a mark of cowardice. See Feather. 
— White heat, the temperature at which bodies become incan- 
descent, and appear white from the bright light which they 
emit. — White lead, (a.) A carbonate of lead, much used in 
painting, and for other purposes; ceruse, (b.) (J/m.) A native 
carbonate of lead.— White squall (Naut.), a sudden gust of wind 
which comes up without being marked in its approach by the 
clouds, and is attended with white, broken water, on the sur- 
face of the sea. — White swelling {Med.), a strumous inflamma- 
tion of the synovial membranes of the knee-joint, and also of 
the cancellous texture of the end of the bone forming the knee- 
joint; — applied also to a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost 
any kind. — White wine, any wine of a clear, transparent color, 
bordering on white, as Madeira, Sherry, &c. ; — opposed to wine 
of a deep-red color, as Port. 
Syn.— Pale; snowy; pure; unblemished; sanctified. 

White, n. 1. The color of pure snow ; one of the natu- 
ral colors of bodies, yet not strictly a color, but a compo- 
sition of all the colors. 2. Something having the color 
of snow, or reflecting to the eye the rays of light unsepa- 
rated. 3. The center of a mark at which an arrow or 
other missile is shot ; — formerly painted white. 4. One 
of the white race of men. 

White, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
whiting.] To make white; to whiten; to whitewash, 

Whlte'-foait, n. (Ichth.) A 
very small, delicate fish of the 
herring kind. 

Whlte'-liv-'ered, a. Having 
a pale look ; feeble ; cowardly. 

Whlte'-meat,ra. [A.-S. hwit- White-bait. 

mete.] 1. Meats made of milk, butter, cheese, eggs, and 
the like. 2. Young or delicate flesh or food, as veal, 
poultry, rabbits, and the like. 

Whlt'en (hwiVn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. whitened ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. whitening.] To make white ; to bleach ; 
to blanch. [or whiter. 

Whlt'en, v. i. To grow white ; to turn or become white, 

Whlt'en-er, n. One who bleaches or makes white. 

Whlte'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being white. 2. 
Paleness. 3. Freedom from stain or blemish ; purity ; 




Whites, n. pi. {Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, 
or greenish mucus, from the vagina ; leucorrhea ; fluor 
albus. 

Whlte'-smith, n. 1. One who works in tinned iron, 
or white iron. 2. A worker in iron who finishes or pol- 
ishes the work, in distinction from one who forges it. 

White'wash (hwuVwSsh), n. 1. A wash or liquid 
composition for whitening something ; a wash for making 
the skin fair. 2. A composition of lime and water, or 
of whiting, size, and water, used for whitening the plas- 
ter of walls, and the like. 

White'wash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whitewashed 
(108) ; p. 'pr. & vb. n. WHITEWASHING.] 1. To cover 
with a white liquid composition, as with lime and water, 
&c. 2. To make white ; to give a fair external appear- 
ance ; hence, to clear, as an insolvent or bankrupt, of 
debts he owes. 

Whlte'wash-er, n. One who whitewashes. 

White'- weed, n. {Bot.) A plant of the genus Chrysan- 
themum ; the ox-eye daisy, — so called from the color of 
its lowers. 

Whlth'er, adv. [A.-S. hwdder, hwider, Goth, hvadri, 
hvalh, fr. hva. who.] 1. To what place ; — used interrog- 
atively. 2. To what or which place ; — used relatively. 
3. To what; to what point or degree; whereunto ; 
whereto. 




Syn. — Where. — Whither is now, to a great extent, obsolete, 
except in poetry, or in compositions of a grave and serious 
character. Where has taken its place, as in the question, 
W/tere are you going ?" &c. 

Whith'er-so-ev'er, adv. To whatever place. 

Whlt'ing, n. [From white.] 
1. (Ichth.) A sea-fish, allied 
to the cod, valued on account 
of its delicacy and lightness 
as an article of food. 2. 
Ground chalk, carefully 
cleaned from all stony matter. 

Whit'ish, a. 1. Somewhat white ; white in a moderate 
degree. 2. (Bot.) (a.) Having a color like white some- 
what soiled, (b.) Covered with an opaque white powder- 

Whlt'ish-ness, n. Quality of being whitish. 

Whit'leath-er, n. 1. Leather dressed with alum, salt, 
&c, remarkable for its pliability and toughness. 2. A 
broad, tough, white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, 
which ^supports the weight of the head. 

Whit'low, n. [From white and low, flame, fire.] (Med.) 
An inflammation of the fingers or toes, terminating usu- 
ally in suppuration. 

Whit'sun, a. Of, pertaining to, or observed at Whit- 
suntide. 

Whit'sun-day (hwit'sn-dy), ( n. [From white and Sun- 

Whit'sun-tide (hwit'sn-tid), j day, or tide.] (Eccl.) 
The seventh Sunday after Easter ; a festival commemo- 
rative of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of 
Pentecost ; — so called, because, in the primitive church, 
those who had been newly baptized appeared at church 
between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 

Whit'tle, n. [A.-S. hwitle, a little knife.] 1. A knife •, 
a pocket, sheath, or clasp-knife. 2. [A.-S. hivitel, a 
cloak. See White.] A grayish, coarse, double blanket 
worn by west countrywomen, in England, over the 
shoulders. 

Whit'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whittled ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. whittling.] [See supra.] To pare or cut off the 
surface of with a small knife. 

Whit'tle, v. i. To cut or shape a piece of wood with a 
small knife. 

Whiz, v. i. [imp. & p.p. whizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
whizzing.] [Cf. Wheeze and Hiss.] To make a 
humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying 
through the air. 

Whiz, n. A hissing and humming sound. 

Who (ho"o), pron. [possess. WHOSE ; object. WHOM.] 
[A.-S. hiva, hwa, Goth, -hvas, hvo, hva, Icel. hver, hvern, 
Skr. kas, Lat. guis, qui. Cf What.] A relative or in- 
terrogative pronoun, used always substantively, and 
either as singular or plural ; what or which person or 
persons. 

IKI 2 * Who and whom, as relative pronouns, are used of per- 
sons only, corresponding to which, as applied to things. Who, 
whose, and whom, as compound relatives, are also used of per- 
sons only, meaning the person that ; the persons that ; the one 
that. 

"Whoa (hwo), interj. See HO. 

Who-ev'er (hob-), pron. Whatever person ; any one 

without exception ; any person whatever. 
Whole (hoi, 20), a. [A.-S. hid, healthy, sound, whole, 

Goth, hails, Icel. heill, W. holl, oil, Gr. oA.os, ovA.os-] 1. 

Containing the total amount, number, and the like. 2. 

Not defective or imperfect. 3. Unimpaired; uninjured. 

4. Possessing, or being in a state of, health and sound- 



Whole blood (Law of Descent.), blood compounded wholly 
of the same ingredients ; blood which is derived from the same 
couple of ancestors.— Wliole Note (Mus.), the note which rep- 
resents a tone of longest duration m common use ; a semi- 
breve. 

Syn. — All; total ; complete ; entire; integral; undivided ; 
unbroken ; healthy ; sound ; well. — When we use the word 
whole, we refer to a thing as made up of parts, none of which 
are wanting ; as a whole week ; a whole year ; the whole crea- 
tion. When we use the word total, we have reference to all as 
taken together, and forming a single totality; as, the total 
amount ; the total income. When we speak of a thing as 
entire, we have no reference to parts at all, but regard the thing 
as an integer, i. e., continuous or unbroken ; as, an ercifreyear; 
entire prosperity. When we speak of a thing as complete, there 
is reference to some progress which results in a filling out to 
some end or object, or, in other words, absolute fullness ; as, 
complete success ; a complete victory. 

"Whole, n. 1. The entire thing ; the entire assemblage 
of parts ; totality. 2. A regular combination of parts ; 
a system. 

Upon the whole, considering all things, or the whole ; in view 
of all the circumstances or conditions. 

Syn. —Totality ; amount ; aggregate ; grose. 



food, foot; u\rn,riide,piill; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- 



WHOLENESS 



820 



WIELDER 



Whole'ness, «• State of being whole, entire, or sound, 
entireness ; totality ; completeness. 

Whole'sale (hoi'-), n. Sale of goods by the piece or 
large quantity, as distinguished from retail. 

By wholesale, in the mass ; without distinction or discrimina- 
tion. 

Wholesale (hoi/-), a. 1. Buying and selling by the 
piece or quantity. 2. Of, or pertaining to, the trade by 
the piece or quantity. 

Whole'some (hol'sum, 20), a. [compnr. wholesom- 
ER ; superl. WHOLESOMEST.] 1. Tending to promote 
health ; favoring health. 2. Contributing to the health 
of the mind ; favorable to morals, religion, or pros- 
perity. 

Syn. — Salubrious; sound; salutary; useful; kindly. 

Whole'some-ly (hol'sum-), adv. In a wholesome or 
salutary manner ; salubriously. 

Whole'some-ness (hol'sum-nes), n. 1. The state or 
quality of being wholesome, or contributing to health ; 
salubrity. 2. Salutariness ; conduciveness to the wel- 
fare or happiness. 

Whol'ly (hoFy, 20), adv. 1. In a whole or complete 
manner ; entirely ; completely ; perfectly. 2. To the 
exclusion of other things ; totally. 

Whom (ho"bm), pron. The objective of who. See WHO. 

Whom'so-ev'er (hobm/-) pron. The objective of who- 
soever. See Whosoever. 

Whoop (ho"op), ». [See infra.] A shout of pursuit or 
of war ; a halloo ; a hoot, as of an owl. 

Whoop (hoop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. WHOOPED (ho~opt) ; 
p.pr. & vb. n. WHOOPING-.] [A.-S. hwopan, to cry out, 
Goth, vopjan, to call, to cry out, hvdpan, to boast. Cf. 
Weep and Hoop.] To utter a loud cry of eagerness, 
enthusiasm, or enjoyment ; to cry out ; to shout ; to hoot, 
as an owl. 

Whobp'ing-cough (hobp'ing-kawf), n. (Med.) A vio- 
lent, convulsive cough, consisting of several expirations, 
followed by a sonorous inspiration or whoop ; chin- 
cough ; hooping-cough. 

Whop (hwop), v. t. [Colloq. and vulgar^ 1. To beat 
severely. [See Whap.] 2. To turn over suddenly. See 

WHAP. 

"Whop, n. [See Whap.] A sudden fall, or the sudden- 
ness of striking in a fall. 

Whop'per, n. [Cf. Whapper.] 1. One who whops. 
2. Any thing uncommonly large ; applied especially to a 
monstrous he. [Colloq.] 

Whore (hor), n. [A.-S. hdre, Icel. hora, 0. H. Ger. huora, 
huorra, fr. Goth, hors, an adulterer, A.-S. hdr, 0. H. Ger. 
huor, hdr, huora, fornication, Skr. jara, an adulterer; 
W. huran, huren, a whore.] A woman who practices un- 
lawful sexual commerce with men, especially one who 
does it for hire. 

Syn. — Harlot ; courtesan ; prostitute ; strumpet ; punk ; 
wench ; concubine. 

Whore (hor), v. i. To have unlawful sexual commerce. 
Whore'dom (hor/dum), n. 1. Practice of unlawful 

commerce with the other sex ; fornication ; lewdness. 

2. (Script.) Idolatry. 
Whore'mas-ter (hor 7 -), n. 1. A man who practices 

lewdness ; a lecher. 2. One who keeps or procures 

whores for others ; a pimp ; a procurer. 
Whore'mon-|er (hor'mvlng-ger), n. A whoremaster ; 

a lecher ; a pimp. 
Whor'ish (hor'ish), a. Resembling a whore in character 

or conduct ; incontinent ; lewd ; unchaste. 
Whorl (hwdrl or hworl), n. 

[Allied to whirl. See Whirl, 

4.] 1. (Bot.) An arrangement 

of a number of leaves, flowers, 

or other organs, around a stem, 

in the same plane with each 

other. 2. ( Conch.) A wreath 

or turn of the spire of a uni- 
valve. 
Whort'le-ber/ry (hwurt'l-), 

n. [Cf. Hurtleberry, and 

A.-S. wyrt, herb, root, H. Ger. 

wurzel, a root, turnip.] (Bot, 

its small, round, edible berry, which is highly valued for 

food ; the huckleberry. 
Who§se (hobz), pron. The possessive or genitive case of 

who or which. See Who and Which. 
Whoje'so-ev'er (hoW-), pron. The possessive of who- 
soever. See Whosoever. 
Who/so-ev'er, pron. Whatsoever person ; any person 

whatever that. 




Whorls 
A plant or shrub, and 



Whftr, v.i. 1. To make a rough humming sound, lik« 

one who pronounces the letter r with too much force. 

2. To snarl or growl, as a dog. 
Whfir, n. A humming sound like that of a body moving 

through the air with velocity ; whir. 
Why, adv. [A.-S. hwy, hwi, hu, why, instrum. form of 

hwa, hwat, who, what ; Icel. hvi, Goth, hve, du-hve.] 

1. For what cause, reason, or purpose ; on what account,; 
— used interrogatively. 2. For which reason or cause; 
on which account ; for what ; — used relatively. 3. The 
reason or cause for which ; — used as a compound relative. 

eg** Why is used sometimes emphatically, or as an expletive. 

Wick, n. [A.-S. weoca, wecca, wecce, Icel. qveikr.] A 
cotton cord, which by capillary attraction draws up the 
oil, melted tallow, or wax, or other material used for illu- 
mination, in small, successive portions, to be burned. 

Wick'ed (60), a. [Prob. from A.-S. wiccian, to bewitch, 
enchant, because crimes were attributed to enchantment 
and witchcraft. Cf. Witch.] Evil in principle or prac- 
tice ; contrary to the moral law ; addicted to vice. 

Syn. —Iniquitous ; sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; 
unjust ; unrighteous ; unholy; irreligious; ungodly ; profane; 
vicious : pernicious ; atrocious ; nefarious ; heinous ; flagrant; 
profligate ; flagitious ; abandoned. See Iniquitous. 

Wick'ed-ly, adv. In a wicked manner; viciously, 

corruptly ; immorally. 
Wick'ed-iiess, n. 1. State or quality of being wicked. 

2. A wicked thing or act. 

Syn. — Sin ; sinfulness ; criminality : guilt ; iniquity ; im- 
morality ; vice ; baseness ; villainy ; irreligion ; impiety ; un- 
holiness ; ungodliness ; atrocity ; flagitiousness. 

Wick'er, a. [Icel. widir, willow. See Withy.] Made 
of, or covered with, twigs or osiers. 

Wick'er, n. A small twig or osier ; a rod for making 
basket-work, and the like. 

"Wick'et, n. [0. Fr. wiket, guischet, fr. Icel. wik, recess, 
corner, A.-S. wic, recess, port.] 1. A small gate or door, 
especially one forming part of a larger door or gate. 2. 
A small gate-like frame-work of rods, used in playing 
cricket. 

Wick'ing, n. The material of which wicks are made. 

Wide, a. [compar. WIDER; superl. WIDEST.] [A.-S. 
iv'id, Icel. vidr, O. H. Ger. wit.] 1. Having a great ex- 
tent every way ; spacious ; vast. 2. Having considerable 
distance or extent between the sides ; not narrow. 3. Of 
a certain measure between the sides. 4. Remote ; distant. 
Syn. — Broad ; extensive ; large. 

Wide, adv. To a distance ; far. 

Wide'-a-wake', a. On the alert ; ready ; earnest. 

Wide'ly, adv. 1. In a wide manner ; to a wide degree ; 
far ; extensively. 2. Very much ; to a great degree. 

Wid'en (wld'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. widened ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WIDENING.] To make wide or wider. 

Wid'en, v. i. To grow wide, or wider ; to enlarge. 

Wide'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being wide; 
breadth ; width. 2. Large extent in all directions. 

Wid'geon (wij'un), n. [Fr. 
vingeon, gingeon.] (Ornith.) 
A water-fowl of the duck group. 

Wid'ow, n. [A.-S. weoduwe, 
widuwe, Goth, viduvo, vidovo, 
Lat. vidua, from viduics, bereft ' 
of a husband, spouseless ; Skr. ^ 
vidhava, from vi, without, and" 
dhava, husband.] A woman 
who has lost her husband 
by death, and has not taken 
another. 

Wid'ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Widgeon. 

widowed; p. pr. & vb. n. widowing.] 1. To be-* 
reave of a husband. 2. To deprive of one who is loved ; 
to make desolate or bare ; to bereave. 

Wid'ow-er, n. A man who has lost his wife by death, 
and has not married again. 

Wid'ow-hobd, n. The state of being a widow ; also, 
more rarely, the state of being a widower. 

Wid'ow-ly, a. Becoming or like a widow. 

Width (108), n. [Eng. wide, Icel. vidd, 0. H. Ger. vAtl.] 
Quality of being wide ; extent from side to side ; breadth ; 




Wield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wielded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 

WIELDING.] [A.-S. wealdan, waldan, to rule, Goth. 

valdan. gavaldan, to command, Icel. valda, to effect.] 1. 

To use with full command or power, as a thing not too 

heavy for the holder. 2. To use or employ ; to control. 
Syn. — To swing ; sway ; manage ; handle. 
Wield'er, n. One who wields or employs ; a manager. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, wolf, 



WIFE 



821 



WILT 



Wife, n. ; pi. wives.. [A.-S. wif, Icel. vif, 0. H. Ger. 
wtb.] 1. A woman ; an adult female ; — used only in 
certain compounds and phrases. 2. The lawful consort 
of a man ; a woman who is united to a man in wedlock. 

Wif e'ho"bd, n. State and character of a wife. 

Wif e'ly, a. Becoming or like a wife ; pertaining or suit- 
able to a wife. 

Wig, n. [An abbrev. of periwig, q. v.] An artificial 
covering of hair for the head. 

Wig'gle (wTg'gl), v. t. or z. To move to and fro with a 
quick, jerking motion ; to squirm ; to wriggle. [Prov. 
Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 

Wight (wit), n. [A.-S. iviht, wuht, a creature, animal ; 
Goth. vai/Us, f., vaiht, n., Icel. vdtt, vattr, vettr, f. Cf. 
Whit and Aught.] A being ; a person ; — used chiefly 
in irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. 

WTg'wam, n. [From Algonquin 
or Massachusetts wek, " his 
house," or " dwelling place ; " 
with possessive and locative af- 
fixes, we.kou-om.-ut, "in his (or 
their) house ; " contracted by the 
English to weekwam, and wig- 
wam.] An Indian cabin or hut 
of a conical shape, made of bark 



€ JBj%'' 



"Wigwam. 



Wild, a. {corn-par. WILDER ; 
superl. WILDEST.] [A.-S. wild, 
Icel. villr, Goth, viltheis, W. 
gwyllt.] 1. Living in a state of 
nature ; not tamed or domesticated. 2. Growing or pro- 
duced without culture ; native. 3. Desert ; notinhabited. 
4. Not refined by culture ; ferocious ; rude. 5. Not sub- 
mitted to restraint, training, or regulation ; turbulent ; 
violent; inordinate; fanciful ; visionary ; crazy . 6. Ex- 
posed to the wind and sea ; un- 
sheltered. 7. Indicating strong 
emotion, intense excitement, or 
bewilderment. 





tgjg*~ Wild is prefixed to the names 
of many plants, to distinguish them 
from such of the name as are culti- 
vated in gardens. — Wild boar 
(Zool.), an animal of the hog kind 
from which the domesticated' swine Wild Boar. 

is descended. — Wild cat (Zool.), an animal of the cat familv. 
stronger and fiercer than the do- 
mestic cat, very destructive to the 
smaller domestic animals. — Wild- 
goose chase, the pursuit of something 
as unlikely to be caught as a wild 
goose. — To sow one's wild oats, to 
pass through a season of wild and 
thoughtless dissipation, as in youth. -^ 
IColloq.] 

Syn. — Savage ; desert ; uncivil 
ized ; ungoverned ; inconstant ; 
loose ; irregular; disorderly. Wild Cat. 

Wild, n. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or 

region ; a forest or sandy desert ; a wilderness ; a desert. 
Wll'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wildered ; p. pr. & vb. 

n. wildering.] [Eng. wild.] To cause to lose the 

way or track ; to bewilder. 
Wil'der-ness, n. A tract of land or region uncultivated 

and uninhabited by human beings, whether a forest or a 

wide, barren plain ; a wild ; a waste ; a desert. 
Wild'- fire, n. A composition of inflammable materials, 

which when inflamed is very hard to quench. 
Wlld'grave, n. A head forest keeper. 
Wild'ing, n. 1. A wild crab-apple. 2. A young tree 

that is wild, or growing without cultivation. 
Wild'ly, adv. In a wild condition or manner. 

Syn. — Heedlessly ; irrationally ; fiercely ; irregularly; licen- 
tiously. 

Wlld'ness, n. State or quality of being wild. 

Syn. — Rudeness ; savageness ; brutality ; irregularity ; 
alienation. 

Wile, n. [A.-S. wile, Icel. vel, v'iel, fraud, vela, to de- 
ceive. Cf. Guile.] A trick or stratagem practiced for 
insnaring or deception. 

wlrfSiy,^. I Se Wl S F L u N L E ' ss WlLLFULLY ' and 

Wil'f ul-ness, n. ) willfulness. 
Wi'li-ly, adv. In a wily manner ; by stratagem. 
Wi'li-ness, n. State or quality of being wily ; guile. 
Wilk, n. [A.-S. weoloc, weolc, wiloc, a shell-fish, 0. D. 

welk.] A species of mollusk. See WHELK. 
Will, n. [A.-S. willa, wille, Icel. vili, vil, Goth, vilja, 

Lith. wale, Slav, wola; W. givyll, gwyllys ; Gr. /SovAtj. 

See the verb.] 1. Power of choosing ; faculty of prefer- 



Wi 



ring or selecting one of two or more objects. 2. Tb» 
choice which is made; a volition. 3. Choice or deter- 
mination of one who has authority ; a decree ; a com- 
mand. 4. Strong wish or inclination. 5. That which 
is strongly wished or desired. 6. (Law.) The legal dec- 
laration of a person's mind, as to the manner in which 
he would have his property or estate disposed of after 
his death ; testament ; devise. 

Good will, (a.) Favor ; kindness. (b.) Right intention. 

-faw.) See Good-will. — Ill will, enmity; unfriendliness.— 
Wul-with-a-wisp, a luminous appearance sometimes seen in 
the air over moist ground, supposed to proceed from hydrogen 
gas; Jack-with-a-lantern ; ignis-fatuus. 
Will, v. t. [imp. willed and would ; p. p. willed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n willing.] [A.-S. willan, willian, Goth. 
viljan, Icel. vilja, allied to Lat. velle, volo, Gr. 0ouAo/ouu.] 
This verb has both an irregular and regular form. 1. 
Irregular. [I will, thou wilt, he will; imp. would ; p.p. 
wanting.] (a.) To wish ; to desire, (b.) As an auxiliary, 
used to denote futurity dependent on the subjeet of the 
verb. Thus, in the first person, " I will " denotes willing- 
ness, consent, promise ; and when " wilV is emphasized, 
it denotes determination or fixed purpose. In the second 
and third persons, the idea of distinct volition, wish, or 
purpose, is evanescent, and simple certainty is appro- 
priately expressed. To emphasize will denotes (according 
to the tone or context) certain futurity or fixed deter- 
mination. 

ragf As in shall (which see), the second and third persons 
may be virtually converted into the first, either by question or 
indirect statement, so as to receive the meaning which belongs 
to will in that person. 

In Ireland, Scotland, and the United States, especially in the 
southern and western portions of the "United States, will is often 
improperly used for shall, and woidd for should, as in the fol- 
lowing examples : — 

lam able to devote as muoh time and attention to other subjects as I will 
[shall] be under the necessity of doing next winter. Chalmers. 

I woold [should] in vain attempt, adequately to express the emotions with 
which I received the testimonials of confidence and regard which you have 
recently addressed to me. Jefferson Davis. 

2. Regular. [I will, thou wiliest, he wills ; imp. & p. p. 
willed.] (a.) To determine by an act of choice ; to ordain ; 
to decree, (b.) To give or direct the disposal of by testa- 
ment ; to bequeath ; to devise. 

eg- Would as the preterit ofivill, is chiefly employed in con- 
ditional, subjunctive, or optative senses. It is used for both 
present and future time, in conditional propositions, and would 
have for past time. It is never a past participle. 

Will, v. i. 1. To exercise an act of volition. 2. To be 
inclined or disposed ; to desire ; to choose. 3. To decide ; 
to determine ; to decree. 4. To order or direct by testa- 
ment. 

Wlll'f ul, a. [From will and full.] Governed by the will 
without yielding to reason. 

Syn. — Obstinate ; perverse ; inflexible ; stubborn ; refract- 
ory. 

Wlll'f ul-ly, adv. In a willful manner ; obstinately. 

Wlll'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being willful ; obstinacy. 

Will'ing, a. [From will, v. t. ; Ger. willig, Dan. & Sw. 
villig.] 1. Free to do or grant ; having the mind in- 
clined ; disposed ; ready ; fain. 2. Received of choice, 
or without reluctance; chosen; desired. 

Will'ing-ly, adv. In a willing manner ; with free will ; 
without reluctance ; cheerfully. 

Will'ing-ness, n. Quality of being willing ; free choice 
or consent of the will ; readiness of the mind to do or 
forbear. 

WIl'low, n. [A.-S. wilig, welig, D. wilg.] 1. (Bot.) 
A tree of many species, most of which are characterized 
by slender, pliant branches. 2. (Cotton Manuf.) A 
machine in which cotton is opened and cleansed — prob- 
ably so called from having been originally a cylindrical 
cage made of willow rods, though some derive the term 
from winnow, as denoting the winnowing or cleansing 
action of the machine. [of a willow. 

Wil'low, v. t. To open and cleanse, as cotton, by means 

Wil'ldw-y, a. 1. Abounding with willows. 2. Re- 
sembling a willow ; pliant ; flexible ; pendent ; drooping. 

Wil'ly, n. A machine for opening and cleansing wool, 
similar to the willow used in cotton manufactures. 

EST - The word is supposed to be a corruption of willow, the 
name of the similar machine used in the cotton manufacture. 

Wilt, v. Second person singular of will. See WILL. 

Wilt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WILTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WILTING.] [Written also welt, a modif. of 0. Eng. toelk, 
Ger. welken, to fade, wither, from welk, A.-S. hwilc, 
lean.] To lose freshness and become flaccid, as a plant 
when exposed to great heat in a dry day, or when sep- 
arated from its root; to droop. [Amer., and Prov. Eng.] 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -sail, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this* 



WILT 



822 



WINDY 




Wilt, v. t. [Amer. .and Prov. Eng.] 1. To make flaccid, 
as a green plant. 2. Hence, to depress or destroy the 
Tigor and energy of. 

Wil'y, a. [compar. wilier ; superl. WILIEST.] [From 
wile.] Full of wiles, tricks, or stratagems ; mischievously 
artful. 
Syn. — Cunning; artful; sly ; crafty; subtle. See Cunning. 

Wim'lble (wim'bl), n. [Scot, wimmle, 0. D. wimpel. See 
Gimlet.] An instrument for boring holes, turned by a 
handle ; a gimlet. 

Wim'ible, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wimbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wimbling.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 

Wim'ple, n. [0. H. Ger. wimpal, 
a light garment ; M. H. Ger. wim- 
pel, a vail. Cf. Gimp.] A covering 
of silk, linen, or other material, laid 
in folds, for the neck, chin, and 
sides of the face, formerly worn by 
women as an out-door covering, and 
still retained in the conventual dress 
of nuns. 

Wim'ple, v. t. [imp. & p.p. WIM- 
PLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. WIMPLING.] 
1. To draw down, or to lay in folds Wimple, 

or plaits, as a vail ; to cover as with 
a vail ; hence, to hoodwink. 2. To cause to appear as 
if laid in folds or plaits ; to make to ripple. 

Wim'ple, v. i. To ripple ; to undulate. 

Win, v. t. [imp. & p. p. won (wan, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. winning.] [A.-S. winnan, to strive, labor, fight, 
gain ; Goth, vinnan, to suffer, Icel. vinna.] 1. To gain 
by success in competition or contest. 2. To allure to 
kindness ; to bring to compliance. 3. To gain over to 
one's side or party ; to render friendly or approving. 
Syn. — To gain; get; obtain; procure; earn. See Gain. 

Win, v. i. To gain the victory ; to be successful. 

Wince, v.i. [imp. & p. p. winced (wmst); p. pr. & 
vb. n. WINCING.] [Cf. A.-S. wincian, to bend one's self, 
to nod ; W. gwingaw, to struggle, to wince ; 0. Fr, 
guenchir, guencir, to give way, to turn aside, fr. 0. H. 
Ger. wankjan, wenkjan, to decline, move. Cf. WINK.] 

1. To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain ; to flinch ; 
to start back. 2. To kick or flounce when unsteady, or 
impatient of a rider. 

Wince, n. See Wincing-machine. 

Win'cer, n. One who, or that which, winces. 

Winch (66), n. [A.-S. wince, a winch, a reel to wind 
thread upon.] 1. A lever having a projecting handle at 
one end, and the other end fixed to an axle of a machine. 

2. A crank -handle. 3. An axle turned by a crank- 
handle, for raising weights ; a windlass. 

Wind, n. [A.-S. wind, Icel. vindr, Goth, vinds, W. 
gwynt, Lat. ventus, Skr. wata, from wa, to blow.] 1. 
Air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity. 2. 
Air artificially put in motion. 3. Breath modulated by 
the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument. 
4. Power of respiration ; breath. 5. Gas generated in 
the stomach and bowels ; flatulence. 6. Air impregnat- 
ed with an odor or scent. 7. A direction in which the 
wind may blow ; a point of the compass ; especially, one 
of the cardinal points. 8. Any thing insignificant or 
light as wind ; mere breath or talk. 

i&g*° In poetry and among singers, this word is often pro- 
nounced wind. 

Between wind and water (ffaut.), in that part of a ship's side 
or bottom which is frequently brought above water by the 
rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water's surface. — Down 
the wind, in the direction of, and moving with, the wind. — In 
the wind's eye (N~aut.), toward the direct point from which the 
wind blows. — To carry the wind, to toss the nose as high as the 
ears, as a horse. — To raise the v-ind, to procure money. [Col- 
&>?•]— To take wind, or to get wind, to be divulged; to become 
public. 

Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. winded; p. pr. & vb. n. 

winding.] 1. To expose to the wind ; to winnow ; to 
ventilate. 2. To perceive or follow by the scent ; to 
nose. 

Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WOUND \ p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
winding.] To blow ; to sound by blowing ; especially, 
to sound so that the notes shall be prolonged and mu- 
tually involved. 

03- This word, like the preceding, is derived from wind, the 
noun, which was formerly, and is still sometimes, pronounced 
wind. It has been confounded, however, both in sense and 
conjugation, with the next word, q. v. 

Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wound (rarely WINDED) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. winding.] [A.-S. windan, Goth, vindan, 
Icel. vinda.] 1. To turn completely, or with repeated 
turns ; especially, to turn about something fixed ; to coil 



to twine ; to twist. 2. To entwist ; to infold ; to encircle. 
3. To turn and bend at one's pleasure ; to regulate ; 
to govern. 4. To introduce by insinuation ; to insinuate. 
5. To cover or surround with something coiled about. 

To wind up, (a.) To bring to a small compass, as a ball of 
thread; to coil completely. (6.) To bring to a conclusion or 
settlement, (c.) To put in a state of renovated or continued 
motion, as a clock, a watch, or the like, by winding the spring, 
or that which carries the weight; hence, to prepare for con- 
tinued movement or action; to put in order anew. 

Wind, v. i. 1. To turn completely or repeatedly; to 
become coiled about any thing. 2. To have a circular 
course or direction. 3. To go to the one side or the 
other ; to meander. 

Wind'age, n. [From wind, n.] ( Gun ) The difference 
between the diameter of the bore of a gun and that of 
the shot fired from it. 

Wind'bound, a. (Naut.) Prevented from sailing by a 
contrary wind. 

Wind'-brok'en (-brok'n, 20), a. Diseased in the power 
of breathing by the rupture, dilatation, or running to- 
gether of some of the air-cells, so that while the inspira- 
tion is by one effort, the expiration is by two. 

Wind'-egg, n. An addle egg. 

Wind'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, winds ; henc«, 
a creeping or winding plant. 2. A reel or swift for wind- 
ing silk, cotton, &c, on. 3. One of the steps of a wind- 
ing staircase. 

Wind'fall, n. 1. Any thing blown down or off by the 
wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree itself. 2. An un- 
expected legacy, or other gain. 

Wind'-f Iow'er, n. The anemone ; — so called because 
formerly supposed to open only when the wind was blow- 
ing. 

Wind'-gall, n. (Far.) A soft tumor on the fetlock 
joints of a horse ; — formerly supposed to contain air. 

Wind'-giin, n. A gun discharged by the force of com- 
pressed air. 

Wind'-h6v / er (-hQv'er), n. A species of hawk; — so 
called from hovering in the air, while watching for its 
prey. 

Wind'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being windy or 
tempestuous. 2. Flatulence. 3. Tendency to generate 
wind, gas, or flatulence. 4. Tumor; puffiness. 

Wind'ing, n. 1. A turn or 
turning ; a bend ; flexure ; 
meander. 2. A call by the 
boatswain's whistle. 

Wind'ing-sheet,». A sheet 
in which a corpse is wound or 
wrapped. 

Wind'lass, n. [Apparently! 
from wind and lace ; but cf. ^ 
D. windas, windaas, fr. win- 
den, to wind, and as, an ax- 
is.] A cylinder or roller for raising weights, turned by 
a crank oi lever, with a rope or chain "attached to the 
weight. 

Wind'less, o. Having no wind ; out of breath. 

Wind'mill, n. A mill turned >\ 

by the wind. 

Win'dow, n. [Dan. vindue, Sw. 
vindoga, Icel. vindauga, win- 
dow, properly wind-eye; 0. Eng. 
windore, windor, i. e., wind- 
door.] 1. An opening in the 
wall of a building for the admis- 
sion of light and air, usually; 
closed by glazed sashes, capable 
of being opened and shut. 2. The: 
door or sash that closes or covers } 




Windlass. 



J& 




Windmill. 



the aperture or opening. 3. A 

lattice or casement. 
Win'dow-seat, n. A seat in and under a window. 
"Wind'pipe, n. (Anat.) The passage for the breath t» 

and from the lungs ; the trachea. 
Wind'row (wln'ro), n. [From wind and row.] A row" 

or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being 

rolled into cocks or heaps. 
Wind'ward, n. The point from which the wind blows. 
To lay an anchor to the windward (Fig.), to adopt previous 

or anticipatory measures for success or security. 

Wind'ward, o. Situated toward the point from which 

the wind blows. 
Wind'ward, adv. Toward the wind ; in the direction 

from which the wind blows. 
Wind'y, a. [compar. WINDIER ; superl. WINDIEST.J 

1. Consisting of wind. 2. Next the wind; windward. 



c.,long; &,e,Scc.,skort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, vgil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



WINE 



823 



WISDOM-TOOTH 



3. Tempestuous ; boisterous. 4. Serving to occasion 
wind or gas in the intestines ; flatulent. 5. Attended, or 
caused, by wind or gas in the intestines. 6. Empty ; 
airy. 

Wine, n. [A.-S. win, Icel. vin, Goth, vein, Lat. vinum, 
Gr. oii/os, iEolic Gr. FoZvos ; W. gwin, Slav, wind.] 1. 
The fermented juice of grapes, 2. Hence, a liquor or 
beverage resembling that prepared from grapes, yielded 
by other kinds of fruit. 3. Intoxication. 
Spirit of wine, alcohol. See Spirit. 

Wine'-bib'foer, n. One who drinks much wine ; a great 
drinker. 

Wine'-glass, n. A small glass in which wine is drank. 

Wine'-meag'ure (-mezh'ur), n. [See Measure.] The 
measure by ■which wines and other spirits are sold, small- 
er than beer measure. 

Wing, n. [Icel. vangr, wing, vings, agitation, fanning ; 
Ger. schwinge.] 1. One of two a. terior limbs of a fowl, 
corresponding to the arms of a man, and by most birds 
used for flying. 2. Any similar member or instrument 
used for the purpose of flying. 3. Passage by flying ; 
flight. 4. Motive or instrument of flight. 5. That 
which agitates the air as a wing does, as a fan or vane 
for winnowing grain. 6. A side-piece ; one of two cor- 
responding appendages attached to the sides of any thing ; 
or a single appendage so attached; hence, (a.) (Arch.) A 
side-building, less than the main edifice, (b.) (Bot.) A 
membranous expansion of a plant, (c.) (Fort.) The 
longer side of crown-works, horn-works, and the like, 
connecting them with the main work, (d.) (Mil.) The 
right or left division of an army, regiment, and the like. 
(e.) (Naut.) That part of the hold or orlop of a vessel 
which is nearest the sides ; — in a fleet, one of the ex- 
tremities when the ships are drawn up in line, or when 
forming the two sides of a triangle, (f.) (Theatrical.) 
One of the sides of the stage. 

On the wing, flying. — On the icings of the Wind, with the ut- 
most velocity. — Under the icing, or wings of, under the care or 
protection of. — Wing-and-wing (Naut.), the situation of a fore- 
and-aft vessel when she is going dead before the wind, with 
her foresail hauled over on one side and her mainsail on the 
other. 

Wing, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WINGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WINGING.] 1. To furnish with wings ; to enable to fly, 
or to move with celerity. 2. To supply with wings or 
side-pieces. 3. To transport by flight. 4. To cut off 
the wings of; to wound in the wing ; to disable a wing 
of. 

Winged (60), p. a. 1. Furnished with wings, or wing- 
like expansions. 2. Swift ; rapid. 3. Wounded or 
hurt in the wing. 

Wing'less, a. Having no wings ; not able to fly. 

Wing'-shell, n. (Entom.) The case or shell which 
covers the wing of a coleopterous insect, as a beetle. 

Wing'y, a. Having wings ; rapid. 

Wink., v. i. [imp. & p. p. winked (wlnkt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. winking.] [A.-S. ivincian, 0. II. Ger. winchian, 
winchan.] 1. To close the eyelids with a quick motion. 
2. To close and open the eyelids quickly ; to blink. 3. 
To give a hint by a motion of the eyelids. 4. To shut 
the eyes purposely for the sake of not seeing any thing, 
or as if not seeing ; to connive at any thing ; to avoid 
taking notice. 

Wink, n. 1. Act of closing the eyelids quickly. 2. A 
hint given by shutting the eye with a significant cast. 

Wink'er, n. 1. One who winks. 2. A horse's blinder. 

Win'ner, n. One who wins, or gains by success in com- 
petition or contest. 

Win'ning, p. a. Attracting ; adapted to gain favor ; 
charming. 

Win'ning, n. The sum won or gained by success in 
competition or contest. 

Win/now, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WINNOWED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WINNOWING.] [A.-S. windwian awindivian, to 
fan ; Goth, vinthjan, id., vinthi-skauro, a fan ; Lat. van- 
nare, to fan, winnow, from vannus, a fan or van for win- 
nowing grain : 0. H. Ger. wannon, to winnow.] 1. To 
separate and drive off the chaff from by means of wind. 
2. To sift for the purpose of separating falsehood from 
truth. 3. To fan ; to beat, as with wings. 

Win'now, v. i. To separate chaff from grain. 

Win'now-er, n. One who winnows. 

Win'some (whysurn), a. [compar. WINSOMER; superl. 
WINSOMEST.] [A.-S. wynsum, wunsum, from wynn, 
joy.] Cheerful : merry •, gay ; light-hearted. 

Win'ter, n. [A.-S. winter, Icel. vetr, Goth, vintrus, prob. 
allied to wind, because it is the windy season of the year.] 
1. The cold season of the year; in common usage, in 



the northern hemisphere, the period from the first day ol 
December to the first day of March ; in astronomical us- 
age, the period from the solstice in December (about the 
twenty -first day) to the vernal equinox in March (about 
the twenty-first day). 2. A year. 

Win'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WINTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. wintering.] To pass the winter. [ter. 

Win'ter, v. t. To keep, feed, or manage during the win- 

Win'ter- green, n. ( Bot. ) An aromatic, creeping ever- 
green, having bright red berries ; — called also checker- 
berry, and partridge-berry. 

Win'ter-kUl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. winter-killed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. winter-killing.] To kill by the cold, 
or exposure of winter. [Amer.\ 

Win'ter-wheat, n. Wheat sown in autumn, which 
lives during the winter, and ripens in the following sum- 
mer. 

Win'ter-y, a. Suitable to winter; resembling winter, 
or what belongs to winter. 
, Syn. — Cold ; stormy ; brumal ; hyemal ; snowy ; frosty i 

Win'try, a. The same as Wintery, q. v. 

Win'y, a. Having the taste or qualities of wine. 

Wipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wiped (wlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. wiping.] [A.-S. ivipian, to wrap up, to cuddle one's 
self up, Sw. vepa, a blanket; L. Ger. ivlp, a wisp of 
straw ; M. H. Ger. wif, id.] 1. To rub with something 
soft for cleaning; to clean by rubbing. 2. To strike 
off gently ; to remove by rubbing. 3. To remove by 
rubbing ; to rub off ; to clear. 

Wipe, n. 1. Act of rubbing for the purpose of cleaning. 
2. A blow ; a stroke ; a hit. [Low.] 

Wip'er, n. 1. One who wipes. 2. Something used for 
wiping, as a towel, or rag. 3. (Mach.) A piece generally 
projecting from a horizontal axle, for the purpose of 
raising stampers, heavy pistons, &c, and leaving them 
to fall by their own weight. 

Wire, n. [A.-S. wir, wire, Icel. vir, id.] An even thread 
of metal. 

Wire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WIRING.] 1. To bind with wire ; to apply wire to. 2. 
To put upon a wire. 3. To snare by means of a wire or 
wires. 

Wire'-bridge. n. A bridge suspended on wires or ca- 
bles made of wires. 

Wire'-dravv, v. t. [imp. wire-drew; p. p. wire- 
drawn \"p. pr. & vb. n. WIRE-DRAWING.] 1. To 
form, as a piece of metal, into wire, by drawing it 
through a hole in a plate of steel. 2. Hence, to draw 
by art or violence. 3. Hence, also, to draw or spin out 
to great length and tenuity. 

Wire'- draw' er, n. One who draws metal into wire. 

Wire'-edge, n. The thin, wire-like thread of metal 
sometimes formed on the edge of a tool by the stone in 
sharpening it. 

Wire'-piilFer, n. One who pulls the wires, as of a 
puppet ; "hence, one who operates by secret means ; an 
intriguer. [Amer.] 

Wire'- worm (-wfirm), n. The larve of various species 
of beetles ; — so called from its slenderness and uncom- 
mon hardness. 

Wir'i-ness, n. The state of being wiry. 

Wir'y, a. 1. Made of wire; like wire; drawn out like 
wire. 2. Capable of endurance ; tough ; sinewy. 

Wis, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WIST.] [0. Eng. wisse, wissen, 
to teach, to suppose, A.-S. wisian, wlssian, to instruct, 
show, govern ; A.-S. gewiss, Icel. vis, certain ; A.-S. 
wisse, iviste, pret. of witan. See WIT, v. i.] [Obs. or 
poet.] 1. To know; to be aware. 2. To think; ta 
suppose ; to imagine. 

Wi§'d6m, n. [A.-S. wisdom, from wis, wise, and the 
termination ddm , from dom, doom, judgment, power.] 
1. Quality of being wise ; knowledge, and the capacity 
to make due use of it ; discernment and judgment ; dis- 
cretion ; sagacity. 2. Scientific or practical truth ; ac- 
quired knowledge; erudition. 3. (Script.) Godliness; 
piety ; religion. 

Syu. — Prudence. — Wisdom has been defined to be "the 
use of the best means for attaining the best ends," and in this 
sense implies the union of high mental and moral excellence. 
Prudence is of a more negative character; it rather consists in 
avoiding danger than in taking decisive measures for the ac- 
complishment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole was in many 
respects a prudent statesman, but he was far from being a wise 
one. Burke has remarked that prudence, when carried too far, 
degenerates into a " reptile virtue," which is the more danger- 
ous for the plausible appearance it wears. 

Wi§'d6m- tooth, n.; pi. wis/dom-teeth. A large, 
back double tooth ; — familiarly so called because ap- 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; this* 



WISE 



824 



WITHIN 



pearing comparatively late, as it were after the person 
has arrived at the age of wisdom. 

Wi§e, a. [compar. wiser ; superl. wisest.] [A.-S. 
wis, Icel. vis, Goth, veis; allied to wit, v. i., q. v.] 1. 
Having knowledge ; enlightened : erudite ; learned. 2. 
Hence, especially, making due use of knowledge ; discern- 
ing and judging soundly concerning what is true or 
false, proper or improper. 3. Versed in art or science ; 
specifically, skilled in divination. 4. Godly ; pious ; re- 
ligious. 5. Dictated or guided by wisdom; containing 
wisdom ; judicious. 

Syn.— Sage ; sagacious ; learned ; judicious ; prudent ; 
godly. 

Wi§e, n. [A.-S. wise, Icel. visa, 0. H. Ger. wisa, wis, 
allied to A.-S. wisian, wissian, to instruct, show, direct, 
govern. Cf. Guise.] Way of being or acting; manner ; 
mode. 

fgg"Wise is often used in composition, as in likewise, other- 
wise, lengthwise, &c, in which ways is often erroneously sub- 
stituted for it; as, oiherways, lengthways, &c. 

WI§e'a-ere (wiz/a-ker), n. [Ger. weissager, a foreteller, 
prophet, from weise, wise, and sagen. to say.] One who 
makes undue pretensions to wisdom ; hence, in contempt, 
a simpleton ; a dunce. 

Wige'liiig, n. One who pretends to be wise ; a wiseacre. 

Wige'ly, adv. In a wise manner ; prudently ; judicious- 
ly ; discreetly ; with wisdom. 

Wish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WISHED (wisht) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WISHING.] [A.-S. wyscan, 0. H. Ger. wunskian, 
wunscan, Icel. oska, Skr. wantch.] 1. To have a desire ; 
to long ; to hanker. 2. To be disposed or inclined. 3. 
To entertain hope or fear in respect to any thing. 

"Wish, v. t. 1. To desire; to long for ; to hanker after. 
2. To frame or express desires concerning ; to invoke in 
favor of or against any one ; to imprecate. 

"Wish, n. 1. Desire ; eager desire : longing. 2. Ex- 
pression of desire ; request ; petition ; hence, invoca- 
tion or imprecation. 3. A thing desired ; object of de- 
sire. 

Wisli'-bone, n. The forked bone in front of the breast- 
bone in birds, corresponding to two clavicles confluent at 
their lower ends ; — called also merry-thought. 

Wlsh'er, n. One who wishes or expresses a wish. 

WIsh'fiil, a. 1. Having desire, or ardent desire. 2. 
Showing desire. 

Wlsh'fiil-ly, adv. In a wishful manner ; with desire, 
or ardent desire ; with the show of desiring. 

Wish'y-wash'y, a. Thin and pale ; without force or 
solidity ; also, very weak, when said of liquor. 

s^isp, n. [Icel. & Dan. visk, Ger. wisch. See Whisk.] 
1. A small bundle of straw or other like substance. 2. 
A whisk, or small broom. 

"Wist, imp. & p. p. of wis. See Wis. [ Obs.] 

Wlst'ful, a. [From wist, pret. of wis, q. v.] Eagerly 
attentive; engrossed; hence, sometimes, with desire or 
longing ; wishful. 

WIst'f ul-ly, adv. In a wistful manner. 

Wit, v.'i. [A.-S. witan.] To know; — now used only in 
the infinitive, to wit, which is employed, especially in 
legal language, to call attention to a particular thing, or 
to a more particular specification of what has preceded, 
and is equivalent to namely, that is to say. 

Wit, n. [A.-S. witt, wit, gewitt, Icel. vit, 0. H. Ger. 
wizzi. See supra.] 1. Mind ; intellect ; understanding ; 
sense. 2. A mental faculty or power of the mind. 3. 
Felicitous association of objects not usually connected, so 
as to produce a pleasant, surprise ; also, the power of 
readily combining objects in such a manner. 4. A per- 
son of eminent sense or knowledge ; a man of genius, 
fancy, or humor ; one distinguished for bright or amus- 
ing sayings, for repartee, and the like. 

Syn.— Ingenuity ; humor ; satire ; sarcasm ; irony ; bur- 
lesque.— Wit formerly meant genius, and now denotes the 
power of seizing on some thought or occurrence, and, by a 
sudden turn, presenting it under aspects wholly new and un- 
expected—apparently natural and admissible, if not perfectly 
just, and bearing on the subject, or the parties concerned, with 
a laughable keenness and force. " What I want," said a pomp- 
ous orator, aiming at his antagonist, " is common sense." "Ex- 
actly ! was the whispered reply. The pleasure we find in wit 
arises from the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden surprise it 
brings, and the patnesg of its application to the case, in the 
new and ludicrous relations thus flashed upon the view. Humor 
is a quality more congenial than wit to the English mind. It 
consists primarily in taking up the peculiarities of a humorist 
(a class of persons in which England abounds), and drawing 
them out, as Addison did those of Sir Roger de Coverley, so 
that we enjoy a hearty, good-natured laugh at the unconscious 
development he makes of his whims and oddities. From this 
original sense, the term has been widened to embrace other 
sources of kindly mirth of the same general character. In a 



well-known caricature upon English reserve, an Oxford stu- 
dent is represented as standing on the brink of a river, greatly 
agitated at the sight of a drowning man before him, and crying 
out, " O that I had been introduced to this gentleman, that I 
might save his life ! " The " Silent Woman " of Ben Jonson is 
one of the most humorous productions, in the original sense of 
the term, which we have in our language. 

Witch, n. [A.-S. wicce, wiglere, enchanter ; wiglian, to 
divine; allied to wig, holy.] 1. A person, especially a 
woman, who is given to the black art ; a sorcerer or sor- 
ceress. 2. A charming person ; — said of a woman. [ CoL- 
loq.} 

Witch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. witched ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WITCHING.] To bewitch ; to fascinate ; to enchant. 

WItch'-eraft, n. 1. Practices of witches ; sorcery; en- 
chantments. 2. Power more than natural. 

Witch'-elm, n. [Bat.) A kind of elm. 

Witch'er-y, n. 1. Sorcery ; enchantment ; witchcraft. 
2. Fascination ; entrancing influence. 

Wltch'ing, a. Suited to enchantment or witchcraft. 

With, prep. [A.-S. widh, wid, with, at, against; Icel. 
vidh, against, Cf. A.-S. mid, midh, Goth, mith, Icel. 
medh, Ger. mit, with.] With denotes or expresses, — 

1. Nearness ; proximity ; association ; connection ; part- 
nership ; intercourse. 2. Situation or estimation among ; 
treatment or regard by. 3. Friendship or support ; as- 
sistance ; countenance. 4. Accompanying cause or oc- 
casion ; instrument; means. 5. Correspondence; com- 
parison. 6. Close succession ; immediate subsequence. 

With-al', adv. [From with and all.] With the rest; 
likewise ; at the same time. 

With-al', prep. With ; — so used when combined with 
a verb", and following the object of the verb. 

With-draw', v. t. [imp. withdrew ; p. p. with- 
drawn" p. pr. & vb. n. withdrawing.] 1. To take 
away , as what has been enjoyed ; to draw back ; to cause 
to go away or retire. 2. To take back ; to recall or re- 
tract. 

With-draw', v. i. To quit a company or place ; to go 
away. 

Syn.— To retire; retreat; recede; retrograde; go back. 

With-draw'al, n. Act of withdrawing ; withdrawment. 

With-draw'er, n. One who withdraws. 

With-draw'ing-robm, n. [Cf. Drawing-room.] A 
room behind another room for retirement ; a drawing- 
room. 

With-draw'ment, n. Act of withdrawing, or state of 
being withdrawn ; withdrawal. 

Withe (with), n. [A.-S. widhig, widhige, widhie, widhdhe, 
a withy, willow, twisted rod, Icel. vidir, vidhir, willow, 
vidia, a withe, bond ; Gr. Irea, orig. with digamma, 
Ftrea, a willow.] 1. A flexible, slender twig or branch 
used as a band ; a willow twig ; a withy. 2. A band 
consisting of a twig or twigs twisted. 3. (Naut.) An iron 
instrument fitted on one end of a mast or boom, with a 
ring to it, through which another mast or boom is rigged 
out and secured. 

Withe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WITHED (witht); p. pr. & 
vb. n. WITHING.] To bind or fasten with withes or twigs. 

With'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. WITHERED; p. pr. & vb. 
n. withering.] [A.-S. wyderu, withering, dryness, 
gewytherod , withered, orig. dried by the weather or air. 
Cf. A.-S. gewyder, the weather, a storm, weder, weather, 
and Ger. verwittem, to be decayed by the operation of 
the weather.] 1. To fade ; to lose freshness ; to dry. 

2. To lose or want animal moisture; to pine away, as 
animal bodies. 3. To languish; to perish; to pass 
away. 

With'er, v. t. 1. To cause to fade and become dry. 2. 
To cause to shrink, wrinkle and decay, for want of ani- 
mal moisture. 3. To cause to languish, perish, or pass 
away. 

Wlth'erg, n. pi. [Ger. widerrist, from wider, against, 
and rist, an elevation, elevated part, the withers of a 
horse, from the root of rise, q. v.] The ridge between 
the shoulder-bones of a horse, at the bottom of the neck. 
[See lllust. of Horse.] 

WTth'er-wriiiig (-rung), a. Injured or hurt in th« 
withers, as a horse. 

With-hold', v. t. [imp. withheld ; p.p. withheld, 
or withholden ; p. pr. & vb. n. withholding.] 
1. To hold back ; to restrain ; to keep from action. 2. 
To retain ; to keep back ; not to grant. 

With-hold'er, n. One who withholds. 

With-In', prep. [A.-S. widhinnan, from widh. with, and 
innan, in, inwardly, within] 1. In the inner or interior 
part of; inside of. 2. In the limits or compass of; not 
further in length than. 3. Hence, figuratively, inside 



a>e,&c.,Z<mg7 a,e, &c.,slwrt; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, do, wolf, 



WITHIN 



825 



WON'T 



the limits, reach, or influence of; not beyond, overstep- 
ping, exceeding, or the like. 

Witn-itn', adv. 1. In the inner part ; inwardly; inter- 
nally. 2. In the house ; in doors. 

With-out', prep. [A.-S. widhutan, from widh, with, and 
titan, ut, out.] 1. On or at the outside of; out of. 2. 
Out of the limits of; out of reach of ; beyond. 3. Not 
with ; otherwise than with ; in absence of, separation 
from, or destitution of; independently of; exclusively 
of. 4. Unless ; except ; — introducing a clause, and 
having the force of a conjunction. 
!&i"-In this sense, now rarely used by good writers or speakers. 
Without day (sine die), without the appointment of a day to 
appear or assemble again; finally dismissed. 

Witn-out', adv. Not on the inside ; not within ; on the 
outside ; out of doors ; externally. 

Wi til-stand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. withstood ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. withstanding-.] To oppose ; to resist, either 
with physical or moral force. 

With'y, n. [See Withe.] 1. A large species of willow. 
[Prov.Eng.] 2. A withe. See Withe. 

With'y, a. Made of withes ; like a withe ; flexible and 
tough. 

Wit'less, a. 1. Destitute of wit or understanding. 2. 
Hence, indiscreet ; not under the guidance of judgment. 

Wit'less-ly, adv. In a witless manner. 

Wit'ling, n. A person who has little wit or understand- 
ing ; a pretender to wit or smartness. 

WIt'ness, n. [A.-S. witness, gewitness, from witan, to 
know. See WIT, v. i.] 1. Attestation of a fact or event ; 
testimony. 2. That which furnishes evidence or proof. 
3. One who beholds or otherwise has personal knowledge 
of any thing. 4. {Jaw.) (a.) One who gives evidence 
before a judicial tribunal, (b.) One who sees the execu- 
tion of an instrument, and subscribes it for the purpose 
of confirming its authenticity by his testimony, (c) One 
who gives testimony. 

WIt'ness, v . t. [imp. & p.p. witnessed (wit'nest); 
p. pr. & vb. n. WITNESSING.] 1. To see or know by 
personal presence ; to have direct cognizance of. 2. To 
give testimony to ; to testify to something. 3. To see 
the execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe it for 
the purpose of establishing its authenticity. 
Syn. — To behold ; testify; attest; certify; depose. 

Wit'ness, v. i. To bear testimony ; to give evidence ; to 

Wit'ness-er, n. One who witnesses. [testify. 

Wit'ti-cigm, n. A sentence or phrase which is affectedly 
witty ; an attempt at wit ; a conceit. 

Wit'ti-ly, adv. In a witty manner ; wisely ; ingeniously ; 
artfully ; with wit. 

Wit'ti-ness, n. The quality of being witty. 

Wit'ting-ly, adv. [See WIT.] Knowingly ; with knowl- 
edge. 

WIt'tol, n. [A.-S. wittol, witol, knowing, from witan, to 
know, to wit.] A man who knows his wife's infidelity, 
and submits or consents to it. [ Obs.] 

Wit'ty, a. [compar. WITTIER; superl. WITTIEST.] 
Possessing wit or humor ; good at repartee. 

Syn.— Acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; facetious; satir- 
ical; ironical; taunting. 

Wive, v. i. [From wife.] [imp. & p. p. WIVED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WIVING.] To marry, as a man ; to take a wife. 

Wive, v. t. 1. To match to a wife ; to provide with a 
wife. 2. To take for a wife ; to wed, as a man. 

Wi'ver, ) n. [0. Fr. vivre, viper, from Lat. vipera. See 

Wi'vern, J Viper.] (Her.) A kind of heraldic dragon 
or serpent. 

Wiveg, n. ; pi. of wife. See WIFE. 

Wiz'ard, n. [From wise and the termination ard.] One 
devoted to the black art ; a magician ; a conjurer ; a 
sorcerer. [by wizards. 

Wiz'ard, a. 1. Enchanting; charming. 2. Haunted. 

Wiz'en (wiz'n), a. [From A.-S. wisnian, to grow dry, 
wesan, to weaken, 0. H. Ger. ivesan, lean, wesanen, to 
grow lean, dry, Icel. visna.] Thin ; dried up ; weazen. 

Woad, n. [A.-S. wad, 0. H. Ger. weit,wet.] 1. (Bot.) 
An herbaceous plant of which one species was formerly 
cultivated for the blue coloring matter derived from its 
leaves. 2. The coloring matter, or the color derived 
from the plant. 

Woe, n. [A.-S. wet, w&wa, Icel. va, vo, 0. H. Ger. we, 
wiwa, wiwo ; A.-S. wa, Goth, vai, interj. woe ! Lat. vae, 
Gr. ovat.J 1. Grief; sorrow ; misery ; heavy calamity. 
2. A curse ; malediction. 

Woe'-be-gone', a. [Eng. woe and 0. Eng. begone^ vis- 
ited, happened to, from be, prefix, and go, p. p. gone.] 
Overwhelmed with woe ; immersed in grief and sorrow. 




Wolverine. 
[A.-S. wlfmann, 



W5'ful, )a. 1. Full of woe ; sorrowful ; distressed 
Woe'i'ul, J with grief or calamity ; unhappy; sad. 2. 

Bringing calamity, distress, or affliction. 3. Wretched; 

paltry ; miserable. 
Wo'ful-ly, ) adv. 1. In a woeful manner; sorrow- 
Woe'ful-ly, j fully. 2. Wretchedly ; miserably. 
Wo'f ul-ness, ) n. The quality of being woeful ; mis- 
Woe'f ul-ness, J ery ; calamity. 
Wold.rc. [A.-S.] [See Weald and Wood.] 1. A wood; 

a forest. 2. A plain, or open country ; a country with- 
out wood, whether hilly or not. 
Wolf (wulf), n. [A.-S wulf, 

Goth, vulfs, Icel. folfr, allied to 

Lat. vulpes, a fox ; Buss, walk, 

Skr. vrika, a wolf.] 1. (Zobl.) 

A carnivorous animal noted for 

killing sheep and other small 

domestic animals. 2. Hence, 

any thing very ravenous, dan- 
gerous, or destructive. 

To keep the wolf from the door, Wolf. 

to keep away poverty ; to prevent starvation. 

Wolf-dog, n. A dog of a large breed, kept to guard 
sheep. 

Wolfish, a. Like a wolf; having the qualities or form 
of" a wolf. 

Wol'f ram, n. [Ger. wolfram, from wolf, wolf, and ram, 
rahm, cream, soot.] (Min.) An ore of tungsten; a 
tungstate of iron, or of iron and manganese. 

"Wolf s'-bane, n. (Bot.) A poisonous plant ; aconite. 

WoFver-ine', ) n. [From wolf, 

Wol'ver-ene', J prob. because it 
was thought to have wolfish qual- 
ities.] 1. (Zob'l.) A carnivorous "'fit 
mammal ; the glutton. [See Glut- 
ton.] 2. An inhabitant of Mich- 
igan. [Cant., Amer.] 

Wom'an, n.; pi. wom'en (wim'en). 
wlmann, from wif, woman, wife, and mann, a man.] 1. 
The female of the human race, especially when grown to 
adult years. 2. A female attendant or servant. 

Wom'an-hobd, n. 1. State, character, or collective 
qualities of a woman. 2. Women collectively. 

Wom'an-ish, a. Suitable to a woman : having the 
qualities of a woman ; effeminate ; not becoming a man. 

Wom'an-kliid, n. The female sex ; the race of females 
of the human kind. 

Wom'an-ly, a. Becoming a woman ; feminine. 

Wora'an-ly, adv. In the manner of a woman. 

Womb (wobm), n. [A.-S. wamb, womb, Goth, vamba, 
Icel. vb'mb.] 1. (Anat.) The uterus of a female. 2. 
The place where any thing is generated or produced. 3. 
Any cavity containing and enveloping any thing. 

Wom'foat, n. [Said to be from womb, in allusion to the 
pouch in which the animal carries its young.] (Zobl.) 
A marsupiate mammal of the opossum family, found in 
Australia. 

Wom'en (wun'en), n. ; pi. of woman. See Woman. 

Won (wun), imp. & p. p. of win. See WIN. 

Won'der (wun'der), n. [A. S. wunder, wundor, 0. H. 
Ger. wunter, wuntar, Icel. undur.] 1. The emotion ex- 
cited by novelty, or the presentation to the sight or mind 
of something new, unusual, strange, great, extraordi- 
nary, and not well understood ; surprise ; astonishment. 
2. Cause of wonder ; that which excites surprise ; a 
prodigy ; a miracle. 

Won'der (wtin'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wondered; 
p. pr. & vb. n. WONDERING.] 1. To be affected by sur- 
prise or admiration ; to be struck with astonishment ; to 
marvel. 2. To feel doubt and curiosity. 

Won'der-er, n. One who wonders. 

Won'der-ful, a. Adapted to excite wonder or admira- 
tion ; exciting surprise. 

Syn. — Marvelous; amazing; astonishing; surprising. Sec 
Marvelous. 

W6n'der-ful-ly, adv. In a wonderful manner. 

Won'der-nient, n. Surprise : astonishment ; wonder. 

Won'drotis (wun'drus), a. Such as may excite surprise 
and astonishment. 

Syn. — Wonderful ; strange ; prodigious ; marvelous ; ad- 
mirable. 

Won'droiis (wun'drus), adv. In a wonderful or sur- 
prising degree ; wondrously. 

W6n'drou.s-ly, adv. In a strange or wonderful man- 
ner or degree. [woll not. 

Won't. A colloquial contraction of will not, or rather of 
tKf*- Commonly pronounced wunt or w&nt in New England. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, Unit ; tnis- 



WONT 



826 



WORK 




Wooucnuck. 



W6nt (wunt), a. [For woned, from obs. won, wone, to 
dwell, A.-S. wunian, id.] Using or doing customarily ; 
accustomed ; habituated. 

■Wont (wiint), n. Custom ; habit ; use. 

Wont (wunt), v. i. [imp. wont ; p. p. WONT, or 
WONTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. WONTING.] To be accus- 
tomed or habituated ; to be used. 

Wont'ed, a. Accustomed ; customary ; used. 

Woo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WOOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WOOING-.] [A.-S. wogian, from wdg, wdh, wd, a bend- 
ing, wOh, bent.] 1. To solicit in love ; to court. 54. To 
invite with importunity. 

Woo, v . i. To court ; to make love. 

Wood, n. [A.-S. wudu, wood, a wood, L. Ger. woold, 0. 
Sax. wald, A.-S. weald, wald, 0. H. Ger. wald, a wood, 
W. gwydd, trees, shrubs.] 1. A large and thick collec- 
tion of trees ; a forest. 54. The hard substance of trees ; 
timber. 3. (Bot.) The material of succulent plants and 
parts of shrubs not hardened and ligneous, as well as of 
trees. 4. Trees cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. 

Wood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WOODED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wooding.] To supply with wood, or get supplies of 
wood for. 

Wood, v. i. To take in wood ; to supply with wood. 

Wobd'foine, n. [A.-S. wudu- 
bend, wudubind, black ivy.] 
(Bot.) A climbing plant hav- 
ing flowers of great fragrance ; 
the honey-suckle ; the eglan- 
tine. 

Wobd'chtick, n. [From wood, 
and the root of sow or hog. See 
Hog, Sow.] (Zool.) A rodent 
mammal, a species of marmot. 
It burrows in the ground, and 
is very troublesome to farmers by devouring grain, &c 

Wobd'cock, n. (Ornith.) A 
bird of the snipe family fre- 
quenting the thickest under- 
wood, especially in the fall of 
the year. 

Wdod'-craft, n. Skill and 
practice in shooting and other 
sports in the woods. 

"Wobd'-eut, n. An engrav- 
ing on wood, or an impression 
from such an engraving. 

Wood'- eixt'ter, n. 1. A person who cuts wood. 54. 
Oue who makes wood-cuts ; an engraver on wood. 

Wobd'ed, a. Supplied or covered with wood. 

Wobd'en (wdM'n), a. 1. Made, or consisting, of wood. 
54. Clumsy ; awkward. 

Wooden spoon, the last junior optime who takes a university 
degree —denoting one who is only fit to stay at home and stir 
porridge. [Cambridge University, Eng.] 

Wobd'-f ret/ter, n. An insect or worm that eats wood. 

Wood'-house, n. A house or shed in which wood is 
deposited and sheltered from the weather. 

Wobd'i-ness, n. State or quality of being woody. 

Woodland, n. Land covered with wood, or land on 
which trees are suffered to grow either for fuel or timber. 

Wobd'-lark, n. ( Ornith!) A species of lark. 

Wobd'man, n. ; pi. wood'men. 1. A forest officer, 
appointed to take care of the king's wood. [Eng.] 54. A 
sportsman; a hunter. 3. One who cuts down trees; a 
wood-cutter. 

Wdod'nympli, n. A nymph inhabiting the woods ; a 
fabled goddess of the woods ; a dryad. 

Wobd'peck-er, n. ( Ornith.) A 
scansorial bird of many species. 
It has a strong bill, and pecks 
holes in the wood or bark of trees 
in pursuit of insects. 

Wobd'-plg'eon (-pij/un), n. (Or- 
nith.) The ring-dove. 

Wobd'-reeve, n. The steward or 
overseer of a wood. [Eng.] 

Wdbd'-s«rew (-skru), n. A screw 
made of iron, and furnished with 
a sharp thread, for insertion in 
wood. 

Wdod'-ward, «. An officer of the Woodpecker, 

forest, whose duty it is to guard the woods. [Eng.] 

Wobd'-work (-wfirk), n. That part of any structure 
which is wrought of wood. 

Wdbd'y, a. 1. Abounding with wood. 54. Consisting 
of wood ; ligneous. 

Wdb'er, n. One who wooes, courts, or solicits in love. 




Woodcock. 




Woof, n. [From A.-S. wefan, to weave.] 1. The threads 
that cross the warp in weaving ; the weft. 54. Texture; 
cloth. 

Wool (27), n. [A.-S. wull, Goth, vulla, Icel. ull, Lith. 
wilna, Slav, ivolna, Finn, willa, Basque ulea, allied to 
Lat. villus, vellus, Gr. ovAos.] 1. That soft, curled, or 
crisped species of hair which grows on sheep and some 
other animals. 52. Short, thick hair, especially when 
crisped or curled. [to comb wool. 

Wool'-«omb'er (-kom'er), n. One whose occupation is 

Woold, v. t. [imp.. & p. p. woolded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
WOOLDING.] [D. woelen, Ger. wuhlen.] (Naut.) To 
wind; especially, to wind a rope round, as a mast or 
yard, when made of two or more pieces, at the place 
where they have been fished or scarfed, for confining and 
supporting them. 

Wool'en, a. [A.-S. wullen, wyllen.] 1. Made of wool; 
consisting of wool. 54. PertainiDg to wool. 

Wobl'en, n. _Cloth made of wool ; woolen goods. 

Wdbl'en-dra'per, n. One who deals in woolen goods. 

Wdbl'f ell, n. [From wool and/ell, a skin.] A skin with 
the wool. 

Wdbl'-gatli / er-ing, n. Indulgence in idle exercise of 
the imagination ; a foolish or useless pursuit or design ; 
vagary. 

Wobl'-grow'er, n. A person who raises sheep for the 
production of wool. 

Wobl'Ii-ness, n. State or quality of being woolly. 

Wbbl'ly, a. 1. Consisting of wool. 54. Resembling 
wool ; of the nature of wool. 3. Clothed with wool. 4. 
(Bot.) Clothed with a pubescence resembling wool. 

Wool '-pack, n. 1. A pack or bag of wool weighing 
240 pounds. 54. Any thing bulky without weight. 

Wbbl'-sack, n. A sack or bag of wool; specifically, the 
seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of 
Lords, being a large, square bag of wool, without back or 
arms, covered with red cloth. 

Wobl'-sta'pler, n. 1. One who deals in wool. 54. One 
who sorts wool according to its adaptation to different 
manufacturing purposes. 

Wobtz (wo"ots), n. A species of steel imported from the 
East Indies, valued as the material of edge-tools. 

Word (wurd), n. [A.-S. word, Goth, vaurd, Icel. ord, 
Lett, wards, Lith. wardas, allied to Lat. ver-b-wm.] 1. 
The spoken sign of a conception or idea ; a single com- 
ponent part of human speech or language ; a term ; a 
vocable. 54. Hence, the written or printed character, or 
characters, expressing such a term. 3. Talk ; discourse ; 
oral expression. 4. Account; tidings; message. 5. 
Signal; order; command. 6. Statement; affirmation; 
declaration ; promise. 7. Verbal contention ; dispute. 
8. A brief remark or observation ; a phrase, clause, or 
short sentence. 9. The Scripture, considered as the 
revelation of God to man. 

By word of mouth, orally; by actual speaking. — Good word, 
commendation ; favorable account— In a. word, briefly ; to 



sum up.— The Word (Theol.), the second person in the Trin- 
before his manifestation in time by the incarnation ; by 



itv 



those who reject a Trinity of persons, some one or all of the 
divine attributes personified. — To eat one's words, to retract 
what has been said. — Word for word, in the exact words ; 
verbatim; literally; exactly. 
Syn. — See Teem. 

Word (wurd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. worded; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WORDING.] To express in words. 

Word'-lbbbk (wfird'-), n. A collection of words ; a vo- 
cabulary ; a dictionary ; a lexicon. 

Word'i-ness (wurd'-), n. The state or quality of being 
wordy, or abounding with words. 

Word'ing (wfird 7 -), n. The act or manner of expressing 
in words ; style of expression. 

Word'y ( wurd'y ), a. [compar. WORDIER ; superl. WORD- 
IEST.] 1. Using many words ; verbose. 54. Containing 
many words. 

Wore, imp. of wear. See Wear. 

Work (wfirk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. worked (wiirkt), or 
WROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. n. WORKING.] [A.-S. wyrcan, 
weorcan, Goth, vaurkjan, Icel. verka, virka, yrkja.] 1. 
To exert one's self for a purpose ; to labor ; to be en- 
gaged in the performance of a task, a duty, or the like. 
54. Hence, in a general sense, to operate ; to act ; to per- 
form. 3. Hence, figuratively, to be effective; to have 
effect or influence. 4. To carry on business ; to be 
customarily engaged or employed ; to toil. 5. To be in 
a state of severe exertion , or as if in such a state ; 
to move heavily ; to strain ; to labor. 6. To make 
one's way slowly and with difficulty ; to proceed with 
effort. 7. To ferment, as a liquid. 8. To act or oper- 
ate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic. 



sv,e,&c, long; a,e,&c, short; care, f ar, ask, all, what ; &re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



WORK 



827 



WORSHIP 



Work; (wurk), v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon; to 
prepare for use, or utilize by labor. 2. To produce or 
form by labor ; to accomplish ; to effect. 3. To produce 
by slow degrees, or as if laboriously. 4. To influence 
by acting upon ; to manage ; to lead. 5. To form with 
a needle and thread or yarn ; especially, to embroider. 
6. To set in motion or action ; to direct the action of ; to 
govern ; to manage. 7. To cause to ferment, as liquor. 



n. pi. Persons that labor. 



To work a passage (Ufaut.), to pay for a passage by doing 
duty. 

Work (wfirk), n. 1. Exertion of strength ; cftort directed 
to an end ; particularly, in man, manual labor. 2. The 
matter on which one is at work ; material for working 
upon ; subject of exertion. 3. That which is produced 
as the result of labor ; product ; performance ; fabric ; 
manufacture ; or, in a more general use, act, deed, effect, 
result, feat. 4. Hence, specifically, (a.) That which is 
produced by mental labor ; a composition ; a book. (b. ) 
Embroidery, (c.) pi. Structures in civil, military, or 
naval engineering, as docks, bridges, embankments, 
trenches, &c. ; also, the structures and grounds of a 
manufacturing establishment. 5. Manner of working ; 
management; treatment. 6. pi. (Tlieol.) Moral duties, 
or external performances, as a ground of pardon or justi- 
fication. 

Syn.— Labor; employment; toil; occupation; production; 
achievement. 

Work'a-ble (wiirk'a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being worked, 
as a metal. 2. Capable of being worked, or worth 
working. 

Work'-bag (wurk'-), n. A bag for holding instruments 
or materials for work ; especially, a bag for holding needle- 
work, and the like. 

Work'-»6x ( wfirk'-), n. A box for holding instruments 
or materials for work. [q. v. 

Work'-day (wurk'-), n. & a. Same as Working-day, 

Work'er (wurk'er), n. One who, or that which, works ; 
a laborer ; a performer. [work with another. 

Work'-f el'low (wurk'-), n. One engaged in the same 

Work'-folk (wQrk'fok), 

Work'-folkg (wurk'lioks) 

Work'-house (wurk'-),' n ; pi. woRK'-Houg'Eg 
(wurk'-). 1. A house in which idle and vicious persons 
are confined to labor, 2. A house where the town poor 
are maintained at the public expense, and provided with 
labor; a poor-house. 

Work'ing-day (wurk/-), n. A day on which work is 
performed, as distinguished from the Sabbath, fes- 
tivals, and the like. 

Work'ing-day (wurk'-), a. Plodding; hard-working. 

Work'man (wurk'man), n. ; pi. work/men (wurk'- 
men). 1. A man employed in labor ; a worker. 2. 
Hence, especially, a skillful artificer or laborer. 

Work'man-llke ) (wfirk'-), a. Becoming a workman, 

Work'man-ly j especially a skillful one ; skillful ; 
well performed. 

Work'man-ship (wfirk'man-ship), n. 1. Skill of a 
workman ; execution or manner of making any thing. 
2. That which is effected, made, or produced ; manu- 
facture ; especially, something made by manual labor. 

Work'shop (wurk 7 -), n. A shop where any manufact- 
ure is carried on. 

Work'-ta/Me (wurk'-), n. A table for holding work, 
especially needle-work, and materials and implements 
for it. 

Work'-wom'an (wurk'-), n. ; pi. woek'-wom'en 
(wurk'wim'en), n. A woman who performs any work ; 
especially, a woman skilled in needlework. 

World (wGrld), n. [A.-S. weorold, worold, world, Icel. 
verolld, 0. H. Ger. weralt, werolt, worolt.] 1. The earth 
and its inhabitants, with their concerns. 2. In a more 
restricted sense, a division of the globe, or of its inhabi- 
tants ; human affairs as seen from a given point of view ; 
also, state of existence ; scene of life and action. 3. In 
an extended sense, the earth, and the surrounding 
heavens ; the creation ; universe. 4. Any planet or 
heavenly body, considered as inhabited. 5. Customs, 
practices, and interests of men ; general affairs of life ; 
human society. 6. Individual experience of, or con- 
cern with, life; course of life. 7. The inhabitants of 
the earth ; the human race ; mankind. 8. The earth 
and its affairs as distinguished from heaven ; hence, 
worldly corruption ; the ungodly or wicked part of 
mankind. 9. A great multitude or quantity ; a large 
number. 

World's end, the end or most distant part of the world; the 
remotest regions. —World without end, eternally; everlast- 
ingly. 



World'li-ness (wQrld'-), n. Quality of being worldly ; 

a predominant passion for obtaining the good things of 

this life. 
Woild'ling (wurld'-), n. One who is devoted to this 

world and its enjoyments. 

Worid'ly (wurld'ly), a. 1. Relating to the world ; hu- 
man; common. 2. Pertaining to this world or life, in 
contradistinction from the life to come ; secular : tempo- 
ral ; devoted to this life and its enjoyments. 

World'ly (wurld'ly), adv. In a worldly manner. 

World'ly-mind'ed (wurld'ljr-), a. Devoted to worldly 
interests. 

Worm ( wurm, 34), n. [A.-S. wurm, worm, Coth. vaurms, 
Icel. ormr, allied to Lat. vermis.] 1. Originally, any 
creeping or crawling animal ; a serpent, caterpillar, snail, 
or the like. [Obs.] 2. Any small, creeping animal or 
reptile, either entirely without feet, or with very short 
ones. 3. pi. Animals which live and breed in tho 
intestines of other animals. 4. Figuratively, something 
that gnaws or afflicts one's conscience. 5. Any thing 
spiral, vermiculated, or resembling a worm; as, (a.) 
The thread of a screw, (b.) A spiral instrument for 
drawing cartridges from fire-arms, (c.) A small, worm- 
like ligament under a dog's tongue, (d.) A spiral metal- 
lic pipe through which vapor passes in distillation, (e.) 
(Mach.) A short, revolving screw, the threads of which 
drive a wheel by gearing into its teeth. 

Worm (wurm), v. i. [imp. &,p. ^.wormed ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WORMING.] To work slowly, gradually, and secretly. 

Worm (wurrn), v. t. 1. To effect, remove, drive, &c, 
by slow and secret means, 2. To draw a wad or car- 
tridge from, as a fire-arm. 3. To cut the ligament, called 
a worm, from under the tongue of, as a dog, for the pur- 
pose of checking a disposition to gnaw. 4. To wind 
rope, yarn, or other material spirally round; to wind 
with spun-yarn. 

To worm one's self into, to enter gradually by arts and insin- 
uations. 

Worm'-eat'en (wurm'et'n), a. Gnawed by worms. 

Worm'-fince (wurm'-), n. A zigzag fence, made by 
placing the ends of the rails upon each other. 

Worm'-seed (wurm 7 -), n. A plant whose seed has the 
property of expelling worms from the stomach , bowels, 
and intestines. 

Worm'wdod (wurm'-), n. [A.-S. wermod, 0. H. Ger. 
werimuota, wermuota,wormota.] (Bot.) A plant hav- 
ing a bitter nauseous taste ; — so called because formerly 
supposed to be fatal to worms. 

Worm'y (wfirm'y), a. [compar. WORMIER; superl. 
WORMIEST.] 1. Containing a worm ; abounding with 
worms. 2. Like a worm ; earthy ; groveling. 

Worn, p. p. of wear. See Wear. 

W6r'ri-er (wuVri-er), n. One who worries or harasses. 

Wor'ry (wfir'ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WORRIED ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WORRYING.] [D. worgen, wurgen, to strangle, 

0. H. Ger. wurgjan.] 1. To harass with importunity, 
or with care and anxiety ; to torment ; to trouble. 2. To 
harass with labor; to fatigue. [Colloq.] 3. To harass 
by pursuit and barking ; also, to tear or mangle with 
the teeth. 

Syn. — To tease ; trouble ; fatigue , vex ; annoy ; plague. 

Wor'ry (wfir'ry), v. i. To express undue care and anxiety. 

Wor'ry (wfir'ry), n. A state of disturbance from care 
and anxiety ; vexation ; anxiety ; trouble. 

Worse (wQrss), a. [A.-S. wyrsa, compar. of weorr, per- 
verse, bad, 0. H. Ger. wirsiro, Icel. werri. As bad has 
no compar. and superl., worse and worst are used in lieu 
of them, although radically they have no relation to bad.] 
Bad. ill, evil, or corrupt, in a higher degree; in poorer 
health ; more sick ; — used both in a physical and moral 
sense. 

The worse, (a.) Loss ; disadvantage. (6.) Something leas 
good. 

Worse (wurss), adv. In a manner more evil or bad. 

Wors'en (wfirss'n), v. t. To make worse ; to deteriorate ; 

Wors'er (wCrrss'er), a. Worse. [Rare.] [to impair. 

g@f*This old and redundant form of the comparative occurs 
occasionally in the best authors, although commonly account- 
ed a vulgarism. It has, however, the analogy of lesser to sanc- 
tion its use. See Lessee. 

Wor'ship (wur'ship), n. [That is, orig., the state of 
worth or worthiness, fr. worth, and the termination ship.] 

1. Honor; respect. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a title of honor, 
used in addresses to certain magistrates, &c. 3. Reli- 
gious reverence and homage ; adoration paid to God, 
or to a being viewed as God. 4. Idolatry of lovers. 

Syn. — Adoration; reverence; devotion ; veneration ; honor; 
respect. 



food, foot; ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get ; agj ejist j liij ger, link ; this. 



WORSHIP 



828 



WRECK 



Wor'ship (wur'ship), v. t. [imp. & p. p. worshiped 
(wur'shipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. WORSHIPING.] 1. To re- 
spect ; to honor. 2. To pay divine honors to. 3. To 
honor with extravagant love and extreme submission, as 
a lover. , 

Syn. — To adore ; revere ; reverence. 

Wor'ship (wur'ship), v. i. 1. To perform acts of adora- 
tion. 2. To perform religious service. 

Wor'ship-er (wur'ship-er), n. One who worships. 

Wor'ship-ful (wuVship-), a. Entitled to worship, rev- 
erence, or high respect ; worthy of honor. 

Wor'ship-ful-ly (wur'ship-), adv. In a worshipful 
manner; respectfully. 

"Worst (wurst), a. ; superl. of worse, q. v. [See WORSE.] 
Bad, evil, or pernicious, in the highest degree, whether 
in a physical or moral sense. 

Worst (wurst), n. That which is most bad or evil ; the 
most severe, calamitous, or wicked, state or degree. 

Worst (wfirst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. worsted; p. pr. & 
vb. n. worsting.] To gain advantage over in contest; 
to get the better of ; to defeat ; to overthrow. 

Worst'ed (wust'ed), n. [From Worsted, a town in 
Norfolk, England.] Well-twisted yarn, spun of long- 
staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers 
parallel. 

Wort (wfirt), n. [A.-S. wyrt, wirt, wert, wart, herb, 
root, Goth, vaurts, Icel. jurt, urt.] 1. A plant; an 
herb; — used chiefly in compounds. 2. Specifically , a 
plant of the cabbage kind. 

Wort (wfirt), n. [A.-S. wirt, weort, wert, must.] New 
beer unfermented, or in the act of fermentation. 

Worth (wurth), v. i. [A.-S. weordhan, to become, to be, 
to happen, imperative weordh, Goth, vairthan, Icel. 
verdha.] To be ; to become ; to betide ; — now used 
only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the 
man, &c, in which the noun is in the dative case. 

Wortli (wurth), n. [A.-S. weordh, wyrdh, wurdh, Goth. 
vairths, Icel. verd.] 1. That quality of a thing which 
renders it valuable or useful ; value ; hence, often, value 
as expressed in a standard, as money. 2. Value of moral 
or personal qualities ; virtue ; eminence ; usefulness. 
Syn. — Desert ; merit ; excellence ; price ; rate. 

Wortli (wfirth), a. 1. Equal in value to. 2. Deserv- 
ing of; — chiefly in a good sense. 3. Having wealth or 
estate to the value of. 

Wor'thi-ly (wfir'thi-ly), adv. In a worthy manner ; 
deservedly ; justly ; suitably ; becomingly. [worthy. 

Wor'thi-ness (wur'thi-nes), n. State or quality of being 
Syn. — Desert; merit; excellence; dignity; virtue; worth. 

Worthless (wurth'-), a. Destitute of worth ; having 
no value, virtue, excellence, dignity, or the like. 

Syn. —Undeserving; valueless; useless; vile; bare; mean. 

Worth'less-ness (wurth'-), n. Quality of being worth- 
less. 

Wor'thy (wfiVthy), a. [compar. WORTHIER ; superl. 
WORTHIEST.] 1. Having worth or excellence; pos- 
sessing merit. 2. Having suitable, adapted, or equiva- 
lent qualities or value ; equal in excellence, value or 
dignity to; entitled to. 

Syn. — Deserving; meritorious; excellent; equivalent; val- 
uable ; virtuous ; estimable ; suitable. 

Wor'thy ( wuVthy), n. A man of eminent worth or value ; 
a person of conspicuous desert. 

Wot, v. i. [A.-S. wat, pres. of witan, to know.] To know ; 
to be aware. [Obs. or antiquated.] 
T&3T It is used also as the imp. of the obs. verb weet, to know. 

Would (wdbd), imp. of will. See Will. 

Wound (wobnd or wownd, 40), n. [A.-S. wund, Icel. 
und, Goth, vunds, sore, wounded, A.-S. wund.] 1. A 
ont, stab, bruise, rent, or the like. 2. Hence, injury ; 
hurt ; damage ; detriment. 

03= Walker condemns the pronunciation wo~bnd, as a "ca- 
pricious novelty." It is certainly opposed to an important 
principle of our language, namely, that words in ou of Anglo- 
Saxon origin retain the regular Old English sound of ow, as 
sound, wound, found, &c. It is to be observed, however, that 
in Anglo-Saxon, the word was spelt wund, the u being sounded 
as oo, as it is, also, in the Icelandic und, and the Gothic vunds. 

Wound (wobnd or wownd), v. J. [imp. & p. p. wound- 
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. WOUNDING.] To hurt by violence, 
as by a cut, stab, bruise, and the like ; to injure ; to dam- 
age ; hence, often, to hurt the feelings of. 

Wound ; imp. & p. p. of wind. See Kind. 

Wove, imp. and rarely p. p. of weave. See WEAVE. 

WovVn, p. p. of weave. See Weave. 

Woven paper, or wove paper, writing paper having an even, 
uniform surface, without linea or water-marks. 



Wrack (rak), n. [Fr. varec, varech. Cf. Ar. waralc, % 
leaf of a tree.] A marine plant out of which kelp is made, 
and which is also of great utility as a manure. 

Wrack (rak), n. A thin, flying cloud; a rack. See 
Rack. 

Wraith (rath), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. swairth, swarth, 
an apparition of a person about to die, from swarth, 
gloomy.] An apparition of a person in his exact like- 
ness, seen before death, or a little after ; hence, a specter, 
a vision ; an unreal image. 

Wran'glc (rang'gl), v i. [imp. Sep. p. wrangled; 
p. pr. & vb. n. WRANGLING.] [L. Ger. wrangen, to 
wrestle, N. H. Ger ringen, id., A.-S. wringan, to wring, 
strain, press. Cf. Brangle.] To dispute angrily; to 
quarrel peevishly and noisily ; to brawl ; to altercate. 

Wran'gle (rang'gl), n. An angry dispute ; a noisy quarrel. 
Syn. — Altercation ; bickering ; brawl ; jar ; jangle ; con- 
test ; controversy ; squabble. See Altercation. 

Wran'gler (rang'gler), n. One who wrangles. 

Senior wrangler {Cambridge University, Eng), the student 
who passes the best examination in mathematics in the senate- 
house. 

Wrap (rap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wrapped; p. pr. & 
vb n. wrapping.] [Probably allied to warp.] 1. To 
wind or fold together. 2. To cover by winding or fold- 
ing ; to envelop completely ; to infold. 3 . To conceal 
by enveloping or infolding ; to hide ; hence, to involve, 
as an effect or consequence. 

Wrap'per (rap'per), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
wraps. 2. That in which any thing is wrapped or in- 
closed ; envelope ; covering. 3. Specifically, a loose 
outer garment. 

Wrap'ras-eal (rap'ras-kal), n. A coarse upper coat. 

Wrasse (ras), n. [W. gwrachy, wrach, the wrasse.] ( Ichth.) 
A prickly-spined, hard-boned fish of several species, in- 
habiting the Mediterranean and Atlantic. 

Wrath (rath), n. [A.-S. wrsedh, Icel. reidi. See Wroth, 
a.] 1. Violent anger ; vehement exasperation ; indigna- 
tion; rage; fury; ire. 2. The effects of anger ; the just 
punishment of an offense or crime. 

W3f The English, misled by the w, which usually causes an 
a immediately following it in the same syllable to take a broad 
sound, universally pronounce this word wroth, or wrawth; bill; 
this is contrary to analogy, for the w is silent, and the uttered 
letter r intervenes between it and the vowel ; and besides, t.o 
letter a has its Italian sound, almost without exception, beiova 
th, as in bath, path, &c. The word is, however, sometimeo 
spelled wroth. 

Syn. — Anger ; fury ; rage ; ire ; vengeance ; indignation; 
resentment ; passion. See Anger. 

Wrath'ful (rath'-), a. 1. Full of wrath ; very angry ; 
greatly incensed 2. Springing from, or expressing, 
wrath. 

Syn. — Furious ; ireful ; raging ; indignant ; resentful ; 
passionate. 

Wrath'f ul-ly (rath'-), adv. In a wrathful manner. 

Wrath 'less (rath'-) a. Free from anger. 

Wrath'y, a. Very angry. [ Colloq.] 

Wreak (reek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wreaked (108) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n WREAKING.] [A.-S. wrecan, Goth, vrikan, 
Icel. reka, hrekja.] To execute in vengeance or passion ; 
to inflict ; to hurl or drive. 

Wreath (reeth), n. ; pi. wreaths.. [See infra.] 1. 
Something twisted or curled. 2. A garland ; a chaplet ; 
especially, one given to a victor. 

Wreathe (reeth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wreathed ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. wreathing.] [A.-S. wrcdhan, 0. H. Ger. 
ridan, garidan , Icel. rida, ridha. See Writhe.] 1. 
To twist ; to convolve ; to wind one about another ; to 
entwine. 2. To surround with any thing twisted or 
convolved ; to encircle ; to infold. 3. To twine or twist 
about ; to encircle. 

Wreathe (reeth), v. i. To be interwoven or entwined. 

Wreath'y (reth'y), a. Twisted ; curled ; spiral. 

Wreck (rek), n. [D. wrak, damaged, brittle, a wreck, 0. 
D. ivraclc, wraeck, bad, vile, ivracke, a wreck.] 1. De- 
struction ; ruin ; desolation. 2. Specifically, the de- 
struction or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or 
on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force of 
winds or waves. 3. The ruins of a ship stranded or other- 
wise rendered useless by violence and fracture. 4. The 
remains of any thing ruined ; dead weeds and grass. 5. 
(Law.) Goods, &c, which, after a shipwreck, are cast 
upon the land by the sea. 

Wr6ck (rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRECKED (rPkt) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. wrecking.] 1. To destroy, disable, or 
seriously damage, as a vessel, by driving against the 
shore or on rocks, by causing to founder or the like. 2. 
Hence, to bring wreck or ruin upon ; to destroy. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



WRECKAGE 



829 



WRONGFULLY 




Wren. 



Wreck/age (rek'ej, 45), n. 1. Act of wrecking. 2. 
That which has been wrecked. 

Wreck'er (r&k'er), n. 1. One who causes a wreck, as by 
false lights. 2. One who searches for the wrecks of 
vessels, for the purpose of plunder, or to save property 
or lives, or the vessels themselves. 3. A vessel employed 
by wreckers. 

Wreck'-mas'ter (rek'-), n. A person appointed by 
law to take charge of goods, &c. , thrown on shore after 
a shipwreck. 

Wren (ren), n. [A.-S. wrenna, 
wraznna, prob. allied to wrsene, 
lascivious.] ( Ornitk.) A small in- 
sessorial bird. It feeds on insects, 
&c, and is often very familiar 
with man. 

Wrench (rench, 66), v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. wrenched (rencht) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WRENCHING.] [A.- 
S. wrencan. bewrencan, to deceive, 
allied to ivringan, to wring.] 1. To wrest, twist, or force 
by violence, 2. To strain ; to sprain ; to distort. 

Wrench (rench), n. 1. A violent twist, or a pull with 
twisting. 2. A sprain. 3. An ^_~ . — . 

instrument for exerting a twist- ~*J^ — , •"vOy 

ing strain, as in turning bolts, ^ — ' 

nuts, screw-taps, &c. Wrench (3). 

Wrest (rest), v . t. [imp. & p. p. wrested ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. wresting.] [A.-S. wrsestan. Cf. Wrist.] 1. 
To turn ; to twist ; especially, to twist or extort by vio- 
lence ; to pull or force away by violent wringing or twist- 
ing. 2. To turn from truth, or twist from its natural 
meaning by violence. 

Syn. — To wrench; wring; extort; pervert; distort. 

Wrest (rest), n. Violent pulling and twisting ; distortion. 

Wrest'er (rest 7 -), n. One who wrests or perverts. 

Wres'tle(res'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wrestled ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. WRESTLING.] [A.-S. wrsestlian, allied to 
wr&stan, to wrest.] 1. To contend, as two persons, by 
grappling together, and each striving to throw the other 
down. 2. Hence, to struggle ; to strive : to contend. 

Wres'tle (res'l), n. A struggle between two to see which 
will throw the other down ; a struggle. 

Wres'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles ; one who is skill- 
ful in wrestling. 

Wretch (retch), n. [A.-S. wrecca, wrdcca, an exile, a 
wretch, wrdc, wrdcc, exiled, wretched, wrdc, exile, evil, 
Icel. rdlcr, refer, 0. H. Ger. wrechjo, wreh, an exile.] 1. 
A miserable person ; one profoundly unhappy. 2. One 
sunk in vice or degradation ; a base, despicable person. 

e3f Wretch is sometimes used by way of slight or ironical 
pity or contempt, and sometimes to express tenderness. 
Syn. — Villain ; profligate; scoundrel; rascal. 

Wreteh'ed (retch'ed, 60), a. 1. Very miserable ; sunk 
in deep affliction or distress, either from want, anxiety, 
or grief; calamitous. 2. Worthless ; paltry ; very poor 
or mean. 

Wretch'ed-ly (retch'-), adv. In a wretched manner; 
miserably ; unhappily ; meanly ; despicably. 

Wretch'ed-ness (retch'ed-nes), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being wretched ; extreme misery or unhappiuess, either 
from want or sorrow, 2. Meanness ; despicableness. 
Syn. — Destitution; unhappiness; misery; distress. 

Wrig'gle (rig'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wriggled; p. 
pr. & vb. n. WRIGGLING.] [L. Ger. wriggeln, D. wrik- 
ken, allied to A.-S. ivrigian, to bend, to follow, wrixlian, 
wrixlan, to change.] To move the body to and fro with 
short motions. 

Wrig'gle (rig'gl), v. t. To put into a quick, reciprocat- 
ing motion ; to move by twisting and squirming. 

Wrig'gler (rlg'gler), n. One who wriggles. 

Wright (rlt), n. [A.-S. wyrhta, gewyrhta, from wyrean, 
to work.] One whose occupation is some kind of mechan- 
ical business ; an artificer ; a workman ; — chiefly used 
in compounds. 

Wring (ring), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRUNG ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. WRINGING.] [A.-S. wringan, gewringnn, 0. H. Ger. 
ringan, hringan. Cf. WRONG.] 1. To twist and com- 
press ; to pinch ; to turn and strain with violence. 2. 
Hence, to pain ; to distress ; to torment. 3. To pervert. 
4. To extract or obtain by twisting and compressing ; 
hence, to extort. 5. (Naut.) To bend or strain out of 
its position. 

Syn.— To twist; writhe; torture; distort; strain; squeeze. 

Wring'-holt (ring'-), n. A bolt used by shipwrights 



to bend and 'secure the planks against the timbers till 
they are fastened by bolts, spikes, and tree-nails. 

Wring'er (rlng'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
wrings ; hence, an extortioner. 2. Especially, an instru- 
ment for forcing water out of anv thing, particularly for 
wringing water from clothes after they have been washed. 

Wrink'le (rmk'l), n. [A.-S. wrincle, from wringan, to 
wring.] 1. A small ridge, prominence, or furrow, formed 
by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance ; 
a crease. 2. Roughness ; unevenness. 3. A notion or 
fancy ; a whim. [Colloq.] 

Wrink'le (rlnk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wrinkled ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. wrinkling.] 1. To contract into furrows 
and prominences ; to corrugate. 2. To make rough or 
uneven. [ridges. 

Wrink'le (rink'l), v. i. To shrink into furrows and 

Wrink'ly (rlnk'iy), a. Full of wrinkles ; liable to bo 
wrinkled ; corrugated. 

Wrist (rlst), n. [A.-S. wrist, allied to wrsestan, to wrest, 
to twist.] (Anat.) The joint by which the hand is united 
to the arm. 

Wrist 'hand (rlst'band), n. That band or part of a shirt 
sleeve which covers the wrist. 

Writ (rit), n. [From write.] 1. That which is written ; 
writing ; — applied especially to the Scriptures ; Bible. 2. ' 
(Laiv.) An instrument in writing, under seal, in an epis- 
tolary form, issued from the proper authority, command- 
ing the performance or non-performance of some act by 
the person to whom it is directed. 

Writ (rit), imp. & p. p. of write. [Obs.] See WRITE. 

Write (rit), v. t. [imp. wrote ; p. p. writ (obs.), or 
WRITTEN; p. pr. & vb. n. WRITING.] [A.-S. writan, 
gewrltan, Icel. rita, to write, Goth, vrits, a stroke, dash, 
letter.] 1. To set down, as legible characters ; to in- 
scribe on any material by a suitable instrument. 2. To 
express in legible or intelligible characters ; to inscribe ; 
hence, specifically , to set down in an epistle ; to commu- 
nicate by letter. 3. Hence, to compose or produce, as 
an author. 4. To impress durably. 5. To make known 
by writing ; to record. 

Syn. — To engrave ; copy ; transcribe ; compose ; send ; 
recite. 

Write (rit), v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or fig- 
ures, as representatives of sounds or ideas. 2. To be 
regularly employed or occupied in writing, copying, or 
accounting. 3. To frame or combine ideas and express 
them in words ; to recite or relate in books; to compose. 

Writ'er (rlt'er), n. 1. One who writes, or has written ; 
a scribe ; a clerk. 2. An author. 

Writhe (rirh). v. t. [imp. & p. p. writhed (WRITHEN, 
obs. or poet.); p. pr. & vb. n. WRITHING.] [A.-S wrld- 
han, to wreathe, writhe. See Wreathe.] 1. To twist 
with violence ; to distort ; to wring. 2. To wrest ; to 
distort ; to pervert. 

Writhe (rirh), v. i. To twist ; to be distorted. 

Writ'ing (rit'ing), n. 1. Act or art of forming letters and 
characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material. 2. 
Any thing written or expressed in letters ; as, a legal 
instrument ; a pamphlet ; a book ; an inscription. 

Writ'ing- mas'ter (rit'ing-), n. One who teaches the 
art of penmanship. 

Writ'ing-pa'per (rit'ing-), n. Paper finished with a 
smooth surface, sized, and fitted for writing upon. 

Wrong (rong, 21), a. [Icel. rangr, oblique, wrong, A.-S. 
wrang, wrong, injury, allied to wring, q. v.] 1. Not fit 
or suitable to an end or object ; not appropriate for use. 
2. Not suitable to the highest and best end ; not morally 
right. 3. Not according to truth. 

Syn. — Injurious ; unjust ; faulty: detrimental ; inccrrect; 
erroneous; unfit; unsuitable; improper; mistaken. 

Wrong (rong), n. That which is not right; whatever 
deviates from moral rectitude ; any injury done to an- 
other ; a trespass. 

Syn. — Iniquity ; perversity; injustice; injury. 

Wrong (rong), adv. Not rightly ; amiss ; morally ill ; 
erroneously. 

Wrong (rong), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRONGED; p. pr. & 
vb. n. WRONGING.] 1. To treat with injustice ; to de- 
prive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice 
from ; to injure. 2. To impute evil to unjustly. 

Wrong'-do'er (rong'do~o'er), n. One who injures an- 
other, or does wrong. 

WrSng'er (rong'er), n. One who wrongs or injures 
another. [unjust ; unfair. 

WrSng'ful (rong'ful, 21), a. Full of wrong ; injurious ; 

Wrong'f ul-ly (r5ng'ful-ly), adv. In a wrongful man- 
ner; injuriously; unjustly. 



food, ftfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; &em, get ; a§ ; e$lst ; linger, link ; this. 



WRONGHEADED 



830 



YAGER 



Wr5ng^i6ad-ed (rong'hgd-), a. "Wrong in opinion or 

principle ; having a perverse understanding ; perverse. 
Wrong'ly (rSng'ly), adv. In a wrong manner ; unjustly ; 

amiss. 
Wrong'ness (rong'-), n. Quality or state of being wrong. 
"Wrote (rot, 20), imp. of write. See Write. 
Wrdth. (rawth), a. [A.-S. wradh, 0. H. Ger. reid, curled, 

twisted. Cf. WRATH.] Full of wrath ; angry ; incensed. 
Wrought (rawt), imp. & p. p. of work. See WORK. 
Wruxig (rung), imp. & p. p. of wring. See WRING. 
Wry (rl), a. [Cf. Goth, vraiqvs, oblique, curved, Eng. 

writhe and wreathe.} 1. Turned to one side ; twisted ; 

distorted. 2. Hence, deviating from the right direction. 

Wry face, a distortion of the countenance indicating impa- 
tience or discomfort; a grimace. 



Wry'neck (rl'ngk), n. 1. A twisted or distorted neck. 
2. ( Ornith.) A small bird of the eastern continent, allied 
to the woodpecker ; — so called from the singular manner 
in which, when surprised, it turns its head over its 
shoulder. 

Wry'ness (ri'nes), n. State of being wry or distorted. 

Wych'-elm, n. ( Bot. ) A variety of the elm, a native of 
Great Britain ; witch-elm. 

Wye, n. ; pi. WYE§. One of the two forked pieces or 
bearings resembling the letter Y in shape, in the opening 
or notch of which rest the ends of the axis supporting 
the telescope in a theodolite or level, the pivots in a 
transit instrument, and the like. [Written also Y, pi. 
Ts.] 

Wy'vern, n. See Wiver, Wivern. 



X. 



X(eks), the twenty-fourth letter of the English alphabet, 
is borrowed, as to its form, from the Greek X. At 
the end of words, it has the sound of ks, as in wax; in 
the middle, the sound of ks, or sometimes of gz, as in 
axis, example. At the beginning of a word, it has the 
sound of z. See Prin. of Pron., § 104. 

Xan'thi-e (zan'thik), a. [From Gr. £a.vdo<;, yellow.] 1. 
Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, 
green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, 
as scarlet, orange, and the like. 2. (Chem.) (a.) Of, or 
pertaining to, a certain oxide, called also uric oxide, ob- 
tained from a rare variety of urinary calculus, and from 
similar concretions, (b.) Of, or pertaining to, a certain 
heavy, oily, fluid acid. 

Xan'tMne (zan'thin), n. [From Gr. gav96s, yellow.] 
(Chem.) The yellow, insoluble coloring matter contained 
in certain plants and the petals of certain flowers. 

Xan'thlte (zan'thit, 49), n. [Gr. £ai.-0o?, yellow.] (Min) 
A mineral occurring in rounded grains and foliated 
masses, of a yellow color, and translucent. 

Xan'tho-phyll (zan'tho-iil), n. [Gr. £ai/06?, yellow, and 
4>v\\ov, leaf.] ( Chem.) Yellow coloring matter contained 
in the leaves of trees in autumn. 

Xan'thor-tlixte (zan'thor-thit, 49), n. (Min.) A mineral 
of a yellowish color, containing much water. 

Xe'lbe-e (zS'bek), n. [Sp. xabeque, 
jabeque, Pg. xabeco, fr. Turk, sum- 
beki, a kind of Asiatic ship, Ar. sum- 
biik, a small ship.] (Naut.) A small, 
three-masted vessel, used in the 
Mediterranean Sea. It carries two 
large, square sails, or, when close 
hauled, large latteen sails. 

Xen'o-time (zen'o-tlm), n. [From 
Gr. ijevoTifJios , honoring guests or 
strangers, from feVos, a guest, a 
stranger, and ti/iij, honor.] A native 
phosphate of yttria, having a yel- 
lowish-brown color. 

Xe-?'«'§i-rt (ze-ra/zhi-a), n. [From Gr. £ep6s, dry.] (Med.) 
A disease of the hair, which becomes dry, ceases to grow, 
and resembles down covered with dust. 

Xe'ro-eol-lpr'i-u , m(zyxo-) i n. [Lat. ; Gr. gypoKoWvpiov, 




Xebec. 



from £tjpos, dry, i. e., thick, and KoWvptov, an eye-salve.] 

(Med.) A dry collyrium or eye-salve. 
Xe-i'd'de% (ze-ro'deez), n. [Gr. ^pcoSvjs, dryish, fr. £-»jp6s, 

dry, and etSos, likeness.] (Med.) Any tumor attended 

with dryness. 
Xe'ro-my'rnm (ze'ro-), n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. ^rjpojavpov, from 

frjpos, dry, and juv'pov, an ointment.] A dry ointment. 
Xe-ropli'a-gy (ze-rofa-jy), n. [Gr. ^po^a-yia, fr. ^rjpos, 

dry, and <^ayetr, to eat.] The eating of dry meats, — a 

sort of fast among the primitive Christians. 
Xe-roph'thal-my (ze-rSf'thal-my or ze-rop'thal-my), n. 

[Gr. £r)po(£0aA|oua, fr. ff/pos, dry, and 6$0aAju6s, the eye.] 

(Med.) A dry, red soreness or itching of the eyes, without 

swelling or a discharge of humors. 
Xe-ro'tes (ze-ro'teez), n. [Gr. ^porns, dryness, fr. ^pos, 

dry.] (Med.) A dry habit or disposition of body. 
Xiph'oid (zifoid), a. [Gr. £(.$oei5?}s, sword-shaped, from 

£«/>os, a sword, and elSos, form, shape.] (Anat.) Kesem- 

bling a sword ; ensiform.' 
Xy'Kte (zi'llt), n. [Gr. £i»Aov, wood, and Aiflos, fftone.] 

1. (Min.) A mineral of a brown color, consisting chiefly 
of silica, sesquioxide of iron, lime, magnesia, and water. 

2. (Chem.) A volatile, inflammable liquid which exists 
in crude or impure pyroligneous acid. 

Xy'lo-graph (zi'lo-graf ), n. An engraving on wood, or 
the impression from such an engraving. [xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-pher (zi-log'ra-fer), n. One who practices 

Xylo-gr&pli'i-e (zT'lo-grafik), ) a. Belonging to 

Xy'lo-graph'ie-al (zi/lo-graf'ik-al), J xylography, or 
wood-engraving. 

Xy-log'ra-phy (zT-log'-), n. [From Gr. £v\ov, wood, and 
ypa^eiv, to engrave, write.] Act or art of cutting figures 
in wood, in representation of natural objects. 

Xy-lopli'a-gan (zi-lofa-gan), n. [See infra.'] (Entom.) 
(a. ) One of a tribe of coleopterous insects, comprehending 
those of which the larves devour the wood of trees in which 
they are developed, (b.) One of a family of dipterous in- 
sects, the larves of which have similar destructive habits. 

Xy-loph'a-gous(zT-lof / a-gus),a. [Gr. £vAo$a-yo?, eating 
wood, from £v\ov, wood, and ■fya.yelv, to eat.] Eating or 
feeding on wood. 

Xys'ter (zis'ter), n. [Gr. $vo-rrip, a scraper, from fveei», 
to scrape.] A surgeon's instrument for scraping bone*. 



Y(wT), the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet, 
derives its form from the Greek Y. At the beginning 
of words or syllables, except when used as a prefix, it is a 
consonant element. In the middle and at the end of 
words it is a vowel, having precisely the same sounds as 
i. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 35, 36, 54. 55, 105. 

®g~ Fis used by ancient writers, especially Spenser, as a pre- 
fix of the past participle, used or omitted at will, and is also 
sometimes employed by modern writers in burlesque, or in 
imitation of the antique. The following are instances: y-clad, 
clad, clothed; y-ckped, called; y-clofhsd, clothed; y-fed, fed, 
refreshed. 

Y (wi) n. ; pi. Y'g (wiz). 1. One of the forked pieces 
which support the pivots of a transit instrument, of the 



telescope of a theodolite, and the like ; a wye ; — so called 
from its form. 2. (Railways.) A portion of track con- 
sisting of two converging tracks connected by a cross- 
track. 

Yacht (ySt), n. [D. jagt, from jagt , jacht, a chase, hunt- 
ing, from jagen, to chase, hunt.] (Naut.) A light and 
elegantly furnished sea-going vessel used for pleasure 
trips, racing, and the like. 

Yadit'ing (yot'ing), n. Sailing on pleasure excursions 
in a yacht. 

Ya'jjer (yaw'ger), n. [N. H. Ger. j'dger, a hunter ; 0. H. 
Ger. jdgari, from jagen, O. H. Ger. jagdn, to chase, 
hunt.] ( Mil. ) One belonging to a body of light infantry 
armed with rifles. 



5,e s &c.,Zongv &, 8, Sec, short; c&re,far, ask, $11, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son,dr,dQ,?rol£ 



YAM 



831 



YERK 



Yam, n. [West Indian ihame.] ( Bo t.) A large, esculent 
tuber or root of a genus of climbing plants, growing in 
tropical climates, and forming when roasted or boiled, a 
wholesome, palatable, and nutritious food. 

Yan/Jkee (yank-'e), n. [According to Heckewelder, a 
corrupt pronunciation of the word English, or of the 
French word Anglais, by the native Indians of America. 
According to Thierry, a corruption of Jankin, a dimiuu- 
tive of Jo kn, a nickname given to the English colonists 
of Connecticut by t'he Dutch settlers of New York. Ac- 
cording to Dr. Wm. Gordon, it was a favorite cant word 
in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, meaning excellent. 
He supposes that it was adopted by the students there as 
a by-word, and, beiug carried by them from the college, 
obtained currency in the other New England colonies, 
until at length it was taken up in other parts of the 
country, and applied to New Englanders generally, as a 
term of slight reproach. Cf. Scot, yankie, a sharp, clever, 
and rather bold woman, and Prov. Eng. hovf-yankees, a 
kind of leggins worn by agricultural laborers.] A citizen 
of New England ; also, a citizen of the Northern States ; 
— a cant name, with a tinge of reproach in it, applied by 
foreigners to all inhabitants of the United States. 

Yap, v. i. [Cf. Fr. japper, to yelp, L. Ger. japen,jappen, 
to gasp, and Eng. yelp, yaup.] To bark ; to yelp. 

Yard, n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, gird, gyrd, a rod, stick, a 
measure, a yard, 0. H. Ger. gart, Icel. girdi, osier. Cf. 
Goth, gazds, goad, Icel. gaddr, club.] 1. A measure 
of length, three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the stand- 
ard of Euglish and American measure. 2. The male 
member or organ; the penis. 3. (Naut.) A long, slen- 
der piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended upon 
the mast, by which a sail is extended. 

Yard, n. [A.-S. geard, hedge, allied to gyrdan, to gird, 
Icel. gardr, Goth, gards, 0. H. Ger. gart. Cf. GARDEN.] 
A small, inclosed place in front of or around a house or 
barn. 

Yard'-arm, n. (Naut.) Either half of a ship's yard, 
from the center or mast to the end. 

tgg-~ Ships are said to be yard-arm and yard-arm when so 
near as to touch or interlock their yards. 

Yard'-stick, \n. A stick th" e feet in length, used as 

Yard'- wand, J a measure of cloth, and the like. 

Yarn,n. "[A.-S. gearn, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. garn.] 1. 
Woolen thread ; also, thread of other materials, as of 
cotton, flax, hemp, or silk. 2. (Rope-making.) One of 
the threads of which a rope is composed. 3. A story 
spun out by a sailor for the amusement of his compan- 
ions. [ Colloq. or /tumorous.] 

Yar'row, n. [A.-S. gearwe, 0. H. Ger. gariva, garaiva.] 
(Bot.) A composite plant, having a strong odor and pun- 
gent taste. It is a native of Europe, and is common in 
the United States. 

Yat'a-gh&n (110), n. [Turk, yatagan.] A long Turkish 
dagger. See Ataghan. 

Yaulp, } v. t. [See Yap and Yelp.] To cry out like a 

Yaup, j child ; to jelp. [Scot, and Amer.) 

Yaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. yawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. YAW- 
ING-.] [See Yew, v. i.] 1. To rise in blisters, breaking 
in white froth, as cane-juice in the sugar-works. 2. 
[Prov. Ger. gagen, to rock, gagtln, to totter, shake.] 
(Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the line of her course, as 
a ship. 

Yaw, n. (Naut.) A movement of a vessel by which she 
temporarily alters her course. 

Yawl, n. [D. jol, L. Ger. & Dan. jolle. Cf. Jolly- 
boat.] (Naut.) A small ship's-boat, usually rowed by 
four or six oars. 

Yawl, v. i. To cry out like a dog ; to yell. 

Yawn, v. i. [i?np. & p. p. yawned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
YAWNING.] [A.-S. ganian, ginan, ginian, geonian, ge- 
nian, 0. H. Ger. ginon, ginen, geinon, gien, giwen, 

fetvOn, Icel. gina, allied to Gr. \aCvetv, Lat. hiare. Cf. 
AWN.] 1. To open the mouth involuntarily through 
drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue; to gape. 2. To gape or 
open wide as if to allow the entrance or exit of any 
thing. 3. Hence, to be eager ; to desire to swallow any 
thing. 

lawn, n. 1. A deep and involuntary inspiration, with 
a pretty wide opening of the mouth, followed by a pro- 
longed and more or less sonorous expiration ; a gaping. 
2. An opening wide ; a gape. 

Taw§, n. [African yaw, a raspberry.] (Med.) A disease 
of the Antilles and of Africa, characterized by contagious 
tumors which, iu shape and appearance, resemble straw- 
berries or raspberries. [named. 

Y-eleped'(i-klept'),Jt7.j9. [See Note under Y.] Called; 

Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge, Icel. er, 0. H. Ger. ir, Goth, jus.] 



The nominative plural of the second person ; — sometimes 
inaccurately used as the objective. 
Yea (ya or ye), adv. [A.-S. gta, ia, Icel., 0. H. Ger., & 
Goth, ja.] Yes ; ay. 

B®=- Yea sometimes introduces a subject, with the sense of 
indeed, verily, truly, it is so. It is also used substantively to de- 
note an affirmative Yote, or the one who cast such a vote ; as, 
the yeas have it. 

Yean, v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. YEANED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 

YEANING.] [A.-S. eanian, edcnian,geednian,geeacnian.] 
To bring forth young, as a goat or sheep. 

Yeanling, n. [From yean.] The young of sheep ; 
a lamb. 

Year, n. [A.-S. gear, ger, Goth, jer, 0. H. Ger. jar, Icel. 
dr.] 1. Time of the apparent revolution of the sun 
through the ecliptic; period occupied by the earth in 
making its revolution around the sun; also, a period 
more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by various 
nations as a measure of time. In common usage, tho 
year consists of 365 days, and every fourth year of 366. 
2. The time in which any planet completes a revolution 
about the sun. 3. pi. Age, or old age. 

Year'-bobk (27), n. 1. A reference book of facts and 
statistics published yearly. 2. (Eng. Law.) A book con- 
taining annual reports of cases adjudged in the courts of 
England. 

Yearling, n. A young animal one year old. 

Year'ling, a. Being a year old. 

Yearly, a. 1. Happening, accruing, or coming every 
year; annual. 2. Lasting a year. 3. Accomplished 
in a year. [from year to year. 

Year'ly, adv. [A.-S. gearllce.] Annually ; once a year ; 

Yearn (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. YEARNED ; p.. pr. & vb. 
n. YEARNING.] [A.-S. geornian, girnan, fr. geom, girn, 
gym, desirous, georne, gladly, Goth, ga'irnjan, to desire, 
Icel. girna.] To be filled with longing desire or with emo- 
tions of affection or tenderness ; to long ; to be eager. 

Yeast, n. [A.-S. gist, 0. H. Ger. gesan, jesan, gerian, 
jerian, to ferment.] The foam or froth of beer or other 
liquor in fermentation used for raising dough ; barm. 

Yeast'y, a. Frothy ; foamy ; spumy, like yeast. 

Yelk, n. [A.-S. geoleca, geolca, allied to gelu, geolu, yel- 
low.] The yellow part of an egg. 

Yell, i'. i. [imp. & p. p. yelled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
YELLING.] [A.-S. gillan, gellan, 0. H. Ger. gellan, al- 
lied to A.-S. galan, Icel. gala, to sing.] To cry out or 
scream as with agony or horror. 

Yell, v. t. To utter or declare with a yell. 

Yell, n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. 

Yellow, a. [compar. yellower; superl. YELLOW- 
EST.] [A.-S. gelu, geolu, 0. H. Ger. gels, Icel. gulr, allied 
to Lat. helvus,gilvus, gilbus , galbus , Gr. x^oos.} Being of 
a bright saffron-like color ; of the color of gold or brass. 
Yellow-bird {OrnithJ, a small bird with bright-yellow plum- 
age, common in the "United States. — Yellow fever {Med.), a 
malignant febrile disease of warm climates, often attended 
with vellowness of the skin.— Yellow hammer (Omith.), a Eu- 
ropean bird, called also yellow-banting. Its principal colors are 
shades of gamboge, yellow, and brown; — often applied in the 
United States to a certain species of woodpecker.— Yellow 
metal, an alloy composed of two thirds copper and one third 
zinc, for sheathing vessels. 

Yellow, n. A bright golden color ; one of the simple or 

Yellowish, a. Somewhat yellow. [primitive colors. 

Yellow ish-ness, I n. The state or quality of being 

Yellow-ness, ) somewhat yellow. 

Yellow§, n. 1. (Far.) A disease of the bile in horses, 
cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of eyes ; jaundice. 
2. A disease of peach-trees in the United States, causing 
them to produce abortive yellow sprouts on the trunks 
and limbs. 

Yelp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. yelped (yelpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. yelping.] [A.-S. gilpan, to boast, gealp, a loud 
sound, a clang, Icel. gialpa, gialfra, to make a tumult, 
0. H. Ger. gelban, to boast.] To utter a sharp, quick 
cry, as a hound ; to bark shrilly, with eagerness, pain, 
or fear. 

Yeo'man, n. ; pi. yeo'men. [0. Eng. yeman, perh. 
from man, and ye, yes, i. e., the prefix ge, and signifying 
servant, or ye, yeo, i. e., young, or perh. from A.-S. gy- 
mend, governor, for gedmmann, from gedm, care, atten- 
tion.] 1. A common man or plebeian, of the first or 
most respectable class ; a freeholder ; a man free born. 
2. An ofiicer in the king's household. [Eng.] 3. (Naut.) 
An inferior ofiicer charged with the stowage, account, and 
distribution of the stores. 

Yeo'man-ry, n. The collective body of yeomen or 
freeholders. [ly ; to jerk. 

Yerk (14), v. t. [See Jerk.] To kick or strike sudden- 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, ^ualse, «all, e«ho; gem, get; as; ejist; linger, link; tula. 



YERK 



832 



YULE 



Yerk, v. i. 1. To throw out the heels ; to kick. 2. To 
move with a quick, jerking motion. 

Yerk, n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion. 

Yes, adv. [A.-S. gese, gise, gyse, fr. gea, yes, indeed, and 
se, i.e., si, let it be.] Ay; yea; — a word expressing 
affirmation or consent. 

Yest, n. 1. Yeast ; ferment barm. 2. Froth ; spume ; 
foam. See Yeast. 

Yes'ter, a. [A.-S. gistran, geostran, girstan, adv., yester- 
day, Goth, gistra, Icel. ges, gar, allied to Lat. hesternus, 
heri, for kesi, Gr. x^es, for ^e's, Skr. hyas.] Of, or per- 
taining to, yesterday ; last ; next before the present. 

Yes'ter-day, n. [See supra.] The day last past ; the 
day next before' the present. 

Yes'ter-day, adv. On the day last past ; on the day 
preceding to-day. 

Yes'ter-eve', \n. The evening of yesterday ; the 

Yes'ter-eve'ning, j evening last past. 

ISSmSng, ( n - ^ momi *g of yesterday. 

Ygs'ter-niglit/ (-nit'), n. Last night; the night last 
past. 

Yes'ter-nignt 7 (-nit'), adv. On the last night. 

Yes'ter-ndon', n. The noon of yesterday ; the noon 
last past. 

Yest'y, a. Yeasty; frothy; foaming. See Yeasty. 

Yet, adv. [A.-S. get, git,geot, gyt , giet ,geta, gieta,gyta.] 
1. In addition ; further ; besides ; over and above ; 
still. 2. At the same time ; still. 3. Up to the pres- 
ent time ; thus far ; hitherto ; at the present time. 4. 
Even ; at least ; at all. 

Yet, conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; however. 
Syn. — See Howeveb. 

Yew (yu), n. [A.-S. ediv, tw, 
0. H. Ger. iwa, Igo, W. yw, 
ywe?i.] (Bot.) An evergreen 
tree allied to the pines, val- 
ued for its wood or timber. 

Yew'en (yii'en), a. Made 
of yew. 

Yex, v. i. [A.-S. giscian, to 

sob, 0. H. Ger. geskizjan, ~~^&- 

ges/cizDn, to gape, sob.] To 

hiccough. _____ >_fiK ^Bti 




— - - 



Yield, v. t. [imp. & p. p 
YIELDED; p. pr. & vb. n 
YIELDING.] [A.-S. gildan, 

geldan, to pay, yield, Icel. gialda, Goth, gildan, fragil- 
dan, usgildan.] 1. To furnish ; to afford ; to render ; 
to give forth. 2. To give in return for what is expended i 
or invested. 3. To give up, as something that is claimed 
or demanded ; to make over to one who has a claim or 
right. 4. To admit to be true ; to concede. 5. To per- 
mit; to grant. 

Syn. — To produce ; bear ; exhibit ; allow ; resign ; emit ; 
surrender. 

Yield, v. i. 1. To give up the contest ; to submit. 2. 
To comply. 3. To give way; not to oppose. 4. To 
give place, as inferior in rank or excellence. 

Yield, n. Amount yielded ; product; — applied especially 
to products resulting from growth or cultivation. 

Yield'er, n. One who yields. 

Yield'ing, p. a. Inclined to give way or comply. 

Syn. — Obsequious; attentive; flexible; compliant; accom- 
modating. 

Yield'ing-ly, adv. In a yielding manner ; with compli- 
ance. 

Yield'ing-ness, n. The state or quality of being yield- 
ing ; disposition to comply. 

Yoke (20), n. [A.-S. geoc, ioc, iuc, Goth. juJc, Icel. ok, 
allied to Lat. jugum, Gr. £vy6v, Skr. yuga, Slav, igo, Lat. 
jungere, Skr. yudj.] 1. That which connects or binds; 
bond of connection. 2. Hence, specifically, the frame of 
wood by which two oxen are fastened together for draw- 
ing. 3. Hence, a frame worn on the neck like an ox- 
yoke, or shaped like one; as, (a.) A frame of wood fitted 
to a person's shoulders for carrying a pail, &c, sus- 
pended on each side, (b.) A frame worn on the neck of 
an animal, as a cow, a pig, a goose, to prevent passage 
through a fence, (c.) A frame or convex piece by which 
a bell is hung for ringing it. (d.) (Naut. A frame at 
right angles to the head of a boat's rudder, from the end 
of which are lines by which the boat is steered. 4. A 
mark of servitude ; hence, slavery ; bondage ; service. 5. 
Two animals yoked together ; a couple ; a pair that work 
together. 

Syn.— Slavery; servitude; chain; link, 



Yoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. yoked (yokt); p. pr. & vb. 
n. yoking.] 1. To put a yoke on ; to join in a yoke. 
2. To couple; to join with another. 3. To enslave ; to 
bring into bondage ; to confine. 

Yoke, v. i. To be joined or associated ; to be intimately 
connected ; to consort closely. 

Yoke'-f eFlow, ) n. 1. An associate or companion. 

Yoke'mate, J 2. A mate ; a fellow ; especially, a 
partnerin marriage. 

Yolk (yolk or yok, 20), n. 1. The yelk of an egg. [See 
Yelk.] 2. An unctuous secretion from the skin of 
sheep. 

Yon, a. At a distance within view ; yonder. [ Obs. or 
poet.] 

Yon, adv. Yonder. [Obs. or poet.] 

Yon'der, a. [See infra.] Being at a distance within 
view, or conceived of as within view ; that or those 
there. 

Yon'der, adv. [A.-S. geond, iand, there, beyond, geon- 
dan, geonda, there ; Goth, jaind, thither, jainar, there, 
jains, that, he.] At a distance within view. 

Yore, adv. [From A.-S. gedra, gedre. gere, iara, formerly, 
allied to gear, ger, a year ; or from A.-S. geo ar, hereto- 
fore, long ago, from geo, formerly, of old, and ser, ere, 
before.] In long time past ; in old time ; long since. 

You (yu), pron. [possess, your, or yours, obj. YOU.] 
[A.-S. edw, dat., edwic, ediv, ace, Icel. ydkr, Goth, izvis, 
Cf. Ye.] The pronoun of the second person, in the 
nominative ^or objective case, indicating the person or 
persons adi-i'essed. 

GOT- You is properly the plural of the second personal pro- 
noun, but is in all ordinary discourse used also in addressing a 
single person, yet always properly combined with a plural 
verb. You and your are sometimes used indefinitely instead 
of one, any, a, and the like. Of the two forms of the posses- 
sive, your and yours, the first is used when attributive and fol- 
lowed by the noun to which it belongs; the second when at- 
tributive, but having the noun understood. 

Young, a. [compar. YOUNGER ; svperl. YOUNGEST.] 
[A.-S. gedng, giimg, iung, Icel. hngr, Goth, juggs, for 
jufis,juhis, allied to Lat. juvenis, Skr. yuwan.] 1. Not 
long born ; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, or 
age ; not old ; juvenile. 2. Being in the first part of 
growth. 3. Having little experience ; inexperienced ; 
ignorant. 

Young, n. The offspring of animals, either a single 
animal or offspring collectively. 
With young, with child; pregnant. 

Yoiing'isli, a. Somewhat young. 

Yoiing'ling, n. A young person; a youth; also, any 
animal in the first part of life. 

Yoiing'ster, n. A young person ; a lad. [Colloq.] 

Younk'er, n. A young person ; a stripling. [Colloq.] 

Your, possessive pron. [A.-S. ediver, Icel. ydhar, Goth. 
'i'zvara, izvar.] Belonging, pertaining, or relating to, 
you ; of you ; — the possessive of you. 

Your-self ', pron. ; pi. your-selves/. Your own per- 
son or self ; — used as the object, direct or indirect, of a 
reflexive verb, in the second person. 

Youth., n. ; pi. youths, sometimes YOUTH. [A.-S. 
gedgudh, gedgodh, gedgadh, gedgedh, iiigudh, iedgudh, 
gedgudhhad, Goth, junda, junds ; 0. Eng. youthede, 
yongth, youngth. See YOUNG.] 1. State, condition, 
or quality of being young ; juvenility. 2. The part of 
life.that succeeds to childhood ; the whole early part of 
life, from childhood, or sometimes from infancy, to man- 
hood. 3. A young person ; especially, a young man. 4. 
Young persons collectively. 

Youtli'ful, a. 1. Not yet mature or aged ; young. 2. 
Of, or pertaining to, the early part of life. 3. Suitable 
to the first part of life. 4. Fresh ; vigorous, as in 
youth. 

Syn.— Puerile; juvenile. 

Youtli'f ul-ly, adv. In a youthful manner. 

Youtli'ful-ness, n. The quality of being youthful. 

Yt'tri-a,*n. [So called from Ytterby, a, quarry in Sweden.] 
( Chem.) A fine, white powder or earth, without taste or 

_ smell and insoluble in water ; an oxide of yttrium. 

Yt'tri-um, n. (Chem.) A very rare metal of a scaly 
texture and grayish-black color. 

Yule, n. [A.-S. gedl, giul, gedhol, fftZ, Icel. jdl, Goth. 
jiuleis, November, or the beginning of December. Cf. 
W. givyl, gouel, gouil, goel, gwel, a feast, a holiday.] 
Christmas, or the feast of the nativity of our Savior ; — 
applied also, sometimes, to the festival of Lammas. 

Yule-block, Yule-clog, or Yule-log, a large log of wood for- 
merly put on the hearth on Christmas eve, as the foundation 
of the f 



a,e,&c.,Zo»g7 a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, tgrm; pique, firm; son, 6r,dQ, wolf, 



833 



ZOCLE 



z. 



Z(ze). The twenty-sixth letter of the English alphabet, 
and the last letter in the alphabets of most modern 
languages. It is a sibilant consonant, and is merely a 
sonant or vocal s. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 106, 107. 
Zae'eho, n. [SeeZocDE.] (Arch.) The lowest part of 

the pedestal of a column. 
Zaf 'f er, n. [Allied to sapphire, q. v.] (Chem.) Impure 

oxide of cobalt, obtained by the calcination of cobalt. 
Zam'bo, n. ; pi. zam'bo^. [See Sambo.] The child of 
a mulatto and a negro ; also, sometimes, the child of an 
Indian and a negro. 

Za'ny (126), n. [It. zanni, a buffoon, merry Andrew, 
orig the same as Giovanni, John, i. e., merry John.] A 
merry-andrew ; a buffoon. 

Za/ny-I§m, n. The state or character of a zany. 

Zar'nieh, n. [See Arsenic] Native sulphuret of ar- 
senic ; sandarach or realgar ; orpiment. 

Zax, n. [A.-S. seax, sex, knife, Icel. sax, 0. EL Ger. sahs.] 
An instrument for cutting slate. 

Zeal, n. [Lat. zelus, Gr. £tjA.os, zeal, jealousy.] Passionate 
ardor in the pursuit of any thing ; eagerness in favor of 
a person or cause. 

Zeal'ot, n. [Lat. zelotes, Gr. frjAomys.] One who is zeal- 
ous ; especially, one who is over-zealous, or carried away 
by his zeal ; an enthusiast ; a fanatical partizan. 

Zeal'ot-ry, n. The character and behavior of a zealot ; 
excess of zeal ; fanatical devotion to a cause. 

Zeal'ous, a. Filled with zeal ; warmly engaged or ardent 
in behalf of an object. 

Syn. — Eager; earnest; fervent; hearty; strenuous; warm; 
passionate; enthusiastic. 

Zgal'oiis-ly, adv. In a zealous manner ; with pas- 
sionate ardor ; with eager- 
ness. T -^ 

Zeal'ous-ness, n. State 
or quality of being zealous ; 
zeal. 

Ze'bra, n. [Of African ori- 
gin.] (Zo'dl.) A quadruped 
of Southern Africa, nearly 
as large as a horse, white, 
with numerous brownish- 
black bands of greater or 
less intensity, and lighter 
down the middle of each 
band. 

Ze'bu,w. [The native Indian name. ] (Zo'dl.) A small ru 
minant mammal of the bovine 
tribe, remarkable for its long, 
pendulous ears, and a fatty 
excrescence on the shoulders, 
which is valued for food. It ^tJi^s! 
is often called the Indian bull, ^aliy^arBBI 

ox, or cow. 

Ze'chin (ze'kin), n. [It. zee- 
chino, Sp. zequin. Cf. SEQUIN.] 
An Italian gold coin ; a sequin. 
See Sequin. 

Zed, n. [Gr. fira. See ZETA.] ~ Zebu. 

The letter Z ; — called also izzard. [ Obs. , or nearly so.] 

Zed'o-a-ry, n. [0. EL Ger. zitawar, Ar., Per., & Hind. 
djadwar.] (Med.) A medicinal substance obtained in 
the East Indies, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, 
bitter, aromatic taste, used in medicine as a stimulant. 

Zeni'm-dar' (110), n. [Per. zemindar, zemidar, i. e., 
landholder, fr. zemin, land, and dar, holding.] A feuda- 
tory or landholder under the government, with the right 
of underletting the land, and certain other privileges. 
[India.] 

Zem'in-da-ry, n. The jurisdiction of a zemindar. 

Zend, n. [See infra.] Properly, the translation into the 
Huzvaresh, or Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the 
Zoroastrian scriptures ; as commonly used, the language, 
an ancient Persian dialect, in which the Avesta is written. 

Zend'a-ves'td, n. [Properly, the Avesta, or sacred text, 
and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and 
intelligible language.] The Scriptures of the ancient 
Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but in fact 
chiefly or altogether of a later date. 

Ze'nith, n. [Abbrev. from Ar. semt-ur-ras, way of the 
head, vertical place, from semt, way, path, al, ul, the, 




Zebra. 







and rtos, head.] 1. That point in the heavens which is 
directly overhead. 2. Hence, figuratively, the point of 
culmination ; greatest height ; hence, the height of suc- 
cess or prosperity. 
Ze'o-lite (49), n. [From Gr. &W, to boil, and Aiflo?, 
stone.] (Mm.) A mineral species in the early works on 
mineralogy, now subdivided into several, both on chem- 
ical and crystallographical grounds. 
Zeph'yr, n. [Lat. zephyrus, Gr. ^vpos, fr. £6£o<r, dark- 
ness, the dark side, west.] The west wind ; and poetically 
any soft, mild, gentle breeze. 
Ze'ro, n. [Ar. go/run, cifrun. empty, a cipher, q. v.] 
Cipher; nothing; naught; the point from which the 
graduation, as of a thermometer, commences. 
Zest, n. [From Lat. schistus, Gr. axctrros, split, cleft, 
divided, from axL$eiv, to split, cleave.] 1. A piece of 
orange or lemon peel, used to give flavor to liquor, or 
the fine, thin oil that spurts out of it when squeezed. 
2. Hence, something that gives or enhances a pleasant 
taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer ; hence, keen en- 
joyment; relish. 
Zest, v . t. [imp. & p. p. zested ; p.pr. & vb. n. zest- 
ing-.] 1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an orange, 
lemon, &c. ; or to squeeze, as peel over the surface of 
any thing. 2. To give a relish or flavor to ; to heighten 
the taste or relish of. 
Ze'td, n. 1. [Gr. £rra.] A Greek letter, £, or £, corres- 
ponding to our z. 2. [Lat. zeta, diseta, fromGr. 0iWa, 
life, mode of life, dwelling.] (Arch.) A little chamber, 
with pipes running along the wails, to convey into it 
fresh air, or warm vapor, from below. 

Ze-tet'i-e, a. [Gr. ^Vjttjtikos, from frreiv, to seek.] Pro- 
ceeding by inquiry. 

Ze-tet'icg, n. sing. (Math.) A branch of algebra which 

relates to the direct search for unknown quantities. 
Zeug'ma, n. [Gr. <JevyjU.a, from c^evyvuVai, to yoke, join.] 
( Gram.) A figure by which an adjective or verb, which 
agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of supplement, re- 
ferred also to another more remote. 

Zib'et, n. [It. zibetto, L. Gr. ^aninov. See ClVET.] A 
small quadruped, somewhat resembling the weasel. It 
inhabits both India and Africa. 

Zig'zag, a. Having short, sharp turns. 

Zig'zag, n. [Ger. zickzack, from zacke, zacken, a den- 
til, tooth.] Something that has short turns or angles. 

Zig'zag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ZIGZAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. ZIGZAGGING.] To form with short turns. 

Zinc, n. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to zinn, tin.] (Min.) A 
metal of a brilliant white color, with a shade of blue ; 
spelter. It is not brittle, but less malleable than copper, 
lead, or tin. 

Zin-cif 'er-oiis, ) a. [Eng. zinc, and Lat. ferre, to bear, 

Zinkif' er-oiis, ) produce.] Containing or affording 
zinc. 

Zlii-elte (49), n. (Min.) A brittle, translucent mineral, 
of a deep, red color, and consisting chiefly of oxide of 
zinc. 

Zine-dg'ra-pher, n. An engraver on zinc. 

Ziive'o-graph'ie, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, zinc- 

Zine'o-graph'i-e-al, ) ography. 

Zin-e-og'ra-pliy, n. [Eng. zinc, and Gr. ypa^etv, to 
write.] Engraving on zinc in the style of wood-cuts. 

Zln-e'ous, a. Of, or pertaining to, zinc ; pertaining to 
the positive pole of a galvanic battery. 

Zin-e'-wnite, n. The oxide of zinc, a pigment largely 
used in the place of white-lead. 

Zink'y, a. Pertaining to zinc, or having its appearance. 
[Obs.] [Written also zincky.] 

Zl'on, n. [Heb. ziyydn, orig. a hill.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) 
A hill in Jerusalem, the royal residence of David and his 
successors. 2. Hence, the theocracy or church of God. 

Zir'eon, n. [Cingalese.] (Min.) A mineral containing 
the earth zirconia and silica, occasionally red, and often 
nearly transparent. 

Zir-eo'ni-a, n. ( Chem.) An oxide of zirconium. It is, 
when pure, a white powder, soluble in sulphuric acid. 

Zir-eo'iii-iim, n. (Chem.) A metal obtained from the 
minerals zircon and hyacinth. It is commonly obtained 
in the form of a black powder. 

Zo'-ele, or Zoe'le, n. [Lat. socculus, dim. of soccus, a 
kind of low-heeled shoe.] (Arch.) A socle. See Socle. 



food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, ecbo ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; 

'63 



linger, link ; this* 



ZODIAC 



834 



ZYTHUM 




ZC'di-a-e, n. [Lat. zodiacus, Gr. 

^wSiaxos (sc. kvkAos), from £6- 
Siov, dim. of £wov, an animal.] 
(^45«ron.) An imaginary belt in 
the heavens, in the middle of 
which is the ecliptic, or sun's 
path. It comprises the twelve 
constellations, which once con- 
stituted, and from which are 
named, the twelve signs of the 
zodiac. 

Zo-dl'ae-al, a. Of, or pertain- zodiac, 

ing to, the zodiac ; within the zodiac. 

Zodiacal light (Astron.), a luminous track, of an elongated 
triangular figure, lying nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on j 
the horizon. It is to he seen only in the evening, after twi- 
light, and in the morning, before dawn. 

Zo-Il'e-an, a. Having the characteristics of Zoilus, a i 
bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived about 270 years 
before Christ. 

Zo'i-ligm, n. Character like that of Zoilus ; resemblance 
to Zoilus in style or manner. 

Zdll'ver-eln' , n. [Ger. zoW, duty, and verein, union.] An 
agreement or union among the German States, for the 
collection of custom-house duties. 

Zone, n. [Lat. zona, Gr. £tavt), 
from favvvvai, to gird.] 1. A 
girdle. 2. (Geog.) One of the 
five great divisions of the earth, 
with respect to latitude and tem- 
perature. 3. (Math.) The por- 
tion of the surface of a sphere, 
included between two parallel 
planes. 4. (Nat. Hist.) (a.) A 
band or stripe running round any 
object, (b.) A band or area encir- 
cling any thing. 5. Circuit; cir- 
cumference. 

Zoned, a. 1. Wearing a zone or zones. 
zones, or concentric bands. 

Zone'less, a. Not having a zone. [forms, and habits. 

Zo-og'ra-pher, n. One who describes animals, their 

Zo ; o-graph'ie, \ a. Of, or pertaining to, the descrip- 

Zo'o-graph'ie-al, ) tion of animals. 

Zo-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. £a>oi>, an animal, and ypd^eiv, to 
write.] A description of animals, their forms and habits. 

Zo-51'a-try, n. [Gr. £d>oi>, an animal, and Aarpeux, serv- 
ice.] Worship of animals. 

Zo'o-lite (49), n. [Gr. £uov, an animal, and Ai0os, stone.] 
An animal substance petrified or fossil. 

Zo'o-log'ie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zoology, or the 
science of animals. 

Zo-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in the natural history of 
animals ; one who describes animals. 

Zo-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. £wov, an animal, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] That part of natural history which treats of 
the classification, structure, habits, and habitations of 
animals. 

Zo-on'ie, a. [Gr. £wov, an animal.] Of, or pertaining 
to, animals ; obtained from animal substances 




Zones (!)• 



2. Having 



Zo-on'o-my, n. [Gr. £a>ov, an animal, and vojuos, a law.] 
The laws of animal life, or the science which treats of 
the pbenomena of animal life, their causes and relations. 

Zo-6ph'a-gous, a. [Gr. ^wo^dyos, from &ov, an ani- 
mal, and <f>ayelv, to eat.] Feeding on animals. 

Zo'o-phyte, n. [Gr. gu>6(f>vTov, from £u>ov, an animal, 
and <(>vt6v, plant.] (Zo'oL) One of a certain division of 
animals ; — a general term, applied to simple polyps, and 
compound individuals consisting of many polyps united 
together, as in most corals ; also often applied to sponges 
and corallines. 

i|/o-phyt'i«-al, } "• 0f ' or P ertainiQ g t0 > zoophytes. 

Zo-oph'y-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. faofyvrov, an animal-plant, 
and Aoyos, a discourse.] The natural history of zoo- 
phytes. 

Zo'o-tom'i-e-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zootomy. 

Zo-6t'o-mist, n. One who dissects the bodies of ani- 
mals ; a comparative anatomist. 

Zo-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. gwov, an animal, and re^veiv, to 
cut.] The anatomy of animals ; comparative anatomy. 

Zouave (zw'av or zob-av'^n. [From the Arabic Zouaoua, 
a tribe of Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains 
in Algeria.] (Mil.) (a.) One of an active and hardy 
body of soldiers in the French service, originally Arabs, 
but now composed of Frenchmen who wear the Arab 
dress, (b.) Hence, one of a body of soldiers who adopt 
the dress and drill of the Zouaves. 

Zound§, inter j. [Contracted from GW's wounds.] An 
exclamation formerly used as an oath, and an expression 
of anger or wonder. 

Zuf'fo-lo, ) n. [It. zufolo, from zvfolare, to whistle, to 

Z'u'fo-lo, ) flute.] [Mas.) A little flute or flageolet, 
especially that which is used to teach birds. 

Zu-mol'o-gy, n. See Zymology. 

Zu-mom'e-ter,«. See Zymometer. 

Zyg'o-mat'ie, a. [From Gr. £vywju.a, the cheek-bone, 
from fvyow, to yoke, join, from £vyov, a yoke.] Of, or 
pertaining to, the bony arch placed in man upon the 
side of the head, back of the cheeks, and extending from 
the prominence of the cheeks to the ear. 

Zy'mo-log'ie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zymology. 

Zy-mol'o-gist, n. One who is skilled in zymology.^ 

Zy-mol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. £v/u.t), ferment, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] A treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or 
the doctrine of fermentation. 

Zy-mom'e-ter, \n. [Gr. £ynr), ferment, fujuwcris, fer- 

Zy'mo-sim'e-ter, 1 meutation, and /uerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermenta- 
tion occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and 

• the degree of heat which they acquire in fermenta- 
tion. 

Zy-mot'ie, a. [Gr. ^v/jlovv, to ferment.] Of, pertaining 
to, or caused by, fermentation. 

Zymotic disease (Med.), any epidemic, endemic, contagious, 
or sporadic affection which is produced by some morbific prin- 
ciple acting on the system like a ferment. 

Zy'thwm, n. [Lat. ; Gr. £)0os, a kind of beer, so called 
by the Egyptians.] A kind of malt beverage; a liquor 
made from malt and wheat. 



nais ; ODcaineu irom ammai suostances. maae irom man ana wneai. 

long ; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do,wolf , 



METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 




4 5 6 7 S & JD 

Scale, -*L of the Exact Size. 

N. B. The edges of this cube are each 1 Meter, or 10 Decimeters, or 100 
Centimeters, in length. 



m 



m 




1 sq. Centimeter, 

Exact Size. 



In the Metric System, the Meter is the base of all the 

weights and measures employed. 
The Meter was intended to be, and is very nearly, one ten 

millionth part of the distance measured on a meridian of 

the earth from the equator to the pole, and is about 

39.37 inches. 
The Meter is the primary unit of length. 
Upon the Meter are based the following primary units : the 

Square Meter, the Are, the. Cubic Meter or Stere, the 

Liter, and the Gram. 
The Square Meter is the unit of measure for small surfaces ; 

as the surface of a floor, table, etc. 




© 
S3T~" 

B — 

© 

II 

•«» — 

© 
© JL 

l!__ 

5s — 
g _= 

§Je 

IS 

'■2 — 
1 = 

5--E 

8*f 

•I _E 

«. — 

« — 
** — 

I s ! 

1 "1 

i-i 



— r-X 



The Are is the unit of land measure ; this is a square whose 
side is 10 meters in length, and which contains IOC 
square meters. 

The Cubic Meter, or Stere, is the unit of volume ; this is a 
cube whose edge is 1 meter in length. 

The Liter is the unit of capacity ; this is the capacity of a 
cube whose edge is l-10th of a meter in length. 

The Gram is the unit of weight ; this is the weight of dis- 
tilled water contained in a cube whose edge is the 100th 
part of a meter in length. 

From these primary units the higher and lower orders of 
units are derived decimally. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



Ratios. 


Lengths. 


Surfaces. 


Volumes. 


Weights. 


1,000,000 








Millier, or Tonneau. 


100,000 


_ 


. . 


. . 


Quintal. 


10,000 


Myriameter. 


- 


- 


Myriagram. 


1,000 


Kilometer. 


- 


Kiloliter. 


Kilogram, or Kilo. 


100 


Hectometer. 


Hectare. 


Hectoliter. 


Hectogram. 


10 


Dekameter. 


. 


Dekaliter. 


Dekagram. 


1 


Meter. 


Are. 


Liter. 


Gram. 


.1 


Decimeter. 


. 


Deciliter. 


Decigram. 


.01 


Centimeter. 


Centare. 


Centiliter. 


Centigram. 


.001 


Millimeter. 


■ 


Milliliter. 


Milligram. 



[Note. From the first column of this table it appears that 10 millimeters : 
meter, etc.] 



1 centimeter ; 10 centimeters = 1 deci* 



836 METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



Metric Denominations and Values. 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 




6.2137 miles. 












. 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 




328 feet and 1 inch. 




393.7 inches. 


Meter 1 meter, 

Decimeter 1 meter, 

Centimeter 01 meter, 


. 39.37 inches. 
. 3.937 inches. 
. 0.3937 inch. 
. 0.0394 inch. 















MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



Hectare 10,000 square meters, 

Are 100 square meters, 

Centare 1 square meter, 



. . 2.471 acres. 

. 119.6 square yards. 

1,550 square inches. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



Names. 


No. of 
liters. 


Cubic Measure. 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 


Kiloliter, or Stere 
Hectoliter . . . 
Dekaliter . . . 
Liter .... 
Deciliter . . . 
Centiliter . . . 
Milliliter . . . 


1,000 
100 
10 
1 
.1 
.01 
.001 


1 cubic meter . . . 

.1 of a cubic meter 
10 cubic decimeters . 
1 cubic decimeter 

.1 of a cubic decimeter 
10 cubic centimeters . 
1 cubic centimeter . 


1.308 cubic yards .... 
2 bushels and 3.35 pecks 

9.08 quarts 

0.908 quart 

6.1022 cubic inches . . . 
0.6102 cubic inch .... 
0.061 cubic inch .... 


264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2.6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gills. 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid drachm. 



WEIGHTS. 



Names. 


Number of 
Grams. 


Weight of what Quantity of 
Water at Maximum Density. 


Avoirdupois Weight. 


Millier, or Tonneau . . . 

Quintal 

Myriagram 

Kilogram, or Kilo .... 

Hectogram 

Dekagram 

Gram 

Decigram 

Centigram 

Milligram 


1,000,000 
100,000 
10,000 
1,000 
100. 
10 
1 
.1 
.01 
.001 


1 cubic meter. 

1 hectoliter. 
10 liters. 

1 liter. 

1 deciliter. 
10 cubic centimeters. 

1 cubic centimeter. 

.1 cubic centimeter. 

10 cubic millimeters. 

1 cubic millimeter. 


2204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 
2.2046 poimds. 
3.5274 ounces. 
.3527 ounces. 
15.432 grains. 
1.5432 grains. 
.1543 grains. 
.0154 grains. 



COMMON MEASURES AND WEIGHTS, WITH THEIR METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 
The following are the principal measures in common use, with their equivalents in the metric system : 



Common Measures. 



An inch . . 
A foot . . . 
A yard . . . 
A rod . . . 
A mile . . . 
A square inch 
A square foot 
A square yard 
A square rod . 
An acre . . 
A square mile 
A cubic inch . 
A cubic foot . 



Equivalents. 



2.54 


centimeters. 


.3048 


meter. 


.9144 


meter. 


5.029 


meters. 


1.6093 


kilometers. 


6.452 


sq. centimeters. 


.0929 


sq. meter. 


.8361 


sq. meter. 


25.29 


sq. meters. 


.4047 


hectare. 


259 


hectares. 


16.39 


cu. centimeters. 


.02832 cu. meter. 



Common Measures. 



A cubic yard 

A cord . . 

A liquid quart 

A gallon . . 

A dry quart . 

A peck . . 

A bushel . . 

An ounce avoirdupois 

A pound avoirdupois 

A ton 

A grain Troy . . 
An ounce Troy . . 
A pound Troy . . 



Equivalents. 



.7646 
3.624 

.9465 
3.786 
1.101 
8.811 
35.24 
28.35 
.4536 
.9072 
.0648 
31.104 
.3732 



cu. meter. 

steres. 

liter. 

liters. 

liters. 

liters. 

liters. 

grams. 

kilogram. 

tonneau. 

gram. 

grams. 

kilogram. 



APPENDIX 

TO 

WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY; 



CONTAINING 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS A^D PHRASES; A VOCABULARY 

OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES; A CONCISE ACCOUNT 

OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK 

AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY; 



EIPLANATOKY AND PKONOUNCING VOCABULAEIES 

OF 

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES AND COMMON 
ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES ; 

PBOtfOUNCING VOCABULAEIES 

OF 

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES; GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES; 

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES; AND MODERN 

BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES; 

AND 



EXPLANATOKY TABLES 



OF 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND 

MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES; ABBREVIATIONS USED IN 

WRITING AND PRINTING; AND ARBITRARY SIGNS 

USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED 

PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS DEFINED IN THE PRECEDING DICTIONARY. 

AND A 

SUPPLEMENT 

OF NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND NEW WORDS AND MEANINGS. 



SPRINGFIELD, MASS.: 
G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., STATE STREET. 



Copyright, 1884, 
G. & C. Merriam & Co. 

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 

George, Charles, and Homer Merriam, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



The Riverside Press, Cambridge : 
Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Co. 



A GLOSSARY 

OF 

SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



THE Scottish dialect — or language, as it is sometimes 
called — is spoken in the south-eastern or lowland counties 
of Scotland. It is closely allied to the English, being 
mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon, while a considerable 
proportion of its words are of French origin. Unlike tbe 
English, however, it has borrowed very largely from the 
Gaelic — spoken in the northern counties, or Highlands — 
and also from the Danish. Scottish literature, which is 
mostly poetical, began in the 14th century, with John Bar- 
bour, a contemporary of Chaucer. The most eminent 
writers of this dialect, in recent times, are Allan Ramsay, 
Robert Burns, Walter Scott, James Hogg, John Wilson, 
and John Gait. As the productions of some of these au- 
thors, especially Burns and Scott, are extensively read in 
England and America, the want of a general Glossary of the 
words and phrases used by them is often felt. To supply 
this want the present compilation is offered to the public 
in the belief that it will be deemed a useful and not inap- 
propriate addition to an English Dictionary. It has been 
revised by Mr. William Russell, the well-known elocution- 
ist and scholar, who, r.s a native of Scotland and a resident 
in different parts of tnat country, has had peculiar oppor- 
tunities of acquiring a thorough knowledge and perfect use 
of the rustic dialect in all its purity. The remarks which 
follow — except those relating to the differences between 
English and Scottish orthography — are from his pen. 

The difficulty to be overcome in attempting to give an 
English or an American reader a correct idea of the ortho- 
epy of the Scottish dialect, is very great. The distinctive 
elementary sounds of the language of England and of Scot- 
land, which two centuries ago were but slightly different 
to the ear, continue in the style of rural usage in Scotland 
but little changed, comparatively, from what they were ; 
while, in England, modern usage, in city life especially, 
has undergone great changes ; so that local dialect differs 
widely in the northern and southern parts of Great Britain. 
Even in Scotland, where time has had less effect in modify- 
ing spoken language, local differences of accent are to this 
day quite marked in character, and retain Danish, Nor- 
wegian, and Swedish modifications of utterance. Add to 
this fact another, — that, in the Scottish dialect, the words 
of Anglo-Saxon origin remain to a great extent unmodified 
in sound, while English usage has been greatly changed 
by the natural effect of the intermingling of Norman 
French in the daily communications of life between the 
conquering and the vanquished races. The natural conse- 
quence in these circumstances is, that it is exceedingly 
difficult for persons brought up in the rural districts of 
Scotland to acquire an appropriate style of English pro- 
nunciation ; and it is much more difficult for Englishmen 
or Americans to read appropriately any passage written in 
the Scottish dialect. The very attempt, in the latter case, 
is, to the ears of a Scotchman, a ridiculous failure. 

The remarks which follow will serve as illustrations of the 
radical difference in the style of pronunciation which char- 
acterizes the Scottish dialect, as contrasted with English 
usage, in regard to the distinctive sounds of letters. 



1. The peculiar sound of a in such words as swan, wasp, 
wash, &c, English orthoepists represent as nearly iden- 
tical with the o of nor or not. In the Scottish dialect these 
words are pronounced with the sound of a as in and. 

2. In such words as man, can, fan, fat, that, &c, the 
Scottish dialect adopts the sound of a as in arm, instead of 
the a in and. 

3. The vowel e, occurring before the consonant r, when 
the latter is followed by a consonant, is given with the 
same sound as the e in error, instead of that modified sound 
which characterizes appropriate English and American 
usage at the present day. See Prin. ofPron. § 14, Note, p. ix. 

4. The vowel i, in such words as mile, time, dine, &c, is, 
in the style of Scottish utterance, much closer than it is 
even in the usage of the most refined style of English soci- 
ety. The Scottish style, while it avoids the drawling round- 
ness and great breadth characteristic of rustic English, in 
the utterance of the long sound of i, runs to the opposite 
extreme, and pinches it down to the same narrowness which 
belongs to the local style of Irish utterance. 

5. A marked peculiarity of Scottish utterance occurs in 
all words containing the short sound of i, as in dim, him, 
sin, bit, lip, &c. In these and similar cases, the current 
usage of Scotland seems to border on dem, hem, sen, bet, 
lep, &c. 

6. In all words which, according to English orthoepy, 
are pronounced as marked in the dictionary, with the 
sound of o given as in the word on, the local usage of 
Scotland adopts that of o in old, without its proper prolon- 
gation and "vanish " (see Prin. of Pron. § 19, p. ix.) ; or, 
in other words, gives "long" or "close" o, cut short, 
but still remaining close. This class of words is very nu- 
merous, and so becomes peculiarly characteristic. It might 
be indicated thus ; on, off, soft, lost, rod, sod, &c. 

7. In many words in which English usage gives to the 
vowel u the same sound which it has in the word use, the 
Scottish dialect gives a sound not existing in any form of 
English utterance, but corresponding exactly to that of u 
in the French word plume. To this style belong all such 
words as tune, use (the noun), sure, dub; also the words 
moon, soon, done, &c. See Remark 5, p. 912. 

8. The diphthong ae, in Scottish orthography, represents 
precisely the sound of the acute e of the French language, 
or of the initial element of the English a in ale. See Prin. 
of Pron. §2, p. 7- 

9. Ei and ey, in Scottish pronunciation, are subject to the 
same remark as the vowel ('. See Remark 4. 

10. The diphthong oi is given as i long ; thus, boil (bile), 
toil (tile), moil (mile), join (jine), &c. 

11. The diphthong oo, in Scottish usage, in the words 
moor, floor, &c, take the sound of eu in the French word 
peur. See Remark 12, p. 912. 

12. The diphthongs ou and mo, in Scottish utterance, are 
given like oo in the word ooze ; thus, our (oor), cow (coo), 
out (oot), house (hoos). 

13. The diphthong ui, as in guid, puir, &c. , represents the 
sound of u in the French -word, plume, somewhat broadened. 
See Remark, 7 above. 

14. The letter r has, in Scottish usage, one uniformly 
hard and prolonged rolling sound, as in all the continental 
languages of Europe, and in the local style of Ireland. 
Thus, arm is pronounced with r made very forcible. So 
with all other words in which r occurs ; thus, farm, farther, 
turner, harper, truer, &c. See Prin. of Pron. §89, p. xv. 

15. Ch, as in aneuch, and gh, as in laugh, represent a 
very strong, harsh, guttural sound of the English element h, 
corresponding to the German ch in doch. In such words as 
abeigh, steigh, &c, the gh represents a similar sound, but 
more delicate and close, — a palatal or oral rather than a 
guttural element, — corresponding to the pronunciation of 
ch in the German words ich, echt, reich. 

(839) 



840 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



To these remarks on the leading peculiarities of Scottish 
pronunciation, may be added the following general rules 
respecting the distinctions between English and Scottish 
orthography, in words which were originally the same, hav- 
ing only a letter changed for another, or sometimes one 
taken away or added. 

I. — In many words ending in English with an U after 
an a or u, the I is rarely sounded in Scotland, and hence 
is omitted in writing them ; as All (English), A> (Scots) ; 
Call, Ca'; Small, 8m a? ; Full, Fu> ; Pull, Puf &c. The 
apostrophe is merely of modern use. 



II. — The I changes in Scotland to a w or u after a or o, 
and is frequently sunk before another consonant ; as, Balm, 
Bawm; Balk, Bank; False, Fame; Malt, Maul; Boll, 
Bow; Poll, Bow; &c. 

III. — An o before Id, changes to a or au ; as, Old, Auld; 
Bold, Bauld; Cold, Cauld; Told, Tauld ; &c. 

IV. — O, oe, and ow, are changed to a, ae, or ai ; as, Off, 
Aff; Toe, Tae ; Own, Ain ; Cloth, Claith ; Most, Maist , 
Song, Sang ; &c. 

V. — O and u are frequently changed into i ; as, Another/ 
Anither ; Brother, Brither ; Foot, Fit ; Honey, Hinny ; 
Nuts, Nits; Run, Rin; &c. 



A. 

A' , all. 
Aa, aw, awe. 
A-back', away, aloof. 
A-beigh' (15), at a shy dis- 
tance. 
A-bleeze' , blazing; on fire. 
A-boon 1 , a-bune' , above. 
A-bread', abroad ; in sight. 
A-breed' , in breadth. 
A-buV yie-ments , habili- 
ments ; accouterments. 
Ad'le, putrid water. 
Ae, one. 

Ae'fauld, simple. 
Aff, off. — Aff hands, hands 
off.— Aff loof, off hand; 
unpremeditated. 
A-fore', before. 
Aft, oft. 
Af'ten, often. 
Af'ter-hend', afterwards. 
A-gee 1 , a-jee', awry ; off the 
right line ; obliquely ; 
wrong. 
A-gley 1 , off the right line; 

wrong. 
A-hint', behind. 
Aib'lins, perhaps. 
Aik, oak. 
Ain, own. 
Aines, aince, once. 
Ain' sells, own selves. 
Air, ear, early. 
Airl'-pen-ny, a silver penny 
given as earnest or hiring 
money. 
Airles, earnest or hiring 

money. 
Aim, iron ; a tool of that 

metal ; a mason's chisel. 
Airt, to direct. 
Airts, points of the compass. 
Aith, an oath. 

Aits, oats. — Ait'-meal, oat- 
meal. 
Ai'ver, a'ver, an old horse ; 

a work-horse. 
Ai'zle, a hot cinder. 
A-jee', awry ; on one side. 
A-lake', alas! 
A-lane', alone. 
Ak'wart, awkward. 
A-low', a-lowe', a-fire ; in a 

flame. 
Al'toun, old town. 
A-maist', almost. 
A-mang', among. 
Am'bry, aum'ry, alme'ry 
close cupboard for keeping 
cold victuals, bread, &c. 
An\ and. 
An, if. 

Ante, anes, once. 
Ane, one. 

A-nent', over against ; oppo- 
site ; concerning ; about. 
Anes'-er-rand, of set pur- 
pose ; sole errand. 
A-neuch' (15), enough. 
A-nith'er, another. 
An'te-nup, antenuptial for- 



nication between persons 
who are afterwards mar- 
ried to each other. 
Arcli'i-loiue, a peace-offering ; 
the return which one who 
has been treated in an inn 
sometimes considers him- 
self bound in honor to 
make to the company. 
Ark, meal-ark ; a large chest 
for holding meal. 

Aries, earnest-money. 

Ar'riage and car'riage, 
plough and cart service. 

Ase, awss, ashes. 

A-sklenP ', asquint ; aslant. 

As'soil-zie, as-soil'ize, ac- 
quit. 

A-steer', abroad ; stirring ; in 
a ferment. 

A-thart', a-thort', athwart. 

At-weel', I wot well. 

Audit ( acht, the ch as h harsh 
and guttural) to possess or 
belong to. — Wliae's aught 
it? to whom does it be- 
long? 

Aught (gh as ch. See Aucht), 
possession ; property. — In 
ane's aught, in one's keep- 
ing. 

Auld, old. 

Auld-far'ran, or auld-far 1 - 
rant, sagacious ; cunning ; 
prudent. 

Auld lang syne, olden time ; 
days of other years. 

Aidd'-shoon, literally old 
shoes, but used metaphor- 
ically for a discarded lover. 

Auld'-warld, old-fashioned ; 
antique. — Auld-warld sto- 
ries, ancient stories. 

Au'mous, alms; gift to a 
beggar. 

Aa'mous-dish, a beggar's 
dish for receiving alms ; a 
vessel for collecting money 
for the poor at church. 

Aum'ry, close cupboard, for 
keeping victuals, dishes, 
&c. 

A'va, at all. 

A'ver, work-horse. 

A-wa" , away. 

A-weeV , well. 

Awe , to owe. 

Aw'fu 1 , awful. 

Avj'mous, alms, 

Aw'mry. See Ambry. 

Awn, owing ; also, the beard 
of barley, oats, &c. 

Awn'ie, bearded. 

Aw' some, awful ; terrible. 

Ax, ask. 

A-yont' , beyond. 



B. 

Ba\ ball; hand-ball; foot- 
ball. 
Bab, bunch ; tassel. 



Back'ets, ash boards.— Bak, 
back'et, or baik'ey, a wood- 
en coal-scuttle. — Ass- 
backet, ash-scuttle. — 
Muckle backit, broad- 
backed. 

Back'lins, coming; coming 
back ; returning. 

Baff, blow ; bang ; heavy 
thump. 

Bag'gie, the belly. 

Baide, endured ; did stay. 

Baik, beck ; courtesy ; rever- 
ence. 

Bail'ie, bi'lie, alderman or 
magistrate. [stout. 

Bain'ie, having large bones ; 

Bairn, a child. 

Bairn' t im e , birth-time . 

Baith, both. 

Bait'tle, rich pasture. — 
Baittle grass grund, rich 
close-cropped sheep pas- 
ture. 

Bal'lant, ballad. 

Ban, to swear or curse ; re- 
proach ; censure ; curse. 

Band, bond. 

Bane, bone. 

Bang, to beat ; to strive ; to 
excel ; bang, a blow ; also, 
a great number ; a spring ; 
a bound. 

Ban'net, bonnet. 

Ban' nocks, a sort of bread ; 
a thick, flat cake, round 
in shape. 

Ban' nock-fluke, turbot. 

Bang'ster, a violent fellow 
who carries every thing 
before him. 

Baps, rolls of bread. 

Bard'ie, diminutive of bard. 

Bare'ftt, barefooted. 

Bar'gain-ing, disputing ; 
battling. 

Bark' en, to incrust. 

Bark'it, tanned. 

Bar 'la fum'mil, bar 'ley ! an 
exclamation for a truce by 
one who has fallen down 
in wrestling or play. " By 
our lady, upset ! I am 
down ! " 

Bar 'ley, bar'ly ( from parley), 
a cry among boys at their 
violent games for a truce. 

Bar'ley-bree , malt-liquor ; 
ale or beer. 

Barm , yeast. 

Barm'ie, of or like barm. 

Barns'-break-ing, idle frolic. 

Bar' race, bounds ; lists for 
combatants. 

Bar'row-tram , shaft of a 
wheel-barrow. 

Batch, a crew, a gang. 

Batts, botts ; colic. 

Bau'chie-bird, the bat. 

Bau'drons, a cat. 

Banks, uncultivated places 
between ridges of land. 

Bauld, bald ; also, bold. 



Baiv'bee, a half-penny. — 
Bawbees, money. — Baw- 
bee rows, half-penny rolls. 

Bawk, bank, a strip of un- 
ploughed land. 

Bawshit or Baw' son-faced , 
having a white, oblong 
spot on the face. 

Bax'ter, baix'ter, baker. 

Bay'ga-net, baig'net, bayo- 
net. 

Be, let b«, let alone ; not to 
mention. 

Seal, biel, [Gael.] mouth ; 
opening-, also, to suppu- 
rate. 

Bean, Men, bein, well to do ; 
comfortable and well pro- 
vided. 

Bear, barley that has more 
than two rows of grain in 
the ear. 

Beast'ie, diminutive of beast. 

Bedes'man, one that prays 
for or to ; a poor pensioner. 

Bed'ral, a beadle ; also, one 
who is bedridden. 

Beek, to bask. 

Beet, to add fuel to fire. 

Be-ftum'med, palavered ; 
flattered. 

Be-goud', began. 

Be-grut'ten, exhausted with 
weeping. 

Be-gunk', be-goke', trick. 

Beild, bield , shelter. [ed. 

Bein, wealthy ; well provid- 

Beld, bald. 

Be-like', perhaps. 

Be-live' , bel-yve' , by and by ; 
speedily. 

Bell-the-cat , to contend with, 
especially with those of su- 
perior rank or power; to 
use strong measures re- 
gardless of consequences. 

Bell' - j wa-ver-ing, wandering. 

Ben (be-in), the inner apart- 
ment. — To bring far ben, 
to treat with great respect 
and hospitality. — To be 
far ben with , to be on terms 
of intimacy or familiarity 
with. 

Bend, to drink hard ; a pull 
of liquor. 

Bend'er, a hard drinker. 

Bend' -leath-er , thick sole- 
leather. 

Ben' most bore, innermost 
hole. 

Ben'ni-son, blessing. 

Bent, a kind of grass ; meta- 
phorically, the hill; the 
moor. — Ta^en the bent, 
taken the field ; runaway. 

Be-thank'it, grace after meat. 

Beuk (byook or byuck), a 
book. 

Bick'er, a kind of woodea 
vessel, made by a cooper, 
for holding liquor, brose, 
&c. ; a short race. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 841 



Bide, to stay ; to reside ; to 
endure. — Bide a blink, 
stay a moment, [residing. 

Bid'ing, abiding ; waiting ; 

Bie, or bield, shelter. 

Bien, wealthy ; plentiful. 

Big, to build. 

Big' gin, a building ; a house. 

Big'git, built. 

Big'gon, Big'go-net, a large 
linen hood or cap, with 
ear-pieces, of the fashion 
worn by the Beguine sis- 
terhood, [wild bees . 

Bike, byke, bink, a nest of 

Bill, a bull. 

Bil'lie, bil'ly, (the infantine 
pronunciation of brither), 
brother; a young fellow; 
a comrade. 

Bind (in drinking), as much 
liquor as one can carry 
under his band or girdle. 

— Tm at my bind, I've 
got my full measure. 

Bing, a heap of grain, pota- 
toes, &c. [ity. 

Bink, bench ; bank ; accliv- 

Binn, bing, heap of un- 
thrashed corn. 

Binna, be not. 

Birk, birch. 

Birk' en-shaw , a wood of 
young birch-trees. 

Birk'ie, a child ; s game at 
cards ; a lively young fel- 
low. 

Birle, to drink. 

Birl'ing, drinking ; admin- 
istering liquor ; also , mak- 
ing a grumbling noise like 
an old-fashioned spinning- 
wheel or hand-mill in mo- 
tion. — Biding tfie bawbee, 
clubbing for drink. 

Bir'ly-man, the petty officer 
of a burgh or barony. 

Birn, burden. — Skin and 
birn, full account of a 
sheep, by bringing the 
skin with the tar mark, 
and the head with the 
brand on the nose ; the 
whole of any thing. 

Birr, noise ; vehemence ; 
to stimulate. 

Birr'ing, the noise of par- 
tridges, &c, when they 
spring. 

Birse, bristles. — To set up 
one's birse, to rouse him to 
his mettle ; to put him in 
a towering passion. 

Bit , crisis ; nick of time ; 
used also as a diminutive, 
as, a bit burn, a small 
rivulet ; a bit lassie, a little 
girl ; — a small space ; a 
spot. — Blithe bit, pleasant 
spot. 

Bit' tie, bee' tie, a wooden bat 
for beating of linen. 

Bit'tock, a little bit ; a short 
distance. 

Bizz, a bustle ; to buzz. 

Black' aviced , black'avised, 
dark-complexioned. 

Black'fish-ers, poachers who 
kill salmon in close-time. 

Black' it, blackened. 

Black'-nebs, democrats ; fac- 
tious, discontented revil- 
ers. 

Blast' ie, a shrivelled dwarf; 

— a term of contempt. 
Blast'ing, puffing and blow- 
ing ; also, boasting. 

Mast'it, blasted. 

B'ate, bashful ; sheepish. 

Blath'er, bladder. 



Blaud, a flat piece of any- 
thing ; to slap. 

Blae, pale blue, the color of 
the skin when bruised. 

Blaw, to blow ; to boast ; to 
flatter ; to coax. — To blaw 
in one's lug, to cajole or 
natter a person. 

Blaw-in-my-lug , a flatterer ; 
a parasite. 

Blaw' art, blae'ivort, blue'bot- 
tle, blue' wort, a plant ; Cen- 
taurea cyanus of Linnaeus. 

Blea'ring one's ee, blinding 
him with flattery. 

Blee'rit, bleared ; sore with 
rheum ; bedimmed with 
weeping. [blind. 

Bleert, and blin, bleared and 

Bleeze, a blaze ; to blaze. 

Bleez'ing, blazing. 

Blell'um, idle talking fellow. 

Bleth'er, to talk idly ; non- 
sense ; a bladder. [talk. 

Bleth'ers, babbling ; foolish 

BleMrin, talking idly. 

Blink, a little while ; a 
glimpse ; a smiling look ; to 
look kindly ; to shine by 
fits. 

Blink' er, a term of contempt. 

Blink' in, smirking. 

Blood'-wile, compensation, 
or fine for bloodshed. 

Blue'-gown, one of those 
beggars whc get annually, 
on the king's birthday, a 
blue cloak or gown, with a 
badge. 

Bluid, blood. 

Blunk'er, bungler ; one that 
spoils everything he med- 
dles with. 

Blun'tie, sniveling.. 

Blype, a shred ; a large piece. 

Boast, to try to intimidate. 

Bob, dance : up and down. 

Bock, to vomit ; to gush in- 
termittently. 

Bod'ach [Gael.], an old man ; 
a bugaboo. 

Bode, what is bidden ; offer. 

Bod'le, a copper coin, value 
the sixth part of an Eng- 
lish penny, equal to two 
doits, or Scottish pennies. 

Bo'gie, a small morass. 

Bo'gil-ly, full of goblins. 

Bo'gles, goblins ; bugbears ; 
scarecrows. 

Bole, boal, a locker in the 
wall of a cottage, for keep- 
ing books, &c. ; a crypt, 
or small press. — Windorv- 
bole, a window with blinds 
of wood, with one small 
pane of glass in the middle, 
instead of a casement ; al- 
so, an opening in the wall 
of a house, for occasionally 
admitting air or light, usu- 
ally with a wooden shutter 
instead of a pane of glass. 

Bon'nal-ly, b on' nail e, a. -part- 
ing cup with a friend, in 
earnest of wishing him a 
prosperous journey. 

Bon' net-laird, a small pro- 
prietor of land. 

Bon'nie or bon'ny, hand- 
some ; beautiful ; also, 
strong ; worthy ; approved. 

Bon'nie, -waw' lies, toys, 
trinkets. [Waulie (a daisy) 
is commonly used figura- 
tively to express what is 
beautiful.] 

Boord, a board. 

Boor'-tree, or bu'-tree, the 
shrub elder, planted much 



of old in hedges of barn- 
yards, &c. 

Boost, behoved ; must needs. 

Boot, butt, a balance of val- 
ue in barter. — Into the 
boot, given into [instead 
of] the boot. 

Booth, shop. 

Bor'del, brothel. 

Bore, a hole in the wall. 

Bor'rell-loons, low rustic 
rogues. 

Bor'roioing-days, the three 
last days of March, 0. S. 

" March borrowed frae Aprile, 
Three days, an' they were ill ; 
The first o' them was wind and 

weet, 
The second o' them was snaw 

an' sleet. 
The third o' them was sic a 

freeze, 
That the birds' legs stack to the 

trees." 

Boss, hollow. 

Botch, an angry tumor. 

Bothy, a hut ; a hovel ; a 
place where laboring serv- 
ants are lodged. 

Bouk'ing, bucking. 

Boul o' a pint sloup, handle 
of a two-quart pot. 

Boun'tith, the bounty given 
in addition to stipulated 
wages. [scoff. 

Bourd, to jeer ; to mock ; a 

Bow 'rocks, bou'rachs, con- 
fused heaps ; miserable 
huts; also small inclos- 
ures. 

Bour' tree-bush, elder-bush. 

Bous'ing, drinking ; making 
merry with liquor. 

Bow, a boll ; a dry measure, 
containing the sixteenth 
part of a chalder, or four 
firlots. 

Bow'ie, a cask with the head 
taken out ; a tub ; a milk- 

Boick, bulk ; body. [pail. 

Bow'kail, cabbage. 

Bowt, bended, crooked. 

Brack' en, fern. 

Brae, a declivity ; a preci- 
pice the slope of a hill ; 
rising ground. 

Braid, broad. 

Braik, a kind of harrow. 

Brainge, to run rashly for- 
ward, [ent. 

Brak, broke ; made insolv- 

Bran'der, a gridiron. 

Bran'dered, grilled ; broiled. 

Brank'ie, gaudy. 

Brank'-new , a phrase equiv- 
alent to " speck and span; ;1 
quite new. 

Branks, a kind of wooden 
curb for horses. 

Brash, a sudden illness. 

Brats, coarse clothes ; rags ; 
the term is also applied to 
children. 

Brat'tach [Gael.], standard; 
literally, cloth. 

Brat' tie, a short race ; hur- 
ry; fury. [dressed. 

Braw, fine ; handsome ; well- 

Braw'lys, braiv'ly, or braw'- 
lie, very well ; bravely ; 
finely ; heartily. 

Braws, braveries ; finery. 

Brax'ie, a morbid sheep, or 
the mutton of a sheep 
which has been smothered 
in snow. 

Breas'kit pris'kit , the breast. 

Breast' ie, dim. of breast. 

Breast' it, did spring up or 
forward. [collar. 

Brech'am, a work -horse's 



Breck'an, breck'en, fern. 

Breef, an invulnerable or ir- 
resistible spell. 

Breeks, breeches. — Breek- 
less, breechless. 

Bree'ring, coming through 
the ground, as young 
corn, &c. 

Brent, smooth ; clear. — 
Brent brow, high forehead. 

Brick'le, brittle ; ticklish. 

Br ie, juice ; liquid. 

Brig, a bridge. 

Bris'ket, breast ; the bosom. 

Brith'er, a brother. 

Broach, broche, a 6pit. 

Bro'chan, gruel. 

Brock, a badger (from its 
white or spotted face). 

Brock' it-cow, a white - faced 
cow. 

Brog, a pointed instrument, 
such as a shoemaker "s awl. 

Brog'ging, pricking with a 
sharp-pointed instrument. 

Brogue, a hum ; a trick. 

Brogues, shoes ; in the Low- 
lands, shoes of half-dressed 
leather. [rupt. 

Broken man, outlaw ; bank- 

Broo, bree, broth; juice ; wa- 
ter ; also , opinion founded 
on bruit or report. 

Broose, a race at country 
weddings, to see who shall 
first reach the bride- 
groom's house on return- 
ing from church. 

Brose, a kind of pottage 
made by pouring boiling 
water or broth on meal, 
which is stirred while the 
liquid is poured. The dish 
is denominated from the 
nature of the liquid, as 
" water -brose," " kail- 
brose." 

Brose, brewis ; stir-about. 

Brose'-time, brewis - time ; 
supper- time. 

Brown Man of the Moors, a 
dwarf, or subterranean elf. 

Broivn'ie, a domestic gob- 
lin; the "Robin Good- 
fellow " of Scotland. 

Browst, brewing ; as much 
as is brewed at one time. 

Bruck'le, brittle; ticklish. 

Brugh, a burgh. 

Bruick, brook, to use ; to 
wear ; to enjoy. 

Bruil'zie, broil ; scuffle ; dis- 
turbance. 

Brunstane, brimstone. 

Brunt, did burn ; burnt. 

Brust, to burst ; burst. 

Brust' en, bursted. 

Buch'an-bul'lers, the boiling 
of the sea among the rocks 
on the coast of Buchan. 

Buck'ie, shell of a sea-snail, 
or any spiral shell, of 
whatever size. — Deil's, or 
Deevil's, buckle, a per- 
verse, refractory young- 
ster ; a mischievous mad- 
cap, who has an evil twist 
in his character. 

Buck' skin, an inhabitant of 
Virginia. [sheep. 

Bught (15), a pen for holding 

BughP in-time , the time of 
collecting the sheep in the 
pens to be milked. 

Buik, buke, beuk, book. 

Buird'ly, stout-made, strong, 
athletic. 

Buist, boost, the mark set 
upon cattle by their own- 
ers. 



842 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Bum-bazed' , amazed ; con- 
fused ; stupefied. 

Bum'-clock, a humming 
beetle that flies in the 
summer evenings, [bees. 

Bum'ming, humming, as 

Bum'mle, to blunder. 

Bum'mler, a blunderer. 

Bung, tipsy ; fuddled. 

Bunk'er, a bench or sort of 
low chest that serves for a 
seat ; also, a window-seat, 
or seat which also serves 
for a chest, opening with a 
hinged lid. — Sand-bunker, 
sand-bank. 

Bur' dies, diminutive of birds. 

Bure, did bear. 

Burn, water ; a rivulet. 

Burn'ie, diminutive of Burn. 

Burn'e-win (i. e., burn the 
wind), a blacksmith. 

Busk, dress. 

Busk'ie, bushy. 

Busk'ing, dressing. 

Busk' it, dressed. 

Busks, dresses. 

Bus'le, a bustle ; to bustle. 

Buss, shelter. 

But, bot, with. 

But, the outer apartment of 
a house consisting of only 
two apartments. 

But-an-ben (be-out and be- 
in), the outer and inner 
side of the partition-wall 
in a house consisting of 
two apartments. 

But'tock^mail, fine imposed 
in lieu of sitting on the 
stool of repentance. 

By, past ; besides ; over and 
above. — Down bye, down 
yonder ; not far off. 

By or'di-nar, more than or- 
dinary. 

By'ganes, what is gone by 
and past. [tracted. 

By-himself, lunatic ; dis- 

Byke, a bee-hive. 

Byre, shipper ; a cow-house ; 
a sheep-pen. 

By' time, odd time; interval 
of leisure ; now and then. 



c. 

Ca" 1 , to call ; to name ; to 
drive. — Ca'-throw, dis- 
turbance ; prevention. — 
Ca' the shuttle, drive the 
shuttle. 

CaH or ca?d, called, driven, 
calved. 

Cad'ger, a carrier ; a hucks- 
ter. 

Cad'gy, lively and frisky ; 
wanton. 

Ca'die or cad'die, a porter 
or messenger. 

Caff, chaff. 

Caick'ling, cackling. [en. 

Cail'liachs [Gael.], old wom- 

Caimed, kaimed, combed. 

Caird, tinker. 

Cairn, heap of loose stones, 
piled as a memorial of some 
individual or occurrence. 

Calf -ward. See Cauf-ward . 

Cal'lan, cal'lant, young lad ; 
a fine fellow. 

Cal'ler, cool ; fresh ; refresh- 
ing. — Caller oysters, or 
herrings, fresh or newly 
caught oysters or herrings. 

Caw, came. 

Cam-ste'rie, cam-ste'ry , cam- 
stai'rie, froward ; per- 
verse ; unmanageable. 



Can'ie, can'nie, gentle ; 
mild ; good ; dexterous ; 
neat ; pretty. See Canny. 

Can'na, cannot. 

Can'ni-lie or can'ni-ly, dex- 
terously ; gently. 

Can'ny, skillful ; prudent ; 
lucky ; in a superstitious 
sense, good conditioned, 
and safe to deal with ; 
trustworthy. 

Can'tie or r.an'ty, cheerful ; 
merry ; lively. 

Cant'le, the back part of the 
head ; also, a fragment 
broken off any thing. 

Can'trip, a charm ; a spell. 

Cap, wooden vessel for hold- 
ing food or liquor. 

Ca'per-cail'zie , ca'per-cail'- 
ye, a species of grouse, 
called also cock of the 
woods. 

Cap'pie, diminutive of cap. 

Cap'per-noi-ty , crabbed; 
peevish. [stone. 

Cap'-stane, cope-stone ; key- 

Cap'ul, horse ; in a more lim- 
ited sense, work-horse. 

Ca-ree'ring, cheerfully. 

Car -fuf fled, cur -fuf fled, 
ruffled ; rumpled. 

Carl or carle, a churl; a 
gruff old man. 

Carl' '-hemp , the male stalk of 
hemp, known by its supe- 
rior strength and stature. 

Car'lin, car'line, car'ling, 
the feminine of Carle. 

Car'ried-in-nu'bi-bus, hav- 
ing the mind fixed upon 
something different from 
the business on hand ; 
having the wits gone "a 
wool gathering." [chism. 

Car'ritch, car'ritch-es, a cate- 

Cartes, cards. 

Car'vy, carraway. [from. 

Cast, got over ; recovered 

Cast, lot ; fate. [rel. 

Cast out, to fall out ; to quar- 

Cast up, to appear ; also, to 
throw in one's teeth ; to 
reproach with. 

Cat'e-ran, a Highland or 
Irish irregular soldier; a 
freebooter. 

Cau'dron, a caldron. 

Cauf-ward, calf -ward, a 
place where calves are kept 
in the field. 

Cauff, chaff. [clay. 

Cauk and keel, chalk and red 

Cauld, cold. [ble of cold. 

Cauld'rife, chilly; suscepti- 

Caup, cap, a cup ; a wooden 
bowl ; the shell of a snail . 

Caus'ey, cause'way, cal'say, 
a raised and paved street. 
— To crown the causey, to 
keep the middle or higher 
part of the street, in defi- 
ance of all to be met. 

Ca'vie, ca'vey, a hen-coop ; 
also, a partan, or common 
sea-crab. 

Certie, my certie, my faith; 
in good troth. 

Cess'es, taxes. 

Chack,& snack ; a luncheon. 

Chafts, jaws. [teen bolls. 

Chal'der (dry measure), six- 

Chan'cy, lucky. 

Chant' er, a part of a bagpipe. 

Chap, a blow. 

Chap'pit, struck ; pounded ; 

Chaw, chew. [mashed. 

Cheap oH, well deserving of 
it ; deserving worse. 

Cheek'it, cheeked. 



Cheep, a chirp ; to chirp. 

Cheese'-fat, a cheese - dish ; 
a cheese-form. 

Chen'zie, a chain. 

Chield, chiel, or cheel, a 
young fellow. 

Chim'la, chim'ley, chim'lie, 
a fire-grate ; a fire-place. 

Chim'la lug, the fireside. 

Chim'ley-neuk, chimney-cor- 
ner, [bling. 

Chit'tering, shivering ; trem- 

Choast, a severe cough. [In 
Tweed-dale, pronounced 
coast ; in other parts of 
Scotland, hoast.] 

Chok'in, choking. 

Chop, shop. 

Chow, to chew. — Cheek for 
chow, side by side. 

Chowi, jowl. 

Chuck' ie, a barn-door fowl. 

Chuck' ie - stanes, pebble- 
stones, such as children 
play at chuck - farthing 

Chuffie, fat-faced. [with. 

Clach'an, a small village 
about a church ; a hamlet. 

Clack' -geese, claick' - geese , 
barnacle geese. 

Clag'ged, clag'git, clogged. 

Clair' shach, clair'sho, a harp. 

Claise, clase, or claes, clothes. 

Claith, cloth. 

Claiths } clothes. 

Claith'ing, clothing. 

Cla-my-hew'it, a stroke. 

Clam-jarn'frie, a mob ; tag- 
rag and bob-tail. 

Clap, the clapper of a mill ; a 
stroke ; a moment. 

Clap'per, the tongue ; the 
tongue of a bell. — Ring- 
ing his clapper, using his 
tongue freely. 

Clart'y, clort'y, unclean ; 
very dirty. 

Clark' it, wrote. 

Clash, an idle tale ; the story 
of the day : tittle-tattle ; 
scandal ; idle talk. 

Clat, claut, to rake together ; 
an instrument for raking 
together mire, weeds, &c. 

Clat'ter-traps, rattle-traps ; 

— a ludicrous name for 
tools and accouterments. 

Clat'ter, to tell idle stories ; 

an idle story. 
Claught, clutched ; snatched 

at ; laid hold of. 
Claut, to clean ; to scrape. 
Claut' ed, scraped, [foolishly. 
Cla'ver-ing, talking idly and 
Cla'vers, idle stories. 
Claw, to scratch ; to scrape. 

— To claw up their mittens, 
to give them the finishing 
stroke. — To claw favor, 
to curry favor. 

Cleck, to collect ; to bring to- 
gether ; to hatch. 

Cleck'in, a brood of chick- 
ens, [time. 

decking - time, hatching 

Cleed, to clothe. 

Cleeds, clothes. 

Cleek, cleick, to hook ; to 
link ; to seize ; to snatch 
up hastily ; a hook. 

Cleek' it, caught as with a 
hook. — Clechit in the 
cwnzie , hooked in the loin. 

Cleg, the gad-fly. 

Cleugh, cliff; also, a ravine. 

Clink, a smart stroke ; a 
jingling sound ; metaph- 
orically, money. 

Clink'et, clanked ; struck. 

Clink'in, clinking ; jerking. 



Clink' um-bell, who rings the 
church bell. 

Clipping time, the nick of 
time. — To come in clip- 
ping time, to come as op- 
portunely as he who visits 
a farmer at sheep-shearing 
time, when there is always 
mirth and good cheer. 

Clips, sheers. [versation. 

Clish'ma-cla'ver, idle con- 

Clock, to hatch ; a beetle. 

Clock' in, clocking, clucking ; 
hatching. 

Clod'ded, threw clods ; threw 
with violence. 

Clomb, climbed. 

Cloot, cloove, divided hoof; 
cloven hoof. — Cloot and 
cloot, hoof and hoof, i. e. 
every hoof. 

Cloo'tie , a name for the devil. 

Clour, a bump upon the 
head from a blow ; also, in- 
dentation in a brass or 
pewter vessel ; defacement; 
inequality of surface pro- 
duced by a blow. 

Cloured, adj. of Clour. 

Cluds, clouds. 

Clunk, the sound of liquor 
in emptying a bottle or 

Clute. See Cloot. [cask. 

Coal'-heugh, a place where 
coals are hewed or dug. 

Coax'in, wheedling. 

Cob'le, a small fishing-boat 
upon a river. [broth. 

Cock-bree, cock-broo, cock- 
Cock' er-non-ie, cock'er-non- 
ny, the gathering of a 
young woman's hair under 
the snood or fillet. 

Cock'y-leek-ie, cock-a-leek- 
ie, leek soup, in which a 
cock has been boiled. 

Cock'-laird, a land proprie- 
tor, who cultivates his own 
estate. 

Cock'le-brained, chuckle- 
headed ; foolish. 

Cock'-pad'le , lump-fish. 

Cod, pillow ; also pod. 

Cod'ling, an apple so called. 
— Carlisle codlings are in 
great esteem. 

Coft, bought. 

Cog, a wooden dish. 

Cog'gie, diminutive of Cog. 

Cogue, co'gie, a round wood- 
en vessel made by a cooper, 
for holding milk, brose, 
liquor, &c. 

Coi'la, from Kyle, a district 
of Ayrshire, so called, ac- 
cording to tradition, from 
Coil, or Coilus, a Pictish 
monarch. 

Col' lie, a general, and some- 
times a particular, name 
for country curs. 

ColHie-shan'gie , col'lie shan'- 
gy, a quarrel ; a confused 
uproar like that produced 
when collies fall a-worry- 
ing one another about one 
of their own kind who has 
got a shangie or shagan, 
i. e., a canister, &c, tied 
to his tail. 

Com-maun', command. 

Cood, the cud. 

Coof, a blockhead ; a ninny. 

Cook'ie, a kind of small 
sweet bread for eating at 
tea. 

Cook'it, appeared, and disap- 
peared by fits. 

Coost, did cast. 

Coot, the ankle or foot. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



843 



Coot'ie, a wooden kitchen 
dish ; also, those fowls 
whose legs are clad with 
feathers, are said to be 
coolie. 

Cor'bie, raven. — Corbie mes- 
senger, one who is long 
upon his errand, or who, 
like the raven sent from 
the Ark, returns not again. 

Core, corps ; party ; clan. 

CornH, fed with oats. 

Vor'o-nach, cor'a-nich, dirge ; 
a lamentation for the dead. 

Cor'rie (in the Highlands), a 
hollow recess in a moun- 
tain, open only on one side. 

Co'sy, co'zie, warm and com- 
fortable , snug ; social ; 
chatty. 

Cot'tar, cot'ter, the inhab- 
itant of a cot-house, or 
cottage. 

Could' na' , could not. 

Coup, to turn over ; to bar- 
ter ; to buy horses or cattle. 
— To coup the crans, to go 
to wreck, like a pot on the 
fire, when the cran upon 
which it stood is upset. 

Coup'ing, buying, particu- 
larly horses ; also truck- 
ing, or bartering. 

Courch. See Curck. 

Couth' ie, kind ; loving. 

Cove, cave. 

Co we, to terrify ; to keep 
under ; to lop ; a fright ; 
a branch of furze ; broom. 

Cowp, to barter ; to tumble 
over : a gang. 

Cowp'it, tumbled. 

Cow'rin, cowering. 

Cowt, cowte, a colt. 

Co'zie, cosie, warm and com- 
fortable ; snug. See Cosy. 

Co'zi-ly, snugty. 

Crab'bit, crabbed ; fretful. 

Crack, conversation ; to con- 
verse ; to boast ; new ; 
showy. 

Crack 1 -hemp, crack - rope ; 
gallows-apple. 

Cracks, hearty conversation. 

Crack' in, conversing. 

Graemes, creams, krames, 
warehouses where goods 
are crammed or packed ; 
range of booths for the 
sale of goods. 

Craft or croft, a field near a 
house (in old husbandry). 

Craig, rock ; neck ; throat. 

Craigs'man, one who is dex- 
terous in climbing rocks. 

Craiks, cries or calls inces- 
santly ; a bird. 

Cram' bo-clink, or cram'bo- 
jin'gle, rhymes; doggerel 
verses. 

Cran, crane ; an iron instru- 
ment suspended across the 
fire for supporting a pot or 
kettle ; a quantity equal to 
the contents of a barrel. 

Crank, the noise of an un- 
greased wheel. 

Crank'ous, fretful ; captious. 

Cran'reuch, the hoar-frost. 

Crap, a crop; to crop; the 
top of any thing ; the craw 
of a fowl, used ludicrously 
for a man's stomach. 

Crap'pit heads, puddings 
made in the heads of had- 
docks, [rook. 

Craw, a crow of a cock ; a 

Vreach, creagh [Gael.], a 
highland foray ; a plunder- 
ing incursion. 



Creel, a basket or pannier. 
— To be in a creel, or to 
have one's wits in a creel, 
to labor under some tem- 
porary confusion or stupe- 
faction of mind. 

Cree'fu 1 , a basketful. 

Creech'ie, greasy. 

Creish, creesh, grease; tallow. 

Creish'ing, greasing. 

Crew' els, scrofula. 

Crom'bie, crum'my, a crook- 
ed horned cow. [dove. 

Crood, or croud, to coo as a 

Crook, a pot-hook ; a wind- 
ing. 

Croon, a hollow and contin- 
ued moan ; to make a noise 
like the continued roar of 
a bull ; to hum a tune. 

Croon'ing, humming. 

Crouch'ie, crook-backed. 

Croul'in, crawling. 

Crouse, brisk ; full of heart ; 
courageous-like. 

Crouse'ly, cheerfully ; coura- 
geously. 

Crowd'ie, crowd'y, a compo- 
sition of oatmeal and 
boiled water, sometimes 
from the broth of beef, 
mutton, &c. ; also, meal 
and milk mixed in a cold 
state. [time. 

Crowd' ie-time , breakfast- 

Crown of the causeway, mid- 
dle of the street. 

Crum'mie, crum'my. See 
Crombie. 

Crum'mock, a cow with 
crooked horns. 

Crump, hard and brittle ; — 
spoken of bread. 

Crunt, a blow on the head 
with a cudgel. 

Crup'pin, crept. 

Cud, cudgel. 

Cud' die, ass. 

Cuif a blockhead ; a ninny. 

Cuit'ikins, cut'ikings, gait- 

Cuit'le, to wheedle. [ers. 

Cuif tie, Eng. cuddle (with a 
different shade of mean- 
ing), to tickle. — To cuttle 
favor, to curry favor. 

Cull'ion [Gael.], puppy ; base 
sponging dog ; base fellow ; 
poltroon. 

Cum'mer, midwife ; gossip. 

Cum'mock, a short staff with 
a crooked head. 

Curch [Gael, and Fr.], a ker- 
chief; a woman's covering 
for the head ; an inner 
linen cap, sometimes worn 
without the mutch (q. v.). 

Curch' ie, a courtesy. 

Cur-fuf 'fie , ruffle ; rumple ; 
put in a disordered and 
tumbled state. 

Curl'er, a player at a game 
on the ice, practiced in 
Scotland, called curling. 

Curl'ie, curled ; whose hair 
falls naturally in ringlets. 

Cur'lie-whur'lies, fantastical 
circular ornaments. 

Curl'ing, a game which con- 
sists in propelling by the 
hand a curling-stone or 
heavy weight along the 
surface of the ice, so as to 
strike another stone and 
drive it in a given direction. 

Cur-mur'ring, murmuring ; 
grumbling ; a slight rum- 
bling noise. 

Cum , a quantity ; an indef- 
inite number. 

Cur'ney, round ; granulated. 



Cur' pin, the rump of a fowl ; 
buttocks ; crupper. 

Cur' pie, crupper. 

Cur'rach, a coracle, or small 
skiff; a boat of wicker- 
work, covered with hides. 

Cush'at, the dove, or wood- 
pigeon, [stallion. 

Cus'ser, cuis'ser, cur'sour, a 

Cut'-lugged, crop-eared. 

Cut'ty, a slut; a worthless 
girl ; a loose woman ; a 
spoon ; tobacco-pipe cut 
or broken short. — Cutty- 
spoon, a short horn spoon. 
— Cutty-stool, a short- 
legged stool ; a small raised 
seat in old Scottish church- 
es where acknowledged of- 
fenders against chastity 
were formerly seated dur- 
ing three Sundays, and 
publicly rebuked by their 
miuister. 

Cut'ty, short. 

D. 

Dab, daub, to peck as birds 
do. 

Dabs, small bits, or specks 
fctuck upon any thing. 

Dack'er, to search, as for 
stolen or smuggled goods. 

Dad' die, a father. 

Da f' fin, merriment ; fool- 
ish playfulness. 

Daft, merry ; giddy ; fool- 
ish ; mad. 

Daid'lin, daid'ling, loiter- 
ing ; trifling ; tippling ; get- 
ting on in a lazy, careless 
way. [work. 

Dai'ker, to toil, as in job- 

Dai'ker-ing. See Dacker. 

Dai' men, rare ; now and 
then. 

Dai-men-ick'er, an ear of 
corn now and then. 

Dain'ty, pleasant ; good- 
humored ; agreeable. 

Dais. See Deas. 

Dales, plains ; valleys. 

Dalt, foster-child. 

Dam'mer, a miner ; a stun ; 
confusion by striking on 
the head. 

Dan'der-ing, sauntering ; 
roaming idly from place to 
place. 

Dan'ders, cinders ; refuse of 
a smith's fire. 

Dan'dil-ly, spoiled by too 
much indulgence. 

Dang, dung, struck ; sub- 
dued ; knocked over. 

Darg, dargue, a day's work. 

Dark'lins, darkling. 

Darn, dern, to conceal. 

Daud, to thrash ; to abuse ; 
to beat ; to bang ; a large 
piece ; the noise of one 
falling flat. 

Daur, to dare. 

Daured, daurt, dared. 

Daurg, or daurk, a day's 

Da'voc, David. [labor. 

Dawt'it, or dawt'et, fon- 
dled ; caressed. 

Day.— The day, to-day. 

Dead' -throw, the death- 
throes ; last agonies. When 
applied to an inanimate 
object, it means neither 
dead nor alive ; neither hot 
nor cold. 

Dea'rie, dimin. of dear. 

Dearth' fu' , dear. 

Deas, dais, dees, table ; great 



hall table ; a pew in the 
church ; a turf seat erect- 
ed at the doors of cottages. 

Dea'sil, motion contrary td 
that of the sun ; a High- 
land superstitious custom, 
implying some preternatu- 
ral virtue. 

Death' -ruck-le , death-rattle. 

Deave, deve, to deafen; to 
stupefy with noise. 

Dee, to die ; also to do. 

Dee'ing, dying ; also, doing. 

Dee'viVs-buck'ie, imp of Sa- 
tan ; limb of the devil. 

Deil, devil. 

DeWs dozen, thirteen. 

Deil gaed o'er Jock Wabster, 
every thing went topsy- 
turvy ; there was the devil 
to pay. 

Deil may care, deil ma care, 
the devil may care ; I don't 
care ; no matter ; for all 
that. 

Deil's snuff-box, the com- 
mon puff-ball. 

De-lee'rit, de-lie'ret, deliri- 
ous, [tion. 

De-li'ver, active ; free in mo- 

De-li'ver-ly, actively ; alert- 

Delve. See Devel. [ly. 

Den'ty, dainty ; nice. 

Den'ti-er, daintier ; more 
nice and delicate. 

Dern, concealed; secret; 
hidden. 

Derned, concealed. 

De-scrive', to describe. 

Dev'el, delve, a very hard 

Did'na, did not. [blow. 

Dight, to wipe ; to clean corn 
from chaff ; cleaned from 

Dights, cleans. [chaff. 

Dike, dyke, stone-wall fence. 

Ding, to worst ; to push ; to 
strike ; to beat ; to subdue. 

Dink, neat ; trim ; tidy ; also, 
contemptuous ; scornful of 
others. 

Din'monts, wethers between 
one and two years old, or 
that have not yet beea 
twice shorn. 

Din'na, do not. 

Din'nle, a thrill; a vibra- 
tion ; a tremulous motion. 

Dir'dum , uproar ; tumult ; 
evil; chance; penance. 

Dirl, a slight, tremulous 
jroke or pain ; to thrill ; 
to tingle. 

Dis-creet', civil. 

Dis-cre'tion, civility. 

Dis-jas'ked, jaded ; decayed ; 
worn out. [fast. 

Dis-june', de-june', break- 

Dits, stops up. 

Div, do. [ing. 

Div'ot, thin sod for thatch- 

Diz'zen, or diz"n, a dozen. 

Doch-an-dor'rach, [Gael.] 
stirrup-cup ; parting-cup. 

Dod'die, cow without horns. 

Dotted, dyled, dazed ; stupid ; 
doting. 

Doit'ed, turned to dotage ; 
stupid ; confused. 

Dole.— Dead dole, that which 
was dealt out to the poor 
at the funerals of the rich. 

Dolt, stupefied ; crazed. 

Don'nert, don'nard, grossly 
stupid ; stunned. — Auld 
donnert, in dotage. 

Don'zie, unlucky. 

Doo, a dove. 

Dook, douk, to duck ; to im- 
merse under water ; to 
bathe. 



844 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Dook'et, douc'at, dove-cot; 
pigeon house. 

Book 1 it. See Doukit. 

Dool, sorrow. — To sing dool, 
to lament ; to mourn. 

Dooms, used intensively, as, 
dooms bad, very bad (a eu- 
phemism for d — d bad). 

Doon, down. 

Door'-stane, threshold. 

Dor'lach. See Dourlach. 

Dor'ty, saucy, nice. 

Douce, or dowse, quiet; so- 
ber ; sedate ; wise ; prudent. 

Douce'ly, soberly ; prudently. 

Dought, was or were able; 
could. 

Douk'it, ducked. 

Doup, backside ; bottom ; 
but-end. 

Doup'-skel'per, one that 
strikes the rear. 

Dour, doure, hard and impen- 
etrable in body or mind ; 
stout ; durable ; sullen ; 
stubborn. — Dour and din, 
sullen ; sallow. 

Dour'lach [Gael.], a bundle ; 
a knapsack ; literally, a 
satchel of arrows. 

Dous'er, more prudent. 

Do'ver, neither asleep nor 
awake ; temporary priva- 
tion of consciousness ; to 
dose ; to drowse. 

Do'ver-ing, walking or riding 
half asleep, as if from the 
effects of liquor ; besotted. 

Dow (pronounced as ow in 
now), am or are able ; can. 

Doiv, (pronounced as o in 
do), dove, a term of 
endearment. 

Dow' cote , pigeon-house. 

Doived, faded ; vapid ; de- 
cayed ; also, was able. 

Doiof, dowff, pithless ; want- 
ing force ; hollow ; dull. 

Dow'ie, dol'ly, worn with 
grief, fatigue, &c. ; half 
asleep ; dull ; melancholy ; 
in bad health ; in bad tune. 

Dow'na, dare not. 

Down bye, down the way. 

Doylt, stupid. 

Drab, a slatternly young 
woman. 

Draff 1 -poke, a bag of grains. 

Draig, draick, dreck, dreg ; 
dregs ; — a word which fre- 
quently makes part of the 
name of a slovenly, low- 
lying place. In this man- 
ner it is used in Mospha- 
draig. 

Dram 1 mock, a thick, raw 
mixture of meal and water. 

Drap, a drop ; to drop. 

Drap'pie, a little drop. 

Drap'ping, dropping. 

Drap' pit-egg, a poached egg. 

Drave, drove. 

Dree, to suffer , to endure ; to 
dread the worst that may 
happen. 

Dreel'ing, drilling. 

Dreep, to ooze ; to drop. 

Dreigh, tedious; long about 
it ; tardy ; slow. 

Drib'ble , drizzling ; slaver. 

Drid'der, dread' our, dread ; 
fear. 

Drift, a drove. 

Drig'ie, dred'gie, dir'gie, a 
funeral company; compo- 
tation. 

Drod'dum, the breech. 
J)rogh'ling, cogh'ling, 

ing and blowing. 
Drone, part of a bagpipe 



Droop, rumpled ; drooping 
at the crupper. 

Drouk'it, wet ; drenched. 

Drount'ing, drawling. 

Drouth, thirst ; drought. 

Drouth'y, drought'y, thirsty. 

Drow, drizzle ; mizzling rain. 

Druck'en, drunken. 

Drudg'ing-box, flour-box for 
basting in cookery. 

Drug'sters, druggists. 

Drum'ly, muddy. 

Drum'mock, meal and water 
mixed raw. 

Drunt, pet ; sour humor. 

Dry multure, astricted mill- 
dues, paid to one mill for 
grain that is ground at an- 
other. 

Dub, a small pond. 

Duds, rags ; tatters ; clothes. 

Dud'die, dud'dy, ragged. 

Dule, dole, sorrow ; mourn- 
ing. 

Dulse, duke, sea-celery. 

Dung, worsted ; pushed ; 
driven. 

Dung'-ow'er, knocked over. 

Dun' nie- was' sal [Gael., from 
duine, a man, wasal, well- 
born], a Highland gentle- 
man, generally the cadet 
of a family of rank, with 
a title derived from the 
land he occupied, though 
held at the will of his chief- 
tain. 

Dunsh'in, dunch'in, jogging 
smartly with the elbow. 

Dunt, a knock, stroke, or 
blow, that produces a din 
or sound ; a good sizable 
portion of any thing. 

Dush, to push, as a ram, &c. 

DushH, pushed by a ram, ox, 
&c. 

Dwam, dwaim, dwaum, 
a qualm ; a swoon. 

Dwi'ning, decaying ; declin- 
ing in health. 

Dye'ster, dyer. 

Dyke, a stone-wall fence. 

Dy'vour, a bankrupt ; a 
debtor who cannot pay ; 
an ill-dressed, idle fellow. 

E. 

Ean'na-ruich [Gael.], strong 
soup. The pot is filled with 
beef or mutton, and as 
much water is put in as 
will cover the meat, which 
is kept simmering until it 
is fully done. 

Ear, early. 

Eard, earth- 

Eard'ed, put in the earth ; 
interred 

Earn, an eagle. 

Eas'el, eastward. 

Ee, e'e, the eye. 

Een, e'en, the eyes. 

E'en'in, evening. 

Ee'rie, frighted ; dreading 
spirits. 

Ef-feir' of war, warlike guise. 

Ei'dent, ay-doing; diligent ; 
careful ; attentive. 

Eik, eke, addition. 

Eild, old age. 

Eild'ing, fuel. 

Eith'ly, easily. 

El'buck, the elbow. 

El'dritch, ghastly ; frightful. 

El' shin, an awl. 

Erne, uncle. 

En\ end. 

En'brugh, Edinburgh. 



End 'long, in uninterrupted 
succession ; even on ; at 
full length. 

E-neugh' , enough. 

E-now' , just now. 

E'qual-a'qual, alike ; to bal- 
ance accounts ; to make 
one thing equal to another. 

Er'rand. — For ante (ains) 
errand, for that purpose 
alone. 

Especial, especially. 

Es-treen', yes-treen', yester- 
day ; — more properly, last 
night. 

Et'ter-cap, ad'der-cap, at'- 
ter-cope, a spider ; a viru- 
lent atrabilious person. 

Et'tle, to aim ; to try ; to 
attempt ; to intend. 

E'ven-ing, comparing. 

Ev'i -dents, evidences. 

Ew'est, nearest ; contiguous. 

Ew'how ! eh wow ! oh dear ! 

Ewk'ing, itching. 

Ex'ies, hysterics : ecstasies. 

Ex'pi-ry, expiration. 

Ey'dent, diligent. 



F. 

Fa\ faw, fall ; lot; water- 
fall ; to befall. 

Fa, get. — We maunna fa 
that, we must not hope to 
get that. 

Fa'ard, favored. — M-fa'ard, 
ill-favored. 

Fad'domH, fathomed. 

Fae, a foe. 

Fae,frae, from. 

Fae,faie, whose; who. 

Faem, foam. 

Fa'en, fallen. 

Faik'et, unknown; unem- 
ployed ; abated. [ent. 

Fai'rin, a fairing ; a pres- 

Fai'ther, father. 

Fai' tour, a rascal ; a mean 
fellow. 

Fal'-lalls, foolish ornaments 
in dress. 

Fal'low, fellow. 

Fal'set, falsehood. 

Fan, whan, when. 

Fand, did find. 

Fard, color. 

Fard,faurd. See Fa?ard. 

Farl, farle, now the fourth 
part of a large cake, origi- 
nally used for corn or 
bread. 

Fash, fash' e-rie, trouble. 

Fash'ing, taking or giving 
trouble. 

Fash'ous, troublesome. 

Fasht, troubled. 

Fast' er-een-een , fast 1 em's 
e'en, Eastern e'en, Shrove 
Tuesday. 

Fat, what. 

Fauld, a fold ; to fold. 

Fauld'ing, folding. 

Faund, found. 

Faur'd, favored. — Weel 
faur'd, well-favored ; good- 

Fause, false. [looking. 

Faut, fault ; default ; want. 

Faw'sont, decent ; seemly. 

Feal, a field ; a sod. 

Feal'-dyke, a wall of sods for 
an inclosure. 

Feal, faithful ; loyal ; true. 

Feared, affected with fear. 

Fear,feer, entire. 

Fear'fu 1 , terrible; frightful. 

FearH, frighted. 

Feat, neat ; spruce. 

F'-cht, to fight. 



Fecht'in, fighting. 

Feck, many ; plenty. 

Feck, strength and sub. 
stance ; part of a thing. — 
Best feck, better part. — 
Maistfeck, greatest part. 

Feck'et, an under waistcoat. 

Feck'fu 1 , large ; brawny ; 
stout. 

Feck' less, powerless ; pith- 
less ; feeble ; deficient in 
some quality. — Feckless 
body, a feeble, inefficient 

Feck'ly, weakly. [person. 

.Fee, wages. 

Feel, fool ; foolish. 

Feg', a fig. 

Feide, feud; enmity. 

Fell, the flesh immediately 
under the skin : a field 
pretty level, on the side or 
top of a hill ; a rocky hill. 

Fell, strong and fiery ; keen ; 
biting. — Fell chield, fiery 
fellow ; terrible fellow. — 
Fell airts, hellish arts. 

Fen, successful struggle : 
fight. 

Fend, to live comfortably : 
defend ; to keep out bad 
weather ; to provide against 
want ; to make shift in 
general. [shift. 

Fend'ed, provided ; made 

Fend'ing, providing ; pro- 
vision. 

Fend'y, clever in providing. 

Fer'he, ovfer'ley, to wonder ; 
a wonder ; a rarity ; — a 
term of contempt. 

Fetch, to pull by fits. [ly. 

FetchH, pulled intermittent- 

Fick'le, made to fike or fidge ; 
to puzzle ; to nonplus ; dif- 
ficult. 

Fie, fey, acting unaccount- 
ably, as persons in health 
and soon to die are sup- 
posed to do, in some last 
and extraordinary effort. 

Fidge, to fidget. 

Fiel, soft ; smooth. 

Fient, fiend ; a petty oath. 

Fient a haet, deuce a bit. 

Fier, sound ; healthy ; a 
brother ; a friend, 

Fi'king, fy'king, fidgeting; 
fiddle-faddling. 

Files, defiles ; spoils. 

Fin'ner, a small whale. 

Fire'-ftaught, flash of light- 
ning, [of corn. 

Fir'lot, fourth part of a boll 

Fis'le,fis'sel, to make a rus- 
tling noise ; to fidget ; a 
bustle. 

Fiss'enless, fizz'enless, fu- 
sion/less, pithless ; weak. 

Fit , a foot ; a step. 

Fite, white. 

Fit'tie-lan, the nearer horse 
of the hindmost pair in 
the plough. 

Fizz, to make a hissing 
noise, like fermentatior 

Flain'en, flannel. 

Flam'ing, basting. 

Flash, to dash out rashly. 

Flaught' er-ing , light shining 
fitfully ; flickering. 

Flunes, pancakes. 

Flaw, a gust ; a blast. 

Fleech, to flatter ; to wheedle ; 
to supplicate in a flattering 
manner. 

Fleeced, supplicated. 

Fleech'in, fteech'ing, suppli- 
cating ; flattering. 

Flees, flies. 

Fleesh, a fleece. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



845 



Fleg, a kick ; a random 
blow ; fright. 

Flem'it, frightened. 

Flem'et, fiam'it, banished; 
expelled. [words. 

Fleth'er, to decoy by fair 

Fleth'er-in, flattering. 

Fley, to scare ; to frighten. 

Flich'er, to flutter, as young 
nestlings when their dam 
approaches. 

Flich'ter-ing, a flattering. 

Flick' er-ing, quivering ; flut- 
. Flight, arrow. [tering. 

Flin'ders, shreds ; broken 
pieces. 

Fling, to kick ; to throw out 
the legs like a horse ; to 
dance. 

Fling' in-tree, a piece of tim- 
ber hung by way of par- 
tition between two horses 
in a stable ; a flail. 

Flisk, to fret at the yoke. 

Flisk' ing, whisking up and 

Flisk'it, fretted. [down. 

Flisk' -ma-hoys, jill - flirts ; 
giddy flip-flap girls. 

Flit, to remove ; to depart. 

Flit'ter, to vibrate like the 
wings of small birds. 

Flit'ter-ing, fluttering ; vi- 
brating. 

Flo'ry, vain. [morass. 

Flow-moss, watery moss ; 

Fluff, flash. 

Fluff' -gibs, squibs. 

Fluffed x* the pan, burned 
priming, without firing the 
barrel of the gun or pistol. 

Flun'kie,& servant in livery ; 
footman. 

Flyte,flite, to scold. 

Folk free and sacless, a law- 
ful freeman. [dress. 

Fol'lies, foolish fashions in 

Foord, a ford. [cestors. 

For-bears' , forefathers ; an- 

For-bye' , past ; beyond ; be- 
sides ; over and above. 

Fore. — To the fore, still in 
existence ; not lost, worn 
out, or spent, as money, 
&c. ; also, in front. 

Fore'tauld, foretold. 

For-fairn' , distressed ; worn 
out ; jaded. 

For-fault'ed, forfeited. 

For-J ought' en, exhausted 
with fighting ; fatigued 
and breathless. 

For-gath'er, to meet ; to en- 
counter with. 

For-gie', to forgive, [tigue. 

For-jes'ket, jaded with fa- 

For'pet, fourth part of a peck. 

For 'r it, for 'ret, forward. 

For-speak', to affect with the 
curse of an evil tongue, 
which brings ill luck upon 
what or whomsoever it 
praises ; to injure by im- 
moderate praise ; to be- 
witch, [castle. 

Fort'a-lice, a keep ; fortress ; 

Foth'er, fodder. 

Fou\fou,fow, full ; drunk ; 
also, a bushel; a pitch- 
fork. 

Fou'ats, house-leeks. 

Fought' en, troubled ; ha- 
rassed, [cat. 

Fou'mart, foul' mart, pole- 

Fow?--?ioo4'eir/,four-cornered. 

Fouth, plenty ; enough, or 
more than enough. 

Foy, departing feast. 

Fo'zy, soft and spongy. 

Frack, ready ; eager ; for- 

Frae, from. [ward. 



Fram'ple, unruly ; forward; 
evil-conditioned. 

Freath, froth. 

Freits, freats, superstitious 
observances. 

Frem, frem'mit, fraim, 
frem'd, strange ; not re- 
lated ; acting like a stran- 
ger ; keeping at a distance. 

Frien\ friend. 

Frist' ed, put off for a time. 

Fu\ full. 

Fud, the scut or tail of the 
hare, coney, &c. 

Fuff, to blow intermittent- 
ly ; to puff ; to whiff ; a 
puff; a whiff. 

Fuff t, did blow. 

Fide, fool. 

Funic, funk 'ing, applied to a 
horse kicking up the rear 
without dashing out the 
heels. [plexity. 

Funk, funck, a foolish per- 

Fun'nie, full of merriment. 

Fur, a furrow. 

Fur-a-hin' , the hindmost 
horse on the right hand 
when plowing. 

Furm, a form ; bench. 

Fu'sionless. See Fissenless. 

Fyke, trifling cares ; to pid- 
dle ; to be in a fuss about 
trifles . 

Fyle, to soil ; to dirty. 

FyPt, soiled ; dirtied. 

a 

Gab, the mouth ; to speak 
boldly or pertly. 

Ga-ber-lun'zie, a beggar; a 
mendicant ; one who car- 
ries a wallet ; a poor guest 
who cannot pay for his 
entertainment. 

Gad, a goad ; a bar of iron. 

Gads' man, a plowboy ; the 
boy that rides the horses 
in the plow. 

Gae, to go. — Gaed, went. — 
Gaen or gane, gone. — 
Gaun, going. 

Gae-down, a drinking-bout. 

Gae wa\ go away ; have 
done ; no more of that. 

Gaet, or gate, way ; manner ; 

Gais'ling, a gosling, [road. 

Gait, a goat. 

Gaitt, get, what is begotten ; 
a child ; a brat. 

Gane, gone.. 

Gang, to go ; to walk. 

Gang'ing, going. 

Gan'grel, a child beginning 
to walk ; also, a vagrant. 

Gar, garr, to make ; to com- 
pel. 

Gar'dy-loo [Fr. gardez Peau], 
save yourselves from the 
water. 

Garfd, made ; compelled ; 
caused. 

GarH, forced to. 

Gar'ten, a garter. 

Gas'cromh [Gael, cas croin\, 
a long narrow spade, with 
a projecting foot-piece, 
used in the Highlands for 
digging in stony ground, 
where no other instrument 
can be introduced. 

Gash, wise ; sagacious ; 
shrewd ; talkative; also, to 
converse ; also, prattle ; 
chatter; gossip. 

Gash'in, conversing. 

Gate, way ; manner. 

Gathering-peat, a fiery peat 



which was sent round by 
the Borderers to alarm the 
country in time of danger, 
as the fiery cross was by 
the Highlanders. 

Gathering peat, gathering 
coal, either of them, put 
into the fire at night, with 
the ashes gathered around 
it, to preserve ignition for 
the morning. 

Gau'cy, jolly ; large. 

Gau'ger, an exciseman. 

Gaunt, to yawn. 

Gaun, going. 

Gaun'trees, or goan'trees, 
trams, or wooden frames 
on which casks in a cellar 
are placed. 

Gawk'y, half-witted ; fool- 
ish ; romping. []y. 

Gaw'sie, plump ; jolly ; port- 
Gay, pretty. — Gay gude, 
pretty good. — Gay weel, 
pretty well. [ment. 

Gear, goods ; dress ; equip- 

Gear, riches ; goods of any 
kind. 

Geek, to toss the head in 
wantonness or scorn ; to 
jeer ; to mock ; to sport. 

Ged, gedd, a pike. 

Geiz'ened, geiss' end, shrunk- 
en; warped; leaky. 

Gelt, brat. 

Gen'tles, gentlefolks. 

Gen' trice, gentility ; good 
descent. [ly formed. 

Gen'ty, neat ; trim ; elegant- 

Geor'die, a guinea. 

Get, a child ; a young one. 

Gey sharp, pretty sharp. — 
Gey gude, pretty good. 

Ghaist, a ghost. 

Gie, to give. — Gied, gave. 
— Gien, given. 

Gif'an, if, supposing. 

Giff gaff, tit for tat ; mutu- 
al giving and taking ; mu- 
tual obligation. 

Gift'ie, diminutive of gift. 

Gig' lets, playful girls. 

Gill'ie, diminutive of gill. 

Gill'ie, a man-servant in the 
Highlands. — Gill'ie white- 
foot, or gill'ie wet-foot, a 
running footman, who had 
to carry his master over 
brooks and watery places in 
traveling. 

Gills, gullies. 

Gill-rav'ag-ing, plundering. 

Gilp'fy,gilp'y, a half-grown, 
half-informed boy or girl ; 
a romping lad ; a hoyden. 

Gim'mer, a ewe from one to 
two years old. 

Gin, against. 

Gin, gif'an, if; suppose. 

Gin'gle, gin' gling, jingle or 
clink ; jingling. 

Gip'sey, a young girl. 

Gird, hoop. 

Gird'le, an iron plate for fry- 
ing cakes on . 

Gim, to grin like an ill-na- 
tured dog; to twist the 
features in rage ; agony. 

Gir'nel, girnal, a meal-chest. 

Girn'ing, grinning. 

Girth, gird, a hoop. — To slip 
the girths, to tumble down 
like a packhorse's burden, 
when the girth gives way. 

Gizz, a periwig. 

Glaiks, deception ; delusion. 
— Fling the glaiks in folk's 
een, metaph. , to throw dust 
in people's eyes. — To give 
the glaiks, to befool and 



then leave in the lurch ; to 
jilt. 

Glaik'it,glaik, light-headed ; 
idle; inattentive; foolish. 

Glaive, a sword. 

Glaiz'ie, glittering; smooth 
like a glass. [of sight 

Gla'mour, magical deception 

Glaund, aimed ; snatched. 

Gleck, sharp ; ready. 

Gled, a kite. [one. 

Gledg'ing, looking slyly at 

Gleed, flame ; a burning 
coal ; a bright and strong 
fire. 

Gleed, gleid, gleyed, one- 
eyed ; squinting ; also , ob- 
lique ; awry. — Gaed a 1 
gleed, went all wrong. 

Glee'ing, squinting. 

Gleg, sharp ; keen ; on the 

Gleib, glebe. [alert. 

Glen, dale ; deep valley. 

Gley, asquint ; to squint ; on 
one side ; asquint. — A-gley', 
off at a side ; wrong. 

Glib'-gab-ba, that speaks 
smoothly and readily. 

Gliff, a glimpse ; a short 
time ; also, a fright. 

Glint, to glance ; to gleam ; 
to peep. 

Glint'ed, peeped. 

Glint' in, peeping. 

Glisk, a glimpse. 

Gloam'in, gloam'ing, the 
twilight. 

Glour, glowr, to stare ; to 
look ; a stare ; a look. 

Glowre.d, looked ; stared. 

Glunch, to frown ; to look 
sour 

Gom'e-ril, a fool; a block- 
head. 

Goss'i-pred, goss'i-prie, fa- 
miliarity ; intimacy ; spon- 
sorship. 

Gous'tie, gous'ty, waste ; des- 
olate ; ghostly ; dreary ; 
preternatural. 

Gouth, a drop. 

Gow'an, the flower of the 
daisy, hawk -weed, &c. 

Gow'an-y, gow'an-y glens, 
daisied dales. 

Gowd, gold. 

Goivff, the game of golf ; to 
strike as the bat does the 
ball at golf. 

Gowffd, struck. 

Gowk, the cuckoo ; a fool. 

Gowk'it, foolish ; stupid ; 



Gowl, to howl ; to scold. 

Goiol'ing, howling ; noisy ; 
scolding. 

Gowp'en, gowp'in, as much 
as both hands held togeth- 
er, with the palms upward, 
and contracted in a circu- 
lar form , can contain. 

Gowp'en-fu, the fill of th« 
gowpen ; as much as can 
be contained in the hands 
held in a concave form. 

Grad'dan, parched corn ; al- 
so, meal ground on the 
quern, or hand-mill. 

Graff, greaf, a grave. 

Grained and gaunted, 
groaned and gaped. 

Grain'ing, gran'ing, groan- 
ing. 

Graip, a pronged instrument 
for cleaning stables. 

Graith, accouterments ; fur- 
niture : dress ; gear. 

Gra-mash'es, gaiters reach,* 
ing to the knee. 

Gran, grand ; fine. 



846 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Grane, or grain, a groan ; to 
groan 

Gran'nie, grandmother. 

Grape, to grope. 

Grap'it, groped. [cried. 

Grat, wept ; shed tears ; 

Great, intimate ; familiar. 

Gree, to agree ; to live in am- 
ity ; to reconcile parties at 
variance. — To bear the 
gree, to be decidedly victor. 

Gree , a step ; a degree ; supe- 
riority ; fame ; reputation. 

Gree' shock, grie'soch, hot 
embers, — properly those 
of peats ; peat fire piled on 
the hearth. 

Green, agreed. [weep. 

Greet, to shed tears ; to 

Greet' in, greet' ing, crying ; 
weeping. [shiver. 

Grew, grue, to shudder ; to 

Grew'some, grue'some, hor- 

Grice, sucking-pig. [rible. 

Grid' die. See Girdle. 

Grieve, an overseer. 

Grilse, gilse, gray; a young 
salmon. 

Grip, gripe. 

Grip'pie, grip'py, avaricious. 
— Grip'pie for grip'pie, 
gripe for gripe ; fair play 
in wrestling. [seized. 

Grip'pet, grip'pit, catched ; 

Grip'pie, griping ; greedy ; 
avaricious. 

Grit, great. 

Groat. — To get the whistle 
of one's groat, to play a. 
losing game. [ry. 

Gross'art, grosert, gooseber- 

Grou'some loathsomely 

grim . 

Gro'zet, a gooseberry. 

Grue, shudder. 

Gru'much, ill-favored. 

Grumph, a grunt ; to grunt. 

Grumph'ie, a sow. [torn. 

Grun\ grund, ground ; bot- 

Grun'stane, a grindstone. 

Grun'tle, a snout ; the phiz ; 
a grunting noise. 

Grun'zie, mouth. 

Grush'ie, thick; of thriving 
growth. [good. 

Gude, the Supreme Being; 

Gude-dame' , grandmother. 

Gude-man' , husband, 

Gude'-sire, grandfather. 

Gude-sis'ter, sister-in-law. 

Guest' ened , been the guest 
of; lodged as a guest. 

Guffaw', gaff aw', a loud 
burst of laughter. 

Guid, good. 

Guid'ed, used ; taken care of ; 
treated ; managed, [row! 

Guid-morn'ing, good mor- 

Guid-e'en' , good evening. 

Guid-man' and guid-wife' , 
the master and mistress of 
the house. — Young guid- 
man, a man newly married. 

Guis'ards, gys'arts, disguised 
persons ; mummers, who 
volunteered vocal music for 
money about the time of 
Christmas and New Year's 
Day. [ing knife. 

Gull'y, or gull'ie,a, large fold- 

Guid-fa'ther, guid-moth'er, 
father-in-law and mother- 
in-law. 

Gum'i-lie, muddy. 

Gv.se, goose. 

Gus'ing-iron, a laundress's 
smoothing-iron. 

Gust'y, tasteful. 

Chut'ter-bloods, the rabble ; 
persons meanly born. 



Gy, a rope. 

Gyre'-carline , gyre'-earling, 
a hag ; a weird-sister ; an 



Gyte, crazy ; ecstatic ; sense- 
lessly extravagant; delir- 
ious. 

H. 

Ha\ hall ; manor-house. 

Ha' bible (half-bible), Old or 
New Testament volume of 
the family Bible, in 4 to. or 
8vo. form. 

Haaf, seal [Orkney]. 

Hd'ar, a fog ; a chill easterly 
wind. [ble. 

Hack, heck, a rack in a sta- 

Hack'et. See Howkit. 

Had, to hold. 

Had'den, holden. [docks. 

Had'dows, had'dies, had- 

Hae, possession ; property. 

Hae, ha : e, to have. 

Haen, had (the participle). 

Hael, thing. — Fient haet, a 
petty oath of negation. 

Haf'fets, haf'fits, half- 
heads ; the sides of the 
head ; the temples. 

Haf'flin, haf'ftins [half- 
long] half ; half-long ; near- 
ly half; partly ; not fully 
grown; a half-witted per- 
son. 

Hag, a gulf in mosses and 
moors ; a quagmire ; a 
year's cutting of oak. 

Hagg, brushwood. 

Haggs, pits and sloughs in 
moss ground. 

Hag'gies, hag'gis, hag'gess, 
the pluck, &c, of a cow or 
sheep, minced with suet, 
onions, &c, boiled in its 
paunch. 

Haill, hale, whole. — Hail 0' 
my ain, all my own. — 
Hale and feer, whole and 
entire. 

Hain, to spare ; to save ; to 
be penurious. 

Hain'd, spared. 

Hairst, harvest. 

Haith, a petty oath. 

Hai'vers, nonsense ; speak- 
ing without thought. 

HaP, or hold, an abiding 
place. 

Hale, whole; tight ; healthy. 

Halft, dwelling ; custody. 

Halft' ed, domiciled. 

Hal' Ian . a partition between 
the door of a cottage and 
the fire-place ; also, a seat 
of turf at the outside. 

Hal'lan-sha-ker, a fellow who 
must take his place behind 
backs at the hallan ; a stur- 
dy, beggarly scamp. 

Hal'lions, rogues ; worthless 
fellows. 

Hal'low-mas, Hallow eve, 
the 31st of October. 

Halse, hause, throat ; neck. 

Halse, hail'sie, hail ; salute ; 
embrace. 

Ha'ly, holy. — Haly be his 
cast, happy be his fate. 

Hame, home. [familiar. 

Hame'ly, homely ; affable ; 

Ham' shackle, to tie the head 
of a horse or cow to one of 
its fore legs. 

Han'', or haun, hand. 

Hand'-fast, to betroth by 
joining hands, in order to 
cohabitation before the cel- 
ebration of marriage. 



Hand'-fast-ing, a kind of 
betrothment or conditional 
marriage, according to 
which the parties lived to- 
gether for a year and a 
day, at the end of which 
time they were at liberty to 
separate or renew the en- 
gagement for life. 

Hand'-waled, chosen ; picked 
out with the hand. 

Hane, hain, to spare ; not to 
give away. 

Han' tie, a great many ; a 
great deal. 

Hank, rope ; coil. 

Hap, an outer garment, 
mantle, plaid, &c. ; to 
wrap ; to cover ; to hop. 

Hap'per, hopper of a mill. 

Hap'ping, hopping. 

Hap'pit, happed, hopped ; 
also , covered for warmth or 
security. 

Hap'shack-le (used in the 
south of Scotland for ham- 
shackle), to tie the forefeet 
of a horse together. — [ Side 
langle is to tie the fore and 
hind foot of one side to- 
gether.] 

Hap, step, an' loup, hop, 
step, and leap. 

Hare'-stane, a memorial 
stone. 

Hark' it, hearkened. 

Hade, to drag ; to trail along 
the ground. — To harle an 
old man's pow, to scratch 
an old man's head. 

Ham, very coarse linen. 

Hams, brains. — Ham-pan, 
brain pan. • 

Har'ry, to plunder. 

Har'ry-ing, plundering. 

Harst, hast, harvest. 

Hash, a fellow that neither 
knows how to dress nor 
act with propriety ; a 
clumsy sloven. 

Has' sock, any thing thick, 
bushy, and ill-arranged. 

Has' sock, has'lock (from 
halselock), throat lock or 
more bushy portion of the 
fleece of sheep, when they 
were in a more natural and 
less improved condition. 

Has'na, has not. 

Hast'it, hastened. 

Hat. — Giving one a hat, 
taking off the hat in his 
presence. 

Hat'ted-kit, or hat'tit-kit, a 
bowlful of sour cream ; a 
mixture of milk warm from 
the cow and butter-milk. 

Haud, to hold. [ence. 

Haud'ing, support ; depend- 

Haughs, low -lying rich 
lands ; valleys. 

Haulds, holds ; habitations ; 
places of resort. 

Haurl, to drag ; to peel. 

Haurl'in, peeling ; dragging 
roughly. 

Hause, throat. See Halse. 

Ha'ver, hai'ver, to talk fool- 
ishly or without method. 

Ha'ver-meal, oat-meal. 

Ha'veral, a half-witted per- 
son ; half-witted. 

Ha' vers, hai'vers, idle talk. 

Ha'vrel, hai'vrel, a half-wit- 
ted person. 

Hav'ins, hav'ings, good 
manners; decorum; good 
sense. 

Hawk' i.e., a cow ; properly, 
one with a white face. 



Haw'kit, white-faced ; — ap- 
plied to cattle ; foolish ; sil- 

Heap'it, heaped. [ly. 

Heal' some, healthful ; whole- 

Hearse, hoarse. [some. 

Heart'-scald, heart'-scaud, 
heart-burn ; metaphorical- 
ly, regret ; remorse. 

Heart' some, cheerful. 

Heath'er, heath. — Heather- 
cow, stalk of heath. 

Heath' er-blut'ters, cock - 
snipes ; — from their cry 
in alternate flights and de- 
scents in the breeding sea- 

Hech ! oh ! strange. [son. 

Hecht, promised to foretell 
something that is to be got 
or given ; foretold ; offered. 

Heck and manger, rack and 
manger. — Living at heck 
and manger , applied to one 
who has got into quarters 
where every thing is com- 
fortable and plenteous. 

Heck'le, a board, in which 
are fixed a n umber of sharp 
pins, used in dressing 
hemp, flax, &c. 

Heck'led, hackled. 

Heeze, to elevate; to raise; 
to hoist. 

Heft, to lift up ; to carry 
aloft. 

Hell'i-cat, half-witted. 

Hemp'ie, a rogue ; one for 
whom hemp grows. Its 
most common use is in a 
jocular way to giddy 
young people of either sex. 

Hen'-ca^vey, hen-coop. 

Herd, to tend flocks ; one 
who tends cattle or sheep. 

Herd'ed, kept, as sheep. 

Her'e-zeld, an acknowledg- 
ment of vassalage. 

Her'rin, a herring. 

Her'ry, to plunder; most 
properly to plunder birds' 
nests. 

Her'ry-ment, plundering; 
devastation. 

Her' ship, plunder. 

Herse, hoarse. 

Hesp, a hank of yarn ; ahook 

Het, hot. [or hasp. 

Heugh, a precipitous accliv- 
ity ; also a hollow dell ; a 
ravine ; a coal-pit. 

Heugh-head, head of the 
cliff; also, head of the 
glen, between two cliffs. 

Hick' ery-pick' try , a phrase 
used in children's sports. 
Its original meaning is lost 
in antiquity. 

Hie, to go in haste. 

High-jinks, a game played 
in several different ways. 
Most commonly it was de- 
termined by a throw of 
dice who should for some 
time sustain a fictitious 
character or repeat a cer- 
tain number of loose verses 
in a certain order, under 
the penalty of either swal- 
lowing an additional bum- 
per, or paying a small sum 
toward the reckoning. 

Hilch, a hobble ; to halt. 

Hilch'in, halting. 

Hin'der-lands, latter ends; 
backsides. 

Hin'der-lans, back parts. 

Hin'ey, hin'ny, honey. — • 
My hin'ny, my darling. 

Hing, to hang. 

Hir'die-gir'die, topsy-turvy' 
in reckless confusion. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 847 



Hir'dum-dir'dum, confused, 

noisy mirth or revelry. 
Hrr'ple, to walk lamely or 
crazily ; to creep : to halt. 
Hir'sel, a herd of cattle of 
any sort ; so many cattle as 
one person can attend to. 
Hir'sel, to move forward with 
a rustling noise along a 
rough surface ; to move 
sidewise in a sitting or 
lying posture, upon the 
ground or otherwise, by 
means of the hands only. 
JIis'sy, a hussy. [ren. 

Jlls'tie, dry ; chapped ; bar- 
Hicht, a loop ; a knot. 
H'z'zy, a hussy ; a young 
Hoaste. See Choast. [girl. 
Hob'ble-show, Hob'bil-show, 
a hubbub ; a tumult ; an 
uproar. 
Hod' din, the jolting motion 
of a countryman riding on 
a cart-horse ; humble. 
Hod'din-grqy, had' den- gray, 
coarse cloth made from 
wool in its natural state 
without being dyed. 
Hod'dle, to waddle. 
Hog'gie, a two -year -old 

sheep. 
Hog' score, a kind of distance 
line, in curling, drawn 
across the rink or course. 
"flog 1 -shouth-er , a game in 
which foose who join justle 
each other by the should- 
ers ; to justle with the 
shoulder. 
Holm, fiat ground along the 
side of a river. Used in 
the North for island. 
Hood'ie-craws, hooded 

crows. 
Hool, huil, a husk ; a hull ; a 
covering ; a slough ; a pea 
or bean-hull. 
Hoo'lie ! take leisure ; stop. 
Hoo'lie, Iwol'y, slowly ; lei- 
surely, [softly. 
Hool'y and fair'ly, fair and 
Hoard, a hoard ; to hoard. 
Hoord'it, hoarded. 
Horn, a spoon made of horn. 
Horn'ie, the devil, so called 

in allusion to his horns. 
Horse'-cow-per, horse-dealer. 
Host, or hoast, to cough. 
Host' in, coughing. 
Hosts, coughs. 
Hotch, hitch. 
Hotch'd, turned topsy-turvy ; 

blended ; mixed. 
Houd'ie, a midwife. 
Houff, howff, a haunt ; a 
chief place of resort; a 
house ; a burial-place. 
Hough-ma-gand'ie, fornica- 
tion. 
Houk'it , dug out. 
Houl'et, an owl. 
Hound, to hunt ; to set a dog 
after any thing ; to ferret 
out ; in modern common 
parlance often contemptu- 
ously applied to individu- 
als, such as a sly hound, 
a low hound, a selfish, 
greedy, rapacious, quirk- 
ing fellow, who will alike 
employ fair or foul means 
for the attainment of his 
purpose. 
House' wife" 1 sleep, hus'sie" 1 - 

skep, housewifery. 
Hous'ie, diminutive of house. 
Houts, touts, tut ! 
Hout'fit, hout a-wa'! (interj. ) 
pfihavr ! nonsense ! 



Hove, to heave ; to swell. 

Hov'd, heaved ; swelled. 

Howd'ie, a midwife. 

Howe, hollow ; a hollow or 
dell ; also, a hoe. 

Howe-back'it, sunk in the 
back ; — spoken of a horse, 
&c. 

Howff', a place of resort; an 
ale-house. 

Howk, to dig. 

Howk'it, dug out. 

Howk'in, digging. 

Howm. See Holm. 

Hoy, to urge ; to incite. 

Hoy'ing, hallooing to ; set- 
ting on, as a dog. 

HoyH, urged. 

Hoyse, a pull upwards. 

Hoyte, to amble crazily. 

Hugh' oc, diminutive of Hugh. 

Hum-dud' geon, a complaint ; 
needless noise ; much ado 
about nothing. 

Hum'le, hum'ble, without 
horns. 

Hum' lock -know, hemlock 
knoll. 

Hur'cheon, an urchin ; a 
hedgehog. 

Hurd'ies, the loins ; the crup- 
per ; the buttocks. 

Hure, a whore. 

Hurl' ey- hack' ets, small 

troughs or sledges, in which 
people used formerly to 
slide down an inclined plane 
on the side of a hill. Hence, 
a hurly-hacket is a slide 
down a precipice. 

Hurl' ey-house , a dilapidated, 
tottering house. 

Hush' ion, cushion. 

Huz, us. 

I. 

P,in. 

Ick'er, an ear of corn. 

Ie-ro'e, a great-grandchild. 

Ilk, or ilka, each, every. — 
Of that ilk, of the same, — 
used to denote that a gen- 
tleman's surname and the 
title of his estate are iden- 
tical ; as, Knockwinnock of 
that ilk, tha,t is, Knockwin- 
nock of Knockwinnock. 

Ilk'a-days, every day ; week 
days. 

Ill, bad ; difficult ; evil ; 
grieved ; sorrowful. 

Ill-faard, ill-far^d, ill-faurd, 
evil-favored ; ugly ; unbe- 
coming ; mean ; disgrace- 
ful. 

Ill-set, spiteful ; ill-natured. 

lll-sort-ed, ill-arranged ; ill- 
suited ; ill-managed. 

lll-will'ie , ill-natured ; mali- 
cious ; niggardly. 

Ing'ans, onions. 

In-geer', to glean corn, &c. 

In'gine, genius ; ingenuity. 

Ing'le, fire ; fire-place.— ing- 
le side, fireside. — Ingle 
nook, corner by the fire. 

In'-owtr and out-ower, in- 
ward and outward; posi- 
tively and violently. 

In' -put, contribution. 

Ise, Tse, I shall or will. 

Ith'er, other ; one another. 



Jack'man, a man that wears 
a short mail jack or jacket. 



Jad, a jade; also, a familiar 
term, among country folks, 
for a giddy young girl. 

Jagg, a prick, as of a pin or 
thorn. 

Jag'ger, peddler. 

Ja-loose'. See Jealous. 

Jaud, jadd, a jade ; a mare. 

Jaugs, peddler's wallets. 

Jauk, to dally : to trifle. 

Jauk'in, trifling ; dallying. 

Jaup, a jerk of water ; to jerk 
as agitated water. 

Jaw, a wave ; petulant loqua- 
city ; coarse raillery ; to 
pour out ; to shut ; to jerk 



Jaw' -hole, a sink. 

Jaw'ing, undulating ; rolling 
water; also, loquacious 
talking. 

Jealous (jail'us when used 
as an adjective, — ja-looz' 
when used as a verb, and 
signifying to suspect ; to 
guess). 

Jee, to move ; to stir ; to 
budge. 

Jeedg'ing, judging. 

Jeis'ti-cor, jus'ti-coat. [Fr. 
juste au corps], a waistcoat 
with sleeves. 

Jill'et, a jilt ; a giddy girl. 

Jimp, to jump ; slender in 
the waist ; handsome. 

Jimp'lyjimp, barely; scarce- 
ly ; hardly. 

Jink, a quick elusory turn ; a 
sudden turning a corner ; 
to elude ; to cheat ; to trick; 
to make a quick turn ; to 
avoid. 

Jink'er, that turns quickly ; 
a gay sprightly girl ; a wag. 

Jink'et-ing about, gadding 
about. 

Jink'in, dodging. 

Jirb'ling, pouring out ; spill- 
ing any liquid by making 
it move from one side to 
the other in the vessel that 
contains it. 

Jirk, a jerk. [knife. 

Joc'te-leg, a kind of clasp- 
Joes, sweethearts. 

Jougs, an iron collar former- 
ly used to surround the 
neck of a criminal, and 
fastened to a wall or tree 
by an iron chain. 

Jouk, jowk, to stoop ; to bow 
the head. 

Jow, a verb which includes 
both the swinging motion 
and pealing sound of a 
large bell. 

Jow'ing, the swinging noise 
of a large bell. 

Jowk'e-ry-pack'e-ry, jowk'e- 
ry-pawk' e-ry , sly juggling 
talk or tricks. 

Jun'die, to justle ; to jog. 

Jus'ti-fed, made the victim of 
justice ; hanged. 

K. 

Kae, a daw. 

Kail, colewort; colewort soup. 
— Kait through the reek, a 
good rating ; a good scold- 
ing. 

Kail' -blade, colewort leaf. 

Kail' -runt, the stem of cole- 
wort. 

Kail'-worm, a caterpillar. 

Kail 1 -yard, cabbage-garden. 

Kaim, a Danish fortified sta- 
tion ; a low ridge. 



Kame, a comb ; honey -comb- 

Kane, kain, cane, duty paid 
by a tenant to his land- 
lord in eggs, fowls, &c. 

Keb, to cast lamb ; to lose a 
lamb, as a ewe. 

Keb'ars, rafters. 

Keb' back, keb' bock, keb'buck, 
a cheese. 

Keb'-ewe, a ewe that has 
lost her lamb. 

Keb'bie, a cudgel ; a club ; a 
rough walking stick. 

Keek, a peep ; to peep. 

Keek'ing-glass, a looking- 
glass. 

Keek'it, peeped. 

Keel, ruddle ; red chalk ; soft 
stone for marking sheep. 

Keel' y -vine-pen, a pencil of 
black or red lead. 

Kel'pies, a sort of mischiev- 
ous spirits, said to haunt j 
fords and ferries at night, 
especially in storms. 

Kel'tie,kel'ty, fine of a bum- 
per. — To take kelt-ie's 
mends, not to drink fair 
cup-out, in order to be 
fined in a bumper. 

Kemp'ing, striving for vic- 
tory as reapers on a har- 
vest field, &c. 

Kem'ple, forty wisps or bot- 
tles of straw or hay, about 
eight pounds each. 

Ken, to know. — Kend or 
ken't, knew. 

Ken'nin" 1 , ken'ning, know- 
ing ; also, a small portion ; 
a little. 

Ken'speck-le, having so sin- 
gular an appearance as to 
be easily recoguized ; fitted 
to be a gazing-stock. 

Kent, a cudgel; a rough walk- 
ing-stick. 

Kerne, a freebooter. 

Ket, matted; hairy; a fleece 
of wool. 

Kiaugh, carking anxiety. 

Kill'-log-ie, kiln fire-place. 

Kilt, the philabeg or short 
petticoat of a Highlander. 
— To kilt, to tuck up or 
truss up. 

Kim'mer, cum'mer, a gossip ; 
an idle, gossiping girl. 

Kin 1 , kindred. 

Kin', kind. 

Kind gal'lows. — The gallows 
at Crieff was so called, 
probably because it was 
jocularly said that the 
Highlanders, when passing 
it, paid great respect to it, 
because it had assisted at 
the last moments of so 
many of their friends and 
relations, and was likely to 
do so for themselves. 

King 's-hooa ', a certain part 
of the entrails of a cow. 

Kin'rick, kingdom. 

Kintra, kin'tray, country. 

Kintra coos' er, country stal- 
lion. 
Kip'page, violent passion ,• 

disorder; confusion. 
Kip' per, salmon salted and 
smoke-dried ; also, in the 
state of spawning. 
Kirk, church. 
Kirn, the harvest supper ; a 

churn. 
Kirs' en, kirst'en, to christen, 

or baptize. 
Kirst' en-ing , christening. 
Kir'tle, gown, mantle, or pet' 
ticoat. 



848 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Kist, a chest ; a trunk ; a 
coffin. ■ 

Kitch'en, any thing eaten 
with bread, such as but- 
ter, cheese, &c, to give it 
a relish. — Hunger is gude 
kitchen, hunger is good 
sauce. — Bread to bread is 
nae kitchen, it forms no 
enjoyment where individu- 
als of only one sex asso- 
ciate. 

Kitch'en fee, drippings. 

Kith, kindred ; acquaintance. 

Kit'lin, a young cat. 

Kit' tie, to tickle ; ticklish. 

Kit' tied, tickled. 

Kit'tled, having brought 
forth young ;— applied only 
to cats. 

KiuVtle, to cuddle. 

Kiut'tlin, cuddling. 

Kiv'er, to cover. 

Knacks, trifles for ornament ; 
nick-nacks. 

Knag'gie, like knags, or 
points of rocks. 

Knap'ping, affecting to speak 
fine English without know- 
ing how. 

Knap' pin-ham' mer, a ham- 
mer for breaking stones. 

Knave, a servant ; a miller's 
boy. 

Knave' -bairn, a man-child. 

Knave' ship, mill -dues paid 
to the knaves or servants. 

Knav'elled, nav'elled, beat 
violently with the fists. 

Knowe, knoll, rising ground ; 
hillock. 

Knurl, a dwarf. 

Krames. See Or ernes. 

Kye, cows. 

Kyle, a district in Ayrshire. 

Ky'le-vene. See Keelyvine. 

Ky'loes, Highland cattle. 

Kyte, the belly. 

Kythe, to discover; to show 
one's self; to see; to ap- 
pear. 



L. 

Lad' die, diminutive of lad. 

Lag'gan, the angle between 
the side and the bottom of 
a wooden dish. 

Laid, load. 

Laid till her, awarded to her 
by fate ; laid to her charge. 

Laigh, low. — Laigh crofts, 
low-lying fields of inferior 
quality. [tion. 

Lair, lear, learning; educa- 

Laird, lord of a manor ; 
squire. 

Lair'ing, wading, and sink- 
ing in snow, mud, &c. 

Laith, loath ; reluctant. 

Laith'fu', bashful ; sheepish. 

Laive, lave, the rest ; what is 
left. 

Lall'ans, Scottish dialect ; 
Lowlands. 

Lamb'ie, diminutive of lamb. 

Lam'i-ter, a lame person ; a 
cripple. 

Lam'mas moon, the harvest 
moon. 

Lam'mer, la'mer, lau'mer, 
amber. 

Lamp'ing, beating ; also, go- 
ing quickly and with long 
strides. 

Lamp'it, a kind of shell-fish. 

Lan\ land; estate. 

Lem'-a-fore' ', the foremost 
horse in the plow, &c. 



Lan'-a-hin' , the hindmost 
horse in the plow. 

Land (in towns), a building 
including different tene- 
ments above one another, 
upon the same foundation , 
and under the same roof. — 
Land o' the leal, the place 
of the faithful or blessed. 

Land'loup-er, runagate ; one 
who runs his country. 

Lane, lone. — My lane, thy 
lane, Sac, myself alone, 
&c. — By their lane, them- 
selves alone. 

Lane'ly, lonely. 

Lang, long. — To think lang, 
to long ; to weary. 

Lang-syne' , long since ; long 
ago. 

Lap, did leap ; leaped. 

Lap'per, to coagulate ; to 
curdle. 

Lass'ie, lass'or.k, little girl. 

Lat, let. — Lat be, let alone. 

Latch, mud ; mire. 

Lauch, law; custom ; usage ; 
to laugh. 

Lave, the rest ; the remain- 
der ; the others. 

Lav'e-rock, the lark. 

Law'ing, law' in, shot ; reck- 
oning ; bill. 

Law'lan, lowland. 

Lea'e, to leave. 

Leag'uer lady, a soldier's 
wife ; a campaigner ; a 
camp trotter. 

Leal, loyal ; true ; faithful. 

Lea'-rig, a grassy ridge. 

Led' -f arm, & farm held along 
with another, and on. 
which the tenant does not 

Led'dy, a lady. [reside. 

Leech, a physician. 

Lee'lane, lee' fu' lane, all 
alone ; quite solitary. 

Lee'-lang, live-long. 

Lee' some, pleasant. — Lee- 
some lane, dear self alone. 

Leev'in', leev'ing, living. 

Leeze-me, a phrase of con- 
gratulatory endearment ; I 
am happy in thee, or proud 
of thee. 

Leg' -bail. — To give leg bail, 
to run away. 

Leg'lin-girth, girth of a 
milk-pail. 

Leg' I ins, milk-pails. 

Lets' ter, a three - pronged 
dart for striking fish. 

Let-a-be, let alone. 

Let on, to acknowledge ; to 
confess. 

Let that flea stick to the wa" 1 , 
let that alone. 

Leth'er-ing, tanning the 
hide ; a thrashing. 

Leugh, laughed. 

Leak, a look ; to look 

Lev' en, lev'in, lightning ; the 
light of the sun. 

Lib' bet, gelded. 

Lick'-pen-ny, a greedy, cov- 
etous person. 

Lift, the sky. 

Lift cat' tie, to make a prey 
of cattle. — To lift rents, 
to collect rents. 

Lifers, cattle dealers. 

Light'ly, sneering ; to sneer 
at ; to slight. 

Like'-wake, lyke'-wake, the 
watching a corpse before 
interment. 

Lilt, a ballad , a tune ; a 
carol ; to sing. 

Lim'mer, a kept mistress ; a 
strumpet. 



LimpH, limped ; hobbled. 

Link, to trip along ; to do 
any thing smartly and 
quickly. 

Link' in, link'ing, tripping ; 
walking quickly and light- 
ly- 

Links, flat, sandy ground on 
the sea-shore. 

Lin, linn, a waterfall ; a 
precipice. 

Lint, flax. — Lint i' the bell, 
flax in flower. 

Lint'white, a linnet. 

Lip' pen, to expect ; to rely 
upon ; to trust to. 

Lip'ping, making notches on 
the edge of a sword or 
knife. 

Lip'pit, notched. 

Lip'py, the fourth part of a 

Lith, a joint. [peck. 

Loan, a lane ; an inclosed 
road ; a place of milking. 

Loan' in, loan'ing, the green 
sward on which cows are 
milked. 

Loch, a lake ; a bay or arm 
of the sea. 

Loch' an, a small lake ; a 
pond. [handful. 

Lock, a small quantity ; a 

JLo'e, loo, love ; to love. 

Loof, luif, the palm of the 
hand. — Outside of the loof, 
back of the hand. 

Look'it, looked. 

Loom, an implement ; a ves- 
sel. 

Loon, loun, a rogue ; a rustic 
boy ; a naughty woman. 
[The word is of both gen- 
ders.] [river. 

Loop [Gael.], a bend of a 

Loop'y, crafty ; deceitful. 

Loo'some, lovely. 

Loot, did let. 

Loot'en, permitted. 

Looves, plural of Loof. 

Loun, a fellow ; a ragamuffin ; 
a woman of easy virtue. 

Loun, lound, calm ; low and 
sheltered; still; tranquil. 

Loun'der, a severe, stunning 
blow ; to beat with severe 
strokes. 

Lound' er, quieter. 

Loup, a leap ; a jump ; to 
leap ; to spring ; to run or 
move quickly. 

Loup'ing-ill, leaping evil ; 
a disease among sheep. 

Loup-ing-on' -stane , a horse- 
block ; lit., the step-stone 
by which one gets to the 
saddle. 

Loup the dyke, to leap the 
fence ; to break out of or 
into the inclosure ; a 
scamp ; giddy ; unsettled. 

Love' able, lovable; praise- 
worthy. 

Low, lowe, a flame. 

Low'rie, abbreviation of 
Lawrence. 

Loivse, to loose. 

Lows'd, loosed. 

Luck'ie, a goody ; a gammer ; 
an old grandam. 

Luck'ie dad, luck'ie dad'die, 
a grandfather. 

Luck'-pen-ny , a small sum 
given back to the payer by 
one who receives money 
under a contract or bar- 
gain. 

Lug, the ear ; a handle. 

Lug' get, having a handle. 

Lug'gie, a small wooden 
dish with a handle. 



Lum, the chimney. 

Lunch, a large piece of 

cheese, flesh, &c. 
Lunt, a column of smoke ; to 

smoke. 
Lunt' in, smoking. 
Ly'art, of a mixed color ; 

gray. 



M. 

Mae, ma, moe, more. 

Magg, to steal. 

Magg (pi. maggs),' a half- 
penny ; a perquisite in 
pence to servants, &c. 

Mag' num., mag' num. • bo'- 
num, a double -sized bot- 
tle, holding two English 
quarts. 

Ma-houn', Satan. 

Mail, payable rent. 

Mail'ing, a farm. 

Mail' -pay-er , a rent-payer. 

Mailed (with the bluid), 
mixed. 

Main'ing, bemoaning. 

Mains, the farm attached to 
a parsonage-house ; a de- 
mesne. 

Mair, more. 

Maist, most ; almost. 

MaisV er-fu? , imperious ; vio- 

Maist'er-y, power. [lent. 

Maist'ly, mostly. 

Ma'jor-ing, looking and talk- 
ing big, or with a military 

Mak, to make. [air. 

Mak'in, making. 

Mai'len, a farm. 

Mai' lie, Molly. 

Mal'tal-ent, an evil purpose ; 
an evil inclination. 

Mam'mie, an infantine form 
of mamma. 

Mam'mocks, gobbets. 

Mane, a moan ; to moan ; t» 
bemoan. 

Mang, among. 

Man'na, must not. 

Manse, a parsonage house. 

Man' sworn, perjured. 

Man-teele', a mantle. 

Man'ty, mantua silk ; a 
mantle. 

Mark, marks. [This and 
several other nouns which 
in English require an s to 
form the plural, are in 
Scotch, like the words 
sheep, deer, &c, in Eng- 
lish, the same in both 
numbers.] 

Marie, marvel. 

Marled, variegated ; spotted ; 

Mar^s year, the year 1715. 

Mar 'row, to match ; a mate ; 
one of a pair. 

Mart, the fatted cow or what- 
ever animal is slaughtered 
at Martinmas for winter 
provision. [meslin. 

Mash' lum, mixed grain; 

Mask, to mash, as malt, &c; 
to infuse ; to be in a state 
of infusion. 

Mask'ing-fat, a mash-tub. 

Mask'in-pat ,' mask'ing-pat, 
a tea-pot. 

Mau'kin, maw'kin, a hare. 

Maun, must. 

Maun'der-ing, palavering ; 
talking idly or incoherent* 

Maun'na, must not. [ly. 

Maut, malt. 

Ma' vis, the thrush. 

Maw, to mow. 

Maw' in, mowing. 

Maw'king, maul'kin, a hare. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



849 



Mawn } mowed. 

May'bie, it may be ; perhaps. 

May'hap, it may happen. 

Mazed, amazed. 

Mear, meere, mare. 

Meg dorts, saucy Meg ; a 
saucy wench. 

Mei'kle, much ; great ; large ; 
big ; pre-eminent. 

Meiths, meaths, eggs of the 
blow-fly upon meat ; mag- 
gots. 

Meiths, marks ; landmarks. 

Mel-an-cho'li-ous , mournful. 

Mel'der, as much meal as is 
ground at one time. 

Mell, to be intimate ; to med- 
dle ; also, a mallet for 
pounding barley in a stone 
trough. 

Mells, meddles; mixes; in- 



Mel'tith, a meal. 

Mel' vie, to soil with meal. 

Men 1 , to mend. 

Mends, amends ; atonement ; 
revenge. 

Mense, good manners; de- 
corum ; moderation. 

Mense fu\ mannerly; mod- 
est. 

Mense'less, ill-bred ; rude ; 
impudent. 

Merle, the blackbird. 

Mess, mass. 

Me.s'san, rnes'sin, a little 
dog ; a cur. 

Mick'le. See Meilcle. 

Mid 1 den, a dunghill. 

Mid 1 den-hole , a gutter at the 
bottom of a dunghill. 

Midg'es, gnats. 

Might'na, might not. 

Mim, prim ; prudish ; pre- 
cise ; affectedly meek. 

Miri 1 , mind ; resemblance. 

Minced col' lops, minced 
beef. 

MincPt, mind it ; resolved ; 
intending. 

Min'nie, mother; dam. 

Mint, to aim ; to attempt ; to 
endeavor. 

Mirk, mirk' est, dark ; dark- 
est. — Pit m<,r &(pick mirk), 
dark as pitch. 

Mir'li-goes, dizziness ; me- 
grims in the head. 

Mis-ca\ to abuse; to call 
names. 

Mis-ca'd' , miscalled; abused 
and called names. 

Mis-chieve' , to do a mischief 
to ; to hurt. 

Mis-gug'gled, mangled and 
disfigured ; rumpled and 
disordered. 

Mis-learW, ill-taught; ill- 
bred ; unmannerly. 

Mis-lip' pen, to neglect ; to 
suspect and disappoint. 

Mis' set, put out of sorts. 

Mis'ter, need. — Mis'ter 
wight, a child of necessity ; 
a doubtful character. 

Mis-teuk', mistook. 

Mis-tryst', to disappoint by 
breaking an engagement ; 
to deceive ; to use ill. 

Mith'er, mother. 

Mit'tans, worsted gloves. 

Mix'tie max'tie, confusedly 
mixed. 

Miz'zles, measles. 

Moist'i-fy, to moisten. 

Mon'y, or mon'ie, many. 

Mools. See Mouls. 

Moop, to nibble as a sheep. 

Moor 1 -ill, muir'All, a disease 
among cattle. 



Moor 'Ian, of, or belonging | 
to, moors. [row. 

Morn. — The morn, to-mor- 

Morn'in\ morn'ing, morn- 
ing dram or draught. 

Marts, the skins of lambs 
that die of themselves. 

Moss' -hags, pits and sloughs 
in a mire or bog. 

Mot' tie, mot'ty, full of, or 
consisting of, motes. 

Mou, the mouth. 

Mou'di-warp, mou'di-wart, 
mou'di-wort, mould' warp, 
a mole. 

Mouls, or mools, earth ; the 
grave. 

Mous'ie, dimin. of mouse. 

Moust'ed (or must'ed) head, 
cropped head of hair, pow- 
dered with a kind of flour 
called must. 

Muck'le. See Meik'le. 

Mugs, muggs, the large Tees- 
water sheep. 

Muhme [Gael.], a nurse. 

Muils, mools, moulds ; cloth 
or list shoes for gout. 

Muir, a moor. 

Muir'-pouts, young grouse. 

Munt, to mount. 

Mur'geons, grimaces ; wry 
mouths. 

Mu'sie, diminutive of muse. 

Mus'lin-kail, broth com- 
posed simply of water, 
shelled barley, and greens. 

Mutch, a woman's linen or 
muslin cap. 

Mutch'kin, an English pint. 

My-sell', ma'' sell', myself. 



N. 



Na\ no; not; nor. 

Nae, no ; not any. 

Nae'thing, or nai'thing, 
nothing. 

Naig, a nag ; a horse. 

Nain, own. 

Nain'sell, ownself. 

Nane, none. 

Na'per-y, table-linen. 

Nap'py, ale ; tipsy ; elevated 
with drink. 

Nar, near. [ter. 

Nash' gab, impertinent chat- 

Nathe'less, nath'less, never- 
theless. 

Near, close ; narrow ; nig- 
gardly. 

Near' -hand, near at hand ; 
nearly ; almost. 

Neb' -bill, nose ; point of any 
thing. [nose. 

Neb'bit, having a beak or 

Nee'bor, a neighbor. 

Need'na, need not. 

Neeps, turnips. 

Ne'er-be-lick'it, nothing 

which could be licked up 
by dog or cat ; absolutely 
nothing. 

Ne^er' - do - vjeels, scape - 
graces, never to thrive. 

Neese, the nose. [fist. 

Neeve, the closed hand; the 

Nee'vie-nee'vie-nick'-nack, 
the first line to the re- 
maining three, viz. : 

" Which hand will you tak ? 
Tak the right, tak the wrang, 
I '11 beguile you if I can." 
A lottery rhyme used 
among boys while whirling 
the two closed fists round 
each other, one containing 
the prize, the other empty. 

Ne-gleck'it, neglected. 
54 



Neist, nighestf next. 

Neuk, a nook ; a corner. 

Nev'elled. See Knevelled. 

Nev'oy, nephew. 

New-fan' gled, new-fash- 
ioned ; engrossed with 
some novelty. 

Nich'er (ch representing a 
very harsh sound of h), to 
neigh ; to laugh in a loud 
and ridiculous manner. 

Nick'-nack-ets, trinkets; 
gimcracks. [tallies. 

Nick'-sticks, notched sticks ; 

Nieve. See Neeve. 

Nieve'fu 1 , a handful. 

Niff'er, an exchange; to 
exchange ; to barter. 

Nif'fy naf'fy, fastidious ; 
conceited and finical. 

Ni'ger (ne'ger), a negro. 

Night'-cowl, a night-cap. 

Nine-tailed-cat , a hang- 
man's whip. 

Nit } a nut. 

No Wed, knoit'ed, rapped ; 
struck forcibly against ; 
as, Noited their heads, 
knocked heads together. 

Nor, than. 

Nor'land, northland ; be- 
longing to the north coun- 
try. 

No'ticH, noticed. 

Nou'rice, a nurse. 

Nout, nowt, nowte, nolt, 
black cattle. 



0. 

0\ of. [shire. 

O'chils, mountains in Perth- 

Od ! odd! a minced oath, 
omitting one letter. 

Odd-come-short-ly , chance 
time not far off ; escape. 

O'e, o'y, o'ye, grandchild. 

Off'' -come, an excuse ; an 
escape in the way of sub- 
terfuge or pretext. 

haith, faith ! an oath. 

O-hon' ! o-hon-a-ri' ! (in- 
terj.) alas ! woe is me ! 

On'ding, fall of rain or 
snow. 

On'fall, a fall of rain or 
snow ; a falling on ; an 
attack. 

On'slaught, an inroad ; a hos- 
tile incursion ; an attack. 

On'stead, a farm-stead ; the 
buildings on a farm. 

On'y, on'ie, any. 

Open steek, open stitch. 

Or, ere ; before. 

Or'di-nar, ordinary ; com- 
mon ; usual. 

Or'ra, odd ; not matched ; 
what may be spared ; un- 
employed ; petty ; paltry. 

Ost'ler wife, a woman that 
kept an hostelry. 

OH, of it. 

Ou'rie, shivering ; drooping. 

Our-seV ' , or our-sels', our- 
selves. 

Out-byi, without; a little 
way out ; at some distance ; 
remote ; sequestered. 

Out'lers, cattle not housed. 

Out'shot, a projecting part 
of an old building. 

Out'tage, except ; besides. 

O'ver-ly, superficial ; not 
deep or thorough. 

O'vers-man, an overseer ; a 
superintendent ; an um- 
pire. 

Ow'er, over; above; too; 
too much. 



Ow'er-bye, over the way. 

Oiv'er-come, excess. 

Ow'er-lay, o , e?-lay, o'ver- 
lay, a cravat ; a covering. 

Ow'er-loup, to get over the 
fence ; to trespass on anoth- 
er's property. — Start and 
ower-loup, a law phrase re- 
lating to marches. 

Oiv'er-ta'en, overtaken. 

Oiv'er-word, the burden of 
a song. 

Ow'er-hip, a way of fetching 
a blow with the hammer 
over the arm. 

Ow'sen, oxen. 

O'ye, grandson. See Oe. 



Pa, papa. 

Pace,pasch, Easter. 

Pack, intimate ; familiar ; 
twelve stone of wool. 

Pai'dle, pet' tie, a paddle ; a 
staff; a plow-staff; a hoe. 

Pai'dle, to tramp, as clothes 
in a tub ; to walk with 
short and irregular steps, 
like those of children. 

Paik, to beat. 

Paiks, blows ; a beating. 

Painch, paunch. 

Pair'trick, a partridge. 

Palm'er-ing (paw'mer-ing), 
walking infirmly. 

Pang, to cram. 

Panged, crammed ; stuffed. 

Pant'ler, keeper of the pan- 
try. 

Pa-raffle, ostentatious dis- 
play. 

Parle, speech. 

Par' ait ch, par'ritch, por- 
ridge ; oatmeal pudding, a 
well-known Scotch dish. 

Par'o-chine (par'o-sheen), a 



Par'ritch-time, breakfast- 
time, [crab. 

Par'tan, the common sea- 

Pas-se-ment'ed, guarded 
with lace, fringe, &c. 

Pat, did put ; a pot. 

Pa' trick, pae' trick, par' trick, 
per'trick, a partridge. 

Pat' tie or pet' tie, a plow- 
staff. 

Pauch'ty, paugh'ty, proud ; 
haughty. 

Pauk, wile. 

Pauk'y, pawk'ie, or pawk'y, 
cunning ; sly ; wily ; drol- 
ly, but not mischievously. 

Pay't, paid ; beat. 

Pear'lins, pear'lings, lace 
made of silk or thread. 

Pease' -bo-gle, scarecrow. 

Pease'weep, peese' weep, pee' - 
weet, the lapwing. 

Peat , a pet ; a favorite. 

Peat-haggs, sloughs in 
places from whence peat 
has been dug. 

Peek, pegh, to fetch the 
breath short, as in an 
asthma. [ach. 

Pech'an, the crop ; the stom- 

Peeching. See Peghing. 

Ped'der, a peddler ; a hawker. 

Pee'ble, a pebble. 

Peel, a pool; a place of 
strength, or fortification, 
in general. In particular, 
it signifies a strongholdy 
the defenses of which are 
of earth mixed with tim- 
ber, strengthened with pal- 



850 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Peel, peel-house, in the Bor- 
der counties, a small square 
tower, built of stone and 
lime. 

Peel' in, peeling. [whine. 

Peenge, to complain ; to 

Peer, poor ; a pear ; to make 
equal, or of the same rank. 

Peen'gin, whining. 

Pee'rie, a boy's spinning-top, 
set in motion by the pull 
of a string, in place of be- 
ing whipped ; curious ; sus- 
picious. 

Peers, pears. 

Pegh'ing, pech'ing, puffing 
and panting; breathing 
hard. 

Peghts, thePicts. 

Pel'lack, pel'lock, a porpoise ; 
in old Scotch, a bullet. 

Pel'trie, furrier's wares. 

Pen 1 -gun, a popgun. 

Pen'ny-stane, a stone quoit. 

Pen'sy, pen'sie, proud and 
conceited ; spruce. [&c. 

Pet, a domesticated sheep, 

Pet' tie, to cherish ; to in- 
dulge ; to treat as a pet ; 
a plow-staff. 

Phil'a-beg, the Highland 
kilt. 

Phraise, fair speeches; flat- 
tery ; to flatter ; to cajole. 

Phrais'in, phrais'ing, palav- 
ering ; making long or fine 
speeches ; flattery. 

Pi'broch ( pee'broch, — ch hav- 
ing a harsh , guttural sound 
of h), a Highland war-song 
adapted to the bag-pipe. 

Pick, a pick-ax ; also, pitch. 

Pick'^mirk, dark as pitch. 

Pick'le, a grain of corn ; 
a small quantity of any 
thing. — To pick'le in our 
ain pock'neuk, to supply 
ourselves from our own 



Pick' -maw, a small sea-gull. 

Pic-tar' nie, the great tern. 

Pig, an earthen pot, vessel, 
or pitcher ; a can for a 
chimney-top. 

Pigs, piggs, crockery-ware. 

Pike, to pick ; to cull ; to 
select. 

Pil'hie-winks, instruments 
for torturing - the fingers. 
See Pinnywinkles. 

Pinch' ers, pincers ; iron 
crows. 

Pine, pain ; uneasiness. 

Ping'ing, uttering feeble, 
frequent, and somewhat 
peevish complaints. A 
sickly, spoiled child is 
called a pinging thing. 

Ping'led, pained ; put to 
difficulty. 

Pin'ner, a cap with lappets, 
formerly worn by women 
of rank. 

Pin'ny-wink-les, a board 
with holes, into which the 
fingers are thrust, and 
pressed upon with pegs, as 
a species of torture. 

Pint, two English quarts. 

Pint'-stoup, a two quart 
measure. 

Pi'ot-ed, py'ot-ed, piebald. 

Pipe' sta-ple , a tobacco-stop- 
per ; also , broken tubes of 
clay tobacco-pipes. 

Pirn, a bobbin ; the bobbin 
of a spinning-wheel ; the 
reed or quill bobbin in a 
weaver's shuttle ; the wheel 
©f a fishing-rod. 



Pit, to put. 

Pith, strength. 

Pith' less, wanting strength. 

Pla-card', a public procla- 
mation. 

Plack, an old Scotch copper 
coin, equal to the third of 
an English penny. 

Plack'less, pennyless ; with- 
out money. 

Plain'stanes, the pavement. 

Pla'tie, diminutive of plate. 

Plen' ish-ing , furniture. 

Plew, or pleugh, a plow. 

Pleugh'-pet'tle, a plow-staff. 

Plies, folds. 

Plic'kie , a mischievous 
trick. [scalding hot. 

Plot, to scald; to make 

Plot' tie, mulled wine. 

Ploy, employment ; a harm- 
less frolic ; a merry meet- 
ing. 

Pluff, a puff ; a hairdresser's 
powder puff ; to puff. 

Pock, poke, a pouch ; a bag. 

Pock-man'ty, portmanteau. 

Poind, to distrain ; to seize 
on cattle, or take the 
goods, as the laws of Scot- 
land allow for rent. 

Po-lo'nie, Po-lo'ni-an, a 
great-coat ; a Polish sur- 
tout; a dress for very 
young boys, including a 
sort of waistcoat, with 
loose, sloping skirts. 

Pone, a thin turf. 

Poo, to pull. 

Poo'in\ pulling. 

Poor'fu\ powerful. 

Poor~man-of-mutton, cold 
meat ; cold mutton broiled. 

Poor'tith, poverty. 

Poo'try, pou'try, poultry. 

Poots, pouts, poults ; young 
grouse, &c. 

Pop'pling, bubbling; purl- 
ing ; rippling. 

Pose, a deposit ; a hoard of 
money. 

Po'sie, a nosegay. 

Po-ta'toe-bo-gle, a scare- 
crow. 

Pot'ter-car'ri-er , pot'tin-ger, 
an apothecary. 

Pou, to pull. 

Pouch, a pocket. 

Pouk, to pluck ; to pull ; a 
slight, quick pull, or 
sportive snatch. 

Pouss, pouse, poos, a push. 

Pous'sie, poos' ie, a hare or 
cat. 

Pout, a poult ; a chick ; a 
young child ; a young par- 
tridge or moor-fowl ; to 
shoot at young grouse or 
partridges. 

Pou>t, did pull. 

Pou'ther, powder. 

Pou'thered, powdered; corn- 
ed ; slightly salted. 

Pou'thery, like powder. 

Pou'ting, shooting at the 
young poults of partridges. 

Pow, the poll ; the head ; 
also, a pool. 

Pow'nie, pow'ny, a little 
horse. 

Pow-sow' die , sheep's head 
broth ; milk and meal 
boiled together ; any mixt- 
ure of incongruous sorts 
of food. 

Pow'ter-ing, pock'er-ing, 
pol'ter-ing, groping among 
the ashes ; or pokering in- 
cessantly in the fire ; rum- 
maging in the dark. 



Pow'ther, or pou'ther, pow- 
der. 

Prat'ty, pretty. 

Pre-ceese'ly , precisely. 

Preen, a pin. 

Prent, printing. 

Pres'ta-ble, payable. 

Prick, spur. 

Prick-my-dainty , affected 
and finical. 

Prie, to taste ; to prove by 
tasting. 

Pri'd, tasted. 

Prief, proof. [to haggle. 

Prig, to cheapen ; to dispute ; 

Prigged, entreated earnest- 
ly; pleaded hard; haggled 
for a bargain. 

Prig' gin, cheapening. 

Prim' si e, demure ; precise. 

Pro-pale', to publish ; to dis- 
close. 

Pro' pine, a present; a gift; 
drink-money. 

Pro -p one' , to lay down; to 
propose. 

Pro'vos-es, provosts. 

Pub'lic, a public-house ; an 
inn. 

Pud'dings, guts ; sausages. 

Pun,pund, pound, pounds. 

Puir, poor. 

Pup'it (pdbp'it), a pulpit. 

Put on, clothed; dressed. 

Putted a stane, pitched or 
threw a stone with the 
hand raised over the head. 
Putting the stone, is a 
very old Scottish and 
northern gymnastic exer- 
cise. 

Py'at,py'ot, a magpie. 

Pyk'et, plk'et, picked ; made 
bare. 

Pyle. — A pyle o' caff, a sin- 
gle grain, chaff. 



Q- 



Quaich, quaigh, ; 
shallow drinking-cup with 
two ears for handles. 

Quar'ters, lodgings. 

Quak, to quake. 

Quat, to quit. 

Quean, a j r oung woman. 
The term, like the English 
wench, is sometimes used 
jocularly, though oftener 
disrespectfully. 

Quee'ry-mad-am [Fr. cuise- 
madame], a pear so called. 

Queish, quegh. See Quaich. 

Quern (kyoorn), a handmill. 

Quern (kwern), a grain. 

Quey, a heifer ; a young 
cow. 

R. 

Rade, rode. 

Raes, roes. 

Raff, a person of worthless 
character. See Scowff. 

Rag' weed, herb ragwort. 

Rai'ble, to rattle nonsense. 

Raid, a, hostile or plundering 
incursion. 

Raip, a rape ; a rope ; a rood. 

Rair, to roar ; a roar ; an 
outcry. 

Paired, roared. 

Raise, rose ; arose. 

Raize, to madden ; to in- 
flame. 

Ram-fee'zVd, fatigued ; over 
spread. 

Ram-pal' lions, rude romps. 

Ram-pauge' t ram-pag', to 



rage and storm ; to prance 

about with fury. 
Ram'-stam, thoughtless', 

forward; rash. 
Ran'dy, riotous ; disorderly. 
Rap' loch, properly a coarse, 

undyed, woolen cloth, but 

used as an adjective for 

coarse. 
Rap-pa-rees' , worthless run- 



Rap-scal'li ons , rascals. 

Rase, rose. 

Rare'ly, excellently ; very 
well. 

Rash, a rush. — Rash-buss, a 
bush of rushes. 

Rath, ready ; quick ; early. 

Rat'ten, rat' ton, rot'tin, rot 1 - 
ton, a rat. 

Rau'cle, rash ; stout ; fear- 
less. 

Raught, reached. 

Raun'le-tree, ran' die-tree, 
ran' tie-tree , the beam from 
which the crook is sus- 
pended, where there is no 
grate ; also, a tree chosen 
with two branches, which 
are cut short, and left 
somewhat in the form of 
the letter Y, set close to or 
built into the gable of a 
cottage, to support one 
e.nd of the roof-tree. 

Rave, tore. 

Rav'elled, entangled ; con- 
fused. 

Raw, a row. 

Rax, to stretch. [ing. 

Rax'ing, reaching ; stretch- 
Ream, cream ; to cream. 

Ream' in, brimful ; frothing. 

Reave, rove. 

Reav'ing, open violent thiev- 
ing. 

Reck, to heed. 

Red, to interfere and sepa- 
rate, as in the case of two 
people fighting; to disen- 
tangle; to clear; to put 
in order. 

Red, redd, advice ; to advise. 

Red'der's-lick. See Red'- 
ding-straik. 

Red' ding, unraveling ; put- 
ting to rights. 

Red' ding- came, a large- 
toothed comb. 

Red' ding-straik, a stroke re- 
ceived in attempting to 
separate combatants in a 
fray ; a blow in return for 
officious interference. 

Redd up, to put in order. 

Rede, counsel ; to counsel ; 
to advise ; also, to sepa- 
rate; to put to rights. 

Red'shank, a Highlander 
with buskins of red-deer 
skin, with the hair out- 
wards ; applied also as a 
nickname to a Highlander, 
in derision of his bare legs. 

Red-wat-shod, walking in 
blood over the shoe-tops. 

Red'-wud, stark mad. 

Ree, half drunk; fuddled. 

Reek, smoke. 

Reek, reik, rink, course ; ex- 
ploit ; adventure ; frolic. 

Reek'ie, smoky. 

Reek' in, smoking. 

Reek'it, smoked ; smoky. 

Reev'ing, reiv'ing, reav'ing, 
robbing. 

Reird. See Rair. 

Reise, ryse, twig. 

Reis'es, cut brushwood 
shrubs. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 851 



Heist, to stop obstinately ; to 
stick fast in the middle ; to 
arrest ; to dry by the heat 
of the sun, or in a chim- 
ney. 

Reist'ed, stopped ; stuck 
fast ; also, roosted ; smoke- 
dried. 

Reist'ing, restive ; having 
the habit of stopping, as a 

Re-mead', remedy. [horse. 

Re-quite', requited. 

Rest, to stand restive. 

Rest'it, stood restive ; stunt- 
ed ■; withered. 

Re-strick'ed, restricted. 

Rick'le, a shook of corn, a 
stook ; a heap of stones, or 
peats, &c. 

Rid' tug-days, days of hostile 
incursions on horse-back. 

Rief, reef, plenty ; robbery. 

Rief, ran'dies, sturdy beg- 

Riev'ers, robbers. [gars. 

Ritv'ing. See Reeving. 

Riff-raff, the rabble 

Rig, a ridge of land; the 
back of an animal ; course ; 
path. 

Rig, rigg, a wild adventure ; 
a dissipated frolic. 

Rig'ging, back ; ridge ; roof. 

Rig'ging-tree, roof-tree. 

Rin, to run ; to melt. — Rin 1 - 
nin, running. 

Rink, the course of the 
stones ; — a term in curling 
on ice. 

Rin' -there-out, to run out of 
doors ; to gad about ; a 
vagabond ; vagrant. 

Rip, a handful of un threshed 
corn. 

Ripe, to grope ; to search. 

Rip'ling-kame , an instru- 
ment for dressing flax. 

Risk' it, made a noise like 
the tearing of roots. 

Ritt, to make an incision in 
the ground as a line of di- 
rection in digging ; to rip ; 
to tear ; a slight incision in 
the ground ; a scratch 
made on a board, &c. 

Rive, to rift ; to split ; to 
rend ; to tear. 

Riv'en, rent ; torn. 

Riz'zer'd, half- salted and 
half-dried, as fish. 

Rock, a distaff. 

Rock'in, spinning on the 
rock, or distaff. 

Rok'e-lay, a short cloak. 

Rood, stands likewise for the 
plural roods. 

Roon, a shred. 

Roop'it, hoarse. 

Roose, ruse, to praise; to 
commend ; to extol. 

Rot'ten, a rat. 

Rough'ies, withered boughs ; 
a sort of rude torches ; 
also, dried heath. 

Roun'', round; in the circle 
of neighborhood. 

Round, roun, a whisper. 

Roup, auction. [cold. 

Roup'et, hoarse, as with a 

Roup'mg, auctioning. 

Roup'ing wife, a saleswoman 
who attends roups. 

Roup'it, roup'ed, sold by 
auction. 

Roust'ed, roost'ed, rusted. 

Routh, plenty. 

Routh'ie, plentiful. 

Rout'ing, rowt'ing, roaring ; 
bellowing ; snoring. 

Rov'ing, raving ; delirious ; 
in high spirits. 



Row, to roll ; to wrap ; a roll ; 
a list ; a roll of bread. 

Row'an-tree, mountain ash. 

Row'ed, rolled. 

Rowt, to roar like a bull. 

RowH, rolled ; wrapped. 

Rowte, to low ; to bellow. 

Rowth, or routh, plenty. 

Rowt'in, lowing. 

Ro'zet, rosin. 

Rub'bit, robbed. [woman. 

Ru'das, rowds, a haggard old 

Rue, or rew, to repent. 

Rug, to pull ; a dog-cheap 
bargain. 

Rug'ging, pulling roughly. 

Rul'lion, a shoe made of un- 
tanned leather ; a coarse- 
made, masculine woman. 

Rund, rand, a selvage of 
broadcloth ; list. 

Rung, a cudgel ; a rough un- 
dressed staff. 

Runk'led, wrinkled. 

Runt, the stem of colewort 
or cabbage ; an old cow. 

Ryke, reach. 



Sa, sae, so. 

Sack and fork [Lat. fossa et 
furca], pit and gallows ; 
the power of drowning and 
hanging. 

Sack-doud'ling, bagpiping. 

Sack'less, saik'less, sake'less, 
innocent. 

Saft, soft. 

Sain, to bless against evil 
influence ; literally, to sign 
with the sign of the cross. 

Sair, sore ; painful ; sorely ; 
a sore ; very much ; to 
serve ; to fit ; vagrant. 

Sair'ly, or sair'lie, sorely. 

Sair't, served. 

Sal'vage, savage. 

San'dy lav'er-ock, a sand- 
lark ; a sanderling. 

Sap, a sop ; a ninny ; a 
heavy-headed fellow. 

Sape'less. See Sack'less. 

Sark, a shirt. 

Sark'it, provided with shirts. 

Saugh, the sallow, broad- 
leaved willow. 

Said, soul ; mettle. 

Sau'lie, a hired mourner. 

Sault'fat, a pickling-tub ; a 
beef-stand. 

Sau'mont, a salmon. 

Saunt, a saint. 

Saur'less, insipid ; tasteless. 

Saut, salt. 

Saut'fit, salt-dish. 

Saw, to sow seed. 

Saw'in, saio'ing, sowing. 

Sawn, sown. 

Sax, six. [ble. 

Scaff' -raff, riff-raff; rab- 

Scaith, to damage ; to in- 
jure ; injury ; harm. 

Scaith'less, unharmed; un- 
injured, [rate. 

Scald, scauld, to scold; to 

Scar, to scar ; a scar. 

Scart, scarth, a cormorant. 

Scart, to scratch ; to scrape ; 
a scratch ; a meager, puny- 
looking person ; a niggard. 

Scat, loss ; damage' trib- 
ute ; tax. 

Scaud, to scald. 

Scaud'ing, scalding. 

Scauff-and-raff, rough plen- 
ty, without selection ; fun 
and frolic in plenty ; ref- 
use; rabble. 



Scauld, to scold ; a scold. 

Scaur, apt to be scared ; to 
scare ; to frighten ; a pre- 
cipitous bank of earth over- 
hanging a river ; a cliff. 

Scaivl, a scold. [rascal. 

Schelm, shelrn, a rogue ; a 

Sclate, to slate ; to cover with 
slates, as a roof. 

Sclat'ed, slated. 

Scom'fish, to suffocate by 
bad air. [small cake. 

Scone, a kind of bread ; a 

Scotch col'lops, scotched col- 
lops ; beefsteaks scotched 
and broiled in the frying- 
pan. 

Scoup, skelp, to move hastily 
from one place to another ; 
to run ; to scamper. 

Scour, to urge forward ; to 
whip ; to flog ; to beat. 

Scow 'titer, to scorch. 

Scraich, scraigh, to scream 
as a hen, partridge, &c. 

Scrank'y, thin ; lean ; lank. 

Scraugh'ing, scraigh'ing, 
screaming hoarsely. 

Screed, to tear ; a rent ; a 
long strip of cloth hastily 
torn off; a long tirade 
upon any subject, hastily 
brought out ; a rash frolic ; 
a poetical effusion in writ- 
ing; a long list or cata- 
logue. 

Screed' ed, torn ; rent. 

Screigh o' morning, the first 
dawn. [along. 

Scrieve } to glide swiftly 

Scriev'm, gleesomely ; swift- 

Scrimp, to scant. [ly. 

Scrimp' et, did scant ; scanty. 

Scrimp'ness, scantiness ; 
small allowance. 

Scrog'gie, covered with un- 
derwood. 

Scud, a heavy shower. 

Scud'lar, a scullion. 

Scufe, the racket or stringed 
battledoor used in striking 
the ball at tennis. 

Scul-dud' de-ry , grossness ; 
obscenity in act or word. 

Scull, a shallow basket for 
fish or for peat-fuel. 

Scun'ner, disgust. 

Sealgh, selch, a seal or sea- 
calf, [sea-gull. 

Sea' -maw, the sea-mew or 

Sean'na-chie, a Highland 
bard who preserved and 
repeated the traditions of 
the tribes. 

See'd, did see ; saw. 

Seer, sure. 

Seil'ed, strained through a 
cloth or sieve. 

Seip'ed, oozed. 

Seip'ing, oozing. 

Seiz'in, seizing. 

Sel, sell, self. — A body's sel, 
one's self alone. — The sell 
o' it, itself. 

Sell't, did sell ; sold. 

Semple, of low birth ; — op- 
posed to gentle. 

Sen', to send. 

Sen't, I, he, or she sent, or 
did send ; send it. 

Se'r'ing, sai'ring, serving ; 
as much as serves the 
turn ; enough. 

Serv'in', servant. [suit. 

Set, to fit ; to become ; to 

Sets, sets off, goes away. 

Set'tlin, settling. — To get a 
settlin, to be frightened 
into quietness. 

Sey, the opening in a gown 



or shift through which the 
arm passes ; a sort of 
woolen cloth. — Back'sey, 
a sirloin of beef. 

Shab'ble, a cutlass. 

Shaird, a shred ; a shard. 

Shand, worthless ; base coin. 

Shan'gan, a stick cleft at 
one end for putting th« 
tail of a dog, &c, into, by 
way of mischief, or to 
frighten him away. 

Shang'ling, shambling. 

Shanks, legs. — Shank your- 
sell awa\ take to your 
legs ; be off. 

Sham, thin cow-dung. 

Shath'mont, six inches in 
length. 

Shauch'ling, shaugh'ling, 
shambling. — SMauchling 
shoon, shoes trodden down 
on one side by bad walking. 

Shave, sheeve, a slice of 
bread, cheese, &c. 

Sha'ver, a humorous wag ; a 
barber. 

Sha'vie, to do an ill turn. 

Shaw, to show ; a small 
wood in a hollow place. 

Shaws, stems and leaves of 
potatoes, turnips, &c. 

Sheal'ing, a temporary sum- 
mer milk -house ; a hut ; a 
shelter. 

Shear, to cut ; to divide. 

Shear'ing, sheer'ing, reaping. 

SheeV ing-hill, rising ground 
near a mill, where the 
shelled oats are winnowed. 

Sheen, bright; shining. 

Sheen'est, clearest. 

Sheep'-shank. — To think 
one's selfnae sheep-shank, 
to be conceited. 

Shel'lum, skel'lum, a rogue ; 
a low, worthless fellow. 

Shel'tie, a pony. 

Sher'ra-moor, Sheriff-moor, 
the famous battle fought 
in the Rebellion, A. D 
1715. 

Sheugh, a ditch; a trench; 
a sluice. 

Shiel, a shed ; to shell ; to 
take out of the husk. 

Skill, shrill. 

Shilp'it, weak ; washy and 
insipid. 

Shin'ty, an inferior species 
of golf; also, the club or 
stick used in playing the 
game. 

Shog, a shock ; a push off at 
one side. 

Shog'ging, shaking : jogging. 

Shool, a shovel ; to shovel. 

Shoon, shoes. 

Shore, to offer ; to threaten. 

Shor'd, shored, offered ; 
threatened. 

Should'na, sud'na, should 
not. 

Shot'-ivin-dow, a small win- 
dow, chiefly filled with a 
board that opens and 
shuts ; a projecting win- 
dow. 

Shou'ther, shoulder. — To 
show the cauld shouther, to 
appear cold and reserved. 

Shreigh, shriegh, to shriek. 

Shule. See Shool. 

Shute, to push ; to shoot. 

Sibb, related to by blood. 

Sic, sic' can, such. 

Sic'like, just so — Sic and 
siclike, a phrase commonly 
used to denote strict re- 
sembianoe. 



852 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Sic'car, secure ; safe ; cau- 
tious ; precise in speech. 

Bick'er, sure ; steady. 

Side, long ; hanging low; — 
said of garments. 

Side'lins, sidelong ; slanting. 

Sil'ler, silver ; money. 

SiVlock, a fish ; Gadus car- 
bonarius. 

Sil'ly, in a weakly state of 
health, whether of body or 
mind. 

Sim'mer, summer. 

Sin, a son. 

Si?i', since. 

Sin' dry, sundry ; in a state 
of disjunction. 

Sith, since. 

Skaith. See Scaith. 

Skart, a scratch ; to scratch. 

Skee'ly, skei'ly, skeel'fu 1 , 
skillful ; cunning ; intelli- 
gent. 

Skeen, a knife; a dirk. — 
Skeen dubh, a black knife, 
the Highlander's ' ' dernier 
ressort." 

Skel'lies, squints. 

Skel'loch, a shrill cry ; a 
squall ; wild mustard ; wild 
radish. 

Skel'lum , a worthless fellow. 

Skelp, to strike ; to slap ; to 
walk with a smart trip- 
ping step ; a smart stroke ; 
a blow ; a squall ; a heavy 
fall of rain. 

Skel'pin, skelp'ing, walking ; 
moving rapidly ; also, slap- 
ping with the palm of the 
hand. 

Skelp' y-lim'mer, a technical 
term in female scolding. 

Skep, a bee-hive. 

Sketrh'ers, skitch'ers, skates. 

Skiegh, or skeigh, proud; 
nice ; high-mettled. 

Skink, to pour out; also, 
soup made of the skink or 
hough of beef. [liquor. 

Skink' er, a pourer out of 

Skink'lin, a small portion. 

Skirl, to shriek ; to cry shril- 
ly ; a shrill cry. — A Skirl 
in the pan, the noise made 
by a frying-pan when the 
butter is put in which pre- 
pares it for receiving the 
meat ; also, the dish pre- 
pared in this manner. 

Skirl' ing, shrieking ; crying. 

SkirPt, shrieked. 

Skitt, banter ; jeer. 

Ski'vie, out of the proper 
direction ; deranged. 

Sklent, slant ; to run aslant ; 
to deviate from truth. 

Sklent' ed, ran, or hit, in an 
oblique direction. 

Skouth, vent ; free action. 

Skreigh , to scream ; to 
screech ; a loud, shrill cry. 
— Skreigh o' day, peep of 
day. 

Shrimp, to stint, as to meas- 
ure or quantity. 

Skul-dud' de-ry , fornication. 
See Sculduddery. 

Skyte, to slide rapidly off; a 
worthless fellow. 

Slack, an opening between 
two hills ; a hollow where 
no water runs. [along. 

Slade, did slide ; slid ; slipped 

Slae, sloe. 

Slais'ter-ing, doing any 
thing in an awkward and 
untidy way : — especially 
applied to dabbling in any 
thing moist or unctuous. 



Slais'ters, dirty slops. 

Slake, to smear ; a small 
quantity of that with 
which any thing is be- 
daubed, [a fence. 

Slap, a gate ; a breach in 

Slaw, slow. 

Sleave' less-gate, sleave'less- 
errand, an idle errand. 

Slee, sly. —Sle'est, slyest. 

Sleek'it, sleek ; sly. 

Slid'der-y, slippery. 

Slight'ed, dismantled, as a 
fortress. 

Slim, worthless ; bad. 

Slink, little worth ; not to 
be depended upon as good : 
also, veal of a calf killed 
immediately after birth ; 
a sneaking fellow; a cheat. 

Slo'an, a sloven. [ed. 

Slock'ened, slaked ; quench- 

Slo'gan, a war-cry or gather- 
ing word. 

Slok'en, to quench ; to slake. 

Slot' -hounds. sleuth' -hounds, 
blood-hounds who follow 
the slot, or scent. 

Slue, to slip softly and qui- 
etly. 

Slump, the noise made by 
any thing falling into a 
hole, or into a soft, miry 
place ; a marsh ; a swamp. 

Slype, to fall over, as a wet 
furrow from the plough. 

Slyp'et, fell. 

Sma\ small. 

Smaik, a silly fellow ; a puny 
fellow ; a paltry rogue. 

Smed'dum, dust ; powder ; 
mettle ; sense. 

Smeeked, smeek'it, smoked. 

Smid'dy, a smithy. 

Smoor, to smother. 

Smoor^d, smothered. 

Srnout'ie, smutty ; obscene ; 
ugly- 

Smyt'rie, a numerous collec- 
tion of small individuals. 

Snag, snag'gy, a branch 
broken off from a tree ; 
a tree having the branches 
roughly cut off. — Aik- 
snag, a stunted, gnarled 
stump of an oak. 

Snap'per, to stumble. 

Snaps, gingerbread nuts. 

Snash, abuse ; billingsgate. 

Snatch, a hasty repast. 

Snaw, snow ; to snow. 

Snaw'-broo, melted snow. 

Snaw'ie, snowy. 

Sneck, the latch of a door. — 

Sneck drawer, a latch-lifter ; 
a bolt-drawer ; sly fellow. 

Sneek'et, secured by a latch ; 
notched. 

Sned, to lop ; to cut off. 

Sneesh'ing, snesh'in, snuff. 

Sneesh'ing-mill, a snuff-box. 

Snell, bitter ; biting ; sharp ; 
cold ; severe. 

Snick, the latchet of a door. 

Snick' -draw' ing, trick-con- 
triving. 

Snig' ge.r-ing , tittering sneer- 

Snod, neat. [ingly. 

Snood, a young woman's fil- 
let for tying round her 
hair, only worn by maid- 
ens. 

Snool, one whose spirit is 
broken with oppressive 
slavery ; to submit tamely ; 
to sneak. 

Snoove, to go smoothly and 
constantly ; to sneak. 

Snot'ter, the proboscis of a 
turkey-cock. — To snotter 



and snivel, to blubber and 
snuffle. To snotter is also 
to go loiteringly. 

Snowk, to scent or snuff, as 
a dog, horse, &c. 

Snowk' it, scented ; snuffed. 

Snuffy, sulky ; angry ; 
vexed. 

Some' dele, somewhat. 

Some' gate, somehow ; some- 
where. 

Son'sie, having sweet, en- 
gaging looks ; lucky ; jolly ; 
fat. 

Soom, to swim. [oath. 

Sooth, truth ; — a petty 

Sor'ners, sojourners ; sturdy 
beggars : obtrusive guests, 
who pleaded privilege, and 
were not easily got rid of, 
at least in the Highlands, 
where the Acts of Parlia- 
ment against them were 
not enforced. 

Sorn'ing, spunging, and 
playing the unwelcome 
guest. 

Sort, to assort ; to arrange ; 
to fit ; to accommodate and 
manage. 

Sough, the noise of wind ; a 
sigh ; a sound dying on 
the ear ; the breathing of a 
person in deep sleep ; the 
chant, or recitative, pecu- 
liar to the old Presbyteri- 
ans in Scotland, and to 
certain extra-religious 

castes every where ; also, 
a rumor. 

Soitp, a spoonful or mouth- 
ful of soup, or other liquid, 
or spoon-meat. 

Sou'ple, the striking part of 
a flail ; the swiple ; a piece 
of wood used as a cudgel. 

Sou'ple, supple ; flexible ; 
active ; swift ; also, subtle. 

Sow'ther, solder ; to solder ; 
to cement. 

Sou'ther, sow'der, solder. 

South'ron, a south-country- 
man ; an Englishman. 

Sow'ens, flummery ; blanc- 
mange, made of the oat- 
meal which remains in the 
bran after bolting, con- 
verted into a sub - acid 
starch. 

Sowp, a spoonful ; a small 
quantity of any thing 
liquid. 

Soivth, to try over a tune 
with a low whistle. 

Sou'ter, sou'tor, a shoe- 
maker, [tell. 

Spae, to prophesy ; to fore- 

Spae'-wife, a prophetess. 

Spairge, to dash ; to soil, as 
with mire. 

Spang, a bound or spring ; to 
spring with elastic force. 

Spanged, sprung. 

Spar'ry-grass, asparagus. 

Spate, a swell in a river ; an 
inundation ; a sweeping 
torrent, after rain or thaw. 

Spaul, a limb. [der. 

Spauld, spawld, the shoul- 

Spa'viet, having the spavin. 

Speck and span new, quite 

Speel, to climb. [new. 

Speer, to ask. 

Spee'rings, askings ; an- 
swers to questions asked ; 
information. 

Spence, dispensary ; parlor. 

Spick and span, matter and 
form. 

Spier, to ask ; to inquire. 



Spier't, inquired. 

Splat'ter, to splutter. 

Spleuch'an, spleugh'an, a to- 
bacco-pouch. 

Splore, a frolic ; noise ; riot. 

Sponk, a sulphur match. 

Spor'ran [Gael.], a purse. 

Sprack, spruce ; sprightly. 

Sprach'led, scrambled. 

Spraick'le, to scramble ; to 
get on with difficulty. 

Sprat'tle, to scramble. 

Spreagh, prey ; booty ; liter- 
ally, cattle. 

Spreagh'er-ie, cattle-lifting ; 
prey-driving; also, small 
spoil : paltry booty of small 
articles. [led. 

Spreck'led, spotted; speck- 

Spree, spray, a convivial in- 
dulgence ; a frolic ; a lark. 

Spring, a merry tune to 
which people spring and 
dance : a Scottish reel. 

Sprit, a tough rooted plant, 
something like rushes. 

Sprit'tie, full of spirits. 

Sprug, a sparrow. 

Sprush, spruce. 

£pul'zie, spoil. 

Spule'-bane, the blade-bone. 

Spune, a spoon. 

Spunk, a match ; a taper ; a 
spark of fire ; a small fire ; 
mettle; wit. 

Spunk'ie, mettlesome; fiery ; 
a will-o-wisp, or ignis fa- 
tuus. 

Spvrt'le, a stick used in mak- 
ing oatmeal pudding or 
porridge, a notable Scotch 
dish. 

Spur'-whang, spur leather. 

Squad, a crew ; a party. 

Squat' ter, to flutter in water, 
as a wild duck, &c. 

Squat'tle, to sprawl. 

Squeel, a scream ; a screech ; 
to scream. 

Stach'er, to stagger. 

Stack, a rick of corn, hay, 
&c. 

Staff, a stave. 

Stag'gie, the diminutive of 
stag. 

Staig, a young horse not yet 
broken in for work or rid- 
ing ; a stallion. 

Staik, steak. 

Stam'ach, stomach. 

Stance, standing-place ; sta- 
tion ; position. 

Stan'chels, stan'chions, iron 
bars for securing windows. 

Stane, staine, stone. 

Stang, a sting ; to sting ; al- 
so, a long pole ; a branch 
of a tree. 

Stank, a pool of standing 
water. 

Stanf, to stand. — Stan't, 
did stand ; stood. 

Stap, stop. 

Stark, stout ; strong ; rigid ; 
stiff. — Stark staring mad, 
evidently quite mad. 

Star' tie, to run, as cattle 
stung by the gad-fly. 

Staum'rel, a blockhead ; 
half-witted. 

Staw, did steal ; stole ; to 
surfeit ; to put to a stand. 

Stech, to cram the belly. 

Stech'in, cramming. 

Steek, to shut ; a stitch. 

Steer, to molest ; to stir. 

Steer'd, stirred ; meddled 
with. 

Stee'ry, bustle ; stir ; disturb- 
ance ; tumult ; quandary. 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



853 



Steeve, stiff ; strong ; dura- 

ble ; firm ; compact. 
Steeve'ly, stieve'ly, firmly. 

St ell, a covert ; a shelter ; an 
inclosure for cattle ; a still. 

Sten, to rear as a horse. 

Stend, to make long steps. 

StenH, reared. [kind. 

Stents, tribute ; dues of any 

Sterns, starns, stars. [est. 

Stey, steep.— Stey'est, steep- 

Stib'ble, stubble. 

Stib'bler, a clerical probation- 
er ; — applied in ridicule 

Stibbling, the reaper in har- 
vest who takes the lead. 

Stick an stow, totally ; alto- 
gether. 

Stick'ed, stick'it, stuck ; 
stabbed ; bungled and 
spoiled in the making. — 
Stick'et minister, a clerical 
student or probationer, be- 
come unqualified for the 
ministerial office from in- 
competency or immoral 
conduct. 

Stieve'ly, stiffly ; firmly. 

Stile, a crutch ; to halt ; to 
limp. 

Stim'part, the eighth part of 
a Winchester bushel. 

Sting and ling, by force ; vi 
et armis. 

Stir, sir. 

Stirk, a young steer or heifer 
between one and two years 
old. 

Stock, a plant or root of 
cole wort, cabbage, &c. 

Stock' in, stocking. — Throw- 
ing the stockin, when the 
bride and bridegroom are 
put into bed, and the can- 
dle is put out, the former 
throws a stocking at ran- 
dom among the company, 
and the person whom it 
strikes is the next that will 
be married. 

Stoit'ing, staggering. 

Stook'ed, made up in shocks 
as corn. 

Stoop and roop, stump and 
rump ; altogether. 

Stoor, to rise in foam or 
spray, or in clouds, as dust 
or smoke ; to move swift- 
ly ; also, sounding hollow ; 
strong and hoarse. [ing. 

Stoor'-look-ing, gruff-look- 

Stot, a bullock between two 
and three years old. 

Stoup, or stowp, a kind of 
jug or dish with a handle. 

Stour, stoor, stern ; gruff ; 
large and strong ; tall. 

Stour, stour e, dust, more 
particularly dust in mo- 
tion ; skirmish ; battle. 

Stouth and routh, plenty. 

Stouth'rief, robbery. 

Stow, stoo, to cut off; to lop ; 
to crop. 

Stow'ings, stoo'ings, sprouts 
of colewort gathered in 
spring. 

Stow'lins, by stealth. 

Stown, stolen. 

Stoyte, stumble. 

Strack, did strike ; struck. 

Strae, straw. — Strae'-death, 
death upon the bed-straw ; 
natural death, [a stroke. 

Straik, did strike ; struck ; 

Straike, a strike ; a bushel . 

Btrail^it, stroked. 

Stram-ash' , a crash ; a tu- 
mult, [some. 

Strap' pan, tall and hand- 



Strath, a valley through 
which a river runs. 

Straucht, straught, straight 
to make straight ; to 
stretch. 

Straucht' ed , straugh'ted 
stretched ; made straight. 

Stra-va'gin, wandering with- 
out an aim. 

Streak, streek, streik, to 
stretch ; to lay out a corpse. 

Streak, stretched ; to stretch. 

Stress, hard pressure ; hard 
straining ; act of distrain- 

Strid'dle, to straddle, [ing. 

Stroan, to spout ; to urinate. 

Strunt, spirituous liquor of 
any kind ; to walk sturdi- 
ly. — To tak' the strunt, to 
take the pet. 

Stud' die, an anvil. 

Stump' ie, dim. of stump. 

Stuff, corn or pulse of any 
kind. 

Stur'died sheep, a sheep that 
has the sturdy, or giddi- 
ness, from water in the 
head. 

Sturt, to trouble ; to molest. 

Sturt'in, frighted. 

Suck'er, sugar. 

Suck'in, mill-dues. 

Sud, should. 

Sud'den-ty, suddenness ; 
surprise ; an unexpected 
o icurrence. 

Sugh , the continued rushing 
noise of wind. 

Suid, should. 

Sumph, a soft, muddy-head- 
ed fellow. 

Sune, soon. 

Suae or syne, sooner or 
later. [sort. 

Sunk'ets, provision of any 

Sunk'ie, a low stool. 

Sur'que-dy, presumption ; 
insolence. 

Sute, soot. 

Suth'ron, southern ; — an old 
name for the English na- 

Swaird, sward. [tion. 

SwalVd, swelled. 

Swank, stately ; jolly. 

Swan'kie, or swun'ker, a 
supple, active young fel- 
low or girl. 

Swan'king, supple ; active. 

Swarf, swoon. 

Swarf'it, swarv'ed, swooned. 

Swart'-back, the great black- 
and-white gull. 

Swarved, swerved. 

Siuat, did sweat. 

Swatch, a sample. [wort. 

Swats, drink ; good ale ; 

Swat'ter, squat'ter, to splut- 
ter ; to flounce ; to move 
rapidly in the water, gen- 
erally in an undulating 
way. 

Sweat, to run; — said of a 
candle. 

Swear, lazy ; reluctant. 

Sweat' en, sweating. 

Sweep'it, swept. 

Sweer, lazy ; averse. — Dead- 
sweer, extremely averse. 

Swinge, to beat ; tc whip. 

Swire, the neck ; the dec- 
lination of a mountain or 
hill near the summit. 

Swirl, a curve ; an eddying 
blast, or pool ; a knot in 
wood ; a whirl ; circular 
motion. 

Stvirl'ie, knaggy ; full of 
knots. 

Smith, begone' *"* off; 
quickly. 



Swith'er, to fiesitate in 
choice ; an irresolute wav- 
ering in choice ; . doubt ; 
hesitation. 

Swoor, swuir, swore. 

Sy'bo, an onion that does 
not form a bulb at the 
root. 

Syke, sike. a small rill, com- 
monly running out of a 
quagmire ; a small rill 
without sand or gravel. 

Syn, syne, sin, since ; then ; 
afterward : late ; in that 

Synd, to rinse. [case. 

Syndings , rinsings ; slops. 

Syne, since ; ago ; then; aft- 
er that ; in that case. 

Sy'ver, a gutter. — Causeyed 
syver, stone-paved gutter. 

T. 

Tack, an addition ; a slight 
hold or fastening. 

Tack'ets, a kind of nails for 
driving into the heels and 
soles of shoes. 

Tae, to. 

Tae, a toe. — Three tae'd, 
having three prongs. 

Tae. — The tae, the one. — 
Tae half, the one half. 

Taed, taid, ted, a toad. 

Tail'lie, a deed of entail. 

Tairge, a target. 

Tait, a lock of wool, &c. ; a 
small quantity. 

Tak, to take ; takin\ taking. 

Tale. — WV their tale, ac- 
cording to their own story ; 
as they pretend ; forsooth. 

Tal'ent, aptitude ; desire ; 
purpose ; inclination. 

Tam'mie-no'rie, the auk or 
puffin. 

Tan'gle, the stem of the 
Laminaria digitata, a spe- 
cies of edible sea-weed; 
also, a tall, lank person; 
any long, dangling thing. 

Tangs, taings, tongs. 

Tap, the top. — Tap of tow, 
the quantity of tow or 
hards that is made up in 
a conical figure, to be put 
upon the distaff ; meta- 
phorically, a very irritable 
person. 

Tape, to make a little go a 
great way ; to use sparing- 
ly- 

Tap'et-less, heedless ; foolish. 

Tap'pit-hen, a tin pot with 
a knob on the top resem- 
bling a crested hen. It con- 
tains a quart, or, according 
to some authorities, three 
quarts of ale. 

Tarred, marked with tar, as 
sheep. — A? tarred wV ae 
stick, one as bad as the 
other. 

Tar'row, to murmur at one's 
allowance. 

Tar'rowH, murmured. 

Tar'ry-breeks, a sailor. 

Task'er, a laborer who does 
task-work. 

Tasse, or tas'sie, a cup. 

Tas'sel, a tassel; a struggle. 

Tat'ty, matted. 

Tauld, or told, told. 

Tau' pie, a foolish, thought- 
less young woman ; a slow, 
foolish slut. 

Taut'ed, or taut'ie, matted 
together ,• — said of hair or 
wooL 



Taw'ie, allowing itself peace- 
ably to be handled ; — said 
of a horse, cow, &c. 

Tawse, a leather strap used 
for chastisement. 

Ted'ding, spreading after 
the mower. 

Tee'd ball (at golf), a ball 
raised on a knob of earth. 

Teind. See Tend. 

Ten'der, delicate, as to 
health ; weakly ; ailing. 

Ten-hours'-bile , a slight feed 
to the horses while in th« 
yoke, in the forenoon. 

Tent, a field pulpit ; atten- 
tion ; heed ; caution ; to 
take heed. 

Tent'ie, heedful ; cautious. 

Tent'less, heedless. 

Teugh, teuch, tough. 

Thack, thatch. — Under 
thack and rape, under 
thatch and rope ; — com- 
monly used in allusion to 
the stacks in the barn- 
yard, after they are 
thatched-in for the win- 
ter ; so that under thack 
and rape means snug and 
comfortable. 

Time, these. 

Thairm, small gut ; catgut ; 
a fiddle-string. 

Thank' it, thanked. 

That, so ; to such a degree; 
very. — No that far off, 
not very far off. 

Theek, theik, thatch ; to 
thatch. [ing. 

Theek'ing, thatch ; thatch- 

Theek'it, thatched. 

The-gith'er, together. 

Them-seV , themselves. 

Theow and esne, slaves ; cap- 
tives ; bondsmen. 

There-out', out of doors. 

Thick, intimate : familiar. 

Thieve'less, cold; forbid- 
ding ; — said of a person's 
demeanor. 

Thig'gers, mannerly beg- 
gars, that ask a benevo- 
lence, not an alms. 

Thig'ging, going round col- 
lecting benevolences ; gen- 
teel begging. 

Thir, these. 

Thirl, to thrill. 

Thirl' age, thraldom ; astric- 
tion to a mill. 

Thirled, thrilled ; vibrated. 

Thole, to suffer ; to endure. 

Tho'led, suffered. 

Thoom, a thumb. [what- 

Thought, a very little ; some- 

Thoice, a thaw ; to thaw. 

T/iow'less, slack ; lazy ; slug- 
gish, [busy. 

Thrang, a throng ; a crowd ; 

Thrap'ple, throp'ple, the 
throat ; the windpipe. 

Thraw, to sprain ; to twist ; 
to writhe ; to contradict. — 
Heads and throws, lying 
side by side, the feet of tha 
one by the head of the 
other. [ill-tempered. 

Thraw' art, cross - grained ; 

Thraw 1 in, thraw' ing, twist- 
ing; thwarting. 

Thrawn, sprained ; twisted ; 
perverse ; crabbed : con- 
tradicted ; contradiction. 

Threap, to maintain by dint 
of assertion. 

Threave, 24 sheaves, or two 
stooks of grain. 

Threep, threap, accusation; 
pertinacious affirmation; 



854 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



threat. — An auld threep, 
a superstition obstinately 
persisted in of old. 

Threep' it, persisted in aver- 

Thresh, a rush. [ring. 

Th.resh.tin, thrashing. 

Thre'teen, thirteen. 

Thris'tle, a thistle. 

Through, to go on with ; to 
make out. 

Through 'stane, a fiat grave- 
stone. 

Throu'ther, pell-mell; con- 
fusedly. 

Thrum o'er, to tell over in a 
tiresome manner. 

Thud, to make a loud inter- 
mittent noise. 

Thumb' ie -kins, thumb- 

screws for torture. 

Thump'it, thumped. 

Thy-seV, thyself. 

Tiends, tithes. 

Tig, a twitch ; a tap ; a pet ; 
a fit of sullen humor ; to 
twitch; to give a slight 
stroke to. 

Till, to. 

Til'lie-wal'lie, fiddle-faddle. 

TilPt, to it. 

Time about, alternately. 

Tim'mer, timber. 

Tine, to lose. 

Tink'ler, a tinker. 

Tint, lost.— Tint the gate, 
lost the way. 

Tip, a ram. 

Tip' pence, twopence. 

Tip'pen-ny, ale at twopence 
a quart. 

Tirl, to make a slight noise ; 
to uncover. 

Tir'lie-whirl'ie, a whirling ; 
an ornament consisting of 
a number of intervolved 
lines. — Tirlie - whirlie 
holes, intricate holes. 

Tirl' in, tirl'ing, digging up ; 
uncovering. — Tirling at 
the door-pin, twirling the 
handle of the latch. 

Tir'rie-vies, tantrums. 

Tith'er, the other. 

Tit' tie, tit'ty, the infantine 
and endearing manner of 
pronouncing sister. 

Tit'tle, to whisper. 

Tit'tlin, whispering. 

Toch'er, a marriage portion. 

Toch' er-less , portionless. 

Tod, a fox. 

Tod' die, to totter, like the 
walk of a child. 

Tod'dlin, tod'dling, totter- 
ing ; waddling, as children 
do. 

Took of drum, tuck of drum. 

Toom, empty. 

Toon. See Town. 

Toop, a ram. 

Toot of a horn, the blast of 
a horn. 

Torsk, tusk, a short, thick 
codfish so called. 

Tou, thou. 

Toun, a hamlet ; a farm- 
house. 
Toust'ie, testy. 
Tout, a pet ; a huff ; a fit of 
ill humor ; a copious 
draught ; also, the blast of 
a horn or trumpet ; to blow 
a horn, &c. ; to pout ; to 
sulk. 
Tou'tie, haughty : irascible. 
Tou'zled, in disorder ; such 
as the hair uncombed ; 
rumpled. — Tou'zled out, 
ransacked. 
Tow, hards ; also, a rope. 



Tow'mond , a twelvemonth. 

Tou-n, a town ; any inhabit- 
ed place ; a single dwelling- 
place ; a farm-steading. 

Towz'ie, rough ; shaggy. 

Tow'zled, rumpled; in dis- 
order. 

Toy, or Toy'-mutch, a head- 
dress of linen or woolen, 
without lace, frill, or bor- 
der, and with flaps cover- 
ing the neck and part of 
the shoulders, worn by old 
women of the lower classes. 

Toyte, to totter like old age. 

Traik'ing, lounging ; dan- 
gling. 

Trailled, dragged. 

Tramp' ed, stamped ; trod. 

Tramp' er, a scamp ; a run- 
a-gate. 

Trance, a passage. 

Trans-mog'ri-fy'd, transmi- 
grated ; metamorphosed. 

Trash, to snub ; to maltreat ; 
to jade ; to abuse, as a 
horse. 

Trash' ed, jaded ; deteriorated 
through bad usage. 

Trash' trie, trash. 

Tray'cle, treacle. 

Treen, made of tree ; wooden. 

Trews, trowsers. 

Trick'ie, full of tricks. 

Trig, spruce ; neat. 

Trim'ly, excellently. 

Trin'dle, trin'tle, to trundle 
or roll. [dling. 

Trind'ling, trin'tling, trun- 

Trock'ing, trucking ; bar- 
tering; having intercourse. 

Trogs, troggs, troth. 

Trone, tron, a weighing ma- 
chine consisting of two 
horizontal bars crossing 
each other, beaked at the 
extremities, and supported 
by a wooden pillar ; — used 
for heavy wares. — Trone- 
stone, a weight equivalent 
to nineteen and a half 
pounds. 

Trot-co'sie, a warm covering 
for the head, neck, and 
breast, when traveling in 
bad weather. 

Troio, trew, to believe ; to 
think; to guess. [oath. 

Trowth, truth ; — a petty 

Trump, a Jew : s-harp. 

Tryst, tryste, appointment ; 
rendezvous ; to make an 
appointment. 

Tryst' ed, appointed ; met. 

Try't, tried. 

Tug, raw hide, of which in 
old times plough - traces 
were frequently made. 

Tuil'zie, tool'yie, tus'yle, 
scuffle ; to scuffle. 

Tul'zie, a quarrel ; to quar- 
rel; to fight. 

Tum'bler, a kind of cart ; a 
tumbrel. 

Tup, tupe, a ram. 

Tur-bi-na'cious, of, or be- 
longing to, peat, or rather 
turf. [staircase. 

Tum'pike stair, a winding 

Tiva, twae, two. 

Twa'-three, a few. 

' Twad, it would. 

Twal, twall, twelve. — 
Twal'pen-nies, one penny 
sterling, which is equiva- 
lent to twelve pence, an- 
cient Scottish currency. — 
Twal-pennie worth, a 
small quantity ; a penny- 
worth. 



Twin, to part. 
Two'pen-ny, beer which cost 

two - pence a Scottish 

quart. [kind. 

Tyke, a dog of the larger 
Tyne, to lose; to forfeit ; to 

be lost; to perish. — Tint, 

lost. 
Tynes, antlers of a stag; 

teeth of a harrow. 



u. 



U'dal, allodial. 

U'dal-ler, one who holds his 
lands by allodial tenure. 

Ug'some, disgusting. 

Ul'zie, oil. 

TJm'quhile, whilom ; some- 
time ; late ; at times ; for- 
merly ; former ; late ; de- 
ceased, [broken. 

Unbri'zed (un-bre'zed), un- 

Un-can'ny, dangerous ; im- 
prudent ; supposed to pos- 
sess supernatural powers ; 
severe (applied to a blow or 

TJnce, an ounce. [fall.) 

Un-chan'cy, unlucky ; dan- 
gerous ; ill-fated. 

Un'co, uncouth ; strange ; 
unknown. It is also used 
intensively ; as, Unco lit- 
tle, very little. 

Un'cos, news. [mies. 

Un'freens, unfriends ; ene- 

TJn-hals'ed, unsaluted. 

Un-kenn'd', unknown. 

Un-sick'er, unsure ; unsafe ; 
unsteady. 

Un-skuith'd', undamaged; 
unhurt. [tunate. 

Un-son'sy, unlucky ; unfor- 

Un-lent'y, incautious; care- 
t/Hi/^', unto. [less. 

Vn-weet'ing, unwotting ; 
unknowingly. 

Up' -bye, a little way farther 
on ; up the way. 

Tip' cast, a reproach. 

Up'go-ing, ascent. 

Up-haud', to uphold; to 
maintain ; to support. 

Up-haud'en, supported ; laid 
under obligation. 

TJp-o\ upon. [ceited. 

Up-set'ting, assuming ; con- 

Up-sides' with, even with ; 
quit with. 

Up'-tak, apprehension ; con- 
ception ; — applied to the 
understanding. 

Ur'chin, a hedge-hog. 



Vaes or voes (in Orkney and 
Shetland), inlets of the sea. 

Taik, to be or become vacant. 

Vap'rin, vaporing. 

Vas'saill, vessels. 

Vas'sail-buird, a cup-board. 

Ver'a, very. [&c. 

Virl, a ring round a column, 

Vis'no-my, visage. 

Vi'vers (ve'verz), food; eat- 
ables. 

w. 

IT a', wall; Wa^s, walls. 

Waal (wall), well. 

Waal' - head, well - head ; 
spring ; foundation. 

Wab'ster, a weaver. 

Wad, would ; to bet ; a bet ; 
a wager ; a pledge ; a host- 
age. 



Wad'na, would not. 

Wae, woe ; sorrowful. 

Wae'some, woful ; melan- 
choly. 

Wae' sucks ! O waes me I 
alas ! the pity. 

Waff, shabby; a blast; a 
hasty motion ; act of wav- 
ing ; a sudden bodily ail- 
ment. 

Waft, the cross thread that 
goes from the shuttle 
through the web ; the woof. 

Waif, strayed ; vagabond ; 
solitary ; worthless ; inferi- 

Wai'fu'', wailing. [or. 

Wair, to lay out ; to expend. 

Waise, iveise, weyse, to lead ; 
to direct. 

Wais'ing, weis'ing, leading ; 
directing. [laut. 

Wake' rife, wauk'rife, vigi- 

Wale, choice ; to choose. 

Wal'd, chose ; chosen. 

Wal'ie, ample ; large ; jolly ; 
also, an interjection of dis. 
tress. 

Wal'ise, saddle-bags ; a port- 
manteau ; a valise. 

Wal'lie, a valet. 

Wal'low-ing, weltering. 

Wal'ly-drai-gle , the 3 _ oung 
est bird in a nest ; hence, 
any feeble, ill-grown crea^ 
ture. 

Walth, plenty ; wealth. 

Wame, womb ; belly. 

Wame'fou, wame'fu' , a bel- 
lyful. 

Wamp'ish, to toss about in a 
boasting or frantic manner. 

Wan, got ; won. — Wan o'er, 
got over. 

Wan-chan'sie, wan-chan'cy, 
unlucky. 

Wan'ion, a misfortune ; ven- 
geance ; the devil. 

Wan'le, wan'nle, active ; 
strong; healthy. 

Wan-rest' fu' , restless. 

Wan'-thriv-en, stunted; de- 
cayed ; in a state of decline. 

Wap, a throw ; a quick, 
smart stroke ; to throw 
quickly ; to flap. 

Wap'in-schaw, an exhibition 
of arms, according to the 
rank of the individual, 
made at certain seasons in 
each district. 

Ware, to expend ; to lay out. 

Wark, work. 

Wark'-lume, wark' -loom, a 
tool to work with. 

WarV , or warld, world. 

War'lock, a wizard. 

War'ly, worldly ; eager to 
amass wealth. [rant. 

War' ran, a warrant ; to war- 

Warse, worse. 

Warst, worst. 

Warst'le, wirst'le, wrast'le, 
a wrestle ; a struggle ; to 
wrestle ; to strive. 

Warst'Vd, or wars'Pd, wres- 

Was'na, was not. [tied. 

Was' tell cake, wassail cake ; 
an oaten loaf baked in the 
oven, with carraway seeds, 
&c, in it. 

Was'trie, wast'rife, wast'ry, 
waste ; imprudent expense. 

Wast'rife, prodigal; waste- 

Wat, wet. [ful. 

Wat, weet, to know. 

Wa'ter-broo, wa'ter-brose y 
brose made of meal and 
water simply, without the 
addition of milk and but- 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 855 



Wa'ter-pur'pie, water speed- 
well ; brook -lime. 

Wath'er, weather. 

Wat' tie, a twig : a wand. 

Wau'ble, to swing ; to reel. 

Wauch, waff,ivauff, waugh, 
nauseous ; bad ; shabby. 

Whuff, a wave ; a flap. 

Waught, a hearty draught of 
liquor. 

Wauk'it, thickened as fullers 
do cloth. 

Wauk'rife, not apt to sleep. 

Waur, worse ; also, to put to 
the worse ; to get the bet- 
ter of. 

Waur't, waur'ed, worsted ; 
vanquished. 

Wawl, to roll the eyes, and 
look wildly. 

Waws, wells, and swelch'ies, 
waves, whirlpools, and 
gulfs. 

Wean, wee ane, wean'ie, lit- 
tle one ; child. 

Wear, to last ; to endure. 

Wear, weir, war. 

Wear the jacket. This phrase 
alludes to a custom, by 
which, on paying a certain 
fee, or otherwise making 
interest with the hunts- 
men of the Caledonian 
Hunt, any citizen aspirant, 
whose rank did not entitle 
him to become a member 
of that more highly -born 
society, might become en- 
titled to the field privileges 
of the Hunt, among which 
was that of wearing the 
jacket of the order. 

Wea'rie, or wea'ry. — Mony 
a weary body, many a dif- 
ferent person. [ing. 

Wea'ri-fu\ painful ; distress- 

Wea'sand, wea'son, the 
wind-pipe. 

Weath'er-gaws, signs of an 
approaching storm. 

Weaving the stocking. See 
Throwing the stocking. 

Wee. little. — Wee things, lit- 
tle ones. — Wee bit, a small 
matter. 

Weel, well. — Weel'fare, wel- 
fare. 

Weel, weil, weal ; prosperity ; 
advantage. 

Weel a weel, well, well ! 

Weet, rain ; wetness. 

Weft, waft, woof. 

Weigh' '-bauks, the beam of 
a balance for weighing. 

Weight, icecht, a sieve with- 
out holes, for winnowing 
corn. 

Weil, wiel, a small whirlpool. 

Weird, fate : destiny. — The 
weird is dree'd, the ill-for- 
tune is suffered ; the desti- 
ny is fulfilled. 

Weise, iveize, wuss, ivush, to 
lead ; to guide ; to point 
out ; to show the way ; to 
direct ; to put in the way. 

Welk'ed, waidk'it, fulled, as 
cloth; callous. 

Wern, a scar. 

Were'na, were not 

We'se, we shall. 

Wha, who. 

Whaap, whap, the curlew. 

Whai'zle, to wheeze. 

Whalp'it, whelped. 

Wham'ple, a stroke : a blow ; 
a slash ; to stroke ; to 
slash. 

Whang, leather; a leathern 
string ; a piece of cheese, 



bread, &c. ; to give the 

strappado. 
Whan, the curlew. 
Whar, tohare, whaur, where. 

— Whore-e'er, wherever. 
Whase, whose. 

What for no ? why not ? 
WhaVreck, nevertheless. 
Wlieen, whin, a parcel ; a 

number of persons or 

things. 
Wheep, to fly nimbly; to 

jerk. — Penny-wheep, small 

beer. 
Whid, the motion of a hare, 

running but not frighted ; 

a he. 
Whid' den, running as a hare 

or coney. [ing nimbly. 
Whid'ding, scudding ; mov- 
Whig'a-more, a great whig ; 

— formerly applied to the 
Presbyterians. 

Whig'ging, jogging rudely ; 
urging forward. 

Whig-rna-lee'ries , trinkets ; 
knick-knacks ; whims ; fan- 
cies : crotchets. 

Whiles, sometimes. 

WhiVlied, wheedled ; cheated 
by wheedling. 

WhiVly, to wheedle ; to gull ; 
to cheat with specious pre- 
tenses. 

Whil'ly-ing, bamboozling ; 
deceiving- with specious 
pretenses. 

Whil'ly-whas, idle, cajoling 
speeches ; flummery. 

Whilk, which. 

Whin. See Wheen. 

Whinge, to whine; to fawn 
like a dog. 

Whiiige'ing, fawning and 
whining like a dog ; cry- 
ing ; complaining : fretting. 

Whin'ger, a sort of hanger 
used as a knife at meals, 
and as a sword in broils. 

Whins, furze ; gorse. 

Whirl' i-gig-ums, useless or- 
naments ; trifling append- 
ages. 

Whir'ry-ing, flying rapidly. 

Whis'sle, a whistle ; to whis- 
tle. 

Whisht, silence.— To hold 
one's whisht, to be silent. 

Whisk, to sweep ; to lash. 

Whisk' it, lashed. 

White-hass, xohite-hawse, 
sausages stuffed with oat- 
meal and suet. 

Whit'ter, a hearty draught 
of liquor, 

Wh it'tie-what'tie-ing, mak- 
ing foolish conjectures ; 
reasoning to little purpose. 

WlxiVtle, a knife. 

Whit' tret, a weasel; so called 
from its white throat. 

Whom' ling, whelming ; over- 
turning. 

Whom, horn. 

Whid'ly-wha-ing, cajoling. 

Whum'mle, whum'mel, to 
whelm ; to turn over or 
upside down. 

Whun'-stane, whin -stone. 

Whyles, whiles ; sometimes. 

Wi\ with. 

Wick, to strike, as a stone, in 
an oblique direction ; — a 
term in curling. 

Wich'er, willow (the smaller 
sort). 

Wiel, a small whirlpool. 

Wife' -carle,*, man who busies 
himself about household 
affairs or women's work. 



Wi'fie, a diminutive or en- 
dearing term for wife. 

Will'-a-wa, weal away ! woe 
is me ! 

Will'yard, wild ; strange ; 
unaccountable ; shy. 

Wim'ple, a winding turn ; to 
meander. 

Wim'pl't, meandered, [ing. 

Wim'plin, waving ; meander- 
Win, to winnow ; to get ; to 
arrive at any particular 
state or degree. — To win 
by, to get past. — To win 
to, to reach. — To win off, 
to get away ; to escape ; to 
be acquitted. 

IVin', wind. — Win's, winds. 

Wind'le-strae, crested dog's- 
tail grass. 

Wind'les, a turning frame, 
upon which yarn is put to 
be wound off. 

Win'dow-bole, the part of a 
cottage window that is 
filled by a wooden blind, 
which may occasionally be 
opened. 

Win'na, wun'na, will not. 

Win' nock, a window. 

Win' some, gainly ; lovely ; 
pretty ; of engaging ap- 
pearance, or character and 
manners. 

WinH, wound, as a bobbin 
of yarn. 

Win'tle, a staggering mo- 
tion ; to stagger ; to reel ; 
to roll. 

Winze, an oath. 

Wiss, to wish. 

With' er -shins, wrong-ways 
about ; from right to left ; 
contrary to the apparent 
motion of the sun. 

With-out'ten, without. 

With'y-wood'y, a rope of 
twisted wands. 

Wit'ters, barbs of a fishing- 
spear, or of a fish-hook, 
&c. ; the throat. 

Wit 1 ting, weet'ing. knowing. 

Wiz'en'd, hide-bound ; dried ; 
shrunk. 

Won'ner, a wonder : — a con- 
temptuous appellation. 

Won 5, dwells. 

Woo" 1 , wool. 

Wood'ie, a gallows; also, a 
withie, or rope of twisted 
wands, in which malefac- 
tors seem formerly to have 
been hanged. 

Woo'er-bab, the garter knot- 
ted below the knee with a 
couple of loops. 

Word'y, worthy. 

Wor'ret-ing, contention ; 
wrangling. 

Wor'rie-coio, wir'rie-cow, a 
hobgoblin ; a bugbear ; a 
scarecrow ; the devil. 

Wor'ry-carl, a snarling, 03 • 
natured person. 

Wor'set, worsted. 

Wow, an exclamation of 
pleaure or wonder. 

Wowf wayward ; wild ; un- 
reclaimed ; disordered in 
intellect. 

Wrack, to tease ; to vex. 

Wraith, a spirit : a ghost ; an 
apparition exactly like a 
living person, whose ap- 
pearance is said to fore- 
bode the person's ap- 
proaching death. 

Wrang, wrong ; to wrong. 

Wreeth, a drifted heap of 
snow. 



Wud , wood, mad. 

Wud'die. See Woodie. 

Wud'-^mad, distracted. 

Wull, will.— What 's yer 
wull, what is your pleas- 
ure. 

Widl'-a-ivins, woe is me ! 

Wull'-cat, a wild-cat ; a cat- 
a-mountain. 

Wun, to win; to get, in all 
its senses. 

Wun'na, win'na, will not. 

Wuss, to wish. See Weise. 

Wum'ble, a wimble. 

Wuz'zent, withered ; dried. 

Wyle, to beguile. 

Wyl'ie-coat, a boy's flannel 
under-dress, next to the 
shirt ; a flannel petticoat. 

Wynds (in a town), turnings- 
off from the streets ; lanes. 

Wyte, blame ; to blame. 

Wyt'ed, blamed. 

Y. 

Yaff, to bark like a dog in a 
passion ; to yelp ; to prate ; 
to talk pertly. 

Yaff' ing, barking like a dog 
in a passion ; chattering. 

Yag'ger, a hunter ; a ranger 
about the country ; a ped- 
dler. 

Yald, yaidd, supple ; active ; 
athletic. [ishly. 

Yam'mer, to complain peev- 

Yam'mered, made a loud 
outcry. 

Yank'ing, a way of talking 
English ; active : pushing. 

Yaud, a jade ; a mare. 

Yaud. — Far yaud, a cry of 
encouragement or direction 
from a shepherd to his dog. 

Yaidd, alert ; athletic. 

Yanp, the cry of a bird or of 
a child. 

Ye, frequently used for thou. 

Year, used both for singular 
and plural. 

Year'lings, born in the same 
year ; coevals. 

Yearn, to coagulate, as milk. 

Yearned, curdled. 

Yearn'ing, rennet. 

Yell, barren ; giving no milk. 

Yel'loch , a shrill cry : a yell ; 
to scream ; to shriek. 

Yel'loched, raised a shrill cry. 

Yel'low-yel' dring, yel'low 
yold'ring, yel'low yor'ling, 
the yellow-hammer. 

Yer, your. 

Yerk, to lash ; to jerk. 

Yerk'it, jerked ; lashed. 

Yerl, an earl. 

Yes-treen', yester even; last 
night. 

Yett, a gate, such as is usu- 
ally at the entrance into a 
farm-yard or field. 

Till, ale. 

Yin, one. 

Yince. once. 

Yird. earth. 

Yok'in, y ok' ing, the plough- 
ing that is done at on* 
putting-to of the horses. 

Yonk'er, a young fellow. 

Yont, beyond. 

Yook, yeuk, itch. 

Yeuk'ing, yowk'ing, itch- 
ing. 

Your-seV , yourself. 

Yowe, a ewe. 

Yow'ie, diminutive of Yowt- 

Yule, Christmas. 



856 



GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 



The suggestive notation in the following verses from 
Burns, may serve to illustrate the application of the intro- 
ductory remarks occurring at p. 839. 

TO A MOUSE, 

ON TURNING HER UP IN HER NEST WITH THE PLOUGH, 
NOVEMBER, 1785. 

" Wee, sleekit, cow'rin', 1 tim'rous 2 heastie, 
0, what 3 a panic's 4 in thy breastie 5 ! 
Thou 6 need na 7 start awa' 8 sae 9 hasty, 

Wi' 10 bickeringU brattle 12 • 
I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, 

Wi' murd'ring 13 pattle 14 ! 

1. cooirin. 2. teemrus. 3. iv7idt. 4. panic. 5. breestie. 6. tJioo, 
7. net. 8. awaw. 9. sa. 10. we. 11. bickerin'. [For sound of i, see 
introductory remark 5.] 12. brattle. 1C 
ductory remark 14.] 14. ptittle. 



13. murd , rin\ [See intro- 



" I 'm truly sorry! man's 2 dominion 3 
Has broken nature's 4 social union, 
An' justifies 5 that 6 ill 7 opinion 8 

Which maks 9 thee startle 10 
At me, thy poorii earth-born 12 companion, 13 

An' fellow 14 -mortal 15 ! 

1. sorry. 2. man's. 3. domeenion. 4. natures. 5. justify vs. \u, as 
in the French word juste.] 6. that. 7. ill. [For sound of i, see 
introductory remark 5.] 8. opeenion. 9. maks. 10. startle. [See 
introductory remark 14.] 11. poor [as the French word pure], 
12. airth-borne. [See as above for sound of r.] 13. cumpenyun. 
14. felld. 15. mortl. 

" I doubt 1 na, whyles, but thou 2 may thieve ; 
What 3 then ? poor 4 beastie, thou maun 5 live 6 ! 
A daimen-icker 7 in a thrave 

'S a sma' 8 request 9 : 
I'll get a blessin' wi' 10 the lave, 

And never 11 miss 't 12 ! 

1. doot. 2. thoo. 3. what. 4. [see above.] 5. man. 6. leeve. 
T.icker. [See introductory remark 5.] 8. srnaw. 9. requeest. 10. 
we. 11. niver. 12. miss't. [For sound of i, see introductory re- 
mark 5.] 

" Thy wee bit housie, 1 too, 2 in ruin ! 
Its silly wa's 3 the win's 4 are strewin ! 
An' naething, 5 now, 6 to big a new ane,7 
0' foggage 8 green ! 



An' bleak December's winds 9 ensuin', 10 
Baith snell an' keen ! 

1. hoossie. 2. too [oo sounding as eu in the French word pewrX, 
3. wawz. 4. wunz. 5. nothing. 6. noo. 7. yin. 8. fogage. 9. 
wunz. 10. enshooin. 

" Thou 1 saw the fields laid bare an' waste, 
An' weary winter 2 comin' fast, 3 
An' cozie here, beneath 4 the blast,5 

Thou thought 6 to dwell, 
'Till, crash 7 ! the cruel coulter 8 past 9 

Out 10 through thy cell. 

1. thoo. 2. wunter. 3. fast. 4. benaith \th sounded as in thin], 
5. blast. 6. thought [ou sounding as o in old; gh as a harsh gut- 
tural h]. 7. crash. 8. cooter. 9. past. 10. oot. 

" That wee bit heap o' leaves an' stibble 
Has cost 1 thee mony 2 a weary nibble ! 
Now, 3 thou 's 4 turn'd out, 5 for a' 6 thy trouble, 

But house 7 or hald, 8 
To thole the winter's 9 sleety dribble, 

An' cranreuch 10 cauld ! 

1. coast. 2. munJny. 3. noo. 4. thoo'z. 5. oot. 6. aw. 7. hoos. 
8. hawd. 9. wunter's. 10. cranruh [h harsh and guttural]. 

" But, Mousie, 1 thou 2 art no thy lane, 
In proving foresight 3 may be vain : 
The best laid schemes 4 o' mice an' men, 

G ang 5 aft 6 agley , 7 
An' lea' us nought 8 but grief an' pain 

For promis'd 9 joy. 10 " 

1. moossie. 2. thoo. 3. foresight [i sounding as in it, and gh as 
a harsh, guttural K\. 4. skamz. 5. gang. 6. aft. 7.&gl&. 8. noht 
[harsh, guttural A]. Q.promist. 10. joy. 

" Still thou art blest, compared wi' me ! 
The present 1 only toucheth thee ; 
But, och 2 ! I backward 3 cast 4 my e'e 

On prospects 5 drear 6 ! 
An' forward, 7 tho' I canna 8 see, 

I guess an' fear. 9 

1. prazent. 2. och [ch as a harsh guttural h). 3. backward. 4. 
cast. 5.prospecs. 6. drear [r sounding; hard and rough, as in 
French words]. 7. foreward [p as in fore, and r as above]. 8. 
canna. 9. fear [r as above]. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 



or 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



BY WILLIAM A. WHEELER, M. A. 



THE course pursued in the following Table has been to 
give first that mode of pronunciation which is deemed to 
be best supported, and to subjoin, as an alternative mode, 
any other pronunciation which has, to any considerable 
extent, the sanction of present and reputable usage. The 
names in the Vocabulary have been accented, divided into 
syllables, and marked in accordance with the system of 
notation employed in the previous part of this work. The 
consulter will not, therefore, require any Rules to guide 
him to a correct pronunciation ; but the few which follow 
• — being short and easy to remember — may perhaps be of 
some use when he happens not to have the Dictionary at 
hand. 

RULES. 

1„ In Hebrew proper names, the letters have their usual 
English sounds, except in the cases specified below. See 
Principles of Pronunciation, p. vii. et seq. 

2. Every final •?', forming a distinct syllable, has its long 
Bound; as, A-bish'a-l, Ed're-l, Thom'o-l. 

3. The vowels ai are sometimes pronounced in one syl- 
lable ; as, Hu'shai, Si'nai ; and sometimes in two ; as, 
Sham'ma-i, Bar-zil'la-i. When pronounced in one syl- 
lable, they should be sounded like ai in aid; as, Hu'shai, 
Si'nai. Some speakers choose to give them the diphthon- 
gal sound at, or I ; but the practice, as Smart observes, is 
far from being common or established. 

4. The vowels ei, when followed by a consonant, form a 
digraph, and are pronounced like ei in seize; as, Cei'lan. 
When followed by a vowel, they are pronounced in separate 



syllables, and the i is generally sounded like consonant y: 
as, Sa-me'ius (sa-me'yus). 

5. The vowels ia, following an accented vowel, are pro- 
nounced in one syllable, the t taking the sound of con- 
sonant y ; as, Ban-na'ia (ban-na/ya) I-sa'iah, (I-za'ya), 
Je-de'iah (je-de'ya). In other cases, they are pronounced 
in separate syllables, and the accent is on the i : as, Sar'a- 
i'a, Ber'a-i'ah. 

6. The letter g has its hard sound before e and i, as in 
the English words get, give ; as, Gethsemane, Gilead. 
Bethphage, in consequence of having passed through the 
Greek of the New Testament, is an exception, the g being 
sounded soft, like /, conformably to the usual English 
mode of pronouncing words derived from the Greek. 

7. Ch is pronounced like h ; as, Chaldea, Enoch,. Rachel 
is the only exception, the ch in this name being sounded 
like ch in chest. Cherub (ke'rub), a city of the Babylonish 
empire, must not be confounded in pronunciation with 
cherub, one of an order of angels. 

8. Gentile names ending in -ite (sing.) and -ites (pi.), 
together with feminine nouas of the same class in -itess, 
are English formatives, and follow the accent of their prim- 
itives ; as, Am'mon-lte, Is'ra-el-ites, Ca'naan-lt'ess. The 
same is true of gentile adjectives ending in -itish ; as, Mo'ab- 
It'ish, MidH-an-it'ish. Gentiles in -ene and -ine, with their 
plurals, are also Anglicized both in spelling and pronunci- 
ation ; except Mag'da-le'ne, which is commonly thus pro- 
nounced, as a classical word, the Anglicized form — which 
does not occur in the Scriptures — being Mag'da-len- 



A 



A'a-lar 

Aa'ron (ar'on) 

Aa'ron-ites 

Al/a-eue 

A-bad'don 

Ab'a-di'as 

A-bag'tha 

Ab'a-na 

Ab'a-rim 

Ab'a-ron 

Ab'ba 

Ab'da 

AVde-el 

Ab'dl 

Ab-dl'as 

Ab'di-el 

Ab'don 

A-bed'-ne-go', or 

_ A-bed'ne-go 

A/bel 

A/bel-beth-ma'a- 

«hah 
A'bel-ma'im 
A/bel-me-ho'lah 
A'bel-miz'ra-im 
A/bel-shit'tim 



A/bez 


Ab'i-sMg 


A-ehi'as 


A'bi 


A-bish'a-I 


A / €him 


A-bl'a 


A-bish'a-lQm 


A^hi-or 


A-bi'ah 


A-bish'u-a 


A/«hish 


A'bi-31'bon 


Ab'i-shur 


A^h'i-tob 


A-bl'a-saph 


Ab'i-sum 


.X-eh'me-tha 


A-bl'a-thar 


Ab'i-tal 


A/ehor 


A'bib 


Ab'i-tab 


A^h'sa 


A-bI'da 


A-bi'ud 


Ash/sah 


A-bi'dah 


Ab'ner 


A-eh'shaph 


Ab'i-dan 


A/bra-ham 


Aeb/zib 


A-bl'el 


A/bram 


Ac'i-pha (Ss'i-fa) 


A'bi-e'zer 


Ab'sa-lom 


Ac'i-tho (as'i-tho) 


A'bi-eVrTte 


AVsa-lon 


A-«u/a 


AVi-gail 


A-bu'bus 


A'^ub 


Ab'i-ha'il 


AVa-tan 


Ad'a-dah 


A-bl'hu 


Ae'^ad 


A'dah 


A-bi'hud 


A^a-rSn 


Ad'a-1'ah 


A-bl'jah 


A^ho 


Ad'a-11'a 


A-bi'jam 


AV«os 


Ad'am 


Ab'i-le'ne 


Ae'eoz 


Ad'a-mah 


A-bim'a-el 


A^el'da-ma 


Ad'a-mi 


A-bim'e-le^h 


A-eha'ia (-va) 
A-sha'i-eus 


A'dar 


A-bin'a-dab 


Ad'a-sa 


Ab'i-ner 


A'€han 


Ad'be-el 


A-bTn'o-am 


A/€har 


Ad'dan 


A-bi'ram 


A/€haz 


Ad'dar 


A-bl'ron 


A«h'bor 


Ad'di 


Ab'i-se'i 


A'chi-a^h'a-rus 


Ad'do 



-Xd'don 

Ad'dus 

A'der 

Ad'i-da 

A'di-el 

A'din 

Ad'i-na 

Ad'i-no, or A-di'no 

Ad ; i-nus 

Ad'i-tha'im 

Ad'la-I 

Ad'mah 

Ad'ma-tha 

Ad'na 

Ad'nah 

A-don / i-be'zek 

A-don'i-eSn 

Ad'o-nT'jah 

A-don'i-kam 

Ad'o-ni'ram 

A-don'i-ze'dek 

A-do'ra 

Ad'o-ra/im 

A-do'ram 

A-dram'e-le^h 

A-dram'me-leeh 

Ad'ra-mJ't'ti-um 

A'dri-a 

A'dri-el 



A-du'el 

A-dHiaam 

A-diiPlam-ite 

A-dum/mim 

A'e-di'as 

M'nQ-as, (Gr.Atve'as) 

^'non 

Ag'a-ba 

Ag'a-bus 



A/gag-ite 

A'gar 

Ag'a-rene^' 

Ag'e-e 

Ag-ge'us 

A-grip'pa 

A'gur 

A'hab 

A-hSr'ah 

A-har'hel 

A-has'a-I 

A-has^ba-I 

A-has/u-e'rus 

A-ha'va 

A'haz 

A'ha-zT'ah 

Ah'ban 

A'her 

A/hi 



a, e, &c, long ; S, e, &c , short; care, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, tSrm; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wglf, 
food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e€ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link \ this. 

(871) 



872 


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 




A-hT'ah 


A^man 


A'nub 


Ar/na 


As-sal'i-moth 


A-zu'bah 


A-hi'am 


AnVa-na, or 


A'nus 


Ar'nan 


As'sa-ni'as 


A'zur 


A-hl'an 


A-ma'na 


A-pa'me 


Ar'non 


As/sa-re'moth 


Az/u-ran 


A'hi-e'zer 


Am'a-rl'ah 


A-pel/15§ 


A'rod 


As'shur (ash'ur) 


Az'zah 


A-M'hud 


Am'a-rl'as 


A -phir'sa^h-ites 


Ar'o-dl 


As-shu'rim 


Az'zan 


A-hi'jah 


Am'a-sa, or 


A-phar'sath-ehites A/rod-itea 


As'si-de'ang 


Az'zur 


A-hT'kam 


A-ma'sa 


A-phiir'sItes 


Aro-er 


As'sir 




A-hT'lud 


A-mas'a-i 


A'phek 


Ar'o-er-ite 


As'sos 




A-him'a-az 


A-mash/a-i 


A-phe'kah 


A'rom 


As'su-e'rus 


B. 


A-hi'man 


Am'a-sl'ah 


A-pheVe-ma 


Ar'pad 


As'sur 


A-him'e-lgeh 


Am'a-the'is 


A-pher'ra 


Ar/phad 


As-syr'i-a 




A-hi'moth 


AnVa-this 


A-phi'ah 


Ar-pbax'ad 


As-syrl-an 


Ba'al 


A-hln/a-dab 


Am'a-zl'ah 


A'phik 


Ar'sa-ceg 


As'ta-roth 


Ba'al-ah 


A-hm'o-ki 


A-med'a-tha 


Aph'rah 


Ar'sa-reth 


As'tath 


Ba'al-ath 


A-M'o 


A-men' 


Aph'seg 


Ar'tax-Srx'eg ('ar'- 


As-ty'a-geg 


Ba'al-ath-bS'eJ 


A-M'ra 


A'ml 


Ap'ol-lo'ni-a 


tag-z?rk'zez) 


A-sup/pim 


Ba'al-be'rith 


A-hi'ram 


A-min'a-dab 


Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 


Ar'te-mas 


A-syn'«ri-tus 


Ba'a-le 


A-hi'ram-ites • 


A-mit/tai 


Ap'ol-loph'a-neg 


Ar'u-both 


A/t l ad 


Ba'al-gad 


A-his'a-m&eh 


A-miz'a-bad 


A-pol'los 


A-ru'mah 


At'a-rah 


Ba'al-ha'mon 


A-hish'a-h'ar 


Am'mah 


A-pol'ly-on (or 


Ar'vad 


A-t'ar/ga-tis 


Ba'al-ha'aan 


A-hl'shar 


Am-med'a-tha 


a-pol'yon) 


Ar'vad-ite 


At'a-roth 


Ba'al-ha'zor 


A-hith'o-phel 


Am/mi 


Ap^pa-im 


Ar'za 


At'a-roth-a / dar 


Ba'al-hSr'mon 


A-hi'tub 


Am-mid'i-oi 


Ap'phi-a (&$ fi-a) 


A 7 sa 


At'a-roth-ad'dar 


Ba'al-I 


Ah'lab 


Xm'mi-el 


Ap'pbus (af fus) 


As'a-dl'as 


A'ter 


Ba'al-im 


Ah'lai 


Ara-ml'hud 


Ap'pi-i Eo'rum 


As'a-el 


Aye-re-zl'as 


Ba'a-lis 


A-ho'ah 


Am-min'a-dab 


Aq'ui-la 


As'a-hel 


A'thach 


BaL/al-me'on 


A-ho'hite 


Am-min'a-dlb 


Ar 


As'a-hi'ah 


Ath'a-I'ah 


Ba'al-pe'or 


A-ho'lah 


Am'mi-shad'da-I 


A'ra 


As'a-I'ah 


Ath'a-ll'ah 


Ba'al-per'a-zim 


A-ho'li-Sb 


Am-miz'a-bad 


A'rab (a city) 


As'a-na 


Ath'a-rl'as 


Ba'al-shal'i-sba 


A-hoFi-bah 


Im'mott 


Ar'a-bah 


A'saph 


A-the'rii-ang 


Ba/al-ta'mar 


A'ho-lTb'a-mah 


Am'mon-ite 


Ar'a-bat-tha'tie 


A-sar'a-el 


Ath'e-no'bi-us 


Ba'al-ze'bub 


A-bu'ma-1 


Am'mon-It/ess 


(ar'a-bath-tha'ne) A-sar'e-el 


Ath'eng 


Ba'al-ze'phon 


A-hu'zam 


Am'non 


Ar'a-bat-ti'ne 


As'a-re'lah 


Ath'lai 


Ba/a-na 


A-huz'zath 


A'mok 


A-ra/bi-a 


As-baz / a-reth 


At^i-pha 


Ba'a-nah 


11 


A'mon 


A-ra^bi-an 


As'ca-lon 


It'roth 


Ba'a-nl'as 


A-i'ah, or A'jab. 


AnVo-rite 


A'rad 


A-se'as 


At'tai 


Ba'a-ra 


A-I'ath 


A'mos 


Ar'a-dus 


A-seb'e-bi'a 


At'ta-ll'a 


Ba'a-se'iah (-ya) 


A-T'ja 


A/moz 


A/rah 


As'e-bl'a 


At'ta-lus 


Ba'a-sha 


Aij'a-lon (Spa-Ion) Am-phip'o-lls 


A'ram 


As'e-nath 


At-thar'a-teg (ath 


- Ba'a-si'ah 


Aij'e-letb Sha'har 


Am/pli-as 


A'ram-it'ess 


A'ser 


thar'a-teez) 


Barbel 


(aj'e-lfith) 


Am/ram 


A'ram-na/ha-ra'im A-se'rer 


Au'gi-a 


Ba'bl 


A7in 


AnVram-ites 


A'ram-zo'bah 


A'shan 


Au-gus'tus 


Bab'y-lon 


A-I'rus 


Am'ra-phel 


A'ran 


Ash'be-a 


Au-ra'nus 


Bab'y-lo'ni-ang 


A'jah 


Xm'zl 


Ar'a-rat 


Ash/bel 


Au-te'as 


Bab/y-lo'nish 


Aj'a-lon 


A/nab 


Ar'a-rath 


Ash'bel-Ttes 


A'va 


Ba'ca 


A'kSn 


An'a-el 


A-ra'tbeg 


Ash^he-naz 


Av'a-ran 


Bae'ehi-deg 


Ak'kub 


A'nah 


A-rau'nah 


Asb'dod 


Av'a-ron 


Ba^'chus 


Ak'ra-bat-tl'ne 


Xn/a-ha/rath 


Ar'ba 


Ash'dod-Ites 


A'ven 


Ba^-ehu'rus 


A-krab'bim 


An'a-I'ah 


Ar'bah 


Ash/doth-Ites 


A'vim 


Ba-ge'nor 


Al'a-meth 


A'nak 


A^batb-Ite 


Ash/dotb-plg'gah 


A'Timg 


Ba^b'rltes 


A-lam/me-leeh 


An/a-kimg 


Ar-bat'tis 


Ash'er 


A'vltes 


Ba'go 


Al'a-moth 


An/a-mlm 


Ar-be'la (in 


Ash/er-Ites 


A'Tith 


Ba-go'as 


Al'fi-miis 


A-nam'me-leeh 


Palestine) 


Ash'i-ma 


Az'a-el 


Bag'o-I 


Al'e-ma 


A'nan 


Ar'bite 


Ash'ke-lon 


Az'a-e'lus 


Ba-ha/rum-Tte 


Al'e-meth, or 


A-na/ni 


Ar-bCna-I 


Ash'ke-naz 


A'zah 


Ba-bu'mus 


A-le'meth 


An'a-nl'ah 


Ar'sbe-la'us 


Asb^nah 


A'zal 


Ba-hu'rim 


Il'ex-an'der (31'- 


An'a-ni'as 


Ar'ebe-vltes 


Ash/pe-naz 


Az'a-ll'ah 


Ba'jith 


egz-an'der) 


A-nan'i-el 


Ar'^hi 


Ash/rf-el 


Az'a-m'ah 


Bak-bak'kar 


Al'ex-Sn'dri-a 


A'nath 


Ar-^hip'pus 


Ash'ta-roth 


A-za/phi-on 


Bak'buk 


(classical pron. 


An'a-thoth 


Ar/«hlte 


Ash'te-moh 


Az'a-ra 


Bak/buk-i'ah 


ai-ex-an-drl'a) 


Xn'drew (an-Mru) 


Are-tu'rus 


Ash'te-rath-Ite 


A-zar'a-el, or 


Ba'laam (ba/lam), 


Al'ex-an'dri-ang 


Xn/dro-nl'sus 


Ard 


Ash'te-roth Kar'- 


A-za'ra-el 


or Ba^la-am 


A-lFah 


A'nem 


Ar/dath 


na-im 


A-zar/e-el, or 


Ba/lac 


A-li'an 


A'nen 


Ard'Ites 


Ash'to-reth 


A-za're-el 


Bal'a-dan 


Al'lom 


A'ner 


Ar'don 


Ash'ur 


Az'a-rT'ah 


Ba'lah 


Al'lon 


An'e-thoth'ite 


A-re'li 


Ash/ur-Ites 


Az'a-ri'as 


Ba'lak 


Xl'lon-ba^h'uth 


An'e-toth'ite 


A-re'lites 


Ash'Tath 


A'zaz 


Bal'a-mo 


Al-mo'dad 


A/ni-am 


Ar'e-op'a-glte 


A'si-a (a'shi-a) 


A-za'zel 


Ba-las/a-mus 


Al'mon 


A'nim 


Ar^-op'a-gus 


As'i-bi'as 


Az'a-zl'ah 


Bal-nu'us 


Al'mon-dib/la- 


Xn'na 


A'reg 


A'si-el 


Az-baz'a-reth 


Bal-tha'sar 


tha'im 


Xn'na-as 


Ar'e-tas (Gr.'Aperas) As'i-pha 


Az'buk 


Ba'mah 


Al'na-than 


Xn'nas 


A-re'us 


As'ke-lon 


A-ze'kah 


Ba'moth 


A'loth 


An-nu'us, or 


Ar'gob 


As'ma-dai (Milton 


.) A'zel 


Ba'moth-ba/al 


Al'pha 


_ Xn'nu-us 


A'ri-a-ra'theg 


AVma-veth 


A'zem 


Ban 


Al-phae'us, or Al- 


A'nos 


A-rld'a-i 


Ag'mo-de'us 


Az'e-phu'rith 


Ban'a-I'as 


pho'us 


Xn'tl-^hrist 


A-rid'a-tha 


Ag'mo-ne'ang (Jo 


■ A-ze'tas 


Ba'nl 


Xl'ta-ne'us 


An'ti-llb'a-nus 


A-rl/eh 


sephas) 


Az'gad 


Ba/nid 


Al-tXs'chith 


Xn'ti-oeh 


A'ri-el 


As'nah 


A-zi/a 


Ban-na'ia 


Ablush 


An'ti-o-ehl'a 


Ar'i-ma-thae'a 


As-nap'par 


A-zT'e-I 


Ban'nus 


Al'vah 


Xn'ti-o'ehi-ang 


Ar'i-ma-the'a 


A-so'chis (Jose- 


A'zi-el 


Ban'u-as 


jU'van 


An-ti'o-cbis 


A'ri-oeh 


_ pkus) 


A-zi'za 


Ba-rab'bas 


A'niad 


An-ti'o-ehus 


A-ris/a-I 


A'som 


Az'ma-veth 


Bar'a-€hel 


A-mad'a-tha 


Xn'ti-pas 


Ar-'is-tar'ehus 


As'pa-tha 


Az/mon 


Bar'a-ehi'ah 


A-mad'a-thus 


An-tlp'a-ter 


Ar^s-to-bu'lus 


As'phar 


Az'noth-ta'bor 


Bar'a-^hl'as 


A'mal 


An-tip'a-tris 


Ark'Tte 


As-phar'a-sus 


A'zor 


Ba'rak 


AnVa-lek 


An-fco'ni-a 


Ar/ma-^ed'don 


As'ri-el 


A-zo'tus 


Bar-hu'mlte 


Xm'a-lek-Ite 


Xn'to-thl'jah 


Ar-me'm-k 


As/ri-el-Ites 


Az'ri-el 


Ba-rl/ah 


A'mSm 


Xn'toth-ite 


Ar-mo'ni 


As'sa-bl'as 


Az'ri-kam 


Ba^-je'gus 


a, 5, &c, long ; 3, e, &c, short 


; care, far, ask, all, what ; §re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; o6n, or, do, wglf, 





■" """"" """ """' 




SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 


873 


Bir'-jo'na 


Ber'a-shah 


B6th'-sa/mos 


Cae'sar 

Ca^s/a-re'a 


Gba'naan (ka'nan, 


Gle'o-pa'tra 


Bar'kos 


BeVa-ehl'ah 


Beth'san 


or ka'na-an) 


Gle'o-phas 

Glo'e 


Bar'na-baa 


Bg'rah 


Beth'shan 


^aes'a-re'a. PM- 


Gha/naan-ite (ka' 


Ba-ro'dis 


BeVa-i'ah 


Beth'-shg'an 


lip/pi 


nan-It, or ka'na- 


Glo'pas 


B'ar'sa-bas 


Be're-aCGr. Bepea) 


Beth'-shS'mesh 


■Ga/ia-phas (-ya-fas) an-It) 


Cnl'dus (nl'dus) 


Bar'ta-sus 


1 Mace. ix. 4. 


Beth'-shS'mite 


€ain 


Ghan'nu-ne'us 


CoePo-syr'i-a (seF-) 
Go'la 


Bar-thol'o-mew 


Be-re'a (Gr. Be- 


BethZ-shTt'tah 


Ga-i'nan (Ka'Cvap) 


Ghar'a-ath'a-lar 


Bar'ti-mse'us 


pota), 2 Mace. 


Beth'-su'ra, 


€a'lah 


Ghar'a-€a 


Gol-ho'zeh 


Bar'ti-mg'ua 


xiii. 4 ; Acts xvii 


Beth'-t&p'pu-ab. 


GS^a-mol'a-lus 


Ghar'a-shim 


Go'li-us 


Ba/rush 


10, 13, and xx. 4 


Be-thu'el 


€al/«61 


Ghar'a-sim 


Go-los'se 


Bar-zeFa-I 


Ber'e-ehi'ah 


Be'thul 


€al-de'& 


Ghar'ehe-mish 


Go-los'si-ans (ko- 
-losh'T-anz) 


Bar-zil'la-I 


Bg/red 


Betb./u-11'a, or 


Gfctl-de'an^ 


Ghar'^us 


Bas'a-loth 


Be'ri 


Be-thu'li-a 


Gal-deeg' 


Gha're-a 


Gon/a-nl'ab. 


Bas^a-ma 


Be-ri'ah 


Beth'-zur 


€a'leb 


Gbar'niis 


Go-nl'ah 


Bi/shan 


Be-rl'Ites 


Be-to'li-us 


Ga'leb-eph'ra-tah 


Ghar'ran 


Gon'o-nl'ah 


Bayshan-b.a / voth- 


Bg / rites 


Bet'o-mas'them 


€al'i-tas 


Gha s / e -ba 


Go'os 


ja'ir 


Be'rith 


Bet'o-mes'tham 


•eal-lis/the-ngg 


GhS'bar 


Gor'be 


Bash'e-math 


Ber-nl'^e 


Be</o-nim 


€Si/neb 


Ghed / or-la'o-mer 


Go're 


Bas/i-lis 


Be-ro'da^h-bal'a- 


Beu'lah, or 


€a-Fno 


€he/lal 


Gor'intb 


Bas'lith 


dan 


Be-Q/lah 


€aFpbi 


Ghel'ci-as (-shi-as 


Go-rinth'i-ang 


Bas'math 


Be-roe'a, 


Be'zai 


■GaFva-ry 


GheFli-an 2 


Go-rtn'thus 


Bas'sa 


Bg'roth 


Be-zal'e-el 


-Gil'mon 


Ghel'lQh 


Gor-ne'li-us 


Bas'ta-I 


Be-ro'thah 


Be'zek 


■Ga'tia 


Ghel'lus 


Gos 


Bath/-rab'bim 


Ber'o-thai 


Be'zer 


•Ga'naan (ka'nan, 


Ghg'lod 


Go'sam 


Bath'-shg'ba, or 


Be'roth-Ite 


Be/zeth 


or ka'na-an) 


Ghg'lub 


Gou'tha (kow'tha) 


Batb/-she-ba 


Ber-re'tho 


BFa-tSs 


Ga/naan-Ite (-nan- 


Ghe-lu'bai 


Goz 


Bath'-shu/a 


Ber-zg'lus 


Bieh/ri 


or -na-an-) 


Ghem/a-rimg 


Goz'bl 


Bath'za^b-a-rl'as 


Be'sai 


Bid'kar 


Ga'naan-T^ess 


Ghe'mosb. 


Gra'teg 


Bav'a-I 


Bes'o-dg'iah (-ya) 


Big'tha 


(-nan- or -na-an- 


Ghe-na'a-nab. 


GrSs/peng 


Baz'lith 


Be'sor 


Big'than 


■Ga'naan-it/ish 


Ghen/a-nl 


Grete 


Baz'luth 


Be'tah 


Big'tha-na 


(-nan- or -na-an - 


Gben'a-ni'ab 


Gr5tes 


Be'a-H'ah 


Bei/a-ng 


BTg'va-I 


Gan'da-cg 


Ghe'phar-ha-am'- 


Gre'ti-angf -sht-anz) 


Be'a-loth 


Be'ten 


Bil'dad 


•ean'neh 


mo-nai 


Gris'pus 


Bg'an 


Betb'-ab'a-ra 


Bil/e-am 


Ga-per'na-um 


Ghe-pbi'rah 


Gush 


BeVa-i 


Beth'-a'nath. 


BiFgah 


■eaph'ar-sal'a-ma, 


Ghe'ran 


Gu'shan 


Be^her 


BetbAa'notb. 


Bil/ga-i 


Ga-phen'a-tha, 


Ghe're-as 


Gu'shan-rish'a- 


Be-^ho'rath 


Beth'a-ny 


Bil'ha 


■Ga-phFra 


GheVeth-img 


tha'im 


Bes'ti-leth 


Beth'-ar'a-bah 


Bil/hah 


Gaph'tho-rim 


Gher/eth'Ites 


Gu'shi 


Be'dad 


BeW-a'ram 


Bil'han 


Gaph'tor 


Ghe/ritb 


Guth 


Bed'a-I'ah 


Betb'-ar'bel 


Bil'shan 


Gaph/to-rim 


Ghe'rub (a city) 


Gu'thah, or 


B3'dan 


Beth'-a'ven 


Bim/hal 


Gaph'to-rimg 


GMs'a-lon 


Guth'ah 


Be-da'iah (-ya) 


Betb/--az'ma-yeth 


Bm'e-a, 


Gap'pa-do'ci-a 


Ghe'sed 


Cy/a-mSn 


Be'el-i'a-da 


Beth / -ba/al-mg'on Bin-nu'i, or 


(-do'shi-a) 


Ghe/sil 


C^p'ri-ang 


Be-el'sa-rus 


Beth'-ba/rah 


Bin'nu-i 


Gar'a-ba'iji-on 


Ghe-suFloth 


Gy/prus 


Be'el-tetli'mus 


Beth'-ba'si 


BTr'sha, 


Gar^as 


Ghe-thVim 


GyVa-ma 


Be-el'ze-bub 


Beth'-bir'e-I 


Bir'za-vith 


Gar/^ha-mis 


Ghet-tFim 


Cy-re'ne 


Be'er 


Beth'-^ar 


Bisb'lam 


G'ar^be-mish 


Gbg'zib 


Cy-re'ni-an 


Be-g'ra 


Beth'-da'gon 


BX-thl'ah 


Ga-re'ah 


Ghl/don 


Gy-rg'ni-us 


Be-e'rah 


Beth 7 - dlb'la-tha'im Bith'ron 


Ga'ri-a 


GMFe-ab 


(^y'rus 


Be'er-e'lim 


Beth'-e'den 


Bl-thyn'i-a 


Gar-ma^ni-an?! 


Ghi-11'on 




Be-e'ri 


BeW-el, or 


Biz-joth/jab. 


G'ar'me 


GMFmad 




Be'er-la-hai'-roi 


Beth'el 


Biz'tha 


Gar / mel 


Ghim/ham 


D. 


Be-g'roth 


BeW-el-ite 


Blas'tus 


G'ar'mel-Tte 


Gbin'ne-reth 


Be-g'roth-ites 


BeW-e'inek 


Bo/a-ner'ggg 


G'ar'mel-it/ess 


Ghln'ne-roth 




Be'er-she'ba, or 


Be'ther 


Bo'az 


Gar'ml 


Ghi'os 


Dab'a-reh 


Be-SVshe-ba 


Be-theVda 


Boe'^as 


Gar'niites 


Gbis'leu 


Dab^ba-shgth 


Be-eWte-rah 


BeW-e'zel 


B6€b'e-r]} 


Gar'na-im 


Ghis'lon 


Dab/e-rSth 


Be/he-moth 


BeW-ga'der 


Bo'-ehim 


Gar'ni-on 


Ghls/loth-ta'bor 


Da'bri-a 


Bg'kah 


Beth'-ga'mul 


Bo'han 


G'ar'pha-sai'a-ma 


Ghit/tim 


Da-co'bi 


Bel 


BeW-hae'^e-rem 
Beth'-ha'ran 


Bo'oz 


G'ar'pus 


GhFun 


Dad-de/us 


Be'la 


Bo^rith 


Gar-she / na 


Ghlo'e 


Da'gon 


Be<lah 


Beth'-hog'la 


Bos'^ath 


Ga-slpb'i-a 


Gbo'ba 


Dai'san 


Bg'la-Ites 


Beth'-hog'lah 


Bo'sor 


Gas'leu 


Ghob/a-T 


Dai'a-I'ah 


Bel'e-mus 


Beth'-ho'ron 


Bog'o-ra 


Gas'lu-bim 


Gbo-ra'shan 


Dai'ma-nu'tha 


Be'li-al 


Beth / -jesh'i-moth 


Bog'rah 


Gas'phon 


Gho-ra'zin 


Dal-ma'ti-a (-mii'- 


Bel'ma-im 


BSth'-jesM-moth 


Bo'zez 


Gas'phor 


Ghos / a-me'us 


shi-a) 


BeFmen 


BethMeb'a-oth 


Boz/kSth 


Gas'pis 


Gho-ze'ba 


DaFphon 


Bel-shaz'zar 


Beth' -le'hem, and 


Boz'rab 


Gas'tor 


GHR1ST 


DaoVa-ris 


Bel'te-shaz'zar 


BetMe-hem 


BSfc/kl 


Ga-thu'a 


Ghrist'ian 


Dam'a-sfenes' 


BSn 


Beth'-le'hem Eph> 


-Buk-kFah 


Gg/dron 


Ghfib 


Da-mas' «us 


Be-na'iah (-ya) 
Ben'-am'ml 


ra-tah 


Bui 


Cei'lan 


Ghttn 


D3n 


Beth'-la/hem-Tte 


Bu'nah 


CePo-s^r'i-a, 


GhQ/shan-rish/a- 


Dan'i-el, or 


Ben'e-be'rak 


Beth'-le'hem-ju'- 


Bun'nl 


Cen'cbre-a 


tha'im 


Dan'iel (-yel) 


BeVe-ja/a-kan 


dah 


Buz 


Cen/de-be'us 


Ghu/si 


DSn'Ttes 


BSn'-ha'dad 


Beth-lo'mon 


BQ-'z! 


Ce / phas 


Ghu/za 


Dan-ja'an 


Ben'-ba'il 


Beth'-ma/a-chah 


Buz/ite 


Ce/ras 


gi-li'ci-a (sMish'- 


Dan'nah 


Ben'-ha'nan 


Beth'-mar'ea-both 


Gg/gar 


i-a) 


Daph'ne 


Ben'i-nu 


Beth'-me^on 




Ces'a-re'a, 


Cin'ne-rStb 


Da'ra 


Ben'ja-mln 
BeVja-mite 


Beth'-nirn'rah 


C. 


^es/a-re'a PM- 


Cnyne-rotk 


Dar'da 


Beth-o'ron 


lip/pl 


Gir'a-ma 


Da-rT'us 


Bg'no 
Ben'-o'm 


Beth'-pa'let 

Beth'-paz'zez 

Beth'-pg'or 

Beth'pha-ge 

Beth'-phg'let 

Beth'-ra'pha 


€ab'bon 


Gg/tab 
Gha/bris 


Gl'sai 


Dar'kon 
Da'than 


Ben-mVI, or 


€a'bul 


Gha'di-as 


Cit^m 6 ! 


Dath'e-ma 


Ben'nu-I 


Cad'dis 


Gha^re-as 


Glau/da 


Da'Tid 


BSn'-zo'heth 


ea'des 


Ghai/«ol 


Glau'di-a, 


De^bir 


Bg'on 


■ea/deg-b'ar'ne 


Ghal-de'a 


Glau'di-us 


Deb'o-ra 


Be 'or 


Beth'-re'hob 


CSa'desb 


Ghal-de/an 


Glem'ent 


Deb'o-rah 


Bg'ra 


BeW-sa'i-da 


€ad'mi-el 


Ghal-deeg' 


■Gle'0-pas 


De-eap'o-lis 


food, 


foot ; urn, rude, pull ; ?ell, phaise, sail 


, e€ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; liriger, link ; tiiia. 



874 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



De'dan 

Ded'a-nim 

De-ha'vites 

D5'kar 

Del'a-I'ah 

DeJ/i-lah 

Do'lus 

De'nias 

De-me'tri-ils 

DSm'o-pbon 

Der'be 

Des'sa-u. (Gr. Aeo- 

craou) 
De-u'el 

Deu'ter-5n'o-my 
Dl-fi'na, or Dl-an'a, 
Dib'la-Im 
Dlb'lath _ 
Dlb'la-tha'im 
Dl'bon 
Dl'bon Gad 
DTb'rl 
Did'y-mils 
Dik'lah 
Dil'e-an 
Dim'nah 
DI'mon 
Di-rno'nah 
Dl'nah 
Dl'na-Ites 
Dm'ha-bah, or 

Din-ha / bah 
DT'o-ny 'si-us (dl'o- 

nlzb'i-us) 
DI'os-€o-rin'thi-us 
DT-ot're-pheg 
Dl'shan 
Dl'shon 
Diz'a-hab 
Do'«us 
Dod'a-i 
Dod'a-nim 
D3d'a-vah 
D3'do 
Do'eg 
Doph'kah 
Dor 
Do'ra 
Dorcas 
Do-rym'e-ne§ 
Do-sith'e-us 
Do'tha-im 
Do'than 
Dru-sMa 
Du'mah 
Du'ra 



E. 



E'a-nej 
E'bal 
£'bed 

E'bed-me'le€h 
fibjen-e'zer, or 

fib'en-e'zer 
E'ber 

E-bl'a-s&ph 
E-bro'nah 
E-ca'nus 
Ec-bat'a-na. 
Es-bat'a-ne 
Ee-clG'si-as'tes. 
Ee-€le'ei-as'ti~eus 
fid 
E'dar 
Ed-d!'as 
E'den 
E'der 

g'dSg 

fid'na 

E'dom 

E'dom-Ite 

fid're-I 

Eg'lah 

fig']a-!m 

fig'lon 



E'gypt 

E-gyp'tian 

E'hi 

E'hud 

E'ker 

fik're-bel 

fik'ron 

fik'ron -Ites 

E'la 

fil'a-dah 

E'lah 

E'lam 

E'lam-ites 

El'a-sah 

Elath 

fil'-beth'-el 

fil'ci-a (el'shi-a) 

El'da-ah, or 

El-da'ah 
fil'dad 
E'le-ad 
E'le-a'leh 
E-le'a-sa 
E-le'a-sah 
E'le-a'zar 
E'le-a-zu'rus 
El'-e-lo'he Is/ra-el 
E'leph 

E-leu'the-rQs 
E-leu'za-I 
El-ba'nan 
E'b 
E-H'ab 
E-li'a-da 
E-11'a-dah 
E-li'a-das 
E-K'a-dun 
E-H'ah 
E-li'ah-ba, 
E-11'a-kim 
E-li'a-li 
E-li'am 
E-li'a-o-ni'as 
E-11'as 
E-H'a-saph 
E-11'a-shib 
E-11'a-sib 
E-11'a-sis 
E-11'a-tha 
E-li'a-thah 
E-11'dad 
E'U-el 
E'b-e'na-i 
E'n-e'zer 
E-li'ha-ba 
fil'i-ho-5'na-i 
fil'i-bo'reph 
E-li'hu 
E-li'jab 
£l'i-ka, or 

E-11'ka 
E'lim 

E-lrtn'e-le«h 
fil'i-o-e'na-I 
E'U-o'nas 
fil'i-phal 
E-liph'a-lat 
E-liph'a-leh 
E-liph'a-l&t 
fil'i-phaz, or 

E-H'phaz 
E-liph'e-leh 
E-liph'e-let 
E-lTs.'a-beth 
El'i-sae'us 
fil'i-sS'us 
E-H'sha 
E-H'shah 
E-lTsh'a-ma 
E-lish'a-mah 
E-lish'a-phat 
E-lTsh'e-ba 
fil'i-shij'a 
E-lis'i-mus 
E-li'u 
E-li'ud. 
E-Hz'a-phan 
fil'i-ze'us 



E-H'zur 
fil'ka-nah 
fil'kosh-Ite 
fil'la-sar 
El-mo'dam (Gr. 

'EAju.w6d|u.) 
fil'na-ain 
fil'na-than 
El'o-Mm 
E-lo'I 
E'lon 



E'lon-bSth'-ha'nanE'sek 



E'sar-had'don 

E'sau 
|'£ay 

Es'dra-e'lom 
fis'dra-e'lon 
fis^dras, or 

fiVdras 
Es-dre'lom 
Es-dre'lon 
£s'e-b5n 
E-se'bri-Ss 



E'lon-ites 

E'loth 

£l'pa-al 

EFpa-lCt 

fil'-pa'ran 

EFte-keh 

EFte-kon 

El-to'lad, or 

fil'to-lad 
E'lul 
E-la'za-I 
EFy-ma'is 
fiFy-mas 
fil/y-me'ang 
fil^za-bad 
EFza-phan 
E'raimg 
Em-maii'u-el 
Em'ma-us 
firn'mer 
firn'mor 
E'nam 
E'rian 
E-nas'i-bus 
En^dor, or 

fin/dor 



Esh'-ba'al 

Esb'ban 

fisb^ol 

E/she-an 

E'shek 

fish/ka-lon-ites 

Esh'ta-ol 

Esh'ta-ul-Ites, or 

Esh'tau-iites 
fish'te-mo'a, or 

Esh-tPm'o-a 
fisb'te-mob. 
fish 7 ton 
fis^li 
E-so-'ra 
fis'ril 
fis'rom 
fisVha-ol 
fis^ber (es'ter) 
E'tam 
E / tbam 
E'tban 
Etb'a-nim 
£tk'ba-al 
E'tbe^ 
E'thi-o'pi-a 



E'ne-as (see iEneas) E'thi-o'pi-an 

fin'-eg'la-im, or 

w fin'-eg-la/im 

fin/e-mgs'sar 

E-ne'ni-us 

En-gad'dT _ 

fin'-gan'nim 

fin'-ge'di 

fin-'-had'dab 

fin / -bak'ko-re 

fin'-ba'zor 

Er^-mTsb'pat 

E^oeb 

E'rion 

E'nos 

^nosh 

En'-nm'mon 

£n / -ro'gel 

En'-sbS'mesb 

En'-tap-pu'ab 

fip'a-pbras 

E-papb/ro-dl'tus 

E-pen'e-tus 

E'phah 

E'phai 

E'pber 

E ^bes-dam 'mim 

E-phe'si-an (-f5- 

^ zbi-an) 

fiph'e-sus 

fipb'lal 

fiph/pba-tba 

E'phra-im 

E/phra-im-ite 

E'pbra-in 

fipb'ra-tah 

Eph'ratb 

fipb'ratb-ite 

E/phron 

£p / i-€u-re'an§, or 

fip'i-eu're-ang 
E-pipb'a-neg 
Er 

E'ran 
E'ran-ites 
E-raLs'tus 
E're«b 
E'rl 
E 'rites 
E-sa'ias (e-za'yas) 



Etb'ma 

fitb'nan 

fitb'ni 

Eu-bu'lus 

Eu-er'ge-te§ 

Eu'me-neg 

EQ'na-tan 

Eu-m'fe, or 

Eu'nTfe 
Eu-o'di-as 
Eii'pa-tor 
Eu-pbra'te§ 
Eu-pol'e-mus 
Eu-ro-e'ly-don. 
Eu'ty-«bus 
Eve 

E'Tl 

E'vil-me-ro'daeb 

fix'o-dus 

E'zar 

fiz'ba-i 

fiz'bon 

fiz'e-ebi'as 

fiz'e-fl'as 

fiz'e-kl'as 

E-ze'ki-el 

E'zel 

E'zem 

E'zer 

fiz'e-rl'as 

E-zT'as 

E'zi-on-ga'ber 

E'zi-on-ge'ber 

fiz'nite 

fiz'ra 

fiz'ra-hlte 

fiz'rl 

fiz'ron 



F. 



Ee'lix 

FSs'tus 

For'tu-na'tus 



Ga'al 



G. 



Ga'ash 

Ga'ba 

Gab'a-el 

Gab'a-tba 

Gab'ba-I 

Gab'ba-tba 

Gab'deg 

Ga'bri-as 

Ga'bri-el 

Gad 

Gad'a-ra 

Gad'a-reneg' 

Gad'dl 

Gad'di-el 

Ga'dl 

Gadlte 

Ga'bam 

Ga'har 

Ga'ius (ga'yus) 

Gal'a-ad 

Ga'lal 

Ga-la'ti-a (-la'- 

sM-a) 
Ga-la'ti-an§ 
Gal'e-ed 
Gal'ga-la 
Gal'i-lae'an 
Gal'i-le'an 
Gal'i-lee 
Gal'lim 
Gal'li-o 
Gam'a-el 
Ga-ma'U-el 
Gam'ma-dimg 
Ga'mul 
Gar 
Ga'reb 
Gar'i-zim 
Gar'mlte 
Gash'mu 
Ga'tam 
Gatb 

Gatb'-he'pher 
Gatb'-rim'mon 
Ga'za 
Ga-za'ra 
Ga'zatb-Ttes 
Ga'zer 
Ga-ze'ra, 
Ga'zez 
Gaz'ites, or 

Ga'zTtes 
Gaz'zam 
Ge'ba 
Ge'bal 
Ge'ber 
Ge'bim 
G£d'a-ll'ah 
(Jed'dur 
Ged'e-on 
Ge'der 
Ge-de'rah 
Ged'e-ratb-ite 
Ged'e-rite 
Ge-de'roth 
Ged'e-roth-a'im 
Ge'dor 
Ge-ba'zi 
Ge-ben'na 
Gel'i-lotb 
Ge-mSl'li 
GSm'a-ri'ah 
Ge-nes'a-reth 
Gen'e-sis 
Gen-ne'sar 
Gen-nes'a-ret 
Gen-nS'us 
Gen'tlle 
Ge-nu'bath 
Ge'on 
Ge'ra 
Ge'rab 
Ge'rar 
Ger'ge-seneg 
Ger'ge-sltes 
Ger'i-zim 
Ger-rhe'ni-ans 

(-re'-) 



G5r'shom 

Ger'sbon 

Ger'sbon-ite 

Ger'son 

Ger'zites 

Ge'sem 

Ge'sbam 

Ge'sbem 

Ge'sbur 

Gesb'u-rl 

Gtisb'u-rites 

Ge'ther 

Getb-sem'a-ne 

Ge-u'el 

Ge'zer 

Gez'rites 

Gi'ah 

Gib'bar 

Gib'be-thon 

Gib'e-a 

Gib'e-ah 

Gib'e-ath 

Gib'e-atb-ito 

Gib'e-OD 

Gib'e-on-Ite 

Gib'lltes 

Gid-dal'ti 

Gid'del 

Gid'e-on 

Gid'e-o'nT 

Gl'dom 

Gi'bon 

Gil'a-lai 

GiL-bo'a, or 

_ Gil-bo-a 

Gil'e-ad 

Gil'e-ad-ite 

Gll'gal 

GI'lob 

Gi'lo-nlte 

Gim'zo 

Gl'nath 

Gm'ne-tho 

Gin'ne-thon 

Gir'ga-sbTte 

Gir'ga-slte 

G!s'pa 

Git'tah-be'pher 

Git'ta-im 

Git'tlte 

Git'tith 

GT'zo-nTte 

Giz'rTtes 

Gnl'dup (nl'dus) 

Go'atb 

Gob 

Gog 

Go'lan 

G51'go-tha 

Go-li'atb 

Go'mer 

Go-m5r'rah 

Go-mCr'rba 

G6r'gi-as 

Gor-ty'na 

Go'sben 

Goth'o-ll'as 

Go-tbon'i-el 

Go'zan 

Gra'ba 

Gre'ci-a (gre'Shi-a) 

Gre'cian 

Greece 

Greek 

Greek'ish 

GQd'go-dah 

Gu'ni 

Gu'nltes 

Gur 

GQr'-ba'al 



H. 



Ha'a-hash'ta-rl 
Ha-am'mo-nai 
Ha-ba'iab (-ba'ya) 



a, 5, &c, long; a, g, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t5rm ; pique, firm ; son, Sr, dp,, wolf, 







SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 


875 


Hab'ak-kuk, or 


Ha'ran 


He'led 


Hol'o-fer'neg 


In'dia (md'ya or 


Ja-ar/e-5iye-gim 


Ha-bak'kuk 


Ha'ra-rlte 


HS'lek 


Ho'lon 


ln'di-a) 


Ja'a-sau 


Hab'a-zi-nl'ab 


Har-bo'na 


He'lek-Ites 


Ho'mam 


In'dian (ind'yan 


Ja-a'si-el 


Hab'ba-eue 


Har-bo'nab 


He'lem 


Hopb'ni 


or In'di-an) 


Ja-az'a-nl'ah 


Ha'bor 


Ha'repb 


HS'lepb 


Hopb'ra 


Ipb'e-de'iab (-ya) 


Ja-a'zer 


Hacb'a-li'ah 


Ha'retb. 


He'lez 


Hor 


lr 


Ja'a-zi'ab 


Ha€h'i-lab 


Har'ba-i'ab 


He'll 


Ho'ram 


I'ra 


Ja-a'zi-el 


Ha^b'mo-ni 


Har'bas 


He-H'as 


Ho'reb 


I'rad 


Ja'bal 


Hasb'mo-nlte 


Has'har 


He'li-o-do'rus 


Ho'rem 


I'ram 


Jab'bok 


Ha'dad 


Ha'rim 


HeFka-I 


Hor/-ba-gid'gad 


I'ri 


Ja'besh 


Had'ad-e'zer 


Ha/ripb 


Hel'katb [rim 


Ho'rl 


I-rl'jab 


Ja'besb-gfl'e-ad 


H a'dad-rim'mon 


Har'ne-pber 


HeFkatb-baz'zu- 


Ho'runs 


Ir'-na'basb 


Ja'bez 


Ha/dar 


Ha/rod 


Hel-kl'as 


Ho'rite 


Pron 


Ja'bin 


Had'ar-e'zer 


Ha'rod-ite 


He'lon 


Hor'mab 


Ir'pe-el 


Jab'ne-el 


Had'a-shab, or 


Har'o-eh 


He'mam 


Hor'o-na'mi 


Ir'-sbe'mesb 


Jab'neb 


Ha-da'shab 


Ha'ro-rlte 


He'man 


Hor'o-nite 


I/ru 


Ja'«ban 


Ha-das'sab 


Ha-ro'sbStb 


He'math 


Ho'sa 


I'gaae (^zak) 


Ja'^nin 


Ha-dat/tab 


Har'sba 


Hem/dan 


Ho'sab 


l-ga'iab (I-za/ya) 


Ja^bin-itea 


Ha'did 


Ha/rum 


H6n 


Ho-ge'a 


Is^ah 


Ja'^ob 


Had'la-1 


Ha-ru'maph 


He'na 


Hosb'a-I'ah 


Is-ear'i-ot 


Ja-^u'bus 


Ha-do'ram 


Har'u-phite, or 


Hen'a-dad 


HSsb'a-ma 


Is'da-el 


Ja'da 


Ha'dra^b 


Ha-ru'pbite 


H3'no«b 


Ho-sbe'a 


Isb'bab 


Ja-da'u 


Ha/gab 


Ha'ruz 


He'pber 


Ho'tham 


Isb'bak 


Jad-du'a 


Hag'a-ba 


Has'a-dl'ah 


He'pher-ites 


Ho'tban 


Isb'bi-be'nob 


Ja'don 


Hag'a-bab 


Has'e-nu'ab 


Hepb'zi-bah, or 


Ho'tbir 


Isb'-bo'sbetb 


Ja'el 


Ha'gar 


Hasb'a-bi'ab 


HepVzi-bab 


Huk'kok 


I/shi 


Ja/gur 


Ha'gar-ene-s' 


Ha-sbab'nab 


HSr'^u-leg 


Hu'kok 


I-sbl'ab 


Jab 


Ha'gar-Ite 


Hasb'ab-ni'ab 


He'reg 


HQ1 


I-sbFjab 


Ja-hal'e-lgl 


Ha'ger-Ite 


Hasb-bad'a-na 


He'resb 


Hul'dab 


Isb'ma 


Ja'batb 


HSg'ga-I 


Ha'shem 


Her'mas 


Hum'tah 


Isb'ma-el 


Ja'bSz 


Hag'ge-rl 


Hasb-mo'nab 


HSr'meg 


Hii'pbam 


Isb'ma-el-Ite 


Ja-ba'za 


HSg'gi 


Ha'shub 


Her-mSg'e-ne^ 


Hu'pbam-Ites 


Isb/ma-I'ah 


Ja-ha'zah 


Hag-gi'ab 


Ha-shu'bab 


Her'mon 


HQp'pah 


fsb'me-el-ite 


Ja'ha-zl'ab 


Hag'gTtes 


Ha'sbum 


Her'mon-Ites 


Hup'pka 


Isb'me-rai 


Ja-ha'zi-el 


Hag'gitb 


Ha-sbu'pba 


Her'od 


Hur 


Psbod 


J'ab/da-i 


Ha'gi-a 


Has'rab 


He-ro'di-ang 


Hu'rai 


Isb'pan 


Jab'di-el 


Ha'I 


Has'se-na/ab 


He-ro'di-as 


Hu'ram 


Isb'tob 


Jah'do 


Hak'ka-tan 


Has'sbub 


He-ro'di-on 


Hu'rl 


Isb/u-ab 


Jab^e-el 


Hak'koz 


Ha-su'pba 


He'sed 


Hu'shah 


Isb'u-ai 


J'ab'le-el-Ites 


Ha-ku'pba 


Ha'tasb 


Hesb'bon 


Hu'sbai 


Isb'u-i 


Jab'ma-I 


Ha'lab 


Ha/tbatb 


Hesb'mon 


Hu'sham 


Is/ma-ebl'ab 


J'ab'zab 


Ha'lak 


HaM-pba, or 


Hes'ron 


Hu'sbatb-Ite 


Is'ma-el 


J'ab'ze-el 


Hal'bul 


Ha-ti'pba 


Hes'ron-Ttes 


Hu'sbim 


Is'ma-I'ab 


Jab'ze-el-Ites 


HaOi 


HXt'i-ta 


HCth 


Huz 


|s x pab 


Jah'ze-rab 


Hal'i-^ar-nas'sus 


Hat-ta'a-vah 


Hetb'lon 


Hu'zotb 


I^ra-el 


Jab'zi-el 


Hal-lo'esb 


Hat'ti-€on 


Hez'e-ki 


Huz'zab 


Ig/ra-el-Tte 


Ja'ir 


Hal-lo'besb 


Hat'til 


Hez'e-ki'ab 


Hy-das'peg 


Ig'ra-el-it/isb 


JM-rite 


Ha-lo'besb 


- Hat'tush 


H3'zi-6ii 


Hy'me-nse'us 


Is'sa-cbar 


Ja'i-rus (Gr. 'Iat- 


Ham 


Hau'ran 


He'zir 


Hy'me-ne'us 


Is-sbFab 


pos), Esther xi. 2. 


Ha'man 


Hav'i-lah 


HiSz'ra-i 




Is'tal-^u'rus 


Ja-Frus (Gr. 'Iaei- 


Ha'math 


Ha'yotb-ja'ir 


Hez'ro 




Is'u-ab 


pos), New Test- 


Ha'math-Tte 


Haz'a-el 


Hez'ron 


I. 


fe/u-I 


Ja'kan 


Ha'matb-zo'bab 


Ha-za'iab (-za'ya) 


Hez'ron-ites 


I-tal'ian 


Ja^keb 


Ham'i-tal 


Ha'zar-ad'dar 


Hid'da-i 




IVa-ly 


Ja/khn 


Ham'mab-le'kotb 


Ha'zar-e'nan 


Hid'de-kel 


Ib/har 


Itb'a-i 


Ja'lon 


Ham'math 


Ha/zar-gad'dab 


ffi'el 


Ib'le-am 


Itb/a-m'ar 


Jam^reg 


Ham-med'a-tba 


Ha'zar-bat'ti-eSn 


Hi'e-rap'o-bs 


Ib-ne'iab (-ne'ya) 


ItM-el 


JSm'bri 


Ham/me-leeb 


Ha/zar-ma'vetb 


Hi-gr/e-el 


Ib-ni'jab 


Itb'mab 


Jameg 


Ham-m5Fe-ketb 


Ha'zar-sbu'al 


Hi-er'e-motb 


Ib'ri 


Itb'nan 


Ja/min 


Ham'mon 


Ha'zar-su'sah 


Hl-er'i-e'lus 


Ib'zan 


Itb'ra 


Ja/min-Ites 


Ham'motb-dor 


Ha'zar-su'sim 


Hi-er'mas 


I^b'a-bod 


Ith^n 


Jam / le«b 


Ham'o-nab, or 


HaYa-zon-ta'mar 


HT'e-rSn'y-mus 


I-eo'ni-um 


Itb're-am 


Jam-nFa 


Ham-o'nab 


Haz'e-lel-po'nl 


HT'e-ru'sa-lem 


I-da'lab 


Itb^rlte 


Jam/nites 


Ha'mon-gog 


Ha-ze'rim 


Hig-ga'ion (-ga'yon) Id'basb 


It/tah-ka'zin 


Jan'na 


Ha'mor 


Ha-ze'rotb 


HT'len 


Id'do 


|t'ta-i 


Jan'neg 


Ha'motb 


Haz'e-zon-ta'mar 


Hil-kT'ab 


Id'u-el 


It/u-rae'a 


Ja-no'ah 


Ha-mu'el 


Ha'zi-el 


HTl'lel 


Id'u-mae'a 


IVu-re'a 


Ja-no'hab 


Ha'mul 


Ha'zo 


Hin'nom 


Id'u-mEe'ang 


I'Tah 


Ja'num 


Ha/mul-Ites 


Ha'zor 


Hf'rah 


Id'u-me'a 


Iz/e-har 


Ja'pbetb 


Ha-mu'tal 


Ha'zor Ha-dat'tab HPram 


Id/u-me'ang 


Iz'e-bar-ites 


Ja-pbl-'a 


Ha-nain'e-el 


Haz'u-bab 


Hir-ea'nus 


I/gal 


Iz'har 


JSpb'let 


Ha'nan 


Haz'zu-rlm 


Hii/tTte 


Ig'da-K'ab 


Iz'har-Ttes 


Japb'le-tl, or 


Ha-nSn'e-el 


He'ber 


Hl/ylte 


Ig/e-31 


Iz'ra-bi'ab 


Japb-le'tl 


Ha-na'nl, or 


He'ber-Ites 


Hiz-ki/ah 


I'im 


Iz'ra-bite 


Ja'pho 


Han'a-nt 


He'brew (-bru) 


Hiz-ki'jab 


Jj'e-ab'a-rim 


Iz/re-el 
Iz'rl 


Ja'rab 


Han'a-nl'ab 


He'brew-ess (-bru-) Ho'ba 


I'jon 


Ja'reb 


Hi'neg 


He'bron 


Ho'bab 


Ik'kesb 




Ja 7 red 


Han'i-el 


He'bron-ites 


Ho'bah 


Mai 




Jar'e-sl'ah. 


H&n'nah 


Heg'a-I 


Ho-ba'iab (-ba'ya 


Il-KT/i-eum 


J. 


Jar^ba 
Ja'rib 


Han'na-tb5n 


He'ge 


Hod 


Im'la 


Han'ni-el 


Helah 


HoJ'a-I'ah 


Im/lah 




Jar/i-m6th 


Ha'noeb 


He 'lam 


Hjd'a-Tl'ab 


Im'mah 


Ja'a-kan 


Jar'muth 


Ha'noeb-ites 


Hel'bah 


Ho'desh 


Im-man'u-el 


Ja-ak/o-bab 


Ja-ro'ah 


Ha'nun 


Hel'bon 


Ho-de'rab 


fm'mer 


Ja-a/la 


Jas'a-el 


Hapb'a-ra'im 


Hel-^hl/ah 


Ho-dT'ah 


Im'na. 


Ja-a'lah 


Ja'shen 


Hapb-ra'im 


Hel-ehi'as 


Ho-dT'jaa 


Jm'nah 


Ja-a'lam 


Ja'sber 


Ha'ra 


Hel'da-I 


H5g'lab 


Im'rab 


Ja'a-nai, or 


Ja-sbo^e-am 


Har'a-dab 


He'leb 


Ho'bam 


Irn'ri 


Ja-a/nai 


JSsb/ub 


fOOd, 


f<5bt , urn, rude, pull ; fell, pbaise, eall 


, eebo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, Unk ; this. 

-1 





876 


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 




jash'u-bT-le'hem 


Je-ml'ma, or 


Jo'a-^hSz 


Ju'da-Ygm 


Ko'hath-Ites 


Lu'hitb 


J5sh / ub-Ites 


JenVi-ma 


Jo'a-^him 


JQ'das 


Kol'a-i'ah 


Luke 


Ja'si-el 


JeWna-an 


Jo'a-pim 


Jude 


Ko y rah 


Luz 


Ja'son 


Je-mu'el 


JS'a-da'nus 


Ju-de/a 


Ko'rah-Ite 


Lye^a-5'ni-a 


Ja-sii'bus 


Jeph'tha-S 


Jo'ah 


JQ/ditb 


Ko'rath-ites 


Ly'ci-a (lish'i-a) 


Ja'tal 


Jeph'thah 


Jo'a-h3z 


Ju'el 


Ko're 


Lyd'da 


jath'ni-el 


Je-phun'ne 


Jo'a-kim 


Ju'li-a 


Kor/hlte 


Lyd'i-a 


jat'tir 


Je-phQn'neh 


Jo-a/nan 


Ju'li-us 


Koz 


Lyd^-ang 


J a' van 


Je'rah 


Jo-an'na 


Ju'iii-a 


Kusb-a'iab 


Ly-sa'ni-as 


Ja'zar 


Je-rah'me-el 


Jo-Sn'nan 


Ju'pi-ter 




Ly'si-as (lisha-as) 


Ja'zer 


Je-rah'me-el-Ites 


Jo'a-rib 


Ju / shab-he''sed 




Ly-sim/a-^htis 


Ja'zi-el 


Jer'e-chus 


Jo'ash 


Jus'tus 


L. 


L^s'tra 


Ja'ziz 


Je'red 


Jo'a-tbam 


JiiVtab 




Je'a-rim 


Jer'e-mai 


Jo'a-zSb'dus 








Je-St/e-rai 


Jer'e-mi'ah 


Job 




La'a-dah 


M. 


Je-beVe-«hI'ah 


Jer'e-mi'as 


Jo/bSb 


K. 


La'a-dan 


Je'bus 


Jer'e-nioth 


JGtb/e-bed 


La'ban 




Je-bu'sl 


Jer'e-my 


Jo'da 




Lab'a-na 


Ma'a-cah 


Jeb'u-slte 


Je-rl'ah 


Jo'ed 


Kab'ze-el 


Lap'e-de-mo'ni-ang Ma'a-ehah 


Jee'a-mi'ab. 


Jer'i-bai 


Jo'el 


Ka'deg 


La^hish 


Ma-ach'a-thT 


Jeeh'o-ll'ah 


Jer'i-fiho 


Jo-e'lab 


Ka/desh 


La-^fi/nus 


Ma-aeh'a-thlte 


Jesh'o-nl'as 


Je'ri-^l 


Jo-e'zer 


Ka'desh-b'ar'ne-a 


La'dan 


Ma-ad/ai 


Jec'o-ll'ah 


Je-ri'jah 


Jog^be-bab 


Kad'mi-el 


liWel 


Ma'a-di'ah 


Jee'o-nl'ah 


JeVi-moth 


Jog/ll 


Kad/mon-Ites 


La'had 


Ma-a'i 


Jes'o-ni'as 


Je'ri-oth 


Jo^ba 


Kaiaa-i 


La-hai'-roi 


Ma-al'eh-a-erab'- 


Je-da'iah (-ya) 


Jer'o-bo'am 


Jo-ha'nan 


Ka'nah 


L'ah'mam 


bim 


Jed'du 


Je^o-hSm 


Jo-ban'neg 


Ka-re'ab 


L'ah/ml 


Ma'a-ni 


Je-de'iah (-ya) 


Je-rub'ba-ai 


John (j5n) 


Kar'ka-a 


Lavish 


Ma'a-rath 


Je-de'us 


Je-rQb'be-sheth 


Joi'a-da 


K'ar'ker 


L^kum 


Ma^a-se'iah (-ya) 


Je-dFa-el 


Je-rub'e-sheth 


Joi'a-kim 


Kiir'na-im 


La/meeh 


Ma-as'i-ai 


Jed'i-dah 


JeVu-el 


Joi'a-rib 


Kar'tah 


La-Cd^i-pe'a 


Ma'a-si'aa 


Jed'i-di'ah 


Je-ru'sa-lem 


Jok'de-am 


Kar'tan 


La-od^-fe'ang 


Ma'atb 


JS'di-el 


Je-ru'sha 


Jo/kim 


Kat'tatb 


Lapd-doth 


Ma'az 


JSd'u-thun 


Je-ru'sha'h 


Jo^me-Sm 


Ke'dar 


La-se'a 


Ma'a-zi'ah 


Je-e'H 


Je-sa'iah (-ya) 


Jok'ne-am 


Ked^-mah 


La'sha 


Mab'da-I 


Je-e^us 


Je-sha'iah (-ya) 


Jok'shan 


Ked'e-motb 


La-sha'ron 


Mae'a-lSn 


Je-e'zer 


Jesh'a-nah 


Jok'tan 


Ke'desh 


Las'the-nes 


Mae^a-bse'us 


Je-e'zer-ites 


Je-shaVe-lah 


Jok^be-el 


Ke'deshNapb/ta-lI Lat'iu 


Mae^a-bees 


Je'gar-sa'ha-du'- 


Je-sheb'e-ab 


Jo^a 


Ke-beFa-thab 


Laz'a-rus 


Ma^^a-be'ua 


Je-ha'le-el [tha. 


Je'sher 


Jon 7 a-dab 


Kei'lah 


Le'ah 


Ma^e-do'ni-a 


Je'ha-le'le-el 


Jesh'i-mon 


Jo'nah 


Ke-la'iah 


Le-an'noth 


Map'e-do'ni-an 


Je-hfil'e-lgl 


Je-shish'a-I 


Jo^nan 


KeFi-ta 


Leb'a-na 


Ma^h^a-nai 


Jeh-de'iah (-ya) 


Jesh'o-ha-i'ah 


Jo'nas 


Ke-mu'el 


Leb/a-nab 


Ma^h/be-Dah 


Je-hez'e-kel 


JSsh'u-a 


Jon'a-tban 


Ke/nan 


Leb'a-non 


Ma'^M 


Je-hFah 


Jesh'u-ah 


Jon'a-thas 


K5/nSth 


Leb'a-oth 


Ma'chir 


Je-hFel 


Jesh'u-run 


JD'Hath-e'lem-re- 


Ke'naz 


Leb-bge/us 


Ma'chir-ites 


Je-bi'e-li 


Je-si'ah 


•eho/kim 


Ken/ez-ite 


Leb-be'us 


Ma^h'mas 


Je'hiz-ki'ah 


Je-sTm'i-el 


Jop^a. 


Ken'Ite 


Le-bo^ah 


Ma^h/ca-de'Mi 


Je-ho'a-dah 


JeVse 


Jop'pe 


Ken'riiz-zTtes 


Le^ah 


Mach-pe'lah 


Je'ho-ad'dan 


Jes'su-e 


Jo'rah 


K er'en-hap'pu^h 


Le'ha-bim 


Ma/eron 


Je-bo'a-hSz 


Je'su 


Jo'ra-I 


KG'ri-oth 


Le'hi 


Mad'a-I 


Je-ho'ash 


Jes'u-I 


Jo/ram 


KG'ros 


Lenfu-el 


Ma-dT'a-bun 


Je'ho-ha/nan, or 


Jes'u-Ites 


Jordan 


Ke-tu'rah 


LG'shem 


Ma-dl'ah 


Je-ho'ha-nan 


JeVu-run 


Jor^i-bSs 


Ke-zT'a 


LeVtus 


Ma'di-an 


Je-hoi'a-ebin 


jE'gUS 


Jor^-bus 


KG / ziz 


Le-tu'sbim 


Mad-man'nah 


Je-hoi'a-da 


Je'ther 


Jo'rim 


Klb'rotb-hat-ta'a- 


Le-um'mim 


Mad'men 


Je'hoi-a-kim 


Je'theth 


Jor/ko-Sm 


vab 


LS'vI 


Mad-me'nah 


Je-hoi'a-rib 


Jeth'lah 


Jos'a-bad 


Kib'za-im 


Le-vPa-than 


Ma'don 


Je-hon'a-dab 


Je'thro 


Jos'a-pbat 


Kid / ron 


Le'vis 


Ma-6'lus 


Je-hon'a-thaii 


Je'tur 


Jos'a-pbi'as 


KVnab 


Le'Tite 


Mag/bish 


Je-ho'ram 


Je'u-61, or Je-u'el 


Jo'se 


KTr 


Le-vit/ic-al 


Mag / da-la 


Je'ho-shab'e-ath 


Je'ush 


Jos'e-dee 


KTr^-bar'a-seth 


Le-Tit'i-^us 


MagMa-le'ne 


Je-hosh'a-phat 


Je'uz 


Jos'e-deeh 


KTr'-har'e-setb 


Lib'a-nus 


Mag'di-el 


Je-hosh'e-ba, 


Jew(ju, orjy) 


Joseph 


KTr'-hh'resb 


Lib'er-tmeg 


Ma^ed 


Je-hosh'u-a 


Jew / ess(ju / - or ju' 


-) Jo-se'phus 


Kir-be'res 


Lib'nah 


Ma-gid'db 


Je-hosh'u-ah 


Jewish Qa'- orju / 


-jjo'se^ 


Kird-ath 


Lib'm 


Ma'gog 


JE-HO'VAH 


Jew'ry^u'- or i\\'- 


) Josh/a-bSd 


KTr'i-a-tba'im 


Llb^Ites 


Ma'gor-mis'sa-bib 


Je-ho'vah-jl'reh 


JeVa-ni'ah 


Jo'shab 


KTr'i-atb'i-a'ri-us 


Lib'y-a 


Mag/pi-ash 


Je-ho'vah-nis'sl 


JeVe-bel 


Josb'a-phSt 


Kir'i-otb 


Lib'y-ang 


Ma-ha'lah, or 


Je-ho'yah-sha'lom 


Je-ze'lus 


Josh / a-Ti / ah 


KTr^ath 


Lik'M 


Ma/ha-lah 


Je-ho'vah-sham'- 


Je'zer 


Josb-bek'a-sbah 


KTr'jath-a'im 


LT'nus 


Ma-ha'la-le-'el 


mah 


Je'zer-Ites 


Josh'u-a 


KTr / jatb-'ar'ba 


Lo'-arn'mT, or 


Ma'ha-lath 


Je-ho'vah-tsTd'ke- 


Je-zi'ah 


Jo-sl'ab 


KTr'jatb-a'rim 


Lo-arn'mi 


Ma-ha'le-el 


nQ 


JS'zi-el 


Jo-si'as 


KTr'jatb-ba'al 


Lod 


Ma'ha-H 


Je-hoz'a-bSd 


Jez-lFah 


Jos^-bPah 


KTr / jath-hu'zoth 


Lo'-de'bar 


Ma/ha-na'im 


Je-hoz'a-dSk 


Jez'o-ajr 


Jos'i-pbT'ab 


KTr'jath-j 3'a-rim 


Lo/is 


Ma/ha-neh-dan 


Je'hu 


JeVra-hT'ah 


Jot'bah 


KTr^ath-san'riah 


Lo'-rq^ha-mah 


Ma-har'a-I 


Je-hQb'bah 


Jez're-el 


Jot^batb 


KTr'jath-se'pber 


Lot 


Ma'hath 


Je'hu-cai 


Jez're-el-Tte 


Jot'ba-tbab 


KTsh 


Lo'tan 


Ma'ha-vTte 


JeOaud 


Jez're-el-it'ess 


Jo'tbam 


KTsh'T 


Loth'a-su'bus 


Ma-ha'zi-oth 


Je-hu'di 


Jib'sam 


Joz^a-bSd 


Kisb'i-511 


Lo^on 


Ma'her-shai'al- 


Je'hu-di'jah 


Jul'13ph 


Joz'a-char 


Ki'sbon 


Lu / bim 


bash'-b3z 


JS'hush 


JTm'na 


Joz'a-dak 


Kl'son 


LQ'bims 


Mab'lah 


Je-I'el 


Jim'nah 


Ju'bal 


KTth'lish 


Lu^as 


Mah/li 


Je-kab'ze-el 


JYm'nltes 


Ju'^al 


Kit'ron 


LiVci-fer 
Lu'ci-tis (lu'shi 


Mahaites 


Jek'a-me'am 


JTph'tah 


Ju'da 


KTt'tim 


iis) M'ah/lon 


Jgk'a-mi'ah 


JTpb'thah-51 


Ju-dae'a 


Ko'a 


Lud 


Ma'hol 


Je-ku'thi-el 


Jo'Sb 


Ju'dab 


Ko'hath 


Lu'dim 


Ma-an^-as 


a, e, &c, long; 5., 6, &c, short 


,' care, far, ask, all, 


what ; §re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; 


s6n.6r, dQ, -wolf, 







SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 


877 


Ma'kaz 


MaVza-roth 


MeVo-po-ta'mi-a 


Mo'lid 


Na/than-mS'leeh 


No'dab 


Ma'ked 


M5'ah 


Mes-si'Ah 


Mo'lo-eh 


Na 7 um 


No'e 


Mak-he'loth 


Me-a'nl • 


Mes-si'as 


Mom'dis 


Na've 


No-G'ba 


Mak-he'dah 


Me-a7rah 


Me-te'rus 


MJ/o-sI'as 


Naz'a-rene' 


N5'ga 


Mak'tesh 


Me-bun'nai 


Me / theg am'mah 


MJ'ras-thite 


Naz'a-reth 


No'gah 


Mal'a-ehl 


Meeh'e-rath-Ite 


Meth'o-ar 


Mar'de-eai 


Naz'a-rlte 


No'hah 


Mal'a-ehy 


Med'a-ba 


Me-thu'sa-el 


Mo'reh 


Ne/ah 


Nom'a-deg 


Mal'^ham 


Me'dad 


Me-thQ'se-lah 


MSr'esh-eth-gath 


Ne-ap'o-Us 


Non 


Mal-ehi'ah 


Me'dan 


Me-u'nim 


Mo-rl/ah 


Ne'a-ri'ah 


Noph 


Mal^hi-el 


Med'e-ba 


MeVa-hab 


Mo^i-ang ( Com- 


Neb'a-I 


No'phah 


Mal^hi-el-Ites 


M3de 


MPa-mia 


mon Prayer) 


Ne-ba'ioth (-yoth) 


Nu-me/ni-us 


Mal-ehFjah 


MS'di-a 


Mib'har 


Mo-Sd'ra 


Ne-ba'joth 


Ntin 


Mal-ehFram 


Me'di-an 


MiVsam 


Mo-se'roth 


Ne-bal'lat 


Nym/phas 


Mal/€hi-shu/a 


Me-e'da 


Mib'zar 


Mo^eg 


Ne/bat 




Mal'ehus 


Me-gM/do 


Ml'eah 


Mo-sol'larn 


NG'bo 




Ma-le'le-el 


Me-gid'don 


Ml-ea^ah (-ya) 


Mo-sol'la-mon 


NSb'u-^had-nez'zar /~\ 

Neb'u-ehad-rez'zar \J a 


MaFloa 


Me-heVa-beel 


Ml/^ha 


Mo'za 


Mal'lo-thl 


Me-het'a-bel 


MF-eha-el, or 


Mo'zah 


Neb'u-shas'ban 




Mal'luch 


Me-hl'da 


Michael (-kel) 


Map^im 


Neb'u-zdr-a'dan 


O'ba-dl'ah, or 


Ma-ma/ias (-ya8) 


MS'hir 


Mi'ehah 


Mu/shi 


NS/€ho 


Ob'a-dl'ah 


Mam'mon 


Me-ho'lah 


Ml-cha/iab (-ya) 


Mu'shites 


Ne-eo'dan 


O'bal 


Mam-nl'ta-nai'mus Me-hoFath-ite 


MI/€hal 


Muth-lab'ben 


Ned'a-bi'ah 


Ob-dl'a 


Mam're 


Me-hiVja-el 


Ml-fibe/as 


M^n'dus 


Ne / e-mi'as 


O'bed 


Ma-mu'shus 


Me-hu/man 


Mi^^mas 


My'ra 


Ngg'i-noth 


O'bed-e'dom 


Man'a-en 


Me-hu/nim 


Mi^h/mash 


M^'si-a (mizh'i-a] 


Ne-hel'a-mlte 


O'beth 


Man'a-hSth 


Me-hu/nimj 


Mich'me-thah 




Ne'he-mi'ah 


O'bil 


Ma-na y heth-ites 


MS-jar'kon 


Mi^h'rl 




Ne'he-mi'as 


Oboth 


Man'as-sS'as 


Mek'o-nah 


Mioh'tara 


N. 


Ne/hi-15th 


O^hi-el 


Ma-nas'seh 


Mel'a-tl'ah 


Mid/din 


Ne'hum 


Op^-de'lua 


. Ma-nas'seg 


Mel'-ehl 


Mid'i-an 




Ne-hush'ta, 


Op/i-na 


Ma-nas'sites 


Mel-€hj/ah 


Mid'i-an-ite 


Na'am 


Ne-hush'tan 


5^'ran 


Ma/neh 


Mel-chi/as 


Mid'i-an-it/ish 


Na'a-mab 


Ne-I'el, or 


O'ded 


Ma'ni 


Mel'-ehi-el 


Mlg/dal-el 


Na'a-man 


Ne/i-gl 


O-doFlam 


Man'li-us 


Mel-ehiVe-dee 


Mig'dal-gad 


Na'a-ma-thlte 


Ne^keb 


Od/o-nar'kes 


Ma-no'ah 


Mel-ehiz'e-dek 


Mig'dol 


NaVa-mltes 


Ne-ko'da 


Og 


Ma'oeh 


Mel'ehi-shii'a 


Mlg^'OQ 


Na'a-rah 


Ne-mu'el 


O'had 


Milton 


MS'le-a (Gr. Me- 


My'a-min 


Na'a-rai 


Ne-mu/el-ites 


Ohel 


MVon-Ttes 


Aeas) 


Mik^loth 


Nii'a-ran 


Ne'pheg 


OFa-mus 


Ma/ra 


MS'lech 


Mik-ng/iah (-ya) 


Na'a-rath 


NS'phi 


Cl'i-vet 


MVrah 


Mel'i-eii 


Mil'a-lal 


Na-asb'on 


Ne/phis 


Ol/o-fEr'nei 


Mar'a-lah 


Mel/i-ta 


MiF-eah 


Na-as'son 


Ne'phish 


O-l^m'pas 


Mar'a-nath'a, or 


Mel'zar 


Mil^om 


Nix^-thus 


Ne-phish'e-sim 


O-lym/pi-us 


Mar'a-na'tha, 


Mem/mi-tts 


MI-15/tum 


Na'bal 


Neph'tha-li 


Om'a-5'rus 


Mar'eus 


Memphis 


Ml-ld'tUS 


Nab'a-rl'as 


Neph'tha-lim 


O'mar 


Mar'do-ehS'us 


Me-mu/«an 


MMo 


Nab'a-the'ans. 


Neph'to-ah 


O'me-ga, or 


Ma-re'sha 


Mea'a-hem 


Mi-ni'a-mra 


Na/bath-Ites 


Ne-phu'sim 


O-me'ga 


Ma-rS'shah 


Me'nan 


Min/nl 


Na/both 


Nep'tha-H 


Om'rl 


Mar'i-sa. 


MG'ne" 


Min'riitb 


NSb'u-eho-don'o- 


Nep'tha-lim 


On 


Mar'i-mQth 


Men'e-la'us 


Mipli'ka 


sor 


N5r 


/ nam 


Mark 


Me-neVtheus 


Mir'i-am 


Na'ehoii 


Ne'reus 


O'nan 


Mar'moth 


Me-on/e-nim 


Mir'ma, 


Na'ohor 


NSr 7 gal 


O-nes'i-mus 


Ma/roth 


Me-Sn'o-thai 


Mis'a-el 


Na/dab 


NSr'gal-sha-rS'zer 


On'e-siph'o-rua 


Mar'se-na 


Meph'a-ath 


Mis'gSb 


Na-dab'a-tha 


Ne / ri 


O-nFa-reg 


Mar*' Hill 


Me-phlVo-sheth 


MTsh'a-el 


Nag'ge 


Ne-rl'ah 


O-nl'as 


Miir'tha 


MS'rab 


MPshal 


Na'ha-lal 


Ne-rl'as 


O'no 


Ma'ry 


MeVa-i'ah 


Ml'sham 


Na-hiiai-el 


Ne'ro 


Onus 


Mas'a-15th 


Me-ra'ioth (-yoth) 


Ml'she-al 


Na-hal'lal 


Ne-thuiVe-el 


Q/phel 


Mas'ehil 


Mj/ran 


Misb'ma 


Na'ha-lol 


Neth'a-nl'ah 


/ phir 


Mash 


MeVa-rl, or 


Mi3h-man / nah 


Na'harn 


Neth'i-uimg 


5ph/nT 


Ma'shal 


Me-ra'ri 


Mish'ra-Ttes 


Na-bam/a-nT 


Ne-tS'phab 


Oph/rah 


Ma-sl'as 


MeVa-rltes 


Mis'par 


Na-har/a-I 


Ne-toph / a-thi 


O'reb 


MSs'man 


Mer'a-tha/im 


Mis'pe-reth 


Na'ha-ra'im 


Ne-toph'a-thite 


O'ren 


Mas x pha 


Mer-^iVri-us 


Mis're-photh-ma'- 


Na'ha-ri 


Ne-zT'ah 


O-rFon 


Mas're-kah 


Mj'red 


im 


Na'hash 


NS'zib 


T)r 7 nan 


Mas'sa 


MeVe-mQth 


Mis'sa-bib 


NaVhath 


Nib^haz 


Or'pah 


Mas'sah 


Md're^ 


Mith'cah 


Nab^bl 


Nib'shan 


Or'tho-sl'as 


Mas-sl'as 


Mer'i-bah 


Mith/nite 


Na'bor 


Nl-ca'nor 


O-.-a'ias (o-za'yas) 


Math/a-nl'as 


Mer'i-bah KaVdesh 


Mith're-dath 


Nab/shon 


Ni^/o-dG'mus 


O-se'a 


Ma-thu'sa-la 


Mer'ib-ba'al 


Mith'ri-da'tds. 


Na/hum 


Nie'o-la'i-tang 


O-^e^s 


Ma/tred 


Me-ro'dash-bal'a- 


Mit'y-15'ne 


NaVi-dus 


Nie'o-las 


Ogee 


MaVtri 


dan 


Ml'zar 


Na'in(NatV) 


Ni-eop'o-hs 


O-she'a, or 


Mat' tan 


Me'rom 


Miz'pah 


Na'ioth (-yoth) 


Ni/ger 


O'she-a 


Mat'ta-nah 


Me-ron'o-thlte 


Miz'par 


Na-n5 y a 


NTrn'rah 


Oth/nl 


Mat/ta-ni'ah 


Me'roz 


Miz'peh 


Na-o'mi, or 


Nim/rim 


Oth'ni-el 


Mat'ta-tha 


Md'ruth 


Miz'ra-im 


Na'0-ini 


Nirn'rod 


Oth^-ni'as 

5x 

O'zem 


Mat/ta-thah 


MS'seeh 


MTz'zah 


Na/pbish 


NTm'shi 


Mat/ta-thi'as 


Ms'sha 


Mna'son (na'son) 


Naph'i-sl 


Nm'e-ve 


Mat'te-na'I 


MS'shaeh 


Mo'ab 


Napb/ta-11 


Nm / e-veh 


O-zI'as 


Mat'fchan 


Ma'sheeh 


Mo'ab-Ite 


Naph'thar 


Nin'e-vltea 


O'zi-el 

Oz/ni 

Oz'nites 


MaVfcha-nl'as 


Me-shel'e-mi'ah 


Mo'ab-Tt/ess 


Naph'tu-him 


NFsan 


Mat'that 


Me-sheVa-beel 


Mo'ab-it'ish 


Nar-pTs'sus 


Nis'roeh 


Mat-the'las 


Me-shez'a-bel 


Mo'a-di'ah 


Nas'bas 


No 


O-zo'ra 


Matfthew (math'- 


Me-shTl'le-mith 


Mo^h'mur 


Na'shon 


No'a-dl'ah 




thu) 


Me-shil'le-moth 


Mo'din 


Na'sith 


No'ah 




Mat-thFas (math- 


Me-sho'bab 


Mo'eth 


Na'sor 


No'-a'mon 


P. 


thl'as) 


Me-shul'lam 


MoPa-dah 


Nathan. 


Nob 


Mat'ti-thi'ah 


Me-shill'le-Hie'th 


Mo^eeh 


Na-than'a-el 


No'bah 




Ma^i-tT'as 


Mes'o-ba'Ite 


Mo'll 


Nath'a-ni'as 


Nod 


Pa/a-rai 


fo _ od, 


fcTot ; lira, rude, pyll ; §ell, fhaise, *all 


, e«ho ; gem, get j as. ; exist ; liQger, link ; this. 



878 


SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 




Pa/dan 


PbaFsur 


Pon'ti-us PFlate 


Ra-tbii/mus, or 


S3b/a-tus 


Sa/rid 


Pa/dan-a'ram 


Pbal-da'ius (-yus] 


(pSiPsbi-us) 


Ratb^-mus 


Sab/ban 


Sa/ron 


Pardon 


Pba-le / as 


Pon'tus 


Ra'zis 


Sab/ba-the'as 


Sa-ro/tbi-e 


Pa/gi-el 


PbMe-e 


Por'a-tha 


Re'a-I'a 


Sab -be/us 


Sar-se/-ebim 


Pa'hath-mo'ab 


Pba'leg 


Por'ci-us (-sbi-us) Rg/a-Fab 


SaVdi 


Sa./ru«h 


Pa/I 


PbSFlu 


Pos^-do'ni-us 


R5/ba 


Sa-be/ang 


Sa/tan 


Pa'lal 


Pbal'tl 


PoVi-pbar 


Re-be^a 


S§/bi 


Satb/ra-bu-za'nes 
Saul 


PaPes-ti'na 


PbaFti-el 


Po-tipb'e-rab 


Re-bek'ab 


Sa/bi-e 


PaPes-tlne 


Pba-nu'el 


Pris'-ea 


R5^«bab 


Sab/ta 


Sav/a-ran 


PaPlu 


PbaVa-cim 


Pris-ciFla 


Re^bab-Ites 


Sab/tah 


Sa/vi-Ss 


PaPlu-Ites 


Pba/raob (fa'ro- or Pr5«b/o-rus 


R5/«bab 


Sab/te-«ba 


Sf e/va (se/va) 


PaPtl 


fa/ra-o) 


PtoFe-ma'is (t5P- 


Re'el- a'iab (-ya) 


S3b/te-«bab 


S^ytb/i-an (sltb/i- 


PaFti-el 


Pba/raob-bopb'ra 


Ptol/e-mee (toP-) 


Re-ePi-us 


Sa,/-ear 


an) 


pfil'tlte 


(Wyo- or fa/ra-o 


-JPtoVe-me'us (toP- 


Ree-sa'ias (-yas) 


Sad/a-ml'as 


Scy-thop/o-Ks (si-) 


Pam-phyFi-a 


Pba/raob-ne'cbob 


Pu^a 


RS'gem 


Sa/das 


Scytb/o-poPi-tang 


Pan/nag 


(fiFro- or fa'ra-c 


-JP^ab 


Rti'gem-mS'le^h 


Sad-de/us 


(sitb/-) 


Pa/pbos 


PbaVa-tbo'iii 


Pub'li-us 


RS/ba-bPab 


Sad/due 


Se/ba 


PaVa-dise 


Pba/reg 


PQ/deng 


Re/bob 


Sad/du-pee§ 


Se/bat 


Pa'rah 


Pba/rez 


Pu'bites 


Re/bo-ba'am 


Sa/do-e 


Se«/a-«ah 


Pa'ran 


Pba-rFra 


PQ1 


Re-bo ; botb 


SsL/ba-du'tba 


Se«h/e-nl'a» 


Par/bar 


Pbar'i-see 


Pu'mtes 


Re^bu 


Sa/la 


Se/«hu 


Par-mash'ta 


Pba^rSsb 


Pu/non 


Re'bum 


Sa/lah 


Se-eQn/dus 


Par/me-nas 


Pbar/par 


Pur 


Re'I 


Sal/a-mis 


Sed/e-ci'as 


Par'naeh 


Pbar/zites 


Pu'rim 


Re / kem 


SaPa-sad'a-i 


Se/gub 


Pa'rosh 


Pha-se'ab, or 


PQt 


Rem'a-ll'ab 


Sa-la/tbi-el 


Se/ir 


Par-sb&n/da-tba 


Pba'se-ab 


Pu-te/o-li 


Re'metb 


SaP^ab 


Se/i-rath 


Par'thi-ang 


Pba-se'Iis 


Pu'ti-el 


Rem'mon 


SaPcbab 


Se/la 


Par^-ah 


Pbas^-ron 




Rem/mon-meth'o- Sa/lem 


S5/lab 


Par-va/im, or 


PhSs'sa-ron 




ar 


Sa/lim 


Se/la-bam/mab-le'- 


Par'va-im 


Pbe'be 


, Q- 


Rem / pban 


Sal/la-I 


koth 


Pa/sa«b 


Pbe-nFpe 


Re/pha-el 


SaPlu 


Se/led 


Pas/-dam'mim 


Pbe -nPci-a( -til sb'i 


Re'pbab 


SaPlum 


SePe-mi'a 


Pa-se/ab 


Pber'e-sltes 


Quar'tus 


Repb'a-I'ah 


Sal-lQ/mus 


SePe-mi'as 


Pasb/ur 


Pber'e-zite 


Qum'tus Mgm/mi 


Repb/a-im 


SaPma 


Se-leQ/ci-a (-sbi-a* 


PSt/a-ra 


PbT-be / setb, or 


fis 


Reph / a-img 


SaPmah 


classical pron. 


Pa-tbe'us 


Pbib/e-seth 




Repb^i-dim 


SaPman-a'sar 


SePeu-pi'a) 


Patb'ros 


PbF«hol 




Re'sen 


SaPmon 


Se-leQ/«us 


Patb-ru/sim 


PbiFa-del'pbi-a 


R. 


R5 ; sbepb 


Sal-mo/ne 


Sem 


Pat'mos 


(classical pron 


Re 7 u 


Sa./lom 


Sem/a-€bi'ab 


Pat/ro-b5s 


phiFa-del-pbFa) 




Reij/ben 


Sa-lo/me 


Sem/a-i'ab 


Pa-tro'elus 


Pbi-lar/ebeg 


Ra/a-mah 


Rei^ben-Ites 


Sa/lu 


Sem/e-I 


Pa'u 


Pbi-le'mon 


Ra'a-mi'ah 


Re-u'el, or 


Sa/lum 


Se-mePli-us 


Paul 


Pbl-le'tus 


Ra-Sm'seg 


Reu'el 


Sam/a-el 


Se/mis 


Pau/lus 


PMFip 


Rab'bah 


Reu'mah 


Sa-ma./ias (-yas) 


Se-na/ab, or Sen/a- 


PM^a-hel 


Pbi-lip/pi 


Rab'batb 


Re^zepb 


Sa-ma/ri-a (classical ab 


Pe-dab/zur, or 


Phi-lip'pi-ang 


Rab/bi 


Re-zPa 


^?ron«nc?a<io« 


Se/neb 


Ped/ab-zur 


Pbi-lis'ti-a 


Rab^bith 


Rg/zin 


Sam/a-ri'a) 


Se/nir 


Pe-da'iab (-ya) 


PM-lis'tim 


Rab-bo'ni 


Re'zon 


Sa-ma.r/i-tan 


Sen-na-eh/e-rib, or 


Pg/kab 


Pbi-lis'tine 


Rab'rQSg 


Rb5/gi-um (re/-) 


Sam/a- tus 


Sen/na-«be'rib 


Pek/a-bPab 


Pbi-16Fo-gus 


RaVsa-peg 


Rbe'sa (re/-) 


Sa-me/ius (-yus) 


Se-nu/ab 


P5/kod 


PhiFo-me'tor 


Rab^a-ris 


Rbo/da (ro/-) 


Sam/gar-ne'bo 


Se-5/rim 


PeFa-Fab 


Pbm/e-as 


Rab^ba-keh 


Rbodeg (rodz) 


Sa/ml 


Se/pbar 


PeFa-H'ah 


PbnFe-es 


Ra 7 «a 


Rb5d/o-eus (rod/ 


) Sa./mis 


Sepb/a-rad 


PeFa-tPah 


PbiiPe-bas 


Ra'^ha 


Rbo/dus (ro/-) 


Sam/lab 


Sepb/ar-va'im 


Pe^leg 


PbFson 


Ra/^bSb 


RPbai 


Sam/mus 


SS/pbar-Tites 


Pellet 


Phle/gon 


Ra'-ebai 


Rib/lab 


Sa./mos 


Se-phe/la 


Pe'letb 


Pbo'ros 


Ra/cbel 


RTm/moii 


Sam/o-tbra'ci-a 


Se/rab 


Pe^leth-ites 


Pbryg/i-a 


Rad/da-I 


RTm/mon-pa'rez 


(-thra/sbi-a) 


Ser/a-I'ab. 


Pe-lFas 


PbrJ-g/i-an 


Ra/gau 


Rin/aab 


Samp/sa-meg 


Se/red 


PePo-nite 


Pbud 


Ra/geg 


RPpbath 


Sam/son 


Ser/gi-us 


Pe-nFel 


Pbu'rab 


Ra-gu'el 


Ris/sab 


Sam/u-el 


S5/ron 


Pe-nin'nab 


PbiFrim 


Ra/bSb 


Ritb/mab 


San/a-bas'sar 


Se/rug 


Pen-tap'o-lis 


Pbtit 


Ra/bam 


Riz/pah 


San/a-bas'sa-rus 


Se/sis 


Pe-nu'el 


PbiFvah 


Ra'bel 


Rob/o-am 


San/a-sib 


Ses/tbel 


P5'6r 


Pby-geFlus 


Ra'kem 


R5d/a-nim 


San-baPlat 


Seth 


Per'a-zim 


Pby'son 


Rak/katb 


Ro-gS/lim 


San-san/nab 


Se/tbur 


Pe'resb 


PP-be'setb, or 


Rak/kon 


R5b/gab 


Sapb 


Sba/a]-5b'bin 


Pe'rez 


Pib'e-setb 


Ram 


Ro/i-mus 


Sa/pbat 


Sba-SPbim 


Pe'rez-uz'za 


PF-ba-bFrotb 


Ra'ma 


Ro-mam/ti-e'zer 


Saph/a-tl'as 


Sha-aPbo-nite 


Pe / rez-ilz / zab 


PPlate 


Ra/mab 


Ro/man 


Sa/pheth 


Sba./apb 


Per'ga 


PiFdasb 


R^matb 


Rome (formerly 


Saph/ir 


Sha./a-ra'im 


PCr'ga-mos 


Pft'e-ba 


Ra'math-a'im 


Rome) 


Sap-pbl/ra (saf-ft/-) Sba-ash/g3z 


Pe-rPda 


Pl-lg/ger 


Raca'a-tbem 


Rosh 


Sa/ra 


Shab-betb/a-I 


Per 7 iz-zTte 


Pil-ng/ger 


Ra^atb-ite 


Rij/fus 


Sar/a-bi'as 


Sbaeh/i-a 


Pcr/me-nas 


PiFtai 


Ra/matb-le'bl 


Rij/ba-mab 


Sa/rah 


Sb3d/da-I 


Per-sep/o-lis 


PFnon 


Ra/math-miz'peb 


Ru/mab 


Sa/rai 


Sba/dracb 


PCr'seus 


PFra 


Ra-me'seg 


Rutb 


Sar/a-I'a 


Sba./ge 


P5r'si-a (pSr'sbi-a 


) PFram 


Ra-mFab 




Sar/a-I'ab 


Sba./ba-ra'im 


Por'si-an 


Pir/a-th5n 


Ra/motb 




Sa-ra./ias (-yas) 


Sba-b5z/i-mah 


Per/gig 


PVa-thon-Tte 


Ra'motb-gil'e-ad 


s. 


Sar/a-mel 


Sba-bSz/i-math 


Pe-nj'da 


PTg/gah 


Ra'pba 


Sa./rapb 


Sba/lem 


Pester 


Pi-sH/i-a 


RaL'pba-el, or 




Sar-^hed'o-nus 


Sba./lim 


PeWa-hPab 


PFson 


Raphael (-fel) 


Sa/ba«b-tha'nT 


Sar-de/us 


ShaPi-sba 


Pe'thor 


Pis'pah 


Rapb'a-im 


Sab/a-otb, or 


Sar/dis 


SbaPle-«betb 


Pe-thQ/el 


PFtbom 


Ra'phon 


Sa-ba/otb 


Sar/dites 


SbSPlum 


Pe-fil'thai 


PFtbon . 


Ra'phu 


Sa/bat 


Sa/re-a, 


ShaPlun 


Pha'ath M5'ab 


Plg/ia-des (-ya-deez) Rashes , prop. Ras' 


- S&b/a-te'as 


Sa-rep/ta 


ShaPma-I 


PbaVa-retb 


P5«h/e-retb 


sis (Gr. 'Pao-o-is) 


Sab/a-te'u8 


Sar/gon 


SbSPmafi 


a, e, &c, long; 2, €, &c, short 


care, far, ask, all, wbat ; ere, veil, t5rm ; pique, fTrm ; s6n, or, dQ, W9lf, 







SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 


879 


Shal'ma-ne'ger 


ShS'sbach 


Sbij/nT 


Suk'ki-im.s 


Tel'-me'lah 


To'bit 


Shi'ma 


SbS'shai 


Sbu'niteS 


SOr 


Te'ma 


To ; €ben 


Shani'a-ri'ah 


She'shan 


Shu'pbam 


Sa'sa 


Te'man 


To-gir'mab 


Shamed 


Sbesh-baz'zar 


Shu'pham-Ites 


Su'san-ebltes 


Tem'a-ni 


Tu'nu 


ShI'mer 


Sbetb 


Shap'piin 


Su-^an'na 


Te'man-Ite 


To'I 


Sham 'gar 


She'thar 


Shur 


sa/si 


Tem'e-nl 


To'la 


Sham'huth 


She'tbar-boz'na-I 


Sbu'shan 


Sy'ebar 


TG'rab 


To'lad 


Sha/mir 


She'va 


Shij/skan-S'duth 


Sy'ebem 


Ter'a-pbim 


IVla-Ites 


Sham'ma 


SMb'bo-leth 


Shu'thal-hltes 


Sy'ebem-Ite 


Tc'resb 


ToFba-neg 


Sham'mah 


SMb'mab 


Shu'the-lah 


Sy-e'laa 


TSr'ti-us (-shi-us) 


To'pbel 


Sharn'ma-i 


Sbl^ron 


SI'a 


Sy-5/ne 


Ter-tul'lus 


To'phet 


Sham'moth 


Sbig-ga/ion (-yon) 


SFa-ha 


Syn'ti-ehe 


Te'ta 


To'pbeth 


Sham/mu-a 


Shi-gl'o-noth 


SFba 


Syr'a-euse 


Tbad-dae/us 


To'u 


Shain'mu-ab 


Shi'hon 


Sib'be-eai 


Syr/i-a 


Tbad-dS'us, or 


Traeb'o-ni'tia 


Sham'she-ral 


Sbi'bor 


Sib'be-ishai 


S^r'i-a-ma'a- «bab 


Tbad'de-iis 


Trip'o-Us 


Sba/pham 


Shl/hor-Hb'nath 


Sib'bo-leth 


Syr'i-a« 


Tba/basb 


Tro'as 


Sha/pban 


Shll'bl 


Sib'mab 


Syr'i-an 


Tba/mab 


Tro-gyl'U-um 


Sha'pbat 


ShiKbim 


Sib'ra-im 


Syr^-on 


Tba'mar 


Tropb'i-muB 


Sha'pher 


SbiHem 


SI'shem 


Sy'ro-pbe-ni'ci-an 


ThanVna-tha 


Try-phe'na 


Shar'a-I 


ShiFlem-Ites 


Si'cy-on (sish'i-on 


(-msb'I-an) 


Tha/ra 


Try'pbon 


Shar'a-im 


Shi'lo 


Sid^dim 




Tbar'ra 


Try-pbo'sa 


Sha/rar 


Shi-15'ah 


SFde 




Tbar'shish 


Tu^bal 


Sha-rS'zer 


SM'loh 


Sl'don 


T. 


Tb'ar'sus 


Tu'bal-eain 


Sbar'on 


Shi-lo'm 


Si-do'ni-ang 


Thas'sl 


Tu'bi-e'nl 


Shar'on-ite 


Shi'lo-nlte, or Shi- 


Si-gFo-noth 




Tbe'bez 


Tyeb'i-eus 


Sba-ru/ben 


lo'mte 


SFhon 


Ta'a-naeh 


Tbe-eo'e 


Ty-ran'nua 


Shash/a-I 


Shil'sbah 


Si'hor 


Ta'a-natb-sbl'lob 


Tbe-la'sar 


Tyre 


Sha'shak 


Sblm/e-a 


SFlas 


Tab'a-oth 


Tbe-lgr'sas 


Tyr'i-ans 


Shf^ul 


Shlm'e-ab 


Sil'Ia 


Tab'ba-oth 


Tbe'man 


Ty'rus 


Sba'ui-Ites 


Sbim/e-am 


SHo'ah, or Sn'o-ah Tab'batb 


Tbe-oc'a-nus 




Sha'veh 


Shim/e-atb 


Si-lo'am, or Sil'o- 


Ta'be-al 


The-od'o-tus 




Sba'veb Kir'i-a- 


Sblm'w -atb-Ttes 


am 


Ta'be-el 


Tbe-opb'i-lus 


u. 


tha'im 


Sbim'e-I 


St-lo'e, or SiFo-e 


Ta-bel'li-us 


The'ras 


Shav'sha 


Shin^e-on 


Sil-va'nus 


Tab'e-rah 


Ther/me-leth 




She'al 


Shimlu 


SPinal-cju'e 


TSb/i-tba 


Tbes'sa-lo'ni-ang 


U'«al 


Sbe-al'ti-el 


Shl'mi 


STm/e-oa 


Ta'bor 


Tbes'sa-lo-nl'-ea 


U'el 


She'a-rl'ah 


Shim'Ites 


STm'e-on-ites 


Tab'ri-mon 


Tbeu'das 


U'la-I 


ShS/ar-ja/sbub 


Shim/ma 


SFmon. 


Taeb/mo-nlte 


TbTm'na-tbab 


U'lam 


Sbe'ba 


ShT'mon 


Sirn'rl 


Tad'mor 


TMs'be 


tl'la 


She'bab 


Shim'rath 


Sin 


Ta'ban 


Tbom'as (tom'as) 


tJm'mab 


ShS'bam 


Sblrn'rl 


Sl'na 


Ta'ban-Ttes 


TbSm'o-I 


tJn'ni 


Sheb'a-ni'ah 


Sblm'ritb 


Sl'nai 


Ta-bap'a-neg 


Tbra'ci-a (-sbi-a) 


U-pbar'sin 


Sheb'a-rim. 


ShinVrom 


Si'nim 


Ta/batb 


Tbra-se'as 


U'pbaz 


Sbe'ber 


SbrnVron 


Sm'Ite 


Tab'pan-beg 


Tbum'mim 


tjr 


Sheb'na 


Sklm'ron-Ttes 


SFon 


Tab 7 pe-ne^ 


Thy'a-tl'ra 


tjr ; bane (an old 


Sbeb'u-el 


Shlm'ron-rae'ron 


Sipb'motb 


Tab're-a 


Ti-be'ri-as 


spelling o/€rbanJ 


Shee'a-ni'ab 


Sblm'sbai 


Sip'pai 


Tah/tim-bSd'sbl 


Tl-be'ri-us 


UTI 


She«h'a-nl'ah 


Shi'nab 


Si'racb 


TaPi-tha cii'mi 


Tib'batb 


U-rl'ab 


She'cbem 


Shi'nar 


SFrah 


Tal'mai 


Tib'm 


U-rVas 


Sbe'cbem-Ites 


Sh^on 


Sir'i-on 


TaPmon 


Tl/dal 


U'ri-el 


Shed'e-ur 


Sbi'pb! 


Si-sam'a-1 


Tal'sas 


Tig'latb-pi-15'ger 


U-rFjab 


She'ha-rl'ah 


Sbipb'mite 


STs'e-ra 


Ta^mab 


Tigris 


U'rim 


Sbe'lah 


Sbipb'rah 


Si-sm'neg 


Ta'mar 


Tik/vab 


U'ta 


Sbe'lan-Ites 


Sbiph'tan 


Sii/nah 


Tarn'muz 


Tik'vath 


U'tha-I 


SheFe-ml'ab 


Shl'sha 


SI'van 


Ta^naeh 


Tll'gatb-pil-ne'ger 


U'tbl 


She'leph 


ShI'shak 


Smyr'na (smir'na) 


Tan'bu-metb 


Ti'lon 


ttz 


She'lesb 


Sbit'ra-I 


So 


Ta/nis 


Tl-mae'us 


U'za-I 


SheTo-mi 


Shit/tim 


So^bo 


Ta'pbatb 


TI-me / us 


U'zal 


Sbel'o-mith 


Shl'za 


So^bob 


Tapb'neg 


Tim'na 


Cz'za 


Sbel'o-moth 


Sbo'a 


So^ob 


Ta'pbon 


Tim'nab' 


IJz'zah 


She-lii/mi-el 


Sbo'ab 


So'di 


Tap'pu-ah 


Tim'natb 


ttz/zen-sbe'rah 


Shem 


Sh5'bab 


SSd'om 


Ta'rab 


TlnVna-thah 


•Cz'zT 


She'ma 


Sho'baeh 


Sod'o-ma 


Tar'a-lab 


Tim'natb-he'rSg 


Uz-zFa 


Sbe-ma/ah or 


Sho'ba-I 


Sod'om-ites 


Ta're-a 


Tim'natb-se'rab 


Uz-zT'ab 


Shem'a-ab 


Sho'bal 


Sod'om-IVisb 


Tar/pel-itea 


Tim'nite 


Uz-zT'el or ttz'zi-el 


Sbem'a-I'ah 


Sho'bek 


SoFo-mon 


Tar'sbis 


Ti'mon 


Uz-zFel-Ites 


Shem'a-rl'ah 


Sho'bi 


Sop'a-ter 


T'ar'sbisb 


Ti-mo'tbe-us 




Shem'e-ber 


Sho'-ebo 


Sopb'e-retb 


Tar'sus 


Tirn'o-thy 


V. 


She'mer 


Sbo^boh 


Sopb'o-nl'as 


Tar'tak 


TTpb'sah 


She-mI'da 


Sho'-eo 


So'rek 


Tar'tan 


Ti'ras 




She-mi'dab 


Sho'bam 


So-sip'a-ter 


Tat'na-i 


Ti'rath-Ttes 


Va-jez'a-tba 
"Va-nT'ab 


She-mi'da-Ites 


Sho'mer 


Sos'tbe-neg 


Te'bab 


Tir'ba-kah 


Skem'i-nith 


Sho'pbaeh 


Sos'tra-tiis 


Teb/a-H'ab 


TTr'ha-nab 


Vash/ni 


She-inlr'a-moth 


Sho'phan 


So'ta-I 


Te'betb 


Tir'i-a 


VSsb'ti 


She-mu'el 


Sho-shan'mm 


Spain 


Te-bapb'ne-heg 


Tir'sha-tba 


VOpb'si 


Shea 


Sbo-shan'rum-e'- 


Sp'ar'ta 


Te-hin'nab 


TTr'zab 


She-na'zar 


dutb 


Sta/«hys 


Te'kel 


Tish'bite 




Sbe'nir 


Shu'a 


Stepb^-nSs 


Te-ko^a 


Ti'tani 


X. 


Sbe'pbam 


Shn'ah 


Stc'pben (ste'vn) 


Te-ko'ah 


Ti'tus 


Sheph'a-tbl'ah 


Sbi}/al 


Sto'i«s 


Te-ko'ite 


TT/zite 




Sbepb'a-tl'ah 


Shn/ba-el 


Su'ah 


Tel'-a'bib 


To^ah 


XSn'tbi-cus (zSn'-J 


She/phi 


Shu/bam 


Su/ba 


TS'lab 


Tob 




She'pho 


Sbu'ham-Ttes 


Su/ba-T 


Tel'a-Tra 


Tob'-Sd/o-nl'jah 




She-pbQ/phap 


Sbu'hite 


Sue'-eoth 


Te-las'sar 


To-bl'ab 


z. 


Sbe'rab 


Shn'lam-Tte 


SiSc^oth-be'notb 


TS'lem 


To-bT'as 


Sher'e-bi'ah 


Shu'matb-Ttes 


Su'chatb-Ites 


TeF-ha-re'sha 


To'bie 




She'resh 


Sbu'nam-mite 


Sud 


Tel'-har'sa 


To'bi-el 


K'a-na'im 


Sbe-re^zer 


Sbu'nem 


SQ'di-as 


Tel'-me'la 


To-bl/jah 


Za'a-nan 


fo-od, 


fcJbt ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, fhaise, call 


, eebo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 





880 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



Za/a-nan'nim 

Za/a-van 

Za'bad 

Zab'a-dae'ans. 

Zab'a-da'ias (-yas) 

Zab/a-de'ans. 

Zab'bai 

Zab'bud 

Zab-de'us 

Zab'di 

Zab'di-el 

Zi'bud 

Zab'u-lon 

Zae'ea-I 

Zae-ehae'us 

Za«-«ne/us 

Zle'ehux 

Zac'^ur 

Za^h'a-rl'ah 

Zaeh/a-ri'as 

Zasb/a-ry 

Za^her 

Za'dok 

Za/bam 

Za'ir 

Za'laph 

Zal'niori 

Zal-mo / nah 



Zal-mtin/na 

Zam/bis 

Zani/bri 

Za / moth 

7a.Tn-y.iim/ nfiim a 

Za-no'an 

Ziph/nath-pa/a- 

ne'ab. 
Za/phon 
Za/ra 
Zar/a-feg 
Za/rah 
Zar/a-I'as 
Za/re-ah 
Za/re-ath-Ites 
Za'red 
Zar/e-phath 
Zar/e-tan 
Za/retb-sha/har 
Zar/hTtes 
Zar'ta-inah 
Zar'than 
Zatb/o-e 
Za-tbQ/1 
Zat/tnu 

zat/tu 

Za'van 



Zeb'a-dl'ah 

Ze'bah 

Ze-ba/im 

Zeb'e-dee 

Ze-bj/na 

Ze-boi/im 

Ze-bo/im 

Ze-bu'dah 

Z5/bul 

Zeb'u-lon-Ites 

Zeb/u-lun 

Zeb/u-lun-ite 

Ze«h/a-ri'ab 

Ze/dad 

Zed/e-ehl'as 

Zed/e-ki'ab. 

Zeeb 

Ze'lah 

Ze'lek 

Ze-lo/phe-had 

Ze-lo'teg 

ZeFzab _ 

Zeni/a-ra'im 

Zem/a-rlte 

Ze-ml'ra 

Ze ; nan 

Ze/nas 

Zeph/a-ni'ah 



Ze/phath 
Zeph/a-thah 
Z6/pbI 
Ze'pho 
Ze'phon 
Zepb'on-Ites 
Zer 
Ze'rah 
Zer/a-hi'ab. 
Zer/a-I'ah 
Ze'red 
Zer/e-da 
Ze-red'a-thah 
Zer/e-rath 
Ze'resb 
Ze'reth 
Z5/ri 
Zeroi- 
ze -rjj/ah 
Ze-riib/ba-bel 
Zer/u-I'ab. 
ZS/tbam 
Ze/tban 
Ze/thar 
ZFa 
ZPba 
Zlb/e-on 
Zlb/i-a 



Zib/i-ah 

Zl«h/rl 

Zid'dim 

Zid-ki/jah 

Zl'don 

Zl-do/ru-ang 

ZIf 

ZPha 

Zlk'lag 

Zil'lah 

ZlFpah 

Zil/tbai 

Zlm/mab. 

Zim/ran 

Zim/rl 

Zln 

Zl/na 

Zl/on 

Zi'or 

Zlpb 

Zi'phah 

Ziph/img 

Zlpb/i-on 

ZIphltes 

Zi/pbron 

Zip/por 

Zip-p5/rah 



Zith/rl 

Ziz 

ZPza 

Zl/zab 

Zo/an 

Zo/ar 

Zo/ba 

Zo/bab. 

Zo-be/bah 

Zo/bar 

Zo/be-leth 

ZS'betb 

Zo/pbah 

Zo/pbai 

Zo/pbar 

Zo/phim. 

Zo'rah 

Zo/ratb-Ites 

Zo're-ah 

Zo/rTtes 

Zo-r5b/a-bel 

Zu'ar 

Ziipb 

Zur 

Zu'ri-61 

ZQ/ri-sbad'da-i 

Zu'zimj 



a, e, &c, ftrng - ; a, e, &c, 
fo"od, fcTot ; urn, ru 



short; care, far, ask, all, wbat ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wol£ 
le, pull; cell, cbaise, call, eebo ; gem get;, as.; exist; linger link; this. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, 



THE following Vocabulary has been prepared by a careful 
selection of the more important of the names embraced in 
the Vocabulary furnished by Professor Thomas A. Thacher, 
of Tale College, for Webster's unabridged Dictionary, the 
edition of 1864 ; and the pronunciation as there given has 
been followed throughout. In the choice of names to be 
inserted, regard has been had both to liability to mispro- 
nunciation and to frequency of occurrence, and this Vo- 
cabulary is believed to be fully adequate for the ordinary 
wants of readers in English. 

The authorities to which reference is made are divided 
into two groups. The first group consists of Passow, 
Freund, Klotz, Pape, and Facciolati ; the second, 
of Smith, Pauly, Carr, Labbe, Liddell & Scott, 

BlSCHOFF & MOLLER, FORBIGER, SCHELLER, WALK- 
ER, MiJLLER, and FRIJLINK. 

Words concerning whose pronunciation there can not 
be any question are printed without any reference. Such 



words, for instance, are Terp-sich'o-re, of which the Greek 
form (Tepi//txopi) has omicron in the penult ; Tha-li'a, 
which in Greek has the diphthong et in the penult (©<£\eta) ; 
Tke-mis'ta, whose penult is long by position ; and The'mis, 
a dissyllable. 

Those words also stand without any reference whose 
pronunciation has the authority of any two of the names 
contained in the first group of authors given above, or the 
authority of any one of the first group together with one 
or more of the second group. 

If, however, the authorities are divided, then, as a gen- 
eral thing, the two pronunciations are given, and the au- 
thority for each is indicated by initials annexed. But some- 
times, when the authority for one pronunciation is suffi- 
cient according to the foregoing rule, and that for the other 
deficient, the latter authority only is indicated. 

All the remaining words in the Vocabulary have the 
authority for their pronunciation annexed. 



RULE S 

FOR PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Rules for the Vowels. 

1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, 
o, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the 
long English sound ; as, Ca'to, Ce'crops, Di'do, So'lon, 
Cu'mse, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, Tu-lin'gi ; in which words 
the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound 
as the corresponding vowels in the first syllables of the 
English words pa'per, ce'dar, si'lent, co'lon, du'ty. 

2. A ending an unaccented syllable has the sound of a 
in fa'ther or in last; as, Ga-bVna, A-re'ne, pronounced 
Gah-bi'nah, Ah-re'ne, 

3. I ending a final syllable has the long sound, as 
To'mi. At the end of initial unaccented syllables it varies, 
somewhat indefinitely, between v long, as I-u'lus, and i 
short (like i in pin), as in I-ta'li-a. In all other cases i 
ending an unaccented syllable has its short sound, as in pin. 

4. Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 

5. M and cz are pronounced as e would be in the same 
situation. 

6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the 
short English sound ; as, BaVbus, Del'pki, Cin'na, Mos'- 
chus, Tus'cus, in which the vowels have the same sounds 
as in the English words man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer, 
mus'ter. 

Exception. — Em final es is pronounced as in the fa- 
miliar proper name An'des. 

66 



Rules for the Consonants. 

7. C before e, i, y, se, and ce, is pronounced like 5; be- 
fore a, 0, and k, and before consonants, like k ; as Ce'a, 
Cic'e-ro, Cy'prus, Cse'sar, Coz'li-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cu'mse. 

8. G before e, i, y, x, 02, or another g followed by e, has 
the sound of j ; before a, 0, and u, and before consonants 
other than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the 
English words gave, gone; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gse'- 
us, Ag'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor ; gi-as, Sa-gun 1 turn. 

9. Ch has the sound of k, but it is silent before a mute 
consonant at the beginning of a word ; as, Chtho'nia, pro- 
nounced Tho'ni-a. 

10. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded 
immediately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, 
change into sh and zh. But when the t follows 5, t, or z, or 
when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, 
the consonant preserves its pure sound ; as, Sal-lus'ti-us, 
Brut'ti-i, Mil-ti'a-des, &c. Tin the termination tion also 
retains its original sound ; as, The-o-do'ti-on. 

11. jShas, in general, the sound of s in this. Final s 
preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 

12. Initial x has the sound of z. 

13. Initial ph before a mute is silent ; as, Phthi'a, pro- 
nounced Thi'a. Initial p before s is silent ; as, Psy'che, 
pronounced Sy'ke. Initial p before t is silent ; as, Ptol-e- 
mx'us, pronounced Tol-e-mx'us. 



p 


882 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 


14. At the beginning of words we frequently find the 


labication, by which eus has the sound of use, as in the 


uncombinable consonants mn, tm, &c. ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne, 


noun abuse, is also given. 


Tmo'lus, &c. These are to be pronounced with the first 


H. The names in Italics are the Anglicized forms of the 


consonant mute, as if written Ne-mos'y-ne, Mo'lus, &c. 


classical names above them ; and each for himself must 




judge whether to adhere to the classical pronunciation or 


Remark. 1. The termination eus, derived from the 


not. 


third declension of Greek contracts in ei>s, although usually 


3. Diacritical marks are used, in this Vocabulary, to in- 


made a single syllable in poetry, is resolved into two sylla- 


dicate the soft sounds of c, g, and s, in some cases, as in 


bles in the Table. This is also done by Walker and Trol- 


JE-ag'i-des, M-ge'ri-a ; and the hard sound of c, as in 


lope, and it is defended by Labbe and Carr. The other syl- 


A-ehil'les. ; also when n has the sound of «g, as in An'cho-m. 


The abbreviations Pw., F., E., Pe., Fac, S., Py., C, 


Mutter, and Frijlink. The figures which follow certain 


i L., Lid., B., For., Sch., W., M., and Fr., stand, respect- 


words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding Rules of 


ively, for the following authorities, viz., Passow, Freund, 


Pronunciation. The figure 6, for example, appended to 


Elotz, Pape, Facciolati, Smith, Pauly, Carr, Labbe, Lid- 


Abantes, refers to Rule 6, which shows that the vowel in 


dell $ Scott, Bischoff $ Matter, Forbiger, Scheller, Walker, 


the last syllable has its long English sound. 


A A-camp'sis Ac'ro-tho'on JE-e'ti-as, 10 iE-ol'i-deg, 6 Ag'e-sip'o-lis 
J\_0 A-can'tha Ac-tae/a M-gan'on 2E/o-lis Ag^e-sis'tra-ta, 


A-can'thus Ac-tae'on .3E-gae'um iE'o-lus L. S. W. 


A'ba, and A^ae Ac'ar-na'ni-a Ac-tae'us iE-ga'le-os 2E-o'ra Ag'i-dae 


Ab'a-lus, A-cas'tus Ac'ti-a, 10 iE-ga'le-um iEp'y-tus A'gis 


C. Py. M. Ac'ci-a, 10 Ac'ti-sa'neg, 6, M. JS-ga'teg, 6 ^'qui Ag-la'i-a (ag-la'ya) 


A-ban'teg, 6 Ac'ci-us, 10 Fr. iE-ge'le-on iE-quic'o-li Ag'la-o-ni'ce 


A-ban'ti-a, 10 A'ce Ac-tis'a-neg, S. JE-gVri-a iEq/ui-me'M-um Ag-lau'ros 


Ab'an-ti'a-deg, 6 A-cer'a-tus, C. S. Ac'ti-um, 10 iE-ges'ta A-er'o-pe Ag-la'us, K. Py. S. 


A-ban'ti-as, 10 A-cer'rae Ac'ti-us, 10 M'ge-us iEr'o-pus, a moun- Ag'la-uSjC. L.M. 


A-ban'tis A-ce'si-a, 10 Ac-tor'i-deg, 6 iE/geus tain, C. Ag-nod'i-ce, 


AVar-ba're-a Ac/e-si'neg, 6 Ac'to-ris iE-gi'a-le A-er'o-pus Pe. Sch. S. W. 


Ab'a-ris A-ces'ta A-cu'le-o iE'gi-a-le'a iEs'a-cus Ag'no-di'ce, K. 


A'bas A-ces'teg, 6 A-cu'phis iE'gi-a'le-us JE-sa'ge-a Ag'no-ni'a 


Ab'a-sa, C. A-ehae'a A-cu'si-la'us iE-gi'a-lus iEs'^hi-neg, 6 Ag-non'i-degjG 


Ab'a-si'tis A-^hae^ Ad'a-da, M. B. Mg'\-Wa,,an island. iEs'chri-on, W. S. A-go'ni-us 


A-bas'sus A-«ha5m / e-ne§, 6 A-dae'us iE-gTL'i-a, a dermis iEs'-ehy-lus Ag'o-ra 


Ab'a-tos [C. A^h'ae-men'i-degjO Ad'a-man-tae'a in Attica, S. -ZEs'cu-la'pi-us Ag'o-rac'ri-tus 


Ab'da-lon'i-mus, S. A-ehae'us Ad'a-mas iE-gim'u-rus 2E-so'pus Ag'o-ra'nis, Py. W. 


Ab'da-lon'y-mus A-eha'i-a (a-ka'ya) Ad'a-mas'tus iE-gVna {JE/sop) Ag'o-ran'o-mi 


Ab-de'ra A-^har'nae Ad'du-a iEg'i-ne'ta iE-tha'li-a, also A'gra 


Ab'de-ri'teg, 6, and A-eha'teg, 6 Ad-her'bal iEi'i-ne'teg, 6 iEth'a-li 'a, or Ag'ra-gas 


Ab'de-ri'ta Aeh'e-lo'i-deg, 6 A'di-at'o-rix iE-gi'o-ehus .^th'a-le'a A-grau'li-a, S. W. 


Ab-de'rus A^h'e-lo'us A'di-e'nus, Py. iEg'i-pan iE'thra A-grau'los 


Ab'do-lon'y-mus A^h'e-ron Ad'i-man'tus iE-gPra iE-thu'sa A'gri-a'neg, 6. 


A'be-a'tae A^h'e-ron'ti-a, 10 Ad-me'te iE-fis'thus A-e'ti-on, 10 A-gric'o-la 


A-beFla A^h'e-ru'si-a, 10 Ad-me^to J^gi-uin JS-to'li-a A'gri-o'ni-a 


A'bi-a A-^hiPlas Ad-me'tus, C. J^g'leg, 6 ^1-to'lus A-grip'pa 


A/bi-i A^h'il-le'a A-do'ni-a ^g-leaeg,6 A-fra'ni-us Ag'rip-pi'na 


Ab'i-la Aeh'il-le'is A-do'nis ^E-gob'o-lus Afri-ca A'gri-us 


A-bis'a-reg, 6 A-ehiFleg, 6 Ad'ra-myt-te'um,©?- M'gon Afri-ca'nus Ag'ro-las 


Ab'no-ba Aeh'il-le'um Ad'ra-myt-ti'um ^'gos Pot'a-mi, or Af'ri-cum A^ron 


Ab'o-bri'ca A-ehiVle-us Ad^a-myt'ti-um Pot'a-mos Ag'a-me'des, 6 A-grot'e-ra 


A-boec'ri-tus A-^hi'vi W. C. M. iE'gus Ag'a-mem'non A-^y'i-e-us 


Ab'o-la'ni A^h'la-das'us Ad'ra-na, the Oder. M-gn'sa Ag'a-mem-non'i- (a-ji'ye-us) 


A-bon'i-tei'chos A^'i-^ho'ri-us A-dra'na, B. M. ^-gyp'ti-i, 10 deg, 6 A-gj'ieus 


A-bor'ras [ W. A^i-da'li-a Ad'ras-ti'a [W. JS-gyp'ti-um, 10 Ag'a-mus (a-ji'yus) 


Ab'ra-da'teg, 6, C. A-ciVi-a Ad'ras-ti'i Cam/pi ^l-gyp'tus Ag'a-nip'pe A-gyFla 


A-broc'o-mas A-cil'i-us A-dras'tus iE'li-a Ag'a-pe'nor A-gyr'i-um 


Ab'ro-di-ee'tus A'cis A'dri-an-op'o-lis ^'li-a'nus Ag'a-re'ni A-ha^a 


A'bron Ac-mon'i-deg, 6 A'dri-a'nus ^'li-us Ag'a-ris'ta A-hen'o-bar'bus 


A-bron'y-ehus A-coe'teg, 6 A^dri-at'i-cum A-el'lo A-gas^-clegjG, A'i-do'ne-us 


C. S. W. A-con'ti-us, 10 Ad/ri-me'tum .aE-lu'rus Py. W. Ad-do'neus, or 


A-bro'ta Ac'o-ris Ad'u-at'i-ci, or ^1-miPi-a Ag'a-sus A-id'o-neus 


AVro-ta Ac'o-rus, C. W. Ad'u-at'u-ci ^m'i-li-a'nus Ag'a-tha A'ius (a^us) Lo- 


W. C. M. Fr. A'cra A-du'la ^1-miPi-us Ag/a-thar'-ehi-degjG cu'ti-us, 10 


A-brot'o-num Ac'ra-gas A-du'lis JE'mon, or M'mxis A-ga'thi-as, and A-lae^ 


A-bru'po-lis A-cra'tus Ad/yr-maeh'i-dse ^-mo'ni-a Ag'a-thi'as A-lse^i 


Ab-syr'ti-des,6 A'cvi-se, S. W. M'a, ^-mon'i-deg, 6 Ag'a-tho A-las'sa 


Ab-syr'tus A'cri-a'teg, 6 ^'a-ce'a ^-na'ri-a Ag'a-tho-cle'a AVa-la, Pw. 


Ab'u-li'teg, 6, Ac'ri-doph'a-gi ^^^i-deg, 6 M-ne'a,, or M-m'a, A-gath'o-cleg, 6 Al'al-com'e-nae 
Py. S. W. A-cris'i-o-ne'us ^'a-cus iE-ne'a-dse Ag'a-thon AVa-ma'ni, or 


A-by'dus A-cris'i-o-ni'a-de§, M-se'-a, ^I-ne'a-deg, 6 Ag'a-thyr'si Al'a-man'ni 


Ab'y-la A-cris'i-us [6 iE'an-te'um ^1-ne'as, of Troy. A-ga've A-la'ni 


Ab'ys-si'm, L. W. A-cri'tas ^1-an'ti-des, 6, W. ^'ne-as, of Corinth, Ag-des'tis Al'a-ri'cus 


Ac'a-cal'lis Ac'ro-a'thon, L. W. M>a,s [S. Metapontus, $c. Ag'e-las'tus (Al'a-rio) 


Ac'a-ce'si-us, 10, A-cro'a-thon, K. JE-de'si-a, 10 J5-ne'is A|/e-la'us A-las'tor 


i ,. -, n l W - . C - ^-di'lea,6 -ffi-nes'i-de'mus A-gen^di-cum A-las'to-reg, 6 
A-ca'ci-us, 10, <S. Ac/ro-ce-rau'ni-um A-e'don ^-ne'tus A-ge'nor AFa-zon, W. 


Ac'a-de'mi-a Ac'ro-co-rin'thus A'e-do'nis JE'ni-a Ag'e-san'der A-la^zon, Pw. C 


Ac/a-de'rnus A'cron -ffid'u-i iEn'o-bar'bus A-ge'si-as, 10, Al-ba'ni, or 


Ac'a-lan'drus A-crop'o-lis 55-e'ta, ^J-e'tas, or ^1-o'U-a Pw. W. Al-ben'seg, 6 


Ac'a-mas A-croVa-tus, Py.L. ^-e'teg, 6 ^-o^li-ie A-ges'i-la'us Al-ba'ni-a 


1 — — 1 







GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 


883 


Al-ba'nus 


Al'o-i'deg, 6 


Am'i-ter'num 


An'ax-e'nor 


An-tan'dros 


A-or'ai 


Al'bi-a 


Al'o-pe 


Am'mi-ajnus 


A-nax'i-as, 10 


An-te'ius (-te'yus) 


A-o'rus 


Al-bi'ci 


A-lop'e-ce 


Am-mo / ni-us 


An'ax-ib'i-a 


An-tem'nae 


A-os'pho-rus 
A-o'us 


Al'bi-ci, K. 


A'los 


Am-naa'us 


An'ax-ic'ra-teg, 6 


An-te'nor 


AFbi-gau'num 


Al-p^nus 


Am'ni-as, <S. T^. 


A-nax'i-da'mus 


An'te-ros 


A-pae'sus 
A-pa'ma, or 
A-pa'me, 
L. W. M, 


Al-bi'ni 


Al-phe'nor 


Am-ni'sus 


A-nax'i-la'us 


An'te-rus 


Al'bi-on 


Al-phe-'nus 


Am/o-me'tus 


An'ax-il'i-deg, 6, 


An-the'a 


AFbi-us 


Al'phe-si-boe'a 


A'mor 


S. W. 


An/the-as 


Al'bu-la 


Al-phe'us 


Am^-rae'us 


A-nax'i-man'der 


An-the'don 


Ap'a-ma, or 
Ap^a-me, S. 
Ap'a-me'a, or 

Ap'a-mi'a 
Ap/a-tu'ri-a 
A-pel'la 
A-pel'leg, 6 
A-pel'li-con, S. W. 


Al-bu'ne-a 


Al-pi'nus 


A-mor/ge§, 6 


An'ax-im'e-neg, 6 


An-the'la 


Al-cae'us 


Al'si-um, 10 


A-mor'gos 


An'ax-ip'o-lis 


An'the-li'a 


Al-can'der 


Al-thae'a 


Am/pe-los 


An'ax-ip'pus 


An^the-mis 


Al-catb/o-e 


Al-thaem'e-neg, 6 


Am/pe-lu'si-a, 10, 


A-nax'is 


An'the-mus 


Al-cath'o-us 


Al-ti'num 


S.W. 


An-cae'us 


An-the'ne 


Al'ee 


A-lun'ti-um, 10 


Am / pbi-a-ra'us 


An-caH-teg, 


An-ther/mus 


Al-ce'nor 


A'ly-at'tes 


Am'phi-cle'a 


K. For. 


Au'thes-pho'ri-a 


Al-ces'te, or 


Al'y-ba 


Am-phic'ra-teg, 6 


An/ca-li'teg,6,W. An'thes-te'ri-a. 


Ap'en-ni'nus 


Al-ces'tis 


Al'y-cae'a 


Am-phic'ty-on, 


An-^hem'o-lus 


S. W. 


(Ap'en-nines) 
A'per 
Ap'e-sas [S. 


Al'ci-bi'a-deg, 6 


A-lyn'o-mus 


Pw. Fr. 


An-ches / mus 


An'the-us 


Al-cid'a-mas 


Al'y-pe'tus 


AnVphic-ty'o-negjO An-ehi'a-la, or 


An-thi'a 


Al'ci-da-me'a 


A-ly'pus 


(Am-phic'ty-ons] 


An-^h^a-le 


A^thi-nas 


Aph'a-ce, Py. L. C. 

r . A-pha're-us 


Al'ci-da'mus, Pe. 


A-lys'sus 


Am-phi-dro'mi-a 


An-^hi'a-lus 


An/thi-um, Fac.W 


Al-ci'deg, 6 


Al'yx-oth'o-e, 


-S. W. 


An-ehim/o-lus 


An'thro-poph'a-gi 


Aph'a-reus 


Al-cid'i-ce, 


L.W. 


Am'phi-ge-ni'a 


An-^hi'seg, 6 


An-thyl'la 


A'phas 


Py. S. W. 


AFy-ze'a 


Am-phiPo-^hus 


An-€his'i-a, 10, 


An-ti'a 


Aph^-tae 


Al-cim'a-ehus 


A-mad'o-cus 


Am-phiVy-tus, 


S.W. 


An'ti-ci-no'lis 


A-phri-'ceg, 6 


Al-cim'e-de 


Am'al-thae'a 


S. W. 


An'^ho-se 


An'ti-cle'a 


Aph'ro-dis'i-a, 10 


Al-cim^e-don 


Am / al-the'um 


Am-pbim/e-don 


An'eho-e 


An'ti-cli'deg, 6 


Aph'ro-dis'i-as, 10 


Al-cinVe-neg, 6 


A-man'ti-a, 10 


Am-phin / o -mus 


An-ehu/rus 


An-tic'ra-gus 


Aph'ro-dis'i-um, 10 


Al'oi-mus 


Am/an-ti'ni, or 


Am-phi/on 


An-ci'le 


An-tic'ra-teg, 6 


Aph'ro-di'te, or 


Al-cin'o-us 


Am'an-te'ni 


Am-phip'o-leg, 6 


An-co'na 


An-ti^y-ra 


Aph^ro-di'ta 


APci-phron, C, W. 


A-ma/nus 


Am-pbip^o-lis 


An-cy'rse 


An'ti-do'rus 


A ph'ro -di-top'o-lis 


Al-cip / pe 


A-mar'a-cus 


Am-phip'y-ros, 


An-dab'a-tae 


An-ti.^'e-nes , 6 


A-phytis, Pe. W. 


Al-cith'o-e 


A-mar'di 


Pw. W. 


An-da'ni-a,!,. S. W. An'ti-^en'i-d'es, or 


Aph'y-tis, 


Alc-mae'on 


Am'a-ryl'lis 


Am-phi^o, Pe. 


An'de-ga'vi 


An'ti-gen'i-das, 


Py. S. M. 


Alc-me'na 


Am'a-ryn'ce-ugjlO Am'phis-bae'na 


An-deg'a-vi, or 


a musician, 


A'pi-a 


Al-cy'o-ne 


Am'a-ryn'ceus 


Am-pbis'sa 


An-dec'a-vi, 


K. L. W. 


Ap'i-ca'ta, S. W. 


AVcy-o'ne-us 


Am'a-ryn-ci'deg, 6 


Am^phis-ti'des, 6 


For. 


An'ti-ge-ni'das 


A-pic/i-us, 10 


Al-cy'o-neus 


Am'a-ryn'thus 


Am'phi- tbe-a't rum 


An-doc/i-deg, 6 


a 


A-pid'a-nus 


A'le-a 


A'mas 


Am/phi-tri'te 


An-dre/as 


An-tig'o-ne 


Ap/i-na, or 


A-lec'to 


Am'a-se f a, or 


Am-phit'ry-on 


An'dri-a 


An'ti-go-ni'a 


Ap'i-naB 


A-lec'tor 


Am / a-si'a 


Am-pbiVry -o-ni'a- 


An-dri'a-ea 


An-tis'o-nus 


A-pi'o-lae 


A-lec'try-on 


A-ma'sis 


deg, 6 


An-dri^cus, Fr.Fac. An'ti-lib'a-nus 


A'pi-on 


A-le'i-us (a-le'yus) 


A-mas'tris 


Am-phot/e-rus 


An/dri-cus, L. K 


. An-tiVo-ehus 


A'pis 


Cam'pus 


A-mas'trus 


Am-phry'sus 


An-v'ris'cus 


An-tim'a-«hus 


A-pol'li-na'reg, o 


Al/e-man'ni, and 


A-ma'ta 


A-mu'li-us 


An-dro'bi-us 


An-tin / o-e 


A-pol-'li-na'ris 


Al'e-ma'ni 


Am'a-thus 


A-my'cla 


An'dro-cle'a 


An'ti-no-e'a 


A-pol^o 


A-le'sa 


A-max'i-tis, L. 


A-my^lae 


An'dro-cle^, 6 


An'ti-nop'o-lis 


Ap'ol-loc're-teg, 6 


A-le'si-a, 10, F. W. 


Am/a-ze'nes, 6, 


Ani'v-clae, C. L. 


An'dro-cli'deg, 6 


An-tin'o-us 


A-poWo-do'rus 


A-lfc'the§,6, Virg. 


L. W. 


A-myjclas, K. W. 


An'dro-clus 


An'ti-o-ehi'a 


Ap/ol-lo'ni-a 


Al'eu-a'dae, W. 


A-ma'zon 


Am^-cus 


An-drod y a-mas 


An-ti^-ehis 


Ap'ol-lon'i-deg, 6 


A'lex 


(Am'a-zon) 


Am'y-don 


An-dro'dus 


An-ti'o-ehus 


Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 


Al'ex-am'e-nus 


A-maz'o-nes, 6 


Am'y-mo'ne 


An-dro^e-us 


(An'ti-och) 


A-po/ni-a'na 


Al'ex-an'der 


(Am'a-zons) 


A-myn / tas 


An-dro^^'-naa 


An-ti'o-pe 


Ap'o-the-o'sis 


Al'ex-an'dra 


Am'a-zo'ni-a 


A-myi^ti-a'nus, 10 An-drom^a-ehe 


An-tip'a-ros 


Ap-pi'a-deg, 6 


A-lex'an-dri'a 


Am/a-zo'ni-us 


A-myn'tor 


An-drom'a-^hus 


An-tip'a-ter [ W. Ap/pi-a'nus 


(AVex-an r dri-a) 


Am-bar'ri 


Am'y-ri'cus Cam / - 


An-drom / e-da 


An'ti-pa'tri-a, Fr. 


(Ap'pi-an) 


A-lex'an-dri'na 


Am'bar-va'leg 


pus, <S. 


An'dro-ni'cus 


An^i-pa-tri'a, C. Ap'pi-a Vi'a 


A-lex'an-drop 'o-lis 


Hos'ti-ae, 6 


A-mys'tis 


An-droph'a-gi 


An-tip/a-tris, 


Ap'pi-i Fo'rum. 


Al'ex-a'nor 


Am'bar-va'li-a 


Am/y-tha'on 


An^ro-pom'pus 


l. a w. 


Ap/pi-us 


A-lex'as 


Am'be-nus, C. W. 


Am'y-tis, S.W. 


An-dros'the-neg, 6 


An-tiph/a-neg, 6 


A'pri-eg, 6 


Al'ex-ic'a-cus 


AnVbi-a-ti'nus, 


A-nab'a-sis 


An-dro/ti-on 


An-tiph'a-teg, 6 


A-pri'lis 


Al'ex-i'nus 


K. S. 


An'a-cae'a 


An/e-lon'tis 


An-tiph'i-lus 


Ap'te-ra 


A-lex'i-on, S. W. 


Am'bi-afi-nus, 


An'a-ceg or 


An'e-mo 


An'ti-phon 


Ap'u-le'i-a (-le/ya) 


Al'ex-ip'pus 


Fac. 


A-nac'teg, 6 


An/e-mo-li'a 


An'ti-phus 


Ap'u-le'i-us (-yus) 


A-lex'is 


Am'bi-ga'tus, L. W. An'a-shar'sis 


An'e-mo'sa 


An-tip'o-deg, 6 


A-pu'li-a 


A-lex'o 


Am-bi'o-rix 


An'a-ci'um, or 


An'e-mo'tis 


An-tip'o-lis 


Aq'ui-le'i-a (-le'ya) 


A-lex'on 


Am'bla-da, S. W. 


An/a-ce'um 


An^res'teg, 6 


An-tir'rhi-um 


A-quil'i-us 


Al-fe'nus 


Am-bWda, £. 


A-na'cre-on 


A-ne'tor, C. 


An-tis'sa 


Aq'ui-lo 


Al'gi-dum 


Am-bra'ci-a, 10 


[The established An-ge'li-on, 


An-tis / the-neg, 6 


Aq'ui-lo'ni-a 


A'li-ac'mon 


Am-bro'neg, 6 


English pro- 


Py.W. 


An'ti-um, 10 


A-qui'nas 


A'H-ar'tus 


Am-bro'si-a, 10 


nunciation is 


An-gi'teg, 6 


An-to'ni-a 


A-qui/num 


A'li-e'nus 


Am-bro'si-us, 10 


A-nac're-on.] 


An-git'i-a, 10 


An'to-ni'nus 


Aq'ui-ta'ni-a 


A-li'fe 


(Ambrose) 


A-nac'to rum 


An-giVu-la 


An-to'ni-op'o-lls 


A-ra'bi-a 


A'lM 


Am-brys'sus 


An'a-dy-om'e-ne 


An'gli-a, L. 


An'to-ni'o-po-li'tae A-rab^-cus 


Al'i-lael 


Am/bu-ba'jae 


A-uag'ni-a 


An-gh'a, W. 


An-to'ni-us 


A-raeh'ne 


Al'i-men'tas 


Am'e-leg, 6 


An'a-i'iis 


An-guit'i-a, 10 


An-tor/i-deg, 6 


Ar'a-eho'si-a, 10 


A-li'phae 


Am'e-na'nus 


An'a-phe 


An'i-ce'tus 


A-nu'bis 


Ar'a-eho'tae, or 


AM-phe'ra 


A-me'ri-a 


An'a-phlys'tus 


A-ni^-a, 10, S.W. 
A-ni^i-us.lO^.W 


Anx-a'num 


Ar'a-cho'ti 


Al'ir-ro'thi-us 


A-mes'tra-tus 


A-na'pis 


. Anx'ur 


Ar'a-cyn'thus 


Al'K-a 


A-mes'tris 


A-na'pi-us 


A-ni'gros 


An'y-tus 


Ar'a-dus 


A14ob/ro-ge§,'6 


A-mWa, W, 


A-na'pus 


An'i-tor'gis 


A-ob'ri-ca, Fac. , or A'rae 


Al-lot'ri-geg, 6, 


Am'i-da, Py.S,B. A'nas 


A'ni-us 


A-ob'ri-ga, Fac. 


A-ra/tus 


For. W. 


A-mil'car 


A-nau'rus 


An-na^is 


A-oa'de 


Ar'ba-ceg, 6 


Al-lu'ci-us.ie, 


Am'i-los, Py. W. 


A-nau'sis 


An/ni-a'nus 


A'on 


Ar-be'la 


S.W. 


A-mis / i-a, 10, and 


A^nax 


An'm-bal 


A 7 o-neg, 6 


Ar'be-la, or ArHje- 


A-lo'a 


-us, the Ems. 


An'ax-ag'o-ras 


An-nl^'e-ris 


A-o'ni-a 


le, in Sicily. 


A-lo'e-us 


A-mis'um, or 


An'ax-an'der 


An-tas'us 


A'o-ris 


Ar-ca'di-a 


A-lo'eus 


A-mis'us 


An'ax-an'dri-deg, 6 An-tag'o-ras 


A-oiynoe, or 


Ar-ca'di-us 


Al'o-i'dee 


Am'i-sus, S. M- 


An'ax-ar'e-te 


An-tal'ci-das 


A-or^nua 


Ar-ca/num 







884 


GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER 


NAMES. 






Ar-cc'o-phon 


A'ri-o-bar'za-neg 


, Ar'te-mi'ta, Py. 


At'a-ran'teg, 6 


Au'spi-ceg, 6 


Ba/ri-um 




Ar-ces'i-la'us 


K. Py. 


Ar'te-mon 


At/ar-be'^bis 


Au-toeh'tho-neg, 6 


Bas/i-le'a, or 




Ar-^hag'a-thus 


A'ri-o-mar'dus 


Ar-to'ri-us 


A-tar'ga-tis 


Au-toPo-leg, 6 


Bas'i-li'a, name 




Ar'ehe-la'us 


A-ri'on 


A^uns 


A-tar'ne-a, Fac. W. Au-toPy-cus 


of a city {Ba- 




Ar-ehem'a-ehus 


A'ri-o-vis'tus 


A-run'ti-us, 10 


At'ar-ne'a, K. 


Au-tom / e-don 


sel), a goddess, 




Ar-^hem'o-rus 


A'ris 


Arva'leg, 6 


A'tax 


Au'to-me-du'sa 


and an island. 




Ar'cbep-tol'e-mus 


A-ris'ba 


Ar-ver'ni 


A'te 


Au-tom'e-neg, 6 


Ba-siPi-a (Basel), 




Ar-ebes'tra-tus 


Ar'is-taen'e-tus 


A'ry-an'deg, 6 


A-tel'la 


Au-tom'o-li 


S. 




Ar'^hi-as 


Ar'is-tae'um 


Ar'yp-tse'us 


Ath'a-ma'neg, 6 


Au-ton'o-e 


Bas'i-li'dae 




Ar^hi-da-mi'a 


Ar'is-tae'us 


A-san'der 


Ath'a-mas 


Au-ton'o-ma 


Bas'i-li'deg, 6 




Ar^hi-da'mus 


Ar'is-tag'o-ras 


As-bys^se 


Atb'a-na'si-us, 10 


Au-tu'ra 


Ba-siPi-o-pot'a-mus 




Ar/fihi-de'mus 


Ar'is-tan'der 


As-caPa-phus 


A-tbe'na 


Aux-e'si-a, 10 


Bas'i-lis 




Ar^hi-gal'lus 


Ar'is-tar'ebe 


As'ca-lon, or 


A-the'nse 


Av'a-ri'cum, 


Bas'i-li'us, a river. 




Ar-^big/e-neg, 6 


Ar'is-tar'ehus 


As'ca-lo 


Ath'e-nae'a 


C. L. W. 


Ba-sil'i-us, and 




Ar-€hiFo-€hus 


A-ris'te-as 


As-ca'ni-a 


Atb. / e-n8e'um 


A-var'i-cum, M. 


Bas'i-li'us (St. 




Ar^bi-me'deg, 6 


A-ris'te-rae 


As-ca'ni-us 


Atb'e-nse'us 


F. K. Py. For 


Basil) 




Ar'^ni-pel'a-gus 


Ar'is-ti'deg, 6 


As-cle/pi-e'a, or 


Ath'e-nag'o-ras 


Av'en-ti'nus 


Bas'i-li'us, a Ro- 




Ar-ekip / pe 


Ar'is-til'lus 


As-cle'pi-i'a 


A-the'ne 


A-rer'nus, or 


man name, For. 




Ar-chip'pus 


Ar'is-tip'pus 


As'cle-pi'a-deg, 6 


A-tbe'ni-o, or 


A-Ter'na 


Bas'i-lus (also St. 




Ar-ebi'tis 


A-ris'ti-us 


As-cle'pi-o-do'rus 


K-th&'m-on 


A'vi-e'nus 


Basil) 




Ar-eborPteg, 6 


A-ris'to 


As-cle'pi-us 


A-then'o-do'rus 


A-vi'tus 


Bas-sar'i-deg, 6 




Ar-ehy'tas 
Ar-cit/e-neng, 
Arc-ti'nus, S. 


A-ris'to-bu'lus 


As'cle-ta'ri-o 


Ath'e-sis 


Ax'e-nns, and 


Bas-tar'nae, and 




A-ris'to-cleg, 6 


As-co'ni-us 


A/thos 


Ax-i'nus 


Bas-ter'nae 




A-ris'to-cli'deg, 6 


As'cu-lum 


A-tho'us 


Ax-i'o-^hus 


Ba-ta'Ti 




Arc-toph'y-lax 


Ar'is-toc'ra-teg, 6, 


As/drH-bal 


A-thym'bra 


Ax-i'on, C. L. W. 


Ba-ta'vi-a 




Arc-to'us 


S. 


A-sel'li-o 


A'ti-a, 10 


Ax'i-on, 10, 


Bathos 




Arc-ttPrus 


A-ris'to-de'mus 


A'si-a (a'sbi-a) 


A-tiPi-a 


K. Py. 


Ba-thyl'lus 




Ar'da-lus, L. S. 


Ar'is-tog'e-neg, 6 


A'si-at'i-cus, 10 


A-tiFi-us 


Ax'i-o'the-a 


Ba'ton 




Ar'de-a 


A-ris'to-gi'ton 


As'i-na'ri-a 


A-til'la 


Ax'i-us, 10 


Bat/ra-eho'my-o- 




Ar'di-ae'i 


Ar'is-tom'a-ehe 


As^-na'ri-us 


A-tin'i-a 


Ax ; o-na 


ma'ehi-a. 




Ar ; do-ne 


Ar'is-tom'a-chus 


As/i-ne, 


At-lan^es.G 


A'zan 


Bat-ti'a-deg, 6 




Ar'du-en'na 


Ar'is-tom'e-neg, 6 


Fr. K. Py. C. 


At-lan'ti-deg, 6 


A-zi'ris, Pe. W. 


Bau^o 




Ai^e-la'turn 


A-ris'ton 


Pe. 


A-tos'pa 


A-zo'tus 


Bau'cis 




Ar'e-mor'i-ca 


A-rist/o-nau'tae 


A-si'ne, Fac. 


At'ra-ceg, 6 




Beb'ry-ceg, and 




A-re'ne 


A-ris'to-ni'cus 


A-sin'i-us 


A 7 trax 




Be-bry'ces, 6 
Be-bry^i-a, 10 




A-re'o-pa-gi'tge 


A-ris'to-nus 


A'si-us, 10 


AVre-ba'teg, 6, 


B. 




A're-op'a-gus 


Ar'is-toph'a-neg, 6 


A-so'pi-a 


L. C. W. 


Bel'e-pbaii'teg, 6 




A're-op'o-Ms 


A-ris'to-phon 


As'o-pi'a-deg, 6 


A-treb'a-teg, F. 
K. For. Py. & 




Bel'e-sys 




Ar'es-tha'nas, Py. 


Ar'is-tot'e-leg, 6 


A-so^is 


. Bab'i-lus, S. W. 


Bel'gi-ca 




A-res'tor 


Ar'is-tox'e-nus 


A-so 7 pus 


M. 


Bab'y-lon 


Bel'gi-um 




Ar'es-tor'i-deg, 6 


A-ris'tus 


As-pam'i-threg, 6 


A'tre-us 


Bab'y-lo'ni-a 


Be-li'deg, 6, sing. 




Ar'e-ta 


A-ri'us, or A'ri-as, 


As'pa-ra'gi-um 


Aureus 


Bab'y-lo'ni-i 


(male descendant 




Ar'e-tae'us 


a river, C. 


As-pa^i-a, 10 


A-tri'dse 


Ba-byr'sa 


of Belus ) 




Ar'e-tapb'i-la 


A-ri'us, or A'ri-us, 


As-pa/si-us, 10 


At'ro-pos 


Bac-eha/nal 


Be'lis, pi. BeVi-deg 




Ar'e-tas 


the heretic, Fr 


As-pas 7 teg, 6 


At'ta-li'a, or 


( Bac> cha-nal) 


(female descend- 




A-re'te 


Ar-me'ni-a 


As'pa-thi'neg , 6 , W 


Ai/ta-le'a 


Bac^ba-na'li-a 


ant of Belus) 




Ar ; e-te 


Ar'mi-lus'tri-um 


As-path'i-neg, -S 


At'ta-lus 


Bac-^han/teg, 6 


Bel'i-sa'na, Fac. 




Ar'e-teg, 6 


Ar-min'i-us 


As-pen'dus 


At-te'i-us (-te'yus] 


Bac-ehFa-dae 


BePi-sa'ri-us, S. W. 




Ar'e-tbu'sa 


Ar-mor'i-cae 


As^hal-ti'teg, 6 


Afti-ca 


Bac-ehi'um, a tern 


- Bel-ler'o-phoQ 




A're-us 


Ar-no'bi-us 


As'po-re'nus 


At'ti-cus 


pie ; also, a place BePle-rus 




A'reus 


A-rorrPa-ta, C. Py 


. As-syr'i-a 


At-tiFi-us 


in Lesbos. 


Bel-lo'na 




Ar-gse/us 


8 


As'ta-cus 


At'u-rus 


Bac-eh^us, a met 


- Bel'lo-na'ri-i 




Ar'gan -tho'ni-us 


Ar-pPnum 


As'ta-ge'ni 


Au-fe'i-a (-fe'ya) 


ricalfoot; also, a Bel -lov'a-ci 




Ar-gerPnum 


Ar'rha-bae'us 


As'ta-pa 


Au'fi-de'na 


maris name. 


Be'lon 




Ar-^i'a 


Ar'ri-a'nus, Py. S. As'ta-pus 


Au-fid'i-us 


Bac'chi-us, a Ro 


- Be'lus 




Ar/Ji-lus, Py. 


Ar'sa-ces, 6, F. 


As-tar'te 


Au'fi-dus 


man gladiator. 


Be-na'cus 




Ai^gi-nu'sse 


Fac. M. L. C. R 


. As-te^i-a 


Au ; ga 


Bac-ehyl'i-deg, 6, 
C. Py. S. W. 


Ben'e-ven'tum 




Ar'gi-pbon'teg, 6 


Ar-sa'ceg, Py. S. As-te'ri-on 


Au-ge'ae 


Ber'e-cyn'ti-a, 10 




Ar'gip-pae'i 


Ar-sa^i-dse 


As'te-ris 


Au'ge-as 


Ba-ce'nis, 


Ber'e-ni'ce 




Ar-gi'va 


Ar'sa-mo-sa'ta, 


As-te'ri-us 


Au-gFas, or 


Ba'cis 


Ber'o-e 




Ar-gi'vi 


Py. R. M. Fr 


As'te-ro'di-a 


Au-ge/as 


Bac'tri-a'na, or 


Be-rce'a 




Ar-gol'i-cus 


Ar'sa-mos'a-ta, 


As-ter'o-pe^r 


Au/gi-lae 


Bac'tri-a'Dum 


Be-ro'sus 




Ar'go-lis 


a 


As'te-ro-pe'a 


Au'gu-reg, 6 


Ba-cun'ti-us, 10, 


Ber-rhoe/a 




Ar'go-nau'tae 


Ar-sa'ni-as 


As-trse/a 


Au^us'ta 


S. W. 


Ber'y-tus, see Fac. 




( Ar'go-nauts) 


Ar'si-a, 10 


As-trse'us 


Au/gus-ta'legjB, 


Ba-cu'ri 


Be-ry'tus, 




Ar-giPra 


Ar-sirPo-e 


As 7 tu-ra 


a/idAu'gus-ta'- 


Bad'u-hen'na?, or 


Fr. R. Pw. L. 




Ar'gu-ra, Py. 


Ar'ta-ba'nus [S. As-ttPref?, 6, C. S. 


li-a 


Bad'u-en'nse Lu 


- Be-sip'po 




Ar-gyrPnus 


Ar'ta-ba-za'neg, 6 


As-ty'a-ge 


Au'gus-ti'nus 


cus 


Bi-a'nor 




Ar'gy-ra, Py. 


Ar'ta-ba'zus, 


As-ty'a-ges, 6 


(Au-gus'tine, Au 


- Baet'i-ca 


Bi-bac'u-lus 




Ar'gy-re 


Py. L. S. 


As-ty'a-lus, Py. W 


gits' tin, and 


Ba-gc/as 


Bi'blis 




Ar-gyr'i-pa, R. F 


Ar'ta-bri, or 


As-ty/a-nax 


Avs' tin) 


Bag/ra-da, and 


Bi-brac'te 




Fr. Fac. M. 


Ar'ta-bri'tae 


As'ty-cra-te'a, or 


Au-gus/to-du'num 


Bag'ra-das 


Bib'u-lus 




A'ria, and A-ri'a 


Ar'ta-ce 


As'ty-cra-ti'a 


Au-gus'tu-lus 


Bai'ae (ba'ye) 


Bi-cor'ni-ger 




A'ri-ad'ne 


Ar'ta-ce'ne 


As-tyd^-mas, 


Au-gus'tus 


Ba'la 


Bi-cor'nis 




A'ri-ae'us 


Ar'ta-co-a'na 


Py. S. L. 


Au-le^eg, 6 


Bal'a-nae'a, or 


Bi-for/mis 




A/ri-am'neg, 6 


Ar'ta-ge'ras 


As'ty-da-mi'a 


Au'lis 


Bal'a-ne'a 


Bi'froiis 




A'ri-an'tas 


Ar-ta-ger'seg, 6 


As'ty-lus, 


Au'lon 


Bal-biFlus 


BiPbi-Us 




AM-a-ra'tbeg, 6 


Ar-ta'nus, L. 


As-ty'lus, Pe. 


Au'lus 


Bal-bi'mis 


Bi-ma'fcer 




A-riq'i-a, 10 


Ar'ta-pher'neg, 6 


As'ty-me-du'sa 


Au-re'li-a 


Ba'le-a'reg, 6 


Bin^gi-um 




Ar'i-ci'na 


Ar'ta-vas'deg,6 


As-tyn'o-me 


Au-re'li-a'nus 


Ba-le'tus 


Bi'on 




Ar'i-dae'us 


Ar-tax'a, or 


As-tyn'o-us 


{Au-re'li-an) 


Ban'ti-a, 10 


Bi-saVtse 




Ar'i-gae'um 


Ar-tax'i-as, 10 


As-ty'o-ehe, or 


Au-re'li-ws 


Bar'a-thrum 


Bi-saPtis 




Ar'ig-no'te 


S. Py. L. 


As'ty-o-«hi'a 


Au-re'o-lus 


Bar'ba-ri 


Bi-san'the 




Ar'i-mas'pi 


Ar tax'a-ta 


As'ty-pa-lse'a 


Au-ro'ra 


Bar-ba'ri-a 


Bis'to-nis 




Ar'i-ma'zeg, 6, S. 


Ar'tax-erx'eg, 6 


As-typh'i-lus 


Au'run'ci 


Bar-bos'the-neg, 6 


Bis-to'iiis, Vi'g 




A-rinPi-num 


Ar/ta^yc'teg'6 


As'ty-ron 


Aus / ci 


Bar-cae'i 


dr. 165 




Ar'im-phae'i 


Ar'te-mi-do'rus 


As'y-ehis, 5. W. 


Au'ser 


Bar 7 ce 


Bi'tnus 




A -rPo -bar-za'neg , 


Ar'te-mis 


A-tab'ulus 


Au^on 


Bar-dyPlis 


Bi-thyn'i-a 




6, Fr. Fac. S. Ar'te-mis'i-a, 10 


A-tab'y-ris 


Au-so'ni-a 


Bar-gu'si-i , 10 


Bi'ton 




L. 


Arte-mis'i-um, 10 


At/a-lan'ta 


Au-so'ni-us 


Ba-ris'ses, 6 


Bi-tu'ri-geg, 6 





















GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER 


NAMES. 


885 


Bi2/y-a, 10 




Cal'y-ce 


Car/men-ta'lis * 


Ce-nae'um 


Cha-rax'us 


Blan-du'si-a, 10 


c. 


Ca-lyd/na 


Car'ne-a, a goddess. Cen'^hre-ge 


•Gha'reg, 6 


Blem'rny-eg, 6 


CaFy-don 


Car-ne'a-deg, 6 


Cen-ehre'is 


€har'i-cleg,6,r. 
W. 


Blu'ci-um, 10, S. 




Ca-lym/ne 


Car-ne'i-a, or 


Cen-€hre / us, or 


W. 


Ca-an'thus 


Ca-lyn/da 


Car-ni'a, or 


Cen-ehri'us 


Char'i-la'us, and 


Bo-ad/i-ce'a 


Ca-bal/a-ca 


Ca-lyp'so 


Car-ne'a 


Cen'i-mag'ni 


€ha-riPlus 


Bo-a'gri-us 


Cab'al-li'nus 


Cam'a-lo-du'num 


Car-nu'teg, 6 


Ce-ni'na 


•eha-ris'i-a, 10 


Boc'eho-ris 


Ca-bi'ra 


Cam^-ri'na, or 


Car'o-lus 


Cen-so'reg, 6 


■Gha-ris'i-us, 10 


Bo'di-on'ti-ci 


Ca-bi'ri 


Cam/a-ri'ne 


( Charles) 


Cen'so-ri'nus 


Char'i-teg, 6 


Bo-du'ni, 5. W. 


Ca-bir'i-a, By. W. 


Cam-bu/ni-i 


Car'pa-thus 


Cen-tau'ri 


Char'i-ton, Py. C. 
W. 


Bo'e-drc/mi-a, C. 


Ca'ca 


Cam-by 'seg, 6 


Car-poph'o-ra 


Cen-tro'neg, 6 


S. 


Ca'cus 


Cani'e-ri'num 


Car-se'o-li 


Cen-tum^i-ri 


•ehar'mi-deg, 6 
•Char-mi'o-ne 


Boe-o'ti-a, 10 


Cad-me'a 


Cam'e-ri'nus 


Car-te'i-a (-te'ya) 


Cen-tu'ri-a 


Bo-e'thi-us 


Cad-me'is 


Ca-mil'la 


Car-tbas'a [seg Cen-tu'ri-pa, or 


Cha'ron 


Bc/i-i 


Ca-du/ce-us, 10 


Ca-mMae 


Car-thag/i-ni-en'- 


Cen-tu'ri-paa 


Cha-ron'das 


Bo'la 


Ca-duT'ci 


Ca-mil'lus 


Car-tha'go 


Ce'os 


■Ghar'o-ne'um, or 


Bol'bi-ti'num 


Cae'ci-as, 10 


Ca-mi/ro 


( Car'tkage) 


Cepb/a-lse 


■Char'o-ni'um 


Bo-lis'sus 


Cae-cil'i-a 


Ca-mi^rus, and 


Ca'rus 


Ceph'a-las, Pw. W. ^ha'rops. and 


Bo'mi-en'seg, 6 


Cae-eil'i-a'nus 


Ca-mi'ra 


Car-TiVi-us, S. W. 


Ceph'a-le 


Char'0-peg, 6 
Cha-ryb'dis 


Bo-mil'car 


Cae-cil'i-i 


Ca-moe/nae 


Ca/ry-at'i-de§, 6, pi. Ce-phaPlen 


Bom/o-ni'cae 


Cse-cil'i-us 


Cam-pa'ni-a 


Ca-rys'tus 


Ceph'al-le'ni-a 


■Ghau-'bi, and 


Bo-no'ni-a 


Cae-ci'na 


Cam-pas/pe 


Cas-cel/li-us, S. W. Ceph/a-lo, or 


€hau'ci 


Bo'o-su'ra 


Cae-ci'nus 


Ca'na 


Cas/i-li'num. 


Ceph'a-lon 


■Gha-u'ci 


Bo-o'teg, 6 


Caec'u-bum 


Ca-na'ri-i 


Ca'si-us, 10 


Ceph'a-lae'dis, and ^hel'i-do'ni-ae 


Bo're-as 


Caec / u-bus 


Caii'da-ce 


Cas'pi-i 


Ceph/a-lae'di-uni 


, Che-lo'ne 


Bo're-as'mi, or 


Csec'u-lus 


Can-da'vi-a 


Cas'pi-um 


S. W. 


€hel / o-ni'tis 


Bo/re-as'mus 


Cas'li-a 


Can-dau'leg, 6 


Cas-san'der 


Ceph'a-lus 


^heFo-noph'a-gi 


Bo-rys'the-neg, 6 


Cae'li-us 


Ca/neng 


Cas-san'dra 


Ce-phe'neg, 6 


Che'ops 


Bot'ti-aa'is 


Cae'nae 


Ca-neph/o-ri 


Cas'san-dri'a 


Ce'phe-us, 


■Gher'se-as 


Bo'vi-a'num 


Cas-ni'deg, 6 


Ca-nic'u-la'reg, 6 


Cas'si-a, 10 


Ce'pheus 


■Gher-sid'a-mas 


Bo-yiKla, and 


Cae-ni'na 


Ca-nid'i-a 


Cas'si-o-do'rus, 10 


Ce-phis'i-a, 10 


■Gher'so-ne'sus, or 


Bo-vil'lae 


Cae'nis 


Ca-nid'i-us, S. W. 


Cas-si'o-pe, or 


Ce-phis'o-do'rus 


Gher'ro-ne'sus 


Braeh-ma'nae 


Cae-nop'o-lis 


Ca-nin'e-fa'teg, 6 


Cas'si-o-pe'a, 10 


Ceph'i-sod'o-tus, 


Ghe-rus'ci 


{Brah'mans) 


Cae're 


Ca-nin'i-us 


Cas'si-ter'i-deg, 6 


Ce-phi'sus, or 


Ghi'lo 


Braeh-ma'neg, 6 


Cae'gar 


Ca/ni-us, S. W. 


Cas'si-us, 10 


Ce-phis'sus 


Ghi-mae'ra 


Bran'ehi-dae 


Caes'a-re'a 


Ca-nop'i-cum 


Cas'si-ve-lau'nus 


Cer'a-mi'cus 


Ghim'a-rus 


Bran'no-du'iium 


C33-sa / ri-o 


Ca-no'pus 


Cas-tab'a-la 


Cer'a-mus 


Ghi-me'ri-um 


Bras'i-das 


Caes'a-ro-du'num 


Can'ta-bri 


Cas-ta'li-a, or 


Cer'a-sus 


Gh^os 


Bras'i-de'a, or 


Cae'si-us, 10 


Can-ta'bri-a 


Cas-ta'li-us Fons 


Ce-ra'tus 


Ghi ; ron 


Bras'i-di'a 


Ca-i'cus 


Can'tha-rus 


Cas'tu-lo 


Ce-rau'iii-a 


Ghlo'e 


Brau'ro 


Ca'i-e'ta 


Canai-um, 10 


Cat/a-be'ni 


Ce-rau'ni-i 


Ghlo'ris 


Brau'ron 


Ca'i-us (ka'yiis) 


Can / u-le'i-a (-le/ya' 


Cat'a-ce-cau'me-ne Ce-rau/nus 


Ghlo'rus 


Breu'ni 


Cal'a-ber 


Can'u-le'i-us 


Cat/a-du'pa 


Cer'ba-lus 


Gho-as'peg, 6 


Bri-a're-us 


Ca-la'bri-a 


(-le'yus) 


Cat'a-na 


Cer'be-rus 


Ghoer'a-deg, 6 


Bri'a-reus 


CaFa-is 


Ca-nu^i-um, 10 


Cat/ar-rhac'teg, 6. 


Cer'ca-so'rum 


Ghoer'i-lus 


Bri-gan'teg, 6 


Cal'a-mos 


Ca-pa'ne-us 


Ca-thae'a 


Cer-cas'o-rum, 


Gho-ras'mi-i 


Brig'an-ti'nus 


Ca-la'nus, 


Cap/a-neus 


Cat'i-li'na 


Fac. 


Gho-roe'bus 


Bri-se/is 


K. Pw. L. M. C. Ca-pel'la 


( Cat'i-line) 


Cer-ci'na, or 


Ghris-toph'o-rus 


Bri-tan'ni 


Cal'a-nus, S. Py, Ca-pe'na 


Ca-tiWus, or 


Cer-cin/na 


( Chris' to-pher) 


( Brit'ons ) 


Cal'a-teg, 6, K. 


Ca-pe'ni 


Cat/i-lus 


Cer-co'peg, 6 


Ghro'iios 


Bri-tan'iii-a 


CaPau-re'a, and 


Cap'e-tus 


Ca'ti-us, 10 


Cer'cy-on 


Ghry'sa 


Bri-tan'ni-cus 


Cal'au-ri'a 


Ca-pha're-us 


Ca/to 


Cer-cy'ra 


Ghry-sa/or 


Brit/o-mar'tis 


Ca-lau/ri-a 


Ca-pha'reus 


Ca-tul'lus 


Ce're-a'li-a 


Ghrys 7 a-or, C. 


Brit/o-neg, or 


Ca'le 


Cap/i-to 


Cat'u-lus 


Ce'reg, 6 


Ghrys'a-o're-us 


Bri-to'neg, 6 


Cal-e-do'ni-a 


Cap'i-to-li'nus 


Ca-tu-ri'geg, 6 


Ce-ril'li 


Ghry'Sas 


(Brit'ons) 


Ca-len'tum 


Cap'i-to'li-um 


Cau'ca-sus 


Ce-rin'thus 


Ghry-se / is 


Brix-el'lum 


Ca-le'nus 


Cap'pa-do'ci-a, 10 


Cau-co'nes, 6 


Cer're-ta'ni 


Ghra'seg, 6 


Brix'i-a, 10 


Ca'leg, 6 


Cap/pa-dox 


Cau'di-um 


Ces-tri'nus 


Ghry-sip'pus 


Bro'ini-us 


Cal'e-ti 


Ca-pra/rf-a 


Cau-lo/ni-a 


Ce-the'gus 


Ghry-so^'e-ras 


Bruc'te-ri 


Ca-lid'i-us, S. W. 


Ca/pre-ae 


Cau'nus 


Ce'ti-us, 10, 


Ghry-sog'o-nus 


Brun-du'si-um, 10 


Ca-lig'u-la 


Cap'ri-cor'nus 


Cau'ros 


For. S. W. 


Ghrj'-sop'o-lis 


Bru'ti-i, 10, or 


Cal-la'i-ci 


( Cap'ri-corn) 


Cau'rus 


Ce'to 


Ghry-sor/rho-as 


Brut/ti-i 


Cal'li-as, Py. S. W. Cap'ro-ti'na 


Cav'a-reg, 6 


Ce/us 


Ghry -sos'to-mus 


Bra'tus 


Cal'li-ce'rus 


Cap'u-a 


Ca-ys'ter, or 


Ce'yx 


( Chrys' os-tom) 
Ghry-soth-e-mis 


Bry'geg, 6 


Cal-lreb/o-rum 


Ca'pys 


Ca-ys'trus 


^ha'bri-as 


Bu-bas'sus 


Cal'li-cleg, 6 


Car'a-cal'la 


Ce'a 


Chas're-as 


Ghtho/ni-a, 14 


Bu-bas'tis 


Cal/li-co-lo'na 


Car'a-ca'tegjG 


Ce'ba 


^hse-re'mon 


Cib'a-ke 


Bu-ceph'a-la 


Cal-lic'ra-teg, 6 


Ca-rac'ta-cus 


Ce'beg, 6 


Cbaer-'e-phori 


Cib'y-ra 


Bu-cepb/a-lus 


Cal'li-crat'i-das 


Car'a-lis 


Ce-bre/ni-a, Sch. W. ^haer'o-ne'a 


Ci^'e-r® 


Bu-col/i-ca 


Cal-lid'i-us, <S. W. 


Ca-ram'bis 


Ce'brus 


-Gha-lae'um 


Cic'o-neg, 6 


Bo 'lis 


Cal-lim'a-ehus 


Ca-ra'nus, 


Ce-ci'na 


€hal-cae / a 


Ci-lic'i-a, 10 


Bu/nus 


Cal-li'nus 


K. Pe. Pw. Py 


Ce-cro'pi-a 


■Ghal-ce'don 


Ci'Ux 


Bu'pha-gus 


Cal-li'o-pe 


Car'a-nus, 


Ce-crop'i-dae 


ChaFce-do'ni-a 


Cim/bri-cus 


Bu-pra'si-um, 10 


Cal'li-o-pe'a 


M. C. L. W. 


Cec'ro-pis 


•ChaPci-den'seg, 6 


Cim/i-nus 


Bu/ra 


Cal'li-pa-ti'ra 


Ca-rau'si-us, 10, 


Ce'crops 


-Gbal-cid'i-ce 


Cim-me / ri-i 


Bu-ra'i-cus, S. W. 


Cal'li-phon 


S. W. 


Ce'dre-a'tis 


^bal'ci-oe'cus 


Cim-me'ri-um 


Bu-si'ris 


Cal-lip'o-lis 


Car-ehe'don 


Ce'i 


■Ghal-daa'a 


Ci-mo'lus 


Bu'teg, 6 


Cal-lir'ho-e 


Car/ci-nus 


CeFa-dus 


•Gbal-da3 / i 


Ci'mon 


Bu-thro'tum 


Cal-lis'te 


Car'di-a. Py. S. 


Ce-lae'ne 


€hal'y-be§, 6 


Cin'ci-a, 10 


Bu-thrCtus 


CaFlis-ti'a 


Car-du^hi 


Ce-lse/no 


■Ghal'y-bon, Py. W. Cin'cin-na'tu* 


Bu/to-a, K. 


Cal-lis'the-neg, 6 


Ca'reg, 6 


Ce-le'i-a (-le/ya) 


Chal'y-bo-ni'tis 


Cm'ci-us, 10 


Bu-tor'i-deg, 6 


Cal-lis'to 


Ca'ri-a 


Ce-len'na 


€ha'lybs 


Cin / e-as 


Bu'tos 


Cal-lis'to-ni'cus 


Ca-ril'la 


Ce'ler 


^ha-maM 


Ci-ne'si-as, 10 r S. 


Bu'zy-geg, K. Pw. 


Cal-lis'tra-tus 


Ca-ri'nas 


Cel'e-reg, 6 


•eb.a'0-nes, 6 


W. 


C. 


Cal-lix'e-na 


Ca-ri'nus 


Cel'e-trum 


•eha-o'ni-a 


Cin-get'o-rix 


Bu-zy'geg, Fr.W. Ca'lor 


Car-me'lus 


Ce'le-us 


eha/os 


Cin'gu-lum 


By'blis 


Cal-pur'Di-us 


( Car'mel ) 


Cel'ti-be'ri 


€har/a-dra, For. W. Cinx'i-a, Fac. W. 


By-za'ci-um, 10 


Cal'u-eid'i-us, S. 


Car-men' ta, and 


CeFti-ci 


^ha-ra'dra 


Ci'nyps, and 


By-zan'ti-um, 10 


W. 


Car-men'tis 


Cel-tos'cy-thse 


Py. M. For. 


Cin'y-phus, 


By'zas 


CaFy-cad'nus 


Car'men-ta'leg, 6 


Ce'ma 


€ha'rax 


Sch. S. 







886 


GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 




Cin'y-ras 


Cod'o-man'nus 


Cor'y-don 


Cy-be/be 


Dar'an-ta'si-a, 10 


Di'o-nysl-a, 10 


Cir-cen'seg Lu'di 


Co-drop / o-lis 


Co-rym'bi-fer 


Cyb'e-la 


Dar-dan'i-deg, 6 


Di'o-ny-si'a-deg, 6 


Cir-ce'i-i (-se'yi) 


Co'drus 


Cor'y-ne'teg, 9 


Cyb'e-le 


Dar'da-nis 


Di'o-nys'i-as, 10 


Cir'ci-us, 10 


Coe'le 


Cor'y-pha'si-um, 


Cyb'i-ra 


Dar'da-nua 


DFo-ny-sip'o-lis 


Ci'ris 


Coel'e-syr'i-a, and 


10 


Cyc'la-deg, 6 


Da'reg, 6 


Di'o-nys'i-us, 10 


Cis'al-pi'na 


Coel'o-syr'i-a 


Cor'y-thus 


Cy-clo'peg, 6 


Da-re'us, or 


Di'o-phan'tus 


Cis-se'is 


Coe'li-us 


Co'sa 


( Cy' clops) 


Da-ri'us 


Di'os-cor'i-deg, 6 


Cis'se-us 


Coe'lus 


Co'SaS 


Cyd'i-as, S. Sch. 


Da-ri'cus 


Py. s. 


Cis'seus 


Co'bors 


Co-sa'num 


Cy-dip'pe 


Dat'a-meg, Q,Py. S. Di'os-cu'ri 


Ci-thae'ron 


Co-len/da 


Cos-su'ti-i, 10, 


Cyd'o-ne'a 


Dat/a-pber'neg, 6 


Di-os'po-lis 


Citb'a-ris'ta 


Col-la'ti-a, 10 


S.W. 


Cy-do/ni-a 


Da/tis 


Dip'o-lia 


Cit/i-um, 10 


CoFla-ti'nus 


Co'teg, orCoVte%,G Cyd'ra-ra, S.W. 


Da^os, or Da'ton 


Di'rae 


Ci-Tilis 


Col-bVna 


Co'thon 


Cy-dra'ra, Py. 


Dau 7 lis 


Dir'ae 


Cla'de-us 


Co-lo'nae 


Cot'i-so 


Cyl-le'ne 


Dau'ni-a 


Dis-cor'di-a 


Cla'nis 


Co-lo'ne 


Cot'ti-ee 


Cyl'le-ne'us 


Dau'nus 


Dith'y-ram'bus 


GWm-xis 


Co-lo'ni-a 


Co'ty-a-i'Dn, 


Cy^a, or Cy'mge 


De-cap'o-lis 


Div'i-ti'a-cus 


Cla'rus, or Cla'ros 


Co-lo'nos 


Co'ty-a-i'mii , or 


Cyn^-gi'rus 


De-ceb'a-lus, Py. S. Div'0-du'rum 


Clas-tid'i-um, 


Col'o-phon 


Co'ty-a-e'um 


Cyn^-as 


De^e-le'a 


Do-do'na 


Sch. S. 


Co-los'sus 


Co'ty-e'um 


Cy-ne'teg, 6 


De-ce'ti-a, 10, S.W. T>< 


Clau'di-a 


Col'u-bra'ri-a 


Co-tyW-us. S. W. 


Cyn'i-ci 


De'ci-us, 10 


Do-do'ne 


Clau'di-ae A'quae 


Col'u-mel'la [lis Co'tys 


Cy-nis'ca 


De-cu'ri-o 


Do-don'i-deg, 6 


Clau'di-a'nus 


Co-lum'nae Her'cu- 


Co-tytfto 


Cy'no 


De-i'a-ni'ra 


Dol'a-bel'la 


( Clau'di-an) 


Co-lu'thus 


Cra'gus 


Cyn'o-cepb'a-lae 


De-id^-mi'a 


DoM-ehe 


Clau'di-op'o-lis 


Com'a-ge'ne 


Cran'a-us 


Cyn^-ceph'a-U 


De-i'o-ceg, 6 


Do'lon 


Clau'di-us 


Co-ma / na 


Cra/non 


Cyn'o-phon'tis 


De'i-ot'a-rus 


DoPo-peg, 6 


Clav'i-ger 


Co-mit/i-a, 10 


Cra'ter 


Cyn'o-sar'ges, 6 


De-ipb'o-be 


Dom^-du'cus 


Cla-zom/e-nae 


Corn'mo-dus 


Crat'e-rus 


Cyn'os-se'ina 


De-ipb'o-bus 


Do-mit'i-a, 10 


Cle-an'theg, 6 


Com'pi-ta'b-a 


Cra'teg, 6 


Cyn'o-su'ra 


De'li-a 


Do-mit'i-a'nus, 10 


Cle'meng 


Co'mum 


Cra'this 


( Cyn'o-sure) 


De'li-um 


(Do-mi'tiam,) 


( Clem'ent) 


(Vnms 


Cra-ti'nus 


Cyn'thi-a 


De'li-us 


Do-na'tua 


Cle'o-bis 


Con'ca-ni 


Crat'y-lus 


Cyn'thi-us 


Del-mi a'i-um 


Do-nu^sa 


Cle-ob'u-li'na 


Con-cor'di-a 


Crem/e-ra 


Cyp'a-ris'sa, or 


De'los 


Do'reg, 6 


Cle'o-bu'lus 


Con-da'te 


Crem/my-on 


Cyp'a-ris'si-a, 


Del-pbic'o-la 


Do'ri-on 


Cle-ce'tas 


Con/do-cha'teg, 6 


Cre-mo'na 


S.W. 


Del'pbi-cus f W. Do'ris 


Cle-om'bro-tus 


Con-dru'si 


Cre-mu'ti-ug, 10 


Cyp'a-ris'sus 


Del-pbin'i-um S. C. Do-ris'cus 


Cle'o-me'deg, 6 


Co-ni'a-ci, Py. W. 


Cre'on 


Cyp'ri-a'nus 


Dem/a-deg, 6 


Do'rus 


Cle'o-me'lus 


Con'im-bri'ca 


Cre-opb^-lus 


( Cyp'ri-an) 


Fac. W. 


Dor'y-lae'um 


Cle-onVe-neg, 6 


Con'ni-das, Py. 


Cres-pbon'teg, 6 


Cy'prus 


De-ma'des, 6, 


Do'son 


Cle'on 


(Vnon 


Cre'ta 


Cyp-seM-degj-6 


Fr. K. Py. Pit 


. Dra ; co 


Cle-o'nae 


Con-sen'teg, 6 


Cre'tbe-is, daughte? 


Cyp'se-lus 


Deni'a-ra'tus 


Drep'a-na, or 


ClCo-ni'ca 


Con-sen'ti-a, 10 


of Cretheus 


Cyr'e-na'i-ca 


De-me'tri-as 


Drep'a-num 


Cle-on/y-mus 


Con-staiyti-a, 10 


Cre-the'is, mother 


Cyr'e-na'i-ci 


De-me^ri-us 


Dru-en'ti-a, 10, 


Cle-op'a-tra, Pw. 


Con'stan-ti'a, a 


of Homer 


Cy-re'ne [C. Dem'o-ce'des, 6 


S.W. 


K. M. Py. C 


city. 


Cre-u'sa 


Cy-res^eba-ta, Py. 


De-moeb'a-res, 6 


Dru'i-dse 


Fr. 


Con'stan-ti'na 


Creu'sis 


Cy-ri/a-deg, 6, S.W. De-moc'ri-tus ' 


(Dru'ids) 


Cle'o-pa'tra, F. 


Con-stan/ti-nop'o- 


Cri-mi / sus 


Cy-ri^lus 


De-mod / i-ce 


Dru-siPla 


[Tbis is tbe ac 


lis [no'ple) 


Cris-pi'nus 


( Cyr'il) 


De-mopb / o-on 


Dru'sus [ W. 


cepted English ( Con-stan'ti- 


Cri-tbe'is 


Cyr-rhes'ti-ca 


De-mos'the-neg, 6 


Dry ; a-de§, 6, Fac. 


pronunciation.] Con'stan-ti'nus 


Cri'to 


Oyr'si-lus 


De-o'ls 


( Dryads) 


Cle-op'a-tris 


( Con' stan-tine) 


Crit'o-bu'lus 


Cy'rus 


Der'ce-to, or 


Dry-maVa 


Cle/o-phan'tus 


Co'pae 


Crit'o-la'us 


Cy'ta 


Der-'ce-tis 


Drj^o-peg, 6 


Cle-os'tra-tus 


Cop'a-is, Fac. C. L 


Cr^u-me-to'pon 


Cy-taa'is 


Der-cyFi-deg, 6 


Du'bis 


Clep'sy-dra 


Co-pa'is, K. M. 


Cri'us 


Cy-the'ra 


Der-to'na 


Du'bris 


Cli'max 


Fr. 


Cro-by'zi, Py. Sch. 


Cyth'e-re'a 


Deu-ca/li-on 


Du-iPli-a 


Clin'i-as, K. W. 
CbVnus 


(Vpi-a 


Croc/o-di-lop'o-lis 


Cy-tin'i-um, S.W. 


Dex-am'e-ne 


Du-iKli-us 


Co'ra 


Cro'cus 


Cy-to'rus 


Di'a 


Du-lich'i-um 


CbVo 


Cor/a-ce'si-um, 10, 


Croe'sus 


Cyz-l-cum 


Di-ag'o-ras 


DunVno-rix 


Clis'the-neg, 6 


Sch. W. 


Crom'my-on 


Cyz/i-cus 


Di-a'lis 


Du'ri-us, S.W. 


CbVtae 


Co-ral'li 


Cro'ni-a 




Di-a-mas'ti-go'sis 


Du'ro-cor'to-rum 


. Cli-tar'ebus 


Co'rax 


Cro'pbi 




Di-a'na 


Du-um/vi-ri 


Cli-tom/a-shua 


Cor'bu-lo 


Cro-to'na 


D. 


(Di'an) 


Dy'ras 


Cli'tor 


Cor-cy'ra 


Cro'to-ni-a'tge 


Di-a'ni-um 




Cli-turn'rius 


Cor'cy-ra, Avie- 


Crus'tu-me'ri-a, or 




Bi-a'si-a 




Cli'tus 


nus. 


Crus/tu-me'ri-um 


Da'ae, or Da'bae 


Di-cae'a 


E. 


Clo'a-ci'na 


Cor'du-ba 


Crus/tu-mi'ni 


Da'ci-a 


Dic-tam'num 


Clo'di-a 


Cor-dy'la 


Cte'si-as, 10, 14 


Dac'ty li 


Dic-ta'tor 




Clo'di-us 


Co're 


Cte-siVi-us, S.W. 


Daed^-la 


Dic-tyn'na 


E-a'nus 


Cloe'li-a 


Cor-fin'i-um 


Ctes/i-pbon, 14 


Dasd'a-lus 


Did'i-us 


Eb^-ra 


Clu'a-ci'na 


Co-rin'na 


Cn'la-ro 


Dse'mon 


JA'Ao 


Eb/o-ra'cum 


Chi-en'ti-us, 10 


Co-rhVnus 


Cu'iiia, or Cu'mae 


Dal-ma'ti-a, 10 


Di-es'pi-ter 


Py. Fac. L. For 


Clu'pe-a 


Co-rin'thus 


Cu-pi'do 


Dal-mat'i-cus 


Di-gen'ti-a 


B. Sch. 


Clu-si'iii 


Co'ri-o-la'nus 


Cu^re§,6 


Dam'a-ge'tus 


Di'i 


E-bu'dse, Py. 


Clu'si-urn, 10 


Co-ri'o-li 


Cu-re'teg, 6 


Dam/as-ce'ne 


Di-nar'ehus 


Eb'u-ro'neg, 6 


Clu'si-us, 10 


Co'ri-ol'la 


Cu-re'tis 


Da-mas'ci-us, S.W. Din'dy-mus 


Eb'u-sus 


(JlynVe-ne 


Cor-ne'li-a 


Cu'ri-a 


Da-mas<cus 


Di-noc'ra-teg, 6 


E-bu'sus 


Clym'e-ne'i-deg, 6 


Cor-ne'li-i 


Cu/ri-a'ti-i, 10 


Dam'a-sip'pus 


Di-noVo-^hus 


Ec-bat'a-na, S. W. 


Clym'e-nus 


Cor-nic'u-lum 


Cu^i-o 


Dam/ni-i 


Di-nom / a-ehe 


E-«bid / na 


Clyt/em-nes'tra 


Cor/ni-fic/i-us, 10 


Cu-ri/o-so-li'tas 


Dam'o-cleg, 6 


Di-nom/a-ebus 


E-«bin / a-deg,6 


Clyt/i-e, 10 


Cor'ni-ger 


Cu^ri-uni, Sch.W. 


Da'mon 


Di-nom'e-neg, 6 


E€b/i-nus'sa 


Cni'dus, 14 


Co-roe'bus 


Cu'ri-us 


Da'na 


Di / non 


E-€hi'on 


Cno'sus, 14 


Cor'o-ne'a, or 


Cur^ti-us, 10 


Dan^a-e 


Di'o-cle'ti-a'nus 


E^h'i-on'i-deg, 6 
E^eho 


Co-as'trae, and 


Cor'o-ni'a 


Cu-ru'lis 


Dan'a-i 


(Di'o-cle'tian) 


Co-a'trae 


Co-ro'nis 


Cus-sae'i 


Da-na'i-deg, 6 


Di'o-do'rus 


E-des'sa, or 


Coc/a-lus 


Cor'si-ca 


Cu'sus 


Dan'a-us 


Di-og'e-neg, 6 


E-de'sa 


Coc-ce'i-us 


Cor-to'na 


Cu-tiPi-a, and 


Da-nu'bi-us 


Di'o-me'de 


Ed'e-ta'ni 


(-s^yus) 
Co'cleg,6 
Co-cy'tus 
Co-da'ni 
Co-da/nus 


Cor-yi'nus 


Cu-til'i-33 


(Dan'ube) 


Di'o-me'deg, 6 


E^on 


Cor'y-ban'teg, 6 


Cy'sk-ne 


Daph'ne 


( Di'o^med) 


E-do'neg, 6, Thra- 


Cor'y-bas 


Cy-a'ne-se 


Daph'ne-pbo'ri-a 


Di'on 


cians. 


Cor'y-cus 


Cy-a'ne-us 


S.W. 


Di'o-nas'a 


E-do'ni 


Co-ry'cus 


Cy-ax'a-reg, Py. W 


Dar'a-ba, Py. W. 


Di-o'ne 


E-ge/ri-a 









GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 


887 




E-i'on, Fac. 


E-rig'o-ne'i-us 




Gal'i-lae'a 




Her-cyn'i-a 
Her-do'ni-us, S. W. 
He-ren'ni-us 




E-lae'a (-ne'yus) TJ1 

Ei'a-gab'u-lus [ W. E-rig'o-nus, c man. _F a 


( Gal'i-lee), 
Gal'li-a 


H. 




El'a-pbe-bo'li-a, 


S. Er'i-go'n us, a river. 


GaPli-cus 




Her-mae'a 
Her-mas'uEQ. 




El'a-te'a 


Er'i-me'de 


Fa-ba'ri-a 


Gal'li-e'nus 


Ha'dri-a'nus 




El'a-ver, K. For. 
E-la'ver, 


E-rin'e-os 

E-rin'na 


Fa'bi-i 
Fa-bric/i-us, 10 


Gal-lip'o-lis (Ha'dri-an) 
GaHo-grae'ci-a, 10 Ha'dri-at'i-cum 


Her-maph'ro-di'tua 
Her'ma-tbe'na 




M. Fr. L. Py. B. E-rin'nys 


Faes'u-lse 


Ga-me'li-a 


Hae'aio-ni-a 


Her'me-si'a-oax 




E'le-a 


Era-pay 'le 


Fa-leM-a 


Gan-gar'i-daa 


Hae'mus 


Her-mi'as 




E-lec'tra 


E'ris 


Fa-le'ri-i 


Gan'y-me'deg, 6 


Hal-cy'o-ne 


Her^mi-as 




E-lec'tri-deg, 6 


Erl-sieb'tbon 


Fa-ler'nus 


( Gan'y-mede) 


Ha/U-ac'mon 


Her-mi'o-ne 




E-lec'try-on 


E'ros 


Fa-Us'ci 


Gar'a-man'teg, 6 


Ha'li-ar'tus 


Her'mi-on'i-cus 




E-le'i 


E-ros'tra-tus 


Fa-lia'cus 


Gar-ga'nus 


Hala-car-n as 'sua 


Si'nus 




E-le'le-us 


Er'y-ci'na 


Fan'ni-a 


Gar-ga'pbi-a 


Hal'my-des'sus 


Her-mip'pus 
Her-moc/ra-teg, G 
HKr/mn-rlrt'rna 




El'e-leus 


Er'y-man'thus 


Fan'ni-i 


Gar-ga ; rus 


HaPon-ne'sus 




El'e-pban'fci-ne^ 


Er'y-tbe'a, or 


Fan'iu-us 


Gau/ga-me'la 


Haays 




El'e-pban-ti'ne 


Er'y-tbi'a 


Far'fa-rug 


Gau'lus 


Ham/a-dry'a-des.6 Her-mo£'e-nes. fi 




Sch. K. Py. 


Er'y-tbrae 


Fau'na 


Gau'rus [W. ( Ham' a-drv-ads) Her/mo^la'iTa 3 " 




Fr. M. 


E'ryx 


Fau-na/li-a,Poc. W. ( 


S. Ha-miFcar 


Her-mop'o-lis 
Her'nio-ti'inuB 




El'e-phan'tis 


Es-quil/i-se 


Fau'ni 


Ge'la 


Han'ni-bal 




El'e-pban-topb'a* 


Es'qui-li'nus 


Fau'nus 


Ge-U'a 


Har-mo'di-us 


Her'niun-du'ri, 




Si- 


Es-ti'ae-o'tis 


Faus-ti'na 


GePli-us 


Har-mo'ni-a 


Pe. S. 




El'eu-sin'i-a 


Es'u-la, Fac. W. 


Faus'tu-lus 


Ge'lo or ^e'lon 


Har'pa-gus, 


Her-mun'du-r: 




El'eu-si'nus 


E-te'o-cleg, 6 


Fav'o-ri'nus 


Ge-lo'ni 


Py. C. W. 


K. Fac. For. 1 




E-leu'sis 


E-te'o-clus 


Fe'ci-a'leg, 6 


Gem'i-iii 


Har-pal'y-ce 
Har-poc'ra-tes . 6 


He'ro 




E-leu'tbe-rae 


E-te'si-se, 10 


Fe-U^i-tas 


Ge-nau^i 


He-ro'deg, 6 

(Her'od) 
He-ro'di-a'nus 




El/eu-tbe'ri-a 


E-tru'ri-a 


Fe-ra^-a 


6e-ne'va, W. L. Fr. Har-Dv'i-as C-vei 




E-leu'tbo 


E-trus'ci 


Fer'en-ti'num 


E. Sch. M. 


( Har'pies) 




E-lic'i-us, 10 


Eu-boe'a 


Fe-ren'tum 


Geu'e-va, For. 


Ha-ru'de^G 


( He-ro'di-an) 




E'lis 


Eu-bo'i-cus 


Fe-re'tri-us 


Ge'ni-us 


Ha-rus'pex 


He-rod'o-tus 




E-lis'sa 


Eu-bu'li-deg, 6 


Fe-ro'ni-a 


Gen'ti-us, 10 


Has^dru-bal 


He-ro'eg, 6 
He'ron 




El-lo'pi-a 


Eu-bu'lus 


Fes-cen'ni-a 


den' n-sb 


He'be 




El'pi-ni'ce 


Eu-cli'deg ,6 [W. Fi-bre'nus 


Gen'u-sus 


He'brus 


He^o-op'o-ba 
He-roph'i-la 




El'y-ma'is 


Eu-do'ci-a, 10, S. 


Fi-cul'ne-a 


Ge-or'gi-ca 


Hec'a-tae'us 




E-lys'i-um, 10 


Eu-dox'us 


Fi-de'na, or 


( Georgia) 


Hec/a-te 


He-ropb'i-lus 




E-merl-ta 


Eu-er'ge-tae 


Fi-de'nae 


Ger-go'vi-a 


Hec^-tom'po-lis 


Her-sil'i-a 




Em'e-sa 


Eu-ga'ne-i 


Fi'de§, 6 


Ger-ma'ni-a 


Hec / a-tom'py-los 
Hec'u-ba 


Her/u-li 




E-mo'di 


Eu-ge'ni-us 


Fir'mi-us 


( Ger'ma-ny) 


He-si'o-dus 




Em-ped'o-cleg, 6 


Eu-mae'us 


Fis-ceFlus 


Ger-man'i-cus 


He-Se'mon. and 


{He'si-od) 
He-si'o-ne 




En-cel'a-dus 


Eu-me'lus 


Fla-min'i-a 


Ger-nm/ni-i, a Per- He^e-mon 




En-dym'i-on 


Eu'me-neg, 6 


Fla-min'i-us 


sian people, S. 


He-ge'si-as 


Hes-pe'ri-a 




En'e-ti 


Eu'me-ni'a 


Fla'vi-a 


Ge-ron/tbrae 


Heg^-sip'pus 


Hes-per'i-deg, 6 




E-nip'e-us 


Eu-men'i-deg, 6 


Fia-vo'na 


Ge'ry-on, and 


Heg/e-sis'tra-tus 


Hes'pe-ris 




E-ni'peus 


Eu-mol'pi-dae 


Flo'ra 


Ge-ry/o-neg, 6 


HeFe-na 


Hes^e-rus 




En'ni-us 


Eu-niol / pus 


Flo-ra'li-a 


Ges'so-ri 'a-cum 


He^e-nus 


He-syeb'i-us 




En-tel'la 


Eu-na'pi-us, S.W. 


Flo-ren'ti-a, 10 


Ge'ta 


He-li'a-deg, 6 


He-tru'ri-a 




En-tel'lus 


Eu-on'y-mos 


(Florence) 


Ge'tae 


Hela-ce 


Hi-ber'ni-a 




E-ny'o 


Eu'pa-tor 


Flo/ri-a'nus 


Gi-gan'teg, 6 


HeFi-con 


Hi'e-ra, an island 




E'os 


Eu'pa-to'ri-a 


Flo'rus 


Gla^i-a-to'ri-i 


Helo-co-ni'a-deg, 6 Hi/e-rap'o-lis 




E-pam'i-iion'das 


Eu'pba-eg, 6 


Fon-te^-us (-yus) 


Lu x di 


He'li-o-do'rus 


Hi-er'i-^bus 




E-pe'us 


Eu-pbor'bus 


For'mi-ae 


Glapb'y-ra, Py. C 


. Heai-o-gab'a-lus, 


(Jer'i-cho) 




Epb/e-sus 


Eu-pbo'ri-on 


For/mi-a'num 


Glau-co'pis 


He-li'o-ga-ba'Jus 


, Hi/e-ro 




Eph'e-tae 


Eu-pbra'nor 


For-tu'na 


Glau'cus 


C.L. 


Hi-er'o-cleg, 6 




Epb'i-al'teg, 6 


Eu-pbra'teg, 6 


Fo'rum 


Gn^dus, 14 


He'li-op'o-lis 


Hi'e-ron'i-ca Lex 




Epb'o-ri 


Eu-pbros'y-ne, 


Fre-gePla 


Gnos^si-a, 10, 14 


He^i-os 


Hi'e-ron'y-mus 




Eph'o-rus 


Lid. S. 


Fren-ta'ni 


Go-na'tas,C. L. W. Hel-le'nes, 6 


(Jer'ome) 




Epb'y-ra 


Eu'po-lis 


Fris/i-i, 10 


Gor'di-a'nus 


HePles-pon'ttis 


HFe ro-sol'y-ma 




Epa-^har'mus 


Eu-ripa-deg, 6 


Fron-ti'iaus 


( Gor'di-an) 


HeWo-pe§, 6 


(Je-ru' sa-lem) 




Ep'ic-te'tus 


Eu-ri'pus 


Fu'ci-nus 


Gor/di-us 


Hel-lo'tis 


Hi-la'ri-us 




Ep'i-cu-re'i 


Eu-ro'pa 


Fu-ga'li-a 


Gor'gi-as 


He-lo'rus 


(Hil'a-ry) 




( Fp'i-cu-re'ans) 


Eu'ro-pae'us 


FuPvi-a 


Gor^o-neg, 6 


He'los 


Hin^e-ra 




Ep'i-cu'rus 


Eu-ro'tas 


FuFvi-us 


Gor-gona-fer 


He-lo'tae, and 


Hi-mil/co 




Ep'i-dau'ri-a 


Eu'rus 


Fun-da'nus 


Gor-go'ni-us 


He-lo'tes., 6 


Hip-pa^^bus 




Ep'i-dau'rus 


Eu-ry'a-lus 


Fu'ri-ae 


Gor-go'pas 


{He'lots or HeV 


- Hip'pa-sus 




Ep'i-do'tae 


Eu'ry-bi'a-deg, 6 


{Fu'ries) 


Gor-gopb'o-ne 


ots) 


Hip'pi-as 




E-pig'o-ni 


Eu'ry-cle'a. or 


Fu'ri-i 


Gor-gopb'o-nus 


Hel-ve'ti-i, 10 


Hip'pi-us 




Epa-men'i-deg, 6 


Eu'ry-cli'a 


Fu-ri'na 


Gor-go'pis 


HePvi-i 


Hip'po-cen-tau'ri 




Ep'i-me'the-us 


Eu-ryd'a-mas 


Fu'ri-us 


Gor-ty'na, and 


Hea^e-ti 


Hip-poc'ra-teg, 6 




Ep'i-me'tbeus 


Eu-ryd'i-ce 


Fur'ni-us 


Gor-ty'ne 


He-u^o-ehi 


Hip'po-cre'ne 




Ep'i-pha-ne'a 


Eu-ryrn'e-dou 


Fu'si-us, 10 


Go/tbi 


He-phaes'ti-a, 5, a 


( Hip'po-crene) 




E-pipb'a-neg, 6 


Eu-ryn'o-mus 




( Goths) 


town. [tival 


Hip-pod'a-me 




E-pip'o-lae 


Eu-rys'tbe-neg, 6 




Gra-di 7 vus 


Heph'aes-ti'a, afes 


■ Hip'po-da-mi'a 




E-pi'rus 


Eu-rys'tbe-us 


G. 


Grae'ci-ajlO 


Hepb'aas-ti'a-degjO Hip-pod'ro-mus 




Ep'o-red'o-rix 


Eu-rys'tbeus 


Gra-ni'cus 


He-phaes'ti-o 


Hip-pol/y-te 




E-quir'i-a 


Eu-ryt/i-on, 10 




Gra'ti-ae, 10 


He-phaes'ti-on, 10 


Hip-pol'y-tus 




Eq'ui-teg, 6 


Eu'ry-tus [an 


. Ga'bi-i 


Gra'ti-a'nus, 10 


Hep-tap'y-los 


Hip-pom'e-don 




Er'a-sis'tra-tus 


Eu-se'bi-a, a worn 


- Ga-bin'i-a 


Gra^-us, 10 


He'ra 


Hip-pom'e-neg, 6 




Er'a-to 


Eu'se-bi'a, a city. 


Ga-bind-us 


Gre-go'ri-us 


Her'a-cle'a 


Hip'po-mol'gi 




Er'a-tos'the-neg, 6 


Eu-se'bi-us 


Ga-bi'nus 


( Greg'o ry) 


He-ra'cle-o'tes, 6 


Hip-po'aa 




Er'e-bus 


Eu-sta'thi-us, 5. W. Gardes. 6 


Gu'al-te'ri-us 


Her'a-cle'um 


Hip-po'nax 




E-reeb'the-us 


Eu-ter'pe 


Gad^-ta'nus 


(Wal'ter) 


Her'a-cli'dae 


Hip-pop'o-deg, 6 




E-reeh'tbeus 


Eu-tbyc'ra-teg, 6 


Gae-tu'li-a 


Gu'li-el'mus 


Her'a-cli'deg, 6 


Hip'po-tas, or 




Er'eeh-tbi'dae 


Eu-tro'pi-us 


Ga-lan'tbis 


( Wil'liam) 


Her'a-cli'tus 


Hip'po-teg, 6 




Er'e-sus, or 


Eux-i'nus Pon'tus 


Gal'a-tae 


Gy'a-rus, and 


He-rae/a 


Hip-potb'o-on 




E-res'sus 


E-vad'ne 


GaFa-te'a 


Gy'a-ros 


He-rayum 


Hip-pu'ris 




E-re'tri-a 


E-vag'o-ras 


Ga-la'ti-a, 10 


Gy-lip'pus 


H er'c u-la'ne -um 


Hir-pi'ui 




Er'ieb-tho'ni-ua 


E-van'der 


Ga-le'nus 


Gym-na'si-um, 10 
Gym-ne'si-ae, 10 


Her'cu-la-ne'um 


His'pa-us 




Er'i-cu'sa 


E-vem'e-rus 


( Ga'len) 


K. 


His-pa/ni-a 




E-rid'a-nus 


E-ve-'nus 


Ga-le^ri-us 


Gym-nos/o-pbis'fcae 


Her/cu-leg, 6 


His-pa'nus 




E-rig'o-ne 


E-vepb'e-nus 


Ga-le^su? 


Gy-naec / o-tboe , nas 


Her-cu'le-um 


His-ti'ae-o'tis 







J 


888 


GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER 


NAMES. 




His'ti-ae'us 


I-dis'ta-Yi'sus, or 


Isth'mi-a 


Lap'y-deg, 6, F. K 


Le'dus 


Lon-din'i-um, 


Ho-me'rus 


I-dis'la-ri'sus 


Is'ti-ae-o'tis 


La-cy'deg, 


LePe-geg, 6 


S. Fac. Seh. For. 


( Ho'mer) 
Ho'nor 


I-dom'e-neus 


Is'tri-a 


Pe. Py. Lid. 


Le ; lex 


(Lon'don) 


I-do'the-a 


Is-trop'o-lis 


La'de 


Le-ma'nus 


Lon-ginVa-nus 


Hon'o-ri'nus 


I-du'be-da 


I-ta'li-a 


La'don 


Lem'o-vi'ceg, 6 


Lon-gVnus 


Hor'a-pol'lo 


I-du'me, and 


(It'a-ly) 


Lae'laps 


Le-movd-ceg, 


Lon'go-bar'di 


Ho-ra'ti-a, 10 


Id'u-me'a 


I-tal'i-ca 


Lse'li-a'nus 


For. 


(Lombards) 


Ho-ra'ti-us, 10 


I-gu'yi-um 


I-tald-cus 


Lse'li-us 


Lem'u-reg, 6 


Lon'gu-la 


( Hor'ace) 
Hor-ten'si-a, 10 


I-ler'da 


Ifa-lus 


La-er'teg, 6 


Le-mu/ri-a 


Lo'tis, or Lo'tos 


LVer-ge'teg, 6 ; set 


Ith'a-ca 


Lass- try g^-neg, 6 


Le-nas'us 


Lo-topb'a-gi 


Eor-ten'si-us, 10 


C. and For. 


Ith'a-ce'si-ae, 10 


LEe-toM-a Lex 


Len'tu-lus 


Lu'ca 


Ho'rus 


I-ler'ge-teg, 


Itb'o-mae'a 


Lse-vi'nus 


Le'o 


Lu-ca'ni 


Hos-til'i-a 


K. Fac. 


I-tbo'me 


La'gus 


Le'o-co'ri-on 


Lu-ca'ni-a 


Hy'a-cin'tbi-a 


H'i-a 


I-to'ne 


La-i'a-deg, 6 


Le-ond-das ■ 


Lu-ca'nus 


Hy'a-cin'thus 


I-li'a-cus 


I-to'nus 


Lads 


Le'on-ti'ni 


(Lu'can) 


Hy'a-degjG 


I-li'a-deg, 6 


It'o-rum 


Lad-us (-yus) 


Le-on'ti-um, 10 


Lu-ca'ri-a 


Hy-am/po-lis 


Ild-as 


lt'u-rse'Sk 


Lam'a-ehus 


Le-os'tbe-neg, 6 


Luc-ced-us (-yus) 


Hy-an'tis 


Il'i-cm 


Ftys 


Lam-bra/ni, K. W. 


Le'o-tyeh'i-deg, 6 


Lu'ce-reg, 6 


Hy'as 


I-li'o-ne, or 


I-u'lus 


La/mi-a 


Lep'i-da 


Lu-ce'ri-a 


Hyd>la 


I-li'o-na 


Ix-i'on 


La'mi-ge 


Lep'i-dus 


Lu-ci-a'nus, 10 


Hy-dar'neg, 6 


I-lis'sus 


Ix'i-on'i-deg, 6 


Lam-pe'do, C. L. 


Le-pon'ti-i, 10 


(Lu'ci-an) 


Hy-das'peg, 6 


Ild-thy'i-a (-ya) 




Lam'pe-ti'a, a city. Lep'ti-neg, 6 


Lu^i-fer 


Hy'dra 


LVi-um , or JQ/i-on 




Lam'pe-to 


Le-n 7 na 


Lu-cild-us 


Hyd'ra-o'teg, 6 


Il'li-tur'gis 


J. 


Lam-pridd-us M'- 


Le'ro 


Lu-cilda 


Hy'drus 


Il-lyr'i-a 


li-us 


Le'ros 


Lu-ci'na 


Hy-emp'sal 


Il-lyr'i-cum 




Lam'pro-cleg, 6 


Les'u-ra, C. 


Lu-cre'ti-a, 10 


Hy-ge'i-a (-je/ya) 


LVly-ris 


Ja-co/bus 


Lamp'sa-cus, and 


Le-su'ra, K. F. 


Lu-cretd-lis 


Hy-gVnus 


Flus 


(James) 


Lamp'sa-ehum 


Fac. 


Lu-cre'ti-us, 10 


Hy-lac'tor 


I-lyr'gis 


Ja'nus 


La'mus 


Le'tbe 


Luc-ta'ti-us, 10 


Hy'las 


Im/a-us 


Jap'e-tus 


Lam'y-rus 


Leu'ca 


Lu-culdi Hor'ti 


Hym'e-nae'us 


I-ma'us, E. 


Ja'son 


Lan'ci-a, 10 


Leu'cas 


Lu-cul'lus 


Hy-met'tus 


Im/ba-rus 


Jo-cas'ta 


Lan'go-bar'di 


Leu'ce 


Lu'cu-mo 


Hy-pae'pa 


Im-bras'i-deg, 6 


Jor-da'neg, 6 


La-no/ vi-um 


Leu'ci 


Lug-du^um 


Hyp/a-nis 


Im'bra-sus 


Jor'da-neg, C. 


La-oc/o-on 


Leu-cip'pus 


(Ly'ons) 


Hyp'a-ta 


Im'bros 


(Jor'dan) 


La-od'a-mi'a 


Leu'con 


Lu'pa 


Hyp'er-bo're-i, and In'a-eni 


Jor-nan'deg, 6 


La-od 7 i-ce 


Leu-cop'e-tra 


Lu-per'cal 


Hy-per'bo-re'i 


I-na'eni-a 


Jo-se'pbus 


La-odd-ce'a 


Leu'co-phrys 


Lu^er-ca'li-a 


Hyp'e-ri'deg, 6, or 


I-naebd-dae 


Jo'vi-a'nus 


La-odd-ee'ne 


Leu/cos 


Lu-per'ci 


Hy-per'i-deg 


In'a-ehus 


(Jo'vi-an) 


La-od'o-cus 


Leu-co'si-a, 10 


Lu-per'cus 


Hyp'e-ri'on 


In'ci-ta'tus 


Ju'ba 


La-om^-don 


Leu / co-syr'i-i 


Lu'pi-as, or 


(Hy-pe'ri-on) 


In'di-a 


Ju-dse'a 


La-om/e-don-ti'a- 


Leu-co ; tbe-a 


Lu'pi-a 


Hyp'errn-nes'tra 


In-dig'e-teg 


Ju-gur'tha 


dae 


Leu-coth'o-e 


Lu'pus 


Hyp-sic'ra-teg, 6 


In'di-ge'teg, a peo 


- Ju'li-a 


La'pbri-a, Fac. W 


Leu'cv-a'ni-as, 10, 


Lu'si-ta'ni-a 


Hyp-sip'y-le 


pie 


Ju'li-a'nus 


La-pbys'ti-um, 


Py.'W. 


Lu-so'Deg, 6 


Hyr-ca'ni-a 


Fno 


(Ju'li-an) 


5. W. 


Lex-o'vi-i 


Lu-tadi-us, 10 


Hyr-ca'num Ma're I-no'a 


Ju'li-i 


Lap'i-thae 


Li-ba'ni-us, S.W. 


Lu-tedi-a, 10 


Hy-ri'e-us 


I-niypus 


Ju'li-om'a-gus 


La'ra, or La-ran'da Lib'a-nus 


Ly-ae'us 


Hyr'i-eus 


In'su-breg, 6 


Ju'li-op'o-lis 


La-ren'ti-a, 10 


(Leb'a-non) 


Lyc'a-bas 


Hyr'ta-cus 


In'ta-pber'neg, 6 


Ju'li-ns 


La'reg, 6 


Lib'en-ti'na 


Lyc'a-be'tus 


Hys-tas'peg, 6 


In'te-ram'na 


Ju'ni-a 


La-ri 7 na 


Li'ber 


Ly-cas'a 




In'u-us 


Ju'no 


La-ris^a 


LilVe-ra 


Ly-cas'us 




Fo 


Ju'no-na'li-a 


La-ris'sus 


Li-ber'tas 


Ly-cam'beg, 6 


I. 


Fo-la-i'a, a festival Ju-no'neg, 6 


Lard-sus, For. 


Li-be'thra 


Ly-ca'on 


Fo-las, or Fo-la'us Ju-no'ni-a 


La'ri-us 


Li-beth'ri-des, 6 


Lj^'a-o'Di-a 




I-ol'^bos 


Ju^io-nig'e-na 


Lar'ti-us, 10, S. W. LiVi-ti'na 


Ly-cas'tus [Fac 


I-ac'-ehus 


Fo-le 


Ju'pi-ter 


La'sus 


Li'bon 


Ly^h'Di-dus, K. F. 


I-al'y-sus 


I/on 


Ju y ra 


Lat / e-ra'nus 


Lib'o-phoe-ni'ceg, 6 Lycd a, 10 


I-am/be 


I-o'neg, 6 


Jus-tin'i-a'nus 


(Lat'er-an) 


Li-bur 7 na 


Ly^d-das 


I-am / bli-€hus 


I-o'ni-a 


[Jus-tin 1 i-an) 


La-te'ri-um 


LuVy-a 


Ly-cis'cus 


I-am'i-dae 


Fo-pe 


Jus-ti'nus 


La'ti-a'lis, 10 


Lib'y-cum Ma're 


Ly-ci'us, and 


I'a-pyg'i-a 


Fos 


(Jus' tin) 


La-ti'ni 


Li-bys'sa 


Lyc'i-us, 10 


I-a'pyx 


Ipbd-clus, or 


Ju-tur'na 


La-ti'nus 


Li^h'a-deg, 6 


Lyc/o-me'deg, 6 


I-ar'bas 


Ipb'i-cleg, 6 


Ju've-na'lis 


La'ti-um, 10 


Li 7 £bas 


Ly'con 


I-ar^has 


I-pnic'ra-teg, 6 


(Ju've-nal) 


Lat/o-bri'gi 


Li-cind-a 


Lyc'o-pbron 


I-as'i-deg, 6 


Ipbd-ge-ni'a 


Ju-ven'tas 


La-to'mi-83 


Li-cind-us 


Ly-cop'o-lis 


Fa-sis 


I-phin'o-e 


Ju-ver'na 


La-to'na 


Li^i-nus 


Lyc'o-re'a 


I-a'si-us, 10 


Fphis 




La-top'o-lis 


Li-ga'ri-us 


Lyc'o-re'us, or 


Fa-sus, C. W. 


Iph'i-tus 




La-to'us 


Li'ger 


Lyc'o-ri'us 


I-a/sus, K. 


Fra 


L. 


Lau-re^-cum, Py. 


Lig'u-reg, 6 


Ly-co'ris 


I-ax'ar-tes, 6 


Ir'e-nae'as 


W. 


Li-gu'ri-a 


Ly-cor'mas 


I-be'ri 


I-re'ne 




Lau'ren-ta'li-a 


Li-gus/ti-cumMa/re Ly-cor'tas 


I-be/ri-a 


Fris 


Lab-dap'i-deg, 6 


Lau-rendeg. 6 


Lil'y-bae'um 


Lyc'o-su'ra 


I-be/rus 


Frus 


LaVda-cus 


Lau-ren'ti-a, 10 


Lin'go-neg, 6 


Lyc'ur-gi'deg, 6 


I'bis 


I-sse'us 


La'be-o 


Lau'ren-ti'm 


Lip'a-ra 


Ly-cur'gus 


Ib'y-cus 


Is'a-ra 


La-be'ri-us 


Lau-ren'tum 


Lip'a-ris 


Ly'cus 


I-ca'ri-a 


I-sau'ri-a 


La-bi'cum 


Lau'ron 


Li-quen'ti-a, 10 


Lydd-a 


I-ca'ri-us 


I-sau'ri-cus 


La'bi-e'nus 


La/us 


Li 7 ris 


Lydd-us 


Ic'a-rus 


Is-ebom'a-ehus 


Lab'y-rin'thus 


Lau'sus 


Li-ter'num 


Ly'dus 


Ip'e-los 


Is'i-do'rus 


La-cse'na 


La-ver'na 


Lit'y-er'sas 


Lyg'da-mis, S.W. 


I-ce/ni, Fat. W. 


Fsis 


Lap'e-daj'mon 


La-ver'ni-um 


Lit'y-er'seg, 6 


Lyg'da-mus 


Ieh-nu'sa 


Is-ma'rus, and 


Lap'e-dae-mo'ni-ijOr La-vin'i-a 


Liv 7 i-a 


Lyg'o-des'ma 


Ieh'thy-oph'a-gi 


Is'ma-ra 


Lap/e-dacm'o-neg 


La-vin'i-um, or 


Liv'i-us 


Lyn'ceus, or 


I-cil/i-us 


Is-me'ne 


( Lag' e-de-mo'ni- 


La-vi'num 


( Liv'y) 


Lyn'ce-us 


I-co'ni-um 


Is-me'ni-as 


ans.) 


Le-an'der 


Lix'us 


Lyr-nes'sus, or 


Ic'u-lis'ma 


Is-men'i-deg, 6 


Laeb'e-sis 


LeVa-de'a 


Lo'cri 


Lyr-ne'sus 


Fda 


Is-me'nus, son of 


La-cin'i-um 


Leb'e-dus, or 


Lo-cus'ta 


Ly-sau'der 


I-dae'a 


Apollo 


La^o-bri'era 


Leb'e-dos 


Lo-cu'ti-us, 10 


Ly-san'dra 


Id'a-lis 


Is-me'nus, a Chian La-co'ni-a, and 


Le-^bas^um 


Loldi-a 


Lysd-as, 10 


I'das 


I-soc'ra-teg, 6 


La-con / i-ca 


Le'da 


Lol'li-a'nus 


Ly-sun / a-€hi'a 


Vdex 


Is-sed'o-neg, 6 


Lac-tan'ti-us, 10 


Le-da^a 


Lol'li-us 


Lys/i-ma'^hi-a 





GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Ly-sina'a-ehus 
Ly-sip'pus 

Ly'sis 



M. 



Ma'^se 
Ma-ca're-us 

Mac'a-reus 
Ma-ca'ri-a 
Ma^e-do 
Ma-cjed'o-neg, 



Ma'ri-am'ne 

Ma/ri-an-dy'lii 

Ma'ri-a'nus 

Ma-ri'ca 

Ma'ri-us 

Mar-mar'i-ca 

Mar-mar'i-dse 

Mar-ma/ri-on 

Ma'ro 

Ma'ron 

Mar'o-ne'a, and 

Mar'o-ni'a 
Mar-pe'si-a, 10 
Mar-pes'sa 



(MaQi e-do'ni-ans) Mar-pe'sus 
Ma^'e-do'ni-a Mar'ru-ci'ni 



Ma^e-don'i-cus 

Ma'cer 

Ma-^ban'i-das 

Ma-^ba'on 

Ma'cra 

Ma'cri-a'nus 

Ma-cri'tius 

Ma-cro'bi-i 

Ma-cro'bi-us 

Mac'ro-sbir 

Ma-cro'neg, 6 

Ma-dau'ra 

Mad'e-tas 

Mae-an'der 

Mae-ce'nas 

Mae'di 

Mae'li-us 

Maeu'a-deg, 6 

Msen-'a-lus 

Mas-o'ni-a 

Mae-on'i-dae 

Mae-cn'i-deg, 6 

Mae'o-nis 

Mae-o'tae 

Mae-o'tis Pa/lus 

Mae'vi-us 

Mag-nen/ti-us, 10 

Mag-ne'si-a, 10 

Ma'go 

Ma'gon 

Ma-bar'bal 

Ma'i-a (ma/ya) 

Ma-jes'tas 

Ma-jor'ca 

Mal'e-ven'tum 

Ma-mer'cus 

Mam'er-ti'na 

Mam'er-ti'ni 

Ma-mil'i-a Lex 

Ma-miFi-i 

Ma-mil'i-us 

Mam-mae / a 

Ma-mu'ri-us 

Ma-mur'ra 

Man-ci'nus 

Man-de'la 

Ma'neg, 6 

Man'e-tho 

Ma'ni-a 

Ma-nil'i-a 

Ma-nil'i-us 

Man'li-a Lex 

Man/li-us 

Man-sue'tus 

Man'ti-ne'a 

Man'tu-a 

Mar'a-thon 

Mar-cel'la 

Mar/cel-li'nus 

Mar-cel'lus 

Mar'ci-a, 10 



Mar-ru'vi-um, or 

Mar-ru'bi-um 
Mar'sa-ci 
Mar'sy-as, 10 
Mar'ti-a'lis, 10 

(Mar'tial) 
Ma-rul'lus 
Mas'i-nis'sa 
Mas-sag'e-taa 
Mas'si-cus 
Mas-sM-a 
Mas-sy'li 
Mas-tram/e-la 
Ma-tis'co 
Ma-tra'li-a 
Ma-tro'na 
Mat/ro-na'li-a 
Mat-ti'a-ci 
Ma-tu'ta 
Mau'ri 

Mau'ri-ta'ni-a 
Mau'rus 
Mau-ru'si-i, 10 
Mau-so'lus 
Majors 
Ma-vor'ti-a, 10 
Max-en'ti-us, 10 
Max'im-i-a'nus 

(Max-im'i-an) 
Max'i-mi'nus 

( Max'i-miri) 
Max'i-mus 
Maz'a-ca 
Me-de'a 
Me'di-a 

Me'di-o-la'num 
Me / di-o-mat'ri-ci 
Med'i-tri'na 
Me-do'a-cus 
Me'don 
Med'u-a'na 

Me-du'a-na, For. 
Me'dus 
Me-du'sa 
Meg'a-by'zus 
Meg'a-cleg, Q,Py.S. 
Me-gae'ra 
Meg'a-le 
Meg'a-le'si-a, 10 
Me-ga'li-a 
Meg'a-lop'o-lis 
Meg'a-ra 
Meg'a-ris 
Me-gas'the-neg, 6 
Me-gis'ta 
Me-gis'ti-as, 

S. Py. 
Me'la 

Me-lam/pus 
Mel'an-ehae'teg, 6 
Mel'an-^hae'ni 



Mel'i-cer'ta, and 
Mel'i-cer'teg, 6 

Mei'i-gu'nis 

Me-lis'sa 

Me-lis'sus 

Mel'i-ta, or Mel'i-te 

MeFi-te'ne 

Me'li-us 

Me'los 

Mel-pom / e-ne 

Meai'mi-a 

Mem/mi-us 

Mem-pbi'tis 

Me'na 

Me-nal'cas 

Men'a-lip'pe 

Me-nan'der 

Me-na'pi-i 

Me'nas 

Me-nec'ra-teg, 6 

Men / e-de'mus 

Men'e-la-i'a 

Men'e-la'us 

Me-ne'ni-us 

Me'neg, 6 

Me-nes'the-us 
Me-nes'tbeus 

Me-nip'pus 

Me-noe'ce-us 

Me-noe'teg, 6 

Me'non 

Me-nopb'i-lus 

Mer-cu'ri-us 
(Mer'cu-ry.) 

Me-ri'o-neg, 6 

Merin'ria-dae, S. W. 

Mer'o-e 

Mer'o-pe 

Me'rops 

Me'rus 

Me-sa'pi-a 

Me-sem'bri-a 

Me-se'ne 

Mes'o-me'deg, 6 

Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a 

Mes-sa'la 

Mes-sa-li'na 

Mes'sa-li'nus 

Mes-sa'pi-a 

Mes-se'ne, or 



Mar/ci-a'na, 10 [10 MeFa-nip'pe 
Mar'ci-a-nop'o-lis, Mel'a-nip'pi-deg, 6 



Mar'ci-a'nus, 10 

( Mar'cian ) 
Mar/ci-us, 10 
Mar'oo-man'ni 
Mar-do'ni-us 
Mar'gi-a'na, or 

Mar'gi-a'ne 
Mar-gi'teg, 6 
Ma'ri-a Lex 
Ma-ri'a, and 

Ma'ri-a {Mary) 



Mel/a-nip'pus 

Me-lan'thi-us 

Me-lan/thus 

Me'las 

Me^e-a'^er 

Me-le'a-ger 
Me/le-ag'ri-deg, 
Me'leg, 6 
Mel'e-sig'e-neg, 
Mel'i-bae'a 
Mel'i-boe'us 



na 

Mes-se'ni-a 

Met'a-bus 

Met'a-pon'tum 

Me-tau/rus 

Me-tePli 

Me-tho'ne 

Me-thym'na 

Me-tiKi-a Lex 

Me-tiFi-i 

Me'tis 

Me'ti-us, 10 

Me-toe'ci-a, 10 

Me'ton 

Me-tro'bi-us 

Me</ro-cleg, 6 

Met'ro-do'rus 

Me-tu'lum 

Me-va'ni-a 

Me-zen'ti-ug, 10 

Mi-cip'sa 

Mi'das 

Mid'e-a, mother of 

Licymnius. 
Mi-de'a, mother of 

Antiochux. 
Mi-le'si-i, 10 
Mi-le'si-us, 10 
Mi-le'tus [K. S. 
Mil'i-^bus : see C. 
Mi'lo 

Mil-ti/a-deg, 6 
Mil 7 vi-us 
Mi-mal'lo-neg, 6 
Mi'mas 
Mim-ner / mus 
Min'ci-us, 10 
Mi-ner'va 
Min'er-ya'li-a 
Min'i-0 



Min-nae'i 

Mi-no'is 

Mi'nos 

Min'o-tau'rus 

Min-tur'nae 

Mi-nu^ci-us, 10 

Min'y-ae 

Min/y-as 

Min/y-e'i-deg, 6 

Mi-se'num 

Mi-se'nus 

Mi'thras 

Mith'ri-da'teg, 6 

Mith'ro-bar-za'neg, 

6, S. W. 
Mit/y-le'nae 
Mit'y-le'ne 
Mna-sal'cas, 14 
Mna'son, 14 
Mne'mon, 14 
Mne-mos/y-ne, 14 
Mne-sar'ehus, 14 
Mnes'the-us, 14 

Mnes'theus 
Mne'vis, 14 
Mo-des'tus 
Moe'nus 
Moe-rag'e-teg, 6 
Moe'ris 
Moe'si-a, 10 
Mo-li'a 
Mo'lo 
Mol'o-is 
Mo-lor'^hus 
Mo-los'si 
Mo-los'si-a, 10, or 

Mo-los'sis 
Mo-los'sus 
Mo'mus 
Mo'na 

Mo-nae'seg, 6 
Mo-ne 7 ta 
Mon/i-ma 
Mon'o-dus 
Mo-noe/cus 
Mon-ta'nus [Py. 
Mon / y-€hus, C. S. 
Mop'si-um, 10 
Mop-so'pi-a 
Mop'su-es'ti-a, 10, 

a s. 

Mor-^en'ti-a, 10 
Mor'i-ni 

Mo-ri'ni, For. 
Mor'phe-us 

Mor'pheus 
Mo-'sa 

Mos'-ehi-on, C.W. 
Mo-sel'la 
Mo'geg 
Mo-sych'lus 
Mos'y-noe'ci 
Mul'ci-ber 
Mul'vi-us 
Mum'ini-us 
Mu-na'ti-us, 10 
Mu-nyeb'i-a 
Mu-ras'na 
Mur/ci-a, 10 
Mur-gan'ti-a, 10 
Mur'ti-a, 10 
Mu'sa 
Mu-sae/us 
Mu-sag/o-rae 
Mu'fra 
Mu'ti-a, 10 
Mu'ti-na 
Mu'ti-neg, 6, S. 
Mu-ti'nus 
Mu'ti-us, 10 
Mu-tu'nus 
Mu-zu'ris 
MyCa-le 
Myc'a-les'sos, and 

Myc'a-le'sus 
My-ce'nse 
My-ce'nis 
My9 / e-ri'nus, and 

My^e-ri'na 
My/con 



Myc'o-nus, and 

My-co'nus 
My-ec'pho-ris 
My-e'nus 
Myg-do'ni-a 
Myg/do-nus 

Myg-do'nus 
My-las'sa and 

My-la'sa 
My/le 
My-lit'ta 
My/o-ne'sus 
My-o'ni-a, W. S. 
My'ra 
My-ri'na 
My-ri'nus, Fac. 

Myr'i-nus, L. C 
Myr-mid'oneg, 6 
My'ron 
Myr-si'lus 
Myr'ti-lus 
Myr-to/um Ma're 
Myr-tun'ti-um, 10 

S.W. 
My-s^eFlus 
Mys'i-a, 10 
My'son 
Myt/i-le'ne 
My'us 



N. 



Nab'ar-za'neg, 6, 

L. C. S. 
NaVa-thae'a 
Na'bis 
Nse'ni-a 
Nae'vi-us 
Na-han'ar-Ta'li, or 

Na/har-va'li 
Fac. K. [M. 

Na-har'va-li, W. 
Na-i'a-deg, 6 
Na'is 
Na-is/sus 
Nan'tu-a'teg, 6 
Na-pae'ae 
Naph'i-lus, Py. 
Nar'bo-nen'sis 
Nar-cis'sus 
Na-ris'ci 
Nar'ni-a 
Na-ry^i-a, 10 
Nas'a-Hion 
Nas'a-mo'aeg, 6 
Nas'ci-o, 10 
Na-si'oa 
Na'sid-i-e'nus 
Na-sid / i-us 
Na'so 
Na'sus 

Nau'cra-teg, 6 
Nau/cra-tis 
Nau/lo-^hus 
Nau-sim/a-^he 
Nau-sim'a-cbus 
Na'va 
Na'vi-us 
Nax/os 
Ne-ae'ra 
Ne-ae'thus 
Ne-al'ceg, 6 
Ne-an'tbeg, 6 
Ne-ap'o-lis 
Ne-ar^hus 
Ne-bro'degjG 
Ne-broph'o-nos 
Ne-crop/o-lis 
Nec-tan'a-bis [F. 
Nec'ta-ne'bus, E. 

Nec-fcan'e-bus 
Fac. S. Py. 
Ne'le-us 

Ne'ieus 
Ne-maa'a, and 

Ne'me-a, games. 
Ne'me-a, town and 

river. 



889 

Ne'me-si-a'nus, 10 

Nem'e-sLs 
Nein'e-teg, 0, and 

Ne-uie'teg 
Nem'o-ra'li-a 
Ne-mos'sus 
Ne'o-bu'le 
Ne'o-caes-a-re'a 
Ne'o-cleg, 6 
Ne'o-me'ni-a 
Ne'on 

Ne'oa-ti'chos 
Ne'op-tol'e-mus 
Ne'pe 
Ne-pba'li-a 
Nepb'e-le 
Nepb'e-lis 
Ne-pi'a 
Ne'pos 

Ne^o-ti-a'nus, 10 
Nep'tu-na'li-a 
Nep-tu'nus 

(Nep'tune) 
Ne-re'i-deg, 6 

(Ne're-ids) 
Ne-re'is, or 

Ne're-is 
Ne-re'tuui 
Ne're-us 

Ne'reus 
Ne'ro 
Ne-ro'ni-a 
Ner'vi-i 
Ne'sis 

Nes'to-cleg, 6 
Nes-to'ri-us 
Ne'tum 

Ni-^aa'a, or Ni-ce'a 
Ni-cag'o-ras 
Ni-can'der 
Ni-ca'nor 
Ni-ca'tor 
Ni^e-pbo'ri-um 
Ni^e-pbo'ri-us 
Ni-ceph'o-rus 
Ni'cer 
Ni-ce'fcas, or 

Ni-ce'teg, 6 
Ni^e-te'ri-a 
Ni^i-as, 10 
Ni-cip'pus 
Ni/co 

Ni-coeh/a-reg, 6 
Ni-coc'ra-teg, 6 
Ni-co'cre-on 
Nic'o-da'mus 

M-cod'a-mus, 
Pw. 
Nic/o-de'mus 
Nic/o-do'rus 
Nic / o-la'us 
Ni-com'a-ehus 
Nic / o-me'deg, 6 
Nic'o-me-di'a, or 

Nic'o-iae-de'a 
( Nic'o-me'di-o^ 
Ni'con 

Ni-copb'a-neg, 6 
Nic/o-phoa 
Nic'o-pbrou 
Ni-cop'o-lis 
Ni-cos'tra-tu« 
Ni'ger 
Ni-iid'i-iis 
Ni-gri'tae 
Nil'e-us 

Ni'leus 
Ni'lus 
Nin'y-as 
Ni'o-be 
Ni-pha'teg, 6 
Nir'e-us 

Ni'reus 
Ni'sa 
Ni-sas'a 
Nis'i-bis 
M'sus 
Ni-sy'rus 
Ni-te'tis 









890 


GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 






Nit'i-ob'ri-ges, 6, 


(E-a'grus 


Or'do-vPceg, C. 


Pa-laes'te, 5 


Par'tben-o-pae'us 


Per-rha^bi-a 




10, C. 


Lid. Pe. K. 


Or-dov'i-ceg, 6, 


PaPaes-ti'na 


Par-tben'o-pe 


Per-sae'us 




Nit/i-o-bri'geg, 
K. F. Py. 


CE'ax 


For. K. 


Pal'aes-ti'ni 


Par'tbi-a [Pw. Per-seph'o-ne 




(E-ba'li-a 


O-re'a-deg, 6 


Pa-lset'y-rus, 5 


Pa-rys'a-tis : see 


Per-sep'o-lis 




Ni-to'cris 


CEb'a-lug,5 


( O're-ads) 


Pal'a-rue'deg, 6 


Pa-sar'ga-dae 


Per'se-us 




Nit/ri-a 


CE-ba'reg, 6, Pw. 


O-res'tae 


PaFa-ti'mis, 


Pa-siph'a-e 


Per'seus 




Ni-va'ri-a 


(E-eha/li-a 


O-res'teg, 6 


Pa-la'ti-um, 10 


Pa-si t/i-gris 


Per'si-a, 10 




Noc'ti-lu'ca 


(Ec'u-me'ni-us, 5, 


Or'es-te'um 


Pa'leg, 6 


Pas'sa-ron, or 


Per'si-us, 10 




No'la 


W. S. 


Or'es-ti'dae 


Pa-lib/o-thra 


Pas'sa-ro 


Per'ti-nax 




Nom'a-deg, 6 
Noni'en-ta'nus 


(Ed'i-pus, 5 


Or'e-ta'ni 


Pa-li'ci 


Pas'si-e'nus, 10 


Pe-ru'si-a, 10 




(E'ne 


O're-um , and 


Pa-lM-a 


Pat'a-le, or Pat/a-la Pes-cen'ni-us 




No-men'tum 


Qyne-us 


O're-us, a city. 


Pal'i-nu'rus 


Pat'a-Ea 


Pes'si-mis 




No'nii-us 


(E/iieus 


Or'ga, or Or'gas 


Pa'li-u'rus 


Pa-ta/vi-um 


Pet'e-li'ni 




Non'a-cris, C. 


CE-m'des. 6 
CEiPo-e, 5 


Or-get^o-rix, S. Py 


Pal'la-deg, 6 


Pa-ter'cu-lus 


Pe'te-os 




No-na'cris, 


Or'gi-a 


Pal-la'di-UDi 


Pat/i-zi'theg,6 


Pe-til'i-a 




W. K. P. 


(E-nonPa-us, Pw. 


0-rib/a-sos 


Pal-la^-us 


Pa/trae 


Pe-til'i-us 




No'ni-us 


F. S. Lid. Fac. 


Or / i-eum, or 


PaMan-te'um 


Pa-tri^i-us 


Pet'o-si'ris 




Nor-ba'nus 


(ErPo-ma'us, K. 


Or'i-cus 


Pal-lan'ti-as, 10 


( Pat'rick) 


Pe'tra 




Nor'i-cum 


(E-no'na, Py. C. 


O'ri-eng 


Pal-lat'i-deg, 6 


Pat/ro-cleg, 6 


Pe-trae'a 




Nor'ti-a, 10 


(E-no'nas 


O-rig'e-neg, 6 


Pal-le'ne 


Pat'ro-clas 


Pe-tre / i-us(-yus) 




No'tus 


CE-no'ne 


( Or'i-gen) 


Pal-ma'ri-a 


Pa-tro'us 


Pe-trPrtum 




No-ve'si-um , 10 


(E-no'pi-a 


O-ri'on 


Pal-my'ra 


Pa-tuPci-us, 10 


PeVro-^o'ri-i 




No'vi-o-du'mim 


(E-no'pi-on 


Or^e-nus 


Pa-mi'sus 


Pau-lPniis 


Pe-tro'ni-a 




Ntyvi-om'a-gum, or (E-no'tri 


Or'ne-a 


Para'i-sus, For. 


Pau'lus 


Pe-tro'ni-us 




No'Ti-om'a-gus 


(E-no'tri-a 


Or-ni'thon 


Pam'me-neg, 6 


Pau-sa'ni-as 


Peu-ces'teg, 6 




"^u-ce'ri-a 


(E-no'trus 


O-ro'deg, 6 


Pam'phi-lus 


Pa-ven'ti-a, 10 


Peu-ce'ti-a, 10 




Nu-itb'o-neg, 6 


CE-nu'sa 


O-roe'tes, 6 


Pam-pby / le, Pq. 


Pa'vor 


Peu-ci'ni 




K. F. Fac. 


(E-o'nus 


O-rom'e-don 


Pam-phyPi-a 


Pax'os 


Pbae'a 




Nn'ma 


O-er'o-e 


O-ron'teg, 6 


Pan'a-ce'a 


Ped'a-sus 


Pbae-a'ci-a, 10 




Nu-ma'na 


CEyta 


0-ro / pus 


Pa-nae'ti-us, 10 


Pe'do 


Phae'ax 




Nu-man'ti-a, 10 


(Efy-lus 


O-ro'si-us, 10 


Pan-ath'e-nae'a 


Pe / dum 


Pbae'don 




Nu-me'ni-uSjW. S. O-gul'ni-us 


O-ros/pe-da 


Pan-^hae'a 


Pe-gas'i-deg, 6 


Pbae'dra 




Nu'me-ri-a'nus 


Og'y-geg, 6 


Or'pbe-us, or 


Pan-eba'i-a (-ya) 


Peg'a-sis 


Phae'drus 




Nu-mPcus 


O-gyg'i-a 


Or'pheus 


Pan'da-rus 


Peg'a-sus 


Pbae-nar'e-te 




Nu/mi-da 


O-iPe-us 


Or-sip'pus 


Pan'da-ta'ri-a 


Pe-las'gi 


Pbae'ne-as 




Nu-mid'i-a 


O-Pleus 


Or'tbi-a, and 


Pan-de'mus 


Pe-las'gi-a 


Pba'e-tbon [6 




Nu'mi-tor 


Ol'bi-a 


Or-tbi'a 


Pan-di'a 


Pe-las'gi-o'tis 


Pba'e-ton-ti'a-deg, 




Nu'mi-to'ri-us 


01-cin'i-um, For. 


Or'tkrus 


Pan-di'on 


Pe-las'gus 


PhaPa-cri'na 




Nun/di-na 


O-le/a-ros, or 


Or-tyg'i-a 


Pan-do'ra 


Pe / le-us 


Pha-lan'tbus 




Nur'si-a, 10 


O-le'a-rus 


O'rus 


Pan-do'si-a, 10 


Pe/leus 


PhaPa-ris 




Nyc-te^is 


Glen 


Os^bo-pho'ri-a, 


Pan'dro-sos 


Pe-li'a-deg, 6 


Pha-le'ron, or 




Nyc-te'li-a 


OPe-mim 


5. W. 


Pan-gae'us 


Pe'li-as 


Pba-le'rum 




Nyc-te'b-us 


OPe-ims 


O-si'ris 


Pan'bel-le'neg, 6 


Pe-lPdeg, 6 


Pba-le'rus, one of 




NyCte-us 


OFi-sPpo 


O-sis'mi-i, Sch. W. 


Pa/ni-o'ni-um 


Pe-Ug/ni 


the Lapitkx : see 




Nyc'teus 


Q-lis'i-po, For. 


Os'ti-a 


Pan-no'ni-a 


Pe/li-on 


Pw. 




Nyc-tim^-ne 


OPi-sip'po 


Os-to'ri-us, S.W. 


Pan'om-phag'us 


Pe-li'on, son of 


PbaPe-rus, a com- 




Nym-phae'um 


Olli-us 


O'tbo 


Pan'o-pe, or -pe'a 


Peleus. 


panion of Jason, 




Nym-phEe'us 


O-lynPpi-a 


O-tbry/a-deg, 6 


Pa-no'pe-us 


Pel-le'ne 


Fac. K. 




Nym-phid/i-us 


O-lynPpi-as 


O'thiys 


Pan'o-peus 


PePo-pe'a, or 


PbaPli-ca 




Ny'sa 


O-PynPpi-o-do'rus 


O'tus 


Pa-nop'o-lis 


Pel'o-pi'a 


Pha-lo're 




Ny-sae'tis ■ 


O-lynPpi-us 


O-Tid'i-us 


Pa-nop'teg, 6 


Pe-lop^i-das 


Pba-nse'us [W. 




Nys'e-us 


O-PynPpus 


( Ov'id) 


Pa-nor'nms 


Pel'o-pon-ne'siis 


• Phan-ta'si-a,10, S. 




Ny'seus 


O-lyiPtbus 


Ox/us 


Pan-ta'le-on 


Pe'lops 


Pba'on 




Ny-si'a-deg, 6 


Om/o-le 


Ox'y-ryii'-ehus 


Pan-tbe/a 


Pe-lc^ri-a 


Pha'rae 






OnPo-pba'gi-a 


Oz'o-a 


Pan' the-on, or 


Pe-lo'rus 


Pha'ris 






OnPpba-le 


Oz^o-la 


Pan-the'cm 


Pe-lu'si-um , 10 


Phar'ma-cu'sa 




0. 


OnPpba-lus 


Oz'o-lae, or Oz'o-li 


Pan-tbo'i-deg, 6 


Pe-na'teg, 6 


Pbar'na-ba'zus 




OiP-ebes-mPteg, 6 




Pan'ti-ca-pae'um 


Pe-nel'o-pe 


W. S. 






On-ebes'tus 




Pan-tic'a-peg, 6 


Pe-ne'us 


Pbar-na'ce-a, 10, or 




O-ar'seg, 6 


OiPe-sic'ri-tus 


P. 


Pa 7 phi-a, or 


Pe-ni'iius 


Pbar'na-ci'a, 




O'a-sis 


O-nes'i-mus 


Pa'phi-e 


Pen-tap'o-lis 


Sch. Fac. 




O-a'sis, Py. 


O-nPum 




Paph'la-go'ni-a 


Pen-teFi-cus 


Pbar-na'ci-a, 




O-ax'eg, 6 


OrPo-mac'ri-tus 


Pa-ca/ti-a'nus, 10, 


Pa'pbos 


Pen'tbe-si-le'a, 10 


10, C.Sck. 




O-ax'us 


OiPo-mar'cbus 


S. W. 


Pa'pbus 


Pen'the-us 


Pbar'na-ceg, 6 




O'ce-an'i-deg, 6, 


OrPo-san'der 


Pa-ehy'iius, and 


Pa'pi-as 


Pen'tbeus 


Pha'ros 




and O'ce-a-nit'- 


O-pa'li-a 


Pa-^hy'num 


Pa-pui'i-a'nus 


Pen'thy-lus 


Phar-sa'li-a 




i-deg 


O'pbi-as 


Pac'o-rus 


( Pa-pin'i-an) 


Pep'a-re'tbos 


Pbar-sa'lus, or 




O-ce'a-nus 


O'pbi-o'ne-us 


Pa-co'ras, an 


Pa-pir'i-us 


Pe-rae'a 


Pbar-sa^os 




O^'e-lum 


O-pbPo-neus 


Egyptian king. 


Par'a-bys'ton 


Per-co'pe 


Pba-ru'si-i, 10 




0/«ha 


O'pbis 


Pac-to'lus 


Par'a-di'sus 


Per-co'te 


Pha-se'lis 




O'ehus 


O'pbi-u'sa 


Pac'ty-a 


Pa-raet/a-^ae , 5 


Per-dic'cas 


Pha'si-a'na, 10 




O-cric'u-lum 


Op'i-ei 


Pa-cu'vi-us 


Par'ae-to'ni-um 


Pe-ren'na 


Pha'si-as, 10 




Oc-ta'vi-a 


0-piPi-us 


Pa'dus 


Pa'ren-ta'li-a 


Pe-ren'nis 


Pha/sis 




Oc'ta-vi-a'nus 


O-pPma SpCli-a 


Pa-du'sa 


Pa'ris 


Per/ga-mus 


Phe'ge-us 




Oc-ta'vi-us 


O-pinPi-us 


Pse'an 


Pa-ris'i-i, 10 


Pe'ri-an'der 


Phe'geus 




Oc'to-^e'sa 


O'pis 


PaB'on 


Pa/ri-um 


Per'i-boe'a 


Pbe'mi-tis 




O-cyp'e-te 


Op'i-ter-gi'rd 


Pae'o-neg, 6 


Par-men'i-deg, 6 


Per'i-cleg, 6 


Pbe-ne'us, a man. 




O-cyr'o-e 


Op'pi-a 


Pae-cyni-a 


Par-mc'ni-o, C. S. 


Per/i-clym'e-nus 


Phe'ne-us, and 




Od'e-na'tus, W. S 


Op-pi-a'nus 


Pae-on'i-deg, 6 


Par-nas'sus 


Pe-ri'e-ge'teg, 6 


Phe'ne-um, a 




O-des'sus 


( Opipi-ari) 


Pae'sos 


Par/o-pam'i-sus, 


Pe-ril'la 


lake and a city. 




O-de'um 


Op'pi-us 


Pae'tus Cae-cin'na 


C. Py. K. Pw 


Pe-riPlus 


Pbe'ras 




O-do'a-cer, C. 


Op-ta'tus, S. W. 


Pag'a-sse, or 


Par^o-pa-mi'sus 


Per'i-me'la 


Pbe-rae'ns 




Od'o-a'cer, 


Op'ti-mus 


Pag'a-sa 


Fac. Pe. 


Pe-rin'tbus 


Pbe-reo/ra-teg, 6 




W. S. M. 


Opus 


Pa'lae-ap'o-lis 


Pa-ro'pus 


Per'i-pa^t'i-ci 


Pber'e-ti'ma 




Od'ry-sae 


Or-biPi-us 


Pa-lae'mon 


Par-rha'si-a, 10 


( Per'i-pa-tet'ics) 


Phe'ron 




Od'ys-se'a 


Or-bo'na 


Pa-laap'a-pbos, 5 


Par-rba'si-us, 10 


Per-mes'sus 


Phid*i-as 




( Od'ys-sey) 


Or'ca-deg, 6 


Pa-laspb'ar-sa'- 


Par-the/ni-ee, and 


Pe'ro 


Phi-dip'pi-deg, 6 
Phi-dit/i-a, 10 




Od'ys-se'um 


Or'ebi-us 


lus, 5 


Par-tb^ni-i 


Pei^o-e 




(E'a-grus, 


Or-ehonPe-num 


Pa-laepb'a-tus, 5 


Par-tbe^ni-us 


Per-pen'na 


Pbi'don 




, F. C. K. Py. 


Or-€bonPe-nus 


Pa-laep^o-lis, 5 


Pa^tbe-non 


Per'pe-re'na 


Pbi'la 


1 























GREEK 


AND LATIN PROPER 


NAMES. 


891 




PMl'a-del-phi'a 


Phy'cus 


Po'gon 


Pris'ci-a'nus, 10* 


Pytb'e-us 


Ri-phae/i 
Ro-bi-'go, or 




( Pkil'a-del'phi-a) Pbyl'a-ce 


Po'la 


( Pris'cian) 


Py'tbeua 




Pbil'a-del'pbus 


Phy'le 


PoPe-mon 


Pri-yer'num 


Pytb'i-a 


Ro-bi'gua 




Pbi'lae 


Phyl'li-us 


Po'li-as 


Pro'bus, M. 


Pyth'i-aa 


Ro'ma 




Phi-lae/ni 


Phys'co-a 


Po'li-or-ce'teg, 6 


Pro'cas 


Pytb'i-us 


Ro-ma'ni 




PM-lam/mon 


Pi-a'li-a, W. S. 


Po-Us'iaa 


Proeb'y-ta 


Py'tbo 


Rom'u-la 




Pbil'e-tae'rus 


Pi-ce'ni 


Po-li'teg, 6 


Pro-ciPlus 


Pyth'o-cleg, 6 


Ro-mu'li-das 




Pbi-le'tas 


Pi-cen'ti-a, 10 


Pol-len'ti-a, 10 


Pro'cleg, 6 


Py'tbon 


Rom'u-lus 




Phi-li'nus 


Pi^en-ti'ni 


Pol'U-o 


Pro-cli'des, 6 


Pytb/o-nis'sa 


Ro'mus 




Pbil'ip-pe'i 


Pi-ce'num 


Po-lus'ca 


Proc'oti-ne'sus 


Pyt/na 


Ros'ci-us, 10 




Phi-lip/pi 


Pic-ta'yi 


Po'ly-ae'nus 


Pro-co'pi-us 




Rox-a'na 




Pbi-bp'pi-deg, 6 


Pic'to-neg, 6 


Po-lyb'i-us 


Pro-crus^eg, 6 




Rox'o-la'ni 




Pbil'ip-pop'o-lis 


Pi-e'ri-a 


Pol'y-bo'teg, 6 


Proc'ii-le'l-us 


Q. 


Ru'bi 




Phi-lip'pus 


Pi'e-ri'a, or 


Pol/y-bus 


(-yus) 


Ru'bi-con, and 




Phi-iis'cus 


Pi'e-re'a, a 


Pol'y-car'pus 


Proc'u-lus 




Ru'bi-co 




Pbi-lis'ti-on 


nymph. 


(PoVy-carp) 


Pro'cy-on (-shi-on 


Qua'di 


Ru-bi'go 




Phi-lis'tus 


Pi-er'i-deg, 6 


PoPy-cleg, 6 


Prod'i-cus 


Qua-dra'tus 


Ru'bri-us 




Pbi'lo 


Pi'e-rus 


PoFy-cle'tus 


ProeVi-de5,5,6 


Quad^i-frong, or 


Ru'di-33 




Phi-loeh/o-rus 


Pi'e-tas 


Po-lyd'a-mas 


Pro-me'tbe-us 


Quad'ri-ceps 


Ru-fil'lus 




Pbil'o-cleg, 6 


Pi-la'tus 


PoVy-dam'na 


Pro-me'tbeus 


Quaes-to'reg, 6 


Ru'fus 




Pbi-loc'ra-teg, 6 


{Pi'late) 


Pol'y-dec'teg, 6 


Pro-me'tbis, and 


Quer-quet'u-la, 


Ru'gi-i 




Phil'oc-te'teg, 6 


Pi-lum'nus 


Pol'y-do'ra 


Prom / e-tbi'deg, 


S For. 


Ru-pil'i-us 




Pbil'o-cy'prus 


Pini-ple'a 


PoPy-do'rus 


Pro-me'tbus 


Qui-e'tus 


Rus'ti-cxis, S. Py. 




Pbil/o-de'mus 


Pi-na'ri-us 


Pol'yg-no'tus 


Pro-nap'i-deg, 6, 


Quiijc'ti-us, 10 


Ru-te'ni 




Pbil/o-la'us 


Pir^a-rus 


PoFy-bym'ni-a, or 


s. Py. 


Q uiu'de-cmi'vi-ri 


Ru-til'i-us 




Pbi-lol/o-gus 


Pin'da-rus 


Po-lym'ni-a 


Pro^o-mus 


Quin-qua'tri-a 


Ru^tu-U 




Pbi-lom'bro-tus 


( Pin'dar) 


Po-lyd-dus 


Pron'u-ba 


Quin/quen-na'leg, 


6 Ru'tu-pae 




Pbil'o-me'la 


Pin'da-sus, Py. L 


Pol'ym-nes'tor 


Pro-per'ti-us, 10 


Quin'til-i-a'nus 






Pbi-lon'i-deg, 6 


Pi-re'ne 


PoFym-nes'tus 


Pro-poet'i-deg, 5, 6 


( Quin-til'ian) 






Pbi-ion'o-e 


Pi-rith/o-us 


PoVy-ni'ceg, 6 


Pro-pon'tis 


Quin-tM-us 


s. 




Pbi-lon'o-nie 


Pi'sa 


Pol/y-pe'mon 


Pro-ser'pi-na 


Quin'ti-us, 10 




Pbi-Iop'a-tor 


Pi'sae 


Pol'y-per'ebon 


(Pros' er-plne) 


Quir / i-na'U-a 






Pbil'o-poe'men 


Pi-san'der 


PoPy-pbe'inus 


Pro-tes'i-la'us 


Quhyi-na'lis 


Sa'ba 




Pbi-los'tra-tus 


Pi-sa'teg, 6 


(Pol'y-pheme) 


Pro'te-us 


Qui-ri'aus 


Sa-bae'i 




Phi-lo'tas 


Pi-sau/rus 


Po-lyx'o 


Pro'teus 


Qui-ri'teg, 6 


Sa-ba'te 




Pbi-lo'tis 


Pis'e-us 


Pol'y-ze'lus 


Pro-tog'e-neg, 6 




Sab'a-ti'ni 




Pbi-lox'e-nus 


Pi'seus 


Po-me'ti-a, or 


Prox'e-nus 




Sa-ba'zi-us 




Phil'y-ra 


Pi-sid'i-a 


Po-me'ti-i, 10 


Pru-den'ti-us, 10 


R. 


Sa-bel'la 


: 


Pis'is-trat'i-dae 


Po-mo'na 


PruAsa 


Sa-beVU 




Pbin'e-us 


Pis'is-trat'i-deg, 6 


Pom-pe'i-a ( -pe x ya) 


Pru'si-as, 10 




Sa-beFlus 




Pbi'neus 


Pi-sis'tra-tus 


Poni/pe-i-a'nus 


Pryt'a-neg, 6 


Rabir'i-us 


Sa-bi'na 




Phiu'ti-a, 10 


Pi'so 


(-pe-ya'nus) 


Pryt/a-ne'um 


Ra-mi'seg, 6, C. W. Sa-bi'iii 




Phin'ti-as, 10, 


Pi-so'neg, 6 


Pom-pe'i-i ( -pe'yi) 


Psam'a-tbe, 14 


Rau'ra-ci 


Sa-biu'i-a'nua 




W. S. 


Pi-tbag'o-ras 


Pom'pe-i-op'o-lis 


Psam-met'i-ebus . 


Ra-Ten'na 


Sa-bi'nus 




Pble'gon 


Pith/e-cu'sa 


Pom-pe'i-us (-yus) 


14, C. L. 


Re-a'te 


Sa'bis 




Pble'gra, F. W. 


Pi'tho 


(Pom'pey) 


Psam'me-ti'^bus 


, Re-dic'u-lus 


Sab'o-ta 




Pble'gy-aa 


Pi-tho'le-on, C. L. 


Poii'pe-loii 


14,5:. 


Red'o-neg, 6 


Sab'ra-ta 




Pble'gy-as 


Pit'the-us 


Pom-pil'i-us 


Psa/pbis, 14 


Re-gU'la 


Sa-bri'na, Fac % W. 




Pbli-a'si-i, 10 


Pit/theus 


Pom-po'ni-a 


Pso'pbis, 14 


Keg'il-la'nus 


Sab'u-ra 




Phli'us 


Pit/u-la'ni, Fac.W. Pom-po'ni-us 


Psy'ebe, 14 


Ke-gil'lus 


Sa'bus 




Pbo-be'tor 


Pit/y-us, W. Pw. 


Pomp-ti / na 


Psy'cbrus, 14 


Reg'u-lus 


Sac'a-das, S. W. 




Pho'bos 


Pit/y-u'sae 


Pon^i-a, 10 


Pte'le-um, 14 


Re'ini 


Sa^ae 




Pho-^ae'a 


Pla-cen'ti-a, 10 


Pou'ti-cum Ma're 


Pte^e-la'us, 14 


Rem'u-lus 


Sa-cra'ni 




Pho-den/seg, 6 
Pbo'ci-on, 10 


Pla-cid'i-a, W. S. 


Pon'ti-cus 


Pte'vi-a, 14, S. W. 


Re-mu'ri-a 


Sa-cra'tor 




Pla-na'si-a, 10 


Pon-ti'na 


PtoFe-ruaa'uni, 14 


Re'mus 


Sad'a-les, 6,C*. W. 




Pho'cis 


Plan-ci'na 


Pon'ti-us, 10 


Ptol'e-ma-e'um, 


Rba-co'tis 


Sa'dy-at'teg, 6 




Pho'cus 


Pla-tse'a 


Po-pM-us 


14 


Rbad'a-man'tbus 


Saet/a-bis, 5 




Pho-cyl'i-deg, 6, 


Pla-tae'ae 


Pop-lic'o-la 


Pto^e-mae'us, 14 


Rhae'ti, or Rae'ti 


Sag'a-las'sus 




S. Py. 


Pla'to 


Pop-pie'a 


(Ptol'e-my) 


Rbae'ti-a, 10 


Sag/a-na 




Phoe'be 


Plau'ti-a Lex, 10 


Pop'u-lo'ni-a 


PtoPe-ma'is, 14 


Rba'ros 


Sag'a-ris 




PhoeVi-das, Py. S 


. Plau'ti-a'nus, 10 


Por'ci-a, 10 


Pub-lic'o-la 


Rbe-'a 


Sa-git/ta 




Phoe-big'e-na 


Plau'tus 


Por-'ci-us, 10 


Pub'li-us 


Rbed'o-neg, 6 


Sa-gun'tum, or 




Phoe'bus 


Ple'ia-deg (ple'ya-) 


Por-phyr/i-on 


Pul-«he'ri-a, S. W. Rbe'gi-um 


Sa-guii'tus 




Pboe-ni'ce, or 


or Ple-i'a-deg, 6 


Por-sen'na, or 


Pu'iii-cuiii Bel'lum Rbe/mi 


Sa'is 




Pboe-nic'i-a, 10 


Ple-i'o-ne 


Por'se-na 


Pu/pi-e'nus, S. W 


. Rbe'ne 


Sa'la 




Pboen'i-cu'sa, 5 


Plem-inyr'i-um 


Por-tum'nus 


Pu'pi-us 


Rhe'ni 


SaPa-mi'na 




Pboe-nis'sa 


Pleu-mox'i-i (plu- 


Po'rus 


Pu-te'o-li 


Rbe'nus 


Sal'a-mis 




Pboe'nix 


mok'sbi-i) 


Pos'i-de'um 


Py'a-nep'si-a, 10, 


Rbe'sus 


Sa-la'pi-a, or 




Phol'o-e 


Plex-ip'pus 


Po-si'don 


W. S. 


Rbi-a'nus 


Sa-hi/pi-ae 




Pbo'lus 


Plin'i-us 


Pos/i-do'ni-a 


Pyg-ma'li-on 


Rbin'o-co-lu'ra 


Sa-las'si 




Phor'mi-o 


(Plin'y) 


Pos'i-do'ni-us 


PyPa-des, 6 


Rbi'on 


Sa-le'i-us (-le/yusJ 




Pbo-ro / ae-us 


Plis-tar^bus 


Pos-tbu'mi-us 


Py'las 


Rbi-pbae'i 


Sa-le'ni 




Pho-ro'neus 


Plis'the-ne^, 6 


Post-ver^a 


Py-lag'o-rae 


Rbi'um 


SaFen-ti'ni 




Pho-ro'nis 


Plis-ti'nus, Pw. W. Po-tam'i-des, 6 


Py'las 


Rbo'de 


Sa-ler'num 




Pbo-ti'nus 


Plis-to'a-nax, or 


Pot'a-mon 


Py'los 


Rbod'o-gu'ne 


Sal-ga'ne-us 




Phra-a'teg, 6 


Plis-to'nax 


Pot'a-mus 


Py'ra 


Rbod'o-pe 


SaFga-neus 




Pbra-ha'teg, 6 


Plot/i-nop'o-lis 


Pot'i-dae'a 


Py-rac'mon 


Rbo-do'pis 


Sa'li-a, W. Fac. 




Phra-or'teg, 6 


Plo-ti'nus 


Po-tit'i-i, 10 


Pyr'a-mus 


Rbo'dus 


Sa'li-i 




Pbrix'us 


Plu-tar^bus 


Pot/ni-ae 


Pyr'e-nae'i 


Rboe'bus 


SaPi-na'tor 




Phron'i-ma, W. Py 


. (PMtarck) 


Prse-nes'te 


Pyr'e-nas'us 


Rhoe'cus 


Sa'li-us 




Phryg'i-a 
Phryg'i-us 


Plu'to 


Prae'tor 


Py-re^e 


Rboe-te'um 


Sal-lus'ti-us, 10 




Plu'tus 


Prat'i-nas, W. S. 


Pyr-got'e-leg, 6 


Rhoe'tus 


(Sal'lust) 




Phry'ne 


Plu'vi-us 


Prax-ag'o-ras 


Py-ro/deg, 6 


Rho'sus 


Sal'ma-cis 




Phryn'i-ehus 


Plyn-te'ri-a, W. S 


Prax-iVe-leg, 6 


Pyr'rbi-a 


Rhox-a'ne, or 


Sal-mo'ne 




Phry'nis 


Pod'a-lir'i-us 


Pre'li-us 


PyT'rhi-das, 


Rox-a'ne 


Sal-mo'ne-us 




Phry'no 


Po-dar'ceg, 6 


Pri-am'i-deg, 6 


Sch. W. 


Rbox^-la'ni 


Sal-mo'neus 




Phryx'us 


Po-dar'ge 


Pri^-mus 


Pyr-rbi'das, Fac 


Rhu-te'ni, and 


Sal-mo'nis 




Phthi'a, 14 


Poe'as 


{Pri'am) 


Pyr'ri-«ha 


Ru-the'ni, C. W. Sal'my-des'sns 




Phthi-o'tis, 14 


Pceq'i-le. 5 


Pri-a'pus 


Py-tbag'o-ras 


Rbyn'da-cus 


Sa'lo 




Phy'a 


Po^ni 


Pri-e'ne 


Pytb'e-aa 


Rig'o-du'lum, K. 


Sa-l<yme 

















___ -___ - 


892 


GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 




Sa'lon 


Scau'rus 


Se'na 


Si-me'thus, S. W 


. Spa'co 


Suf-fe'nus 


Sa-lo'na, or 


Sced'a-sus, W. Pw. Se-na'tus 


Sim/i-lis 


Spar'ta-cus 


Su'i-das, L. G. 


Sa-lo'nae 


S^el'e-ra'tus 
Sce-ni'tse 


Sen'e-ca 


Sim / mi-as, S. Sch 


Spar-ta'ni, or 


Su-il'i-us, W. S. 


Sal'o-ni'na 


Se'ni-a, W. Sch. 


Si'mo 


Spar'ti-a'taa, 10 
Spar^i-a'nus, 10 


Sui'o-neg, 6, 
For. W. 


Sal'o-ui'nus 


Sehe'di-a, S. W. 


Sen'o-neg, 6, and 


Sim / o-is 


Sa-lo'ni-us, S. W. 


Sehe'di-us, S. W. 


Se-no'neg, 


Si'mon 


Sper-^h^us 


Sui-o'neg, K. 


Sal'yid-i-e'nus, 


Sehe'ri-a, & W. 


Sen-ti'num 


Si-mon^-deg, 6 


Sper'ma-toph'a-gi 


Sul-pit'i-a, or 


S. W. 


Sehoe'ne-us 


Sep-tem'vi-ri 


Sim-plic'i-us, 10, 


Speu-sip'pus 


Sul-pic'i-a, 10 


Sal'vi-us 


Sehoe'neus 


Sep-tim'i-us 


W. S. 


Sphac-te'ri-a, 


Sul-pit'i-us, or 


Sa'ly-eg, 6, C. Py. 


Schoe'nus 


Seq'ua-na 


Sim/u-lus 


Sch. Py. 


Sul-pic'i-us, 10 


Sa-ma'ri-a, F. S. 


Siji'a-thos 


Seq'ua-ni 


Si'mus 


Spho'dri-as, L. W 


. Su'ni-um 


Sam'a-ri'a 


Sci'dros 


Se-ra/pi-o, and 


Sim/y-ra, W. S. 


Spi-tam'e-neg, 6 


Su'o-ve-tau-ril'i-a 


Sa'me 


ScWu'rus 


• Se-ra'pi-on 


Sin/ga-ra 


Spith/ri-da'teg, 6 


Su'pe-rum Ma're 


Sa'mi-a 


Sc^i'ms 


Se-ra'pis 


Si'iiis 


Spo-le'tum 


Su'ra 


Sarn-ni / ta3 


S^i-o'ne 


Ser-bo'nis 


Sin'o-e 


Spor'a-deg, 6 


Su-re'na 


Sana-ni / teg,6 


S^i-pi'a-dae 


Se-re'na 


Si'non 


Spu-rin'na 


Su'ri-um 


( Sam'nites) 


S^ip'i-o 


Se're-ni-a'nus, 


Si-no'pe 


Spu'ri-us 


Sur-ren'tum 


Sam'ni-um 


Sc^ra 


S. W. 


Sin'o-rix 


Sta-be'ri-us 


Su'rus 


Sa-mo'ni-um. 


S^i'ras 


Se-re'nus 


Sin-ti/ce 


Sta/bi-ae 


Su'sa 


S. Sch. 


Sci'ron 


Se^eg, 6 


Sin'ti-i, 10 


Stab/u-lum, C. For. Su'sa-na, W. L. 


Sa'mos 


Scji'rus 


Ser-ges'tus 


Sin'u-es'sa 


Sta-gi/ra 


Su-sa'ri-on, W. S. 


Sa-mos'a-ta 


Sco'lus 


Serbia 


Si-pon'tum. 


Sta'i-us (sta'yus) 


Su'si-a'na, 10, or 


Sam'o-tbra'ce, or 


Sco'pas 


Ser'gi-us 


Sip'y-lus 


Staph/y-lus 


Su'sis 


Sam'o-thra'ci-a, 


Scor-dis'ci, and 


Se-ri'phus 


Si-re'neg, 6 


Sta-san'der 


Su'tri-um 


10 


Scor-dis^se 


Ser-ra'nus 


( Si' 'r ens) 


Sta-sa'nor 


Sy-a'grus, L. C. 


Sa'mus 


Sco-t^nus 


Ser-to'ri-us 


Si'ris 


Sta'se-as 


Syb'a-ris 


San'^ho-ni'a-thon 


Sco-tus'sa 


Ser-vae'us 


Sir'mi-o 


Sta-sic'ra-teg, 6 


Syb'a-ri'ta 


San'eho-ni-a'- 


Scri-bo'ni-a 


Ser'vi-a'nus 


Sir/mi-um 


Sta-sil'e-os 


(Syb'a-rite) 


thon, Sch. 


Scri-bo'ni-a'nus 


Ser-vil'i-a 


Si-sam'neg, 6 


Sta-til'i-a 


Syb'o-ta 


San'da-le'on 


Scri-bo'ni-us 


Ser'vil-i-a'nus 


Sis'a-po 


Sta-tiH-us 


Syb'o-tas 


San'da-li-o'tis 


Scyl'a-ce'um 


Ser-viFi-us 


Sis-ci'a, 10 


Stat'i-naa 


Sy'e-dra 


San'dro-cot'tus 


S<;y'lax 


Ser'vi-us 


Si-sen'na 


Sta-ti'ra 


Sy 7 e-De 


San-ga'ri-us 


Scyl-las'um 


Se-sos'tris 


Sis'i-gam'bis, or 


Sta'ti-us, 10 


Sy-en'ne-sis 


San'tc-neg, 6 


Scjl'li-as, L. W. 


Ses'ti-as, 10 


Sis'y-gam'bis 


Sta'tor 


Syl'e-a 


Sa'on 


Scj'ras 


Se-su'vi-i, 
Sch. W. 


Sis'y-phus 


Stel-la'teg, 6 


Sy-le'um 


Sa-pse/i, or 


Scjr'i-as 


Si-taFceg, 6 


Stel'li-o 


Syl'e-us 


Sa-phse'i 


Scj'ros 


Set/a-bis 


Si'thon 


Ste-noc'ra-teg, 6 


Sy'leus 


Sap'i-re'ne 


S^y'thge 


Se'thon 


Sit'i-us, 10, W. S. 


Sten'to-ris 


SyFo-son 


Sa'por 


Scj'theg, 6, or 


Se'ti-a, 10 


Sit/o-neg, 6, For. W. Steph/a-nus 


Syl-va'nus 


Sar'a-ce'ne 


Scytha 
Scjth'i-a 


Se-ve'ra 


Sma-rag'dus 


Ster'o-pe 


SyFvi-us 


Sa-ran'geg, 6 


Se/ve-ri-a'nus 


Sme'iius 


Ster'o-peg, 6 


Sy'ma, or Sy'me 


Sa-ra'vus, S. ; see 


Scj-tbi'iius 


Se-Te'rus 


Smi'lax 


Ster-tin'i-us 


SyiQ/bo-lum 


C. Sar'a-vus, 


S^y'thon 


Se'vo \ 


Smi'lis 


Ste-sag'o-ras 


Sym/ma-ehus 


Py. For. 


Scj-thop'o-lis 


Sex'ti-a, 10 


Smin'the-us 


Ste-sieh/o-rus 


Sym-pleg/a-deg, 6 


Sar'da-na-pa'lus 


Se-bas'te 


Sex-til'i-a 


Smin'theus 


Stes'i-la'us, Sw. 


Syn-ceFlus 


Sar'de-on 


Seb'as-te'a, or 


Sex-tM-us 


Soc'ra-teg, 6 


Ste-sim'bro-tus 


Sy-ne/si-us,10,iS.i. 


Sar-din'i-a 


Seb'as-ti'a 


Sex'ti-us, 10 


Soe/mi-as, S. W. 


Stben'e-le 


Sy-no'pe 


Sar'ma-tse 


Seb'e-da 


Si-byFla 


Sog'di-a'na 


Sthen/e-lus 


Sy-phae'um 


Sar-ma'ti-a, 10 


Seb'en-ny'tus, 


Si-cam/bri 


Sog^-a'nus 


Sthe^s 


Sy'pbax 


Sar-men'tus 


L.C. 


Si-cam/bri-a 


So-li'nus 


Sthe'no 


Syr'a-co'si-a, 10 


Sar-ne'us 


Se-be'tos : see C. 


Si-ca'ni, and 


So/lon 


Stil/i-eho 


Syr'a-cu'sae 


Sa'ron 


Sed'e-ta'ni 


Sic'a-ni 


So-lo/ni-um 


Stim/i-con 


( Syr'a-cuse) 


Sa-ron'i-cus Si'nus 


Se-du'ni 


Si-ca'ni-a 


Sol'y-ma, and 


Stiph'e-lus 


Syr 7 i-a 


Sar-pe'don 


Se-du'si-i, 10 


Si^'e-lis, or 


Sol'y-maa 


Sto-bas'us 


Sy'rinx 


Sar-ras'teg, 6 


Se-ges'ta 


Si-cel'i-deg, 6 


Sop'a-ter 


Stoe^h^-deg, 5, 6 


Syr/o-phge'nix 


Sar'si-na 


Se-ges'teg, 6 


Si-ehae'us 


S<ypbax 


Sto'i-ci 


Sy'ros 


Sar-su'ra 


Se-ge'ti-a, 10 


Si-cil'ia 


So-phe'ne 


[Sto'ics) 


Sy-'rus 


Sa'son 


Seg'o-bri'ga [W. Si-cin'i-us 


Soph'o-cleg, 6 
Sopb / o-nis'ba 


Stra/bo 


Sy'thas 


Sa-tas'peg, 6 


Se-gon'ti-a, 10, S. Sic'i-nus 


Stra-tar'^hus 




SaVi-bar-za'neg, 6 


Seg'on-ti'a-ei 


Sic'o-rus 


So/phron 


Stra'to, or Stra'ton 


W. S. 


Se-goM-a 


Sic'u-li 


Soph/ro-nis'cus 


Strata-cleg , 6 


T. 


Sa-tic'u-la, and 


Se'gu-si-a'ni, 10 


Sic/y-on (sish/i-on) 


So-phro'ni-us.C S. Strat'o-la 


Sa-tic'u-lus 


Se-gu'si-o, 10, S.W. Sic/y-o'ni-a (sish/i-) So-phros'y-ne 


Strata-las 




SaVra-pe'ni 


Se-ja'nus 


Si/de 


Sop^-lis 


Strat'o-ni'ce 


Ta-au'teg, 6 


Sat'ri-cum 


Se-lem/nus 


Si-de'ro 


So'ra 


Strat / o-ni'cus 


Tab'ra-ca 


Sat'u-ra 


Se-le'ne 


Sid'i-ci'num 


So-rac'teg, 6, and 


Stra-to'nis Tur'ris 


Ta-bu'da, W. Sch. 


Sat'u-re'i-us 


SeFeu-ci'a, or 


Si'don 


So-rac'te 


Stropb'a-deg, 6 


Ta-bur'nus 


(-yus), S. W. 


Sel'eu-ce'a 


Si-do'ni-i 


So-ra'nus 


Stro'phi-us 


TaCa-pe, 


Sat'ur-na'li-a 


( Se-leu'ci-a) 


Sid'o-nis, or 


So'rex 


Strym'o-do'rus 


Fac. Sch. Py. 


Sa-tur'ni-a 


Se-leu'cis 


Si-do'iiis 


So-rit'i-a, 10 


Stry/mon 


Tac'a-tu'a 


SaVur-ni'nus 


Se-leu'cus 


Si'ga 


So'si-a, 10 


Stu-be/ra, E. 


Tac'fa-ri'nas, L. C. 


Sa-tur'ni-us 


Se-lim'nus 


Si-gCum 


So-sib'i-us 


Stym-pha'lis 


Ta-ebomp'so 


Sa-tur'nus 


Se-li'nus 


Sig'ni-a 


So-sic'ra-teg, 6 


Stym-pba'lus 


Ta'^hos 


Sat'y-ri 


Sel'i-nus, For. 


Si-gy'ni, or 


So-sig/e-neg, 6 


Sty'ra 


Tac'i-ta 


SaVy-rus 


Sel-la'si-a, 10 


Si-gyn/nae 


So^si-i, 10 


Su-a'da 


Tac/i-tus 


Sav-e'ra 


Sel-le'is 


Si'la 


Sos'i-lus 


Su'ar-do'neg, 6, 


Tasn/a-rus, 5 


Sa'vo, or Sa-vo'na 


Sel-le'tse 


Si-la'na 


So-sip'a-ter 


K. Fac. Sch. 


Ta^geg, 6 


Sa'vua 


Se-lym/bri-a 


Si-la'nus 


So-sis'tra-tus 


Suar'do-neg, 


Ta-go'ni-us, S. W. 


Sax'o-neg, 6 


Sem'e-le 


Sil'a-rus 


So'si-us, 10 


For. Sy. 


Ta'gus 


S^ae'a 


Sem/i-ger-ma'ni 


Si-le'ni 


Sos'pi-ta 


Su-blic'i-us, 10 


Tal'a-us 


S^-ae'va 


Sem/i-gun'tus 


Si-le'nus 


Sos/the-neg, 6 


Sub/mon-to'ri-um 


Tal'e-tum 


Scaev'o-la 


Se-mir'a-mis 


Sil'i-cen'se 


Sos'tra-tus 


Su-bu'ra 


Tal-thyb'i-us 


Sca-man'der 


Sem'no-neg, 6, also Sil'i-us 


Sot'a-deg, 6 


Su-bur/ra 


Tam'a-rus, L. W. 


Sca-man'dri-a 


Sem-no'neg, 


Sil'pi-a 


So'ter 


Su'ero 


Tam'e-sis 


Scan'di-na'vi-a 


Strabo 


Si-lu'reg, 6 

K. Fac. Sch. 


So-te'ri-a 


Su-es'sa 


( Thames) 


Scap-tes / u-la, or 


Se-mo'neg, 6 


So'ti-a'teg, 6, 10 


Sues'so-neg^, or 


Ta'mos 


Scap-ten'su-la 


Sem-pra'ni-a 


Sil'u-reg, 


So'tion, 10, S. W. 


Sues-so'neg 


Tan'a-gra, C. L.Py 


Scap'ti-a, 10 


Sem-pro'iii-us 


Py. S. For. 


Sc^us 


Sue-to'ni-us 


Ta-na'gra, 


Scap'u-la 


Se-mu/ri-um, 


Sil-Ta'nus 


So-zom / e-nus 


Sue'vi 


Sch. K. F. 


Scar-phi'a 


Fac. W. 


Si-me'na 


(Soz'o-men) 


SueM-us 


Tan'a-is 


— , , J 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Tan'a-quil Tem'e-nus 

Ta-ne'tum Tem'e-rin'da 

Ta'nis 

Tan'ta-lua 

Ta-nu'si-us, 10 

Ta'phi-se, L. C. 

Ta-proiya-ne 

Tar'ax-ip'pua 

Tar-bel'li 

Tar-ehe'ti-ua, 10 

S. W. 
Tar'ehon-dim'o-tua Te'nos 
Ta-ren-'tum, or Ten'ty-ra 

Ta-ren'tua 
Tar-pe'i-a (-ya) 
Tar-pe'i-usf-yus) 
Tar-quin'i-a 
Tar-quin'i-i 
Tar-quin'i-us 

( Tar'quin) 
Tar-quit/i-us, 10 
Tar'ra-ci'na 
Tar'ra-co 
Tar'ta-rua 
Tar-tes'sua 
Tas-ge'ti-ua, 10 
Ta'ti-a'nus, 10 

( Ta'tian) 
Ta'ti-en'ses, 6, 10 
Ta'ti-ua, 10 
Tau/ri 
Tau'ri-ca 

Tau'ri-ca €her / so- Ter-me'sus, or 
Ter'me-sus 
Ter'mi-na'li-a 



Tem'e-se 
Teij^h-te/ri 
Te'ne-a 
Ten'e-doa 
Ten'e-rus 
Te'neg, 6 
Ten'e-sis 
Te-ne'um 



Te'os, or 

Te'i-oa 
Te-re'don 
Te-ren'ti-a, 10 
Te'ren-ti-a'nus, 10 
Te-ren'ti-us, 10 

( Ter'ence) 
Te-ren'tus 
Te're-us 

Te'reus 
Ter-gea'te, and 

Ter-ges'tum 
Te'ri-as 
Ter'i- 

S. W. 
Te-ri'na 
Te-ri'o-li 
Ter'me-ra 
Ter'me-rus 



,6, 



ne'sus 
Tau-ri'ni 
Tau-ris'ci 
Tau'ro-min'i-um 
Tau'rus 

Tax'i-la, S. C. L. 
Tax'i-mag'u-lus 
Ta-yg'e-te or 

Ta'y-ge'ta 
Ta-yg'e-tus, or 

Ta-yg'e-ta 
Te-a'num 
Te'a-rua 
Te-a'te-a, and 

Te-a'te 
Tec-mes'aa 
Tec-tos'a-geg, 6 

Tec-tos'a-gae 
Te'ge-a 
Teg'u-la 
Te-,gy'ra, Pw. 
Te'i-us (te'yua) 
Te'la 

TeFa-mon 
Tel/a-mo-ni'a-deg 
Tel-ehin'i-us, L " 
Te'le-a, 
Te-leb'o-ae, or 
Te-leb'o-eg, 6 
Te-leb'o-as 
Tel'e-bo'i-deg, 6 
Tel'e-cleg, 6 
Tel'e-cli'deg, 6 
Te-leg'o-nus 
Te-lem'a-ehus 
Tel'e-mus 
TeFe-phas'aa 
Tel'e-phus 
Te-le'si-a, 10 
Te-lea'i-cleg, 6, 

S. W. 
Te'le-ail'la 
Tel'e-si-ni'cua 
Tel'e-si'nua 
Tel'e-sip'pua 
Te'le-thu'aa 
Te-leu'ti-as, 10, 

fir. w. 
Tel-le'nae 
Tel'li-as, W. S. 
Tel-mes'sus, or 

Tel-mis'sus 
Te'loa 
Tel-phu'sa 
Te-ma'thi-a, C. S 
Tern 'e-ni 'teg, 6 
Tem'e-nos 



Ter'mi-na'lia 

Ter'mi-nus 

Ter-pan'der 

Terp-sieh'o-re 

Ter'ra-ci'na 

Ter'ra-sid'i-us. 

Ter'ti-a, 10 

Ter'ti-us, 10 

Ter'tul-li-a'nua 

( Ter-tul'li-an) 
Te'thya 
Te-trap'o-lia 
Tet/ri-cua 
Teu'cer 
or Teu'cri 
Teu'cri-a 
Teu-mes'aua 
Teu'ta 

Teu'to-bur'gi-um 
Teu'to-ni, and 

Teu'to-neg, 6 
Tha-be'na, K. 
Tha'ia 
W. Tha'la 
Thal'a-me, 

Sch. W., or 

ThaFa-mse, 



Theb'a-ia, C. Fac. 
The-ba'ia, K. F. 
M. 

The'be 

The'mia 

The-mis'cy-ra 

ThenVi-son 

The-mis'ta 

The-mis'to-cleg, 6 

Tbem/i-stog'e-neg ,6 

The'o-cleg, 6 

The'o-clua 

The'o-clym'e-nua 

Tbe-oc'ri-tus 

The'o-dec'teg, 6 

The'o-do'ra 

The'o-do-re'tus 

( The-od'o-ret) 
The'o-do-ri'cus 

( The-od'o-ric) 
The'o-do'rua 

( The'o-dore) 
The'o-do'si-op'o- 

lis, 10 
The'o-do'si-us, 10 
The-od'o-ta 
The'o-do'ti-on, 10, 

Py. W. 
The-od'o-tua 
Tbe-og'nis 
Tbe/om-nes'tua 
The/on 
The-on'o-e 
Tbe'o-pe 
Tbe-opb'a-ne 
The-oph'a-nes, 6 
The'o-pba'ni-a, 

S. C. 
Tbe-opb'i-lus 
[W. Tbe'o-pbras/tua 
fir. The'o-pby-lac'tus 

( The-oph'y-lact) 
Tbe-op'o-lis 
Tbe / o-pom'pus 
Tbe'o-ti'mus 
Tbe-ox'e-na 
Tbe'ox-e'ni-a, S.W. 
The'ox-e'ni-us, 

S. W. 
Tbe-ram'e-nes, 6 
Ther-mo'don 
Tber-mop^-lse 
The-rod'a-mas 
Tbe'rou 
Tber-san'der 
Tber-siFo-ebua 
Ther-si'tea, 6 
The-se'is 
Tbe'se-us 

Tbe'seua 
Tbe-si'dae 
The-si'deg, 6 



S. W. For. M. Tbes-mopb'o-ra 
Tha-las'si-us, 10, Thes-moth'e-tae 

S. W. Thes-pi'a 

Tha'lez, 6 Thes-pi'a-dEe 

Tha-les'tris Tbes-pi'a-deg, 6 

Tha-li'a Thes^pi-us 

Thal'pi-us Tbes-pro'ti-a, 10 

Tham/y-ras Tbes-pro'tus 

Tbaip/y-ris, 5. C. L. Thes-sa'li-a 
Thap^sa-cus Tbes'sa-li-o'tis 

Thar-ge'li-a, afes- Tbes'sa-lo-ni'ca 



tival, S. W. 
Thar'ge-li'a, an 

Ionian woman 
Tha'si-us, 10 
Tha'sos 
Tha'sus 
Thau'ma-ci 
Thau-man'ti-as, 10 Thomas 

and Tbau-man'tis Tho'oti 



Thes'sa-lus 

The'tia 

Thi'a 

Thi'as 

Tbi-od'a-mas 

Thir^mi-da, Fac. M. 

This/o-a 



Thau'mas 
The'a 

Tbe-ag'e-nei, 6 
Tbe-a'no 
The-ar'i-das 

S. W. M. 
The/baa 

( Thebes) 



Tho'rax 
Tho'ri-a Lex 
Tho'ua 
Thra'ce 
Thra/ceg,6 
Tbra'ci-a, 10 

( Thrace) 
Thra'cis 



Three -ci'da 

Thra'si-us, 10 

Thra'so 

Thras'y-bu'lua 

Thras'y-dge'us 

Tbra-syl'lus 

Thra-sym/a-^hus 

Tbras/y-me'deg, 6 

Thras'y-me'nus 

Tbu-cyd'i-deg, 6 

Thu-isao 

Tbu'le 

Thu'ri-i 

Thu-ri'ni 

Tbus'ci-a, 10 

Thy'a 

Thy'a-deg, 6 

Thya-mis 

Thy'a-ti'ra 

Thy-es'ta 

Thy-es'te 2 , 6 

Thym^bri-a, C. S. 

Thym'e-le 

Thy-mo^b/a-rea, 6, 

fir. w. 
Thy-moe/teg, 6 
Thyr'i-deg, 6 
Thyr-sag/e-tse 
Thy'ua 
Tib / a-re'ni 
Ti-be'ri-as 
Tib'e-ri'nus 
Tib'e-ris 
Ti-be'ri-ua 
Ti-be'sis 
Ti-bul'lus 
Ti'bur 

Ti-ci'nus, a river. 
Tig'i-nua, a man, C. 
Ti-fa'ta 
Ti-fer'num 
Tig'el-li'nus 
Ti-gel'li-us 
Ti-gra'neg, 6 
Ti-gran'o-cer'ta 
Ti'greg, 6 
Ti'gris 
Tig'u-ri'ni 
Til'a-tae'i 
TiFa-vemp'tus 
Ti-mae'a 
Ti-mge / ua 
Ti-mag/e-neg, 6 
Ti-mag'o-ras 
Ti-man'dra 
Ti-man'tbeg, 6 
Ti-mar^bua 
Ti-ma'si-on, 10, 

S. W. 
Tim / a-sitb'e-ua 
Ti-ma'vus 
Ti-me'si-us, 10, 

fir. W. 
Ti-moeh'a-ria 
Tim/o-cle'a 
Tim/o-cles, 6 
Ti-moc'ra-teg, 6 
Ti-mo'cre-ou 
Ti-mo-'le-on 
Ti-mo'lua 
Ti-mom'a-ehus 
Ti'mon 
Ti-mo'the-us 
Ti'phys 
Ti-re'si-aa, 10 
Tir'i-da'teg, 6 
TVro 

Ti-ryn'thua 
Ti-aam/e-nus 
Ti-aan'drua 
Tis'i-as, 10 
Ti-siph'o-ne 
Ti-aiph'-o-nua 
Tia'sa-pher'neg, 6 
Ti-tae^a 
Ti-ta'neg, 6 
Ti-ta'ni-a 
Ti-tan'i-deg, 6 
Ti-ta'nus, a giant. 

( Ti'tan) 



W. 



Ti-ta'nua, a river, 

K. M. 
Tit'a-nus, a moun- 
tain, Pw. S. 
Tit/a-re'sua 
Tith'e-nid'i-a, S.W. 
Ti-tb<ynua 
Ti-thraua'teg, 6 
Tit'i-a'na, 10 
Tit'i-a'nua, 10 
Ti-tin'i-us 
Tit'i-ua, 10 
Ti-tor'mua 
Ti-tu'ri-ua 
Ti'tua 
TiVy-rus 
Tit'y-ua 
Tle-pol'e-mua 
Tmo'lus, 14 
To-ga'ta 
To-le'tum 
To-lc/aa 
To-lum'ni-ua 
To'lus 
To'ne-a 
To-pa/zus, C. 
Tor-qua'tus 
To'rua 
To-ry'ne 
Tox'e-ua 

Tox'eus 
Tox-ic'ra-te, 

Pw. W. 
Traeh'a-lua 
Tra'-ehaa 
Tra-^hin/i-ae 
Traeb'o-ni'tis 
Tra'gus 
Traj'a-nop'o-lia 
Tra-ja'nus 

( Tra'jan) 
Tras'i-me'nua 
Tre-ba'ti-ua, 10 
Tre-beKli-a'nua 
Tre-bel'li-e'nua 
Tre-beiai-ua 
Tre'bi-a 
Tre'bi-ua 
Tre-bo'Di-ua 
Treb'u-la 
Tre'rua 
Trev'e-ri, or 

Trev/i-ri 
Tri-a'ri-a 
Tri-a/ri-ua 
Tri-bal'li 
Trib'o-ci 
Tri-bu'ni 
Tri-cas^seg, 6 
Tri^as-ti'ni 
Tri-cip'i-ti'nua 
Tri-cor/y-thua, 

C. M. 
Tri-cre'na 
Tri-den'tum 
Tri'e-ter'i-ca 
Trif/o-li'nus 
Tri-gem/i-na 
Tri-na'cri-a, or 

Triiya-cria 
Trin / o-ban / teg, 6 
Tri-oc^a-la 
Tri'o-paa, or 

Tri'ops 
Tri-phyl/i-a 
Trip'o-lia 
Trip-tol/e-mua 
Triq'ue-tra 
Tria'me-gis'tua 
Trit'i-a, 10 
Tri'ton 
Tri-to/nia 
Tri-ven'tum 
TriT'i-ae An'trum 
Triv'i-33 La'cua 
Tri-vi'cum 
Tro'a-deg, 6 
Tro'as 
Tro^h'o-ia 
Troe-ze'ne 



893 

Trog'i-lua, 

Sch. Wm. 
Trog-lod/y-tae, 

Trog^o-dy'tae, 
For. 
Trog-lod'y-teg, 6 

Trog'lo-dy'teg, 
For. 
Tro'gus Pom-pe'i* 

us (-yus) 
Tro'i-lua 
Tro/ja 
Tro-ja/ni 
Tro-pho'iai-ita 
Tros'su-lum, 

For. Sch. S. Py. 
Tru'en-ti'm 
Tru-en'tum 
Tryph'e-rua 
Trypb'i-o-do'rus 
Try/phon 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu 7 be-ro 
Tu-is'to, or 

Tu-is'co 
Tu-lin'gi 
TuPli-a 
Tul'li-a'num 
Tul-li'o-la 
Tul/li-ua 

Tu'nis, or Tu'neg, 6 
Tur'de-ta'ni 
Tu'ri-ua 
Tu'ro-neg, 6 
Tur'pi-o 

Tu-ruFli-ua, S. W. 
Tus-ca'ni-a, fif. W- 
Tus'cu-la'num 
Tus/cu-lum 
Tu'ti-a, 10 
Tu'ti-cum 
Ty'a-na 
Ty'a-nse'ua 
Ty'a-ni'tia 
Ty'bria 
Ty'bur 
Ty/«he 
Tyeh'i-us 
Tyde 
Tyd'e-ua 

Ty'deua 
Ty'di-deg, 6 
Ty'los 
Ty-mo'lua 
Tym'pa-ni'a 
Tym-phae'i 
Tyti-dar'i-deg, 6 
Tyn-da'ria 
Tyn-da'rua 
Tyn'ni-ehus, 
Ty-pho'e-us 

Ty-pho'eua 
Ty'phon 
Ty-ran'rii-on 
Ty-ran'nus 
Ty'ras, or Ty'ra 
Ty'reg, 6 
Tyr/i-da'teg,6: s 

Tiridatea. 
Ty/ro 
Ty'roa 
Tyr-rbe'ni 
Tyr-rhe/num 
Tyr-rhe'nus 
Tyr-tae'ua 
Ty'rua 
Tys'i-as, 10. 

W. Fac. 



[W. 
Pw- 



u. 



TJ/bi-i 

TJ-caFe-gon 
IJ/fena 
U/fen-ti'ua 
Ul'pi-a'nua 
( Ul'pi-an) 
U'lu-bras 



894 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



THys'sef , « 


Va'ri-us 


Yer'cin-get'o-rix 


Um / bri-a. 


"Wrus 


Ver'gas-i-lau'nus 


Um-bric'i-us, 10 


Ya-sa'teg, 6 


Ver-gel'luB 


TJn'de-cem'vi-ri 


Yas'co-neg, 6 


Yer-giM-a 


U-nel'li 


Vas-co'nes, 


Yer-gin'i-us 


Unx'i-a (u^k'shi-a) Strabo. 


^er-gob're-tus 


TJ'pis 


Yat'i-ca'nus 


Ver'i-tas 


U-ra'ni-a 


Yat'i-e'nus, 10 


Ver'o-man'du-i 


U'ra-uop'o-lis 


Vec'ti-us, 10 


Ve-ro / na 


U'ra-nus 


Yec-to'neg, 6, 


Yer'o-ni'ca, L. W. 


Ur-bic'u-a, W. Fat 


C. Fac. 


Yer'ri-us 


U^bi-cus, 


Yec'to-neg, 


Yer-ti-cor'di-a 


Ur-bi'num 


K. F. For. S. 


Yer'tum-na'li-a 


U'ti-ca 


Ye-ge'ti-us, 10 


Yer-tum'nus 


Ux-el'lo-du'num 


Ye'i-a (ve'ya) 


Ver'u-la'nus 


Dx'i-i (uk'shi-i), 


Ve'i-en'teg, 6 


"Wrus 


W. S. Sch. 


Ve'i-en'to 


Yes'e-ris, E. W. 




Ye'i-i (ve'yi) 


Ve-se'vus 




Yej'o-yis 


Yes-pa'si-a'mis, 10 


V. 


Ye-la'brum 


( Ves-pa'sian) 


Ve-la'ni-us, S. W. 


Ves-ta/leg, 6 




Ve'Ji-a 


Ves-ta'li-a 


Yac-ese'i 


Ye-li'na 


Yes-til'i-us, S. W. 


Ya-cu'na 


Ye-li'nus 


Yes-ti'ni 


Yad'i-mo'nis La'- 


YeM-ter'na 


Ves-ti'iius 


cus 


Ye-li'tras 


Yes'vi-us 


Ya'ga 


Vel-le'i-us Pa-ter / - 


Vet/e-ra 


Vag'e-dru'sa 


cu-lus 


Yet/ti-us 


Va-ge'ni, C. W. 


Ve-na'trum 


Vet-t(yiie§,6: see 


Ya'ha-lis 


Yen'e-di 


Yectones. 


Ya'lens 


Ven'e-ti 


Yet/u-lo'ni-a, 


Va-len'ti-a, 10 


Ye-ne'ti-a, 10 


S. Sch. 


Yal'en-ti'ni 


( Ven'ice) 


Ye-tu'ri-a 


VaFen-tin'i-a'nus 


Ye-niW-a 


Ye-tu'ri-us 


( Val'en-tin'i-an) 


Yen-no'neg, 6 


Ye'tus 


Ya-le'ri-a 


M. C. L. 


Yi-a'drus, Sch. W. 


Ya-le'ri-a'nus 


Ven'rio-neg : see 


Yi'a-drus, M. 
Yi-bid'i-a, S. W. 


( Va-le'ri-an) 


For. Py. S. 


Ya-le'ri-us 


Ven-tid / i -us 


Yi-bid'i-us, S. W. 


Yal'e-rus, W. C. 


Yen'u-le'i-us (-yus) Yib'i-us 


Yal'gi-us 


Ve'nus 


Yi/bo 


Van-da'li-i, W. Sch. Ye-nu'si-a, 10 


Yi-buFli-us 


Yan-gi'o-neg , 6 


Ye-ra'gri, W. 


Yi'ca Po'ta 


Yan'ni-us 


Yer'a-gri, K. 


Yi-cen'ti-a, 10 


Ya-ra'nes, 6, 


Ve-ra/ni-a, S. W. 


Vi-ce'ti-a, 10 


W. M. S. 


Ye-ra'ni-us, S, W. 


Vic-to'ri-a 


Var-dae'i 


Yer-eel'lso 


Yic-to'ri-us 



Yi-en'na 
Yil'li-a Lex, 

S. Sch. 
Vil'li-us 
Yim'i-na'lis 
Vin-cen'ti-us, 10, 

S.L. 
Vin'ci-us, 10 

Fac. W. 
Yin-del'i-ci 
Yin-de/mi-a'tor 
Vin-dic/i-us, 10, 

W. S. 
Yin'do-nis'sa 
Yi-nic'i-us, 10 
Vin'i-us, S. W. 
Yip-sa'ni-a, S. Sch. 
Yir'bi-us 
Yir-gil'i-us 

( Vir'gil) 
Yir-gin'i-a 
Yir-gin'i-us 
Yir'i-a'thus 
Yir'i-pla'ca 
Yi-sePU-a 
Yi-seFlus 
Yi-sig/o-tliae, K 
Yis'tu-la 
Yi-tePli-a 
Yi-tel'li-us 
Yit'i-a, 10, 8. W. 
Vi-tru'vi-us 
Yit'u-la 
Yo-co'ni-a Lex. 
Vog'e-sus 

Yo-ge'sus, For. 
YoFa-ter'ra 
Vo-log'e-seg, 6, M. 
Vol-tin'i-a 
Vo-lu'bi-lis, K. 
Vo-lum/na 
Vo-lum/ni-a 
Yo-lum/ni-us 
Yo-lum'nus 
Yo-lu'pi-a 
Vo-lup'tas 
Yol / u-se / nus, S.W. 



Vo-lu'si-a'nus, 10, 

S. L. W. 
Vo-lu'si-us, 10 
Yol'u-sus 
Yo'lux 
Vo-ma'nus 
Yo-no'neg, 6 
Yo-pis'cus 
Yo-ra'nus^.C.W. 
Yo'ti-e'nus, 10 
Yul-ca'nus 

( VuVcan) 
Vul-ca'ti-us, 10 

S. Sch. 
Yul-tur'num 
Yul-tur'nus 



z. 



X. 



Xan'thi-a, or 

Xan'thi-as 
Xar^tbi-ca 
Xan-thip / pe 
Xan-tbip'pus 
Xe-nag'o-ras 
Xe-nar / *bus 
Xen^-reg, 6, S. 
Xen'e-tus 
Xe-ni'a-deg, 6 
Xe'ni-us, C. S. W. 
Xen'o-cle'a 
Xen'o-cleg, 6 
Xe-noc'ra-teg, 6 
Xe-nod'a-mus, 
Sch. W. 

Xen'o-da'mus 
Xe-nod'i-ce 
Xe-nod^-ehus 
Xe-noph^a-neg, 6 
Xe-noph'i-lus 
Xen'o-phon 
Xer'o-lib'y-a 

C. Sch. 
Xy'ehus 
Xy^e-nep'o-iis 



Zab'a-tua 
Zab'o-lua 
Za-cyn'thus 
Za-gre'us 

Za/greus 
Za'grus 
Zal'a-teg, 6 
Za-leu'cus 
Za'ma 
Za-molx'is 
Zar'bi-e'nua 
Ze'la 
Ze'no 
Ze-no'bi-a 
Zen'o-do'rui 
Ze-nod'o-tus 
Ze-noth / e-niia 
Ze-phyr'i-um 
Zeph'y-rus 

(Zeph'yr) 
Ze-ryn'thus 
Ze-the§, 6, or 

Ze'tus 
Zeux'i-da'mus 
Zeux-ip'pe 
Zeux'is 
Zi-li'a, also 

Zil'i-a, Fac. 
Zi-poe'teg, 6 
Zo-'i-lus 
Zo-ip/pus 
Zo'na 
Zo'na-ras, 

L. W. S. M. 

Zo-na'ras, Py. 
Zo-pyr'i-on, W. S 
Zop'y-rus 
Zor'o-as'treg, 6 

( Zo'ro-as'ter) 
Zos'i-mus 
Zos-te'ri-a, S. W. 
Zyg'i-a 

Zyg'i-i : see C. 
Zy-gop/Q-li* 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODEEN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



PROPER names of places are, for the most part, com- 
pound words. As the former or the latter part of the com- 
pound is often the same in different words, it has the ap- 
pearance of a prefix or a suffix, and may be treated as such j 
as the prefixes aber, ash, north, stone; the terminations 
bury, ham, ness, wich. The following Index includes the 
principal prefixes, terminations, and formative syllables, 
especially those which are component parts of English 
names. Subjoined to the Index is a brief Alphabetical List 
of geographical names not included therein, giving their 
derivation and signification, so far as these could be ascer- 
tained. A great many names are necessarily omitted, their 
history and signification being altogether unknown. Many 
others are omitted, the etymology of which is either obscure 
or purely fanciful. Prominence has been given to the 
geography of America ; and the principal Indian names of 
places, now in actual use, have been inserted, so far as it 
has been possible to arrive at their meaning with approxi- 
mate correctness. 



Valuable assistance has been derived, in the preparation 
of this Vocabulary, from Ingram's edition of the Saxon 
Chronicle (London, 1823), a Vocabulary of Geographical 
Etymology in Sullivan's Dictionary of Derivations (Dublin, 
1851), Charnock's Local Etymology (London, 1859), Fos- 
ter's Manual of Geographical Pronunciation and Etymolo- 
gy (London, 1860), Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World 
(Philadelphia, 1855), Gibson's Etymological Geography 
(Edinburgh, 1840), Taylor's Words and Places (London, 
1865), and from various other sources. Many of the trans- 
lations of the Indian names here given have been furnished, 
and all of them examined, by Henry R. Schoolcraft, LL.D., 
and the Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull, whose high reputa- 
tion and well-known accuracy in whatever relates to the 
Indian language, literature, and history, are a sufficient 
guaranty for the correctness of this portion of the Vocab- 
ulary. Information in regard to certain names of the 
same class has also been obtained from the Rev. Edward 
Ballard, Secretary of the Maine Historical Society. 



EXPLANATORY INDEX OF PREFIXES, TERMINATIONS, AND 
FORMATIVE SYLLABLES. 



A, A (o), Aa (a), Aach (aK). [A.-S. ea, 0. H. Ger. aha, 
Goth, ahva, Icel. a; related to Lat. aqua, Skr. ap, f., 
water.] Flowing water ; as, Greta, Torned, Aachen [Aix- 

A(a). Island. See EY. [la-Chapelle]. 

Aar, Ar (aR). [Celt.] A watercourse ; as, Aar, Ar\e, .4rgens. 

Ab (ab), At3.lt (awb). [Per.] Water, a river; as, Boab 
(two rivers ; i. e. , the country between the Ganges and the 
Jumna), Puujaub (five rivers ; i. e., the country watered 
by five [great] rivers), Ab-i-kuren (riverof Kur,or Cyrus). 

Ab (ab), Abing (Sb'ing), Ab'bot. [A.-S.] An abbot ; 
as, -4£>ton (abbot's town), Abingdon (abbot's hill), Ab- 
botsbury (abbot's town). 

Abad (a-bad')- [Per.] A city, abode, or residence; as, 
Akbara&aa* (city of Akbar), Aurxingabad (city of Aurung- 
zebe), Fyabad (beautiful city). 

Abbas (ab'baV). [Per.] Father ; as, Abbasabad (pater- 
nal abode, or abode of Abbas). 

Abbe(ab / ba'). [Fr.] Abbot; as, Abbeville (abbot's town). 

Aber (ab'er). [Celt.] An estuary or mouth of a river; 
as, Aberdeen (a town at the " mouth " of the Dee), Aber- 
gavenny (a town at the junction of the Gavenny with the 
Usk). See IKVER. 

Abing. See AB. [place. 

Ac, Ak, Aug, Ock, Oke, &c. [Ind.] Earth, land, 

Ac, Ack (ak), or Ock (ok) [A.-S. See Oak in Diet.] 
An oak ; as,^4cton (oak-town), .Ac^worth (oak-farm), Ock- 
ley (oak-meadow). 

Acqua (ak'kwa). [It.] [Port. Agoa (a'go-ay, Sp. Agua 
(a/gwa), Fr. Aigue, Aigues (ag), Aix (aks), Baux 
(5), from Lat. aqua] Water, waters ; as, .Ac^wapendente 
(hanging water), Agoa Fria (cold water), Agua Dulce 

£,5,&c. , long ;&,e,?)les$ prolonged; 5,8,&c.,«Aort ; 
ft8,wolf,t6-o,t()bk ; urn,rue,pull ; $,g,«y* ; «, g ; ' 



(sweet, or fresh, water), Aigues Mortes (dead, or stagnant, 
waters), AKE-la-Chapelle (waters of the chapel), Bordeawa; 
(border of the waters). 

Adel (a'del). [Ger.] Noble ; as, Adelshevg (noble's hill), 
Adelsdovf (village of the noble). 

Adler (ad'ler), Arl. [Ger.] Eagle ; as, Adlersberg or 
Arlsberg (eagle mountain). 

Agoa, Agua, Aigues, Aix. See Acqua. 

Ak. See Ac. 

Al. See Old. 

Al, El. [Ar. & Sp.] The article the ;— a prefix to many 
names ; as, .Alcantara (the bridge), Aicazar (the palace), 
iK-Araish (the garden of pleasure). 

Alb, Alp. [Celt., prob. related to Lat. albus.] A hill oi 
mountain white with snow j as, Alps. 

Albo (al'bo), Alba (aFba). [Sp. & It., from Lat. albus.] 
White ; as Albanella,, Albano. [The Latin form appears 
also in the French names Aubin, Aubetene (white land), 

Aid. See Old. [&c.] 

Aldea (al-»e'a). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Aldee (al'dS')]- Vil- 
lage ; as, Aldea del Cano (village of the dog), Aldea Velha 
(old village). , , [Allah). 

Allah (al'laH'). [Arab.] God; as, AUahab&d (city of 

Alp. See ALB. 

Alt. See OLD. ,..,-„ ,„ 

Alta (al-taO, or Altan (al-tan/). [Mongolian.] Gold; 
&s, Altai [properly Alta yeen Oola] (the golden mountain), 
Altannor (the golden lake). 

Alto(aPto), Alta (al'ta). [It. & Sp.,from Lat. altus.) 
High; as, Altamura (high wall), Alta California (upper 
California). 

Anti (an'ti). [Gr.] Opposite; as, .Anft'paros (opposite 
Paros), Antit&ur us (opposite Taurus) .An^'libanus (oppo- 
site Lebanon). 



ort ; a,e,i,Q, obscure ; care,far,ask ; all,wh§,t; §re,vgil,tSrm; pique,ftrm; s<3n.5r, 
, hard ; ag / exist ; n as ng ; this ; S,o,u ,6e,I,5,6,w^,D,a,H,Kpr,a,o(see p. 914). 

(896) 



896 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



Ar. See Aar. 

Ard. [Celt.] A height, promontory ; as Ardfert (the hill 

of the grave), Arc/glass (green height or hill). 
Arde (aR'deh). [D.] Earth, land; as, Oudenarrfe (old 

land, or district). 
Arl. See Adler. 

Ash. [A.-S.] Ash; as, AshHeld, Ashland, Ashton. 
At. See UT. 
Ath. [Ir.] A ford ; as, At/iboj (yellow ford), ^4iAleague 

(ford of the stones), Athlone (ford of St. Luanus.) 
Aue (ow'eh). [Ger.] Field, meadow ; as Auerbach. (brook 

of the meadow). 
Au- See Old. 
Aub. See AB ; also ALBO. 
Aug. See Ac. 
Au-gus'ta. [Lat., fem. of Augustus]. Noble, august ; — 

joined to some Celtic and Germanic names ; as, Augs- 

burg (castle or city of Augustus), Autun [Lat. Augusto- 

dunum] (town of Augustus). 
Av'en, AVon. [Celt, afon.] "Water, a river ; as, Aven- 

burg (town on a stream), Avondale, Stvathaven (valley of 
Ay. See Ey. [the Avon). 



B. 



Pa&ylon 
from the 



Bab. [Arab. & Chald.] A gate, court; as 
(court of Belus), Pa&elmandeb (" gate of tears, 
many shipwrecks that occur in this strait). 

Bach (baK), or Pach (pa,K). [Ger.] [Eng. Beck, 
Batch, Fr. Bee.] Brook, rivulet ; as, Auerbach (brook 
of the meadow), Anspach (situated "at the stream"), 
Kolbeck (brook in the hollow), Woodbatch (wood brook), 
Caudebec (cold brook). 

Bad (bat), Baden (ba'den) (pi.). [Ger.] [Fr. Bagn 
(ban), Bain, Bains (b3ff), It. Bagno (banyo), 
Bagni (ban'yee) (pi.), from Lat. balneum.] Bath, 
baths ; as, Carlsbad (Charles's bath), Parfenhausen (bath- 
houses) Pag-noles, Pams-du-mont-d'or (baths of the 
golden mountain), Bagni di Lucca (baths of Lucca). 

Bagn, Bagno, Bagni. See Bad. 

Bahia. See Bay. 

Bain, Bains. See Bad. 

Bal, Ball, Bal'ly. [Celt.] An abode, a township, a 
village; as, PaZbriggan (Brocan's, or Brecan's town), 
PaWinderry (town of the oak-wood), Pa%clare (town of 
the plain). [of mountains). 

Bar. [Skr.] Land, country, region ; as Malabar (country 

Bas (ba), Basses (bas). [Fr., from Gr. /Sa0u? (ba'thus)."] 
[It. Basso (bas'so), 0. Ger. Bat (bat).] Low ; as, Bas 
Rhin (lower Rhine), Basses Alps (low Alps), Pays Bas 
(low country, i. e., Netherlands), Campo&asso (low plain). 

Basso, Bat. See Bas. 

Batch. See Bach. 

Bay. [Eng.] [Sp. & Pg. Bahia (ba-e'a)] ; as, Botanv Bay, 
Torbay (headland bay), Bahia Honda (deep bay), Boa 
Bahia [Bombay] (good harbor). 

Bayou (Woo). [Fr.] Stream, creek ; as, Bayou Pierre 
(Peter's creek), Bayou Sara. 

Beau (bo), Bel, Belle, (bel). [Fr.] [It., Sp., & Pg. 
Bello (bel'lo), Bella (bel'la), from Lat. bellus, bella.] 
Beautiful, fine ; as_, Peazdieu (beautiful place), Belmont 
(beautiful mountain), Belleisle (beautiful island), Puerto 
Bello (fine harbor), Isola Bella (beautiful island). 

Bee, Beck. See Bach. 

Bel. [Ir.] The mouth of a ford, or entrance to a river ; 
as, Belfast (town by the sand-bank in the river [Laganl). 

Bel. See Beau. " 

Bela (ba'la), Bielo (be-a'lo), Biela (be-a'la), Bialy 
(be-a/lee or bya/lee). [Slav.] White ; as Belgrade (white 
town or city), Biela, Bielouol (white city), Bialystock 
(white outlet, or opening). 

Beled (be-led')- [Arab.] Country; as, Beled-el-Jereed 
(country of the date). 

Bella, Belle, Bello. See Beau. 

Ben, Pen, Ven. [Celt.] A head, a hill or mountain, 
a promontory ; as, Penlomond (beacon mountain), Ben- 
nevis (cloud-capped mountain), Apennines, Pennine Alps, 
Penrith (head of the ford), Morven (great mountain). 

Berg (beRG). [Ger.] A hill, mountain, a hill-fortress ; as, 
Adelsberg (noble's hill), Schwarzen&erg- (black mountain). 

Berry. See Burg. 

Beth. [Heb.] House; as, Bethany (house of dates), 
Bethel (house of God), Bethlehem (house of bread). 

Bialy. See Bela. ; 

Bianco (be-an'ko), Bianca (be-an^ka). [It.] [Fr. 
? 1 ^ n ^l? ir) ' B1 ^ che (MoNsh), Sp. Blanco (blan'- 
ko. )] White ; as, Bianca Villa (white town), Mont Blanc 

a,6,&c. ,long;a,e,o,less prolonged; 5, e,&c 



(white mountain), Mer Blanche (white sea), Cabo Blomco 
(white cape). 

Biela, Bielo. See BELA. 

Bischof (bisb/of). [Ger.] Bishop ; as Bischofsheim 
(residence of the bishop). 

Blair (blar). [Celt.] A plain clear of woods ; as, Blair- 
atholl, Ardblair (the height in the plain). 

Blanc, Blanche, Blanco. See Bianco. 

Ble. See Polis. 

Boden (bo'den). [Ger.] Bottom, deep; as, Boden&ee 
[Lake of Constance] (deep sea), Bodenstadt (deep town). 

Boeuf (buf). [Norman Fr. from Icel. byr, abode.] Village; 
as, Dau&asw/^dale village), Wbaeuf. 

Bog. See Pog. 

Boli. See Polis. 

Bon (bo"N), Bonne (bon). [Fr.] [Sp. Bueno (bwa'no), 
Buena (bwa'na), from Lat. bonus, bona]. Good, fine; 
as, Bon Secours (" good succor " bay), Terre&onne (good 
land), Cap Ponhomme (Cape Goodman), Buena Vista 
(fine view), Buenos Ayres (good air). 

Bone. See Burn. 

Borg, Borgo, Borough (a town), Borrow, Bonis. 
See Burg. 

Born, Bourn, Bourne. See Burn. 

Borough (bur'o). [A.-S. buruh. See Borough in Diet.] 
A hill, mountain ; also, a fortified town ; as, Marlborough 
(St. Maidulfs town). 

Borrow, Bourg. See BURG. 

Bridge (brij). [Eng.] [Ger. Briick (brUR), Briicke 
(brli/keh); D. Brugge (brUG'Geh).] Bridge; as Cam- 
bridge (bridge over the Cam), Tunbridge (town bridge), 
Innsbruck or Innspriick (bridge over the Inn), Brugge 
[Bruges] (the bridge). 

Bronn. See Burn. [Brookfield. 

Brook (brdbk). [Eng.] Brook, stream; as, Westbrook, 

Briick, Brugge. See Bridge. 

Brunn. See Burn. [Braintree. 

Bryn. [Celt.] A brow ; hence, a ridge ; as, Prandon, 

Bud (bdbd). [Ger.] Hut, building, dwelling ; as, Bud&, 
Budvteiss (white dwelling). 

Buena, Bueno. See Bon. 

Burg. [A.-S. & Ger.] [Dan. & Sw. Borg (boRG), It. 
Borgo (boR^o), Fr. Bourg (booR), Scotch Burgh 
(the distinctive name of Scotch corporate towns), Eng. 
Borough (a distinctive name of English corporate 
towns, and the termination of old English towns, par- 
ticularly north of the Humber), Borrow, Berry, 
Bury, Burrow.] A castle or a fortified town; as, 
Augsburg (town of Augustus), Wiirzburg (herb-town), 
Strasburg or Stras&or^rg- (street-town), Aalborg (eel-town), 
Porg-oforte (strong castle), Cheroo?/rg- (Caesar's town), 
Edinburgh (city of Edwin, king of Northumbria), Marl- 
borough, (St. Maidulfs town), Wardborroiv, Portberry 
(harbor town), Queensoem/, Can terowry (city of the men 
of Kent). Gainsborough (town of the Ganii). 

Burn, Born, Bourne, Bone. [A.-S. See Bourn 
in Diet.] [Ger. Bronn, Brunn.] A brook, well, 
fountain ; as, Bannockonrn (the Bannock stream), Burn- 
ham (brook-dwelling), Tyowm (the Ty brook), Sheroorra 
(clear brook), AVillyoonrne (brook of the willows), Mary- 
le-oone (St. Mary's at the brook), Heiloronn (fountain of 
health), Schb'nomnn (beautiful fountain). 

Burrow, Bury. See Burg. 

By. [A.-S., — particularly in towns in Scotland and the 
North of England.] [Dan. & Sw. By (bli), or Bye.] A 
dwelling, village, town ; as Ashby (ash-town ), Uugby 
(red-town), Fenby (fen-town), Derby (village of deer or 
of wild beasts), Kirkojr (church-town). 



Cabo (ka'Bo). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Cap (kap), It. Capo 
(k£i/po).] A cape, headland; as, Cabo Frio (cold cape). 
Cap Bonhomme (Cape Goodman), Capo d' Istria ( Cape of 
Istria). 

Caer, Car. [Celt.] A camp ; a fort, fortress, or forti- 
fied town; as, Caermar then (Merlin's fort.) 

Csesar. See Kaiser. 

Cafir, Caff re, Kafir, Kaffre. [Arab.] Infidel; as, 
Kafiristan (land of the "infidels; i. e., the inhabitants 
of Southern Africa). 

Cap, Capo. See Cabo. 

Carrick. See CRAIG. 

Car. See Caer. 

Cassel, Castel. See Castle. 

Cas'ter, Ces'ter, Ches'ter. [A.-S., from Lat. castrum, 
castra.] A camp, fortress ; as, Lancaster (fortress on the 



5Ao^;a,g,i,Q,o65cttre/care,far,ask,all,what; ere,v£U,t3rm;p'i'que,Srm;s6n,6r f 



OF MODEEN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



897 



Lan or Lune), Colchester (fortress on the River Colne), 
Dorchester (city of the Dur-otriges, or dwellers by the 

Castle.' [Eng.] [Fr. Chateau (sha'to'), Cliatel (sha>- 

tel'), It. Castel (kas-tel'), Ger. Cassel (kas'sel), Cas- 
tel (kas-tel'), from Lat. castellum.] A castle ; as,New- 
castle, Castletown, C/iateauneuf, or ~Neufr.ha.tel (new cas- 
tle), Castella.ma.Te (castle on the sea), Hesse Cassel. 

Ceap. [A.-S., from ceapian, to buy, traffic] Cattle, sal- 
able commodities, market-place ; as, Cheapslde, Chep- 
stow (market town), CAippenham (market-town). See 
KOPING. 

Cef n (kePn). [Welsh.] A back, a ridge ; as, Cefn Bryn, 
Chevy Chase, Cheviot Hills, Les Cevennes. 

Cenn. [Gael.] A head ; as, Kenmore (great summit), 
Kent, Kinross. 

Cerro (seR'Ro). [Sp.] Mountain peak; as, Cerro Gor- 
do (a mountain guard or pass). 

Cester. See Caster. 

Chateau, Cliatel. See Castle. 

Chelier, or Shehr (shear' or sha'her). [Turk. & Per.] 
House, town ; as, Pondic/ifirry (new town), Alas/a ehr (ex- 
alted town). 

Chester. See Caster. 

Chow, Tchoo. [Chin.] A town of the second class ; 
as, Ha,ng-chow-foo. 

Cidade, Citta, Ciudad. See Civita. 

Civita (chee've-ta), Citta (chit-ta/). [It., from Lat. civ- 
itas.] [Pg. Cidade (se-da'da), Sp. Ciudad (the-oo- 
DaD' or se-oo-DaD').] A city; as, Civita Yecchia (old 
town), Citta Nuova (new town), Cidade do Recife (city of 
the reef), Ciudad Real (royal city). 

Clar. [Ir.] Board, table, level ; as, Clare, Ballydare 
(town of the plain). 

Col, Cole. See Cul. 

Comb. [A.-S. See Coomb inDict.] [Welsh Cwm(koom).] 
A bowl-shaped valley ; as, ~Wycoi?ibe (valley of the Wy), 
Compton, CwmA.ee (black valley). 

Coiling, Conis, Cunning. See KING-. 

Costa (kos'fa). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Cote (kot).] Coast- 
region : as, Costa Rica (rich coast), Cote d'Or (gold coast). 

Cot, Cote, Coates. [A.-S.] A mud-house, cot, cottage; 
as, Cotsmore, Suuthcote, Ha,ncoates. 

Cote. See Costa. 

Craig, Carrick. [Celt.] Rock, crag, rocky plain ; as, 
Ballycraigy (town on a rock), Carrickfergus (rock of Fer- 

Croce, Croix. See Cruz. [gus). 

Cruz (krooth or krooz). [Sp. & Pg.] [It. Croce (kro'- 
cha) Fr. Croix (krwa), from Lat. crux.] Cross ; as, Vera 
Cruz (true cross), Santa Croce, Sainte 6>oi.r(holy cross.) 

Cron, Kron (kron), Krone (kro'ngh). [Ger.] Crown; 
as, Cronstadt, or JTronstadt (crown city). 

Cul, Col, Cole. [Celt.] Back, hinder part, corner ; as, 
CWross (of Ross, the peninsula of Fife), CWeraine (corner 
or angle of the ferns). 

D. 

Daal, Dal. See Dale. 

Dagh, Tagh. [Turk.] A mountain; as, Dagestan 
(country of mountains), Belnrtagh (cloud mountains), 
Mnstagh (ice mountains). 

Dale, Dell. [Eng. See in Diet.] [Ger. Thai (tal), D. 
Daal (dal), Sw. Dal (d'al).] Yale, valley ; as, Annan- 
dale, Boy ed ale, Arundel (del of the Arun), Franken«/iaZ 
(valley of the Franks), Bloement/aaZ (vale of flowers), 
DaZecarlia (land of valleys). 

Dam (dam). [D.] Dam, dike ; as, Amsterdam, (i. e., a 
town situated at the " dam " of the Amstel), Rotterdam 
(dam of the Rotte), Schiedam (dam of the Schie). 

Dan, Dane, Den. [A.-S.] The Danes; as, Danbury 
(town of the Danes), Danesneld, Denham (Dane's home). 

De (dgh), Du (du), Des (da). [Fr.] [Sp. & It. Del 
(del), Delia (del'la).] The, of the ; as, Des Moines (of 
the mounds), Prairie du Chien (dog prairie), Tierra del 
Fuego (land of fire), Rio del Norte (river of the North). 

Den. [A.-S.] A valley or ravine; as, Camden (crooked 
vale), Ca,mden (crooked valley), Denbigh (dwelling in the 
vale). See Dan. 

Der. [A.-S.] Wild deer, or wild beasts in general; as, 
Derham (deer's home), Derby (deers dwelling), Deer- 
hurst (deers wood). [Kildare (oak forest). 

Derry. [Ir.] [Cf. Gr. Apv's. Druid.] An oak ; as, Derry 

Dhu. See DUB. 

Dive (deev). [Malay.] Island ; as, Maldives (the thou 
sand islands), ~La,cc&dives (the ten thousand islands). 

Doce. See Dulce 



Dol. [Celt.] A plain, field; as, Dogberry (town on the 
plain), Dairy ^king's field), Dalkeith, TovJouse. 

Don. [Celt.] Deep, low ; as, Don, Dcmau Danube] (low 
plain or meadow). 

Don. [A.-S.] See Dun. 

Dorf. [Ger. See Thorp.] Village ; town ; as, Altdorf, 
(old town), DWsseld orf (village on the D'ussel). [ridge). 

Drum. [Erse druim.] Back, ridge ; as, Dromore (great 

Dub, Dutoh, Dhu. [Celt.] Black ; as, Dublin (black 
wool), IMwisk (black water), Douglas (black water). 

Dulce (dool'tha, or dool'sa). [Sp.] [Pg. Doce (do'sa), 
from Lat. dulcis.] Sweet ; as, Agua Dulce (sweet water), 
Rio Doce (sweet river; i. e., river of fresh water). 

Dun, or Don. [Celt.] A hill, or fort on a hill; castle ; 
as, Dundee (hill-fort on the Tay), Dimkeld (fort of the 
Celts), Snowdon (snow hill), Abingdon (abbey hill), 
Clarendon (hill " clear " of trees), Yverdwn. (in Switzer- 
land). 



E. 



Ea. SeeEY. 

East, Est, Es. [A.-S.] [Ger. Ost, D. Oost (ost).] 
East; as, Easth&m (east home), Easton (east town), 
Essex (East Saxons), Osterreich [Austria] (the east king- 
dom), Oostburg (the east castle). 

Eaux. [Fr.] See Acqua. 

Eich (Ik). [Ger.] Oak ; as, Eichsta,dt (oaktown). 

Eisen (Pzen). [Ger.] Iron ; as, Eisenst&dt (iron town), 
Eisenberg (iron mountain). 

El. [Arab.] See Al. 

Ennis. See Lle. 

Entre (oNt'r). [Fr.] [Sp. & Pg. Entre (en'tra), from 
Lat. inter.] Between ; as, _Z?»i«re-deux-mers (between the 
two seas), Entre Rios (between the rivers), Entre Douro 
e Minho (between the Douro and Minho), Interla.chen 
(between the lakes ; i. e., Thun and Brienz). 

Erz (SRts). [Ger.] Ore ; as .Erzgebirge (ore mountains). 

Es, Est. See East. 

Ey, Ea, Ay, A. [A.-S. ig, ea;Norw. oe.] An island; 
as, Anglesey (isle of the Angles, or English), Chelsea 
(shingle isle), Jersey (Caesar's Island), Colonsay (St. 
Columba's isle), Staffa (isle of steps). 



Feld. See Field. 

Eels (felss). [Ger.] Rock; as, Drachen/eZs (dragon's 
rock), Weissen/efc (white rocks). 

Field. [Eng., lit., a forest clearing, or place where the 
trees have been felled.] [A.-S. & Ger. Eeld (felt), D. 
Veld.] A field, plain open country; as, Marsh/zeW, 
llchfield (field of corpses), JJnienfeld (field of lilies), 
Win/eld (field of victory). 

Field, Fjeld (fyeld). [Dan. & Norw.] Mountain range ; 
as, Bovref eld (mountain range of Dovre, or Daavre, a 
village on the side of the mountains). 

Fiord, or Fjord. See Frith. 

Firth. See Frith. 

Fleet. [A.-S.] An arm of the sea, a channel ; as, Beam- 
fleet, Northfleet, South/Zee*. 

Folk. [A.-S.] People; as, Nor/oZfc (north people), Suf- 
follc (south people). 

Font (foN), Fontaine (foN'tan'). [Fr.] [It. Fonta- 
na (fon-ta'na), Sp. Fuente (fwen'ta), from Lat. fons.] 
Fountain ; as .Fo?Ucouvert (covered fountain), Fontaine- 
bleau [Fontaine Belle Eau] (fountain of beautiful water), 
Fontana Fredda (cold spring), Fuente del Maestre (the 
master's fountain), Fuenter&bia, or Fontara.bisb (rapid 
stream). 

Fontaine, Fontana. See Font. 

Foo, Fou (foo). [Chin.] A large or important city ; as, 
Chang-choo-ybo (the great city of Chang Choo). 

Ford. [A.-S. See in Diet.] [Ger. Furt, or Furth 
(fooRt).] A ford ; as, Bradford (broad ford), Beptford 
(deep ford), Hartford (hart ford), Hereford (army ford), 
miford, Oxford, Wa.terford, Frank/wrt (ford of the 
Franks). Compare FJORD. 

Formoso (foR-mo'so), Formosa (foR-mo'sa). [Pg.] 
[Ba,t. formosus.] Beautiful ; as, Rio Formoso (beautiful 
river), Island of Formosa. 

Fort (foR), Forte (foRt). [Fr.] [It. Forte (foR'ta), 
Sp. Fuerte (fweR/ta), from B&t.fortis.] Strong, strong 
place, stronghold, fort ; as, Bochefort (strong rock), 
Borgo Forte (strong town), Villa del Fuerte (town of the 
fort). 



dp,,wolf,t6"o,td'ok J urn,rue,pull ; $,g,soft ; -e, g, hard ; as. ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,I,5,s,\v,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,r; (see p. 914^ 
67 



898 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



Fou. See F^O. 

Frank. r ,er.] The Franks (a small German tribe); as, 
Fran/cental (valley of the Franks), .Franconia, France. 

Free. [Eng.] [Ger. Frei, Frey (frl).] Free ; as Free- 
port, Freetown, Freybuvg. 

Fried (freet), Friede (free'deh), Frieden (free/den). 
[Ger.] Peace ; as Friedland (land of rest), Friedebnrg 
town, or city, of peace). 

Frith, or Firth. [Scotch, from Lat. /return, a strait.] 
[Dan. & Norw. Fiord, or Fjord.] A strait or estuary, 
an arm of the sea ; as, Frith, or Firth of Forth, Lym- 
fiord (muddy inlet), Hval/jord (whale strait). 

Fuente. See FONT. 

Fuerte. See FORT. 

Furt, Furth. See Ford. 

G. 

Gall. [Celt.] West, western; as, Gaul, Cornwall, Gal- 

way (western way or direction). 
Gate. [Eng. See in Diet.] A road or street, a passage 

among hills ; as, Harrowg-aie, Reigate (ridge gate ; i. e., 

passage through the ridge). 
Gatt (gat). [D. — Compare GATE.] Hole, passage, strait ; 

as, Cattegac (strait of the Catti), Horllg-att [Hurlgate] 

(whirlpool strait). 
Garaw, Garw. See Yar. 
Garth. [See in Diet.] A small inclosure ; as, AvrAegarth, 

Hay garth, Wxagarth. 
Gau (gow). [Ger.] District, country; as, Rheing-aw 

(country of the Rhine), Aargau (country of the Aar), 

Thurg-aw (district or canton of the Thur). 
Gebel. See Jebel. 
Gebirge (geh-beeR/geh). [Ger.] Mountains, mountain 

range ; as, Rieseng-efo'rg-e (giant mountains). 
Ghaut, Ghauts. [Hindoo. Compare Gate and Gatt.] 

A flight of steps, mountain pass; as, Ghauts, Balaghauts 

(beyond or above the Ghauts). 
Gihel. See JE bel. 
Glas, Glass. [Celt.] Green; as, Ardglass (green height, 

or hill), Glasgow (green wood). 
Gorod (go-rod'), Grad (grad). [Slav., allied to Eng. 

garth, and garden, q. v.] Town or city ; as, Novgorod, or 

Novigrad (new town), Belgrade, or Bolgrad (white city). 
Graf (graf), Graf (graf). [Ger.] Count; as, Grafen- 

berg (count's mountain), Gra/enhausen (count's houses, 

or town). 
Graf, Grave. [A.-S.] Intrenchment, small inclosure, 

grove ; as, Grafton, Gravesend. 
Great. [Eng.] [Fr. Grande (groN), Grand (groNd), 

It. & Sp. Gran (gran), Grande (gran'da), from Lat. 

grandis.] Great; as, Great Falls, Great Slave Lake, 

Grand Bourg (great town), Rio Grande (great river). 
Green. [Eng.] [Ger., Dan., & Norw. Gron (grb'n).] 

Green ; as, Greenfield, Gr'd wland (Greenland). 
Gros (gro), Grosse (gros). [Fr.] [Ger. Gross (gros), 

D. Groote (gro'tgh), It. & Pg. Gros'so.] Large, 

great, thick ; as, Gros Bliderstoff (Great Bliderstoff), 

Gross Glogau (great Glogau), Groote Eylandt (great isl- 
and), Monte Grosso (great hill). 
Grub (groop), Grube (groo'beh). [Ger.] Mine; as, 

Salzgrw& (salt mine). 
Guad (gwaD, or was), Guadi (gwa/Dee or wa'Dee). 

[Sp., from Arab, wad (wad), wady (wa/dee).] River ; as, 

Gwarfalquivir [Arab. Wad-al-kebeer] (the great river), 

Guadalupe (river of the bay). 

H. 

Haf en. See Haven. 

Hai, or Hay (hi). [Chin.] Sea, port; as, Whang-Aai 
(yellow sea), Shang-Acw (supreme port). 

Ham. [A.-S.] [Ger. Heim (him).] Hamlet, home, town ; 
as, Hampton (home town), OakAam (oak home), Not- 
tingham (home with caves), Waltham (home in the 
wood), BischofsAeim (bishop's home), DrontAet'ra (home 
of the throne, or court). 

Hamn. See Haven. 

Hatche, Watche. [Ind.] River. 

Haus (howss), Hausen (how'zen). [Ger.] [Dan. & 
Norw. Huus (hoos).] House, dwelling; as, SchaffAaw- 
sen (sheep-houses or folds), AggersAwus (farmer's house, 
in town). 

Haven. [Eng.] [Ger. Hafen (ha'fen), Sw. Hamn, 
(ham), Dan. Havn(hown).] Haven, harbor; as, Fair- 
haven, New Haven, FriedrichsAa/en (Frederick's haven), 



ChristinaAamn (Christina's port), Kjobenhavn [Copen- 
hagen] (commercial port). 

Hay. See Hai. 

Heilig (hi'liG), Heiligen (hl'le-gen). [Ger.] Holy ; as, 
Heiligenstadt (holy town). See San, Santa. 

Heim. See Ham. 

High. [Eng.] [Ger. Hoch (hoK), Hohe (ho'eh), Ho- 
hen (ho'hgn), D. Hoog (hoH or hoG).] High; as, 
Highgate, Highbridge, Hochberg (high mountain), Ho- 
Aenlinden (high lindens), Ifoog-eveen (high turf). 

Hithe. [A.-S.] Landing-place, port, or haven ; as, Rother- 
hithe (haven of the red height), Lambeth [for Lo&m-hithe] 
(loamy, or clayey, port). Greenhithe (haven by the green, 
or meadow). 

Ho. [Chin.] River, canal ; as, Hoang-Ao (yellow river), 
Yu-Ao (royal canal). 

Hoch, Hohe. See High. 

Hof (hof). [Ger.] Court ; as, Hof heim. (residence of tha 
court). 

Holm. [A.-S. & Norse.] Island, especially one in a lake 
or river; as, Bornholm (island fountain), FlatAoZw 
(fiat island), Stockholm (island formed by stocks o* 
piles), Holmestrand (island coast). 

Holt. [A.-S.] A wood, a copse ; as, AldersAoft, or Ald- 
ershot, Appleholt, Cherry holt, Trokenholt (dry wood). 

Hondo (on'do), Honda (on'da). [Sp.] Deep; as, Rio 
Hondo (deep river), Bahia Honda (deep bay). 

Hoog. See High. 

Hurst. [A.-S.] Thick wood or forest; as, LyndAwrsf, 
(lime forest), BradAwrs* (broad forest), BrockAwrs* (forest 
on the brook), PensAwrsi (forest on a high hill). 

Huus. See Haus. 



lie, Isle (el). [Fr.] [Pg. Ilha (eel'ya), Sp. Isla (ees'la), 
It. Isola (ge'so-la), Celt. En'nis, Inch, In'nis, from 
Lat. insula.) Island ; as, lie de France (Isle of France), 
Believe (beautiful island), Lisle (the island), llha Grande 
(large island), Isla de Leon (island of Leon), Isola Madro 
(mother island), .Ennfskillen (the kirk-town on the isl- 
and), iracAcolm (island of St. Colm, or Columba), Innis- 
tory (high island). 

Hi (ee'lee). [Turk.] Country ; as, Rumi7i, or Ronmelia 
country of the Romans). 

Inch, Innis. SeelLE. 

Ing, Inge. [A.-S.] Meadow; as, Deepmg-; also, and 
more commonly, sons of, or a family settlement ; as, 
Dorkmg-, Hastings, Ardmg-ton (town of the Ardings); 
also, in Germany, Tubmg-en, Gb'ttmg-en, &c. 

Inter. SeeENTRE. 

Inver. [Ir.] Mouth of a river ; as, Inverary (mouth of 
the Ary), Ira-uerness (mouth of the Ness). Compare ABER, 
another form of the same word. 

Isola, Isla. SeelLE. 

It. See UT. 



Jebel. [Arab.] Mountain; as, Jebel Zatout (mountain of 
apes), Jebel-al-Tarik [Gibraltar] (mountain of Tarik). 

Jeni, Yeni (yen'ee'). [Turk.] New ; as, Jeniken (new 
market), Yenishehr (new city). 

Jung (yoong). [Ger.] Young; as, Jungfr&u (young 
woman, or maiden). 



K 



Kafir, Kaffre. See Cafir. 

Kaiser (k^zer). [Ger., from Lat. Cxsar.] Caesar, env 
peror ; as, Kaiserstuhl (Caesar's throne or seat), Kaiser-. 
stadt (imperial town). 

Kara (ka/ra/). [Turk. & Tartar.] Black ; as, Karama* 
nia (country of ' ' black men "). 

Kerk, Kerke, Kerque. See KlRCHE. 

Ken, Kin. [Celt.] Cape, headland ; as, Kenwore (the 
great head), Kinnaird (the head of the heights). 

Kiang (ke-ang / ). [Chin.] River; as, Yang-tse-iftang- 
(son-of-the-sea river), Ta-kiang (great river). 

Kil,orKill. [D.] Channel, creek ; as, SchuylMZ (hid- 
den creek). 

Kil, or Kill. [Celt. ; Lat. cella.] Cell, cloister, church ; 
as, Kilkenny (church of Kenny, or St. Canice), Kilnat- 
rick (Patrick's church), Kilmore (the great church), 
Icolm&i^ (cloister or cell of St. Columba). 



^A*-&ng;a,e,o,less prolonged ;&,8,&c.,short;a,e,i,Q,obscure;c^ 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



899 



Kin. See Ken. 

King, or Kin. [Chin.] Capital, court ; as Nanking-, or 
Nan&m (southern capital), Peking or Vekin (northern 
capital). 

King. [Eng.] [A.-S. Coning, Conis, Cunning, 
Ger. Kbnig (kb v niG).] King ; as, .Kingston (king's town). 
Kingsbury, Coningsby , Coni.sborough, Cunninga&ra, 
Konigsberg (king's mountain}, Koniggr&tz (king's town). 

Kirche (keeR'keh). [Ger.] [D. Eerke (kerK'eh), 
Kerk (keRk), Fr. Kerque (keRk), Scotch Kirk.] 
Church ; as, FiinffcircAen (five churches), Bunkerque 
(church on the hill), Kirkby (church town), Kirkcud- 
bright (St. Cuthbert's church). 

Kirk. SeeKiRCHE. 

Kjoping. See Koping. 

Klein (kiln), or Kleinen (kli'nen). [Ger.] Little; as, 
Kleinenberg (little mountain). 

Konig. See King. 

Koord, Kourd, Kurd. [Per.] Strong, fierce; as, 
Koordist&n (land of the strong or fierce). 

Kopf . [Ger.] Head ; as, Schnee&o£/"(snow head, or sum- 
mit). 

Koping (chopping), or Kjoping (choking). [Sw. Com- 
pare Cheap.] Mart, place of trade, town; as, Ny kop- 
ing (new town). 

Kourd. See KOORD. 

Kreis (kris). [Ger.] Circle; as, Regierungs-ireis (gov- 
ernment circle). 

Kron, Krone. See CRON. 

Kurd. See Koord. 



L. 



Lac. [Fr., from Lat. lacus.] [It. & Sp. Lago (la/go), 
Scotch !Loch (Iok), Ir. Lough (Ioh).] Lake ; as, Lac 
des Bois (lake of the woods), Lago Maggiore (larger lake, 
with reference to that of Lugano, with which it is con- 
nected), Loch Doine (deep lake), Lough Bawn (white 
lake.) 

Lago. See Lac. 

Land. [Eng.] Land, country; as, 'England (land of the 
Angles), Iceland, Netherlands (low countries). 

Lange, Langen. See Long. 

Lauter (low'ter). [Ger.] Clear, pure ; as, Lauterbrunn 
(clear fountain). 

Law, or Low. [A.-S. hlaw.] Mound, conical hill, 
rising ground ; as, Bro&dlaw, W&rdlaw (guard hill), 
Hounslow (hounds' hill). 

Ley, or Ly. [A.-S. leah.] An open place in a wood, a 
glade, pasture, lea ; as, Alderley (amid alders), Ockley 
(amid oaKs), V&isley (moist pasture-ground). 

Licht (liKt), or Lichten (liK'ten). [Ger.] Light, clear ; 
as, Lichtenstein (clear stone), LicAfenwald (open, clear 
forest). 

Lieu (le-uh / ). [Fr., from Lat. locus.] Place; as, Beau- 
lieu (fine place). 

Lin, Lyn. [Celt.] Deep pool; as, Dublin (black pool), 
.Linlithgow (lake of the gray hound), Lynn Regis (king's 
pool). 

Lis. [Celt.] An earthen fort; as, Lismore (great fort). 

Llan (thlan). [W.] An inclosure, a church; as, Llan- 
daff (church on the Taff). 

Loch. See LAC. 

Long. [Eng.] [Fr. Long (Ion), Longue (loNg), Ger. 
Lange (lang'eh), Langen (lang'en), It. Lungo 
(loon'go), Lunga (loon y ga).] Long; as, Longford, Long 
Island, Longueil (long eye), Longweville (long town), 
Langendorf (long village), Valle<!wnga (long valley). 

Lough. See Lac. 

Low. See LAW. 

Lund (loond). [Dan. & Sw.] Grove or wood; as, 
Blumbelund, Tfrederickslund. 

Lunga, Lungo. See Long. 

Ly. See Lay. 

Lyn. See Lin. 

M. 

Magh (man). [Irish.] [W. Maes (ma/es).] A plain or 
field; as, Armagh (on the plain), ikZoesbury (town on 
the plain ). 

Mare. See Mere. 

Mark. [Eng. & Ger.] Limit, boundary; as, JkfarMorf 
(frontier village), Mar&enstein (boundary, stone), Mar- 
brook (boundary brook), Marston (boundary stone). 

Mark. [Scand.] Field, territory ; as, Ymmark (terri- 
tory of the Finns), Denmark ( territory of the Danes). 



Markt (maRkt). [Ger.] Market ; as, T&eu-markt (New- 
market), Marktbaeh (market brook). 

Meer. See Mere. 

Mere. [A.-S.] [Fr. Mer (meR), Ger. & D. Meer (meR), 
It. Mare (ma/ra), from Lat. mare.] Sea, lake, pool ; 
as, Windermere, Merton (sea town), Mer Morte (Dead 
Sea), Harlemmer Meer (sea of Harlem), Mare Grande 
(great sea). 

Mill. [Eng.] [Ger. Miihl.] Mill; as, Millbury, Mill- 
brook, -MM2hausen (mill village). 

Minster. [A.-S., from Lat. monasterium.] [Ger. Mun'- 
ster.] A monastery; as, Axminster (on the Axe), West- 
minster (west from St. Paul's, London), Munster, Mun- 
sterberg (minster mountain). 

Mond. See Month. 

Mont, Monte. See Mount. 

Mor, More. [Celt.] Great; as, Glemnore (big glen), 
Mbrven (great mountain). 

Mount. [Eng.] [Fr. Mont (moN), It. Monte (mon'- 
t5), Sp. Monte (nion'ta), Mont, from Lat. mons.\ 
Hill, mount; as, Fairmownf, Mont Blanc (white moun- 
tain), ikZbwJenegro (black mountain), .Mbnteerrat (jag- 
ged mountain). 

Mouth. [Eng.] [Ger. Mund (moont), D. Mond 
(mont).] Mouth ; as, Bxmouth (town at the mouth of 
the Exe), Plymouth (town at the mouth of the Plym), 
Tra,vemunde (mouth of the Trave), THoermond (mouth of 
the Roer). 

Miihl. See Mill. 

Mull. [Celt.] A bare headland; as, the Mull of Cantyre, 
Mull of Galloway. 

Mund. See Mouth. 

Munster. See Minster. 

N. 

Naes. See Nase. 

Nant. [Celt.] Valley ; as, Nantvrich (valley dwelling), 
Pennant (head of the valley), Nantes. 

Nas. See Nase. 

Nase, or Naze. [Eng., — a corruption of Naes.] [Norw. 
& Sw. Naes, or Nas (nas), Scotch Ness, Russ. Nos, 
from Lat. nasus.] Nose, cape, promontory ; as, the 
Naze, Naseby, Dungeness (headland of danger), Lindes- 
naes (lime cape), Fifeness (promontory of Fife), Sheer- 
ness, Whiteness, Vostochnii Nos (east cape). 

Neder. See Nether. 

Negro (na'gro), Negra (na/gra). [It., Sp., & Pg.] [It. 
also Nero (na'ro), Nera (na'ra), Fr. Noir (nwaR), 
Noire (nwaR), from Lat. niger.] Black ; as, Monte- 
negro (black mountain), Rio Negro, or Rionero (black 
river). iVegropont (black bridge), Acqua Negra (black 
water), Mer Noire (Black Sea). 

Ness. See Nase. 

Nether. [A.-S.] [Ger. Nieder (ne'deR), D. Neder 
(ua'dgR).] Lower; as, Netherby (lower dwelling or vil- 
lage)," Niederhessen (lower Hesse), Niederl&nde {nether- 
lands, or low countries). 

Neu. See New. 

Nevado (na-va'Do), Nevada (nS-va/Da). [Sp.] White 
with snow ; as, Sierra Nevada (snow-clad mountain 
chain). 

New. [Eng.] [Ger. Neu (noi), D. Nieuw (nyii), Nieu, 
Fr. Neuf (nuf), Neuve (nuv), Nouveau (noo'vo'), 
Nouvelle (noo'vel'), It. No'va, Nuovo (noo-o'vo), 
Nuova (noo-o'va), Sp. Nuevo (nwa'vo), Nueva 
(nwa/va), Russ. Novoi, or Nowoi (no-vpi'), No'vo, 
Novaia (no-vI / a), Slav. Nove, Nowe (no'va), Dan. & 
Sw. Ny (nil), from Lat. novus.] New ; as, New England, 
New Zealand, iVewbrunn (new fountain), i\Tt'ei«ppoort, or 
iWewpoort (Newport), iVew/chateau (Newcastle), Ville- 
neuve (new town), Nouveau Mexique (New Mexico), Nou- 
velle Orleans (New Orleans) Castel Nuovo (Newcastle), 
Nueva Segovia (New Segovia), Villa Nova (new town), 
Novaia Zemlia [Nova Zembla] (new country), iVo-uemiesto, 
or iVowemiesto (new town), Ny-borg (new town). 

Nieder. See Nether. 

Nieu, Nieuw. See New. 

Noir, Noire. See Negro. 

Nord, Norte. See North. 

North. [Eng.] [A.-S., Fr., & Ger. Nord, (Fr. noR, Ger. 
noRt), Sw. & Norw. Norr (noR), Sp. & Pg. Norte.] 
North ; as, JVorf^ampton (North Hampton), Northumber- 
land (North Humber land), iVbrfolk (north folk, or peo- 
ple), JVorwich (north town), Nordheim (north home), 
IVorrkjoping (northern mart), Rio del Norte (river of the 
north). 



ip;,wolf,t6"o,tdbk; firn^e^ull ; c,g,soft; -e^hard ; ag; exist; nasng;this; 5,b\u,e"e,I ) 5,s,w,B ) i>,G,H ) K ) N,R,iJ(seep. 914). 



900 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



Nos. SeeNASE. 

Nouveau,Nouvelle, Novaia,Nova, Nove, Novo, 

Novoi, Nowe, Nowoi, Nueva,Nuevo, Nuova, 

Nuovo, Ny. See New. 

O. 

6 or 6e (o'gh). [Dan. & Norw.] Island; as, Faroe 
(sheep islands), Sandb'e (sand islands). 

O'ber. [Ger.] Upper; as, Ooerhofen (upper palace or 
court). 

Ock, Oke. See Ac. 

Old. [Eng.] [A.-S. Al, Aid, A, An, El, Ger. Alt 
(alt) D. Oude (ow/deh), or Ouden (ow^den).] Old; 
as Oldham (old home), Oldtown, Alby, (old dwelling), 
Auburn (old brook), Elton (old town), ^dorf (old vil- 
lage), Oudenard (old earth, or land). 

Oost. See East. 

Ore. [Hind.] Town, village ; as, Vellore, Nellore, Tan- 

Ort. ' [Ger.] Place, hamlet, village ; as, Tiefenor* (deep 

place). 
Ost. See EAST. 
Oude, Ouden. See Old. 



Pach. See Bach. 

Para (pa'ra). [Braz.] A river; as, Parahiba, Paraguay, 

Parana. 
Panj. See Penj. 
Pas (pa). [Fr.] Strait, outlet; as, Pas a l'Outre (outer 

pass), Pas de Calais (straits of Calais). 
Pat-am', or Pat-nam'. [Hind.] Fort or town ; as, 

Seringapatawi, or Seringapatoam (town of Sriringa, i. e., 

Vishnu). 
Pang. See Bos. 

Pei(pa). [Chin.]. White ; as, Pei-ho (white river.). 
Pen. [Celt.] See Ben. 
Pena (pen'ya). [Sp.] [Pg. Penha (pen'ya).] A rock; 

as, Caho de Penas (cape of rocks), Penka. 
Penj, Panj, or Punj. [Per.] Five; as, Penj&b, or 

Punj&ub (five rivers, i. e., the country watered by them), 

Pe?y'shehr (five castles, or towns). 
Pie. See Polis. 
Pog, Pang, Bog. [Ind.] Pond, lake, fresh standing 

Point. [Eng. & Fr.]. [It. & Sp. Punta (poon'ta), Pg. 
Ponta (pon'ta), from Lat. punctum.] Point, cape, head- 
land; as, Point Judith, Point aux Trembles (trembling 
point), Punta di Piedra (stony point), Ponta Delgada (fine 
point). 

Po'lis, Pol, Poli, or Boli, Pie, or Ble. [Gr. (ttoAis), 
Buss., & Turk.] City; as, NicopoKs (city of victory), 
SevastopoZ (city of Augustus), Tripoli or Trieboli [Tripo- 
lis] (three cities, — Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus having joined 
in establishing it), GrenooZe [Lat. Gratianopolis] (city of 
Gratian). 

Pont (pon). [W. & Fr.] [It. & Pg. Ponte (pon'ta), 
Sp. Puente (pwen'ta), from Lat. pons.] Bridge; as, 
Negropont (black bridge), PonZefract, or Pomfret (broken 
bridge), Pont l'Abbe (bridge of the abbot), Ponte di Leg- 
no (bridge of wood), Puente de Genii (bridge on the Ge- 
nii.) 

Ponta. See Point. 

Poor, Poo'ra, Pore. [Hind., from Skr. pura, related 
to Gr. 7t6A.is.] Town, city ; as, Cawnpoor [Khanpoor] 
(city of a khan), Serampore (city of prosperity). 

Poo'tra, Pou'tra. [Skr.] Son ; as, Brahmapootra (son 
of Brahma)'.' 

Port. [Eng.] [It. & Pg. Por'to, Sp. Puerto (pweR/- 
to), from Lat. portus.] Haven or port; as, Bridgeport, 
Portland, Porto Ercole [Lat. Herculis Portus] (port of 
Hercules), Puerto Rico (rich port). 

Pres, Prest. [A.-S.] A priest; as, Preston and Pres- 
burg (town of a priest), Prestv/ich (priest's dwelling). 

Puebla (pweb'la), or Pueblo (pweb'lo). [Sp.] Town 
or city ; as, Puebla Nueva (new town), Pueblo Viejo (old 
town). 

Puente. See Pont. 

Puerto. See PORT. 

Punj. See Penj. 

Punta. See Point. 

Putra. See Pootra. 



Q. 



Quatre (kat'r). [Fr.] Four ; as, Quatre Bras (four arms). 
Quente (ken'ta). [Pg.] Hot ; as, Agoa Quente (hot 
spring). 

R. 

Rajah, or Raja (ra/ja). [Skr.] King, royal; as, Rajah- 

putra (son of the king), Rajahgor (royal fortress), Rajah- 

poor (royal city). 
Ras (ras). [Arab.] Head, headland, cape; as, Pas-el- 

Abiad (white cape), Pas-el-Tafal (chalk cape). 
Real, Reale. See Royal. 
Reich (riK). [Ger.] Kingdom ; as, Oesterreich [Austria] 

(kingdom of the East [i. e., of the Franks]). 
Reich (riK), or Reichen (rj/Kgn). [Ger.J [Sp. & Pg. 

Rico (ree'ko), Rica (ree'ka).] Rich ; as, Pez'c/istadt 

(rich town), Costa Rica (rich coast), Porto Rico (rich 

port). 
Rica, Rico. See Reich. 
Ridge, Rig. [A.-S. hrycg. See RIDGE in Diet.] Ridge, 

back; as, Rigby (ridge village), Ri gton (ridge town), 

Hawker/age. 
Riese (ree'za), Riesen (ree'zen). [Ger.] Giant, giants ; 

as, Riesengebirge (giant mountains). 
Rio (ree'o). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Riviere (re've-eR')-] 

River ; as, Rio Colorado (colored river, from the deep 

red tinge of its waters), Rio Grande (great river), Trois 

Rivieres (three rivers). 
Roche (rosh). [Fr.] [It. & Lat. of the middle ages, 

Roc'ca.] Rock, fortress ; as, Rochefort (strong fortress), 

Rocca Nova (new fortress). 
Ross. [Celt.] A promontory, headland, or bluff; a 

height or summit ; as, Kinross (head of the promontorj), 

Melrose (naked promontory), Poa-burgh [Possburgh] (the 

castle on a promontory). 
Rosso. [It,] [Ger, Roth (rot), Rothen (ro'ten), Fr. 

Roux(roo), Rouge (roozh).] Red ; as, Castel Rosso, 

or ChateauroMx (red castle), Rothenthurm (red tower), 

Mer Powg-e (Red Sea). 
Roth, Rothen, Roux, Rouge. See Rosso. 
Royal. [Eng.] [Sp. & Pg. Real (ra-aP), It. Reale, 

(ra-a/la), from Lat. regalis.] Royal; as, Royalton, Port 

Royal, Villa Real (royal town), Montreal, or Monte Reale, 

(Mount Royal). 
Run (roo), Ruhe (roo'eh). [Ger.] Rest ; as, C&rlsruhe 

(Charles's rest, or resting-place). 



Sable (sa/bl). [Fr.] Sand ; as, Riviere au Sable (sandy 
river), Cape Sable (sandy cape). 

Saint. [Eng.] [Fr. Saint (sSn), Sainte (saNt), It. & Sp. 
San (san), Santa (san'ta), Ger. Sanct (sankt), from 
Lat. sanctus.} Saint; as, Saint or St. Johns, St. Hel- 
ena, St. Pierre (St. Peter), San Juan (St. John), Sainte 
Croix, or Santa Cruz (holy cross), Sanct Hubert (St. 
Hubert). 

Salado, Sale, or Salee. See Salt. 

Salt. [Eng.] [Sp. Salado (sa-la-'Do),Fr. Sale (sa'la'), 
or Salee (sa'la), Ger. Salz (salts), from Lat. sal.] Salt ; 
as, Salt River, Salt Lake, Rio Salado (salt river), Riviere 
Salee (salt river), Salzburg (salt castle), Salzgrub (salt 
mine). 

Salz. See Salt. 

San, Sanct, Santa. See Saint. 

Sarai. See Serai. 

Saut, Sault (so). [Fr.] Water-fall ; as, Sault Ste. Ma- 
rie (falls of St. Mary). 

Sear. [Norse. See Scar in the Diet.] A precipitous 
bank of earth, a cliff; as .Scarborough, the Skerries. 

Schloss (shlos). [Ger.] Castle ; as, Schlossberg (castle 
hill.) 

Schnee (shna). [Ger.] Snow ; as, Schneeberg (snow 
mountain). 

Schon (shbn). [Ger.] Beautiful ; as, Schonbrunn (beau- 
tiful spring, or fountain), Schbnberg (beautiful mountain, 
or hill). 

Schuylen (skoi'lgn). [D.] To hide ; as, Schuylkill (hid- 
den creek). 

Schwarz, or Schwartz (shwaRts). [Ger.] Black; as, 
Schwarz wald (black forest), Schwarzenberg (black moun- 
tain). 



1ifi,&c.,long; &,e,o,less prolonged; a,e,&c.,s/jor£; a,e,i,Q,o6scwre / care,far,ask,all,what; gre,veil,tSrm; p'ique,fTna; s6n,or, 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



901 



Scrob, Scrobb. [A.-S.] A shrub or bush ; hence, 

Shropshire, Shrewsbury [ Scrobbesbyrig] (Shrubborough). 

See (za). [Ger.] [D. Zee.] Sea or lake ; as, Thuner 

See [Lake of Thun], Zeeland [Zealand] (sea land, i. e., 

land nearly or quite surrounded by the sea). 

Semlia (sem'le-a). [Slav.] Land ; as, Novaia Semlia or 

Zemlia [Nova Zembla] (New land). 
Sepe, Sippi. [Ind.] River. 

Serai (ser-P), or Sarai (sar-i'). [Turk. & Tartar.] A pal- 
ace ; as, Bosnia Serai (the Bosnian palace), 3aktchise- 
rai (palace of the gardens). 
Serra. See Sierra. 
Set. [A.-S. seta.] A settlement ; as, Dorset (settlement of 

the Zhtrotriges, or dwellers by the water), Somerset. 
Sex. [Eng.] [Ger. Sachs (saks).] Saxon; as, Sussex 
(kingdom of the " South Saxons "), Essex (East Saxons), 
Sachsen. (Saxony' 
Shaw. [A.-S. sceaga.] A shady place, a wood ; as, Brad- 
shaw (broad wood). 

Shehr. See Cheher. 

Shire. [A.-S., from sciran, to shear, divide.] A county ; 
as, Cheshire (for Chestershire), Lancashire (for Lancaster- 
shire). 

Shrew, Shrop. See Scrob. 

Sieg (zeeG). [Ger.] Victory ; as, Siegberg, or <Si'eg-esberg 
(mountain of victory). 

Sierra (se-eR/Ra). [Sp., from Lat. serra, a saw, on ac- 
count of the resemblance of a chain of mountains to the 
teeth of a saw ; by some, however, derived from the Ar. 
sehrah, an uncultivated tract.] [Pg. Ser'ra.] Mountain 
ridge or range ; as, Sierra Blanca (white mountain ridge), 
Sierra Leone (the lion's range), Sierra Nevada (snowy 
mountain ridge). 

Sippi. See Sepe. 

Sk, Skoe. [Russ.] An adjective suffix denoting a town 
or village; as, Tobolsk (town on the Tobol), Loogans&oe 
(town on the Loogan). 

Slav. [Russ.] A prefix or suffix denoting the habitation 
of Slaves, or Slavonians ; as, Slavoota, Y&voslav. 

South. [Eng., from A.-S. suth, suther.] [Ger. Slid (siit), 
D. Zuyd (zoit), or Zuyder (zoi'der), Sp. Sud (sood), 
or Sur (soor), Pg. Sul (sool).] South ; as, Southamp- 
ton. (South Hampton), Southw&rk, Sutherland, Sudbu- 
fy, iSitaJ-America (South America), Zuyder Zee (" South 
Sea," as contradistinguished from the North Se$), San 
Juan del Sud (San Juan of the South), Rio Grande de 
Sid (Rio Grande of the South). 

Stad. See Stadt. 

Stadt (stat). [Ger.] [Dan. & Sw. Stad [stad], D. Stad 
(stat).] Town; as, C&rlstadt [Charlestown] , Christian- 
slad (Christian's town), Frederiksfatf (Frederick-town). 

Stan ( stan). [Per.] Country ; as, HindosJan (country of 
the Hindoos), Koordistan. (country of the Khoords), 
Turkisfan (country of the Turks). 

Stan. See Stone. 

Sted, Stead, or Stede. [A.-S.] A station, home, 
town ; as, H&mnstead [Hamstead] (homestead), llorstead, 
or Korsted (Horsa's town). Cf. Ger. STADT. 

Steen. See Stone. 

Steth. [A.-S.] Bank of a river; as, Bickersteth, Toxteth. 

Stein. See Stone. 

Stock, Stoke, Stol, Stow. [A.-S.sZoc] A stockaded 
place, a place, seat, dwelling; as, Woodstock (woody 
place), T&yistock (place on the Tavy), Stockbridge (dwell- 
ing by the bridge), Bishopsfo&e, Bristol [Bricgstow] 
(bridge place), Br&dstow (the broad place), Chepstow 
(market place). 

Stone. [Eng] [A.-S. Stan, Ger. Stein (stin), D. 
Steen (stan).] Stone ; as, Stoneh&m, Stanton, or 
Staun ton (stony town), Steinh&ch (stony brook), Ehren- 
breitstein (honor's broad stone), Steenkerke (stone 
church). 

Stow. See Stock. 

Strasse. See Strat. 

Strat. [A.-S.] [Ger. Strasse (stras'seh), from Lat. 
strata.] Street, way, road ; as, Stratford (ford by the 
street), Stratton (town on the public road), Strassbourg 
(town or castle on the highway.) 

Strath. [Gael.] Long and broad valley ; as, Strath- 
more (great valley), Strathe&m (valley of the Earn), 
Strathspey (valley of the Spey). 

Strom (strttm). [Ger.] Stream, current ; as, Malsfro'm 
(mill stream; — so called from its whirling or eddying 
motion). 

Sud, Sud, Sul, Sur. See South. 

Sund (soont or sooDd). [Ger., Dan., & Sw.] Sound or 
strait; as, S'or&lsund (the town on the "sound" of 
StraleJ. 



Ta. [Chin.] Great ; as, Ta-kiang (great river), Ta-shan 

(great mountain). 
Ta^Bi. See Dagh. 

cBiamg. [Chin.] Middle; as, Tchang-lLOoe (middle 

kingdom), the native name of China. 

elzoo. See Chow. 
Terra. See Tierra. 
Thai. See Dale. 
Thorpe, Throp, Trop. [A.-S.] A village; as, Al- 

thorpe (old village), Edmnndsthrop (Edmund's village) 

H&uthorp (village of the haven). Compare Ger. Dorf ' 
Thurm. See Torre. 
Thwaite. [A.-S.] A forest clearing, a pasture; as 

Bumthwaite (brook pasture), Brant hwaite. 
Tier'ra (te-eR'Ra). [Sp.] [It., Pg., & Lat. Ter'ra] Earth 

or land ; as, Tierra, or Terra, del Fuego (land of fire.) 
Tod. [A.-S.] Fox; as, Todburn (fox brook), IWfield 

(field of the fox). ; ' 

Toft. [Dan.] [Norm. Fr. Tot (to).] A homestead, in- 

closure ; as, Lowestoft, Yvetot (Ivo's inclosure), Plume- 

tot (flower inclosure). 
Ton. See Town. 
Torre (toR'Ra). [It., Sp., & Pg., from the Lat. turris.] 

[Ger. Thurm (tooRm).] A tower; as, Torres Vedras 

(old towers], Torres Novas (new towers), Rothenthiirm 

(red tower). 
Town. [Eng.] [A.-S. Ton.] A town, village ; as, Wa- 

tertoivn, Gh&rlestoivn, Norton (north town), Brighton. 

(Brighthelm's town), Boston (Botolph's town), Sutton, 

(south town), Langton (long town). — See Dun. 
Tre. [Celt.] A place, dwelling ; as, Treborough, IVeton, 

IVedegar, TVecastle. 
Tricht (triKt), or Trecht (treKt). [D.,from Lat. tra- 

jectus.] A passage ; as, M&estricht [Lat. Mosae Trajectus] 

(the passage of the Meuse), Utrecht [Lat. Ultra Trajec- 

tum] (beyond " the passage " of the Rhine). 
Trois (trwa). [Fr.] Three ; as, Trois Rivieres (three 

rivers). 
Trop. See Thorpe. 
Tuk, Tuck. [Ind.] A wide river or estuary where the 

water is rough. 

U. 

TJnter (dbn'ter). [Ger.] Under, lower, also, among; 

as, Unterw&lden (among the woods). 
Ut, It, At. [Ind.] The locative inflection, signifying at 

or in a place. 

V- 

Val (val), Valle (vaPla). [It.] [Sp. Valle (vaPla), 
"Val (val), 0. Fr. Vau (vo), from Lat. vallis.] A valley ; 
as, Val d'Arno (valley of the Arno), Fa^eHerinoso( beau- 
tiful valley), Vaucluse (closed valley). 

Var (vaR). [Hung.] Fortified place ; as, Temesvar (for- 
tification on the Temes), Uj Var (new fort). 

Vau- See Val. 

Vecchio (vek'ke-o), Tecchia (vek'ke-a) [It.] [Pg. 
"Velho (vePyo), Sp. "Viejo (ve-a'Ho) Vieja (ve-a/Ha), 
Fr. Vieux (ve-r/lP), Vieille (ve-eP)-] Old; as, Porto 
Vecchio (old port), Civita Vecchia (old city), Villa Velha 
(old town), Puerto Viejo (old port), Vieux Conde (old 
Conde). 

Veld. See Field. 

Velho. See Vecchio. 

Ven. See Ben. 

Vero (va/ro), Vera (va'ra). [Sp., Pg., & It., from Lat. 
verus.) True; as, Vera Cruz (true cross). 

Vieja, Viejo, Viulle, Vieux. See Vecchio. 

Villa. (It. & Pg. viPla, or veePla; Sp. veePya.) [It., 
Sp., & Pg.] [Fr. Ville (vel), from Lat. villa.] A town; 
as, VillanuoYa,, Villa Nova, or ViUeneuye (new town). 



W. 



"Wad (wad), or Wady (wa/dee). [Arab.] A valley, ra- 
vine, or river; as, Wady Moosa, (valley of Moses), Wad-el- 
Keeber [Guadalquivir]. See GuAD. 

Wald, Walt, Weald, Wold, Would. [A.-S.] [Ger. 
Wald (wait), or Walde (waPdeh).] Woodland; a 
wild, uncultivated land ; as, Wa^ham (woodland home), 



dQ,wolf,to"o,tdbk ; urn,rue,pull ; c_,g,so/i! ; -e, g, hard; as. ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,b',u,£e ,1,5, s,w,B,D,Gf,H,K,N,R,rj (seep. 914). 



902 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



Warden, Coxwold, Kingswoulde, Schwaxzwald (black 

forest). 
Wat. See Wad. 
Watche. SeeHATCHE. 
Weiler (wl'ler ). [Ger.] An abode, a hamlet or Tillage ; 

as Ba&enweiler (village of baths). 
Weiss (wis), or Weissen (wi'sen). [Ger.] White; as, 

Weisskirch (white church), Weissenburg (white fort, or 

town), Weissenfels (white rock). 
West. [Eng. & Ger.] West; as, Westford, Westneld, 

Westhofea (western court). 
Wich, Wick. [A.-S., related to Lat. vicus.] A town ; 

also, a small creek, a bay, or harbor, a reach or straight 

portion of a river between bends ; as, Greemm'cA (green 

reach), Norwich (north village), Sandwich (town on the 

sand), Warwick (garrison town), WboZwich (hill reach, 

from its being overhung by Shooter's hill), Sleswnc 

[Schleswig], (village on the Schley). 
Wold. See Wald. 
Wood. [A.-S.] Wood; as, Norwood (North wood), 

Westwood (west wood). 
Worth. [A.-S. & Ger.] A mansion, manor, town ; as, 



Al&worth (old mansion), Taraworth (town on the Tame), 
Bosivorth (St. Botolph's town), Kem\worth (mansion or 
manor on the canal or ditch), Kbaigsworth (king's man- 
sion or town). 
Would. See Wald. 



Yang. [Chin.] Male, strong ; as, Yarag-fcse-kiang (male 

child, or son of the ocean). 
Yar. [Celt. Garw, Garaw]. Rapid, rowgh, turbid; 

as Yare, Yarmouth, Yarrow, also, Garry, Garonm. 
Yeni. See Jeni. 



Zee. See See. 

Zemlia. See SEMLIA. 

Zuyd, or Zuyder. See South. 



n. A BRIEF ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION. 



A. 



Aachen, Aar. See Part I. 

Aberdeen. See Aber, Part I. 

Abyssinia. From the Hawash, one of its chief rivers. 

Accomac. [Ind.] Land on the other side, or beyond 
(the water). 

Adirondack. [Ind.] The Iroquois name of the Algon- 
quins, signifying "he eats bark." 

Adrianople. Named after the Emperor Hadrian, or 
Adrian, its founder. See POLIS in Part I. 

Adriatic. Sea of Adrian, or Hadrian. 

Af f ghanistan. The country of the Affghans. 

Agamenticus. [Ind.] On the other side of the river. 

Agawam. [Ind.] Lowland, marsh, or meadow ; also, a 
place below, or down-stream, with reference to some 
place above, or up-stream. 

Agiochook. [Ind.] Place of the spirit of the pines. 

Agulhas. [Pg.] " Needles," from its pointed shape. 

Aix-la-Chapelle. See Acqua in Part I. 

Akbarabad. See Abad, Part I. [in Part I. 

Albania. From its snowy mountain ranges. See Alb 

Albany. Probably the same as Albyn, or Albainn, the 
Celtic name of Scotland, meaning " country of heights." 
Albany, N. Y., was named in honor of the Duke of York 
and Albany, afterward James II., at the time it came 
into possession of the English, in 1664. 

Albuquerque. Sp.,from Lat. alba, white, quercus, oak. 

Alcala. [Ar. al kaPah.] The castle. 

Alcantara. See Al in Part I. 

Aleutian Islands. From Russ. aleut, a "bald rock." 

Alessandria. Named after Pope Alexander. 

Alexandria. Named after Alexander the Great. 

Algarve. The west. 

Algesiras, Algiers. [Arab. Al Jezair.] The island, 
the peninsula. 

Alhambra. [Ar. kaYa-al-hamra.] The red castle. 

Alleghany. [Ind.] River of the Alligewi. 

Almaden. [Arab.] The mines. 

Alps. See Alb in Part I. 

Alsace, or Alsatia. The " other seat," or the abode of 
the German settlers west of the Rhine. 

Altai. See Alta in Part I. 

Altamaha. [Ind.] The place of the village ; where the 
village is. 

Amazon. From Amassona, the Indian name, signify- 
ing " boat destroyer," in allusion to the great height and 
violence of the tide. It was named Amazon by Francisco 
d'Orellana, in 1580, from the companies of women in 
arras which he professed to have seen upon the banks. 
Probably the Indian name of the river may have sug- 
gested to him the fable of the Amazons. 



America. Named after Amerigo Vespucci, who, in 
1499, landed upon the continent south of the equator, 
which Columbus had discovered in the preceding year. 
The name first occurs in a narrative published at St. Die, 
in Lorraine, in 1507, and attributed to Vespucci, though 
it was issued without his consent or knowledge. 

Amiens. Lat. Ambianum, from ambientibus aquis, be- 
cause surrounded by water. 

Ammonoosuc [Ind.] Fish-story river. 

Amoy. A corruption of Chinese Heamun, pronounced 
by the natives, Ha-moy. Hea is the name of a dynasty. 

Anatolia. From Gr. avaTokq, the rising, the east ; — ap- 
plied usually to Asia Minor, or the Levant. 

Ancona. From Gr. ayicuv, elbow, angle, named from its 
position in an angle of the coast. 

Andalusia. Probably a corruption of Vandalusia, i. e., 
country of the Vandals ; some scholars, however, are of 
opinion that it is from an Arabic source, and means 
" region of the evening." 

Andes. From Peruvian anta, signifying copper, or metal 
in general. 

Androscoggin. From Ind. amaskohegan " fish- 
spearing." 

Annan. Peace of the south. 

Annapolis. " Anne's city " ; — named in honor of 
Queen Anne, who bestowed several valuable presents on 
the town. 

Antigua. [Sp.] Old ; ancient. " 

Antwerp. The town which sprang up " at the wharf." 

Appalachicola. [Ind.] Town of the Appalachites. 

Appledore. [Apple and Celt, dwr, water.] " Apple 
water." Appledore was once a maritime town. 

Archangel. Named after Michael, the archangel. 

Ardennes. The "great forest," on the frontiers of 
Belgium and France. 

Argyll. [Gael.] Country of the Gael. 

Arizona. Sand hills. 

Arkansas. From Kansas, with the French prefix of 
arc, a bow. 

Aries. [Celt, ar-laeth.] The town " upon the marsh." 

Armagh. [Celt.] The town " on the plain." 

Armorica. [Celt.] The land " upon the sea." 

Arras. A corruption of Atrebatum Trajectus, the passage 
of the Atrabates. 

Aroostook. [Ind.] Good river. 

Arve. See Part I. 

Ascension. Named by Albuquerque, on his voyage to 
India, in 1503, probably from having been seen on Ascen- 
sion day. 

Ascutney. [Ind.] Fire mountain, from having been 
burned over. 

Asia. According to Pott from the Sanskrit ushas, land of 
the dawn. 



i,e,&c. Jong ; a,e,o, less prolonged ; a,e, &c. ,short; a,e,i,2, obscure ; care,far,ask,aU,what; ere.veil,tSrm; pique,firm; son,or 9 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



903 



Assiniboin. [Ind.] Stone Sioux, a wandering band 

of the Sioux. 
Astrakhan. The dominion or district of a khan ; ac- 
cording to some, of a Tartar king, Astra khan, who gave 

it his name. 
Asturia. [Basque asta, a rock, and ura, water.] From 

its mountains and estuaries. 
Atchaf alaya. [Ind.] Long river. 
Athabasca. [Ind.] Swampy. 
Athens. City of Minerva, from Gr. 'A&rjvn, Minerva, or 

Pallas, goddess of wisdom, the tutelary goddess of the 

city. 
Atlantic. From Gr. AtAcivtikos 7reAayos, i. e., the " sea 

beyond Mount Atlas." 
Atlas (Mts.). Said to have been derived from Atlas, king 

of Mauritania, who, according to ancient fable, support- 
ed the heavens upon his shoulders. 
Attica. [Gr.] The promontory. 
Augsburg. See Augusta, Part I. 
Aukland. Oakland. 
Aurungabad. See Abad, Part I. 
Australia. From Lat. australis, southern. 
Austria. Lat. form of the Ger. Oesterreich, " Eastern 

Empire," so called in contradistinction from the western 

dominions of Charlemagne. 
Autun. A corruption of its Latin name, Agustodunum 

(town of Augustus). 
Auverne. Probably from Celt, arfearann, the " high 

country." 
Azores. Port, agores, pi. of ag or, a hawk ; so called from 

the great number of hawks found there. 



B. 



Bactria. [Per. balchtar.] The east. 

Badajoz- A corruption of the Latin name Pax Augusta. 

Balaklava. Corruption of Ital. bella chiave, " beauti- 
ful quay." The town was founded by the Genoese. 

Bale. See Basel, infra. 

Balearic. From Gr. fi&Weiv, to throw, because the in- 
habitants were noted slingers. 

Balize. A corruption of Waliz, a name given by the 
Spaniards to the place, from its having been discovered 
and resorted to by an English pirate named Wallace. 

Baltic. Sea of " belts " or " straits," from Celtic and 
Norse bait or belt, belt. 

Baltimore. Named after Lord Baltimore, who settled 
the province of Maryland in 1635. 

Banda Oriental. [Sp.] East bank (of the Uruguay), 
or*eastern frontier ; — so called by the Buenos Ayreans, 
because this country separated them to the eastward 
from Brazil. 

Bangor. [A. -S. or Gael.] " High choir." "Malgo Co- 
nan, not long after (A. D. 516), built a city, which, for 
the beauty of its situation, he called Ban-cor, i. e., the 
high or conspicuous choir." 

Barbadoes. Said to have derived its name from the 
long beard-like streamers (Lat. barba, beard) of moss 
hanging from the branches of the trees. 

Barbary. [Arab.] From the Berbers, an appellation by 
which the Arabs designated the people of this region be- 
fore the Saracen conquest. The e seems to have been 
changed into a from a desire to establish a connection 
with the Greek word /3apjSapoi, or barbarians. 

Barcelona. A corruption of its Latin name Barcino, 
from Hamilcar Barca (the father of Hannibal), by whom 
it is said to have been refounded. 

Basle, or Bale. The queenly city, from Gr. |3acriAeia. 

Batavia. The good land. 

Baton Rouge. " Red staff." It is said that when the 
place was first settled, there was growing on the spot a 
cypress (the bark of which tree is of a reddish color) of 
immense size and prodigious height, entirely free from 
branches, except at its very top. One of the settlers 
playfully remarked that this tree would make a hand- 
some cane ; whence the place has since been called Baton 
Rouge. 

Bavaria. [Lat.] Anciently Boiaria; i. e., the country 
of the Bolt. 

Behring's Strait. Named by Captain Cook after Vi- 
tus Behring, by whom it was discovered in 1728. 

Bergen. Probably from Dan. bierg (Ger. berg), a moun- 
tain, it being surrounded on the land side by high moun- 
tains. 

Bermudas. Named after Juan Bermudez, who discov- 
ered them in 1527. 

Berne. From Ger. bar en, pi. of bar, a bear, which ani 



mal figures on the armorial bearings of the town, and on 
its fountains, public buildings, &c. 

Berwick. Estuary town. See Aber and Wick in 
Part I. 

Birmingham. [A.-S.] Home of the Bermarings or de- 
scendants of Bermar. 

Bohemia. [Lat.] Anciently Boiohemum (Boi-hsiml 
the home of the Boii. 

Bokhara. " Treasury of Sciences." 

Bolivia. Named after General Simon Bolivar. 

Bombay. See Bay, in Part I. 

Boothia Felix. Named in honor of Sir Felix Booth. 

Borneo. From the Sanskrit Bhurni, or Bhoorni, land, 
the name of its principal city, applied by Europeans to 
the whole island. 

Bosphorus. From Gr. /3ovs, and 7r6pos,ox-ford or cow- 
ford ; or from /Sous, and $e'peii>, to bear, because, accord- 
ing to the legend, Io, changed into a cow, was born* 
over this strait. 

Boston. Originally St. Botolph\t town. 

Botany Bay. So named from the great variety of new 
plants found there by Captain Cook in 1770. 

Brabant. [Anciently Brach-bant.] Plowed land, from 
0. H. Ger. pracha, plowing, and bant, a district. 

Brazil. From the Portuguese name of the red dye-wood 
exported from the country. 

Bridgewater. A corruption of Burgh Walter, the 
castle of Walter of Douay. one of the companions of Wil- 
liam the Conqueror. 

Bristol. 

Bruges. See Stock, in Part I. 

Brunn. Derived from its native name, Bron, i. e., ford. 

Bucharest. " City of enjoyment." 

Buckingham. Home of the Bucings, or descendants 
of Buc. 

Buda. See Bud, Part I. 

Bulgaria. [Lat.] Country of the Volgarians, or Huns. 

Burgos. Probably from the same root as Ger. burg, a 
tower, or castle. 

C. 

Cadiz. From Lat. Gades, a corruption of Phen. Gadir, 
signifying " shut in," " inclosed." 

Cairo. [Arab. El Kahireh.] The victorious. 

Calcutta. The ghaut or landing-place of Kali, the god- 
dess of time. 

Calicut. Of the same origin as Calcutta. 

California. A name given by Cortes, in the year 1535, 
to the peninsula now called Lower or Old California, of 
which he was the discoverer. He probably took it from 
the old Spanish romance of " Esplandian," by Garcia 
Ordonez de Montalvo, which was first published in 1510. 
In this work, the name is given to an imaginary island 
" on the right hand of the Indies, very near to the Ter- 
restrial Paradise," abounding in great treasures of gold. 
The root of the word is perhaps the Sp. califa, caliph, 
from the Arabic khalifah, successor, from khalafa, to 
succeed, the caliphs being the acknowledged successors 
of Mohammed. In some old geographies, California is 
laid down as an island. 

Cambray, or Cambrai. [Lat. Camaracum.] Derived 
by some from the number of caverns (in 0. Gaul cam- 
bres), where the inhabitants were wont to put their gooda 
for safety. 

Camden. See Den in Part I. 

Canada. [Ind.] A collection of huts ; a village ; a town. 

Canandaigua. [Ind.] A town set off or separated 
(from the rest of the tribe). 

Canterbury. [A.-S.] The burgh of the men of th« 
headland. 

Canton. [Chin.] Kwang-tung, " large-east " city ; 
properly, the name of the province of Canton, but applied 
by Europeans to the town itself. 

Cape Breton. Discovered by mariners from Brittany, 
or Bretagne. 

Cape Colonna. From the white columns of a ruined 
temple which served as a landmark to the Genoese and 
Venetian seamen. 

Cape Horn. So called by Schouten, its discoverer, in 
1616, in honor of his birthplace, Hoorn (hoRn), in the 
Netherlands. 

Cape of Good Hope. [Pg. Cabo de Boa Esperanga.] 
Named by John II., King of Portugal, who regarded it 
as the goal of the circumnavigation of the African conti- 
nent. 

Cape Verde. The green cape. 



^8, wolf, tot> ,t<5bk ; urn,rue,pull ; c,g,so/i!; v,g,hard; ag ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; 5,b,u,ee,I,S,s } w,B,D,G,H^,N,E,r;(seep. 914). 



904 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



Capri Formerly Caprex [Lat. capra, a goat], from hay- 
ing been famous for its wild goats. 
Carisbrooke. [Anciently Wiht-gara-byrig.] The burg 

of the men of Wight. [chard. 

Carmel. [Heb.] Vine of God ; otherwise, a garden, or- 
Carnarvon. [Gael. Cxr-yn-ar-Fon.] The stronghold 

opposite to Mona (or Anglesea). 
Carpathians. From the Slavonic gora, a mountain, or 

chabat, a mountain range. 
Carpentaria. From Carpenter, a Dutch captain who 

discovered it in 1606. 
Carthage. [Phen.] The new town. 
Carthagena. A corruption of Carthago Nova, or New 
Casco. [Ind.] " Crane." [Carthage. 

Cassel. A corruption of its Lat. name Castellum, a 

castle. 
Castile. From Lat. Castellum , a fort or castle; named 

from the numerous forts erected for its defense against 

the Moors. 
Catskill Mts. [D. Katzkill.] So called from the pan- 
thers or lynxes that formerly infested them. 
Cattaraugus. [Ind.] Bad-smelling shore. 
Cayuga. [Ind.] Long lake. 
Carolina- Originally named after Charles IX., of France. 

The name fell into disuse, and was afterward revived in 

the time of Charles II. of England. 
Caroline Islands. Named by Lopez de Villalobos, in 

1543, after Charles V. 
Caucasus. Said to be a corruption of a Scythian word, 

meaning " white mountain." 
Ceylon. From Pg. selen, or Ceilao, a corruption of Sin- 

haladwipa, i. e., the island of the lions. 
Chaleurs. [Fr.] Bay of heats, so called an account of 

the extreme heat at the time of its discovery. 
Champlain. Named from a French naval officer, Sam- 
uel Champlain, who discovered it in 1609. 
Charleston (S. C). Named after Charles I., of England. 
Chatauqua. [Ind.] Corruption of an Indian phrase, 

signifying " foggy place." 
Chattahoochee. [Ind.] Figured, or painted, stone. 
Chemung. [Ind.] Big-horn ; — from a fossil tusk found 

in the river. 
Chesapeake. [Ind.] Great waters. 
Chesuncook. [Ind.] Great goose lake. 
Chicago. French form of an Indian word signifying a 

skunk ; also, a wild onion, from its strong and disagreea- 
ble odor. 
Chichester. [Anciently Cissanceaster.] The fortress of 

Cissa, who, according to the old chronicle, succeeded in 

taking the old Roman city, and made it the capital of 

his kingdom of the South Saxons. 
Chicopee. [Ind.] Cedar-tree; otherwise, birch-bark 
Chili. [Peruv.] Land of snow. [place. 

Chimborazo. [Sp.] A chimney. 
China. Probably from the dynasty of Thsin, in the third 

century before Christ, when the first knowledge of the 

country was conveyed to Xhe West. 
Christiana. Named after Christian IV., of Denmark, 

by whom it was rebuilt. 
Chuquisaca. [Ind.] From Choque Sana, i.e., bridge 

of gold, from the treasures formerly carried across the 

river at this point to Cuzco, the town of the Incas. 
Cincinnati. Named by Gen. St. Clair after the society 

of the Cincinnati. 
Clyde. [Gael, clith.] The " strong " river. 
Coblentz. From Lat. Confluentes, so called from its sit- 
uation at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle. 
Cocheco. [Ind.] Very rapid or violent ; — applied to 

falls or rapids on various streams. 
Cochituate. [Ind.] Land on or near falls, or rapid 
Cohasset. [Ind.] Place of pines. [streams. 

Cologne. From Lat. Colonia, a colony, its original 

name being Colonia Agrippina, given it by Agrippina, 

mother of Nero, who was born here. 
Colorado. [Sp.] Red or colored. 
Columbia. Named after Christopher Columbus. 
Connecticut. [Ind. Qunni-tuk-ut.] The country 

" upon the long river." 
Constance. Named after its founder, Constantius, father 

of Constantine the Great. 
Constantinople. City of Constantine. See Polis, 
Contoocook. [Ind.] Crow river. [in Part I. 

Coos. [Ind.] A place of pines. 
Cordilleras. [Sp. cordillera.] A chain or ridge of 

mountains. 
Cordova (Anciently Cortuba). Either from cateba, an 

olive press, or from Kartha Baal, the city of Baal. 
Corea. From the Japanese name Ko-rai (ko-ri 7 ). 



Cork. [Ir.] A moor, a marsh. 

Cornwall. Kingdom of the Welsh of the Horn. 

Coromandel. Country of the Chola, an ancient dynas- 
ty of India. The Hind, mandal, mandul, signifies a cir- 
cle, district, country. 

Corpus Christi. [Lat.] Body of Christ. 

Corrientes. [Sp.] A current. There is a strong cur- 
rent off the capes of this name. 

Corsica. [Phen.] " The " wooded " island. 

Costa Rica. See Costa in Part I. 

Cracow. Named after Krak, Prince of Poland, by 
whom it was founded about the year 700. 

Crimea. From Gr. Kiju/xepi/cov, the ancient name of a 
small town on the peninsula. 

Croatia. Country of the Croats, anciently called Chro- 
bates, a tribe from Bohemia, who settled here in the year 
640. 

Cronstadt. See Cron in Part I. 

Crown Point. Said to have been so named because 
" scalping parties " were sent out from this place by th* 
French and Indians. 

Culross. See Cul in Part I. 

Cumberland. Land of the Cymry. 

Cyclades. From Gr. kvkKos, a circle, so called from the 
position in which they lie. 



D. 



Dacotah. [Ind.] Leagued, allied ; — the common name 

of the confederate Sioux tribes. 
Dahlonega. [Ind.] Place of gold. 
Dalecarlia. See Dale in Part I. 
Damariscotta. [Ind.] Alewife place. 
Dantzic " Danish town ; " settled by the Danes. 
Danube. See Don, Part I. 
Dardanelles. From the castles called the Dardanelles 

on its banks at the S. W. entrance, that on the Asiatic 

side being near the site of Bardanus, an ancient town 

built by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam. 
Deccan. [Skr.] The South. It forms the southern 

part of the peninsula of Hindostan. 
Delaware. Named in honor of Thomas West, Lord de 

la Ware, who visited the bay in 1610, and died on his 

vessel at its mouth. 
Delft. A canal. It is situated on the canal between 

Rotterdam and the Hague. 
Denmark. See Mark in Part I. 
Deptf ord. The deep fiord or reach. 
Derby. See By in Part I. 
Detroit. [Fr.] Named from the river or " strait " [Fr. 

detroit], on which it is built. 
Devizes. [Low Lat. Bivisx.] The point where the road 

from London to Bath passed into the Celtic district. 
Devon. The land of the Bamnonii, a Celtic tribe. 
Dhawalagiri. [Skr.] The white mountain. 
Dieppe. From the root of the Eng. deep, a name trans' 

ferred to the town from the river which flows by it. 
Dijon. A corruption of its Lat. name Bibio or Bivio. 
Dominica. [Sp. Bominica, Sunday], named from the 

day of its discovery by Columbus in 1498. 
Dorchester. See Caster in Part I. 
Douro. [Celt.] Water. 
Dover. [Celt.] Water. 
Dovrefield- See Field, Fjeld in Part I. 
Drontheim. See Ham in Part I. 
Dublin. See Dub in Part I. 
Dumbarton. [Celt.] Fort of the Britons. 
Dumfries. From Gael, dun, a fortified hill, and freas, 

shrubs or brushwood. 
Dundee. See Dun in Part I. 
Dungeness. [Norse.] Danger point. See Nase in 

Part I. 
Durham. A corruption of Bunholm, town on an island 

in a river. See DUN and HOLM in Part I. 



E. 



Ecuador. [Sp.] Equator, so named from its position 

under the line. 
Edinburgh. See Burg in Part I. 
Ekaterinenburg. Town founded by the Empress 

Catherine. 
El Paso del Norte. [Sp.] The North Pass. 
England. [A.-S. Enga-land.] Land of the Engles, or 

Angles. 



lfiM-J°ng;%£,o,less prolonged ;&$,&Q.,short;§,e,i,^ 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



905 



Erie. [Ind.] Wild cat ; — the name of a fierce tribe ex- 
terminated by the Iroquois. 

Espiritu Santo. [Sp.] Holy Spirit. 

Esquimaux. [Ind.] Eaters of raw flesh. 

Essex. See Sex in Part I. 

Ethiopia. Lat. JEthiopia, Al0Loma, from Gr. aWeiv, to 
burn, wi/j, the face, in allusion to the color of its inhab- 
itants. 

Etna. A corruption of the Phenician attuna, a furnace. 

Eton. VA.-S.] Island town. 

Evirope. Gr. Evpwn-r), from evpvs, broad, and the root 
07T, to see, in allusion to the broad face of the earth. 
Some, however, refer it to a Semitic root, and think that 
ft means the " land of the setting sun." 

Exeter. [Formerly Excester.] Camp on the Exe. 



F. 



JTalaise. [Fr.] Named from the falaises, or rocks, upon 
which it is built. 

Faroe. See Oe in Part I. 

Eay al . [From Port . fay a ( Lat . fagus ) . ] A beech-tree . 

Ferrara. A corruption of Forum Allienis. 

Fichtelgebirge. [Ger.] Pine mountains. 

Fife. The forest. 

Finisterre. French, from Lat. finis terrx, land's end. 

Florence. [It. Firenze, Fiorenza, Lat. Florentia]. The 
" flowery " city, from It. fiore, a flower. 

Florida. Named by Ponce de Leon from the day on 
which he discovered it, Easter Sunday, called in Span- 
ish, Pascua Florida. 

Fond-du-lac. [Fr.] Foot or end of the lake. 

Fontainebleau. See Font in Part I. 

France. Called after the Franks, a small German tribe 
who colonized, in an imperfect manner, a portion of cen- 
tral France. 

Frankfort. See Frank in Part I. 

Frederick City (Maryland), I Named in honor of 

Fredericksburg (Virginia). ) Frederick, Prince of 
Wales, son of George II. 

Frejus. A corruption of Forum Julii. 

Friesland. Land of the Frisii. 

Frobisher Strait. Named after its discoverer, Sir 
Martin Frobisher (1576). 



H. 



G. 



Galapagos. [Sp.] Islands of " land turtles. 1 ' 

Gallipoli. Anciently Callipoli, from Gr. k<£A.os, beauti- 
ful, and 7rdXts, city. See POL1S, Part I. 

Ganges. [Hind. Gunga or Ganga.] So called as flow- 
ing through Gang, the earth, to heaven. 

Garonne. See Yar, Part I. 

Geneva. Probably from the Celtic cefn qfon, the head 
of the river. 

Germany. According to Leo from the Gaelic gairmean, 
one who cries out, either alluding to the fierce war-cry of 
the Teutonic hordes, or expressing the wonder with 
which the Celts of Gaul listened to the unintelligible 
clash of the harsh German gutturals. 

Georgia (in Asiatic Russia). Probably named after one 
of its later sovereigns. 

Georgia (U. S.). Named in honor of George II. of Eng- 
land, who granted a charter establishing the colony, 
June 9, 1732. 

Geysers. [Icel.] The " boilers." 

Gibraltar. [Arab. Jebel al Tarik.] Mountain of Tarik, 
a Moorish general, who, in A. D. 712, conquered this 
place. 

Glasgow. See Glas in Part I. 

Gothland, or Gottland. "Good land," or perhaps, 
" land of the Goths." 

Gottenburg. Named by Charles IX., Duke of Goth- 
land, in honor of the duchy. See Burg, Part I. 

Gracios a Dios. [Sp.] Thanks to God. 

Gratz. [Slav, gradez.] A fortress. 

Greece. Lat. Grxcia, from Gr. Tpat/cot, one of the names 
applied to the people of Hellas. 

Greenwich. See Wich in Part I. 

Grenoble. See Polis in Part I. 

Guadalquiver, Guadalupe. See Guad in Part I. 

Guienne. A corruption of Lat. Aquitania [0. Fr. Aqui- 
taine], the ancient name of the province. 



Hague. From Dutch '£ Gravenhaag, count's hedge. 
The Hague owes its origin to a country-seat built there 
by the counts of Holland in 1250. 

Halifax (Nora Scotia). Named in honor of Lord Hali- 
fax. 

Halle. From the Celtic hal, salt. It stands on the river 
Saale (salt river). 

Hampshire. [From Hantune, Hantone (now South- 
ampton)]. Named from its situation on the river Ant or 
Anton (the Southampton Water). 

H amp stead- See Stead in Part I. 

Harz. From 0. S. harz, a forest, wood. 

Havre, Le. [Fr.] Harbor, port, from 0. Ger. heffen 
haven, or from Celt. aber. 

Havre de Grace. [Fr.] Harbor of grace, or safety. 

Hayti. [Ind.] High land ; mountainous country. 

Heilbronn. See Burn in Part I. 

Heligoland. Holy island land. 

Henlopen. From a Dutch expression, meaning " tc 
run in." 

Hereford. See Form in Part I. 

Himalaya. [Skr.] Abode of snow. 

Holland. [D. ollant.] Marshy ground ; a fen. 

Hoboken. [Ind.] The " smoke-pipe," name of a 
place where the settlers met the Indian chiefs in council, 
and smoked the pipe of peace while they formed a 
league of amity. 

Hong Kong. [Chin.] Red harbor. 

Housatonic [Ind.] Stream beyond the mountains. 

Hudson River, ) Named after Henry Hudson, who 

Hudson's Bay. j ascended the river in 1607, and 
discovered the bay in 1610. 

Hungary. The land peopled by the Huns. 

Huron. [From Fr. hure, a head of hair.] A name applied 
by the French to the Wyandots. 



I. 



Icolmkill. See KILL in Part I. 

Illinois. From Ind. illini, men, and the French sttfSx 
ois, " tribe of men." 

India. The land of the river. 

Indiana. From the word Indian. 

Indus. Probably a corruption of Sindus or Sinde, its 
native name, derived, perhaps, from Sindhu, the sea, 
this river being one of the largest in India. 

Innsbruck. See Bridge in Part I. 

Interlachen. See Entre in Part I. 

\™Z™i:\ SeelNVERinPartl. 

Iowa. The French form of an Indian word, signifying, 

the " drowsy " or " the sleepy ones ; " a Sioux name of 

the Pahoja, or " Gray-snow" tribe. 
Irawaddy. [Originally Erivati.] The great river. 
Ireland. [Gael.] The western isle. 
Isis. [Celt.] Water. 
Isle of Man. [Lat. Mona, Monapia. In Tacitus, Mo- 

na is Anglesey.] A "rocky island," from Brit, mon, or 

W. maen, a stone. 
Islington. [A.-S.] Town of the Islings. 
Ispahan. Per. sipdhan, pi. of sipali, a soldier. 
Itasca. A name formed by Schoolcraft for a lake at the 

supposed source of the Mississippi, from ia, to be, and 

totosh, the female breast, with a locative inflection. 
Ivica. From Lat. Ebusus, its ancient name, meaning 

" pine island." 



Jamaica. [Ind. Cay-ma-ca, or Kay-ma-ca.] Said to 

mean " a country abounding in springs." 
Java. The island of nutmegs (jayah). 
Jersey. See Ev in Part I. 

Jerusalem. [Heb.] House or habitation of peace. 
Joliba. River of the Joli, or red men. 
Joppa. [Heb.] Fine or beautiful. 
Jordan. [Heb.] "The flowing." 
Juan Fernandez. Named after its discoverer. 
Jungfrau. See Jung in Part I. 
Jutland [Dan.] Land of the Jutes. 



#Q, wolf, too, took; firn, rue, pull; $,g,soft; -e,g,hard ; ag; exist; nasng; this; a,o,u,ee,I,5,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914). 



906 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



K. 



Kalamazoo. [Ind.] A term derived from stones seen 
through the water, which by refraction look like otters. 

Kansas. [Ind.] Smoky water ; also said to signify " good 
potato." 

Katahdin. [Ind.] The highest place. 

Kearsarge. [Ind.] The high place. 

Kenilworth. See Worth, in Part I. 

Kennebec [Ind.] Long lake; — a name of Moose- 
head Lake transferred to the river. 

Eenuebunk. [Ind.] Long-water place. 

Kenosha. [Ind.] Pike river. 

Kensington. [A.-S.] Home of the Kensings. 

Kentucky. [Ind.] At the head of a river. 

Khelat. A hill-castle, a fortress. 

Kiel. [Dan. keol.] A ship. 

Kilkenny. See KILL in Part I. 

Klagenf urt. A corruption of the Latin name Claudii 
Forum. 

Kronstadt. See Cron in Part I. 

Kurile Islands. Supposed to be derived from the Jap- 
anese Kooroo Mitsi, i. e., the road of sea- weeds. 



Labrador. [Sp.] Named by the Spaniards Tierra Lab- 
rador, " cultivable land," to distinguish it from Green- 

Laccadives. See Dive in Part I. [land. 

Ladrones. [Sp.] Islands of the " robbers," so named, 
at the time of their discovery by Magellan, from the 
thievish propensity of the inhabitants. 

Lambeth. See Hit he in Part I. 

La Plata. [Sp.] See Rio de la Plata. 

Lancaster. See Caster, in Part I. 

Lebanon. [Heb. laban, white.] The White Mountain. 

Leghorn. A corruption of It. Livorno, from Lat. Li- 
burni (Portus). 

Leicester. [Lat. Legionis castra.] Camp of the legion. 

Leipsic "Linden town," from the lime trees (Slav. 
lipa), growing about it. 

Lena. " A sluggard ; " slow, sluggish stream. 

Leon. [Lat. legio.] From its being the station of the 
seventh legion in the time of the Romans. 

Levant. "Land of the sunrise"; — a name given by 
the Genoese and Venetians to the eastern shores of the 
Mediterranean. 

Lewes. [Norse.] Wharf; landing-place; fort. 

Leyden. A corruption of Lugdunum, its Latin name, 
which comes from the Celtic roots llwch, a lake, morass, 
or hollow, and dun, a fortress. 

Liberia. [Lat.] Free ; free state. 

Lichfield. See Field in Part I. 

Lima. A corruption by the Indians or Spaniards of the 
ancient native name, Rimac. 

Lincoln. [Celt, linn and Lat. colonia.] Colony by the 
deep pool. 

Lisbon. A corruption of Olisipo, which contains the 
Phenician word hippo, the " walled " town. It was also 
anciently called TJlysipo, from a tradition that Ulysses 
laid the foundation of the city. 

Little Rock. Named from an igneous slate rock in the 
river, which, at low water, is about 25 feet above the 
surface, and at high water is almost hidden from view. 

Livonia. From its inhabitants, the Liven, a Finnish 
tribe. 

Llangollen. [W.] St. Cohen's church. 

Loch Leven. Smooth lake (from Celt, llevn). 

Loire. From its Latin name, Liger. 

Lombardy. Country of the Longobardi, commonly 
translated " long beards." but derived by Vossius from 
longis bardis, i. e., long battle-axes. 

London. [Celt.] City of ships. 

Londonderry. Originally Derry ; resettled by the Lon- 
don guilds. See Derry in Part I. 

Lorraine. From Lotharingia [i. e., Lotharii regnum], 
the kingdom of Lotharius. 

Los Angeles. [Sp.] " The angels," (originally Pueblo 
de los Angeles,) " city of the angels ; " so named from its 
beautiful environs and its delightful climate. 

Louisiana. Named after Louis XIV., of France. 

Luxembourg. From the old chateau of Lucili burgum, 
which, in 963, was acquired by Siegfried, Count of Ar- 
dennes, whose descendants took the title of Counts of 
Luxembourg. 



Luxor. [Egypt.] " The palaces " [el-husr] ; so called 

from its magnificent temple, now in ruins. 
Lyons. [Lat. Lugdunum.] See Leyden, supra. 

M. 

Macao. A seaport. 

Mackinaw. An abbreviation of Michilimaclcinac. See 
infra. 

Madeira. [From Port, madeira (Lat. materia)]. Timber, 
wood ; — from having been originally covered with 
forests. 

Madras. Formerly Madras Pattan, from Arab, madra- 
sa, a university, and Skr. paticma, a town, " university 
town." 

Maelstrom. See Strom in Part I. 

Maestricht. See Tricht in Part I. 

Magdeburg. Town on the plain. See Burg- and 
MA&H in Part I. 

Magellan (Straits of). Named after their Portuguese dis- 
coverer, Magalhaens or Magellan. 

Mahratta. [Hind.] Outcasts. 

Maine (an ancient province of France). Probably from 
the Celtic man, a district. 

Maine (one of the United States). The main land, as dis- 
tinguished from the islands. 

Majorca. From Lat. major, greater [Balearis Major]. 

Malaga. [Phenician malaca.] Salt. 

Maldives. See Dive in Part I. 

Malta. A contraction of its ancient name, Melita, which 
means " a place of refuge." 

Manhattan. [Ind. munnoh-atan.] The town on the 
island. 

Manitoulin. [Ind.] Spirit islands. 

Margarita. From the pearls [Lat. margarita, a pearl] 
which Columbus obtained from the inhabitants. 

Marlborough. See Borough in Part I. 

Marmora. From Lat. marmor, marble [pi. marmora], 
the name of a small island famous for its marble quar- 
ries, toward the western extremity of the sea. 

Marquesas. Named in honor of the Marquis Mendoza 
de Canete, who equipped the expedition which led to 
the discovery. 

Marston. See Mark in Part I. [Charles I. 

Maryland. Named after Henrietta Maria, queen of 

Massachusetts. [Ind.] " About the great hills," i. e. t 
the Blue Hills of Milton. 

Mauritius. Named by the Dutch after Maurice, Prince 

Medina. [Arab.] The city. [of Orange. 

Mediterranean. From Lat. medius and terra, from 
being, as it were, in the middle of the land, or the mid- 
land sea. 

Medway. [A.-S. Medwaege]. Middle water, the river 
which runs through the middle of the kingdom of Kent. 

Memphremagog. [Ind.] Lake of abundance. 

Melrose. See Ross in Part I. 

Menan. [Ind.] Island. 

Merida. From its Latin name, Augusta Emerita. 

Merrimac [Ind.] Swift water. 

Mexico. [Aztec] The place of Mexitli, the Aztec god of 

Michigan. [Ind.] A weir for fish. [war. 

Michilimackinac [Ind.] Great turtle place. 

Milwaukie. [Ind]. Rich land. 

Minnehaha. [Ind.] Laughing water ; curling water ; a 
waterfall. 

Minnesota. [Ind.] Cloudy water, whitish water. 

Mississippi. [Ind.] Great and long river. 

Missouri. [Ind.] Muddy. 

Minorca. From Lat. minor, less [Balearis Minor]. 

Mohawk. Men-eaters. R. Williams. Literally, it sig- 
nifies, eaters of live food, — a name given by the New 
England or eastern Indians to the Iroquois. 

Monadnock. [Ind.] The spirit's place. 

Monongahela. [Ind.] Falling-in bank river. 

Montauk. [Ind.] A manito-tree. 

Mont Blanc. See Mont in Part I. 

Montreal. [Fr.] Royal Mountain, so named by th« 
French explorer, James Cartier, in 1534-35. 

Montserrat. See Mont in Part I. 

Moravia. From the March or Morava [ava is the 0. 
H. Ger. aha, a river], a bordering river. 

Morea. [Gr.] A mulberry leaf, from its shape ; or a 
transposition of Romea, its ancient name. 

Munich. From Ger. Monchen, or Munchen, monks. 
[Lat. monachus, Ger. monche.] The city takes its name 
from some monks who erected warehouses for salt upon 
the spot where it now stands. 



a.,e,&,c.,long;afi,o,less prolonged; a,e,&c. ,short; a,e,i,o, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere,veil,tSrm; pi'que,iirin; son,6t» 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



907 



JHunster. See Minster in Part I. 

Murcia. District of the " march," or boundary. This 
province was for many years the debatable ground be- 
tween the Moors and the Christians. 

Muskeego. [Ind.] Place of cranberries. 

Muskingum. [Ind.] Moose-eye river. 



N. 



Nahant. [Ind.] At the point. 

Nantes. [Celt.] A valley. 

Naples. [It. Napoli]. From its ancient Greek name, 
Neapolis, " new city." 

Nase. See in Part I. 

Nashua. [Ind.] Between [the rivers]. 

Natal. Named by Vasco de Gama, because he discov- 
ered it upon Christmas day (day of the Nativity). 

Naugatuck. [Ind.] Fork of the rivers, point between 
two rivers. 

Nebraska. [Ind.] Water valley ; shallow river. 

Negropont. See Negro in Part I. 

Nepissing. [Ind.] At the small lake. [sin). 

Neshotah. [Ind.] Twins (the " Two Rivers," Wiscon- 

Netherlands. See Nether in Part I. 

Neuf chatel. See Castle in Part I. 

Neversink. [Ind.] High land between waters. 

Newfoundland. Named by its discoverer, John Cab- 
ot, in 1497 ; — first applied to all the territory discovered 
by him, but afterward restricted to the island to which it 
is now applied. 

New Hampshire. Named by Captain John Mason 
(who had obtained a grant of this region) after his native 
county of Hampshire in England. 

New jersey. Named in honor of Sir George Carteret, 
an inhabitant of the Isle of Jersey. 

New York. Named after the Duke of York, afterward 
James II. 

Niagara. [Ind.] Neck of water, — connecting Lake Erie 
with Lake Ontario. 

Niger. From Lat. niger, black. 

Nimes, or Nismes. [Lat. Nemausus]. From the Celtic 
nemet, a sacred grove. 

Niphon. [Japanese.] Fountain or source of light. 

Norfolk. See Folk in Part I. 

Normandy. The part of France occupied by the Nor- 
mans, or Northmen. 

Norridgewock. [Ind.] Place of deer. 

North River (i- e., the Hudson at New York). So called 
in distinction from the Delaware, which was styled the 
South River. 

Norwalk. [Ind.] The middle land (a tract between 
two rivers). 

Norwich. See WlCH in Part I. 

Nottingham. See Ham in Part I. 

Nova Scotia. [Lat.] New Scotland. In 1621, Sir Wil- 
liam Alexander, a Scotchman, obtained from James I., a 
grant of the country. 

Nova Zembla. See New, Part I. 

Novgorod. See Gorod in Part I. 

Nykoping. See KOPING in Part I. 



O. 



Ocmulgee. [Ind.] The rivers ; the water-courses. 

Oconee. [Ind.] Water-course ; small river. 

Ohio- [Ind.] Beautiful. 

Oneida. [Ind.] People of the beacon stone. 

Onondaga. [Ind.] Place of the hills. 

Ontario. [Ind.] From Onontae, " a village on a moun- 
tain," the chief seat of the Onondagas. 

Oporto. [Pg. o porto.] The harbor. 

Oregon. Named by Carver, Oregon or Oregan, i. e., Riv- 
er of the West. According to others, derived from Sp. 
oregano, wild marjoram, which grows abundantly on the 
Pacific coast. 

Orinoco. [Ind.] Coiling snake. 

Orkneys. [Gael.] The " isles of whales." 

Orleans. Named after th Emperor Aurelian, or Aure- 
lianus, by whom it was embellished. 

Osage. [Ind.] The strong. 

Ossipee. [Ind.] Stony river. 

Ostend. [D. oost, east, einde, end.] The " east end " of 
the kingdom. 

Ottawa. [Ind.] Traders. 

Ouse. [Celt.] Water. 

Owasco. [Ind.] Abridge. 



Pacific Ocean. So called by Fernando de Magellan, 
who sailed across it in 1521, enjoying continuous fair 
weather and favorable winds for three months and tweu- 
ty days. 

Paisley. See Ey in Part I. 

Palermo. Corruption of Gr. TLavopfios (Panormus), al- 
ways fit for landing in, the name of a city that occupied 
its site. 

Palestine. [Heb.] The land of " strangers," the ancient 
Philistia, or Palsestina, named from the Palestines or 
Philistines. 

Pampeluna, or Pamplona. Corruption of Pompei- 
opolis, i. e., the city of Pompey, its reputed founder. 

Panama. [Ind.] From the " mud-fish " in which the 
bay abounds. 

Papua. "Frizzled," from the enormous frizzled heads 
of hair of the natives. 

Parana. [Braz.] The river. 

Paris- [Lat. Lutetia Parisiorum.] Named from its in- 
habitants, the Parisii. 

Pascagoula. Nation of bread. 

Passaic. [Ind.] Valley. 

Passamaquoddy. [Ind.] Great place for pollock. 

Passumsic. [Ind.] Much clear river. 

Patagonia. So called by Magellan, from Sp. palagon, a 
large, clumsy foot, a name given by him to the inhab- 
itants, on account of the supposed magnitude of their 
feet. 

Pawcatuck. [Ind.] Clear river. 

Pawtucket. [Ind.] At the falls. 

Pawtuxet. [Ind.] At the little falls. 

Peiho. See Pei in Part I. 

Pembroke. [Celt. Pen-bro.] The head of the land. 

Pemigewasset. [Ind.] Crooked place of pines. 

Pennine Alps. See Ben in Part I. 

Pennsylvania. Penn's woods [Lat. sylva, a wood], 
named after William Penn, who settled the country in 
1681. 

Penobscot. At the rock ; rock land ; applied originally 
to a place near Castine, — near to the river. 

Penzance. [Celt.] Saint's headland. 

Perekop. A Slavonic name signifying a "cut," appli- 
cable to the ditch dug here, in remote ages, across the 
neck of land at the entrance of the Crimea, for the secur- 
ity of the place. 

Perigord. A corruption of its Latin name Petricordium, 
from its ancient inhabitants, the Petricorii. 

Pernambuco. The mouth of hell. 

Persia. Probably derived from the name of one of its 
provinces, Pars or Fars. 

Philadelphia. [Gr.] City of brotherly love. 

Philippine Islands. Named after Philip II. , of Spain. 

Piacenza. [Lat. Placentia]. From Lat. placere, to please ; 
named from its delightful situation. 

Piedmont. From It. pie di monte, " foot of the moun- 
tain," so called from its situation. 

Piscataqua. [Ind.] Great deer river. 

Pittsburgh. Named after William Pitt, Lord Chatham. 
See BURG in Part I. 

Plymouth. See MOUTH in Part I. 

Poitiers. City of the Pictones or Pictavi. 

Poland. From the Gtr. Polen or Pohlen, the men oi 
the plains [Slav, polia, a plain]. In Old English, written 
Polayn. 

Polynesia. [Gr.] "Many islands." 

Pomerania. [Slav.]. Upon or by the sea- 

Pondicherry. See Chehek in Part I. 

Porto Rico. See Port, Part J. 

Potomac. [Ind.] Place of the burning pine, resem- 
bling a council fire. 

Poughkeepsie. [Ind.] Shallow inlet; safe harbor for 
small boats. 

Prairie du Chien. See De in Part I. 

Presque Jsle. [Fr.] "Peninsula." 

Prussia. Formerly Borussia, i. e., country of the Bo- 
russi. According to others, the country of the Po Rust 
[Slav, po, by], i. e., the men near the Rusi, or Russians, 
or perhaps near the Russe, a branch of the Niemen. 

Pruth. From Slav. prud, river. 

Punjaub. See Penj in Part I. 



Q. 



Quebec. An Algonquin term meaning ' ' take care of the 



4Q,wolf,to"o,t6t)k j um,rue,pull ; $,g,soft ; €, g,hard; as. j e^ist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914). 



908 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 



rock." Some, however, say the name was borrowed from 

Brittany. 
Quinnebaug. [Ind.] Long pond. 
(Juinnepiac- [Ind.] The surrounding country. 
Quinsigamond. [Ind.] Fishing-place for pickerel. 

R. 

Raleigh. Named in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, who 
planted a colony on the Roanoke about 1585. 

Rapidan, or Rapid Ann. Said to have been named 
in honor of Queen Anne. 

Rappahannock. [Ind.] A river of quick-rising waters. 

Red Sea. Sea of Edom (the ancient Idumaea), a word 
which means red. 

Reggio. From Lat. Rhegium, said to be from Gr. prjy- 
vvfiL, to break, because Sicily -was here severed from the 
main land by the force of the sea. 

Reikjavik [Icel.] " Steam-town," named from the hot 
springs near it. 

Rheims. Capital of the Remi, a people of Gaul men- 
tioned by Caesar. [id." 

Rhine. From the Celtic root rhe or rhin, meaning " rap- 
Rhode Island. "Red island " (Dutch rood, red), from 
its reddish appearance. 

Rhodes. Commonly derived from Gr. poSov, a rose. 

Riesengebirge. See Riese in Part I. 

Rhone. [From the Celtic roots rhe and don.] Rapid 
river, or water. 

Rio de I,a Plata. [Sp.] River of silver ; —named by 
Diego Garcias in 1527, from the silver brought him by 
the natives. 

Rio de Janeiro. [Sp.] Situated on an arm of the sea 
named Janeiro, probably from its discovery by Alfonso 
de Sousa on the feast day of St. Januarius (Jan. 1). 

Rio del Norte. See North in Part I. [pum. 

Roanoke. [Ind.] Equivalent to peag, sea-shell or warn- 

Romney. [Gael, ruimne.] A marsh. 

Roermond. See Mouth in Part I. 

Rotherhithe. See Hithe in Part I. 

Rotterdam. See Dam, Part I. 

Rome. Commonly derived from Gr. ptoju.ij, strength. 

Rouen. A corruption of its ancient name, Rotomagus, 
or Rothomum. 

Roumelia [Roumili]. A Turkish corruption of Roma- 
nia, i.e., country of the Romans. 

Roxburgh. See Ross in Part I. 

Rugby. See BY in Part I. 

Runnimede. [A.-S.] " Meadow of the Runes," it 
being the ancient Anglo-Saxon field of council. 

Rutland. " Red land," from the color of its soil. 



Sagadahoc [Ind.] Ending-place, i. e., mouth of the 
Kennebec. 

Sahara. [Arab.] A desert. 

Salem. See Jerusalem. 

Salzburg. See Salt in Part I. 

Samarcand. A corruption of Alexandria. 

Samos. " Lofty " ; of Phenician origin. 

Sandusky. [Ind.] Cold spring. 

Sandwich Islands. Named by Captain Cook in honor 
of Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty. See 
Wich in Part I. 

San Domingo. [Sp.] Holy Sabbath. 

San Francisco. [Sp.] St. Francis. 

San Jose. [Sp.] St. Joseph. 

San Paulo. [Sp.] St. Paul. 

San Salvador. [Sp.] Holy Savior. 

Santa Barbara. [Sp.] St. Barbara. 

Santa Cruz. [Sp.] Holy Cross. 

Santa Fe. [Sp.] Holy Faith. 

Santarem. Named from St. Irene, a holy virgin. 

Santiago. [Sp.] For Santiago, or St. James [Lat. Jaco- 
bus] . 

Santiago de Compostella. A corruption of the Lat. 
phrase Sancto Jacobo Apostolo. 

Saragossa. Corruption of its Latin name, Cxsarea Au- 
gusta. 

Saranac. [Ind.] River that flows under rock. 

Saratoga. [Ind.] Place of the miraculous waters in a 
rock. 

Saskatchewan. [Ind.] Swift current. 

Saxony. Country of the Saxons [ Sakai-suna, " sons of 
theSakai." Sharon Turner.] 



Scanderoon. A corruption of the ancient name, Alex- 
andria. 

Schenectady. [Ind.] River valley beyond or through 
the pine-trees. 

Schiedam. See Dam in Part I. 

Schleswig. From its situation on the little river Schley, 
and the A.-S. wig, a bay. 

Schoharie. [Ind.] So named from a tributary which 
throws out its waters so forcibly as to cross the main 



Schonbrunn. See : Schon in Part I. 

Schoodic [Ind.] Burnt lands, from large fires abou* 

Schuylkill. See Schuylen in Part I. [1675 

Schwarzwald. See Schwarz in Part I. 

Scio. From scino, mastic, one of its principal products. 

Scotland. Land of the Scoti, or Scots, an Irish sept 

which conquered and colonized a portion of Argyll. 
Scutari. From Per. uskuddr, envoy, messenger, courier. 

Scutari was formerly, as now, a post station for Asiatia 

couriers. 
Sebago. [Ind.] Place or region of river-lake. 
Seneca. A corrupt Indian pronunciation of the Dutch 

sinnibar, vermilion. 
Senegambia. Named from its situation between the, 

rivers Senegal and Gambia. 
Sevastopol. See Polis in Part I. 
Seville. A corruption of its Latin name, Hispalis, from 

a Phenician word meaning "a plain." 
Shang-hai. See Hai in Part I. 
Sheffield. Named from its situation at the junction of 

the River Sheaf and the Don. 
Shetucket. [Ind.] The land between the rivers. 
Shrewsbury, Shropshire. See Scrob in Part I. 
Siberia. Supposed to be derived from the ancient town 

Sibir (the residence of the Tartar prince Kutsheen Khan), 

the remains of which are still standing. 
Sierra Leone, Sierra Nevada. See Sierra in Part I. 
Singapore. City of the lion. 

Sinde, Scinde. [From Sindhoo, or Sindhu.] A collec- 
tion of waters. 
Skagerrack. The crooked strait of Skagen (from Goth. 

skaga, an isthmus, promontory), a cape that forms the 

northern extremity of Jutland and Denmark. 
Skowhegan. [Ind.] Spearing. 
Sleswick. See Schleswig, supra. 
Snowdon. See Dun in Part I. 
Society Islands. Named by Capt. Cook in honor of 

the Royal Society , at whose suggestion he was selected 

to conduct an expedition to the South Pacific Ocean, for 

astronomical and geographical purposes. 
Soudan. More correctly Beled Es-Soodan, " the land 

Southampton, Southwark. See South in Part I. 

Spa. Flem. espa, a fountain. 

Spain. [Phen.] An abundance of martens. 

Spires. Named by Bishop Roger, in the 11th century, 
from the rivulet Speier-bach, by which it is watered. 

Spitzbergen. From Ger. spitze, a point or peak, and 
bergen, mountains. On the coasts of this group of isl- 
ands are mountain -chains, bristling with granite peaks, 
many of which exceed 4000 feet in height. [tion. 

Sporades. From Gr. <rnopd8es, scattered, from their posi- 

Staffa. See Ey in Part I. 

Stanton. See Stone in Part I. 

St. lStienne. [Fr.] St. Stephen. 

St. Kitts. Properly St. Christopher's, from its discoverer, 
Christopher Columbus. 

Stockbridge. See Stock in Part I. 

Stockholm. See Holm in Part I. 

St. Petersburg, [i. e., Peter's town or castle.] Named 
after its founder, Peter the Great. 

Strasburg. See Strat in Part I. 

Stratford. See Strat in Part I. 

Stutgard. [Ger.] The " stallion inclosure," from the. 
stallions formerly kept there for purposes of war. 

Styria. [Ger. Steyermark], from Steyer, its chief town 
and river. [Suevi. 

Suabia. From the name of its ancient inhabitants, the 

Sudbury. See South in Part I. 

Sunderland. [A.-S. sundrian, to separate.] Land 
separated from other land. 

Superior (Lake). The upper lake. 

Sussex. See Sex in Part I. 

Sutton. See Town in Part I. [ones. 

Sweden. [Lat. Suedia.] Country of the Suevi, or Sui- 

Switzerland. From Schiuyz, one of the three forest 
cantons which asserted their independence of Austria, — 
since applied to the whole country. 



a,e,&c. ,long; a,e,o, less prolonged; S,e,&c.,s/WJ / a,e,i,o,o&scwe ;ca^e,far J ask J all,wha.t; ere.veil,tSrm; pi'que,firm; g6n 



OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



909 



Syria. Probably from Tzur, or Tyre (a " rock "), its 
chief city. 

T. 

Tagus. [Phen.] River offish. 

Tallahasse. [Ind.] Old town. 

Tallahatchee. [Ind.] River of the rock. 

Tallapoosa. [Ind.] Swift water. 

Tamworth. See WORTH in Part I. 

Tappan [Sea]. [Ind.] Coldstream. 

Tasmania. Named from its discoverer, Abel Janssen 
Tasman, a Dutch navigator of the 17th century. 

Taunton. [Anciently Tkonodunum.] " Town on the 
Tone." 

Taurus. From the root of the Celt, tor, a projecting 
rock. 

Temesvar. See Var in Part I. 

Tennessee. [Ind.] River of the Big Bend. 

Terceira. [Pg] " Third," it being the third in length 
of the Azores Islands. 

Terre Haute. [Fr.] High land. 

Thames. [Lat. Tamesis.] The broad Isis. 

Thrace. [Gr. rpaxv's-] The rugged country. 

Thurgau. See Gau in Part I. 

Tierra del Fuego. [Sp.] Land of fire, discovered by 
Magellan in 1520, and so named on account of the great 
fires which he saw along the coast, and which he sup- 
posed to be the eruption of volcanoes. 

Tioga. [Ind.] Swift current. 

Tippecanoe. [Ind]. A kind of fish living in this 
branch of the Wabash River. 

Titicut. [Ind.] A contraction of an Indian word, mean- 
ing, " on the great river." 

Tobolsk. See Sk in Part I. 

Toledo- [Lat. Toledum.'] Named by its Jewish founders 
from Heb. toledoth, generations, families, races. 

Toplitz. From Slavonic topol, the poplar. 

Tornea. See A in Part I. 

Torbay. See Bay in Part I. 

Toronto. [Ind.] An Iroquois term denoting oak-trees 
rising from the lake. 

Torres Vedras- See TORRE in Part I. 

Tortugas. [Sp.] The " tortoises." either from their 
shape, or from the tortoises found on the coast. 

Toulon. Coi'rupted from Telonium, or Telo Martins, 
named after Telo Martins, a tribune who colonized it. 

Transylvania. [From Lat. trans, across, beyond, and 
sylva, a wood.] So called by the Hungarians as being 
beyond their woody frontier. 

Travemunde. See Mouth in Part I. 

Trebizond. [A corruption of rpanecrovs, Trapezus, from 
Gr. Tpo.negt.ov.] Said to have been so named because 
built in the shape of a trapezium. 

Trent. [Brit.] Winding river. 

Trent [Tyrol]. Contraction of Tridentum, its former 
name, derived by some from three streams that fall into 
the Adige. 

Trieste. Corrupted from its Latin name, Tergeste. 

Trinidad. [Sp.] Trinity; — so called by Columbus, 
because, having discerned three mountain-peaks rising 
from the waters and appearing to be three separate isl- 
ands, he discovered on nearer approach that they formed 
one united land — a fact which he recognized as a mys- 
terious emblem of the Trinity. 

Tripoli. See Polis in Part I. 

Trujillo, or Truxillo. A corruption of its ancient 
name Turris Julia. 

Troyes. The chief town of the Trecasses, or Tncasses, a 
Celtic nation, from whom it took the name of Tricassse, 
afterward Trecse., from the oblique cases of which the 
modern name has been derived. 

Tubingen. See Ing in Part I. 

Tunbridge. See Tun in Part I. 

Tunis. From its ancient name Tunetwm, or Tunes. 

Turin. [Lat. Taurinum, Augusta Taurinorum.] Named 
from its inhabitants, the Taurini. 

Turkestan. See Stan in Part I. 

Tuscaloosa. [Ind.] Black ; black- warrior. 

Tuscany. [Lat. Tuscia.] Country of the Etrusci, or 
Etruscans. 

Tyre. See Syria, supra. 



U. 



Ukraine. [Slav.] A frontier. 
Umbagog. [Ind.] Clear lake; shallow. 



Unterwalden. See Unter in Part I. 
Ural. [Tartarian.] A belt, or girdle. 
Usk. [Celt.] Water ; a current. 
Utica. The ancient. 
Utrecht. See Tricht, Part I. 



Valencia. [From Lat. Valentia.] Strong ; powerful. 
Valetta. Named after John Parisot de la Valette, Grand 

Master of the Knights of St. John. 
Valparaiso. [Sp.] Paradise valley. 
Vancouver's Island. Named after Vancouver, who 

visited the island in 1792. 
Van Diemen's land. Named by its discoverer, Tas- 
man, after the daughter of the then Dutch governor of 

Batavia. 
Vaucluse. See Val in Part I. 
Vaud. [Lat. vallis, a valley.] Named from the Walden- 

ses, or Valdenses, the " inhabitants of the valleys." 
Venezuela. [Sp.] Little Venice, so named on account 

of some Indian villages which the first conquerors found 

built on piles in Lake Maracaybo. 
Venice. [Lat. Venetise.'] From the province Venetia, the 

territory of the ancient Veneti, of which these islands 

formed a dependency. 
Vera Cruz. See Vero in Part I. 
Vermont. [From Fr. verd, green, mont, mountain.] 

Green mountains. 
Vesuvius. [Oscan.] Emitter of smoke and sparks. 
Virginia. Named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the 

" Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh 

made the first attempt to colonize this region. 



W. 



Wabash. [Ind.] A cloud blown forward by an equinoc- 
tial wind. 

Wachusett. [Ind.] The mountain. 

Wales. [Teut.] Land of foreigners. 

Wallachia. Country of the Walla chs, Wolochi, or 
Wloki. Wallach is equivalent to the native name Rd- 
mani. 

Waltham. See Wald in Part I. 

Warwick. See Wich in Part I. 

Washington. Named after George Washington, first 
President of the United States. 

Washita. [Ind.] Male deer. 

Waterford. [Norse.] Frith of rams, or wethers. 

Weser. [Anciently Wisaraha.] Western river. 

Westford. See West in Part I. 

West Indies. So called from the supposition of Co- 
lumbus that he had discovered a new passage to the 
shores of India. 

Westminster. See Minster in Part I. 

Westmoreland. [A.-S.] West moor-land. 

Westphalia. The western field, or plain. 

Wetumpka. [Ind.] Waterfall; tumbling-water. 

Whang-hai. See HAI in Part I. 

Wheeling. [Ind. weel-ink.} Place of a head. 

Wight. [Lat. Vectis, A.-S. Wiht, Wikt-land.] The land 
or island of the Wyts, Jutes, or Goths. 

Windermere. [A.-S.] Clear-water lake. 

Windsor. [Anciently Windlesora.] The winding shore. 

Winona. [Ind.] First-born daughter. 

Winnepeg. [Ind.] Turbid water. 

Winnipisiogee. [Ind.] Land of the beautiful lake. 

Winooski. [Ind.] Beautiful stone river. 

Wiscasset. [Ind.] Place of yellow pine. 

Wisconsin. Wild rushing channel. 

Wolga. [Sarmatian.] The great river. 

Woodstock. See STOCK in Part I. 

Woolwich. See Wool in Part I. 

Worcester. [A corruption of A.-S. Hvjw-wara-ceaster .] 
The castle of the inhabitants of the country of the Huic- 

Wycombe. See Comb in Part I. [cii. 

Wye. [W. gwy, or wy.] Water. 



Tang-tse-kiang. See YANG in Parti., 

Yellow Sea. From the muddy lemon -yellow color of its 



do,wolf,to~o,tdbk ; urn,rue,pull ; <;,g,soft ; €, g,hard; as. ; epst ; n asng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,T,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914). 



910 



ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 



water near the land, arising from the nature of the bot- 
tom, which is often touched by vessels navigating the 
sea. 

Yare, Yarmouth, Yarrow. See Yar in Part I. 

Yucatan. [From the Ind. juca tan, " What do you 
say ? "] A name given by the Spaniards from the answer 
returned by the natives to inquiries concerning the name 
of the country. 

Yverdun. A corruption of its Latin name, Ebrodunwm. 
See DUN in Part I. 

Yvetot. See TOFT in Part I. 



Zanguebar. [Arab. Ber-ez-Zing, land of the Zing.] The 
ancient Arabic name of the East African negro. 

Zante. A corruption of its ancient name, Zacynthus. 

Zanzebar. A corruption or modification of Zanguebar. 

Zurich. A corruption of Lat. Turicum, or Thuricum, 
from Thuricus (son of Theodoric), who rebuilt the city 
after its destruction by Attila. 

Zuyder Zee. See South in Part I. 



&,e,&c.,2oMg;a,e,o,tess^ro/o«ged;5,e,&c.,sAort^ 

4p = ,wQlf,t6~o,t(}bk ; urn, rue, pull ; c,g, soft; €,g, hard ;a§; ep'st ; Q as ng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,f,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,B,u (see p. 914;. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES 



OF 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL MIES. 



Bt J. THOMAS, M. D., 

AtTTHOR GF THE SYSTEM OP GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION IN LIPPINOOTT'S GAZETTEER OF THE WOULD- 



PREFATORY REMARKS. 



The system adopted In the following Vocabularies — now 
generally acknowledged to be the only rational and satis- 
factory one for the pronunciation of geographical and bio- 
graphical names — is, to pronounce all names as nearly as 
possible as they are pronounced by the educated people of 
the respective countries to which they belong, excepting 
only those few well-known foreign names which appear to 
have acquired an established English pronunciation, such 
as Paris, Naples, Florence, Venice, Milan, Munich, &c. 

It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in 
which it is impossible to convey with any great degree of 
precision the native pronunciation of other countries by 
means of English letters ; but much is undoubtedly gained 
by such an approximation to the true sound as is within 
the reach of even the mere English scholar, since this 
would enable him more readily to understand, and to be 
understood by, those who are familiar with names as spoken 
by the inhabitants of the respective countries to which 
such names belong. 

In the preparation of these Vocabularies, the aim has 
been to give them practical utility rather than great full- 
ness or extent ; accordingly, those English and American 
names (such as Franklin, Johnson, Thomson, &c.) of which 
the pronunciation could scarcely be mistaken, have gener- 
ally been omitted, and the space thus gained has been 
filled with the more difficult names of other countries. 

In giving the pronunciation of geographical and bio- 
graphical names, perhaps the most important, and certainly 
the most difficult, point of all, is to mark the accent cor- 
rectly. In fulfilling this task, information has been sought 
from every accessible source, and especially from educated 
natives, not only of the different countries, but of different 
parts of the same country. With respect to the pronun- 
ciations contained in the following Vocabularies, it is be- 
lieved that they will be found to be as minutely exact as 
they could with propriety be given in a work designed 



chiefly for the use of the mere English scholar. Particular 
care has been taken with what may be termed the four 
great languages of Continental Europe (viz., the French, 
German, Italian, and Spanish), not merely to mark the 
accent correctly, but to represent, as far as possible, every 
important peculiarity of sound. It is, however, scarcely 
necessary to observe, that no system of notation, based 
upon the sounds of the English tongue, can represent ex- 
actly the pronunciation of words in other languages. 

With regard to English proper names, the difficulty is 
not in representing, but in ascertaining, the true pronun- 
ciation. All those causes which operate in other languages 
to produce irregularity in accent or anomalies in the sounds 
of letters, would seem to prevail in a pre-eminent degree in 
regard to English proper names. Add to this that the 
same name is in many instances pronounced differently by 
different families, so that it becomes necessary not only to 
ascertain the pronunciation generally adopted by the best 
speakers, but also to attempt the far more difficult task of 
searching out the peculiar preferences, not to say caprices, 
of families, and even of individuals. 

The greatest pains have been taken by the author of the 
following Vocabularies to render them as complete and 
correct as possible. The candid and intelligent critic will, 
of course, make due allowance for such deficiencies as are 
inherent in their character and necessarily limited extent. 
Those who may feel a particular interest in such subjects 
are referred to the Introduction of Lippincott's Gazetteer 
of the World, in which the principles in regard to the pro- 
nunciation of foreign names are much more fully developed 
and explained. 

The author can not conclude without acknowledging the 
valuable assistance which he has received from Mr. Wil- 
liam A. Wheeler, who has for a number of years studied 
the subject of orthoepy, in its various branches, with great 
diligence and success. 



ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION 



OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 



VOWELS. 

1. In the languages of Continental Europe, a never has 
a sound like that in the English words fate or name, but is 
asually like the a in far or father, often approximating 
that in fat. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not. 

2. E generally has a sound similar to a in fate, or else to 
t in met. In French it is often silent. In Swedish, e, when 



long, has a sound resembling that of short i, but more 
prolouged. Thus, Carlen might be pronounced lcar-tUn'. 
When short, it is like e in met. 

3. /usually sounds as in marine; that is, like long e in 
English. It is sometimes like our short i, as in pin. It is im- 
portant to observe that t final in French, Italian, and Span- 
ish, has the full, clear sound of ee in see ; it should there' 

ttll) 



912 



PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN 



fore not be allowed to fall into t, as it is apt to do in En- 
glish or Anglicized words. 

4. O has for the most part nearly the same sound as in 
English. Sometimes it is long, as in no, but often it has a 
sound intermediate between that of our o in no and that in 
not. (See Observation VI. on p. 914.) In Russian, o, 
when not accented, is very short, almost like a in father, or 
intermediate between this and that in fat. In Swedish 
and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, it is sounded like 
our oo. 

5. Uin most languages is pronounced like the English 
oo. In French (and in Dutch when it ends a syllable) it 
may be said to combine the sounds of our oo and long e. 
If the speaker, after placing his lips in the position for pro- 
nouncing oo, endeavors, without moving his lips, to utter 
the sound of ee, that of the French u will be produced. 

6. Yis usually like i, that is, like our e. In Danish, 
Norwegian, and Swedish, it sounds like the French u or Ger- 
man u. In Polish it resembles our short i, as in pin. In 
Dutch it is like our long i. It may be observed, that, ac- 
cording to the modern Dutch orthography, ij is substituted 
for y. Thus, the old spelling Overyssel is replaced by 
Overijssel, Bilderdyk by Bilderdijk, &c. 

Diphthongs. 

7. Aa in Danish usually sounds nearly like our a in fall, 
sometimes approaching o long. A (a) in Swedish sounds 
like long o in English. 

8. Ae, or a, is usually pronounced like a in fate, or e in 
met. In Dutch and Flemish ae sounds like a in far. In 
the modern Dutch orthography, ae is replaced by aa. Thus, 
the name formerly written Haerlem, is now Haarlem, 
Maes is changed into Maas, &c. 

9. Ai and ay are usually proper diphthongs, being com- 
pounded of the sound of a as in far and i as in fig, thus 
nearly corresponding in sound to our long i. In French, 
and in Modern Greek, they are pronounced nearly like ay 
in the English word day; that is to say, like the long a 
in fate. 

10. Ait has generally the sound of ow in now. In 
French au and eau have the sound of long o. 

11. Ei and ey are generally proper diphthongs, uniting 
the sounds of a in fate and e in me, being similar to ay in 
day when this word is pronounced very full. In German 
they are like our long i; in French, nearly like our e in 
met, or a in fate. 

12. Eu in French and Dutch has a sound nearly simi- 
lar to u in the English word/wr, but somewhat more pro- 
longed. This sound is intermediate between that of the 
English short u and that of the German o. (See 14.) In 
German eu and du have the sound of oi in English. 

13. Ie at the end of a word is always pronounced in 
French like e in the English word me. In German it is 
frequently so pronounced. In the middle of a word, ie, 
both in Dutch and German, always sounds like our long e . 

14. Oe, or e>, occurs in several European languages. In 
Danish, however, instead of two dots being placed over the 
o, a mark is drawn obliquely through it (<£). The sound 
is unlike any thing we have in English, but is nearest to 
that of u in fur, or e in her. If, while the lips are retained 
in the position proper for forming o long, the speaker tries 
to utter the sound of e in met (or a in fate*), he will produce 
the sound of b\ [ J^r* This sound, as well as that of the 
French u, should, if possible, be learned from an oral in- 
structor.] In Dutch, oe sounds like our oo. 

15. Oi in French is usually sounded like w'd; moi, is 
pronounced mwd ; roi, rwd ; &c. Oi in the termination of 
certain adjectives, was formerly used instead of ai, and was 
pronounced like this diphthong. Now, however, oi in such 
words is almost universally replaced by ai. Thus, instead 
of Frangois, Frangoise (French), the forms Frangais and 
Frangaise are now used. 



16. Ou in French and in Modern Greek sounds like out 
oo ; in Dutch and Norwegian, like ow in the English word 
now, or like ou in house. In Portuguese it is pronounced 
nearly like long o. 

17. Tie or u, has the sound of the French u. (See 5.) 
^T* Respecting the double vowels, see Observation V. p. 

914. 

CONSONANTS. 

The consonants in the languages of Continental Europe 
are, for the most part, similar in sound to the same letters 
in English. The following exceptions may be mentioned : — 

18. B at the end of a word in German is pronounced 
like p. Between two vowels in Spanish its sound is some- 
what similar to v, with which it is often interchanged ; as, 
Cordoba, Cordova, &c. This sound of b is formed by 
bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. 

19. C before e and i in Italian is pronounced like ch in 
the English word chill ; in the same position in Spanish it 
sounds like the Spanish z or like our th in thin. In Ger- 
man, c before e, i, and y is pronounced like the German z, 
or like ts in English. In Polish it has the same sound, 
even at the end of a word. 

20. D at the end of a word in German and Dutch is 
pronounced like t. In Spanish and Danish, between two 
vowels or at the end of a word, it has a sound similar to th 
in this. 

21. In all the European languages g is hard before a, o, 
and u; in German, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish, it is 
hard in every situation, though it sometimes has a guttural 
sound. Before e and i (or y), in French, Portuguese, Span- 
ish, and Swedish, it is like the j of these languages. In the 
same position in Italian it sounds like our j, or soft g. In 
Dutch it is always pronounced like h strongly aspirated. 
Gu before e and i, in French, Portuguese, and Spanish, 
sounds like g hard. 

22. H in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is 
either never pronounced at all, or else is sounded so slightly 
that an English ear can scarcely perceive it. In the other 
languages of Europe it has the same sound as in English. 

23. Jin Italian, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, 
Danish, and Dutch, is pronounced like our y. In French 
and Portuguese it has the sound of zh, or 5 in the English 
word pleasure. In Spanish it is equivalent to x, being sim- 
ilar in sound to a strongly aspirated h. 

24. Often at the end of a syllable, in French and Portu- 
guese, m and n are said to have a nasal sound ; but, more 
correctly speaking, dropping their own proper character, 
they impart nasality to the preceding vowels, which are 
then sounded through the nose. For example, ban in 
French approximates in sound that indicated by bong in 
English. Alem or alen, in Portuguese is pronounced almost 
d-leng'. In pronouncing the nasal vowels in these lan- 
guages, care should be used not to press the back part of 
the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the 
sound of the English ng. In French, o before n nasal has 
nearly the sound of our o in note, but is somewhat shorter. 
That is to say, if the English word no be pronounced 
quickly, with the vowel rendered nasal, the sound produced 
will correspond almost exactly to that of the French non. 
N in Italian before g usually preserves its clear sound ; 
hence Marengo is pronounced almost ma-renn'go ; in all or 
nearly all the other languages, n in such cases approxi- 
mates the sound of the English n in link. 

25. JV'in Spanish (like gn in French and Italian, and 
nh in Portuguese) has a sound combining that of n and 
y consonant. Mino and Minho are pronounced alike — 
meen'yo. 

26. Qu before e and i in Portuguese and Spanish, and 
before every vowel in French, has the sound of k. In most 
other languages it is essentinlly the same as in English. 

27. R in most European languages is trilled more 
strongly than in English, particularly at the end of a word 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



913 



or syllable. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is 
made to approach very near to the roots of the upper teeth. 

28. S in many European tongues, when between two 
vowels, is very soft, having the sound of our z, or one very 
near it. In German it is usually pronounced soft at the 
beginning of a word. In Hungarian it sounds like our sh, 
or the German sch. 

29. T in several European tongues has a sound some- 
what more dental than in English. This is especially ob- 
servable in Spanish, in which language it is pronounced 
by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 

30. Win German and some other languages is nearly 
similar to our v. It may be described asat) uttered with 
the lips alone, without the aid of the teeth. 

31. X in Spanish generally sounds like a strongly aspi- 
rated h. (See 23.) In Portuguese it is pronounced like 
eur sh. 

32. Z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts ; in 
Italian, z usually sounds like dz, zz like ts. In Spanish it 
is pronounced like the English th in thin. 

Combined Consonants. 

33. Ch ir. Spanish has the same sound as in the English 
word chill. In Italian, it is pronounced like k; in Ger- 
man, Polish, and some other languages, it has a guttural 
sound, somewhat similar to a strongly aspirated h. This 
sound must be learned from an oral instructor. In French 
(except in the case of some words derived from the Greek), 
and in Portuguese, ch has the sound of our sh. 

34. Cs in Hungarian sounds like ch in the English 
word church. 

35. Cz in Polish sounds like our ch; in Hungarian, 
like ts. 

36. Dy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and con- 
sonant y, and hence approximates the sound of our j. The 
same combination occurs in some English words, as in sol- 
dier, verdure, &c. (See 4?.) 

37. Gh in Italian is like gh in the English word ghost, 
or g in game. 

38. Gl in Italian, when followed by i, has the same 
sound as Ih in Portuguese, or 11 in Spanish. Before a, o, or 
u, the i following gl is silent. (See 41.) 

39. Gn in French and Italian (like n in Spanish) com- 
bines the sounds of n and consonant y. (See 25 ) 

40. Gy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and y con- 
sonant. Magyar is pronounced mSd'yor'. (See 36.) 

41. Lh in Portuguese, and 11 in Spanish, combine the 
sounds of I and y consonant. For example, velhb is pro- 
nounced vel'yo ; villa, veePya ; llano, lya/no. Ly in Hun- 
garian has also the sound of 11 in Spanish. LI in French, 
when preceded by i, was formerly, in certain words, sounded 
like the Spanish 11 ; but according to the modern popular 
pronunciation, all sound of the I in such words is dropped. 
Aurillac, formerly o'rePyak', is now generally sounded 
o're'yak' ; Bouillon, formerly booPySN', is now boo'yoN', 
&c. It may be observed, however, that public speakers, 
and others who aim to be very correct in their pronuncia- 
tion, still frequently retain the sound of the I. 

42. Nh in Portuguese is pronounced like the Spanish 
n. (See 25 and 39.) Ny in Hungarian has the same 
sound. 

43. Sc in Italian, before e and i, sounds like the En- 
glish sh. 

44. Sz in Hungarian is sounded like sharp s, or ss / but 
zs is like our zh. In Polish, sz sounds like our sh. 

45. Sch in German is pronounced like sh in English ; in 
Italian, before e and i, it sounds like sk in English, and in 
Dutch, before all the vowels, its sound is similar, but 
harsher and more guttural. 

46. Th in all the modern languages of Continental 
Europe except Greek (in which the character 6 has the 



same sound as our th), is pronounced like simple t, or like 
th in the English word thyme. 

47. Ts in Hungarian is like cs in the same language ; 
that is, like our ch in church. 

48. Ty in Hungarian blends the sounds of t and conso- 
nant y ; it approaches in sound our ch. A similar combi- 
nation of t with the sound of consonant y takes place in 
the English words creature, righteous , virtue. 

ACCENT. 

49. By accent is usually meant, in English, that par- 
ticular impulse or stress of the voice which, in pronuncia- 
tion, is placed upon certain syllables of a word ; for exam- 
ple, on the last syllable in confer and retain, on the second 
in America, and on the first and last in evermore. Many 
words in English (like the one last cited) have two accents ; 
but one is always predominant, and is termed the primary 
accent ; the other is called the secondary accent. 

Something analogous to English accentuation is found in 
nearly all languages. In the Teutonic tongues, especially, 
the accent is essentially the same as in English, a large 
number of the polysyllabic words having both the primary 
and secondary accent, as Son'ders-hau'sen, Zoll've-rein' . 

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to give any general 
rules, that would be of much practical utility, for placing 
the accent on foreign words or names. Among what may 
be termed the principal European languages (viz., English, 
French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), there is 
scarcely one general rule for accent to which there are not 
a multitude of exceptions. Those of most general applica- 
tion are perhaps the following : In Spanish and Portuguese, 
words ending in a vowel usually have the accent on the pe- 
nultima ; those ending in a consonant are generally accented 
on the last syllable : yet even to these there are numerous 
exceptions; e. g., Alcalct, Cdrdova, Andujar, Cadiz, &c. 

50. In Spanish, the difference between accented and 
unaccented syllables, though sufficiently obvious to a na- 
tive, is sometimes scarcely perceptible to a foreigner. 

51. In Hungarian, there is no accent, according to our 
use of this word ; but the syllables are distinguished from 
each other by quantity, being, like the Latin, divided into 
long and short. But as quantity in Latin and Greek is 
converted into accent by the usage of English pronuncia- 
tion, so, in giving Hungarian names in the following Vo~ 
cabularies, the accent is placed according to quantity 
whenever this could be satisfactorily ascertained. 

52. The French language also has no accent, in the 
sense in which we employ the term. The marks called 
accents that are placed over the different vowels, serve only 
to indicate some particular sound of these letters, and not 
that peculiar impulse of the voice which characterizes an 
accented syllable in the English and most other European 
tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parle serves to 
show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at 
the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of 
the frame verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex 
imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and 
deeper sound than ordinary; e.g., in hate, tempete, gUe, 
and apotre. 

It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the 
syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that 
they seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because 
in our language the universal tendency is to throw the 
accent toward the beginning of the word. Accordingly, 
the principal accent has been placed on the last syllable of 
French names : at the same time it has been thought proper 
to mark the others with secondary accents, in order to pre- 
vent them from being pronounced too slightly or indis- 
tinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in 
English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has 
been thus given — oR'la/oN'. 



914 



PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN 



OBSERVATIONS. 

I. I, in French and some other languages, often has a 
sound that is sometimes said to he between our ee and 
short i. It is, however, properly the pure sound of e as in 
me or ee as in see, pronounced short. This sound is repre- 
sented by e. 

II. It may be observed that a, as in the English word 
day, when uttered fully and distinctly, is a true diphthong, 
consisting of a sound nearly like that of e in there or met 
(but less open), prefixed to (or combined with) that of 
short i. In pronouncing foreign names, a (used to repre- 
sent long e in German, Italian, &c.) should never have this 
diphthongal sound ; in other words, the terminal element, 
resembling short ?', should be carefully excluded. 

III. In marking the pronunciation of foreign names, 
except where a full accent falls upon the vowel, we have 
usually preferred to use a, e (or e), and o, rather than a, 
e, o, as the speaker would be in danger of prolonging tbe 
sounds of the latter too much. 

IV. E (not marked with an accent) in Trench is usually 
eilent ; and it is occasionally so in Danish and German. 

V. A double letter, in foreign words, is generally to be 
sounded more distinctly and fully than a single letter of 
the same kind. This remark applies to nearly all the 
double vowels in foreign languages (except aa in Danish 
and Norwegian, already explained under the diphthongs, 
see 7, p. 912) ; ee and oo in Dutch and German, ii and uu 
in Danish and Norwegian, being simply equivalent to the 



single vowel prolonged, Ss, except in Hungarian, has the 
sound of sharp s, as in our words so, house, &c. (See 28.) 

VI. It will be observed that in the following Vocabula- 
ries, o followed by a single consonant in the pronunciation 
of foreign names is usually without any diacritical mark 
(e. g., Heilbronn, hA-hron', Pignerol, pen'ye-rol'). In such 
cases the English scholar will, of course, pronounce it like 
short o, as in folly, this being perhaps the nearest English 
approximation to the true sound ; yet, properly speaking, 
the sound approaches that of o in nor, and is, in fact, in- 
termediate between o in not and o in note. This at least is 
true of the French, German, and Italian. The reader 
should be particularly on his guard, in such cases, not to 
give the o a flat sound, as is too often done, so that not is 
pronounced almost as if it were written ndt. This, in 
speaking English, is a very bad fault, but is still more ob- 
jectionable in pronouncing foreign words. 

VII. In respelling for pronunciation, marks on the vow- 
els have generally been dispensed with, when the sounds 
of the letters could not easily be mistaken. Thus, for ex- 
ample, chaR/pee gives the pronunciation of the Italian 
name Ciarpi no less perfectly, and more simply, than 
ch'aR/pe ; for the same reason far-sis-tan', as the pronun- 
ciation of Farsistan, is preferable to far-sls-tan'. In all 
cases, however, where it was thought that the omission of 
the diacritical sign might give rise to doubt or error, such 
sign has been added, inasmuch as practical utility has been 
deemed to be far more important than the mere show of 
consistency. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 



EMPLOYED IN THE VOCABULARIES OF MODERN 

ICAL NAMES. 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPH- 



Ar. Arabic. 

Dan. Danish. 

Flem. Flemish. 

Fr. French. 

Ger. German. 

Hung. Hungarian. 

Norm. Norwegian. 



Fort. Portuguese. 
pron. pronunciation. 
Russ. Russian. 
Sp. Spanish. 
Sw. Swedish. 
Syn. Synonym, or syn- 
onymous with. 



Turk. Turkish. 

a, e, i, q, marked with this sign [J underneath, have an 
obscure sound similar to that of short u, but are 
usually considerably shorter, and, indeed, sometimes 
are almost mute : thus, GrSt'tan might be pronounced 
grat'tun or grat't'n ; Helper, hel'lur or hel'l'r, &c. 

a, e, o are similar in sound to a, e, o, but are not to be 
pronounced so long. 

S is employed to denote the long sound of a. 

o has a sound similar to e in her (see 14*) ; it may be An- 
glicized by e. 

ii is like the French u (see 5 *), which it is employed in pro- 
nunciation to represent ; it may be Anglicized by the 
English u. 

V, small capital, is intended to represent the sound of the 
French eu (see 12*) ; it should be pronounced nearly 
like u in the English word fur. 

B, small capital, is used to denote the sound of b in Span- 
ish, often nearly approximating that of v. (See 18.*) 

D, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar to 
th in this. (See 20.*) 

G and K, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German 
ch, or one similar to it. (See 33.*) 



H, small capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the pre- 
ceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h. 
I (I liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million ; it blends 

the sounds of I and y consonant. (See 41.*) 
M and N, small capitals, are used to represent the nasal 

sound in French, being similar in sound to ng. 

(See 24.*) 
ii is pronounced like ni in minion ; it blends the sounds 

of n and y consonant. (See 25 and 42.*) 
R, small capital, has nearly the sound of rr in terror, but 

stronger. (See 27.*) 
s is used to indicate that the sound of the s is very soft, 

nearly resembling our z. In the middle of a word 

it should be pronounced like a soft z. 
w has a sound similar to our v. (See 30.*) The v over 

the w is intended to point out its alliance to our v. 
y and ey at the end of an unaccented syllable sound like 

i in pin. 
au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 
ee indicates the clear sound of short i before r, as in the 

English words spirit, miracle, &c. 
ow is to be pronounced like ow in cow, and ou like ou in 

house. In respelling for pronunciation, ow has been 

replaced by ou, wherever the former combination would 

be liable to be pronounced like long o, as in grow, 

tow, &c. 
5s is sometimes used to mark the sharp sound of s where a 

single s would be liable to be pronounced like z ; e. g., 

Mons, moNss, not moNs. 
g sounds like z. 
th is to be pronounced like th in this. 



* These figures refer to the Elements of Pronunciation given above. 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



915 



* is sometimes used to denote the breathing in French 
names in whic> the h is said to be aspirated. It is less 
Strongly pronounced than h in English. 

U^ 53 The primary or principal accent in any name hav- 



ing two accents is- marked thus (') ; the secondary or sub- 
ordinate accent thus {') ; as Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy. 

B^p" The sounds of the marked letters are explained in 
the Vocabulary at the bottom of each page. 



OBSERVATIONS 



NECESSARY TO BE BORNE IN MIND BY THOSE WHO MAKE USE OF THE TWO 
FOLLOWING VOCABULARIES. 



1. Every letter or combination of letters occurring in 
the pronunciation of a word or name, is to be pronounced 
with its proper English sound ; e. g., ch is to be sounded as 
in chill, g as in get, &c. From not attending to this simple 
and obvious rule, many persons fail to pronounce names 
correctly, even while they have the pronunciation clearly and 
accurately marked before their eyes. 

ti. In the pronunciation of foreign names, particular 
care should be taken not to allow a to fall into the third or 
broad sound of this vowel — an error to which American 
and English speakers are very prone ; it would be far bet- 
ter, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It 
has already been observed, however, that a before n nasal 
in French is broad, almost like o in not. 

3. In pronouncing French words containing on nasal, 
thespeaker should be careful not to give o its short sound, 
since this is not only incorrect, but is liable to confound 
the word with others entirely different in spelling and sig- 
nification. By this faulty pronunciation, bon (good) is 
sounded like ban (ban or exile) ; bon should be pronounced 
b<5>r — almost bong. For the same reasons, eu, in names 
not Anglicized, should have its distinct sound, like our u 
in fur, and not be confounded with the French ou or u. 
There is no sufficient reason why the French names Dreux 
(druh) and Droux (droo), Leure (lUR) and Lure (lUR), 
should not be distinguished from each other in pronunci- 
ation, as well as our words grum and groom, cur and cure. 



4. In the pronunciation of foreign names, the speaker 
should be careful to pronounce all vowels, whether in an 
accented or unaccented syllable, distinctly, if they are not 
expressly marked as obscure. 

5. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a 
syllable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not generally 
to be sounded. It is often used, for example, after U (rep- 
resenting the sound of the French eu), that the learner 
may not give this vowel the sound of u in cube or rule, as 
otherwise he would be apt to do. 

It may be remarked, however, that, in a very few in- 
stances, h, at the end of Persian or Arabic names, is 
distinctly pronounced in those languages, and has there- 
fore been repeated in the pronunciation; e. g., Nadir 
shah, na'dir shah. 

6. It is to be observed that the number of syllables in 
the names of the two following Vocabularies is to be deter- 
mined by the number of accents or hyphens, or of both 
together; thus dnyes'ter, the Russian pronunciation of 
Dniester, must be pronounced, not dni-es'ter, but dnyes'- 
ter, the ny being employed to indicate the sound of the 
Spanish n, that is, the sound of ni in minion. 

7. The abbreviation Syn. (Synonym, or synonymous 
with) indicates that the name to which it is affixed is either 
simply another spelling of the name referred to, or that it 
designates the same person or place. 







PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 




MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 


A. 


Agen (a'zhaV) 


Aleria (a-la-ree'a) 


A-moj / 


Ggg^This is an excep- 


Alessandria (al-es-san'dre-a) 


Ampezzo (am-pet'so) 




tion to a general rule : the 


Aleutian (a-hi'shi-an), or 


Ampudia (am-poo'De-a) 


Aa(a) 


regular pronunciation 


Aleutan (a-lu / tan)~ 


Amritsir (am-rit'sir), or Um- 


Aachen (a'Kgn). Syn. Aix- 


would be a/zhoN'. 


Al'ex-an-dreVta. ~Syn. Scan- 


rit'sir 


la-Chapelle 


Ag'in-court {or a/zhaN'- 


deroon. 


Am'ster-dam' 


Aalborg (o]/boRG) 


kooR') 


Al'ex-an'dri-a 


Amu. See Amoo. 


Aar (§r), or Aren (a'ren) 


Agnone (an-yo'na) 


Algarve (al-gaR'va), or Al- 


Amur. See Amoor. 


Aargau (aVgow) 


Agosta (a-gos'ta) 


Al-ge'ri-a, [gar'bi-a, 


An-a-deer', or Anadir 


Aath (at). Syn. Ath. 


Agra (a/gra) 


Algeziras"(al-je-zee / ras) 


Anahuac (a-na-wak 7 ) 


Abakan (a-b'a-kan') 


Agua Neuva (a/gwa, nwa'va) 


Al-gierg' 


A-nam', or An'nam' 


Abakansk (a-ba-kansk') 


Aguas Calientes (a/gwas ka,- 


Al-go'a {usually pron. by the 


An'a-to'li-a. Syn. Natolia. 


Abancay (a-b'an-kl) 


le-en'tes) 


English al'go-a) 


An-co'na 


Abano(a-ba/no) [e-a) 


Aguilar (a-ge-laR') 


Alhama (a-la/mS or al-haV 


Andalusia (an'da-lu'shT-a, ; 


Abascia, or Abassia (a-bash 7 


Agulhas (a-gool'yas) 


ma) fkan'ta) 


Sp. pron. an-da-loo- " 


Abbeville (Fr.) (ab'vel') 


Ah'med-nug'gur 


Al-i-^&nV, or Alicante (a-le- 


thee'a) 


Ab'be-vllle (S. C.) 


Aichstadt. See Eichstadt. 


Alicata (a-le-ka/ta) 


An'da-man' 


Abenheim (a'ben-hlm/) 


Aiguillon (eg'e'yoN') 


Alkmaar, or Alkmaer (alk- 


Andelys, Les (laz-oNd'le') 


Ab'er-broth'gck, or Ar'- 


Ain (&N) 


maK') 


Andernach (an'der-naK 7 ) 


broath 


Aintab (In-tab') 


Allahabad (al'lah-ha-bad') 


Andes (an'dez) 


Xb'er-deen' 


Aisne (an or en) 


Alle (al'lch) 


Andorra (an-doR'Ra) 


Abergavenny (ab'er-ga'n]) 


Aix (aks) 


Al'le-gha'ny 


An'do-ver 


Ab'er-Tst'with (t/ias in thin) 


Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-sha/- 


Allier (al'le-a') 


Andro (an'dro), or An'dros 


AbcT(a/bo) Sw. Abo, o'boo) 


pel') (Ger. Aachen, a/Kgn) 


Mo-a 


A^dros-cog'gin 


Abomey (ab'o-ma') 


Ajaccio (a-yat'cho), or A- 


Almaden (ai-ma-Den') 


Andujar, or Anduhar (an- 


Abookeer, Aboukir, or Abu- 


jazzo (a-yat'so) 


Almeida (al-ma'e-da) 


doo'Har ) 


kir (a-boo-keer 7 ) 


Akerman (a'ker-man') 


Almeria (al-ma ree'a) 


An'e-ga'da 


Abootizh, Aboutige, or A- 


Akhissar (ak'his-saR') 


Almunecar (al-moon-yS- 


An'ge-li'na, 


boutij ('a-boo-tizh') 


Akhmym, or Achmim (aK- 


kaR/) 


Angermannland (ang'er- 


Abrantes (a-br'an'tes) 


meem') 


Alnwick, or Alnewick (an'- 


man-land 7 ) (Sw. Angerm- 


Abrolhos (a-brol'yos) 


Akshehr, Akchehr, or Ak- 


nik) 


land, ong'erm-land) 


Abruzzo Citra (a-broot/so 


scheher (ak-shehV, or ak- 


Alsace (al'sass') 


Angers (an'jerz) ; formerly 


chee'tra) 


she'her) 


Altai (al-tP) 


written Angiers {Fr.pron. 


Ab-se'com 


Al'a-ba'ma, or Al'a-ba'ma 


Altamaha (awl'ta-ma-haw') 


ON'zha'). 


AVys-sinl-a 


Alachua (al-atch'u^a) 


Altamira (al-ta-mee'ra) 


Anglesey, or Anglesea (ang 7 - 


Acapulco (a-ka-pool'ko) 


Alais (a/la') 


Altamura ( al-ta-moo'ra.) 


An-go'la [gl-se) 


Ac'co-mac' 


Alamo ( a'la-mo) 


Altena (aFta-na) 


An-go'ra, or An-goo'ra, 


Ach-een', or Atch-een' 


Alamos (aVla-mos) 


AFten-burg" ( Ger. pron. &V- 


Angostura (an-gos-too'ra) 


Achmim, or Akhmym (aK- 


Aland (a/land) (Sw. Aland, 


ten-bo^ORG 7 ) 


Angouleme (oN'goo'lam') 


meem / ) [mooneyn. 


o'land) 


AJAqh 


Angra (ang'gra) 


Achmouneyn. See Osh- 


A-lap'a-ha' 


Altona (aFto-na) 


Anguilla (ang-gil'la) (Sp. An- 


Acqui, or Aqui (a'kwee) 


Alashehr, or Alaschehr (aV- 


Altorf (aPtoRf), or Altdorf 


guila, an-gee 7 ^)" 


Acquia (a-kwi'a) 


la sheh'r' or a-la-sha'her) 


Altzey, or Alzey (alt'si) 


An^us 


Acre (a'kr or a'ker) 


Alba (al'ba) 


Alvarado (al-va-ra'Do) 


Anhalt (an'halt) 


Aculco (a-kool'ko) 


Albacete (al-ba-tha / ta) 


Amager (a/ma-ger) 


Anholt (an'hSlt) 


Adalia (a-da'le-a), or Sata- 


Al-ba/ni-a 


Amalfi (a-mal'fee) 


An'jou {Fr. pron. oN'zhoo') 


lia (sji-t'a/le-a) 


Albano (al-ba/no) 


Am / a-zon(Sp. Mararion,ma- 


Anjouan. See Anzouan. 


Adana (a/da-n'a) 


Albans, St. (sent awKbunz) 


ran-yon' ; called also Orel- 


An-ko'ber 


Adel(a-del') [a'den) 


Albany (awl'ba-ny) 


lana, o-rel-ya/na) 


An'na-berg ( Ger. pron. an'- 


Aden (a'den ; Arab. pron. 


AFbe-marle (Eng. ) 


Am'a-zo'ni-a [beRG) 


na-beRG') 


Adige (a'de-je; It. pron. a/- 


Al'be-marle' (U. S.) 


Am'bero; ( Ger. pron. am'- 


Annagh (an-na') 


de-ja, Ger. Etsch, etch) 


Albuquerque (al-boo-keVka Ambert (oN'beR'j 


An-nap'o-lis 


Ad'T-ron'dack 


or a^boo-kSrk) 


Amboise (oNb'waz', almost 


Ann A-run/del 


Adlerberg (a'dler-bSRG'), or 


Al'by, or Albi {Fr. pron. 


Am -boy 7 [oNb'wiz') 


Annecy (an'se') 


Arlberg (aRl'bSRG) 


al'be'). 


Am-boy / na 


Annobon ('an'no-bon') 


Adoar (a/dooR') 


Alcala (al-ka-la 7 ) 


Ameland (a'me-lant) 


Anspach (ans'paK) 


Adowah (a/do-wa), or Adova 


Alcala de Henares (al-ka-la/ 


A-mer'T-ca, 


Antequera (an-ta-ka/ra) 


(a/do-v'a) 


da, a-na/res) 


Amersfort" or Amersfoort {&'- 


Antibes (oN'teeb') 


Adramiti (a'dra-mee'tee) 


Alcamo (al'ka-mo) 


mers-fort) 


An^T-cos'ti 


Adria (a'dre-a) 


Alcaniz (al-kan-yeeth') 


Amhara (am-ha'ra) 


An-tie'tam 


Adrianople (ad'ri-an-o'pl) 


Alcantara (al-kan't'a-ra) 


Amherst (am'erst) 


Antjgua"( an- te'ga ) 


Ad'rl-at'ic 


Alckmaar. See Alkmaar. 


Amiens (am'i-enz ; Fr. pron. 


Antilles (an-teeV'or oN'teel') 


JUgean (Sea) (e-jee'an) 


Alcoy (al-ko'e) 


a-me'oN') 


An'ti-oeh ( Turk. Antakia, 


JEroe (a'ro or a'ro') 


Al'der-ney 


Amite (a-meet 7 ) 


an-t'a/kee'a) 


Afghanistan (af-gan'is-t'an') 


Alem Tejo, or Alen-Tejo (a- 


Amlwch (am'look) 


Antioquia (an-te-o-kee'a) 


Afioom, Afioum, or Afium 


leN-ta'zho) 


Am'mQ-noo'suck 


Antisana (an-te'sa-na) 


(a-fe-oom') 


Alencon (a-len'sgn ; Fr.pron. 


Am oo, or Amou (a-moo') 


Ant'werp (Dutch Antwerpen, 


Afragola (a-fra-go'la) 


a/loN'son') 


Amoor, or Amour (a-moor 7 ) 


anVwSrp-en) 


Agde (agd) 


A-lep'po, or Haleb (hii'leb) 


Am'QS-kSag' 


Anzin (oN'zaN') 


a,e, &c., long ;a,e,o, less prolonged; 2,e,&c ,sAor£; a,e,^Q,o&scwre;care,far,ask,all,what; ere,veil,t5rm;pjque,ilrm;s6n,6r, 


' . —___——_—__»__«__»___ -M~««-«»»— -——---— --_______ 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



917 



Anzooan, or Anzuan (an-zoo- 
an') written also Anjouan. 

Aosta (a-os'ta) 

Apache (a-pa/ch&) 

Ap'en-nines. 

Ap'pa-lach'ee 

Ap'pa-la'chl-an 

Ap'pa-lach'i-eo'la 

Appeiizell (ap-pent-sel 7 ) 

Ap'po-mat'tQx 

Apure (a-poo'ra) 

Apurirnac (a-poo-re-mak') 

Aquila (a'kwe-la) 

Aquin (a/kaV) 

Aquino (a-kwe'no) 

Arabia (a-ra'bi-a) 

Arad (or'od') 

Ar'a-gQn (Sp. pron. a-ra- 
gon') 

Araguay (a-ra-gwi') 

Ar'al 

Ara'njuez ('a-ran-Hweth') 

Ar'a-rat 

Ar'as, or A-rax'eg 

Araure (a-rou'ra) 

Arbe (ar'ba) [thock. 

Ar'broath. Syn. Aberbro- 

Areh-an'gel ( Russ. pron. 
aRk-ang'el) 

Areola (aR-ko'1'a) 

Arcole (aR-ko'la) 

Ar-cot' 

Ardeehe (aE/deW) 

Ar-den, or Ardennes (aR'- 
den') 

Arensberg (a'rens-beRG 7 ). 
Syn. Arnsberg. 

Arequipa (a-ra-kee'pa) 

Arezzo (a-ret'so) 

Argentan (aR / zhoN / t5N')_ 

Argenteuil' (aR'zhQN'tuI') 

Ar'gen-tlne Re-pub'lic (Sp. 
Republica Argentina, ra- 
poob'le-ka aR-Hen-tee'na). 
Syn. La Plata. 

Argentiere (aR'zhoN'te-eR') 

Argostoli (aR-gos'to-lee) 

Argyle, or Argyll (ar-giP) 

Argyro Castro (aR'ge-ro k'as'- 
tro 

Arica (a-re'ka) 

Ariege (a/re-azh') 

Ar'i-zo'na. 

Arjonilla ( aR-HO-neePya) 

Ar-kan'sas ( formerly pro- 
nounced, and sometimes 
written Ar'kan-saw) 

Ar-kee'ko ; written also Ar- 
kiko. 

Ark'low 

ArPberg ( Ger. pron. aRP- 
Mrg). Syn. Adelerberg. 

Aries (arlz ; Fr. pron. aRl) 

Armagh (ar-ma 7 ) 

Armagnac (aR / man / yak') 

Vr-me'ni-a. 

Armentieres (aR'moN'te- 
eR') [him) 

AnPhem, or Arnheim (aRn'- 

Arns'berg ( Ger. pron. aRns'- 

Arnstadt (aRn'stat) [beRS) 

A-roos / td"ok 

Arpino (aR-pee'no) 

Ar'ra-can', or Aracan 

Ar-rap'a-hoe. Syn. Arapa- 
hoe. 

AVras (Fr. pron. auras') 

Arroe ; more correctly, iEroe. 

Artois (aR'twa') 

Ar'un-del (Eng.) 

A-run'del (U. S.) 

As/aph 

Aschaffenburg (a-shaf'fen- 
burg ; Ger. pron. a-shaP- 
fen-bdbRG/) 

Aschersleben (ash-ers-la/- 
ben) 

Ascoli (as'ko-lee) 



As-cut'ney 

A-shan'tee, or Ash'an-tee' 
AsIPta-bu'la 
AslPue-lot (ash'we-lot) 
Asia (a/shl-a, often improp- 
erly pronounced iPzhi-a) 
As-sanP 

Assaye (as-sP or as-sa/) 
As-sin'ni-bohP 
Assisi (as-see'see) 
As-sump'tion (Sp. Asuncion, 

a-soon-the-on') 
Asswan, Assouan, or Assu- 

an (as-wan 7 ) 
Asterabad (as'teR-a-bad') 
Asti (as'tee) 
Astorga (as-toR'ga) 
As-to'ri-a 
As-tra-^an 7 , or Astrakhan 

(Russ. pron. as-tra-Kan') 
Asturias (as-too're-as) 
Atacama (a-ta-kaVrna) 
Atchafalaya (atch-af-a-lPa) 
Atch-een', or Acheen." 
At-fe 7 

Ath, or Aath (at) [ca 

AtlPa-pes'cow, or Ath / a-bas / - 
AtlPeng 
Ath-lone' 
Ath'ol, or A'thgl 
Athy (a-thP) 
Atina (a-tee'na) 
At'las 

Atooi. See Atuai. 
Atri (a' tree) 
Attigni (at'ten'ye') 
At-tock', or Attock Benares 

(at-tok' ben-a'rez) 
Atuai (a-too-P). Syn. 

Atauai. 
Aube (ob) 

Aubenas (ob'na' or ob'nas') 
Aubusson (o-biis'soN') 
Auch (osh) 
Auchinlech (aPflek) 
Aude (od) 
Audenarde (o'den-aRd'). 

Syn. Oudenarde." 
Auerbach (ow'er-baE/) 
Augsburg ( Ger. pron. 

OWGS'bOORG) 

Augustine, St. (sentaw'gus- 

teen') 
Aurich (ow/riK) [yak') 

Aurillac (o're'yak' or o'reP- 
Aurungabad (5-rung'ga- 

bad') 
Aus'ter-litz (-lits ; Ger. pron. 

ows'ter-lits) 
Aus'tral-a'si-a (-a/shT-a) 
Aus-tra'lT-a 

Aus'tri-a "(Ger. Oestreich, 
" b'st'rlK) 
Au-tau'ga, 

Autun (o"tuN') [veRS') 

Auvergne (5-vSnP or o'- 
Aux Cayes(o ka) 
Auxerre (o'seR') 
Auxonne (oks'on') or Aus- 

sone (os'son') 
Ava ('i/v'i) 
Avallon (a'vaPlSN') 
Aveiro (a-va'e-ro) 
Avella (a-veFla) 
Avellino (a-vel-lee'no) 
Avenches (a'voNsh') 
Averno (a-veR'no) 
Aversa (a-veR'sa) 
Avesnes (a/van') 
Aveyron (a'va'roN') 
ATezzano (a-vet-sa'no) 
Ayignon (a'ven'yoN') 
Avila (a've-la) 
Avlona (av-lo'na^ 
Avon (a/vgn) 
Avoyelles (av^i-elz') 
Avranches (a'vroNsh') 
A-wats'ka, or A-vatch'ka, 



Axoom, Axoum, or»Axum 

(ak-soom / ) 
Ayamonte (Fa-mon'ta) 
Ayasoolook "(I'a-soo-look'); 

written also " Ayasalouk 

and Ajasaluk. 
Aylesbury (alz'ber-y) 
Ayr (ar) 

Ayrshire (ar'shir) 
Azerbaijan (az-er-bi-jan / ) 
Az'of, Azoph, or Azov 
Azores (a-zor^ or a-zo'rez) 

(Port. Azores, a-sS'res) 



B. 



Baalbec (bal'bek') 
Ba'bel-man'del, or, more cor- 
rectly, Bab'el-man'deb 
Bacchiglione (bak-kel-yo'na) 
Bacharach (baK'a-raK 7 ) 
Badajos (bad-a-hos') (Sp. 

Badajoz, ba-Da-Hotb/) 
Badakhshan. See Budukhs- 

han. 
Baden (ba/den or bad'en) 
Badenweiler (ba-den-wi'ler) 
Baeza, or Baefa (ba-a'tha") 
Bagdad (bag-dad' or bag'- 

dad) ; written also Bagdat. 
Bagnarea (ban-ya-ra/a) 
Bagneres de Bigorre (ban 7 - 

yeR' deh be ; goR') 
Bagnols (ban'yol') 
Ba-ha'mag 
Bahia (ba-e'a) 
Bahrein (ba-ran') 
Bahr-el-Abiad (bah'r-el-a 7 - 

be-ad') [rek') 

Bahr-el-Azrek (bah'r-el-az'- 
Baikal (bl'kaF) 
Bain (bSN) 
Baireuth (bFruth ; Ger. 

pron. bi'roit) 
Bairout. See Beyroot. 
Baja (Italy and Moldavia) 

(ba'ya) 
Baja (Hungary) (boh/yoh/) 
BaFa-ghauts' 
Bal'a-kla'va 
Balaruc (ba'la'ruk') 
Balaton, more correctly Bala- 

tony (bS'law-ton) 
Bal'bec, or Bal'bec' 
Bale (bal). Syn. Basel. 
Bal'e-ar'ic (Islands) 
Bal-fur-osh', or Bal-froosh' 
Balize (ba-leez') 
Balkan (bal-kan') 
Balkh (balk) ; written also 

Bulkh. 
Ballina (baFe-na') 
Ballinasloe (baFli-na-slo') 
BalFstQn Spa (spa or spaw) 
Bal'ly-shan'nQn 
Bal-mor'al 
Bal/ tic 

BaFtT-more (or bawPti-mgr) 
BaFting-glass' 
Balzac (baPzak) 
Bam'berg ( Ger. pron. bam 7 - 

beRG] 
Barn-book' ; written also 

Bambouk and Bambuk. 
Banc'a. 
Banff " (bamf ) ; sometimes 

written Bamff. 
Bangalore (bang'ga-lor') 
Bang'kok' 

Bangor (Eng.) (bang'ger) 
Ban'gor(U. S.) 
Ban'nQck-burn' 
Ban'tam' 

Bapaume (ba'pom') 
Bar'a-co'a 
Barataria" ( ba-ra-ta're-a) 



Barbados, or Barbadoes (bar- 

ba'dQz) 
Bar'ba-ry 
Barbour ( bar'ber) 
Barbuda (bar-boo'da) 
Bar-ce-lo'na (or bar-thS- 

lo'na) 
Barege (ba/razh') 
Bareilly (ba-ra'le) 
Bari (ba're) 

Barita (ba-ree'ta) or Barrita 
Bar-le-duc (baR/leh-duk') 
Barnaul (baR-nowf 7 ) 
Bar'ne-gat' 
Baroach (ba-rotch / ) 
Baroda (ba-ro'da) 
Bar're (in two syllables) 
Barreges, or Barege (ba 7 - 

razh') 
Basel (ba/zel) (Fr. Bale, or 

Basle, bal) 
Basque (bask) [sora. 

Basrah (bas'ra). Syn. Bas- 
Bassano (bas-sa/no) 
Basse-terre (bass'teR') 
Bassora (bas'so-ra), or Bas'- 
Bastia (bas-tee'a) [rah 

Ba-ta'vi-a 

Baton Rouge (bat'un roozh) 
Battagha, or La Battaglia (la 

bat-tal'ya) 
Bautzen (bowt/sen) 
Ba-va/ri-a (Ger.^Baiern, bl'- 

ern) ' [zeed') 

Bayazeed, or Bayazid (bi'a- 
Bayeux (ba/yuh') 
Bayonne (ba'yon') 
Bayou (bi'oo) 
Bayreuth. See Baireuth. 
Beam (ba/aR') 
Beaucoup (bo-koop') 
Beaufort (British Dominions) 

(bo'furt) 
Beaufort (S. C.) (bu^furt) 
Beau^ey (bo'le) 
Beaumaris (bo-ma'ris) 
Beaune (bon) 
Beauvais (bo'va') 
Beccles (bek'klz) 
Bedouin, or Beduin (bed'oo- 

in), or Bed'o-ween. 
Befort (ba'foR'). Syn. Be- 

fort. 
Behring's (beer'-ingz) ( Strait) 
Beira (ba'e-ra). Syn. Beyra. 
Beiroot, or Beirout. See 

Beyroot. 
Beith (beeth) 
Beja (ba'zha) 
Be'ja-poor' 
Bel'ed-el-Jer-eed' ; written 

also Beled-el-Jerid, Biled- 

ul-Gerid, &c. 
Belem (bel'eng) 
Bel-fast' (Ireland) 
Belfast (Maine) 
Belfort (bel'foR'), or Befort 

(ba'foR/) 
Belgium (bel'ji-um) 
Belgrade' (Turk. BU-grad') 
Bellefontaine (France) Bel'- 

f on' tan') 
Bellefontaine (U. S.) (bel- 

fon'ten) 
Belle Isle, or Bellisle (bel-Tl') 
Belloochistan (bel-loo'chis- 

tan') 
Belvidere (bel've-deer') 
Belvoir (bee'ver) 
Benares (ben-a'res) 
Ben-coo'len 
Bengal (ben-gawl') 
Benguela (ben-ga'la) 
Benin (ben-een') 
Ben-Lo'mQnd 
Ben-Ne'vis 
Be-nowm' 
Bensheim (bens'him) 



do,wolf, too, took ; urn,rije,pull ; <j,g, soft; €,g, hard ; as ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,3.u,e^,I,n,s,-w-,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep-9l4 



918 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Bentheim (bent/him) 

Bentivogbo (ben-te-vol'yo) 

Berar (ba-rar') 

Berat (ber-at/) 

Beresina, or Berezina (ber-e- 
zee'na) [Berezow. 

Ber-ez-off ' ; written also 

Bergamo (beR'ga-mo) 

Bgrg'en (or beR'ggn) (Eu- 
rope) 

Berg'gn (U.S.) 

^W" Bergen, in Western 
New York, is almost uni- 
versally pronounced beV- 

J£ n - 
Bergen-op-zoom (beRG'gn- 

op-zom') 
Bergerac (beR-zhgh-rak') 
Bergues (beRG) [shir) 

Berk'shire [formerly bark'- 
Ber'lin (Ger. pron. beR-leen') 
Ber-mu'dag, or Ber-nioo'- 

tbes 
BSrn, or BSrne (Fr. and Ger. 

pron. beRn or beRn) 
Bernadotte (bgr'na-dof) 
Bertie (ber-tee') 
Berwick (Eng.) (ber'rik) 
Berwick (U. S.) 
Berwickshire (ber'rik-shir) 
Besancon (Vz-on'son') 
Bes-sa-raVbT-a, {or bes-a-ra/- 
Beth-aVa-ra" [be-a) 

Bev/el-and "(Dutch pron. 

ba/vg-lant) 
Bev'gr-en 
Bewdley (bud'le) 
Bexar ( Sp. pron. ba-HaR' ; 

oft en pron. by the Texans, 

bgh-har' or bar) 
Beyra, or Beira (ba'e-ra) 
Beyroot, Berut, or Bairout 

(ba'root; Turk. pron. bV- 
BhaVgong' [root) 

Bhoo-tan'. Syn. Bootan. 
Bhurt'poor', or Bhurt'pore' 
Bialystok (be-aWs-tok) 
Bidassoa (be-Das-so'a) 
Bielefeld (bee'lgh-felt') 
Bilbao (bil-ba'o : often writ- 
ten and pronounced in 

Eng., Bil'bo-a.) 
Biled-ul-Gerid " (bil/ed-cTol- 

jer-eed'). Syn. Beled-el- 

Jereed. 
BiFler-ic-a. 
Bing'en 

Bingham ton (bing'um-tun) 
Bio-bio (bee'o-bee'o) 
Birket-el-Keroon, or Keroun 

( beer / ket-el-ker-oon / ) 
Bir'nia. Sy?i. Burma. 
Birmingham (bir'ming-um) 
Biscay (Sp. Biscaya, bis-ka/- 

ya) 

Bissagos (bis-sa/goss) 
Bistineau (bis'te-no') 
Blanc, Mont (moN bloN), or 

Mount Blanc. 
Blagk/gn-burg ( Ger. pron. 

bfank'gn-bdbRG') 
Bled'soe [beRG) 

Blei'berg ( Ger. pron. bli 7 - 
Blenheim (blen'im) (Ger. 

Blindheim, blinVhlm) 
Blois (bloi, preferably blwii) 
Bo'ber 

Bocage (bo/kazh') 
Boden See (bo'dgn sa/). Syn. 

Lake Constance. 
Boglio (bSl'yo) 
Bogota (bo-go-taV). Syn. 

Santa Fe de Bogota. 
Bo-he'mT-a. (Ger. Bohmen, or 

Boehmen, bb v men) 
Bois-le-Duc (bwaMeh-diik') 
Boj-a-dor 7 ( Port. pron. bozh- 

a-d5R') 



Bokhara (bo-Ka/ra), or Bu- 

«ha'ri-a 
Bol'bec' " [ve-a) 

Bo-hVi-a, (Sp.pron. bo-lee'- 
Bologna^bo-lon'ya) 
Bolsena (bol-saVna) 
Bol'so-vgr (local pron. bou'- 

zer) 
Bolzano (bol-za/no) Syn. 

Botzen. 
Bomarsund (bo'mar-soond') 
Bom-bay / 
Bo-nair' (Sp. Buen Ayre, 

bwen I'ra) 
Bo'na-ven-tu'ra. Syn. Bu- 

ena Ventura. 
Bo'na Vis'ta, or Bo'a, Vis'ta, 
Bo-neW 

Bonifaccio (bo-ne-fa/cho) 
Bonita (bo-nee'ta) 
Boom (bom) 
Bootan (boo-tan / ), or Bhoo- 

tan. [pal. 

Bo-paul' ; written also Bho- 
Borcette (boR'sef) 
Bordeaux (boR'do'^ or 

Bourdeaux (booR'do') 
Borgne (born) 

Bor'ne-o [nou 

Bor-noo / ; written also Bor- 
Borodino (bor o-dee'no ; 

Russ. pron. bor-o-de-no') 
Bosh'u-an'ag 
Bosna-Serai (bos-na-ser-i 7 ). 

Syn. Serajevo. 
Bos'nT-a (called Bos'n&by the 

Turks) 
Bos'po-rus ; less correctly 

written Bosphorus. 
Bos'rah, or Boz'rah. Syn. 



Botetourt (bot'e-turt) 

Both'ni-a. 

Botzen (bot'sgn) 

Bouches du Rhone (boosh d'd 
ron). [yoN') 

Bouillon (boo'yoN' or bool / - 

Boulogne (boo-lon 7 ; Fr. 
pron. boo'lon') 

Bourbon (boor'bun ; Fr. 
pron. booR'boN') 

Bourbon (Ky.) (bQr'bun) 

Bourbon Vendee (booR'boN' 
voN'da') 

Bourbonnes-les-Bains 
(booR-b5nMa-baN') 

Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux. 

Bourg (booR) 

Bourges (booRzh) 

Bourgogne(booR / gon'^ Syn. 
Burgundy. 

Boussa(boo / sa). Syn. Boosa. 

Bowdoin (bo'den) 

Bozzolo (bot / so"-lo) [ban tO 

Brabant (braVbant or bra- 

Braga ( bra/ga) 

Bra-gan'za, 

Brah'ma-poot'ra, or BuV- 
ram-poo'ter 

Bran'dgn-burg ( Ger. pron. 
bran'dgn-bcToRGO 

Braunsberg (browns'beRG) 

Bra-zil' (Port. pron. bra- 
zed' ) 

Bra-zo'rT-a 

Brazos (bra'zos or bra/soss) 

Brazza (brat'sa) 

Bread-al'bane 

Breathitt (breth'it) 

Brechin (breK'in) 

Brecon 

Breda (bra-da') 

Bregentz (breg'ents) 

Breisach (brFzaK) (Fr. Bri- 
sach, bre'zak') 

Brem'gn (or bra'men) (Eu- 
rope) 

Bre/mgn(U. S.) 



Brescia (bresh'e-a or bresh'a) 
Breslau (breVlaw or bres'lou) 
Bretagne (breh-taS'). Syn. 

Brittany. 
Breton (brit'Qn) (Cape) 
Briancon (bre'oN-soN') 
BridUngton; pronounced, and 
usually written, Bur'ling- 
Brieg (breeG) [ton. 

Brienne (bre'en') 
Brienz (bre'ents') 
Brieux, or Brieuc (bre'uh') 
Brighthelm stone ; pron. } and 
now generally written, 
Brighton (brFton). 
Brindisi (brin'de-see) 
Brioude (bre'ood') 
Brisach (bre'zak'). Syn. 

Breisach. 
Britain (brhVun or brit'n) 
Bri^ta-ny (Fr. Bretagne, 

bren-tan') 
Brixham (briks/um) 
Broek (brdbk) 
Brom'berg ( Ger. pron. 

brom'IbeRG) 
Brom'ley 

Bromwich (brum'y) 
Bron / do-lo 
Brdbk'line 
Brdbk/lyn 
Brough (briif) 
Bruck (briik, almost brick) 
Bruchsal (brdbk'sal) 
Brij'geg (Fr. pron. briizh) 
Bruhl (briil) 
Briinn (brun or briin) 
Brung'wick (Ger. Braunsch- 
weig, brown'shwlG) 
Brus'selg (Fr. Bruxelles, 

bru'sel') 
Brzesc, or Brzesc Litewski 

(bzhests le-tev'ske) 
Buchanan (buk-an'an) 
Bu-eha'ri-a. Syn. Bokhara. 
Bu^ho-resV, or Bucharest 
Buckinghamshire (buk'ing- 

um-shir) 
Bu'da (Hung. pron. boo'- 

doh'; Ger. O'fen) 
Budukhshan (bud-tlK- 
shan') ; written also Ba- 
dakhshan. 
Budweis (bood'wlss) 
Buen Ayre (bwen I'ra). Syn. 

Bonair. 
Buenaventura (bwa'na-ven- 

too'ra) 
Buena Vista (bwa'na vis'ta) 
Buenos Ay res (bo'nus a/riz ; 

<S^. pron. bwa'noss Fres) 
Bug (boog) 
Builth(bilth) 
Bulgaria (bdbl-ga'ri-a) 
Bulkh. Syn. Balkh." 
Buncombe (bunk/um) 
Bun ; del-cund' 

Bun'der Ab-as'see ( or Abas- 
si). Syn. Gombroon. 
Buntzlau (bdbnts/lou) 
Burd'wan 

Burg ( Ger. pron. bdbRG) 
Burgk (bdbRk) 
Burgos (booR'goss) 
Bur/gun-dy (Fr. Bourgogne, 

booR/gon') 
Bur'ling-ton. Syn. BridUng- 
ton. 
BQVrarn-poo'tgr. Syn. Brah- 
mapootra. 
Bursa (boor'sa, orbru'sa) 
Burscheid (botiR'shlt j Fr. 

Borcette, boR'set') 
Bury (ber'r^) 
Bushire (boo-sheer'). Syn. 

Abooshehr. 
But'ter-mere 
Byzantium (bi-zan'shi-um) 



c. 



Ca-bar'ras 

Cab'gll " 

Ca-bool' (called by the nativet 

Ka/bfil) ; written also Ca- 

boul, Cabul, and Caubul. 
Cabrera (ka-bra'ra) 
Cabuhstan (ka-bool'is-tan'). 

Syn. Afghanistan. 
Cacereg (ka'tha-res) 
Cachao (katch'a-o'). Syn. 

Ketcho [Caxias. 

Cachias (ka-shee'as). Syn. 
Cachoeira (ka-sho-a'e-ra). 

Syn. Caxoeira. 
Ca'diz ( Sp. pron. ka'Deth) 
Caen (koN) 

Caermarthen (kgr-mar'then) 
Caernarvon (ker-nar'vonf 
Caf-fra/ri-a 
Cagliari (kai'ya-re) 
Ca-haw'ba. [kar) 

Cahir, or Caher (kah'her or 
Ca-ho/ki-a, 
Cahoos, or Cahoes (ka-hoz'). 

Syn. Cohoes. 
Cahors(ka/oR') [cos. 

Caicos (ki'kSs). Syn. Cay- 
Caidareta (ki-da-ra'ta) 
Cairngorm (karn-gorm') 
CaFro (Egypt) ; called by the 

Arabs El Kahira (el kah/- 

he-ra ) 
Cai'rolU.S.) 

Ca-la'bri-a (or ka-la'bre-a) 
Calah orra "( k a-la-oR'Rii) 
Calais (kal'iss ; Fr. pron. 

ka'la/) 
Calatayud (ka-1'a-t'a-yooD') 
Calatrava (ka-la-tra'va. 
Calcasieu (kal'ka-shu or 

ktiFka-shij ) 
Cal-cut'la 
Caldas da Rainha (kal'das 

da ra-een'ya) 
Cal'der 
CaFe-do'ni-a 
CaFi-cut 
Cal'i-for'm-a 

Callao (kal-la'o or kal-ya'o) 
CaFla-poo'ya 
Calne (kan)" 

Caltagirone (kal-ta-je-ro'na) 
Calvados (kal'va/d'bs') 
Camanche (ka-man'cha) 
Cam-bay' 

Cam-bo'di-a, or Cam-boge' 
Cam'bray, "or Cambrai ( Fr. 

pron. kaM'bra') 
Cam'bri-a. 

Cambridge (kam'brij) 
Caminha (ka-meen'ya) 
Campagna (kam-pan'ya) 
Campbelltown (kam'gl-town/ 
Campeachy (kam-pee'che ; 

Mex. pron. kam-pa'cha) 
Campo Basso (kam'po bas'- 

so) 
Can'a-da [re) 

Canajoharie (kan'a-jo-har'- 
Canandaigua (kan'an-da'- 
Can'a-nore' " [gwa 1 ) 

Can'a-ra 
Canaries (ka-na/reez) (Sp. 

Canarias, ka-na're-as) 
Can'a-sau'ga, 
Can'a-sto'ta 
Ca-nav'er-al 

Can-da-har', or Kandahar 
Can^i-a, or Crete 
Cannes (kan) 
Can'is-te'o 

Cannouchee (kan-noo'che) 
Ca-non'i-cut 
CantalfkoN-'tal') 
Canterbury (kan'tgr-bgr-e) 



*,e,&,c.,long; a,, e,o, less prolonged ; a,e,&c.,.sAo«; a,e,i,g,o&scMre;care,iar,ask,all,what; ere.veil,term; p'ique,fTrm; s6n,6r> 













MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 919 




Can-tire', Cantyre, or Kin- 


Cateau Cambresis (ka'to' 


Chat-too'ga 


Cincinnatah, or Cincin- 




Can'ton (Chiaa) [tyre 


kox'bra'ze') 


Chaudiere"(sho'de-eR') 


natQh. 




Can'ton(C. S.) 


Cafe-gat, or Kattegat 


Chaumont (France) (sh5'- 


Cinque Ports (sink ports) 




Cape Breton (kap brit't'n or 


Catmando, Katmandou, or 


mox') 


Cin'tra (or seen'tra) 




brif fin) 


Khatmandu (kat-nian'doo] 


Chaumont (N. Y.) (sho'mo') 


Cir-cars' (Northern) 




Cape Girardeau (je-rar-do') 


Catorce (ka-toR'sa) 


Chautauqua (sha-taw'kwa) ; 


Circassia (sgr-kash'I-a) 




Cape Haitien (ha'te-en) (Fr. 


Cat'ta-rau'gus 


formerly written Chau- 


Ci'ren-ces'ter (commonly 




Cape Haitien, kap a'e'te- 


Cattaro (kat-ta'ro) [book 


tauque. 


pron. sis'e-ter or sis'is-ter) 




Cape Pal'nias [&*'] 


Caubul(kaw-bool'). Syn. Ca- 


Chazy (shii-ze') 


Cittadella (chit-tii-del'la) 




Cape Yerd Islands 


Cau'ca-sus 


Chebucto (she-buk'to) 


Ciudad Real (Spain) (the-oo- 




Capitanata (ka-pe-ta-na'ta) 


Caune"s, Les (la k5n) 


Chelmsford (chemz'furd) 


DaD' ra-al') 




Capo d"Istria (ka'po dis'- 


Cava (ka'va) 


Cheltenham (chelt'num) 


Ciudad Real (Mexico) (se-oo- 




tre-a) 


Cavan (Ireland) (kav'an) 


Chemnitz (Kem'nits) 


dad' ra-al') 




Capri (ka'pree) 


Cavan (France) (ka'vox') 


Chemung (she-mQng') 


Ciudad Rodrigo (the-oo-DaD' 




Cap'u-a, (It. pron. ka/poo-a) 


Caver} T , or Cauvery (kaw'- 


Chenango (she-nang'go) 


roD-ree'go) 




Caqueta. (kaVka'ta) 


Cawn-pore' [ver-e) 


Chepstow (chep'sto) 


Civita Yecchia (chee've-ta 




Ca-rac'as, or Caraccas (Sp. 


Cax'a-mar'ca ( Sp. pron. kah- 


Cher (sheR) 


vek'ke-a) 




pron. ka-ra'kas) 


Ha-maR'ka) [as) 


Che-raw' 


Clac-man'nan 




Caraman (kar'a-man') 


Caxias, or Cachias (ka-shee'- 


Cherburg (sher'burg or 


Clagenfurth, or Klagenfurth 




Cararnania (kar'a-ina/ne-a) 


Caxoeira, or Cachoeira (ka- 


sheR'booR') 


(kla'gen-fobrt') 




Carcassonne (kaR'ktis'son') 


sho-a'e-ra) 


Cher'o-kee' 


Clamecy (klam'se') 




Cardenas (kaR'da'nas) 


Cayenne (kl-en') 


Cherso (keR'so) 


Clausthal, or Klausthal 




Cardiff, or Caerdiff ( kar'dif) 


Cayes(ka). Syn. AuxCayes. 


Chertsey (ches'se) 


(klows'tal) 




Cardiganshire (kar'dl-gan- 


Cayuga (ka-yoo'ga) 


Ches'g-peake 


Clermont (Fr.) (kleR'mox') 




shir) 


Caz'en-o'vl-a 


Che-suncdbk 


Clermont (U.S. ) (kler-monf) 




Cardona (kar-do'na) 


Ceara. See'Ciara. 


Chetimaches (chet'tl-match'- 


Clermont Ferrand" (feleR'- 




Cariaco (ka-re-ji'ko) 


Cebu (se-boo'). Syn. Zebu. 


iz or shet'mash') 


moN' fa'rox') 




Car'ib-be'an Sea 


Cecil (sfa'il) 


Cheviot (chiv'e-ut) 


Cleves (kleevz) (Ger. Kleve, 




Car'ib-bee~Islands 


Cefalu (chef-a-loo') 


Cheyenne (she-en') 


kla'veh ; Fr. Cleves, klav, 




Ca-rin'thl-a 


Celebes (sel'e-biz) 


Chiapa (che-a'pa) 


almost klev) 




Carlisle (kar-lil') 


CeUe, orZelle(tsel'leh) 


Chiari (ke-a're) 


Clitheroe (klith'er-o) 




Carlowitz, or Karlowitz (kar'- 


Cen'is ( or se'ne') 


Chiavari (ke-a'va-re) 


Clogher (kloh'ner) 




lo-vits) • 


Ceph'a-lo'ni-a. (It. pron. 


Chiavenna (ke-a-ven'na) 


Cloghnakilty (kloH/na-kil'' 




Carls'bad, or Karlsbad ( Ger. 


chef-a-lon'e-a ; Modern 


Chicago (she-kaw'go) 


te), or Clon'a-kil'ty * 




pron. kaRls'bat) 


Greek, kef-a-lo-nee'a) 


Chichester (chitch'es-ter) 


Clon-mell' 




Carlscroua (karls-kroo'na), 


Ce-rarn' (Port. pron. ser- 


Chick'g-hom'i-ny 


Co'a-ho'ma, 




or Carlscroon 


TOWX') 


Chick'.a-mau'ga 


Coahuila. " See Cohahuila. 




Carlsruhe, or Karlsruhe 


Cerigo (cher'e-go) 


Chick'a-pee' 


Coango (ko-ang'go) 




(karls'roo) 


Cervera (seR-va'ra) 


Chick'a-saws 


Coblentz (kob'lents) (Ger. 




Carmagnola (kar-niiin-yo'la} 


Cervia (cheR've-a) 


Chicotlshee'ko) 


Coblenz, ko'blents ; Fr. 




Car-nat'ic 


Cesena (cha-sa'na) 


Chiem See (Keem sa.) [en') 


Coblence, ko'bloxss'j 




Car'ni-o'la, (German Krain, 


Ceuta (su'ta ; Sp. pron. tha'- 


Chienne, or Cheyenne (she- 


Cobu (ko-boo') 




krin) 


oo-ta) 


Chieti (ke-a'te) 


Co'burg ( Ger. pron. ko'- 




Carolina (kar'o-li'na) 


Cevennes (sa'ven') 


Chihuahua (che-wa'wa) 


bcJbRG) [ba) 




Carpathian (kar-pa/thi-an) 


Ceylon (see'lon or si-Ion') 


Chili (chil'le) (Spanish Chile, 


Cochabamba (ko-cha-bam'- 




Car'pen-ta'rl-a, 


Chagres (cha"gres) 


chee'la) 


Cochin (ko-cheen') 




Carpentras (kaR/pox'tras') 


Chaleur (sha-loor') 


Chil'li-coth'e 


Co'chin Chi'na 




Carrara (kaR-Ra'rii) 


Chalons sur Marne (shii'- 


Chillon (she'yox' or shil'- 


Codogno (ko-d"on'yo) 




Car'rick on Suir (shur) 


16x'-s'uR-maRn) 


lon) (Switzerland) 


Co-do'rus 




Car'rick-fer'gus 


Chalons- sur -Saone (sha/- 


Chiioe (che-lo-a', almost 


Coeslin. See Cb'shn. 




Carshalton (kas-haw'tgn) 


lox'-siiR-son) 


chil-way') 


Coevorden (koo'vor-den) 




Cartagena (kar'ta-je'na ; Sp. 


Chambery (shox'ba'ree') 


Chimborazo (chim'bo-ra'zo ; 


Coeymans (kwee'manz) 




pron. kaR-ta-Ha/na) 


Chamouny (sha/moo-ne') 


Sp. pron cheem-bo-ra'- 


Cognac (kon-yak')" 




"Cartago (kaR-ta'go) 


Champagne (shox'pan') 


Chi'na [tho) 


Cohahuila, or Coahuila (ko- 




Car'ter-et 


Champaigne (sham-pan') 


Chinchilla (chin-cheel'ya) 


a-wee'la) 




Oasal Maggiore (ka-sal' mad- 


Cham-plain' 


Chin In'di-a 


Cohoes, or Cahoos (ko-hoz') 




jo'ra) 


Chandeleur (shan-de-loor') 


Chios (kl'os) 


Coim-ba-toor', or Coim-ba- 




Casale (ka-sa'la) 


Chan'dgr-na-gore' 


Chippenham (chip'num) 


tor' 




Cas'bin, or Kaz'bin (Peru. 


Chang-hai.~ Syn. Shang- 


Chippewa (chip'pe-wa) 


Co-im'bra (or ko-eem'bra) 




pron. kas-been', whence 


hai (improperly written 


Chip'pe-way 


Coire (kwaR) (Ger. Chur, 




the name is sometimes 


Shanghae). 


Chiquitos (che-kee't6s) 


kooR) 




written Casbeen) 


Chantilly (shax-til'lee ; Fr. 


Chiriqui (che-re-kee') 


Col'ches-ter 




Caserta, or Caserta Nuova 


pron. shox'tel'ye' or 


Chiswick (chiz'ik) 


Coleraine (kol-ran') 




(ka-seR'ta noo-o'va) 


sh5N'te'ye') 


Chit'a-gong 


Colima (ko-lee'ma) 




Cash-gar'. Syn. Kashgar. 


Chapala (cha-pa'la) 


Choc'taw 


Colne (koln) 




Cashmere, or Kashmire 


Chapultepec (cha-pooi-ta- 


Cholula (eho-loola) 


Colnebrook (kon'brdbk) 




(kash-rneer') 


pek') 


Chowan (cho-wan') 


Cologne (ko-lon' ; Fr. pron. 




Cas'pi-an 


Charcas (chaR'kas) 


Chris'ti-an'a, 


ko'lon') (Ger. Koln) 




Cas'sgl" 


Charente (sha'roxt') 


Christiania (kris-te-a'ne-a) 


Colombia (ko-lom'be-a) 




Cassiquiari (ka-se-ke-a'ree) 


Charente Inferieur (sha'- 


Christiansand (kris'te-an- 


Co-lom'bo, or Co-lum'bo 




Casteinaudary (kas'tel'no'- 


roNf iix'fa're-uR') 


sand') 


Col'on-sa, or Col'on-say' 




da're') 


Chiir'I-tQn 


Christianstadt (kris'te-an- 


Colorado"(kol'o-rah'do) 




Castel Yetrano (kas-tel'va- 


Charkow (kaR-kof). Syn. 


stat) (Sw. Christianstad, 


Co-lum'bT-a 




tra'no) 


Kharkof. 


kris'te-an-st'ad' ) 


Co-mac' 




Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'na) 


Charlevoix (shar'le-voi') 


Chrudim ^Kroo'dim) 


Co-man'che (Sp. pron. ko- 




Castile ( kas-teel' ) (Sp. Castil- 


Chartres (shaRt'rf 


Chudleigh (chQd'lee) 


man'cha), or Ca-man'che 




ia, kas-teel'ya) 


Chatauque. See Chautau- 


Chum'bul 


Comayagua (ko-mi-a'gwa) 




Castine (kas-teen') 


qua. [5n') 


Chup'rah 


Com'ba-hee' 




Castlebar (kas-sel-bar') 


Chateaubriant (sha'to'bre- 


Chuquisaca (choo-ke-sa/ka) 


Comines (ko'meen'), or Corn- 




Castres (kasfr) 


Chateaugay (shat'o-gay') 


Chur (koor). Syn. Coire. 


mines (kom'meen') 




Castro Giovanni (kas'tro jo- 


Chateaudun (sha'to'dux') 


Ciara (se-a'ra); written also 


Com'o-rin 




vau'ne) 


Chateau-Gonthier (sha'to 7 - 


Ceara and Seara. 


Co'morn, or Komorn 




Catabamba (ka-ta-bam'ba) 


gox'te-a') 


Cienfuegos (se-en'fwa'g5g) 


Com'o-ro 




Catahoula, or Cat'a-hoo'la 


Chateauroux (sha'to'roo') 


Cimaron (se-ma-ron') 


Compiegne (koM'pe-an') 




Cat'a-lo'n!-a (Sp "Catalufia, 


Chatellerault (sha'tel'ro') 


Cinaloa fsin-a-lo'a) 


Com'po-stel'la (Sp. Compo- 




ka-ta-loon'ya) 


Chat'ham 


Cincinnati (sin'sin-nah'ti) 


stela, kom-po-sta/la) 




Catania (ka-ta'ne-a) 


Chat'ta-hoo'che 


^W Often improperly 


Concan (kong'kun) 




Catanzaro (ka-tan-za/ro) 


Chat'ta-noo'ga 


pronounced as if written 


Conception (kon-sep'shun) 




4u,wolf,to~o,t(Jbk ; urn, rue, pull ; c,g., "*fk «,g, hard ;as.; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,l,5,s 


w,b,d,g,h,k,n,r,u (see p . 914)« 













I 


920 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 


(Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep- 


Creuse (kruz) 


Debreczin, or Debretzin (da- 


Dor'ches-ter 


the-on') 


Creutznach (kroits'naii.] 


bret'sin) 


Dor-dogne " (dor'don' ; Fr. 


Con'chas (ch as in child) 


Syn. Kreutznach. 


De-ca'tur 


pron. doR'don') 


Concord (konk/urd) 


Cri-me'a (Russ. Krim.) 


Dec'can, or Dek'kan 


Dordrecht (dort'reKt), or 


Con-cor'dT-a 


Croatia "( kro-a'shl -a ) 


DeFa-go'a 


Dort 


Cond6 (kon'de or koN'da/) 


Croix, St. (kroi). Syn. Santa 


Dei aware"( del'a- war ) 


Dornoch (dor'noK) 


Conecocheague (kon'e-ko- 


Cruz. 


Delft (every letter should be 


Dorpat (doR^at), or Dbrpt 


cheeg') 


Crom'ar-ty 


pronounced) 


Dorsetshire (dor'set-shir) 


Conecuh (ko-nee'ka) 


Cronstadt (kr5n'stat) 


Delgada (del-ga/da) 


Douai, or Douay (doo'a'); 


Conemaugh (kon^-maw) 


Csaba (ch5b'5h') 


Delhi, or Dehli (Hindostan) 


sometimes written Doway. 


Con'es-to'ga 


Csongrad (chon-gracl') 


(del'lee) 


Doubs (doobz or doo) 


Co-ne'sus 


Cu'ba (Sp. pron. koo'ba) 


Delhi (U. S.) (del'hl) 


Douglas (dug'les) 


Congaree (kong'ga-ree') 


Cuban (koo-ban'). Syn. Koo- 


Del'vi-no 


Douro (doo'ro) (Sp. Duero, 


Congo (kong'gof 


ban. 


Dem'be-a (or dem-bee'a). 


dwa'ro) 


Connaught (kon'nawt) 


Cud'da-lore' 


Demerara. ( dem'er-a'ra ) 


Do'ver 


Connecticut (kon-net'I-kut) 


Cuenca (kwen^ka) ; formerly Denbighshire (den'be-shir) 


Do'vre -field' (Norw. DaavTe- 


Con'stance (Ger. Constanz, 


written and pron. Cuenca Den'der-ah 


fjeld, do'vre-fyeld') 


kon'stants) [naj 


(kwen'sa). 


Dendermonde (den'der- 


Dowlatabad fdow'la-ta-bad') 


Constantina (kon-stSn-te'- 


Culbuacan (kool-wa-kan'). 


mon'deh), or Dendermond 


Down-paVrick 


Con-stan'ti-no'ple 


Syn. Palenque. 


(den'der-monf) 


Draguignan (dra/gen'yoN') 


Contreras (kon-tra/ras) 


Culiacan (koo-le-a-kan') 


Dennis, St. (sent den^s or 


Drave (drav) (Ger. Drau, 


Cooch Bahar (bS-har') 


Cul-lo'den 


den'ee) (Fr. "Saint Denis, 


drow ; Slavonian Drava, 


Coo-mas'sie 


Culm (kSblm) 


sSn d'nee) 


dra ; va) 


Cooslko-os') 


Cul'pep-per 


Depeyster (de-pTs'ter) 


Drenthe (dren'teh) 


Coo'saw-hatch'ie 


Cul-ross' (or koo'ros) 


Deptford (detffurdf 


Dreux (druh) [no) 


Co'pen-ha'gen (Danish Kjo- 


Cumana (koo-ma-na/) 


Der-bend' 


Drin (dreen), or Drino (dree'- 


benhavn, kyb-ben-hown') 


Cumania, or Rumania (ku- 


De^by (or dar'b!) 


Drogheda (droh'Hg-da) 


Co'pi-a-po' 


ma/ne-a) (Hung. Kun-sag, 


< H^" The latter pronun- 


Drohobicz (dro'ho-bitch), or 


Coquimbo (ko-keem'bo) 


koon-shagO 


ciation was formerly uni- 


Dro'ho-vitsch' 


Corbach (koR'baK) 


Curacoa (ku'ra-so') 


versal. 


Droitwich (droit'itch) 


Corbeau (kor-bo') 


Curaray (koo-ra-rl') 


Derbyshire (der'be-shir) 


Dro'more, or Dro-more' 


Corbeil (kor'bal' or kor'- 


Curische-Haff (koo'rish-eh- 


Derne (der'ne or de^neh) 


Drontheim (dront'im) (Nor- 


ba'y') [Corfu. 


haff'). Syn. Kurische- 


Derr (deR) 


wegian Trondjem, trond/- 


Corcyra (kor-sl'ra). Syn. 


Haff. 


De Ruyter (de r^ter) 


Druses (droo'zez) [yem) 


Cor-dil'ler-as ( Sp?pron. koR- 


Cur'ri-tuck' 


Desaguadero (d6s-a'gwa-Da'- 


Duanesbure (du-anz'burg) 


del-ya'ras) 


Curzola (koord-zo'la) 


Des'e-a'da [ro) 


Dub'lin 


Cor'do-va, or Cordoba 


Custrin, or Kustrin (kds- 


Des'er-et/ 


Dubuo (doob^o) 


Co-re'*} 


treen') 


De-sha' 


Du-bois 7 


Corfu " (kor-foo' or kor'fu ; 


Cut-tack' [fen) 


Des Moines (de moin) 


Dubuque (du-bdbk / ) 


Modern Greek pron. kor- 


Cux-ha'ven (or kdbks-ha/- 


Despoblado (des-po-bla/Do) 


Duero (doo-a'ro or dwa/ro). 


Cor'inth [fee') 


Cuyaba (koo-ya/ba) 


De So'to 


Syn. Douro. 


Cor'o-man'del 


Cuyahoga (kl'a-ho'ga) 


Des'sau ( Ger. pron. des/sow) 


Du^s-burg (or doo'is- 


Corpus Chris'ti (kor'pus 


Cuzco (koos'ko) 


Det'mold ( Ger. pron. det'- 


bdbRG') 


kris'te) 


Cyc'la-deg 


De-troit' [molt) 


Duiveland (doi've-lant) 


Correze (koR'RSz') 


Cythera (si-thee'ra). Syn. 


Dettingen (def ting-en) 


Dulce, Rio (ree'o dool'sa or 


Corrientes (koR-Re-en'tes) 


Cerigo. 


Deutz (doits) 


dool'tha) 


Cor'si-ca (Fr. Corse, koRs) 


Czaslau (chas'lou) 


Deux-ponts (duh'poN') (Ger. 


Dulcigno (dool-cheen'yo) 


Corte (koR'ta) 


Czernigow (cher'ne-gof). 


Zweibr'dcken, tswi-briik/- 


Dulwich (dul'ij) 


Cortona (koR-to'na) 


Czernowitz (cher'no-vits) ; 


Deva (da'va) [ken) 


Dumbartonshh-e (dum-bar' 


Co-run'na (Sp. Coruna, ko- 


more correctly Czernowice, 


Dev^n-ter, orDewenter (da'- 


tgn-shir) 


roon'ya) 


cheR'no-vet'seh). 


ven-ter) 


Dum-blane' 


Cosenza (ko-sen'za) 


Czirknicz, or Zirknifez 


Devises^ de-vi 7 ziz) 


Dumfries (dum-freess') 


Co-shoc'ton 


(tseeRk'nits) 


Devonshire (dev'gn-shir) [re) 


Dun-bar' 


Cbslin, Coeslin, or Kbshn 




Dhawalaghiri (da-wol'a-ger'- 


Dundalk (dun-dawk') 


(ko's-leen') 




Di'-ar'bekr, orDiarbekfr (dee- 


Dun-dass' 


Cosne (kon) 


D. 


ar'be-keer') 


Dun-dee 7 


Cosseir (kos-sar / ) 


Die, or Diez, Saint (son de-a') 


Dunfermline (dum-fer^m) 


Cos-sim'ba-zar' 




Diepholz (deep'holts) 


Dun-gan'non 


Costa Rica (kos'ta ree'ka) 


Daghestan (da'ges-tan/) 


Dieppe (dyep or de-ep') 


Dun-gar'von 


Cote d : Or (kot doR) 


Dahl (dal) 


Diest (deest) 


Dungeness"( dun-je-ness') 


Cotes du Nord (kot dli noR) 


Dahomey (dah'ho-ma/) 


Digne (deen) 


Dunkeld (dun-kel") 


Cotignola (ko-ten-yo'la) 


Da-ko'tah. Syn. Sioux. 


Dijon (de'zhoN') 


Dun'kirk (Fr. Dunkerque, 


Cotopaxi (ko-to-paks'e ; Sp. 


Dalecarfia (da-le-kaR'le-a) 


Di^ling-en 


duN^keRk') 


pron. ko-to-pah'He) 


Dalhousie (dal-hoo'zl) 


Dinan (dVnoN') 


Dun-sin'nane 


Cottbus, or Kottbus (kotV- 


Dalkeith (dfil-keeth/) 


Dinant (de'noN' or de-nant') 


Dunwich (dun'itch) 


boos) 


Dalles (dalz) 


Din-wid 7 die 


Du'plin 


Courland (koor'land). Syn. 


Dalmatia (dal-ma/shi-a) 


Dixmude (dix/miid') (Flem. 


Duquesne (du-kan') 


Kurland. 


Dalton (dawl'ton) 


Dixmuyden, dix-moi'den) 


Durance (du'rSNSs') 


Courtray, or Courtrai 


Dam'a-ris-cot'fa 


Dizier, Saint (saN-de^e-a') 


Durango (doo-rang'go) 


(kooR'tra') (Flem. Kort- 


Dambea. See Dembea. 


Djid'da. Syn. Jidda. 


Durazzo (doo-rat'so), or Du- 


ryk, korVrlk) 


Dam'i-et'ta (Arab. Damiat, 


Djoliba (joFe-ba ). Syn. Jol- 


ras (doo-ras') 


Coutances (koo'toNss') 


da-me-at') 


iba. 


Durham (dtir'um) 


Coventry (kuv'en-tre) 


Dan'ne-mo'ra 


Dnieper (nee'per; Russ. 


Durlach (dobR'laK) 


Cov'ing-ton 


Dant'zic (dant'sik) (Ger. Dan- 


pron. dnyep'er) 


Dus'sel-dorf (Ger. Diissel- 


Cowes (kowz) 


zig, daut'siG) [now.) 


Dniester (nees'ter ; Russ. 


dorf, diis'sel-doRf ) 


Cracow (kra'ko) (Polish Kra- 


Dan'ube (Ger. Donau, do'- 


pron. dnyeVter) 


Duval (du-voP) 


kow, kra/koof) 


Dardanelles (dar'da-nelz') 


Doab, or Dooab (doo'Sb') 


Duyveland (doi've-lant) 


Crecy (kres'se ; Fr. pron. 


Dar/foor'; written also Dar- 


Do'fra-fi-61d'. Syn. Dovre- 


DwFna 


kra'se') ; often written 


fur and Darfour. 


Dole (dol) [field. 


Dyle, or Dyl (dll) 


Cressy by the English. 


Darien (Ga.) (da/re-en) 


Dolgelly (dol-gethle) 




Crefeld (kra'felt) 


Darien, Isthmus of (da-re- 


Domingo (do-ming'go) 




Crema (kra'ma) 


en') 


Dominica (dom-'e-nee'ka ; 


E. 


Cremnitz (krem'nits). Syn. 


Darmstadt (daRm'stat) 


Fr. Dominique, dbm-e- 


Kremnitz. 


Dartmouth (dart'muth) 


neek') 




Cre-mo'na (Jit. pron. kra- 


Dar'war' 


Donaghadee (don'a-Ha-dee') 


Earn, Loch (Iok ern) 


mo'na) 


Dauphine (do'fe/na')- Syn. 


Donc'as-ter 


Ebora. See Evora. 


Cres'sy. See Crecy. 


Dauphiny. 


Donegal (don-e-gawP) 


E'bro (Sp.pron. a/bro) 


Crete. Syn. Candia. 


Daviess (d^vis) 


Dongola (dong/go-la) 


Eccloo (ek-klo') 


a,e,&c, long; a,e,o.less prolonged; a,e,&c, short; a,e,i,Q,obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; £re 


,veil,t5rm; p'.'que,iTrm; son,6r, 





~~ ■ 


MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 921 


Echelles, Les (laz a/shSl') 


Esneh (es'ngh'), or Esne 


Fibres 


G. 


Ecija (a'the-Ha) 


(6s'na') 


Flor^-da en) 


Eckmiihl (ek-mill') 


Esquimaux (eVke-mo) 


Flushing (Dutch Vlis/sing- 




Ecuador ek-wa-doR/) 


Essequibo (es-sa-ke'bo) 


Fbbr (tor), or Fbhrde (foR/- 


Gacs (gatch) 


EdToo' ; written also Edfou 


Es Sioot, or Es Siout (es see- 


Foggia (fod/ja) [deh) 


Gadamis (ga-da/mis). Syn- 


and Edfu. 


oof). Syn. Sioot. 


Foglia (fol'ya) 


Ghadamis. 


E-di'na, 


Este (es'ta) 


Foix (fwa) 


Gaeta (ga-a'ta) 


Edinburgh (ed'in-bur-ruh) ; 


Es-tho/ni-a 


Foligno (fo-leen/yo) 


Gaillac (ga'yak' or gal'yak') 


written also, but less prop- 


Estremadura (es-tra-ma- 


Fondi (fou'dee) 


Gaillon (ga'yoN' orgal'yoN') 


erly Ediuboro' and Edin- 


Doo'ra) 


Fontainebleau (foN'tan/blo'; 


Gairloch (gar'loK) 


borough. 


Estremoz (es-tra-moz') 


Fontarabia (fon-ta-ra'be-a' 


Galapagos (gal'a-pa'gus ; 
Sp.pron. ga-la"pa-g5s) 


Ed'is-to 


Eszek (eVsek) 


(Sp. Fuenterabia,"fwen-ta- 


Eg'ri-po. Syn. Negropont. 


Etampes (a/toNp') 


ra-bee'a) 


GaFa-shielg' 


Egypt (e'jipt) 


Etienne, Saint (saNt et/e-en') Fontenay (foNt'na') 


Galatz (ga'lats) 


Ehreabreitstein (a'ren-brit- 


Et'na, or 2Et/na 


Fon-te-noy' (Fr. pron. 


Ga-le'na 


stin) [stet) 


Et'o-wah 


foNt/nwa') 


Galicia (ga-lish'i-a) 


Eiehstadt, or Aichstadt (ik / - 


Etsch (etch.) Syn. Adige. 


Fontevrault (fon'te-vro' ; 


Gallapagos. See "Galapagos. 


Eilenburg (I'len-bdbRG') 


Eu (uh) [na'o') 


Fr. pron. foNt/vro') 


Gal-lip/o-lS 


Eimbeck (hn'bek) 


Eupen (oi'pen) (Fr. Neau, 


Forli (foR-lee 7 ) 


Gal'li-po-lis' (Ohio) 


Einieo (I'me-o) 


Euphrates " (yu-fra/tez) 


Formentera (for-men-ta/ra) 


GaFlo-way 


Eisenach (l'zen-aK) 


(Turk. Frat) 


For-mo'sa 


Galluzzo (gal-loot'so) 


Eisenstadt (I'zen-stal/) 


Eure (yoor orvK) 


For-syth'" 


GaFves-tgn 


Eisleben (Is'la-ben) 


Europe (u'rup) 


For'ta-ven-tu'ra, 


Gal way (gawl'wa) 


Ekatarinburg (a-ka'ta-reen- 


Eutin (oi-teen') [Sea. 


Fossano (fos-sa /- no) 


Gam'bi-a 


boorg') 


Euxine (yux'in). Syn. Black 


Fotheringay (foth/er-ing-ga'] 


Gand (goN). Syn. Ghent. 


Ekatariaoslaf, or Ekatarino- 


Evesham (eevz'hum or eevz'- 


Fougeres (foo^heR') 


Gan'ges (Hindoo, Gunga) 


slav (a-ka'ta-reen/o-slaf). 


um) 


Foulah (foo'la). Syn. Foo- 


Gap (gap) 


See Yekatarinosiav. 


EVo-ra ; written also Ebora. 


lah. 


Gard (gaR) 


Elatma (a-kWma), or Yelat- 


Evreux (eVruh') 


Fourche (foorsh). See La 


Garda (gaR'da) 


ma (ya-lat'ma) 


Eylau (i'lou) 


Fourche. 


Gardiner (gard'ner) 


Elbe (elb ; Ger. pron. el'beh) 




Fowey (foy), sometimes writ- 


Gardon (gaR'doN') 


El'ber-feld ( Ger. pron. el'ber- 




ten Fawey. 


Garfagnana (gar-fan-ya'na) 


felt') 


F. 


Foyers ; often written, and 


Garigliano (ga-rel-ya'na) 


Elbeuf(el'buP) 


always pron., Fy^rg. 


Garonne (ga-ron') 


El-boorz' , or El-hrooz' ; writ- 




France (franss ; Fr. pron. 


Gas^o-nade' 


ten also Elburz and El- 


Faenza (fa-en'zaO 


froNss) 


Gas^o-ny (Fr. Gascogne, 


brouz. 


Faeroe (fa/ro or fa'rij). Syn. 


Franche Comte (froNsh 


gaVkon') 


Elche (el'cha) 


Faroe. 


kSN'taO 


Gaspe (gas'pa') 


El'e-phan'ta 


Fahlun (fa'loon) 


Fran-co'ni-a, 


Ge-au^a, 


EFgm-shire" 


Faioom, or Faioum (fi-oom') 


Franeker (fran'ek-er) 


Geel (Dutch pron. Hal) 


Elizabetgrad (a-liz^a-bet- 


Falaise (fa/laz') 


Frankenstein (frank'en- 


Gefle (yev'la) 


grad'), or Yelisavetgrad 


Falkirk (fawl'kirk) 


stm/) 


Gelders, or Guelders (geV- 


El-mFra 


Falkland (fawk'land) 


Frankenthal (frank'en-tal / ) 


derz) (Dutch Geldern, 


El Paso del Norte (el pa/so 


Falmouth (fSl/muth) 


Frankfort (Ger. Frankfurt, 


HeFdern). Syn. Gel 7 der- 


del noF/ta) 


Falster (i'al'ster or ial'ster) 


frank / fd"oRt) 


Gen'e-see' [land- 


El'si-nore'^ or Elsineur (eV- 


Falun, or Fahfun (ia/loon) 


Frascati (fras-ka'tee) 


Gen' e-se'o 


se-nur') (Dan. Hel-sing- 


Fano (fa/no) 


Frauenburg (frow'en- 


Ge-ne'va, (Ger. Genf, genf; 


b v er) 


Faro (faVro) 


bdbRG' ) 


Fr. Geneve, zhen-av 7 ) 


Embden (enVden) 


Faroe (ia'ro or fa'ro-e) 


Fraustadt (frow'stat) 


Genii (Ha-neel 7 ); written also 


Ein'brun (or oN'bruN') 


Farsistan (far-sis-tan?) 


Freiberg (frf/beRG) 


Xenil. . [va\ 


Em'e-sa. Syn. Horns. 


Fauquier (faw-keer') 


Freiburg (frFburg or frl 7 - 


Gen'o-a (It. Genova, jen'o- 


Emmerich (em'mer-iK), or 


Fav'ersh-am [fl-al 7 ) 


bdbRG) 


Geor'gi-a, 


Emrich^em/riK) 


Fayal (fi-awl 7 ; Port. pron. 


Freising (fri'zing), or Frei- 


Gera (ga'ra) 


Ems (ems) 


Fayette (fa-ef) 


singen (M'zing-en) 


GSr'ma-ny (Ger. Deutsch- 


Enghien (oN'ge-oN') 


Fayetteville (ia/et-vil) 


Freistadt (frl/stat)" 


land" doitch'lant) 


England (ing'gland) 


Fayoum (fi-oom'). Syn. 


Frejus (fra'zhiis') 


Gerona (Ha'ro-na) 


Engoor, or Engour (en-goor') 


Faioom. 


Freyburg. See Freiburg. 


Gers (zheR) 


and Enguri (en-goo'ree). 


Fee'jee. Syn. Fiji. 


Freystadt. See Freistadt. 


Gex (zheks) 


Syn. Angora. , 


Feliciana (fe-hVse-an'a) 


Friburg (fre'booR'). Syn. 


Geysers (gl'sers) 


Enikale (en-e-ka/la). Syn. 


Feodosia (fa-o-do'se-a)? Syn. 


Freyburg. [lant) 


Ghadamis (ga-da'mis) 


Yenicale. 


Kaffa. 


Fried^and ( Ger. pron. freet 7 - 


Ghauts (gawts) 


Enisei. See Yenisei. 


Fermanagh (fer-man'a) 


Fries'land, Vrieg'land, or 


Gheel. Syn. Geel. 


Enkhuizen (enk-hoi'zen) 


Fer-moy' 


Friesia (free / zhi-af 


Ghee'zeh ; written also Gi^ 


En'nis-cor'thy 


Fer'ney (or feR'na') 


Frio (free'o) 


zeh and Jizeh. 


En'nis-kil'len 


Ferrara (fa,R-Ra/ra) 


Frische Han ? (frish/ghhaf),or 


Ghent (gent)(Fr. Gand,goN) 


Entre Douro e Minho (en /+ ra 


Fer'ro (Sp. Hierro, yeR'Ro) 


Frische See (frish'eh sa) 


Ghool-ghool / a 


doo'ro a meen'yo) 


Ferrol (feR-Rol 7 ) 


Friuli (free-oo'lee ; It. pron. 


Gi-bral'tar (Sp. pron. He- 


Entre Rios (en'traree'os) 


Fev'ersh-am 


free^o-lee) 


bral/tai/) 


Eperies (a-per'e-es ; Hung. 


Fezzan (feVzan') 


Frohlsh-er's. Strait 


Giessen ( gees'sen) 


pron. a-per'e-esh) 


Ficbtelgebirge (fiK/tel-ga- 


Frod'sham 


Gignac (zheen'yak') 


Epernay (a'peVna') 


beeR'geh) [so-Te 


Frontera (fron-ta / ra) 


Gihon (je-hon' or je-hoon'). 


Erbach (eR'baK) 


Fiesole (fyes / o-la), or Fes'- 


Frontignac (fron'ti-nak or 


Syn. Oxus. 


Erfurt (eR'fdbRt) 


Figeac (fe'zhak') 


froN / ten / yak') 


Gijon(He-Hon / ). Syn. Xixon. 


Er'gree Kas'tree. Syn. Ar- 


Figueras (fe-ga'ras) 


Fuerta ventura (fweVta-ven- 


G'iona (He-Ho'na). Syn. 


gyro Kastro. 


Fiji (pronounced , and often 


too'ra) 


' jxona. 


Ericht (er'iKt) 


luritten, Fee'jee) 


Fulda (fdbPda) 


v, ha (HVla.) 


Erie (6'ree) 


Finisterre, Cape (fin-is-ter') 


FuFton (fdbl'tQn) 


Gilolo (H3 -io'lo) 


E'rin. Syn. Ireland. 


(Sp. Finistierra, fee-nis-te- 


Funcnal (foon-sha^) 


Girjeh (jeer'jeh) ; written al- 


Erivan (er-e-van') 


eR'Ra) 


Fii^en (Dan. Fyen, fu'en) 


so Djirdjeh'iy the French. 


Erlangen (eR'lang-en) 


Finland 


Fiinfkirchen (fiinf-kdeR'- 


Girjenti (jeR-jen'te) 


Erlau (eR'lou)(Hung. Eg'er) 


Fisme (feem) 


ken) 


Gironde (je-rond' ; Fr. pron. 


Erne, Lough (Ioh era) 


Fiume (fyoo'ma) 


Furnes (fiiRn) [bad') 


zhe'roNd') 


Erz-room' ; written also 


Flan'ders (Fr. Flandre, 


Furruckabad (fttr'ruk-a- 


Gizeh (jee'zeh or gee'zeh) 


Ardsroom, Erzeroum, and 


floNd'r) 


Furth (fuRt) 


Gla-mor/gan-shire (-shir) 


Erzrum. 


Flens'burg, or Flens'borg 


Fyers. See Foyers. 


Glar / us(Fr. Glaris, gla/ress') 


Erzgebirge (eRts'ga-beer'ga) 


Florence (It. Firenze, fe- 


Fyne, Loch (Iok fin) [oom. 


Glasgow 


Escurial ( es-koo-re'al' ) 


ren'za, or Fiorenza, fe-o- 


Fyum (fi-oom')- Syn. Fai- 


Glatz (glats) 


Eski Shehr (eVkee shah'r) 


ren'za) 


Fyzabad (fi'za-badO 


Glauchau (glou'Kow) 


do,wo]f,t(Jb,tobk ; urn,rue,pi 


ill; ^,g, soft; -e,g, hard; a^; exist; n as ng; this ; a,b',u,de,I,5,s,w,B,D 3 G.H,K,N,R,u, (seep. 914-] 





922 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Glen-elg' 

Glogau (glo'gow) ; sometimes 

written Glogaw. 
Gloucester (glos'ter) 
Gliickstadt (gliik'stat) 
Gmiind (gmiint), or Gmtin- 

den (gmiin'den) 
Gmund (gmobnt) 
Gnesen (gna/zen) (Polish 

Gniesno) 
Godavery (go-da/ver-e) 
Goes (hcJos) 
Gojam (go-jam / ) 
Gol-con'da 

Gold/berg" ( or golt'beRG) 
Gol'now (gol'nov) 
Gom-broon', or Bun'der 

Ab-as'see ( Abassi) 
Gomera (go-ma'ra) 
Gonai'ves, Les (la, go'na/ev' 

or gS-nlv') 
Gon'dar 

Goochland (gootch'land) 
Gocld'sha, ; written also 

Guldseha and Gouldja. 
Gooin'ty 

Goree (go'ra') [lits) 

Gb'rlitz (gbr'lits, almost gQV- 
Gb'rtz (gbrts, almost gurts) 

(It. Gorizia, go-rid'ze-a) 
Gotha (go'ta) 
Gothenburg (got'en-burg), 

or Got 7 ten-burg (Sw. 

Gbtheborg, yb'ta-boRg) 
Gothland (Sw. Gbtaland, 

yb'ta-land) 
Gbttingen, or Goettingen 

(get'tiug-en or got'ting-en; 

Ger. pron. gbt'ting-en) 
Gothland, or Gothland [da) 
Gou'da {Dutch, pron. hovP- 
Goyaz (go-yaz 7 ). Syn. Villa 
Gozzo (got'so) [Boa. 

Gracias a Dios (gra/se-as a 

de-os') 
Graciosa (gra-se-o'sa) 
Graetz (grets). Syn. Gratz. 
Grafenhausen (gra'fen-how'- 

zen) 
Grammont (granVmoN') 
Gram'pi-an 
Gran (gran) (Hung. Eszter- 

gom, es'teR-gom) 
Granada (gra-na/da ; Sp. 

pron. gra-na'Da) 
Granadilla (gra-na-DeeVya) 
Granger (grander) 
Grant'ham 
Gran'ville (U. S.) 
Granville (Fr.) (groN'vel') 
Grasse (grass) 
Gratiot (grash'T-ot) 
Gratz, or Graetz (grets) 
Graubiindten (grou'biint- 

en). Syn. Grisoias. 
Graudentz (grou'dents) 
Graus (grouss) 
Gravelines (grav'len') 
Gravesend (gravz'end') 
Great Britain (brit'un or 

brit'u) 
Grebenstein (gra/ben-stln') 
Greenwich (grln'ij) 
Greifswalde (gruVwal'deh) ; 

formerly written Grfpes- 

wold. 
Grenada (gre-na'da) 

4®=* Grenada~the name 

of one of the British West 

India islands, ought not to 

be confounded with the 

Spanish name Granada, 

which is sometimes writ- 
ten with an e in the first 

syllable. 
Grenoble (gren-ob'l or greh- 

no'b'l)_ 
Greve (gra'va) 



Griesheim (grees'hTm) 
Grindelwald (grin'del-walf) 
Grisons (gre'zoN') (Ger. Grau- 
biindten, grou'biinten) 
Gron'ing-en ( Dutch pron. 

Hro'ning-Hgn) 
Gross-Glogau (gros-glo'gou) 
Gross- Wardein (gros-waR'- 
Gro/ton(Eng.) [din) 

Gro'tgn(U. S.) 
Griinberg (gr'un'beRG), or 

Grii'ne-berg 
Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara 

(gwa-Da-la-HaVra) 
Guadaloupe (gaw'da-loop' 

or ga'da-loop') 
Guadalu pe ( gwa-da-loo'pa 

or gaw / da-loop') 
Guadalquivir (gaw / dal- 

kwiv'er ; Sp. pron. gwa- 

Dal-ke-veeR') 
Guadiana (gaw'de-a'na or 

gwa-De-a'na) 
Guanahani (gwa-na-hS/nee) 
Guanaxuato, or Guanajuato 

(gwa-na-Hwa/to) 
Guancavehca (gwarvj-ka-va- 

lee'ka) 
Guarda (gwaR'da) 
Guardafui (gwar'da-fwee or 

gar'da-fwe') 
Guastalla (gwas-taJ/la) 
Guatemala (gaw/te-ma/la or 

gwa-te-ma'la) 
Guaxaca (gwa-Ha'ka, almost 

wa-ha'ka). Syn. Oaxaca. 
Guayama (gwl-a/rna) 
Guayaquil (gwl-a-keel/) 
Guaymas (gwl'mas) 
Guayra (gwl'ra). See La 

Guayra. 
Guazacualco (gwa-sa-kwal / - 

ko) ; also written Huasacu- 
Guben (goo'bgn) [alco. 

Guelderland (gel'der-land). 

Syn. Gelderland. 
Guelders (gel'derz). Syn. 

Gelders. 
Gueret (ga'ra') 
Guemsey_ ( gern'ze ) 
Guiana (ge-aVna.), or Guyana 
Gubowar (gwik'o-war) 
Guienne (gVen') 
Guildford (gil'fgrd) 
Guilford {gil'ford) 
Guinea (gin'e)" 
Guingamp (gaN'goN') 
Guipuzcoa ( ge-poos'ko-a ; 

Sp. pron. ge-pooth'ko-af 
Guise (gweez) 
Gujerat. See Guzerat. 
Gumbinnen (gdbm-bin'nen) 
Gund-wa'na [bdbRG) 

G'untz/burg" (or g'unts / - 
Gur'wal' 

Giistrow (gus'trov) 
Guyana (ge-a'na). Syn. 

Guiana. 
Guyandott (gl-an-dof, fa- 
miliarly called, gi-an/) 
Guzerat (gooz-er-at 7 ), or 

Gujerat (gooj-er-at') 
Gwalior (gwa/li-or) 
Gyula(dyoo / 16h, almost joo / - 
. loh). Syn. Karlsburg. 



H. 



Haarlem, Haerlem, or Har- 
lem (har'lem) 

Haarlemmer" Meer (har'lem- 
mer-mar or mer) 

Habana. See Havana. 

Habersham (hab'er-sham) 

Hadjar (ha'jar). Syn. Hajar. 

Hadleigh (had'li) 



Had-ra-maut' 
Haerlem. See Haarlem. 
Hague (haig), The. (Fr. La 

Haye, la ha, almost la a) 
Hagueneau (ag'no') 
Hainan (hl-nan') 
Hainault (a'no') (Flemish 

Henegouwen, hen-e-Hou'- 

wen) 
Haiti (haVti). Syn. Hayti. 
Hajar, or Hadjar (hajar). 

Syn. Lahsa. [je-poor') 

Hajypoor, or Hadjypoor (ha- 
Hakodadi (ha-ko-da/dee) 
Halberstadt (hal'ber-stat') 
Haleb (ha'leb). Syn. A- 
Halej-ow'en [leppo. 

HaPI-fax 
Hall (hal) 
Halle (haFlgh) 
Hallowell (ho^, ; o-wel) 
Hamadan (ha-ma-dan') 
Hamburg ( Ger. pron. ham/- 

b00RG) 

Hameln (ha'meln) 
Hampshire 
Hanau (ha'now) 
Hang-tcheoo, or ' Hang- 

tcheou (hang/cheoo') 
Han'o-ver (Ger. han-no'ver) 
Harfleur (haR-fluR') 
Harlem 

Har' tie-pool (har'tl-) 
Hartz, or Harz (harts) 
Harwich (har'rij) 
Hasselt (has'selt) 
Hastings (hast'ings) 
Hat'ter-as 
Hausza " (how'sa). Syn. 

Houssa. 
Ha-van'a., or Havanna (Sp. 

Habana, or Havana, a- 

va'Dii) ; sometimes called 

" The Ha-van^na." 
Haverhill (Eng.) (hav'er-il) 
Haverhill (Mass.) (ha'ver-il) 
Havre de Grace (hav ; er de 

grass ; Fr. pron. sl'v't deh 

grass) 
Hawaii (ha-wi'ee) 
Hayti, or Haiti (ha'ti ; Fr. 

pron. a'e'te') 
Hazebrouck (az'brook') 
Hebrides (heb / ri-dez) 
Hechingen (hSK/ing-en) 
Hec'la 

Hedjaz (hej-az') ; also writ- 
ten Hedsjaz. 
Heidelberg (hi'del-beRG') 
Heilbronn (hll-bron') 
He-le^na(St.) 

HePgo-land, or Hel'i-go-land 
Hel'les-pSnt 
Helmstedt (helm/stet) 
Hel'mund' 
Hel'sing-fors' 
Hel-veFlyn 

Helvoetsluys (hel'vdbt-slois') 
Hen-lo'pen 
Hen-rl'ko 
Herat (her-at') 
Herault fha'ro' or S'ro') 
H^r'cu-la'ne-um 
Her'e-ford 
HSr/ki-mer 
Hermanstadt (heR'man- 

staf) [bat') 

Her'mus, or Sarabat (sa-ra- 
Herrnhut (heRn'hoot) 
Hersfeld (heRs/felt) 
Hertford (Eng.) (har'furd) 
Hertford (U. S.) (hErt^furd) 
Hesse Cas'sel (Ger. Hessen 

Cassel, hes'sen kas'sel) 
Hesse Darmstadt (hess 

daRm'stat) (Ger. Hessen 

Darmstadt, hes'sen daRm'- 

stat) 



Hesse Hom/burg, (Ger. Hes- 
sen Hom'burg. hes'sen 
hom'bdbRG) 

Heytesbury (hats'ber-e) 

Highlands (hl'landz); com- 
monly pronounced hee 7 - 
landz by the Scotch. 

High'tower. Syn. Etowah. 

Hildburghausen (hilf- 

bdbRG-how'zen ) 

Hildesheim (hiPdes-hTm) 

HiFlah ; written also Hellah. 

Himmaleh (hiin-ma/la), or 
Him-a-la'ya ( Sanskrit 

pron. hT-ma/la-ya) 

Hin'doo Koosh ; written also 
Hindoo Kusch, or Kush. 

Hin-dg-stan 7 , or Iu-do-stan 7 ; 
written also Hindustan, 
and Hindoostan , 

His-pan-i-o'la. Syn. Hayti. 

H'las'sa. Syn. Lassa. 

Ho-ang"ho (pronounced al- 
most whang'ho') 

Ho'bar-tgn, or HoVar-tgn 

Ho / bo-ken [him) 

Hochheim (ho'him or hoK 7 - 

Hodeida (ho-da'da or ho- 
dFda) 

Hofwyl (hofwil), or Hof-weil 
(hofwil) 

Hohenlinden (ho'en-lin'den) 

Ho'hen-lo'he [lgrn) 

Hohenzollern (ho'en-tsol'- 

Hol'land (Dutch, pron. hol-'- 

Holmes ( h oni z ) [lant ) 

Holstein (hoPstin) 

Holston (hSVston) 

HoFy-head [bo"oRG) 

Hom'burg ( Ger. pron. hom'- 

Homs (horns), or Hums. 
Syn. Emesa. 

Honan (ho'nan') 

Hon'da ( Sp. pron. on'da) 

Honduras (hon-doo'rgs) 

Honfleur (hoN'flUR' or Sn'- 

Hon'i-tgn [iIur') 

Honolulu (ho-no-loo'loo) 

Hoog'ly ; written also 
Hooghly and Hugly. 

HoVten-tots 

Houghton (ho'tgn) 

Houng/low 

Housatonic (hoo'sa-ton'ik) 

Houssa (how^af written 
also Haussa and Haousa. 

Houston (hyoos'tun) 

Huaheim or Huahine (hoo- 
a-hee'na) 

Huasacualco (hwa-sa-kwaF- 
ko). Syn. Guazacualco. 

Hue (hoo-a 7 ) 

Huelva (wel 7 va) 

Huerta (weR'ta) 

Huesca (wes'ka) 

Hungary (hung'ga-rT) 

(Hung. Magyar Orszag, 
mod-yoR oR-sag) 

Hurd'war' 

Hu'rgn 

Huy (hoi) 

Hveen (hvan) 

Hyapura. See Japura. 

Hyderabad (hFder-a-baci/) 
or Hydrabad. 

Hythe (hith) 



Iaroslav (ya-ro-slav 7 )' Syn* 

Yaroslav. 
Ibarra (e-baR/Ra) 
Iceland ; called Island (ees'- 

land) by the natives. 
Icolmkill (ik'om-kil'). Syn. 
I'da-ho [Iona. 



a,e,&€., long; a,,Z,o, lesspr»l'>nged;a.,e,&,c i short;& } e,i,Q,obscure; care,far,ask,aU,what; ere, TeU,t5rm; pique, firm ; son.or. 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



923 



Id'ri-a 
Iekatarinburg. S 

rinburg. [Iglaw. 

Iglau (ig'lou) ; written also 
Igualada (e-gwa-la/Da) 
lie de France (eel den froNss) 
Ilfracombe (il'fra-koom) 
Ilha Grande (eel"ya gran'da) 
Ili (e'lee). Syn. Gooldsha. 
Ille (eel) 

Illimani (eel-ya-ina/nee) 
Illinois (il-11-noiz' or -noi') 
Il-lyVI-a 
Il'min-stgr 
Ilz (ilts) 
Imola (e'mo-le) 
In'di-a, 

In'dT-an'a (or in-di-a'na) 
In'dT-an-ap'vQ-lis 
Indies (in'diz) 
Ind-oor', or In-dore' 
In-dos-tan'. Syn. Hindostan. 
Indre (aNd'r) 
In'dus or Sindb (sind) 
Ingolsfcadt (iug'ol-stat or 

ing'gol-stat') 
Inkerman (ink-er-man') 
Innspruck ^insVprdbk) or 

Innsbruck. 
Interlachen (in'ter-laK'en) 
In'vgr-a/ry thing) 

Inverkeithing (in'ver-kee'- 
Inverlochy (in'ver-loKl) 
In-ver-ness' 
In'vgr-u/ry 
Iona^e-o'na) or Icolmkill 

(ik'oni-kil') 
Ionia (T-o'ni-a) 
Fo-wa, 

Ips'wich [mee) 

Irak Adjemi (e'rak' aj'eh- 
Irak Arabi (e'rak' ar'a-bee') 
Iredell (Ir'del) 
Ire'land. Syn. E'rin. 
Ir-kootsk' ; written also Ir- 
kutsk and Irkoutsk. 
Iroquois (ir-0-kwoy') 
Ir'ra-wad'dy ; written also, 

Irrawadi. 
Ir-tysh', or Irtish (Russ. 

pron. eeR-tish/) 
Irvine (ir'vin) 
Iscbia (is'ke-a) 
Iseo (e-sa'o) 
Iser, or Isar (ee'zgr) 
Isere (e'zeR') 
Iserlohn (ee'zgr-lon') 
Fsis [andretta. 

Is-ken-der-oon'. Syn. Alex- 
Isla (I'la), or Islay (I'la) 
Islamabad (is-lani'a-bad') 
Isle of Wight (II of wit) 
Idling-ton 

Ismail (is-ma-eeF) [han 

Ispahan (is-pa-han 7 ), or Isfa- 
Issoire (is'swaR') 
xssoudun (e'soo'duN') 
Is'tri-a 

It'a-ly^It. Italia, e-ta/le-a) 
Itapicuru (e-ta-pe-koo-roo') 
It/a-wam'ba. 
Ith/a-ca. Syn. Theaki. 
Itri (ee'tree or it'ree) 
I-u'ka. 

Ivica~Iviza (e-vee'sa), or Ibi- 
Ivroa (e-vra'a) [za 

Ivry (lY'ri or eVre') 



Jaca (Ha'ka) 

Jacquemel, or Jacmel (zhak'- 

Jaen (aa-en') [mel') 

Jaffa {or yaf fa) 

Jafna-pa-tam' 

Jago,~St." See Santiago. 



Jagua (Ha'gwa). Syn. Xa- 

gua. 
Jakutsk. See Yakootsk. 
Jalapa (Ha-la'pa). Syn. Xa- 

lapa. 
Jalisco, or XaUsco (Ha-lees 7 - 

ko or Ha-hVko) 
Jamaica (ja-ma/ka) 
Janina (ya'ne-na). Syn. Ya- 
Ja-pan 7 [nina. 

Japura (Ha-poo'ra) 
Jaquemel (zhak'niel') 
Jarnac (zhaR'nak') 
Jaroslaw. See Yaroslav. 
Jassy (yas'se) (Ger. Jasch, 

yash) 
Jaszbereny (yass'ba-ran') 
Jauer (yow'er) 
Jauru (zhou-roo') 
Java (ja'va or ja'va) 
Jean d'Angely, Saint (saN 

zhoN'zha'le') 
Jedburg (jed'bQr-rgh) 
Jeddo (yed'do). Syn. Yeddo. 
Jehoon. See Oxus. 
Jen'a ( Ger. pron. ya/na) 
Jeres (Ha-reV). Syn. Xeres. 
Jersey (jer'zi) 
Je-ru/sa-leni ; called El Kads 

or ELKods, by the Arabs. 
Jesi (ya'see) [Yesso. 

Jesso, or Iesso (yes'so). Syn. 
3ey'pooT,or Jyepoor (ji-poor') 
Jid'da, or Djidda [xona. 

Jijona (He-no'na). Syn. Xi- 
Joannina. Sue Janina. 
Jo Daviess (jo da v vis) 
Jo-han'na. Syn. Anzooan. 
Jol'I-ba, or Djoliba 
Jonkjbpin, or Jonkoping 

(you'cho-ping, almost 

yon'chep-ing) 
Jor'dan 
Jorulfo, or Xorullo(no-rool / - 

yo ; often pron. Ho-roo'yo) 
Joux (zhoo) 
Ju'an Fgr-nau'dez ( Sp. pron. 

Hoo-an' feR-niin'-deth) 
Ju'an, Saint (Sp. San Juan, 

san Hoo-an' or san Hwiin) 
Jug'ger-naut/, or Jugger- 
naut/! 
Jujuy (Hoo-Hwee') 
Juliers (zhii'le-a') (Ger. Jii- 

licb, yii'liK) 
Jum'na 

Jungfrau (yobng/frow) 
Ju'nl-at'a 

Ju'ra (Fr. pron. zhu'ra') 
Jutland (Dan. Jylland, yjjl 7 - 

land) 



K. 



Kaarta (kSr'ta) [Cairo. 

Kabira (ka/he-ra). Syn. 
Kairwan (kar-wan') 
Kaisarieb (ki-zar-e'eh) 
Kal'a-ina-zoo' 
Kaiisz, or Kalisch (ka'lish) 
Kal'rnar. Syn. Calmar. 
Kalooga (ka-loo'ga), written 

also Kaluga and Kalouga. 
Kalusz (ka'Loosh) 
Kamieuiec (kam'yen'yets'), 

sometimes written Kanii- 

nietz. [schat'ka 

Katnt-chat'ka, or Kamt" 
Kanawha (ka-naw'wa) 
Kan'da-kar'f Syra. Canda- 

har." 
Kankakee (kan-kaw'kee) 
Kan'sas ; formerly often 

written Kanzas. 
Kara (ka/ra) 
Kara-bissar (ka'ra/his-sar') 



Karamania. See Caramania. 
Kara-Soo, Kara-Su, or Ka- 

rasou (ka'ra'soo') 
Karls'burg ( Ger. pron. 

kaRls^obRG) 
Kasan, or Kazan (ka-zan') 
Kascbau (kash'ow) (Hung. 

Kassa, kosb'sbob) 
Kash-gar', or Casbgar 
Ka-tah'tlin 
Kat-man'doo, or Katmand- 

hu. Syn. Catamandoo. 
Ka' trine, or Kat'rlne 
KaVte-gat. Syn. Cattegat. 
Keczkemet (kecb'kem/af) 
Kebl (kal) 
Keighly(keeth / le) 
Kelat(kel-at / ), or Kelath 
Kenawba, or Kenbawa (ke- 

naw'wa). Syn. Kanawba. 
Keneh, or Qene (keu'eh') 
Ken/ne-beck' 
Ken'ne-bunk' 
Ken-tuck'y 
Ke'o-kuk' 
Kerguelen (kSrg/g-len) Land 

(Fr. pron. keR'ge-loN') 
Kerman (ker-man"). Syn. 

Kirman. 
Kesztbely (kest'hel') 
Ketcb^ ; sometimes written 

Cachao and Kesho. 
Kharkof (Kar-kof 7 ) : written 

also Charkow, Kharkow, 

and Kharkov. 
Khartoom , Khartum , or 

Kbartoum (Kar-toom') 
Kherson, or Cherson (ker- 

son 7 ) 
Khiva, or Kheeva (Kee'va) 
Khoozistan , or Khuzistan 

(Koo-zis-tan') 
Khorassan (Ko'ras-san') 
Kiakhta (ke-aK/ta) 
Kiang-Ku (ke-ang'kew') 

Syn. Yang-tse-kiang. 
Kick'a-poo' 

Kid'der-min'ster [Ki-ev' 
Kief, or Kiew (ke-ef), or 
Kiel (keel) 
Kil-ken'ny 
Kil-lar'ney 
Kil-mar'nQck 
Kil-more 7 

Kincardine (king-kar'din) 
Kingkitao (king-ke-ta'o) 
Kin-ross 7 
Kin-sale' 

Kin-tyre 7 . Syn. Can tyre. 
Kiousiou, or Kioosioo (ke- 
Ki'o-way' [oo'se-oo') 

Kircaldy (kir-kawl'dy or 

kir-kaw'dj") 
Kirkudbright (khr-koo'bree) 
Kh-k-wall' [man 

Kirman ( keer-man 7 ), or Ker- 
Kis/kl-min'e-tas 
Kist'na. Syn. Krishna. 
Kit/ta-tin'ny 
Kiusiu ( ke-oo'se-oo'). Syn. 

Kioosioo. 
Kiutaja. See Kuta'i'yeh. 
Kiz'il Ir'mak ( Turk. pron. 

kiz'il eer-mak') 
Klagenfurth (kla'gen- 

fooRtO- Syn. Clagenfurth. 
Klamet (kla'met). Syn. 

Tlamet. 
Klattau (klat'tou) 
Klau'gen-burg ( Ger. pron. 

klow'zen-bobRG'', Hung. 

Kolozsvar, ko-lozh'vaR') 
Knisteneaux (nis'te-no) 
Koenigsberg. See Kb'nigs- 
Kolin (ko-leen 7 ) [berg. 

Koloszvar. See Klausenburg. 
Kolvvan (ko-le-van'). Syn. 

Revel- 



Ko^orn. Syn. Comorn. 
Kongsberg (kongs'beRG) 
Konieb, or Konia (ko'ne-a) 
Kbnigingratz (kb'nig-in- 

grets'), or Kbniggratz (kb'- 

nig-gr6ts) 
Kbnigsberg (ko'nigz-berg), 

or Koenigsberg (ken'igz- 

berg; Ger. pron. kb'niGs- 

beRG 7 ) [(koo-ban') 

Kooban, Koubun, or Kuban 
Koondooz, Koundouz, or 

Kunduz (koon-dooz') 
Koordistan, Kurdistan, or 

Curdistan (koor-dis-tan') 
Koorile, Kourile, or Kursile 

(koor'sil) 
Koorsk, Koursk, or Kursk 

(koorsk) 
Korassan (ko-ras-san'). Syn. 

Khorassan. [resh') 

Kbrbs (kb'rbsh' ; almost ker'- 
Kosciusko (kos'si-us'ko) 
Kbslinfkbs-leen'). Syn. Coes- 
Kos-tro'ma, [lin. 

Kouban. "See Kooban. 
Koursk. See Koorsk. 
Koutaich. See Kouta'iyeh. 
Kowno (kov'no) 
Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk, 

or Krasnojarsk (kras'no- 

yarsk') 
Krem'nitz (krem'nits) 

(Hung. Kbrmbcz Banya, 

kbr'mots ban'ySb) 
Kreuznach (kroits'naK) 
Krish'na, or Kist'na 
Kurdistan. See Koordistan. 
Kurile. See Koorile. 
Kurische, or Curische-Haff 

(koo'rish-eh-baf) 
Kurland. See Courland. 
Kursk. See Koorsk. 
Kuta'i'yeh (ku-ta-ya), Kou- 

taieh, or Kutaja (koo-tFa) 



Laaland (law'land), or LoY 

land 
La Baca ; pronounced, and 

often written, La Vac'ca. 
Lab'ra-dor' 
Lac'ca-divej' 
Lack/a-wan'na 
Lack'a-wax'en 
Ladakh (la'daK') 
Lad'o-ga, [nes) 

La-dronei 7 ( Sp. pron.lav-ro'- 
La Fayette (laf-a-et 7 ) 
La Fourche (la foorsb) 
La Grange (la granj) [mo) 
Lago di Como (la'go de ko'- 
Lago Maggiore (la-'go mad- 

jCra) 
La Guayra (la gwi'ra) 
Laguna (la-goo'na) 
Laguna del Madre (la-goo 7 - 

na del maD'ra) 
La Haye. See Hague. 
Lahn (Ian) 
Lahore (la-hor') 
Lahsa, or Lachsa (laH'sa). 
Syn. Hajar. [bach. 

Laibach (lT/bJiK). Syn. Lay- 
Laland. See Laaland. 
La Mancha (la man'cba) 
La Marche (la maRsb) 
Lambayeque (lam-bi-a'ka) 
Lamego (la-ma/go) 
Lam'mer-muir (-moor) 
Lanai (la'nT) or Ran ai (ra/nT) 
Lan' ark-shire. Syn. Clydes- 
dale. 
Lancashire (lank/g-shir) 
Lanc'as-ter 



dQ,w9lf,tob,tdbk; urn, rue, pull; f,g, soft; -e,g, hard ,-a^; exist ; nasng;1±iis,-a,b,u,ee,I,S,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. D14> 



924 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Lan'cer-o'ta, or Lanzarote 

( Sp. pron. lan-tha-ro'ta) 
Lanciano (lan-cha'no) 
Lan-daff' ; more properly 

Llaudaff. 
Landau (lan'dow) ; written 

also Landaw. 
Landes (loNd) 
Lands'berg ( Ger. pron. 

lants'beRG) 
Landscrona (landz'kroo-na) 
Landshut (landz'hoot ; Ger. 

pron. lants'hoot) 
Langeac (loN'zhak') 
Langeland (lang'e-land). or 

Lang'land 
Langensalza (lang'en-salts'a) 
Langholm (lang'um) 
Langres (loNg'r) 
Languedoc (loN'geh-dok') 
Lanzarote. See Lancerota. 
La-od'i~ce'a. See Latakia. 
Laon (la/0N') 
Laos (la'os) 

La Paz. See Paz. [Plata. 
La Plata (la pla'ta). See 
La Puebla, or La Puebla de 

los Angeles (la pwSb'la da 

los ang'Hel-es) 
Laredo (Spain) (la-ra'Do) 
Laredo (Texas) (la-ra/do) 
Lar-is'sa 

Laristan (lar-is-tan') 
Lar'ni-ca 
La Salle ~(la sal) 
Las Palmas (las pal'mas). 

Syn. Palmas. 
Las'sa, or H'lassa (h'las'sa) 
Latakia (la'ta-kee'a), or La- 

dikia (la'de-kee'a) 
Lat'ta-koo' 
Lauban (lou'biin) 
Lau'der-dale 
Lauenburg (lou'en-burg or 

lou'en-bdbRG')" 
Launceston (lanss'tSn) 
Lausanne (lo'zan') 
Lauterbrunnen (lou'ter- 

brobn'nen), or Lauter- 

brunn (lou'ter-brdbn') 
La-vac'ca. Syn. La Baca. 
Laval (la'vaP) 
Lavoro (la-vo'ro) 
Laybach, orLaibach (li'baK) 

(Illyrian Lublana, loo- 
Leam'ing-tgn [bla'na) 

Leb'a-non 
Lecce (let'cha) 
Lech (leK) 
Lectoure (lek'tooR') 
Leouwarden (lb'waR'den) 
Leg-horn' [or leg'horn) (It. 

Livorno, le-voR'no) 
Legnago (len-ya'go) 
Legnano (IGn-ya'no) 
Leh, or Lei (la) 
Lehigh (lee'hi) 
Leicester (les'ter) [den. 

Leiden (K'den). Syn. Ley- 
Leigh (lee) 
Leigh ton (lee'ton) 
Leiningen (li'nfng-en) 
Leinster (lin'ster or leen'ster) 
Leipsic (llp'sik) (Ger. Leip- 
zig, Hp'tsiG) 
Leina, or Leyria (la-ree'a) 
Leith (leeth) 
Leitmeritz (lit'mer-its), or 

Leutmeritz (loit'mer-its) 
Lei trim (lee' trim) 
Leixlip (las'lip) 
Le Mans (leh mON) 
Lem'berg ('Ger. pron. lem/- 

beRG) (Pol. Lwow, lwof) 
Le'na (Russ. pron. la-na) 
Len'a-wee [na'pa) 

Lenni-Lennappe (len'ne len'- 
Lenoir (le-nor') 



Lentini (len-tee'nee) 
Leogane (la-o-gan') 
Leom'in-ster (U. S.) 
Leominster (Eng.) (lem'ster) 
Le'on ( Sp. pron. la-on') 
Le-pan'to (or la'pan-to) 
Le Puy (leh pwee). See 

Puy. [chee) 

Lerici (la're-chee or ler'e- 
Lerida (ler'e-da) 
Lerwick (ler'id) 
Les Andelys (15 zoNd'le'). 

See Andelys. 
Les Gonai'ves (la go'rnv'). 

See Gonai'ves. 
Lesina (les'e-na) 
LesMartigues (la maR'teg') 
Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. 
Le Sueur (soor ; Fr. pron. 

leh swtjr) 
Leucadia (lu-ka/de-a) Syn. 

Santa Maura. " [beRG') 
Leuchtenberg (loiK'ten- 

Leutmeritz (loit'mer-its). 

Syn. Leitmeritz. 
Leutschau (loit'shou) 

(Hung. Lb'cse, lb'cha') 
Le-vant' 
Lev'en, Loch 
Lewes (lu'ess) 
Lew'ish-am 
Ley den, or Leiden (li'den or 

la'den) [Ning-Po. 

Liampo (le-am'po'). Syn. 
Libadia (liv-a-Dee'a). Syn. 

Livadia. 
Li-be'ri-a. 

Libourne (le'booRnO 
Lich'field 

Lichtenau (liK/ten-ow) 
Lichtenfels (liK'ten-fels') 
Lichtenstein (liK'ten-stin'), 

or Liechtenstein (leeK'ten- 

stln') 
Liege (leej ; Fr. pron. le-azh') 

(Dutch Luyk or Luik, loik ; 

Ger. Liittich, liit/tiK) 
Liegnitz (kseg'nits) 
Lier (leer) (Fr. Lierre, le-eR') 
Liimfiord (leem-fe-ord'). 

Syn. Lymfiord. 
LiUe, or Lisle (leel) 
Lima (Peru) (lee'ma) 
Lima(U. S.) (li'nia) 
Lim'burg (Fr. Limbourg, 

l&N'booR') 
Lim'er-ick 
Limoges (le'mozh') 
Limousin (le'moo's&N') or 

Limosin 
Linares (le-na'res) 
Lincoln (liiik'un) 
Linkb'ping, or Linkjbping 

(lin'chb'ping) 
Lin-lith'gow 
Lintz, or Linz (lints) 
Lipari (lip'a-re or lee'pa-ree) 
Lippe (lip'p~eh) 
Lippe-Detmold (-det'molt) 
Lippe-Schauenburg ( -shou'- 

en-bd'oRG' or -shou'en- 

burg) [les-bo'a) 

Lig'bon (Port. Lis-bo'a or 
Lisle (leel). Syn. Lille. " 
Lis'sa (Pol. Leszno, lesh'no) 
Lith'u-a'nT-a 
Litiz(Pa.) (fit/its) 
Livadia, or Libadia (liv-a- 
Liv'er-pool [Dee'a) 

Li-vo'ni-a (Ger. Liefland, 

leef'lant) [Leghorn. 

Livorno (le-voR'no). Syn. 
Ljusne (lyoos'nS) Tdaff 

Llandaff (lan-daF), or Lan- 
Llanelly (la-netb/li) 
Llangollen (lan-goth'len) 
Llanidloes (lan'id-less) 
Llanos (lya'nos) 



Llanrwst (lan'roost) 

Llerena (lya-ra/na) 

Loango (lo-ang'go) 

Lochaber (loK-a'ber) 

Loch Lomond. See Lomond. 

Lodeve (kVd&v') 

Lodi (Italy) (lo'dee) 

Lodi(U. S.)(lo'dI) 

Lof-fo'den, or LQ-fo'den 

Loggia (lod'ja) 

Logrono (lo-gron'yo) 

Loir (lwaR) 

Loire (lwaR) 

Loiret(lwa / ra') 

Lol'land. Syn. Laaland. 

Lom"bar-dy (It. Lombardia, 
lom-baR-dee 7 ) 

Lomond, Loch (Iok lo'mund) 

London (lun'dun orlun'd'n) 

Londonderry (lun'dun-der'- 
rT) [so'ne-a') 

Lons-le-Saulnier (loN-leh- 

Loo Choo (ch as in child) " 

Look'noo'ee'. Syn. Saigon. 

Lo-rain' (Ohio) 

Lo-reVto (It. and Sp. Lo- 
reto, lo-ra'to) [on') 

Lorient, or L'Orient (lo're'- 

Lorraine (lor'ran') 

Los Angeles. See La Pue- 
bla de los Angeles. Often 
incorrectly written Los 
Angelos. 

Lostwithiel (lost-witii/e'i), or 
Lestwithiel 

Lot (t pronounced) 

Lothian (lo'thi-an) 

Lou'don (ou as fn shorn-) 

Loughborough (luf'bur-uh) 

Lough Erne (16h 5rn) 

Lough Neagh (Ioh na) 

Loughrea (loH^a') 

Louis, St. (sent loo'is or 
loo'e ; Fr. pron. sSn loo'e') 

Louisiade (loo-ee-ze-ad') 

Louisiana (loo'e-ze-a'na) 

Louisville (loo'is-vil ;" for- 
merly pron. loo'i-vil.) 

Louth (rhyming with the 
verb to mouth) 

Louvian (loo-van 7 ; Fr.pron. 
Ioo'v^n') 

Louviers (loo've-a') ; former- 
ly Loviers (lo've-a/). 

Low'ell 

Lowndes (lowndz) 

Lozere (UVzeR') 

Lu'beck 

Lucayos (loo-kPos). Syn. 



Lux/em-burg (Fr. Luxem. 

bourg, liiks'oN'booR') 
Luxeuil (luks'ul') 
Lux'or, or Lux'or 
Luzern. See Lucerne. 
Luzerne (U. S.) (lu-zErn') 
Luzon (loo-zon'), or Luc_on 

( Sp. pron. loo'thon') 
Ly-com'ing 

Lyme-Regis (llm-ree/jis) 
Lym/fi-ord', or Liimfiord 

(leem-fe-ord') 
Lynn-Regis (lin-ree'jis) 
Lyonnais, or Lyonais (le', 

on'na' ) 
Ly'gns (Fr. Lyon, le^oN') 



M. 



Luc'ca (It. pron. look'ka) 
Lu-ce"na ( or loo-tha'na) 
Lucera (loo-cha/ra) 
Lucerne (loo-sSrn'; French 

pron. lu'sSRn') (German 

Luzern, or Lucern, loot- 

seRn/) 
Lucia, St. (loo-see'a, often 

called loo-see') 
Luck'now' 
Lucjon. See Luzon. 
Lu'da-mar' 
Ludwigsburg(lood / wigs-burg 

or lood'wiGs-bdbRG / ) 
Ludwigslust (lood'wiGS- 

IcYost') 
Lugano (loo-ga'no) 
Lugo (loo'go) 
Lulea (loo'le-o) 
Liineburg (lu'neh-burg, or 

l'd'neh-bdbRG'f 
Lu'nen-burg [na'vel') 

Luneville (lu'ne-vil or lii'- 
Lupata (lu-pa'ta) 
Lusatia (lu-saAshT-a) (Ger. 

Lausitz, lou'zits ;~Fr. Lu- 

sace, lu'zas') 
Lutzen (loot'sen) 



Maas (mas). _ # Syn. Meuse. 
Maasluys (ma'slois), or 

Maaslandsluys (mas'lant^ 

slois' ) 
Maastricht (mMs'triKt, o> 

mas'triKt). Syn. Maes. 

tricht. [kow') 

Macao (ma-ka'o or m^- 
Ma-cas'sar 

Macerata (ma-cha-ra'ta) 
Macbias (ma-chl'as) 
Mackl-naw"; formerly Mich- 

ilimackinac (mish'il-i- 

mak'in-aw) 
MacLean (mgk-lan') 
Macomb (mcf-koom') 
Macon (France) (ma'koN') 
Macon (U. S.) (ma'kun) 
Macoupin (ma-koo'pin) 
Macquarrie (mgk-kwor're) 
Mad'a-gas'car 
Madeira (nia-dee'ra ; Fort. 

pron. ma-da'e-ra)" 
Mad-ras' 
Mad-rid' (Sp.pron. ma- 

DreeD', almost mati- 

reeth' ) 
Mad'rid(U. S.) 
Madura (ma-du'ra) 
Maelar (ma'lar), or Maelaren 

(ma'lar-en) 
Maelstrom (mal'strum or 

mal'strum ) 
Maese. See Meuse. 
Maestricht, or Maastricht 

(mas'triKt) 
Mag'a-dox'o, or Magadoxa 

( Port. pron. ma-ga-do'sho) 

or ma-ga-do'sha) 
Mag-da-le'na ( Sp. pron. 

mag-da-la'na) 
Mag'de-burg ( Ger. pron. 

maG'deh-bobRG' ) 
Magellan (ma-jel'lan ; Sp. 

pron. ma-Hel-yan') (Port. 

Magalhaens, ma-gal-ya'- 

eNs) Jger-b'eh) 

Magerbe (mag'er-o or ma/- 
Maggiore Jmad-jo'ra) 
Magindinao (ma-Hin-de- 

na/o). Syn. Mindinao. 
Mahanuddy (mah'ha-nud'- 

de) 
Mahon (ma-hon' or ma-on') 
Mah-rat'ta 
Maida (mf'da) 
Main, or Mayn (min) 
Maine (France) (man; Fr* 

pron. almost men) 
Maine (U.S.) (man) 
Ma-jor'ca (Sp. Mallorca, mal- 

yoR'ka) 
Mal'a-bar' 
Ma-lac'ca 

Mal'a-ga"(or mala-ga) 
Malaisia" (ma-la'shi-a) 
Malar. jSee"Maelar. " 



a,5,&c, long; a,e,6 .less prolonged; &,e.&c, short; a,e,i,Q,ooscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere, veil ,term; p'ique,fTrm; s6n,6r, 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



925 






Malay (ma-la') 

Ma-la'ya " 

Mal'dgn" 

Maldives (mal'divz) 

Malines (ma'leen'j. Syn. 

Mechlin. 
Malmaison (mal'ma'zoN') 
Malmesbury (mamz'ber-i) 
Mal'mb (or mal'mb) 
Malnibhus (mal'inb-hoos) 
Malo, St. (ma/lo') 
Malplaquet (mal'pla'ka/) 
Malstrom. See Maelstrom. 
Malta (mawl'ta ; It. pron. 

mal'ta) 
Malvern (maw'vern) 
Mai wan (mawFwa) 
Manaar (ma-nar') 
Mancha, La (la man'cha) 
Manche (inSNsh) 
Man'ches-ter [chooria. 

Manchooria. See Mant- 
Man-din'go [do'ne-a) 

Man'fre-do'ni-a, (or man-fra- 
Man-hat'tan " [(man'him) 
Manheim, or Mannheim 
Ma-nil'la, (Sp. Manila, ma- 

nee'la) [wok') 

Manitouwoc (man'e-too- 

Mans, Le (lgh moN) 
Mantchooria, Mandshooria, 

or Mandchouria (man- 

choo're-a) 
Man'tu-a (It. Mantova, 

man'-tb-va) 
Manzanillo (pronounced man- 

sa-neel'yo by the Mexicans, 

and man-tha-neel'yo by 

the Spaniards) 
Maracaybo, or Maracaibo 

(ma-ra-kl'boj 
Maranbam (mar'a-nam'), or 

Maranhao' ( Port. pron. 

ma-ran-ya'oN) 
Maranon (ma-ran-yon'). 

Syn. Amazon. 
Marbella (maR-bel'ya) 
Mar'ble-head' [bobRG) 

Mar'burg ( Ger. pron. maR'- 
Marche, La (la maRsh) 
Mardin ; pronounced, and 

sometimes written, Mar- 

deen'. 
Margarita (mar-ga-ree'ta) 
Mariana (ma-re-a'na) 
Mariel (ma're-el') 
Ma'ri-en-berg ( Ger. pron. 

ma-ree'en-beRG' ) 
Ma'ri-en-burg ( Ger. pron. 

ma-ree'en-b6"oRG / ) 
Ma'ri-en-wer'der (Ger. pron. 

ma-ree'en-wgVder) 
Marienzelf (ma-ree'en-tsel') 
Marigliano (ma-rel-ya'no) 
Marin (ma-reen') 
Marion (ma're-uu) [sa) 

Maritza, or Marizza (ma-rif- 
Marlborough (mawl'bruh) 
Mar'mo-ra, or Mar'ma-ra 
Marne (maRn) 
Ma-roc'co. Syn. Morocco. 
Marosch (ma/rosh) (Hung. 

Maros, nior'osh') 
Maros Vasarhely (mor'osh/ 

va-shaR-hel' ) (Ger. Neu- 

markt, noi'maRkt) 
Marquesas (niar-ka/sas) 
Marquette (mar-kef) 
Marsala (maR-sa'la) 
Marseilles (mar-salz') (Fr. 

Marseille, maR'sal') 
Mar'ta-ban' [teg f ) 

Martigues, Les (la maB'- 
Martinique (mar'ti-neek') 

(Sp. Martinico, maR-te- 

nee'ko) 
Mar' war'. Syn. Joodpoor. 
Ma'ry-land 



Ma'ry-lg-bone (commonly 

pronounced mar'g-bun) 
Masafuera (mas-a-fwa'ra) 
Mascarenhas (mas-ka-ren'- 

yas) [Muscat. 

Mas-kat', or Mas-cate'. Syn. 
Mas-ke'gon, orTvtas-ke'go 
Mas'sa-chu'setts 
Mas'sil-lon (U. S.) 
Masua, or Massouah (mas'- 

soo-a) ; written also Mas- 

sowah. [tarn') 

Masulipatam (mas-soo'lg-pa- 
Mat'a-gor'da, 

Mat'a-mo'ros, or Matamoras 
Ma-tan'zas \or ma-tan'thas) 
Mat'a-pan' 
Mat' a-ree'yeh ; often written 

Mataria, or Mataryeh. 
Matsmay, or MatsmaT (mats- 
mi') [chunk') 
Mauch - Chunk (mawk- 
Mauchline (moK'lin) 
Maui (mou'ee) ; sometimes 

written Mowee. 
Mau-mee' 

Maurepas (mo're-pa') 
Mauritius (maw-rish'i-us) 
Mayence. See Mentz. 
Mayenne (ma'yen' or ml'- 

en') 
Mayn (mm) 

May-nooth' (or ma'nooth) 
Mayo (Ireland) (ma'o) 
Mayo (Mexico) (mi'o) 
Mazanderan (ma-zan-dgr- 

an'), or Mazanderoon (ma- 

zan-der-oon' ) 
Maz'at-fan' ( or ma-sat-lan' ) 
Meaco (me-a'ko). Syn. Mi- 

aco. 
Meaux (mo) 
Mechlin (mek'lin), or Meche- 

len (meK'el-en) (Fr. Ma- 
lines, ma'loN') 
Meck'len-burg ( Ger. pron. 

mek'len-bcJbRG' ) 
Mecklenburg Schwerin 

(shwa-reen') 
Meck'len-burg Strel'itz (or 

stra'lits) [na) 

Medina (Arabia) (me-dee"'- 
Medina (U. S.) (me-di'na) 
Medina Sidonia (ma-dee'na, 

se-do'ne-a) 
Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an 
Mehallet-el-kebeer, or -el- 

kebir (meh-hal'let-el-keh- 

beeR') 
MeTdam (ma'e-dam') 
Meigs (megz) 
Me'inam, or Menam (ma'e- 

nam' or ma-nam' ) 
Meinder (man'der). Syn. 

Maeander. 
Meiningen (ml'ning-gn), or 

Meinungen (mT'nd'o'ng-gn) 
Meissen (ml'sen) 
Mejerdah, or Medjerdah 

(meh-jer'da) 
Mek'I-nez, Mek'i-nes, or 

Mek'nas ; also written 

Mequinez. 
Mekran (mek-ran') 
Melazzo. See Milazzo. 
Melbourne (mel'burn) 
Me'los. Syn. Milo. 
Mel-rose' 

Mel'ton Mowbray (mo'bri) 
Me-lun' (Fr.pron. m'luN) 
Mem'gl (or ma'mgl) 
Memmingen (mem'ming-en) 
Mem'phre-ma'gog 
Menai (men'I or men'a) 

(Strait) 
Me-nan' 
Mendana (men-dan'ya). See 

Marquesas. 



Mende (m5Nd)- 

Mendocino (men-do-see'no) 

Men-do'za (Sp. pron. men- 
do'thaf 

Mentz (ments), or Mainz 
(mmts) (Fr. Mayence, 
ma'yoNss') 

Menzaleh (men'za'leh) 

Mequinez. See Mekinez. 

Merdin (mgr-deen'). Syn. 
Mardeen." 

Mergui, or Merghi (mer-gee') 

Mer'i-da (or mer'e-da) 

Merimachi. See Miramichi. 

Mer'i-on'eth 

Mermentau (mer'men-to') 

Mer'o-e 

Mer'ri-mack 

Mer'se-burg ( Ger. pron. 
meR'seh-bot>RG') 

Mersey (mSr'zi - ) 

Merthyr Tydvil, or Tydfil 
(mer'ther tid'vil) 

Mesh'ed' , or Mush'ed' ; writ- 
ten also Mesched and 
Meschid. 

Mesolongi. See Missolonghi. 

Messina (mes-see'na) 

Mesurado (ma-soo-ra'do) 

Metelin (met-e-leen'), or 
Myt'e-le'ne 

Metz (mets ; Fr. pron. mas) 

Meurthe (muRt) 

Meuse (muz ; Fr. pron. 
muz) (Dutch Maese, or 
Maas, mas) [ko) 

Mex't-co ( Sp. pron. meh'-He- 

Mezieres (ma'ze-eR') 

Miaco (me-a'ko), or Kee'o 

Miami (mi-a'mi) 

Michigan (mish'i-g'n, or 
mish'i-gan ; formerly pro- 
nounced mish'I-gan') 

Michihmackinac (mish'il-e- 
mak'in-aw). Syn. Mack- 
inaw. 

Michoacan (me'cho-a-kan') 

Miconi (mik'o-nee). Syn. 
Myconos. 

Milan (mil' an or mi-lan') 
(It. Milano, me-la'no) 

d^" The usage of the 
best poets, as well as of the 
best speakers, is decidedly 
in favor of the first pronun- 
ciation. 

Milazzo (me-lat'so), or Me- 
lazzo ( ma-la t'so) 

Mil-wau'kee, or Milwaukie. 

Minas-Geraes (mee'nas-zha- 

Mincio (min'cho) [ra'es) 

Mindanao (min-da-na'o), or 
Magindinao (ma-Hen-de- 
na'o) 

Minho (Portugal) (meen'yo) 

Min'ne-so'ta 

Mino (Spain) (meen'yo) 

Mi-nor'ca, or Men-or'ca, 

Miramachi (mir'a-ma-shee') 

Mirandola (me-r'an'do-la) 

Mirepoix (mir'eh-pwa/ or 
meeR'pwa') 

Miskolcz (mish-kolts') 

Mis-sis'que 

Mis'sis-sip'pt 

Missolonghi (mis'so-long'ge) 

Missouri (mis-soo'ri) 

Mittau (mit'tou) 

Mobile (mo-beel') 

Mocha (mo'ka; Arab. pron. 
mo'Ka,') 

Mod'e-na, (or mod'a-na) 

Modica (mod'e-ka) 

Mog'a-dore' ; called Swee'ra 
bylhe Moors. 

Mo-gul' 

Mohacs (mo^hStch') 

Mo'hawk 



Mo-he'gan 

Mo-hee'lef ; written also Mo- 

hilew and Moghilev. 
Moissac (mwas'sak') 
Moldau (mol'dow) 
Mol-fet'ta 
Mol-da'vi-a. 

Molise (mo-lee'sa) [rotai. 
Molokai (mo-lo-ki'), or Mo- 
Mo-luc'ca§ 
Mombas" (mom-bas'), or 

Mombaza (mom-ba'za) 
Mom-pox' (Sp. pron. mom- 

poH') 
Monaco (mo-na'ko) 
Mo-nad'ngck 
Monaghan (mon'a-Han) 
Monastir ; pronounced, and 

sometimes written Mon-as- 

teer'. 
Mondego (mon-da'go) 
MondoSedo (mon-don-ya'- 
Mon-go'lT-a [do) 

Mo-non'ga-he'la 
Mo-non-ga'11-a 
Monopoli (mo-nop'o-lee) 
Monreale (mon-rti-a'la). See 

Montreale. 
Mon-ro'vi-a, 
Mons(moNss) (Flem. Bergen, 

bSR'Hen) [na) 

Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'- 
Montalban (mont-al-ban') 
Mon-ta'na, 

Montargis (moN'taR'zhe') 
Montauban (mSN'to'boN') 
Mont Blanc (moN Won), or 

Mount Blanc. 
Montbrison (moN'bre'zox') 
Montcalm (mont-kam) 
Mont Cenis (moN sgh-ne', 

or seh-ness') 
Mont-de-Marsan (moN'deh- 

maR'soN') 
Mon-teith' [maR') 

Montelimart (moN'ta'le'- 
Montenegro (mon-ta-na'gro) 
Monterey (mon-ta-ra') 
Mon'te-vid'e-o (or mon-ta- 

vee'da-o) [er-e) 

Montgomery (mgnt-gum'- 
Monticello (Italy) (mon-te- 

chel'lo) 
Monti cello (U. S.) (mon-te- 

chel'lo or mon-te-sel'lo) 
Montilla (mon-teel'ya) 
Montmartre (moN'maRtr') 
Montmorency, or Montmo- 

renci (mont'mo-ren'si; Fr. 

pron. moN'mo'r5N'se') 
Mont-pe'li'er 
Mont-pel'li-er ( Fr. pron. 

mSN'pel'le-a') 
Montreal ( mont're-awl' ; Fr. 

pron. moN'ra'al') 
Montreale (mont-ra-ala) ; 

more properly Monreale. 
Montrose (mon-troz') 
Mont'ser-rat' [tan') 

Mooltan, or Moultan (mool- 
Moorshedabad (moor'shed-a- 

bad') 
Moorzook, Mourzouk, or 

Murzuk (moor-zook') 
Mo-ra'vi-a, (Ger. Mahren, 

ma'ren) 
Moray ; pronounced, and 

often written, Mur'ray. 
Morbihan (moR'be'oN') 
Mo-re'a. Syn. Pelopon- 
nesus. 
Morena, Sierra (se-eR'Ra 

mo-ra'na) 
Morlaix (moR'la') 
Mo-roc'co, or Marocco (Arab. 

Maraksh, ma-raksh') 
Morotai (mo-ro-tl'). Syn. 

Molokai. 



do j ,wolf,too,to w ok ; firn, r»e, pull ; f ,g, soft; €,g, Aard,-a§; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,ee,I,a,8,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 914). 



926 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Syn. 



Neagh, Lough (Ioh na) 
Neau (na/o'). Syn. Eupen. 
Ne-bras'ka 
Neck'ar, or Neck'gr 
Nedjd~(nej'd), or Nedj'ed 



Mortagne (moR'tan') 
Mortara (-moR-ta'ra.) 
Mos'cow (Russ 

mosk-wa/ ) 
Moselle (mo-zel') (Ger. Mo 

sel, mo'zel) 
Mosquito (mos-kee'to) 
Mo'sul, or Moo'sul 
Moulins (moo'laN') 
Moultan (mool tan'), 

Mooltan. 
Moultrie (moo'tri) 
Mourzouk. See Moorzook. 
Mow'ee. Syn. Maui. 
Moy'a-men'sing 
Mozambique (mo-zam-beek') 
Muggia (mood'ja) 

Muhlenburg (mu'lgn-burg) Neg-ro-pont', or Eg'ri-po 
Muhlhausen (mtil'how'zen) Neisse (nT'sgh) 

(Fr. Muhlhouse, miil'ooz') Nejin. See Nezheen. 
Muhlheim (miil'hlm) Nemours (ngh-mooR') 

Mulde (mdbl'dgh) Nenagh (na'na) 

Munich (mii'nik) (German Ne-o'sho 

Munchen, m'un'Hgn) Neots, St. (sent neets') 

MQnstgr (Ireland) Ne-paul', or Nepal 

Miinster (Ger.) (mQn'ster Ngr-bud'dah, or Narmada 

or miinster) (nar-ma'da) 

Mur, or Muhr (mooR) Ner-tchinsk'~ 

Murcia (mur'shi-a, ; Spanish Neschin (nesh-een'), 



Nav'a-hoe (Indians) ; writ- Nic'g-las, St. (Fr. Saint Nic- Ochotsk. See Okhotsk. 



ten also Nabajo. olas, saN ne'ko'la') 

Navarin (na-va-reen'), or Nicopoli (ne-kop'o-lee) 

Navarino(nav-a-ree'no). Nicosia (ne-ko'se-a) 

Navarre (na-var~) (Sp. Na- Niederwesel (nee'der-wa/- 

varra, na-~vaR'Ra) zel). Syn. Wesel. 

Naviglio Grande (na-veel'yo Niemen (nee'mgn ; Pol. pron. 

gran'da) nyem'gn) 

Naxia (nax-ee'a), or Nax'os Nieuport (nu'port) 



Nievre (ne-av'r') 
Niger (ni'jer), or QuSr'ra, 
Nijni. See Nizhnee. 
Nikola'i'ef, or Nikolaiew (ne- 
-ll'ef) 



Neel'gher'ry, or Neilgherry Nik'Qlg-burg ( Ger. pron. 



(neel'geVree) 
Neg'a-pa-tam' 



'kols-bo"bRG') 
Nile (Arab. Bahr Nil, baH'r Offenbach (of'fgn-baK') 



Ock'lo-ko'nee 

Oc-mul'gee ; formerly writ- 
ten Oakmulgee. 

O-co'nee 

'era-coke 

Odense (6'dgn-sgh) 

O-des'sa, 

Oeland^b'land) 

Oels (bis) 

Oerebro (b're-broo) 

Oesel (b'sgl) 

Oestreich" (bst'rlK). Syn. 
Austria. 

Oettingen (bt'ting-en) 

O'fen. Syn. 



(maur' 
Ne- 



See 



Nezheen. 
Ne-sham'i-ny 
Neth'gr-lands (Dutch Neder- 

land, na'dgr-lant') 
Netbou (netf-too') 
Neii'burg ( Ger. pron. noi'- 

b6~ORG) 

Muskingum (mus-king'gum) Neufchatel, or Neuchatel Norfolk (nof'fgk) 
Myc'o-nos. Syn. Miconi, or (nusb'a'tel') (Ger. Neuen- Nor'man-dy 



pron. mooR'the-a) 
Mursuk. See Moorzook. 
Murviedro (mooR-ve-a'Dro) 
Mus-cat' 

Muscatine (mus'ka-teen') 
Mus-co'gee 
Mus'cg-vy 



neel) 
Nimar (nee-mar 
Nimes, or Nismes (neem) 
Nimeguen (ne-ma'ggn 

(Dutch Nijmegen, or Ny 
niegen,nl-ma'ggn, orNim- 
wegen, nim-wa'ggn 
Nirnegue, ne'mag')* 
Ni-phon', or Ni-pon' 
Nip'is-sing' 

Nish'a-poor' ; written also 
Nishapour. [rod 

Nizh' nee {or Nijni) Nov'go'- 
Nocera (no-cha'ra) [gen. 
Noerdlingen. See Nbrd-lin 
Nordhausen (noRt-how'zgn) 
Ndrdlingen, or Noerdling 
en (nbrt'ling-gn 
nurt'ling-gn) 



Myconi (mik'o-nee). 
Mysore (mi-sSr') 
Myt'I-le'ne. Syn. Metelin. 



burg, noi'en bobRG 7 ) Nor'ridge-wock 

Neuilly-sur-Seine (nuh'ye'- Norrkbping (noR'chb-ping) 



N. 



Norway (Nor-w. Norge,noR' 

geh or noR'ga) 
Norwich (Eng.) (nor'rij 



siiR'san') 
Neumarkt (noi'maRkt) 
Neurode (noi'ro'dgh) 
Neu-Ruppin "(noi-rdbp- 

peen') 
Neusatz (noi'sats) (Hung. 
Naas (nas) Ujvidek, oo'e-ve'dak') 

Nabajo ; pronounced, and Neuse (nus) 

sometimes written, Nav'- Neii'sohl (or noi'sol) 
a-hoe, or Nabajoa (na-va- Neustadt (nu'stat or noi'- 
So'a) stat) [weet) 

Nacogdoches (nak'o-do'chiz) Neu-Wied (nu'weed or noi'- Noyon (noh'yoN') 
Nagy Enyed (nod'yeh, al- Ne'va (Russ. pron. na'va) Nu'bi-a 

Nevada (na-va'Da) Nueces^fnwa'ses) 

Nevado (na-va'Bo) Nueva Helvetia (nwa'vahel- 

Nevers (neh-veR/) va'te-a). Syn. New Hel- 

Ne'vis, Ben vetia. 

Newark [kas-sl) Nuevitas (nwa-vee'tas) 

Newcastle (Delaware) (nu'- Nuevo Leon (nwa/vo la-on'), 

Newcastle (Eng.) (nu-kas'sl) Syn. New Leon. 



Ogeechee (o-gee'ehee) 

Oglethorpe (o'gl -thorp) 

Oglio (ol'yo) 

O-hl'o 

Oise (oiz ; Fr. pron. -wSz, 

almost wiz) 
Fr. Ojibbeway. See Chippeway. 
Okhotsk (o-Kotsk 7 ; Russ. 

pron. almost o-Hotsk') 
Oktibbeha (ok-thVbe-haw) 
01 7 dgn-burg ( Ger. pron. oV- 

dgn-bobRG') 
Oleron (o'la'roN'), 
Ol-I-ven^a, or Olivenca ( Sp. 

pron. o-le-ven'tha) 
Olmiitz (ol'miits), or 011'- 

miitz 
almost O-lo-nets', or Olonetz 
Omaha (o'ma-haw') 
Oman (o-man 7 ) 
O'mgr, St. (Fr. Saint Omer, 

saNt o'meii') 
Om-pom/po-noo'suc 
O-ne'ga (Russ. pron. o- 

na'ga) 
Oneglia (o-nel'ya) 



Norwich (U. S.) (nor'rich or Oneida (o-nl'da) 

nor'wich) Onondaga (on'un-daw'ga) 

Novaia (no-vi'a) Ontario (on-ta'ri-o) 

Novara (no-va/ra) Oojein. or Oujein (oo-jan') 

Nova Scotia (no'va, sko'shi-a) Oo'na-las'ka, or Oo'na-lash'- 
No'va Zem'bla ' [rod' ka" 



Nov'go-rod', 

Novi (no 7 vee) 



No'vo-go- 



most n6dj, en'yed') 
Nagy Karoly (nodj ka'rol') 
Nagy Szombath (nodj som'- 

botO- Syn. Tyrnau. 
Nagy Varad (nodj va'rod 7 ) 
Na-hant' 

Namaquas (nit-ma'kwaz) 
Namur (Da'mur ; Fr. pron. 

na'muR') 
Nan'cy (Fr. pron. noN'se') 
Nangasaki (nang-ga-sa'ke) 
Nan-kin', or Nan-king' 
Nantes (nants ; Fr. pron. 

noNt) 
Nan-tuck'et 
Nantwich (nant'ich) 
Naples (na'plz) (It. Napoli, 

na/po-le) 
Narbonne (naR'bon') 
Narmada (nar-ma'da). Syn. 

Nerbuddah. 
Nar'o-va, or Nar'va 
Nar'ra-gan'sett 
Nage'bj? 
Nash'u-a 

Nas'sau ( Ger. pron. nas'sou) 
Natal (na-tal') 
Natch'I-tocb'es (sometimes 

pronounced nak'e-tush') 
Na-toli-a, or An'a-to'H-a, 

or Anadoli (a-na-do'le) 
Nau'ga-tuck 
Naum'burg ( Ger. pron. 

nowm'bcToRG) 
Nau'voo' 



(nu'fund- Nuevo Santander (nwa'vo Oostioog Veleekee, Ustiug 



Newfoundland 

land') [da) san-tan-deR'). Syn. New 

New Granada _(uu gra-na'- Santander. 

New Guinea (-gin'e). Syn. Nukahiva (noo'ka-hee'va) 

Papua. Nun ; pronounced, and often 

New Jersey (-jer'zy) written, Noon. 

New Le'on (Sp. Nuevo Leon, Nu'rem-bgrg (Ger. Nurn- 

nwa'vo la-on') berg, njjRn'beRG) 

New'mar-kgt Nuslau (not)s'lou) 

New Or'le-ang ; often, but Nyanza (ne-an'za) 

less correctly, called New Nykbping, orNykjbping(nii'- 

Or-lean§'. [bury. chb'ping,aZwzo5inee'chup- 



Oor'fa ; written also Urfa, 
Ourfa, and Orfa. 

Oorghenj, Ourghendj, or Ur- 
gendj (oor-genj'), some- 
times written Urghens and 
Urgants. Syn. Khiva. 

Ooroomeea, or Urumiya (oo- 
roo-mee'a), written also 
Urmiah and Ourmiah. 

Oos'tan-aw'la 

Oosterhout (os'tgr-howt)' 



o. 



New Sa'rum. Syn. Salis- Nyon (ne'oN') 

New San-tan'der (Sp. Nuevo 
Santander, nwa/vo san- 
tan-daR') 

New Zealand (-zee'land) 

Nezh-een' ; written also, Ne- 
jin and Neschin. Oahu (wah'hoo) 

Nez Perce (na peR'sS' ; com 
monlypron. napgr'se) 

Ngami ('n-gii'mee) O'bgr-lin 

Niagara (ni-ag'a-ra, ; some- Obi," or Oby (o'be), or Ob 
times pron. ni-ag'a-ra) Ocana (o-kan'ya) 

Nicaragua (nik'a-ra'gwa) Oc'co-quan' 

Nice (nees) (It. "Nizza, net'- Oceana (o'she-a'na) 
sa or nit'sa) Oceania (o'she-a'nT-a) 

Nic'o-bar' Oceanica (o'she-2n'f-ka) 



Veliki, or Oustioug Veliki 

(oos-te-oog' vS-lee'kee) 
Oozbek, Ouzbek, or Uz-beck 

(ooz'bek') 
Oozbekistan (ooz-bek-is- 

tan'). Syn. Bokhara. 
Op'e-lou/sas 
O-por'to 

Oppenheim (op'pgn-him') 
Oran (o-ran') 

Or'ange ( Fr. pron. o'roNzh') 
Orcades (or'ka-dez). Syn. 

Orkneys. 
Orebro. See Oerebro. 
Or'e-ggn 
O-rel', or Or-lof 
Orellana(o-rel-ya'na). Syn. 

Amazon. 
Oaxaca, or Oajaca (wa-Ha'- O'rgn-boorg', or Oren-burg 
ka), written also Guaxaca. Orihuela (o're-wa'la) 



[ing) 



O'ri-no'ko 
O-ris'ka-ny 
Orizaba (o-re-sa'ba) 
Orkneys (ork'nez) 
Orleannais, or Orleannois 

(oR'la'a'na') [on'). 

Or'le-ang (Fr.pron. OR'la'- 



a,e,&c, long; a,e,oUess prolonged; a,e,&c. } short; a,e,i,g, obscure; care,far,ask,aU,what; gre,veil,t5rm; pi'que,firmj s6n,6r, 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



927 



Or'mus, or Ormuz ^Pers. 
Hormooz) 

Orontes (o-ron'tez), called by 
the Arabs El Aasy (el a'se') 

Ortegal (or oR-ta-gaP) 

Orthez, or Orthes (oR/ta/) 

Orvieto (oR-ve-a/to) 

O'sage' (Fr. pron. o'zazlp) 

Osceola (os'se-o'la) 

Oshmooneyn, or Achmou- 
neyn (osh-moo-ninP) 

Os'na-br'dck' ; often called, 
by" the English, O^'na- 

Os'si-pee [burg. 

Ossuna (os-soo'na) 

Ost-end' 

Os'ti-aks' 

Os'we-gatch'ie 

Os-we'go 

Og'wes-try (or oz'es-trl) 

Otaheite (o-ta-hee'te). See 
Tahiti. 

Otchakof, or Oczakow (otch/- 
a-kof') 

O-tran'to (It. pr on. o'tY&ri-to) 

Ottajano (ot-ta-ya/no) or Ot- 
tojano (ot-to-ya/no); writ- 
ten also Ottaiano. 

Ot'ta-wa (or ot'ta-wa) 

Otterbach (ot'tgr-ba,K/) 

Ot'to-inan Empire. Syn, 
Turkey. 

Ouche (oosh) 

Oude (owd ; sometimes im- 
properly pronounced ood). 

Oudenarde (oWdgn-ar'deh) 
(Fr. Audenarde, o'deh- 

Oundle (Sn'dl) [naRd') 

Oural. See Ural. 

Ouralsk, or Uralsk (oo-r aisle') 

Ourfa. See Oorfa. 

Oarmiah, or Urmiah (oor- 
mee'a). Syn. Ooroomeea. 

Ouse (obz) 

Ouzbek. See Oozbek. 

Overijssel, or Overyssel (o- 
ver-Ts'sel) 

vid (N. Y.)_ 

Oviedo (o-ve-a'Do) 

Owego (o-wee'go) 

O-why'hee. See Hawaii. 

Ox'us ; called also the Amoo, 
or Amu (a/moo'), and Gi 
hon (je-hon'), or Je-hoon'. 

Oy'a-pock', or Oyapoc 

O-zark' 



Paoli(U. S.) (pa-o'lee) 
Papua (pap'oo-a or pa/poo- 

ft). Sijn. New Guinea. 
Para (pa-raV) 
Paraguay (pa-ra-gwa' or pa- 

ra-gwP) [ee-ba) 

Parahyba, or Paraiba(pa-ra- 
Par'a-mar'i-bo 
Parana (pa-ra-na/) 
Parana-lba, or Paranahiba 

(pa-ra-na-ee'ba) 
Parima (pa-re'ina) 
Parina (pa-re-na/) 
Paris (partis ; Fr. pron. 

pa/ Re') 
Par'o-pam'i-san' (Mts.) 
Pascagoula (pas'ka-goo'la) 
Pasco, or Cerro Pasco (seR'- 

ro pas'ko) [la') 

Pas-de-Calais (pa-dgh-ka/- 
Paso del Norte (pa/so del 

noR'ta) 
Pas-sa/ic 

Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy 
Passau (p'as'sou) 
Pat'a-go'ni-a 

Pa-tay' [tras'so) 

Pa-trasj, or Patrasso (pa- 
Pau (po) 
Pavia (pa-vee'a) 
Paw / ca-tuck 
Paw'tuck-et 
Pax'os, or Pax'o 
Pays Bas (pa'e ba) 
Pays de Vaud (pa/e deh vo). 

Syn. Vaud. 
Paz, La (la paz ; Sp. pron. 

la path) 
Pe-chee-lee (pa-chee-lee') 
Pe'dee' 

Peebles (pee'blz) 
Pegnitz (peg'nits) 
Pegu, or Pegou (pe-goo'), or 



P. 



Pachuco (pa-choo'ko) 

Pa-dang' [va) 

Pad'u-a (It. Padova, p'a'do- 

Paglia (paPya) 

Paishawur. See Peshawer. 

Paisley (paa'lT) 

PaPa-wan' 

PaPem-bang' 

Palencia ( pa-len'shi-a, ; Sp. 

pron. pa-leiPthe-a) 
Palenque (pa-lenk'a), or Cul- 

huacan (kool-wa-kan') 
Pa-ler'mo (It. pron. pa-leR'- 
PaPes-tlne [mo) 

Palestrina (pa-les-tree'n'a) 
PaPlam-cot-ta 
PaPlI-sgr 
Palmas" or Las Palmas (las 

paPmas) 
Pal-my'ra 

Palo Alto~(paVlo aFto) 
Pam'li-co 
Pamplona (pam-plo'na), or 

Pampeluna (pam-pa-loo'- 

na) 
Pa-mun/key, or Pa-mun/ky 
Panama (pan'a-ma') 



Pei-ho (piPho') 

Pei'pus (pa/e-poos), or 
Tchood'sko-e 

Pe'kin', or Pe'king' 

Pe-leW 

Pembina (penPbe-na) 

Pembroke (pem/brdok) 

Pemigewasset ( penPi-je-wos'- 
set) 

Penafiel (pan-ya-fe-eP or 
pan-ya-fe-aP) 

Penalva (pan-yaPva) 

Pe-nang' 

Penne (pen) 

Penn'syl-va'nT-a 

Pe-nob'scot 

Pen'rith (or pe'rith) 

Pen-ryn' 

Pen'sa-co'la 

Penzance (pen-zanss') 

Pe-o'rl-a 

Perdido~( per-dee'do ) 

Pergola (peR'go-la) 

Perigord (per'e'goR') 

Perigueux (pa/re'guh') 

Pernambuco (peR-nam-boo'- 

Pernau (peR'now) [ko) 

Perote (pa-ro'ta) 

Perpignan (peR'pen'yoN') 

Pgr-qui'nPans. 

Persia (per'shi-a, not per'- 
zhi-a), called by the natives 
Iran (ee-ran'). [too') 

Peru (pe-roo 7 ; Sp. pron. pa- 
Perugia (pa-roo'ja) 

Peschiera (pes-ke-a'ra) 

Pescina (pa-shee'na) 

Peshawer, Peichaouer, Pes- 
chauer (pa-shou'er) ; writ- 
ten also Paishawur and 
Peishore. [pesht) 

Pesth (pest ; Hung. pron. 

Pe-tchee-lee / 

Pet-cho'ra, or Petschora 



Pe'ters-burg, Saint (Russ. 

Sanktpeterburg, sankt- 

pa'ter'booRG) 
Peterwardein (pe'ter-war'- 

din ; _ Ger. pron." pa'ter- 

■war'dln) [vodsk') 

Petrozavodsk (pa-tro-za- 
Pezenas (paz'na,') 
Phil'a-del'phi-a 
Phil'ip-pine 
Piacenza (pe-a-chen / za) 
Piave (pe-a/va) 
Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La Picardie, 

la pe'kaR^e') 
Pichincha (pe-chin'cha or pe- 

cheen'cha) 
Pictou (pik-too') 
Piedmont (peed'mont) (It. 

Piemonte, pe-a-mon'ta) 
Pieds Noirs (pe-a' nwaR). 

Syn. Blackfeet. 
Pierre, Saint (sent peer ; Fr. 

pron. s8n pe-eR') 
Pignerol (pen/ye-rol'). See 

Pinerolo. 
Pilcomayo (pil-ko-mT'o) 
Pilica (pe-leet'sa or pe-lit'sa) 
Pillau (piPlou) 
Pinerolo (pe-na-ro'lo) (Fr. 

Pignerol, pen-yg-roP) 
Piombino (pe-om-be'no) 
Pirmasens, or Pirmasenz 

(peeR'ma-sents) 
Pisa (pee'sa.) 
Pis-cat'a-qua, 
Pis-cafa-quis 
Pistoja ("pis-to'ya) 
Pitea (pit'e-o) 
Pitt/syl-va'ni-a 
Placentia (pla-sen'shi-a) 
Plaquemine fplak'nien') 
Plasencia ( pla-sen'she-a ; Sp. 

pron. pla-sen/tlie-a) " 
Plata, La (la pla/ta) ; called 

also the Argentine (ar'jen- 

tln) Republic. 
Plata, Rio de la (re'o da, la 

pla'ta) 
Platte (plat) 
Platten See (plat'ten sa), or 

Lake Balatony "(ba'loh^- 
Plauen (plowmen) [ton') 

Pleisse (plPseh) 
Plin-lirn'mon 
Plock (plotsk) 
Plombieres (ploN'be-eR') 
Plymouth (plinPuth) 
Po'co-moke 
Podlachia (pod-la/ke-a) 
Po-do^i-a 

Poictiers." See Poitiers. 
Poictou. See Poitou. 
Point Coupee (koo-pee') 
Poitiers, or Poictiers (poi- 

teerz / ; Fr. pron. pwa/te- 

a', almost pwPte-a') 
Poitou, or Poictou (poPtoo ; 

Fr. pron. pwa/too', almost 

pwPtoo') 
Poland ; called by the Poles 

Polska (p5Pska) 
Polock (po-lotsk'), written 

also Polotzk) 
Poltava (pol-ta/va), written 

also Pultowa. 
Polynesia (poPi-nee'shT-a) 
Pom'e-ra'nl-a (Ger. PonP- 

mern) 
Pompeii (pom-pa'yee) 
Pondicherry (pon'de-sher'- 

ree) (Fr. Pondicherry, 

poN'de'sha're') 
Ponta Del-gada (pon'ta del- 

gii-da) 
Pont'char-train' 
Pontefract (pom'fret) 
Pon'to-toc' 
Pontremoli (pon-trgm'o-lee) 



Popayan (po-pT-Sn' or po-paV 

yan') 
Po-per-ing'en (Fr. Pope- 

ringue, pop'gr-aN'g', — the 

g to be distinctly sounded) 
Po-po-cat'a-petP 
Port-au-Prince (port-o- 

prlnss ; Fr. pron. poRt-o- 

pr&NSs) 
Port Mahon (ma-h5n / ) 
Por'to BePlo (Sp. Puerto 

Bello, pweR'to bePyo) 
Por'to Ca-bePlo (Sp. Puerto 

Cabelk^pwgR^o ka-BePyo) 
Porto Praya (por'to prPa) 
Por'to Prin'cT-pe. See Puer- 
to Principe. 
Porto Rico (por-to ree'ko} 

(Sp. Puerto Rico, pweK/- 

to ree'ko) 
Portsmouth (ports^uth) 
Port'u-gal (Port. pron. poR- 

too-gaP) 
Posen (po'zen) 
Potenza (po-ten'za) 
Po-to^mac 

Potosi (po-to-see 7 or po-to'- 
Pot/ta-wat'o-mieg [see) 

Poughkeepsie (po-kip'sT) 
Po-yang' 

Pozzuoli (pot-soo-o'lee) 
Prague (prag) (Ger. Prag, 

praG) 
Prairie du Chien (pra'rT du 

sheen ; Fr. pron. pra're' 

dii she-aN') 
Prenzlow (prents'lo) 
Pres'burg, or Press'burg 

( Ger. pron. press'bdoRG) 
Presque Isle (presk eel) 
Prestbury (prez'bGr-ry) 
Pres'tQn-pang' 
Prev/e-sa, (or pra'va-sa) 
Principa"to Citra (prin-chc 

pa/to chee'tra) 
Principato Ultra (prin-che- 

piPto ooPtra) 
Prip^ts (Polish Prypec, 

prip'ets) 
Privas (pre'vas') 
Provence (pro'voNss') 
Prussia (pruslPi-a, or proo''- 

shi-a) 
Pruth ( Ger. pron. proot) 
Prypec, or Prypetz. See Pru 

pets. 
Przemysl (pzhenPis'l) 
Pskof, or Pskow(pskof), writ- 
ten also Pskov. 
Puebla (pweb'la) 
Pueblo (pweb'lo) or El Pueb- 
lo delos Angeles (el pweb'- 

lo da los ang'Hgl-es) 
Puente Nacional (pwen'ta 

na-se-o-naP) [lo. 

Puerto Bello. See Porto Bel- 
Puerto Principe (pweR^o 

prin'se-pa. or preen'the-pa) 

or Por'to Prin'ci-pe 
Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. 
Puncahs (punk 7 az), or Ponk- 

as. fjaub' 

Punjab (pun-jab'), or Pun- 
Pun tas Arenas (poon'tas 

a-ra'nas) 
Puy de Dome (pwe deh dom) 
Puy, Le (leh pwe) 
Pwllheli (almost poothl- 

hale) 
Pyrenees (pir'e-nez) 
Pyrmont (peeR'mont) 



Q. 



Qaherah (kha/he-ra). Syn. 
Cairo. 



4Q,w9lf,toT),t6t>k ; urn,rue,pall ; ^,g, soft; €,g, hard; as.; epst; s as ng ; this ; a,b,u,e^ ,1,5,8,^,8^,0^,5,1^,11 (see p . 914) 






928 

Qetie. See Keneh. [seir. 
Qoceyr (kos-ser')- Syn. Cos- 
Quatre Bras (kat'r bra) 
Que-bec' (Fr. Quebec, ka'- 

bek') 
Qued'lin-burg ( Ger. pron. 

kwed'lin-bdbRGO 
Quen'lin, Saint (Fr. pron. 

s&n koN'taN') 
Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro) 
Quiberon (ke'broN') 
Quilimane (ke-le-ma/na), 

written also Quilimancy. 
Quillota (kel-yo'ta) 
Quiloa (kee'lo-a) 
Quim'per (kaN'peR') or 

Quimper Corentin (ko 7 - 

raN'taN') 
Quin'e-baug' 
Quito (kee'to) 
Quor'ra. Syn. Niger. 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



R. 



Raab (rab) (Hung. Gybr, 
dyoR) 

Racine (ras-seen') 

Ragusa (ra-goo'sa), or Raugia 

(ra/oo-ja or rou'ja) 
Rah way (raw'wa) 
Rajpoot (raj-poot') 
Rajpootana (raj-poo-ta/na), 

or Rajasthan (ra-ja-stan') 
Raleigh (raw'li) 
Rambouillet (roN'boo'ya' or 

rSN'bool'ya') 
Ramillies (ram'e-lez; Fr. 

pron. Ra/meFye' or Ra 7 - 

me / ye') 
Ranai (ra-ni 7 )- Syn. Lanai. 
Rangoon (rang-goon 7 ) 
Rap'id-an', or Rap'ic* Ann 
Rapides (rap-eed'f 
Rap'pa-han'nock [un) 

Raritan, or Rariton (rar'it- 
Rath-keale' 
Rat'is-bon ( Ger. Regensburg, 

Ra'gens-bdbRG') 
Ra-ven'na [or ra-ven'na) 
Ravensburg (ra'vgns-bdtDRG') 
Ravenstein (ra/ven-stin') 
Reading (red'ing) 
Regensburg. See Ratisbon. 
Reggio (red'jo) 
Re-ho'both 

Reichenberg (rT'Ken-beRG') 
Reichstadt (riK'stat) 
Reiga,te (rl'get) 
RePki-a-vik 
Reims, or Rheims (reemz ; 

Fr. pron. rSNz) 
Renaix (reh-na/orreh-naks') 

(Flem. Ron'se) 
Rends/borg, or Rendsburg 
Rensselaer^ ren'se-ler) 
Resaca de la Palma (ra-sa/- 

ka da la pal'ma) 
Reus (ra/oos) 

Reuss (rus ; Ger. pron. Roiss) 
Reutlingen (roit'ling-en) 
Rev'el (Russ. Kolyvan, ko'- 

le-van/) 
Revilla (ra-veePya) 
Rheatown (ra/town) 
Rheims. See Reims. 
Rheinthal (rin'tal) 
Rhine (rln) (Ger. Rhein; 

Dutch Rhyn, both pro- 
nounced as the English 
Rhodes (rodz) [Rhine) 

Rhodez, or Rodez (ro'da') 
Rhone (ron) 
Riazan (re-a-zan') 
Richelieu (re'she-loo' or 

resh'le-uh') 
Rideau (re'do') 



Riegel (ree'Ggl) 

Riesengebirge (ree'zen-ga- 
beeRG'eh) 

Rieti (re-i'tee) 

Rl'ga, (orree'ga) 

Rimfni (ree'me'-ne or rim'-) 

Rio Bravo (ree'o bra/vo). 
See Rio del Norte. 

Rio del Norte (ri'o del nort ; 
Sp. pron. vee'o del noR'- 
ta) ; called also the Ri / o 
Grande (Sp. pron. ree'o 
gran'dii) and Rio Bravo 
(ree'o bra'vo). 

flgp* The pronunciation 
of these names, which may 
be said in one sense to be- 
long now to the United 
States, should be Angli- 
cized, for the same reason 
that the pronunciation of 
Wisconsin (originally Ouis- 
consin) and Texas (Sp. 
pron. ta/Has) is Anglicized ; 
namely, because the great 
majority of those who have 
occasion to use them speak 
the English language. 

Rio Frio (ree'o free'o) 

Rio Janeiro (rl'o ja-nee'ro or 
ree'o ja-na'ro) (Port. Rio de 
Janeiro, ree'o da, zha-na'e- 
ro) ; often called simply 

Riom (re'oN') [RI'o 

Rive de Gier (reev dehzhe-aV) 

Rives (reevz) 

Rivoli (riv'o-le or ree'vo-le) 

Ro'a-noke' 

Rochefort (rotch'fgrt or 
rosh'foR') 

Rochelle, or La Rochelle (la 
Ro'shel') [dez 

Rodez (ro'da'). Syn. Rho- 

Roer (rooR). Syn. Ruhr. 

Roermonde (rooR-mon'deh) 
(Fr Ruremonde, r'ur 7 - 
moNd') 

Romagna (ro-man'ya) 

Romagnese (ro-man-ya/sa) 

Romania (ro-ma/ne-a, or ro- 
ma-nee'a) 

Romans (ro'moN') 

Rome (rom, formerly room) 
(It. Roma, ro'ma) 

Ron'ce-val'les. (Sp. Ronces- 
valles, ron-thes-va^yes; 
Fr. Roncevaux, ronss'vo' 
or roN'seh-vo') 

Roo-me'li-a, or Rumelia 

Room-Elee, Roum-Ili, or 
Rum-Ih (room'e-lee 7 ). 
Syn. RoomeHa. 

Roos-tchook' ; written also 
Rustschuk and Rout- 
chouk. [eed') 

Ro-^eVta (Arab. Er-Rash- 

Rossano"(ros-sa/no) 

Rothenburg (ro' ten-burg or 
ro'ten-booRG' ) 

Rotherham (rotb/er-um) 

Roth'er-hithe (vidg. red/rif) 

Rothesay (roth'sa) 

Rot'ter-dam' 

Roubaix (roo'ba') 

Rouen (roc/en ; Fr. pron. 
rwoN) 

Rougemont (roozh'moN') 

Roumelia. See Roomolia. 

Rotim-Ili. See Room-Elee. 

Roussillon (roo'sel'yoN' or 
Roo'se'yoN') 

Routchouk (root'shook'). 
Syn. Roostchook. 

Roveredo (ro-va-ra'do) (Ger. 
Rovereith, Ro'ver-It') 

Rovigno (ro-veen'yo) 

Rovigo (rovee'go) 

Row-an' 



Roxburgh (Scotland) (roks'- 
biir-reh) 

Rudolstadt (roo'dol-staf) 

Riigen (ru'gen) 

Rumelia. See Roomelia. 

Rum-Ili. See Room-Elee. 

Ruppin (rdbp-peen') 

Ruremonde. See Roer- 
monde. 

Russia (rush'i-a, or roo'shi-a) 

Rustchuk, or Rusezuk. See 
Roostchook. 

Ruth'er-glen' (or rug'len) 

Ryswick (riz'wik) (Dutch 
pron. rls'-wik) 



s, 



Saale (sa/leh) #< [saR) 

Saar (saR or sa_R ; Fr. Sarre, 
Saarbruck (saR/briik), or 

Saar-bruck/en 
Saardam (saR'dam / ) Syn. 

Zaandam.^ 
Saarlouis (saR loo'is) 
Sabine (sa-been') 
Sac (sawk) [ony 

Sachsen (sak'sen). See Sax- 
Sachsen-Altenburg. See 

Saxe-Altenburg. 
Sachsenhausen (sak'sen- 

hoWzen) 
Sachsenheim (sak'sen-hTm') 
Sack / a-too' ; tcritten also 

Sackatou and Sakatu 
Saco (saw'ko) 
Sag'a-da-hoc' 
Sag-hal'i-en, or Sakhalien 
Sag-'i'-naw 

Saguenay (sag'eh-na/) [ra) 
Sahara (sa-ha'ra or sah'ha- 
Saida (sl'da), or'SI'don 
Saigon (sT'gon'), or SaYgong 

(si ; gong'); called also 

Look'noo'ee' 
St. Bernard (sent beVnard) 
Saint Denis. See Denis, Saint. 
Saintes (saNt) 

Saint Germain. See Ger- 
main, Saint, and so for all 

the other names having the 

prefix of Saint. 
Saintonge (sai^toNzh') 
Sakhalien. See Saghalien. 
Saladillo (sa-la-DeeVyo) 
Salado (sa-la/Do) 
Sal-a-manc / a (or sa-la- 

mang'ka) " 
Sa-ltr'no (It. pron. sa-leR'no) 
Salford (sawl'furd or saw'- 

furd) 
Salina (U. S.) (sa-ll'na) 
Salina (Sp. America) (sa-lee'- 
Saliue (sa-leen / ) [na) 

Salisbury (sawlz'ber-i), or 

New Sa/rum 
Salm (salm) 
Salona (sa-lo'na) 
Salonica (sal-o-nee'ka), or 

Selaniki (sel-a-nee'ke) 
Sa'lop. Syn. Shropshire. 
Saltillo (sal-teel'yo ; vulg. 

pron. sal-tee'yo) 
Saluzzo (sa-loot'so) 
Salvador (sal-va-doR 7 ) 
Salvador, Saint (Brazil). See 

Bahai. 
Salvador, Saint (Central 

America). See San Salva- 
dor. 
Sal'win', or SaFwen' ; called 

also Than-Lyeng or Than- 

Lweng. 
Saltz'burg (sawlts/burg), or 

Salzburg ( Ger. pron. salts'- 

b6t)RG) 



Salzwedel (salts'wa'del) 
Samana (sa-ma-na/) 
Sam'ar-cand' 
Samisat (sa-me-sat') 
Samoa (sa-mo'a) 
Samogitia (sam'o-jish'T-a) 
Sa'mos ; called Soosam '(soo- 

sam') by the Turks. 
Samothraki (sa'mo-thra'ke), 

or Sam'o-thrace' 
Samsoon, Samsun, or Sam- 

soun (sam-soon') 
Sam-Tiago (sowN-te-a'go), or 

San Thiago (san-te-a'go) ; 

written also St. Jago. 
Sam'oy-ede', or Sam'oy-ed' 
Sanaa, or Sana (sa ; na') 
San An-to'n]-o 
San An-to'nl-o de Bexar (da 

ba-har'). See Bexar. 
San Augustine (aw'gus- 

teen') [lo-ma') 

San Bartolome (san bar-to- 
San Bias (san bias) 
San Buenaventura (san bwa'- 

na-vCn-too'ra) 
San Diego (siin de-a'go) 
Sand'wich (or sand/wij) 
San Felipe (san fa-lee'pa) ; 

familiarly called San PhiF- 

ip. [do) 

San Fernando (san feR-nan'- 
San Fran-.iyco (or san fran- 

sees'ko) 
San Joaquin (san no-a-keen') 
San Jose del Parral (san ho- 

sa' del paR-Ral') ; also 

called simply Parral 
San Ju 7 an ( Sp. pron. san 

Hoo-an"'' or hwan) 
San Juan de la Frontera (da 

la fron-ta/ra) 
San Juan de Ulua, or Uloa, 

(san ju'gn, or san hwan, 

da, oo-loo'a, or oo-lo'a) 
San Luis (Texas) (san loo'is) 
San Luis de Potosi (siin loo'- 

is, Sp. pron. loo-ees', da 

po-to-see') 
San Marino (san ma-ree'no) 
San Patricio (pa-tris'se-o) 
Sanquhar (saiik'ar) 
San, or Sam Salvador (Brazil). 

See Bahia. [doR') 

San Salvador (san sal-va- 
San-do-mier', or Sandomir 
Sangamon (sang'ga-mon) 
Santa Barbara (san'ta baR/- 

ba-ra) 
Santa Cruz (san'ta, kroos*, 

Sp. pron. san^a-krooth), 

or St. Croix (sent kroi) 
San'ta Fe (Sp.pron. san'ta 

fa) [go-ta') 

Santa Fe de Bogota (da bo- 
Santa Maria (san'tii ma-ree'a? 
Santa Marta (san'ta maR'ta) 
San'ta Mau'ra (or san/ta 

mow'ra) 
San-tan'der (Sp. pron. san- 

tan-deR') [lee'a) 

Santa Rosalia (san/ta, ro-sa- 
Santarem (s'an-ta-reN/, aU 

most san-ta-reng') 
San'tee' 

San Thiago. See Sam Tiago. 
Santiago deCompostelaJsan- 

te-a'go da kom-pos-ta'la). 

Syn. Compostela. 
Santiago de Cuba (san-te-a'- 

go de ku'ba, or da koo'ba) 
Santillana (san-tel-ya'na) 
Santorini (san-to-ree'nee), or 

Santorin (san-to-reen^ 
Santos (san'tos) 
Saone (son) 
Sarabat (sa-ra-bat'). Syn 

Hermus. 



i.e, See., long; a,e,o, lessprolonged;^,e,Scc,%hort; a,e,i,Q, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere, veil,tErm; pique, firm ; son,oii 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



929 



Sar'a-gos'sa, (Sp. Zaragoza, 

tha-ra-go'tha) 
S5r'a-nac' 

Saratof, or Saratow (sar'a- 
Sar'a-to'ga [top) 

Sar-a-wan? 
Sar-din'I-a (It. Sardegna, 

saR-den~ya or sar-dan/ya) 
Saree, or Sari (sa're') 
Sarmiento (saR-me-en'to) 
Saros (Hungary ) (shri'rosh') ; 

written also Sarosch. 
Saros (Greece) (sa/i*os) 
Sarre (saR). Syn. Saar. 
Sarthe (saRt) 
Sarum (sa'rum) 
Sas-katch'a-wan' 
Sassari (sas'sa-ree) 
Satalieh (sa-ta-lee'a). Syn. 
Sault (so) " [Adalia. 

Sault de Sainte Marie (Fr. 

pron. so deh saN ma/re', 

but now usually called soo 

sent ma'ri.) 
Sauterne, or Sauternes (so 7 - 
Sava (sa/vii) [teRn') 

Sa-van'nah 
Save (Ger. Sau, sou; Hung. 

Szava, sa'voh/) 
Savigiiano (sa-vel-ya / no) 
Savignano (sa-ven-ya/no) 
Savigny (sa-ven'ye') 
Sav'oy (or sa-voi') (It. Sa- 

voia, sa-vo'ya ; Fr. Savoie, 

sa'vwa') 
Saxe Altenburg (saks al' ten- 
burg) (Ger. Sachsea Al- 
tenburg, sak'sen al'ten- 

bdbRG) 
Saxe Co'burg (Ger. Sacbsen 

Coburg, sak'senko'bobRG) 
Saxe Lauenburg (saks lou'- 

Pj -burg or lou'en-bdbRG / ) 
Saxe Meiuingen (saks ml'- 

ning-en) 
Saxe Weimar (saks wl'mar) 

(Ger. Sachsen Weimar, 

sak'sen wl'mar) [sen) 

Sax'o-ny (Ger. Sachsen, sak'- 
Scan'der-oou', or Is-kan'der- 

oon'. Syn. Alexandretta. 
Scan'dl-na'vl-a 
Scania. See S~kane. 
Scarborough (skar'b'rtih or 

skar'bur-ruh) 
Scar'pan-to 

Scarperia(skaR-pa-ree'a) 
Sceaux (so) 

Schaffhausen (shaf-how'zen) 
Schat-el-Arab. See Shatt- 

el Arab. 
Schaumburg Lippe (showin'- 

bobRGlip'peh). Syn. Lip- 
pe Schauenburg. 
Scheldt (skelt) (Dutch 

Schelde, sKeVdeh ; Ger. 

Schelde, shel'deh ; Fr. Es- 

caut, es'ko') 
Schelestadt (shel'eVtad' ; 

Ger. pron. shel'es-tat' ) 
Schemnitzfshem'nits; Hung. 

Selmecz A.anya, shePmets' 

ban'yoh') 
Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-dy) 
Schiedam (sKee'dam') 
Schiraz (she'raz'). Syn. 

Sheeraz. [Shirvan . 

Schirvan, or Schirwan See 
8chleswig. See Sleswick. 
Schnait (schnTt) 
Scboa. See Shoa. 
Schoharie (sko-har'ree) 
Schb'ntrunn, or Schoen- 

bruDn (shbn/brdbn) 
Schoodic (skoo'dik) [tain. 
Schooley's (skoo'liz) Moun'- 
Schouwen (skoWven or 

sKow'wen) 



Schroon (skroon) 

Schumla. See Sboomla. 

Schuyler (skPler) 

Schuylkill (skool'kil) 

Schwarzburg (shwarts'burg 
or shwaRts'bcToRG) 

Schwarzwald (shwarts'walt) 

Schweidnitz (shwit'nits) 

Schweinfurt (shwin'fcfoRt) 

Schwerin (shwa-reen') 

Scigliano (shel-ya'no) 

Scilly (siPH) 

Scinde (slnd). Syn. Sinde. 

Scio (sPo or shee'o) 

Scioto (sT-o'to) 

Scituate (sit'u-at) 

Scla-vo'nl-a. Syn. Slavonia. 

ScoVland 

Scutari (skoo'ta-ree) (near 
Constantinople): ralledls- 
koo-dar' by the Turks. 

Scutari (Albania); called by 
the Turks Is-kan-der-ee 7 - 
ygh 

Seara (sa-a/ra). Syn. Ciara. 

Se-ba/go 

Sebastian, Saint (sent se- 
bast'yuu) (Sp. San Sebas- 
tian, san se-bas-te-an 7 ) 

Sebastopol. See Sevastopol. 

Secchia (sek'ke-a) [bad') 

Secunderabad (se-kiln'der-a- 

Seevas, or Sivas (se'v'as') 

Seewah, or Siwah (see'wa) 

Segorbe (sa-goR'ba) 

Se-go'vi-a (Sp. pron. sa-go'- 

Seine (san) [ve-a) 

Sem'i-noles, 

Sempach (senVpaK) 

Sen'e-ca, 

Senegaf(sen / e-gawl') 

Sen'e-gam'bi-a _ 

Sennaar (sen'naV) 

Serajevo (sa-ra-ya'vo). Syn. 
Bosna-SeraY. 

Ser'am-pore', or Ser'am-poor' 

Ser-ang'. Syn. Ceram. 

Serchio (seR'ke-o) 

Seringapatam (ser-ing'ga- 
pa-tam') 

Seringham (ser-ing'gum) 

Servan, Saint (saN seR'voN') 

Ser'vi-a_ 

Sesia (sa/se-a) [ledge. 

Setledge, or Setlej. See Sut- 

Settia, (set-tee'a) 

Setubal (sa-too'bal), or Setu- 
val (sa-too'val), or St. Ubes 
(ubz) 

Sev'as-to'pgl (or se-vas'to- 
pol) ; less correctly, Sebas- 
topol (in Russian CeBacTo- 
noAb, sa-vas-to / pol). 
fti^r" It should be observed 
that b in Russian corre- 
sponds to ouri-, being nev- 
er, in any case, pronounced 
like the English b ; there- 
fore Sebastopol is an incor- 
rect spelling. With regard 
to the pronunciation of 
this name, it may be stated 
that not only the inhabit- 
ants of the town itself, but 
educated Russians every 
•where, invariably speak it 
with the accent as above 
given. In England, Sevas- 
topol is the common pro- 
nunciation, but Sevasto'- 
pol is not unfrequently 
heard among persons of 
the highest education. 

Severn 

Sevier (se-veer') 

Seville (sev'il or se-vil') (Sp. 
Se villa, sa-veel'ya) 

Sevre (sev'r or sSv'r) 



Seychelles (sa'shel') 
Shahabad (shah'ha-bad') 
Shamo (sha'mo') 
Shang-HaT, or Chang-Hai 
(shang'hi') ; sometimes 
written Shang-Hae. 
Shar'on 

Shatt-el-Arab, Schat-ul- 
Arab, or Chat-el- Arab 
(shat-el-a/rab) 
Shawangunk (shong'gum) 
She-boy'gan ; formerly writ- 
ten Cheboygan. 
Sheeraz, or Shirazfshe'raz' or 

shee'raz) 
Sheer-ness 7 
Shen'an-do'ah 
ShPa-was'see 
Shiraz See Sheeraz. 
Shirvan, Schirwan, or Chir- 
van (shSr'van' or sheer'- 
van') 
Shoa, Schoa, or Xoa (sho'a) ; 

written also Shwa. 
Shoomla, Schumla, or 

Choumla (shoom'la) 
Shoos'ter, or Shunter ; writ- 
ten also, Schuster and 
Chouster. 
Sho-sho'neeg [ber-T) 

Shrewsbury (Mass.) (shnjz'- 
Shrewsbury (England) 

(shruz/ber-T or shroz' ber-T) 
Shropshire, or County of 

Sa'lop." 
Shumla. See Shoomla. 
Shuster. See Shooster. 
Siam (si- am' or se'am') 
Siara, or Seara (se-a 7 ra). 

Syn. Ciara. 
Sl-be'ri-a 
Si^i-ly " 

Sidmouth (sid'muth) 
Si-en'na (It. Siena, se-a'na) 
Sierra (se-eR'Ra) [da) 

Sierra Gorda (se-eR'Ra goR'- 
Si-er'ra Le-o'ne (Sp. pron. 

se-eR'Ra la-o^S) 
Sierra Madre (se-eR'Ra rnaD'- 
ra) [ra'na) 

Sierra Morena (se-eR'Ra mo- 
Sierra Nevada (se-eR'Ra na- 
Sig-mar-ing'en [va'Da) 

Siguenza ( se-gwen'tha) 
Sikokf (se'kokf), or Sikoke 

(se'kdk'). Syn. Sitkokf. 
Silesia (si-lee'shl-a) (Ger. 

Schlesien, shla'ze-en) 
Si-hVtri-a 

Simbirsk, or Sim-beersk^ 
Simmenthal (sim'men-tal') 
Sim-pher-o'pol, or Simfero- 
pol 
Sim'plon (Fr.pron. sa^ploN') 
Sinde, or Scinde (sind) 
Sindhia, or Sindia (shVde-a) 
Singapore (sing'ga-por'), "or 

Singapoor) 
Sinigaglia (se-ne-gaPya) 
Sinoob, Sinoub, Sinob, or Si- 
nub (se'noob') 
Sin-o'pe (Turk. Sinoob, or 

Sinoub, se-noob') 
Sioot, Siout, or Siut (se'oof) ; 

written also Es-Sioot. 
Sioux (usually pronounced 

soo; Fr. pron. se-oo') 
Sis-to'va ; called also Shtab. 
Sit'kokf', or Sikokf (se'kokf ) 
Sivas. See Seevas. 
Siwah. See Seewah. 
Skag'ger Rack 

Skane "(sko'na) ; often writ- 
ten Schonen ( Dutch pron. 
SKo'nen ; Ger. sho'nen) 
and Scania (ska'ne-a). 
Skaneateles (skan'e-at'les) ; 
written also Skeneateles. 



Skib'ber-een' 

Skye (ski) 

Sla-vo'nT-a, or Scla-vo'nT-a 

Sles'wick (Dan. Sles'vig ; Ger. 
Schleswig, shles'wiG) 

Sluys (slois) 

Smo-lensk', or Smo-len'sko 

Smyrna (smTr'ng) ; called I&- 
meer' by the Turks. 

Snow'den 

So-co'tra, or Soc'o-tra 

Sofala (so-ta'la or so'ta-la) 

Soissons (swas'sox', almost 
swiAson') 

Soleure (so'Icr') (Ger. Solo- 
thurn, so'lo-tooRn') 

Solfatara (sol-1'a-ta'ra) 

Solferino (sol-ia-ree'no) 

Somauli (so-maw'lee) 

Som'er-set 

Somme (som) [how'zen) 

Sondershausen (son'derz- 

So-no'ra [(soo'dan') 

Soodan, Soudan, or Sudan 

Soo'loo' 

Sooltaneeyeh, or Sultanieh 
(sool-ta-nee'a) [ra-bl'a) 

Soorabaya, or Surabaya (soo- 

Soormool, Sourmoul, or Sur- 
mul (soor'mool') 

Sootcheoo, or Soutcheou(soo- 
xihee-oo') 

Sophia (so-fee'a), or Triaditza 
(tre-a-dit'saf 

Soprony (sho'proS'). Syn. 
Oedenburg. 

Sorata (so-ra'ta) 

Sor-ren'to 

Soudan. See Soodan. 

Sourabaya. See Soorabaya. 

Sourmoul. See Soormool. 

Sousam, or Soosam. See 
Samos. [tun) 

Southampton (sutri-hamp / - 

Soutcheou. See Sootcheoo. 

South wark (London) (suth'- 
erk) 

Southwark (Philadelphia) 
(sowth'wQrk) 

Spa (spaw ; Fr. and Flem. 
pron. spa) 

Spalatro (spa-la/tro) 

Spandau (span'dow) 

Spey (spa) 

Speyer; pronounced, and 
often written, Spire. 

Spitz-berg'en [yg Q ) 

Spligen (sploo'gen or spfd'- 

Spoleto (spo-la'to) 

Spor'a-des 

Stab,"or Staab (stab) 

Stabroek (sta'brobk). Syn. 
Georgetown. 

Stamboul (stam-bool'). Syn. 
Constantinople. 

Stargard (staR'gart) 

Staten Island (stat'tn I'land) 

Staubbach (stoub'baK) 

Staunton (Ya.) (stiin'tun) 

Staunton (Eng.) (stan'tun 
or stan'tun) 

Stavanger (sta-vang'ger) 

Steinach (stl'naK) 

Steinau (stl'now) 

Stettin (stet-teen') [haf) 

Stettiner Haff (stet-teen'cr- 

Steuben (stu'ben or stu-ben') 
^W" This name appears 
now to be universally ac- 
cented on the last syllable 
in Western New York, and 1 
is often thus pronouncedi 
in other parts of the Unit- 
ed States ; but the origi- 
nal German name, Baron 
Steuben, should undoubt- 
edly have the accent on* 
the urst syllable. 



dg, wolf, too ,tdbk ; urn,rue,pull ; g,g, soft; «,g, hard; a§; exist; n as ng ; this ; ajb^UjeejtjnjS^BjDjGjH^jNjRjU (see p. 914V 

59 





930 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 


Steubenville (stu'bgn-vil) 


Tah'le quah 


Thames (temz) Toorkomans, or Turkomans 


Steyer (stir) 


Taliaferro (tol'I-ver) 


Than'et (toor'ko-manz') 


Steyning (sta'ning) 


Tal'la-has'see 


TheakT, orThiaki(the-a'kee.) Topayos (to-pi'6s) ; written 


Stigliano (stel-ya'no) 


Tal'la-hatch'ie 


Syn. Ithaca. also Tapaos (ta-p'a'zhos or 


Stock'holm 


Tal'la-poo'sa 


Thebes ( theebz) ; called The- ta-pa'hos) 


Stonehenge (ston'henj) 


Tamaqua (ta-maw'kwa) 


bai (the'Ta) by the modern To-pe'ka 


Ston'ing-tgn 


Tamaulipas ( ta-mou-lee'pas ] 


Greeks. Toplitz, Toeplitz (tbp'lits), or 


Stra-bane' 


Tambof, Tambov, or Tam- 


Theiss (tjs) (Hung. Tisza, Teplitz (tep'lits) 


Stralsund (stral'soond) 


bow (tam-bof) 


tee'sg-h') [nica. Topsham (tops'gm) 


Stranraer (stran-rawr') 


Tampico (tam-pee'ko) ; called 


Thes'sa-lo-ni'ca. See Salo- Tor-bay' 


Strasbourg (sfraz'burg; Fr. 


also Pueblo Nuevo ( pweb'- 


Thes'sa-ly, or fhes-sa'li-a Torgau (toR'gou) 


pron. straz-booR') ( Ger. 


lo nwa'vo) [too') 


Theysfta) Tornea; pronounced, and 


Strassburg, stras'bdtiRG) 


TananariToo (ta-na-na-re- 


Thibadeauville (tib'a-do'vil) sometimes written, Tor'- 


Strasburg (Germany) (stras'- 


Tanasserim. See Tenasserim. 


Thibet, or Tibet (tib'et or ti- To-ron'to [ne-o. 


bdbRG) 


Tangier (tan-jeer') 


bet'); written also Tibbet. Torres Vedras (toR'Res ya'- 


Strasburg(U. S.)(stras'bfirg) 


Tan-jore' 


Thielt (teelt) dras) 


Stromboli (strom'bo-lee) 


Taormina (ta-OR-mee'na) 


Thiers (te-eR') [-Teel') Tortuga (tor-too'ga) 


Stuhlweissenburg (stool-wP- 


Taos (ta'os, almost towss) 


ThionTille (te'oN'Til' or Toul (tool) 


sen-bdbRG') 


Tapajos. See Topayos. 


Tholen, or Tolen (to'len) Toula. See Toola. 


Stutt'gart, or Stutgard ( Ger. 


Tap'pa-han'nQck 


Thomar (to-maR') Toulon (too'loN') 


pron. stdbt'gaRt) 


Tap'teV [hal'T-en 


Thomaston (tom'as-tun) Toulouse, or Thoulouse 


Styria (stir'i-a) 


Tarakai (tar'a-ki'), or Sag- 


Thorn (Prussia) (toRn) (too'looz') 


Suabia, or Swabia (swa'bi-a) 


Taranto (ta'ran-to) 


Three RiT'erg, or TroisRi- Touraine (too'ran') 


Sudan. See Soodan. 


Tarascon (ta/ras'koN') 


Tieres (trware'Te-eR') Tournay (tooR'na' ; Flem. 


Su'der-ma'ni-a (or su-der- 


Tarazona (ta-ra-tho'na) 


Thun (toon) Doornik, dor'nik) 


ma'ne-a) ; called also Su'- 


Tarbes (taRb) 


Thuner-See (toon'er-sa) Tours (tooR) 


der-mann -land / . 


Tarifa (ta-ree'fa) 


Thurgau (tooR'gow), or Towcester (tows'ter) 


Su-det/ic (Mountains) 


Tarragona (tar-ra-go'na) 


Thur-go'vi-a (Fr. Thurgo- Traf al-gar', or Tra-fal'gar 


Suez (soo'ez ; Arab. pron. 


Tar'soos' ; written also Tar- 


Tie, tiiR'go'Te') Tra-lee' 


soo-ez' or soo-az') 


sous and Tarsus, 


Thuringia(thu-rin'jT-a) (Ger. Tra-more' 


Suffolk (suf'fok) 


Tashkend (tash'kend') 


Th'uringen, tii'ring-en) Tran'que-bar' 


Suir (shur) [adore. 


Ta§-ma'nT-a 


Ti'ber (It. TeTere, ta'vS-ra) Transtevere (tr'ans-ta'Ta-ra) 


Suira (swee'ra). Syn. Mog- 


Taunton (Eng.) (tawn'tgn) 


Tibet, or Tibbet. See Thi- Tran'syl-Ta'nT-a (Hung. 


Sumatra (soo-ma'tra) 


Taunton (Mass.) (tan'tQn) 


bet. Erdely Orszaag, eK'dal' 


Sum-baw'wa 


Tau'ri-da. Syn. Krim. 


Ticino (te-chee'no) (Fr. Tes- oR'sSg') 


Sunbury (sun'ber-e) 


Tauris. See Tabreez. 


sin, tes'saN') Trapani (tra'pa-nee) 


SQn'da, 


Tauste (tous'ta) 


Ti-con'der-o'ga Tras os Montes (tras 5s 


Sun'der-land 


Tav'is-tQck 


Tidor, or Tidore (te-dor') TraT'an-core' [mon'tes) 


Surat (soo-raf) 


Tchad (chad) 


Tien-tsin (te-en'tseen) Treb'i-zond' ; called Ta-ra'- 


Surinam (soo-rl-nam') 


Tchany, Tchani (cha'nee) 


Tiflis (tif-lees'); written also be-soon' by the Turks. 


Surmul. See Soormool. 


TchernigoT, Tchernigof, or 


Tigre (te'gre') [Teflis. Tred'e-gar [me-tee) 


Susam (soo'sam'). Syn. Sa- 


Czernigow (cheR-ne-gof') 


Ti'gris Tremiti (trem'e-tee or tra'- 


Sus'que-han'na, [mos. 


Teche(tesh) 


Tim-buc'too, or Tom-booc'to Tre-mont' 


Sutledge (sut'lej) 


Teflis. See Tiflis. 


Timor Laut (te-m5r'lout) Trent (Ger. Trient, tre-ent') 


Su-wa'nee 


Tehran, or Teheran (teh- 


Timpanogos (tim-pa-no'gos), TreTes (treeTz) (Fr. TreTes, 


Sveaborg (sTa/a-boRg') 


h'ran') ; written also Teh- 


Lake ; called now the Great traT ; Ger. Trier, treer) 


Swa/bi-a. Syn. Suabia. 


raun. 


Salt Lake. Treviglio (tra-Teel'yo) 


Swansea (swon'se) 


Tehuacan (ta-wa-kan') 


TT-o'ga [ga) TreTiso (tra-Tee'so) 


Swartwout (swart'wowt) 


Tehuan tepee ( ta-wan-ta- 


Tioughnioga (te-SH'ne-au"'- Trezzo (tret'so) 


Swe'den (Sw. Swerige, swer'- 


pek') [tan'muth) 


Tippecanoe (tip'pe-ka-noo') Triaditza (tre-a-dit'sii) 


e-geh) [dore. 


Teignmouth (tin'muth or 


Tipperary (tip-per-a'rl) Tricala (tree'ka-la) 


Swee'ra, or Suira. See Moga- 


Tejuco (taz-hoo'ko) 


Tir-ee' ; also written Tirree, Trichinopoli, or Trichinopoly 


Switz'er-land (swits'-) (Ger. 


Temes (tem'esh') ; written 


"Tiry, and Tyree. (tritch'in-op'o-le) 


Schweitz, shwits ; Fr. La 


also Temesch. 


Tirlemont (teRl'moN'; Flem. Triest, or Trieste ( tre-est' or 


Suisse, la swiss or swees) 


TemesTar (tem-esh-vaR') ; 


Thienen or Tienen, tee'- tre-es'ta) 


Syr'a-cuse (It. Siricusa, se-re- 


written also Temeschwar. 


nen) Trincomalee (trink'o-ma-lee') 


SJr'i-a [koo'sa) 


Ten-as'ser-im 


Tishamingo (tish'a-ming'go) Trin'i-dad' 


Szegedin (seg'ed'en' or seg'- 


Teneriffe~(ten'er-if') (Sp. Ten- 


Titicaca (tit-e-ka'ka) Trip'o-IT; called by the na- 


ed'in') 


erife, ta-na-ree'fa) 


Titterie (tit'ter-ee') tives Ta-ra'bloos. 




Ten'nes-see' 


TiToli (tiT'o-Te or tee'To-lee) Tripolitza, or Tripolizza (tre- 




Ten'ter-den 


Tlalpan (tlal-pan') po-lit'sa) 


T. 


Tepic (ta-peek' or tep-ik') 


Tlamet, or Tlamath (tlam'- Trois RiTieres (trwii re'Te- 


Tepozcolula (ta-pos-ko-loo'la) 


,et); called also Klam'et. eR'). Syn. Three RiTers. 




Terceira (teR-sa'e-ra) 


Tlascala (tlas-ka'la) Trond, or Tron, Saint (saN 


Tabareeyeh, or Tabaria(tab'- 


Termini (teR'me-nee) 


Tlemsan (tlem'san') troN) 


a-ree'g ) 


Ter-nate' (or ter-na'ta) 


Tobago (to -ba'go) Trondhjem, or Trondjem. 


Tabasco"( ta-bas'ko) 


Ter'ra, del Fu-e'go, or Tierra 


To-bol' Trosachs (tro'saks) 


Tabreez, or Tabriz (ta-breez'); 


derFuego (te-eR'Ra del 


To-bolsk' Troyes (trwii) 


sometimes called Tau'ris. 


fwa'go) 


Tocat (to-kaf) [gen. Truxillo, or Trujillo (troo- 


Tacazze (ta-k'at'sa); some- 


Terra di LaToro (tSR'Ra de 


Toenningen. See Tonnin- Tu'am [Heel'yo) 


times written Takatze and 


la-To'ro) 


Toeplitz. See Toplitz. Tubingen (tu'bing-en) 


Takatz. 


Terra di Otranto (teR'Ra, de 


Tokantins (to-kan-teens') Tucuman (too-koo-m'an') 


Ta-co'ny 


o-tran'to or o'tran-to) 


To-kav' ( Hung. pron. to-koi') Tudela (too-Da'la) 


Taf'Het', or Taf'i-lelt' 


Terracina (teR-Ra-chee'na) 


To-le'do ( Sp. pron. to-la'Do) Tula (too'la). Syn. Toola. 


Tag'an-rog', or Tag'an-rok' 


Terre-Bonne ( teR'bon' ; often 


Tolentino (to-len-tee'no) Tule (too'le or too'la) 


Tagliamento (tal-ya-men'to) 


pronounced tar-bon) 


To-lo'sa Tunguragua (toong-goo-ra'- 


Taglio Novissimo (tal'yo no- 
Tis'se-mo) 


Terre-Haute (ter'reh-hot ; 
Fr. pron. teR'hot' or ter- 


Toluca"(to-loo'k'a) gwa) 

Tom-big'bee, or Tom-beck'be Tunguses (toong-goo'sez) 


Ta'gus (Sp. Tajo, ta'Ho ; 


reh-hot) 


Ton'e-wan'da, or Tonewanta Tu'nis ; called by the natives 


Port. Tejo, ta'zho) 


Teschen (tesh'gn) 


Tongataboo," or Tongatabu Too'nis. 


Tahiti (ta-hee'te); formerly 


Tessin (tes'saN'). See Ticino. 


(tong'a-ta'boo) [keen') Tuolumne (twol'um-ne) 


written Otaheite. 


Tetuan, or Tetouan (tet'oo- 


Tonkin," or Tonquin (ton- Tu'pe-lo 


TaVwan (ti-won'). Syn. For- 


an') [ber. 


Tb'n'ning-en Turcohig (tliR'kwaN') 


mosa. [Kiang. 


TeTere (ta'Ta-ra). Syn. Ti- 


Tonquin." See Tonkin. Tur'co-ma'ni-a [mans. 


Ta-Kiang. Syn. Yangtse- 


TeTerone (tS-Ta-ro'na.) 


Too'la ; written also Toula Turcomans. See Toorko- 


Talavera de la Reyna ( ta-la- 


TeTiot (tiv'e-ot) 


and Tula. Tu'rin (or tu-rin' ; Fr. pron. 


Ta'r;' da la ra'e-na) 


Thale (ta'leh) 


Toorkistan, or Turkistan tu'raN'; It. Torino, to-ree'- 


Talcahuana (tal-ka-wa'na) 


Thame (tarn) 


(tooR'kis-tan') no) 


R,e, &€., long; a,e,o, lessprolonged;$.,e,8i,c,short;a,%,i,Q,obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere, T§il, term; pique, firm ; sou,or, 





MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



931 



Turkey (tur'ky), or Otto- 
man Empire. 

Turkistan. See Toorkistan. 

Turnhout (turn'howt) 

Tus'ca-loo'sa, 

Tus'ca-ny (It, Toscana, tos- 
ka/na) 

Tuscarawas (tus'ka-raw'- 
wass) 

Tus^a-ro^ra 

Tuxtla (tookst'la) 

Tuy (twee) 

Tver, or Twer (tvBR or tveR) 

Tynemouth (tln'muth) 

Tyre(tTr) 

Tyree, or Tyry. See Tiree. 

Tyrnau (teeR'now) (Hung. 
Nagy Szombath, nod-ygh, 
or noj, som'bot') 

Tyr'Ql ( Ger. pron. te-roP) 

Ty-roae' (tT-ron') 

Tyrrel (tlr'el) 



V. 



u. 



Ubeda (oo-Ba'Da) 

Ubes, Saint. See Setubal. 

Ucayale (oo-kl-a/la), or Ucay- 

ali (oo-ki-a/lee) 
Udine (oo'de-na) 
Udvarhely (ood'vaVhel) 
Uist (wist) 
Uitenhage (yoo'tgn-hag ; 

Dutch, ■pron. oPtgn-ha'- 

Ggh) 

Ukri ine (yoo'kran or oo- 

kran') (Polish Ukraina, 

oo-kra-ee'na) 
Ulea (oo-la'a) 
Ulea(oo / le-o) 
Uleaborg (oo'Ie-o-borg') 
Ulm ( Ger. pron. (folm) 
Ulster (Ireland) (QPstgr) 
Ulster (Germany) (dbPster) 
Um-ba/gog 
Umea, (oo'me-o) 
UnPrugr-a-poo'ra. ; written 

also "Amarapoura. 
Umpqua (ump'kwaw) 
Underwalden. See Unter- 

walden. 
Un'strut (or dbn'strcfot) 
Unterwalden (obn'tgr-waP- 

den), or Un'dgr-waPdgn 
Upernavik (oo-per'na-vik) 
Up'sal, or Upsala (up-sa/la) 
U'raf, or Oural(oo-raP) 
Uralsk (oo-r'alsk') 
Ur-ban'na 
Urbino (oor-bee'no) 
Urfa. See Oorfa. fre) 

Uri (yoo'ri) ( Ger. pron. oo'- 
Urmiah. See. Ooroomea. 
Uruguay (u'roo-gwa' or oo- 

roo-gwP) 
Urumiah, or Urumiya. See 

Ooroomea. 
Usbekistan, or Oozbekistan. 

Syn. Bokhara. 
Ushant (iislPant) (Fr. Oues- 

sant, wes'soV) 
Ustiug. See Oostioog. 
U'ta-wag. Syn. Ottawa. 
U'tf-ca" 
Utah," or Youtafyoo'ta, less 

properly yoo'taw) 
Utrecht (u'trekt) Dutch 

pron. iPtrC'Kt) 
Utrera (oo-tra'ra) 
Uttoxeter (uks'e-ter) 
Uzbeck. See Oozbek. 
Uzbeckistan. See Bokhara, 
Uzes (u'zes' or u'zas') 



Vaigatz (vi -gats') 

Valais (va'la') (Ger. Wallis, 

waPlis) [yas) 

Val-de-Penas (val-da-pan'- 
Valdivia (val-dee've-a) 
Valence (va/loNss') 
Valencia (va-len'shi-a; Sp. 

pron. va-len'the-'a) " 
Valenciennes (va/loN'se-en') 
Valentia (v'a-len'shi-a) 
VaPla-do-lid' ( Sp. pron. val- 

ya-Do-leeD / ) 
Valois (v'aPwa/) 
Valombrosa (va-lom-bro's'a) 
Valparaiso (val-pa-ri'so) 
Valtellina (val-tel-lee / na), or 

Valtelline (val-tel-leen') 
Vancouver (van-koo'vgr) 
Van-da'll-a 

Van Diemen's (van dee'- 
Vannes (van) " [menz) 

Varennes (va/ren') 
Varinas (va-ree'nas), or Ba- 

rinas (b'i-ree'nas) 
Varna, or Warna (vaR/n'a) 
Vasarhely (va'shaR'heP) 
Vaucluse (vo'kluz') 
Vaud (vo), or_Pays-de-Vaud 

(pa'e-deh-vo' ) (Ger. Waadt, 

w5t) 
Veglia (vePy'a or vaPya) 
Velez-Malaga (va/leth-ma'- 

la-ga) 
Velino (va-lee'no) 
Velletri (vel-la'tree) 
Venaissin (veh-neVsaN') 
Venango (ve-nang'go) 
Vendee, La (la voN'da') 
Vendome (voN'dom') 
Venezuela (ven 7 g-zwee'la ; 

Sp. pron. ven-eth-wiPla) 
Venetia (ve-ne'shi-a) 
Venice (ven'iss) (It. Vene- 

zia, ven-ed'ze-a.) 
Venloo (ven-KP) 
Ventimiglia (ven-te-meePya) 

(Fr. Ventimille, voN'te'- 

meP or voN'te'me'y') 
Vera Cruz (va/ra kroos) 
Vercelli (veR-chel'le) 
Verde (verd) 
Verdun (veR/duN') 
Vergennes (ver-jenz') 
Vermelho (veR-mePyo) 
Vermejo (veR-ma/Ho) . 
Vgr-mont' 
Verona (va-ro ; na) 
Versailles (ver-salz'; Fr. 

pron. veR'saP or veR-say v ) 
Verviers (veR've-a/) 
Vesoul (veh-zool 7 ) 
Ve-sjpvT-us (It. Vesuvio, va- 
Ve-vay' [soo've-o) 

Viana (ve-a'na) 
Viatka (ve-at'ka) 
Viborg (vee'borg) ; also writ- 
ten Wiborg. 
Vicenza (ve-sen'za or ve- 

chen'za) [afso Vique 

Vich (veek or vik) ; written 
Vicq (veek) 
Vienna {ve-en'na) (Ger. 

Wien, ween, almost veen) 
Vienna (U. S.) (vl-en'na) 
Vienne (ve-en') 
Vigevano (ve-jev'a-no) 
Vigo (vee'go) 
Villa (in Sp. veePya; in 

Port. veePl'a or viPla) 
ViPla-Bo'a 
Villaeh (vfl'laB/) 
Villa del Fuerte (veePya del 

fweR'ta) 
Villafranca. iSeeVillefranche. 
Villa Real (veePya ra-aP) 



Villa Rica (Sp.* America) 

(veePya ree'ka) 
Villa Rica (Brazil) (viPla, or 

veePla, ree'ka) 
Villefranche (vePfroNsh') 

(It. Villafranca, vil-la- 

fran'ka) 
Vincennes (vin'senz' ; Fr. 

pron. vaN'sen') 
Vique. See Vich. 
Virginia (ver-jin'i-a) 
Vistula (vistas -la) (Ger. 

Weichsel, wlk'sg"!) 
Vitebsk (ve-tebsk'"), or Vi- 

tepsk. Syn. Witebsk. 
Viterbo (ve-teR'bo) [re-a) 
Vitoria, or Vittoria (ve-to'- 
Viviers (ve've-a/) [tarn') 

Vizagapatam (ve-za'ga-pa- 
Vladimir (vla-dee'mir) ; writ- 
ten also Wladimir. 
VoPga, or Wolga 
Vol-hyn'i-a ( Polish Wolynsk, 

vo-leensk') 
Vorarlberg (for-aRPbeRG) 
Vo-ro-nezh' ; written also 

Voronej (or Voroneje), Vo- 

ronetz, Woronetz, and 

Woronesch. 
Vosges (vozh) 



w. 



Waadt. See Vaud. 
Waal (wal) 
Waal, or Wahal (wal) 
Wabash (waw'bash) 
Waday (wa/dl) tgram) 

Wagram (wa'gram or wa'- 
Walahmutte (wa-la'mut). 

Syn. Willamette. 
Walcheren (waPKgr-gn) 
Waldeck (woPdek^or waP- 
Wal-den'seg [dek) 

Waldoborough ( wawPdo - 

bflr'rQh) 
Waldstadter See (wahVstet- 

tgr za). See Lucerne, Lake 
Waleg [of. 

Wallachia (wol-la'ki-a) 

(Turk. If-lak') 
Wallis. See Valais. 
Waltham (Eng.) (woPtam) 
Waltham (Mass.)(woPtham) 
Wandsworth (wonz / wurth) 
Warasdin (wa'ras-deen') 
Wardein (waR'dm), or War- 

adein (wa'ra-dln) 
Warna. See Varna. 
War'saw (Pol. Warszawa, 

vaR-sha/va or waR-sha'va) 
Warwick (Eng. ) (wor'rik) 
Warwick (U. S.) (wor'wik or 

wor'rik) 
Washington (wosh'ing-tun) 
Washita, or Ouachita (wosh'- 
Wa'ter-ee' [i- taw/ ) 

Wa'tgr-loo' (Dutch pron. 

wa'ter-16') 
Watervliet (wa'ter-vleef) 
Wednesbury (wenz'bgr-i) 
Wednesfield (wenz'feeld) 
Webr (weR or weR) 
Weichselburg, or Weixel- 

burg (wiK'sel-b6t)RG / ) 
Weimar (wPmar) 
Weinheim (win'hTm) 
Weissenburg (wPsgn-bdbRG' 

or -burg) 
Wemyss (weemz) 
Wener (wiPngr), or Wenner 

(wen'ngr) " [dgh) 

Wernigerode (weR'ng-ga-ro'- 
Wertheim (wfiRVhlm) 
Wesel (wa'zgl) 
We'ger ( Ger" pron. wa-'zer) 



West Indies (in'dez) 

Westmeath (west'meeth') 

West'mQre-land 

(5^ => Westmoreland, in 
Pennsylvania, usually has 
the accent on the penulti- 
mate. 

West-pha'li-a (Ger. West- 
phalen, west-fa/lgn) 

Wexio (wek'she-o) 

Weymouth (wa'muth) 

Wiborg. See Viborg. 

Wid'in, or Vidin. 

Wied, or Wied-Neu-Wied 
(weet-noi-weet). Syn. 

Neu-Wied. 

Wieiiczka (we-litch/ka or 
vyel-itch'ka) 

Wien (ween.) Syn. Vienna. 

Wiesbaden (wees-ba/dgn). 
Syn. Wisbaden. 

Wildenstein (wiPdgn-stln) 

Wilkesbarre ( wilks^bar-rl) 

Willamette (wil-la'met) ; 
written also Wallahmutte. 

WiPna, or Vilna 

Windsor (whPzQr) 

Win'ne-ba'go 

Win'nT-peg 

Winnipiseogee (win'ne-pis- 
sok'ki) [berg. 

Wirtemberg. See Wurtem- 

Wisbaden (wis-ba'den), or 
Wiesbaden (wees-ba/dgn) 

Wis-cas'set 

Wis-con'sin, or Wiskonsin ; 
formerly written Ouiscon- 

Wismar (wis'mar) [sin. 

Wissembourg (vis'SQN'booR') 

Witepsk (ve-tepsk 7 ), or Vi- 
tebsk. 

Witgenstein (wifgen-stln') 

Wit'ten-berg ( Ger. pron. 
wit'tgn-beRG') 

Wiveliscombe (wils'kum) 

Woburn (woo'burn) 

Wolfenbuttel (wol'fen-but'- 
tel, almost woPfen-bit'tgl) 

Wolga. See Volga. 

Wolverhampton (wdbPver- 
hamp'tun) [wd'oPij) 

Woolwich (wdbPitch or 

Worcester (wdbs'ter) 

Wotton-under-Edge (woo'- 
ten-und / rij) [woRms) 

Worms (wfirmz ; Ger. pron. 

Wrexham (reks'um) 

Wurtemberg (wQr'tgm-berg ; 
Ger. pron. wliR'tgm-beRG 7 ); 
written also Wirtemberg. 

Wiirtzburg (wQrts'burg; 
Ger. pron. wiiRts'bcToRG) 

Wy'an-dot' 

Wycombe (wik'um) 

Wye (Wales) (wi) 

Wye (Netherlands). SeeY. 

Wy-Cming 

JI^ = ° The correctness of 
this pronunciation is often 
called in question , because 
the poet Campbell pro- 
nounces the name Wyo- 
ming, with the accent on 
the first syllable. This ac- 
centuation is readily ex- 
plained by the fact that 
Campbell was never in the 
United States, and having 
no opportunity of ascer- 
taining the correct pro- 
nunciation of the name, 
he naturally placed the 
accent according to the 
general tendency of our 
language, that is, on the 
antepenultimate syllable. 

Wythe (with, th being 
sounded as in thin) 



dg,wolf,to"o,tdbk ; firn, rue, pull ; p ,g, soft; €,g, hard ;ag; exjst ; q as ng ; this ; a,b\u, £6,1,5,8,^,6,0,0 ,h,k,n,r,u (see p. 914 )• 



932 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



X. 



Xagua (Ha'gwa) 

Xalapa, or Jalapa (Ha-la'pa) 

Xalisco, or Jalisco (Ha-lees / - 

ko or Ha-lis'ko) 
Xauxa, or Jauja (HOw'Ha) 
Xenia (zee'ni-a) [nil. 

Xenil (Ha-neel'). Syn. Ge- 
Xeres (Sp. pron. Ha-res' ; 

Port. pron. sha-reV or 

sher-eV) 
Xeres, or Jeres, de la Fron- 

tera (Ha-res' da la fron- 

ta'ra) 
Xicoco (ze-ko'ko). Syn. Si- 

kokf. 
Ximo (zee'mo) 
Xingu, or Chingu (shen- 

goo') 
Xixon, or Gijon (He-Hon') 
Xixona (He-Ho'na). Syn. 

Jijona. 
Xoa (sho'a). Syn. Shoa. 
Xochimilco, or Jochimilco 

(Ho-che-meel'ko) 
Xorullo (Ho-rool'yo). Syn, 

Jorullo. 



T (I) ; sometimes improperly 
pronounced and written, in 
English, Wye. 



Taik, or Jaik, (yMk) 

Yakootsk (ya-kootsk') ; writ- 
ten also Yakoutsk, Ya- 
kutsk, and Jakutsk. 

Yallobusha, or Yalabusha 
(yal'lo-boo'sha) 

Yang-tcheoo, or -tcheou 
(yang'che-oo') 

Yang-tse-kiang (yang'tse-ke- 
ang'; called also, Kiang- 
Ku (ke-ang'kyoo) 

Yanina, or Janina (ya'ne-na) 

Yar'kund' ; also written Yar- 
kand. 

Yaroslav, or Jaroslaw (ya-ro- 
slav') ; written also Yaro- 
slaf, Yaroslavl, and Jaro- 

Ya-zoo' [slavl. 

Yeddo, or Jeddo (yed'do) 

Yekatarinoslav (ya-ka-ta- 
ree-no-slav'), or Yekatari- 
noslaf. Syn. Ekatarino- 
slaf. 

Yekaterinenburg (ya-kii-ta- 
re'nen-bdORG) 

Yekaterinograd (ya-ka-ta- 
re'no-grad') 

Yelatma (ya-lat/ma). Syn. 
Elatma. 

Yelizavetgrad (ya-le-sa-vet- 
grad / )- Syn. Elizabetgrad. 

Yem'en [ka'la) 

Yenikale, or Jenicale (yen'e- 

Yenisei" (yen'e-sa'e or yen-e- 
sa'), or Enisei (en'e-sa'e) 

Yeovil (yo'vil) 

Yerba Buena (yer'babwa/n'a) 



Yesso, or Jesso (yes'so) ; 

also written leso. 
Yetholm (yeth'um) 
Yezd (yfczd) 
Yonne (yon) 

Youghal (yawl or yQH'al) 
Youghiogheny (yoh'hg-ga/- 

ni) 
Ypres (ee'p'r) (Flemish 

Ypern, I'pern) 
Yp'si-lan'ti. 
Yssel, or Ijssel (Is'sel) 
Yu'ca-tan' (or yoo'ka-tan') 
Yupura (yoo-poo'ra). Syn. 

Japura. 
Yverdun (e'veVduN') 
Yvetot (ev'to') 



Z. 



Zaandam (zan/d'am') ; writ- 
ten also Saardam. 
Zacatecas_ (zak-a-ta/kas or 

sa-ka-ta'kas) 
Zacynthus (za-shVthus). 
Syn. Zante. [ram. 

Zagrab (za-grab')- Syn. Ag- 
Zahara. See Sahara. 
Zaire, or Zahir (za-eer ; ). 

Syn. Congo. 
Zani-beze' (or zam-ba'ze) 
Za-mo'ra (or tha-mo'ra) 
Zanesville (zanz'vil) 
Zanguebar (zang/ga-bar') 
Zan'te. Syn. Zacynthus. 



Zan'zT-bar' 

Zara (za'ra) 

Zaragoza. See Saragossa. 

Zealand (zee'land) (Dan 

Sjseland, sel'land) 
Zealand (Dutch Zeeland, za'. 

land) 
Zebu, or Cebu ( see-boo' ; Sp, 

pron. tha-boo') 
Zegedin. See Szegedin. 
Zeila (za'la) 
Zeitoun (za'toon') 
Zeitz (tslts) 

Zelle (tsel'leh). Syn. Celle. 
Zerbst (tseRpst) 
Zhit-o-meer' ; written also 

Jitomir, and Schitomir. 
Zirknitz (tseeRk'nits). Syn. 

Czirknicz. 
Zittau (tsit'tou) 
Zollverein (teol'fer-In') 
Zug (zoog or tsooG) 
Zullichau (tsiil'le-kow') 
Zulpich (tsul'piK) 
Zurich (zu'rik ; Ger. pron. 

tsii'riK) 
Zuyder, or Zuider, Zee (zF. 

der zee or zoo'der-zee 

Dutch pron. zoi'der za) 
Zvor'nik (Turk. Iz'vor'- 

neek') 
Zweibr'ucken, or Zweybriick- 

eu (tswl-bruk'ken). Syn. 

Deux-Ponts. 
Zwickau (tswik'kow) 
Zytomir. See Zhitomeer. 




PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



A. 



Abancourt (a/boN'kooR') 
Abati (a-ba/tee), or Abatti 

(a-bat'tee) 
Abbasides (ab-baVi-dez) 
Abbatucci (ab-ba-toot'chee) 
Abbeville (ab'veP) 
Abdalla (ab-daPlah), or Ab- 
dullah (ab-duPlah) 
Abd-el-Kaider (abd-el-ka/- 

der) ; written also Ab-dul- 

Kadir. [lik) 

Abd-el-Malik (ab'del-ma/- 
Abdul Mejid, or Abdoul Med- 

jid (ab'dooPme-jeed'j 
AVe-lard, or AVai-lard (Fr. 

pron. a/ba'laR') 
A-ben'ce-rage (Sp. pron. 

a-Ben'tha-ra'Ha) 
Abercromby (ab'er-krunP- 

bT ) ; sometimes " written 

Abercrombie. 
Aberuethy (ab'er-ne-thi ; 

Scotch pron. ab-er-neth/i) 
Abinger (aVin-jer) 
Ablancourt " (ab'loN'kooR') 
Abou-Bekr, or Aboo-Bekr. 

See Abu-Bekr. 
Abranches (a-bran'shes) 
Abu-Bekr, or Abou-Bekr 

(a'boo-bgkr') 
Abul-Feda, or Aboulfeda 

(a'booPfe-da/) [soor') 

Abu-Mansur (a/boo-man- 
Accum (Sk'kiim or ak'kobm) 
Achard (a/shaR') [lee) 

Achilli (a-keePlee or a-kiP- 
Achmet. See Ahmed. 
Ackerinann (ak'ker-man) 
Acuna (a-koon'ya) 
Acunha (a-koon'ya). See 
Adair ( a-dar' ) [Cunha. 

Adalbert (ii/daPbeR') 
Adausou (a/dgN'soN') 
Ad'el-ard, or Ath'el-ard 
Adelung (a'deh-lcJbng) 
Adraiu (a-dran') 
Adrets, Des (da za/drS/) 
Agassiz (ag'a-see or a-gas'siz ; 

Fr. pron. a/gas'se') 
Aguesseau._ See D'Agues- 
Aguilar (a-ge-laR') [seau. 
Ahmed (aH'med), or Achmet 

(aK'met) 
Ailly (al-ye' or Xh'ye') 
Ains worth (anz'wQrth) 
Akbar (ak'ber ; Hindoo 

pron. tik'bur) 
Akenside (a/ken-sTd) 
Akerblad (a'ker-blad) 
Aladdin (a-lacPdin) (Arab. 

Ala-ed-Diu (a'la/ed-den') 
Alard (a/IaR') 

Alaric (aPa-rik) (Lat. A-lar'- 
Alava (a/l'4-va) [i-cus) 

Albacini (al-ba-chee'nee) 
Alberoni (al-ba-ro'nee) 
Albertucci (al-ber-toot'chee) 
Alboiu (aPboin) 



Alboni (al-bo'nee) 
Albuquerque (aPbu-kerk ; 

Port. pron. al-boo-keRk/ or 

al-boo-keR'ka) 
Alcedo (al-sa'Do) 
Alciati (al-ch'a'tee) 
Alcuin (aPkwin) (Lat. Al- 

cuPnus and Al-bi'nus) 
Aldegrever (aPdeh-gra/ver), 

or Aldegraef (aPdeh-grfif) 
Aldini (al-dee'nee) 
Aldrich (awPdritch or awl- 
dry) ; written also Ald- 

ridge. 
Aldrovandi (al-dro-van'dee) 
Aldus (SPdiis) (It. Aldo, aP- 

do) [leh-moN') 

Aleman (Fr. ) (aPrn5N' or a/- 
Alembert (a/loN'beR'), or 

d'Alembert (da/loN'beR') 
Alen^on (a-len'spn ; Fr. 

pron. a/lou'soN') 
Alfieri (al-fe-a'ree) 
Alford(awPford) 
Algarotti (al-ga-rot/tee) 
Ali (ii'lee) 

Alighieri (a-le-ge-a'ree) 
Alison (5Pi-sgn) [len) 

Allen, Alan, or Alleyn (aP- 
Allori (al-lo'ree) 
Allston (awPstgn) 
Almack (SPrnak) 
Al-Mansur, or -Mansour 

(al-man-soor') 
Almeida (al-ma'e-da or al- 

ma'da) 
Almonte (al-mon'ta) 
Alp-Arslan (alp-aR-slan') 
Alsop (awPsgp) 
Alston (awPstgn) 
Alstrbmer (aPstrb'-mer) 
Altdorfer (alt'doR-fer) 
Alton (Eng.) (awPtgn) 
Alvarado (al-va-ra/Do) 
Alvarez (Port.) (aPv'a-res) 
Alvarez (Sp.) (aPva-reth) 
Alvaro(aPva-ro) 
Amadeo (a-ma-da'o) 
AnPa-de'us. Syn. Amadeo. 
Amalaric (am-aPa-rik) 
Amalric (a-maPrik or a'mal'- 
Amaral (a-ma-raP) [rek') 
Amari (a-ma/ree) 
Amato (a-ma/to) 
Amberger (am'beRG-er) 
Amboise (oN'bwaz') 
Ambrogio (am-bro'jo) 
Ameilhon (a/ma'loV) 
Amelot (am'lo') 
Amerigo (a-ma-ree'go or a- 

mer'e-go). See Vespucci. 
Amiot, or Amyot (ii/me-o') 
Ampere (5N'peR') 
Am'u-rath, or Amurat (a- 

moo-rat' ) 
Ancillon (Fr.) (oN'se'yoN') 
Andral (SN'draP) 
Andre (Eng.) (an'dra or 

an'drl ) 
Andrieux (oN'dre'uh') 
A-neu'rin 



Angelo (an'ja-lo) 

Angelucci (an-ja-loot'chee) 

Angouleme (oN'goo'lem' or 
ON'goo'lam') 

Annesley (anz'li) 

Anquetil-Duperron (oN'keh- 
tePdiPpeR'roN') [ster) 

An'strij-ther {popularly an'- 

Antomarchi (an-to-maR'kee) 

Antonelli (an-to-nePlee) 

Anvari (Pers.) (an'va-ree), 
or Anwari (an'wa-ree) 

Appendini (ap-pCn-dee'nee) 

Ar'a-go (Fr. pron. a/ra/go') 

Aram (aVrano) 

Ar / bo-gast"(Frank) 

Arborio (aR-bo're-o) 

Arbuckle (ar'buk-1) 

Ar'biith-not (pronounced in 
Scotland ar-buth / ngt) 

Archenholz (aR/ken-holts) 

Arcon (aR'soN') 

Ar'e-tine 

Argensola (ar-Hen-so'la) 

Argenson (aR/zhoN'soN') 

Ariosto (ar'i-os'to or a-rc- 
os'to) 

Arlincourt (aR-iaN'kooR') 

Arminius (ar-mnPi-us) 

Aruaud (aR'no') 

Arnauld (aR'no') 

Arnault (aR'no') 

Arndt (aRnt) 

Arnould (aR'noo') 

Arouet (a'voo-V). Syn. Vol- 
taire. 

Arriaza (iiR-Re-a/tha) 

Arteveld (aR-ta-velt'), or Ar- 
te velde (aR-ta-vePdeh) ; 
sometimes Anglicized Ar- 
tevelde (art-veld') 

Artigas (aR-tee'gas) 

Artois (aR'twa') 

Ar'un-del 

Ascham (aVkam) 

Ashburnham "( ash'burn-am ) 

Xsb/bur-tgn, or Ash'bur'- 

As / kew(-ku) [tQn 

Assheton (Ssh'tun) 

Atahualpa (a-ta-hwal'pa) 

AtlPel-stan 

Attiret (at'te'ra') 

Auber (o'beR') 

Aubigne (o'ben'ya') 

Aubrey (Eng.) (aw'bri) 

Aubusson (o'bus'sSN') 

Auchmuty (a'mu-ty) 

Audebert (5d 7 beR' or o'deh- 
beR') 

Audouin (o'do-b-asr') 

Audran (o'drSN') 

Au'du-bon ( Fr. pron. o'diP- 
b5N') 

Auerbach (ow'er-baK) 

Aufenberg (ow"fen-berG) 

Augereau (bzh'Ro' or o'zheh- 
R5') 

Augusti (ow-goos'tee) 

Augustin (Fr.) (o^us'taN') 

Augustin (Sp.) (ow'goos- 
ten'). Syn. Agustin. 



Augustine (Saint) (sent aw'- 

gus-tin) 
Aurungzebe (o'rQng-zab' or 

aw'rung-zeeb') 
Auvigny (o'ven'ye') 
Avellaneda (a-vel-ya-na'Da) 
Avenzoar (av-en-zo'ar)*(Ar. 

Ibn Zohr, ib'n zoh'r) 
Averroes (a-vgr'ro-es or av- 

er-ro'es)" 
Avicenna (av'e-sen'na) (Ar- 

Ibn Sina, ib'n se'na) 
Avila (a/ve-la) 
Ayala (a-ya'la) 
Ayeshah (a^e-sha) (Arab- 

pron. nearly Pe-sha) 
Aylesbury (alz'ber-i) 
Ayscough (as'kQ) 
Ayton, Aytoun, (a'tun) 
Azara (a-tha'ra) 
Azeglio (ad-zaPyo) 
Azzo (at'so) 



B. 



Baader (baVder) 
Baba, Ali (a'fee ba'ba) 
Babeuf(biPbuP) 
Baccio (bat'cho) 
Bacciochi (bat-cho'kee) 
Bach (baK) 
Bache (batch) 
Bagehot (biij'ut) 
Baggesen (bag'geh-sen) 
Baglione (bal-yo'na) 
Baglivi (bal-yee'vee) 
Bagnoli (ban-yo'lee) 
Bagration (ba-gra/shQn or 

ba-Gra-te-Sn') 
Bahadur, or Bahadar, Shah 

(ba-ha/dobr, or ba-ha'dtlr, 
Bailfie (bailee) " [shah) 
Bailly (Fr.) (ba'le or ba'ye') 
Bajazet (baj'a-zet). Syn. 

Bayazid. 
Balboa (bal-bo'a) [nee) 

Baldacchini (bal-dak-kee'- 
Baldini (bal-dee'nee) 
Balducci (bal-doot'chee) 
Baldung (baPdobng) 
Balechou (ba'15/shoo') 
Balfour (b&Pfur; in Scot. 

bal-fo-orO 
Balguy (biSPgi) 
Baliente (ba-le-en'ta) 
Ballou (bSl-loo/) 
Balzac (baPzak') 
Barante (ba'roNf) 
Baratier (ba'ra'te-a/, almost 

ba'rat'ya') 
Barbarossa (bar'ba-ros'sa) 
Barbauld (Eng.) ("bar'bawld 

or bar -bo') 
Barberini (baR-ba-ree'nee) 
Barbes (baR'ba') 
Barbeyrac (baR'baVrak') 
Barbier (baR'be-a' ; almost 

baRb'ya') 
Barbour (bar'bur) 



do,w9lf,to"o,tc r ok ; urn, rue, pull ; c,g, soft; «,g, hard ,-as_; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,e~e,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 914). 

(933) 





934 


MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 


Barere (bales') 


Ben'bbw 


Boileau (boi'lo ; Fr. pron. Bredow (bra'do) 


Baretti (ba-ret'tee) 


Benedetti (ba-na-det'tee) 


bwa'lo') Bremer (bree'mer ; Sw. 


Bargagli (baR-gal'yee) 


Bengel (Ger.) (beng'gl or 


Bois-Guilbert (bwa gel'beR'J pron. brsl'mer) 


Barham (bar' am) 


beng/gel) 


Bois Robert (bwa ro'beR') Bretschneider(bret / shnl-dgr) 


Baring (Eng.) (baling 


Benger (beflg'ger) 


Boissieu (bwaVse-uh') Breyn (brln) 


Baring (Ger.) (baling) 


Beniowski, or Benyowsk 


Boissy (bwa'se') [do) Brisson (bre'soN') 


Barmecide (bar'me-sld') 


(bS-ne-ov'skee) 


Bojardo^rBoiardofbo-yaR'- Brissot (bre'so') 


Barnave (baR'nav') 


Benserade (ben'sgh-rad') 


Boleyn (bobl'in) Brockhaus (brok'howss) 


Barneveldt (bar'neh-vell/) 


Bentham (ben'tam or ben'- 


Bolingbroke ( bol'ing-br6*bk , Broderip (brod / rip) 


Baroccio (ba-rc/cho) 


tham) 


formerly bdbl'ing-brdbk). Brodie (bro^i) 


Barras (ba/ra/) 


Bentlvoglio (ben-te-vSl'yo) 


Bolivar (bo-lee'vaR ; errone- Broeck (brdbk) 


Barrere (ba/reR'). See Ba- 


Benvenuti (ben-va-noo'tee) 


ously pron. bol'5-var') Broglie (broFya) 


Barrot (ba'ro') [rere. 


Beranger ( ba'roN'zha/) 


Bonaparte (bo'na-part ; It. ^ST* This name, when 


Barth (baRt) 


Berengario (ba-ren-ga're-o] 


pron. bo-na-paR'ta.) Syn. French, is pronounced 


Barthelemy (baR'tal'me' or 


(Lat. Ber'en-ga-rl-us' ; 


Buonaparte. brog'le'. 


baR/ta'lgh-me') 


Eng. Ber'en-ger) 


Bonet (bo'na/) Brpme (broom) 


Barthes , or Barthez (baR'tS'] 


Ber'es-ford 


Bonfadio (bon-fa'de-o) Brom'ley (brum'lT) 


Bartholin (bar'to-lin) or 


Bergamo (beR'ga-mo) 


Bonheur (bo'nuR') Brongniart (broN'ne-aR') 


Bartholinus (bar-to-lee / - 


Berghaus (beRg'howss) 


Bonnard (bon'naR') Bronte (brou'te) 


no~bs) 


Berkeley (formerly bark'ly"] 


Bonnet (bon'na') Brotier (brc'te-a') 


Bartoli (baR'to-lee) 


Berkenhout (ber'kgn-howt) 


Bonomi (bo-no ; mee) Brough (bruf) [broo'm) 


Bartolini (baR-to-lee'nee) 


Berlichingen (beR'liK-ing- 


Bononcini (bo-non-chee'nee) Brougham (broo'am or 


Bartolozzi (baR-to-lot'see) 


Berlioz (beR'le-o') fen) 


Bonpland (boN'ploN') Broughton (brow'tQn) 


Bartsch (Ger.) (baRtsh) 


Bernadotte (ber-na-doV or 


Bordone (boR-do'na) Broussais (broo'sS') 


Basnage (ba'nazh') [eR') 


beR'na'dot') ' [naR') 


Borghese (boR-ga'^a) Brown Sequard (-sa'kaR') 


Bassompierre (bas'sSN'pe- 


Ber'nard (Fr. pron. beR'- 


Borghini (boR-gee'nee) Brucker (brdbk'er) 


Bathori (ba/to-ree) 


Bernard (Ger.) (beR'nart) 


Borgia (bor'ja or boR'ja) Brueys, or Brueis (brii'S') 


BSth'urst [ya/nee) 


Bernier (beR/ne-a/) 


Borlase (bor^az) Brumoy (or brii'mwa') 


Batthyani, or Bathyam (bat- 


Bernouilli (ber-nool'yee or 


Borromeo (boR-Ro-ma'o) Brunck (br^onk) 


Batteux (bat'tuh') 


beR'nool'ye') 


Borromini (boR-Ro-mee'nee) Bru'nel 7 


Bauer (bow'gr) 


Berry er (beR'e-a') 


Bos-caw'en, or Bos'ca-wen Brunelleschi (broo-nel-les'- 


Bauhin (bo'au') 


Berthier (beR'te-a') 


Boscovich (bos'ko-vik); writ- Brunet (brii'na') [kee} 


Baume (bom) 


Berthollet (b&R'tol'la') 


ten also Boscowich. Bruyn (broin) 


Baumgarten (bowm/gaR-ten) 


Berzelius (ber-zee'li-us; Sw. 


Bosquet (bos^a') Buch (do~ok) 


Baumgartner (bowm'gaRt'- 


pron. beR-zii'le-us) 


Bossuet (bos'sii-a', almost Buchan (buk'an) 


Baur (bowr) [ngr) 


Bcscberelle (besh'rell') 


bos'swa') [lus) Buchanan (buk-an'an ; often 


Bayard (ba'ard or bl'ard ; 


Bessieres (bes'se-eR') 


Bossu (bo'sii) (Lat. Bos'su- mispronovnced bu-kan'nn) 


Fr. pron. ba'yaR') 


Beth/am 


Bossut (bo's'ii') Buffon (buf fQn or buf'foN') 


Bayazid (ba-ya-zeed' or bi-a- 


Bethune (bgh-thoon') 


Bo>/well Buhle (boo'lgh) 


zeed 7 ). Syn. Bajazet. 


Bettini (bet-tee'nee) 


Both / well Bulgarin (bd'ol-ga / 'rin) 


Bayer (Sp.) (ba-yaR') 


Bewick (bu'ik) 


Bottari (bot-ta'ree) Buller (bdbl'er) 


Beatoun (be' tun) 


Be'za (Fr. Beze, bez or baz) 


Bbttiger (bb't'te-Ggr) Bulliard (biiPyaR') 


Beatrice (be'a-treess ; It. 


Bezout (beh-zoo / ) 


Botzaris. See Bozzaris. Bullinger (bdbl'ing-gr or 


pron. ba-a-tree'cha) 


Bianchi (be-an'kee) _ 


Bouchardon (boo'shaR'doN') bdb^ing-ger) 


Beattie (bee'ti ; Scotch pron. 


Bianchini (be-an-kee'nee) 


Boucher (Eng.) (bow/chgr) Bulow (bu'lo) 


ba'ti) [cham) Biard (be'aR') 


Boucher (Fr.) (boo'sha') Bulwer (bdbl'wgr) 


Beauchamp (Eng.) (bee'- 


Bichat (be'sha/) 


Boudinot (boo'de-not) Bunsen (bobn'sgn) 


Beauchamp (Fr.) (bo'shoN') 


Biel (beel) 


Bouflerstboo't'leR') Buonaparte (boo-o'na-paR'- 


Beauclerc (bo'klSrk) 


Biela (be-a'la) 


Bougainville (boo'gaN'vel') tS). Syn. Bonaparte. 


Beaufort (Eng.) (bo'fgrt) 


Bilderdijk, or Bilderdyk (bil'- 


Bouguer (boo'ga') Buonarotti(boo-o / na-rot'tee) 


Beaufort (Fr.)(bo / foR') 


der-dik') 


Bouillet (boo'ya') [ya') Burckhardt (burk'hart ; 


Beauharnais (bo'aR'na') 


Billaud-Yarennes (be'yo'- 


Boulainvilliers (boo'lSN'Te'- Ger. pron. booRk'hart) 


Beaumarchais (bo'maR'sha') 


va/renn') 


Boulanger (boo / laN'zha') BQr-dett' 


Beaumont (Eng.) (bo'mont; 


Billaut (be'yo' or bel'yo') 


Bourbon (boor'bon; Fr. Burger (biiR'ggr) [leigh. 


formerly bu/mont) 


Biot (be'o' or be'ot') 


pron- booR'boN')" Burghley (bur'l!) Syn. Bur- 


Beaumont (Fr.) (bo'moN') 


Bizzari (bet-sa'ree) 


Bourcicault (boor'se'ko') or Burgoyne (bur-goin') 


Beauregard (Am.) (bo'rgh- 


Bligh (bll) 


Boucicault (boo'se'ko') Burlamaqui (buR'la'ma'ke') 


gardO 


Bliz'ard 


Bourdaloue (booR'da'loo') Burleigh (bur'lT). Syn. 


Beauregard (Fr.) (bSR'gaR') 


Bloch (bloK) 


Bourdon (booR'doN') Burghley. 


Beausobre (bo'so'br) 


Bloernaert (bloo'mMrt) 


Bourgeois (booR'zhwa') Burnouf (biiR'noof) 


Beauvais (bo'va') 


Bloemen (bloo'men) 


Bourges (booRzh) Busching (bii / shing) 


Beccafumi (bek'ka-foo'mee) 


Blomfield (bium^eeld) 


Bourgoing (booR/gwaN') Bussy d'Amboise (bii'se' 


Beccaria (bek-ka-ree'a) 


Blondel (blou'dSl') 


Bourne (born) doN'bwaz') [ta) 


Bed'doeg 


Blount (blunt) 


Bournonville(booR / n6N / veF) Bustamente (boos-ta-men'- 


Bede (beed) 


Blucher (bloo'kgr ; Ger. pron. 


Bourrienne (boo're-en') Bynkershoek (bm'kers- 


Bedell (Amer.) (be-dSl') 


blu'Ker) 


Bousquet (boos'ka') Bysshe (bish) [ho^ok'') 


Bedell (Eng.) (bee'del or 


Blumenbach (bloo'men-baK) 


Bouterwek (boo'tgr-wek) 


be-del') 


Boag (bog) 


Bouvier (Am.) (boo-veer') 


Bedmar (bed-maR') 


Bobadilla (bo-Ba-Deel'ya) 


Bouvier (Fr.) (boo've-a') /"I 
Bowdi tch ( bou'di tch ) \J • 


Beek (bak) 


Boccaccio (bok-kat'cho) {in 


Beethoven (ba'to-vgn) 


French and old English 


Bowdoin (bo'dn) 


Beham (ba/am) 


Boccace, bok'kass') 


Bowles (bolz) Caballero (ka-Bal-ya'ro) 


Behmon. See BShme. 


Boccalini (bok-ka-lee'nee) 


Bowring (bour'ing) Cabanis (ka'ba'ness') 


Behn (ben) 


Boccanera (bok-ka-na/ra) 


Boy'dell Cabet (ka'ba') 


Behnes (banz) 


Boccherini (bok-ka-ree'nee) 


Boyer (bwa'ya') CSb'ot (It. Caboto, ka-bo'toT 


Behring (beer'ing ; Danish 


Bochart (bo'shaR') 


Bozzaris, or Botzaris (bot/sa- Cabrera (ka-bra'ra) 


pron. ba'ring) 


Bockh (bbk) 


ris ; popularly called bgz- Caccia (kaVcha) 


Belidor (bel-e-DOR') 


Bode (bo'deh) 


zaVis) Ca-do'gan 


Belknap (bel'nap) 


Bodin (bo'daN') 


Braccio (bra'cho) Cadoudal (ka'doo'daV) 


Bellamy (Eng.) (bel'la-mi) 


Boeckhout (bo"ok'howt) 


Brad'war-dlne ; written also Cad-wal^lg-der 


Bellarmin (bel-lar'mfn) (It. 


Boerhaave (bor'hav ; Butch 


Bradwardin. Caedmon '(kad'mQn) 


Bellarmino, bel-laR-mee'- 


pron. booR'ha'veh) 


Brahe (bra or bra; Danish Cagliari (kal'ya-ree) 


Bel'len-den [no] 


Bogdanovitch (bog-da-no 7 - 


pron. bra ; eh) Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro) 


Bellini (bel-lee'nee) 


vitch) 


Bra^mah Cagnoli (kan-yo'lee) 


Bellot (bel-lo') 


Bohemond (bo'he-mond) 


Bramante d'Urbino (bra- Caillet (kah'ya') 


Belon (blow) 


Bbhme (bo'meh), or Bbhm 


man'ta dooR-bee'no) Cairns (karnz) 


Bel'sham) 


(bom) 


Brandt (brant) Caius (keez) 


Belzoni (bSl-zo'nee) 


Boieldieu (bwal'de-uh') 


Brantouie (brQN'tom') Cal'a-my 


a,5,&c, long; Z.,e,o.lessprolonged; a,e,&c, short; a,e,i,Q,o6scMre; care,far,ask,aU,what; ere,Yeil,term; p7que,fTrm; son.or, 


. 







MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 935 


Calderon (kal-da-ron') 


Cavour (ka'vooR') 


Cimarosa (che-riia-ro'sa) 


Coutts (koots) 


Calhoun (kal-hoon') 


Caylus (ka/liiss') 


Cinq Mars (saNk' maRs') 


Covilhao, or Covilham (ko- 


Caiidasa (ka-le-da/sa) 


Cazales (ka'za'less') 


Cipriani (che-pre-a'nee) 


vel-yowN') 


Calignon (ka/len'yoN') 


Cean-Bermudez (tha-an'beR- 


Claude (Fr. pron. klod) 


Cowley (kow'll) ; formerly 


Calkoen Van Beek (kal-koon' 


moo'Deth) 


Clausel (klo'zel') 


pronounced, and some- 


Call'cgtt [van bak) 


Cecchi (chek'kee) 


Claverhouse (klav'er-Qs or 


times written, Coo'ley. 


Callet (kal'la') 


Cecil (ses'il or sis'il) 


klav'grs) 


Cowper (kow'per or koo'- 


Cal'met (Fr. pron. kal'ma/) 


Cellini (chel-lee'nee) 


Clavigero, or Clavijero (kla- 


Coysevox (kwaz'vo') [per) 


Calvert (Eng.) (k&l'vert) 


Cenci(chen / chee) 


ve-Ha'ro) 


Crad'Qck 


Calvert (Amer.) (kol'vert) 


Centlivre (sent-lee'ver or 


Clavijo (kla-vS'Ho) 


Cranach, or Kranach (kran'- 


Cambaceres (koN'ba'saVres') 


sent-liv'er) 


Clerfayt (kleR'fa') 


ak or kra'naK ) 


Cambronne (koN'bron') 


Cervantes Saavedra (ser- 


Clermont-Tonnerre (kleR'- 


Crash'aw [kra'ya') 


Cam'er-on 


van'tez sa-ved'ra) 


mSx'ton/neR') 


Crayer (krl'yer ; Fr. pron- 


Ca-mo'Sns (or kam'o-ens; 


Cesari (cha'sa-ree) 


Clootz, or Cloots (klots) 


Crebillon (krti'be'yoN') 


Port. pron. ka-mo'eNs) 


Cesarotti (cha-sa-rSt'tee) 


Clotaire (klo'teR') [teld') 


Creuz (kroits) 


Campan (koN'poN') 


Cesi (cha'see) 


Clo-til'da, or Clotilde (klo'- 


Creuzer (kroit'ser) 


Campbell (kam'el) 


Chabert (sha'beR') 


Clough (klttf) 


Crevecoeur (krav'kuR') 


HSP* Some " families of 


Chalmers (chal'merz; Scot. 


Clo'vis 


Crichton (krl'tgn) 


this name call themselves 


pron. chaw'merz) 


Clowes (klouz) 


Croeser (kroo'zer) 


kanVbel. [nee) 


Chalons (sha/loN') 


Cochin (ko'shaN') 


Cromwell (krum/wel or 


Camucciai (ka-moot-chee'- 


Chambaud (shoN'bo') 


Cochrane (kok'ran) 


krom'wel) 


Camus (ka/miiss') 


Chambray, or Chambrai 


Cockburn (ko'burn) 


Cruikshank (krdbk'shank) 


Camusat (ka/mii'za/) 


(shoN'bra') 


Codazzi (ko-dat'see) 


Csokonai (cho / ko-ni') 


Cancellieri ( kan-chel'le-a'ree ) 


Chamier (sha-meer 7 ) 


Coehoorn (koo'horn) 


Cujas (ku'zhas') (Lat. Cu- 


Canonica (ka-non'e-ka) 


Chamisso (sha/me'so') 


Cceur de Lion (kur de li'Qn ; 


jacius, ku-ja'shi-tis) 


Canova (kii-no'va) 


Champagny (shoN'pan'ye') 


Fr. pron. kuR de le'oN') 


Cu^pep-per 


Canrobert (koN'ro'beR') 


Champollion (sham-poPle- 


Coke (kdbk or kok) 


Cunard (ku-nard 7 ) 


Cantemir , or Kantemir ( kan'- 


Qn, or shoN'pol'le-oN') 


Colbert (koFbeR') 


Cunha, da (da koon^a) 


teh-meer or kan'te-nieer') 


Changarnier (shoN'gaR'ne-a/) 


Colburn (kol'burn) 


Cuvier (ku ; ve-a' or kii've-er) 


Canute (ka-nuf) ; sometimes 


Chantrey (chan'tri) 


CoI'den 


Cuyp, or Kuyp (koip) 


improperly pronounced 


Chap'pel-ow 


Col/by 


Czartoryski (chaR-to-ris'keel 


kan'yut. Syn. Knut. 


Chappe (shap) 


Co-len'so 


Czerny (tseR^ne or tseRn) 


Capefigue (kap'feg' or kap'- 


Chaptal (shap'tal') 


Coleridge (koPrlj) 




CSp'el [fig') 


Chardon (shaR'doN') 


Coligny, or Coligni (ko'len'- 




Ca'pet ( Fr. pron. ka/pa') 


Charlemagne (shar'le-man' ; 


ye', or kol'en'ye') 


D. 


Capod'Istria (ka'po dis'tre- 


Fr. pron. shaRl'mafi') 


Colin (ko'laN') 


a), or Capodistrias (ka-po- 


Charlevoix (shar'leh-vwa' or 


Collin (kol'law') [bwa') 




dis'tre-as) 


shaRl'vwa') 


Collot d'Herbois(koHo'deR/- 


Dacier (da'se-S') 


Caracci (ka-rat'chee), or Car- 


Charlier (shaR'le-a) 


CoFman 


Da Cunha. See Cunha, da. 


raccifkaR/at'cbee) 


Charpentier (shaR'poN'te-a') 


Colquhoim (ko-hoon') 


Dagobert (dag^o-bert or da'- 


Caradoc(ka-ra/dok)(Lat. Ca- 


Chartier (shaR'te-a') 


Colquitt (kol'kwit) 


go'beR') 


rac'ta-cus) 


Chasles (shal) 


Col'tQn 


Daguerre (da'geR') 


Caraglio (ka-ral'yo) 


Chassel(sha/sel') 


Combe (koom) 


D'Aguesseau, or Daguesseau 


Caravaggio (ka ra-vad'jo) 


Chastel (cha/tel'); written 


Com'mon-fort' 


(da'iies'sS'). 


Car'dau (Lat. Car-da'nus ; 


also Chatel. 


Comstock (kum'stok) 


Dahl (dal) 


It. Cardano, kaR'da'no) 


Chastelain (shat'laN') 


Conde (kon'da; Fr. pron. 


Dahlgren (dal'grea) 


Cardenas (kaR'da-nas) 


Chastelet (shat'la') [on') 


koiVda') 


Dahlingen (da'ling-en) 


Careme (ka/rani', almost 


Chateaubriand (sha/to'bre 7 - 


Condillac (koN'dee'yak' or 


Dal-gar'no 


ka'rein') 


Chatham (chat/am) 


koN'del'yak') 


Dalhousie (dal-hoo'zT) 


Carew (generally ka-roo') 


Chaudet (sho'da 7 ) 


Condorcet (koN'doR'sa') 


Dairy mple (dal'rim-pl) 


Carlen (kaR-lan 7 , almost 


ChaulDes (shon) 


Confucius (kon-fu'shi-us) 


Dal ton (dawl'tgn) 


kaR / lnn / ) 


Chauncey (chan'si or 


(Chinese Kong-Fu-Tse 7 , 


Dalzell (da-el') 


Carlisle (kar-111') 


chawn'si) 


kong-fo~ot-sa') 


Damiens (da'me-aN') ; An- 


Carlyle (kar'lll or kar-111') 


Chauvin (sho'vaN') 


Congleton (kong'gl-tgn) 


glicized Da'mT-ens. 


Carmagnola (kaR nian-yo'- 


C ha/ worth 


Congreve (kong^rGv) 


Dam pier (dam'peer) 


la) 


Chemnitz (Kem'nits) 


Con'rad-in (or kon'ra-deen') 


Dancourt (do^'kooR') 


Carmichael (kar-ml'kel or 


Chenier (sha/ne-S') 


Constant de Rebecque (koN 7 - 


Dandolo (dau'do-lo) 


kar'ml-kel) 


Cherubini (kti-roo-bee'nee) 


stoN' deh reh-bek' or reh- 


Danican (da'ne-kON'). Syn. 


Carnot (kaR'no') 


Ches/gl-den 


bak') 


Philidor. 


Carondelet (ka/roNd'la') 


Cheval ier "( sheh-va/Ie-a' ) 


Contarini (kon-ta-ree'nee) 


Dannecker (dan'nek-ker) 


Carpaccio (kaR-pat'cho) 


Cheverus (shev'e-rus ; Fr. 


Contreras (kon-tra x ras) 


Dan tan (dox'toN') 


Carpentier (kaR'pSN'te-a') 


pron. sheh-vriiss') 


Conybeare (kiin'i-ber) 


Dante (dan'te ; It. pron- 


Carradori (kaR-Ra-do'ree) 


Chevreul (she-vrul'j 


Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus) 


dan'ta) (originally Du- 


Carrucci (kaR-Root'chee) 


Cheyne (chan or chin) 


(originally Copernic, or 


rante (doo-riin'ta) 


Carteret (kar'ter-et) 


Chiari (ke-a'ree) 


Kopernic, ko-peR'nik) 


Danton (dan'tQn or doN'- 


Carvajal (kaR-va-HaK) 


Childebert(chil / de-bert; Fr. 


Coquerel (kok'rel') 


tON') 


Casanova (ka'sa-no'va) 


pron. sheFdeh-beR') 


Cor day (kor'da') 


D'Anville (doN'vel') 


Casaubon (ka-saw'bgn) 


ChiI'der-ic (Fr- Childeric, 


Cordova (koR-'do-va) 


D'Arblay (dar'bla) 


Casimir (kas"e-meer) 


shel / da / rek') 


Coriolano (ko-re-o-ia/no) 


Dare, or D'Arc. See Joan of 


Casini (ka-see'nee) 


Chll'per-ic (Fr. Chilperic, 


Corneille (kor'nal' ; French 


Daub (dowp) [Arc. 


Cassini (kas-see'nee) 


shel'pa'rek') 


pron. koR'nal' or koR'- 


Daubenton (dS'bGN'toN') 


Castaglione (kas-tal-yo'na), 


Chisholm (chiz'gm) 


nay") 


Daubeny(dob'nI or dawb'ni) 


or Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'- 


Chlopicki (Klo-pit'skee) 


Cornwallis (korn-woFlis) 


Daubigne (do'ben'ya.') 


Ca.stagno (kas-tan'yo) [mi) 


Choiseul (shwa/zul') 


Correggio (kor-red'jo). Syn. 


Daubigny (do'ben'ye') 


Castarios (kas-tan'yos) 


Choisy (shwa'ze') 


Allegre. 


Daun (down) 


Castelnau (kas'tel'no') 


Cholmondely (chfim'lT) 


Cortereal (koR-ta-ra-al 7 ) 


DSv'en-ant 


Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'na) 


Christine (Fr.) (kres'teen') 


Cor'tez (Sp. Cortes, koR-tes') 


Dav'en-port 


Castlereagh (k&Vsl-ra') 


Christine (Sw. ) (kris-tee'neh 


Cortese (koR-ta'sa) 


David (Fr.)(da'ved') 


Castren (kas-tran' or kas- 


or krls-teen 7 ) 


Coryat (kor'I-at) 


David (Ger.)(da'vit) 


triln') 


Christophe (kres-tof) 


Cottin (kot'taN') 


Daviess (da' vis) 


Castruccio (kas-troot'cho) 


Ciampelli (cham-pel'lee) 


Coulomb (koo'loN') 


Davila (da've-la.) 


Catalani (ka-ta-la/nee) 


Ciampi (cham'pee) 


Coupe (koo'pa') 


Davout, or Davoust (da/voo') 


Cauchy (ko'she') 


Ciarpi (chaR'pee) 


Courier (koo're-a') 


De Candolle (deh koN'dol') 


Caulaincourt (ko'laN'kooR') 


Cienfuegos (se-Sn'fwa'gos) 


Courtenay (kurt'na) 


De-ca'tur 


Cavaignac (ka/ven'yak') 


Cignaroli (chen-ya-ro'lee) 


Courtois (kooR'twa/) 


De Foe, or Defoe (de-fo') 


Cavalieri (ka-va-le-ix'ree) 


Cigoli (chee^o-lee). Syn. 


Cousin (koo'zaN') 


De la Beche (deh la, bash) 


CaVen-dish ; sometimes 


Civoli. 


Coustou (koos'too') 


De la Croix, "or Delacroix 


pron.and written Can'dish. 


Cimabue (che-ma-boo'a) 


Couthon (koo'tSN') 


(deh la/krv. a') 


dQ,w9lf,too,to"ok ; urn,rue,pull ; c,g, soft; €,g, hard; as.; exist; n as ng ; this ; a,b',u,ee,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u, (see p. 914-) 







936 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES 


. 


Delambre (dgh-loN'b'r) 


Dufresnoy (dii'fra'nwa/) 


Esterhazy, or Eszterhazy Folard (fo'laR') 


Del'a-no 


Du Guesclin (du ga/klaN') 


(es'ter-ha'ze) 


Fonblanque (f on-blank') 


Delaroche (d'la/rosh') 


Duhamel (dii ha'mel' or dii 


Estienne (a'te-enn') 


Fouseca (fon-sa'ka) 


Delatour (d'la'tooR') 


a'mel') 


Etampes (a'toisp') 


Fontaine (f on-tan' ; French 


Delaval (d'la'val') 


Dumas (du'ma') 


Ethelbald (eth'el-bald) 


pron. foN'ten') 


Delaunay (d'lo-na') 


Dumesnil (dii'nta'ne') 


Ethelbert (Cth'el-bert) 


Fontanelle (foN'ta'nel') 


Delisle (deh-leel') ; often An- 


Dumont (dii'moN') 


Ethelred (eth'ef-red) 


Fontanes (foN'tan') 


glicized de-111'j. 


Dumoulin (d'u'moo'laN') 


Ethelwolf (eth'el-wcTolf) 


Fontenay (foNt'na') 


Delolme (dgh-lolm' or d'lolm) 


Dumouriez (d'u'moo're-a') 


Etienne (a'te-enn') 


Fonteneile(fon-tgh-nel / ; Fr. 


Delorrne " (dgh-loRm or 


Dun-bar' 


Euler (yoo'ler ; Ger. pron. 


pron. foNt'nel') 


d ; l0REQ ) 


Duncan (dunk'gn) 


oi'ler) 


Forbes (Eng.) (forbz) 


Dembowski (dem-bov'skee) 


Dundas (dun-dass') 


Everdingen (ev/gr-ding-en or 


Forbes (Scot.) (for'bgz) 


Demidov (dem'e-dov'), or 


Dunglison (dung'gli-sgn) 


a/vgr-ding-en) 


Forbin (foR'b'aN') 


Dem-i-dof. 


Duperier (dii'pa're-a') 


Ewart (yoo'art) 


Forcellini ( for-chel-lee'nee ) 


Deinoivre (deh-mwaVr) 


Duperre (d'u'pa'ra/) 


Ewing (yoo'ing) 


Fordyce (for-dTs') 


Demoustier (dgh-moos'te-a') 


Duperron (dii'pa'r$N')- 


Eyck(Tk) 


Fbrster, or Foerster(foR'ster) 


Denham (den'am) 


Dupin (du'paN') 


Eyre (ar) 


Forsyth (f^r-slth') 


Denina (da-nee'na) 


Duplessis (dii'pla'se') 




Fortescue (for'tes-ku) 


Denis (dgh-ne') 


Duponceau (du-pon'so; Fr. 




Fortoul (foR'tool') 


Denon (dgh-noN') 


pron. dii'poN'so') 


F. 


Fosbroke (fos'brdbk) 


Deparcieux (da/paR'se-uh') 


Dupont (Am.) (du-ponf) 


Foscari (fos'ka-ree) 


Derby (der'bi or dar'bi) 


Dupont (Fr.) (d'u'poN') 




Foschini (fos-kee'nee) 


Derham (der'am) [tgr) 


Dupre (dii'pra/) 


Fabbroni. See Fabroni. 


Foscolo (fos'ko-lo) 


De Ruyter (dg rT'tgr or roi'- 


Dupuis (du'pwe') 


Fabre (t'abr) 


Fossati (fos-sa'tee) 


Derzhavin (deR-zha'vin) ; 


Dupuy (dii'pwe') 


Fabretti (fa-bret'tee) 


Fothergill (foft'er-gil) 


written also Derzavin and 


Dupuytren (d'u'pwe'trON') 


Fabriano (t'a-bre-a'no) 


Foucault (foo'ko') 


Derschawin . 


Duquesne (d'u'kan') 


Fabrizio (t'a-bret'se-o) (Lat. 


Fouche (foo'sha') 


Desaguliers, or Des-Aguliers 


Durand (Am.) (du-rand') 


Fabricius) 


Foucher (foo'sha') 


(da'za'gU'le-a') 


Durand (Fr.) (dii'roN') 


Fabroni (i'a-bro'nee) 


Foulis (fow'iis ; Scot. pron. 


Desaix (deh-sa') (de Vey- 


Durante (doo-ran'ta) 


Fabrot (ra/bro') 


fowlz) 


goux, deh va'goo') 


Ddrer (dQ'rgr or dii'rer) m 


Fabyan, or Fabian (fa'bi-an) 


Foulques (fo"ok) 


Descartes (da'kaRf) 


Durham (dur'am) 


Facciolati ( t'at-cho-lii'tee)" or 


Fouque (foo'ka'). See La 


Descbamps (da'shSN') 


Dutens (dii'toN') 


Facciolato (fat-cho-lii/to) 


Motte-Fouque. 


Deshoulieres (da'zoo'le-eR') 


Duval (dii'val') 


Fahrenheit (fSr'en-hlt ; 


Fouquier-Tinville (foo'ke-a'- 


Desmoulins (da'moo'laN') 


Duvernoy (d'd'veR'nwa') 


Ger. pron. fa'rgn-hit') 


t&N'vel') 


Despreaux (da'pra'o') 


Duyckinck (dT'kink) 


Fairbairn ( iar/barn ) 


Fourcroy (fooR'krwa') 


Dessaix (da/sa') 


Dyche (dlch or ditch) 


Falckenstein (ialk'kgn-sthV) 


Fourier (foo're-er; Fr.pron. 


Dessalines (da/sa'len' or des'- 




Falconer (fawk 7 ngr or faw'- 


foo're-a') 


sa-lSn') 




ken-gr) 


Fournier (iboR'ne-a') 


D'Estaing. See Estaing. 


E. 


Falconet (faPko'na') 


Fracastoro (fra-kas-to'ro) 


De Tbou (deb too') (Lat. 


Falieri (ia-le-a'ree) 


Francesca (fran-ches'ka) 


Thu-a'nusf 




Falkland (fawk'land) 


Francia (It. ) (fran'cha) 


Devereux (dev'gr-oo) 


Eadmer (ed'mgr) ; written 


Faneuil (ftin'il) 


Francia (South American) 


Dewees (de-weez') 


also Edmer. 


Faraday (t'ar'a-da) 


(fran'se-a) 


D'Ewes (duz) 


Earlom (er'lg-m) 


Farcy ( faR'se'") [so'za) 


Francois (froN'swa') 


De Wette (deh Avet'tgh) 


Ebeling (a'bgl-ing) 


Faria-y-Souza ( ta-ree'ji-e- 


Franzen (frant-san' ; almost 


Diderot (ded'ro' or de'deh- 


Eberhard (eVer-hard or 


Farnese(far-neez / : It. pron. 


frant'sTTn') 


ro') 


a/bgr-hart) 


Jfar-mVsa) [kar) 


Fraunhofer (frown'ho-fgr) 


Di^t (de'do') [bitcb) 
Diebitch, or Diebitscb (dee'- 


Eberle (eb'gr-le) 


Farquhar (far'kwar or far'- 


Freiligrath (M'le-grat') 


Eccles (ek'elz) 


Fatima (i'a'te-mii or fat'e- 


Freinsheim (frins'hlm) 


Dieffenbach (dee'fen-biiK') 


Echard (Eng.) (etch'ard). 


Faucher (fo'sha') [ma) 


Frelinghuysen (free'ling-bT'- 


Dietrich (dee'triK) 


Syn. Eachard. 


Faust (fowst or fawst) 


zgn) 


Diez (deets) 


Eckhard (ek'haRt) 


Favre (favr) 


Fremont, or Fremont (Am.) 


Diodati (de-o-da'tee) 


Eeckhout (ak'howt) 


Federici (fa-da-ree'chee) 


(fre-monf) 


Disraeli (diz-ra'gl-ee) 


Egerton (ej'gr-ton) 


Fedor. See Feodor. 


Fremont (Fr.) (fra'm$N') 


Dobrowski (do-brov'skee) 


fig'in-hard, or Einhard (an'- 


Feith (fit) 


Freron (frli'roN') 


Dbderlein, or Doederlein 


hard) 


Feliciano (fa-le-cha/no) 


Fresnel (fra'nel') 


(do'der-lin') 


Ehrenberg (a'rgu-beRG') 


Fenelon (fen'eh-lQn ; Fr. 


I'reund (froint) 


Dodoens (do-doons') 


Eichendorf (I'ken-doRf) 


pron. fan'loN' or fa'neh- 


Frey (frl) 


Dolgorouki, or Dolgoruki 


Elgin (el/gin) 


Ion') [fyo'dor) 


Freytag (M'taG) 


(dol'go-roo'kee) 


Ellesmere (tlz'meer) 


Feodor (fa-o'dor, almost 


Fries (freess) 


Dolomieu (do'lo'me-uh') 


Elmes (elmz) 


Ferdousi, or Ferdusi. See 


Frisch (frish) 


Domat, or Daumat (do'ina/) 


Elphinstone (el'fin-stgn) 


Firdousi. 


Frisi (free'see) 


Domenichino (do-ma-ne- 


Elsheimer (elss'hi-mgr) 


Fermat (feR'ma,') 


Frob'ish-er 


kee'no) 


Elzevir (el'zgh-vir) "(Dutch 


Ferrara (feR-Ra/rii) 


Froila (fro'i-la) 


Domini ci (do-me-nee'chee) 


Elzevier or Elsevier, el'- 


Ferreira (feR-Ra/e-ra) 


Froissart (frois'sarf ; Fr. 


Donizetti (don'e-zet'tee or 


zgh-veer') 


Fesch (fesh or fash) 


pron. frwa'saR') 


do-nid-zet'tee) 


Encke (enk'hgh) 


Feti (fa' tee) 


Froude (food) 


Don'o-van 


Engel (eng/gl)" 


Feuerbach (foi'er-baK') 


Fuentes (fwen'tes) 


Douce (Eng.) (dowss) 


Enghien (oN'ge-aN') 


Fichte (fiK'teh) 


Fulton (fobl'ton) 


Douce (Fr. ) (dooss) 


Eon, Beaumont d' (bo'moN' 


Ficino (fe-chee'no) 


Fuseli (fu'sg-li) (Ger. Swiss 


Douglas (dug'lass) 


da/oN') 


Fieschi (fe-es'kee) [la) 


Fuessii, fUss'lee) 


Douw ; pronounced, and 


Epes(eps) 


Fiesole (fe-es'o-la or fe-a'so- 




sometimes tvritten, Dow. 


Epinay (a'pe'na') 


Filippi (fe-lep'pee) [gawl') 




Dreux (drub) 


Erasmus (e-raz'mus) 


Fingal (fing'gal or fing- 


G. 


Drouyn de Lbuys (droo'SN' Ercilla (eR-theel'ya) 


Fiorillo(fe-o-rel"lo) 


deh lwee) 


Eric (er-'ik) 


Firdousi, or Firdausi (fir- 




Dubois (d'u'bwa') 


Ericsson (Sr'iK-son) 


dow'see) ; less correctly, 


Gaertner. See Gartner. 


Du Cachet (du'ka-sha or 


Ersch (eRsh) 


Firdusi. 


Gagern (ga'ggrn) 


dli ka'sha') 


Erskine (ers'kin) 


Firmin (Fr.) (feR'maN') 


Gagnier (giin'ye-a') 


Ducange (du-kanj' ; French 


Espartei-o (es-paR-ta'ro) 


Fischer (fish'er) 


Gail (gal or gae) 


pron. d'u'koNzh') 


Espinasse (e'pe'nass') 


Fitz-roy' 


Gaillard (gah'yaR') 


Du Chatel (dli sha/tel') 


Espremesnil (a/pre'ma'ne') 


Flechier (fla'she-a') 


Gainsborough (gans'b'rg) 


Duchesne (dii'shan') 


Espronceda (es-pron-tha'Da) 


Fleury (fluh're or fluh're') 


Galiani (gii-lee-a'nee) 


Duclos (d'u'klo') 


Estaing (es'taN'), or d'Estaing 


Florez(flo'reth) 


Galien (ga'le-aN') 


Dudevant (d'u'deh-voN' or 


(dgs'taN') 


Flotow (flo'to) 


Galignani (ga-len-ya'nee) 


d'ud'voN') 


Estampes. See Etampes. 


Fliigel, or Fluegel (flu'gel) 


Galileo (gal'T-lee'e ; It- pron. 


Dufrenoy (d'li'fra'nwa') 


Este(es'te or es'ta) 


Foix (fwa) 


ga-le-la'o) 


a,e,&c, long; a,e,o, less prolonged ,-a,e,&c, short; a ,e,i,g, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere, 


veil .term; pique, firm ; son, or, 


. __ 







MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 937 


Gall (gawl ; Ger. pron. gal) 


Gioberti (jo-baR'tee) . 


Grocyn (gro'sin) * 


Hegel (ha'gel) 


Gallaud (gal'loN') 


Giocondo (jo-kon'do) 


Gronov (gro'uov), or Gro- 


Heimbach (him'baK) 


Gal'la-tin 


Gioja (jo'ya or jo'I-a) 


Groot (grot) [no'vl-iis 


Heine (hVneh) 


Gal'lau-def 


Giordano (joR-da'no) 


Grosvenor (gro'ven-gr) 


Heinroth (hTn'rot) 


Gallegos (gal-ya'gjs) 


Giorgione (joR-jo'na) 


Grotius (gro'shl-Qs) 


Heinse (hin'seh) 


Galluzzi (gal-loot'see) 


Giotto (jot' to) 


Grouchy (groo'she') 


Heinsius (hin'se-Qs) 


Gait (gawlt) 


Giovanni (jo-van'nee) 


Gruter (groo'ter) 


Heintzelman (hint'sel-man) 


Galvani (gal-va'nee) 


Giovio (jo've-o) 


Guarini (gvva-ree'nee) 


Heister (his'ter) 


Gar^ao, or Garcam (gaR- 


Girard (Am.) (je-rard') 


Guatimozin (gwa-te-mo'zin) 


Helvetius (hel-vee'shT-us; 


sovvn') 


Girard ( Fr. ) (zhe'raR') 


Gudin (gu'd&N') [gwel'fo) 


Fr. pron. el'va/se-uss') 


Garcia (Sp.) (gaR-thee'a) 


Girardin (zne'raR'ditN') 


Guelph (gwelf) (Tt. Guelfo, 


Hem'ang [hois') 


Garcia (Port.) (gaR-see'a) 


Giraud (zhe'ro') 


Guercino (gweR-chee'no) 


Hemsterhuys (bGm'ster- 


Garcias (gaR-thee'as) 


GJrodet Trioson (zhe'ro'da' 


Guericke (ger'ik-ka or ga/- 


Henault ('a'no') 


Garcilasso (or Garcilaso) de 


tre'o'zoN') 


rik-keh) 


Hengist (heng'gist) 


la Vega (gaR-the-las'so^r 


Gis/borne [ma'no) 


Guerin^ga/raN') 


Hengstenberg (hSng'stSn- 


gai'-se-las'so, da la va'ga) 


Giulio Romano (joo'le-o ro- 


Gueroult (g'roo or groo) 


beRG / ) 


Gardanne (gaR'dann/) 


Glauber (glaw'ber or glou'- 


Guglielmi (gool-yel'mee) 


Henke(henk / eh) 


Gardiner (gard'ner) 


Gleig (gleg) [ber) 


Guicdardini (gwet-chaR- 


Henkel (henk'el) 


Garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di or ga- 


Gleim (glim) 


dee'nee) 


Hennequin ('enn'kaN') 


re-bal'dee) 


Glendower (glen'dou-er) 


Guidi (gwee'dee) 


Hen'ni-ker 


Gascoygne, or Gascoigne 


Glover (gliiv'er) 


Guido Reni (gwee'do ra'nee) 


Henriques (Cn-ree'kes) [lo') 


(gas-kohV) [pa/raw') 


Gluck (gldbk) 


Guignes (gen) 


Herbelot (eRb'lo' or eR'beh- 


Gasparia (gls'pa-rin or gas'- 


Gluck (gllik, almost gltk) 


Guignon (gen'ySN') 


Herder (her'der or heR'der) 


Gasse (gas'seh) " 


Gmelin (gma'lin) 


Guiot (^e'o') 


Her'i-Qt 


Gassendi (gas-sen'dee) 


Gneisenau (gnT'zeh-now') 


Guiscard (ges'kaR') 


Herrera (eR-Ra'ra) 


Gat'a-ker 


Gobelin (gob'ch-fin ; French 


Guise (gwez) 


Herschel (her'shel) 


GatteVix (gat'to') 


pron. gob'laN') 


Guizot (gwe'zo' or ge'zo') 


Herzog (heRt/zoG] 


Gau (go or gow) 


Go-dol'phin 


Gunst (gdbnst) 


Heumann (hoi'man) 


Gaubil (go'bel') 


Godunov, Godounov, or 


Gunther (giin'ter) 


Hewes (huz) 


Gaultier (Ger.) (gowFteer) 


Godunow (go-doo-nof') 


Gutenberg (goo'ten-bgRG' or 


He; lin (ha'lin) 


Gaultier (Fr.) (go'te-a') 


Goes (Batch) (hoos) 


goo'ten-beRG) 


Heyne (hi'neh) 


Gauss (gowss) 


Goethe. See Gothe. 


Guthrie (gath^ri) 


Heyse (hT'zeh) 


Gauthier (go'te-a') 


Goldoni (gol-do'nee) 


Guyon (gl'on or ge'oN') 


Hey wood (hiVwdbd) 


Gautier (go'te-a') 


Goldschmidt (golt'shmit) 


Guyot (ge'o') [moR'vo') 


Hoche (hosh) 


Gavarni (ga/vaR'ne') 


Goldsmith ( formerly goold'- 


Guyton Morveau (ge'toN'- 


Hoefer ( Ger. pron. ho'fer ; 


Gavazzi (ga-vat'see) 


smith) 


Guzman (gooth-man / ) 


Fr. Vi'eR') 


Gav'es-ton 


Golitzin (go-let'sin) 




Hoek, or Hoeck (hdbk) 


Gay-Lussac (ga/lUs'sak') 


Gomes (go'ines) 




Hogarth (ho'garth) 


Ged 


Gomez (go'meth) 


H. 


Holbach (Ger.) (hol'baK) 


Ged'des. [zhaf) 


Goncalo. See Gonzalo. 


Holbein (hol'bln) 


Geefs (Hlfs or gafs ; Fr. pron. 


Gondola (gon'do-la) 




Holinshed, or Hollynshed 


Geiger (Ger.) (i-'T'ger) 


Gonzaga (gon-zii'ga) 


Haas (has) 


(hol'inz-hed) 


Geijer(S.y.)(yi / yc?) 


Gonzalo (gon-tha'lo). Syn. 


Hachette ( 'a/shet') 


Holmes (homz) 


Gelee (zh"la) 


Gonsalvo. [tha/leth) 


Hafiz (ha'l'iz) 


Home (often pronounced 


Gel I (jel) 


Gonzalez (gon-za/les or gon- 


Hagedorn (ha'geh-dorn) 


hum in Scotland) 


Gellert(gel'lert) 


Gbrgei, or Gorgey (gb'R'ga ; 


Hagenbach (ha'gen-baK') 


Hooft (hoft) 


Genet (jeh-neV or zh'na) 


Ger. pron. gb'r'Gi) 


Hag he (hiiG) 


Hoogeven (ho'Ga-ven) 


Gengis Khan, or Jeugis 


Gorges (gor'jez) 


Hahn (him) 


Hottinger (hot'ting-or) 


Khan (jung'^is kan orkan) 


Gortchakov, or Gortschakow 


Hahnemann (ha'neh-man) 


Houbigant (oo'be'goN') 


Genlis (za5N'le') * 


(gor'chii-kof) ; written also 


Hak'luyt ; written also 


Houbraken (how'bra/ken) 


Genovesi (ja-no-va/zee) 


Gortchakotf. 


Hackluyt. 


Houdon ('oo'doN') 


Genseric (jen'ser-ik) 


Gosselin (goss'laN') 


Haldeman (hol'de-man) 


Houghton (ho'ton) 


Gensonne (zh5N'son'na') 


Gbthe, or Goethe (gb'teh) 


Hal'ket ( Scot. jt?/-ow.hak/et) 


Houston (popularly pro~ 


Geoffroy (Eng.) (jef'frT) 


Gough (gof) 


Halle ('iil'la') 


nounced hu'ston) 


Geoffrey, and Geoffroi ( zhof - 


Goujon(goo'zhoN') [laR') 


Ha-15/ran 


Hoveden (hov'den) 


frsva') [ran'do) 


Goulard (goo'lard' or goo'- 


Hammer Purgstall (ham 7 - 


Hovey (huv'I) 


Gerando (zheh-roN'do' or ja- 


Gould (goold) 


mer-po'oRG / stall) [del) 


How'ard • 


Gerard (Eng?) (jer'arcl) 


Gourgaud (gooR'go') 


Han/del (Ger. Handel, henV- 


Howe (how) 


Gerard (Fr.) (zha/raR'j 


Gournay (gooR'na') 


Hanneman (han'neh-nian) 


How'ell 


Gerbier (zhaa'be-ti') 


Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (goo've- 


Haps'burg (Ger. Hapsburg, 


Howes (howz) 


Gerry ( *er'rT) 


oN'saN-seR) 


haps'biroRG) 


Howitt (how'it) 


Gerson (Fr. ) (zheR'soN') 


Gower (gow'er and gor) 


Harcourt (Fr. ) ('aR'kooR') 


Hozier ('o'ze-a') 


Gerson (Ger.) ( geR'son) 


Goyen (gwl'en) 


Harcourt (Eng.) (har'kurt) 


Huber (hoo'ber) 


Gervais (zhaR'va') 


Gozzi (got'see) 


Hardicanute (har'de-ka- 


Hubert ('u'beR') 


Gervaise (zheR'vaz') 


Gozzoli (gjt'so-lee) 


nut') 


Hubner (hiib'ner) 


Gesenius ( ^e-see'nT-iis ; Ger. 


Graaf(graf) 


Hardinge (har'ding) 


Hue (huk) 


pron. ga-zj/ne-dbs) 


Graeme (gram) 


Hardouin ('aR^dwas') 


Huerta, La (la, weR'ta.) 


Gesner ( ^es'ner) 


Grammont (gram'mciN') 


Haroun-al-Raschid (ha- 


Hufeland (hoo'feh-lant) 


Gessler ( iess'ler) 


Grandpre (groN'pra') 


roon'al-rash'id) ; more cor- 


Huger ( Am . ) ( u-jee 7 ) 


Ghiberti ( ^ee-blR'tee) 


Granger (Eng.) (grander) 


rectly, Harun- (or Ha- 


Hughes (huz) 


Ghirlandajo (^er-lan-da/yo) ; 


Granger (Fr.) (groN'zha') 


roun-) er-Rasbid (ha 7 - 


Humbert ('uN/beR') 


written also Ghirlandaio. 


Grat'tau 


roon'eR-Rfi-sheed') 


Humboldt (hQm'bolt; Ger. 


Gib/bQn 


Grau (grou) 


Hartsoeker (hart'soo'Kgr) 


pron. hdtim'bolt) 


Gibbs. 


Graun (groun) 


Hase (ha'zeh) 


Hummel (hdbm'mc'l) 


Gi'b'son [ford) 


Gravelot (grav'lo') 


Hasse (has'seh) 


Hus'kis-son 


Gifford (Afford and jif- 


Gravina (gra-vee'na) [deh) 


Haupt (howpt) 


Huss, or IIus (huss ; Ger 


Gignoux (zhen'yoo') 


Gravesande (gra/veh-zan'- 


Hauser (how'zer) 


pron. hdbss) 


Gilbert (Eng.) (gil'bert) 


Graziani (grat-se-a'nee) 


Hautefeuille('8vfu?) 


Hutten (hobt'ten) [genz) 


Gilchrist ( gil'krlst) 


Greaves (greevz) 


Ha'uy (ha'we') 


Huyghens (hl'genz or hoi' 


(Jil-fll'lan 


Greenough (green'o) 


Havel ock (hav'eh-lok) 


Huysum (hoi'sum) 


Gilles (zhel) 


Gresh'am 


Haydn (ha'dn; Ger. pron. 


Hyder Ali (hl'der a'lee) 


Gillespie (-^il-lSs'pT) 


Gresset (grgs'sa') 


hFdn) 




Gillot (zhe'yo') 


Gretry (gra'tre') 


Haynau (hi/now) 




Gil'man 


Gretsch (gretch) 


Hearne (hern) 


I. 


Uil'mgre 


Greville, or Grevile (grev'il) 


Heb / er-dPn 


Glll'ray 


Griesbach (grees'baK) 


Heckewelder (hek'wel-der or 




Gil'pin 


Grimaldi (gre-mal'dee) 


hek'keh-wel'der) 


Ibrahim (ib-bra'heem) (Pa- 


Ginguene (zhaN'gah-na/) 


Grisi (gree'see) 


Heeren (ha'ron) 


sha) 


dp^wolf^objttfok; urn,rjie,pull ;c,g, soft ; -c,g, hard ; as ; exist; n asng; this ; a,b',u,ee,I,5,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914)- 















938 


MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 




Ideler (ee'deh-ler) 


Klaproth (klap'rot) 


Rocbe-jacquelin (la rosh' Longhi (lijn'gee), or Lunghi 




Ihre (ee'reh) 


Kleber (kla'ber), or Kleber 


zbaVlSN') (loon'gee) 




InchbaldtinclPbald) [ugal) 


(kla'beR') 


Larrey (lS^ree or laR'ra') Longueville (loNg'veP) [ga) 




Inez (ee'nez) (queen of Port- 


Klenze (klent'seh) 


Las Casas (las ka v sas) Lope de Vega (lo'pa da ya'- 




In'ge-low 


Kneller (nel'lef ; Ger. pron. 


Las Cases (las kaz) Lopez (lo'pes or lo'peth) 




Ingemaan (ing'geh-man) 


knePler) 


La'tham Lothaire (lo-ther 7 or lo-teR 7 ) 




Ingenhousz (inG'en-hows') 


Knolles "(nolz) ; written also 


Latour ( la'tooR' ) Loudon ( lou'dgn ) 




Ingres (aVg'r) 


Knollys (nolz) 


Latreille(la / traPorla / trtiy") Lough (luf) [loo'e*) 




In-giiPphus 


Knowles (nolz) 


Latrobe (la-trob') Louis (loo'is; Fr. pron. 




Ireton (ir'tgn) [Yriarte. 


Knut (knoot). Syn. Canute. 


Laudon (lou'dgn); written Louverture (loo'veR'tuR') 




Iriarte (e-re-aR'ta). Syn. 


Kobell (ko'bel) 


also Loudon. [teR') Syn. Toussaint. 




Isabey (e'za/ba') 


Koch (koK) 


Lavater (la-va v ter or la'va/- Louvois (loo'Twa') 




Israeli. See Disraeli. 


Koblrausch (koProwsh) 


Lavoisier (la/vwa/ze-a') Lower (lou'er) 




Iturbide (e-tooR'be-da) 


Kolbe(koPbeh) [le-ker) 


Layard (la'ard) Lowth (louth) 




Ivan (Russ.) (e-van 7 ) 


Kblliker, or Koelliker (kbl'- 


Lebeuf (leh-buf 7 ) Loyola (loi-o'la or lo-yo'la) 






Kbrner, or Koerner (kbR'ner) 


Leblanc (leh-bloN') Lubin (Fr.) (lU'b&N') 






Kosciusko (kos-sl-us'ko) 


Leblond (leh-bloN 7 ) Lucke (llik'keh) 




J. 


(Pol. Kosciuszko, koslp- 


Le Brun, or Lebrun (leh- Luini (loo-ee'nee) 




yoosh'ko) 


brBN') [kleR') Lulli, or Lully (lu'ye') 






Kossuth (koslPshoot') 


Le Clerc, or Leclerc (leh- Lusignan (lu'zen'yCN') 




Jacobi (ya-ko'bee) 


Kotzebue (kot'seh-bu ; Ger. 


Lecomte (leh koNt') Lutzow (liit'so) 




Jacquard (znak/kaR') 


pron. kot'seh-boo) 


Leconte (leh-koNt') Luxembourg (liix / 6N / booR') 




Jahn (yan) 


Krasicki (kra-sit'skee) 


Ledru-Roflin (leh-dru'roP- L^f'grd 




Jamieson (janPe-son or ja'- 


Kraus (krowss) 


ISn') [favrO 




mi-SQn) [sheed') 


Krause (krow'zeh) 


Lefebvre fleh-fSvr' or leh- 




Jamsbid, or Djamscnid (jam- 


Kreutzer (kroit~ser) 


Legare (Am.) (leh-gree 7 ) ~\T 
Legendre (leh-zhoNdV or JJ/l t 




Janin (zha/naN') 


Krlidener (kriPdeh-ner) 




Jansen (jan'sen ; Dutch 


Krummacher (krdbnPmaK- 


leh-jen'der) 




pron. yan'sen*; Fr. zhoN'- 


gr) 


Leger (lS'zhf/) Maas, or Maes (mas) 




son') (Lat. Jan-se'nx-Qs) 


Kiigelgen (kiPGel-Gen) 


Legrand (leh-grpN') [nTts) Mabillon (ma'be'yoN') 




Jasmin (zhaVmaisr'), or Jans- 


Kubn (koon) 


Leibnitz, or Leibniz (lib'- Mably (ma/ble') 




min (zhoNS'maN') 


KUbnbl, or Kuebnoel (kiP- 


Leigh (lee) Mabuse (ma'b'uz') 




Jayadeva (ja-ya-da/vS or jp- 


nbl or kiPnel) 


Leigh ton (la'ton) Macaulay (ma-kaw/li) 




a-da'va) 


Kurtz, or Kurz (kcJbRts) 


Lemaistre (leh-metr / ) Mgc'beth' 




Jean Paul (zhoN powl or 


Kutusof, or Koutouzof (koo- 


Lemoiae (leh-mwan 7 or le- Macchiavelli (mak-ke-a-veP 




jeen pawl). Syn .Richter. 


too'zof) 


moin') lee). Syn. Machiavel. 




Jellacbicb (yePla-KiK) 


Kuyp (koip). Syn. Cuyp. 


Le Monnier, or Lemonnier MacCulloch (ma-kul'lQh) 




Joanes (Ho-a/nes). Syn. 




(leh-mon'ne-a') MacGillivray (mgk-pTPli-vra) 




Juanes. 




Lempriere (lgm'pri-er or Machiavel (mSk'i-a-vel) It. 




Joan of Arc (Fr. Jeanne 


L. 


lem-preer') Macchiavelli, q. v. 




d'Arc, zhan daRk') 


Lenclos, or L'Enclos (IOn'- Macllvaine (m.lk^il-van') 




Joinville (join'vil or zhwaN'- 




klo') [foN') Mackay (ma-ka' and ma-kP) 




veP) 


Labbe (lab) 


Lenfant, or L*Enfant (Ion 7 - Mack'in-tosh 




Jomini (zho'me'ne') 


Lablacbe (la/blash') 


Lenoir (ieh-nwaR / ) Mack'lin 




Josika (yo'she'kSIP) 


Laborde (la/boRd') 


Leoni (la-o'nee) Mac-lau'rin 




Josquin (zhos'kaN') 


Labouchere (liPboo'sheR') 


Leroux (loh-roo 7 ) [sazlP) Maclean (mak-lan') 




Joubert (zhoo'beR') 


Laboulay (lsfboo'la') 


Le Sage, or Lesage (leh- Macleod (mr-klowd / ) 




Jouffroy (zhoof'frwa/) 


La Bourdounaie (lii booR'- 


Lespinasse, or L'Espinasse Maclin (mn-klm') 




Jourdain (zhooR' Ol&h') 


don'na') 


(les'pe'nass') Maclise (nig-kleez') 




Jourdan (zhooR'doN') 


La Bruyere (la br'iPyeR') 


L'Estrange (les-tranj 7 ) Macomb (mn-komb 7 ) 




Jouvenet (zhoov'na') 


Lacepede (la'sii'ped') 


Le Sueur (lob swur) Macready (ma-kree'di) 




Jowett (jo'et) [reth) 


Lacbmann (lilK'man) 


L ? Estoile (liVtwal') Mad ; oc 




Juarez (Hoo-a/res or Hwa'- 


La Condamine (la koN'da'- 


Leuwenhoek (loo'en-hd'ok ; Mad ; QX 




Jullien (zUPle-aN' ; almost 


Lacroix (lii/krwa') [men') 


Dutch pron. ib/wen-hcTok) Madoz (ma-Doth') 




zhUPyaN') 


Ladislas (lad'is-lgs) ; written 


Ld/yer Maffei (maf-fa'ee) 




Jungmann (ydbng'man) 


also Lad ; is-la'us. 


Leverrier (leh-ver'ri-er or Magellan (ma-jePlgn; Sp. 




Junot (zhiPno') • 


Laennec (likPnek') 


leh-vS're-a') pron. ma-Hel-yan'; Port. 




Jussieu (jus'siP ; Fr. pron. 


La Fayette, or Lafayette (la 7 - 


Levisac (la've-zak') Magalhaens, ma-gal-ya 7 - 




zhiPse-uh') 


fa-et') 


Lewes(lu / is) 6ns) 

L'Hopital, or L'Hospital Magendie (ma'zhoN'dee') 






Laffitte (laffftf or la'fet') 






La Fontaine (la Jon' tan' ; 


(15'pe'taP) Maggi (mad'jee) 




K - 


Fr. pron. Yd' ion 'ten') 


Liberi (le'ba-ree) Maginn (ma-gin') [kee) 




Lagny (lan'ye') 


Lichtenberg (liK'tgn-beRG) Magliabechi (mal-ya-ba'- 






La Harpe. or Laharpe (la- 


Lichtenstein (liK'ten-stin) Mahmud, or Mahmoud 




Kaas (kas) 


haRp or la aRp) 


Lichtwehr (ITxt'war) (mah'mood') 




Kail (kal) 


La Hire (la beR or la ' eR) 


Liddell (lld'del) Mahomet (ma-hom'et, ma'- 




Kampfer (kemp'fer) 


La Huerta (la weR'ta) 


Lieber (lee'ber) [lee'biG) ho-met, or ma/ho-n;et).5ee 




Kant (kant or kant) 


Laing (lang) 


Liebig (lee'big; Ger. pron. Mohammed. [hon') 




Kantemir (kan'te-meer). 


Lally-Tollendal (laPlee' toP- 


Limborch (lim'boRK) ; writ- Mahon (mg-hoon' or mg- 




Syn. Cantemir. 


16N/daP) 


ten also Limborg. Mai (ma/e, almost ml) 




Karamzin (ka-ram-zeen 7 or 


La Marmora (la maR'mo-ra) 


Linacre (lin'a-ker) Maikof, Maikov, or Maikow 




ka-ram-zin') ; less correct- 


Lamarque (la/maRk') 


Lingardtling'ggrd) (mPkof) [yaR') 




ly, Karamsin. 


Lamartine (la/maR'ten') 


Liune (lin-na 7 ," almost lm- Maillard (ma'yaR' or ma'- 




Kastner (kgsVner) 


Lamballe (PoN'baP) 


niP) (Lat. Linnaeus, lin- Maimonides (mT-mon'e-dez), 




Katona (kot'o-nolP) 


La Mennais, or Lamennais 


nee'us) or Maimun (nil-moon') 




Kauffmann (kowPnian) 


(la/ma/na') 


Linnell (lin'nel) Maintenon (maNt'noN' or 




Kaunitz (kow'nits) 


Lami (la v mee) 


Lip/pm-cott majPte-non) 




Kavanagh (kav'a-na/ or 


Lamoriciere (la'mo're'se-eR') 


Liszt (list) Mainwaring (man'ner-ing) 




kav'a-nae') 


Lamothe ( la/mot') 


Llorente (To-ren'ta) Maistre (metr or met'r) 




Kearney (kar'ni) 


La Motte-Fouque (la niot- 


Lloyd (loid) Malagrida (ma-la-gree'da) 




Keble (keb'l) 


foo'ka') 


Loir (lwaR) Malcolm (mftPkgm) 




Keigbtly (kit'lee) 


Lamouroux (l^'moo/roo') 


Lokman (logman') Malebranche (mSPe-branch' 




Keiser (kPzer) 


Lanfranc (loN'froN') 


Lola Montes (UVla mon'tSs) or maPbroNsh') 




Kerguelen (keR'ga'lSN') 


Lannes (Ian or Ian) 


Lombardi (lom-baR'dee) Malesherbes (maPzeRb') 




B Kerner (keR'ner or keVner) 


Lantier (loN'te-a') 


Lomenie (lo'ma'ne') Malibran (ma'le'broN ; An- 




Kircher (kiR'Ker or kir'ker) 


La Perouse (la pa'rooz') 


Lomonosof, Lomonosov, or glicized maPi-bran). 




Kisfaludy (kish'f6-loo"'di,~a/- 


Laplace (la'plass') 


Lomonossow (lom-a-no 7 - Malone (mg-lon') 




most kish-fo-loodj') 


La Roche-jaquelein, or La 


sof) Malpighi (mal-pee'gee) 


a,S, &c, long; a } e ,o, less prolonged ; a,e,&c. , short ; 5,6,1,2, obscure ;care,far,ask,all,what; ere ; veil, term; pique,iTrm; s6n,6r, 















MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 989 


Malte Brun (mawlt brun' or 


Melanchthon (me-lank / - 


Montesquieu (mSn'tes-ku' ; 


Niceron (ne'sa'roN') [11') 


malt/e-bri5N') 


thg-n) ; less correctly Me- 


Fr. pron. mSN'tes'ke-uh') 


Nicolai (ne-ko-la'e or ne-ko- 


Mal'thtts 


lancthon. 


Montf'aucon (moN'lfo'kbN') 


Nicolay (ne-ko-ra/e) 


Mamun, or Mamoun (ma'- 


Melendez Valdes, or Valdez 


Moutgolfier (moN'gol'fe-a' or 


Nicole (ne'kol' or ne'kol') 


moon') [pak') 


(ma-len'deth viil-de's') 


mont-gol'fi-er) 


Niebuhr (nee'boor) 


Manco Capac (man'ko ka- 


Menage (ma'n'azh') 


Montgomery (Eng.) (mgnt- 


Niemcewicz(ne-em / tsa'vTtch) 


Manfredi (miin-fra'dee) 


Mendelssohn (uien'del-sSn) 


gCim / er-]) 


Niepce (ne-eps') 


Mangles (mang'glz) 


Mendoza (men-do'za ; Sp. 


Montholon (moN'to'loN') 


Nieuwland (ne-o'lant, almost 


Manrique (man-ree'ka) 


pron. men-do'th'i) 


Montigny (moN'ten'ye') 


nyo'lant) 


Mansur, or Mansour (man- 


Menshikof, Menchikof, or 


Montmorency (mont'mQ- 


Nithard (ne'taR') 


soor'). Syn. Al Mansur. 


Menschikow (men'she-kof) 


ren'si ; Fr. pron. m5N'- 


Noailles (no'al' or no'Sy") 


Mantell (man'tl) 


Menu (mun'ob). See Manu. 


mo'roN'se') 


Nodier (no'de-a,') 


Manu ( Hindoo law-giver) 


Menzel (ment'sel) 


Montpensier (moN'poN'se-a') 


Nbhden, or Noehden (nb'den) 


(mun'ob). Syn. Menu. 


Mercier (meR'se'-a') 


Montrose (mgnt-roz') 


Nogaret (no'ga'ra') 


Manutius (ma-nu'she-us) 


Merian (ma're-an) [mgr) 


Montucci (mon-toot'chee) 


Nollet (no'la') 


(It. Manuziof ma-noot'- 


Mesmer (mez'mer or mes 7 - 


Montucla (moN'tu'kla') 


Noodt (not) 


se-o) 


Metastasio (met'a-sta'se-o or 


Moore (Eng.) (mor) 


Nos'tra-d^'mHs (Fr. Notre- 


Manzoni (man-zo'nee) 


ma-ta-sta'se-of 


Morales (mo-ra^es) 


dame, notr'dam') 


Marat (ma'ra') 


Metternich (met'ter-nik or 


Moratin (mo-ra-teen 7 ) 


Novalis (no-v'a'lTs). Syn. 


Marcel (maR/sel') 


met'ter-niK) 


Moray (mur'ri) 


Hardenberg. 


Marcello (uiaR-chePlo) 


Mets (Fr.) (mis) 


Morcelli (moR-che'lee) 


Novelh (no-vel'lee) 


Marchesi (maR-ka'see) 


Metz (Ger.) (mets) 


Moreau (mo'rS') 




Marechai (maVraVshal') fna) 


Meyer (ml'cr) 


Morel (mo'rel') 




Margaritone (maR-ga-re-to'- 


Meyerbeer (W'er-baR') 


Morell (mo-rell 7 ) 


0. 


Marie - Antoinette (ma/re' 


Meyrick (mer'ik) 


Morelli (mo-rel'lee) 


oN'twa'net') 


Mezeray , or Mezerai (maVra') 


Morghen (moR'gen) 




Marie Louise (ma/re' loo'ez') 


Mezzofanti (med'so-ian'tee) 


Morillo (mo-reel'yo) 


Oberlin (o'ber-lin ; Fr.pron- 


Marion (Am.) (mar'e-gn) 


Mi'all 


Morin (mo'raN') 


o / beR / liiN') 


Marivaux ( ma/re'vo') 


Miaulis (me-ow'lis) 


Morny (mor'ne or moR'ne') 


O'Callaghan (o-kaMa-han) 


Marlborough (mawl'b'ro) 


Michaelis (me-ka-a'lis) 


Morosini (mo-ro-see / nee) 


(Ecolampadius (ek'o-lam- 


Marlowe (max'lo) ; sometimes 


Michailovitch (me-Ki'lo- 


Morozzo (mo-rot'so) 


pa'di-us) 


written Marlow. 


vitch ) ; written also Mi- 


Morrell (Am.) (mor'rt'l) 


Ofterdingen (of'ter-ding'en) 


Marmier (maE'me-a') 


chailowitz. 


Mortemart (moRt'maR') 


Ogilby (o'g'l-M) 


Marmont (maR'mSx') 


Michaud (me'sho') 


Mar'tgn 


Ogilvie (o'g'l-vT) 


Marmontel (mar'mo'N'teP or 


Michelet (mesh'la') 


Mog'by 


Oglethorp (o'g'l-thorp) 


maR'mon'tel') 


Mickiewicz (nietsk-ya/vitch) 


Moscheles (mosh'eh-les) 


Ohlenschliiger, or Oehlen- 


Marochetti (ma-ro-ket'tee) 


Miel (me-eF) 


Mosheim (mos'hlm) 


„ schlager (b'len-shla'ger) 


Maroncelli (ma-ron-chel'lee) 


Migliara (mel-ya'ra) 


Mosquera (mos-ka / ra) 


Ohlmiiller, or Oehlmiiher (bl' 


Marrast (ma'ra') 


Mignard (men'yaR') 


Motteux (mot-too 7 ) 


miil-ler ; almost bl'mil-ler) 


Marryatt (mar'rl-at) 


Mignet (men'ya/) 


Moultrie ^moo'tri) 


Ojeda (o"-Ha/Da) 


Marsigli (maR-sel'yee) 


Mignot (men'yo') 


Mounier (moo'ne-a') 


Olaus (o-la'us), or Olaf (o'laf) 


Martel (inaR'tel') 


Mil'lin-gen 


Mow'att [mot'sart) 


Old'mix-gn 


Martineau (Eag. ) (mar'ti-no) 


Milne (Scot.) (mil) 


Mozart (mo-zart' ; Ger. pron. 


Oldys (ol'dis or oldz) 


Martinez (maR-tee'neth or 


Milne (Eng.) (miln) 


Mudie (mu'di ; Scot. pron. 


Olearius (o'le-a're-us), or 


mar-tee'nez) 


Milnes(milz) 


moo'dT) 


Oehlschlager (bl'shla-ger) 


Martini (maR-tee'nee) 


Miloradovitch (me-lo-ra'do- 


Muhlenberg (mu'len-berg) 


Olivares (o-le-va'res) 


Masaccio (ina-sat'cho) 


vitch) ; written also Milo- 


MuFcas-ter [ler) 


Olivet (o'le'va' or ol'e-vet) 


Masaniello (ma-sa-ne-el'lo) 


radowitz. 


Muller (nnil'ler, almost mil'- 


Olivier (o'le've-a') [sted) 


Mascheroni (m'as-ka-ro'nee) 


Minie (me'ne-a') 


Muller (Eug.)(miiWer) 


Olmstead (um'sted or flm'- 


Maseres (ma-zer') 


Minzoni (min-zo'nee) 


Mulready (mdl'red-i) 


Olshausen (ols'how'zen) 


Mash/am 


Mirabaud (me'ra/bo') 


Munchhausen (mun-chaw'- 


O'Meara (o-mee'ra ; Irish 


Maskelyne (maVke-lIn) 


Mirabeau (mir'a-bo' or me'- 


sen ; Ger. pron. miinK- 


pron. o-ma'ra) 


Mas'sa-soit' 


ra'bo') 


how'zen). 


Onkelos(onk / e-15s) 


Massena (mas-sa/na; Fr. 


Mirandola (me-ran'do-la) 


Muiioz (moon-yStb/) 


Opitz (o'pits) 


pron. ma'sa'na') 


Mittermayer (mit'ter-ml'er) 


Munster (mun'ster or miin'- 


Orbigny (oR'ben'yee') 


Massillon (mas'sil-lon or 


Mocenigo (mo-cha-nee'gof 


ster, almost mlu'ster) 


Oi-ellana (o-rel-ya'nii) 


maVse'yoN') 


Mo-ham'med ( Arab. pron. 


Murat (mii'ra' or mu-rat') 


Orfila (oR-fee'la or oR'fe'lii') 


Massinger (mas'sin-jer) 


mo-ham'med). Often, but 


Muratori (moo-ra-to ; ree) 


Orsay (or-sa') 


Mather (math'er) 


less correctly, written Ma- 


Muravief, or Muraviev (moo- 


Orsini (oR-see'nee) 


Matsys (mat'sls) [tee'a) 


homet. 


ra-veef or moo-ra-ve-ef 


Orsted, or Oorsted (bR'stSd) 


Matthias, or Mathia (mat- 


Mohler, or Moehler (mb v ler) 


Murillo (moo-reel'yo or mu- 


Ortega ( oR-tS'ga) 


Matthisson (mat'tis-sSn) 


Moine (mwan) 


rMo) 


Os'bal-dis'tone 


Maturin (mat'yoo-rin) 


Moir (moi'gr) 


Muziano (moot-se-a'no) 


O'Shaughne'ssy (o-shaw'ng- 


Ma'ty 


Mole(mo'ia') 


Mylne (miln) 


Ossian (Ssh'an) [si) 


Maunder (mawn'der) 


Moleschott (mo'les-Kott) 


Mytens (mi'tens) 


Ossoli (os'so-lee) 


Maupertuis (mo'peR'twe') 


Mole/worth 




Ossuna (os-soon'ya) 


Maurepas (moR'p'a') 


Moliere (mo'le-eR') 




Ostade (os-ta'deh) 


Maurolico (mou-ro-lee / ko) 


Molina (mo-lee'na) 


N. 


Osterwald (os'ter-walt 7 ) 


Maury (Am.) (maw'n and 


Molinos (mo-lee'nos) 


Oudenaerde (ow'den-ar'deh 


mur'ri) 


Mol'ler 




or oo'den-aRd') 


Maury (Fr.) (mo're') 


Molyneux (mol'i -nooks') 


Nadir Shah (na/dir shah) 


Oudinot (oo'de'no') 


Mavrocordato (mav-ro-koR- 


Moncreiff (mon-kreef) 


Nana Sahib (na'na sa/hib) 


Oughtred (ot'red) 


da'to) 


Mongault (moN'go') 


Nanteuil (noN'tul or noN'- 


Ousely (ooz'H) 


Mazarin (maVa-reen' ; Fr. 


Monnoyer (mon'nwa/ya/) 


Napier (na'pe-er) [tuy") 


Overweg (o'ver-wao) 


pron. ma/za/raN') (It. Maz- 


Monroe (mon-ro') 


Narvaez (naR vii/eth) 


Oxenstiern (oks'en-stern' ) 


arino, m'ad-z'a-ree'no) 


Monstrelet (moNs'treh-la.') 


Navarre te (na-vaR-ra'ta) 


(Sw. Oxenstierna, oks'en- 


Mazzini (niat-see'nee or ma- 


Montague (mon'ta-gu) 


Ne-iin'der ( Ger. pron. na- 


ste-eR'na) 


zee'nee) 


Montaigne (mon'tan' ; Fr. 


an'der) 


Ozanam (o'za'nSN') 


Mazzolini (mat-so-lee'nee) 


pron. moN'tan') 


Neck'er (Fr.pron. nek'keR') 


Ozell (o-zelO 


Meagher (ma'er) 


Montalembert (moN'ta/loN 7 - 


Neer (niiR) 




Medici (med'e-chee) [e-sis) 


beR') 


Nemours (neh-mooR 7 ) 




Medicis (ma'de'sess' or med'- 


Montcalm (mont-kam 7 ; Fr. 


Neri (na'ree) 


P. 


Medina-Sidonia (ma-Dee'na- 


pron. mSN'kam') 


Nesselrode (nes'sel-ro'deh) 


se-Do'ne-a) 


Montecuccoli (mon / ta-kdbk / - 


Neubeck (noi'bek) 




Mehemet Ali (ma-he'm / et a/- 


ko-lee) ; written also Mon- 


Neukirch (noi'kmk) 


Pacheco (Sp.) (pa-cha'ko) 


lee) ; better Mohammed Ali, 


tecuculi. 


Neukomm (noi'kom) 


Pacheco (Port.) (pa-sha'ko) 


Meigs (mSgz) [q. v. 


Montespan (mon'tes-pan' ; 


Neumann (noi'man) 


Pacio (pa/cho) (Lat. Pa'cius) 


Meinecke (mi'ngk-keh) 


Fr. pron. moN'teVpoN') 


Ney (na) 


Paesiello (pa-a-se-el'lo), or 


dQ,wolf,too,tdbk ; urn,rue,pull ; 9,g, soft; «,g, hard ; as. ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,U,ee ,I,5,s,w,B ^g^k.n^u (seep. 91 ■ )• 

















940 


MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 




Paisiello (pa-e-se-el'lo, al- 


Picot (pe'ko') 


Pulleyn (pdbPlin) 


Renouard (reh-noo'aE') 




most pi-ze-ePlo) 


Pierce (peerss or pSrss) 


Pulszky (pool'skl) 


Retz (rets or rass) 




Paez (pa'eth) 


Pigalle (pe'gaP) 


Pulteney (pult'u!) ; often 


Retzsch (retsh) 




Pagani (pa-ga'nee) 


Piles (peel) 


pronounced and sometimes 


Reuchlin (roiK'linJ 




Paganini (pa-ga-nee'nee) 


Pillon (pe'yoN') 


written, Poult'ney. 


Rey (ra) 




Pages (pa/zha') 


Pilpai, or Pilpay (piPpI or 


Purkinje (pobR'kin-yeh, or 


Reynaud (ra'no') 




Paget (paj'et) 


piPpa.) (Per. Eidpai, bid'- 


pdfrr'kin ) 


Reynolds (ren'gldz) 




Paixhans (paks'hanz or 


pii-ee) 


Pusey (pu'zl) 


Ribault (re'b5') 




peks'oN') ' [ski; 


Pinel (pe'neP) 




Ribera (re-Ba'ra) 




Pakicky (pa-lSk'] or pa-lat'- 


Pinelli (pe-nel'lee) 




Ricardo (re-kar'do) 




Palafox (pSPa-foks' ; Sp. 


Pintelli (pen-tePlee) [ke-o) 


Q. 


Ricasoli (re-ka'so-lee) 




pron. pa-la-foH') 


Pinturicchio (pen-too-rek'- 


Ricci (ret'chee) 




Palestrina (pa-les-tree'na) 


Piozzi (pe-ot'see or pe-oz'zi) 




Riccio (ret'cho) 




PaPgrave [no) 


Piper (Swedish) (pee'per; 


Quadrio (kwa'dre-o) 


Riccioli (ret-cho'lee) 




Pallavicino (pal-la-ve-chee'- 


in Eng. pi'per) 


Quaglio (kwal'yo) 


Richelieu (resh'eh-loo ; Fr 




Palmblad (palm'blad) 


Piranesi (pe-ra-na'see) 


Quarles (kwarlz) 


pron. resh'le-uh') [Paul 




Palmerston (pam'cr-ston) 


Piron (pe'roN') 


Quatremere (kat'r'meR') 


Richter (riK'ter). Syn. Jean 




Panciroli (pan-che-ro'lee) 


Pisano(pe-sa/no) 


Querard (keh-raR') 


Riedinger (ree'ding-er) 




Panizzi (pa-nft/see) 


Pizarro (pe-zar'ro ; Sp pron. 


Quesada (kS-sa'Da) 


Riemer (ree'mer) 




Pan'nmre ( Scotch pron. 


pe-thaR'Ro ) 


Quesnay (k^'na') 


Rienzi (re-en'zee), or Rienzo 




p&n-mur') 


Plantagenet (plSn-taj'e-net) 


Quesnel (ka-neP) 


( re-en 'zo) 




Paoli (pa/o-lee or pow'lee) 


Plan tin (ploN'taN') 


Quevedo (kS-va'DO) 


Rigaud (re'go') 




Papin (piip'in ; Fr. pron. 


Platina (pla-tee'na) 


Quinault (ke'no') 


Rincon (ren-kon'^ 




pa/p&N') 


Platof, or Platow (pla'tof) 


Quincy (kwin'si or kwin'zi) 


Rives ( Amer.) (reevz) 




Papineau (pa'pe'no') 


Pleyel (plFel); or Pleyl (pill) 


Quinet (ke'na') 


Rizi (ree'thee) 




PSr'a-pePsfls 


Ploucquet (ploo'ka') 


Quintana (ken-ta'na) 


Rizzio (ret'se-o or rit'se-o) 




Pardoe (par 'do) 


Plow'den 




Robespierre (ro'bes-peer' or 




Pare (pa/ra/ or par're) 


Po'ca-hon'tas 




rob'es-pe-eR') 




Paredes (pa-ra'des) 


Po'cocke 


R. 


Rochambeau (ro'shoN'bo') 




Pareja (pa-ra'Ha) 


Poilly (pwS'ye' or pwPye') 


Rochefoucauld (rosh'foo-ko' 




Parmigiano (paR-me-ja/no), 


Poin-sett' 




or rosh'foo'ko') 




or Parmegiano (paR-mS- 


Poisson (pwa/sSN') 


Rabaut (ra'bo') [la') 


Roget (ro'zha or ro'zha') 




ja/no). Syn. Mazzola(mat / - 


Poitevin (pwat'vSs') 


Rabelais (ra'beh-la' or rab'- 


Rohan (ro'oN') 




so-la) 


Polignac (po'len'yak') 


Rachel (Fr.) (ra'shel') 


Rcihr, or Roehr (rb'R) 




Par'nell [paVkaP) 


Pb'litz, or Poelitz(pb v lits) 


Racine (ra/sen' or ras-seen') 


Rollin (roPlin ; Fr. pron. 




Pascal (pSs'kal ; Fr. pron. 


Poliziano (po-let-se-a/no) 


Radetzky (ra-dets'kee) 


roPlSN') 




Paskevitch, or Paskewitsch 


Polk (polk or p5k) 


Raeburn (ra/bern) 


Romagnosi (ro-man-yo'see) 




(pas-ka/vitch) 


Pombal (pom-baP) 


Raffaelle (raf-fi-ePla). Syn. 


Romaine (ro-man') 




Pasquier (pas'ke-S') 


Pompadour (p5m/pa-d6~OR' 


Raphael. 


Romanof, or Romanow (ro- 




Passeri (pas'sa-ree) 


or poM'pa/dot-R') 


Raffaelli (raf-fa-ePlee) 


ma'nof) 




Passeroni (pas-sa-ro'nee) 


Pompei ( pom-pa.' ee) * 


Rig'lan [Ralegh. 


Romauzof, Romanzov, or Ro- 




Passignano (pas-sen-ya/no) 


Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da 


Raleigh (raw'li); written also 


manzow (ro-man'zof) 




Passionei (pas-se-o-na'ee) 


la-on') [ske) 


Ramazzini (ra-mat-see'nee) 


Rombouts (roN'boo'; Flem. 




Passow (pas'so) 


Poniatowski (po-ne-a-tov / - 


Rambouillet (roN'boo'ya,') 


pron. rom'bowts) 




Paulus (pow'lus) 


Ponsonby (pSn'sQn-bT) 


Ramiro (ra-mee'ro) 


Romilly (Eng.) (rom/jl-i) 




Pauw (pow) 


Pontchartrain (poN'shaR'- 


Ramsay (rSm'zT) 


Rondelet (roNd'la') 




Pearce and Pearce 


tr»N') [dan) 


Ranke (raiik'eh) 


Ronge (rong'eh) 




PSar'son and Pear'son 


Pontoppidan (pon-top'pi- 


Ranzani (ran-za'nee) 


Ronsard (roN'saR') 




Pecquet (pek'ka') 


Pontormo (pon-tOR'mo) 


Raoul Rochette (ra/ooP ro'- 


Roos (ros) 




Peiresc (iS/resk') 


Ponz (ponth) 


shet') 


Rosecrans (roz'kriints) 




Pelissier (pa'lis'se-a/) 


Popham (pop 'am) 


Raphael (ra'fa-el orrSfS-gl) 


Roselli (ro-SePlee) 




Pellerin (pel'raN') 


Poquelin (pok'laN'). Syn. 


Rapin (rap'Tn or ra'paN) 


RoselUni (ro-sel-lee'nee) 




Pellico (pel'le-ko) 


Moliere. 


(B^^ This name is com- 


Rosenkrantz (ro'zen-krants) 




Pepin (pep'in or pip'in ; Fr. 


Portalis (poR'ta/less') 


monly Anglicized and pro- 


Roseumuller (ro'zgn-miiPler, 




pron. peh-paN') 


Porteus (por'te-iis) 


nounced rap'In when Paul 


almost ro'zen-mll'ler) 




Pepusch (pfppdbsh) 


Postlethwayt (p5s-sl-thwat) 


de Rapin, the historian, is 


Rossini (ros-see'nee) 




Pepys (peps) 


Potemkin (po-tem'km ; Russ. 


spoken of. 


Rostopshin, or Rostopschin 




Pereira (pe-ree'ra; Fort. 


pron. pot-yom'kin) 


Raspail (r'as'pal) 


(ros-top-shen') 




pron. pa-ra'e-ra) 


Poujoulat (poo'zhoo'la') 


Rauch (rouK) 


Rothermel (roth'er-mCl) 




Pergolesi (puR-go-la'see) 


Poussin (poo'saN') 


Raumer (rou'mer) 


Rothschild (ros'chlld ; Ger. 




Peron (pa'roN') 


Powell (pou'el) 


Ravaillac (ra'vaPyak' or 


pron. rot'shilt) 




Perrault (pa'ro') 


Pow'hat-tan' 


ra'vSh'yak') 


Rottenhammer (rot'ten- 




Perrot (pa/ro f ) 


Powna'll (pou'nal) 


Ra'venj-^roft 


ham'mer) 




Persigny (per-sen'ye or peR'- 


Pozzo (pot'so) 


Raynal (ra'naP) 


Roubillac (roo'bePyak' or 




sen'ye') 


Pradier (pra/de-a/) 


Raynouard (ra'ndb-aR') 


roo'be'yak') ; written also 




Peruzzi (pa-root'see) 


Pradt (prat or pra) 


Reaumur (ra'o'miiR' or to'- 


Roubilliac, Roubiliac. 




Pesce (pa'sha) 


Praed (prad) 


mur) 


Rousseau (roo'so') 




Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'see) 


Preble (preb'l) 


Recamier (ra'ka'me-a,') 


Routledge (rut'lij) 




Petion (pa'se-oN'), or Petion 


Preissler (prls'ler) 


Redi (ra'dee) [ta'nus) 


Row'an 




(peh-se-oN') 


Prevost (preh-vo'), or Pre- 


Regiomontanus (re'je-o-mon- 


Rowe (ro) 




Petit (p'te or pte) 


vost (pra/vo') 


Regnard (ran'yaR') 


Rowley (rou'li) [laR'J 




Petitot (p"te'to') 


Prichard (pritch'ard) [dx) 


Regnault (ran'yo') 


Royer-Collard (rwa'ya'-koP- 




Petrarch (pee'trark) (It. Pe- 


Prideaux (prid'o and prid'- 


Reicha (rl'ka) 


Ruault (rli'o') 




trarca, pa-traR'ka) 


Priessnitz (preess'nits) 


Reichardt (rl'kaRt) 


Rubini (roo-bee'nee) 




Peyton (pa'ton) 


Primaticcio (pre-ma-tet'cho) 


Reichenbach (rl'ken-baK') 


Riickert (r'uk'kert, almost 




F&ffel(Ger.)(pieffel) 


Prony (pro'nee') 


Reichstadt (rlK'statt) 


rik'kert) 




Pfeiffer (Eng.) (fl'fer) 


Proudhon (proo'doN') 


Reimarus (ri-ma'rus) 


RUdiger (rii'dTG-er) 




Pfeiffer(Ger.)(pfTf'fer) 


Prud'hon (pru'doN') 


Reinaud (ra'no') 


Ruffini (roof-fee'nee) 




Phaer (ier) 


Prutz (prdbts) 


Reinecke (rl'nek-keh) 


Kuhl (rool) 




Pharamond (f&r'a-mond or 


Psalmanazar (s&Pma-na/zar) 


Reinhard (rm'haRt) 


Ruhnken (roon'ken) 




ia'ra/moN') ' [nican. 


Pilf/fen-dorf (Ger." Pufen- 


Reinhold (rln'holt) 


Rustam, or Roustem (r6"os'- 




Philidor (fiPe-dor). Syn. Da,- 


dorf, poo'fen-dorf) 


Rembrandt (rem'brSnt ; 


Rutgers (rut'gers) [turn) 




Piazzi (pe-at'see) 


Puget (pii'zha') 


Dutch pron. rem'brant) 


Rutherford (ruth'er-ford) 




Picard (pe'kaR') 


Pughe (pu) 


Remusat (reh-mu'za') 


Ruysbroek (roislardttk) 




Piccini ipet-chee'nee) ; writ- 


Pugin (pu'jin) 


Renan (reh-noN') 


Ruysch (roisK); written also 




ten also, Piccinni. [nee] 


Pulaski (pu-las'kee ; Pol. 


Renee (reh-na') (It. Renata, 


Ruisch. [dal) 




Piccolomini (pik-ko-lom'e- 


pron. poo-laVkee) 


ra-na'ta) 


. Ruysdael, or Ruisdael (rois'- 




Pichegru (pesh'gr'u') 


Pulci (pool'chee) 


Ren'nell 


Rysbrack (ris'brak) 


a,5,&c. .long ;S.,e,o,less prolonged ; a,e, &c, short ; a,e,\,$, obscure ; care,far,ask,all,what; ere 


,Tgil,term; pi'que,fTrm; 86n,or, 













MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



941 



S. 



Saa de Miranda (s'a da me- 

rain'da) 
Saadi. See Sadi. 
Saavedra. See Cervantes. 
Sabatier (sa/ba/te-a') 
Sabine (sab'in) 
Sacchetti (sak-ket'tee) 
Sacchi (sak'kee) 
Sacheverell (sa-chev'gr-el) 
Sacy (sa'se') 

Saint-Arnaud (saVtaR'no') 
Saint-Cyr (saN'seR') [kion') 
Saint-Evremond (saN'tav'r'- 
Saint-Hilaire (sto'te'lSR') 
Saintine (sax'ten') [jgn) 

Saint- John (sent'-jon or siq'- 
Saint-Just (saN'zhdst') 
Saint Leger (sil'lin-jer) 
Saint-Martia (saVmaR'tSN') 
Saint-Pierre (sent-peer or 

saN'pe-eR') 
Saint-Simon (sent-sI'mQn or 

saVs>moN') 
Saladin (saKa-dln) (Arab. 

Salah-ed-Din (sa-lah'ed- 

deen') 
Saldanha (sal-dan'ya) 
Sales (sa'les) _ 
Salieri (sa-le-a'ree) 
Salmasius (sal-ma'zhi-us). 

Syn. Saumaise. 
Salvaady (sal'voN'de') 
Salverte (sal'veRf) 
Salviati (sal-ve-a/tee) 
San^o-set 

Sanadon (sa/na/doN') 
Sanchez (san^chBth) 
Sand (sand,orsoN) 
Sandoval (san-do-vdl') 
San'd/s (or sandz) 
Sanmicheli (san-me-ka/lee) 
Sannazaro (san-nad-za'ro) 
Sanson (son'son') 
Sansovino (san-so-vee'no) 
Santander (san-tan-daR') 
Sartiges (saR'tezh') 
Saumaise (so'mez'). Syn. 

Salmasius. 
Saumarez (saw'ma-rez) ; 

written also Sausmarez. 
Saunderson (san'der-sgn) 
Saurin (saw'rin ; Fr. pron. 

s5'raN') 
Saussure (so'sur' or so'sdR') 
Sauvages (so'vazh') 
Savary (sa/v&'re') 
Savigny (sa/ven / ye') 
Savile, or Saville (sav'il) 
Savonarola (sa-vo-na-ro'la) 
Scaliger (skal'I-jer) 
Scamozzi (ska-mot'see) 
Scarron (ska/roN') 
Schaaf (shaf) 
Schadow (sha/do) 
Schalkea (shal'kgn) 
Schamyl (sha/mil). Syn. 

Shamyl. [sha'leh) 

Scheele (sheel ; Sw. pron. 
Scheffer (sheffgr ; Dutch 

pron. sKeffer ; Fr. shef- 
Scheller (shelter) [*eR') 

Schelling (shelving) 
Schenck (skenk) 
Scherz (sheRts) 
Schiavone (ske-a-vo'na) 
Schiavouetti (ske-a-vo-net'- 
Schidone (ske-do'na) [tee) 
Schiller (shil'ler) 
Schimmelpennink (shim'- 

mgl-p&n'mnk) 
Schinkel (shTijk/gl) 
Schlegel (shla'gel or shla'Ggl) 
Schleiermacher (shli'gr- 

maK'gr) 
Schlosser (shlos'sgr) 



Schlozer (shlbt'sgr) 
Schmidt (shmit) " 
Schneider (shni'der) 
Schnorr (shnoR) 
Schbll, or Schoeil (shol) 
Scholz (sholts) 
Schomberg (shom'berg ; Ger. 

pron. shom'bCJRG) 
Schomburgk (shom / bd"ORk) 
Schbn, or Schoea (shbn) 
Schbnbein (shbn'bln) 
Schbnlein (shbn'lln) 
Schootea (sKo'tgn) 
Schopenhauer (sho'pen-how'- 
Schott (shott) [gr) 

Schouw (skow) 
Schreiber (shrl'ber) 
Schrevelius (skre-vee'li-Qs) 
Schroder, or Schroeder 

(shrb'dgr) 
Schubert (shoo'bgrt) 
Schultens (sKUl'tens) 
Schultz (sho"blts) " 
Schulze (shoblt'sgh) 
Schumacher (shoo'mak-er) 
Schumann (shoo'man) 
Schuyler (skl'lgr) 
Schwarz (shwaRts) 
Schwarzenberg (shwart'sgn- 

bSrg; Ger. pron. swaRt'- 

sgn-beRG) 
Scina (she'na) 
Scioppius(shI-op-pi-Ks)(Ger. 

Schopp, shopp) 
Scoresby (skorz'bT) 
Scougal (skoo'gal) 
Scribe (3kreb) 
Scuderi, or Scudery (Fr.) 

(skd'da're') 
Sebastiani (sa-bas-te-a/nee) 
Segneri (san'ya-ree) 
Segni (san'yee) 
Seguier (sa'ge'a') 
Segur (sa'gdR') 
Sepulveda (sa-pool'va-da) 
Sergei (seR'gel) [vS/do) 

Ser-ve'tus (Sp. Servedo, sCr- 
Sevier (se-veer') [ven'ya') 
Sevigne (sa-veen'ya or sa / - 
Seward (sQ'ard) 
Seyffarth (sl'f fart) 
Seymour (see'mer) 
Sforza (sfoRt'sa) 
'Sgravesande. See Grave- 
Shah Jehan, or Jahan (shah 

jg-han') 
Sh.ikes'pjare ; written also 

Shakspeare and Shakspere. 
Shakovsky (sha-kov'ski) 
Shamul (sha-mool'); written 

also, Shamoul. 
Shamyl (sha'mil). Syn. 

Schamyl. 
Shell (sheel) 
Sherard (sheVard) 
Sherif-ed-Din~ Cherif-ed- 

Dyn, or Sherif-ed-Din 

(she-reeFcd-deen') 
Shishkof, or Schischkow 

(shTsh-kof) 
Sicard (se'kaR') 
Sickingen (sik'kmg-gn) 
Sidmouth (sid'miith) 
Siebold (see'bolt) [ya') 

Sieyes (se-eV, se-a', or se-3/- 
Sigel (see'ggl) 
Sigismund (sij/is-mtind) 
Sigourney (slg'or-ni) 
Silvestre (sel'vgstr') 
Sismondi (sTs-mon'di ; It. 

pron. ses-mSn'dee) 
Sjbberg (shb'berg) 
Sjogren (shb'gren) 
Skrzynecki (skzhe-net'skee) 
Sleidan (slT'd'an) (Lat. Slei- 
Slidell (slT-del') . [da'nus.) 
Snellaert (snel'lart) 
Sneyd Isneed) 



Snorri Sturlusoa (snor'ree 

stoor'1613-sgn) 
Soaue (s5n) 
Sobieski (so-be-es'kee) 
Socinus (so-sPnus) (It. Soz- 

zini, sot-see'nee) 
Solander (so-lan'der) 
Solger (sol'ggr or sol'Ggr) 
Soliman (sOl'i-man or"so-li- 

man 7 ). Syn. Suleyman. 
Solis (so-lees 7 ) 
Somers (sum'erz) 
Sbmmering (sbrn'mgr-Tng) 
Sontag (son 7 tag or son'taG) 
SothebyJsQfti'e-bi) 
Soule (sol) 

Soule (soo-la' or soo'la') 
Soulouque (soo'look') 
Soult (soolt) 
Southard (sQth / ard) 
Southern (sfitb/grn) 
Sou they (sowth'I) 
Souvestre (soo'vestr') 
Souza (so'za) 
Sowerby (sou'er-bi) 
Soyer (soKer orswa'ya) 
Spaendonk (span'donk) 
Spagnoletto (span-yo-let'to). 

Syn. Ribera. 
Spalding (spawl'dlng) 
Spallanzani (spal-lan-za'nee) 
Spanheim (span'him) 
Spiegel (spee'Ggl) 
Spinola (spee/no-la) 
Spinoza (spe-no'za) 
Spurtzheim (spooRts'him or 

spQrz'im) 
Squarcione (skwaR-cho'na) 
Squier (skwlr) 
Stael (stal or stawl) 
Stahl (stal) 
Stanhope (stSn'op) 
Stanislaus (stan-is-la'iis or 

st'an-is-la/us) 
Stapel (sta'pel) 
Staudlin (stoid'lin) 
Staunton (stan'ton) 
Stayner (stl^ngr) 
Steenwyk, or Steenwijk) 

(sta^wlk) 
Stefano (stefa-no) 
Stein (stln) 
Stephani (sta-fa'nee) 
Steuben (Am.)(stu / bgn) 
Steuben (Ger.) (sto^bgn) 
Stieglitz (steeG'lits) 
Stiglmaier, or Stiglmayer 

(stig'1'ml-er) 
Stbckhardt, or Stoeckhardt 

(stbk'haRt) 
Stoqueler (stok'we-lgr) 
Storace (sto-ra'chS "or stor'- 
Storrs (storz) [ass) 

Stowell (stb'el) 
Stralian and Strachan 

(strawn) 
Straparola (stra-pa-ro'la), or 

Strap'a-role 
Stratico (stra'te-ko) 
Strauss (strouss) 
Strigel (stree'Ggl) 
Stroganof, or Stroganow 

(stro-ga-nof ) 
Strozzi (strot'see) 
Struensee (stroo'gn-za') 
Struve (stroo'vgh) 
Sturm (stobRm") 
Stuyvesant (stl'vg-sant) 
Suchet (sii'sha') 
Sue(su; Fr.pron. s'd) 
Suleyman (soo-la-mltn'). 

Syn. Soliman. [ye') 

Sully (sHl'li; Fr pron. sli'- 
Surajah Dowlah (sur-a'jah- 

dow'lah) 
Suwarrow (soo-or'ro) ; writ- 
ten also Souvaroff and Su- 

varov, more prop. Souvoroff 



and Suvorov, or Suworow 

(Russ. pron. soo-vo^rof) 
Swanevelt (swa'ngh-velt 7 ) 
Swe'dea-borg' (Sw. pron. 

swa'den-boRG) ; written 

also Svedenborg. 
Sweynheim (swTn/hlm) 
Sydenham (sid^n-am) 



T. 



Tagliacozzi (tal-ya-kSt'see) 

Syn. Taliacotius. 
Taglioni (tal-yo'nee) 
Talbot (tawl'bot) 
Talfourd (tawl'fyrd) 
Taliacotius (tal'i-a-ko'sbg- 

us). See Tagliacozzi. 
Taliaferro (toKI-ver, and 

sometimes tel'fer) 
Tallart, or Tallard (tal'laR') 
Talleyrand (tal'li-rand; Fr. 

pron. tal'la'roN') 
Tallien (ta'le-aN') 
Tallmadge (taKmij) 
Tamerlane ( tam^r-ltin or 

tam'er-lan') 
Taney (taw'ni) 
Tartaglia (taR-tal'ya) 
Taschereau (tash'ro') 
Tas'so (It. pron. tas'so.) 
Tassoni (tas-so'nee) 
Tatham (ta'tam) 
Tauchnitz (touE/nits) 
Tauler (tou'ler) 
Tavernier (ta/veR'ne-a') 
Tebaldeo (tu-bal-da'o), or 

Tibaldeo ( te-bal-da'o) 
Tg-cum'seh 
Tegner (teng-neR') 
Teignmouth (tin'mutti) 
Telemann (ta^gh-man) 
Temanza (tia-man'za) 
Tenerani (ta-na-ra'nee) 
Teniers (ten'ygrz ; Fr. pron. 

tgh-ne-a' or'tgn-ya') 
Ten'tgr-dgn 
Terrasson ( teR/ra'soN') 
Texera ( ta-sha'ra) 
Thaarup (to'rup) 
Thackeray (thak'e-ri) 
Thalberg (tal'beRG) 
Thenard (ta'naR') 
Theobald (thee'o-bawld or 

tib^ald) 
Thesige'r (thes'7-jer) 
Thevenot (tav 7 no') 
Thibaudeau (te'bo'do') 
Thibaut(Fr.)(te'bo') 
Thielen (tee'lgn) 
Thierry (te-e^ri or te-a'ree') 
Thiers (te-eR 7 ) 
Thion (tee'oN') 
Tholuck (to'lcTok) 
Thorn (torn) 
Thoresby (thorz'bi) 
Thorild (to'rTld) 
Thorkelia (tor'keh-lm) 
Thorlaksson (tor'laks-son) 
Thorwaldsen ( tor'wald-sen 

or toR'vald-sgn) 
Thouars (too'aR') 
Thouret (too'ra') 
Thouvenel (toov'neF) 
Thulden (tfil'dgn) 
Th'ummel (t'dm'mgl ; almost 

tim'mel) 
Ticozzi (te-kot'see) 
Tieck(teek) 

Tiedemann (tee'dgh-man) 
Tighe (tl) 
Tilghman (til'man) 
Tillemont (tey"moN') [ye') 
Tilly (til'le; Fr. pron. te'- 
Timur, or Timour (feee'- 

moor'). Called by the Per~ 



dQ,wolf,tob,t6~bk ; Qrn,rue,pull ; <j,g, soft; e,g, hard; as; epst; n as ng ; ibis ; a,8,u ,66,1,5,8,^,8,1) ,g,h,k,n,r,u (see p. 914) 













942 


MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 




sians Timur-Lang or Lgng 


Valdes (val-des') 


Vischer (Ger.) (fish'er) Wolff (Eng.) (wdolf) 




(i. e., " Timur the Lame,'') 


Val-lan'di-ghain (-di-gam) 


Visconti (vis-kon'tee' or ves- Wollaston (wooFas-tQn) 




whence Tamerlane. 


Valle (val'la) 


Vives (vee've's) [kon'tee) Wollstonecraft ("w6~ol / stQn- 




Tintoretto (ten-to-ret'to) 


Valliere (val'le-eR') 


Viviani (ve-ve-a'nee) Wolsey (wckjI'zi) [kraft) 




Tippoo Sahib (tip'po sa'hib ; 


Valmiki (val'mi-kl) 


Vladimir, (vlad'g-mer) TVorcester (wobs'ter) 




almost sa/ib) 


Valois (val'wa') [a'Kgn) 


Voet (voot) Wordsworth (wurdVwGrth) 




Tiraboscbi (te-ra-bos'kee) 


Van Achen, or Aachen (van 


Vogel (fo'gel or foG'gl) Woronicz (vo-ro'nitch) 




Tischbein (tish'bln) 


Van Buren (van bu'rgn) 


Vogt (iOGt) Worsaae, or Vorsaae (vor/- 




Tischendorf ( tish'gn-doRf ) 


A'anbrugh (van'broo) 


Voisin, or.Voysin (vwa'zaN') saw) 




Tissot (te'so') 


Vancouver (van-koo'vgr) 


Volney (vSl'nx; Fr. pron. Wouverman (wow'vgr-man) 




Titian (tish'an) (It. Tiziano, 


Van Dale (van-da/lgh) 


vol'na') Wrangel (vrang'el) 




tet-se-a/no") 


Vander Hey den (van-der hi- 


Voltaire (vol-ter' or voFte.R'). Wraxall (raks'gror raks'al) 




Tocqueville (tok'vil; French 


dgn) [niS'len] 


Syn. Arouet. Wrottesley (rotVl!) 




pron. tok'vt'l') 


Vander Meulen ( van-der 


Vortigern (vor'tg-gern) Wycherley (wltch'er-lT) 




Todleben (tot'la-bgn) 


Yandermonde (van-dgr- 


Voss (Dutch) (voss) (Lat. Wyck (vik) 




Toloinei (to-lo-ma'ee) 


mon'dgh) 


Vossius, vosha-us) Wycliffe (wTk'lif) : also Wy- 




Tommaseo (tom-ma-sa'o) 


Vander YV'eyde (van'dgr wi'- 


Voss (Ger. ) (foss) clif, Wiclif, and Wickliffe. 




Tommasi (tom-nia'see) 


deh or vT'deh) 


Vouet (voo'S') Wylie (wi'l]) 




Tordenskiold ( toR'dgn-ske- 


Vandyke (vau-dTk') (Dutch 


Vojer (vwa'ya') Wyndham (wind'am) 




Toreno (to-ran'yo) " [old) 


Yandyck, or Yandjik, van- 


Vries (vreess) Wyntoun (wln'tQn or win'- 




Torquato (toR-kwa'to). 


dlk') 


toyn) 




Torquemada (toR-ka-ina'Da) 


Van Hoeck (van hdbk) 


Wythe (with ; th as in thin) 




Torricelii ( tor-ri-sel'li or 


Vanni (viin'nee) 


w. 




toR-Re-chel'lee) 


Vannucci (van-noot'chee). 




Toucey (tou'si) 


Syn. Perugino. 


Waagen (wSg'gn) ^A. • 




Toup (towp) 


Van Oost (van ost) 




Tour (tooR) 


Van Rensselaer (van ren'sel- 


Wachter (AvaE/tgr) [tgr) 




Tournefort (tooRn'fbR) 


a*) 


Wachfer, or Waechter (wCk'- Xavier (zav / i-er ; Sp. pron. 




Tourneur ( tooR'nr/R') 


Van-sit'tarfc. Syn. Eexley. 


Wahab (wa-hab / ), and Wa- Ha-ve-aR') 




Tourrette (too'ref) 


A'ansomer (van-so'rngr) 


habite (wa-ha'blt), or Wa- Ximenes (zT-mee'nez ; Sp. 




Toussaint L'Onverture (too'- 


Vanuzzi (va-noot'see). See 


Wahl(wal) [ha'bee pron. He-nip/nes) 




ssLn' loo'veR'tiiR') 


Vannucci. [ro') 


Walch (walK) Xy lander (ze-lan^gr) 




Townshend (townz'end) 


Vapereau (vap'er-o' or vap'- 


Waldemar (wgVde-mar or 




Trad'gs-eant 


Varchi (vaR'kee) 


wal'deli-mar) [lu'skee) 




Treiver (tri'vgr) 


Vargas (vaR'gas) 


Walewski (va-lev'skee or wa- "T7" 
Wallenstein (wol'lgn-stin ; J_ „ 




Trevisani (tra-ve-sa'nee) 


Varignon (va/ren'yo"N') 




Trev'Qr 


Varnhagen (iaRn'ha-ggn) 


Ger. pron. wal'lgn-stin') 




Tribolo (tree'bo-lo) 


Vasari (va-sa'ree) 


Wallich (wal'liK) YaPdgN 




Tricoupi (tue-koo'pee) or 


Vattel (vat-tel' or vat'tel') 


Walmesley (wSmz'lT) Yonge (yung) 




Trikupis (tre-koo'pis) 


Vauban (vo'boN') 


Walsingham (AvSl'sTng-am) Youatt (Noo'at) 




Triewald (tree'vald) 


Vaucher (vd'sha') 


Walther (wal'tgr) Youmans (yoo'manz) 




Tristan (Fr.) (tres'toN') 


Vaugelas (vozh'la') 


Wanley (wfinley) Ypsilanti (Tp-se-lan'tee) 




Trithen (tree'tgn) 


Vaughan (vaw ; n orvaw'an) 


War'bur-tQn Yriarte (e-re-aR'ta). Syn. 




Tronchin (troN'sha.?;') 


Vauquelin (vok'laN') 


Wargentin (war'gen-teen) Iriarte. 




Trough ton (trou'tgn) 


Vauvilliers (vo'vee'ya') 


Warham (wor'gm') Ysabeau (e'za'bo') 




Trowbridge (tro'brij) 


Vaux (Eng. & Am.) (vawks) 


Washington (w'osh'ing-tgn) 




Tschirnhausen (tshlRn'how'- 


Vecchi (vek'kee) 


Watelet (vat/la') 




Tschudi ( tsh oo'dee ) [zen ) 


Vecchio (vek'ke-o) 


Watteau (viit'ta') rj 
Waugh (waw) £_j a 




Tulloch (tul'lok) 


Vega (va/ga) 




Turenne (tu'renn'j French 


Veit (fit) [las'keth) 


Weber (wa'bgr or wa'bgr) 




pron. tii'renn') 


Velasquez (va-las'kez or va- 


Weeninx (wa^rnks) ' Zach (tsaK) [a-ree'a) 




Turgot (toor'go' or tiiR'go') 


Velpeau (vel'po') 


Weidler (wFdlgr) Zacharia, or Zachariae (tsaK- 




Turpin (tur'pin or tuR'pas') 


Veneziano (va-net'se-a'no) 


Weigel (wlG'gl) Zahn (tsitn) 




Tutilo (too'te-lo) 


Venusti (va-noos'tee) 


Weinbrennerlwin'bren-gr) Zaluski (za-loos'kee) 




Tyndale (tin'dal) 


Vergennes (veR'zhenn') 


Weishaupt (wis'howpt) " Zamora (tha-mo'ra) 




Tyrwbitt (tSr'it or teVwit) 


Vergniaud , cr Vergniaux 


Weiss (Eng.) Zampieri (dzam-pe-a'ree) 




Tzschirner (tshiR'ngr) 


(veRn'yg-o') 


Weisse (vFsgh) Zanchi (dzan'kee) 






Vermigli (veR-meel'yee) 


Wellesley (we^z'li) Zarate (tha-ra/ta) 






Vernet (veR'na') 


Wemys (weemz or wimz) Zarlino (dzaR-lee'no) 




u. 


Verplanck (ver-plank') 


Wenzel (went^el) (Latin Zeisberger (zis'bcrg-gr; Ger. 




Verrocchio (vtiR-Rok'ke-o) 


Wen'ces-la'us) [ngr) pron. tsTs'beRG-erf 






Ygr-ste'gan 


Werner (wer'ngr or AveR'- Zelotti (dzS-lot'tee) 




Uberti (oo-beR'tee) 


Vertot (vlR'to') 


West'ma-cQtt Zelter ( tseFtgr) 




Uccello (oot-chel'lo) 


Ver'u-lam 


Weyer (wl'gr) Zeuss ( tsoiss j 




Uffenbach (dbf'fgn-baK') 


Vespucci (vcs-poot'chee) 


Whalley (hwoMT) Ziegler (tseeG'lgr) 




Uggione (ood-jo'na) 


Vettori (vet-to'ree) 


Wharton (hwor'tgn) ZIm'mgr-mann (Ger. pron. 




Ughelli (oo-gel'lee) 


Viardot (ve'aR'do') 


Whewell (hu'gl) tslrn'mer-man) 




Ugolino (oo-go-lee'no) 


Vicente (ve-sen'ta) 


Whishaw (hwish^w) Zinzendorf ( tsint'sen-doRf) 




Uhland (oo'lant or yoo'land) 


Vico (vee'ko) 


Whitefield (hwiVfeeld) Zollikofer (Ger.) (tsol'le-ko'- 




Ulfilas, or Ulphilas(ul'if-las) 


Vicq d'Azyr (vek da/zeR') 


Wieland ( wee'land ; German Zol'lT-koffer (Am.) [fgr) 




Ulloa (ool-yo'a) 


Vida (vee'da) 


pron. wee'lant) Zorrilla ( thoR-Reel'yii) 




Ulrici ( (7ol-reet'see) 


Vidaurri (ve-dowR'Ree) 


Wieselgren (vvee'zgl-gren) Zouch (zooch) 




Linger (obng'er) 


Vidocq (ve'dok') 


Wildenow (wil'deh-no) Zoust (zoost or zowst) 




Upham (up'am) 


Vignola (ven'yo-la) 


Willaert (wil'llirt) Zschokke (tshok'kgh) 




Urfe (iiR'ia'f 


Vignoles (ven'yol') 


Willoughby (wil'lQ-bl) Zuccarelli (dzook-ka-rePlee) 




TJrquhart ( Qrk/art) [kee'sa) 


Vigny (ven'ye') 


Willughby ( wiPlQ-bl) Zuccaro (dzook'ka-ro), or 




Urquiza ( ooR-keVtha or oor- 


Vi/ggrg 


Winckelmann (wTnk'gl-m'an) Zucchero (dzook'ka-ro) 




Usteri (dbs-ta/xee) 


Villars (vtVlarz or ve'yaR') 


Windham (wmd'am) Zucchi (dzook'kee) 




Uwins (yoo'mz) 


Villegas (vel-ya'gas) [Sn') 


Windischgratz (win 'dish- Zumala -Carregui (thoo-ma'- 






Villehardouin (veKiR'doo- 


grets) la-kaR-Ra'gee) 






Villemain (veKmaN') 


Winkelried (wmK'gl-reet) Zumpt (tso~bmpt) [Ercilla. 




V. 


Villeneuve (vel'nuv') 


Wirth (weeRt) Zuniga ( thoon-yee'ga). See 




Villers (ve'ya') 


Wittgenstein (wit'gen-stln) Zunz (tsdbnts) 






Villiers (vTl'yerz) 


Witzleben (wits'la-bgn) Zwin'gli ( Ger. pron. tswlng'- 




Tacherot (vash'ro') 


Vinci (vYn'chee or ven'chee) 


Wladimir. See Vladimir. lee) (Lat. Zwm'gll-Qs or 




Vahl (val) 


Vinet (ve'na') 


Wbhler, or Woehler (wo'lgr) Zuin'gli-us); written also 




Taillant (vah'yoN') 


Virey (ve'ra') 


Wohlgemuth (wol'ga-moot) Zwingle (zwing'gl) 




Talckenaer (valk'kgn-ar) 


Vischer (Dutch) (vis'Kgr) 


Wolcott(w51'kgtor vvdbl'kgt) Zwirner (tswiRn'er) 


a,5,&c M ^n^;a,e,o,/cw^ro/owge</;a,e,&c.^Aort;a,e,i,8,o65CM^/ care Jar ,Mk,all,w^ firm ; son , or, 




dQ, wolf, to"b, took ; um,rue,pull ; $& 3 soft ; e, g, hard ; a 2 ; ex>t ; q as ng ; this ; a,o,u,e~e,r,5,s,w,B,D,o,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 9U>- 











PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 

WITH 

THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES, OR NICK-NAMES. 



NAMES OF MEN 



earth-man ; red earth. — Dim. 



A. 

Aaron (ar'un). [Heb.] Lofty; inspired. 

Ab'di-ci. [Heb.] The servant of God. 

A'bel. [Heb.] Breath; transitoriness ; vanity. 

A-bl'a-thar. [Heb.] Father of plenty. 

A-bi'el. [Heb.] Father of strength. 

A'bi-e'zer. [Heb.] Father of help. 

A-bi'jah. [Heb.] To whom Jehovah is a father. 

Ab'ner. [Heb.] Father of light. 

A'bra-ham. [Heb.] Father of a multitude. — Dim. 

_Abe(ab.) 

A'bram. [Heb.] Father of elevation. — Dim. Abe. 

Ab'sa-lom. [Heb.] Father of peace 

Ad'am. [Heb.] M 

_Ade(ad), Scot. Ed'ie. 

A'di-el. [Heb.] The ornament of God. 

A-dFno } [Heb ' ] Tender > delicate ! soft ' 

A-dolph', ) [0. H. Ger.] Noble wolf, i. e. noble hero. 

A-dol'plius. J — Dim. Dol'phus. 

Ad'o-ni'ram. [Heb.] Lord of height. 

Al'an. Variously explained as a hound [Slav.], harmo- 
ny [Celt.], and a corruption of Hilary, or of JElianus. 

Al-a-ric [0. H. Ger.] All-rich ; or, noble ruler. 

Al'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Nobly bright ; illustrious. 

Al'bi-on. [Celt.] Mountainous land ; the ancient name 
of England. 

Al'egc-an'der. [Gr.] A defender of men. — Dim. AV- 
eck, El'lick, SSn'der, San'dy, Saw'nie. — Fern. APex-'an'- 
dra, Al'ex-an-dri'na. [selor. — Dim. Alf. 

Al'fred. "[0. H. Ger.] Elfin council ; i. e., good coun- 

Al'ger-non. [Fr.] With whiskers. 

Al'len' I The same as Al AN - See Alan - 

Al'mon. [Heb.] Hidden. 

A-lon'zo. [0. Ger.] The same as Alphonso, q. v. 

Al'phe-us {properly Al-phe'us). [Heb.] Exchange. 
Al-phon'so. [0. H. Ger.] All-ready ; willing. 

Irvan.'} t Heb -J Iiri <^' 

Al'win. } [0 - H - Ger ^ Bel0Ted by alL 
Am'a-ri'ah. [Heb.] Whom Jehovah promised. 
Am'a-sa. [Heb. ] A burden. 
Am'brose. [Gr.] Immortal ; divine. 
Ain'mi. [Heb.] My people. 

A'mos. [Heb.] Strong ; courageous ; otherwise, burden. 
An'drew (an'dru). [Gr.] Strong ; manly. — Dim. An'dy. 
An'dro-ni'eus. [Gr.] A conqueror of men. 

An'sel" 1 ' j [0 " H - Ger-] Protection of God. 
An'tho-ny (-to-), ) [Lat.] Priceless ; praiseworthy. — 
An'to-ny. ) Dim. To'ny. — Fern. An-to'ni-a. 

A-pSl'los. [Gr.] Of Apollo. 
Ar'ehe-la'us. [Gr.] Ruler of the people. 
Ar'chi-bald. [Ger.] Extremely bold ; otherwise, holy 
_ prince. — Dim. Ar'chy. 

A'ri-el. [Heb.] Lion of God : valiant for God. 
Ar'is-tar'ehus. [Gr.] A good prince. 
.AVnold. [0. H. Ger.] Strong as an eagle. 
Ar'te-mas. [Gr.] Gift of Artemis, or Minerva. 
Ar'thur. [Celt.] High; noble. 
A'sa. [Heb.] Healer; physician. 



As'a-hel. [Heb.] Made of God. 

A'gaph. [Heb.] A collector. 

As'a-re'lah. [Heb.] Upright to God. 

Ash'bel. [Heb.] Fire cf Bel. 

Ash'er. [Heb.] Happy ; fortunate. 

Ash'ur. [Heb.] Black ; blackness?. 

Ath/a-iia/si-us (-zh!-us). [Gr.] Immortal. 

Ath'el-stan. [A.-S.] Noble stone. 

Au'brey. [0. H. Ger.] Ruler of spirits. 

Au-giis v tin, \ 

Au-gus'tine, [ [Lat.] Belonging to Augustus. 

Aus'tin. ) 

Au-gus'tus. [Lat.] Exalted ; imperial. — Dim. Gus, 

"GGs'tus. — Fern. Au-gus'ta. 

Au-re'li-us. [Lat.] Golden. 

Az/a-rl'ah. [Heb.] Helped of the Lord. 

B. 

Bald'win. [0. H. Ger.] Bold, courageous friend. 
Bap'tist. [Gr.] A baptizer ; purifier. 
Bar'a-ehi'as. [Heb.] Whom Jehovah has blessed. 

B|r'dul P h } [0. H. Ger.] A distinguished helper. 

Bar'na-bas, ) g f conso i at i on . 

Bar'na-by. ) 

Bar-thol'o-mew. [Heb.] A warlike son. — Dim. Bat. 

Bar-zll'lai. [Heb.] Iron of the Lord ; firm ; true. 

Bag'il. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. 

Ben'e-dlet. [Lat.] Blessed. — Dim. Ben'net. — Fern. 

BSn'e-dlc'ta. 
Ben'ja-mln. [Heb.] Son of the right hand. — Dim. 

Ben, Be^ny. 
Ben-o'ni. [Heb.] Son of grief or trouble. 
Be-ri'ah. [Heb.] In calamity. 

UrSd: } [0 - H> Ger -i Bold as a w 

Ber'tram. [0. H. Ger.] Bright raven. 

Be-thu'el. [Heb.] Man of God. 

Be-zal'e-el. [Heb.] In the shadow (protection) of God. 

Bon'i-face. [Lat.] A benefactor. 

Bri'an. [Celt.] Strong. 

Bru'no. [0. H. Ger.] Brown. 

c. 

Cad-wal'la-der. [Brit.] Battle-arranger. 

£ae'§ar* [Lat.] Hairy; or, blue-eyed; or, born under 

the cesarean operation. 
-ea'leb. [Heb.] A dog. 
Cal'vin. [Lat.] Bald. 

Cecil (se'sil, sis'il, or seVil). [Lat.] Dim-sighted, 
^e'phas. [Aramaic] A stone. 
Charleg. [0. H. Ger.] Strong ; manly ; noble-spirited.— 

Dim. Char/lie, or Char/ley. — Fern. €ar'o-lIne, Char'- 

lotte. 
Christian. [Lat.] Belonging to Christ ; a believer in 

Christ. — Dim. Chris'tle. — Fern. Chrls'ti-a'na. 
-Chris'to-pher. [Gr.] Bearing Christ. — Dim. KSs'ter, 

Kit, Chris. 
Clar'ence. [Lat.] Illustrious. 
■Clau'di-us, ) r T„ f , T 
Claude. f LLatl] Lame - 
Clem'ent. [Lat.] Mild -tempered ; merciful. 



5,,e, Sec, long; a, 6,&c.,sAort; care, far,ask, all, what; ere, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, or, do, xvqlt , 
food, foot , urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; fk.ij 



944 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



Con'rad. [0. II. Ger.] Bold in council; resolute. 
Con'stant. [Lat.] Firm ; faithft.il. — Fern. Con-stan'- 

ti-a (-sol-a). 
Con'stan-tlne. [Lat.] Resolute ; firm. 
Cor-ne'li-us (or kor-neel'yus). [Lat.] ( Uncertain.) — 

Fern. Cor-ne'li-a (or -neel'ya.) 
Cris'pin, ) 

Cris'pus, [ [Lat.] Having curly hair. 
-€rls'pi-an. ) 

■Cutli'bert. [A.-S.] Noted splendor. 
£yp'ri-an. [Gr.] Of Cyprus. 
(jyr'il. [Gr.] Lordly. 
Cy'rus. [Per.] The sun. 



D. 



A divine judge. — Dim. 

[Vi'da. 

— Fern. 



Dan. [Heb.] A judge. 
Dan'i-el(or dan'yel). [Heb.] 

Dan. 
Da-ri'us. [Per.] Preserver. 
Da'vid- [Heb.] Beloved. — Dun. Da'vy, Dave 
De-me'tri-us. [Gr.] Belonging to Ceres. 

5? n ' is .' }[Gr.l Same as Dionysius. [Fr. form.] 
Den'nis. ) L J J 

Der'rick. [0. H. Ger.] A corruption of THEODORIC. 

See Tueodoric. 
Dex'ter. [Lat.] The right hand ; fortunate. 
Di'o-nys'i-us (dl'o-nlzh'I-us) [Gr.] Belonging to Dion- 

ysos or Bacchus, the god of wine. 
Don'ald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 
Dun'ean (dunk/an). [Celt.] Brown chief. 



E. 



fib'en. [Heb.] A stone. 
ElVen-e'zer. [Heb.] The stone of help. 
Eci'gar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or protector) of property. 
Ed'mund. [A.-S.] Defender of property. — Dim. Ed, 
_Ned (a contraction of " mine Ed.") 

Ed'ward. [A.-S.] Guardian of property. — Dim. Ed, 
_Ed'dy, Ned, Ned'dy. Ted'dy. 

Ed'win. [A.-S.] Gainer of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'dy. 
EgHbert. [0. H. Ger.] The sword's brightness; famous 
^ with the sword. 

El'bert. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Albert. 
El'dred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 
E/le-a'zer. [Heb.] To whom God is a help. 
E'li. [Heb.] A foster son. 
E-li'ab. [Heb.] God is his father. 
E-11'a-kim. .[Heb.] Whom God sets up. 
E-li'as. [Heb.] The same as ELIJAH, q. v. 
E-li'hu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 
E-li'jah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my God. 
E-li'pha-let. [Heb.] God of salvation. 
E-li'sha. [Heb.] God my salvation. 
E-li'zur. [Heb.] God is my rock. 
El'lis. [Heb.] A variation of Elisha. 
fil'mer. [A.-S.] Noble ; excellent. [A contraction of 
^Ethelmer.] 

El'na-thaii. [Heb.] God gave. 
Em-man'u-el. [Heb.] God with us. 
Em'e-ry, ) 

Em'me-ry, \ [A.-S.] Powerful ; rich. 
Enrjo-ry. ) 

E-ne'as. [Gr.] Praised; commended. 
E'noeh. [Heb.] Consecrated; dedicated. 
E'nos. [Heb.] Man. 
E'phra-im. [Heb.] Very fruitful. 
E-r&s/mus. [Gr.] Lovely ; worthy to be loved. 
E-ras'tus. [Gr.] Lovely ; amiable. 
E'ric. [A.-S.] Rich ; brave ; powerful. 

Er-nes'tus j t Ger ^ Earnest. — Fern. Er'nest-ine. 

E'sau. [Heb.] Covered with hair. 

E'than. [Heb.] Firmness ; strength. 

Eu'gene, or Eugene'. [Gr.] Well-born; noble.— 

Fern. Eu-ee'ni-a. 
Eu-se'bi-us. [Gr.l Pious; godly. 
Eus'tace. [Gr.] Healthy ; strong; standing firm. 
Evan. [Brit.] The same as JOHN. See JOHN. 
Ev'er-ard. [0. H. Ger.] Strong as a wild boar. 
E-ze'ki-el. [Heb.] Strength of God. — Dim. Zeke. 
Ez'ra. [Heb.] Help. 



Fe'lix. [Lat.] 
(fe-lish'i-a). 



Happy 



F. 

prosperous. — Fern. Fe-K'ci-a. 



Fer'di-nand. [0. H. Ger.] Brave ; valiant. 
Fer-nan'do. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Ferdinand. 
Fes'tus. [Lat.] Joyful; glad. 
Francis. [Fr.] Free. — Dim. Frank. — Fern. Frances., 

Fan'ny. 
Frank. [Fr.] A contraction of Francis. 
Frank'lin. [Mod.] 

Fred'er-ic, I [0. H. Ger.] Abounding in peace; OT 
Fred'er-ick. ) peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, Fred'dy. 

— Fern. Fred'er-i-ca, or Fred'er-i'-ka. 



G. 



Ga'bri-el. [Heb.] Man of God. — Dim. Gab. 
Ga'ius (ga'yus). [Lat.] Rejoiced. 
Ga-ma'li-el. [Heb.] Recompense of God. 
Gar'ret. [0. H. Ger.] Another form of Gerald, or 
Gerard. 

SlSSSe.}^ *— • 

Geoffrey. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Godfrey. 
George. [Gr.] A landholder; husbandman. — Dim. 

Geor'gie. — Fern. Geor'gi-an'a, Ge6r-g'i v na. 

Slr'ard. I [0, H " Ger] Strong with the spear - 

Ger'shom. [Heb.] An exile. 

GId'e-on. [Heb.] A destroyer. [Gil. 

Gil'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Yellow-bright ; famous. — Dim. 

Gileg. [Gr.] A kid. 

Glv'en. [Eng.] Gift of God. 

God'dard. [0. Ger.] Pious ; virtuous. 

God'frey. [0. H. Ger.] At peace with God. 

God'win. [A.-S.] Good in war. 

Greg'o-ry. [Ger.] Watchful ; vigilant. 

Griffith. [Brit.] Having great faith. 

Gus-ta'vus. [Sw.] A warrior ; hero. 

Guy. [Fr.] A leader. 

H. 

Han'ni-bal. [Punic] Grace of Baal. 

Har'old. [A.-S.] A champion ; general of an army. 

He'man. [Heb.] Faithful. 

Hen'ry. [0. H. Ger.] The head or chief of a house. — 

Dim. Hal, Har'ry (by assimilation of consonant sound), 

Hen. — Fern. Har'ri-et, Hen-ri-et'ta. 
HerHbert^ [A.-S.] Glory of the army. 
Her'-eu-leg. [Gr.] Lordly fame. 
Her'man. [0. H. Ger.] A warrior. 
Hez'e-ki'ah. [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 
Hil'a-ry. [Lat.] Cheerful ; merry. — Fern. Hi-la'ri-a. 
HU'lel. [Heb.] Praise. 
Hi'ram. [Heb.] Most noble. 
Ho'mer. [Gr.] A pledge; security. 
Hor'ace. [Gr.] Same as Horatio. [Fr. form.] 
Ho-ra'ti-o (ho-ra'shl-o). [Gr.] ( Uncertain.) 
Ho-§e'a. [Heb.] Salvation. 
How'ell. [Brit.] Sound ; whole. 
Hu'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in spirit ; soul-bright. 

gS^o (hQ) ' } CD-] Mind; spirit; soul. 
Hiimph'rey. [A.-S.] Protector of the home. — Dim. 
Humph. 



Teh'a-bod. [Heb.] The glory has departed. 

Ig-na'tl-us (ig-na'shi-us). [Gr.] Ardent ; fiery. 

Im-man'u-el. [Heb.] The same as EMMANUEL. 

In'crease. [Eng.] Increase of faith. 

jn'gram. [Teut.] Raven. 

In'i-go. [Gr.] The same as IGNATIUS. [Sp. form.] 

I'ra. [Heb.] Watchful. 

I'gaac (l'zak). [Heb.] Laughter. — Dim. Ik, Ike. 

j-§a'ian (T-za'ya). [Heb.] Salvation of the Lord. 

Is/ra-el [Heb.] A soldier of God. 

Ith'i-el. [Heb.] God is with me. 

Iv'an. [Brit.] The same as John. [Russ. form.] 

I'vo-ry. [Eng. J 



JaHbez. [Heb.] He will cause pain. 

Ja'-eob. [Heb.] A supplanter. — Dim. Jake. See James. 

Ja'i-rus. [Heb.] He will enlighten. 

Jame§. [Heb.] The same as Jacob. — Dim. Jeame*, 

Jem, Jim, Jem'my, Jim'my. — Fern. Jaq'ue-line, James- 

i'/na. 
Ja/pheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. 



a,$,&,c.,long; a, 6, &.c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



945 



Ja'red. [Heb.] Descent. 

Ja'son. [Gr.] A healer. 

J&s'per. [Per.] ( Uncertain.) 

Ja'van. [Heb.] Clay ; supple. 

Jed/e-di'ali. [Heb.] Beloved of the Lord. 

Jeffrey. [0. H. Ger.] The same as GODFREY. 

J&r'e^mi'ah, ) 

Jer'e-mi'as, [[Heb.] Exalted of the Lord. 

Jer'c-my. ) 

Jer'ome (in Eng.), Je-rome' (in Amer.). Holy name. 

Jes'se. [Heb.] Wealth. 

Jo'ab. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. 

Job. [Heb.] Afflicted ; persecuted. 

Jo'el. [Heb.] The Lord is God. 

Jdlin (jon). [Heb.] The gracious gift of God. — Dim. — 

John'ny, Jack, Jock. — Fern. Jane, Ja-nSt', Jo'an, Jo- 

an'na. 

SSS- }[«*•] AaoTO - 

J5n'a-than. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 

Jo'§eph. [Heb.] He shall add. — Dim. Joe. — Fern. 

Jo-se'pha, Jo'se-phine. 
J6sh/u.-a [Heb.] God of salvation. — Dim. Josh. 



Jo-sl'ah., 
Jo-si'as. 



[Heb . ] Given of the' Lord . 



Jo'tham. [Heb.] The Lord is upright. 
JCi'dah. [Heb.] Praised. 

Ju'li-an. [Lat.] Sprung from, or belonging to, Julius. 
Dim. Jule. — Fern. JQ'li-a/na. [Jii'li-et. 

Ju/li-iis. [Gr.] Soft -haired. — Dim. Jule. — Fern. Jii'li-a, 
Jiis'tin. [Lat.] Just. 
Jiis'tus. [Lat.] Just. 

K. 

Ken'elm. [A.-S.] A defender of his kindred. 
K.en'netli. [Gael.] A leader ; commander. 



Italian. [Heb.] White. [sessions. 

!LanVbert. [0. H. Ger.] Illustrious with landed pos- 
iLan/ce-lot. [It.] A little angel ; otherwise, a little lance 

or warrior; or, a servant. 
!Lau/rence, ) [Lat.]- Crowned with laurel. — Dim. 
Law'rence. J LaVry (Law'rie, Lau'rie, Scot., Lar'ry, 

Ir.) — Fern. Lau'ra, Lau-rm'da. 
Lraz'a-rus. [Heb.] God will help. 
ie-an'der. [Gr.] Lion-man. 
!Leb-be'us. [Heb.] Praise. 
!Lem'u.-el. [Heb.] Created by God. 
Lieon'ard (len'ard). [Ger.] Strong or brave as a lion. 
JLe-oii'i-das. [Gr.] Lion-like. [people. 

Le'o-pold (formerly lep'old). [0. H. Ger.] Bold for the 
Iie'vi. [Heb.] Adhesion. See Gen. xxix. 34. 
Lew'is (loo'is). [0. H. Ger.] Bold warrior. — Dim. Lou. 

— Fern. Lou-i'/ga, Lou-ise'. 
Li'nus. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. 
Iil'o-nel. [Lat.] Young lion. 
Iilew-el'lyn (lu-el'lin). [Celt.] Lightning. 
Lo-am'ml. [Heb.] Not my people. 
L,oido-wie. [0. H. Ger.] The same as LUDOVIC, or 

Lewis. [Sp. forms.] 

L>o-ren'zo. [Lat.] The same as LAURENCE. [It. & 
Ii5t. [Heb.] A veil ; covering. 

IiOu'is. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Lewis. [Fr. form] 
Liu'bln. [A.-S.] Beloved friend. 
IiU'ci-an (lu'shi-an). [Lat.] Belonging to, or sprung 

from, Lucius. [Fern. Lu'ci-a, Lu'cy. 

IiU/ci-iis (lu'shi-us). [Lat.] born at break of day. — 
I/ii'do-vie. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Lewis. [Ger. 

form.] 
I/ulce. [Lat.] Light. 
I/u'ther. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior. 
L.y~eur'gus. [Gr.] Wolf-driver. 

M. 

Ma'doc [W.] Good ; beneficent. 
Mal'a-ehl. [Heb ] Messenger of the Lord. 
Ma-nas'seh. [Heb.] Forgetfulness. 
Mar-cel'lus. [Lat.] Dim. of Marcus. 
Mar'cl-us (mar'shl-us). [Lat.] Same as MARCUS. 
Mar'eus, ) [Lat.] A hammer; otherwise, a male or, 
Mark. ) sprung from Mars. —Fern. M'ar'ci-a (-shi'a). 
Mar'ma-duke. [A.-S.] A mighty noble. 
Mar'tin. [Lat.] Of Mars ; warlike. 
Mat'thew (math'yu). [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah.— 
Dim. Mat. 



Mat-thl'as (math-thl'as). [Heb.] Gift of the Lord ; — 

the same as Matthew. 
Mau'rice. [Lat.] Moorish ; dark-colored. 
Max'i-mll'I-an. [Lat.] The greatest ^Emilianus. 
Mer'e-ditb. [Celt.] Sea-protector. 
Mi'eah. [Heb.] Who is like the Lord ? [Mike. 

Mi'eha-el [or ml'kel). [Heb.] Who is like God ? — Dim. 
Mileg. [Lat.] A soldier. 

Mor'gan. [Brit.] A seaman ; a dweller on the sea. 
Mo'§e§. [Egypt.] Drawn out of the water. — Dim. M5se. 

N. 

Na'a-man. [Heb.] Pleasantness. 
Na'lmm. [Heb.] Consolation. 
Na-po'le-on. [Gr.] Lion of the forest-dell. 
Na'than. [Heb.] Given; a gift. 

StSSSS'} ^Heb.] The gift of God. 

nIS!' } [Lat ' ] Dark > swarth y ; otherwise [Celt.], chief. 
Ne'Iie-mi'ali. [Heb.] Comfort of the Lord. 

NIe'o4a?, S ' } [Gr - ] victor y of the P e °P le - — Bim - Nick. 
No'ah. [Heb.] Rest ; comfort. 

No'el. [Lat. Dies Natalis.] Christmas ; born on Christ- 
mas day. 
N6r f man. [Ger.] A Northman ; a native of Normandy. 

0. 

O'ba-di'ah. [Heb.] Servant of the Lord. 

O'bed. [Heb.] Serving God. 

Oe-ta'vi-iis, ) [Lat.] The eighth-born. — Fern. 0€-ta7 

Oe-ta'viis. j vi-a. 

<3l'i-ver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 

O-res'teg. [Gr.] A mountaineer. 

Or-lan'do. [Teut.] Same as Rowland. [It. form.] 

Os'ear. [Celt.] Bounding warrior. 

§ 'mund } [0 - IL Ger ' ] Protection of God - 
81'wold.'} [0- H -Ger.] Power of God. 
Ow'en. [Celt.] Lamb ; otherwise, young warrior. 
O-zi'as. [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 



Pat'rick. [Lat.] Noble ; a patrician. — Dim. Pat, Paddy. 

pllvius.l [Lat 'J Little. -F,m.Pau/la. ^^ 

Pau-H'nus. [Lat.] The same as Paul. — Fern. Pau- 

Pe'leg. [Heb.] Division. 

Per'e-grine. [Lat.] A stranger. 

Pe'ter. [Gr.] A rock. — Dim. Pete, Pe'ter-kin. 

Phi-lan'der. [Gr.] A lover of men. 

Phl-le'mon. [Gr.] Loving; friendly. 

Pliil'ip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. — 

Fern. Phi-Hp'pa. 
Phin'e-as, ) [H b , Mouth of brass. 
Phin'e-bas. ) L J 
Pi'ns. [Lat.] Pious ; dutiful. 
Plin'y. [Lat.] ( Uncertain.) 
Pol'y-earp. [Gr.] Much fruit. 
Pre-§erv'ed. [Eng.] Redeemed. 
Ptol'e-my (toi'e-my). [Gr.] Mighty in war. 

Q. 

Quin'tin. [Lat.] The fifth. 

R. 

Ralph, {in Eng. often pronounced raf.) [0. II. C'~ 

Same as Rodolphus. 
Ran'dal. [A.-S.] House-wolf. 
Kapb'a-el. [Heb.] The healing of God. 
Ray'mond, } r0 H Ger -, wise protection- 

Keg'i-nald. [0. H. Ger.] Strong ruler. 

Reu'ben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 

Reii'el. [Heb.] Friend of God. 

Reyn'old. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Reginald. 

Rich/ard. [0. H. Ger.] Rich-hearted ; powerful. — Dim- 
Dick, DTck'en, Dickon (d and r being etymologically con- 
vertible). 

Rob'ert [0. H. Ger.] Bright in fame. — Dim. Bob,. 
Dob, Dob/bin, Rob, Rob'in, Pop. 



946 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



[O. H. Ger.] Rich in fame. 

[ [0. H. Ger.] Famous wolf, or hero. 



Rod'er-i«, ) 
RSd'er-ick. J 
Ro'dolph, 
Ro-dol'phus 

Bog'er. [0. H. Ger.] Famous with the spear. — Dim. 
Hodge, Hodg'kin {k and r being etymologically convert- 
ible). 

Ro'land. [0. H. Ger.] Same as Rowland. [Fr. form.] 

Eow'land. [0. H. Ger.] Fame of the land. 

Ru'dolph, I [0. H. Ger.] Variations of Rodol- 

Kii-dol'pJius. J phus. 

Rii/fus. [Lat.] Red ; red-haired. 

Bij'pert. [0. H. Ger.] The same as ROBERT. 



Sal'mon. [Heb.] 

Sam'son, I [Heb.] Splendid sun ; i. c, great joy and 

Samp'son. j felicity. 

Sam'u-el. [Heb.] Heard of God ; asked for of God. — 

Dim. Sam, Sam'my. 
Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. 
Se'ba. [Heb.] Eminent. 
Se-b&s'tiaii (-bast'yan). [Gr.] Venerable ; reverend. 

Il-rl'nus. } t Lat -l Calm '> P eacefuL 

Setli- [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sha'drach. [Heb.] Rejoicing in the way. 

Sig'is-mund. [0. H. Ger.] Conquering protection. 

Si'las. [Lat.] A contraction of Silvanus. 

Sil-va'mis. [Lat.] Living in a wood. — Fern. Syl'vi-a. 

Sil-ves'ter. [Lat.] Bred in the country; rustic. — 

Dim. Ves'ter, Vest. 
Sim'e-on, ) [Heb.] Hearing with acceptance. — Dim. 
Si'mon. J Sim. 

Sol'o-moH. [Heb.] Peaceable. — Dim. S51. 
Ste'plien (ste'vn). [Gr.] A crown. — Dim. Steve. 
Swith'in. [A. S.] Strong friend. 

lyl-va^nus} ThesameasSlLVANUS. 
Syl-ves'ter. The same as Silvester. 

T. 

Thad'de-us. [Syr.] The wise. [the people. 

Tlie'o-haia( formerly tlb'ald). [0. H. Ger.] Bold for 
The'o-dore. [Gr.] The gift of God. 
The-6d'o-rie. [A.-S.] Powerful among the people. 
Theopli'i-lus. [Gr.] A lover of God. 
The'ron. [Gr.] A hunter. 



— Dim. Tom, Tom'- 
Dim. Tim. 



Thom'as (tom'as). [Heb.] A twin. 

my. — Fern. Thom/a-sine (torn'-). 
Tim'o-tlry. [Gr.] Fearing God. - 
Tl'tus. [Gr.] ( Uncertain.) 
To-bx'ah, ) [Heb.] Distinguished of the Lord. — Dim. 
To-bi'as. ) T6'by. 

Tris'tam, ) [Lat.] Grave; pensive; melancholy; sor- 
Tris'tram. ) rowful ; sad. 
Tyb'alt. [0. H. Ger.] A contraction of Theobald. 



U-lys'seg. [Gr.] A hater. 

tJr'ban. [Lat.] Of the town ; courteous ; polished. 

U-ri'ah. [Heb.] Light of the Lord. 

U'ri-an. [Dan.] A husbandman. 

U'ri-el. [Heb.] Light of God. 



Val'en-tine. [Lat.] Strong; healthy; powerful. 
Vle'tor. [Lat.] A conqueror. — Fern. Vic-to'ri-a. 
Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering. 
ViVi-an. [Lat.] Lively. 

w. 

Wal'ter. [0. H. Ger.] Ruling the host. — Dim. Wat, 

Walt. 
Will'iam. [0. H. Ger.] Resolute helmet, or, helmet of 

resolution; defense; protector. — Dim. Will, Willy, and 

(by interchange of convertible letters) Bill, BjuYly; — Fern. 

Wu'hel-m'i'na. 
Win'fred. [A.-S.] Win-peace. 



Zab'di-el. [Heb.] Gift of God. 
Za«-ehe'us. [Heb.] Innocent ; pure. 

Ilen^ry^* 11 } [Heb - ] Rememoer ed of the Lord. 
Za'dok. [Heb.] Just. 

llvSldee" 1 "} [«*] «°«heLo r a. 

Ze-bi'na. [Heb.] Bought. 

Zeeh'a-rl'ah. [Heb.] The same as Zachariah. 

Zed'e-kl'ah. [Heb.] Justice of the Lord. 

Ze-lo'te§. [Gr.] A zealot. 

Ze'nas. [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. 

Zeph'a-nl'ah. [Heb.] Hid of the Lord. 



II. NAJVIES OF WOMEN. 



A. 

Ab'i-gail (abl-gel). [Heb.] My father's joy. — Dim. 

Ab'by. 
4--«h'sa. [Heb.] Anklet. 
A'da. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Edith. 
Ad-a-line. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
Ad'e-la. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
Ad'e-laide. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
A-de'li-a. [0. H. Ger.] A variation of Adela. 
Ad'e-li'na, I [0. H. Ger.] Of noble birth; a princess. 
Ad'e-line. ) — Dim. Ad'dy. 
Ag'a-tha. [Gr.] Good; kind. 
Ag'nes.. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. 
Al-her'ta. [0. II. Ger.] Feminine of Albert. 
Al'e-tlie'a. [Gr.] Truth. 
Al'ex-aii'dra, ) rn , „ . . 
Al'ex-aii-drl'na. ) *■ * Feminine of Alexander. 
Al'ice, . X [0. H. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 

A-lic'i-a (-lTsh'1-). I — Dim. Al'ly, or Al'lle, El'sYe. 
Al-ml'ra. [Ar.] Lofty; a princess. 
Al-the'a. [Gr.] A healer. 
Am'a-foel [Lat.] Lovable. 
A-mfin'da. [Lat.] Worthy to be loved. 
A-me'li-a (or a-meel'yaj. [0. H. Ger.] Busy ; energetic. 

— SeeEMELiNE. & 



A'my. [Lat.] Beloved. 

s^,'. ) [Heb.] Grace; — the same as HANNAH.— 
Anne! 1 ' i Dim - An/nie > Nan'ny, Nan'cy, Nan, Ni'na. 
An-iiette'. [Heb.] A variation of Anne. [Fr. form.} 
An'toi-nette'. [Gr.] Diminutive of Antonia. [Fr. 
form.] — Dim. NSt'ty. 

i£to2ff&.}P"-] ^estimable. 

Ar'a-bel'la. [Lat.] A fair altar; otherwise, an Ara- 
_bian woman. — Dim. Btl'la, Bel. 
A'ri-an'a. [Gr.] A corruption of Ariadne. 
Au-gus'ta. [Lat.] Feminine of Augustus. 
Au-re'li-a (or aw-reel'ya). [Lat.] Feminine of Aure- 
' LIUS. 

Au-ro'ra. [Lat.] Morning redness ; fresh ; brilliant. 
A-zu'bah. [Heb.] Deserted. 



Bar'ba-ra. 
Be'a-trice, 
Be'a-trlx. 
Be-lin'da. 



B. 

[Gr.] Foreign ; strange. — Dim. Bab. 
► [Lat.] Making happy. 
( Uncertain. ) 



e,&c, long; &,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique,flrm; son, or, do, wolf, 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 



947 



Ben'e-diet'a. [Lat.] Feminine of Benedictus. 
Ber'tlia. LO. H. Ger.] Bright ; beautiful. — Dim. BSr'ty. 
Bet/sey. [Heb.] A corruption of Elizabeth. 

SS&.}P>-*J ™ te ' 

Bo'na. [Lat.] Good. 

Brldg'et. [Celt.] Strength — Dim. BlaVdy. 

c. 

Ca-mil'la. [Lat.] Attendant at a sacrifice. 
Car'o-line. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Carolus, the 

Latin of Charles. [Fr. form.] — Dim. Carrie, Cad'die. 
-Cas-san'dra. [Gr.] She who inflames with love. 

^f ^/ ar -^i d ' I t Gr -l Pure - — Dim - "Ga/sy, Kate, KStf- 

£e-cll'i-a, ) [Lat.] Feminine of Cecil. — Dim. Sls'ley, 

9ec'i-ly. J Sis, Cis. 

Ce-les'tine. [Lat.] Heavenly. 

ye'li-a (or seel'ya). [Lat.] Feminine of CffiLlUS. [It. 

form.] i 

Char'i-ty. [Eng.] 

£liar'lotte. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Charles. 
-Clilo'e. [Gr.] A green herb ; blooming. 
Chrls'ti-an'a, I [Gr.] Feminine of Christianus, Lat. 
Chris-ti'na. j for Christian. — Dim. -Chrls'sie, Xina 



£ic'e-ly. [Lat.] A corruption of Cecilia. 

Clar'a" [Lat.] Bright ; illustrious. — Dim. Clare. 

Clar'ice, ) [Lat.] A variation of Clara. — Dim. 

Cla-ris'sa. j Clare. 

Clau'di-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Claudius. 

■€lem/en-ti'na, l rT , tl w . w . _-_ H „ 

■€lem'en-tlne. H Lat -J Mlld ' % entle - 

Con'stance. [Lat.] Firm; constant. 

Co'ra. [Gr.] Maiden ; — another form of Corinna. 

■€or-de'li-a (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] Warm-hearted. 

Co-rin'na. [Gr.] Maiden. 

■Cor-ne'li-a (or -neel'ya.). [Lat.] Fern, of Cornelius. 

$yn'tlii-a. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt. Cynthus. 

D. 

D6b'o-raIi. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. DeVby, Deb. 
De'li-a (or deel'ya). [Gr.] OfDelos. 
Di-an'a. [Lat.] Goddess. — Dim. Di, Die. 
DI-an'tha. [Gr.] Flower of Jove ; a pink. 
DFnah. [Heb.] Judged. 
Do'ra. [Gr.] A contraction of Dorothea. 
Dor'eas. [Gr.] A gazelle. 
Do-ria'da. [Gr.] The same as Dorothea. 
Dor'o-the'a, 1 [Gr.] v The gift of God. — Dim. D51, Dol'- 
Dor'o-thy. j ly (I and r being etymologically con- 
vertible.) 
Drii-sil'la. ( Uncertain.) 



F/ditn. [0. H. Ger.] Happiness ; otherwise, rich gift. 
Ed'na. [Heb] Pleasure. 

El'e-a-nor, ) [Gr.] Light; — the same as Helen. — 
El'i-nor. J Dim. Ella, NS11, N5'ra. 
E-li§'a-beth, ) [Heb.] Worshiper of God ; consecrated 
E-Hz'a-beth, \ to God. — Dim. Bess, Bes'sey, Bet'sey, 
E-li'za. ) Bet'ty, Liz'zy, Lib'by, Li'sa. 

El'la. [Gr.] A contraction of Eleanor. 
El'len. [Gr.] A diminutive of Eleanor. 
EL-vI'ra. [Lat.] White. 
Em'e-llne, \ m -n r» ' -.' ■** *.- . , 
Em'me-line. ) [ ^ Energetic ; industrious. 

Emily. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Emeline. 
Em'ma. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Emeline. — Dim. 

Emm, Em'mie. 
fir'nes-fine. [Ger.] Feminine and dim. of Ernest. 
Es'ther (es'ter). [Per.] A star ; good fortune. 
Etb'el. [0. H. Ger.] Noble; of noble birth: — the 

same as Adela. 
Eth'e-llnd, ) rrr . , 
Etbe-Hn'da. j [Tent.] Noble snake. 
Eu-do'ra. [Gr.] Good gift. 
Eu-^e'ni-a. [Gr.] Feminine of Eugene. 
Euge'nle. [Gr.] Same as Eugenia. [Fr. form.] 
Eu-la'li-a. [Gr.] Fair speech. 
Eu'nice. [Gr.] Happy victory. 
Eu-phe'mi-a. [Gr.] Of good report. — Dim. Ef'fTe. 
E'va. [Heb.] Life. 



E-van'ge-Kne. . [Gr.] Bringing glad news 
Eve. [Heb.] The same as EVA. 

Ev'e-Kn^' } [Heb -l Diminutive of EVA. [It. form.] 

F. 

Faith. [Eng.] 

Fan'ny. [Ger.] A diminutive of Frances. 

Faus-ti'na. [Lat.] Lucky. 

Fe-lic'i-a (fe-Hsh'I-a.) [Lat.] Happiness. 

Fi-de'li-a (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] Faithful. 

Flo'ra. [Lat.] Flowers. 

Flor'ence. [Lat.] Blooming; flourishing. 

Fran'ceg. [Ger.] Feminine of Francis. — Dim. Fan'ny, 

Frank. 
Fred'er-i'ea. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Frederick. 

— Dim. FrSd'dle. 

G. 

fedr-IS' 4 ' } ^ ^^ of GEORGE - 
Ger'al-dlne. Feminine of Gerald. 
Ger'trude. [0. H. Ger.] Spear-maiden. — Dim. Ger'- 
tie, Trji'dy. 

Grl?tl-a (gra/shT-a). } ^ Grace > fa ™ 
Grl-sel'da. [Teut.] Stone-heroine. — Dim. Gris'sel. 



H. 

[Heb.] The same as Anna. 
) [0. H. Ger.] Feminine diminutive of 
J Henry. [Eng. form.]— Dim. Hat'ty. 



Han'nah. 
Har'ri-et, 
Har'ri-ot. 

HeTe'na. I [Gr ' ] Light - - Bim - mn ' Nm ?- 
Hen'ri-gt'ta. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine and diminutive 

of Henry. [Fr. form.] — Dim. Et'ta, Hefty. 
Heph'zi-bah. [Heb.] My delight, is in her. 

Hel'ther (hes/ter). } [ Per '] The same as Esther. 
Hi-la^ri-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Hilary. 

RSStl-iw Hro - N "- 

Hope. [Eng.] 

Hor-ten'si-a (hor-tgn'shi-a). [Lat.] A lady gardener. 

Hiil'dali. [Heb.] A weasel. 

I. 

I'da. [0. H. Ger.] Godlike. 

I'nez. [Gr.] The sames as Agnes. [Pg. form.] 

I-re'ne. [Gr.] Peaceful. 

Is'a-bel, ) [Heb.] Thesame as Elizabeth. — Dim. 

I§ a-bel'la. j Bel, Bel'la. 



J- 



Jameg-i'na. [Heb.] Feminine of James. 

Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of John ; — same as Joanna. 

Ja-net' (in Scot. § U. S. ; Jan'et in Eng.). [Heb.] 

Dim. of JANE. 
Jaq'ue-line. [Heb.] Feminine of James. [Fr. form.] 
Jean, 1 [Heb.] The same as Jane or Jo an. 

Jeanne [Fr. forms.] 

Jean-nette'. ' L J 

[Heb.] A dove. 

[Heb.] Possessed; married. 



Je-mi'ma. 

Je-rii'sha. 

Joan', 

Jo-an'na, 

Jo-han'na. 

Jo-se'pha, 



[Heb.] Feminine of John. 



HHeb.] Feminine of JOSEPH. — Dim- 
Jo'§eph-Ine. j Jo'zy, Phe'ny. 
Joype. [Lat.] Sportive. 
Ju'dith. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. Ju'dy. 
Jul'i-a (or jul'ya). [Lat.] Feminine of JULIUS. 
Ju'li-an'a. [Lat.] Feminine of Julian. 
Jii'li-et. [Lat.] Diminutive of Julia. [Fr. form.] 
Jus-tl'na. [Lat.] Feminine of Justin. 



K. 



Kath'a-rine, ) ra „ ■. 
Kath'er-ine. I Lur J 
Ke-tii'rali. [Heb.] Incense 
Ke-zi'ah. [Heb.] Cassia. 



The same as Catharine. 



food, foot ; uxn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, linlc ; tbis. 



948 



COMMON ENGLISH CHEISTIAN NAMES. 



L. 



Dim. 



otherwise, 



A native of Lydia, in Asia Min or. 



Hau'ra. [Lat.] A laurel. 
Lau-rin'da. [Lat.] A variation of LAURA. 
L,a-vin'i-a. [Lat.] OfLatiuni. 
te'o-no'ra. [Gr.] The same as Eleanor. 
Le-tl'ti-a (le-tish'i-a). [Lat.] Happiness. 
I,et'tice. A corruption of LETITIA. 

L,o'is. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 

L,o-rin'da. A variation of LAURINDA. 

Loui'ga, I [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of LOUIS 

Louise'. j Lpu'ie. 

Lu'ci-a (-shi-a). [Lat.] Same as Luc v. [It. form.] 

Iai-cln'da. [Lat.] The same as Lucy. 

Lu'erece, \ [Lat.] Gain; 

iAi-ere'ti-a (lu-kre'shi-a). j light. 

I/u'cy. [Lat.] Feminine of Luc iu 

I/yd'i-a. [Gr.] 

M. 

Ma/bel. [Lat.] A contraction of AMABEL. 
Mad'e-llne. [Heb.] Same as Magdalene. [Fr 

Mag/da-lene (properly mag'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Belong- 
ing to Magdala. — Dim. Maud, Maud'lin, Maun. 

Mar-cel'la. [Lat.] Feminine of Marcellus. 

Mar'ci-a (-shi-). Feminine of Marc ius. 

Mar'ga-ret. [Gr.] A pearl. — Dim. Gritty, Mag, Madge 
Mag'gy, Mar'gie, Mar'ger-y, Meg, Meg'gy, Me'ta, Peg, 
P&g'gy (m and p being cognate letters). 

Ma-rl'a. [Heb.] The same as Mary. [Lat. form.] 

Ma/ri-anne'. [Heb.] A compound of Mary and Anne. 

Mar'i-on. [Heb.] A French form of Mary. 

Mar'tlia. [Heb.] The ruler of the house; otherwise, 
sorrowful ; melancholy. —Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, Pat, Pat'ty. 

Ma'ry. [Heb.] Bitter ; otherwise, their rebellion, or 
star of the sea. — Dim. Moll, MoPly, Pol, Pol'ly, May. 

Ma-thil'da (-til'), ) [0. H. Ger.] Mighty battle-maid ; 

Ma-til'da. j heroine. — Dim. Mat, M&t'ty, 

Maud, P&t'ty (m and_p being convertible). 

Maud. A contraction of Mathilda, or Magdalene. 

May. The month of May, or a diminutive of Mary. 

SS2' i ^ benefited of God. 
Mel'i-cent. [Lat.] Sweet singer; otherwise [Teut.], 

work -strength. 
Me-lls'sa. [Gr.] A bee. 
Mer'cy. [Eng.] 

Mil'dred. [Ger.] Mild threatener. 
Mi-ran'da. [Lat.] Admirable. 
Mir'i-am. [Heb.] The same as Mary. 
My'ra. [Gr.] She who weeps or laments. 

N. 

Nan'cy. A familiar form of Anne. — Dim. Nan, Nance. 

Ni 7 na. 
No'ra. A contraction of Honor A, and of Leon6ra. 



Pnce'be. [Gr.] Pure ; radiant. — Dim. Phebe. 
Phyl'lis. [Or.] A green bough. 
Pol'ly. [Eng.] A variation of Molly, from Mary. 
Pris-cil'la. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 
Pru/dence. [Eng.] 

R. 

Ra/chel. [Heb.] A ewe. 

Re-bee'-ea, ) [Heb.] Of enchanting beauty. — Dim, 

Re-b6k'ah. j Becky. 

Kho'da (ro'da). [Gr.] A rose. 

Ro'ga. [Lat.] A rose. 

Ko§'a-bel, j [Lat] Afairrose . 

Ro§'a-bel-la. j L J 

Ro-ga'li-a, I [Lat.] Little and blooming rose. [Fr. and 

Ro§'a-lie. j It. forms.] 

R5§'a-lind. [Lat.] Beautiful as a rose. 

Bos'a-mond. [Teut.] Horse-protection, i. e. famous 

protection. 
Rox-an'a. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 



Sa-bi'na. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. 
Sa-bri'na. [Lat.] The Biver Severn. 
Sa-lome' ( properly sa-16'nte). [Heb.] Peaceful. 
Sal'va. [Lat.] Safe. 

ll'ran } [Heb-] A P 1 ™ 06138 - — D(m - Sal » Sal/1 y- 
[Gr.] Parsley ; otherwise, moon. 
[Lat.] Feminine of Serenus or SERENO. 

► [Gr.] A prophetess. 



Oe-ta'vi-a. 

vv, Tave. 
Ol'ive, ) 
O-liv'i-a. 



0. 

[Lat.] Feminine of OcTAVIUS. — Dim. Ta/- 



[Lat.] An Olive. 



O-phe'li-a (or o-feel'y a) [Gr.] Serpent. ' 
O-lym'pi-a. [Gr.] Heavenly. 

P. 

Pa'tience (pa'shenss). [Eng.] 

Pau'la. [Lat.] Feminine of PAULUS, or PAUL. 

Pau-l5n<?! } [Lat -l feminine of PAULINUS. 
Pe-nel'o-pe. [Gr.] A weaver. 
Per'sis. [Gr.] A Persian woman. 
PlieHhe. [Gr.] The same as Phozbe. 
Plii-lip'pa. [Gr.] Feminine of Philip. 
Phil'lis. [Gr.] The same as Phyllis. 



Se-li'na- 

Se-re'na 

Sib'yl, 

Sl-byl'la 

So-phi'a. [Gr.] "Wisdom. — Dim. So'phy. 

So-pnro'ni-a. [Gr.] Of a sound mind. 

Stel'la. [Lat.] A star. 

Steph'a-na. [Gr.] Feminine of Stephen. 

Su'§an, _ 1 [Heb -, 

Su-san'na, [ gQ/ J 

Su-san'nah. ) 6U zy- 



A Uly. — Dim. Sue, Suke, Su'ky, 



T. 

Tab'i-tba. [Syr.] A gazelle. 

Tem'per-ance. [Eng.] 

The'o-do'ra. [Gr.] Feminine of THEODORE. — Dim. 

Do'r'a. 
The^o-do'gi-a (the'o-do'zhl-a). [Gr.] The gift of God. 
The-re'sa. [Gr.] Carrying ears of corn. — Dim.Tex'- 

ry, Tra'cy. 
Thom'a-sa (torn'-), ) [Heb.] Feminine of THOMAS. — 
Thom'a-gine. ] Dim. Tam'z'me. 

Try-phe'na. [Gr.] Delicate; luxurious. 
Try-pho'ga. [Gr.] Luxurious ; dainty. 

u. 

tJl'ri-ea. [0. H. Ger.] Rich. 

U-ra'ni-a. [Gr.] Heavenly ; — the name of one of tho 

Muses. 
"Cr'su-la. [Lat.] She-bear. 



Va-le'ri-a. [Lat.] Feminine of VALERIUS. 
Vi-e-to'ri-a. [Lat.] Victory. Feminine of VICTOR. 
Wda. [Erse.] Feminine of David. 
Vi'o-la. [Lat.] A violet. 
Vir-gin'i-a. [Lat.] Virgin ; pure. 
Vlv'i-an. [Lat.] Lively. 

w. 

Wil'hel-mi'na. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of WlLHELM, 
German of William. — Dim. WiPmett, WiPmot, Mi'na, 
Mi-nePla. 

Win'i-fred. [Teut.] A lover of peace. 

z. 

Ze-noHbi-a. [Gr.] Having life from Jupiter. 



a, e, &c. long , a, e, &c. , short , care, far, ask. all, what ; ere, veil, term : pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all,'echo ; gem, get ; a§ ', ejist-, linger, link ; th'is 



QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, 

FROM 

THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, 

*TtEQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, IN PERIODICALS, AND IN CONVERSATION 
RENDERED INTO ENG-LISH. 



SELECTED AND TRANSLATED BY 



WILLIAM G. WEBSTER. 



NOTE. — L. Latin ; Fr. French ; It. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 



A bas- [Fr.] Down ; at the foot ; upon the ground ; — bon 
chat, bon rat, to a good cat a good rat ; set a thief to catch 
a thief ; — bon marche, cheap ; at a bargain ; — bras 
ouverts, with open arms ; — chaque saint sa chandelle, to 
each saint his candle ; — cheval, on horseback ; — compte, 
on account ; — coup sur, with certainty ; surely ; — couvert, 
under cover ; — discretion, at discretion ; — Jin de, to the 
end that ; — gauche, to the left ; — grands frais, at great 
expense ; — Vabandon, at random ; — la bonne heure, in 
good time ; very well ; excellent ; — Vabri, under shelter ; — 
la campagne, in the country; — la Franpaise , after the 
French mode ; — la Grecque, after the Greek fashion ; — 
V Americaine , after the American fashion ; — la mode, in 
fashion ; — VAnglaise, after the English fashion ; — la Pa- 
risienne, after the Parisian fashion ; — Penvi, emulously ; 

— levant, to the east ; — Pextremite, at the point of death ; 
without resource ; — Vimproviste, unawares ; on a sudden ; 

— Vltalienne, in the Italian mode; — Poutrance, to the 
utmost ; — ma puissance, to my power ; — merveille, to a 
wonder ; — moitie, by halves ; — peindre, worth painting ; 
— perte de vue, out of sight ; — pied, on foot ; — plomb, 
perpendicularly ; — propos, to the point ; — propos de bot- 
tes, apropos to boots ; without reason ; — propos de rien, 
apropos to nothing ; not pertinently ; — tort et d travers, 
at cross-purposes ; — toute force, with all one's force ; — 
tout outrance, to the utmost. 

A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head to foot ; — cruce salus, 
salvation from the cross ; — dato, from date ; — Deo et 
rege, from God and the king ; — die, from that day on ; — 
fortiori, with stronger reason ; — maximis ad minima, 
from the greatest to the least ; — mensa et thoro, from bed 
and board ; — parte ante, from the part gone before ; 
past ; — posse ad esse, from possibility to reality ; — pos- 
teriori, from the effect to the cause ; — priori, from the 
cause to the effect ; — teneris annis. from tender years ; — 
verbis ad verbera, from words to blows ; — vinculo matri- 
monii, from the tie of marriage. 

A prima vista. [It.] At first sight. 

Ab extra. [L.] From without ; — hoc et ab hac, from this 
and that ; confusedly ; — inconvenienti, from the inconve- 
nience; — incunabilis, from the cradle; — initio, from 
the beginning ; — intra, from within ; — origine, from the 
origin or beginning ; — ovo usque ad mala, from the egg 
to the apples ; from beginning to end ; — uno disce omnes, 
from one learn all ; from a single instance infer the whole ; 

— urbe condita, from the founding of the city (Rome). 
Absence d J esprit. [Fr.] Absence of mind. 

Absente reo. [L.] The defendant being absent. 

Absit invidia. [L.] Let there be no ill will. 

Absque ulla conditione. [L.] Unconditionally. 

Abusus non tollit usum. [L.£ Abuse is not an argument 

against proper use. 
(Lccedas ad curiam. [L.] You may come into court ; — a 

writ a* common law, in English practice. 
Accessit. [L.] He came near ; — applied to a testimonial 

for one second in merit 
Acerrima proximorum odia. [Lat.] The hatred of the 

nearest relatives is most intense. 
Acerta errando. [Sp.] He blunders into thfi right. 



Actum est de republica. [L.] It is all over with the com- 
monwealth. 

Ad arbitrium. [L.] At pleasure ; — astra, to the stars, or to 
an exalted state ; — astra per aspera, to the stars through 
difficulties ; — Calendas Grmcas, at the Greek Calends ; i. 
e., never, as the Greeks had no Calends ; — captandum 
vulgus, to catch the rabble ; — eundem (sc. gradum), to 
the same degree ; — extremum, to the extreme ; — finem, 
to the end ; — gustum, to one's taste ; — hominem, to the 
man ; that is, to his interests and passions ; — infinitum, 
to infinity ; — inquirendum, for inquiry ; — interim, in the 
meanwhile ; — internecionem, to destruction ; — libitum, 
at pleasure ; — modum, after the manner of ; — nauseam, 
to disgust ; — patres, to his fathers ; that is, dead ; — re- 
ferendum, to be further considered ; — rem, to the point ; 

— unguem, to the nail, or touch of the nail; exactly; 
nicely; — utrumque paratus, prepared for either event; 

— valorem , according to the value. 

Adscriptus glebse. [L.] Belonging or attached to the soil. 

JEgrescit medendo. [L.] The remedy is worse than the 
disease. [mind. 

JEquam servare mentem. [L.] To preserve an equable 

JEquanimiter. [L.] With equanimity. 

JEquo animo. [L.] With an equable mind ; with equa- 
nimity, [ever. 

JEre perennius. [L.] More lasting than brass ; enduring 

Mtatis suse. [L.] Of his age ; of her age. 

Affaire d^amour. [Fr.] A love affair ; — dVionneur, an 
affair of honor ; — du cceur, an affair of the heart. 

Affirmatim. [L.] In the affirmative. 

Agenda. [L.] Things to be done. 

Aide toi, et le del faidera. [Fr.] Help yourself, and 
Heaven will help you. 

Alere flammam. [L.] To feed the flame. 

Alia tentanda via est. [L.] Another method must be tried. 

Alieni appetens, sui profusus. [L.] Lavish of his own 
property while coveting that of others. 

Aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus. [L.] Even the good 
Homer sometimes nods. [motto of Oregon. 

Alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies with her own wings ; — 

Allegresse. [Fr.] Sprightliness. 

Allez vous en. [Fr.] Away with you. 

Allons. [Fr.] Let us go ; come. 

Alma mater. [L-] A fostering mother. 

Al piu. [It.] At most. [similar. 

Alter ego. [L.] Another self: — idem, another precisely 

Amantium irse. [L.] Lovers' quarrels. [tion. 

Amende honorable. [Fr.] Satisfactory apologv : repara- 

Amicus curim. [L.] A friend of the court ; — humani gen- 
eris, a friend of the human race ; — Plato, amicus Socra- 
tes, sed magis arnica Veritas, Plato is mv friend, Socrates 
is my friend , but truth is more my friend ; — usque ad 
aras, a friend even to the altar. 

Amor patriae. [L.] Love of country. 

Amour fait beaucoup, mais argent fait tout. [Fr.] Love 
is potent, but money is omnipotent. 

Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love; vanity. 

And en regime. [Fr.] Ancient order of things. 

Anglice\ [L.l According to the English manner. 

(949> 



950 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



Anguis in herb&. [L.] A snake in the grass. 

Animal irnplume bipes'. [L.] A biped animal without 
feathers ; that is, man. [sources. 

Arnmis opibusque parati. [L.] Prepared in mind and re- 

Animo etfide. [L.] By or with courage and faith ; — non 
astutia, by courage, not by craft. 

Animus furandi. [L.] The intention of stealing. 

Anno setatis suse. [L.] In the year of his or her age ; — 
Christi, in the year of Christ ; — Domini, in the year of 
our Lord; — mundi, in the year of the world; — urbis 
conditse, in the year the city (Rome) was built. 

Annus mirabilis. [L.] Year of wonders. 

Antebellum. [L.] Before the war ;—lucem, before light ; 
— meridiem, before noon. [tue and fidelity. 

Antiqua homo virtute et fide. [L.] A man of ancient vir- 

Appetitus rationi pareat. [L.] Let appetite yield to reason. 

Appui. [Fr.] Point of support. 

Aqua vitas. [L.] Brandy ; spirit ; alcohol. 

Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An umpire in matters of taste. 

Arcana coelestia. [L.] Heavenly secrets ; — imperii, state 
eecrets. 

Ardentia verba. [L.] Words that burn. 

Argent comptant. [Fr.] Ready money. 

Argumentum ad crumenam. [L.] An argument to the 
purse; an appeal to interest; — ad hominem, an argu- 
ment deriving its force from the situation of the person 
to whom it is addressed ; — ad ignorantiam , an argument 
founded on an adversary's ignorance of facts ; — ad invi- 
diam, an appeal to low passions or reasoning; — (id vere- 
cundiam, an argument to modesty; — baculinum, club 
law ; appeal to force. 

Arrectis auribus. [L.] With attentive ears. 

Arricre pensee. [Fr.] A mental reservation. 

Ars est celare artem. [L.] True art is to conceal art. 

Ars longa, vita brevis. [L.] Art is long, but life is short. 

Astra castra, Numen lumen. [L.] The stars my camp, 
the Deity my light. 

At spes nonfracta. [L.] But hope is not broken. 

Au bon droit. [Fr.] To the just right ; — bout de son Latin, 
at the end of his Latin ; to the extent of his knowledge ; — 
contraire, on the contrary ; — desespoir, in despair ; — fait, 
well instructed ; expert ; — pis aller, at the worst ; — reste, 
as for the rest ; — revoir, adieu until we meet again. 

Aude sapere. [L.] Dare to be wise. 

Audi alteram partem. [L.] Hear the other side. 

Aurapopularis. [L.] The gale of popular favor. 

Aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden mean ; neither wealth 
nor poverty. 

Ami sacra fames. [L.] The accursed thirst for gold. 

Aussitdt dit, aussitdt fait. [Fr.] No sooner said than 
done. [many minds. 

Autant d?hommes, autant d'avis. [Fr.] So many men, so 

Aut Csesar aut nullus. [L.] Either Caesar or nobody. 

Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. [L.] The man is 
either mad, or else he is making verses. 
-Aut vincere aut mori. [L.] Either to conquer or to die. 

Aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. 

Auxilium ab alto. [L.] Help from on high. 

Avant propos. [Fr.] Preliminary matter ; preface. 

B 

Banco regis. [L.] On the king's bench. 

Bas bleu. [Fr.] A blue-stocking. 

Beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable world. 

Beaux esprits. [Fr.] Gay spirits ; men of wit ; — yeux, 
Handsome eyes ; that is, attractive looks. 

Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 

Bella .' horrida belld ! [L.] Wars ! horrid wars ! 

Bellum internecinum . [L.] A war of extermination; — 
let hale, a deadly war. 

Benigno numine. [L.] By the favor of Providence. 

Ben trovato. [It.] Well found ; a happy invention. 

Bete noir. [Fr.] A black beast ; a bugbear. 

Bienseance. [Fr.] Civility ; decorum. 

Billet d' 'amour, \ _, , . . . . . 

Billet doux. ] M A love-letter. 

Bis dat qui citd dat. [L.] He who gives promptly gives 
twice as much. [allowed in war. 

Bis peccare in hello non licet. [L.] To blunder twice is not 

Bis pueri sencs. [L.] Old men are twice boys. 

Bis vmr.it, qui se vincit in victoria. [L.] He conquers a 
second time, who controls himself in victory. 

Bizarre. [¥.} Odd; fantastic. 

Blase. [Fr.] Pallid; surfeited; rendered incapable of con- 
tinued enjoyment. 

Bona fid>-. [L.] In good faith. 

Bon ami. [Fr.] Good friend ; — gre mal grd, willing or 
unwilling ; —jour, good day ; good morning ; — soir, good 

Bonhomie. [Fr.] Good-uatured simplicity. [evening. 



Bonne foi. [Fr.] Good faith. 

Bouleversement. [Fr.] Overturning ; subversion. 

Boutez en avant. [Fr.] Push forward. [power. 

Brachium seculare aut civile. [L.] The secular or civil 

Brevet dHnvention. [Fr.] A patent. 

Brevi manu. [L.] With a short hand ; extemporaneously. 

Brevis esse laboro, obscurusfio. [L.] In endeavoring to be 

concise, I become obscure. 
Brutum fulmen. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 

c. 

Cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit ; — loquendi, a rage for 

speaking ; — scribendi, an itch for scribbling. 
Cseca est invidia. [L.] Envy is blind 
Csetera desunt. [L.] The remainder is wanting. 
Ceteris paribus. [L.] Other things being equal. 
Campus Martins. [L.] A place of military "exercise. 
Candida Pax. [L.] White-robed Peace. 
Capias ad respondendum. [L.] You may take to answer; 

— a writ for taking and keeping the defendant to answer 
the plaintiff in the action. 

Capias ad satisfaciendum. [L.] You may take to satisfy ; 

— a writ for taking and keeping the party named until 
he gives satisfaction to the party by whom it is issued. 

Capitulum. [L.] Head ; section. 

Captatio benevolentix. [L.] A currying favor. 

Caput mortuum. [L.] The worthless remains. 

Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present day ; — et colligere, to 

collect together. 
Cassis tutissima virtus. [L.] Virtue the safest defense. 
Casus belli. [L.] That which involves or justifies war ; — 

conscientix, a case of conscience; — foederis, the end of 

the league. 
Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A catalogue of books arranged 

according to their subjects. 
Causa sine qua non. [L.] A condition which is indispen- 
sable, [the buyer beware. 
Caveat actor. [L.] Let the doer beware ; — emptor, let 
Cedant arma togse. [L.] Let arms yield to the gown. 
Cede Deo. [L.] Submit to Providence. [fools. 
Ce monde est plein de fous. [Fr.] The world is full of 
Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coilte. [Fr.] It is only the 

first step which is difficult. 
Certum petefinem. [L.] Aim at a certain end. 
Cessante causa, cessat effectus. [L.] The effect ceases with 

the cause. [thiDg. 

Cest une autre chose. [Fr.] That is quite a different 
Chacun d son gout. [Fr.] Every one to his taste. 
Champs Elysees. [Fr.] Elysian Fields. [hat. 

Chapeau bas. [Fr.] Hats off; — bras, a military cocked 
Chapelle ardente. [Fr.] Candles set round a coffin. 
Chasse cousin. [Fr.] Bad wine given to drive away poor 

relations. 
C/iateaux en Espagne. [Fr.] Castles in Spain, the land 

of romance ; castles in the air. 
Chef de cuisine. [Fr.] Head cook. 
Chef-d'ceuvre. [Fr.] A masterpiece. 
Chere amie. [Fr.] A dear friend ; a mistress. 
Che sard, sard. [It.] Whatever will be, will be. 
Chevalier dHndustrie. [Fr.] A knight of industry ; one 

who lives by persevering fraud. 
Chi tace confessa. [It.] Silence is confession. [Crimes. 
Chronique scandaleuse. [Fr.] A chronicle of vices and 
Ci-devant. [Fr.] Formerly ; former. 
Circuities verborum. [L.] A circumlocution. [ten. 

Citd maturum, citd putridvm. [L.] Soon ripe, soon rot- 
Civilitas successit barbarum. [L.] Civilization succeeds 

barbarism ; — motto of Minnesota when a territory. 
Clarior e tenebris. [L.J More bright from obscurity. 
Clarum et venerabile nomen. [L.] An illustrious and ven- 
erable name. 
Calebs, quid agam ? [L.] Being a bachelor, what shall I do ? 
Caelum, non animum, mutant, qui trans mare currunt. [L.] 

They change their sky, not their affections, who cross 

the sea. 
Cccna Domini. [L.] The Lord's Supper. 
Cogito, ergo sum. [L.] I think, therefore I exist. 
Comitas inter gentes. [L.] Politeness between nations. 
Comme ilfaut. [Fr.] As it should be. 
Commune bonum. [L.] A common good. 
Communi consensu. [L.] By common consent. 
Compagnon de voyage. [Fr.] A traveling companion- 
Componere lites. [L.] To settle disputes. 
Compos mentis. [L.] Of a sound mind. 
Compte rendu. [Fr.] Account rendered ; report. 
Con amore. [It.] With love ; earnestly. 
Conrio ad clerum. [L.] A disccurse to the clergy. 
Concordia discors. [L.] Discordant harmony. 
Conge d'elire. [Fr.] A leave to elect. 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



951 



Conjunctis viribus. [L.] With united powers. 
Conquiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. 
Conseil d'etat. [Fr.] A council of state. 
Consensus facit legem. [L.] Consent makes the law. 
Consilio et animis. [L.] By. wisdom and courage; — et 

prudentia, by counsel and prudence. 
Constantia et virtule. [L.J By constancy and virtue. 
Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good manners. 
Copia verborum. [L.] Copiousness of words ; hence , flu- 
ency of speech. 
Coram nobis. [L.] Before us ; — non judice, before one 

who is not the proper judge. 
Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of troops to prevent the 

spreading of pestilence. 
Corps de garde. [Fr.] A body of men who watch in a 
guard-room; the guard-room itself; — diplomatique, a 
diplomatic body. [offense. 

Corpus delicti. [L.] The substance, or foundation of the 
Cor unum, via una. [L.] One heart, one way. 
Couleur de rose. [Fr.] Rose color ; an aspect of attrac- 
tiveness. 
Coup d'essai. [Fr.] A first essay; attempt; — d'etat, a 
stroke of policy in public affairs ; — de grace, a finishing 
stroke; — de main, a sudden enterprise or effort; — de 
maltre, a master-stroke ; — de pied, a kick ; — de soleil, a 
stroke of the sun. 
Courage sans peur. [Fr.] Courage without fear. 
Coute qu'il coate. [Fr.] Let it cost what it may. 
Credat Judxus Apella! [L.] Let Apella, the supersti- 
tious Jew, believe it. 
Crede quod habes, et habes. [Lat.] Believe that you have 
it, and you have it. [possible. 

Credo quia impossibile est. [L.] I believe because it is im- 
Crescite, et multiplicamini. [L.] Grow, or increase, and 

multiply ; — the motto of Maryland. 
Crescit eundo. [L.] It increases by going ; — sub pondere 

virtus, virtue increases under a weight or burden. 
Crimen falsi. [L.] Falsehood ; perjury ; — Isesse majesta- 

tis, high treason. 
Crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle of critics ; — mathema- 

ticorum, the puzzle of mathematicians. 
Cui bono? [L.] For whose benefit? Colloquially , but er- 
roneously, of what use ? 
Cum grano sails. [L.] With a grain of salt ; with some 

allowance ; — privilegio, with privilege. 
Curiosa felicltas. [L.] A felicitous tact. 
Currente calamo. [L.j With a running or rapid pen. 
Custos morum. [L.] The guardian of morality ; — rotu- 
lorum, keeper of the rolls. 

D. 

D' 1 accord. [Fr.] Agreed ; in tune. 

Da locum melioribus. [L.] Give place to your betters. 

Dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the sign. 

Dames de la halle. [Fr.] Market women. 

Damnant quod non intelligunt. [L.] They condemn what 

they do not comprehend. 
Damnum absque injuria. [L.] A loss without an injury. 
Dare pondusfumo. [L.] To give weight to smoke. 
Data fata secutus. [L.] Following revealed destiny. 
Date obolum Belisario. [L.] Give a penny to Belisarius. 
Davus sum, non (Edipus. [L.] I am Davus, not OMipus ; 

a simple servant, not a conjurer. 
De bonis non. [L.j Of the goods not yet administered on ; 

— die in diem, from day to day ; — facto, from the fact ; 
really ; — gttstibus non est disputandum, there is no dis- 
puting about tastes ; — jure, from the law ; by right ; — 
mortuis nil nisibonum, say nothing but good of the dead ; 

— nihilo nihil fit, of nothing nothing is made; — novo, 
anew ; — profundis, out of the depths. 

De bonne grace, [Fr.] Willingly ; — mal en pis, from bad 
to worse ; — trop, too much, or too many ; not wanted. 

Deceptio visits. [L.] An illusion of the sight. 

Decies repetita placebit. [L.] Though ten times repeated, 
it will please. 

Decipimur specie recti. [L.] We are deceived by the ap- 
pearance of rectitude. 

Dehors. [Fr.] Without; out of; foreign; irrelevant. 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of God. 

Dejeuner d la fourchelte . [Fr.] A meat breakfast. 

Delenda est Carthago. [L.] Carthage must be destroyed. 

Demi-jour. [Fr.] Partial light. 

Demi-monde. [Fr.] Disreputable female society; aban- 
doned women. 

Deo date. [L.] Give to God ; — duce, God being my leader ; 
— favente, with God's favor ; — gratias, thanks to God ; 
— juvante, with God's help; — non fortuna, from God, 
not fortune ; — volente, God willing. 

Pernier ressort. [Fr.] A last resource. 



Desiderata curiosa. [L.] Things to be desired and that 

are curious. 
Desipere in loco. [L.] To jest at the proper time. 
Desoriente. [Fr.] Having lost one's bearings ; confused. 
Desunt csetera. [L.] The remainder is wanting. 
Detur digniori. [L.] Let it be given to the more worthy. 
Deus vobiscum. [L.] God be with you. 
Dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day ; — infaustus, an un- 
lucky day ; — irse, day of wrath ; — non, a day on which 
judges do not sit. 
Dieu defend le droit. [Fr.] God defends the right ; — et 

mon droit, God and my right. 
Dignus vindice nodus. [L.] A knot worthy to be loosened 

by such hands. 
Di grado in grado. [It.] By degrees. 
Dii majorum gentium. [L.] The [twelve] superior gods ; — 
penates, household gods. [wise. 

Diis aliter vismn. [L.] To the gods it has seemed other- 
Dirigo. [L.] I direct or guide ; — the motto of Maine. 
Di salto. [It.] By steps or leaps. 
Disjecta membra. [L.] Scattered limbs or remains. 
Distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished ; eminent. 
Distrait. [Fr.] Absent in thought. 
Divide et impera. [L.] Divide and rule. 
Docendo dicimus. [L.] We learn by teaching. 
Dolce. [It.] Soft, — used in music ; — far niente, sweet 

doing -nothing ; sweet idleness. 
Doli capaz. [L.] Capable of mischief ; — incapax, inca- 
pable of mischief or criminal intention. 
Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord be with you. 
Domus et placens uxor. [L.] A house and pleasing wife. 
Double entente. [Fr.] Double meaning ; a play on words. 
Douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness ; a bribe. 
Doux yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. [drama. 

Dramatis persons. [L.] Characters represented in a 
Droit des gens. [Fr.] The law of nations; — et avant, 

right and forward ; — et loyal, upright and loyal. 
Ducit amor patrise. [L.] The love of country guides. 
Du fort au faible. [Fr.] From the strong to the weak. 
Dulce u Domum!" [L.] Sweet "home!" or "Home- 
ward ; " — from the song sung by the students of Win- 
chester College at the close of the term. 
Dulce est desipere in loco. [L.] It is pleasant to jest, or 

revel, at the proper time. 
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. [L.] It is sweet and 

honorable to die for one's country. 
Dum spiro, spero. [L.] While 1 breathe, I hope ; — tacent, 
clamant, while they are silent, they cry out ; — vivimus, 
vivamus, while we five, let us live. 
Durante beneplacito. [L.] During good pleasure ; — vita, 
during life. 

E. 

Eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life ; brandy. 

Ecce homo. [L.] Behold the man ; — applied specifically 
to any picture representing the Savior given up to the 
people by Pilate, and wearing the crown of thorns ; — sig- 
num, behold the sign. 

Econtrario. [L.] On the contrary ; — plur i bus unum, one 
out of many ; one composed of many ; — the motto of the 
United States; — renata, according to the exigency; — 
vestigio, instantly. 

Editio princeps. [L.] The first edition. 

Egalite. [Fr.] Equality. 

Egarement. [Fr.] Bewilderment ; confusion. 

Ego et rex meus. [L.] I and my king. [glide by. 

Eheu, fugaces labuntur anni. [L.] Alas, the fleeting years 

Eloge. [Fr.] A funeral oration. 

Eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. 

Empressement. [Fr.] Ardor; zeal. 

En ami. [Fr.] As a friend ; — arriere, in the rear ;— avant ! 
forward ! ; — badinant, in jest ; — deshabille, in undress ; 
— famille, in a domestic state ; — fin, at last ; finally ; — 
flute, armed with guns on the upper deck only ; — foule f 
in a crowd; — grand, of full size; — grande tenue, in 
full dress; — passant, in passing; by the way ; — plein 
jour, in broad day ; — rigle, in order ; according to rules ; 
— revanche, in return ; — route, on the way ; — suite, ia 
company ; — suivant la verite, in following the truth ; — 
erite, in truth ; verily. 

Enfans de families. [Fr.] Children of the family ; — 
perdus, lost children ; a forlorn hope. 

Enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child ; — trouve, a foundling. 

Ense petit placid am sub liber tate qui etem. [L.] With the 
sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty ; — the motto 
of Massachusetts. 

Ensrationis. [L.] A creature of reason. 

Entente cordiale. [Fr.] Evidences of good will, exchanged 
by the chief persons of two states. 



952 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



Entourage. [Fr.] Surroundings ; adjuncts. 

Entre deux vins. [Fr.] Half drunk ; — nous, between our- 
selves ; — sol, a suite of apartments between the basement 
and second story. 

Eo nomine. [L.J By that name. 

Eripuit cado fulmen, sceptrumque tyrannis. [L.J He 
snatched the thunderbolt from heaven, and the scepter 
from tyrants ; — said of Franklin. 

Errare est humanum. [L.J To err is human. 

Esperance et Bleu. [Fr.] Hope and God. 

Espieglerie [Fr.] Sportive tricks. 

Esprit de corps. [Fr.] The animating spirit of a collective 
body; — des lois, spirit of the laws; — follet, a ghofet; 
a specter ; — fort, a freethinker. 

Esse, quam videri. [L.J To be, rather than to seem. 

Est 7nodus in rebus. [L.] There is a medium in all things. 

Esto perpetua. [L.J Let it be perpetual. 

Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.J And with thy spirit ; — id genus 
amne, and every r thing of the sort ; — sic de similibus, and 
so of the like ; — tu, Brute .' and thou also, Brutus ! 

Eureka (evpryjca, hii-re'ka). [Gr.J I have found it ; — the 
motto of California. 

Ex abrupto. [L.] Abruptly; — abundantia, out of the 
abundance; — xquo et bono, agreeably to what is good 
and right; — ammo, heartily; — auctoritate milii com- 
missd, by the authority intrusted to me ; — beneplacito, 
at pleasure; — capite, from the head; — cathedra, from 
the bench ; with high authority ; — concesso, from what 
has been conceded ; — curia, out of court ; — delicto, from 
the crime ; — dono, by the gift ; — merit gratia, through 
mere favor ; — more, according to custom ; — necessitate 
rei, from the necessity of the case ; — nihilo nihil Jit, from , 
or out of, nothing, nothing comes ; — officio, by virtue of 
his office ; — parte, on one side only; — pede Herculem, 
we recognize a Hercules from the size of the foot; that 
is, we judge of the whole from the specimen ; — post fac- 
to, after the deed is done; — professo, professedly; — 
tempore, without premeditation ; — una disce omnes , from 
one learn all ; — vi termini, by the meaning or force of 
the expression. 

Excelsior. [L.J Higher; more elevated; — the motto of 

Excerpta. [L.J Extracts. [New York. 

Exempli gratia. [L.J By way of example. 

Exeunt omnes. [L.] All go out. 

Exigeant. [Fr.] Exacting. [Washington's motto. 

Exitus actaprobat. [L.] The event justifies the deed ; — 

Experimentum crucis. [L.J The experiment of the cross ; 
a decisive experiment. [perience. 

Experto crede. [L.] Trust one who has tried, or had ex- 

Expose. [Fr.] An exposition. 



Faber suse fortune. [L.] The architect of his own for- 
tune ; a self-made man. [chief. 

Facile princeps. [L.] Evidently pre-eminent ; the admitted 

Facilis est descensus. [L.] Descent [to Avernus, or hell] is 
easy. [verses. 

Facit indignatio versus. [L.] Indignation inspires the 

Fagon de parler. [Fr.] Manner of fpeaking. 

Fxxpopuli. [L.J The dregs of the people. 

Faire I'homme d'importance. [Fr.] To put on an air of 
superiority ; — mon devoir, to do my duty ; — sans dire, 
to do without saying. 

Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already done. 

Falsi crimen. [L.J Forgery. 

Fama clamosa. [L.J Current scandal; — semper vivat, 
may his fame endure forever. 

Fare,fac. [L.J Say, do. [an enemy. 

Fas est ab hoste doceri. [L.] It is right to be taught by 

Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates oppose it. 

Fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair. 

Faux pas. [Fr.] A false step. 

Fecit. [L.J He made it. 

Felo de se. [L.] A suicide. 

Ferrvme couverte. [Fr.] A married woman ; — de chambre, 
a chambermaid ; — de charge, a housekeeper. 

Ferie nature. [L.J Of a wild nature. 

Festina lente. [L.] Hasten slowly. 

F8te champetre. [Fr.] A rural festival. [bonfire. 

Feu de joie. fFr.] A firing of guns in token of joy; a 

Fiat justitia, ruat caelum. [L.] Let justice be done, 
though the heavens fall ; — lux, let there be light. 

Fid ei defensor. [L.] Defender of the faith 

Fideliter. [L.] Faithfully. 

Fide, non armis. [L.] Bv faith, not arms. 

Fides et justitia. [L.] Fidelity and justice ; — Punica, pu- 
nic faith ; treachery. 

Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Achates ; i. e., a true 
friend ; — et audax, faithful and bold. 



Filius nullius. [L.] A son of nobody; — terrx, one of 

low birth. 
Fille de chambre. [Fr.J A chambermaid ; — de joie, a 

prostitute ; — d'honneur, a maid of honor ; a court lady. 
Finem respice. [L.] Look to the end. 
Finis coronat opus. [L.] The end crowns the work. 
Flagrante bello. [L.] During hostilities ; — delicto, in the 

commission of the crime. 
Flecti, nonf'angi. [L.] To be bent, not to be broken 
Fortes fortuna juvat. [L.] Fortune aids the brave. 
Fortiter in re. [L.] With firmness in acting. 
Franco. [It.] Post free. 

Front d front. [Fr.] Face to face. [ances. 

Fronti nulla fides. [L.j There is no trusting to appear- 
Fugit hora. [L.] The hour flies. 
Fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy has been. 
Fulmen brutum. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 
Functus officio. [L.] Having performed his duty ; hence, 

out of office. 
Furor arma ministrat. [L.] Fury provides arms ; — loquen- 

di, a rage of speaking; — poeticus, poetical fire; — scri- 

bendi, a rage for writing. 

G. 

Gallice. [L.] In French. 

Gargon. [Fr.] A boy, or a waiter. 

Garde du corps. [Fr.] A body guard ; — mobile, a guard 
liable to general service. 

Gardez lafoi. [Fr.] Keep the faith. 

Gaudeamus igitur. [L.] So let us be joyful. 

Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the place. 

Gens d^armes. [Fr.] Armed police ; — de conditio, people 
of rank ; — d^eglise, churchmen ; — de guerre, military 
men; — de lettres, literary people; — de mime famille, 
birds of a feather ; — de pen, meaner sort of people. 

Gens togata. [L.] Civilians. 

Genus irritabile vatum. [L.J The irritable race of poets. 

Germanicc. [L.] In German. 

Glebx ascriptus. [L.] A servant belonging to the soil. 

Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God in the highest; — 
Patri, glory be to the Father; — virtutis umbra, glory 
the shadow of virtue. 

TvoiOi aeavTov (Gnothi seauton). [Gr.] Know thyself. 

Goutte d goutte. [Fr.] Drop by drop.] 

Grace a Dieu. [Fr.] Thanks to God. [Latin poetry. 

Gradus ad Parnassum. [L.] Aid in writing Greek or 

Grande parure. [Fr.] Full dress. 

Guerre d mort. [Fr.] War to the death. 

H. 

Hac lege. [L.] With this law. 

Hxc olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] It will be pleasant to 
remember these hereafter. 

Haud ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco. [L.J Not ig- 
norant of misfortune, I learn to succor the unfortunate. 

Haud longis intervallis. [L.] At brief intervals ; — passi- 
bus sequis. not with equal steps. 

Haut et bon. [Fr.] Lofty and good ; — gout, high flavor ; 
fine or elegant taste. [worm. 

Helluo librorum. [L.J A devourer of books ; a fcook- 

Heu pietas ! lieu prisca fides. [L.] Alas for piety ! alas 
for the ancient faith ! 

Hiatus valde deflendus. [L.] A deficiency much to be 
regretted. 

Hie et ubique. [L.] Here and everywhere ; — finis fandi, 
here was an end to the discourse : — jacet, here lies ; — 
labor, hoc opus est, this is labor, this is work. 

Hine illse- lacrimse. [L.] Hence these tears. 

Hoc age. [L.J Do this; — anno in this year; — loco, 
in this place ; — tempore, at this time. 

Hodie mihi, eras tibi. [L.] To-day to me, to-morrow it 
belongs to you. 

Hominis est errare. [L.J It is common for man to err. 

Homme de bien. [Fr.J A good man ; — de cour, a court- 
ier ; — de fortune, a fortunate man ; — des lettres, a man 
of letters ; a literary man ; — d'epee, a soldier ; — des af- 
faires, a business agent ; — des esprit, a man of wit ; — d" 1 
etat, a statesman. 

Homo alieni. [L.J A man under the control of another; 
— multarum liter arum, a man of great learning ; — sum, 
humani nihil a me alienum puto, I am a man, and deem 
nothing that relates to man foreign to my feelings. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense. [Fr.J Shame on him who evil 

Hora e sempre. [It. J It is alwavs time. [thinks. 

Horresco referens. [L.J I shudder to relate. 

Hors de combat. [Fr.J Out of condition to fight ; — de la 
loi, in the condition of an outlaw; — d'eeuvre, out of 
course ; out of order ; — de saison, out of season- 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



953 



Hiostis humani generis. [L.] An enemy of the human 

race. 
Humanum est errare. [L.] To err is human. 

I. 

Ich dien. [German.] I serve. 

Id est. [L.J That is ; — genus omne, all of that sort. 

Ignorantia legis neminem excusat. [L.] Ignorance of the 
law excuses no one. 

Ignotum per ignotius. [L.] That which is unknown by 
something still more unknown. 

H n'apas invente lapoudre. [Fr.] It was not he that in- 
vented gunpowder. 

Imitatores, servum pecus. [L.] Imitators, a servile herd. 

Irno pectore. [L.] From the bottom of the heart. 

Irnperium in imperio. [L.] A government within a gov- 
ernment. 

In set er num. [L.] Forever; — ambiguo, in doubt ; ; — ar- 
ticulo mortis, at the point of death ; in the last struggle ; 

— capite, in the head; in chief; — ccelo quies, rest in 
heaven ; — commendam, in trust ; — curia, in the court ; 

— dubiis, in matters of doubt ; — equilibrio, in equilibri- 
um ; — esse, in being ; — extremis, at the point of death ; 
— flagrante delicto, taken in the fact ; — forma pauperis, 
as a poor man ; — foro conscientiee, before the tribunal 
of conscience; — futuro, in future; henceforth; — hoc 
signo vinces, in this sign, or under this standard, thou 
shalt conquer ; — limine, at the threshold ; — loco, in the 
proper place ; — loco parentis, in the place of a parent ; — 
medias res, into the midst of things, or affairs ; — medio 
tutissimus ibis, you will go most safely in the middle ; — 
memoriam, in memory; — nomine, in the name of;. — 
nubibus, in the clouds; — perpetuum, forever; — posse, 
in possible existence ; — przesenti, at the present time ; — 
propria persona, in person ; — puris naturalibus, quite 
naked ; — re , in the matter of ; — rem , against the thing ; 

— rerum natura, in the nature of things ; — ssecula ssecu- 
lorum, for ages on ages ; — situ, in its original situation ; 

— statu quo, in the former state ; — te, Dornine, speravi, 
in thee, Lord, have I put my trust ; — terrorem, as a warn- 
ing ; — toto, iu the whole ; entirely ; — totidem verbis, in 
so many words ; — transitu, on the passage ; — usum Del- 
phini, for the use of the Dauphin ; — utrumque paratus, 
prepared for either event ; — vacuo, in empty space ; — 
verba magistri jurare, to swear to, or by, the words of 
another ; to adopt opinions on the authority of another ; 

— vino Veritas, there is truth in wine. 
In petto. [It j Within the breast. 

Incredulus odi [L.j Being incredulous, I cannot bear it. 

Inde irse,. [L.] Hence the^e resentments. 

Infinito. [It. I Perpetually. 

Infra dignitatem. [L.] Below one's dignity. 

Ingens telum necessitas. [L.] Necessity is a powerful 
weapon. 

Insouciance. [Fr.] , Indifference ; carelessness. 

Instar omnium. [L.] Like all. 

Inter alia. [L.] Among other things ; — arma silent leges, 
in the midst of arms the laws are silent ; — nos, between 
ourselves ; — pocula, at one's cups ; — se, among them- 



Inlraparietes. [L.] "Within walls. 

Invito. Minerva. [L.] Without genius. 

Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it. 

Ipsissi?na verba. [L.] The very words. 

Ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; — jure, by the law itself. 

Ira furor brevis est. [L.] Anger is brief madness. 

Ila lex script a est. [L.] Thus the law is written. 



Jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 

Jamais arricre. [Fr ] Never behind. 

Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know not what ; — suispret, I am 

ready. 
Jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on words ; a pun ; — d'esprit, 

a witticism. 
Jupiter tonans. [L.] Jupiter the thunderer. 
Jure di vino. [L.j By divine law; — liumano, by human 

law. 
Juris utriusque doctor. [L.] Doctor of both laws [civil and 

canonical law]. 
Jus civile. [L.] Civil law; — divinum, divine law; — et 

norma loquendi, the law and rule of speech ; — gentium, 

law of nations. 
Juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 
Justum et tenarem propositi virum. [L.] A just man, and 

one tenacious of his purpose. 



La beaute sans vertu est unefleur sans parfum. [Fr.] Beau- 
ty without virtue is a flower without fragrance. 

Labor ipse voluptas. [L.] Labor itself is pleasure; — omnia 
vincit, labor conquers every thing. 

Laissezfaire. [Fr.] Let alone ; —nous faire, let us act for 
ourselves. 

Langage des halles. [Fr.] Language of the market-places ; 
billingsgate. 

Lapis philosophorum. [L.] The philosopher's stone. 

Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the pen ; — linguse, a slip 
of the tongue. 

Lares etpenates. [L.] Household gods. 

Latet anguis in lierba. [L.] A snake lies hid in the grass- 

Laudator temporis acti. [L.] A praiser of time past. 

Laus Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 

Le beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable world;— diable 
boiteux, the lame devil ; — roi et Petat, king and state ; — 
roi le veut, the king wills it; — roi s'avisera, the king 
will consider or deliberate ; — tout ensemble, all together. 

Lector benevole. [L.] Kind reader. 

Legatus a latere. [L.] A papal embassador. 

Legerete. [Fr.] Lightness ; levity. 

L'empire des lettres. [Fr.] The republic of letters. 

Les affaires font les hommes. [Fr.] Business makes men ; 

— extremes se touchent, extremes meet; — larmes aux 
yeux, tears in one's eyes. 

Lese majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 

Vetoile du nord. [Fr.] The star of the north;— the 

motto of Minnesota. 
Lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed letter; a royal warrant ; 

— de marque, a letter of marque or of reprisal. 

Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place;— non scripta, the 
common law ; — scripta, statute law ; — talionis, the law 
of retaliation ; — terrsc, law of the land. 

LVwmme propose, et Dieu dispose. [Fr.] Man proposes, 
and God disposes. 

Liaisons dangereuses. [Fr.] Dangerous alliances or con- 
nections. 

Lis sub judice. [L.] A case not yet decided. 

Lit de justice. [Fr.] The king's throne in the parliament 
of Paris ; also, the sitting of this parliament in the king's 
presence. 

Lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 

Litera scripta manet. [L.] The written letter remains. 

Loci communes. [L.] Common places. 

Loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 

Locum tenens. [L.] A deputy or substitute ; a proxy. 

Locus in quo. [L.] The place in which ; — sigilli, place of 
the seal. 

Longo intervallo. [L.] By or with long interval. 

Lucidus ordo. [L.] A clear arrangement. 

Lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A jeu d'esprit in etymology, 
which, assuming that lucus, a dark wood or grove, is de- 
rived from the verb lucere, to shine, supposes it must be 
a non lucendo, from its not being light. 

Lusus naturse. [L.] A sport or freak of nature. 

M. 

Made virtute. [L.] Proceed in virtue. 

Mafois. [Fr.] Upon my faith. 

Magna civitas, magna solitudo. [L.] A great city is a 

great desert ; — est Veritas, et prevalebit, truth is mighty, 

and it will prevail. 
Magnx spes altera Rom&. [L.] Another hope of great 

Rome. 
Magnas inter opes inops. [L.] Poor in the midst of great 

wealth. 
Magni nominis umbra. [L.] The shadow of a great name. 
Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 

Magnus Apollo. [L.] Great Apollo ; one of high authority. 
Maintien le droit. [Fr.] Maintain the right. 
Maison de campagne. [Fr.] A country-seat ; — de sante, 

private hospital ; — de ville, the town-house. 
Maitre de hotel. [Fr.] A house-steward. 
Mala fide. [L.] With bad faith. 
Mai d propos. [Fr.] Ill-timed ; — de dents, toothache ; -— 

de mer, seasickness ; — de tete, headache. 
Malgre nous. [Fr.] In spite of us. 
Malum in se. [L.] Bad in itself; — prohibitum, an evil 

prohibited ; evil because prohibited. 
Manibus pedibusque. [L.] With hands and feet. 
Manu propria. [L.] With one's own hand. 
Mare clausum. [L.] A closed sea ; a bay. 
Materiam superabat opus. [L.] The workmanship sur- 
passed the materials. 
Mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste ; — honte, false modesty. 
Maximus in minimis. [L.] Very great in trifling things 



954 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



Medio tutissimus ibis. [L.] In a medium course you will 
go most safely. 

Me'ya /3i£Atov, /xeya kclkov, (mega biblion, mega kakon). 
[Gr.] A great book is a great evil. 

Me judice. [L.] I being judge. 

Memento mori. [L.] Remember death. 

Memorabilia. [L.] Things to be remembered. 

Menu agitat molem. [L.] Mind moves matter ; — sana in 
cor pore sano, a sound mind in a sound body ; — sibi con- 
scia recti, a mind conscious of rectitude. 

Meo voto. [L.] By my desire. 

Merum sal. [L.] Pure salt ; genuine Attic wit. 

Messalliance. [Ft.] Improper association ; marriage with 
one of lower station. 

Meum et tuum. [L.] Mine and thine. 

Mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to be told ; — visu, won- 
derful to be seen. [stage. 

Misc en scene. [Fr.] The putting in preparation for the 

Miserabile vulgus. [L.] A wretched crew. 

Miseris succurrere disco. [L.] I learn to help the wretched. 

Mittimus. [L.] We send ; — a writ to commit an offender 
to prison. 

Modus operandi. [L.] Manner of operation. 

Montani semper liberi. [L.] Mountaineers are always free- 
men ; — the motto of West Virginia. 

Monumentum xre perennius. [L.] A monument more 
durable than brass. 

Moremajorum. [L.] After the manner of our ancestors ; 

— suo, in his own way. 

Mors omnibus communis. [L.] Death is common to all. 
Multuminparvo. [L.] Much in little. [made. 

Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary changes being 
Mutato nomine. [L.] The name being changed. 

N. 

Ne cede malis. [L.] Yield not to misfortune ; — exeat, let 
him not depart ; — plus ultra, nothing further ; — quid 
detrimenti respublica capiat, that the republic receives no 
injury ; — quid nimis, not any thing too much or too 
far ; — sutor ultra crepidam, let not the shoemaker go be- 
yond his last. 

Necessitas non habet legem. [L.] Necessity has no law. 

Nee pluribus impar. [L.] Not an unequal match for num- 
bers ; — prece nee prelio, neither by entreaty nor by 
bribe ; — scire fas est omnia, it is not permitted to know 
all things. 

Nee. [Fr.] Born ; as, Madame de Stael, nee (that is, 
whose maiden name was) Necker. 

Nemine contradicente. [L.] No one speaking in opposition ; 

— dissentiente , no one dissenting. 

Nemo me irnpune lacessit. [L.] No one wounds me with 
impunity ; — the motto of Scotland ; — repente fuit tur- 
pissimus, no man ever became a villain at once. 

Nihil debet. [L.] He owes nothing; — quod tetigit non 
ornavit, he touched nothing without embellishing it. 

Nil admirari. [L.] To wonder at nothing ; — conscire sibi, 
to be conscious of no fault ; — desperandum, never de- 
spair ; — dicit, he makes no answer. 

Nimporte. [Fr.] It matters not. 

Noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Rank imposes obligation ; much is 
rightly expected of one of high birth or station. 

Nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will or not. 

Noli me tangere. [L.] Don't touch me. 

Nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwilling to proceed. 

Nom de plume. [Fr.] A pen name ; an assumed title ; — 
de guerre, a war name ; a traveling title : a pseudonym. 

Non compos mentis. [L.] Not in sound mind ; — constat, 
it does not appear ; — ens, nonentity ; — est inventus, he 
has not been found; — est vivere sed valere vita, not 
merely to live is life, but to have good health ; — libet, it 
does not please me ; — liquet, it is not clear ; — obstante, 
notwithstanding ; — omnia possumus omnes, we can not, 
all of uj, do all things; — omnis moriar, I shall not 
wholly die ; — quis, sed quid, not who, but what ; not 
the person, but the deed ; — sequitur, it does not follow ; 
an unwarranted conclusion ; — sum qualis eram, I am 
not what I was. 

Non mi ricordo. [It.] I don't remember. 

Nonumque prematur in annum. [L.] Let it be kept for 
nine years. 

Nosce teipsum. [L.] Know thyself. 

Nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 

N'oubliezpas. [Fr.] Don't forget. 

Nousverrons. [Fr.] We shall see. 

Novus homo. [L.] A new man. 

Nuance. [Fr.] Shade ; gradation ; tint. 

Nudis verbis. [L.] In plain words. 

Nudum pactum. [L.] A contract made without any con- 
sideration, and therefore void. 



Nugse canorse. [L.] Melodious trifles. 

Nullius addictusjurare in verba magistri. [L.] Not bound 

to swear to the dogmas of any master. — films, the son 

of nobody. 
Nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or never. 
Nunquam nonparatus. [L.] Never unprepared. 

0. 

Obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. [ing. 

Obiter dictum. [L.] A thing said by the way, or in pass- 
Obstaprincipiis. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 
Obstupui, steteruntque comes. [L.] I was amazed, and my 

hair stood on end. 
Odi profanum. [L.] I loathe the profane. 
Odium theologicum. [L.] The hatred of theologians. 
CE.il de bozuf. [Fr.] A bull's eye. 
O fortunatos nimium,sua si bona nurint, agricolas. [L.] 

too happy husbandmen, if they only knew their own 

blessings. 
Ohe ! jam satis. [L.] 0, now there is enough. 
OL' ttoAAoi (Hoi polloi). [Gr.] The many ; the rabble. 
Omenfaustum. [L.] A favorable omen. 
Ovine ignotum pro magnifico. [L.] Whatever is unknown 

is thought to be magnificent. 
Omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love conquers all things; — 

vincit labor, labor overcomes all things. 
On dit. [Fr.] They say ; flying rumor. 
Onus probandi. [L.] The burden of proving. 
Operse pretium est. [L.] It is worth while. 
Opprobrium medicorum. [L.] The reproach of physicians. 
Ora e sempre. [It.] Now and always. 
Ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
Orator fit, poeta nascitur. [L.] The orator is made, but the 

poet is born. 
Ore rotundo. [L.] With round, full voice ; — tenus, as far 

as the mouth. 
O! si sic omnia. [L.] that he had always done or 

spoken thus. [ners ! 

O temporal O mores! [L.] the times! the man- 
Otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease with dignity ; dignified 

leisure ; — sine dignitate, ease without dignity. 
Oui dire. [Fr] Hearsay. 



Pacta conventa. [L.] The conditions agreed upon. 

Pallida mors. [L.] Pale death. 

Palmam qui meruit ferat. [L.] Let him who has won it 
bear the palm. [eminence. 

Par exemple. [Fr.] For example ; — excellence, by way of 

Pari passu. [L.] With equal pace. [just alike. 

Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble pair of brothers ; two 

Parole d : honneur. [Fr.] Word of honor. 

Pars adversa. [L.] The adverse party; — pro toto, part 
for the whole. 

Particulier. [Fr.] A private gentleman. 

Particeps criminis. [L.] An accomplice. 

Parturiunt montes. [L.] The mountains are in labor. 

Parva componere magnis. [L.] To compare small things 
with great. 

Pas d pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 

Passe-partout. [Fr.] A. master-key. 

Pate defoie gras. [Fr.] Goose-liver pie. 

Paterfamilias. [L.] The father of a family. 

Paternoster. [L.] Our Father; the Lord's prayer ;—patrim, 
father of his country. [senators. 

Patres conscripti. [L.] Conscript fathers, — the Roman 

Patriis virtutibus. [L.] By ancestral virtue. 

Pax in bello. [L.] Peace in war. 

Peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. 

Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Strong and severe punishment. 

Pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. 

Per ambages. [L.] By circuitous ways ; indirectly or figu- 
ratively ; — angusta ad augusta, through difficulties to 
grandeur ; — annum , by the year ; — aspera ad astra, 
through trials to glory ; — capita, by the head ; — centum, 
by the hundred; — contra, contrariwise; — diem, by the 
day ; — fas et nefas, through right and wrong ; — interim, 
in the mean time ; — pares, by one's peers ; — saltum, by 
a leap or jump ; — se, by itself considered ; — viam, by th« 
way of. 

Perdu. [Fr.] Lost. 

Petitio principii. [L.] A begging of the question. 

Peu-d-peu. [Fr.] Little by little. 

Peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. 

Pied d terre. [Fr.] A temporary lodging. 

Pis oiler. [Fr.] The last shift. 

Pi'ti. [It.] More. 

Plena jure . [L . ] With full authority . 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



955 



Pocodpoco. [It.] Little by little. 

Poeta nascitur, nonfit. [L.] The poet is born, not made. 

Point d'appui. [Fr.] Point of support ; prop. 

Pons asinorum. [L.] Bridge of asses. 

Populus vult decipi. [L.] People like to be deceived. 

Posse videor. [L.] I seem to be able. 

Possunt quia posse videntur. [L.] They are able because 
they seem to be able. 

Poste restante. [Fr.] To remain until called for. 

Post mortem. [L.] After death ; — obitum, after death. 

Potage au gras. [Fr.] Meat-soup. 

Pour passer le temps. [Fr.] To pass away the time ; -^pren- 
dre conge, to take leave. 

Preux chevalier. [Fr.] A brave knight. 

Prima facie. [L.] On the first view. 

Primus inter pares. [L.] Chief among equals. 

Principia, non homines. [L.] Principles, not men. 

Principiis ebsta. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 

Pro aris etfocis. [L.] For our altars and firesides ; — bono 
publico, for the public good ; — confesso, as if conceded ; — 
et con, for and against ; — forma, for the sake of form ; — 
hac vice, for this turn or occasion ; — patria, for our coun- 
try; raid, in proportion; — rege, lege, et grege, for the 
king, the law, and the people ; — re nata, for a special 
emergency; — tanto, for so much; — tempore, for the 
time. 

Probatum est. [L.] It is proved. 

Prods verbal. [Fr.] A written statement. 

Procul, O procul este,profani ! [L.] Far, far hence, ye 
profane ! 

Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane vulgar. 

Prohpudor. [L.] 0, for shame. 

Propria qux maribus. [L.] Those things which are appro- 
priate or peculiar to males or men, or to husbands. 

Pugnis et calcibus. [L.] With fists and heels ; with all the 
might. 

Punica fides. [L.] Punic faith ; treachery. 

Q- 

Qusere. [L.] Query ; inquiry. 

Qualis ab incepto. [L.] The same as from the beginning ; 
— rex, talis grex, like king, like people. 

Quantum libet. [L.] As much as you please; — meruit, 
as much as he deserved ; — mutatus ab illo ! how changed 
from what he was ! ; — sufficit, a sufficient quantity ; — 
vis, as much as you will. 

Quasi. [L.] As if ; in a manner. 

Quelque chose. [Fr.] A trifle ; something ; any thing. 

Quid faciendum? [L.] What is to be done?; — nunc? 
what now? a newsmonger; — pro quo, one thing for an- 
other; an equivalent; — rides? why do you laugh? — 
times ? what do you fear? 

Qui docet, discit. [L.] He who teaches, learns. 

Qui facit per alium, facit per se. [L.] He who does a 
thing by the agency of another, does it himself. 

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? [L.] Who shall guard the 
guards themselves ? 

Qui tarn? [L.] Who as well? 

Qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He who transplanted, still 
sustains ; — the motto of Connecticut. 

Qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? — hence, on the qui 
vive, on the alert. 

Quoad hoc. [L.] To this extent. 

Quo animo ? [L.] With what mind or intention ? — jure ? 
By what right ? 

Quod avertat Dais ! [L.] Which may God avert ! ; — bene 
noiandum , which must be especially noticed ; — erat 
demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated; — erat 
faciendum, which was to be done ; — vide, which see. 

Quorum pars magna fui. [L.] Of which I was a great or 
important part. 

Quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat. [L.] Those whom 
God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. 

Quit homines, tot sententise. [L.] Many men, many minds. 

R. 

Raison d'etat. [Fr.] A reason of state. 
Rara avis. [L.] A rare bird. [insipid. 

Rechauffe. [Fr.] Warmed over, as food ; hence stale ; old, 
Rectus in curia. [L.] Upright in the court ; with clean 

hands. [absurdity. 

Reductio ad absurdum. [L.] A reducing a position to an 
Regnant populi. [L,] The people rule; — the motto of 

Arkansas. [Properly, Regnal populus. \ 
Re infecta. [L.] The business being unfinished. 
Religio loci. [L.] The religious spirit of the place. 
Renommee. [Fr.] Renown ; fame. 
Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. 



Res angusta domi. [L.] Narrow circumstances at home ; 

poverty ; — gestx, exploits. 
Respicefinem. [L.] Look to the end. 
Resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. 
Revenons d nos moutons. [Fr.] Let us return to our 

sheep ; let us return to our subject. 
Ridentem dicere verum, quid vetat ? [L.] What hinders 

one from speaking the truth even while laughing ? 
Ride, si sapis. [L.] Laugh, if you are wise. 
Rifacimento. [It.] Renewal; re-establishment. 
Risum teneatis, amice ? [L.] Can you, my friend, forbear 

laughing? [gown. 

Robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dressing-gown or morning- 
Ruat ccelum. [L.] Let the heavens fall. 
Rudis indigesta moles. [L.] A rude and undigested mass- 
Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of war. 
Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in town. 



Sal Atticum. [L.] Attic salt ; wit. 

Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] The welfare of the 
people is the supreme law ; — the motto of Missouri. 

Salvo jure. [L.] The right being safe ; —pudore, without 
offense to modesty. 

Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] Holy of holies. 

Sans ceremonie. [Fr.] Without ceremony ; — changer, 
without changing; — doute, without doubt; — fa- f on 
without trouble ; — pareil, without equal ; — peine, with- 
out difficulty ; — peur et sans reproche, without fear and 
without reproach ; — tache, without spot. 

Sartor resartus. [L.] The cobbler mended. 

Satis, superque. [L.] Enough, and more than enough ; — 
verborum, enough of words. 

Sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Save himself who can. 

Savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability ; — vivre, good breeding. 

Scandalum magnatum. [L.] Defamatory speech or wri- 
ting to the injury of persons of dignity. 

Scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be known. [we all write. 

Scribimus indocti doctique. [L.] Learned and unlearned, 

Secundum artem. [L.] According to rule ; — naturam, 
according to the course of nature ; — ordinem, in order. 

Semel et simul. [L.] Once and together ; — pro semper, 
once for all. 

Semper felix. [L.] Always fortunate ; — fidelis, always 
faithful; — idem, always the same; — paratus, always 
ready ; — vivit in armis, he ever lives in arms. 

Senates consultum. [L.] A decree of the Senate. 

Se non e vero, e ben trovato. [It.] If not true, it is well 
feigned. • [sense. 

Sensu bono. [L.] In a good sense ; — malo, in a bad 

Serus in ccelum redeas. [L.] Late may you return to 
heaven ; may you live long. [God. 

Servus servorum Dei. [L.] A servant of the servants of 

Sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot and a half long. 

Sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the way to immortality ; 
— passim, so everywhere; — semper tyrannis, ever so 
to tyrants ; — the motto of Virginia ; — transit gloria 
mundi, so passes away earthly glory ; — vos non vobis, 
thus you do not labor for yourselves. 

Sicut ante. [L.] As before ; — patribus, sit Deus nobis, as 
God was with our fathers, so may he be with us. 

Silent leges inter arma. [L.] The laws are silent amidst 
arms. [like- 

Similia similibus curantur. [L.] Like things are cured by 

Si monumentum quseris, circumspice. [L.] If you seek 
his monument, look around. 

Simplex munditiis. [L.] Of simple elegance. 

Sine cum. [L.] Without charge or care ; — die, without 
a day appointed; — dubio, without doubt; — invidia, 
without envy; — mora, without delay; — odio, without 
hatred; — qua non, an indispensable condition. 

Si par va licet componere magnis. [L.] If it is allowable 
to compare small things with great. 

Si '-quseris peninsulam amsenam, circumspice. [L.] If thou 
seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here ; — the motto 
of Michigan. [thee. 

Sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the earth lie lightly upon 

Si vis pacem, para bellum. [L.] If you wish for peace, 
prepare for war. 

Sola nobilitas virtus. [L.] Virtue, the only nobility. 

Solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. [L.] They make 
a desert, and call it peace. 

Solvuntur tabulx. [L.] The bills are dismissed, — used 
in legal language. 

Soubrette. [Fr.] An intriguing woman. 

Sponte suh. [L.] Of one's own accord. 

Stans pede in uno. [L.] Standing on one foot. 

Stat magni nominis umbra. [L.] He stands the shadow 
of a mighty name. 



QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 



956 



Statu quo ante helium. [L.] In the state which was be- 
fore the war. 

Status quo. [L.] The state in which. 

Stava bene, ma, per star meglior,sto qui. [It.] I was well, 
but wishing to be better, I am here [in the grave] ; let 
well enough alone. 

Stet. [L.] Let it stand. 

Stylo inverse [L.] With an inverted stylus. _ 

Suaviter in modo ,fortiter in re. [L.J Gentle in manners, 
but resolute in deed. 

Sub judice. [L.] Under consideration ; —poena, under 
a penalty ; — rosa, under the rose ; privately ; — silentio, 
in silence ; — specie, under the appearance of; — voce, 
under the voice. 

Suggestio falsi. [L.] Suggestion of falsehood. [right. 

Sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind ; —juris, in one's own 

Summum bonum. [L.] The chief good ; —jus, summa 
injuria, the rigor of the law is the rigor of oppression. 

Sunt lachrimse rerum. [L.] There are tears for misery. 

Suo Marte. By his own strength. 

Suppressio veri, suggestio falsi. [L.] A suppression of 
the truth is the suggestion of a falsehood. 

Suum cuique. [L.J Let each have his own. 



Tabula rasa. [L.] A smooth or blank tablet. 
Tdche sans tacke. [Fr.] A work without a stain. 
Tiedium vitse. [L.] Weariness of life. [and genius. 

Tarn Marte quam Minerva. [L.] Having equally courage 
Tantsene animis coelestibus irx ? [L.] Can such anger dwell 

in heavenly minds ? 
Tantpis. [Fr.] So much the worse. 
Tantum vidit Virgilium. [L.] He merely saw Virgil (that 

is, the great man). 
Tel maitre, tel valet. [Fr.] Like master, like man. 
Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. [L.] The 

times are changed, and we are changed with tbem. 
Tempus edax rerum. [L.] Time the devourer of all 

things; — fugit, time flies ; — ludendi, the time for play. 
Tenax propositi. [L.] Tenacious of his purpose. 
Terrxfilius. [L.] A son of the earth ; that is, a human 

being ; — firma, solid earth ; a safe footing ; — incognita, 

an unknown country [from heaven. 

Tertius e cozlo cecidit Cato. [L.] A third Cato has dropped 
Tertium quid. [L.] A third something ; a nondescript. 
Tintamarre. [Fr.] A confused noise ; racket ; din. 
Toga virilis. [L.] The gown of manhood. 
To koXov ( To Icalon. ) [Gr.] The beautiful ; the chief good ; 

— irpinov ( To prepon.), the proper or becoming. 

Tot homines, quot sentential. [L.] So many men, so many 
minds. 

Totidem verbis. [L.] In just so many words. 

Toties quoties. [L.] As often as. 

Totis viribus. [L.] With all his might. [posite. 

Toto code. [L.] By the whole heavens ; diametrically op- 

Totus teres atque rotundus. [L.] Completely smooth and 
round. [expression. 

Tour d' 'expression. [Fr.] An idiom or peculiar force of 

Tout-d-fait. [Fr.] Entirely ; d-Pheure, instantly ; — au 

contraire, on the contrary ; — a vous, wholly yours ; — 
court, very short ; — de mime, precisely the same ; — de 
suite, immediately ; — ensemble, the whole taken together ; 

— est pris, all is taken. 

Tracasserie. [Fr.] Chicanery ; trickery. 
Tros,Tyriusve, mihi nullo discrimine agetur. [L.] No 

distinction shall be made by me between the Trojan and 

the Tyrian. 
Tune cede malis. [L.] Do not yield to evils ; — quo que, 

Brute, and thou too, Brutus. 

u. 

Uberrima fides. [L.] Superabounding faith. 

Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum. [L.] Where the law is 

uncertain, there is no law ; — libertas, ibi patria, where 

liberty dwells, there is my country ; — supra, where 

above mentioned. 
Ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last argument of kings ; 

war ; — Thule, utmost limit. 



Ultimus regum. [L.] The last of kings. 

Ultra licitum. [L.] Beyond what is allowable. 

Una voce. [L.] With one voice. 

Uno animo. [L.] With one mind ; unanimously. 

Usque ad aras. [L.] To the very altars ; — ad nauseam, 
to disgust. 

Usus loquendi. [L.] Usage in speaking. 

Utile dulci. [L.] The useful with the pleasant. 

Ut infra. [L.] As below ; — prosim, that I may do good ; 
— supra, as above stated. 

Uti possidetis. [L.] As you possess ; state of present pos- 
session. 

V. 

Vacuus cantat coram latrone viator. [L.] The penniless 
traveler sings before the highwayman. 

Vade in pace. [L.] Go in peace ; — mecum, go with me ; 
a constant companion. 

Vse victis. [L ] Woe to the vanquished. 

Vale. [L.] Farewell. 

Valet de chambre. [Fr.] An attendant ; a footman. 

Variaz lectiones. [L.] Various readings. 

Variorum notz). [L.] The notes of various authors. 

Velis et remis. [L.] With sails and oars ; by every possi- 
ble means. 

Vel prece, vel pretio. [L.] For either love or money. 

Veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, I saw, I conquered. 

Verbatim- et literatim. [L.] Word for word and letter for 
letter. [man. 

Verbum sat sapientia. [L.] A word is enough for a wise 

Verdad est verde. [Sp.] Truth is green. 

Veritas prevalebit. [L.] Truth will prevail. 

Vcrite sanspeur. [Fr.] Truth without fear. 

Vernon semper viret. [L.] Spring does not always flourish. 

Vestigia nulla retrorsum. [L.] No footsteps backward. 

Vexata qu&stio. [L.] A disputed question. 

Via. [L.] By the way of. 

Via media. [L.] A middle course. [changed. 

Vice. [L.] In the place of ; — versa, the terms being ex- 

Vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated above. 

Vi et armis. [L.] By force and arms ; by main force. 

Vincit amor patriae. [L.] Love of country prevails ; — 
omnia Veritas, truth conquers all things ; — qui patitur, 
he conquers who endures; — qui se vincit, he conquers 
who overcomes himself. 

Vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The bond of marriage. 

Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] She acquires strength in her 



Virtus incendit vires. [L.] Virtue kindles the strength ; — 
semper viridis, virtue ever green and flourishing. 

Virtute et fide. [L.] By, or with, virtue and faith ; — non 
verbis, by virtue, not by words ; — non viris, i'rom virtue, 
not from men ; — officii, by virtue of office ; — quies, rest 
or content in virtue. 

Vis d vis. [Fr.] Opposite ; facing. 

Vis a tergo. [L.] A propelling force from behind ; — com- 
ica, comic talent ; — inertia?, the power of inertia ; resist- 
ance ; — preservatrix, a preserving power; — vitse, the 
vigor of life. 

Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.] Life is short, and art long. 

Vitam impendere vero. [L.] To stake one's life for the 
truth. 

Vivat regina. [L.] Long live the queen; — rex, long live 
the king. 

Viva voce. [L.] By the living voice ; by oral testimony. 

Vive la republique. [Fr.] Long live the republic ; — la baga- 
telle .' success to trifling ; — le roi, long live the king. 

Vivida vis animi. [L.] The lively vigor of genius. 

Volens et potens. [L.] Willing and able. 

Volente Deo. [L.] God willing. 

Volo, non valeo. [L.] I am willing, but unable. 

Vox, et prseterea nihil. [L.] A voice, and nothing more ; — 
populi, vox Dei, the voice of the people is the voice of God. 

Vultvs est index animi. [L.] The face is the index of the 
mind. 



Zortam perdidit. [L.] He has lost his purse : 
loose the virgin zone. 



solvere, to 



ABBREVIATIONS 



USED IN 



WRITING AND PRINTING 



A., or a. Adjective; After- 
noon ; Acre ; Alto. In 
commerce, Accepted. 

a., or @. (Ad.) To or at.^ 

&., or da. (Ana., Gr. ava.) 
In med. , Of each the same 
quantity. 

A., or Ans. Answer. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant 
General. 

A. A. S. (Academic Amer- 
icans Socius.) Fellow of 
the American Academy. 

A- B. (Artium Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Arts. 

Abbr. Abbreviated. 

A. B. C. F. M. American 
Board of Commissioners 
for Foreign Missions. 

AM. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Ace. or Acct. Account. 

Ace., ox act. Active. 

A. D. (Anno Domini.) In 
the year of our Lord. 

Ad., or adv. Adverb. 

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At 
pleasure. 

Adm. Admiral; Admiralty. 

Admr. Administrator. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. Advocate ; Advent. 

JE..oi: Mt. (JEtatis.) Of age. 
aged. 

Ag. (Argentum.) Silver. 

Alex. Alexander. 

A. M. (Artium Magister.) 
Master of Arts. — (Ante 
Meridiem.) Before noon. 
— (Anno Mundi.) In the 
year of the world. 

Am. Amos ; American. 

Amer. American. 

Amt. Amount. 

An. (Anno.) In the year. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ans. Answer. 

Ant., or Antiq. Antiquities. 

Ap. Apostle ; April. 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apr. April, [of the reign. 

A. R. (Anno Regni.) Year 

Arith. Arithmetic. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Agt. Agent. 

A'-., or Ala. Alabama. 

As. Aioenic ; Arkansas; As- 

Aist. Assistant, [tronomy. 

A. S. S. U. American Sun- 
day School Union. 

Att., or Atty. Attorney. 

Alt 1/ Gen. Attorney General. 

A. U. C. (Ab Urbe Condita.) 
In the year from the build- 
ing of the city, i. e. , Rome. 

Aug. August. 

Aur. (Aurum.) Gold. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 



I. born. 

B. A British America 

Bachelor of Arts. 
Ba. Barium. 



Bal. Balance. 

Bar. Barleycorn ; Barrel. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bbl. Barrel, barrels. 

B. C. Before Christ. [Law. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

Bd. Bond; Bound. 

Bds. (Bound in) Boards. 

Be. (Beryllium.) Glucinum. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible, Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 

Bk. Bank ; book. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws. 

Bl. Barrel. 

Bor. Boron; Borough. 

Bp. Bishop. 

Br. Brother ; Bromine. 

Brig. Brigade ; Brigadier. 

Bro. Brother. 

B. V. (Beata Virgo.) Bless- 
ed Virgin. — (Bene vale.) 
Farewell. 



C.Carbon. — (Centum.) A 
hundred ; Cent ; Centime. 

C, or Cap. (Caput.) Chap- 

Ca. Calcium. [ter. 

Cal. California ; Calendar. 
— ( Calendse. ) Calends. 

Cant. Canticles. [Chapter. 

dp. Capital. — (Caput.) 

Capt. Captain. 

C. A. S. ( Connecticuttensis 
Academiie Socise.) Fellow 
of the Connecticut Acad- 

Cath. Catholic. [emy. 

C. C. County Commission- 
er ; County Court ; Con- 
tra, Credit. [Pleas. 

C. C. P. Court of Common 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C. E. Canada East; Civil 

Ce . Cerium. [Engineer. 

Cent. (Centum.) A hundred. 

Cf. ox: cf. (Confer.) Com- 
pare. [torn-House. 

C. H. Court-House ; Cus- 

C.'i. Church; Chapter. 

dial. Chaldron. 

Ciap. Chapter. 

Cliem. Chemistry. 

C/'ir. Christopher ; Chris- 
tian, [nology. 

Chron. Chronicles ; Chro- 

Cit. Citation; Citizen. 

Civ. Civil. 

C. J. Chief Justice, [rine. 

CI Clergyman ; Clerk ; Chlo- 

C. M. Common Meter. 

Co. Cobalt ; Company ; 
County. [A spoonful. 

Coch., or Cochl. (Cochleare.) 

C. O. D. Cash (or Collect) 
on Delivery. 

Col. Colonel ; Colossians. 

Coll. College ; Collector ; 
Colleague. 

Com. Commissioner ; Com- 
modore ; Committee ; Com- 
merce; Commentary; Com- 
mon. 

Corn-p. Compare ; Compara- 
tive ; Compound. 



Con. ( Contra.) Against ; In 
opposition. 

Con., or Or. Contra, Credit. 

Cong. Congress. 

Conj. Conjunction, [ticut. 

Conn., Con., or Ct. Connec- 

Const. Constable ; Consti- 

Cor. Corinthians, [tution. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding 
Member. [retary. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- 
Cos. Cosine. 

C. P. Court of Probate; 
Common Pleas. 

C. P. S. ( Gustos Privati Si- 
gilli.) Keeper of the Privy 
Seal. [mium. 

Cr. Credit ; Creditor ; Chro- 

Crim. Con. Criminal Con- 
versation, or Adultery. 

Cs. Caesium. 

C. S. Court of Sessions ; 
Clerk to the Signet. — ( Cus- 
tos Sigilli.) Keeper of the 
Seal. 

Ct. Connecticut ; Count ; 
Court. [A hundred. 

Ct., or ct. Cent. — (Centum.) 

Cts., or cts. Cents. 

Cu. (Cuprum.) Copper. 

C. W. Canada West. 

Cwt., or cwt. (Lat. Cen- 
tum, a hundred, and Eng- 
lish weight.) A hundred 
weight. 

D. 

D. Didymium. 
D.,ovd. Day ; Died ; Dime ; 

Daughter ; Deputy ; De- 
gree. — Denarius or de- 
narii.) A penny, or pence. 

Dan. Danish ; Daniel. 

Dat. y or dat. Dative. 

D. C. District of Colum- 
bia. — (Da Capo.) Again, 
or From the beginning. 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil 
(or Canon) Law. 

D. D. (Divinitatis Doctor.) 
Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea. Deacon. [Declension. 

Dec. December ; Declination ; 

Def. , or def. Definition. 

Deg. , or deg. Degree, Degrees. 

Dd. Delaware ; Delegate. 

Del., ox del. (Delineavit.) 
He, or she, drew it ; — pre- 
fixed to the draughtsman's 



Dem. Democrat, Democratic. 
Dep. Deputy ; Department. 
Dept. Department ; Depo- 
Deut. Deuteronomy, [nent. 
D ft., ox d ft. Defendant. 
D. G. (Dei Gratia.) By 

the grace of God. 
Di. Didymium. 
Diam.,ov diam. Diameter. 
Diet. Dictionary. 
Disct. Discount. 
Dist. District. - [ney. 
Dist. Atty. District Attor- 
Div. Dividend ; Division ; 
[ Divide; Divided: Divisor. 



D. M. Doctor of Music. 

Do., or do. (Ditto.) The 
same. 

Dols., or dols. Dollars. 

Doz., or doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 

Dr. Debtor ; Doctor ; Dram. 

D. S. (Dal Segno.) From 
the Sign. 

D. T. Dakota Territory.— 
(Doctor Theologix.) Doc- 
tor of Divinity, [willing. 

D. V. (Deo voltnte.) God 
Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and 

English weight.) Penny- 
weight. 

E. 

E. East; Earl; Erbium- 
ea. Each. 

Eb. Erbium. 

E. C. Eastern Central (Pos- 
tal District, London). 

Eccl., or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
tes ; Ecclesiastical. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed. Editor ; Edition. 

E. E. Errors excepted ; Ells 
English. [example. 

e. g. (exempli gratia.) For 

E. I. East Indies, or East 

Elec. Electricity. [India. 

E. Lon. East longitude. 

E. N. E. East-North-East. 

Eng. England; English- 

Engin. Engineering. 

Eph. Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-South-East. 

Esq., or Esqr. Esquire. 

Esth. Esther. 

et al. (et alibi.) And else- 
where. — (el alii, or alise.) 
And others. 

Etc., etc., or Sfc. (Et cseteri, 
cseterie, or cxtera.) And 
others ; and so forth. 

et. seq. (et sequentes, or et 
sequentia.) And the follow- 
ing. 

Ex. Example ; Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency ; Excep- 
tion. 

Exch. Exchequer ; Exchange. 

Exec, or Exr. Executor- 

Execx. Executrix- 

Exod. Exodus. 

Ez.,orEzr. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F. France ; Fellow ; Fri- 
day ; Fluorine ; Feminine ; 
Franc ; Florin ; Farthing ; 
Foot. 

Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

Far. Farriery ; Farthing. 

F. A. S. Fellow of the So 
ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
the Antiquarian Society. 

Fcp., or fcp. Foolscap. 

Fe. (Ferrum.) Iron. 

Feb. February. 

Fern . , ox fern . Feminine. 

Fig., ox Jig. Figure, Figures' 

Figuratively. 
1 (957) 



958 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



Fir., or, fir. Firkin. 

Flor. Florida. 

Fo.,ovFol. Folio. 

FY. France ; Francis ; 
French. 

F. R. G. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Soci- 
ety. 

Fri. Friday. [Society. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the 
Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

F. R. S. L. Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Litera- 
ture ; Fellow of the Royal 
Society, London. 

F. S. A. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts. 

Ft., or ft. Foot, feet; Fort. 
Fth. Fathom. 
Fur . , or fur. Furlong . 
Fut., ovfut. Future. 

G. 

G. Genitive ; Glucinum ; 
Guide. [Gulf. 

G., org-. Guinea, guineas ; 

Ga. Georgia. 

Gal. Galatians. 

Gal., or gal. Gallon, gallons. 

G. B. Great Britain. 

G. C. Grand Chapter. 

G. C. B. Grand Cross of 

the Bath. 
Gen. Genesis ; General ; 

Genitive ; Generally. 
Gtnt. Gentlemen. 
Geo. George. 
Geog. Geography. 
Ger.,OTGerm. German. 
Gov. Governor. 
G. M. Grand Master, [fice. 
G. P. O. General Post-Of- 
Gr. Great ; Greek ; Gross. 
Gr., or gr. Grain, grains. 

H. 

H. Hydrogen. 

H., or h. High; Height; 
Harbor ; Husband ; Hour, 

Hob. Habakkuk. [hours. 

Hag. Haggai. [Company. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay 

H. B. M. His (or Her) Bri- 
tannic Majesty. 

H C. M. His (or Her) Cath- 
olic Majesty. 

Hdlcf. Handkerchief. 

Hebr. Hebrew ; Hebrews. 

Hy. (Hydrargyrum.) Mer- 

H. G. Horse Guards, [cury. 

Hhd. , or hhd. Hogshead. 

H. I. H. His (or Her) Im- 
perial Highness. 

Hist. History. 

H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. 

H M. S. His (or Her) Ma- 
jesty's Steamer, Ship, or 
Service. 

Hon. Honorable, [atives. 

H. R. House of Represent- 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Em- 
pire, or Emperor. 

H. R. H. His (or Her) Roy- 
al Highness. 

Hund. Hundred. 



I. Iodine : Island. 
la. Indiana, [same place. 
lb., Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 
Id. (Idem.) The same. [is. 
/. e., or i. e. (Id est.) That 
I. H. S. (Iesus [or Jesus] 
Hominum Salvator.) Je- 
sus the Savior of Men. 

g@~ Originally written IH2, 
and intended as an abbrevia- 



tion of 'IH20Y2, the Greek 
form of the word Jesus. The 
Greek H {eta) having been 
mistaken for the Latin H 
(aitch), and a Latin S substi- 
tuted for the Greek 2, the 
three letters were supposed to 
be the initials of three separ- 
ate words. 

111. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial ; Emperor. 

In. Inch, inches, [known. 

incog. (incognito.) Un- 

Inf. , or inf. Infinitive. 

In Urn. (In limine.) At the 
outset. 

I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus'] 
Nazarenus, Rex Judseo- 
rum.) Jesus of Nazareth, 
King of the Jews. 

inst. Instant. 

Int., or int. Interest. 

Interj. Interjection. 

Io. Iowa. 

/. O. O. F. Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows. 

I. O. U. I owe you — an 
acknowledgment for mon- 
ey, [as. 

i. q. (idem quod. ) The same 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

Isi.,ovisl. Island. 

It.,ovItal. Italian; Italic. 

J. 

J. Judge. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 

Jan. January. 

Jas. James. 

J. C. Jesus Christ ; Jus- 
tice Clerk ; Julius Caesar. 

J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Civil Law. 

J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Laws. 

Jer. Jeremiah. [Warden. 

J. G. W. Junior Grand 

Jno. John. 

Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 

J. Prob. Judge of the Pro- 

Jr., or jr. Junior. [bate. 

J. U. D. (Juris Utriusque 
Doctor.) Doctor of Both 
Laws (i. e., the Canon and 
the Civil Law.) 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July ; Julius. 

Jan., Junr. Junior. 

J. W. Junior Warden. 

K. 

E. King ; Knight, — (Eali- 
um.) Potassium. 

Ean. Kansas. 

E. B. Knight of the Bath ; 
King's Bench. 

E. C. B. Knight Comman- 
der of the Bath. 

Een., or Ey. Kentucky. 

E.G. Knight of the Garter. 

E. G. C. Knight of the 
Grand Cross : Knight of 
the Golden Circle. 

Ei. Kings. 

E. M. Knight of Malta. 

Ent., or Et. Knight. 

Ky. Ky. 



L. Lady ; Latin ; Lord ; Low ; 

Lithium ; Lake ; Line. 
L.. lb., or ft. (Libra.) A 

pound, in weight. [ling. 
L., I., or £. A pound ster- 
La. Lanthanum. 



Lam. Lamentations. 

Lat. Latin. 

Lat., or lat. Latitude. 

Lb., lb., or ft. (Libra.) A 
pound in weight. 

L. C. Lower Canada ; Lord 
Chancellor. 

1. c. Lower case. — (loco cita- 
to.) In the place before 

Ld. Lord. [cited. 

Ldj>., or Lp. Lordship. 

Lea., or lea. League. 

Leg., or Legis. Legislature. 

Lev. Leviticus. [Infantry. 

L. I. Long Island ; Light 

Li., or L. Lithium. 

Lib., or lib. (Liber.) Book. 

Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 

LL.B. (Legum Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Laws. 

BSp-The initial letter of a 
word is sometimes doubled, 
as in the present instance, to 
signify the plural. 

LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) 

Doctor of Laws. See LL.B. 
Lon., Long. Longitude. 
Lou., or La. Louisiana. 
Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. 
L. S. Left side. — (Locus 

Sigilli.) Place of the Seal. 
L. S. D., or I. s. d. (Libra, 

Solid i, Denarii.) Pounds, 

Shillings, Pence. 
Lt., ox Lieut. Lieutenant. 

M. 

M. Marquis ; Monday ; Mon- 
sieur ; Morning. — (Mi lie.) 
Thousand.) — (Meridies.) 
Meridian, or noon. 

M., or in. Masculine ; Moon ; 
Month, months ; Minute, 
minutes ; Mill, mills ; Mile, 
miles. 

M. A. Military Academy ; 
Master of Arts. 

Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 

Mad., or Madm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Mar. March ; Maritime. 

Mas., Masc. Masculine. 

Mass., or Ms. Massachu- 

Matt. Matthew. [setts. 

M. B. (Medicine Baccdlau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Medi- 
cine. 

M. C. Member of Congress ; 
Master of Ceremonies ; 
Master Commandant. 

M. D. (Midicinm Doctor.) 
Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal ; 
Military or Mechanical 
Engineer ; Most Excellent. 

Me. Maine. 

Mem. Memorandum. 

Messrs., or MM. (Mes- 
sieurs.) Gentlemen; Sirs. 
See LL. B. 

Meth. Methodist. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

M. G. Major General. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts 
Historical Society ; Mem- 
ber of the Historical So- 

Mi. Mississippi. [ciety. 

Mic. Micah. [mas. 

Mich. Michigan ; Michael- 

Mid. Midshipman, [utes. 

Min . , or m in . Minute , min- 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 

MM. Their Majesties.-<.Mes- 



sieurs.) Gentlemen. See 

Mme. Madame. [LL.B. 

Mn. Manganese. 

Mo. Missouri ; Molybdenum. 

Mo., or mo. Month. 

Mod. Modern. 

Mon. , or Mond. Monday. 

Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. 

Mos., or mos. Months. 

M. P. Member of Parlia- 
ment ; Member of Police. 

M. P. P. Member of the 
Provincial Parliament. 

Mr. Master, or Mister. 

Mrs. Mistress, or Missis. 

MS. Manuscript. [LL.B. 

MSS. Manuscripts. See 

Mt. Mount, or Mountain. 

Mus. D., Mus. Doc, or 
Mus. Doct. Doctor of 
Music. 

M. W. Most Worthy. 

M. W. G. M. Most Wor- 
shipful Grand Master. 

N. 

N. Noon ; North ; Note ; 
Name; New; Nitrogen. 

N., or n. Noun; Neuter; 
Nail, nails. 

N. A. North America. 

Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 

Nah. Nahum. 

Nat. Natural ; National. 

Nath. Nathaniel. 

Naut. Nautical. 

N. B. New Brunswick. — 
(Nota Bene.) Note well, 
or take notice, 

N. C. North Carolina. 

N. E. North-East ; North- 
ern Eastern (Postal Dis- 
trict, London) ; New Erg- 

Neb. Nebraska. [land. 

Neh. Nehemiah. 

Nem. Con. (Nemine Con- 
tradicente.) No one con- 
tradicting ; unanimously. 

Nem Diss. (Nemine Dissen- 
tiente. ) No one dissenting. 

Neut., or neut. Neuter. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 

N. H. New Hampshire. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N. J. New Jersey. 

N. I., or n. I. (Non liquet.) 
It appears not ; the case is 
not clear. 

N. Lat. North Latitude. 

JV. N. E. North-North-East. 

N.N. W. North-North-West. 

No. Norium. [ber. 

No. otno. (Numero.) Num- 

Nom., or nom. Nominative. 

Non. Pros., or Non. pros. 
(Non Prosequitur). He 
does not prosecute; — a 
judgment entered against 
the plaintiff when he does 
not appear to prosecute. 

Non. seq., or non seq. (Ncn 
sequitur. ) It does not fol- 
low. 

Nos., or nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. New Providence ; No- 
tary Public. 

N. S. Nova Scotia ; New 
Style (since 1752). 

N. T. New Testament, 

Num. or Numb. Numbers. 

JV. W. North-West; North- 
ern-Western (Postal Dis* 
trict, London). 

N. Y. New York. 

o. 

O. Ohio ; Oxygen ; Old. 
Ob., or ob. ( Obiit.) Died. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 959 



Obad. Obadiah. [jection. 
Ojj., or obj. Objective ; Ob- 
Obs. Observatory. 
Obt., or Obdt. Obedieat. 
Oct. October. 
Olym. Olympiad. 
Ord. Ordinance ; Ordinary. 
O. S. Old Style (previous 
05. Osmium. [to 1752). 
O. T. Old Testament. 
Oxon. (Oxonia.) Oxford. 
Oz., or oz. Ounce, or 

ounces. 
Etg=-The z is here used to 

represent the character 3 5 

anciently an abbreviation for 

terminations. 

P. 

P., or p. Page ; Part ; Phos- 
phorus ; Pipe. 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

p. a. Participial adjective. 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part., or part. Participle. 

Pass. , or pass. Passive. 

Pb. {Plumbum.) Lead. 

P. B. (Philosophic Bacca- 
laureus.) Bachelor of 
Philosophy. 

Pd. Paid ; Palladium. 

Pe. Pelopium. [Island. 

P. E. I. Prince Edward 

Perm. Pennsylvania. 

Per an., or per an. (Per an- 
num.) By the year. 

Per cent., percent, Per ct., or 
per ct. (Per centum.) By 
the hundred. 

P. G. Past Grand. 

Ph. D. (Philosophic Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Philosophy. 

Phil. Philip ; Philippians ; 
Philosophy ; Philemon. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philom. (Philomathes.) Lov- 
er of learning. 

Pinx., pinx., Pxt., or pxt. 
(Pinxit.) He, or she, 
painted it. 

Pk., or pk. Peck. 

PI. or;;/. Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Phir. , or plur. Plural. 

P. M. Post -Master ; Past 
Master ; Past Midship- 
man . — (Post Meridiem . ) 
Afternoon. [eral. 

P. M. G. Post-Master-Gen- 

P. O. Post-Office. 

Pos., pos., Poss., or poss. 
Possessive. 

pp. Pages. See LL.B. 

P. P. C. ( Pour Prendre Con- 
ge.) To" take leave. 

Pph., or pph. Pamphlet. 

Pr.,pr., or ty (Per.) By the. 

P. R. Prize Ring ; Porto 
Rico. 

Prep., or prep. Preposition. 

Fres. President. 

Pret., or pret. Preterit. 

Prof. Professor. 

Pron., or pron. Pronoun. 

Pro tern., or pro tern.. (Pro 
tempore.) For the time 
being. [Province. 

Prov. Proverbs ; Provost ; 

Pr ox. (Proximo.) Next. 

P. <S. (Post script urn.) Post- 
script. 

Ps. Psalm, or Psalms. 

Pt. Pint : Part ; Payment ; 
Platinum ; Point ; Port. 

Pub. Public ; Publisher. 

Pub. Doc. Public Docu- 
ments. 

Pwt., or pwt. Pennyweight.! 

Pxt. or pxt. (pinxit). He, or ! 
she, painted it. 



Q. 

Q. Question. 

Q., or Qu. Query; Ques- 
tion; Queen. 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's Council. 

Q. d. ( Quasi dicat.) As if 
he should say. 

Q. E. D. (Quod Erat 
Demonstrandum.) Which 
was to be demonstrated. 

Q. I. (Quantum libet.) As 
much as you please. 

Q. M. Quartermaster. 

Q. M. G. Quartermaster 
General. 

Qr., or qr. Quarter (28 
pounds) ; Earthing ; Quire. 

Q. 5., or q. s. — (Quantum 
sufficit.) A sufficient quan- 
tity. 

Qt., or qt. Quart; Quan- 
tity. [Quarter. 

Qu. Queen ; Question ; 

Qu., or Qy. ( Qusere.) Query. 

Ques. Question. 

Q. v. or q. v. ( Quod vide.) 
Which see. 



R. Railway ; Rhodium. — 
(Rex.) King. — (Regina.) 
Queen. — (Recipe.) Take. 

R. A. Ro3 T al Academy, or 
Academician ; Rear Admi- 
ral ; Right Ascension. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

Rec. or R. Recipe. [tary. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secre- 

Ref. Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

Reg. Register ; Regular. 

Rep. Representative ; Re- 
public ; Reporter. 

Rev. Revelation , Revolu- 
tion ; Review ; Revenue ; 

Rev. Reverend. [Revise. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

Rom. Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. 

R. R. Railroad. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable . 

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

Ru . Ruthenium . 

R. W. Right Worshipful. 

s. 

S. Sign; South; Sulphur; 

Sunday; Saturday; Signor; 

Scribe ; Shilling. 
S.A. South America ; South 
Sam. Samuel. [Africa. 

Sat. Saturday. 
Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 
S. C. South Carolina. 
Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit.) 

He, or she, engraved it. 
Sch., or Schr. Schooner. 
Scil., or Sc. (Scilicet.) To 

wit ; namely. 
Script. Scripture. 
Sculp., or sculp. (Sculpsit.) 

He, or she, engraved it. 
S. E. South-East; South- 

Eastern (Postal District, 
Se. Selenium. [London). 
Sec. Secretary. [tion. 

Sec, or sec. Second; Sec- 
Sect., or sert. Section, [ior. 
Sen. Senate; Senator; Sen - 
Sep., or Sept. September. 
Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or 

Serjeant. 
Serv., or Servt. Servant. 
5". H S. (Societatis Histo- 
ric Socius. ) Fellow of the 

Historical Society. 



Si. Silicium. 

Sing., or sing. Singular. 

S. J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

£. Lat. South Latitude. 

Sid., or sld. Sailed. 

S. M. State Militia ; Short 
Meter ; Sergeant Major ; 
Sons of Malta. 

S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Im- 
perial.) His, or Her, Im- 
perial Majesty. 

Sn. (Stannum.) Tin. 

Soc. Society. 

Sol. Solomon ; Solution. 

S. P. Q. R. ( Senatus Pop- 
ulusque Romani.) Senate 
and people of Rome. 

Sq., or sq. Square. 

Sq.ft., or sq.ft. Square feet. 

Sq. in., or sq. in. Square 
inches. [miles. 

Sq. m., or sq. m. Square 

Sr. Sir, or Senior. 

SS., or ss. (Scilicet.) Name- 
ly. — ( Semis.) Half. 

5. iS. Sunday School ; Saint 
Simplicius (the mark on 
the collar of the Chief Jus- 
tice of England). 

S. S. E. South-South-East 

S. S. IV South -South- 
west. 

St. Saint; Street; Strait. 

Stat. Statute; Statuary. 

S. T.D. (Sacra; Theologix 
Doctor.) Doctor of Divin- 
ity. 

-S. T. P. (Sacrc Theologize 
Professor.) Professor of 
Theology. 

Subj . , or subj. Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive ; Sub- 
stitute. 

Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Superior; Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon ; Surgery. 

S. IV. South-West : South- 
western (Postal District, 
London) ; Senior Warden. 

Syn., or syn. Synonym. 

T. 

T. Tenor ; Tuesday ; Town ; 
Township ; Territory ; Ton. 

Ta. Tantalum. 

Tb. Terbium. 

Te. Tellurium. 

Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 

Tex. Texas. [Thorium. 

Th. Thursday ; Thomas ; 

Theo. Theodore. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 

Thurs. Thursday. 

27. Titanium. 

Tier., or tier. Tierce. 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus. 

Tl. Thallium. 

Tob. Tobit. 

Tr. Translation ; Trans- 
pose; Treasurer; Trustee. 

Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 

u. 

77. Uranium. 

77. C. Upper Canada. 

Ult., or ult. (Ultimo.) Last, 

or of the last month. 
Univ. University. 
77. 5'. United States. 
77. S. A. United States of 

America ; United States 

Armv. 
77. S. M. United States Mail; 

United States Marine. 



U. S. M. A. United States 

Military Academy. 
U. S. N. United States 

Navy. [unteers. 

U. S. V. United States Vot 
U. T. Utah Territory. 



V. Vanadium ; Victoria ; 

Viscount ; Verb ; Verse ; 

Vocative ; Volume ; Violin. 
V. a., or v. a. Verb active. 
Va. Virginia. 
V. C. Tice Chancellor. 
Ven. Venerable. [Grand. 
V. G. Vicar General ; Vice 
V. i. Verb intransitive. 
Vice Pres. Vice President. 
Vid., or vid. (Vide.) See. 
Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 
Viz., or viz. (Videlicet.) 

Namely ; To wit. [See 

Note under Oz.] 
V. 7i., or v. n. Verb neuter. 
Voc, or t-oc. Vocative. 
Vol., or vol. Volume. 
V. P. Vice President. 
V. R. ( Victoria Regina.) 

Queen Victoria. 
Vs., or vs. ( Ve rsics.) Against, 

or In opposition. 
Vt. Vermont. 
V. t., or v. t. Verb transitive. 

w. 

W. West ; William ; Wed- 
nesday ; Welsh ; Warden. 
— (Wolframium.) Tungs- 
sten. 

TV, or iv. Week. 

TV C. Western Central (Post, 
al District, London). 

Wed. Wednesday. [Indies- 

TV. I. West India, West 

TV. Lon. West Longitude. 

Wm. William. 

TV. M. Worshipful Master. 

TV. N. TV. West-North-West. 

Wp. Worship. 

TV. S. Writer to the Signet. 

TV. S.W. West-South-Vest. 

Wt. , or wt. .. Weight. 

X. 

X. Christ. 

X?n., or X?nas. Christmas. 

Xt. Christ. 

Y. 

Y. Yttrium. 
Y, or \r. Year. 
Yd. , or yd. Yard. 
Y e , or y e . The. 

Eg- The y in this abbrevia- 
tion, is a corrupt representa- 
tion of the Anglo-Saxon J 1 
or th, introduced at the time 
when the Anglo-Saxon al- 
phabet was superseded by 
the Old English or Black 
Letter, in which p (y) bore 
a considerable resemblance 
in form to p. 
Yr. Your. 



Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 

Zach. Zachary. 
Zech. Zechariah. 
Zeph. Zephaniah. 
Zn. Zinc. 
Zool. Zoology. 
Zr. Zirconium. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS 



USED IN 



BITING AND PRINTING 



I. ASTRONOMICAL. 



1. 


STJN, GREATER PLANETS, 


ETC. 


©,or® 


The Sun. 


©i 9. or 6 


The Earth. 


, D,or a 


The Moon. 


cf 


Mars. 





New Moon. 


% 


Jupiter. 


©,«• D 


First Quarter. 


h 


Saturn. 


O, or® 


Full Moon. 


W,or§ 


Uranus. 


®,or <L 


Last Quarter. 


V 


Neptune. 


$ 


Mercury. 


& 


Comet. 


? 


Venus. 


*, or% 


Fixed Star, 



(Jcp^ The asteroids are now designated by numbers indi- 
cating the order of their discovery, and their symbol is a 
small circle inclosing this number; as, (T), Ceres; (£), Pal- 
las; ® , Juno ; © , Vesta ; and the like. 

2. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



Spring 

Signs. 

Summer 



Autumn 
Signs. 



Winter 
Signs. 



°P Aries, the Ram. 



Taurus, the Bull. 

3. P Gemini, the Twins. 

4. 23 Cancer, the Crab. 

5. <Q, Leo, the Lion. 

6. Tip Virgo, the Virgin. 

7. rO= Libra, the Balance. 

8. ?m_ Scorpio, the Scorpion. 

9. $ Sagittarius, the Archer. 

10. l/> Capricornus, the. Goat. 

11. ■££ Aquarius, the Waterman. 

12. }£ Pisces, the Fishes. 



3. ASPECTS AND NODES. 

<3 Conjunction; — indicating that the bodies have the 
same longitude, or right ascension. 

%. Sextile ; — indicating a difference of 60° in longitude, 
or right ascension. 

D Quadrature ; — indicating a difference of 90° in longi- 
tude, or right ascension. 

A Trine ; — indicating a difference of 120° in longitude, 
or right ascension. 

8 Opposition ; — indicating a difference of 180° in longi- 
tude, or right ascension. 

Q Ascending Node ; — called also Dragon's Head. 

y Descending Node ; — called also Dragon's Tail. 



II. CHEMICAL. 

• One equivalent of oxygen ; — written above a symbol 
representing an element, and repeated to indicate two, 
three, or more equivalents ; thus, Fe denotes a compound 
of one equivalent of oxygen with one of iron ; 'S a com- 
pound of three equivalents of oxygen with one of sulphur. 
» One equivalent of sulphur ^y-used in the same man- 
ner as the preceding ; thus, Fe denotes a compound of 
two equivalents of sulphur and one of iron. 
5®= A dash drawn across a symbol having either of the 
foregoing signs above it, denotes that two equivalents of 
the substance represented by the symbol are joined with 
the number of equivalents, of oxygen or sulphur indicated 
by the dots or commas; thus, ^e represents a compound 
of two equivalents of iron and three of oxygen, forming 
Besqui-oxide of iron. 
'960) 



■f- indicates, in organic chemistry, a base or alkaloid, 
when placed above the initial letter of the name of the 
substance; as, M, morphine ; Q. quinine. 

— indicates, in organic chemistry, an acid, when placed 
above the initial letter of the name of the acid; as, 
C, citric acid ; T, tartaric acid. 

4®= Every elementary substance is represented, in chem- 
ical notation, by a symbol consisting of the initial or ab- 
breviation of its Latin name; as, H for hydrogen, O for 
oxygen, Ag (from Argentum) for silver, and the like, each 
symbol, when used 'singly, always indicating a single atom 
or equivalent of the substance represented by it ; thus, O 
stands for one atom or equivalent of oxygen, for a single 
equivalent of carbon, and the others in like nianuer. A 
compound body made up of single equivalents of its constit- 
uents is represented by the two symbols of the respective 
constituents written side by side; as, HO, a compound of 
one equivalent of hydrogen with one of oxyg'n, forming 
water. To express more than one atom or equivalent of a 
substance, a number is used, either prefixed to the symbol, 
or, more commonly, written after it, below the line ; as, 
20, or 02, two equivalents of oxygen. 

A secondary compound, as a salt, is indicated by writing 
the symbols of the constituent compounds one after another, 
with the sign -4- between them, the symbol of the base 
being always placed first ; thus, CaO -f- C02 represents car- 
bonate of lime. A comma is frequently used instead of the 
sign -4-j commonly to express a more intimate union than 
would be expressed by that sign. The period is also some- 
times used to indicate a union more intimate than that 
denoted by the sign -4-j but less so than that implied by a 
comma. A number written before the symbol of a com- 
pound designates a corresponding number of equivalents of 
that compound; as, 3 SO3, three equivalents of sulphuric 
acid. When the formula of the quantity contains several 
terms, those to which the figure applies- are included in 
parentheses or brackets, to which the figure is prefixed ; as, 
3 (CaO + S03), three equivalents of sulphate of lime. 

III. MATHEMATICAL. 

THE RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

-f- Plus ; and ; more ; — indicating addition ; as a -f- = 
c ; — used also to indicate that figures have been omitted 
from the end of a number, or that the latter is approxi- 
mately exact ; as, the square root of 2 is 1.4142136 -)-• 

— Minus; less; — indicating subtraction ; as, a — 6=rc. 
-J-, or ^f Plus or minus ; ambiguous ; — indicating that 

the number or quantity to which it is prefixed may have 

either of the signs -f- or — ; as, a±J. 
X Multiplied by; times; into; as, a X b = ah; 6 X 4 

= 24. 

4®=" Multiplication is also often indicated by placing a 
dot between the factors, or by writing the latter, when not 
numerals, one after another without any sign. 
-5-, or: Divided by ; as, a -3- b ; that is, a divided by b ; 

6-r-3 = 2. 

Jggp Division is also very often indicated by writing the 
divisor under the dividend, with a line between them ; as 



that is, a divided by b , 



1 = 2. 

{a + b) X c = etc -4- be; 6 + 



= Is equal to ; equals 

2 = 8. 
> Is greater than ; as, a > b; that is, a is greater than 

b; 6>5- 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



961 



< Is less than ; as, a <[ b; that is, a is less than b; 3 

<*• 

=0= Is equivalent to ; — applied to magnitudes or quan- 
tities which are equal in area or volume, but are not of 
the same form, or capable of superposition. 

^ The difference between ; — used to indicate the differ- 
ence between two quantities without designating which 
is the greater ; as, a ^ b. 

oc Varies as ; is proportional to ; as, a cc b. 

: Is to ; the ratio of ; I — used to indicate geometrical pro- 

12 As ; equals ; ) portion ; as, a : b : : c : d ; that 

is, a is to b as c is to d. 

.♦. Hence; therefore; on this account. 

••• Because. 

00 Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infinity. 

Indefinitely small ; infinitesimal ;— used to denote a 
quantity less than any assignable quantity ; also, as a 
numeral, naught ; nothing ; zero. 

/ Angle ; the angle ; as, /_ A B C. 

( Bight angle ; the right angle ; as, L A B C ; that is, 

the right angle ABC. 

J_ The perpendicular ; perpendicular to ; as, draw A B _|_ 
CD. 

|| Parallel ; parallel to ; is parallel to ; as, A B || CD. 

O Circle ; circumference ; 360°. 

A Triangle ; the triangle ; as A A B C ; that is, the tri- 
angle ABC. 

n Square ; the square ; as, Q AB CD; that is, the 
square A B C D. 

I~~1 Rectangle; the rectangle ; as,DABCD; that is, the 
rectangle A B C D. 

V, or */ Root; — indicating, when used without a 

figure placed above it, the square root ; as, ^ 4 = 2 ; 
Vio2 = 2a. This symbol is called the radical sign . To 
denote any other than the square root, a figure (culled the 
index) expressing the degree of the required root, is placed 
above the sign ; as V«, */«, */«, &c. 
Cg^" The root of a quantity is also denoted by a fractional 
index at the right hand side of the quantity and above it, 
the denominator of the index expressing the degree of the 

2 a s , a° ; that is, the square, cube, and fifth 



root ; as a 

roots of a, respectively 

Tinculum, 

( ) Parenthesis 

[ ],or 

I Bar, 



Brackets, 



indicate that the quantities 
to which they are applied, or 
which are inclosed by them, 
are to be taken together ; as, 
x~-\^f; 2(a+b); «X(H 
c[e + d]); + x y \z. 

f, orF Function; function of; as y=f(x)\ that is, y 

is, or equals, a function of a:. 

§21p = ' Various other letters or signs are frequently used 
by mathematicians to indicate functions ; as,/, #, <ty, \(/, u-, 
and the like. 

d Differential ; as, dx ; that is, the differential of x. 
S Variation ; as 8 x ; that is, the variation of x. 
A Finite difference. 
D Differential co-efficient ; derivative. 

d^ 3 " The letters d, S, A, D, and sometimes others, are 
variously employed by different mathematicians, prefixed 
to quantities to denote that the differentials, variations, 
finite differences, or differential co-efficients of these quan- 
tities are to be taken ; but the ordinary significations are 
those given above. 

y Integral ; integral of ; — indicating that the expression 
before which it is placed is to be integrated ; 3iS,f2xdx = 
x- ; that is, the integral of2xdx is x*. 
E^sT^ It is repeated to indicate that the operation of in- 
tegration is to be performed twice, or three or more times, 
&s ff, fffi &c. For a number of times greater than three, 
an index is commonly written at the right hand above ; as, 
f m xdx m ; that is, the with integral, or the result of m in- 
tegrations of xdx m . 

1% denotes that the integral is to be taken between the 
value b of the variable and its value a. f a denotes that 
the integral ends at the value a of the variable, and /£ 
that it begins at the value b. These forms must not be 
confounded with the similar one indicating repeated in- 
tegration, or with that indicating the integral with re- 
spect to a particular variable. 

2 Sum ; algebraic sum : — commonly used to indicate the 
sum or summation of finite differences, and in nearly the 
same manner as the symbol/. 

« Residual. 

61 



tt The number-3. 14159265 -4- ; the ratio of the circumfer- 
ence of a circle to its diameter, of a semicircle to its radi- 
us, and of the area of a circle to the square of its radius. 
In a circle whose radius is unity, it is equal to the semi- 
circumference, and hence is used to designate an arc of 

Degrees ; as, 60° ; that is, sixty degrees. 

' Minutes of arc ; as, 30' ; that is, thirty minutes. 

" Seconds of arc ; as, 20" ; that is, twenty seconds. 

', ", " y , &c. Accents used to mark quantities of the same 
kind which are to be distinguished; as, a', a", a'", &c. 
which are usually read a prime, a second, a third 'etc. ; 
a b' c" -4- a' b" c -4- a" b c< . 

!, 2 , 3 , &c. Indices placed above and at the right hand of 
quantities to denote that they are raised to powers whose 
degree is indicated by the figure : as, a} ; that is, the 
first power of a; a^, the square or second power of a; a-3, 
the cube or third power of a ; and the like. 

IV. MEDICAL. 

5a. (Gr. avd), of each. 
R (Lat. Recipe.) Take. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 



lb Pound. 

§ Ounce ; as, §i, one 
ounce; g ss, half an ounce; 
3 iss, one ounce and a half; 
gij, two ounces, &c. 
3 Drachm ; as, gi, one 
drachm ; 3 ss, half a 
drachm ; 3 iss , one drachm 



and a half ; 3 ij, two 
drachms, &c. 
9 Scruple ; as, 9 i, one 
scruple ; V)ss, half a scru- 
ple ; 9iss, one scruple and 
a half; 5 ij, two scruples, 
&c. 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 

O,or0 (Lat. Octarius.) Pint, j 5 Drachm, or /3 fluid 
g Ounce, or /g fluid 1 drachm. 



lH. Minim, or drop. 



Y. MISCELLANEOUS. 

&, 4", Sf And. — &c. {Et cetera.) And the rest; and so 
forth ; and so on ; and the like. 

R Response ; — used in Roman Catholic service-books. 

y Versicle ; — used in service-books in the Roman Cath- 
olic church to denote the part recited or sung by the 
priest. 

* A character uxed in Roman Catholic service-books to 
divide each verse of a psalm into two parts, and show 
where the response begins. 

►V or -4- A sign of the cross used by the pope, and by 
Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops, immediately 
before the subscription of their names. In Roman Cath- 
olic service-books, it is used in those places of the prayers 
and benediction where the priest is to make the sign of 
the cross. 

•^ Broad Arrow; a British government mark, stamped, 
cut, or otherwise fixed on all government property used 
in the royal ships or dock-yards, in order to prevent em- 
bezzlement of naval stores. 

X, or -+- A character customarily made by persons unable 
to write, when they are required to execute instruments 
of any kind, as deeds, affidavits, &c. 
The name of the party is added by his 

some one who can write ; as, John X Smith 

4to, or 4°. ^,-iarto ; four leaves, or mark, 

eight pages, to a sheet. 

8vo, or 8°. Octavo ; eight leaves, or sixteen pages, to a 
sheet. 

12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo ; twelve leaves, or twenty-four 
pages, to a sheet. 

16mo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo ; sixteen leaves, or thirty-two> 
pages, to a sheet. 

18mo, or 18°. Octo-decimo ; eighteen leaves, or thirty-six 
pages, to a sheet. 
Jgg^ Other sizes are 24mo, or 24° (Vigesimo-quarto),, 

32mo, or 32° (Trigesimo-secundo), 36mo, or 36° (Trigesimo- 

sexto), 48mo, or 48° (Quadrigesimo-sexto), 64mo, or 64° 

(Sexagesimo-quarto), 72mo, or 72° (Septuagesimo-secundo),. 

96mo, or 96° (Nonagesimo-sexto), 128mo, or 128° (Centesi- 

mo et vigesimo-octavo). These sizes are of rare occurrence,. 

and are not commonly known by their Latin names, but 

are colloquially called twenty-four-mo, thirty-two-mo, &c, 

or twent}"-fours, thirty-twos, &c. 

Tber, September ; 8ber, October ; 9ber, November ; lQber,. 
December. 



962 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



VI. MONETARY AND 
COMMERCIAL. 

$ Dollar, or Dollars ; as, $1 ; $200. 

f Cent, or cents ; as, 12^ .; 33<£. 

£ Pound, or Pounds (sterling); as, £1 ; £45. 

lb Pound, or Pounds (in weight) ; as, lib ; 241b. 

@ At, or to ; as, silk @ $2 per yd. 

ty Per ; as, sheep $4 ty head. 

cj/ Percent.; as, discount Qfo =$10.21. 

a/ Account; as, J. Smith in a/ c with J. Jones. 

/ Shilling, or Shillings ; as, 1/ = Is. 6d. ; 2 / = 2s. 3d. 

A 1 The designation of a first-class vessel, in Lloyd's Reg- 
ister of British and Foreign Shipping ; the letter denoting 
that the hull is well built and sea-worthy, and the figure 
the efficient state of her rigging, anchors, cables, &c. 

XX Ale of double strength. 

XXX Ale of triple strength. 

VII. TYPOGRAPHICAL. 

1. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION, Etc. 





Comma. 


Diaeresis. 




Semicolon. 


Cedilla. 


J 


Colon. 


A Caret. 


. 


Period. 


" " Quotation Marks. 


? 


Dash. 
Interrogation. 


> Brace. 


t 


Exclamation. 


* * * Ellipsis. 


( ) 


Parenthesis. 


. . . Ellipsis; also, Leaders 


f 1 


Brackets, or Crotchets. 






J 


Apostrophe. 


* Asterisk. 


- 


Hyphen. 


t Dagger, or Obelisk. 


/ 


Acute Accent. 


t Double Dagger. 


\ 


Grave Accent. 


§ Section. 


A 


Circumflex Accent. 


|| Parallels. 


~ 


Circumflex, or Tilde. 


IT Paragraph. 


~ 


The Long, or Macron. 


B^ - * Index. 




The Short, or Breve. 


*#*> or #** Asterism. 



2. CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. 

oi, or & (dele) Delete, take out, or expunge. 

\6) Turn a reversed letter. 

# A space, or more space between words, letters, or lines. 

^ Less space, or no space, between words or letters. 

L_ , or _1 Carry a word further to the left or to the right. 

D Indent. 

i ' Elevate a letter, word, or character that is sunk below 
the proper level. 

i i Sink or depress a letter, word, or character raised 

above the proper level. 

] shows that a portion of a paragraph projects laterally 
beyond the rest. 

X directs attention to a quadrat or space which improp- 
erly appears. 

x , or + directs attention to a broken or imperfect type. 

[ Bring a word or words to the beginning of a line ; also, 
make a new paragraph. 

IT Make a new paragraph. 

— Change from Italic to Roman, or from Roman to Ital- 
ic, as the case may be. 

= Put in small capitals. 

= Put in capitals. 

^W The other marks are self-explanatory ; but the fol- 
lowing abbreviations, used in correcting proof-sheets, re- 
quire explanation : — 

wf. Wrong font ; — used when a character is of a wrong 

size or style. 
tr. Transpose. 
I. c. Lower-case; i. e., put in small or common letters a 

word or a letter that has been printed in capitals or 

small capitals. 
s. caps., or sm. c. Put in small capitals. 
Qu., Qy., or ? Query. 
out, s. c. Words are wanting, see copy. 



SPECIMEN OF A CORRECTED PROOF-SHEET. 
THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 



D A, caStA. /^Nothing can be conceived more affecting or noble thanA that ceremony. The ^ 
^ superb palaces and-aed- porticos by which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marius 

«e and Caesar had long moihldered into dust. The laureled fasces, the golden eagles, "^""^ 

€. o. the shouting Legions, the captives, and the pictured cities were indeed want^ -/ 



Q 



&. 



a-Tttix 



oa.fv€t,veA 



[ ing to his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away from Rome. / / 

■<■ teua. 



But she still jetained the mightier influence of an ^empire i/intellectual/^ and was 

now to confer the prouder reward of an intellectual triumph. To the m<pn who &€e€. a/ 

had ex tended tne aommion of herl_ ancient language — who|_had erectedl_the A £ ac& ^f«/^eA. 

t hie 8 of philosophy and imagination in the I haunts of ignorance"and J, 

ferocity, whose - captions - were the he arts of admiring nations/ enchained by the 3 >/ 

influence of his son ° — whose spoils were the treasures of ancient genius — the 
Eternal City offered the fglorious\and/jus^i tribute of her gratitude. I / ■£»• 



<=Afa- "I <t€ ( Amid the ruined monuments of ancient, and the infant erectionybf nmdern »/ 

Q art, he who had restored/ the broken link between thetwo agesj&fl buman civiliza- 4r 

the moderns who 



from 



owed to him their refinement. — from the anci 



who owfije/ to him their fame 
Never was a coronation so august witnessed by Westminster or Rheims. 



/*. 



Macaulay. ^^Z ? 
te4o€€e</ 'flam o-v&ctttt&f and cCeca,™ 



A CONCISE ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. 



Al/a-ris. A Scythian priest of Apollo, said to have ridden 

through the air on an arrow. 
A-ces'te§. A king of Sicily, who entertained iEneas and 

Anchises. 
A-chse'us. Son of Xuthus, from whom the Achaeans, a 

Grecian tribe, were descended. 
A-cha'te§» A trusty friend and companion of iEneas. 
Ach'e-ron. Son of Sol and Terra, transformed into a 

river in the infernal regions. 
A-chil'Ie§. A Grecian hero, distinguished for his warlike 

prowess, and invulnerable except in his right heel ; but 

at length slain by Paris, in the Trojan war. He was the 
_son of Peleus and Thetis. 
A'cis. The son of Faunus, a Sicilian shepherd, who was 

killed by Polyphemus, because he had obtained the affec- 
tions of Galafcaea. 
Ae-tae'on. A celebrated hunter, who, having seen Diana 

bathing, was changed into a stag and hunted down by 

his own hounds. 
Ad-me'tus. A king of Pherse, in Thessaly, and husband 

of Alcestis. 
A-do'nis. A Cyprian youth famed for his beauty and be- 
loved by Venus, but torn in pieces by a wild boar. 
«?E'a-eus. Son of Jupiter and Europa, famed for his justice 

and piety. After death he was made one of the judges 

in the infernal regions. 
iE-ge'ri-a. See Egeria. 
^E-gas'us. A king of Athens, who gave his name to the 

JEgean sea, by being drowned in it. [Naiads. 

«3E'gIe. 1. One of the Hesperides. 2. The fairest of the 
■33-gyp'tlxs. A king of Egypt, whose fifty sons, with the 

exception of Lynceus, were slain on their wedding night 

by their wives, the daughters of Danaus. 
2E-ne'as. A Trojan warrior, son of Venus and Anchises. 

He is distinguished for his pious care of his father at the 

capture of Troy ; and his adventures form the subject of 

Virgil's J2neid. 
-35'o-lus. The god or ruler of the winds, who resided in 

the islands between Italy and Sicily. [art. 

iEs'cu-la'pi-us. Son of Apollo, and god of the healing 
Ag'a-mem'non. Brother of Menelaus, and commander 

of the Grecian forces against Troy. He was murdered by 

his wife Clytaemnestra, with the aid of iEgisthus, her 

paramour. See ClyTjemnesTRA. 
Ag'a-nrp'pe. A fountain at the foot of Mount Heli- 
con, sacred to the Muses. 
A'jax. 1. A son of Telamon, and one of the bravest of 

the Greeks in the Trojan war. 58. A Greek renowned for 

his bravery in the Trojan war. He was the son of Oi'leus, 

and king of the Locri. 
Al-ces'tis. Wife of Admetus, to preserve whose life she 

resigned her own. She was afterward, however, brought 

back from the lower world bv Hercules. 
Al-cl'de§. A name of Hercules. [bv Jupiter. 

Ak-me'na, Wife of Amphitrvon, and mother of Hercules 
Al-cy'o-ne. A daughter of .Solus, who drowned herself 

in grief for the loss of her husband, and was turned into 

a king-fisher. 
A-lee'to. One of the Furies. 
Am'mon. A title of Jupiter. 
Am-phijon. A Theban prince who cultivated the art of 

music with such success that, at the sound of his lyre, 
w stones came together, and formed the walls of Thebes. 
^.m'phi-tri'te. Daughter of Nereus and Doris, and 

wife of Neptune. 
An-cae'us. A king of the Samians, who, leaving a cup of 

wine untasted to pursue a boar by which he was killed, 

gave rise to the proverb, " There 'smanya6lip 'twixt the 

cup and the Hp.'^ ' 



An-ehv*se§. The father of ^neas by Venus, 

An-dr6m'a-che. The wife of Hector, distinguished for 
her domestic virtues. 

An-drdm'e-da. Daughter of the Ethiopian king Ce- 
pheus. Her mother, Cassiope, having boasted herself 
fairer than Juno, Andromeda was exposed to a sea- 
monster, but was rescued by Perseus, who married her. 

An-tee'us. A monarch of Libya, of gigantic size and 
w strength, slain by Hercules. 

An'te-ros. The god who avenges si ghted love. 

An-tig'o-ne. A daughter of (Euipus and Jocasta, fa- 
mous for her filial piety . 

A-n-u'bis. An Egyptian god, represented as having the 
head of a dog. 

Aph'ro-di'te. The Greek name of Venus. 

A'pis. The Egyptian god of industry, worshiped under 
the form of an ox. 

A-p6l r lo. A deity of the Greeks and Romans, worshiped 
as the sun-god. He was also god of medicine, divination, 
archery, and poetry, and presided over the Muses. 

A-racli'ne. A Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva 
to a, trial of skill in embroidery, and was changed into a 

w spider, as a punishment for her presumption. 

Ar'e-thu'sa. Daughter of Nereus, a nymph of great 
beauty, in the train of Diana, in Elis ; — changed into a 
fountain when pursued by the river-god Alpheus. It was 
believed that this fountain flowed under the sea, with the 
_ Alpheus, and appeared again in Sicily. 

Ar'go-nauts. Companions of Jason, who went to Col- 
_chis, in the ship Argo, in search o» golden fleece. 

Ar'gus. The son of Arestor ; said to have a hundred 
eyes. Being sent by Juno to watch Io, he was killed 
by Mercury, whereupon Juno placed his eyes in the tail 

_of a peacock. 

A'ri-ad'ne. Daughter of Minos, king of Crete, who, for 
the love she bore to Theseus, gave him a clew of thread 
which guided him safely out of the labyrinth of Crete. 

A-ri'on. A famous musician and lyric poet of Methymna, 
in Lesbos, rescued from drowning by a dolphin. 

Ar'is-tse'us. A son of Apollo andCyrene, who discovered 
the use of honey, oil. &c, and who first taught men the 

^management of bees. 

Ar'te-mis. The Greek name of Diana. 

As-cal'a-phiis. A son of AcheroE, who, having asserted 
that Proserpine had eaten a pomegranate-seed in the 
kingdom of Pluto, was turned into an owl, for mischief- 
making. 

As-trse'a. The goddess of justice. During the Golden 
Age she lived on earth, but when that passed away she 
abandoned it, and returned to heaven. 

As-ty'a-nax. Son of Hector and Andromache, killed by 
Ulysses at the destruction of Troy. 

At'a-lan'ta. A princess of Scyros, who consented to 
marry any one of her suitors who should outrun her. 
Hippomenes was the successful competitor. 

A'te. The goddess of revenge. 

At/las. A Titan, and king of Mauritania, who is said to 
have supported the world on his shoulders, and was 
changed into a mountain. 

At'ro-p5s. One of the Parcse. Her duty among the 
three sisters is to cut the thread of life. 

Au'ge-a«. One of the Argonauts, and afterward king of 

' ' Elis. His stables were the scene of the fifth labor of Her- 
cules, who cleansed them from the accumulated filth of 
thirty years by turning a river through them. 

Au-ro'ra. The goddess of morning, 

B. 



Bac-chan'tes. Priestesses of Bacchus. 
Bae'ehus. The god of wine. 



a, 5, &c, long ; a, e\ &c. .short ; care, far, ask, all. what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do.wolf , 
food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo j gem, get ; a§ ; ejist j Usger, ii ^ k i this ' 

(963) 



964 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



Bel-ler'o-phon. Son of Glaucus, and grandson of Sis- 
yphus. Being falsely accused by the wife of Proetus, king 
of the Argives, he was sent with a letter from Proetus to 
his father-in-law, commanding him to put the bearer to 
death. He is noted for having slain the Chimsera. 

Bel-lo'na. The goddess of war, and sister of Mars. 

Ber'e-nl'^e. Sister and wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Her 
beautiful hair was placed in the heavens as a constella- 
tion. 

Bo'na De'a. A name given by the Romans to the god- 
dess of chastity. It was unlawful for any man to enter 
her temple. 

Bria're-us, or Bri'a-reus. A famous giant, feigned 
to have had a hundred hands and fifty heads. 

Bri-se'is. A beautiful slave of Achilles, from whom she 
was taken by Agamemnon. 

Bron'teg. One of the Cyclops, who forged Jove's thun- 
der-bolts. 

Bu-si'ris. A king of Egypt, who, in consequence of an 
oracle, sacrificed strangers on the altar of Jupiter. He 
was slain by Hercules. 

Byfo'lis. The daughter of Miletus, who loved her broth- 
er, and being avoided by him, wept herself into a fount- 
ain. 

C. 

■Ca-lbi'ri. Deities worshiped at Lemnos and Samothrace 
as tutelary genii. 

•Ca'-eus. A noted giant and robber, fabled to have had 
three heads. He stole the oxen of Geryon from Hercu- 
les, and on that account was slain by him. 

Cad'mus. Son of the Phenician king Agenor, and the 
inventor of alphabetic writing. 

Ca-du'ee-us. Mercury's winged rod, which had two 
serpents twined about it. 

-€al'«h.as. A famous soothsayer, and prophet of the 
Greeks in the Trojan war. 

■€al-li'o-pe. Mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine 
Muses. She presided over epic poetry. 

-Cal-Iis'to. Daughter of Lycaon, an Arcadian king. She 
was changed by Juno, on account of jealousy, into a bea'r, 
and was placed by T -piter among the stars. 

Ca-lyp'so. A nymph who reigned in the island of Ogy- 
gia", where she entertained Ulysses for eight years. 

Ca-mil'la. A warlike queen of the Volscians, slain in 
the war with iEneas. 

•Cap'a-neiis. One of seven heroes who led an expedi- 
tion from Argos against Thebes. He was struck with 
lightning by Jupiter. 

Cas-san'dra. A daughter of Priam and Hecuba, whose 
prophecies the Trojans refused to believe. 

■€as-ta'li-a. A celebrated fountain on Mount Parnassus, 
sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 

£e'<:rops. The founder and first king of Athens, who 
instituted marriage and the interment of the dead. 

£en'taur§. A Thessalian race, fabled to have been half 
men and half horses. 

£e'plie-us, or £e'plieixs. A king of Ethiopia, husband 
of Cassiope and father of Andromeda. 

9er'be-rus. The three-headed dog of Pluto, which 
guarded the gate of Hades. 

9e're§. The goddess of grain, fruits, and agriculture. She 
was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister of Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, and mother of Proserpine. 

Cha'ron. The son of Erebus and Nox, who ferried the 
souls of the dead over the rivers Acheron and Styx to 
Hades. 

Cha-ryb'dis. A ravenous woman, turned by Jupiter 
into a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, oppo- 
site to the rocks called Scylla. 

Chi-mae'ra. A fabulous monster in Lycia, which vom- 
ited_fire, and was slain by Bellerophon. 

-ehry-se'is. A daughter of Chryses, a priest of Apollo, 
at Chryse, in Troas. Having been captured by the 
Greeks, and given to Agamemnon, Apollo sent a pesti- 
lence upon the Grecian hosts, whereupon she was re- 
stored to her father. 

^Ir'^e. A sea-nymph and sorceress, who, by means of 
an enchanted cup, turned men into swine. 

CK'o. The Muse who presided over history ; represented 
with a half-opened roll. [sewers. 

Clo'a-^i'na. A Roman goddess, who presided over the 

Clo'tho. The youngest of the three Fates. Her office 
was to spin the thread of life. 

-eiyi/aem-nes'tra, ) The faithless wife of Agamemnon, 

-eiyt/em-nes'tra. J whom she, with her paramour 



JEgisthus, murdered on his return from Troy, for which 

crime she was killed by her son Orestes. 
-Go-^y'tus. A river in the lower world. 
Coe'lus. One of the earlier deities, the spouse of Terra, 

and father of Saturn. 
Co^mus. The god of festivals and merriment. 
-€re'on. A king of Thebes, who promised his sister Jo- 

casta in marriage to any one who would expound the 

riddle of the Sphinx. 
-€roe'sns. A king of Lydia, celebrated for his great 

riches 
-Gu'pid. The god of love, son of Mars and Venus. 
Cyfo'e-le. The wife of Saturn ; called the mother of the 

gods. 
9y'«lops. Savage giants of enormous strength, who 

worked for Vulcan. They had but one eye, and that was 

in the middle of the forehead. 
Cyn'tiii-a. A surname of Diana, from Mount Cynthus ; 

in Delos, where she was born. 
£yn'thi-us. A surname of Apollo. 
£yp'a-ris'sus. A youth beloved by Apollo. Having by 

accident slain a favorite stag belonging to the god, he 

was changed, through grief, into a cypress. 

D. 

Dsed'a-lus. A famous Athenian artificer, father of Ica- 
rus, and builder of the Cretan labyrinth. He is said to 
have constructed wings with which he fled across the 
iEgean Sea, to avoid the resentment of Minos. 

Da'mon. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, celebrated for his 
friendship for Pythias, or Phintias. 

Ban'a-e. Daughter of Acrisius, and mother of Perseus 
by Jupiter, who visited her in the form of a shower of 
gold L her father having shut her up in a tower. 

Da-na'i-de§. The fifty daughters of Danaus, all of 
whom with the exception of Hypermnestra, slew their 
husbands on their wedding night ; for which crime they 
were doomed eternally to fill with water a tub pierced 
with holes. 

Daplx'ne. A nymph beloved by Apollo, but who chose 
rather to be changed into a laurel than yield to his wishes. 

Dar'da-nus. Son of Jupiter and Electra, the Pleiad. 
Having slain his brother Jasius, he fled into Asia, where 
he founded the city of Troy. 

Deid'a-mi'a. Daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, 
and mother of Pyrrhus by Achilles. 

Dej'a-ni'ra. The wife of Hercules, who killed herself 
because she had sent to her husband a shirt dipped in the 
blood of the centaur Nessus, to escape the agony occa- 
sioned by which, he burnt himself on Mount (Eta,. 

De'li-a and De'li-us. Names of Diana and Apollo, from 
Delos, where they were born. 

Del'plii. A city of Phocis, on the hill of Parnassus, 
where was a celebrated oracle of Apollo. 

Deii-ca'li-oii. Son of Prometheus, king of Phthia, in 
Thessaly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved in a 
small boat from a flood which drowned the rest of Greece, 
and, landing on Mount Parnassus, repeopled the country 

Dl-an'a (classical pr on. Dl-a'na). The daughter of Jupi- 
ter and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was 
regarded as the virgin moon-goddess, the protector of vir- 
ginity, and of women in labor, the patroness of the chase, 
and the presider over nocturnal incantations. 

DI'do. The foundress and queen of Carthage, the site of 
which she obtained by purchasing as much land aa 
could be encompassed with a bullock's hide, and then 
cutting the hide into small shreds. She fell in love with 
iEneas, and killed herself because he slighted her. 

Di'o-med, orDI'o-me'deg. 1. A king of Thrace, whose 
horses fed on human flesh. i i. A famous Grecian hero, 
who assisted Ulysses to carry off the Palladium from Troy. 

Di-o'ne. A sea-nymph and mother of Venus. 

Dis-eor'di-a. The goddess of discord, banished from 
heaven for exciting divisions among the gods. 

Dry'ads. Nymphs who presided over the woods. 

E. 

fj-eli'o (classical pron. E'eho). A nymph who fell in love 

with Narcissus, but being slighted by him, pined away 

until nothing was left but her voice. 
E-ge'ri-a. A nymph of Aricia, in Italy, the spouse and 

instructress of Numa. 
E-le«'tra. 1. One of the seven Pleiades, daughter of 

Atlas and Pleione, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



2. A daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, and 
sister of Orestes. 

E-lyg'i-um (-lizh'i-). The place assigned for the resi- 
dence of good men after death. 

En cel'a-dus. The strongest of the giants who con- 
spired against Jupiter, and attempted to scale heaven. 
Jupiter hurled Mount Etna upon him. 

En-dym'i-on. A beautiful young shepherd of Mount 
Latmos, in Caria, who was condemned to perpetual sleep. 
Diana fell in love with him and nightly came down from 
heaven, to kiss him. 

E-pe'us. Son of Panopeus and fabricator of the wood- 
en horse, by means of which Troy was taken. 

Eph'i-al'teg. A giant, who, with his brother Otus, waged 

_ war with heaven, and was killed by Apollo. 

Er'a-to. The Muse of lyric and amatory poetry. 

Er'e-bus. 1. An infernal deity, son of Chaos, and 
brother of Nox. Z. A dark and gloomy cavern through 
which the shades pass on their way from Earth to Hades. 

E-rln'nys. A Fury ; one of the Furies, [pi. E-RIN'NY-Eg.) 

Eu-men'i-de§. [Lit., the benevolent or gracious ones.] 
A euphemistic name of the Furies. 

Eu-ph6r'bus. A brave Trojan' son of Panthous. or 
Panthus. 

Eu-phros'y-ne. One of the three Graces. 

Eii-ro'pa. Daughter of the Phenician king Agenor, and 

■ mother of Minos and Sarpedon by Jupiter, who, under 
the form of a white bull, carried her off into Crete. 

Eu-ry'a-le. Daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and 
mother of Orion. [Nisus. 

Eu-ry'a-lus. A Trojan, famed for his friendship for 

Eu-ryd'i-ce. Wife of Orpheus, to regain whom he de- 
scended to the lower world. Pluto yielded to his prayer 
on condition that he should not look back at her until 
they reached the light, which condition he failed to ful- 
fill, and was obliged to return without her. 

Eu-ryn'o-me. Daughter of Oceanus and mother of the 
Graces. 

Eu-rys'the-us, or Eu-rys'theiis. A king of Myce- 
nae, who, at the command of Juno, imposed upon Her- 
cules, his cousin and junior, twelve difficult labors. 

Eu-ter'pe. The Muse who presided over music. 



Fates. Goddesses who presided over human destiny. 
Fau'na. A prophetic goddess of the Latins, called also 

Bona Dea. 
Faung. Sylvan deities with horns and goats' feet ; the 

offspring of Faunus. 
Fau'nus. A mythical king of Latium, worshiped, after 

death, as the god of agriculture and of shepherds. 
Fe-ro'ni-a. An Italian deity, the goddess of plants, 

and the patroness of freedmen. 
Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and gardens. 
For-tii'na. The goddess of fortune, from whose hand 

were derived riches and poverty, happiness and misery ; 

represented as blind. 
Fu/rieg. The goddesses who avenge in the next world 

the sins committed in this. They are represented armed 

with snakes and lighted torches. 

G. 

GaFa-tse'a. A sea-nymph, passionately loved by Poly- 
phemus, [into a cock. 

Gal'lus. A youth beloved by Mars,_and by him changed 

Gan'y-mede. [Lat. Gan'y-me'des.] The son ofTros, 
a youth of surpassing beauty, carried off by Jupiter's 
eagle from Mount Ida to heaven, where he became cup- 

m bearer to the god, in place of Hebe. 

Ge-ni'i. Tutelar deities, or guardian spirits of persons, 

. or places. 

Ge'ry-on. A king of Spain, whose oxen Hercules carried 
off into Greece, after he had killed their master. 

G6r'di-us. A Phrygian king, who tied in the harness 
of his chariot an inextricable knot, of which it was fore- 
told that whoever untied it should become king of all 
Asia. Alexander the Great, being unable to disentangle 
it, cut the rope with his sword. 

Gor'gong. Three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, of 
laideous appearance, who had power to change men into 
stone by simply looking at them. 

Gra'ceg. Three beautiful virgin goddesses, daughters of 
Jupiter and Eurynome, constantly in attendance on Ve- 



965 



Gy'geg. 1. A king of Lydia, famous for having a ring, 
by means of which he could make himself invisible. Z. 
A giant with a hundred arms. 

H. 

Ha'deg. The place of departed spirits, comprehending 
both Elysium and Tartarus. 

Ham'a-dry'adg. Nymphs who lived in the woods, 
and presided over trees. 

Har'pieg. [Lat. Har-py'i-jE.] Rapacious monsters, 
having the faces of women, but the bodies, wings, and 
claws of birds of prey. 

Har-poc'ra-teg. The Egyptian god of silence ; repre- 
sented with his finger on his mouth. 

He'foe. The goddess of youth, and cup-bearer to the 
gods, until superseded by Ganymede on account of an 
unfortunate fall. 

He-e'a-te. A goddess who presided over enchantments, 
conjurations, &c. ; the same with Luna in heaven and 
Diana on earth. 

Hee'tor. Son of Priam and Hecuba, and the bravest of 
the Trojans, but slain at last by Achilles, who dragged 
his body^three times round the walls of Troy. 

Hee'u-ba. The wife of Priam. She tore out her eyes 
for the loss of her children, and was turned into a bitch 
for railing at the Grecians. 

Hel'e-na. [Eng. Hel'en.] Daughter of Tyndarus and 
Leda, and wife of Menelaus ; the most beautiful woman 
of her age. By running away with Paris, she occasioned 
the Trojan war. 

Hel'e-neg. The son of Priam and Hecuba, spared by 
the Greeks on account of his skill in divination. 

Hel'i-eon. A mountain of Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and 
the Muses. 

Hel'le. Daughter of Athamus and Nephele. She fled 
from her step-mother Ino, and was drowned in the Pon- 
tic Sea, thence called the Hellespont. 

Her'a-clI'dae. The descendants of Hercules. 

Her'eu-leg. Son of Jupiter and Alcmena, celebrated 
for his great strength, and especially for his twelve labors. 

Her'meg. The Greek name of Mercury. 

Her-ml'o-ne'. 1. Daughter of Mars and Venus, and 
wife of Cadmus, changed into a serpent. Z. Daughter 
of Menelaus and Helena, and wife of Orestes. 

He'ro. A beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, in 
Thrace, beloved by Leander of Abydos, who used to 
swim over the Hellespont every night to see her. Lean- 
der being at length unfortunately drowned, she threw 
herself, in despair, into the sea. 

He-si'o-ne. Daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, res- 
cued from a sea-monster by Hercules, who gave her in 
marriage to Telamon. 

Hes-per'i-deg. Three nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, 
who, in a garden on an island beyond Mount Atlas, 
guarded the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter. 

Hes'pe-riis, or Ves'per. Son of Japetus and Asia, and 
brother to Atlas ; changed into the evening star. 

Hip-pol'y-tus. Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, who 
was torn to pieces by his own horses, but was restored to 
life by iEsculapius , at the request of Diana. 

Hip-pom'e-don. Son of Nesimachus, and one of the 
seven Grecian chiefs in the war against Thebes. 

Hip-pom'e-neg. A Grecian prince, who beat Atalanta 
in a race by throwing golden apples before her, and thus 
obtained her as his wife. They were both changed by 
Cybele into lions. 

Hy'a-cyn'thus. A beautiful Spartan youth , beloved by 
Apollo and Zephyrus. The latter accidentally killed 
him ; but Apollo changed the blood that was spilt into a 
flower called the hyacinth. 

Hy'a-deg. Nymphs whose parentage, names, and num- 
ber are differently stated ; but the number commonly 
given is seven. They were placed among the stars, and 
were thought to threaten rain when they rose with the sun. 

Hy'dra. A celebrated water serpent, with seven heads, 
which infested Lake Lerna. As fast as one head was cut 
off, two sprang up in its stead. Hercules, however, suc- 
ceeded in killing it. 

Hy-ge'i-a. Daughter of iEsculapius, and the goddess of 
health. 

Hy'las. A beautiful son of Theodamus, passionately 
loved by Hercules. He was lost on the coast of Mysia, 
and was long sought by Hercules, but in vain. 

Hym/e-nse'iis, and Hy'men. Son of Bacchus and 
Venus, or, as some say, of Apollo and one of the Muses. 
He was the god of marriage. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e«ho; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; this. 



966 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



I. 



I-&-e f «lms. A surname of Bacchus. 

jte'a-rus. A son of Daedalus, who, flying with his father 
out of Crete into Sicily, fell into theiEgean Sea, — thence 
called the Icarian Sea. 

I-dom'e-neus. A king of Crete, and the leader of the 
Cretans against Troy. 

1'lu.s. A son of Tros and Callirrhoe, and the founder of 
Troy, which was called after him Ilium. 

I'o. Daughter of Inachus and Ismene, beloved by Jupi- 
ter, who, through fear of Juno, turned her into a cow. 
She wandered into Egypt, was restored to her former 
shape, married king Osiris, and after death was worshiped 
by the Egyptians, under the name of Isis. 

Iph'i-ge-m'a. Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytasm- 
nestra. Her father sought to offer her as a sacrifice to 
Diana, whose resentment he had incurred, but the god- 
dess put a hart in her place, and conveyed her to the 
Tauric Chersonese, where she became a priestess in the 
temple of her preserver. 

jf/ris. Daughter of Thaumas and Electra, and messenger 
of Juno, who changed her into a rainbow. 

Ix-i'on. A king of the Lapithae, in Thessaly, and the 
father of the Centaurs by an image of cloud which he 
supposed to be Juno. Having boasted of his intimacy 
with the goddess, he was punished by being fastened in 
hell to a fiery wheel perpetually turning round. 



Ja/mxs. An ancient Italian deity, the sun-god. He en- 
tertained Saturn on his arrival in Italy, and introduced 
the use of wines, altars, and temples. He is represented 
with two faces, looking backward and forward, to denote 
the past and the future. His temple at Rome was always 
open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. 

Ja'son. A prince of Thessaly, who, with the aid of Me- 
dea, brought away from Colchis a golden fleece which was 
guarded by a sleepless dragon. 

Jo-eas'ta. The wife of (Edipus. 

Ju'no. Daughter of Saturn and Ops, and sister and wife 
of Jupiter. She was the queen of heaven, the guardian 
deity of women, and the foundress of marriage. 

Jii'pi-ter. The supreme god of the Romans, and the 
father of men and gods ; identical with the Grecian Zevs 
(Zeus). He was the son of Saturn, brother of Neptune 
and Pluto, and brother and husband of Juno. 



I>a,-eli''e-sis. One of the three Fates. 

r.a'i-u.s. King of Thebes, and father of (Edipus, who un- 
wittingly killed him. 

ILa'mi-ce. Female specters who assumed the most seduc- 
tive forms to insnare young persons, whom they devoured. 

La-o«'o-on. Son of Priam and Hecuba, a Trojan priest, 
who, having offended Pallas, was destroyed by serpents, 
together with his two sons. 

la-om'e-dou. A king of Troy, and father of Priam and 
Ganymede ; killed by Hercules for refusing to give him 
Hesione in marriage, after he had delivered her from a 
sea-monster. [families. 

Iia'reg. Tutelar deities who presided over houses and 

Lia-ti'iius. A king of the Laurentians, in Italy, who 
gave iEneas his daughter Lavinia in marriage. 

ILa-to'na. The mother of Apollo and Diana, whom she 
brought forth on the floating island of Delos. 

r.a-vin'i-a. A daughter of Latinus, married to iEneas, 
after his victory over Turnus. [Hero. 

I-e-an'der. A youth of Abydos, the lover of Hero. See 

Le'da. Daughter of Thestius, and wife of Tyndarus, be- 
loved by Jupiter ; said to have laid two eggs, from one 
of which came Pollux and Helena, and from the other, 
Castor and Clytaemnestra. [slew the Hydra. 

JLer'na. A famous marsh near Argos, where Hercules 

L,e'the. A river of the lower world, whose waters caused 
a to_tal forgetfulness of the past. 

n-ge'i-a. One of the three Sirens. 

Lu-ci'na. The goddess of childbirth. 

Im'ci-f er. The name of the planet Venus when seen in 
the morning. [Diana's name in Heaven. 

lu'na. The moon ; daughter of Hyperion and Terra ; 

Ly-«a'on. A king of Arcadia, who, having offended Ju- 
piter, was struck by lightning and turned into a wolf. 



I/jre'o-me'deg. A king of the island of Scyros, among 
whose daughters Achilles for a time concealed himself, 
disguised in female attire, to avoid going to the Trojan 
war. 

M. 

Ma-eha'on. Son of iEsculapius ; a famous surgeon of 
the Greeks before Troy. 

Ma'i-a. Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and mother of 
Mercury by Jupiter. 

Mar§. The god of war. 

Mar'sy-as. A satyr, who, having challenged Apollo to a 
trial of skill in music, was defeated and flayed alive by 
him. 

Mau.-so'lu.s. A king of Caria, and husband of Arteml- 
s"ia, who erected to his memory a magnificent monument, 
the Mausoleum, which was reckoned one of the seven 
wonders of the world. 

Me-de'a. A celebrated sorceress, daughter of iEetes, 
king of Colchis. Through her assistance, Jason secured 
the golden fleece. 

Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, slain by Perseus. 

Me-le'a-ger. Son of GSneus, king of Calydon, and Al- 
thaea. His life depended on the preservation of an ex- 
tinguished brand, and this his mother burned out of re- 
venge for the death of her brothers whom he had slain. 

Mel-pom'e-ne. The Muse who presided over tragic and 
lyric poetry. 

Mem'non. A king of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and 
Aurora. He went to the aid of the Trojans, and was 
slain by Achilles. His statue near Thebes gave forth a 
sound like that of a harp-string whenever the first beams 
of the rising sun fell upon it. 

Men'e-la'us. King of Sparta and husband of Helen, 
whose elopement from him with Paris caused the Trojan 
war. 

Men'tor. A faithful friend of Ulysses, and left in charge, 
by him, of his domestic affairs, and particularly of his 
son Telemachus. He was regarded as the wisest man of 
his time. 

Mer'-eu-ry. Son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the 
gods, the inventor of letters, and the god of eloquence, 
merchants and thieves. 

Mi'das. A foolish king of Phrygia who entreated Bac- 
chus that every thing which he touched might be turned 
into gold. Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass, 
because he decided a musical contest in favor of Pan. 

MI'lo. A celebrated athlete of Crotona. 

Mi-ner'va. The goddess of wisdom, of the liberal arts, 
and of spinning and weaving. She was not born like 
others, but sprang full-armed from the head of Jove. 

Mi'nos. A king and law-giver of Crete, son of Jupiter 
and Europa, and brother of Rhadamanthus. After death 
he was made a judge "In the lower regions. 

Min'o-taur. A famous monster with the head of a bull 
and the"body of a man. He was kept in the Cretan lab- 
yrinth, and fed with human flesh. 

Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-mos'-). The mother of the Muses 
and the goddess of memory. 

Mo'mus. The god of ridicule and satire ; a son of Nox. 

M6r'phe-us, or Mdr'plieus. The son of sleep and 
god of dreams. 

M6r§. A deified personification of death. 

Mu/§e§. Nine goddesses who presided over poetry, mu- 
sic, and the liberal arts and sciences. They were daugh- 
ters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. Their names were Calli- 
ope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, 
Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. 



N. 

Na/iadg. Nymphs of fountains and streams. 

Nar-cis'sus. A beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and 
the nymph Lifiope. Beholding his own image in a 
fountain, he fell so violently in love with it, that he 
wasted away with desire, and was changed into the flow- 
er of the same name. 

Nem'e-sis. The goddess of retributive justice. 

Ne'op-tol'e-mus. Another name of Pyrrhus. See 
Pyrrhus. 

Nep'tune. The god of the sea and of other waters ; son 
of Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and husband of 
Am phi trite. 

Ne're-id§« Nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus. 

Ne're-us, or Ne'reus. A sea-god, son of Oceanus and 
Tethys, husband of Doris, and father of the Nereids. 



»,e,&c.,2ong, a,e,&c,s/iort; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,wol£ 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



Nes'sus. A Centaur slain with a poisoned arrow by Her- 
cules for offering violence to Dejanira. See De JANIRA. 

Nes'tor. Son of Neleus and Chloris, eminent among the 
Grecian heroes before Troy for his eloquence and wis- 
dom. He is said to have outlived three generations of 
men. 

Ni'nus. The first king of Assyria, husband of Semira- 
mis, and founder of Nineveh. 

Nl'o-foe. A daughter of Tantalus. She wept herself into 
a stone through grief at the death of her children, who 
were slain by Apollo and Diana, because Niobe set her- 
self above Latona. [dess of night. 

Nox<> One of the most ancient of the deities, and god- 



O. 



O'ce-an'i-des.. Sea-nymphs, 300 in number, daughters 
of Ocean us. 

©-ce'a-nus. Son of Coelus and Terra, the most ancient 
god of the sea and father of the nymphs presiding over 
springs and rivers. 

CEd'i-pus. A king of Thebes who solved the riddle of 
the Sphinx, unwittingly killed his father, Laius, and 
married his mother, Jocasta, on discovering which he 
ran mad, and tore out his own eyes. 

Om'pha-le. A queen of Lydia, for love of whom Hercu- 
les became a slave, exchanged his club for a spindle and 

w distaff, and suffered himself to be beaten with her slipper. 

Qps. A name of Cybele. 

O're-adg. Nymphs of the mountains who accompanied 
Diana in hunting. 

O-res'teg. Son of Agamemnon and Cly tsemnestra, broth- 
er of Electra and Iphigenia, and the firm friend of Pyla- 
des. He avenged the death of his father by slaying his 
mother and her paramour yEgisthus, and was in conse- 
quence pursued and tormented by the Furies. 

O-rFon. A mighty giant who was made a constellation. 

Or'phe-us, or Or'pheiis. A poet, musician, and phi- 
losopher, whose skill in music was such that the very 
rocks and trees followed him. 

O-sI'ris. An Egyptian deity, the husband of Isis, wor- 
shiped under the form of an ox. 

fts'sa. A lofty mountain of Thessaly, which the giants, 
in their war against the gods, piled upon Mount Pelion, 
in their attempt to scale heaven. 



Pac-to'lus. A celebrated river of Lydia, in which Mi- 
das washed himself when his touch turned every thing 
to gold, from which cause it ever after rolled golden sands. 

Pal/a-me'deg. A king of Euboea, and one of the Greeks 
before Troy, where he lost his life through the machina- 
tions of Ulysses, whose feigned madness (feigned that he 
might avoid going to war) he had discovered. 

Pa'leg. The goddess of husbandry and cattle. 

Pal'i-mi'rus. The pilot of iEneas, noted for falling 
asleep at the helm, and tumbling into the sea. 

Pal-la'di-um. A wooden image of Pallas, on the posses- 
sion of which the security of Troy was supposed to de- 
pend. It was stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes. 

Pal 'las. A name of Minerva. 

Pan. The god of the woods and of shepherds ; son of 
Mercury and Penelope. 

Pan-do'ra. The first woman, made by Vulcan at the 
command of Jupiter, and endowed by Venus with great 
beauty. Jupiter gave her a box containing all kinds of 
misfortunes ; curiosity tempted her to open it and they 
all flew out ; but Hope remained at the bottom. 

Par'cse. The goddesses of fate ; the Fates. 

Pa'ris, or Par'is. Son of Priam, king of Troy, and of 
Hecuba. He decided a contest of beauty between Juno, 
Pallas, and Venus, in favor of the last, who, in return, 
promised him Helen, the wife of Menelaus, and the most 
beautiful of women. By carrying her off to Troy, he 
brought on the Trojan war. 

Par-th6n'o-pe. One of the three Sirens. She fell in 
love with Ulysses, and not winning him, cast herself 
into the sea, and was thrown by the waves on the shore 
where Naples afterwards stood. 

Pa-tro'clus. One of the Greeks before Troy, the friend 
of Achilles, slain in single combat by Hector. 

P6g'a-sus. A winged steed, belonging to Apollo and the 
Muses. He sprang from the blood of Medusa, when she 
was slain. 

Pe'lops. A king of Phrygia, and son of Tantalus. When 
a child he was served up to the gods by his father ; but 



967 

was restored to* life by Jupiter, who gave him a shouldc" 
of ivory_in place of one eaten by Ceres. 
Pe na'teg. Old Latin guardian gods of the household, and 

of the state_as being formed of a union of households 
Pe-nel'o-pe. The wife of Ulysses, who, being pressed 
by suitors during his absence, made them promise to 
delay uutil she finished a web which she was then weaving 
and of which she unraveled at night what she wove bv 
day. ' 

Per'dix. The nephew of Daedalus, thrown from a tower 
by his uncle, and changed by Minerva into a partridge 
Per'se-us, or Per'seus. Son of Jupiter and Danae" 
who was made a constellation. He vanquished the Gor- 
gonsand performed many wondrous deeds by means of 
Medusa's head. 
Pha'e-ton. Son of Phoebus and Clymene, who obtained 
permission from his father to drive his chariot for a sin- 
gle day ; but, being unable to manage the fiery steeds 
was hurled by Jupiter into the river Eridanus, to pre- 
vent a general conflagration. 
PhiFoc-te'teg. Son of Poeas, of Thessaly, and a cele- 
brated archer. Hercules, at his death gave him some 
poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken. 
Phil'o-me'la. Daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. 

She was changed into a nightingale. 
Phln'e-us, or Phi'neus. A soothsaying king of 
Thrace, who, having blinded and imprisoned his chil- 
dren on a false accusation, was himself struck blind and 
tormented by the Harpies. 
Phin'ti-as. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, noted for his 

tender friendship for Damon. 
Phleg'e-thon. A river in Hades which ran with fire 

instead of water. 
Phle'gy-as. A king of the Lapithse, who, having burnt 
the temple of Apollo, was placed in hell under a great 
stone, apparently about to fall at every moment. 
Phoe'be. A name of Diana, as goddess of the moon. 
Phoe'bus. A name of Apollo, as god of the sun. 
Phoe'nix. A fabulous bird, which, according to Herodo- 
tus, visited Heliopolis, in Egypt, once in every five hun- 
dred years. It had no mate, but when about to die made 
a nest and burned itself to ashes, from which a young 
phoenix arose. 
PI-er'i-des. 1. A name given to the Muses from Mount 
Pierius. si. The daughters of Pierius, whom the Muses 
changed into magpies for challenging them to sing. 
Pl-rith'o-us. Son of Ixion, king of the Lapithae, hus- 
band of Hippodamia, and intimate friend of Theseus. 
Ple'ia-de§. The seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 

transformed into the constellation of the same name. 
Plu/to. The god of Hades, or the lower world ; son of 
Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and 
husband of Proserpina. 
Plu/tus. The god of wealth, represented as lame in his 

approach, but winged in his departure. 
Pol'lux. A famous pugilist, twin brother of Castor. See 

Castor. 
Po-lyd'a-mas. A famous athlete. 

Pol'y-dore, or PoFy-do'rus. A son of Priam and 
Hecuba, killed for his riches by the Thracian king Po- 
lymnestor. 
Pol'y-hym'ni-a, or Po-lym'ni-a. The Muse who 

presided over singing and rhetoric. 
Pol'y-phe'mus. A cruel giant who had but one eye, 
in the middle of his forehead, which Ulysses burnt out 
with a firebrand, having first made him drunk. He was 
one of the Cyclops, and a son of Neptune. 
Po-mo'na. The goddess of orchards and fruits. 
Pri'am. Son of Laomedon, husband of Hecuba, and 
father of Hector, Paris, &c. He was the last king of 
Troy, the city having been taken by the Greeks during 
his reign. 
Pri-a'pus. The god of gardens and vineyards, and of 

procreation. 
Pro--eriis'te§. A savage highwayman of Attica, who 
placed his captives on a couch, and, if too short, 
stretched them out to fit it ; but if they were too long, 
be cut off their legs. 
Prog'ne. Daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, wife of 
Tereus, and sister of Philomela. She was changed int» 
a swallow. 
Pro-me'the-us, or Pro-me'theus. Son of Iapetus 
and Clymene, cousin to Epimetheus, and father of Deu- 
calion. Having stolen fire from heaven, he was bound 
fast on Mount Caucasus and tormented by a vulture, 
which fed continually upon his liver. 
Pro-ser'pi-na, or Pros'er-pine. Daughter of Jupi- 
ter and Ceres, wife of Pluto and queen of Hell. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; as ; exist ; linger , link ; this- 



: 



968 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



Pro'te-us, or Pro'teSs. A sea-god who foretold fut- 
ure events, and possessed the power of transforming 
himself into various shapes. 

Psy'-ehe (si'ke). A nymph beloved by Cupid, and made 
immortal by Jupiter. 

Pyg'mieg. A nation of dwarfs, in Africa, only a span 
high. Every spring they were attacked and defeated by 
the cranes. 

Pyg-ma'li-on. 1. Son of Belus, king of Tyre, and 
brother of Dido, whose husband, Sichseus, he slew for his 
money. 2. Great-grandson of Belus, who made a stat- 
ue of which he became so enamored, that Venus on his 
entreaty, gave it life. 

Pyl'a-de§. A most constant friend of Orestes. 

Pyr'a-mus. A Babylonian, the lover of Thisbe. On ac- 
count of her supposed death he stabbed himself under a 
mulberry tree ; and she, finding his corpse, put an end 
to her life on the same spot and with the same weapon. 

Pyr'rha. See Deucalion. 

Pyr'rhus. Son of Achilles and Deidamia. He distin- 
guished himself at the siege of Troy by his cruelty and 
vindictiveness as well as bravery. At the request of his 
wife he was slain by Orestes. 

Pyth'i-as. [Properly Phintias.] See PHINTIAS. 

Py'thon. A huge serpent, killed near Delphi, by Apol- 
lo, who instituted the Pythian games in commemoration 
of the event. 



Q. 



Qui-ri'mis. A name given to Romulus after his death 
and deification. 

E. 

Re'mus. The twin brother of Romulus, slain by him 
for leaping in scorn over the walls of Rome when they 
were building. 

Phad'a-man'thus. A law-giver of Crete, son of Jupi- 
ter, and brother of Minos. He was famous for his jus- 
tice and equity, and was, therefore, after death, made 
one of the judges in the lower world. 

Klie'a. Another name of Cybele. 

Rom'u-lus. A son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His uncle 
threw him as soon as born into the Tiber, but he was 
saved and brought up by a shepherd, and finally became 
the founder and first king of Rome. 



S. 



Sal-mo'ne-us, or Sal-mo'neiis. A king of Elis, 
struck by lightning for imitating the thunder-bolts of 
Jove. 

Sar-pe'don. A son of Jupiter and Europa, and king of 
Lycia, who distinguished himself at the siege of Troy, 
and was killed by Patroclus. 

Sat/urn. Son of Coelus and Terra, and father of Jupiter. 
Having been banished from the throne of heaven by his 
son, he fled for safety into Italy, and taught the people 
agriculture and the useful arts. The time in which he 
_did this is called The Golden Age. [feet. 

Sa/tyrg. Lascivious sylvan deities, with horns and goats' 

Scyl'la. 1. A daughter of Phorcys, changed by Circe, 
out of jealousy, into a sea-monster, with dogs about the 
haunches, and placed on a rock on the Italian coast, op- 
posite Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. 2. A daughter 
of Nisus of Megara, beloved by Minos, for whom she cut 
off from her father's head a purple lock, on which his life 
depended ; for which crime she was changed into a lark. 

Sem'e-le. Daughter of Cadmus, and mother of Bacchus 
by Jupiter. 

Si le'mis. The foster-father of Bacchus ; lascivious and 
addicted to drunkenness, but regarded as the god of 
abstruse mysteries and knowledge. He is represented as 
bald-headed, with short horns and a flat nose, and as 
riding on an ass. 

Sil-va'nus. See Sylvanus. 

Si'reng. Three birds, with the faces of virgins, on the 
southern coast of Italy, where with their sweet voices 
they enticed ashore those who were sailing by, and then 
killed them. They were daughters of Oceanus and Par- 
thenope, and their names were Leucasia, Ligeia, and 
Parlhenope. 

Sis'y-phus. Son of JEolus, king of Corinth, and a noted 
robber killed by Theseus. For his crimes, he was con- 



demned in hell to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone^ 
which constantly fell back again to the bottom. 

Sol. A name of Apollo. [sleep. 

Som'nus. A son of Erebus and Nox, and the g:>d of 

Sphinx. A fabulous monster near Thebes, with the 
head of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of a 
bird, which put forth riddles to passers by , and devoured 
all who were unable to solve them ; (Edipus solved one 
proposed to him, whereupon she destroyed herself. 

Sten'tor. One of the Greeks before Troy. His voice is 
said to have been as loud as the voices of fifty men to- 
gether. 

Styx. A river in the infernal regions, by which the gods 
swore their most solemn oaths. 

Syl-va/nus. A Roman deity who presided over woods 
and all places planted with trees. 



Tan'ta-lus. A king of Phrygia, son of Jupiter, and 
father of Niobe and Pelops. For his misdeeds he was 
placed in a lake of water which receded whenever he at- 
tempted to drink, and under a tree laden with all man- 
ner of delicious fruits, which always eluded his grasp. 

Tar'ta-rus. The place of punishment in Hades, or the 
lower world. 

Tel'a-mon. One of the Argonauts, son of iEacus, broth- 
er of Peleus, and father of Ajax and Teucer. He was 
king of Salamis, and first scaled the walls, when Hercules 
took the city of Troy in the reign of Laomedon. 

Te-lem'a-€hus. The only son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
He went in search of his father after the siege of Troy. 

Tel'lus. The earth personified ; the most ancient of all 
the deities after Chaos. She is represented as a woman 
with many breasts distended with milk. 

Tem'pe. A valley of Thessaly through which ran the 
river Peneus, between Ossa and Pelion ; described by the 
poets as the most delightful spot on the earth. 

Ter'mi-nus. A divinity at Rome, who was supposed to 
preside over bounds and limits, and to punish all unlaw- 
ful usurpations of land. 

Terp-sleh'o-re. The Muse who presided over dancing. 

Te'thys. Wife of Oceanus, and mother of the sea- 
nymphs and river-gods. 

Tha-li'a. 1. One of the Muses; the Muse of comedy. 
2. One of the three Graces. 

The'mis. Daughter of Coelus and Terra, and goddess 
of justice, who rewarded virtue aud punished vice. 

The'se-us, or The'sevis. King of Athens and one of 
the most famous heroes of antiquity. He was the son of 
JEgeus (or, as some say, of Neptune) and iEthra, hus- 
band of Ariadne and afterward of Phaedra, and father of 
Hippolytus by the Amazonian Hippolyte. He was espe- 
cially noted for slaying the Minotaur and conquering the 
Centaurs, and for his friendship for Pirithous. 

This/be. See Pyramus. 

Tl-siph'o-ne. One of the three Furies. 

Ti'tan. 1. Son of Coelus and Terra, elder brother of 
Saturn, and father of a race of giants called Titans, who 
contended with Saturn for the sovereignty of heaven, 
until Jupiter (Saturn's son), cast them by his thunder- 
bolts into Tartarus. 2. A grandson of the above, and 
son of Hyperion ; the sun-god. 3. A name given to Pro- 
metheus, as grandson of Titan. 

Ti-tho'nus. Son of Laomedon and father of Memnon, 
by Aurora, who endowed him with immortality, and 
when he had become very old and decrepit turned him 
into a grasshopper. 

Tit'y-us. A son of Jupiter, slain by Apollo for an at- 
tempt on the chastity of Latona, and condemned, in the 
infernal regions, to have a vulture forever feeding on his 
liver, which was perpetually renewed. He was a giant 
ofsizesohuge that his body, when stretched out, cov- 
ered nine acres of land. 

Trip-tol'e-miis. A king of Eleusis, who was the in- 
ventor of agriculture, and became a judge in the lower 
world. 

Tri'ton. Son of Neptune and the nymph Salacia ; a sea- 
god, and Neptune's trumpeter. 

Tro'i-lu«. Son of Priam and Hecuba, slain by Achilles. 

Tro-pho'ni-us. A deity who imparted oracles in a cave 
near Lebadia, in Boeotia. He was the builder of Apollo's 
temple at Delphi. [iEneas. 

Tur'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in Italy, killed by 

Tyd'e-iis, or Ty'deiis. A king of Calydon, son of (Ene- 
us, and father of Diomedes ; celebrated for his victory 
over Eteocles, king of Thebes. 



n,e, Sec, long; a,6,&c.,sAor«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



Tf'plion 

"r-pho'e 

Fupiter, and buried under Mount JStna 



A famous giant, struck 



Ty-pho'e-us, or Ty-pho'eus. j _ with lightning by 



U. 

U-lys'se§. Son of Laertes, husband of Penelope, father 
of Teleraachus, and king of Ithaca ; the most eloquent, 
wise, and politic of the Grecian heroes in the Trojan 
war. 

U-ra'ni-a. The Muse who presided over astronomy. 

U'ra-nus. The most ancient of the gods, husband of 
Tellus or Terra (the Earth), and father of Saturn. By 
the Romans, he was called talus. 



Ve'nus. The goddess of love, gracefulness, beauty, and 
pleasure; wife of Vulcan, mother of Cupid, iEneas, &c. 

Ver-tum'nus. A Roman deity who presided over the 
seasons (particularly Spring) and their productions. He 
was the lover of Pomona. 



969 

VeVta. The goddess of flocks and herds, and of the 
household in general ; daughter of Saturn and sister of 
Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, and Ceres. Her temple 
contained a sacred fire, tended by virgins, and never 
permitted to go out. 

Vul'ean. Son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of 
Venus. He was the god of fire, and presided over work- 
ers in metal. His workshop was supposed to be under 
Mount iEtna, where, assisted by the Cyclops, he forged 
the thunderbolts of Jove, who is said to have kicked 
him out of heaven on account of his deformity. 



Zeph'y-rus. The west wind, son of Mo\ns and Aurora, 
and the passionate lover of the goddess Flora. 

Ze'teg. One of the Argonauts, son of Boreas and Orith- 
nia, and brother to Calais, together with whom he pur- 
sued the Harpies, and drove them from Thrace. He ia 
generally described as a winged being. 

Ze'thus. Son of Jupiter and Antiope, and twin-brother 
of Amphion , very expert in music. 

Zeus. The Greek name of Jupiter. 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, e«ho; gem, gef a§ ; exist; linger, link ; tiiis. 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR WEBSTER. 

\_From Barber 's Historical Collections.'] 

NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. 

Below is a northern view of the house in which NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., the au- 
thor of the " American Dictionary of the English Language," was born. This 
house is situated on an elevated ridge of land, about one mile south of the Congregational 
Church in West Hartford, and about four miles west from the central part of the city of Hart- 




DR. WEBSTER'S BIRTH-PLACE. 



ford. The prominent buildings in the city are seen from the house ; also Wadsworth's tower 
on Talcott Mountain, about six miles to the northwest. The house is now owned and occu- 
pied by Mr. Samuel Hurlbut, who has resided on this spot for a long period. Dr. Webster, 
in after life, cherished a warm affection for the home of his childhood, and on his last visit 
to the house, about a year before his death, requested Mr. Hurlbut to take good care of a 



970 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER. 

grape-vine, about twenty rods northwest from the house, which was probably planted or 
cultivated by him in his youthful days. 

Dr. Webster was born October 16th, 1758. His father, Noah Webster, cultivated a small 
farm for his support, and was for many years a Justice of the Peace for the town of Hart- 
ford, and an officer of the church in the parish of West Hartford. His family consisted of 
two daughters and three sons, all of whom were brought up to unremitting industry in the 
employments of the farm. His early advantages were limited. Having overcome the objec^ 
tions of his father, whose means were not ample, he became a member of Yale College in 
September, 1774. The Revolutionary War broke out the next year, and although exempted 
from military service, in the autumn of 1777 he volunteered his services, and marched with 
his father and both his brothers, to stop the progress of General Burgoyne. 

Having finished his education at the age of twenty, after having remained a short time 
at home, his father put into his hand an eight-dollar Continental bill, then worth about four 
dollars, saying, " you must now seek your living, I can do no more for you ! " Being unable 
to prepare for professional life, he commenced the business of school teaching, which at that 
period afforded but a scanty support. For a period of ten years from the commencement 
of his literary course, he struggled through a series of difficulties, and still saw no favorable 
results. His spirits now failed him, and he gave way to the most gloomy forebodings. As 
a relief to his mind, he undertook to prepare a series of books for schools. This may be 
considered as a providential opening which conducted to a long course of usefulness, and 
one that enabled him to become an honor to his country, and to the age in which he lived. 

The first draft of his '•'■Spelling Book" was made in the year 1782. Most persons re- 
garded his design as useless, and many had strong objections to the changes he proposed. 
Only two of his friends, John Trumbull and Joel Barlow, encouraged him with any hope 
of success. " No printer would undertake the publication on his own responsibility ; and 
Mr. Webster was at last obliged to incur the whole risk, with a certainty, if the book failed, 
of being made a bankrupt for life. Though the work was on the whole received favorably, 
yet it made its way slowly into schools for a number of years. As it became more popular, 
the booksellers were glad to purchase the copyright, by allowing him a few mills on each 
copy. Though Mr. Webster's share of the profits was small, yet it furnished, at a subse- 
quent period, nearly all the support of his family during the twenty years which he be- 
stowed on the preparation of the American Dictionary. Over fifty millions of the 
" Spelling Book " have now been printed, and the present circulation is about one mil- 
lion of copies per year. " Without the Spelling Book, the Dictionary could never have ex- 
isted." 

Mr. Webster was also distinguished as a political writer. In 1785, he published a pam- 
phlet entitled " Sketches of American Policy." It contained, as Chancellor Kent of New 
York has frequently declared, the Jirst distinct proposal made through the medium of the 
press, for the formation of a new Constitution of the United States. The great work, how- 
ever, which will transmit the name of Dr. Webster to posterity, is his " American Diction- 
ary of the English Language." This was published in 1828 in two quarto volumes of more 
than one thousand pages each. In 1840, he published a revised edition in two volumes, 
octavo. In 1843, he published a collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral sub- 
jects, in one volume octavo, collected from his essays and pamphlets. This was the last 
volume he committed to the press ; at the expiration of sixty years from the commencement 
of his literary labors in 1783. During the spring of 1843, Dr. Webster revised the Appen- 
dix of his Dictionary, and added some hundreds of words. " He completed the printing of 
it about the middle of May." It was the closing act of his life. His hand rested in its last 
labors, on the volume which he had commenced thirty-six years before. After a short ill- 
ness, he died May 28th, 1843 ; closing a long, useful, and active life, in the full triumph of 
Christian faith. 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 



ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PHRENOLOGY, &c. 





Man. Abdominal Region. 
Above the line b b (1), epigastric region; below 
c c, hypogastric region ; space between 6 b 
and e c (i), umbilical region ; space outside 
vertical lines, upper part (4 4), hypochondri- 
ac region ; right and left of umbilical (2), 
lumbar regions (5 5); right and left of hypo- 
gastric region (6 6), iliac region ; region of 
the pubis (3); 7 7, pelvis. 



Aorta. 




Ball and Socket Joint. 



Digestive Apparatus of Man. 
!, esophagus ; b, pancreas ; c, 
stomach; d, spleen; e, colon;/, 
lesser intestine ; g, rectum ; h, 
appendage to ccecum; i, caecum; 
j, larger intestine ; k, biliary 
reside; I, liver; m, pylorus. 





s- 

Ear. 
a, helix; b, anti-helix; 
c, scapha or scaphoid 
(boat-like) fossa ; d, tra- 
gus ; e, anti-tragus ; /, 
the concha ; g, globe or 



a, parietal bone; b, 
frontal bone ; e, 
orbit; rf. tempor- 
al bone; e, lower 
jaw ; f, clavicle; 
g, cervical verte- 
brae : h, shoulder- 
blade; i, humer- 
us ; j, lumbar 
vertebrae ; k 1, ili- 
Skeleton of Man. Bony System. urn; m, ulna; w, 
radius ; o, car- 
pus; p, metacarpus; g, phalanges; r, femur; s, patella; t, 
tibia; u, fibula; v, tarsus; w, metatarsus; a;, phalanges. 




!, temporal ar- 
tery ; b, car- 
otid artery ; 
c, vertebral 
artery ; d e, 
subclavian 
artery ; /, 
aorta, or 
great artery; 
g, axillary ar- Arterial System. 

chml art'erv; i, celiac artery; j, renal artery; k, iliac artery; I, femoral 
artery; m, posterior tibial artery; n, anterior tibial artery; o, peroneal 
artery ; p, pedal artery. ^ 



972 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, &c. — Continued. 





Hand. 
[-& 1, scaphoides; 2, groove for flexor carpi radialis 
' -» tendon ; 3, cuneiform ; 4, lunare ; 5, trapezi- 
"> um; 6, unciform; 7, trapezoides; 8, magnum; 
9, five metacarpal bones; 10, first row of pha- 
langes; 11, second row of phalanges ; 12, third 
row of phalanges. 





Facial Angles. 

European, African, 

Monkey. 



Eye. 
op, optic nerve; sc, sclerotic or external 
coat of the eye; ch, choroid coat; r, retina; 
2, zonule of Zinn ; p, position of the Peti- 
tian canal ; sch, position of the canal of 
Schlemm; i, iris, the opening in the cen- 
ter forming the pupil; c, cornea; m, Mei- 
bomian glands. 




Thorax. 



Nervous System. 



c, n, spine ; a, a, a, intercostal muscles; 6, chest muscles; d, thoracic 
muscles ; e, clavicle ; /, third rib ; g, sternum, or breast bone ; h. 



diaphragm; i,j, ribs; 



false ribs; m, o, base of diaphragm. 



7, brain; 6, cerebellum, or lower, or little brain; c, spinal marrow; d, facial nerve; e, brachial plexus, formed by the union of sev- 
eral nerves proceeding from the spinal marrow ;/, internal cutaneous nerve of the arm; g, mesial nerve of the arm; 7;, cubital 
or ulnar nerve; i, sciatic plexus, giving rise to the principal nerve of the inferior members; j, intercostal nerves; k, femoral plexus; 
I, radial and muscular cutaneous nerve of the arm; m, o, external peroneal nerve; n, tibial nerve; o, external saphenous nerve. 






Lacteals. 
a, aorta; 6, thoracic canal; c, lym- 
phatic glands ; d, radicals of the 
chyliferous vessels; e, intestine; 
/, mesentery ; g, lacteals. 



Pericardium. 
, a, auricles; v, v, ventricles; 
o, c, vessels proceeding 
from the heart; p, p, serous 
membrane. 



Phrenology. 

1, Amativeness; 2, Philoprogenitiveness; 3, Concentrativeness; 3 
a, Inhabitiveness ; 4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combativeness ; 6, De- 
structiveness; 6«, Alimentiveness; 7, Secretiveness; 8, Acquis- 
itiveness ; 9, Constructiveness ; 10, Self-esteem; 11, Love of ap- 
probation; 12, Cautiousness; 13, Benevolence; 14, Veneration; 
15, Firmness; 16, Conscientiousness; 17, Hope; 18, Wonder; 19, 
Ideality ; 19 a, (Not determined) ; 20, Wit ; 21, Imitation ; 22, 
Individuality; 23, Form; 24, Size; 25, Weight; 26, Coloring; 27, 
Locality ; 28, Number ; 29, Cvder ; 30, Eventuality ; 31, Time ; 
32, Tune; 33, Language; 34, Comparison; 35, Causality. 




Heart and Lungs. 



Upper P P, pulmonary 
and ventricle; 



arteries; A, aorta; H H, right auricle 
lower P P, pulmonary veins. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
ABCHITECTUKE. 



973 



\kstmiP '^SfitejUL- 


• llL -l| 1 

S ® I 1 

» B^-^l ~ on- .1 


J ® 

i d 
i <§ 

1 m 


IdWiHilll m,, < .,J 


Acroteria. 


Amphiprostyle. 






Amphitheater 




Bracket. 



Bucrania. 



Capitals. 

1, Gothic i 2, Composite; 3, Tuscan; 4, Ionic; 5, Doric; 
6, Corinthian. 




Buttress. 



fcfi= 

Castellated. 




w 

Chapfcrel. 



974 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

AKCHITECTUKE — Continued. 




Battlement. 



Bay Window. 



Canopy, 



rr 

Catherine-wheel Window. 




Billet. 




I I i I I i 


1 1 1 1 


1 i 1 1 1 1 


ll'l 


English Bond. 




1 III 


II 11 1 


1 : 1 1 II 


II 1 



Flemish Bond. 




Cupola. 



T 



Cyma Recta. 



Column. 



K 



, fillet; 2, cyma recta; 3, corona; 4, ovolo; 5, cavet- 
to ; 6, upper fascia ; 7, lower fascia ; 8, abacus ; 9, 
®volo; 10, colareno, or neck; 11, astragal; 12, fillet, 
orreglet; 13, torus; 14, plinth; 15,surbase; 16, base. 



Cyma Reversa. 



Corbels. 



976 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

ARCHITECTURE — Continued. 




K, key-stone 



Lacunars in Ceiling. 



Lozenge Molding. Moresque Architecture. 

Moorish Capital. 




'hi, 


i^^^rt- 


s 


v',-;; f « 







Lancet Window. 



Lattice-work. 




Lotus. Minaret. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY,, 
ABCHITECTTJBE — Continued. 



977 




1 5 q 

Queen-post Roof. 
a, a, queen-posts ; b, tie- 
beam; c, c, struts or braces; 
d, d, purlins ; e, straining 
beam ; /,/, common rafters ; 
g, g, wall-plates ; h, ridge- 
piece. 



Nave. 



Oriel. 



Patera. 





Pavilion. 



Portico. 




Pentastyle. 



Pent Roof. 



q o o o O o[ 



Peristyle. 




Pilaster. 



oooooooooooooo 
o o o o o o o o o o ooo o 





Pendant-post. 



Pseudo-dipteral. 



Pinnacle. Poppy-heacL 






978 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
AKCHITECTURE — Continued. 



Steeple. 




Ancient Te rmini - 



ATO> 



Tower. 



Tuscan Order. 




Flcwing Tracery. 



Triglyphs. 



Watch-tower. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 979 

ASTKONOMY. 




Comet. 



CEn* Vv m j? 

, sun ; E, earth ; M, moon. V, ^v^^s, ^* — / 



Moon, Phases of. 




; EQUINOX 

* SEP.tv.as* 



Ucliptic. 
The Ecliptic, Summer and Winter Solstice, Equinoxes, &c. 



\*s&$& 



.WINTER 

b.QLSTicj;.. 

/DEC*2.3> 



SUMMEF 

_„ SOLSTICE/ 

UUNE. *V 






F \ 



9 ' 



\ VEBjNAL % 

\ tQUI'.NOX \ 

MARCH 20 \ 



........ r - 




Solstice. 
j4 and 5, equal day and night; E, longest day 



Spring and Neap Tides, 
or summer solstice; F, shortest day, or Winter solstice 



Zones of the Earth. 



980 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

BOTANY. 
PARTS OF PLANTS, FORMS OF ORGANS, AND THE LIKE. 





Achenium. 




Acinaciform Leaf. 



Acuminate Leaves. 



Acerose Leaves. 






Aculeate Stem. 



Acute Leaves. 



Adelphia. 



Adhesive Leaf. 





Aggregate Flower. Air-cells. Alternate 






Ament. Amplexicaul Leaf. Anther. 

a, ovary; b, style) 
c, stigma ; a, d, 
filaments; e, e, 
anthers. 





Axillary Buds. 



Pod of an Angiospermous Bell-shaped 

Plant. Corolla. 




Bilabiate Corolla. 








Bilocular Capsule. Binate Leaves Bipinnate Leaf. Bulb of Meadow Lily. Calciform. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
BOTANY— Continued. 



981 



Carpellary Leaf. 



Catkin of Birch. 




Capmla. 




CernousStem. • Chaffy. Chalaza. Ciliated Leaf. Circinate Leaf. Cirrous Leaf. 





Convolute Leaf. 



Compound Leaf. 



Connate Leaf. Cordate Leaf. 





Cotyledon. 



i fife n 

Doubly, Acutely, and Obtusely Crenate Leaves. 




Crested 



982 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

BOTANY — Continued. 





Cucullate Leaf. Cultrate Leaf. Cuneate Leaf. Cupule. Cuspidate Leaf. 



Cruciate Leaf. 




Cymbiform Leaf. Cyme. Decompound Leaf. Dehiscent Silicula. Diandrous Flower. Decurrent Leaf. 




Deltoid Leaf. Dentate Leaf. Diadelphous Dichotomous Stem. Didynamous Stamens. Digitate Leaf. 
Stamens. 




Discoid Flowers. Disk. Dissepiment. Divaricate Petals. Dolabriform. Drupe of the Peach. 

d, disk; r, r, rays. 




Endocarp of a Ensiform Leaf. Epiphyllospermous Epiphyllous Excentrical. Equitant Leaves. 

Plum. Plant. Fruit. 

*, epicaxp, or outer skin; b, eurrocarp, or fleshy part; c, endocarp, stone, or putamen; d, seed, or kernel. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
BOTAJSTY — Continued. 



983 




Heart-shaped Leaf Globose Capsules. Gamopetalous. Gladiate Leaves. Grained Petals. 




Hastate Leaf. Hexandrous Hypogynous Incised Leaf. Induplicate. 

Flower. Stamens. 



Indnsium. 



984 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

BOTiLNTT — Continued. 




Mucronate Leaf. Navicular. Nodding Flower. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
BOTANY — Continued. 



985 




Monopetalous, or 

Gamopetalous 

Flower. 





ObovateLeaf. 
Nodulous Root. 




Ochreate Stem. 



Monosepalous Flower. 





Pistils and Ovary 
of an Octagynous 

Flower. Operculum. 

Stamens of an Octandrous Flower. Opposite 



Orbiculate Leaf. Ovate Leaf- 



Palmate Leaf. 





Ovate-acumi- Ovate-cy- Palmatisected Panduriform 

nate Capsule, lindraceous Leaf. Leaf. 

Capsule. 



Panicle. Panicled. Papilionaceous 

Flower. 




4W* 




Pappus. Pectinate Leaf. 



Pedate Leaf 



Pedatifld Leaf. 



Pedicel. Peltate Leaf. 






l S \ 



Pentagynous. Perfoliate Leaf. Peristome. 



Penciled Leaf. Pentapetalous 




Pileate. 





Eerigynous. 



</ HI 

Pericarps. 

a, b, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d, strobile of pine; e,/, capsule of poppy; g, capsule 
of Aristolochia. 



986 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

BOTANY — Continued. 




Petals. 



Petiole. Pinnate Leaves. Pinnatifid Leaf. . Pistil. Pitcher. 




Plicate Leaf. , Plumose Leaf. Plumule. Plurilocular Capsule. Pod. Polyadelphia. Polyandroua 




Polyspermous 
Capsule. 



Polype talous 
Flower. 



Premorse Leaf. Pyxidium. Quinquefoliate Leaf. Radius. 



f4° 
4$ 








Ramentaceous Leaf. Ramose Root. Receptacle. Reflected Petals. Reticulate Leaf. 






Retuse Leaf. Revolute Stigmas. Rhizoma. Ringent Corolla. Rotate Corolla. 



b, rootlets i c, c, 
fibers. 



J0 

Runcinate Leaf. 





Sagittate Leaf. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
CARPENTRY, JOINERY, AND MASONRY. 



987 



Brad. 




Bridging joists. 
a, flooring; 6, girder; c, c, bridging- 
joists; a, d, ceiliDg; e, e, straps. 




Dovetails. 




Cleat. 




Frame. 

a b, uprights or posts; e d, e d, 

struts, ties, or braces. 




Rabbet 




' %■:■■■ ■l„iMiii. 


"ilf't 




|' ,| lll |r J| ,,L ""J|!k 


■w 1 


Joggles. 






-/ 1 


L^^ 


. f 


( 


± ( 


1 <-, "a— 



Scarfing, various modes of. 



J C5E l 





Mortise and Tenon. Putlog. 

a, putlog; &, 6, b, putlog holes; c, ledger. 



Rustic Masonry. 





K, Keystone. 



Viaduct. 




Timbers in a Roof. 
aa, wall-plates; b b, tie-beams; c, king-post; d d, struts; 
e e, principal rafters; //, pole-plate; g g, purlin; h h, 
ridge-piece; i •", common rafters. 




Timbers used in Flooring. 
a a, girder; b b, binding-joists; c c, ceiling- 
joists ; d d, wall-plates ; e e, bridging- 
joists. 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 



GEOGRAPHY. 
TERMS EMPLOYED IN, PICTORIALLY ILLUSTRATED OR EXEMPLIFIED. 




WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
HYDRAULICS. 



989 




Aqueduct. 




Archimedes' Screw. 




Breast-wheel. 







Barker's Mill. 



Chain Pump. 



Danaide. 



Forcing-pump. 
P, piston; D, delivery tube. 




Hydraulic Ram. 
a, valve; o, air chamber; c, 
livery pipe; d, main pipe. 



Rotary Pump. 




Noria. 







Overshot Wheel. Pitot's Tube. 

a, bent glass tube; 6, the level of water. 




Siphons. 

a, common siphon ; b, improved 

siphon with exhausting tube. 




Sluice. 



Suction Pump. 



H, handle; AC, cylinder, or barrel, 
P, piston; R, piston rod ; v, v, valves; 
A £, pipe; C, mouth of pump. 






Tub-wheel- 



Turbine Wheel. 
B, curved partitions; D, working-wheel. 



Undershot Wheel. 



990 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 



MATHEMATICS, — INCLUDING ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, TRIGONOMETRY, 

CONIC SECTIONS, &c. 




Abacus. 



Acute Angle. 




Angle. 




Chord. 
AC, A B, chords. 




Conic Sections. 



Alternate Angles. 

AG H, G H D, B G H, G H C, 

alternate angles. 



Curve. 








Cone. 



Co-ordinates. 



Dodecahedrons. Equilateral Trian- 
gle. 



Diagram. 




Epicycloid. 




Frustums. 



Gnomon. 



Hexagon. Hyperbola. a b, Hypotenuse. 




4BH, angle of inci- 
dence ;CBH, an- 
gle of reflection. 



Interior Angle. 
a g h,b g h, g h c, g h d, interior 
angles; eg a,e gb)fhc,fhd t 
exterior angles. 




Lenses, 
a, plano-concave; b, double concave; 
c, plano-convex; d, double convex? 
e, meniscus; /, concavo-convex. 



2 


7 


e 


9 


5 


i 


k 


3 


8 



Magic Square. 




Oblique lines. Obtuse Angle Octagon 



Octahedron. 



Oval. 



Ovoid. 



Parallel Lines. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 991 

MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, &c. — Continued. 





Parallel ogram. 



Pentagon. Perspective. 



Perpendicular. 



AD.DC, inverted quadrantal 
arcs ; A B C, semicircle. 



Cube seen in Isometrical a d, perpendicular; 
Perspective. 6 c, horizontal. 



Pyramids. 







Polygons. 



Quadrangle. Quadrant. Quadrilateral. 




Radius. 




' 2 



Re-entering Angle. Angle of Reflection. Rhomb. 

lp q, angle of incidence; qp r, angle of reflection. 



Rhomboid. 



Right Angle. Scalene Triangle. 




^ 



Carpenter's Square. 




C, D, Secant. ab c, Sector, ab c, Segment 

of a Circle. 




d — 



s — -r 

Stereography. Subtangent. 

a, tetrahedron ; o, c a, part of parabola ; a 

hexahedron, or cube ; g, its axis ; cotangent to 

c, octahedron ; d, do- curve at c; c d, ordinate 

decahedron ; e, icosa- to axis from c; d t, sub- 

hedron. tangent. 



Tangent. 
ao, arc; a t, tangent; t c, tangential radius. 1 



wn 




Tetragons. 



Tetrahedron. 



Trapezium. 






Triangles. 

2, equilateral triangle; 2, isosceles triangle; 3, right-angled tri° 

angle; 4, obtuse-angled triangk; 6, scalene triangle. 





Truncate. 

a, truncated angles; o, truncated 

cone; c, truncated cube. 



TJngula. 



992 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
MILITABY TEEMS — ABMS, PKOJECTILES, WEAPONS, &c. 




Abatis, 
abatis; b b, banquette; e c, breast-height, or interior slope; c d, interior crest; 
fg, fraise; p p, palisade; dg,gc, parapet; g h, scarp; q q, counterscarp- 



Ambulance Oart. 




Barrier Gate. 
A, bastion, Barcelona ; a, curtain i 



Bastion. Battery Wagon. 

6, shoulder angle; c, salient angle; a a, gorge; a &,flank; a d, curtain; b c, face. 




Caltrop. Cartridge-box. Chain-shot. 



Cheval-de-frise . 



Cutlass. Cimeter. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 993 

MILITABY TEEMS- WEAPONS, &c* — Continued. 




Section of Field-gun and carriage. 
A, stock; B, cheeks; C, elevating screw; D, trail. 




mm. 

Fireball. Grape-shot. 




Grenade and 




Section of Siege-gun-carriage. 
A, bolster. 




Sea-coast-carriage, for Casemate or Barbette- 
A, carriage proper; B, chassis. 




Javelin. 




Haversack. 





Hurdle. 



^ James's Level. 




Mortar on its Bed. 






Minie-ball. 



Percussion-lock. 



Pistol. 



Pole-axes. 



!^3 






Parrott's Projectile. Jameses Projectile. Pritchett BaU. Percussion-bullet. XT. S. Service Ball. 



MA A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OP ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

MILITARY TERMS — WEAPONS, &c. — Continued. 





V 







Brigadier-General. 



Colonel. 



Lieut. -Colonel and Major. 




Captain. 




First Lieutenant. 




Second Lieutenant. 



Shoulder Straps, as indicating rank in the United States Army. 







Lieutenant-Commander. Lieutenant. 

Shoulder Straps, as indicating rank in the United States Navy. 




Stretcher. 



Swords . 



1, Saxon sceax; 2. English hanger, old form; 3, rapier, about as mch blade; 4, Eastern cimeter; 5, cut and thrust sword, SO 
to 62 inch blade; 6, claymore, or Scotch broadsword, with basket hilt, 40 inch blade; 7, falchion; 8, 9, navy cutlasses, 18 
or 20 inch blade ; 10, hari-kari, or Japanese disemboweler. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS/ 



995 




WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 997 

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS — Continued. 





■«■ 



Microscope 



Stereoscope. 



Solar Microscope. 



Yoltameter. 
a a, graduated glass 
tubes ; 6 6, binding 
screws; c c, brass bar; 
d d, platina wires. 







Tachometer. 



Irup 


- If 

v> tl 


JP-so J-l 

A 4-J 






Woltman's Tachometer, 
a a, projections ; 66, toothed wheel; 
c, lever-beam; d, pole ; e, rod;/, spring; 
^, endless screw; m, beam; n, ring. 




Sympiesometer. 




Telescope at Observatory, Harvard 
College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 




Astronomical Telescope. 
A B, object glass ; C D, converging eye- 
glass; F G, distant object; H K, image of the 
glass ; eye at E. 





Whirling-table, 
foot-board ; 6, wheel ; c, pulley ; d, 
i ; ef, uprights. 



Telegraph, Morse's. 



Gregorian Telescope. 
ABCD, section of tube ; E, eye-piece - 
F, small mirror; G H, large mirror, or object; 
mirror. 





Surveyor's or Engineer's 
Transit Instrument. 



Newtonian Telescope. 



Theodolite. 



Great Refracting Tele- 
scope at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Object-glass, twelve inch- 
es ; focal distance, seven- 
teen feet. 



998 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

SHIPS AN!} NAUTICAL AFFAIKS. 



Anchor, 
a a, stock ; &, shank ; c c, fluke3 ; 
dd 




Binnacle. 




Mariner's Compass. 




Canoe. 



c, e, Flukes. 




Bell-buoy. 




Cutter. 



Figure-head. 




Gondola 



A A, dead-eyes ; B 
3, futtock plates ; C 
C, futtock shrouda. 



WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
SHIPS AND NAUTICAL AFFAIRS — Continued. 



999 




^3 S 

Ship, ground plan of. 
, . , j „,♦.<> starboard; 1, round-house; 

p, prow ; I, larboard or port ; s « starDoara , binnacle 
2, tiller; 3. grating ; 4, wheel ; **J«£ flO main-mast ; 11, 
7, mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight i ! V^PfQchVay . 14, windlass ; 
pumps; 12, galley, caboose ; 13, , ma m hatcn > 
15, foremast; 16, fore hatchway ; 17, »»^£ ins . 23 , main- 
head-rail; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, tore cn<un 
chains; 24, mizzen-chains. 



Sails. 
1, flying lib ; 2, jib ; 3, foretop-mast-stay sail ; 4, lore- 
course; 5, foretop sail; 6, foretop-gallant sail; 7, fore-royal; 
8, fore sky-sail; 9, fore-royal studding-sail ; 10, foretop-gal- 
lant studding-sail: 11, foretop-mast studding-sail; 12, rnam- 
course ; 13, maintopsail ; 14, maintop-gallant sail; 15, .mam- 
royal; 16, main sky-sail; 17, main-royal studding-sail ; 18, 
maintop-gallant studding-sail ; 19, maintop-mast studding- 
sail ; 20, mizzen-course ; 21, mizzen-top sail ; 22, mizzen- 
top-gallant sail; 23, mizzen-royal ; 24, mizzen sky-sail, 
25, mizzen-spanker. 




l&atlines. 



a a, Samson's Post. 



fOOO A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

STATIONARY STEAM ENGINE WITH PAKTS NAMED. 




(5^** Any words in the preceding grouping of Illustrations, not found in the body of the work, may be found ex- 
plained in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 



SUPPLEMENT OF 



ADDITIONAL WOKDS AND DEFINITIONS. 



A [Add.] A 1, An underwriter's registry mark for 
• sea-worthy vessels of the highest class. A 2, A 2J, 
etc., indicate inferior grades. In the U. S. the term is 

^commonly used to signify first-class, prime, first-rate. 

Aard'-wolf, n. [D., earth-wolf.J (Zo'ol.) A digiti- 
grade carnivorous S. African quadruped (Protetes La- 
landii), resembling a cross between the fox and hyena. 

Ab'di-«a-ble, a. Capable of being abdicated; that 

" may be abdicated. 

Ab'di-eant, a. [Lat. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicare. See 
Abdicate, v. t.] Abdicating : forsaking ; renouncing. 

Ab-dom'i-nal, n. Abdominal ring (Anal.), a fancied 
ring-like opening on each side of the abdomen, external 
and superior to the pubes. 

Ab-dom/i-no-tho-rac'i-e, a. Relating to the abdo- 
men and to the thorax, or chest. 

Ab-hor'rer, n. Specifically (Eng. Hist.), one of the 
church and court party in the time of Charles II., so 
called because they declared their abhorrence of those 
who sought to dictate to him as to the meeting of a new 
Parliament in 1680. 

A-bi'e-tm, ) n. [Lat. abies, abietis, the fir-tree ; Fr. 

A-bi'e-tine, I abietine.] (Chem.) A resinous sub- 
stance obtained from Strasburg or Canadian turpen- 
tine. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, 
but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), 
in strong acetic acid, and in ether. 

A-bl'e-tite, n. 1. [Chem.) A substance resembling 
mannite, discovered by Rochleder in the leaves of the 
common silver fir of Europe ( Abies pectinata). 2. (Pa- 
leon.) A genus of coniferous plants found in the Weal- 
den and green sand formations. 

Ab'i-o-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. d priv., /St'os, life, and yev- 
eo-t?, -ye'vos, origin.] The supposed production of living 
matter from matter not living ; such genesis of living 
forms as does not involve a portion of living matter 
given off from another previously living form ; sponta- 
neous generation ; — called also abiogeny. 

AVi-og'e-nist, n. One who believes that life can be 
produced independently of antecedent life. 

Ab'i-og'e-ny, n. Same as Abiogenesis. 

Ab-Ir'ri tate, v. t. (Med.) To diminish the sensibil- 
ity of ; to debilitate. 

Ab-Ir'ri-ta'tive, a. (Med.) Characterized by absence 

^or defect of irritation, or by debility. 

Ab'le-gate, n. [Lat. ab and legatus, from legate, to 
send with a commission; Fr. ablegat.] (Rom. Cath. 
Ckurefc.) A legate sent to bring to a newly elected car- 
dinal his insignia of office. 

Ab'nor-mal'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being ab- 
normal ; abnormity ; variation. 

A-b6r'ti-cide, n. [Lat. abortus, p. p. of aboriri, from 
ab, from, and oriri, to rise, to be born, and csedere, to 
kill.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the 
womb ; feticide. 

A-bra'dant, n. [Lat. abradere, to scrape off. See 
Abrade.] That which abrades, especially a material, 
usuallyjn powder, adapted for grinding and polishing. 

Ab'ro-ga'tive, a. Tending or designed to abrogate ; as, 
an abrogative law. 

Ab-sin'thate, n. (Chem.) A combination of absin- 
thic acid with a base. 

Ab-sm'thie, a. (Chem.) Relating to absinthium, or 
common wormwood, or to an acid obtained from it. 

Ab'so-lute, a. [Add.] Absolute temperature, the tem- 
perature as measured on a scale determined by certain 
general thermo-dynamic principles. The zero of ab- 



ACHLAMYDEOUS 

solute temperature may be regarded as equivalent to 
— 273_° centigrade, or —459.4° Fahrenheit. 

Ab-stain', v. t. [See Abstain, v. i.] To hinder; to 
cause to keep away from. 

JLb-stra-e'tum, n. [Lat.] (Metaph.) An attribute or 
relation treated as an entity ; an abstract noun. 

A-bu'ti-lon, n. [Arab.] (Bot.) A genus of malva- 
ceous shrubs, found in the torrid and temperate zones 

w of both continents ; Indian mallow. 

Ae'a-cln, ) n. [See Acacia.] The inspissated juice of 

A-e'a-^me, ) various species of acacia : gum arabic. 

A-ea'ci-o (-shi-o), n. A heavy, durable wood, of the 
same family ( Cedrelacex) with the red mahogany, but 

^ darker_and plainer : called also Acajou. 

Ae'a-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. Same as Acanthaceous. 

A-ean'tho-car'poiis, a. [Gr. a<av6a, thorn, and Kap- 
7r6s, fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with 
spines. 

A-ean'tho-ceph'a-lan, n. [Gr. anavQa, a spine, thorn, 
and Ke<f)aAri, head.] (Zo'ol.) One of a group of intesti- 
nal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved 
spines. 

A-ean'tho-ceph'a-lous, a. Having a spiny head; 
belonging to the acanthocephalans. 

A-ean'tlio-pod, n. [See infra.] (Zo'ol.) One of a 
genus of coleopterous insects, including those species 
which have spiny legs. 

A-ean'tho-po'di-ous, a. [Gr. aicavOa, thorn, and 
n-ous, ttoSos, foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. 

Ae-ea/di-an, a. Pertaining to a race supposed to have 
lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest (about 
1300 b. a). 

Ac-cent'u-a'tion, n. In ecclesiastical music, the pitch 
or modulation of the voice used in reciting various por- 
tions of the liturgy. 

A-e-^ep'tant^ra. One who accepts ; an accepter. 

A-e-eli'ma-ta'tion, n. [See Acclimate.] The act or 
^process of becoming accustomed to a new climate. 

A-e'-ere-men-ti'tial (-tish'al), a. [See injru.] (Phys- 
iol.) Developing a new individual by natural increase. 

A-e'-ere-men-ti'tioii (-tish'un), n. [Lat. accrementum, 
from accrescere, to grow larger, to increase.] (Physiol.) 
A term applied to that process of generation, in which 
an organic part breaks the bonds which unite it to the 
individual by which it has been formed, and with which 
it constitutes originally only one being, and develops 
itself into an individual distinct form, yet in all re- 
spects like that from which it proceeds. 

Accrescimento (ak-kresh'she-men'to), n. [It.] (Mus.) 
The increase of a sound by one half its original dura- 
tion, represented by a dot placed after a note. 

A^-cu/mii-la/tor, n. 2. That which accumulates: 
as, a powerful electrical machine, which generates or 
accumulates electric currents of high tension ; a fly- 
wheel or a spring of Indi* rubber which accumulates 
force; (Hydrostat.) a reservoir which accumulates 
water for the working of machinery. 

A-ehet'a-das, n. pi. [Lat., from acheta, a cricket; Gr. 
^XeVqs, shrill, from tjx 1 ^ a sound.] (Entom.) A family 
of leaping insects ; the cricket family. 

A-eliil'lef Ten'don. (Anat.) The strong tendon 

formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in 

the calf of the leg, and inserted into the bone of the 

heel ; — so called from the story of Achilles being held 

w by the heel when dipped in the River Styx. 

A-eb/la-myd'e-ous, a- [Gr. d priv. and xAafiv?, x^a/av- 
Sos, a short cloak.] (Bot.) Having no calyx or corolla. 



a,e,&c, long ; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
food, foot; urn, rifde, pull; cell, fbaise, eall,'eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



Copyright by G. & C. Merriam & Co., 1884. 



ACHROMATIZATION 



1002 



AFTERGLOW 



A-ehro'ma-ti-za/tion, n. [Fr. achromatisation. See 
Achromatic] The act of achromatizing ; deprivation 
of color. 

A-ehro'ma-tSp'sy, n. [Gr. d priv., xp<>>p-ol, color, and 
bxpis, sight.] Inability to distinguish colors ; color- 

w blindness ; Daltonism. 

Ac'id-If'Ie, a. [Lat. acidus, sour, and facere, to make.] 

_ Producing acidity ; converting into an acid. 

A'cier-age, n. [Ft., from acier, steel.] The process or 
act of coating a metal plate with iron by means of vol- 
taic electricity ; — applied especially to stereotypes or 

_ engraved copper-plates, to render them more durable. 

A-e'o-Tye'tine, n. (Chem.) Abase obtained from the 
roots of the Aconitum lycocionum, whence the name. 
It is a white powder, of a bitter taste and alkaline re- 
action, and neutralizes acids. 

A-eon'dy-lous, a. [Gr. d priv. and /covSvAos, joint.] 

w BeiDg without joints. 

Ae'o-nit'ie, a. Obtained from, or relating to, aconite. 

Ae'o-nl'tutn, n. The poisonous herb aconite ; wolf -s- 

_bane ; monk's-hood. 

A'eorn- shell, n. (Zo'dl.) A balanoid ; one of the ses- 
sile cirripeds ; a barnacle. 

A-eous'ti-e-al-ly (-kow'stik-), adv. In a manner adapt- 

_ ed to acoustics ; in relation to sound or hearing. 

A-e'ous-ti'cian (-tlsh'an), n. [Ft. acousticien.] One 

w versed in acoustics. 

A^ri-to-ehro'ma-cy, n. [Gr. d^pi-ros, undistinguish- 
able, from d priv. and Kpiveiv, to separate, distinguish, 
and xpwfj.a, xp^M^tos, color.] Inability to discrimi- 

_nate between colors ; color-blindness; Daltonism. 

A-e'ro-carp'oiis, a. [Gr. d»cpos, extreme, highest, and 
ndprros, fruit.] (Bot.) Having a terminal fructifica- 
tion ; having the fruit at the end of the stalks. 

A-e'ro-dont, a. [Gr. d*pos, summit, and oSov's, oSovtos, a 
tooth.] Having the teeth soldered firmly to the salient 
_pa.rt or ridge of the jaw-bone, as in some of the lacertians. 

A-e'ro-dpn'i-d, n. [Gr. dxpos, extreme, highest, and 
oSvvtj, pain; Fr. acrodynie.] (Med.) Acute rheuma- 
tism of the extremities, especially of the feet. 

A-e'ro-nye'tous, a. [Gr. d«pos, extreme, and vvg, wk- 
to?, night.] (Astron.) Appearing at sunset and disap- 
pearing at sunrise, as stars. 

Ae'ro-pol'i-tan, a. Pertaining to an acropolis. 

A-e'ro-ti§m, n. [Gr. d priv. and xporos, the pulse.] 
w ( Med. ) A defect of pulsation. 

Aet'ing, p. a. Performing the part or discharging the 
^duties of another ; as, an acting superintendent. 

A-e'H-no-zo'd, n. pi. [Gr. dims, d^Ttvos, a ray, and &ov, 
an animal.] (Zo'dl.) A group of Cselenterata, compris- 
ing the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea-anemone is 
^ a familiar example. 

Ae'ti-no-zo'an, n. One of the actinozoa. 

A-e'tion (ak'shun), n. [Add.] Q. {Music.) The mechan- 
ical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the 
player's finger is transmitted to the strings of a piano- 
forte or to the column of air in an organ-pipe. 

A-et'u-al (akt'yu-al), n. {Finance.) Something actu- 
^allyjeceived ; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. 

A-et'u.-al-Ist, n. [See Actual.] One who deals with or 
considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather 
_ than fancies or theories ; opposed to idealist. 

Ae'ii-miii'ii-late, a. (Bot.) Somewhat acuminate or 
„ tapering. 

Ae'u-pres'sion (-presh'un), ) n. [Lat. acus, a needle, 

A^'u-press'ure (-presh'ur), J and premere, pressum, 
to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage re- 
sulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing 
under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are 
left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. 

A.-dd'fj'i-et'to, a. [It., dim. of adagio, slow movement.] 
{Mus.) Somewhat less slow than adagio. 

A-dd'g'i-et'to, n. (Mus.) A short adagio. 

Adam' § -apple, n. (Add.) 3. (Bot.) A perennial her- 
baceous plant, a species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). 
It attains a height of 20 feet or more. 

Ad'der, n. One who, or that which, adds ; an abacus. 

Ad'di-son'g Di§-ea§e'. [Named from Thomas Addi- 
son, M. D., of London, who first described it.] A mor- 
bid condition of the supra- renal capsules (two ductless 
glands in front of the upper end of each kidney), caus- 
ing the skin ro assume a deep bronze color ; it is called 
also bronzed skin disease, and is usually fatal. 

Ad'e-lo-pod', n. [Gr. dSrjAos, invisible, and ttov?, ttoSos, 
foot.] ( Zo'dl.) An animal having feet that are not ap- 
parent. 

Ad'e-ni'tis, n. [Gr. dSrj'v, a gland.] (Med.) Inflam- 
mation of the lymphatic glands. 



A-de'no-cele, n. [Gr. adr^v, a gland, and /ctjAtj, a tumor.] 
(Med. ) A morbid growth in the female breast, resem- 

_ bling in its tissue that of the breast itself. 

Ad'e-no-graph/io, a. Pertaining to adenography, or 

^the anatomy of the glands. 

Ad'e-no-tom'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to adenotomy, or 

Ad'e-no-tom'i-e-al, I dissection of the glands 

Ad'es-my, n. [Gr. dSeo-p.os, unfettered, from d priv. and 
8eo-fx.6s, a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or splitting of an 
organ which is usually entire. 

Ad-he'sive-ness, n. [Add.] 2. (Phren.) An organ 
held to be the seat of that feeling which causes men to 
associate with each other, and to take pleasure in be- 
stowing and receiving friendship ; tendency to social or 

__ personal attachment. 

Ad'i-po-cer'i-form, a. [N. Lat. adipocera, and Lat. 
forma, form. See Adipocere.] Having the appearance 
of adipocere ; as, an adipoceriform tumor. 

A-dip'soiis, a. [Gr. aSixj/os, from d priv. and SCxj/a, thirst.] 
Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. 

A-d-ld'tus, n. [Lat., p. p. from afferre, to bring to, to as- 
sist.] An attendant ; a personal supporter ; an aid-de- 
^ camp. 

Ad-na'tion, n. [See Adnate.] (Bot.) The consolida- 
tion of different floral verticils or sets of organs. 

A-dop'tion, n. [Add.] 3. ( Theol.) The special act of 
God's grace by which men are received into his family 
_on justification by faith. 

Ad'u-la'ri-a, n. (Min.) A transparent or translucent 
variety of feldspar, found especially at St. Gothard, 
Switzerland. The finest specimens are from a high peak 
called Adula, whence the name. 

Advance', a. [Add.] Advance sheets (Print.), pages of 
a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time 
of publication. 

Ad-vanced', p.p. Progressive ; imbued with novel ideas, 
as opposed to the traditional or commonly received ; as, 
advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 

Ad-verb'i-al-ize, v.t. To give the force or form of an 

_adverb_to. 

A'er-hy'droiis, a. [Gr. d^p, air, and vSwp, water.] A 
term applied to minerals which contain water in their 

_ cavities. 

A'er-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and yvwo-is, knowing, 
knowledge, from yiyvuo-Keiv , yv<5vcu, to know ; Fr. acrog- 
nosie.] The science which treats of the properties of 

_air, and of the part it plays in nature. 

A'er-o-kll'no-seope, n. [Gr. drip, air, KkLveiv, to turn, 
and o-Koirelv, to examine.] An apparatus turning on a 
pivot and showing the direction of the wind, and the 

_ differences of barometric pressure. 

A'er-o-pho'bi-a, ) n. [Gr. arjp, air, and ^ojSo?, fear ; 

A'er-oph'o-by, j Fr. a&rophobie.] (31ed.) Dread of 
a current of air. It is a symptom often accompanying 
hydrophobia, and sometimes accompanying hysteria and 

_ other nervous affections. 

A'er-o-sid'er-ite, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and o-iStjpitt)?, cn.8- 
Tjptris, of iron, from o-tSijpos, iron.] (Meteor.) A mass 

_of meteoric iron. 

A'er-o-sphere', n. [Gr. d^p, air, and a<f>aipa, sphere; 
Fr. aerosp/iere.] The mass of air which surrounds the 

_ globe; atmosphere. 

A^r-o-stat'ic, a. [Add.] Aerostatic press, a kind of 
air-pump for extracting the coloring matter from dye- 
woods and the like. 

iEs'tlie-so'cli-e, a. [Fr. esthesodique, from Gr. aladrj- 
crts, sensation, from aicrOdveaOax, to perceive, and 6S6?, 
a way.] Conveying sensation ; — a term applied to the 
portion of the spinal cord which conveys sensation. 

iEs'tu-oiis (est'yu-us), a. [Lat. sestuosus, from lestus, 
fire, glow, from, sesiuare, to be agitated, to burn.] 
Glowing ; scorching. 

JEth'o-gen (eth'o-jen), n. [Gr. cuflos, fire, light, and 
yeVos, birth.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and 
boron, which, when heated before the blow-pipe, gives 
a brilliant phosphorescent light ; boric nitride. 

Af-fet'tu-o'so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a tender manner ; 
with feeling. 

Af-f fl'i-a-ble, a. Capable of being affiliated. 

Af-fin'i-ty, n. [Add.] 5. (Spiritualism.) A man or 
woman for whom one of the opposite sex feels a strong 
attachment, amounting to a passion. 

A-field' (-feld'), adv. [Add.] 2. Out of the way. 

Aft'er-damp, n. An irrespirable gas which is some- 
times found in mines ; choke-damp. Its most impor- 
tant constituent is carbon-dioxide, or carbonic acid gas, 
m produced by the explosion of fire-damp. 

Aft'er-glow, n. A kind of second twilight, often seen 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what , ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



AGALACTIA 



1003 



ALLYL 



a short time after sunset. The phenomenon is due, in 
Sir John Herschel's opinion, to a second reflection of 
w solar light in the atmosphere. 

Ag' a-ld-e'ti-d (-shi-a), n. [Gr. d priv. and yaAa, yaAa*- 
tos, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of 
milk after childbirth. 

Ag'a-nii, n. (Ornith.) A bird (Psophia crepitans), of 
the interior of Guiana, called also the gold-breasted 
trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant, 

^ but its legs are much longer. 

Ag'a mo-gen'e-sis, n. [From Gr. ayafio<;, unmarried, 
from d priv. and yd/uos, marriage, and yeVeo-is, genera- 
tion, from yiyveaOcLi, to be born.] [Add.] Reproduc- 
tion without the union of the whole or parts of two 
distinct organisms for the formation of offspring. 

Ag'lu-ti'tion, n. [Gr. a priv. and Lat. glutire, glutitum, 
to swallow.] (Pathol.) Inability to swallow. 

Ag'mi-na'ted, a. [From Lat. agmen, agminis, a train, 
a crowd, fr. agere, to drive.] Crowded; closely packed. 
Agminated glands (AnaL), a collection of follicles in the 
small intestine. 

Ag-nos'tie, a. [Gr. d priv. and y^mcn-iKo?, knowing, 
from yLyvuxTiceiv, to know.] Professing ignorance ; in- 
volving no dogmatic assertion : leaving a question or 
problem still in doubt ; pertaining to, or involving ag- 
nosticism. 

Ag-nos'tie, n. One who professes ignorance, or re- 
frains from dogmatic assertion ; one who supports ag- 
nosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence 
of a personal Deity. 

Ag-nos'ti-cism, n. That doctrine which, professing 
ignorance, neither asserts nor denies ; specifically, in 
theology, the doctrine that the existence of a personal 
Deity can be neither asserted nor denied, neither proved 
nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the 
human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton 
and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evi- 
dence furnished by psychical and physical "data, to war- 
rant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of 
Herbert Spencer) ; opposed alike to dogmatic skepticism 
and to dogmatic theism. 

A-gra'ri-an, a. [Add.] 2. (Bot.) Wild ;— said of 

w plants growing in the fields. 

Ag'ryp-not'ie, n. [Gr. aypvirvos, sleepless, from dypa, 
a chase, and iijnw, sleep.] Anything which prevents 
sleep, as strong coffee or tea. 

Ag'y-nous, a. [Gr. d priv. and yw-17, woman.] (Bot.) 
_Having fecundating, but not fruit-bearing organs : male. 

Ai-guille' (a'gwel'), n. [Fr., Sp. agujn, It. aguglia, 
from Lat. acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.] A sharp 
needle-like rock or summit of a mountain. 

Ai'no, n. [Said to be the native word for man.] One of 
a tribe inhabiting Yesso, Saghalien, and the Koorile Isl- 
ands, and supposed to have been the progenitors of the 

A original inhabitants of Japan. 

Air'-brake, n. (Mach.) A contrivance for stopping 
the motion of a car-wheel, by the use of compressed at- 

A mospheric air as a means of applying the brakes. 

Air'-cross'ing, n. A passage for air in a mine. 

Air'-flUe (flu), n. A tube in which air is conveyed, as 

^ from a stove to various parts of a building, 

Air'-larnp, n. A pneumatic machine, by the operation 
of which an inflammable gas, being lighted by electrici- 
ty, produces a flame which may be reduced or contin- 

A ued at will. 

Air'-stove, n. A stove for heating a current of air 
which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, 

w and which is then distributed through the building. 

Air'-tight (-tit), n. An air-tight stove ; a stove for 
burning wood, so constructed that the draft can be al- 

A most entirely shut off. 

Air'-trunk, n. A ventilating shaft, opened from the 
ceiling of a room to the roof of the building. 

Air'y, a. [Add.] 8. Having an artificial or affected 
w manner ; being in the habit of putting on airs. 

Al'a-nine, n. (Chem.) A white crystalline base, de- 
rived from aldehyde-ammonia and hydrocyanic acid. 

Al'bert-ite, n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resem- 
bling asphaltum, found in the county of Albert, New 
Brunswick. It is regarded as an inspissated and oxy- 
genated_petroleum . 

Al'ber-type, n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, 
of Munich.] (Photog.) \. A process in which a photo- 
graphic picture is taken upon a layer of albumen and 
gelatine impregnated with bichromate of potash, and, 
by suitable treatment, becomes capable of taking ink 
and giving impressions like a lithographic stone. 2. A 
picture made by this process. 



Al-bes'cence, n. [See Albescent.] The act of becom- 
ing white or whitish. 

Al'bi-eant, a. [Lat. albicans, albicantis, p. pr. of al- 
bicare, to be white, from albus, white.] Growing or 
becoming white. 

Al'bi-nigin, n. [Add.] 2. (Bot.) A pale or whitish 
condition of leaves and other parts of plants, owing to 
the absence or the non-development of chlorophyl. 
3. An abnormally white condition of the plumage of 

_ birds, or the fur or hair of mammals. 

Al'bo-Kth, n. [Lat. albus, white, and Gr. \(0o<;, stone.] 
A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting 

_ chiefly of magnesia. 

APbu-mm'i-f orm, a. [Lat. albumen, atbuminis, and 
forma, form.] Formed like, or resembling, albumen. 

Al-bu/mi-iilm'e-ter, ». [Lat. albumen, albuminis, and 
Gr. nerpov, measure; Fr. albuminimetre.] An instru- 
ment for ascertaining the quantity of albumen con- 
tained in a liquid. 

Al-bu/nii-nine, n. ( Chem.) The substance of the cells 

w which inclose the white of birds 7 eggs. 

Al'-eo-hol-igin, n. ( Med. ) A diseased condition of the 

w system, brought about by use of alcoholic liquors. 

APe-thl-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. a\ri6eia, truth, and A.6yos, 
discourse.] The science which treats of the nature of 
truth and evidence. 

A-leth'o-s-eope, n. [From Gr. a\r)6ri<;, truth, and 
0-K.OTreiv, to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures 
by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natu- 
ral proportions and relations. 

A-lex'i-py-ret'ie, a. [Gr. dAi£et,v, to ward off, and 
77-upeTos, burning heat, fever, from irvp, fire.] (Med.) 
Serving to drive off fever ; febrifuge; antifebrile. 

Al-fal'fa, n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A perennial plant, allied to 
the clover family, which is cultivated in California and 
JTexas for fodder. 

Al'ga-ro-vll'ld, n. The product of a species of acacia 
(juga Martha), found in parts of South America, and 

_ valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. 

Al'goid, a. [Lat. alga, sea-weed, and Gr. elfios, form.] 
Resembling sea-weed. 

Al-gon'kin, ) n. One of a widely spread family of In- 

Al-gon'quin, ) dians, which formerly occupied most 

w of the northern and eastern parts of North America. 

Al'kar-sine, n. (Chem.) A spontaneously inflamma- 
ble liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of 
cacodyle and its oxidation products ; — called also Ca- 
det's fuming liquid. 

Al'lan-ite, n. [From Thomas Allan, who first distin- 
guished it as a species.] (Min.) A silicate containing 
a large amount of cerium, found in Greenland, also in 
Virginia. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is 
related to epidote in form. 

Al'le-tndnde', n. [Add.] 2. (Cookery.) The white 
sauce known as veloute, thickened with cream and 
whites of eggs, and seasoned with nutmeg and lemon 
juice. 

All-fobl§'-day, n. The first day of April. 

Al-lin'e-ate, v. t. [See Align.] (Surv.) To adjust to 
a line : to align. 

Ario-ea'tion, n. [Add.] 2. Apportionment ; allot- 
ment ; assignment to a place or location. 

Al-16-eIi'rous, a. [Gr. dA.A.05, other, and xp° a > color.] 
Of various colors, as a mineral. 

ATlo-phyPi-an, a. [Gr. AAAc^vXos, of another tribe, 
from dAAo?, other, and $vkh, class or tribe.] Pertain- 
ing to a primitive race or language existing among other 
races of the same stock ; as, the Basque (race and lan- 
guage) in the Pyrenees. 

Ario-trl-oph'a-gy, n. [Gr. oAXorpto?, belonging to 
another, foreign, strange, from dAAos, other, and 4>aye7v, 
to eat; Fr. aUotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appe- 
tite ; the desire for innutritious or unsuitable food. 

Al-lox'an, n. [From the first syllables of allantoine 
and oxalic, because it was considered to represent the 
elements of allantoine combined with those of oxalic 
acid.] ( Chem.) A product of the oxidation of uric acid. 
It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or 
alcohol. 

Al-lox'a-nate, n. (Chem.) A combination of allox- 
anic acid and a base. 

APlox-an'i-e, a. Pertaining to alloxan; — applied to 
an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on al- 
loxan. 

Ariox-an'tin, \n. (Chem.) A substance produced 

APlox-an'tine, ) by acting upon uric acid with warm 
and very dilute nitric acid. 

Al'lyl, n. [Lat. allium, garlic, and Gr. v\r), wood, mat- 



fobd, fcfbt; firn, ru.de, pull; cell, cbaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag; exist; linger, link; tnis. 



ALOSE 



1004 



ANHYDRIDE 



ter, element, base.] (Chem.) An organic radical, ex- 
isting especially in garlic and mustard. It is a very 
volatile liquid, with a peculiar pungent odor, somewhat 

_like that of horse-radish. 

A'lose, n. [Fr., from Lat. alosa.] (Ichth.) The Amer- 
ican shad ( Alosa sapidissima). 

A-lou'chi, or A-lu/chi, n. A compound resin ob- 
tained from Madagascar. It has an aromatic, peppery, 

^ bitter taste. 

Alt-az'i-miith, n. [From Lat. altus, high, and Eng. 
azimul/i.] An instrument for taking azimuths and alti- 
tudes simultaneously, the form most generally used be- 
ing that called the theodolite. * 

Al-ter'nate, a. [Add.] Alternate generation (Biology), 
a form of reproduction in which development from eggs 
alternates with that from buds, the individuals arising 
in the two methods differing to a certain extent from 
one another ; metagenesis. 

Al-the'ine, n. [See Althea.] (Chem.) An alkaline 

^ substance discovered in the marsh-mallow ; asparagine. 

Alt'horn, n. [See Alt and Horn. J (Mus.) An instru- 
ment of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in mili- 

w tary music, often replacing the French horn. 

Al'trii-igm, n. (Lat. alter, other; Fr. altruisme.] Re- 
gard "for others, both natural and moral ; unselfishness ; 
— opposed to egotism. 

Al'tru-ist're, a. Displaying altruism ; showing a re- 

w gard for others ; unselfish. 

Al've-ol'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. alveolus, q. v., and forma, 
form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, 
cells, or cavities. 

A-lps'sum, n. [N. Lat., from d priv. and Avcrera, raging 
madness ; because it was supposed to cure madness.] 
(Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants. 

A-mal'ga-ma'tor, n. A machine for separating pre- 
cious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in 
contact with a body of mercury with which they form 
an amalgam (whence the name). 

A-mar'a-eus, n. [Lat., and Gr. djudpaKo?.] (Bot.) A 

w plant of the genus Origanum ; marjoram. 

Am'a-rine, n. [Lat. amarus, bitter.] ( Chem.) A crys- 
talline substance, produced by the action of ammonia 

^ on oil of bitter almonds. 

Am'au-rot'i-e, a. Pertaining to amaurosis. 

Am'a-zon-Ite, 1 n. (Min.) A variety of feldspar, 

Am'a-zon-stone, j having a verdigris-green color, 
found near the Amazon River, in the Ural mountains, 
in Siberia, and in Colorado. It is opaque, and takes a 
fine polish. 

Am-blyg'o-nite, n. [Gr. dp./3Avs, blunt, obtuse, and 
yuivCa, angle.] (Min.) A phosphate of alumina and 
lithia, containing fluorine ; usually massive, sometimes 
imperfectly crystallized ; color pale green or white ; 
found at Penig, Saxony ; also at Hebron, Maine ( He- 
bronite). 

A-men'o-ma'ni-d, n. [Lat. amcenus, pleasant, and 
mania, madness, from Gr. fiavia, from ju.<uVe<rdai, to 
rage.] A kind of insanity in which the patient has de- 
lusions of an agreeable character. 

A-men.'or-rhce'd (-re'a), n. [Gr. d priv. and ixyjv, 
month, and pelv, to flow.] (Pathol.) Absence or stop- 
page of the menstrual discharge. 

Am'ine, n. [From ammonia] (Chem.) A substance 
derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more 
hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. 

Am-mo'ni -a/ted, a. (Chem.) Noting compounds of 
^metallic salts with ammonia, — usually anhydrous. 

Am'ni-o'tti, n. pi. (Zool.) That group of vertebrates 
which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called 
amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the 
^mammals. 

Avn'phi-ar-thvo'sls, n. [Gr. afi<f>i, around, and ap- 
0pa><ns, a jointing, from dp9pov, a joint.] (Anat.) A 
form of articulation in which contiguous osseous sur- 
faces are connected by disks of flattened cartilage. 

Am'phi-gor'ic, a. Nonsensical ; absurd ; pertaining 
to an amphigory. 

Am-phig'o-ry, n. [Fr. amphigouri, of uncertain der- 
ivation, perhaps Gr. an<j>C, around, and yupos, a circle.] 
Nonsense verses ; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, 
which on further attention proves to be meaningless. 
Am'phi-ox'us, n. [Gr. dp.^', on both sides, or both 
ends, and 6£v?, sharp.] (Ichth.) A fish (Amphioxus 
lanceolatus [or br an chio stoma]), two or three inches 
long, found in temperate seas ; —also called the lance- 
let. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest 
and most conservative of the vertebrates. 
Am-phis'to-moiis, a [Gr. dp.<£i, on both sides or 



both ends, and <nop.a, mouth.] Having a cup at each 
extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they 
adhere to the intestines. 

Am'phi-the'a-ter, n. [Add.] 2. The highest gallery 
in a theater, containing low-priced seats. 

A-myg'da-lif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. amygdalus, amygda- 
lum, almond, and ferre, to bear.] Producing almonds ; 

^ — applied to a geode with a movable kernel. 

Am'y-late, n. [Lat. amylum, starch.] (Chem.) A 
compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and one or 
more positive atoms or radicals. 

Am'y-lene, n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon possessing an- 
aesthetic properties. 

An-a-^ha'rls , n. [Lat., from Gr. dvd, as if for av priv., 
and x«P l ?) grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the 
^frogbit family (Hydrocharidaceae,), native to America. 

An'a-eru'sis, n. [Gr. dvaKpovcris, from dvaKpovetv, to 
push up or back, from dvd, up, and upoveiv, to strike.] 
(Pros.) A. prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to 
a verse beginning with an accented syllable. 

An-se'mi-a, n. [Gr. d priv. and alfia, blood.] Defi- 

_ ciency of blood in an organ or in the general system. 

An'ae-mot'ro-phy, n. [Gr. av priv., a!p.a, blood, and 
rpo^ij, nourishment, from rpefaiv, to nourish.] (Med.) 

^ A deficiency of sanguineous nourishment. 

An'ses-the'gi-a (-the'zhi-a), n. [See An^sthesis.] 
(Med.) Entire or partial loss of feeling or perception ; 
a state of insensibility produced by disease or by the 

^inhalation of sulphuric ether, nitrous oxide gas, etc. 

An-a-mdr'pliigm, n. [Gr. dvd, again, and p-op(/»j, 
form.] A progression from one type to another ; ana- 
morphosis. 

An-aph'ro-dis/i-a (-dizh'T-a), n. [Gr. dv priv. and 
d<f>po8icr(.a, sexual pleasures, from 'A^poStrrj, the god- 
dess of love.] (Physiol.) Impotence ; inability to have 
sexual intercourse ; absence of venereal appetite. 

An'a-plas'tre , a. Pertaining to anaplasty. 

An'a-plas'ty, n. [Gr. avd, again, and Tr\do-o-eiv, to 
form.] (Surg.) The art of restoring lost parts or the 

w normal shape. 

An'a-po-dele'tie, a. [Gr. av priv. and dn-ofiei.KTi/co?, 
demonstrable, from dwoSeiicvvvai, to point out, to show 
by argument, from dno, from, and Seiicvvvat, to show.] 
^ That can not be demonstrated : undemonstrable. 

An'a-tme, a. [Lat. anatinus, from anas, anatis, a duck.] 
Pertaining to the duck ; duck-like. 

An'-eon, n. A breed of sheep descended from an acci- 
dental variety found in Massachusetts, and having very 
long bodies and short legs. 

An'de-sine, \n. (Min.) A kind of feldspar found in 

An'de-site, | the Andes as a constituent of a rock 
which is also called andesite. It is intermediate be- 
tween labradorite and oligoclase. 

An'droid, a. [See Android, n.] Resembling man. 

An'e-moph'i-lous. a. [From Gr. dvep.os, wind, and 
<|>iAos, lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the 
wind ; said of plants in which the pollen is carried to 
the stigma by the wind. 

An-et'ie, a. [Gr. dvenKos, relaxing, from dvecris, remis- 
sion, relaxation, from dvelvai, to send forth, to loosen.] 
(Med.) Soothing; serving to lessen pain ; anodyne. 

An-gel'i-e, a. Angelic acid, an acid obtained from the 
root of the archangel ( Angelica archangelica). 

An'gi-o-spenn'a-toixs, a. [Gr. ayyeiov, vessel, and 
0-rrepfx.a, (jirepp-aTo?, seed, from o-rrelpet.v, to sow.] (Bot.) 
Having the seeds inclosed in a capsule or pod ; angio- 
spermous. 

An'gi-os'to-mous, a. [Gr. dyyetov, vessel, and arrop-a, 
mouth.] (Conch.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell 
of a gasteropod. 

An/gH-ean, a. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held 
by, a high-churchman or a ritualistic member of the 
^ Church of England. 

An'gll-ean, n. [Add.] Especially, a member of the 
high-church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic 
w section, in the Church of England. 

An'gli~ean-i§m, n. The doctrines held by high- 
churchmen or ritualist party in the Church of England. 

An'gu-lose, a. [Lat. angulosus, from angulus, angle.] 
Full of angles ; aDgulous. 

An-liis'tous, a. [Gr. av priv. and toro?, web, tissue ; 
Fr. anhiste.] Having an indeterminate texture; as, an 
anhislous membrane. 

An-hy'dride, n. [Gr. dwSpos, waterless, from av priv. 
and vScop, water.] (Chem.) An oxide of the non-me- 
tallic bodies, capable of forming acids by uniting with 
the elements of water ; — so called because it may be 
formed from an acid by the abstraction of water. 



a, e,&c.,Zong-;a, &,&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, terni ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf , 



ANILINE 



1005 



A POSTERIORI 



An'i-line, ) n. [See Anil.] A dyeing material obtained 

An'i-line, J from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. 

An'i-so-pet'al-oiis, a. [Gr. aviaos, unequal, from av 
priv. and Zeros, equal, and irirakov, leaf.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing unequal petals. 

An'i-soph'yl-loiis, or An'i-so-phyl'lous, a. [Gr. 
avuros, unequal, from av priv. and tcros, equal, and 
<f>vkkov , a leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves. 

An'i-so-stem/o-noiis, a. [Gr. ai/io-os, unequal, from 
av priv. and tcros, equal, and crTrjfxu>v, warp, thread, 
from lo-rdi/ai, to stand. (Bot.) Having unequal sta- 
mens ; having stamens different in number from the 
divisions of the corolla. 

An'i-so-trope', I a. [Gr. dviao?, unequal, from av 

An'i-so-trop'ie, ) priv. and to-og, equal, and rpoirq, a 
turning, from rpeneiv, to turn.] Not isotropic ; having 
different properties in different directions, as, unequally 
elastic in different directions ; thus, crystals of the iso- 
metric system are, like glass, optically isotropic, but 
all other crystals are anisotrope. 

An-ni'hi-la'tion-ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes 
that eternal punishment consists in complete annihila- 
tion ; a destructionist. 

A-nom/a-li-pSd, ) a. [Lat. anomalus, irregular, and 

A-nom'a-li-pede, } pes, pedis, foot ] Having anom- 
. alous feet. 

A-nSm'a-lo-flo'rous, a. [Lat. anomalus, irregular, 
and Jios,floris, flower. See Anomalous.] (Bot.) Hav- 
ing anomalous flowers. 

An'o-nyme, n. [See Anonymous.] An assumed name. 

An / te-eoni-mu.n'ion (-yun), n. [From ante, before, 
and communion.] A name given to that part of the 
Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes 
the consecration of the elements. 

An-ten'ntile, n. [See Antenna.] (Zo'dl.) A small 
antenna; — applied to the smaller pair of antennae or 
feelers in the Crustacea. 

Ant'eph-I-al'tie, a. [Gr. dim, against, and ecpidA/nj?, 

^nightmare.] (Med.) Of power to prevent nightmare. 

An'them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems. 

Aiit'hem-or-rhag'ie (-raj'ik), a. [Gr. dim, against, 
and aijuoppa-yiKo?, hemorrhagic, aijU.oppa.yia, hemorrhage, 
from alixa, blood, and pryyvvvai, to break, burst.] 
(Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. 

An'ther-o-zoid 7 , I n. [Gr. dvflrjpos, flowery, £<Zov, an- 

An'ther-o-zo'oid, ) imal, and elfios, form.] (Bot.) 
The mobile reproductive male element in a crypto- 
gam. 

An-thog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. dV06s, flower, and ypa<f>rj, 
description, from ypdcpeiv, to write, describe.] A de- 
scription of flowers. 

An'thoid, a. [Gr. dv0cofiijs, like flowers, flowery, from 
avOos, flower, and elSos, form.] Resembling a flower ; 
flower-like. 

An'tho-ky'an, n. [Gr. dv0os, flower, and itvavos, blue.] 
The juice of the purple or sweet violet, expressed and 
treated with rectified spirit. 

An'tho-phore, n. [Gr. avOocfropos bearing flowers, 
from avBos, flower, and cpopos, bearing, from <f>ipeiv, to 
bear.] (Bot.) The pedicel bearing the petals, stamens, 
and pistils, — as in the soap-wort. 

AiVthtox-an'thme, n. [Gr. avOos, flower, and i-av66s, 
yellow.] The yellow coloring principle of plants. 

An'thra-cene, ) n. [Gr. dV0pa£, coal.] (Chem.) A 

An'tbra-clne, ) solid hydrocarbon which accompanies 
naphthaline in the distillation of coal-tar. Formerly 
called paranaphtkaline. 

An-thrae'o-nlte, n. [From Anthracite.] (Min.) A 
term applied to those varieties of marble which have a 

w coal-black luster, when polished. 

An'thro-po-cSn'trie, a. [Gr. avOpionos, man, and 
Kevrpov, center.] Assuming man as the center or ulti- 
mate end ; — applied to theories of the universe. 

An'thro-pSg'e-ny, n. [Gr. dy0pto7ros, man, and yeVos, 
birth.] The development of man 

Ant'hys-ter'ie, a. See Antihtsteric. 

An'ti-chlor, n. [Gr. dim, against, and xA.<*>pos, green, 
whence chlorine.] ( Chem.) Any substance used in re- 
moving the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp and 
other goods after bleaching by chloride of lime. 

An'ti-frie'tion, a. Having the quality of lessening 
friction ; tending to lessen friction. 

An'ti-ga-lae'tic, a. [Gr. dim, against, and ydXa, ydX- 
ojctos, milk.] Causing a diminution or suppression of 
the secretion of milk. 

An'tl-hys-ter'ie, a. [Gr. dim', against, and vtrrepinos, 
hysteric, from vorepa, the womb.] (Med.) Counter- 
acting hysteria. 



An'ti-lys'sie, a. [Gr. dim, against, and Kvaaa, mad- 

^ness.] (Med.) Used for counteracting hydrophobia. 

An-tin'i-al, a. [Gr. avri, against, and Iviov, the sinews 
at the back of the head, from U, strength.] (Med.) 

w Opposite the occiput ; being between the eyebrows. 

An'ti-phar'mie, a. [Gr. olvtL, against, and <f>dpixaicov, 
drug, poison.] (Med.) Destroying the effect of poison ; 

_ acting as an antidote ; alexipharmic. 

An'tl-phthig'ie (-tlz'ik), a. [Gr. ami, against, and 
<p0»,o-(./<6s, phthisical, from <j>6iai<;, consumption.] ( Med. ) 
^Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. 

An'tl-phyg'ie, a. 1. [Gr. avri, against, and c/>vo-<.k6s, 

physical, from cpueri?, nature, from fyveiv, to bring forth, 

produce.] Contrary to nature ; unnatural. 2. [Gr. dvxi, 

against, and <j>vcrdv, to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatu- 

w lence ; carminative. 

An'ti-plas'tie, a. [Gr. avri, against, and 7rA.aaTi/c6s, 
plastic, from 7rA.do-o-eiv, to form, mold.] 1. Diminish- 
ing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Being unfavorable to heal- 
w ing ; preventing or checking the process of granulation. 

An'tl-pros'tate, a. [See Anti and Prostate.] (Anat.) 
Pertaining to the mucous follicles (called also Cowper's 
w glands) situate before the prostate 

An'tl-pro-stat'ie, a. (Med.) Pertaining to the anti- 
w prostate glands. 

An'tl-py'ie, a. [Gr. dim, against, and 7ruo?, ttvov, 
beestings, Lat. pus.] (Med.) Checking suppuration. 

Aii'ti-ra-ehTt'ie, a. [Gr. dim, against, and pact's, 
^spine. See Rachitis.] (Med.) Good against the rickets. 

An'ti-seol'ie, a. [Gr. avri, against, and 07cc6Arjf, a 
worm.] (Med.) Good for destroying or expelling 
worms ; vermifuge ; anthelmintic. 

Ant/o-doii-taPgi-e, a. [Gr. avri, against, and bSovraX- 
yia, from 68ov's, 686vtos, tooth, and dA.yos, pain.] (Med.) 
Efficacious in relieving toothache. 

Ant-o'zone, n. [Gr. avri, against, and Eng. ozone.] A 
compound formerly supposed to be a modification of 
oxygen. It is the peroxide of hydrogen. 

An-tri'tis, n. [Lat. antrum, a cave.] (Med.) Inflam- 
mation of any cavity of the body ; esp. inflammation 
of the cavity in the substance of the superior maxillary 
bone, communicating with the middle meatus of the 
nose. 

An'u-re'sis, ) n. [Gr. av privative and olpov, urine.] 

An'ii-ry, I (Med.) Non-secretion or defective se- 
cretion of urine. 

A'ny-bod-y (en'ny-), n. 1. Any one out of an indefi- 
nite number of persons. 2. A person of consideration. 

_ [ Colloq.] 

A'or-ti'tis, n. [See Aorta.] (Med.) Inflammation of 
_the aorta, or large artery of the heart. 

Aph'a-nap'te-ryx, n. [Gr. d<pavijs, unseen, from d 
priv. and <pau>eo-0ai, to appear, and irrepv^, wing.] ( Or- 
nith.) A wingless, long-billed ralline bird of Mauritius. 

A-pha'§i-a (af-a/zhi-a), ) n. [Gr. afyaala, from dcpai-o?, 

Aph'a-gy, j not spoken, from d priv. and 

<j)dvai, to speak; Fr. aphasie.] (Med.) Loss of the 
power of speech, or of the memory or appropriate use 
of Avords, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the 
intelligence being preserved. 

A-pha/sie, a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia. 

Aph/rlte, n. [Gr. d<£p6s, foam.] (Min.) A foliated, 
white, pearly calcite, approaching argentine, and in its 
softer varieties resembling chalk. 

Aph'thoid, a. [Gr. d<p0a, an ulceration in the mouth, 
from anreiv, to inflame, and etSos, form.] Resembling 
the thrush, or ulcerous affection of the mouth. 

Ap'la-f en'tal, a. [a negative and placental] Belong- 
ing to the aplacentata ; without placenta. 

Ap'la-$en r ta-td, n. pi. [From a negative and pla- 
centa.] (Zo'dl.) Mammals which have no placenta. 

Aplomb (a'plOng'), n. [Fr., from a, to, and plomb, 
lead ; Lat. plumbum. The literal meaning is perpendic- 
ularity.] Assurance of action ; self-possession. 

JLp'nce-d, n. [Gr. d privative and Trvorj, irvoirj, breath, 
from irvelv, to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial priva- 
tion or suspension of breath ; suffocation ; also used of 
the absence of the desire to breathe, induced by over- 
charging the blood with oxygen. 

A-pSf'y-nme, n. [Gr. and, from, away from, and 
Kviav, kwos, a dog.] (Chem.) A bitter principle ob- 
tained from the dog's-bane, or Indian hemp. 

A-pog'a-my, n. [Gr. dno, from, and ydiuo?, marriage.] 
Loss of sexual reproductive power, as in certain plants. 

A-pol'o-gy, n. [Add.] 3. Anything provided by way 
_of substitute ; a makeshift. 

A.p6s>te-vi-o'r1. [Lat. posterior, latter.] 1. (Logic.) 
Reasoning a posteriori is that which derives propositions 



food, f o~ot ; Urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



APOTHEM 



1006 



AUDIPHONE 



from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from 
facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers 
causes from effects ; — this is the reverse of a priori 
reasoning. 2. (Philos.) Knowledge a posteriori is that 
which is based upon or derived from facts through in- 
duction or experiment. 

Ap'o-them, n. (Gr. oltto, away from, and Oefxa., that 
which is placed, from ridevai, to place.] {Math.) The 
perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a 
regular polygon. 

Ap'plan-ate, a. [Lat. ad, to, and planatus, p. p. from 
planare, to flatten, from planus, flat.] (Bot.) Flattened 
out horizontally. 

Ap-plique' (-plek') a. [Fr., from appliquer, to put on.] 
Having a pattern which has been cut out and trans- 

_f erred to another foundation, as in a kind of lace. 

A'qua-punet'ure (-yyr), n. [Lat. aqua, water, and 

functura, a puncture, from pungere , punctum , to prick.] 
Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for 
the relief of pain. 

Ar'ab, n. 2. A homeless street vagabond ; a gamin. 

Ar'bi-trage, n. [Fr., from arbitrer, Lat. arbitrari, to 
give judgment.] Judgment by an arbiter ; specifically, 
in commerce, a traffic in stocks which bear differing 
values at the same time in different markets. 

Ar-ehtse'an, a. [Gr. apxa-ios, ancient, from apxn, begin- 
ning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in 
geological history. 

Ar-ehae'an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geolog- 
ical history, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It in- 
cludes an azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, 
and an eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. 

Ar'ci-form, a. [Lat. arcus, a bow, and forma, form.] 

## Having the form of an arch ; ridge-shaped. 

Ar-e'ti-e, «. 1. The pole; the polar region. 2. (n. pi.) 

w A kind of warm waterproof over-shoe. 

Ar'e-ta'i-eg, n. sing. [Gr. aperq, virtue.] That part of 
moral philosophy which treats of the virtues ; — con- 
trasted with eudsemonics, or science of happiness. 

Ar'gen-1lte, n. [Lat. argentum, silver.] (Min.) Sul- 
phide of silver; — also called vitreous silver, or silver 
glance. It has a metallic luster, lead-gray color, and is 
_sectile like lead. 

Ar'gil-loid, a. [Gr. dpyiAAos or dpyiAos, clay, from ap- 
yrj?, dpyiArjs, white, and el8os, form.] Resembling argil 
or clay. 

jLr'yot' (ar'go'), n. [Fr., probably a corruption of jargon; 
It. gergo, unintelligible talk.] A secret language pe- 
culiar to thieves, tramps, etc. ; flash ; cant. 

A-rhytn'moiis (-rith'-), a. [Gr. d priv. and pvfljuds, 
rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, 
as the pulse. 

Ar'i-£ine, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid, discovered in white 

^cinchona bark from Arica. 

Ar'ith-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. dpifyxos, number, and p.e- 
rpov, measure ; Fr. arithmomctre .] An instrument to aid 
in performing arithmetical calculations. 

Arm'sweep, n. The sweep or free motion of the arm. 

Ar'irmre, n. [Fr. See Armor.] A variety of woolen 

t- fabric, woven so as to produce ribs on the surface. 

Ar'ni-$ine, n. (Chem.) The active principle of Arnica 

% montana. It is a bitter resin. 

Ar'te-ri'a-e-al, a. [Gr. a.prqpLa.K.6<; . See Artery.] Per- 
taining to, contained in, or resembling, an artery, or the 
arteries ; arterial. 

Ar-te'ri-ole, n. A small artery. 

Ar-throq:'ra-phy, n. [Gr. apdpov, joint, and ypdfyeiv, 

#> to describe.] (Anat.) A description of the joints. 

Ar'ii-ad (-shi-ad), a. [Gr. dpnos, even, from dpn, ex- 
actly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd ; —said of elementary 
substances and of radicals the equivalence of which is 

^divisible by two without a remainder. 

Ar'ti-o-da-e'tyl (-shl-o-), n. ; Lat. pi. JiR'TI-O-D ACE- 
TYL- A. [Gr. dpTios, even, and 8o.ktvA.os, finger or toe.] 
(Zool.) A member of one of the two divisions of the 
ungulates or hoofed herbivorous animals, in which the 
functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, 
and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the 
middle finger in man) is asymmetrical in itself, and 
usually forms a symmetrical pair with the fourth digit 
(corresponding to the ring finger), as in the hog, the 

„ hippopotamus, and the ox. 

Ar'yan, or Ar'y-an, n. [Skr. arya, excellent, honora- 
ble.] One of a primitive people supposed to have lived 
in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Cas- 
pian Sea, and north of the Hindu Kush and Paropa- 
misan Mountains, and to have been the stock from 
which sprang the Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Sla- 



vonic, Lettish, and other races ; one of that e*nnological 
division of mankind otherwise called Indo-European, or 
Indo-Germanic. 

Ar'yan, or Ar'y-an, a. Pertaining to the people called 

_ Aryans ; Indo-European ; Indo-Germanic. 

As'«ham, n. A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain 

^bows and other implements of archery. 

As'<iript, a. [Lat. ascriptus, p. p. of ascribere, to join to 
in writing, from ad, to, and scribere, to write.] Writ- 
ten by the side of another character. 

A-side', n. A remark made in an undertone or by way 
of parenthesis, and not intended for the person or au- 
dience regularly addressed ; as , in the theater, a remark 
made by a player which the other players are not sup- 
posed to hear, while the audience hear it. 

As'i-nin'i-ty, n. [Lat. asinus, an ass.] The quality of 
being asinine ; stupidity combined with obstinacy. 

A-slant', prep. In a slanting direction to. 

A-sper'ma-toiis, a. [Gr. d priv. and o-rrepp,a, o-7re'pp.aTos, 
seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds ; aspermous. 

As'sa-mar, n. [From Lat. assare, to roast, and amarus, 
bitter.] ( Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance pro- 
duced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the 
_ like, are roasted till they turn brown. 

As'tel, n. (Mining.) An arch or ceiling of boards, 
placed overhead in a mine. 

As-ter'nal, a. [Gr. d priv., and Eng. sternum, q. v.] 
(Ornith.) Noting ribs (called also floating ribs) which 
do not join the sternum. 

A-stig'ma-ti§m, n. [Fr. astigmatism e, from Gr. d priv. 
and ariyn-a, 0-Ti-yp.aros, a prick or mark of a pointed in- 
strument, a spot, from arisen/, to prick.] (Med.) A 
defect of vision in which the rays are not brought to 
one focus, but converge at different distances, so as to 
form two linear images at right angles to each other. 

A-stir', adv. [Prefix a and stir.] In motion or action. 

A-stoni'a-tous, ) a. [Gr. d priv. and arop-a, o-To/xaro?, 

As'to-mous, } a mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. 

As-trag'a-loid, a. [Gr. do-TpdyaAos, anklebone, and 
elSos, form.] Resembling the astragalus, or anklebone, 
^in form. 

As-tra-khan', a. Pertaining to Astrakhan or its prod- 
ucts ; especially used of the skins of a species of still- 
born or very young lambs of that region, the curled 
w wool of which resembles fur. 

At' 'e-le-e'ta-sts , n. [Gr dreA^s, not brought to an end, 

from d priv. and re'Aos, end, and eKracris, extension, 

from e/cTetVeiv, to extend, from e/c, out, and retVetv, to 

stretch.] (Med.) Imperfect extension or dilatation, as 

_of the lungs. 

Ath'er-ine, n. (Ichth.) The sand-smelt (Atherina [chi- 
rostoma] notata) ; a small fish found on the Atlantic 
coast ; — called also silver-sides, and friar. 

At/mi-doni'e-ter, n. [Gr. dr^ts, drp-i'Sos, smoke, va- 
por, and p-eVpov, a measure.] An instrument for ascer- 
taining the amount of any fluid evaporated in a given 
time ; an evaporometer ; an atmometer. 

At-mSl'y-s!s, n. [Gr. drp-o?, vapor, and Awi?, a loos- 
ing, from kveiv, to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process 
of separating the constituents of gaseous mixtures, by 

_ transmission through porous substances. 

At/o-mi£'i-ty, n. (Chem.) The atom-fixing power of 
the elementary bodies and of radicals, expressed in 
units of hydrogen atoms ; the capacity of saturation of 
the elements ; quantivalence ; valency ; also, sometimes 
used to designate the number of atoms in an elementary 
molecule. 

At/o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of reducing to atoms, or 
minute particles ; state of being so reduced. 

At'o-miz'er, n. One who, or that which, atomizes ; 
especially, an instrument for converting medicated liq- 
uids into a fine spray, for the purposes of inhalation, 
local anaesthesia, and the like. 

A-ton'a-ble, a. Admitting an atonement ; capable of 
Jbeing atoned for ; expiable. 

A-'tri-uvn, n. ; pi. a'tri-a. [Lat., a court or entrance 
hall.] 1. (Eccl. Arch.) The open space before a church, 
forming part of the narthex or ante-temple. 2. ( Anat.) 
An auricle of the heart. 

At'ro-pi§m, n. [See Atropine.] (Med.) A diseased 
condition of the system, produced by the long contin- 
ued use of belladonna, or the leaves of the deadly night- 
shade (Atropa belladonna). 

At-tach', v. i. Toadhere. 

At'tra-e-tiv'i-ty, n. The quality or degree of attrac- 
tive power. 

Au'di-phone (-fon), n. [Lat. audire, to hear, and Gr. 

" (jyovq, voice.] An acoustic instrument, to be held be- 



AUDITORIUM 



1007 



BANKSIA 



tween the teeth by persons who hear only imperfectly 
or not at all through the ears. 
Au'dl-to'ri-iim, n. [Lat.] The portion of a theater, 
"etc., in which the audience is placed. 
Au'rin, In. (Chem.) A red coloring matter produced 
Au'rine, J by heating phenol with oxalic acid and 
"strong sulphuric acid ; — used as a dye-stuff. 
Au'ri-s-eope, n. [Lat. auris, ear, and Gr. o-Koireiv, to 
"view, examine.] (Med.) An instrument for facilitating 
examination of the Eustachian tube, and ascertaining 
its condition. 
Au-rls'eo-py, n. Examination of the ear by the aid 
"of the auriscope. 

Au'to-ceph'a-loiis, «• [Gr. avroK e'<£<zA.os, independent, 
"from avroi, self, and Ke^aArj, head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Per- 
taining to certain churches or bishops in the Greek 
church, independent of patriarchal jurisdiction. 
Au'to-nSm'a-sy, n. [Gr. avros, self, and bvofxaaca, a 
name, from ovo/ua^eiv, to name, from bvofj-a, a name.] 
(Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general sig- 
nification for the name of a particular thing; as, "He 
has gone to town,''' instead of, "He has gone to Lon- 
don." 
Au'to-plas'tie, a. Of, or pertaining to, autoplasty. 
Au'to-plas'ty, n. [Gr. cuitos, self, and irkaaa-eiv, to 
""-mold, form.] (Surg.) The process of artificially re- 
pairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy flesh from 
some neighboring part to supply the deficiency caused 
by disease or wounds. 
Au-top'so-rine, n. [Gr. avros, self, and \J/a>pa, the 
"itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine 

of administering a patient's own virus. I 
Au'to-type, n. [From Gr. cwtos, self, and tv7tos, a 



blow, an impression, an image ; Fr. autotype.] A pho- 
tograph formed by the process of autotypy. 

Au-tot'y-py, or Au'to-ty'py, n. [See supra.] A pro- 
cess of photograp'hy in which, by means of potassium 
bichromate as a chemical agent, literal and permanent 
transcripts of pictures may be made. 

Au'tnn-ite, n. [From Autun. a city in France, near 
which place it is found.] (Min.) A phosphate of 
uranium and lime, of a yellowish color, and micaceous 
structure ; — also called lime uranite. 

A-ve'ni-otis, a. [Gr. d priv. and Lat. vena, a vein.] 
(Hot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of 
certain plants. 

A-vie'u.-lar, a. [Lat. avicula, a small bird, from avis, 
a bird.] Pertaining to a bird or to birds. 

A-wash' (-wosh'), a. [Prefix a and wash.] Washed by 
the waves or tide ; — said of a rock or strip of shore over 
which waves break. 

A-way', adv. [Add ] 2. In continuance ; without in- 
termission ; as, sing away, that is, sing on without in- 

_ terruption or delay. 

Ax'iinge, n. [Fr. axonge, from Lat. axungia, from 
axis, wheel, and ungere, to grease.] 1. Wheel-grease. 

^ 2. ( Pharmacy .) Hog's lard prepared for medical use. 

Az'o. [See Azote.] (Chem.) A prefix in the names of 
certain compounds derived from benzine and its homo- 
logues by the replacement of hydrogen by nitrogen. 

Az'o-le'ie, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to an acid produced 
by treating oleic with nitric acid. 

A-zii're-oiis, a. [See Azure.] (Entom.) Of a fine 

_ blue color ; azure. 

Az'u-rite (azh/-), n. [From Azure.] (Min.) Blue car- 
bonate of copper. 



B. 



BAB'JLAH, n. The shell or rind of the fruit of the 
Mimosa cineraria, an East India plant. It is used 
for dyeing cotton goods, to which it gives a drab color. 

Ba/hy-f arm, n. A place where a number of babies are 
taken to be boarded and cared for as a matter of specu- 
lation. 

Ba/foy-farm'ing, n. The business of keeping a baby- 
farm. 

Bd^-^a-rd', or Bd-e-^a-rdt', n. [Fr.] A game of 
cards, introduced from France. 

Bae'ci-form, a. [Lat. bacca, berry, and forma, form.] 
Having the form of a berry. 

Back-gam'mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon, 
to win a victory over one's opponent before he can re- 
move all of his counters from that part of the board in 
which they are placed at the beginning. 

Back'log, n. [back and log.] A large stick of wood, 
forming the back of a fire on the hearth. 

Back'war-da'tion, n. [From backward.] (Eng.Com.) 
A term for the allowance made for carrying over stock, 
instead of settling and delivering at once. 

Back'wdodg, n. pi. The forests or partly cleared 
grounds on the frontiers of a newly settled country. 

Back-wobds/man, n. One living in the backwoods. 

Bac-te 7 ri-ci'dal, a. [From bacterium (see infra), and 
Lat. cjedere, to kill.] Destructive of bacteria. 

Ba^-te'ri-iim, n. ; pi. BA€-TE'ri-a. [N. Lat., Gr. 
jSaKTTjpiov, pdKTpov, a staff ; Fr. bacterie.] A kind of fila- 
ment discovered by the microscope, when a fluid con- 
taining organic substances in solution is allowed to 
remain in contact with the air. It has been supposed 
to be an animal organism of the lowest grade. The 
most common form is that of a jointed staff, about 

ToW of an incl1 in size - 

Bad'min-ton, n. [Name of the seat of the Duke of 
Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn- 
tennis, played with shuttlecocks and battledores. 2. 
A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened. 

Bag'-wig, n. A kind of wig, used in the 18th century. 

Bdin'-md'r'ie' (bang'-ma'r'i'), n. [Fr. bain, bath, and 
Marie, Mary, a woman's name.] ( Cookery.) A kind of 
kettle containing hot water, in which another vessel 
can be immersed, the contents of which will be kept 
hot by the temperature of the surrounding water; a 
water-bath ; a double saucepan. 

Bake, n. The act, process, or result, of baking. 



Ba/king-pow'der, n. A powder used for making 
dough light and porous in baking ; it consists usually 
of an acid and a carbonate, with a little farinaceous 
matter ; when mixed with flour and wet, it effervesces, 
and so diffuses carbonic acid gas through the dough. 

Bal'ance- wheel, n. ( Horology. ) A wheel which reg- 
ulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chrouometer, 
answering to the pendulum of a clock. See Balance, 
n, 6. 

Bal/a-nif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. balanus, an acorn, and/e/re, 
to bear.] Bearing or producing acorns. 

Bal'a-nigm, n. [From Gr. /3aAavts, a pessary.] (Med.) 
The application of a pessary. 

Bal'a-nl'tis, n. [Lat. balanus, Gr. fiahavos, the glans 
penis.] (Pathol.) Inflammation of the glans penis. 

BaFa-no-glos'sus, n. [Gr. /3aAavos, an acorn, the 
glans penis, and yAxoo-cra, tongue.] (Entom.) A worm 
which resembles the tunicates and vertebrates, in hav- 
ing the pharynx pierced with branchial apertures on 
each side. 

Bal'a-noid, a. [Gr. [idKavos, an acorn, and elfios, 
form.] Resembling an acorn; applied to a family of 
barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. 

Bal'a-noid, n. A sessile cirriped or acorn-shell. 

Bal-ldbn'ing, n. (Stock Exchange.) The process of 
temporarily raising the value of a stock by fictitious 
sales, or other means. 

Ballottement (baPlot'mang'), n. [Fr., from ballotter, 
to toss. See Ball.] (Med.) The act of introducing 
the finger into the vagina and suddenly pressing the 
uterus upwards, which causes the fetus to rise and de- 
scend so as to be felt by the finger. 

BaPne-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. fiakavelov, Lat. balineum, bal- 
neum, a bath, and Aoyo?, discourse.] A treatise on 
baths ; the science of baths and bathing. 

BaFne-o-thSr'a-py, n. [Gr. fiakaveiov, Lat. balineum, 
balneum, a bath, and Oepatreveiv, to heal.] The treat- 
ment of disease by baths. 

Bam-b'i'no, n. [It., a little boy, from bambo, silly, 
Gr. Pa(j.p<x\C£eiv, fSaixfiaLvetv, to chatter.] An image of 
the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes, — dis- 
played in some Roman Catholic churches during the 
season of Christmas. 

Ba-nal'i-ty, n. [Fr. banalite, from banal, common, 
under a ban, from ban, an ordinance.] Vulgarity or 
silliness in manner of speech. 

Bank'si-a, n. [Named for Sir Joseph Banks.] (Bot.) 



food, foot ; ■dm, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; as ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 



BANTINGISM 



1008 



BENZAMIDE 



A genus of umbellated bushy plants, found in Australia, 
and cultivated as ornamental shrubs in England. 

Ban'ting-Igm, n. A method of reducing corpulence 
by avoiding the use of food containing much farina- 
ceous, saccharine, or oily matter ; — so called from 
William Banting of London. 

Bar-ba/doeg Beg. (Med.) A species of elephantiasis 
incident to hot climates. 

Bar-ba/doeg Nuts. The seeds or fruit of the Jatropha 
curcas, a plant growing in South America and else- 
where ; — used in medicine as a purgative. 

Bar'bierg, n. (Pathol.) A species of palsy, peculiar to 
India and the Malabar coast. 

Bar-big'er-ous, a. [Lat. barba, a beard, and gerere, to 
bear.] Having a beard ; bearded ; hairy. 

Bare'foack, adv. On the bare back of a horse, without 
using a saddle ; as, to ride bareback. 

Bar-gee', n. A barge-man. 

Bar'ic, a. • ( Chem.) Of, or pertaining to, barium. 

Bar'keep-er, n. One who keeps or tends a bar, for the 
sale of liquors. 

Bark'en-tine, n. [From Bark.] (Naut.) A three- 
masted vessel, having the fore-mast rigged as a ship, 
and the main and mizzen-mast as a schooner. 

Ba-rom'e-try, n. [See Barometer.] The art or pro- 
cess of making barometrical measurements. 

Bar'rage, n. [Ft., from barrer, to bar, from barre, a 
bar.] A mound or dyke to raise the waters of a river. 

Bar'rel- vault, n. {Arch.) The simplest kind of vault, 
consisting'of a semi-circular arch. 

Bar'tend-er, n. A barkeeper. 

Bar'y-cen'tri-e, a. [Gr. /Sapu?, heavy, and itevrpov, 
center.] Of, or pertaining to, the center of gravity ; 
applied especially to a mode of geometrical demonstra- 
tion depending on certain properties of the center of 
gravity of a figure or a solid. 

Ba-ryph'o-ny, n. [Gr. /3<xpv's, heavy, and </>wvij, a 
sound, tone.] {Med.) Difficulty of speech. 

Ba-salt'oid, a. [Eng. basalt, and Gr. elSos, form.] 
Formed like or resembling basalt. 

Bas'eu-la'tion, n. [Fr., from basculer, to see-saw, from 
bascule, poise, balance.] (Med.) In retroversion of the 
uterus, the act of pressing the fundus upwards and the 
cervix downwards. 

Base'-burn'er, n. A furnace or stove in which the 
fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to 
the fire as the lower stratum is consumed 

Ba'ge-dow's Dig-eage'. (Pathol.) A disease char- 
acterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, promi- 
nence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the 
heart; so called from Dr. Basedow, a German physi- 
cian ; called also exophthalmic goiter. 

Bash'I-ba-zouk', n. [Turkish, light-headed, a fool- 
ish fellow.]" A term applied in the Turkish army to a 
skirmisher or one of the irregular troops. 

Ba/si-hy'al, a. [Gr. )3acrt?, step, base, and tioeiS>?s, 
shaped like the letter Y, from Y (the letter " upsilon : '), 
and elSos, form.] (Compar. Anat.) Pertaining to the 
two small subcubital bones, forming the body of the 
inverted hyoid arch. 

Ba'si-sphe'noid. a. [Gr. /3<xcns, step, base, o-$r\y, <7$tj- 
vos, a wedge, and eiSos, form.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a 
bone homologous with the base of the sphenoid bone. 

Bas'ket-ful, n. As much as a basket will contain. 

Ba-thom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /3d0os, depth, and /u.eVpoi>, a 
measure.] An instrument for determining depths, es- 
pecially for finding the depth of the sea without a 
sounding- line. It is essentially a spring balance of pe- 
culiar construction and great accuracy. 

Ba-thyb'i-us, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. /3<x0vs, deep, and 
/3tos, life.] (Zo'dl.) A name given by Prof. Huxley to 
a transparent, gelatinous substance dredged from the 
bottom of the Atlantic ocean. He suggested that it was 
free and independently living protoplasm, covering a 
large part of the ocean bed. It is now believed that 
the substance is not of organic origin. 

Bat'ter-y, n. [Add.] 6. The box in which the stamps 
for crushing ore play up and down. 

Baun'scheidt-Igm (bown'shit-), n. [From Baun- 
scheidt, a German.] (Med.) A form of acupuncture, 
by which needles are thrust into the skin and after- 
wards a stimulating fluid is rubbed into the part. 

Baux'ite, ) (bok'sit), n. [Fr., from Baux or Beaux, 

Beaux'Ite, ) near Aries.] (Min.) A ferruginous hy- 
drate of alumina. It is used in the preparation of 
aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces 
which have to bear intense heat. 

Bay'-Ice, n. Ice newly formed on the ocean. 



Bay'- leaf , n. The leaf of the bay -tree (Laurus nobilis). 
It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste. 

Be, «. i. [Add.] Js and was are used with an infinitive, 
with a future signification, or to express what is de- 
termined ; as, He is to go. Also, they are used with a 
passive infinitive, to express possibility ; as, He is to be 
seen, He was to be seen, and even, He will be to be 
seen. 

Bead'ing, n. [Add.] A preparation for causing liquor 
to hang in drops about the glass or bottle when poured 
out. 

Bead'y, a. Resembling a bead or beads : small, round, 
and glistening. 

Beak, n. A magistrate or policeman. 

Bean, n. [Add^] Navy bean, the common dried white 
bean of commerce ; probably so called, because an im- 
portant article of food in the navy. 

Pea-bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety 
of the edible white bean ; — so called from its size. 

Bear (bar), v. t. [Add.] 14. (Stock Exchange.) To 
endeavor to affect favorably to one's self by depressing 
the value of stocks ; to depreciate the estimate or value 
of by sensational reports ; as, to bear the market. 

Beard (beerd), v. t. [Add.] 3. To deprive of the gills, 
used only of oysters and similar shell-fish. 

Bear'er, n. [Add.] 4. (Print.) (a.) A piece of reglet 
or other furniture, used to prevent the platen of the 
press from bearing too heavily upon a page or form. 
(b.) A type used in the more open parts of stereotype 
pages in order to prevent the plate from giving way at 
those points when being shaved in the finishing ro< m. 

Bear'ing-rein, n. (Harness.) A check-rein which 
passes over~a horse's head between the ears, and is 
fastened to the saddle. 

Be-bee'rine, Be-bi'rine, or Bi-bi'rine, n. ( Chew.) 
An alkaloid obtained from bebeeru or bibiru bark, or the 
bark of the greenheart tree of Guiana (Nectandra Ro~ 
disei). It is tonic, anti-periodic, and febrifuge, and is 
used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. 

Bede, n. (Mining. ) A pickax used for separating ores 
from rocks in which they are imbedded. 

Bed'-sore, n. (Med.) An ulceration of the skin, oc- 
curring on parts which receive the pressure of the 
body when lying for a long time in bed. 

Beeg'wlng, u. The second crust formed in port and 
some other wines after long keeping. It consists of 
pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the 
wing of a bee. 

Be-fogged' (-fogd'), a. [Add.] 2. Figuratively, having 
the senses obscured, or the judgment confused or un- 
duly influenced, as by prejudices. 

Be-go'ni-a, n. [From Michel Began, a promoter of 
botany.] (Bot.) A genus of ornamental hot-house 
plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often 
exhibit brilliant colors. 

Beignet (ban'ya'), n. [Fr.] A fritter of any kind; 
fruit, vegetables, meats, etc., dipped in batter or egg, 
and fried. 

BeU'-faced(-fasd), a. Having the surface which strikes 
the nail convex ; — said of hammers. 

Bell'g Pal'gy. [From the name of Sir Charles Bell, a 
famous English anatomist.] (Med.) Paralysis of the 
facial nerve. 

Bench, n. [Add.] 5. A collection or group of dogs 
exhibited to the public ; — so named because the ani- 
mals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms. 

Bench'- show, n. An exhibition of dogs or other an- 
imals. 

Ben'e-dl^'i-le, n. [Lat., bless, praise.] A canticle (the 
Latin version of which begins with this word) which 
may be used in the order for morning prayer in the 
Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal 
addition to the third chapter of Daniel. 

Ben'e-dte'tus, n. [Lat., blessed.] The song of Zach- 
arias at the birth of John the Baptist ; — so named from 
the first word of the Latin version. 

Ben-tham'ie, a. Pertaining to Benthamism. 

Ben'tham-igm, n. That phase of the doctrine of util. 
itarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham ; the theory 
that the pursuit of pleasure and the recoil from pain 
are the only motives which influence human desires 
and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation 
of ethical and jural conceptions. 

Ben'tham-Tte, n. One who believes in Benthamism. 

Ben-zam'Ide, n. [From benzoyl and amide.] ( Chem.) 
A transparent crystalline substance obtained by the ac- 
tion of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by 
several other reactions with benzoyl compounds. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BENZILE 



1009 



BOB 



Ben'zile, n. (Chem.) A yellowish crystalline sub- 
stance formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing 
agents. 

Ben'zi-rnide, n. [From benzoyl.'] (Chem.) A product 
obtained from hydride of benzoyl by the action of hy- 
drocyanic acid ; found also in the residue left in the 
rectification of oil of bitter almonds. 

Be-ret'ta, n. [Fr. beret. It. berretta, N. Lat. bereta, ber- 
etum, birretum, from birrus, a cloak or tippet of a yel- 
lowish-red color, Gr. Trvppog, red.] A square cap, worn 
by ecclesiastics of the .Roman Catholic church. It is 
usually of black for priests, of violet for bishops, and 
of scarlet for cardinals. 

Be'ri-be'ri, n. [Singhalese beri, weakness,] An acute 
disease, occurring in India, characterized by great mus- 
cular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and ca- 
chexy. 

Ber'lin, n. [Add.] 2. A fine worsted for fancy-work ; 
— called also Berlin Wool. 

Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of fancy-work and 
the materials for such work. — Berlin work, worsted 
embroidery. 

Ber'lin I'ron (-I'urn). A very fusible variety of iron, 
from which figures and other delicate articles are man- 
ufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in 
imitation of bronze. 

Ber'tha, n. [Fv. berthe, from Berthe, a woman's name.] 
A kind of cape worn by ladies. 

Berth/age, n. A charge for the use, by a vessel, of a 
position in a dock or harbor. 

Ber'thi-er-Ite, n. [From Berthier, its discoverer, and 
Gr. Ai0os, stone.] {Mm.) A double sulphide of anti- 
mony and iron found in elongated prisms or lamellar 
masses, of a dark steel-gray color. 

E6sique (ba'zeek'), n. [Fr.] A game of cards played by 
two (or sometimes four) persons, with sixty-four cards, 
or two packs, from which the sixes, fives, fours, threes, 
and twos have been removed. 

Bes'se-iner Steel, n. Steel made directly from cast- 
iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon which the 
latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air 
which is forced through the molten metal ; — so called 
from Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inven- 
tor of the process. 

Best, a. [Add.] Best man, the only or principal grooms- 
man in a wedding ceremony. 

Bet'ty, n. [Add.] 2. A name given to a man who in- 
terferes with the duties of women in a household or 
occupies himself with womanish matters. 

Bib'li-ol'a-ter, n. [See Bibliolatry.] One who wor- 
ships books ; a bibliolatrist 

Bi-ear'bu-ret-ed, a. { Chem ) Containing two 
atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. 

Bi-eau'dal, a. (Anat.) Having two tails; — said of a 
muscle. 

Bl'^en-ten'ni-al, a. Happening once in two hundred 
years. 

Bi-chlo'ride, n. [bi and chloride.] [Chem.) A com- 
pound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or 
more atoms of another element. 

Bichloride of mercury, corx*osive sublimate. 

BI-e6n'vex, a. Convex on both sides ; — said of a lens. 

Bl'cy-ele, n. [Lat. bi, twice, and L. Lat. cyc.lus, Gr. 
kukAos, ring or circle.] A two-wheeled velocipede; es- 
pecially, one having a very large wheel, above which is 
the seat for the rider, and one quite small following be- 
hind. It is propelled by the action of the feet upon 
cranks attached to the axle of the large wheel, and can 
, be driven with great speed. 

Bi'cy-eling, n. The use of a bicycle. 

Bi'f y-cllst, n. The rider of a bicycle. 

BIf 'o-rous, a. [Lat. biforis, having two doors, from bis, 
twice, two, and /oris, door.] Having two perforations 
or apertures ; biforate. 

Bi-f ur'eate, v. i. To divide into two branches. 

Bl'labe, n. [Lat. bi, twice, two, and labium, a lip.] 
( Surg. ) An instrument for extracting from the blad- 
der through the urethra foreign bodies of a compara- 
tively small size. 

Brla-cjun/i-ate, a. [bi and laciniate.] Doubly fringed. 

BI'Hn, n. [Lat. bilis, bile.] (Clum.) A gummy, pale- 
yellow mass, considered to be the principal constituent 
of the bile. It is a mixture of several different chem- 
ical compounds. 

Blll'-head, n. A printed form, used by merchants in 
making out their bills or rendering their accounts. 

Bl'me-tal'lie, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, two 
metals used as money at a fixed relative value. 



Bi-met'al-Kgm, n. [bi and metal.] The legalized use 
of two metals in the currency of a country at a fixed 
relative value. 

Blnd'web, n. [From bind and web.] {Anat.) The con- 
nective tissue of the brain and spinal cord ; — called 
also neuroglia. 

Bi'o-gen'e-sis, ) n. [Gr. /3i'os, life, and yeWo-is, yeVo?, 

Bi-og'e-ny, J birth.] The genesis or production 
of living forms by means of portions of living matter 
given off from other previously living forms ; — opposed 
to abiogeny or spontaneous generation. 

Bi-61'o-gy, n. [Add.] The study of living things, both 
animals and plants. It comprises botany and zoology. 

Bi'o-mag-net'ie, a. Relating to biomagnetism. 

Bi'o-mag'net-Igm, n. [Gr. /3ios, life, and Eng. mag- 
netism.] Animal magnetism. 

Bi'o-plagm, n. [Gr. |8t'os, life, and n\da-fxa, form, 
mold, from nXdcra-eiv, to mold.] {Physiol.) The ger- 
minal matter which is supposed to be essential to the 
functions of all living beings ; the material through 
which every form of life manifests itself ; unaltered 
protoplasm. 

Bi'pa-rl'e-tal, a. [Prefix bi and parietal.] {Anat.) Of 
or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one 
parietal wall to another. 

Blrd'seed, n. Canary-seed, hemp, millet, or other 
• small seeds used for feeding caged birds. 

Bi-ret'ta, n. See Beretta. 

Bi-se'ri-al, a. Arranged in a double series. 

Bish'op, n. [Add.] A piece used in the game of chess. 

Bisque (bisk), n. [Fr., connected with biset, wood- 
pigeon, bois, wood, from L. Lat. boscus, wood.] A soup 
made of crayfish. 

Biv'a-lent, a. [Lat. bi, twice, and valens, p. pr. of 
valere, to be worth.] {Chem.) Equivalent in combin- 
ing or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen ; dyad. 

Black, a. [Add.] Black list, a list of persons thought 
worthy of censure or punishment. — Black Maria, the 
van in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. 

Black'-band, n. A variety of iron ore, containing 
carbonaceous matter, and occurring in layers in the 
upper strata of the coal formation. 

Blackcap, n. [Add.] 3. (Ornith.) An American 
species of titmouse. ( Parus atricapillus) ; the chickadee. 

Black'-hole, n. A dungeon or dark cell in a prison ; 
— so called from the cruel confinement of a party of 
English prisoners in an apartment called the " Black- 
hole of Calcutta,- on the night of June 18, 1756. 

Blanch, v. t. [Add.] 4. To scald in boiling water, as 
vegetables or meat, in order to tone down too strong a 
taste or to make soft. 

Blast, n. [Add.] In full blast, in complete operation ; 
in a state of great activity. 

Blas'to-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. (3A.ao-T09, germ, and yeve- 
or?, yeVo?, birth.] {Bot ) The multiplication of plants 
by means of buds. 

Block, n. [Add.] Block system, on railways, a system 
by which the track is divided into sections of three or 
four miles, generally between stations, having at the 
end of each a signal, and a connection with the electric 
telegraph, so worked that no train can pass into any 
section till it is wholly clear ; thus not only allotting to 
any two successive trains an interval of time, but se- 
curing an absolute interval of space between them. 

Blond'-met'al, n. A variety of clay iron-stone, found 
in Staffordshire, England, and used for making tools. 

Blood, n. [Add.] Q. {Stock-breeding.) Descent from 
parents of recognized breed ; excellence or purity of 
breed. 

Blood'ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture 
of pure blood : of approved breeds ; of the best stock. 

Blood'-mon'ey (-mtin'y), n. 1. Money paid to the 
next of kin of a person who has met his death at the 
hands of another. 2. Money obtained as a reward for 
supporting a capital charge. 

Blood'-stlck, n. (Far.) A piece of hard wood loaded 
at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into 
the vein . 

Blue, a. [Add.] 4. Literary; — applied to women, and 
contracted from blue-stocking. [Colloq.] 

Blue L.aw§. A name first used in the eighteenth cen- 
tury to'describe certain supposititious laws of extreme 
rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven ; 
hence, any puritanical laws. 

Blue'- man' tie, n. (Her.) One of the four pursui- 
vants of the English college of arms ; — so called from 
his official robe. 

Bob, n. A shilling. [Low. Eng.] 



food, foot: urn, ru,de, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 
"64 



BOCK-BEER 



1010 



BROWNIAN 



Bock'-beer, n. [Ger. bockbier, from bock, a buck, and 
bier, beer ; — said to be so named from its tendency to 
cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, 
originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck- beer.] 

Bo'er, n. [D., a farmer. See Boob.] A Dutch colonist 
of South Africa. 

Bo'gie (bo'gy), n. A four-wheeled truck used to sup- 
port, in part, a locomotive on a railway track. 

Bog'- wood, n. The wood of trees dug up from peat 
bogs. It is largely used for making ornaments. 

Bo-he'mi-an, a. [Ev.bohemien.] Vagabond; — origi- 
nally applied, in France, to idle strollers or gypsies 
thought to have come from Bohemia. [Slang.] 

Bo-he'ml-an, n. [See supra.] A restless vagabond ; 
often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of 
irregular habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. 

Bo-he'mi-an-i§m, n. The state or quality of a Bo- 
hemian. 

Bo'llde, n. [Fr., from Gr. /3oA.t?, /3oA.i'6o?, a missile, from 
fiakkeLv, to throw.] A kind of meteor ; a fire-ball, or 
shooting-star. 

Bolt, n. [Add.] 3. A sudden spring or start to one 
side ; as, the horse made a bolt. 4. The desertion of 
one's political party. [Colloq. U. S.] 

Bolt, v. t. [Add] 5. To desert or quit suddenly, as a 
political party or nominee. [ U. S.] 

Bo-nan'za, n. [Sp., calm, fair weather, prosperity.] In 
mining, a sudden and extraordinary widening of a vein 
of silver; hence, any successful venture, particularly 
in gold or silver mining. 

Bone, v.i. To task one's self severely; — as, to bone 
down to work. [Low.] 

Bone'-ash, n. The residue from calcined bones ; — used 
for making cupels and for cleaning jewelry. 

Bone Cave. A cave in which are found bones of ex- 
tinct mammals, mingled sometimes with the works and 
bones of man. 

Bonne (bon), n. [Fr., good woman.] A female servant 
charged with the care of a young child. 

Book'-mak'er, n. [Add.] 2. One who makes up a 
record of bets in connection with any event, as a race. 

Book'- plate, n. A label denoting ownership or position 
in a library ; — usually placed upon the inside of the 
cover of a book. 

Bore'dom, n. The state of being bored, wearied, or 
vexed ; a state of ennui, caused by idleness or the dull- 
ness of company. Dickens. 

Bo'ri-e, a. Pertaining to, or produced from, borou ; 
boracic. 

Bor'nite, n. [Named from Von Born, a distinguished 
mineralogist.] (Mm.) A valuable ore of copper, con- 
taining copper, iron, and sulphur ; — also called purple 
copper ore (or erubescite), in alltision to the colors shown 
upon the slightly tarnished surface. 

Bo'gom, n. [Add.] 6. That part of the mill-stone ly- 
ing next inside the skirt. 

Bos'ton, n. A game at cards, played by four persons, 
with two packs of fifty-two cards each ; — said to be so 
called from Boston, Mass., and to have been invented by 
officers of the French army in America during the time 
of the Revolutionary war. 

Botb'er-some, a. Inconvenient; causing bother. 

Both'y, or Bdbth'y, n. [Scottish, bothie, boothie.] A 
rude hut for unmarried farm-servants. [Scottish.] 

Bo'-tree, n. (Bot.) The pippul-tree. 

Bot'tle-head, ) n. (Ichth.) A fish (Hyperoo don Butz- 

B6t'tle-no§e, ) kopf) belonging to the Xiphiidse ; it 
is from twenty to thirty feet in length, and is found in 
the North Sea and its tributary rivers. It is also called 
flounder' 's-head, and beaked-whale. 

Jionche'es (boo'sha'), n. pi. [Fr., morsels, mouthfuls, 
from bouche, mouth.] (Cookery.) Patties. 

Hot i illl (booPye'), n. [Fr., from bouiller, to boil.] ( Cook- 
ery. ) Beef, thoroughly stewed, and served with sauce. 

Houleversement (booPvers'mong'), n. [Fr., from 
bouleverser, to overthrow, from boule, Lat. bulla, a ball, 

- and Lat. versare, to turn.] Complete overthrow; dis- 
order. 

Bow (bou), «. «. [Add.] 5. To express by an inclina- 
tion of the head or body ; as, to bow one's thanks. 

Bow (bou), n. [Add.] 3. (Naut.) One who rows in 
the forward part of a boat ; the bow-oar. 

Box'ber-ry, n. (Bot.) The winter-green or checker- 
berry. [Local, U. S.] 

Braeh/y-ce-phal'Ie, a. [From Gr. /3paxvs, short, 
and /ce$aA>j. head.] (Compar. Anat.) Having the skull 
broad in proportion to its length ; short-headed ; 
bracbycephalous ; — the opposite of dolichocephalic. 



Bra-eb/y-pin'a-eoid, n. [Ger. brachypinakoid, from 
Gr. /3paxv's, short, nival;, a board, and elSos, form.] 
( Crystallog.) A name given to each of the two planes in 
the orthorhombic system which are parallel to the ver- 
tical and to the shorter lateral (brachy diagonal) axes. 

Brah'mo Sa-maj'. [Bengalese, a worshiping assem- 
bly.] A modern theistic sect in Hindostan. 

Braid'igm, n. Treatment of disease by inducing hyp- 
notic sleep ; — named from James Braid. 

Braige, v. t. [Fr. braiser.] (Cookery.) To stew in a 
close covered kettle ; to stew, or partly stew, and then 
brown in an oven. 

Brake, v. t. To apply the brake to, as to a carriage, or 
railway train. 

Bra'ni-al, a. Relating to the brain. 

Br&sb, n. [Add.] Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form 
of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just 
weaned. 

Braul, n. A kind of cloth with blue and white stripes, 
common in the East Indies. 

Braun'ite (brown'-), n. (Min.) A native oxide of 
manganese, of dark brownish-black color. It was 
named from a Mr. Braun, of Gotha. 

Braz'il-In, \n. (Chem.) A substance contained in 

Braz'il-ine, 1 Brazil-wood and Sapan-wood. It is col- 
ored intensely red by ammonia or the fixed alkalies. 

Break'bone Fe'ver. (Med.) An acute febrile epi- 
demic disease prevailing in hot climates, characterized 
by pains in the joints, and sometimes by an eruption ; 
— also called dandy fever and dengue. 

Breast'-sum'mer, n. See Brest-summer. 

Breeze, n. [Fr. bris, rubbish, from briser, to break.] 
Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning 
charcoal. 

Breez'y, a. [Add.] 2. Fresh; brisk; full of life and 
motion. [ Colloq.] 

Bret'on (brit'un), n. A native of Brittany, or Bretagne, 
in France. 

Bri-e'-a-bra-e, n. [Fr.] A miscellaneous collection, 
particularly of antiquarian or artistic curiosities. 

Brig-ba'mi-a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, allied to 
the lobelia, discovered in the Hawaiian islands, and 
named from W. T. Brigham, of Boston, Mass. 

Brill'iant (bril'yant), n. [Add] 2. (Print.) The small- 
est kind of type ever used in English printing. 

tgr This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 

3. A kind of muslin, figured in the weaving. 

Brit'i-cigm, n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to 
Great Britain. 

Broad, a. [Add.] Broad arrow, a symbol [ ->■ ] stamped 
on various articles belonging to the British government, 
and issued for service from the dock-yards, arsenals, 
and store-houses. 

Bro'ker, n. [Add.] Curb-stone broker, or Street broker, 
an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Ex- 
change) who executes orders by running from office to 
office, or by transactions in the street. [ U. S.] 

Bro'mo-form (25), n. [From bromine and formyl.] 
(Chem.) A colorless liquid, compounded of bromine 
and formic acid, with an agreeable odor and sweetish 
taste. In composition it is the same as chloroform, 
with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It pos- 
sesses anassthetic properties, and is somewhat analogous 
to chloroform in its effects. 

Bron'ehi-ole, n. A minute bronchial tube. 

Bron'eho-pneu-mo'ni-a (brong'ko-nu-), n. [From 
bronchi and pneumonia.] (Med.) Inflammation of the 
bronchi and lungs. 

Bron'-elio-tome, n. ( Surg.) An instrument for divid- 
ing or cutting into the bronchial tubes. 

Bron'fio, «. [Sp., rough, wild.] An untamed or half- 
tamed animal, particularly a horse, and more specific- 
ally, a cross between a horse and a mustang ; a native 
California horse. [Local. Western U. S.] 

Bronze (brSnz or bronz), a. Made of, resembling, or 
characterized by, bronze. 

Bronze age, a prehistoric age of the world which fol- 
lowed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of 
implements and ornaments of copper or brass. 

Bro~ok'Ite, n. [Named from the English mineralogist, 
H. J. Brooke.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of titanic 
oxide, and hence identical with rutile in composition, 
but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. 

Brown'i-an Move'ment. The molecular movement 
exhibited by microscopic particles of all substances, 
when suspended in water or other fluids ; — so named 
from Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated the 
universality of the movement. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



BRUIT 



1011 



CAMEL'S-HAIR 



Bruit (brut), n. [Add.] 2. (Med.) A sound heard on 

percussion or auscultation. 
Briis'selg Car'pet. A kind of carpet with a basis 

composed of warp and woof of strong liuen thread ; 

colored woolen threads are added, which alone show 

on the upper surface, and are drawn up in loops to 

form the figures. 
Buck, v. i. To spring forward with quick leaps, de- 
scending stiff -legged and with violence, with the head 

down as in butting ; — said of a vicious horse or mule. 

[Colloq. Western U. S.] 
Buck/shot, n. A coarse shot used for large game. 
BuFbar, a. Of or pertaining to a bulb ; especially, in 

medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord ; as, 

bulbar paralysis. 
Bull, v. L To endeavor to raise the value of stocks in ; 

to elevate the value of ; as, to bull the market. [Slang.] 
Bull'doze, v. t. To intimidate ; — used originally of the 

intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. 
Bum'mer, n. An idle, worthless fellow without any 

visible means of support ; a dissipated fellow who sponges 

upon his acquaintances. 
Bun'tler, n. A boat or raft used in the East Indies for 

transporting passengers and goods from vessels to the 

land. 



Bur'lap, n. A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, and 
used for bagging. The name is also given to a finer va- 
riety of similar material, used for curtains. 

Burn'er, n. [Add.] Bunsen^s burner (Chem.), a kind 
of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen, of Heidelberg, 
for illuminating gas. — Rose-burner, a kind of gas-burner 
in which the gas, issuing radially through numerous 
small openings, produces a rose-shaped flame. 

Burn'ing- flu/id, n. A mixture of purified oil of tur- 
pentine with three times its volume of alcohol, for illu- 
minating purposes. (Colloq.) 

Bur-sic'u-late, a. [See Burse.] (Bot.) Shaped like, 
a purse. 

Bur'si-fdrm, a. [Lat. bursa, a purse, and forma, 
form.] Shaped like a purse ; bursiculate. 

Biit'ter-f In/gered (-fing'gurd), a. Apt to let things 
fall, as if the fingers were greased with butter. 

But'ter-Ine, n. A substitute for butter, made from 
animal fat ; — called also oleomargarine. 

Bitt'ter-man, n. A man who makes or sells butter. 

But'ton-ball, n. (Bot.) A large North American 
tree, so nained from the rough balls which it bears ; the 
Platanus occidentalis ; — called also button-wood. 

Bu'ty-rine, n. A solid fat composed of butyric acid 
and glycerine. It occurs in butter. 



c. 



CAB, n. [Add.] 2. The covered part of a locomo- 
tive, in which the engineer is placed. 

Ca'ble, v. t. [imp. and p. p. cabled ; p. pr. and vb. n. 
cabling.] To send by a sub-marine telegraphic cable. 

Ca'ble-gram, n. A message sent by a submarine tel- 
egraphic cable. 

Ca-ca'ine, n. [See Cacao.] (Chem.) The essential 
principle of cacao. 

Ca^Iie'-pot' (kash/pd'), n. [Fr., from cacher, to hide, 
and pot, a pot.] Paper enveloping a flower-pot, so as to 
make it more ornamental. 

Ca-«hIn'na-to-ry, a. Consisting of or producing cach- 
innation ; making immoderate laughter. 

Ca'f Iiou' (ka'shoo'), n. [Fr. See Catechu.] A silvered 
pill made to correct the odor of the breath in smokers 
and others. 

■Cad, n. [Add.] 3. A vulgar, pretentious person. 

Csid'dish, a. Like a cad ; low-bred and pretentious. 

Ca'der, | n. [Fr., It. quadro, from Lat. quadrum, a 

Ca/dre, ) square, from quatuor, four.] A list of offi- 
cers and men in military service ; the frame or skeleton 
of a regiment. 

■Cad'mi-um, n. [Add.] Cadmium yellow, a compound 
of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, 
used as a pigment, 

Ca-du/ci-bran/<:hi-ate, a. [Lat. caducus, falling, from 
cadere, to fall, and Gr, fipdyx<-ov, gill.] (Zool.) With 
temporary gills ; — applied to those amphibia in which 
the gills do not remain in adult life. 

Cse-£iFi-an, n. [Lat. ctecus, blind.] (Zool.) One of a 
group of amphibia, so named from the supposed blind- 
ness of the species, the eyes being very minute and 
nearly hidden under the skin. 

Cse'gar, n. An emperor, especially the emperor of Ger- 
many, as being the successor of Augustus Caesar and the 
other Roman emperors ; kaiser. 

Cae'§a-ri§m (sez'a-rizm), n. A policy of government 
(in imitation of the methods of Julius Caesar) which 
attempts by military force to establish a monarchy on 
the ruins of a republic ; centralized imperial or mon- 
archical administration. 

Cak'ing-coal, n. (Min.) A bituminous coal, which 
softens and becomes pasty in the fire ; on increasing the 
heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coher- 
ent, cellular mass of coke is left. 

CaFa-bar-beaiF, n. The seed of a leguminous plant 
(Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. 
It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contrac- 
tion of the pupil of the eye, and is also used in tetanus, 
neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases. 

■Cal'ge-o-la'ri-d, n. [From Lat. calceolus, a diminutive 
from calceus, a shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of showy herba- 
ceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America : 
slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, the 
shape of which suggests its name. 



CaFcie, a. [Fr. calcique, from Lat. calx, calcis, lime.] 
(Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, calcium or 
lime. 

Cal-clg'er-oiis, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and gerere, 
to bear.] Containing chalk or lime ; calciierous. 

CaFci-trant, a. [Lat. calcitrare, calcitrans, to kick, 
from calx, heel.] Kicking: hence, stubborn; refrac- 
tory. 

Cal-cjfv'or-ous, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and vorare, 
to devour.] Eroding or eating into limestone. 

Cal-ed'o-nite, n. [From Caledonia.] (Min.) A hy- 
drous sulphate of copper and lead, found at the Lead- 
hills in Scotland. 

CaFe-fae'to-ry, n. [See Calefactory, a.] 1. (Eccl.) 
An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a 
sitting-room. 2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with 
hot water, or a chafing-dish, placed on the altar in cold 
weather for the priest to warm his hands with. 

-Calf (kaf ), n. A small island near a larger one, as the 
Calf of Man. 

CaFi-eo, a. Made of, or having the appearance of cal- 
ico ; — used of an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose 
body are large patches of a color strikingly different 
from its main color. 

-Ga-lVqo, n. [Lat., darkness.] (Pathol.) Dimness or 
obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cor- 
nea ; also, the speck itself. 

CaFi-sa'ya Bark. A valuable species of Peruvian 
bark obtained from the Cinchona calisaya. 

Calk (kawk), v. t. [Add.] 3. To wound with a calk ; — 
said of a horse, when one foot is injured by the calk oi 
another foot. 

Call, v. t. [Add.] To call a bond, to give notice that 
the amount of a bond will be paid. 

Call, n. [Add.] 10. (Stock Exchange.) The privilege 
to demand the delivery of stock within a certain time 
agreed upon. 

CaFla, a. [Gr. k<xA6s, ica\r), beautiful.] (Bot.) A ge- 
nus of showy plants, of the order Aracea, one species 
of which is often cultivated in houses. 

CaFo-res'cence, n. [Lat. color, heat.] (Physics.) The 
conversion of obscure radiant heat into light ; the 
transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher re- 
frangibility. 

CaFo-rie, n. [Fr., from Lat. calor, heat.] (Physics.) 
The unit of heat ; the amount of heat required to raise 
the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) 
of water one degree centigrade. 

Ca-lyp'so, n. [The Greek name of a nymph, so called 
because she hid, e<d\v>pe, Ulysses on his return from 
Troy.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchis. 
It grows in cold and wet localities in the United States. 

Camel's-hair, a. Made of camel's hair. 

Camel' s-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in 
water-colors, made of camel's hair or similar materials. 



food, foot; urn, ru,de, pull; fell, ^liaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link; this. 



CAMISOLE 



1012 



CENTAL 



— Carrier s-hair shawl, a shawl made from the finest 
hair of the camel. 

Cam'i-sole, n. [Fr. dim. of camise, chemise. See 
Chemise.] A waistcoat; also a strait-jacket. 

Cain-paign' (kam-pan'), n. [Add.] 3. ( U. S.) The 
season of excitement preceding an election ; canvass. 

Cam-phret'ie, a. [See Camphor.] ( C/irm .) Pertain- 
ing to a tribasic acid obtained from campbor by the ac- 
tion of nitric acid. 

Can, v. t. [imp. and p. p. canned ; p. pr. and vb. n. 
canning.] To preserve, as fruit, by putting in sealed 
cans. 

Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, 
meat, or fish, preserved in air-tight cans. 

■Canada (kan-ya'da), n. [Sp.] A small canon; a nar- 
row valley or glen ; also, an open valley. 

•Can'-ean, n. [Fr.] 1. Scandal; gossip; tittle-tattle, 
2. A loose style of dancing with indecent gestures. 

Can'dle-niit, n. The fruit of a shrub (Aleurites triloba) 
of the euphorbiaceous family, a native of some of the 
islands of the Pacific ; — so named from its property of 
taking fire and burning with a bright flame. 

Ca-nel'la, n. [From Lat. carina, a reed, in allusion to 
the cylindrical form of the rolls of bark.] {Bot.) A 
tree of the order Canellacese, growing in the West In- 
dies ; — also called Wild cinnamon. 

Can'na-bin, in. [See Cannabine, a.] {Ckem.) A 

Can'na-bine, ) poisonous resin extracted from hemp 
(Cannabis Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh 
are due to this resin. 

Can'ni-kin, n. [Eng. can, and the diminutive termina- 
tion kin, q. v.] A small can. 

•Can 'tor, n. [Lat., singer, from canere, to sing.] The 
leader of a choir ; the precentor. 

Ca-pit'vi-lar, ) n. [Add.] 3. The head or prominent 

Ca-pit'u-la-ry, j part. 

Cap'o-ral, n. [Fr. See Corporal.] A land of smok- 
ing tobacco ; — so called as being fit for corporals and 
superior to that used by the common soldiers. 

Cap're-o-line, a. [From Lat. capreolus, wild goat, 
from caper, goat. J (Zo'dl.) Pertaining to the roebuck. 

Cap'ro-ate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union 
of caproic acid with a base. 

Cap'ro-Ie, a. [Lat. caper, goat.] (Chem.) Obtained 
from butter, cocoanut-oil, or similar substances ; as, 
caproic acid. 

Cap'y-ba'ra, n. (Zo'dl.) The cabiai, or water-hog, 
(Hydrocharus capybara), of South America. 

Car'a-mel, n. [Add.] 2. A kind of confection, made 
of chocolate, butter, and molasses or sugar. 

Car'bide, n. [From carbon and Gr. etfios, form.] 
(Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some 
other element, in which the carbon plays the part of a 
negative \_ — formerly termed carburet. 

Car'bo hy'drate, n. [From carbon and hydrate.] 
( Chem.) One of a class of substances composed of six 
or twelve carbon atoms united to hydrogen and oxygen, 

— the two latter being in the exact proportions requi- 
site to form water. Sugar, starch, gum, cellulose, and 
the like, are examples of carbohydrates. 

Car'bu-ret'or, n. An apparatus in which coal-gas, 
hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile 
hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illumina- 
ting power. 

Car'bu-ri-za/tion, n. The act, process, or result of 
carburizing. 

Car'bn-rize, v. t. To combine with carbon or a carbon 
compound ; — said especially of a process for confer- 
ring a higher degree of illuminating power on combus- 
tible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile 
hydrocarbons. 

Card'-eat'a-logue (-log), n. A catalogue, as of the 
books in a library, not written continuously, but hav- 
ing each item entered on a separate card. 

Car'pet-bag/ger, n. A term of contempt applied to 
a northern s ettler in the southern part of the United 
States, after the close of the civil war (1865), seeking 
only private gain or political advancement. 

Car'ry, v. t. [Add.] 8. (Stock Exchange.) To hold, 
as stocks or goods, for another person until he makes a 
sale of them, or can pay for them. 

Car'ry, n. A passage through the wilderness, from one 
river or lake to another, or around rapids or obstruc- 
tions in a river, over which it is necessary to transport 
boats ; a portage. [Amer.] 

Case'-hard-ened, a. Impenetrable to all feeling of 
honor or shame ; — said of persons, after the analogy of 
iron which has been subjected to case-hardening. 



Cash, n. [Add.] Cash balance (Book-keeping), the 
amount standing on the debtor side of the cash-account. 
— Cash price, the price at which an article will be sold 
for immediate payment, as opposed to the price if sold 
on credit. — Cash jales, sales made for ready money, in 
distinction from those on which credit is given ; stocks 
sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction. 

Cash'-boy, n. In retail stores a messenger who carries 
the money received by salesmen from customers to a 
cashier, and returns the change. 

Cash'ine-ret', n. A kind of dress goods for ladies' wear, 
made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere. 

Cask'et,_n. [Add.] 2. A coffin. [ U. S.] 

Cas'se-role, n. [Fr., a saucepan, dim. from casse, a ba- 
sin.] (Cookery.) A mold (in the shape of a hollow 
vessel) of boiled rice, or of mashed potato, baked, and 
afterwards filled with vegetables. 

Cas'si-ean, n. [N. Lat. cassicus, helmeted, from cassis, 
a helmet.] ( Ornith.) A bird ( Cracticus cassicus), some- 
times referred to the shrike family, and sometimes 
classed with the crows. It is confined to Papua, Aus- 
tralia, and Tasmania. 

Cast, v. t. [Add.] To cast a horse, sheep, or other ani- 
mal, to throw down with the feet upwards, in such a 
manner as to prevent its rising again. 

Cast, n. [Add.] Renal casts (Med.), microscopic bodies 
found in the urine of persons affected with disease of 
the kidneys. 

•Cat'd. [Gr. Kara..] The Latin and English form of a 
Greek preposition, used in composition to signify doivn, 
against, contrarily, completely, and the like ; as in cata- 
clysm, catalogue, cataract. It sometimes drops the final 
vowel, as in catoptric ; and is sometimes changed to 
cath, as in cataartic, ca^olic. 

Cat'ar-rhme (-rin), n. [From Gr. Karappi?, Karappivo?, 
with hanging or curved nose, from Kara, down, and 
pts, ptvos, nose.] (Zo'dl.) One of a group of monkeys, 
characterized by oblique, flat nostrils. 

Ca-tas'tro-pli5§m, n. [From Catastrophe.] (Geol.) 
A name given to the theory that the changes on the 
face of the earth have been caused by sudden catastro- 
phes. It is opposed to the more modern doctrine of 
uniformism. 

Cat'- "boat, n. (Naut.) A small sail-boat carrying a 
single sail rigged upon a mast placed as far forward as 
possible. 

Cath'a-ri§m, n [Gr. Ka6apio-fj.6<;, purification, from 
K.a6apC£eiv, Ka6<xLpeiv, to purify, from /caflapos. pure.] 
The process of rendering the surface of any substance 
chemically clean. 

Catli'a-rlze, v. t. [Gr. KaBapL^eiv, KaOalpeiv, to purify, 
from KaOapos, pure.] To clean the surface of. 

Catli/e-tal, a. [See Cathetds.] (Geom.) Pertaining 
to a cathetus ; perpendicular. 

Cath'e-ter-igrn, n. (Surg.) The introduction of a 
catheter. 

Catli'o-li-e, n. [Add.] 2. A person who accepts the 
creeds which are received in common by all parts of 
the orthodox Christian church. 

Cat'tle-plague (-plsg), n. The rinderpest; a highly 
contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle 
and sheep. 

Cau-§a'tion-i§m, n . The doctrine that all things are 
produced through the agency of a causal force, or are 
the effect of a causation. 

€au-sa'tion-ist, n. [See Causation.] One who be- 
lieves in causationism. 

Cause-use (ko'zurz'), n. [Fr., from causer, to talk.] A 
sofa for two persons, for conversation. 

-Cd'vo-r'i'li-e'vo, n. [It.] (Sculp.) Hollow relief ; a 
kind of relief in which no part of the design is higher 
than the level of the plane of the material. 

Cel'a-don, n. [Fr.] A pale sea-green color. 

Cello (chel'lo), n. ; pi. cellos ; It.pl.CELLI. A contrac- 
tion for Violoncello, q. v. 

£el'lu-loid, n. [Eng. cellulose, and Gr. elfios, form.] 
A compound manufactured from several ingredients, 
chief among them gun-cotton and camphor, in imita- 
tion of coral, ivory, tortoise-shell, amber, malachite, 
and the like. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry 
and many small articles. 

Ce-lot'o-niy, n. [Gr. /crjAorop-ta, from ktjA.tj, hernia, and 
refiveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The act or operation of cut- 
ting, to relieve strangulated hernia. 

£e-nan'thy, to. [From Gr. /cevos, empty, and av0os, a 
flower.] (Bot.) The absence or suppression of the es- 
sential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower. 

£en'tal, n. [Lat. centum, a hundred.] A weight of one 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what , 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



CENTAL 



1013 



CHOGSET 



hundred pounds avoirdupois ; called in many parts of 
the United States a hundred-weight. 

Cen'tal, a. [See supra.] Relating to a hundred, or to 
a hundred-weight ; consisting of one hundred. 
Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the 
hundred-weight. 

Cen-tare', n. [Fr., from Lat. centum, a hundred, and 
area, a piece of level ground.] A measure of area or 
superficies, containing one square meter or about 1550 
square inches. 

Cen-ten'ni-al, n. A centennial occasion ; the celebra- 
tion of the one hundredth anniversary of any event. 

Cen'ter-board, I n. (Naut.) In small craft that ply in 

£en'tre-board, j shallow waters, a board or plank 
keel, which may be drawn up or let down through a 
case ; a sliding keel. 

Ce-phal'i-e, a. [Add.] Cephalic index (Physiol.), the 
ratio of the breadth to the length of the skull. 

Ceph'a-lo-trip'sy, n. [Gr. /ce(£aA-)}, head, and rpi/3eu/, 
to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The act or operation of crush- 
ing the head of the fetus in the womb in order to effect 
delivery. 

Ce-re'a-llne, n. [See Cereal.] (Chem.) A nitroge- 
nous - substance closely resembling diastase, obtained 
from bran, and possessing the power of converting 
starch into dextrine, sugar, and lactic acid. 

Cer'e-bral-i§m, n. [See cerebral.] (Philos.) The doc- 
trine or theory that ps3'chical phenomena are functions 
or products of the brain only. 

Cer'e-bral-ist, n. One who accepts or teaches cere- 
bralism. 

Cer'e-fori'tis, n. [Lat. cerebrum, brain, and terminal 
-itis.] {Pathol.) Inflammation of the cerebrum. 

Cer'e-broid, a. [Eng. cerebrum, and Gr. elSo?, form.] 
Resembling or analogous to the cerebrum or brain. 

Ce're-us, n. [Lat., waxen, pliant like wax, from cera, 
wax, — referring to the shoots being easily bent.] 
(Bot.) A genus of plants of the cactus family. They 
are natives of Central and South America, and some 
species produce beautiful flowers. 

Ce-rif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. cera, wax, and/erre, to produce.] 
Producing wax. 

Cerise (se-reez'), a. [Fr., a cherry.] Cherry-colored. 

Cer'ti-fy, v. t. [Add.] Certified check, a bank-check, 
the validity of which is certified by the bank on which 
it is drawn. 

cl'ruBte 6 ' } n ' The same as Ceruse > 2 - 

Ces-to'da, n. pi. [See Cestoid.] (Zool.) The group of 
tape-worms ; the cestoids. 

Chal-cid'i-an, n. [Lat. chalcis, and Gr. x«^ts> a liz- 
ard.] (Zool.) One of a tropical family of snake-like 
lizards ( Chalcidse), having four quite small and rudi- 
mentary legs. 

-Char'eo-pyr'ite, n. [Gr. x a ^ JC ° s i brass, and Eng. 
pyrite, q. v.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow cop- 
per-ore 5 a common ore of copper, containing copper, 
iron, and sulphur. 

Channel- ler-y, n. The office of a chancellor; chan- 
cellorship. 

Chan'cer-y, n. [Add.] To get or hold in chancery 
(Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's 
left arm, so that one can pommel his face with the 
fist of the right arm ; hence, to have wholly in one's 
power. 

Change, n. [Add.] 8. Any order in which a number 
of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic 
scale. 

Change-ringing, the continual production, without 
repetition, of such changes. 

Chank, n. [Skr. cankha. See Conch.] (Conch.) The 
name of the conch-shell in Ceylon and other places 
bordering on the Indian Ocean. 

Chdnte' relle' (shant'rel'), n. [Fr.] An edible species 
of mushroom. 

Chap'er-on-age, n. Attendance of a chaperon on a 
lady in public ; protection afforded by a chaperon. 

Chasse'pot' (shus'po'), n. [From the French inventor, 
A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breech -loading 
rifle, or improved needle-gun. 

Chat, n. [Add.] 2. (Ornith.) One of the Icteria or 
warblers, peculiar to North America. The best known 
species are the yellow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the 
long-tailed chat (I. longicauda). The name is also ap- 
plied to other varieties of birds, as the stone-chat. 

Chat'ti-ness, n. The quality of chatting or convers- 
ing freely and pleasantly ; readiness for light talk. 

Chau'vin-igm (sh5'-), n. [Fr. chauvinisme, from Chau- 



vin, the name of a real or fictitious character, who is 
said to have made grotesque displays of his attach- 
ment to his fallen chief, ^Napoleon I., in 1815.] A blind 
adherence to an obsolete idea (especially in politics), 
or to a party leader no longer in repute. 

Check, v. i. [Add.] 3. To crack, as articles, made of 
wood , or, to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, 
and the like. 

Check, n. [Add.] 8. A check-rein. 9. A small chink 
or cleft. 

Check'rein, n. That strap in a harness which pre- 
vents a horse from lowering his head. 

Cheek, n. [Add.] 4. Assurance; impudence. 

Cheek'y, a. Impudent ; characterized by effrontery ; 
brazen-faced. 

■Chei'lo-plas-ty, n. [Gr. xeiAos, a lip, and 7rAdo-creiv, 
to mold, form.] (Surg.) The process of forming an 
artificial lip or part of a lip, by appropriating a portion 
of neighboring flesh for that purpose. 

■Che-lo'iie, n. [Gr. xe^vw, x e ^- w s, a tortoise ; so named 
from the shape of the upper lip of the corolla of the 
flower.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy plants, of the order 
Scrophulariacese, natives of North America ; — also 
called snake-head. 

-Chem'igm, n. [Fr. rhimisme. See Chemistry.] The 
force exerted between the atoms of elementary sub- 
stances whereby they unite to form chemical com- 
pounds ; chemical attraction ; affinity ; — sometimes 
used as a general expression for chemical activity or 
relationship. 

-Chem'i-type, n. [ Chemical and type.] (Engraving.) 
One of a number of processes by which an impression 
from an engraved plate is obtained in relief so as to 
be used for printing on a printing-press. 

Cher'o-gril, ) n. [Lat. chczrogryllus, Gr. x ot P°- 

-Cher'o-gril'lus, I ypi'AAios, from x°'P 0S ) a y° un g 
swine, and ypvAAos, a pig.] (Zool.) A gregarious, 
placental mammal found in Palestine, and inhabiting 
caves or clefts of the rocks ; Hyrax Syriacus. It is 
probably the cony of Scripture. 

Cher'ry-blrd, n. (Ornith.) The cedar-bird or South- 
ern wax-wing ( Ampelis Carolinensis) ; — so called from 
its fondness for cherries. 

Che-vet' (-va'), n. [Fr., bed-head, dim. from chef, head. 
See Chief.] (Arch) The apsis of a church ; the choir 
end of a church, which often has a raised floor. 

Chev'i-ot Wool. The wool from a valuable breed of 
sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the 
Cheviot hills. 

■Chl'agrn, n. [Gr. xiWp-a, two lines placed crosswise, 
from xia£eii/, to mark with a cross.] (Anat.) The union 
or crossing of parts in the shape of the letter X ; as, the 
optic chiasm, the crucial union of the optic nerves. 

Chiff-chaff, n. [So called from its note.] (Ornith.) 
A species of warbler (Sylvia hippolais). 

Chignon (sheen'ySng), n. [Fr. chignon, chainon, from 
chaine, a chain, Lat. catena.] A boss of hair, natural 
or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. 

Chill, n. [Add.] 3. A mode of treating iron in casting 
it, by which the surface is quickly cooled. 4. A mold 
of metal in which to cast iron. 

Chi'na grass. (Bot.) One of several species of net- 
tles found in southern Asia. It has large and strong 
fibers, which are used for textile fabrics, rope-making, 
and other purposes ; — called also Ramee. 

■Chlo'ral, n. [From the first syllables of chlorine and 
alcohol, q. v.] [Add.] Chloral hydrate ( Chem.), a com- 
pound of chloral with water. It is a solid, crystalline 
substance, which produces sleep when taken internally 
or by hypodermic injection, and is much used for this 
purpose in medicine. 

-Chlo-ral'um, n. [From chlorine and aluminum.] An 
impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminum, used 
as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

-Chlo'ri-na/tion, n. A process for the extraction of 
gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine 
gas. Knight. 

Chlo'ro-dyne, n. [From chlorine, and Gr. bSvvn, pain. 
Formed in imitation of anodyne, q. v.] (Med.) A 
patent medicine, invented by Dr. Collis Browne, of In- 
dia, and imitated by others. It contains opium, chlo- 
roform, and probably Indian hemp. It is used in cholera 
and painful diseases requiring an anodyne. 

^ho-bl'inse, n. pi. [From Gr. x 00 ^), a funnel. (Anat.) 
The posterior nares, or openings from the nose into the 
pharynx. 

Chog'set, n. (Ichth.) A small, edible, salt-water fish, 
( Ctenolabrus cseruleus), found from Delaware Bay to 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 



CHOLIC 



1014 



COCKTAIL 



Maine ; — called also burgall, conner, cunner, and blue- 
perch. [U. S.] 

Chol'ie, ) a. [Gr. xoAikos, from x oA ?j, bile.] Per- 

Cho-lin'ie, ) taining to the bile. 

Chol'o-chrome, n. [Gr. x oA ?j, bile, and xp<*>^ a > color.] 
The coloring matter of the bile. 

Chon-dri'tis, n. [From Gr. xwSpos, cartilage, and the 
terminal itis.] (Pathol.) An inflammation of carti- 
lage. 

Cho'roid, a. [See Choroid, n.] {Anat.) Pertaining to 
the vascular portion of the retina of the eye. 

Christ'ian (krist'yan, 66), n. [Add.] 3. (Eccl. Hist.) 
One of a sect of Baptists ; called also Disciples of 
Christ. ^T* In this sense, often pronounced krist'yan. 

Christ'mas-tree (krls'mas-), n. A small evergreen 
tree, brought from the woods and set up indoors, to be 
decorated with bon-bons, fancy ornaments, presents, 
etc. , and illuminated on Christmas eve. 

Chro'ma-tigm, n. [Gr. xpoju.aTia-ju.6s, a coloring. See 
Chromatic] (Bot.) An abnormal coloring of plants. 

Chro-mat'o-seope, n. [Gr. xpw/u.a, xpoM aT °s, color, 
and <TKoirelv, to view.] (Astron.) A reflecting tele- 
scope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so 
as to produce a ring-like image of a star, instead of a 
point ; used in studying the scintillation of the stars. 

Chro'rnigm, n. The same as Chromatism, q. v. 

Chro'mo, n. ; pi. CHRO'MO^. [Gr. xP^Ma, color.] A 
colored lithographic print ; a chromo-lithograph. 

Chro'uio-llth/o-graph, n [Gr. xf>^ a > color, and 
Eng. lithograph, from Gr. Atflos, stone, and ypd^eiv, to 
write, to engrave.] A picture printed in tints and col- 
ors by repeated impressions from a series of stones pre- 
pared by the lithographic process ; a lithograph printed 
in colors. 

Chro'mo-pho-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xP^ a > color, 
$u>s, 4>uir6s, light, and ypafyeiv, to write, to engrave.] 
The art of producing photographs in natural colors. 

■eiiro'rao-spliere, n. [Gr. XP^iua, color, and a^alpa, 
sphere.] (Astron.) The layer of red matter surround- 
ing the sun, enveloping the photosphere, being the first 
part that is seen in solar eclipses. 

Chron'o-graph, n. (See Chronogram.] An instru- 
ment to record the time in astronomical and other ob- 
servations. 

Chron'o-pher, n. [Gr. XP 0V0 ?> time, and fepeiv, to 
carry.] An instrument signaling the correct time to 
distant points by electricity. 

Chrys-an'i-Hne, n. [Gr. xpvcro?, gold, and Eng. anil, 
q. v.] (Chem.) A by-product in the manufacture of 
rosaniline. It dyes silk of a fine golden-yellow color. 

Chthon'ie (thon'ik), a. [Gr. x^"> x e ° v °s< tne earth.] 
Pertaining to the earth ; earthly ; as, chthonic religions. 

Church'ly, a Pertaining to the church ; fond of 
church services ; inclined to attach great importance to 
ecclesiastiqal decrees and services. 

Cin'e-res'c'ent, a. Somewhat cinereous ; having a 
color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes. 

Ciii'iia-inene, n. [See Cinnamon.] (Chem.) A hy- 
drocarbon formed by the decomposition of cinnamic 
acid. 

Cir'cle (sir'kl), n. [Add.] Dress circle, the lowest gal- 
lery in a theater, containing the prominent and more 
expensive seats. — Family circle, the gallery above the 
dress circle in a theater. 

Cir'eum-de'nu-da/tion, n. [From circum and denu- 
dation.] ( Geol.) Denudation around or in the neigh- 
borhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, 
those which have been produced by surface erosion ; 
the elevations which have been left, after «he denuda- 
tion of a mass of high ground. 

Cir-rho'sis. Um [Fr. cirrhose, from Gr. *app6s, orange- 
colored.] (Med ) A chronic morbid condition of vari- 
ous organs of the body, especially of the liver, lungs, 
and kidneys, characterized by the formation of new 
connective tissue, and usually by a shrinking in size of 
the affected part. In cirrhosis of the liver, the organ 
often presents reddish-yellow granulations or nodules 
on its surface and in its substance, whence the name 

Clam'-hake, n. The preparation of clams, by baking 
them on heated stones, between layers of sea-weed ; 
hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion. 

■€ldqtie (klak), n. [Fr., an onomatopoetic word; Ger. 
Mac] A collection of persons hired to clap the hands 
or applaud at a theatrical exhibition. 

Clar'en-don, n. A-style of type having a narrow and 
heavy face. It is made in all sizes. 

Clas'tie, a. [Gr. /cAaaros, broken, from kXSlv, to break.] 
Pertaining to what may be taken apart, or to pieces. 



Clastic Anatomy, the construction or dissection of a 
manikin. 

Claude'- glass, n. [From the name of Claude Lorraine, 
a" famous French landscape painter, and Eng. glass.] 
A slightly convex mirror, usually of black glass, used 
for viewing a landscape while sketching or painting it ; 
also, an instrument containing a number of pieces of 
glass differently colored, used for viewing a landscape. 
Called also a CJaude-lorraine glass. 

Claw'-hain'mer, n. A hammer with one end of the 
metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails. 

Cleis'to-gam'ie, ) a. [From Gr. KAeioTos, closed, 

Cleis-tog'a-mous, J from Kkeiv, to shut, and yd/uo?, 
marriage.] (Bot.) Having beside the usual flowers, 
other minute, closed flowers, almost without petals and 
stamens ; — said of certain species of plants which pos- 
sess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being 
so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. 

Clelth'ral, a. [Gr. KkelOpov, a bolt, hence an inclosed 
place, from Kkelv, to shut.] (Arch.) Covered; — applied 
to a kind of Greek temple. 

Cli'no-pin'a-eoid, n. [Gr. Kkiveiv, to incline, to lean, 
rriva^, a board, and elSos, form.] ( Crystallog.) A name 
given to the two planes in the monoclinic system which 
are parallel to the vertical and to the inclined lateral 
(clinodiagonal) axes. 

CH / no-rhom'bie (-rom'-), a. [Fr. clinorhombique , 
from Gr. kKlvsiv, to incline, to lean, and po/x/3os, a 
rhomb, from pep./3eiv, to turn around.] (Crystallog.) 
Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined 
to a rhombic base. 

Cli'to-ris, n. [Gr. /cAeiTopi's, from Kkeiv, to shut up, be- 
cause concealed by the labia pudendi.] (Anat.) A 
small organ at the upper part of the vulva, containing 
erectile tissue, and homologous in the female to the 
penis in the male. 

•Clock, v. t. To ornament with figured work, as the side 
of a stocking. 

Clog'-dan'cer, n. One who dances upon the stage of 
a theater in clogs or wooden shoes. 

Close (klos), a. [Add.] Close breeding, breeding be- 
tween animals nearly akin. 

-Cloth, n. [Add.] Cloth measure, the measure of length 
and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For 
this object the standard yard is usually divided into 
quarters and nails. 

Coal'-oil, at. Same as petroleum. See Petroleum. 

Coast'-Ice, n. A belt of ice separating from a shore in 
the shape of broken glaciers, or ice-fields, and posses- 
sing great transporting power when it leaves its bed. 

Co'balt, n. [Add.] Cobalt yellow, a compound pro- 
duced by the action of nitrate of potassium on cobalt- 
ous salts. It forms a yellow pigment, excellent for ar- 
tistic purposes. 

Co-foalt'oiis, a. Of, or pertaining to cobalt ; cobaltic. 

C6b'-mon-ey, n. [From cob, n. 3, and money.] A 
name applied to a gold, and silver coinage of Spanish 
South America in the eighteenth century. The coins 
are irregular in shape, hammered down sufficiently to 
receive an abbreviated inscription and date, with an im- 
perfect representation of the Spanish arms. They are 
of the exact weight of the piece of eight, or of one of 
its aliquot parts. 

Coo'weh, v. t. [imp. and pp. cobwebbed ; p. pr. and 
vb. n. cobwebbing.] To cover with cobwebs ; and 
hence, metaphorically, to cover with any fine net-work, 
to mark over with frequent lines. 

Coe'-eo-lltli, n. [Gr. kokkos, a kernel, and Ai'flos, a 
stone.] A minute calcareous body, found in immense 
quantities at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Two 
forms are distinguished, discoliths and cyatholiths. ^ 

Co-e'-eo-spliere, n. [Gr. kokkos, kernel, and o-<paipa, 
sphere.] A name given by Professor Wallich to a mi- 
nute calcareous body, appearing to be an aggregation 
of coccoliths. Those compact in texture are about jj^-q 
of an inch in diameter ; those loose in texture, 
of an inch. 

Cocked-hat' (kokt-), n. A game similar to nine-pins, 
in which only three pins are set up, in the form of a 
triangle. 

Cock'- shy, n. 1. A game in which trinkets are set upon 
sticks, to be thrown at by the players ; — so called from 
an ancient popular sport which consisted in " shying " 
or throwing cudgels at live cocks. 2- An object afc 
which stones are flung. 

Cock'tail, n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, 
or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. 2. (Stock-breed- 



T6"S" 



a, e, &c, long ; a, 6, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, wolf» 



CODLIVER 



1015 



CONINE 



ing.) A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one 
eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. 

■Cod'liv-er Oil. A fixed oil obtained from, the livers of 
the cod, and of some other species of fish. It possesses 
great nutrient properties, and is used medicinally for 
rheumatic complaints, skin diseases, and especially for 
pulmonary consumption. 

Cce-len'te-rd'td, to. pi. [Gr. koiAos, hollow, and eVrepa, 
intestines.] (Zo'dl.) A group of Metazoa, almost 
wholly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, 
and Ctenophora. The name (more correctly written 
Cozlentera) was given under, the erroneous idea that the 
stomach and body cavities were one. The application 
of the term is sometimes extended, so as to include the 
sponges. 

■Co'hosh, to. (Bot.) A name applied to several varie- 
ties of plants of the order Ranunculacese, or crows-foot. 

Co'-in-ten'sion (-in-ten'shun), to. [From co and inten- 
sion.] Common condition and degree of intension. 

Cold'-folood'ed, a. [Add.] 3. Not thoroughbred ; — 
said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the 
common stock of a country. 

■Cold'-sore, n. (Pathol.) A herpetic eruption on the 
lips or about the nostrils, and often accompanying a 
cold in the head or catarrhal inflammation of the nasal 
passages and pharynx. 

■€o'le-us, n. [Gr. /coAeos, a sheath, — referring to the 
manner in which the stamens are united.] (Bot.) A 
plant of the Labiatie, or mint family, cultivated for its 
ornamental, variegated leaves. 

•651'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. coliformis, from colum, sieve, and 
forma, form.] (Anat.) Resembling a strainer or sieve ; 
cribriform ; — applied to the ethmoid bone. 

Col'lard, to. [Corrupted from cole-wort.] A kind of 
cabbage grown in the southern part of the United States, 
the leaves of which do not form a close head, and which 
are much used as " greens." 

Col-le-et'Ive, a. [Add.] 5. Expressing plurality in 
source ; as, in diplomacy, a note signed by several gov- 
ernments is called a collective note. 

Col-len'ehy-ma, n. [Gr. xokka, glue, and eyxv/J-a-, an 
infusion, from eyxeiv, to pour in, from ev, in, and x^"* 
to pour.] (Eot.) The substance lying between and 
uniting cells. 

Col'li-dine, to. ( Chem. ) An alkaloid found among the 
products of the dry distillation of bone-oil, coal-oil, 
and some bituminous shales. It is a colorless, oily 
liquid, having an aromatic odor. 

Col'lle, ) n. [Gael, cuilean, Ir. cuile ann, a whelp, cu, a 

Col'ly, J dog.] A Scottish breed of sheep-dog. 

Col'loid, n. (Physiol.) The name given to a series of 
combinations, represented by the hydrate of alumina, 
which are of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline ap- 
pearance, and which approach the character of an or- 
ganic, rather than an inorganic compound, — opposed 
to crystalloid. 

Colo-eo'lo, n. (Zo'dl.) A large wildcat (Felis colacola), 
of the size of the ocelot, found in the northern part of 
South America. 

•CoFom-foier, n. [Fr., a dove-cote, hence, that which 
is high, and hence that which is large ; from Lat. co- 
lumbarium, from columba, dove.] A large-sized paper, 
usually about 23-J by 34 inches. 

Co-lo'ni-a Pow'der. A kind of dynamite. See Nitro- 
glycerine. 

■CoFo-ra/do Bee'tle (-be'tl). (Zo'dl.) A yellow beetle 
(Doryphora decem-lineata), about three eighths of an 
inch in length, with ten longitudinal black stripes upon 
its back. It has moved eastward from its original hab- 
itat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato 
vine ; — called also potato-bug. 

■€6Fo-rim'e-ter, n. [Fr. colorimetre, from Lat. color, 
color, and Gr. fierpov, measure.] An instrument for 
measuring the depth of the color of anything, espe- 
cially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liq- 
uid. 

Come (kum), v. t. To attempt ; to cause to come or 
happen ; to undertake ; to introduce ; to put in action ; 
— as, come no tricks here. [ Colloq.] 

To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. 

Comedienne (ko-ma'di-en'), n. [Fr., fern, of comedien, 
from comedte, comedy. See Comedt.] A woman who 
plays in comedy , in a theater. 

-Co-me'di-et'ta, to. [It. See Comedy.] A dramatie 
composition of the same general character as a comedy, 
but briefer and less elaborate. 

•Com'e-do, n. ; pi. eoM 1 e-do'ne§s. [Lat., a glutton.] 
{Med.) A pimple produced by retention of the secre- 



tion of the sebaceous glands ; — occurring especially in 
acne on the face. 

Come'-down, n. A downfall ; a sudden descent from 
a higher position. [Colloq.] 

■Com-maiid'er-y, to. [Add.] 2 . An assembly or lodge 
of knights templars (so called), among the Freemasons. 
[U.S.] 

-eoni-mer'cial (kom-mer'shal), a. [Add.] Commer- 
cial note-paper, a small size of writing-paper, usually 
about 5 by 7£ or 8 inches. 

-Corn-mis' siou-ndire', n. [Fr., from Lat. commissio. 
See Commission.] 1. A factor; a commission mer- 
chant or agent, who buys and sells goods for others ; 
one who attends to the transport of goods. 2. A man 
stationed in public resorts to await commissions, or to 
serve as a guide to strangers. 

■€6m'mune, to. [Add.] 2 . The name of a French rev- 
olutionary committee, which organized insurrections in 
Paris in 1792-93. In 1871, the word expressed the revo- 
lutionary attempt to establish absolute municipal self- 
government in Paris. 

■eom'mu-mst, to. [Add.] 2 . One engaged in, or favor- 
able to, the commune of Paris. 

Com'mu-ta'tor, n. [See Commute.] (Elec.) Apiece 
of apparatus used for making, breaking, or reversing 
the current of a voltaic battery. 

€6m/pass-plant, to. (Bot.) Same as Rosin-weed. 

Com-pds'i-tie , n. pi. [Lat. compositus, from componere, 
to put or place together, from com, for con, and ponere, 
to put.] (Bot.) A family of dicotyledonous plants, 
having their flowers arranged in dense heads. The 
daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples. 

Com-po§'ite, a. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the 
order of the Composite. 

-€om / po-§i'tion (-zish'un), n. [Add.] Composition 
face, or composition plane ( Crystallog.), the plane by 
which the two individuals of a twinned crystal are 
united in their reversed positions. 

•€om-po§'i-tous, a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Compos- 
ite ; composite. 

Com/ti§m, to. [Fr. comtisme, from the name of the phi- 
losopher, Auguste Comte.] That phase of empirical, 
experiential philosophy, which was presented by Comte. 
Its distinguishing features are : the doctrine that science 
concerns itself with phenomena only in the relations 
of co-existence and succession, — hence called the Pos- 
itive Philosophy ; also that philosophy has passed and 
must necessarily pass through three historically suc- 
cessive stages (Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive) ; 
and the exaltation and deification of humanity. 

Con'cen-tra/tor, n. [From concentrate, q. v.] (Min- 
ing.) An apparatus for the separation of dry commin- 
uted ore, according to the specific gravity of its parti- 
cles, by exposing a falling sheet of ore-dust to inter- 
mittent puffs of air. 

Con-ehit'i-e, a. Composed of shells ; containing shells 
in abundance. 

■eon-di'tion (-dlsh'un), v. t. [Add.] 3. To make de- 
pendent or contingent ; — followed by on or upon. 
4. To assay ; — a trade term for the assaying of silk, 
to test the proportions of moisture it contains. 

-€on-di'tioned, a. Circumstanced, especially in respect 
to physical condition or bodily wants ; as, a well-condi- 
tioned man. 

•eon-dot-ti-e're, to. ; pi. -eoN-DOT-Tl-E'Rl. [It., from 
Lat. con, and ducere, to lead.] A brigand. 

Con-f er'ral, n. The act of conferring, or bestowing. 

Con'n-dence-man, to. One who appeals to the confi- 
dence of another, with the intent of swindling him ; a 
plausible scoundrel. 

<3on-f o'eal, a. [From Lat. con, and focus, fireplace.] 
Having the_same focus; as, confocal quadrices. 

Con / gre-ga'tion(k6ng / gre-ga'shun),TO. [Add.] 4. Spe- 
cifically, the assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Ox- 
ford or Cambridge University, mainly for the granting 
of degrees. [Eng.] 

5. (Scotch Church Hist.) The name assumed by the 
Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called 
themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation. 

-Gon/gress Wa/ter (kong'gres). The commercial name 
for a mineral water from one of the springs at Saratoga, 
in the State of New York. 

-Co'iii-a, )to. [See infra.] (Chem.) An alkaloid exist- 

Go'nine, ) ing in conium. It is a colorless, volatile 
oil, of powerful odor, and acrid taste. It is obtained 
by distillation of the plant with potash-lye, and is in- 
tensely poisonous, paralyzing the terminal filaments of 
the motor nerves. 



food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gexa, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



CONIUM 



1016 



COYOTE 



Co'iii-um, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. nuiveiov.] (Bot.) An 
umbelliferous plant ; the leaves and seeds of one vari- 
ety in the South of Europe (C. maculatum), known as 
the poison hemlock, yield the active principle conia. 
-Coii'quest (konk'west), n. [Add.] 5. The Conquest 
(Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Nor- 
mandy in 1066. 
•Con-script', v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military 

service. 
-€on-seti r sus, n. [Lat., from con, with, and sentire, to 
feel, perceive, think.] Agreement ; accord ; as, the con- 
sensus of tradition. 
Con'se-quent, a. [Add.] Consequent points or poles. 
(Magnetism), a number of poles distributed, under cer- 
tain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, 
which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities. 
■Consomme (kong'som'ma'), n. [Fr., p. p. of consom- 
mer, to consummate. See Consummate.] (Cookery.) A 
kind of broth which by boiling has become very strong ; 
— also, used of any broth-like soup. 
Con-stab'ii-la-ry, n. [See Constable.] The body of 
constables in any town or district ; a constabulary force. 
Con-sult'a-to'ry, a. Formed by, or resulting from, 

consultation ; advisory. 
•Con'ta-bes'cence, n. [Lat. contabescere, to waste 
away, from con and tabescere, to waste away.] (Bot.) 
An abnormal condition of flowers, in which the stamens 
are defective. 
■€on-taii'go, n. ; pi. -gon-tan'goes. [Probably a cor- 
ruption of contingent.] (Stock Exchange.) A term ex- 
pressing the rate of interest charged for the loan of 
money upon the security of stock transferred for the 
period of an account or otherwise ; the rate of interest 
paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer 
paying for the stock purchased until the next settlement 
day. [Eng.] 
Con-ten'tion, n. [Add.] 3. A point maintained in an 

argument, or a line of argument taken in its support. 
■€ont'line, n. The space between the strands on the 

outside of a rope. 
-€on-tract/ure (-yur), n. [Lat. contractura .] (Pathol.) 
A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the mus- 
cles, generally of the flexor muscles. 
Contrecoup (kon'tr-koo'), n. [Fr., from contre, Lat. 
contra, against, and coup, a blow. See Cope, v. i.] 
(Surg. ) A fracture or inj ury produced by a blow in a 
part distant from that which is struck, as a fracture at 
the base of the skull produced by a fall on the vertex ; 
contrafissure. 
■€on-ven'tion-al-ize, v. t. To render conventional ; to 

establish by usage. 
Con'ver-tend', n. (Logic.) Any proposition which is 
submitted to the process of conversion ; — so called in 
its relation to itself as converted, after which process it 
is termed the converse. See Converse, n., 3. 
■Con-vert'er, n. [Add.] 2. (Mech.) A retort in which 
molten iron is decarburized and converted into Bessemer 
steel. 
■Con'-voy, n. [Add.] 4. A drag or brake applied to the 
wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going 
down a hill. 
■€obk'-hobk, n. A book of directions for cooking. 
•Go-op'er-a-tlve, a. [Add.] Co-operative store, a store 
established by operatives on the principle of joint-stock 
associations. The members or stockholders make their 
family purchases at the store and participate in the 
profits. 
■Co-qui'na (ko-ke'na.), n. [Sp., shell-fish, cockle.] A 
term applied to a soft, whitish stone, formed of small 
shells, which is found in the southern part of the United 
States, and is used for building material, as in the fort 
at St. Augustine, Florida. [ V. S.] 
Cor'al, n. [Add.] 3- The spawn of the lobster; — s< 

called from its color. 
Cor'al-Kne, n. [Add.] 3. A red coloring matter ob 
tained by treating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic 
acids. 
Cordonnet (kor'don'na'), n. [Fr., dim. of cordon, from 
corde. See supra.] Double and twisted silk thread, made 
from waste or inferior silk, for tassels, fringes, etc. 
Core, n. [Lat. corus, Gr. «6pos, Heb. cor.] An ancient 

Hebrew dry measure, called also homer. 
€6rn'-bro"om, n. A broom made from the tops of the 
Sorghum vulgaris, or broom-grass, or broom-corn, the 
stalks of which resemble those of Indian corn. 
■C6rn , --e6Tb, n. The cob or spike on which the kernels of 

Indian corn grow. [ U. §.] 
Cor'ner, n. [Add.] 6. The result produced by a com- 



bination of persons, who, while secretly holding the 
whole or the greater part of any stock or species of prop- 
erty, induce another combination to agree to deliver to 
them a large further quantity at some future time. 
When the time arrives, the second combination, if the 
corner succeeds, suddenly finds itself unable to buy the 
amount of the stock or property necessary to enable it 
to fulfill its contracts, and the first combination fixes 
at its own will the price at which differences must, be 
settled. The corner "breaks ,; when those who agree 
to deliver succeed in procuring the stock or property , 
and are thus enabled to fulfill their contracts. 
Cdrn'-f rlt'ter, n. A fritter in the batter of which green 

Indian corn has been mingled. [ U. S.] 
Cor-nif 'er-oiis, a. [From Lat. cornu, horn, and ferre, 
to bear.] (Geol.) Pertaining to the lowest period of 
the Devonian age. This period has received the name 
corniferous from the numerous seams of hornstone which 
characterize the limestone beds of the later part of the 
period, as developed in New York State. 
Corn'-sliell'er, n. A person who, or a machine which, 

separates the kernels of corn from the cob. 
-Cdrn'-sliiick, n. The husk covering an ear of Indian 

corn. 
■edm'-starcli, n. A preparation from Indian corn, used 

as a food in puddings, custards, etc. 
-€o-ro'nal, a. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the corona, 
Co-ro'nis, n. [Gr. koowvCs, anything curved.] In Greek 

grammar, a sign of contraction [ ; ] placed over a word. 
-Cor-pus'-eu-loiis, a. Same as Corpuscular. 
Cor-raF, v. t. [Sp.] To surround and inclose ; to coop 
up ; to put into a close place. To corral cattle is to se- 
cure them in an inclosure. 
-€6r'ti-£tne, n. [Fr., from Lat. cortex, bark.] A ma- 
terial for carpeting, made of ground cork and caou- 
tchouc or India rubber. 
-€6r'ti'§ FFberg. (Anat.) Peculiar fibers which, with 
cells, compose a remarkable structure, called the organ 
of Corti, in the cochlea of the internal ear of mammals ; 
— so called from Corti, an Italian anatomist. 
Cog'mo-pol'i-tan, a. [See Cosmopolitan, n.] Having 
no fixed residence ; possessing a knowledge of the world ; 
made up of material from widely different places, — as, 
a cosmopolitan university. 
■Co-tar 'nine, n. [Fr., by transposition of letters from 
narcotine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the ac- 
tion of sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese upon 
narcotine. 
-Cot'toid., a. (Ichth.) [L. Lat. cottus, sculpin, and Gr. 
elSos, form.] Resembling the sculpin ( Cottus), or the 
genus of teleost fishes which it represents. 
Cot'ton Flan'nel (kot'tn). The manufacturers' name 
for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush 
nap. In England it is called swansdown cotton, or Can- 
ton flannel. 
Coun'ter-ex-ten'sion (-eks-ten'shun), n. ( Surg.) The 
fixation of the upper portion of a limb while extension 
is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases of fracture 
or luxation. 
Coun'ter-In'di-ea/tion, n. (Med.) Any circum- 
stance which forbids the employment of a particular 
remedy in disease ; as, great impairment of the res- 
piratory function is a counter-indication to the use of 
opium. 
-Cour'lan, n. ( Ornith.) A bird, of the genus Aramus, 

allied to the rails, found in warm parts of America. 
■eoug'in-ry (kuz'n-ry), n. A body or collection of 
cousins ; the whole number of persons who stand in a 
cousinly relation to a given person or persons. 
-Cov'er (kuv'er), v. t. [Add.] 8. (Stock Exchange.) 
To buy stock, as the broker who has sold short does, 
when the market rises, in order to cover his sales or 
protect himself on the day of delivery. 
Cow'-lbird, n. (Ornith.) The cow blackbird ( Moloth- 
rus pecoris), one of the American starlings ; like the 
European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in 
the nests of other birds. 
-Cow'per'g Glandg. [From the name of the discoverer, 
William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two 
small racemose glands, situated between the prostate 
and bulb of the urethra, and discharging their secre- 
tion by two ducts into the urethra. 
-eox-al'gi-a, \n. [From Lat. coxa, hip, and Gr. aXyos, 
-Cox-al'gy, j pain ; Fr. coxalgie.] (Med.) Pain in 

the hip ; hip- joint disease. 
Coy-ote', n. [Mexican coyotl, Sp. coyote.] (Zool.) A 
carnivorous animal ( Canis latrans), allied to the dog, 
found in the western part of North America ; — called 



CRAB-WOOD 



1017 



CUP 



also prairie-wolf. It is a very fleet quadruped, the up- 
per parts of a dull yellowish -gray color, clouded with 
black, and the under parts of a dirty white. It stands 
about 20 to 24 inches in height, and its voice is a snap- 
ping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl. 

Crab'-wd"bd, n. A light cabinet wood obtained in 
Guiana, which is used in joinery. 

Crack'lin, n. A kind of China, the glaze of which is 
purposely applied over a cracked surface, with the ef- 
fect of making the glaze or enamel itself appear to be 
cracked ; — called also crackle, crackle-ware. 

Cra'dle (kra/dl), n. [Add.] 7. (Mining.) A machine 
on rockers and moved by the hand, used in washing au- 
riferous earth ; — also called a rocker. 

Cra'dle, v. t. [Add.] To cradle a picture, to put ribs 
across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from 
warping. 

Cram'mer, n. One who crams ; especially a teacher 
who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or 
a pupil who is thus prepared. 

•Crane, v. i. To stretch out the neck, in order to see 
better. 

Cra'ni-ot'o-my, n. [From Lat. cranium, Gr. Kpavcov, 
the skull, and Tsp.vetv, to cut off.] (Surg.) An opera- 
tion in obstetrics, which consists in opening the fetal 
bead, when it presents an obstacle to delivery. 

Cran'nog, n. [Celt, crann, a tree.] One of the stock- 
aded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient 
times were numerous in the lochs of both countries. 

Cray'on-board', n. Thick drawing-paper, or card- 
board for drawing. 

■Craze, v. t. [Add.] Crazed pottery, that which has the 
glazing povered with irregular cracks. 

Cra'zy, a. [Add.] Crazy bone, the prominent bone of 
the elbow, or rather the end at the elbow (olecranon) ; 
— so called on account of the intense pain produced 
when it receives a blow. 

Cream, n. [Add.] Bavarian cream, a preparation of 
gelatine, milk, cream, and eggs, flavored, and eaten 
cold. — Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, 
almond oil, rose water, and borax. It is largely used 
as a salve for the lips. 

Cream'er-y, n. A place where butter is made ; also 
where milk and cream are put up in cans for market. 

Credit fonder (kra/de' f ong'se-a'), n. [Fr. credit, credit, 
from Lat. credere, to believe, and Ft. fonder, pertaining 
to land, landed, from fond, Lat. fundus, bottom.] A 
company licensed for the purpose of carrying out city 
and other improvements, by means of loans and ad- 
vances upon real securities. 

Cre'dU mobilier (kra/de' mo-biVle-a,'), n. [Fr. credit, 
credit, from Lat. credere, to believe, and Fr. mobilier, 
personal, pertaining to personal property, Lat. mobilis, 
movable, from movere, to move.] A joint-stock com- 
pany, formed for general banking business, and for the 
construction of public works, by means of loans on per- 
sonal estate, as the credit fonder on real estate. In 
practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly 
observed. 

Cre-mas'ter, n. [Or. Kpe^ao-rqp, from Kpefxavvvvai, to 
hang.] (Anat. ) A thin muscular cord which serves to 
draw up the testicle. 

Crep'i-tant, a. [See Crepitate.] Crackling; rattling. 

Crgst'ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish in the wall 
or ridge of a building. 

Cre-syl'ie, a. [From creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to 
an alcohol obtained by fractional distillation from coal- 
tar creosote, the tar of fir-wood. 

Cre-tonne' (kre-ton'), n. [From Creton, the first man- 
ufacturer.] A strong white fabric, of which the warp 
is of hemp, and the woof of flax. 

Crimpg, n. pi. Hair which has been crimped. 

Crln«d, a. [Lat. crinis, hair.] (Her.) Having hair. 

Crlnk'ly, a. Having crinkles ; wavy. 

Crlth, n. [Gr. KpiOr), a barley-corn, a small weight.] 
( Chem. ) The unit for estimating the weight of aeri- 
form substances. It is the weight of one liter of hy- 
drogen gas at 0° Centigrade, and with a tension of 76 
centimeters. It is 0.0896 of a gram. 

Crit'i-eal, a. [Add.] 7. (Metaph.) Characterized by 
analysis or examination for the purpose of testing or 
confirming certainty or belief. 

Croak'er, n. [Add.] 2. (Ichth.) A small and beau- 
tiful fish (Micropogon undulatus), found on the Atlantic 
coast of America. It derives its name from a croaking 
sound which it utters when taken. 

Crop'per, n. [Add.] 2. (Mech.) A machine used for 
facing cloth by means of spiral knives. 3. An injury 



received by being thrown or falling from a horse. 
[Slang. Eng.] 

Cropg, n:pl. The region above the shoulder in the ox. 

Cro-quet' (kro-ka'), n. [Fr., from croc, hook, crooked 
stiok.] A game in which two or more players endeavor 
to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mal- 
lets, through a series of hoops set in the ground accord- 
ing to some pattern. 

-€ro' quette' (-kef), n. [Fr., from croquer, to crunch.] 
(Cookery.) A ball of minced meat, etc., seasoned, rolled 
in bread crumbs, and fried. 

Cross'boneg, n. pi. Two of the leg bones or arm bones 
of a skeleton, laid across each other, and serving as a 
reminder of death. 

Cross'bred, a. (Stock breeding.) Produced by breeding 
together distinct breeds. 

Cross'-fer'ti-li-za'tion, n. The fertilization of the 
female products of one physiological individual by the 
male products of another, — as, the fertilization of the 
ovules of one plant by pollen from another. 

Cross'ing, n. [See Cross.] 1. The act by which any- 
thing is crossed. 2. The act of interbreeding ; a mixing 
of breeds. 3. The intersection of two paths or roads. 
4. A paved walk across a street. 

Cross'-ref'er-ence, n. A reference made from one 
part of a book or register to another part, where the 
same or an allied subject is treated of. 

Cross'-ruff, n. (Whist.) The play in whist where 
partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each 
other for that purpose. 

Crotch'et-i-ness, n. [See Crotchet.] The st^te or 
character of being crotchety ; capriciousness. 

Crouton (kroo'tong'), n. [Fr., from croute, Lat. crusta, 
a crust.] (Cookery.) A sippet of bread fried and used 
to garnish hashes, and the like. 

Cro'ton-bug, n. [From the New York water supply, 
from the Croton river.] The cockroach. 

Crow'-quill (-kwil), n. A feather of the crow, used 
for a pen, where very fine writing is desired. 

Cru/o-rine, n. [From Gr. Kpvos, cold.] (Physiol.) 
The coloring matter of the blood as it exists in the 
globule in the living animal. 

Crush'-hat, n. A soft hat sometimes worn by a gen- 
tleman, as to a party or a theater. It can be com- 
pressed, and carried under the arm. 

Cryp / to--erys'tal-line, a. [From Gr. KpvnTos, hid- 
den, and Eng. crystalline.] (Geol.) Indistinctly crys- 
talline ; — applied to rocks and minerals, whose state 
of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are 
visible. 

Crys'tal-llte, n. [See Crystal.] (Min.) One of the 
microscopic semi-crystalline forms observed in glassy 
volcanic rocks and in furnace slags. 

Crys'tal-loid, n. [Gr. Kpuo-raAAo?, ice, crystal, and 
etSos, form.] (Chem.) That which has the form or 
likeness of a crystal ; — opposed to colloid. 

Cten-oph'o-rd (ten-of-), n. pi. [Gr. /crei's, /crevos, comb, 
and <f>opd, a carrying, from <f>epeiv, to carry.] (Zo'ol.) 
A group of Ccelenterata, commonly of a somewhat ellip- 
soidal shape, propelled through the water by rows of 
paddles ( usually eight in number) passing like meridi- 
ans over the body. The separate paddles somewhat re- 
semble combs. 

Cu'eiim-ber, n. [Add.] Cucumber tree, (a.) A large 
ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. 
acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its 
young fruit to a small cucumber, (b.) A species of 
evergreen (Averrhoa Bilimbi), native to the East Indies, 
which bears a green, fleshy, oblong fruit, the thick- 
ness of the finger, filled with a grateful acid juice, — 
the substance and seeds being not unlike those of the 
cucumber. 

■Cwl'tus, n. [Lat., cultivation, culture, from colere, to 
cultivate.] Established or accepted religious rites or 
usages of worship ; a state of religious development ; 
the moral atmosphere of a certain time or place. 

Cune'ta-tlve, a. [From Lat. cunctari, to delay.] Slow ; 
tardy ; causing delay. 

Cun'du-ran'go, w. [Sp., condor vine.] The wood and 
bark of a vine which grows in Ecuador, and belongs to 
the family Asclepiadacew. It has been supposed, but 
erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. 

Cu-nie'ix-late, a. [From Lat. cunir.ulus, a rabbit, hence 
a passage under ground, a canal.] (Bot.) Traversed 
by a long passage or aperture. 

Ctip, n. [Add.] 7. A drink compounded of one or 
more kinds of wine or spirits, flavored, sweetened, and 
iced ; as, claret cup, champagne cup. 



food, fcfbt: urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, eeho; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; this. 



CUPHEA 



1018 



DEBUSCOPE 



■Cu'plie-d, n. [From Gr. kv$6s, bent, curved, — in ref- 
erence to the form of the capsule.] (Bot.) A genus of 
showy plants, from Central and South Ameiica, allied 
to the genus Lythrum. 

■Cu/pri-c, a. [From Lat. cuprum, copper.] Of, pertain- 
ing to, or obtained from, copper. 

■Cu-ra're, ) n. A resinous substance used by the Indians 

Cu-ra'ri", j of South America for poisoning their ar- 
rows, and said to consist of the aqueous extract of a 
climbing plant belonging to the genus Strychnos. Its 
effect is to destroy the control of the nerves over all 
the voluntary muscles, even those of respiration. 
[Written also woorali, wourali.] 

Cu'ra-rize, v. t. To poison with curare. 

-Cu/ri-o, n. ; pi. -eu'Ri-os. [Abbreviation of curiosity.'] 
Any curiosity or article of virtu brought from abroad ; 
— most frequently used in the plural. 

Cxirt'e-sy, n. [Probably from court, hence attendance 
upon court, a vassal, or tenant.] (Law.) The life 
estate which a husband has in the lands of his de- 
ceased wife, which by the common law takes effect 
where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable 
of inheriting the lands. 

Cus'pi-dor, n. [From Sp. escupidor, a spitter, from 
escuper, to spit.] An ornamental spittoon, usually 
globe-shaped. 

Cus'tom-liouse, n. [Add.] Custom-house broker, an 
agent who acts for merchants in the business of enter- 
ing and clearing goods and vessels, and in the transac- 
tion of general business at the custom-house. 



-€i5.t'a-way, a. Rounded on the edges ; — applied to a 
_style of short coat for men, with rounded skirts. 

Cy-an'o-site, n. [Gr. kvcu/os, a blue substance, and 
\160s, stone.] (Chem.) Sulphate of copper or blue 
vitriol, used as a pigment or dye stuff ; blue-stone; — 
also called cyanose. 

Cy-ath'o-lith., n. [From Gr. /cu'aflos, cup, and \>'6os, a 
stone.] A kind of coccolith, which in shape resem- 
bles a minute shirt-stud or cup widened at the top, and 
varies in size from 6 <} Q - to -g^o" of an mcn - 

Cy-e'a-da'ceoiis (-shus), a. (Bot.) Belonging to the 
natural order Cycadaceze, of which the cycas is the 
chief genus. 

Cym'ri-e (klm'rik), a. [W. Cymru, Wales.] Welsh. 

Cyxn/ry, n. A collective term denoting the Welsh race. 

£ys'ted, a. Inclosed in a cyst. 

9ys'ti-ele, n. A small cyst. 

^y'tode, n. [From Gr. kutos, a hollow vessel, from 
Kveiv, to hold.] (Zool.) The supposed simplest form 
of independent life ; a mass of protoplasm without a 
nucleus, thus differing from the amceba, in which nu- 
clei are present. A free-living cytode is a moner. 

Cza-rev'na (za-), n. [Russ.] The wife of the czar- 
owitz, or eldest son of the czar of Russia. 

Cze-eh (tchek), n. (Geog.) One of a large branch of 
the Slavonic race, which includes the Bohemians, or 
Czechs proper (forming about 60 per cent, of the popu- 
lation of Bohemia), the Hannacks, or Moravians, and 
the Slovacks. 



D. 



DAB'BER, n. That with which one dabs: hence, 
specifically, (a.) (Print.) The original inking ap- 
paratus for a form of type, (b.) (Engraving.) A silk 
or leather ball stuffed* with wool, for spreading the 
ground upon the hot plates of metal, (c. ) (Stereotypy.) 
In the paper process, the hair brush with which the 
damp paper is insinuated into the interstices of the 
letters by dabbing its back. 

Da'do (da'do or da/do), n. [Add.] 2. An architectural 
arrangement of moldings, etc., around the lower part 
of the walls of a room ; especially a border of wood or 
paper rising from the floor, and covering about a fifth or 
sixth part of the wall, terminating in a distinct edging- 

Dai'ly, n. A publication appearing every day. 

Dai'mi-o, n. [Jap., from Chin, ta ming, great name.] 
One of the feudal nobles of Japan. 

Daii'gle-lber / ry, n. A dark blue berry with a w T hite 
bloom, sweet and edible ( Gaylussacia frondosa), closely 
allied to the common huckleberry ( G. resinosa), also 
called blue tangle, found from the coast of New England 
to Kentucky, and southward. 

Da'nite, n. [Named in remembrance of the prophecy 
in Gen. xlix. 16, " Dan shall be a serpent in the way," 
etc.] One of a secret association of Mormons, banded 
together for deeds of violence. 

Datiseuse (dong'zurz'), n. [Fr., fern, of danseur, from 
danser, to dance.] A female dancer; especially a wom- 
an who dances at a public exhibition. 

Dark, a. [Add.] A dark horse, in racing, a horse whose 
chances of success are not known, and whose capabili- 
ties have not been made the subject of general com- 
ment or wagers. 

Dar-wln'i-an, a. [From the name of Charles Darwin, 
an English scientist.] Pertaining to Darwin; as the 
Darwinian theory, a theory of the manner and cause 
of the supposed development of living things from cer- 
tain original elements, which was propounded by Dar- 
win in 1859, in the work entitled "Origin of Species." 
It rests upon these assumptions : that the unimpeded 
reproductive power of any species greatly exceeds its 
actual rate of increase ; that the members of a species 
vary in capacity and energy ; that the reduction of 
numbers will, in general, result in the survival of 
those best adapted to the surroundings ; that these 
will transmit their advantages to their offspring : that 
this offspring would tend to become better and better 
adapted to keep itself alive and raise offspring. This 
is the theory of natural selection. 

The expression Darwinian theory is often used to de- 
note the general theory of the transmutation of spe- 



cies, or their derivation from one or a few early forms, 
— which is more correctly associated with the name of 
Lamarck. 

Dar-win'i-an-ism, n. Belief in the Darwinian theory. 

Dash, n. [Add.] 9. (Racing.) A single trial of speed 
upon a race-course ; — used (in distinction from a heat) 
when a single trial constitutes the race. 

Datli'o-TIte, ) n. [From Gr. SaTelaOai., to divide, and 

Dat'o-Tite, j \C6os, stone, in allusion to the granular 
structure of a massive variety.] (Min.) A silicate of 
boron and calcium, usually occurring in crystals, hav- 
ing a pale green color and vitreous luster. 

Dav'en-port, n. A kind of table or desk, having usu- 
ally a sloping top for writing, and also furnished with 
drawers and shelves for books. 

Da'vy-um, n. [From the name of Sir Humphry Davy, 
a distinguished English chemist.] (Chem.) A silver- 
white, hard metal, discovered in platiniferous sand, by 
Sergius Kern, in 1877. 

Day'ak, n. See Dtak. 

Dead'-lbeat' (ded'bef), n. One whose constitution or 
resources are worn out or exhausted ; a worthless idler 
who sponges on his friends or neighbors. 

Dead'-house, n. A morgue ; a place for the tempo- 
rary reception and exposure of dead bodies. 

Dead'-latch, n. A latch whose bolt may be so locked 
by a detent that it cannot be opened from the inside by 
the handle, or from the outside by the latch-key. 

Dead'-line, n. A line drawn within or around a mili- 
tary prison, to cross which involves for a prisoner the 
penalty of being instantly shot. 

Deal'ing', n. The act of one who deals ; the distribu- 
tion of anything, as of cards ; the act of trade or traffic ; 
method of business ; intercourse or trade ; as, to have 
dealings with a person. 

Death'-rate, n. The fixed relation or ratio of the 
number of deaths to the population. 

De-beige' (-bazh'), n. [Fr. de, of, and beige, of the 
natural color of wool.] A kind of dress-goods, like 
alpaca, having a cotton warp and a woolen filling, which 
is dyed in the wool, and mixed in the thread ; — also 
written debage. 

De'bus-eope, n. [From the name of the inventor, 
Debus, a French optician, and Gr. ovcoTreiv, to view.] 
A modification of the kaleidoscope, consisting of two 
highly polished silvered plates, set usually at an angle 
of 60° with each other. When placed before a picture 
or design, an assemblage of flower petals, or other 
small colored objects, beautiful designs are formed by 
their reflected images. 



a, e &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



DECALCOMANIA 



1019 



DICHROMIC 



De-eaFeo-ma'ni-a, 1 n. [Fr. decalcomanie, from de- 

De-eaP-eo-ma'nie, j calquer, from de, and calquer, 
to trace, to copy, from Lat. calcare, to tread under foot.] 
The art of permanently transferring pictures and de- 
signs to china, glass, marble, and the like. 

De-ear'fou-ri-za'tion, n. The act, process, or result 
of decarburizing. 

De-ear'bu-i'ize, v. t. [de and carburize.] To deprive 
of carbon ; to remove the carbon from. 

Dee'as-ter, n. [Fr. decastere, from deca, ten, and stere, 
a stere.] (Metric system.) A solid measure equal to 
ten steres. See Stere. 

Dec'is-ter, n. [Fr. decistere, from deci, a tentb, and 
stere, a stere ] (Metric system.) The tenth part of the 
stere, or cubic meter. See Stere. 

Deck'hand, n. (Naut.) An inferior kind of seaman ; 
a hand who is only fitted to help on the vessel's deck, 
and is unable to climb masts, etc. 

D&collete (da/kol-le-ta/), a. [Fr.,/? p. of decolleter, to 
bare the neck and shoulders, from de, and collet, collar, 
from Lat. collum, neck.] Leaving the neck and shoul- 
ders uncovered ; low-necked, as a dress. 

Dee'o-ra'tion, n. [Add.] Decoration day, a day (May 
30) for decorating with flowers the graves of soldiers and 
sailors, who fell in the civil war in the United States. 

De-du'pli-ea'tion, n. [From de and duplication.) 
(Bot.) The division of an organ of a plant into a pair, 
or cluster. 

Deer'-grass, n. (Bot.) A plant (Rhexia Virginica) of 
the family Melastomacese. The flowers are showy, with 
bright purple petals. It is found in Massachusetts and 
southwards in tbe Atlantic States. . 

Def 'al-ea'tor, n. One who defalcates, or embezzles ; 
an officer or agent who abstracts money intrusted to 
him ; a defaulter. 

De-fen'sor, n. 1. (Law.) An advocate in court ; a 
guardian or protector; a defendant. 2. (Eccl.) The 
patron of a church ; an officer having charge of the 
temporal affairs of a church. 

Dek'a-gram, De-kal'i-ter, n. See Decagram, De- 
caliter, etc. 

De-laine', n. [Fr., from de, of, and laine, wool.] A 
fabric for ladies' dress-goods. The original French 
fabric was all wool. The English and American de- 
laines are cotton and wool, or worsted. 

Del'i-gate, v. t. [Lat. deligare, to bind up, from de, 
and ligare, to bind.] (Surg.) To bind up ; bandage. 

De-llv'er-ance, n. [Add.] 3. (Metaph.) Any fact or 
truth which is decisively attested or intuitively known 
as a psychological or philosophical datum ; as, the de- 
liverance of consciouness. 

De-ment'ed, a. Insane ; of unsound mind. 

Dein'i-clr'ele (-slr'kl), n. [From Fr. demi, Lat. di- 
midius, half, from di for dis, and medius, middle, and 
Eng. circle, q. v.] An instrument for measuring and in- 
dicating angles. It resembles a protractor, and has 
sights at each end of its diameter, also sights at each 
end of a rule or alidade, which has an axis over the cen- 
ter of the circle. 

Dein'i-moiide' (-mongd'), n. [Fr., from demi, half, 
and monde, Lat. mundus, the world.] The lower half 
of society ; persons of doubtful reputation ; women 
kept as mistresses, though not public prostitutes. 

De-moiyi-li-za'tion, n. [Fr. demobilisation, from de 
and mobiliser, to mobilize, from mobile, Lat. mobilis, 
movable, from movere, to move.] (Mil.) The disorgan- 
ization of troops previously mobilized or called into ac- 
tive service ; the change from a war to a peace footing. 

Den slm'e-ter, n. [Fr. densimetre, from Lat. densitas, 
density, and Gr. p.erpov, measure.] An instrument for 
ascertaining the specific gravity of a substance. 

Den'tal, n. [From Lat. dentalia, a plow-share.] ( Conch.) 
A small gasteropod, with a curved conical shell resem- 
bling an elephant's tusk ; — found in the North Atlantic, 
Mediterranean, and Indian oceans. 

Dent'ure (-yjjr), n. [From Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth.] 
(Meek.) An artificial tooth, block, or set of teeth. 

De-o'dor-ant, n. A substance which deodorizes ; that 
which destroj r s or removes odor, especially disagreeable 
odor resulting from impurities. 

De-pla'nate, a. [From Lat. deplanare, to make level, 
from de and planare, from planus, even, level.] (Bot.) 
Flattened; made even. 

Dgp'loi-ta'tion, n. [Fr. dcploitation, from deployer, to 
display.] The same as Exploitation, q. v. 

Dep'o-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. [Add.] 5. The act of 
death, as being the laying down of the body ; burial, 
as signifying the consignment of the body to the tomb. 



Der-mal'gi-a, n. [Gr. Sip^a, skin, and aAyo?, pain.] 
(Med.) Neuralgia of the skin. 

Der'ma-neu'ral, a. [From Gr. Sepjua, skin, and vevpov, 
nerve.] (Icktk.) Protecting the nerves ; — a term ap- 
plied to the upper row of spines on the back of a fish, 
from their connection with the skin and their protection 
of the nervous system. 

Der'o-ga/tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Stock Exchange.) An 
alteration of, or subtraction from, a contract for a sale 
of stocks. 

Der'rin-ger. n. A kind of short-barreled pistol, of 
large caliber. It is very effective at short range. 

Des'moid, a. [From Gr. 8ecr/ad?, a ligament.] Resem- 
bling a ligament ; as, desmoid tissue. 

Des'pot-Ize_, v. i. To act the despot. 

Des'qua-mate, v. i. [From Lat. desquamate, to scale 
off , from de and squama, scale.] (Med.) To peel off in 
the form of scales. 

De§-§ert'- spoon, n. A spoon used in eating dessert ; 
a spoon intermediate in size between a tea-spoon and a 
table-spoon. 

Dev'tl-fish, n. (Ichth.) (a.) One of a genus of rays 
(Ceratoptera vampirus) found in the Atlantic Ocean. 
(b.) A cuttle-fish. 

Dew- ret/ting, n. [From dew and ret.] The process of 
softening and removing the mucilage from the fibrous 
and cellular portions of the stalks of flax and hemp, by 
exposui'e to dew, showers, sun, and air, upon a sward. 

Dhow (dow), n. [Ar.] A coasting vessel of Arabia, 
East Africa, and the Indian Ocean, having a long beak, 
and a very large stern. [Also written dow.] 

DI'aKB-tm'i-e, a. [From Gr. 8i<£, through, and d*™'?, 
a/cTtvo?, ray.] Capable of transmitting the chemical or 
actinic rays of light. 

Dl'ag-nose, v. i. To discover by diagnosis. 

Di/a-me-sog'a-moiis, a. [From Gr. Siajuecros, midway 
between, from Sid, through, and /ue'eros, middle, and 
■yajuos, marriage.] (Bot?) Requiring intermediate 
agency ; — applied to those lower orders of plants, 
which require an intermediate agent for the accom- 
plishment of fertilization. 

Dl-am'e-tral, a. [Add.] Diametral planes ( Crystallog.), 
planes in which any two of the crystallographic axes 
lie. 

Di'a-pe-de'sis, n. [Gr. 8(.a7n?Sr)(ns, a leaping or oozing 
through, from SianrjSdv, to leap through, from 8id, 
through, and 7nj8av, to leap.] (Med.) The passage of 
the corpuscular elements of the blood from the blood- 
vessels into the surrounding tissues, without rupture of 
the walls of the blood-vessels. 

Dl-aph'a-nie, n. [See Diaphanous.] The art of imi- 
tating stained glass, by means of transparent pictures 
fixed upon glass by cement or any adhesive substance. 

Dl-aph/y-sis, n. [Gr. Sia<£ucns, a growing through, 
from Sid, through, and ^veiv, to bring forth.] 1. (Bot.) 
An abnormal prolongation of the inflorescence. 2. 
(Anat.) The middle part, or cylindrical shaft, of one 
of the long bones. 

Di'ap-no'i-e, a. [Gr. Siawoij, a blowing through, out- 
let for the wind, exhalation, from bLairvelv, to blow 
through, from Sid, through, and ttvsiv, to blow, +o 
breathe ; It. diapnoico, Fr. diapnoique.] (Mea. t 
Slightly increasing an insensible perspiration; mildly 
diaphoretic. 

Dl'ap-no'ie, n. (Med.) A gentle diaphoretic. 

Dl'a-py-et'i-e, a. [Gr. SiavvrfTiKos, from St,airve2v, to 
suppurate, from 8ia, through, and irvelv, to cause to 
suppurate ; Fr. diapyetique.] (Med.) Promoting sup- 
puration ; suppurative. 

DFa-py-et'ie, n. (Med.) Any substance or prepara- 
tion which promotes the formation of pus. 

Dl/a-tlier-mom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. bid, through, 
and depfj.-n, heat, and fierpov, measure.] An instrument 
for examining the thermal resistance or heat-conduct- 
ing power of liquids. 

Dl-ehog'a-mous, a. [See infra.] (Bot.) Not having 
the male and female organs matured at the same time, 
so that self-fertilization is prevented ; — said of certain 
plants. 

Dl-ehog'a-my, n. [From Gr. Si'xa, in two, asunder, 
and yaju-os, marriage.] (Bot.) The condition of certain 
species of plants, in which the stamens and pistil do 
not mature simultaneously, so that these plants can 
never fertilize themselves. 

Di-ehro'mi«, a. [From Gr. St, for 8t's, twice, and 
XpwM- a > color.] Furnishing two colors ; — said of defec- 
tive vision, in which all the compound colors are resolv- 
able into two elements only, instead of three. 



food, foot; urn, r\i,de, pull; pell, f liaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis. 



DIETARIAN 



1020 



DROSKY 



Dl'e-ta/ri-an, n. One who lives in accordance with 
prescribed rules for diet ; dieter. 

Di-eth/yl-am'ine, n. [From di and ethylamine.] 
(Chem.) A volatile, inflammable liquid, soluble in 
water, and strongly alkaline. In composition it may 
be regarded as ammonia in which two of the atoms of 
hydrogen are each replaced by the radical ethyl. 

Dif'fer-en'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [Add.] 2. (Logic.) 
To distinguish or describe, by giving the differentia, or 
specific difference of a thing ; to specialize. 

Dif'fer-en'ti-a/tion (-shi-a'shun), n. [Add.] 4. 
(Metaph.) The supposed act or tendency in being of 
every kind, whether organic or inorganic, to assume or 
produce a more complex structure or functions. 

Dig'i-to'ri-uni, n. [From Lat. digitus, a finger.] A 
small portable dumb instrument, consisting of a key- 
board with keys ; used especially to give strength and 
flexibility to the fingers of pianists. 

Di-m6r'phie, a. Occurring under two distinct forms ; 
dimorphous. • 

Din'go, n. The native dog of Australia. 

Di'no-saur, ) n. [From Gr. fiei^os, terrible, and 

Di'no-sau'ri-an, ) aaupa, lizard.] (Paleon.) One of 
a genus of reptiles of gigantic size, now extinct, having 
some mammalian and many bird-like characteristics. 

DVo-nse'd, n. [From Gr. Aic6i/rj,a name for the goddess 
Venus.] (Bot.) An insectivorous plant, of the order 
Droseracese, also known as Venus'-fly-trap, inhabiting 
the savannas of North Carolina. 

Diph'y-o-dont, n. [Gr. 8C, twice, <j>vei.v, to produce, 
and bSovs, bSovros, tooth.] A mammal which has two 
sets of teeth ; — opposed to monopliyodont. 

Dip'los-tem'o-nous, a. [From Gr. Si7rA.6os, double, 
and o-rqfjaav, the warp, from lo-ravai, to stand.] ( Bot.) 
Possessing exactly twice as many stamens as petals, — 
as in the geranium. 

Dip'noi, n. pi. [Gr. Sis, twice, and ttvot\, breath.] 
(Ichth.) A group of fishes, including the living genus 
Lepidosiren, which presents the closest approximation 
to the amphibia. The air-bladder acts as a lung, and 
the nostrils open inside the mouth. 

Dip'per, n. [Add.] 4. (Ornith.) A small grebe (Po- 
dilymbus podiceps), very common in North America ; 
the dabchick. 5. (Ornith.) A small duck (Bucephala 
albeola), abundant in North America ; the spirit-duck. 

Dip'so-ma/ni-a, n. [From Gr. SLxfja, thirst, and fxavla, 
mania, from fiaivetrOai, to rage.] An inordinate and 
irrepressible desire for alcoholic liquors ; oenomania. 

Dip'so-ma'ni-a-e, n. One who has an irrepressible de- 
sire for alcoholic drinks. 

Discipline, n. [Add.] 8. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A 
term given to self-inflicted and voluntary corporal 
punishment, as penance, or otherwise ; specifically, a 
penitential scourge. 9. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical sys- 
tem of essential rites and duties, as the Romish or Ang- 
lican discipline. 

Dis'eo-lith, n. [From Gr. Sur/eos, a round plate, and 
At0os, a stone.] A species of coccoliths ; they are oval 
discoidal bodies, with a thick strongly refracting rim, 
and a thinner central portion. They are about -k-^q-q" 
of an inch in their longest diameter. 

Dis'eom-mu'ni-ty, n. [Prefix dis and community.] 
A lack of common possessions , properties , or relationship . 

DTs'-eount, v. t. [Add.] 4. To anticipate. 

Dis'en-dow', v. t. [Prefix dis and endow.] To deprive 
of an endowment. 

Dis'es-tablish-ment, n. The act or process of break- 
ing up that which has been established ; specifically, 
the withdrawal of the support of the state from an es- 
tablished church. 

Dis-griin'tle (-griin'tl), v. t. To disappoint; to dis- 
please ; to disconcert. 

Dis'il-lu'gion (-zhun), n. [Prefix dis and illusion.] 
The act or process of freeing from an illusion. 

Dis-per'sal, n. The act or result of dispersing or scat- 
tering; dispersion. 

Dis-per'sion, n. [Add.] Dispersion of the optic axes 
( Crystallog.), the separation of the optic axes in biaxial 
crystals, due to the fact that the axial angle has differ- 
ent values for the different colors of the spectrum ; 
whether the angle for red rays is greater than that for 
blue, or the reverse, is indicated by the distribution of 
the colors in the ordinary interference-figures observed 
in polarized light. — Dispersion of the bisectrices ( Crys- 
tallog.), the separation of the bisectrices or mean lines, 
observed in monoclinic or triclinic crystals, which is 
due to the fact that the position of the three axes of 



elasticity is not the same for the different colors. In 
monoclinic crystals, this dispersion may be inclined, 
where the optic axes lie in the plane of symmetry ; 
horizontal, where the obtuse bisectrix coincides with 
the orthodiagonal axis ; or crossed, where the acute bi- 
sectrix is coincident with the orthodiagonal axis. 

Dis-so'ci-a/tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Chem.) Decomposi- 
tion of chemical bodies effected by heat or mechanical 
force, without the intervention of chemical attraction. 

Di-sul'phide, n. (Chem.) A sulphide having two 
atoms of sulphur in each molecule. 

Do (do~o), v. t. [Add.] 7. (Stock Exchange.) To cash 
or to advance money for, as a bill or note. 

To do up, to starch and iron ; — as, to do up linen. 

Doc/et-ism, n. [From Gr. Sokslv, to appear.] (Eccl. 
Hist.) The doctrine that Christ acted and suffered only 
in appearance. 

Do-e'tor, v. t. [Add.] 3. To alter for the better, or to 
relieve from some inconvenience ; to tamper with ; 
hence, to arrange for one's own purposes; — as, to 
doctor election returns. [ Colloq.] 

Dog'roge, n. [Add.] 2 . The eglantine or sweet-brier. 

DoPi-eho-ce-phaFie, a. [From Gr. SoA.ix°s> l° n g> 
and Kecj)a\rj, head] Dolichocephalous ; having the skull 
long in proportion to its breadth ; long-headed ; — the 
opposite of brachy cephalic. 

Dol'man, n. A kind of cloak for ladies' wear. 

Dossier (dos'si'a'), n. [Fr., from dos, from Lat. dossum, 
for dorsum, the back.] 1. The back of a chair, or of 
any seat ; the head of a bed. 2. A bundle of papers. 

Dou'ar, n. [From Ar. adouar, pi. of dar, habitation.] 
A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets 

Doub'le, a. [Add.] Double window, a second or extra 
window, placed on the outside, or sometimes on the 
inside, of an ordinary window in a house, for protec- 
tion in winter weather. 

Dou/rou-cou'll, «. (Zo'dl.) A South American platy- 
rhine'monkey (Nyctipithecus trivirgatus), resembling a 
cat. It sleeps by day, but is active and fierce at night 
in search of insects and small birds. It is about nine 
inches long, with a tail of fourteen inches. 

Dove'plant, n. (Bot.) A Central-American orchid 
(Peristeria elata), which has large green egg-shaped 
pseudo-bulbs, strongly ribbed leaves, three feet or more 
long, and a flower stem five or six feet high, with nu- 
merous nearly globose white fragrant flowers. The 
column formed by the union of the stamens bears a 
strong resemblance to a dove, whence the name ; — 
also called the Holy Spirit plant. 

Drab'bet, n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck. 

Dra-eo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Draco, a famous law- 
giver of Athens, 621 b. c. 

Draconian laws, a code of laws, made by Draco. 
. Their measures were so severe that they were said to 
be written in letters of blood ; hence, any laws of ex~ 
ceeding rigor. 

Dragdes (dra'zha/), n. pi. [Fr., N. Lat. tragemata, Gr. 
Tpa.yrina.Ta, dried fruits.] (Pharmacy.) Sugar-coated 
medicines. 

Dram, n. [Add.] 5. (Numis.) A Persian daric. 

Dra-vid'i-an, a. [From Dravida, the Sanskrit name 
of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] 
Of or pertaining to the aboriginal races of India, es- 
pecially those of the southern districts. 

Dravidian languages, a group of languages of South- 
ern India, which seem to have been the idioms of the 
natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit. 
Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important. 

Draw'ing-pa'per, n. A thick-sized paper for draughts- 
men and for water-color painting. 

Dress'er, n. [Add.] 3. An assistant in a hospital, whose 
office it is to dress wounds and treat surgical affections 
under the direction of the attending surgeon. 

Dress'-gobdg, n. pi. A term applied to fabrics for the 
outer garments of women and children, most commonly 
to those made of mixed materials, though also applica- 
ble to piece silks, printed linens, and calicoes. 

Drive'-way, n. [From drive and way.] A passage 
along or through which a carriage may be driven. 

Drogue (drog), n. A conical canvas bag, dragged be- 
hind a yacht which is running before the wind in a 
heavy sea. 

Dron'te, n. [Fr.] (Ornith.) The dodo. 

Drop'-llght (-lit), n. An apparatus for bringing artifi- 
cial light down nearer to a table or desk ; it is often 
connected with a chandelier by a flexible tube. 

Dros'ky, n. [Add.] 2. A kind of victoria, drawn by 
one or two horses, used as a public carriage in cities. 



a,e,&c.,Zong-; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what , ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , 



DRUMMING 



1021 



EMPRESS 



jDrum'ming;, n. The act of beating, as upon a drum ; 
the noise which the partridge makes in spring, by beat- 
ing his wings upon his sides. 

Dru'pel, n. [See Drupe.] (Bot.) Any fleshy or pulpy 
fruit containing many small stony seeds, as the rasp- 
berry or blackberry. 

Dry'-bone, n. (Min.) A miner's term for smithson- 
it'e, the carbonate of zinc. 

Du/a^lin, n. See Nitro-glycerine. 

Dub, v. t. [Add.] 4. (d.) To prepare for fighting, as 
a game-cock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off 
the comb and gills. 

Dud-een', n. A short tobacco-pipe. [Written also 
dudheen.] [Irish.] 

Du/et-fi'no, n. [It., dim. from duetto, a duet, from 
duo, two.] A duet of short extent and concise form. 

Dul'cm, I n. [Fr. dulcite, from Lat. dulcis, sweet.] 

Dul'cite, J (Chem.) A saccharine substance similar 
to mannite. 

Dum'my, n. [Add.] 7. A clumsy, awkward fellow ; 
a dolt ; any person who plays a merely nominal part 
in any action ; or any article which is not what it pre- 
tends to be, as a block of wood made to imitate a book. 

Diin'ga-ree', n. A coarse kind of unbleached cloth. 

Du/o-dene', n. [From Lat. duodeni, twelve each.] 
(Music.) A group of twelve tones, arbitrarily used as 
a unit of construction. 

Du-rom'e-ter, n. [From Lat. durus, hard, and Gr 
fierpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
degree of hardness ; especially an instrument designed 
for testing the hardness of steel rails, etc. 



Du'ty, n. 4. {Com.) [Add.] Specific duty, a duty 
of a specific fixed amount on certain imports ; — con- 
trasted with an ad valorem duty, the amount of which 
is graded according to the actual market value of the 
article taxed. 

Dwarf, v. i. To become small ; to diminish in size. 

Dy'ad, a. [Lat. dyas, dyadis, Gr. Suds, SvdSos, the num- 
ber two, from 8vo, two.] ( Chem.) Having an equiva- 
lence of two ; capable of being substituted for, com- 
bined with, or replaced by two atoms of hydrogen. 

Dy'ad, n. [Fr. dyade. See supra.] 1. Two units treated 
as one ; a couple ; a pair. 2. (Chem.) An atom whose 
equivalence is two; or which can be substituted for, 
combined with, or replaced by two atoms of hydrogen. 

Dy^ak, / n. [Malay, savage.] One of a race regarded as 

Day'ak, i the aboriginal race in the island of Borneo. 

Dy-nam'ie-al-ly, adv. In accordance with the prin- 
ciples of dynamics or moving forces. 

Dy'na-mlte, n. [Gr. 6wa.ju.is, power, and Ai0os, stone.] 

See NlTRO-GLTCERINE. 

Dys'aes-the'gi-a (dls'es-the'zhi-a), n. [Gr. Sus-, ill, 
and alarOdveo-Oai, to perceive, to feel.] (Pathol.) Ob- 
scure or morbid sensation. 

Dys'ep-ii-lot'ie, a. [From dys and epulotic] (Med.) 
Cicatrizing with difficulty. 

Dys'lo-gls'tie, a. [From Gr. inseparable prefix Svs-, 
hard, bad, ill, and A.6yos, from Aiyeiv, to speak.] Un- 
favorable ; not commendatory, —opposed to eulogistic. 

Dys-men'or-rhe'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. prefixes-,' hard, 
fjL?]v, fjnqvos, month, pi. /urjve?, menses, and pelv, to flow.] 
(Med.) Difficult menstruation. 



E. 



EAR, n. [Add.] Button ear (in dogs), an ear which 
falls in front, and completely hides the inside. — 
Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds at the back, and 

_ shows part of the inside. 

Earth'-elos/et, n. A privy in which dry earth or the 
like is used to deodorize the faecal matter, both solid 

_and liquid. 

East'ern-most 7 , a. Most eastern ; situated the far- 

_ thest toward the east. 

Eaves/- trough (-trawf), n. A gutter which runs be- 

w neath the eaves and conducts water from a roof. 

fib'on, n. Same as Ebony. [Poet.] 

Eb'on-Ite, n. [See Ebony.] India rubber rendered 
hard like horn by the process of vulcanization. It is 
usually black like ebony, whence the name. It may 
be cut and polished, and is used for manufacturing 
buttons, combs, and the like. As it becomes highly 
electric by friction, and is an excellent insulator, it is 
much used in the construction of electrical apparatus. 

_It is also called vulcanite, and hard rubber. 

E'bur-na'tion, n. [From Lat. eburnus, of ivory, from 
ebur, ivory.] (Pathol.) A condition of bone or car- 
tilage occurring in certain diseases of these tissues, in 
which they acquire an unnatural density, and come to 
resemble ivory. 

£carte (a/kar'ta'), n. [Fr., p. p. from ecarter, to reject, 
to discard, from prefix es, Lat. ex, from, and carte, a 
card, q. v.] A game at cards played usually by two 
persons with a pack from which the sixes, fives, fours, 
threes, and twos have been removed. 

E-e-erlt'i-e , n. [Gr. eK/cpiTiKos, from eKKpia-is, selection, 
separation.] (Med.) A remedy which promotes dis- 

^ charges, as an emetic, or a cathartic. 

ISeb/i-no-coe'eus, n. [From echinus and coccus.] 
(Zool.) A human and animal parasite forming com- 
pound cysts or tumors? especially in the liver and 
lungs. It is the larval stage of the Tsenia echinococcus, 
a tape-worm peculiar to the dog. 

Ee-lee'tie, a. [Add.] Eclectic physician, one of a class 
of practitioners of medicine, outside of the recognized 
schools, who claim to select their medicines from all ; 

_ often the same as botanic physician. 

E-eos'tate, a. [Lat. e, for ex, from, and costntus, ribbed, 
costa, a rib.] (Bot.) Having no nerves on the leaf. 

IZcrasement (a^raz'mong'), n. [Fr.] (Surg.) The 
operation performed with an ecraseur. 

J^craseur (a/kra/zur'), n. [Fr.,from ecraser, to crush.] 
(Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in 
many operations, the parts operated on being severed 



by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tighten- 
ing of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows. 

ftcru (a-kryj'), n. [Fr., unbleached, from intensive pre- 
fix es and cru, Lat. crudus, raw.] That which in man- 
ufacture has not been submitted to water, or is un- 

___ bleached, — as, certain silks. 

Ee'sta-sy, n. [Add.] 4. (Pathol.) A disease consist- 
ing in suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, 
and largely of mental power. The body is erect and in- 

_ flexible ; pulsation and breathing not affected. 

Ed'doeg, n. A plant (Arum or Caladium esculentum), 
cultivated for food in most tropical climates. 

Ee'rie, Ee'ry, a. [Scot.] Awe-inspiring ; weird. 

Eis-tedd'fod (-teth'fod), n. [W., session, from eistedd, 
to sit.] The national bardic congress of Wales, the ob- 
jects of which are to encourage skill in bardic poetry 
and music and the general literature of the Welsh, and 
to maintain the Welsh language and customs. 

E-jac'u-la/tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Med.) The emission 
of semen ; the act by which the seminal fluid is expelled 
through the urethra. 

ISlan (a/lang'), n. [Fr., from elancer, to dart, from in- 
tensive prefix e, for es, and lancer, to hurl.] Ardor ; 
zeal, inspired by enthusiasm ; brilliancy and glow re- 
sulting from imaginative or emotional excitement. 

E-lect'ive, n. In an American college, an optional 

_ study or course of study. 

E'lee'-trom'e-try, n. [See Electrometer.] The art or 
process of making electrical measurements. 

E-le-e'tro-mus'-eu-lar, a. Pertaining to the reaction 
of the muscles under, or their sensibility to, electricity. 

E-le-e'tro-phone, n. [From Gr. rjAe/cTpoi/, amber (for 
electricity), and (fxavrj, sound.] An instrument for pro- 
curing sound by means of electric currents. 

E-le^tro-tlieVa-peu/ti-eg, n. sing. The branch of 
medical science which treats of the applications of elec- 
tricity as a curative agent. 

E-leu'tlie-ro-ma'iii-a, n. [Gr. eAevfopo?, free, and 
ixavia, mania.] A fanatic zeal for freedom ; a mania 
which carries to a dangerous extreme the doctrines of 
the freedom and equality of all men. 

E-lev'en, n. [Add.] 3. Specifically, the players on one 

_ side in the game of cricket. 

Elk'wobd, n. [elk and wood.] A name given to the 
soft, spongy wood of the Magnolia umbrella. 

Em-pir'i-<;i§m, n. [Add.] 3. (Met.) The doctrine 

w that knowledge can only be gained from experience. 

Em'press, n. [Add."] Empress cloth, a thin cloth for 
ladies : dresses, of wool or with cotton warp and wool weft. 



food, f dbt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ , e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



ENCEPHALOPATHY 



1022 



EUHEMERIZE 



En-ceph'a-lop'a-thy, n. [Gr. eyice4>a\o?, brain, and 
Trdo-\et.v, naOelv, to suffer.] (Pathol.) Any disease or 
symptoms of disease referable to disorders of tbe brain ; 
as, lead encephalopathy, the cerebral symptoms attend- 
ing chronic lead poisoning. 

En-dog'a-mous, a. [From Gr. evSov, within, and ydp.os, 
marriage.] Marrying within the limits of the same 
family or tribe. 

En-dog'a-my, n. [See snpra.~] The restriction of mar- 
riage to members of the same tribe or family. 

En-dog'e-nite, n. (Paleon.) A fossil stem or frag- 

_ ment exhibiting the endogenous structure. 

En'do-lymph, »»• [Gr. evSov, within, and Lat. lympha, 
lymph ; Fr. endolymphe.} The fluid contained in the 

w membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. 

Eii'do-morph, n. (From Gr evSov, within, and p-op4>rj, 
form.] (Mm.) A crystal of one species which incloses 
jme of another, as quartz inclosing rutile. 

En'do-phlm'wm (en'do-fle'um), n. LGr. evSov, within, 
and $A.oi6s, bark.] (Bot.) The inner layer of the bark 

w of trees. 

En'do-plast, n. [From Gr. evSov, within, and n\do-<reiv, 
to form] (Physiol.) A body, usually spheroidal, in a 
cell or protozoan, which is distinguished from tbe sur- 
rounding protoplasm by a difference in refrangibility ; 

w — usually called the nucleus. 

En'dor-see', n. The person in whose favor an en- 
dorsement is made ; an indorsee. See Indorsee. 

En'do-scope, n. [Gr. evdov, within, and o-Konelv, to 
view.] An apparatus for exploring the urethra and 

_ bladder. 

En'do-spo'rous. a. [Gr. evSov, within, and crnopd, 
seed.] (Bot.) Having the spores contained in a case ; 

w — applied to fungi so constituted. 

Eii'do-the'ci-um (-the'shl-um), n. [Gr. evSov, within, 
and Orjur), a box, from nQivai, to place.] (Bot.) The 

w inner lining of the anther cells. 

En'do-the'li-al, a. Of or relating to endothelium. 

En'do-the'li-um, n. , -pi. en'DO-the'li-A. [Gr. ev- 
Sov, within, and 6r)k-q, nipple.] (Anat.) A mass of 
cells resembling flat epithelial cells, arranged in a sin- 
gle layer and developed from the middle blastodermic 
layer of the embryo. 

Eng'lish (Ing'glish), m. [Add.~\ 3. A kind of printing 
type, in size between Pica and Great Primer : — 

The type called English. 

Eng'lish, v. t. (Billiards.) To strike, so that tbe ball 
struck shall, after the first impact, be deflected by the 

w rotary motion given into any desired direction. 

En'si-lage, n. [Fr., from en, in, and silo, a silo.] 
(Agric.) The process of preserving fodder crops in a 

w green state, by depositing them in a silo. 

En'ter-al'gi-a, n. [Gr. evrepa, intestines, and d\yo<;, 

w pain ; Fr. e nteralgie.] (Pathol.) Pain in the intestines. 

En'ter-o-tome, n. [Fr. See Enterotomy.] {Surg.) 
A kind of scissors for opening the intestinal canal. 

En-thet'ie, a. [From Gr. iv, in, and TiBevau, to place.] 
(Pathol.) Pertaining to, or originating in, poisons in 
the body, whether generated by the body itself, or in- 
troduced into it by the stings of animals, or by the 

_ lancet, as in vaccination. 

En/to-rrioph/i-lous, a. [Gr. cvtojuov, insect, and $iA.os, 
a lover.] (Bot.) Fecundated by the agency of insects ; 
— said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the 
stigma by insects. 

En-tot'ie, a. [Gr. kvros, within, and ovs, wtos, the ear.] 
Pertaining to the interior of the ear. 

Entr'acte (ongtr-akf), n. [Fr., from entre, Lat. intra, 
between, and acte,. Lat. actus, an act, from agere, to act.] 
1. The interval of time which occurs between the per- 
formance of any two acts of a drama. 2. A dance, piece 
of music, or interlude, performed between two acts of a 

_ drama. 

En'tro-py, n. [Gr. evrponri, a turning in, from iv, in, 
and rpoTT-q, a turn, from rpineiv, to turn. [A function 
used in thermo-dynamics, and sometimes called the 
thermo-dynamic function, such that the increment of 
the entropy of any system subjected to any reversible 
process is equal to the quantity of heat imparted to the 
system divided by the absolute temperature at which 

_it is supplied. 

E'o-sme, n. [From Gr. ^c6?, dawn.] (Chem.) A dye- 
stuff, characterized in solution, or upon silk, by a 
beautiful fluorescence, combining rose and reddish- 
brown tints. 

E-pan'o-dy, n. [Gr. en-avoSos, a rising, return, from 



eirC, on, and avoSos, a way up or back, a return, from 
ava, up, and 666?, way.] (Bot.) The name given to an 
abnormal condition, when an irregular flower reverts to 
a regular form. 

Ep-en'dy-ma, n. [Gr. enivSvfj.a, an upper garment, 
from eirC, upon, and evSvixa, a garment, from evSveiv, to 
put on, from ev, on, and Sveiv, to put on.] (Anat.) The 
lining membrane of the ventricles of the brain. 

Ep'i-eal, a. Containing narration ; epic. 

Ep'i-ell'nal, a. [Gr. enL, upon, and K\iveiv, to bend.] 
(Bot.) Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower. 

fip'i-cy'eloid, n. \_Add.~\ (Geom.) Especially, a curve 
traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which 

_ rolls on the convex side of a fixed circle. 

Ep'i-lep-tog'e-noiis, a. [Gr. e7rtAr)7TTos, epileptic, q. v., 

^andyevos, birth.] Producing epilepsy. 

Ep'i-lep'toid, a. [From Gr. e7riA.rj7rr6s, epileptic, and 
^elSos, form.] Related to, or resembling, epilepsy. 

JEp'i-or'nis, ) n. [From Gr. em, above, in excess, or 
w or, better, [ cujtvs, lofty, and opvts, a bird.] ( Or- 

JEp'y-or'nis, ) nith.) One of the gigantic ostrich-like 
birds only recently extinct, of which the dinornis is the 
type. It was at least twelve feet high. Its remains 
^ have been found in Madagascar. 

fip'i-syPlo-giim, n. [Prefix epi and syllogism.] 
(Logic.) A syllogism which assumes as one of its 
premises a proposition which was the conclusion of a 
preceding syllogism, called, in relation to this, the 
prosyllogism. 

E-quiv'a-len^e, n. ( Chem. ) The quantity of the com- 
bining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units ; 
the number of hydrogen atoms an atom can combine 
w r ith, or be exchanged for ; valency. 

E-rum'pent, a. [Lat. erumpens, erumpentis, p. pr. 
from erumpere, to break out, from e, cut, and rumpere, 
to break.] (Bot.) Breaking out. 

E-rytli'o-gen, n. [Gr. epvOpos, red, and ye'vos, birth.] 
[Chem.] Carbon disulphide, so called from certain. red 
compounds which it produces in combination with other 
substances. The name is also applied to a substance 
reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in 
flowers ; also to a crystalline substance obtained from 
diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on 
_ by nitric acid or ammonia. 

Es'cliar, ) n. [Ir.] ( Geol.) In Ireland one of the con- 

Es'kar, > tinuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and 

Es'ker, ) sandy drift-deposits which extend for many 
miles over the surface of the country. Similar ridges 
are called kames in Scotland. 

Es-eiitcli'eon (es-kutch'un), n. \_Add.~\ 4. The hair 
growing upwards and outwards on the perineum, be» 
tween the thighs and above the udder of a cow, which 
is esteemed as an index of good milking qualities ; — 
called also milk-mirror. 

Es'ter, n. ( Chem.) A compound ether derived from an 
oxygen acid ; — often used as a suffix. 

Est'ii-a-rme, a. Pertaining to an estuary ; formed in 
w an estuary. 

Eth'i-e-al, a. Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the da- 
tive (of a pronoun) to denote that the person referred 
to is affected in feeling by the action described in the 
sentence. 

Eth/yl-am'ine, n. [From ei/t^ and amiwe.] (Chem.) 
A transparent, colorless, inflammable liquid, having a 
pungent ammoniacal odor, and a strong alkaline char- 
acter. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one 
atom of hydrogen is replaced by ethyl. 

Eth'yl-ene, n. (Chem.) Olefiant gas; bicarbureted 
hydrogen. _ 

En'«hre (yoo'ker), v. t. To defeat one who has taken 
up or made the trump, in the game of euchre ; hence 
to defeat, outwit, or foil in any scheme. 

ES'dae-mon'kg, n. si?ig. [See Eudemonism.] That 
part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness ; 
the science of happiness. # 

Eu-dae'mon-ist, n. One who seeks personal happiness. 

Eti-lieni'er-i§m, n. [From Gr. Evrjjuepos, Euhemerus 
or Evemerus, a philosopher, who held that the gods 
were deified mortals.] That view of mythology which 
holds that the gods were originally mere men, and that 
all the tales about them were human facts amplified by 
the imagination of devotees. 

Eu.-liem'er-ist, n. One who advocates or believes the 
doctrine of euhemerism. 

Eu-henVer-ist'ic, a. Pertaining to, or involving the 
doctrine of, euhemerism. 

Eu-hem'er-ize, v.t. To interpret mythology on the 
theory of euhemerism. 



5, e, &c, long; a, 6, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



EUOSMITE 



1023 



FIAT 



EG-os/uiIte, n. [Gr. eS, well, and ocr^, a smell.] 
(Paleon.) A fossil resin, so called from its strong, pe- 
culiar, pleasant odor. 

Eu-plio'ni-um, n. [(Jr. eB, well, and <}>iavrj, sound.] 
( Mas.) A bass instrument of the sax-horn family. 

E-vae'ii-a/tion, n. [Add.] Evacuation day, the an- 
niversary of the day on which the British army evacu- 
ated the city of New York, November 25, 1783. 

E-van'gel-ist, n. [Add.] 3. In the primitive church, 
a minister who assisted the apostles in spreading the 
gospel, by going from place to place, and thus prepar- 
ing the way for resident pastors. 2 Tim. iv. 5. 
4. A preacher whose efforts are chiefly directed to 
arouse and excite to immediate repentance and Christian 

w faith ; an itinerant and zealous preacher, or laborer. 

Ev'o-lu'tion, n. [Add.] 7. (Biology.) A general 
came for the history of the steps by which any living 
being has acquired the morphological and physioJogical 
characters which distinguish it. 8. (Metaph.) That 
series of changes under natural law which involves con- 
tinuous progress from the homogeneous to the heteroge- 
neous in structure, and from the single and simple to 
<the diverse and manifold in quality or function. The 
process is by some limited to organic beings : by others 
it is applied to the inorganic and the psychical. It is 
also applied to explain the existence and growth of in- 
stitutions, manners, language, civilization, and every 

^product of human activity. 

Ev'o-Iu/tioiial, a. Relating to evolution. 

Ewe'-necked (yu/nekt), a. With a slender neck ; — 
said of a horse. 

Ex-aet'ing-ness, n. The state or quality of being ex- 
acting, or of making oppressive demands. 

Ej-am'in-er-sliip, n. The office of an examiner. 

Ex-cep'tion-al, a. [Add.] 2. Better than the aver- 
age ,- of marked excellence ; eminently superior. 

Ex-Ci§e', v. t. [Add.] 2- To cut off ; to separate and 
remove. 

Ex-haust' (egz-hawsf), n. The foul air let out of a 



room through a register or pipe provided for the pur- 
pose. 

Ex-5g'a-mou.s, a. [From Gr. e£w, outside, and yajuos, 
marriage,] Marrying outside of the limits of one's own 
^ tribe ; — opposed to endogamous. 

Ex'oph-tlxal'mie, a. Of or pertaining to exophthalmia, 
w or the protrusion of the eyeball. 

Ex'o-the'ci-um (-the'shi-um), n. [Gr. e^w, outside, and 
07JKTJ, a box, from Ti0eVai, to place.] (Bol.) The outer 
coat of the anther. 

Ex-pan'sive-ly, adv. In an expansive manner ; in a 
manner involving expansion. 

Ex-pe-ri-en'tial-i§m, n. The theory that knowledge 

^and ideas are acquired only by personal experience. 

Ex'stro-phy, n. [From Gr kKarpi^e^v, to turn inside 
out ; from e/c, or e£, out, and o-rpefyeiv, to turn.] The 
eversion or turning out of any organ ; as, exstrophy of 

w the eyelid. 

Ex'ten-som'e-ter, n. [Lat. extensio, extension, and 
Gr. ju.6Tpoi/, a measure.] An instrument for measuring 
the extension of a body, especially for measuring the 
elongation of bars of iron, steel, or other material, when 
subjected to a tensile force. 

Ex-ter'nal-igm, n. (Metaph.) That philosophy or doc- 
trine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or 
objects of sense-perception ; positivism ; phenomenal- 
ism. 

Ex-tra-et'ive, a. [Add.] 3. (Polit. Econ.) Capable of 
furnishing extracts or products ; productive. " Certain 
branches of industry are conveniently designated ex- 
tractive: e. g., agriculture, pastoral and mining pur- 
suits, cutting of lumber, etc." Caimes. 

Ex'tra-dite, v. t. To deliver, under a treaty of extra- 
dition. 

Ex-u/vi-al, a. Pertaining to exuviae, or any parts of 
animals which are cast off ; as, exuvial scales, scales 
which are cast off from the skin. 

Eye'-tobth, n. [Add.] To cut one's eye-teeth, to be 
acute or knowing. [ Colloq.] 



F. 



FAB'U-HOttS, a. [Add.] 2. Extravagant; passing 
belief ; as, a fabulous price. 

Face, v. t. [Add.] Q. To adulterate (as tea). 

Fa^e'-eard, n. In a suit of playing-cards, one which 
bears a representation of a human face, as a king. 

Fad, n. A hobby ; a trifling pursuit. 

Faineant (fa'na'ong'), a. [Fr., from fait, he does, 
from faire, Lat. facere, to do, and n&ant, nothing, from 
Lat. ne or nee, negative prefix, and ens, entis, p. pr. of 
"sse, to be.] Doing nothing ; idle; shiftless. 

Faineant (f.Vna'ong'), n. One who does nothing ; a 
loafer. 

Fake, v. t. [Probably from Lat. facere, to do ; Gael. 
faigh, to get, acquire, reach.] 1. To cheat ; to swindle ; 
to steal; to rob. 2- To make ; to construct; to do. 
3. To go on; to continue. 4 To manipulate fraudu- 
lently, so as to make an object appear better or other 
than it really is ; as, to fake a bull-dog, by burning his 
upper lip and thus artificially shortening it. 

Fake, n. A trick ; a swindle. 

Fake'ment, n. A false begging petition ; any act of 
robbery, swindling, or deception. 

False, a. [Add.] False card ( Whist), a card played con- 
trary to the established custom and rules of the game, 
and therefore calculated to deceive one's partner, as 
well as one's adversaries. 

Fam/i-llst'e-ry, n. [Fr. familistere, from famile, Lat. 
familia, family, from faiyulus, servant.] A commu- 
nity in which many persons unite as in one family, 
and are regulated by reformatory laws. 

Far'ad, n. [From Faraday, the English electrician.] 
(Elec.) The standard unit of electrical capacity : the 
capacity of a condenser whose charge, produced with 
an electro-motive force of one volt, is equal to the cur- 
rent which, with the same electro-motive force, passes 
through one ohm in one second. 

Far-ad/ie, a. Of or pertaining to Faraday, the distin- 
guished electrician ; —applied especially to induced cur- 
rents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of in- 
ductive apparatus, on account of Faraday's important 
investigations of their laws. 



Far'ad-i§m, ) n. (Bled.) The treatment with 

Far'ad-i-za'tion, J induced currents of electricity 
for remedial purposes ; — so called from M. Faraday. 

Fa/ro-e§e, n. sing, and pi. ( Geog.) An inhabitant of 
the island of Faroe. 

Fasli'ion-plate (fash'un-), n. A design showing the 
prevailing style of dress. 

Fat'ty, a. [Add.] Fatly degeneration (Pathol.), a form 
of structural disease in which the oil globules, natu- 
rally present in certain organs, are so multiplied and 
enlarged as gradually to replace and shrivel up the effi- 
cient parts of these organs. 

Feist, n. See Fice. 

Fel-lin'ie, a. [Lat. felleus, from fel, fell is, gall, bile.] 
Belonging to bile or gall. 

Fellinic acid (Chem.), a substance obtained by digest- 
ing bilin with dilute hydrochloric acid. 

Fe'ni-an, n. [From the Finians, or Fenii, the old mi- 
litia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, 
Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional 
history.] A member of an organization of persons of 
Irish birth, in the United States, Canada, etc., who seek 
the overthrow of English rule in Ireland. 

Fe'ral, a. [L&t.ferus.] Wild; — applied to animals or 
plants running wild, but which are derived from species 
formerly domesticated. 

Fer'rate, n. [Lat. ferrum, iron.] (Chem.) A salt con- 
taining iron, in which the iron plays the part of a nega- 
tive ; a compound of ferric acid with a base. 

Fer'ro-type, n. [From Lat ferritin, iron, and Gr. tvtto?, 
a blow, an impression, an image.] A photographic pic- 
ture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process. 

FSr'rous, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 
iron; — used of compounds of iron in which the iron 
has a lower equivalence than in ferric compounds. 

Fet/i-chls'ti-e, n. Pertaining to, or involving, feti- 
chism. 

Fi'at, n. [Add.] Fiat money, irredeemable paper cur- 
rency, not resting on a specie basis, but deriving its pur- 
chasing power from the declaratory fiat of the persons 
or government issuing it. 



FIBRILLARY 



1024 



FOUR-IN-HAND 



Fib'ril-la-ry, a. Of or pertaining to fibrils. 

Fib'ro-llte, n. [Fr. fibrolithe, from fibre, Lat. fibra, 
fiber, and Gr. Aiflos, stone.] (Min.) A silicate of alu- 
mina, having a fibrous or columnar structure. Its com- 
position is the same as that of andalusite. 

Fice, n. A small dog. The name is very commonly used 
in the southern or western parts of the United States ; 
— also written feist, fiste, and fyst. 

Fi'c^hu', n. [Fr., neckerchief.] A light pointed cape 
worn by ladies, to cover the neck and bosom, and ex- 
tending to the shoulders ; — usually made of lace. 

Field, n. [Add.] 5. A collective term for all the riders 
engaged in a hunting party.. [Eng.] 

To lay against the field {Racing), to back a horse 
against all comers. 

Field, v. i. [Add.] 2. (Cricket or base-ball playing). To 
stand out in the field, for the purpose of checking the 
progress of the ball. 3. To lay a wager against favor- 
ites in betting. 

Field'- driver, n. In New England towns, an officer 
whose duty it is to drive to the pound cattle found 
straying in the fields or streets. 

Field'-glass, n. A small but powerful telescope, or 
binocle, chiefly used for military and scientific purposes. 

Field'-liand, n. A person who works in a field; an 
agricultural laborer. 

Field '- work (-wurk), n. [Add.] 2. Work done out of 
doors ; as, in surveying, the work with the chain and 
compass, theodolite, etc., as distinguished from the 
subsequent calculations ; in botany, the collection of 
specimens, for subsequent analysis ; in geology, excur- 
sions for purposes of study and discovery. 

Fig'u-line, n. [Fr., Lat. figulina, pottery, from figulus, 
a potter, from fingere, to shape.] A piece of pottery 
representing some natural object. Such wares were in- 
troduced, and the name first applied, by Palissy, the 
French potter. 

FiPa-ment'a-ry, a. Having the character of, or 
formed by, a filament. 

Fll'i-bus'ter, v. i. [Add.] 2 . To delay legislation , by 
dilatory motions or other artifices, on the part of the 
minority. [U. S.] 

Fill'ing, n. [Add.] 2. That which is used to fill the 
external pores of those porous woods which are em- 
ployed in cabinet-making and house-finishing ; — e.g. 
corn-starch filling. Pine has no visible pores, and needs 
no filling ; oak, butternut, ash, etc., often take & filling. 

FiPo-plu -ma'ceous (-shfls), a. (Oniith.) Having the 
structure of a filoplume. 

Fil'o-plume, n. [Lat. filum, thread, and pluma, 
plume.] ( Ornith.) A thread-like or hair-like feather ; 
a feather with slender scape and without web in most 
or all of its length. 

Find, n [Ger. fund.] Anything found ; a discovery ; 
especially a deposit discovered by archaeologists of ob- 
jects of prehistoric or unknown origin. 

Finesse', v. L [Add.] 2. [Whist-playing.] To at- 
tempt, when second or third player, to make a lower 
card answer the purpose of a higher, in the hope that 
the intermediate card or cards may be with one's right 
hand adversary, or one's partner. 

Fin'ger- readying, n. Reading, for the blind, by 
means of letters of which the outline is thown out in 
relief sufficiently strong to be felt. 

Fin'- ray, n. (Ichth.) One of the rods of bone or car- 
tilage, which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. 

Fish. 'ball, n. A ball, or small cake made from salt cod- 
fish, chopped fine, and mixed with mashed potatoes, or 
other vegetables, and then fried. 

Fish'-erow, n. A small piscivorous bird ( Corvus os- 
sifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the U. S. 

Fish'-eult/ure (-killt'yur), n. The artifical breeding 
and rearing of fish ; pisciculture. 

Fisn'-plate, n. The commercial name for one of the 
small plates of wrought iron used to connect the ends 
of the iron rails on railroads. 

Fish'-skin, n. (Pathol.) A disease whereby the skin 
becomes thickened, hard, and rough, with a tendency 
to scaliness ; ichthyosis. 

Fisli'-sto'ry, n. A story which taxes credulity ; an ex- 
travagant or incredible narration. 

Fis'si-paL'mate, a, [Lat. fissus, p. p. of findere, to 
split, and palmatus, palmate, from palma, palm of the 
hand.] (Ornith.) Semipalmate, as a grebe's foot. 

Fiste, n. See Fice. 

Flasr'-root, n. The root of the sweet-flag. 

Flake, n. [Add.] 4. (Archaeology.) A flint instrument 
of rude make. 



Flam'mu-la/ted, a. [Lat. fiammula, dim. from, flam- 

ma, flame.] Pervaded with a reddish color. 

Flaneur (fla-nur'), n. [Fr., from flaner, to stroll.] One 
who strolls about aimlessly ; a lounger ; a loafer. 

Flap'per^rc. [Add.] 2. A half-grown wild duck. 

Flasli'-board, n. A board placed upon a mill-dam, 
when a river is low, in order to throw a larger quantity 
of water into the flume or raceway. 

Flat, adv. (Stock Exchange.) Without allowance for 
accrued interest. 

Flat'-eap, n. Writing paper put up in reams and bun- 
dles without being folded, mostly used for blank-books. 
Size usually 14 by 17 inches. 

Flea'-bit/ten, a. [Add.] 3. White, flecked with mi- 
nute dots of bay or sorrel ; — said of the color of a 
horse, dog, or cow. 

Flick'er, n. [Add.] 2. (Ornith.) The golden-headed 
woodpecker (Colaptes auratus), or yellow-hammer ; — 
so called from his spring note. 

Flint, n. [Add.] Flint Age. The same as Stone Age. 

Floe'eu-lent, a. [Add.] 2. (Ornith.) Pertaining to 
the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds. 

Flo^'-eu-libs, n. [Lat., dim. of fioccus, a lock, or flock 
of wool.] A light mass of a fibrous substance ; a lock 
or flock ; — in the nebular hypothesis, a precipitated 
mass of the gas or vapor constituting the original neb- 
ulous matter. 

Flor'i-da-wdod', n. A hard, close-grained wood, re- 
sembling dogwood, from a tree of scrub growth, found 
in Florida ; — used for inlaying cabinet work. 

Floss'-thread, n. A kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, 
used for embroidery. 

Flow'er-er, n. (Bot.) A plant which blossoms. 

Fluke, n. [Add.] 3. An accidental and favorable 
stroke at billiards ; hence, — any accidental or unex- 
pected advantage. 

Fly, n. [Add.] 8. A piece of canvas, which doubles 
the thickness of the top of a tent by being drawn over 
the ridge pole, but is so extended as to touch the roof 
of the tent at no other place. 9. One of the upper 
screens of a stage in a theater. 

Fly'-pa'per, n. Paper prepared to catch or to poison 
flies ; — usually coated with arsenic. 

Flys^h (flish), n. ( Geol.) A name given to the exten- 
sive series of sandstones and schists overlying the true 
nummulitic formation in the Alps, and probably in- 
cluded in the eocene tertiary. 

Fog'-hoi'n, n. A huge horn blown by steam, used 
chiefly at sea to warn approaching vessels in a fog ; — 
also called a siren. 

Fog'-wliis'tle (-hwis'sl), n. (Naut.) A whistle blown 
by steam on board a steam-vessel enveloped in fog and 
in danger of meeting other vessels. 

Fobt'path, n. ; pi. foot'paths. A narrow path or 
way for pedestrians only ; a footway. 

Fdbt'-wall, n. (Mining.) The under wall of an in- 
clined vein. 

For'a-llte, n. [From Lat. forare, to bore, and Gr. Aiflos, 
a stone.] (Geol.) A tube-like marking, occurring in 
sandstone and other strata. 

Fore, adv. [Add.] Fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), not 
carrying square topsail yards on the foremast. 

Fore'fa-tner§'-day, n. The anniversary of the day, 
December 21, on which the Pilgrim fathers landed at 
Plymouth. Because of a mistake in the reckoning of 
the change from Old Style to New, it has generally 
been celebrated on the 22d. 

Fdr'fi-eate, a. [Lat. forfex, forficis, a pair of scissors.] 
(Ornith.) Deeply forked ; furcate. 

Form, n. [Add.] Good form, or bad form, used to 
characterize the general appearance, originally of 
horses, afterwards of persons ; as, the members of a 
boat-crew are said to be in good form when they pull 
together uniformly. The phrases are further used col- 
loquially in description of manners in society ; as, it is 
not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady. 

Fovmeret (for/me'ra'), n. [Fr.] (Arch.) One of. the 
half ribs against the walls in a groined ceiling. 

F6r'mi-ca-ry, n. [Lat. formicarium, from formica, an 
ant.] An ant-hill. 

For'mu-la'tion, n. The act, process, or result of for- 
mulating or reducing to a formula. 

Foul, n. An entanglement ; a collision, as in a boat-race. 

Fourgon (foor/gong'), n. [Fr.] A van for carrying 
baggage, especially iu military service. 

Four'-in-hand, a. Consisting of, or relating to, four 
objects held or controlled by one hand ; as, a four-in- 
hand team of horses. 



5, e, &c. , long,- a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, wliat ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



FOUR-O'CLOCK 



1025 



GALOP 



Four'-o'elock, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mirab- 
ilis. There are about half a dozen species, natives of 
the warmer parts of America. The common four-o'clock 
is M. Jalapa, the tube of which flower is about two 
inches long ; the colors are white, yellow, and red ; 
the flowers open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy 
weather ; hence the name. It is also termed marvel of 
Peru, and afternoon-lady. 

Fox, n. [Add.] 4. A fish. See Dragonet. 5. A long- 
tailed shark (Alopecia* wipes) found in temperate and 
tropical seas, called also sea-ape, sea-fox, thrasher. 

Fox and geese, {a) a boys" game, in which one boy 
tries to catch others as they run from one goal to an- 
other ; (6) a game with checkers, in which from one 
end of the board a single checker (the fox) and from 
the other end, four iu iine (the geese) advance ; the fox 
endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and 
the geese to pen up the fox. 

Fox'i-ness, n. 1. The state of being foxy, or fox-like ; 
craftiness ; shrewdness. 2. The state of being foxed 
or discolored, as books ; decay ; deterioration. 

Fox'-trot, n. A pace of a horse or other quadruped, 
usually adopted for a few steps when passing from a 
walk to a trot, or from a trot to a walk ; it is slightly 
faster than the walk. 

Foyer (fwa-ya'), n. [Fr., Lat. focarium, focus, fire- 
place.] A public room or hall. 

Fr&e'tion-al, a. [Add.] Fractional currency, small 
coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than 
the monetary unit. — Fractional distillation ( Chem.), 
a process by which a mixture of liquids, differing con- 
siderably from each other in their boiling points, can 
be separated into its constituents. 

Fram-bos'si-d (-be'zhi-a), n. [Fr., from framboise, 
raspberry."] (Med ) The same as Yaws, q. v. 

Frame, n. [Add.] Balloon frame (Carp.), a frame for 
a building constructed of slender studding mostly se- 
cured by nails. — Frame house (Carp.), a house, the 
frame of which is of squared timber. 

Fran/gu.-Hne, n. (Chem.) A yellow crystallizable 
coloring matter, contained in the bark of the berry- 
bearing alder or alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangu- 
la). 

Frank'lin Stove. A name first applied to a kind of 
open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the pe- 
culiar feature of which was that a current of air was 
directly supplied to the fire. The name is now applied 
to other varieties of open stoves- 

Frax'Ine, n. [Lat. faxinvs, the ash-tree.] ( Chem.) 
A fluorescent substance existing in the bark of the ash 
and horse-chestnut. 

Free-love', n. The doctrine or practice of consorting 
with any one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without 
forming a matrimonial connection. 

Free-loy'er, n. One who believes in free-love. 

Free-trade', n. Commerce unrestricted by tariff reg- 
ulations or customs duties ; free interchange of com- 
modities, or liberty of introducing merchandise into a 
country from any other country without payment of 
government duties. 

Free-trad'er, n. One who believes in free-trade. 



Freez'er, n. One who or that which cools or freezes ; 
as, a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the pro- 
cess of freezing ice-cream. 

Frl^'an-deau' (frlk'an-do'), n. [Add.] A fancy dish 
of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entree. 

Fris/ian (friz'yan), a. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, 
Friesland, a district on the northwest coast of Holland ; 
Friesic. 

Frlt'il-la-ry, n. (Entom.) An individual of either of 
several species of butterflies, so called from the resem- 
blance of the coloring of their wings to that of the 
petals of the common fritillaria. 

Fruit'er, n. A vessel for carrying fruit. 

Frust'ule (-yul), n. [Fr., Lat. frustulum, dim. from 
frustum, a piece.] (Nat. Hist.) A separate individual 
in a diatom formed by the union of several similar 
unicellular diatoms. 

Fiieh'shie (fook'sin), n. [Named by the French in- 
ventor, from Fuchs, a fox, which is the German equiva- 
lent of his own name, Renard.~\ ( Chem.) A deep red 
coloring matter, used to color imitations of red wines. 
It is a salt of rosaniline, generally not quite pure. 

Fu. 'coils, a. [Lat. fucus, seaweed.] Pertaining to, or 
resembling, seaweed. 

Ful'gu-ra-ting, a. (Med.) Resembling lightning ; — 
used to describe intense lancinating pains accompanying 
locomotor ataxy. 

Fu'ma-rine, n. [From Lat. fumus, smoke, fume.] 
( Chem. ) An organic base extracted from Fumaria offi- 
cinalis. See Fumiter. 

Fune'tidn, n. [Add.] Carnofs function, a relation 
between the amount of heat given off by a source of 
heat, and the work which can be done by it. 

Fune'tion, ) (-shim), v. i. To execute or perform 

Fune'tion-ate, J a function ; to transact one ? s regular 
or appointed business. 

Fune'tion-al, a. [Add.] Functional disease (Pathol.), 
a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to 
any appreciable lesion or change of structure ; the de- 
rangement of an organ arising from a cause external to 
itself ; — opposed to organic disease, in which the organ 
itself is affected. 

Fiine'tion-less, a. Destitute of function, or of an ap- 
propriate organ. 

Fiin'ny, a. [Add.] Funny bone, the internal condyle 
of the humerus, behind which passes the ulnar nerve, 
which when struck causes a peculiar thrill or tingling 
sensation in the arm ; called also Crazy bone. 

Fftr'ni-tiire, n. [Add.] 3\(Print.) Pieces of wood 
or metal of a lesser height than the type, and varying 
in width from one em pica upwards ; — used to place 
around the form, the piece at the head and one at the 
side being straight, and those at the other side and at 
the bottom of the form being beveled ; designed to se- 
cure the form in its place in the chase. 

Fyl'fot, n. [A.-S. feower fot, four feet.] A rebated 
cross, formerly used as a secret emblem. It symbolized, 
by the junction of four Greek capital gammas, Trinity in 
unity, and by its rectagonal form the chief corner-stone 
of the church. 

Fyst, n. %ae Fice. 



G. 



GAE'BRO, ra. [It.] (Min.) A name originally given 
by Italians to a kind of serpentine ; later used by 
German lithologists for a rock consisting of diallage or 
smaragdite with labradorite or saussurite. 

Gad'u-in, )n. [From Lat. gadus, a cod-fish.] (Chem.) 

Gad'u-ine, ) A peculiar principle found in the liver 
of the common cod, and one of the elements in cod-liver 
oil. 

Gaff, v. t. To strike with a gaff or barbed spear ; to take 
or secure by means of a gaff. 

Gag 1 , n. [Add.] 2. A speech or phrase interpolated off- 
hand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, 
usually consisting of some allusion, which challenges 
the_applause of the audience. 

Ga-le'nite, n. (Min.) Galena ; lead ore. 

Ga'le-o-plth'e-eus, n. [From Gr. yake-q, a weasel, and 
7ri'0i}Ko?, an ape.] (Zool.) The flying lemur, a genus 
of nocturnal animals, found in the Malay Archipelago. 

Gal'li-ean-i§m, n. [See Gallican.] The name applied 



to a movement of those, within the Roman Catholic 
church in France, who wish to vindicate the national 
position of the French church against encroachments 
of the papal authority. 

Gal'li-iim, n. [From Gallia, the Lat. name of France ; 
also from Lat. gallus, a cock, in allusion to the name of 
the discoverer, Lecoq.] ( Chem.) A silver-white, hard 
metal, discovered in 1875. It is somewhat malleable 
and capable of receiving a fine polish. It is remarkable 
for its low melting point (30.1° Centigrade), melting 
when held in the fingers. 

Gal'li-vant, v. i. [From gallant.] To play the beau ; 
to wait upon the ladies. 

Gallize, v. t. [From the name of Dr. Gall, a German.] 
To increase the quantity of, as wine, by adding sugar 
and water to a definite proportion of grapes. 

Ga-ldbt', n. A noisy or worthless fellow ; a rowdy. 

Gal'op (gal'o), n. [Fr.] A quick kind of dance, gener- 
ally in |- time. 



food, foot: urn, n^de, pull; cell, chaise, eall, echo; gem, get; 

'65 



a§; ex.ist; linger, link; this. 



GALVANOGRAPHY 



1026 



GLASS-SPONGE 



Gal'van-og'ra-phy, n. [From galvanism, and Gr. 
ypaufari, description, from ypafeiv, to write.] The art or 
process of depositing metals by electricity ; electrotypy. 

Gal-va/no-plas'ty, n. [Fr. galvanoplastie ; see galva- 
no-plastic.~] The art or process of depositing metals by 
electricity ; electrotyp}\ 

Gam'in (gam'an), n. [Fr.] A neglected street child. 

Gdm'md, n. The third letter (T, y, ya.fj.fj.oL, g) in the 
Greek alphabet. 

Gam/o-gen'e-sis, n. [From Gr. youxos, marriage, and 
yeveo-is, yeVos, birth.] (Biol.) Reproduction from fer- 
tilized germs ; sexual generation. 

Gamp, n. [From the name of Mrs. Gamp, a character 
in "Martin Chuzzlewit," a novel by Charles Dickens.] 
A large umbrella. 

Gang'-plow, ) n. A plow arranged to be fitted in a 

Gang'-plougli, J set of two or more, or one designed 
to make two furrows at the same time. 

Gang'- saw, n. A saw fitted to be one of a combination 
of saws hung together in a frame or sash and set at fixed 
distances apart. 

Gan'is-ter, )n. {Meek.) A refractory material used 

Gan'nis-ter, j for lining the Bessemer converters. It 
consists of crushed or ground silicious stone, mixed 
with fire-clay. The same material is sometimes used for 
macadamizing roads. 

Gan'o-ceph'a-la, n. pi. [Gr. yavo?, brightness, and 
KiOiaKrj, head.] (Zool.) A name applied to one of the 
orders of reptiles, living and extinct, having reference 
to the sculptured and externally polished or ganoid 
bony plates, with which the head is defended. 

Gar'pike, n. (Ichth.) A genus (Lepidosteus) of ganoid 
fishes. See Gar. 

Gas'o-lier', n. A chandelier fitted up for illumination 
by means of gas. 

Gas'o-line, n. A volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, 
obtained from petroleum, also by the distillation of bi- 
tuminous coal ; — also written gasolene. 

Gas'tri-e, a. (Add.) Gastric fever, a form of continued 
fever, of which diarrhea is a leading symptom, and ul- 
ceration of the intestines the chief structural lesion ; — 
called also enteric or typhoid fever. The term is also ap- 
plied to a simple catarrhal inflammation of the stomach, 
and to ephemeral fever. 

Gas'tro— eol'i-e, a. [Gr. yacrrqp, yao-rpo?, belly, and 
kcoAiko;, pertaining to the colon. See Colon.] (Med.) 
Relating both to the stomach and the colon. 

Gas'tro-el'y-trot'o-my, n. [From Gr. yacrn}p,yao-Tp6s, 
belly, abdomen, eXvrpov, sheath, and TOfxrj, a cutting.] 
{Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part 
of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening 
the peritoneum), for the purpose of removing a fetus, 
when natural delivery is impossible. It is a substitute 
for the Cesarean operation, and involves much less 
danger to the patient. 

Gas'tro-en-ter'i-c, a. [Gr. yatrrrjp, yacrrpo?, belly, and 
evTepi/cos, intestinal, from evrepov, intestine.] (Med.) 
Pertaining to the stomach and intestines ; as, gastro- 
enteric inflammation. 

Gas'tro-en'te-T'I'tis, n. (Pathol.) Inflammation of the 
lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines. 

Gas'tro-he-pat'ie, a. [Gr. yao-rqp, yaarpog, belly, and 
T77raTt/cds, from rj-n-ap, the liver.] (Med.) Pertaining 
both to the stomach and the liver. 

Gas'tro-hys'ter-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. yaa-r-qp, yaorpos, 
belly, vcrre'pa, womb, and rofxr\, a cutting, from refiveiv, 
to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the 
womb, through the parietes of the abdomen, for the 
purpose of removing a fetus, when natural delivery is 
impracticable ; the Cesarean operation. 

Gas'tro-ma-la'ci-a (-sbi-a), n. [Gr. yacyrqp, yacrrpos, 
belly, stomach, and fxaka-Kia., softness, from juapaKos, 
soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach ; 
— usually a post-mortem change. 

Gas-tros'-eo-py, n. [Gr. yao-rrjp, yao-rpo?, belly, and 
(TKo-n-etv, to examine.] ( Med.) Examination of the ab- 
domen to detect disease ; abdominoscopy. 

Gate- saw. n. A long saw, stretched in a frame or sash 
called a, gate, to prevent its bending. 

Gat'ling-gun, n. [From the name of the American 
inventor, H. J. Gatling.] A mitrailleuse, or machine- 
gun, invented in 1861-62. It is composed of six barrels, 
a handcrank causing them to revolve about a central 
axis parallel to their bores ; as each barrel coines oppo- 
site a certain point, a self-primed metal-c.i>ed cartridge, 
falling from a hopper, is pushed into the breech by a 
plunger, where it is exploded by the firing-pin. It can 
fire 200 shots a minute with great range and precision. 



Gaucherie (gosh're), n. [Fr.] Awkwardness ; clown- 
ishness ; an awkward act. 

Gauge (gaj), n. [Add.] Siphon-gauge, a glass siphon, 
partly filled with mercury, and used to indicate the 
degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an 
air-pump. 

Gay, a. [Add.] 3. Loose; dissipated; lewd. 

Gay'al, n. (Zool.) A Southern Asiatic species of ox or 

_ bison, the Bos frontalis. 

Gean (gen), n. [Fr. guigne, Sjt.guinda, 0. Ger. wihsela.] 
A species of cherry-tree common in Europe, whose fruit 

. is purplish black when ripe. 

Ge'an-ti-ell'nal, n. [Gr. yrj, the earth, and Eng. anti- 
clinal, q. v.] ( Geol.) An upward bend of a consider- 
able portion of the earth's crust, resulting in the forma- 
tion of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria ; 

. — opposed to geosynclinal. 

Ge-lose', n. [See Gelly.] (Chem.) A gelatinous prin- 
ciple, forming the essential constituent of the vegetable 

. substance called Chinese moss. 

Gen'er-a/tion, n. Alternate generation, the phenome- 
non of an animal producing an offspring which at no 
time resembles its parent, but which, on the other hand, 
itself brings forth a progeny in which reappear the form 

. and functions of the parent animal. 

Gen'i-ti'val, a. Possessing genitive form ; pertaining 
to the genitive case. 

Genre (zhon'r), n. [F] A style of art devoted to the 

. illustration of every-day life. 

Gen'ti fleet, v. i. [See Genuflection.] To bend the 

. knee, as in worship. 

Ge'o-syn-ell'nal, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and Eng. 
synclinal, q. v.] (Geol.) The downward bend or subsi- 
dence of the earth's crust, which allows of the gradual 
accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first 

. step in the making of a mountain range. 

Ge'o-ther-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and 
Eng. thermometer.] A thermometer specially constructed 
for measuring temperatures at a depth beiow the surface 

. of the ground. 

Ge'o-trop'ic, a. Relating to, or affected by, geotropism ; 

. turning towards the earth. 

Cxe-ot'ro-p?§m, n. [Gr. ye'a, yr\, the earth, and TpeVeiv, 
to turn.] (Bot.) The movement of leaves or flowers 

, toward the earth. 

Ge-ra'ni-ine, 1 n. [See Geranium.] (Chem.) A valu- 

Ger'a-nine, J able astringent obtained from the root 

m of one of the geraniums called Crane's-bill. 

Ger'nian, n. [Add.] 3. A round dance, with a waltz 
movement, abounding in capriciously involved figures. 
4 A social party at which the dance just described is 

_ danced. 

Ger'ry-raan'der, v. t. To divide (a State, etc.) into 
local districts, so as to give one political party an unfair 
advantage over its opponent, — an expedient once at- 
tributed to Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Massachusetts. 

Gey'ser-ite (gl'ser-it), n. [From geyser, and Gr. Ai'flo?, 
stone.] (Min. ) A loose hydrated form of silica, mostly 
porous, properly a variety of opal, deposited in concre- 
tionary cauliflower-like masses, around such hot springs 
as the geysers. 

Gha-wa'zi (ga-), n. pi. [Egypt. , said to be derived from 
the fact that they sported before the Ghus. as the old 
Mamelukes are called.] Egyptian dancing-girls of a 
lower sort than the almeh. 

Gl'ant-pow'der, n. See Nitro-gltcerine. 

Ging'ko (ghVko), n. [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) A 
large ornamental tree (Salisburia adiant folia) from 
China and Japan, belonging to the yew sub-order of 
Conifers?. 

Gis'mondine, ) n. [From the name of the discoverer, 

Gis'mon-dlte, ) Gismondi.] (Min.) A native hy. 
drated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first no- 
ticed near Rome. 

Gla'cial (-shal), a. [Add.] Glacial acid (Chem.), an 
acid of such strength as to crystallize at an ordinary 
temperature ; as, acetic or carbolic acid. 

Glance'- wood, n. A hard wood imported from Cuba, 
and manufactured into gauging instruments, carpen- 
ter's rules, and the like. 

Glass'-snake, n. A lacertilian reptile (Ophiosaurus 
ventralis), found in the southern part of the United 
States ; — so called on account of its extreme fragility, 
the tail easily breaking into small pieces. 

Glass'-sponge, n. A silicious sponge of the genus 
Hyalonema (J. E. Gray). As usually seen, it consists 
of a loosely twisted bundle of glass-like threads, di- 
verging at one end and converging at the other. 



5, e, &c., long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, do, wolf, 



GLAZE 



1027 



GYRUS 



Glaze, n. [Add.] 2. (Cookery.) Broth reduced by 
boiling to a gelatinous paste, aud, when needed, 
warmed in the bain-marie, and put on with a brush to 
improve the looks of braised dishes. 

Gll-o'ma, n. [From Gr. yklo., glue.] [Pathol.) A tumor 
of the brain, spinal cord, or retina, developed from neu- 
roglia, the connective tissue of these parts. 

GWres, n. pi. [Lat.] (Zool.) A group of placental 
mammals, equivalent to Rodentia. 

Gliss-ade' , n. [Fr., from glisser, to slip.] The state or 
condition of slipping, or sliding, as on ice. 

Glob'ig-e-ri'na, n. : pi. glob'ig-e-ri'NjE. [N. Lat., 
from globus, a round body, and gerere, to bear, to put 
forth.] (Zoo!.) A microscopic protozoan animal belong- 
ing to the Foraminifera. The dead shells abound at 
the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, contributing very 
largely to form the ooze found there, which is hence 
called globigerina ooze. 

Glob'u-Kf'er-ous, a. [From Eng. globule, and Lat. 
ferre, to bear.] (Geol.) Bearing globules; — used of 
rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary struc- 
ture, where the concretions are isolated globules and 
evenly distributed through the texture of the rock. 

Glon'o-in, \n. (Cliem.) The same as Nitro-glyce- 

Glon'o-Ine, } bine, q. v. 

Glove'L^s, a. Being without gloves ; having bare 
hands ; hence, rough ; harsh. 

Glu'eo-slde, n. [Glucose, and the terminal ide.] 
(Chem.) One of a number of bodies, all of similar con- 
stitution, which are found ready formed in plants, and 
less frequently in the bodies of animals. They are all 
resolvable by boiling with dilute acids into glucose and 
some other compound, and many of them constitute the 
bitter principles of plants. 

Gly'eo-gen, n- [Fr. glycogen e, from Gr. yAu/eu'?. sweet, 
and yeVos, birth] (Chem.) A substance isomeric with 
starch, occurring in the human liver and placenta, and 
entering largely into the constitution of most of the 
tissues of the embryo. 

Gly'co-gen'te, a. Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen 

Giiels'sie (nls'slk), a. Relating to, or resembling, gneiss. 

Go, v. i. [Add.] To go bark on, to abandon ; to turn 
against ; to expose ; to retrace. 

GoldVn (gold'n), a. [Add.] Golden age (Roman liter- 
ature), the first and best part (b. c. 81-a. d. 14) of the 
classical period of Latinity, — followed b}' the silver age. 

Gold'finch, n. [Add.] 2. Also, a small bird ( Chry- 
somiiris tristis) with bright yellow plumage, found 
throughout North America, especially in the Eastern 
States ; — called also thistle/inch and yelloiv-bird. 

Gobd'y-gobd'y, a. Affectedly good : exhibiting good- 
ness with a tincture of silliness or of hypocrisy ; pre- 
tentiously or effusively virtuous. 

Gobd'y-Ish, a. Exhibiting or advocating goodness in a 
somewhat silly manner. 

Gobse'-«6rn, n. (Bot.) A coarse kind of rush. 

Goose'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) One of a genus (Lophius) of 
teleost fishes ; — called also angler (q. v.), fishing-frog , 
wide-gab, sea-devil, and bellows-fish. 

Gouache (gwash), n. [Fr. , It gitnzzo, from Lat. vadum, 
aford.] (Art.) A method of painting with opaque colors, 
ground in water and diluted with a preparation of gum. 

Grade, n. [Add.] 3. (Stock-breeding.) The result of 
crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the 
cross-breed have more than th'ree-,fourths of the better 
blood, it is called high grade. 

At grade, on the same level, said of the crossing of a 
railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they 
are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down 
grade, a descent, as on a graded railway. — Up grade, 
an ascent, as on a graded railway. 

Gra'di-ent, n. [Add.] 3. The rate of increase or de- 
crease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which rep- 
resents it; as, a thermometric gradient. 

Gia'ham Bread. [From name of Sylvester Graham, 
a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat. 
It is more nourishing than common wheaten bread. 

Gra'liam-ite, n. [See supra.] One who follows the 
system of Graham in his dietetic regimen. 

Grand'aunt (-ant), n. The aunt of one's father or 
mother. 

Grand'un/ele (-Qnk'l), n. The uncle of one's father 
or_ mother. 

Grange, n. [Add.] 2. An association of farmers or- 
ganized for the purpose of bringing producers and con- 
sumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct and 
friendly relations, that they may buy and sell without 
the aid of middlemen or traders. 



Graph'ie, ) a. [Add.] Graphical statics (Math.), a 

Graph'i«-al, J branch of statics, in which the magni- 
tude, direction, and position of forces are represented 
by straight lines. 

Grapli'o-type, n. [Gr. ypdfaiv, to write, and tv7tos, 
blow, impression, image, from tvittsiv, to beat, strike.] 
(Engraving. ) A process for producing a design upon a 
surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Pre- 
pared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth 
plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon 
this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wher- 
ever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed 
or brushed, leaving the lines in relief. 

Grass'-tree, n. (Bot.) An Australian plant of the 
genus Xa?ithorhea, distinguished by its crown of long, 
pendulous, grass-like leaves, from the center of which 
arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower- 
spike, looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. 

Granl, n. Grilse ; immature salmon, in the last stage 
before maturity. 

Grav'en-piece, n. [See Grave, v. t.] A term used 
among the ship-carpenters and sailors, for a piece of 
wood inserted in a plank or timber, in the place of a de- 
cayed or otherwise imperfect part. 

Grav'i-met'rie, a. [Lat. gravis, heavy, and Gr. fxerpt.- 

/eds, metric, from fxirpov, measure.] Measured by weight. 

Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the 

amounts of the constituents are determined by weight ; 

— in distinction from volumetric analysis. 

Greag'er or Greas'er, n. A term of contempt applied 
to Mexicans and Spanish Americans. 

Grease'- wood, n. (Bot.) A scraggy, stunted shrub 
( Obione canescens), abundant in the dry and alkaline 
valleys of Nevada and Utah, and elsewhere in the West- 
ern United States. The name is applied to other shrubs 
of the same family, as the Sarcobatus vermiculatus . 

Green, n. [A'id.] Paris green, a poisonous arsenical 
pigment, of a very vivid green tint. 

Green'back, n. A legal tender note of the United 
States, first issued on the breaking out of the late civil 
war. The devices on the backs of notes so issued by 
the government, and by the national banks, are printed 
with green ink, mainly for the purpose of preventing 
alterations and counterfeits. 

Green 'back, a. Pertaining to the issue of greenbacks. 

Green'bone, n. (Ichth.) The eelpout ; also the garfish : 
both so called from the color of the bones when boiled. 

Green'bri-er, n. (Bot.) A thorny climbing shrub, 
common in the United States. 

Greg'a-rine, n. [From Lat. grex, gregis, a herd.] 
(Zool.) A small parasitic protozoan, one species of 
which is often found in the false hair worn by women. 

Grief, n. [Add.] To come to grief, to meet with an ac- 
cident ; to be ruined, or destroyed. 

Griffe (grif), n. [Fr.] The offspring of a mulatto 
woman and a negro man. 

Grif 'fin, n. [Add.] 3. An English early apple. 

Grind'er, n. [Add.] Grinder's asthma, grinder's 
phthisis, or grinder's rot (Pathol.), a lung disease pro- 
duced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of 
steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding. 

Gro'cer, n. [Add.] Grocer's itch (Pathol.), a disease 
of the skin, caused by handling sugar and molasses. 

Ground, n. [Add.] &. (Elec.) A conducting connec- 
tion with the earth, by means of which the earth is 
made part of an electrical current. 

Ground, u. i. [Add.] 4. (Elec.) To connect with the 
ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical 
current. 

Grue'some, a. Same as Grewsome, q. v. 

Grii'ment, n. [See Grume.] The drops of pitch which 
exude from the trunks of certain trees, as the white or 
pitch pine, when wounded. 

Gua'iae (gwa/yak), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
guaiacum or guiac. 

Gum, v. i. To harden into gum : to become gummy. 

Gut'ti-f 6rm, a. [Lat. gutta, a drop, and forma, form.] 
. Drop-shaped. 

Gy-nan'ther-ous, a. [Gr. yvvrj, woman, and av6o<;, 
flower.] ( Bot.) Pertaining to an abnormal condition 
of the flower, in which the stamens are converted into 
, pistils. 

Gy'ral, a. [Add.] 2. Of, or pertaining to, a convolu- 
m tion of the brain, or gyrus. 

Gy'ro-seop'ic, a. Pertaining to the gyroscope ; resem- 
_bling the motion of the gyroscope. 

Gff'rfis, n. ; pi. gy'ri. [Lat., Gr. yOpos, a circle.] 
(Anat.) A convolution of the brain. 



food,fo"bt; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



HABITUE 



1028 



HEMOSTATIC 



H. 



HA-BIT-U-liy (a-bit'H-a'), n. [F.] One habituated to 
a certain place, employment, etc. 

Hsem'at-ox'y-line, n. (Chem.) The coloring prin- 
ciple of logwood. 

Hair, n. [Add.] African hair, a fiber obtained from 
the palmetto, and much used for making cordage, sail- 
cloth, and carpets. 

Hair 7 - split/ ting, n. The act or practice of making ex- 
cessively nice divisions, or minute and trivial distinc- 
tions ; extreme subtlety. 

Hal-loy'slte, n. [Named after Omalius d\Halloy.] 
(Min.) A clay-like mineral, occurring in soft, smooth, 
amorphous masses, of a whitish color. It is a hydrous 
silicate of alumina. 

Hal'o-phyte, n. [Gr. aAs, aAos, salt, and <$>vtov, a plant, 
from ^ueiv, to produce, grow.] (Bot.) A plant found in 
salt marshes, having salts of soda in its composition. 

Ha-lox'y-llne, n. [From Gr. aAs, aAo?, salt, and 
£vAov, wood.] An explosive compound, consisting of 
non-resinous sawdust, charcoal, niter, and ferro-cyanide 
of potassium, used for blasting and the like, as a sub- 
stitute for gunpowder. 

Ham'u-late, a. Hooked._ 

Ham'u-lils, n. ; pi. ham'u-li. [Lat., dim. from hamus, 
hook.] (Ornith.) Hooked fringe of a barbule ; hooked 
barbicel. 

Hand'i-eap, v. t. [imp. and p. p. handicapped; p. pr. 
and vb. n. handicapping.] To encumber with a handi- 
cap in racing : in general, to encumber, to hamper. 

Hand'-mon'ey (-mun'y), n. Money paid in hand at 
the closing of a contract ; earnest-money. 

Hand'spring, n. A spring, in making which a gym- 
nast, placing both hands upon the ground before him, 
turns a somersault and alights upon his feet. 

Hang'ing-wall, n. (Mining;.) The upper wall of an 
inclined vein",' or that which hangs over the miner's 
head when working in the vein. 

Ha'ra-k'i'ri, n. [Jap., stomach-cutting.] A form of 
suicide, by cutting open the stomach, practiced in 
Japan ; — also written, incorrectly, hari-kari. 

Har'bin-ger, v. t. [imp. and p. p. harbingered ; p. pr. 
and vb. n. harbingering.] To usher in ; to introduce 
as a harbinger. 

Hard'head (-hed), n. [From hard and head.] {Ichth.) 
The menhaden (Alosa menhaden). 

Har'eld, n. (Zo'dl.) One of a genus of ducks. 

Ha'ri-ka'ri, n. See Hara-kiri. 

Hatch'-boat, n. (Naut.) A swift- sailing boat, used 
for fishing, both in rivers and on the coast ; it is sim 
ilar in appearance to a yacht, has no bowsprit, and is 
distinguished by a small sail over the stern. 

Hatch'et-tine, I n. [Named after the discoverer, 

Hatch'et-tite, J Charles Hatchett.] {Min.) Mineral 
tallow; a waxy or spermaceti- like substance, commonly 
of a greenish-yellow color. 

Hatch'ure (-yur), n. [Fr. hachure, from hacher, to 
hatch, to hack.] ( Engraving.) A term used to denote 
the lines made in the process of hatching. 

Hat'- stand, { n. A stand usually consisting of an up- 

Hat'-tree, \ right piece of wood or iron, with arms 
bearing hooks, or pegs, upon which to hang hats and 
outside clothing. 

Hay'-f e'ver, n (Med.) A catarrh accompanied with 
fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnoea, to 
which some persons are subject in the spring and sum- 
mer seasons. It has been attributed to effluvium from 
hay, and pollen of plants. It is also called hay-asthma, 
hay-cold, rose-cold and rose-fever. 
Head (hed), n. [Add.] 14. An ear of wheat, barley, 
or of one of the other small cerpals. In the U. S., ear 
is used of Indian corn alone. 
Head'ing, n. \_Add.] 4. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, 
or adit in a mine ; a horizontal passage between the 
shifts or turns of the working parties. 5. (Serving.) 
The extension of a line of ruffling above the line of 
stitch. 6. (Masonry.) That end of a stone which is 
presented outward. 
Health'-lift, n. A machine for exercise in which a 
weight is so disposed with handles or straps for the 
hands, hips, or shoulders, that a person may conven- 
iently try his strength at lifting gradually increasing 
weights ; — also called lifting-machine. 



Heat, n. [Add.] 11. Sexual excitement in animals. 
He'fora-I§m, n. [Add.] 2- The type of character sup- 
posed to distinguish the Hebrews ; servile and severe 
allegiance to conscience : stoical and ascetic self-con- 
trol ; painful and unrelaxing industry. 
Hek-tare', n. See Hectare ; for Hektogram, Hekto- 

liter, and Hektometer, see Hectogram, etc. 
Hel'enin, In. (Chem.) A crystalline substance exist- 
Hel/en-me, i ing in the root of the plant elecampane. 
He'li-o-graph, n. [See Heliographt.] A reflector 
used to transmit messages by flashes of sunlight ; a 
message thus sent. 
He'li-o-lite, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and Ai'0os, a stone.] 
(Paleon.) One of a genus of anthozoic corals, having 
twelve-rayed cells, found in the Silurian rocks. 

He'li-o-trop'ie, a. Turning toward the sun. 

He'li-ot'ro-pigra, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and rpojros, 
turn, from rpeVeiv, to turn.] (Bot.) The faculty by 
which certain plants are supposed to turn their leaves 
or flowers toward the sun. 

He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and twos, a blow, 
an impression, an image.] A picture obtained by the 
process of heliotypy. 

He'li-o-ty'py, n. A method of photography analogous 
to the process of lithography, in which the printing 
surface, after exposure to light passing through a pho- 
tographic negative, acquires power to absorb water in 
the exact proportion in which it has been protected 
from the action of light, and also takes ink in the exact 
ratio that it has, in consequence of the action of light, 
acquired power to repel water. 

Hel'len-ism, n. [Add."] 2. The type of character 
characteristic of the ancient Greeks, which aims at 
culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in 
human well-being and perfection. 

Helm'et- shell, n. (Zo'dl.) One of a genus (Cassis) 
of pectinibranchiate mollusks, found in shallow tropi- 
cal seas, both Atlantic and Pacific. 

Hel'min-thlte, n. [Gr. tr'A/iivs, e\fXLv6os, a worm.] 
(Geol.) One of the sinuous tracks common on the 
surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as 
worm-trails. 

Hem / a-dy-nam'ie, a. Relating to hemadynamics. 

HenVa-dy-iiam'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. alfxa, blood, and 
Eng. dynamics.'] (Physiol.) The principles of dynam- 
ics in their application to the blood. 

Hem 1 a-to^'ry-d, n. pi. [Gr. alfxa, aifxaro?, blood, and 
Kpvos, cold.] (Zo'dl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates, that 
is, all but the mammals and birds. 

Hem'a-to-^rys'tal-line, n. [Gr..aT(u.a, dL^a-Tos, blood, 
and Kpvo-raWov, crystal.] That constituent of the 
blood of animals which assumes the crystalline form, 
under certain chemical treatment ; — called also hema- 
to-globvline, and globuline. 

Hem'a-to-glob'ii-line, n. [Gr. al/xa, ai'/AaTos, blood, 
and Eng. globuline.] See Hemato-crystalline, supra. 

Hem'a-toi'dine, n. [Fr. hematoidine, from Gr. atjua, 
aijaa-TO?, blood, and ei5os. form.] (Physiol.) A crystal- 
line or amorphous pigment, formed from the normal 
coloring matter of the blood corpuscles in old hemor- 
rhages in the body. 

Hem'o-to-ther'md, n. pi. [Gr. atjua, ai'juiaTo?, blood, 
and flepfzo?, hot, warm.] (Zo'dl.) A term applied to the 
group of warm-blodded vertebrates, comprising mam- 
mals and birds ; — the antithesis to hematocrya. 

Hem'i-hol'o-he'dral, a. [Prefix hemi, and holohe- 
dral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in 
which half the sectants have the full number of 
planes. 

He'min, «. [From Gr. aW, blood.] (Chem.) A sub- 
stance which can be formed from blood pigment by the 
action of strong acetic acid and common salt. It sep- 
arates in the form of microscopic rhombic crystals, and 
is a delicate test for the presence of blood. 

Hem/i-ple'gie, a. Afflicted with hemiplegy, or paral- 
ysis of one side only. 

Hem'i-sphe'roid, n. A half of a spheroid. 

Hem'o-glo'bme, n. [Gr. aljua, blood, and Eng. globe.] 
(Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood 
corpuscles. 

Hem'o-stat'ie, a. [Gr. alfxa, blood, and o-TctTiKo?, 
causing to stand, from ioravai, to stand.] (Med. ) 1. 



a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what , ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



HEPATICA 



1029 



HOUND 



Relating to stagnation or stoppage of the blood. 2. 
Serving to arrest hemorrhage ; styptic. 

He-pdtSi-ed^n. [Lat. ; Gr. 197ra.TiK.6s, pertaining to the 
liver, from rjirap, the liver; Fr. hepatique.] (Bot.) A 
genus of ranunculaceous plants; — so named because 
of a supposed resemblance between the lobes of the 
leaves and the lobes of the liver. 

Hep'a-to-gas'trie, a. [Gr. riwap, t^o/tos, the liver, 
and yaa-Trip, yacrxpos, belly, stomach.] Pertaining to 
the liver and stomach. 

Hep'tad, n. [Gr. eTrras, €77TdSos, from eura, seven.] 
(Chem.) An atom the equivalence of which is seven 
atoms of hydrogen, or which can be combined with, 
substituted for, or replaced by seven atoms of hy- 
drogen. 

Hep'ta-stxeh (-stik), n. [Gr. enrd, seven, and ori'xos, 
line, verse.] (Pros.) A composition consisting of seven 
verses 

Her'«u-le§, n. [Add.] Hercules' 1 club (Bot.), a trivial 
name for three widely different plants : (a. ) An orna- 
mental West Indian tree (Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis), 
of the same genus with the prickly ash. (b.) A variety 
of the common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris), the fruit 
of which often exceeds five feet in length, (c.) A large 
shrub (Aralia spinosa) with an exceedingly prickly 
stem, also called Angelica tree, and cultivated on ac- 
count of the tropical character of its foliage. 

Hevd'-btfbk, n. A book containing the pedigrees of 
one or more herds of cattle of choice breed ; — also 
called herd-record , or herd-register. 

He-red'i-ty, n. [See Hereditable ] The transmission 
of physical and psychical qualities of parents to their 
offspring; the biological law by which living beings 
tend to repeat themselves in their descendants. 

Here'in-aft'er, adv. In the following part of this. 

Her'it-a-bll'i-ty, n. State of being heritable. 

Her''ni-6t'o-my, n. [Prom hernia and Gr. Top.17. a cut- 
ting, from reixveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The act or opera- 
tion of cutting for the cure of hernia or for the relief 
of strangulated hernia. 

Het'er-Sg'a-my, n. [See Heterogamous.] (Bot.) The 
process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or cir- 
cuitous method ; — opposed to orthogamy. 

Het'er-o-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. erepos, other, and yeVeo-is, 
yeVos, birth.] 1. Spontaneous generation. 2. Descent, 
in which successive generations differ from each other ; 
production of a living being, by beings of a species differ- 
ent from it ; — opposed to homogenesis, or gamogenesis. 

Het'er-og'e-nlst, n. One who believes in the theory 
of spontaneous generation or heterogenesis. 

Het'er-og'e-ny, n. Same as Heterogenesis. 

Het'er-o-mor'p h i§m, n. [Gr. erepos, other, and 
ju.op$i7, form.] (Bot.) The possession, in the same 
species of plants, of flowers differing in the relative 
position of the stamens and pistil, so as to favor the 
transference by insects of the pollen from the anther of 
the one form to the pistil of the other. 

Het'er-op'a-thy, n. [Gr. eVepos, other, and ndOos, an 
affection, from iraOelv, irdo-x^v, to receive an impres- 
sion, to suffer.] (Med.) That mode of treating dis- 
eases, by which a morbid condition is removed, by in- 
ducing a different morbid condition to supplant it ; — a 
name applied by homoebpathists to the ordinary med- 
ical practice, or allopathy. 

HSt'er-o-tax'y, n. [Gr. erepos, other, and rd£is, an ar- 
rangement, from Two-eii/, to arrange.] (Bot.) A devi- 
ation of organs from ordinary position. 

Het'e-ro-to'pj', «• [From Gr. erepos, other, and tottos, 
place ; Pr. heterotopic] (Med.) A deviation from the 
natural location ; — a term applied in the case of organs 
or products which are normal in character but abnor- 
mal in situation. 

Hex'ad, n. [Gr. e£ds, e£dSo?, the number six, from e£, 
six.] (Chem.) An atom, the equivalence of which is 
six, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or 
replaced by, six atoms of hydrogen. 

Hex'a-tom'ie, a. [Gr. e£, six, and drojicos, atom, q. v.] 
(Chem.) Consisting of six atoms; having six atoms in 
the molecule. 

Hicks'ite, n. A follower of the party headed by Elias 
Hicks, which seceded from the Society of Priends, in 
the United States, in 1827. The cause of the separation 
was mainly theological, Hicks showing a leaning toward 
Socinian or Rationalistic doctrines. 

Hip-pa'ri-dn, n. [Gr. i-rrndpiov, dim. of iWos, ahorse.] 
(Paleon.) One of the horse family, found fossil in the 
older pliocene and later miocene. There were three 
toes in each limb ; the median one strong, with a large 



hoof, while the lateral ones were small, not reaching 
beyond the fetlock joint. 

Hipped (hipt), ) a. [Corruption of hypochondriac] 

Hlp'pisli, J Somewhat hypochondriac. 

Hip-pi-at'rie, a. [From Gr. i777T(.arp6s, veterinary sur- 
geon, from t7r7ros, horse, and tarpos, physician.] Relat- 
ing to a knowledge of the diseases of the horse ; of, or 
pertaining to, farriery; veterinary. 

Hddg'kin'g Di§-ea§e'. (Pathol.) A morbid condi- 
tion characterized by progressive anasmia and enlarge- 
ment of the lymphatic glands ; — first described by Dr. 
Hodgkin, an English physician. 

Hog, n. 3. [Add.] Hog of wool, the trade name for 
the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. 

Hog'reeve, n. A civil officer charged with the duty of 
taking up hogs running at large, for the purpose of im- 
pounding them. [N. Eng~] 

H6g : §'-back, n. (Geol.) The ridgy structure of cer- 
tain districts, consisting of alternate ridges and ravines. 

Hoist'way, n. An opening in the floor of a wareroom 
for hoisting or lowering merchandise. 

Hol'o-heixi'i-he'dral, a. [Gr. SAos, whole, 17^1, half, 
and eSpa, seat, base, from e£eo-0a<., to sit.] (Crystallog.) 
Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants 

• have half the whole number of planes. 

HoFo-pho'tal, a. [Gr. oAos, whole, and </>d>s, </>u>tos, 
light.] Causing no loss of light ; — applied to reflectors 
which throw back the rays of light in one unbroken 
mass without perceptible loss. 

HoFo-phras'tie, a. [Fr. holophrastique, from Gr. oaos, 
whole, and </>pdo-is, phrase, from cfrpageiv, to speak.] 
Using a word as the equivalent for a phrase or sentence ; 
— said of certain polysynthetic languages, notably the 
aboriginal languages of America, in which an entire 
verbal phrase is incorporated in one compound vocable ; 
agglutinative. 

Hol/o-ster'i-e, a. [Gr. oaos, whole, and o-Tepeos, solid.] 
Wholly solid; — used of a barometer constructed of 
solid materials, so as to show the variations of atmos- 
pheric pressure without employment of liquids. The 
usual form of such a barometer is the aneroid. 

Ho'ly, a. [Add.] Holy Saturday (Eccl.), the Saturday 
immediately preceding the festival of Easter. 

Home, v. i. To tend or proceed toward home ; to have 
the instinct to return home when at liberty to do so ; 
as, a homing pigeon. 

Ho-me'ri-d, n. pi. [From the name of Homer, the 
Greek poet.] (Bot.) A beautiful genus of bulbous 
plants from the Cape of Good Hope, of the iris family. 

Ho-mod'ro-inoiis, a. [Gr. 6/u.os, like, and Spop.6? a 
course, running, from 8pa.fj.elv, to run.] (Bot.) Run- 
ning in the same direction. 

Ho-mog'a-my, n. [Gr. 6/u.os, like, and yd/uos, mar- 
riage.] (Bot.) The process of fertilization in plants, 
when the stamens and pistil mature in a hermaphro- 
dite flower at exactly the same period. 

Ho'mo-gen'e-sis, «. [Gr. 6ju.6s, like, and yeVeo-is, yeVos, 
birth.] That method of natural descent in which the 
successive generations are alike ; gamogenesis ; — op- 
posed to heterogenesis. 

Ho'mo-mor'phigm, n. [Gr. 6(u.6s, same, and fiop4>rj, 
form.] (Bot.) The possession, in one species of plants, 
of only one kind of flowers. 

Ho'mo-plag'my, n. [Gr. 6/u.os, same, and nkdo-p-a, 
anything formed, molded, or imitated, from Trkdo-aeiv, 
to form, mold.] (Biol.) Resemblance between differ- 
ent plants or animals in general habit or in particular 
organs, not due to descent from a common ancestor, 
but to similar surrounding circumstances. 

Ho'mo-pl&s'tic, a. Of, or relating to, homoplasmy. 

Ho'mo-styled, a. [Gr. 6|u6s, same, and o-tOaos, style.] 
(Bot.) Having only one form of flowers. 

Hdbd'liim, n. A young rowdy ; a rough, worthless 
fellow ; a ragamuffin ; a gamin. 

Hopped, a. A term used by file makers, to describe a 
very coarse spacing of the teeth of a file. 

Horse'load, n. A load fit for a horse to draw or carry. 

Hdrse'-inacfc/er-el, n. [Add.] (Ichth.) (b.) The 
American tunny ( Orcynus secundi-dorsalis), found on 
the coast from Newfoundland to Florida, (c.) The 
name is applied to the blue-fish (Pomatomus saltatrix). 

Hotch/potch., n. (Add.) 3. A kind of mutton broth 
peculiar to Scotland, in which green peas are an ingre- 
dient in place of rice or barley. 

Hound, ». [Add.] 2. A sidebar used to strengthen 
the running gear of a vehicle. In wagons, the hounds 
of the fore axle pass forward and on each side of the 
tongue, to which they are secured by the tongue bolt. 



food, f dbt ; u.rn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; as ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



HOUR 



1030 



IDEAT 



The hounds of the hind axle unite, and are fastened to 
the coupling pole by the coupling pin. 

Hour (our), n. [Add.] 4. The limit of the time ap- 
pointed for regular labor ; — as, after hours. 

House, n. [Add,] Q. By metonymy, an audience ; an 
assembly of hearers ; — as, a thin or a full house. 

Hulk'ing, a. [See Hulk, n.] Exhibiting bulk ; bulky ; 
unwieldy. 

Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an, n. [Add.] 2. One who practices 
humanity or benevolence ; one whose actions are based 
upon kindly and sympathetic feelings. 3. (Philos.) 
Ohe who limits the sphere of duties to human relations 
and affections, to the exclusion or disparagement of the 
religious or spiritual. 

Hu-inan'i-ta'ri-aii, a. [Add.] 2. Benevolent; phi- 
lanthropic. 3. Content with right affections and ac- 
tions toward man ; ethical, as distinguished from relig- 
ious. 

Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an-Igm, n. [Add.] 2. The doctrine 
or practice of systematic benevolence, or philanthropy ; 
the principles of humane interest in the welfare of the 
race. 3. (Philos.) The doctrine of the humanitarians, 
that man's obligations and perfection are limited to 
man and the human relations. 

Hii'mate, n. [Lat. humus, the earth, ground.] (Chem.) 
A compound of humic acid with a base. 

HCL'mlte, n. [From the name of Sir A. Hume] (Min.) 
A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found 
iu the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of 
iron and magnesia, containing fluorine. 

Hur'dle-race, n. A race in which artificial barriers in 
the shape of hurdles must be leaped. 

Hy'hri-diz'er, or Hyh'rid-iz'er, n. One who hybri- 
dizes ; one who endeavors to produce hybrids, or mon- 
grel animals or plants. 

Sy-drse'mi-d, n. [Gr. vdtap, water, and at/ua, blood.] 
(Pathol.) An abnormally watery state of the blood. 

Hy'dra-form, a. [hydra, and Lat. forma, shape.] 
Resembling the hydra or fresh-water polyp in form. 

Hy-dras'tin, ) n. (Chem.) A crystallizable alkaloid 

Hy-dras'tine , J obtained from the root of hydrastis 
and some other plants growing in wet places ; — used 
medicinally as a tonic. 

Hy-dras'tis, n. [From Gr. veiv, to rain, and Spav, to 
do, to be active.] (Bot.) A North American ornamental 
plant belonging to the crow-foot group. 

Hy'dren-ceph'a-lo-cele, n. [Gr. i)Su>p, water, ev*e<pa- 
\ov, brain, from iv, in, and Ke<f>a\rj, head, and Kr)\y, 
tumor.] (Patkol.) The hernial protrusion of a mem- 
branous sac containing serum, through an opening or 
between the bones of the skull. 

Hy'dren-ter'o-cele, n. [Gr. OScop, water, evrepa. in- 
testines, and KYjkr), tumor.] (Pathol.) Intestinal her- 
nia, the sac of which incloses fluid. 

Hy'dride, n. (Chem.) A compound of the binary 
type, in which hydrogen playing the part of a negative 
is united with some other element. 

Hy'dro-ce-phal'ie, a. Relating to, or connected 
with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain. 

Hy'dro-ceph'a-loid, a. [Gr. iiSpoKe<£aAo?, hydroceph- 
alus, and elSos, appearance.] Like hydrocephalus. 

Hy'dro-eliem'is-try, n. [Gr. v&op, water, and Eng. 
chemistry.] That department of chemistry which re- 
lates more especially to water and other fluids, or to 
chemical operations performed in the wet way, that is, 
by means of substances in solution. 

Hy'dro-ki-net'ie, a. [Gr. i)8u>p, water, and Eng. ki- 
netic] Of, or pertaining to, the motions of fluids, or 
the forces which produce or affect such motions ; — op- 
posed to hydrostatic. 

Hy'dro-mag'ne-site, n. [Gr. i)Swp, water, and Eng. 
magnesite.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia 
occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses in ser- 

, pentina rocks. 

Hy'dro-nie-ehan'ies, n. sing [Gr. vSwp, water, and 
Eng, mechanics ; Fr. hydromechaniuue.] That branch 



of natural philosophy which treats of the mechanics of 
liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion. 

Hy'dro-piilt, n. [From Gr. OScop, water, and ndWeiv, 
to swing, to poise, to hurl.] A machine for throwing 
water by hand power ; — used as a garden engine, or 
fire extinguisher, and the like. 

Hy'dro-tlier'mal, a. [Gr. vSwp, water, and 0epju.Tj, 
heat, Qepp.6%, hot, from Oepeiv, to warm ; Fr. hydrother- 
miqua.] Of, or pertaining to, hot water; — applied to 
the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, 
and otherwise producing mineral changes within the 
crust of the globe. 

Hy-drox'yl, a. [hydrogen and oxygen.] (Chem.) A 
compound radical, or unsaturated group, consisting of 
one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. 

Hy'grine, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid contained in coca 
leaves. It is a pale yellow oil, having a strongly alka- 
line reaction and burning taste. 

Hy-groph'a-nous, a. [From Gr. vypos, wet, and <£cu- 
veiv, to show, to shine.] Diaphanous when moist ; — ap- 
plied to substances which are opaque when dry. 

Hy'ld, n. [Gr. 1/A7J, a wood.] (Zool.) A genus of Hylidss 
or tree-toads. 

Hym'nal, n. [Add.] 2. A collection of hymns. 

Hym'nist, n. One who writes hymns. 

Hy'os-cy'a-miis, n. [Lat., Gr. voo-Kva.p.0%, henbane, 
from vs, a sow, hog, and Kvajuos, a bean, — its seeds, re- 
sembling beans, being poisonous to swine.] (Bot.) A 
genus of poisonous plants of the solanaceous or night- 
shade family ; henbane. 

Hy'per-cy'eloid, n. [Gr. vnep, over, beyond, kvk\os, 
circle, and e'6os, form.] ( Geom.) A variety of epicy- 
cloidal curve generated by a point in the circumference 
of a movable circle, which rolls on the outside of the 
circumference of a fixed circle. 

Hy'per-i-nd'sis, n. [Gr. vnep, over, above, and Is, Ivos, 
strength, fiber.] (Pathol.) A condition of the blood, 
characterized by an abnorcnally large amount of fibrine, 
as in many inflammatory diseases. 

Hy'per-ki ne'sis, n. [Gr. V7rep, over, above, and kiVij- 
cris, motion, from Kiveiv, to move.] Abnormally in- 
creased muscular movement ; a spasm. 

Hy'per-ki-net'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, hyperkinesis. 

Hy' pev-pld' si-d (-zhT-a), n. [Gr. vnep, over, above, 
and nXacrts, conformation, from nXdo-aeiv, to mold ; Fr. 
hyperplasia.] (Med.) An increase in the normal ele- 
ments of any part. 

Hy'per-plas'tie, a. Pertaining to hyperplasia. 

Hyp'i-no'sis, n. [Gr. vno, under, and is, ivos, strength, 
fiber.] (Patkol.) A diminution in the normal amount 
of fibrine present in the blood. 

Hyp'no-bate, n. [Fr., from Gr. vnvos, sleep, and 
jiaLveiv, to go.] One who walks in his sleep ; a somnam- 
bulist. 

Hy'po-ear'poge'an, a. [Gr. vno, under, Kapiros, fruit, 
and yrj, earth.] (Bot.) Producing fruit below ground. 

Hy'po-cy'-eloid, n. [Fr. hi/poryclo'id> , from Gr. vno, 
under, kvkAos, circle, and eI8os, form.] (Geom.) A 
curve traced by a point iu the circumference of a circle 
which rolls on the concave side of a fixed circle. 

Hyp-o-der'md, n. [Gr. vno, under, and Bepp.a, skin ] 
(Bot.) A layer of tissue lying beneath the epidermis 
in plants, and performing the physiological function of 
strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous 
plants it is mostly developed as collenchijma. 

Hyp'o-der-mat'o-my, n. [Gr. vno, under, depfta, skin, 
and To/u.rj, a cutting, from refj-veiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The 
act or operation of making a subcutaneous incision. 

Hyp'o-der'mk, a. [See Hypoderma.] Of, or pertain- 
ing to, that which is under the skin. Hi/podermic med- 
ication consists in the application of remedies under the 
epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe con- 
structed for the purposee. 

Hys-ter'o-phyte, n. [Gr. vcrrepos, following, and^wrop, 
plant.] (Bot ) A plant, like the fungus, which lives 
on dead or living organic matter. 



I. 



WH'TMY-611'NIS, n. [Gr. i x 0vs, fish, and op^s, 
■ bird.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird with teeth, from the 
upper cretaceous formations of Kansas. It has bicon- 
cave vertebrae, like those of fishes. 



I-de'al-ist, n. [Add.] 2 One who idealizes ; one given 

to romantic expectations. 
I-de'at, n. [L. Lat. idea turn, from Lat. idea, Gr. iSe'a, 

idea.] (Metaph.) The ontological reality or actual ex- 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



IDEOGRAM 



1031 



.INTERPELLATE 



istence corresponding with, or supposed to correspond 
with, an idea ; the correlate in real existence to the idea 
as a thought existence. 

I-de'o-grarn, n. [Fr. ideogramme, from Gr. [Sea, idea, 
and ypa/u./ua, a writing, from ■ypa^eiv, to write.] A pic- 
torial representation, not only of visible objects but even 

_ of abstract ideas ; a hieroglyph. 

j de'o-graph, n. The same as Ideogram. 

Ig-ni'tor, ». [See Ignite.] One who, or that which, 
produces ignition ; especially, a contrivance for inflam- 
ing the powder in a torpedo or the like. 

Ig'no-rant-i§m, n. The political policy of keeping the 
masses of the people in a state of ignorance ; obscur- 

_ antism. 

I-gua/ni-an (-gwii'-), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, 

„ the Iguana, a genus of lizards. 

Ih'lang-i'h/laiig, n. [Malayan, flower of flowers.] A 
perfume obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of 

^ Unona odorata, an East Indian plant. 

I-lic'ie, a. [From Lat. ilex, iticis, holly.] Pertaining 
to the holly {Ilex aqui folium); — said of an acid con- 
tained in the leaves of the holly. 

Il'i-cin, )n. A bitter principle extracted from the 

jl'i-cine, J holly. 

IFix-an'thine, n. [Lat. ilex, holly, and Gr. gavOos, 
yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the 

w leaves_ of the holly . 

IFlu-ta'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. in, in, and lutum, 
mud.] The act or operation of smearing the body with 
mud, especially with the sediment from mineral 

_ springs ; a mud-bath. 

Itn'mor-telles' (im/mor-tel'), n. pi. [Fr. See Immor- 
telle.] Wreaths composed of fadeless flowers, placed 
usually upon coffins, urns, monuments, and the like, 
as expressions of undying regard. 

Im-pe'ri-al, n. [Add.] 5. A large kind of drawing- 
-paper, 21 by 30 inches. 

Im'pi'e-sa'ri-o, n. [It., from impresa, enterprise.] 
(Mus.) The conductor of an opera or concert. 

In-breed', v. t. [Add.] 2. To breed in-and-in. 

Iii-elu'gion, n. [Add.] 2 (Min.) A foreign sub- 
stance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, 

w observed to be inclosed in the mass of a mineral. 

In'eo-or'di-nate, a. Not coordinate ; not harmoni- 

w ous. 

In/eo-or'di-na'tion, n. Absence of coordination ; 
as, incoordination of muscular movement, irregular 
movements resulting from inharmonious action of the 
muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control 

^ over them. 

In'de-scrib'a-bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree 

w which cannot be described. 

In'dian (Ind'yan, or in'dl-an), a. [Add.] Indian bean, 
the catalpa. — Indian club, a wooden club, swung in 
the hand for gymnastic exercise ; so called from having 
been first used by the natives of India. — Indian meal, 
meal made from maize or Indian corn. 

In'dia Pa/per. A delicate absorbent paper, manufac- 
tured in India or China. The best qualities are made 
from the inner bark of the bamboo and of the cotton 

tree. 

In'dia Proof. (Engraving.) An impression from an 

w engraved plate, taken on India paper. 

in'di-ean, n. [See Indigo.] (Chem). A colorless sub- 
stance existing in wood and other plants, also in the 
blood and urine of man, and forming indigo when in a 
state of decomposition. 

In'di-go, n. [Add.] Indigo bird (Ornith.), a finch 
(Cyanospiza cyan<-a), of a small size and showy blue 
plumage ; — found in the eastern part of the United 
States, also as far west as the Missouri, and south, to 
Guatemala, and so named from its color. 

In'di-ilm, n. [See Indigo.] (Chem.) A white metal, 
much resembling lead in appearance, soft, ductile, and 

w compact. 

In'do-Chi-nege', a. [From Indo, for Indian, andC/i?'- 
nese.] Pertaining to those nations of the Mongolian 
race which inhabit Indo-China, in the southeastern part 

w of Asia, and speak monosyllabic languages. 

In'do-Eu'ro-pe'an, a. [From Indo, for Indian, and 

w European.] The same as Aryan. 

In'do-Ger-man'ie, a. [From Indo, for Indian, and 
Germanic] The same as Aryan. 

In-du'tive, A [Lat. indutus, p. p. from induere, Gr, 
ivSveiv, to put on, from ev, in, and Sveiv, to enter.] 
(Bot.) Covered ;— applied to seeds which have the 
usual integumentary covering. 

In'fe-ro-bran'ehi-ate, a. [Fr. infer obranche, from 



Lat. inferus, lower, and Gr. ppdyxia, pi. of ppdyxiov, 
gill.] (Zool.) Having the gills arranged aloug the sides 
of the body under the margin of the mantle ; — applied 
to an order of gasteropodous mollusks. 

In-f/es'td, n. pi. [Lat., p. p. from ingerere, to put into, 
from in, in, and gerere, to carry.] That which is put 
into the body by the alimentary canal, as food, drink, 
etc. ; and hence, more generally, that which is put into 
anything ; contents ; — opposed to egesla. 

Iu-glu'vi-al, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, the 

w ingluvies, or crop, in birds. 

In'grow-ing, a. [From in, and growing, p. pr. from 
to grow.] Growing or appearing to grow into some 
other substance ; as, an ingrowing nail, one which be- 
comes imbedded in the adjacent flesh, when this is con- 
stantly pressed against its edge. 

In hib'it-o-ry, a. [Add.] Inhibitory paralysis (Med.), 

^ paralysis depending on the inhibition of nerve action. 

Ink'-ber / ry, n. (Bot.) The Ilex glabra, a slender 
shrub of the holly family, usually from two to four 
feet high, sometimes taller. It is found in sandy 
grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, 

^ and produces a small black berry. 

Iii'o-slte, n. [From Gr. is, ivos, strength, nerve, mus- 
cle.] (Chem.) A saccharine substance, isomeric with 
glucose, found in the lungs and other organs of men 

^ and animals, also in several plants. 

In'set, n. [Add.] 2 (Book-binding.) A portion of 
the printed sheet in certain sizes of books which is cut 
off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded 
sheet to complete the succession of paging ; — also 
called off-cut. 

In sl'tu. [Lat.] In its natural position or place; — 
said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in 
which it was originally formed or deposited. 

In-som/ni-a, n. [Lat.] Inability to sleep. 

Insouciance (ang-soCse-ons'), n. [Fr., from insouciant, 
heedless, from in, not, and soucier, Lat. sollicitare, to 

^ care for.] Carelessness ; heedlessness ; unconcern. 

In'te-gra'tion, n. [Add.] 3. (Metaph.) The process 
under the natural law of evolution, which is supposed 
to alternate with differentiation ; by it the manifold is 
compacted into the relatively simple and permanent, in 
preparation for a subsequent more complex differentia- 
tion. 

In'ter-act/, v. i. [Prefix inter and act.] To act upon 
each other. 

In'ter-eon-vert'i-ble, a. [Prefix inter and converti- 
ble.] Convertible the one into the other, as a proposal 
that silver and gold be interconvertible at the treasury. 

In'ter-cross, n. The process or result of pairing be- 
tween different breeds of animals, or of cross-fertiliza- 
tion between different varieties of plants. 

In'ter-est, n. [Add.] 7. The persons interested in 
any particular business or measure, taken collectively ; 

w as, the liquor-selling interest. 

In'ter-fer'encejft. [Add.] Interference figures (Optics), 
the figures observed when certain sections of crystal- 
lized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light ; 
thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the 
vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings 

__ with a single black cross. 

In'ter-grave', v. t. [imp. intergraved ; p. p. inter- 
graved or intergraven ; p. pr. and vb. n. intergrav- 
ing.] To grave or carve between, or in alternate sec- 
tions. 

In'ter-mit'tence, n. An interruption ; a partial ces- 
sation. 

In-tern', v. t. [Fr. inierner, from interne, Lat. internus, 
internal.] To put for safe keeping in the interior of a 

w place or country ; to confine to one locality. 

In'ter-na/tion-al (-nash'un-al), n. [Prefix inter and 
national.] 1. The name of a working-men's associa- 
tion, especially of one formed in London, which had 
for its object social and industrial reform, to be pro- 
moted through political combinations. 2. A member 
of the International association. 

In'ter-na/tion-al-ism, n. 1. The state or condition 
of the development and recognition of international 
interests and intercourse. 2. The doctrines or organi- 
zation of the International association. 

In-tern'ment, n. [Fr. internement. See Intern.] Con- 

___ finement ; restriction to one locality. 

In'ter-pel'lant, a. Interpelling ; interrupting. 

Iiv'ter-pel'lant, n. He who, or that which, interpels, 

w interrupts, or disturbs. 

In'ter-pel'late, v. t. [See Interpel.] To question, as 
a minister, or other executive officer, in explanation of 



food, f dot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



INTERRAMAL 



1032 



JESUIT 



his actions ; — generally on the part of a legislative 

w body. 

In'ter-ra'mal, a. [Lat. inter, between, and ramus, a 
branch.] ( Ornith.) Between the forks or rami of the 

w lower jaw. 

In'ter-re-la'ted, a. [Prefix inter and related.'] Possess- 

v ing a mutual relation or parallelism. 

In'ter-re-la'tion, n. [Prefix inter and relation.] A 

w restricted mutual relation ; correlation. 

In'ter-view (-vu), v. t. To have an interview with ; to 
call upon and question or converse with, for the purpose 
of obtaining information for publication. 

fn'ter-view-er (vu-er), n. One who. obtains an inter- 
view with another, for the sake of gaining information 

^ for publication. 

In'tra-lob'u-lar, a, [Prefix intra and lobular.] (Anat.) 
Within lobules, or small lobes ; as the intralobular veins 

w of the liver. 

In'tra-mer-cii'ri-al, a. [Prefix intra and mercurial.] 

^ (Astron.) Between the planet Mercury and the Sun. 

In-trans'i-gent, a. [Fr. intransigeant, Sp. intransi- 
gente, from in, not, and Lat. transigere, to come to an 
agreement, from trans, across, and agere, to lead, act.] 

^ Refusing compromise ; uncompromising. 

In'tra-pa-rl'e-tal, a. [Prefix intra and parietal.] Situ- 
ated or occurring within an inclosure ; shut off from 

^ public sight. 

In'tra-u'ter-ine, a. [Prefix intra and uterine.] Within 
w the uterus or womb ; as, intra-uterine hemorrhage. 

In'tri-gante', n. [Fr.] A female intriguer. 

In'tro-spe^'tion-ist, n. (Metaph.) One who adopts 
the introspective method of examining the phenomena 
' w of the soul. 

In'tro-speet/ive, a. [Add.] 2. Involving the act or 
results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena ; 

^ — contrasted with associational. 

In'tu-I'tion-al-ist, n. [See Intuition.] One who holds 
the doctrine of intuitionalism. 

In'tu-i'tion-igm, n. The doctrine that intuitions are 
assumed in all scientific knowledge ; intuitionalism ; — 

_ opposed to sensationalism. 

In'tu-i'tion-jst, n. The same as Intuitionalist, q. v. 

In-tu/i-tiv-I§m, n. ( Moral P/iilos.) The doctrine that 

^ the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. 

in'tu-mes'cent, a. [See Intumesce.] Swelling up ; 
expanding. 

In'tus-sus-cept'ed, a. [See Intussusception.] Re- 
ceived into, as a sword into a sheath. 

In-va'ri-ant, n. [Prefix in, not, and variant.] (Math.) 
A term used to express a quantity which does not change 
_ in certain changes of coordinates. 

I'o-dam'ide, n. [From iodine and amide, for ammonia.] 
( Ckem.) One of a number of compounds, usually of an 
explosive character, produced by the action of iodine on 
ammonia. 



I'rid, n. (Bot.) One of an order of herbaceous plants 

_ of which the well-known iris is the type. 

I'rish, a. [Add.] Irish poplin, a heavy fabric for ladies 1 
dresses, — a mixture of silk warp with worsted weft, 
woven so as to show only the silk. — Irish potato, the 
ordinary potato, so called because an especially favorite 
article of food in Ireland. — Irish stew (Cookery), a 
white ragout of mutton, thoroughly stewed with an 

_ abundance of potatoes. 

I'ron-ide (I'urn-), n. A composition of gutta-percha 
and other ingredients, used for making knife handles, 

^ and for other similar purposes. 

Ir're-fran'gi-ble, a. [Prefix in, not, and' refrangible.] 
Not refrangible ; that cannot be refracted in passing 

__ from one medium to another. 

Ir'ving-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the Rev. 
Edward Irving (1792-1834), who taught the restoration 
of the organization, officers, and supernatural gifts pos- 
sessed by the Church in apostolic times. 

ig/a-bel'line, a. Of isabel-color ; of a brownish yellow ; 

_ sand-colored. 

I'so-bar'ie, a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to isobares, 
or lines connecting places where the atmosphere is of 
the same weight, as indicated by the barometer. 

I'so-bath'y-therm, n. [Gr. i<ros, equal, 0a0vs, deep, 
and 9epfji.ri, heat.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line on 
the surface of the globe, touching the points where a 

_ certain temperature is found at the same depth. 

i'so-bath/y-ther'mie, a. Pertaining to an isobathy- 
therm ; possessing or indicating the same temperature 

_ at the same depth. 

I'so-dFa-met/ri-e, a. [Gr. to-os, equal, and Sidtxerpos, 
diameter, q. v.] (Crystallog.) Developed alike in the 
directions of the several lateral axes ; — said of crystals 

_ of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems. 

I'so-tlier'mo-bath, n. [Gr. to-os, equal, 0epju.6s, hot, 
and /3a0os, depth.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line 
drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical 
section of the ocean. 

I'so-ther'mo-bath'ie, a. Pertaining to an isother- 
mobath ; possessing or indicating equal temperatures 

^ in a vertical section, as of the ocean. 

I-tal'i-e, a. [Add.] Italic Languages, that group or 
family which includes the languages of ancient Italy. 
_ — Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. 

I'vo-ride, n. A composition made to. resemble ivory 
_ very closely, and used as a substitute for it. 

I'vo-ry-type, n. A kind of photographic picture taken 
upon a surface glazed or polished so as to resemble 
ivory. 

I'vy, n. [Add.] American ivy. See Virginia creeper. 

Ix'i-a, n. [Gr. t£is, bird lime ; because of the viscid 
nature of some of the species.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant 
of the genus Iris, from the Cape of Good Hope, remark- 
able for the brilliancy of its flowers. 



J. 



TAWO-MAN'DI, n. (Bot.) The native name of a 

** South American plant (Pilocarpus pinnatus), belong- 
ing to the family of Rutacem. It is used in medicine as 
an active diaphoretic and sialogogue. 

Jae'ar-an'da, n. [Braz.] (Bot.) A lofty tree of the 
order Bignoniacese, with large, gay, trumpet-shaped 
flowers, found in Brazil. 

Jack, n. [Add.] 9. A light used at night for attracting 
and shining deer, wild fowl, or other game. 

Jack, v. i. To hunt by the use of a jack. 

Jae'o-bin, n. [Add.] 2- A fancy pigeon, in which the 
feathers of the neck form a hood ; the wings and tail 
are long, and the beak moderately short. 

Ja'cob'g Mem'brane. (Anat.) The exterior layer 
of the retina ; — first described by Dr. Jacob, of Dublin. 

Jad'ite, n. (Min.) The same as Jade or Nephrite. 

Jalousie (zhal'oo-zee'), n. [Fr.] A slatted or Venetian 
window blind. 

Jam, n. [Add.] 5. Any accumulation of objects 
crowded together ; as, a jam of logs in a river. 

Ja-pan', a. [Add.] Japan clover, or Japan pea, a legu- 
minous plant (Lespedeza striata), indigenous to China 
and Japan, a few specimens of which were noticed by 
botanists in the United States before 1860, but which 
has spread widely. It is useful for fodder. 



Ja-ponM-ea, n. [N. Lat., Japanese, from Japonica, 
Japan.] (Bot.) A species of camellia (Camellia Ja- 
ponica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or 
white flowers. 

Jaqaima (ha/ke-ma), n. [Sp.] A head-stall used for 
breaking horses. 

Jardiniere (zhar'din'i-ar'), n. [Fr., fern, of jardinier, 
gardener, from jardin, garden. See Garden.] An or- 
namental stand for plants, flowers, and the like, used 
as decorative furniture in a room. 

Jarl, n. [Icel. & Sw., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] 
A chief ; in English history, applied to the leaders in 
the Danish and Norse invasions. 

Ja'va, n. A kind of coffee, brought from Java. 

Jef'fer-so'ni-a, n. (Bot.) A genus of American plants 
of the barberry family, bearing a handsome white 
flower, an inch in diameter ; found in woods from 
Western New York to Wisconsin, and southwards, and 
named in honor of Thomas Jefferson ; — also called 
twin-leaf. 

Je-ru'sa-lem Cher'ry. (Bot.) The name of either 
of two species of Solanum (S. pseudo-capsicum and S. 
capsicastrum), cultivated as house-plants. They bear 
berries of about the size of cherries. 

Jes/u-it, a. [Add.] Jesuits' 1 drops, the compound tinc- 



a, e, &c.,long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



JESUS-PAPER 



1033 



KOHL 



ture of benzoin. — Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona 
bark. 

Je'gus-pa'per, n. [Fr. papier jesus.] A large sized 
French printing paper, corresponding in size to im- 
perial ; — so called because formerly marked with the 
characters I. H. S., meaning Jesus. 

Jlg'-saw, n. A vertically reciprocating saw, moved by 
a vibrating lever or crank rod. 

J6b- print 'er, n. Oue who prints cards, bill-heads, 
posters, and small jobs in general. 

Jog:, 11. [Add.] 2. A projection or deviation from a 
straight line or plane surface, as in the course of a 
fence, or in the side of a building. 

Jo-han'nis-berg'er, n. A celebrated white wine pro- 
duced on the estate of the Schloss (or Castle) Johannis- 
berg, on the R-hine. 

Joss'- house, n. [From joss, the Chinese corruption of 
Lat. Deus, God, in its Pg. form deos, and house.] A 
Chinese temple. 

Judge, n. [Add.] Judge Advocate General {United 
States Army), an officer at the head of the bureau of 
military justice at Washington, with the rank of briga- 
dier-general. 

Ju/ger, n. [Lat. jugerum.] A Roman measure of land, 
measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 
120 in breadth. 



Jug'lan-dlne, n. [Fr , from Lat. juglans, a walnut.] 
( Cliem.) An extractive matter contained in the juice 
of the green shell of the walnut {Juglans regia) ; it is 
used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black 
hair-dye. 

Ju'li-enne', n. [Fr.] A kind of vegetable soup. 

Jump, v. t. \_Add.] To jump one's bail, to abscond ; 
to run away. 

Jiin'cite, n. [Lat. juncus, a rush.] A fossil stem or leaf, 
apparently related to the Juncacese, or rush family. 

Ju'ni-per-ite, n. One of the fossil Coniferx, evidently 
allied to the juniper. 

Jiink'-wad, n. {Artillery.) A wad made of oakum, 
bound round with spun yarn, and of similar diameter 
to the bore of the gun for which it is intended. It is 
used in firing hot shot, and also occasionally with 
bronze ordnance, to prevent indentation of the bore 
near the seat of the shot, being placed between the 
charge and the projectile. 

Jute, n. \_Add.~] Jule butts, those parts of the jute plant 
which are nearest the ground, and are coarser fibered 
and darker colored than the rest ; they are used to make 
a poor quality of rope. — Jute rejections, the parts of the 
jute plant growing above the butts, but rejected in sort- 
ing jute, as of an inferior quality. 



K. 



KA-JLIG'E-NOtJS, a. [Ar. qali, ashes of the plant 
called glass-wort, soda, and Gr. yeVos, birth. See 
Alkali ] Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some 
metals. 

Ka-mee'la, n. The glandular powder and hairs ob- 
.tained from the capsules of Rottlera tinctoria, a small 
^ree of the order Eupkorbiacese, growing in the East In- 
dies. It is used medicinally in the treatment of tape- 
worm. Also written kamala. 

Kamp-tu'li-«on, n. [Gr. KdixnTetv, to bend, to be 
flexible, and vAiko?, material, from v\n, wood, matter.] 
A kind of elastic floor cloth, made chiefly of India rub- 
ber, gutta-percha, dried films of linseed oil, and finely 
divided cork. 

Kam'py-lite , n. [Gr. Kaju.7rvA.0s, bent, curved, from 
KaixTrrecv, to bend.] ( Cliem.) An arseniate of lead, oc- 
curring in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. 

Ken'ning*, n. The limit of vision at sea, being a dis- 
tance of twenty miles. 

Ee'no, n. [Fr. quine, five winning numbers, from Lat. 
quini, five each, from quinque, five.] A game of chance 
played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and 
balls or knobs numbered to correspond. 

Ke-ram'ic, a. See Ceramic. 

Ker'a-tine, n. [Gr. /ce'pas, Keparo?, horn.] {Chem.) 
A supposed specific substance forming the basis of a 
large class of animal substances, such as horns, hoofs, 
nails, wool, hair, feathers, cuticle, and the like ; — also 
called elastine. 

Ke-rec'to-my, n. [Gr. /cepa?, horn, and e/cTe'|u.i>eti/, to 
cut off, from e/c, out, and rdfxveiv, to cut.] {Surg.) The 
operation of excising the outward layers of the cornea, 
by which a clear aperture may be obtained in the mid- 
dle of a generally opaque cornea. 

Ke'rite, n. [Gr. <cepa?, horn.] A compound in which 
tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable 
oils is vulcanized by sulphur, closely resembling rub- 
ber ; — used as insulating material in telegraphy. 

Ke'tone, m. {Chem.) An organic compound consist- 
ing of carbon monoxide united with two monatomic 
alcohol radicals. 

Ket'tle-drum, n. [Add.] 2. An informal social party 
at wtiich a light collation is offered, usually held in the 
afternoon or early evening. 

Khe-dive' or Khe'dive, n. [Persian, a prince ] A 
governor or viceroy ; a title granted in 1866 by the 
sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt. 

Kicl'ney-ore, n. A kidney -shaped variety of iron ore. 

K'i'lo, n. ; pi. ki'los. A contraction of Kilogram. 

Kin'der-gar'ten, n. [Ger , children's garden, from 
kinder, pi. of kind, child, and garten, garden.] A 
school for young children in which play or exercise is 
combined with study, and especial attention paid to 



object-teaching ; — a name given by Froebel, a German 
educator, who introduced this method of training. 

Kine'-pox, n. {Med.) A pustular eruption on the 
udder of the cow ; cow-pox, q. v. 

Kin/e-si-at'ri-eg, n. sing, and pi. [Gr. icLvrjcns, motion, 
from Kivelv, to move, and LarptKog, pertaining to medi- 
cine or surgery, from tarpo's, a physician.] {Med.) A 
mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular move- 
ments ; also termed kinesithtrapy, lingism, and the 
movement-cure. 

Kin'e-so'dle, a. [Gr. /aVrjons, motion, and bho%, way; 
Fr. kinesodique.'] Conveying motion ; — a term applied 
to that portion of the spinal cord which conveys motor 
impressions. 

Klng'-bolt, n. An iron bolt, by which the forward 
axle and wheels of a four-wheeled vehicle are con- 
nected with the remaining portions. 

King'flsh, n. [Add.'] 2. A common name for the 
American whiting {Menticirrus nebulosus). 3. The 
black-spotted Spanish mackerel ( Cybium regale). 

King'let, n. ( Ornith.) A small passerine bird of the 
family Sylviidse (genus Regulus). It occurs over all 
North America ; — also called golden-crowned warbler. 

King'ston-met'al, n. An alloy of tin, copper, and 
mercury, used for the bearings and packings of machin- 
ery. 

Ki-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kivelv, to move, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science which treats of the laws of mo- 
tion, or of moving bodies. 

Kitch'en-er, n. A kind of range to be used in the 
kitchen. 

Kitch'en-mid'deng (-mld'dnz), n. pi. [Dan. kjokken- 
moddings, kitchen-leavings; Scot, midden, a dung- 
hill.] The shell mounds of the Danish isles of the 
Baltic, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand 
feet long, and two hundred feet wide. They are sup- 
posed to be relics of neolithic man. 

KHp'spring-er, n. [D., cliff-springer.] {Zool.) A 
South African field antelope {Oreotragus saltatrix), 
which like the chamois springs from one precipice to 
another with great agility. 

Knee'-cap (nee'-), n. A capping on the knees, as of 
horses. 

Knick'er-bock'erg (nik'-), n. pi. Trowsers sitting 
loosely on the thigh, and ending at the knee, as worn 
in Holland, and now worn by young boys, and also by 
huntsmen and tourists. 

Knife (nlf), v . t. To cut with a knife ; to stab. 

Knif e'board, n. A board on which knives are cleaned 
or polished. 

Kohl (kol), n. A mixture of soot and other ingredi- 
ents, used by Egyptian and Syrian women to darken 
the edges of the eyelids. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this. 



KUKLUX 



1034 



LIGHT-SHIP 



Kii'kliix, n. The name adopted in the southern part Eum'mel, n. [Ger. Mlmmel, cumin, earaway-seed.] 
of the United States by a secret political organization, I A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweet- 
which often resorted to intimidation and murder to I ened spirit flavored by caraway seeds. 
carry out its purposes. 



L. 



L(el) n. L(0F A HOUSE), a wing or part attached 
to a main building ; properly, a wing joined at 
right angles to the main building, giving it the shape 
of the letter L. 

La-biir'iiin, \n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid 

La-biir'nine, J found in the unripe seeds of the la- 
burnum. 

La-cin'i-o-late, a. (Bot.) Consisting of, or abound- 
ing in, very minute latinise. 

Lac'quer-er (lak'er-er), n. One who lacquers or var- 
nishes metals or woods. 

La-«r6sse', n. [Fr. la crosse, the cross. See Cross.] 
An outdoor game, originating among the Norrh Amer- 
ican Indians. It is played on level ground, or on ice, 
with balls, and a wicker bat (called a crosse) for propel- 
ling them. 

Lae-lii'cine, n. [Fr., from Lat. lactuca, lettuce, from 
lac, laclis, milk.] ( Chem.) The active principle of the 
wild lettuce. It has anodyne properties. 

Ija-eus'tral, la. {Add.'] Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), 

La-«iis'trine, 1 the deposits which have been accu- 
mulated in fresh-water areas. 

La-di'no, n. ; pi. la-di'nos. [Sp., from lado, Lat. 
lat us, side.] A term applied in Central America, to the 
mestizo, or half-breed descendants of whites and In- 
dians. 

Lake'-dwell'ing, n. One of a class of prehistoric 
dwellings, foundin greatest perfection in Switzerland. 
They were built either on a foundation of reeds, or on 
tree stems, woven together in horizontal layers, alter- 
nated with layers of clay or gravel, or on piles driven 
deeply into the lake bottom, but projecting above the 
water. 

Lamb'da, (lam'-), n. [Gr Xi^Sa, the letter A, A, 1.] 
(Entom.) A variety of moth, so called from a mark, 
resembling the Greek letter A, on its wings. 

Lam'i-na-rit.e, n. [From Lat. lamina, a thin plate.] 
( Paleon.) A broad-leaved fossil alga. 

Lamp'light'er (-lit'-), n. One who, or that which, 
lights a lamp. 

Lamp'shell, n. (Conch.) A bivalve deep-water shell- 
fish, so called from its shape. 

Lan'ark-ite, n. [From Lanarkshire, Scotland.] (Min.) 
A mineral consisting of sulphate and carbonate of lead, 
occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of 
a greenish white or gray color. 

Lau'eas-te'ri-an, a. Pertaining to Lancaster; — es- 
pecially used of the method of education advocated by 
Joseph Lancaster, of England, who made popular the 
system of instruction, by which advanced pupils in a 
school instruct pupils below them. 

Land, )i. [Add.] 8. (Naut.) The lap of the strakes 
in a clincher-built boat. 9. In any surface prepared 
with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part 
not so treated. 

Lsind'side, n. The side of a plow which is opposite to 
the mold-board and which presses against the unplowed 
land. 

Lan'ter-ldb 7 , n. Same as Loo. 

Lap'a-rot'o-my, n. [Gr. \a-n-dpa, flank, loins, and 
tojiaij, a cutting, from refxveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) A cut- 
ting through the walls of the abdomen, in the lumbar 
region, as in the Cesarean section. 

Lap'-board, n. A board used on the lap, as by tailors. 

Lap'ping-en'gine (-en'jlu), n. (Mach.) A doubling 
machine ; an engine for making folds or welds. 

Lard'y, a. Containing, or consisting of, lard. 

Lat'in, a. [Add.] Latin Union, a monetary league 
between the governments of France, Belgium, Italy, 
Switzerland, and Greece, which provides for an iden- 
tity in the weight and fineness of the silver and gold 
coins of those countries, and regulates the amounts 
and proportions of the coinage of these two metals for 
the succeeding year. 

Lat'rine, n. [Lat. latrina, Fr. latrines.] A privy, or 
water-closet. 



Lat'ten, n. [Add.] White latten, a mixture of brass 
and tin. 

L&t'ter-day Saint. A Mormon. 

Law, n. [Add.] Roman law, the system of principles 
and laws, found in the codes of the jurists of ancient 
Rome, and incorporated into the laws of the several 
European countries, especially on the Continent ; — 
contrasted with the common law, accepted in England 
and the most of her colonies and in the United States. 

Lawn'-ten'nis, n. A game of tennis, played upon an 
open lawn instead of in a tennis-court. 

Lead'er, n. [Add.] 1. (g.) (Fishing tackle.) A piece 
of fine cord or catgut, on the end of a line, to which 
the artificial flies are attached. 

Lead'hill-ite, n. (Min.) A carbonate of sulphur and 
lead, of a yellowish or greenish-white color; — first 
found at Lmdhills, Scotland. 

Lead'-o'eher (led'-o'ker), n. (Mm.) A massive sul- 
phur-yellow oxide of lead. 

Lea'son, n. [Fr. liaison. See Liaison.] (Cookery.) 
That which is put into sauces to give them body, as, a 
mixture of eggs and cream ; a thickening. 

Leatb/er-et' (leth 7 -), n. An artificial preparation of 
paper or cloth, made to imitate leather. 

Le'dum, n. [Gr. ArjSoi>, the cistus, which was trans- 
ferred by Linnaeus to this genus.] (Bot.) A species 
of low-growing evergreens of the heath family (Erica- 
cese). The flowers are white, handsome, and grow in 
terminal umbel-like clusters. L. latifolium grows iu 
cold bogs and damp mountain woods, from New Eng- 
land to Pennsylvania, also in Wisconsin and north- 
ward. 

Leg'ate, n. [Add.] 3. (Rom. Hist.) (a.) An official 
assistant given to a general or to the governor of a 
province, (b.) Under the emperors, a governor sent to 
a province. 

Len'toid, a. {lens, and Gr. elSos, form.] Having the 
form of a lens. 

Lep'a-doid, n. [Gr. Aen-as, Ae7ra8os, a shell-fish, and 
elSo?, form.] A pedunculated cirriped. 

Lep'i-dom'e lane, n. [Gr. Aen-i'?, AejriSos, a scale, 
and jae'Aas, jueAaiva, black.] (Min.) An iron -potash of 
mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic 
veins in small six-sided tables, or an aggregation of 
minute opaque scales. 

Lep'to-men'in-gi'tis, n. [Gr. AeTTTo's, rmall, fine, and 
Eng. meningitis.] (Pathol.) Inflammation of the soft 
membranes of the brains or spinal cord, that is, the pia 
mater, and the arachnoid membrane. 

Let'ter-bobk, n. A book in which a person copies 
business letters. 

Lev'i-tate, v. i. [Lat. levitas, levitatis, lightness, from 
levis, light in weight.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if 
lighter than the surrounding medium ; to obey the 
laws of repulsion ; to tend away from ; — opposed to 
gravitate. 

Li, n. A Chinese measure of length, averaging a little 
more than one third of a mile. 

Li-a'na, I n. [Fr. liane, lien, Lat. ligamen, a band, 

Li-ane', ) from ligare, to bind.] A luxuriant woody 
creener, growing in tropical forests. Its tendrils grow 
straight downward to the ground, twisting themselves 
together in knots. 

Lieb'er-kuliii (lgb'er-kun), n. [From the name of the 
German Inventor, Lieberkuhn.] A concave metallic 
mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, 
to throw down light on opaque objects ; a reflector. 

Lift'ing-ma-^hine/, n. Same as Health-lift. 

Li'gate, v. t. [Lat. ligare, ligatus.] (Surg.) To tie 
with a ligature ; to bind around ; to bandage. 

Lig'a-tiire, v. t. [Lat. ligatura, ligature, from ligare, 
to bind.] (Surg.) To ligate ; to tie ; to bind. 

Light'-keep'er (lit'-), n. A person appointed to take 
charge of a light-house, or light-vessel, and to clean 
and manage the illuminating apparatus. 

Light'- ship (lit'-), n. Same as Light-vessel. 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



LIGHT-VESSEL 



1035 



LYGODIUM 



Light'-ves'sel (lit'-), re. A vessel anchored or moored 
and serving as a light-house. 

Light'wobd (lit'-), re. Pine knots, dry sticks, and the 
like,_for kindling a fire quickly or making a blaze. 

Lig'nose, re. An explosive compound of wood fiber 
and nitro-glycerine. See Nitro-glycerine. 

Lil'y-pad, re. The floating leaf of the water-lily. 

Li'man, re. [Fr. limon, Sp. and It. Unto, Lat. limits, 
slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river. 

LInie'-light (-At), re. A brilliant light produced by 
the incandescence of quicklime placed in a flame of 
oxygen and hydrogen, or oxygen and coal-gas ; — called 
also calcium light. 

Lim'i-tate, a. Bounded by a distinct line. 

Llm'it-ed, a. [Add.] 2- Involving a personal liabil- 
ity limited by the number of shares taken by each 
shareholder, so that he cannot be called on to contrib- 
ute beyond the amount of his shares. 

Li-nioges'-ware (li-mdzh'-), re. One of the richly 
enameled articles of metal, such as caskets, made in 
the Middle Ages at Limoges, France. 

Line, re. Hard li?ies, an unfortunate fate or lot ; dis- 
tressing circumstances. — On the line, at the right 
height ; on a level with the eye of the spectator; — said 
of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. 

Line'-breed/ing, n. (Stock-breeding.) The breeding 
of animals witb reference to securing descent from a 
particular family, especially in the female line. 

Lmg'ism, n. A mode of treating certain diseases, as 
obesity, hy gymnastics; — so called because proposed 
by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. 

Lin'gua Fran'ca, n . The commercial language of the 
Levant, — a compound of French, Italian, Arabic, etc 

Li-no'le-um, n. [Lat. linum, flax, and oleum, oil.] A 
kind of floor-cloth made from or with hardened or ox 
idized Unseed oil. 

Llp'ic, a. [Gr. AiVos, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
derived from, fat ; — said of an acid formed by the ac- 
tion of nitric acid on stearic, oleic, and palmitic acid. 

Li-po'ma, n. [From Gr. Ai™?, fat.] (Med.) A tumor 
consisting of fat or adipose tissue. 

Lip'-serv'ice, re. Labor or action of the lips, which 
does not convey the sentiments of the heart. 

Li'ra, n. [It., from Lat. libra, the Roman poiind.] An 
Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc. 

Li-roe'o-nite, re. [Gr. Aeipo's, pale, and novia, powder.] 
(Min.) A hydrated arseuiate of copper, occurring in 
obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris- 
green color. 

Lisle'- thread (111'-), re. A hard twisted cotton thread, 
originally produced at Lisle. France. 

List, re. [Add.] Free list, (a.) List of articles admitted 
to a country free of duty, (b.) List of persons ad- 
mitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, 
without payment, or to whom a periodical, etc., is sent 
without charge. 

Lit'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. liter a, a letter.] The act or 
process of representing by letters. 

Lith'ie, «. [See Lithic, a.] (Mid.) A medicine which 
tends to prevent stone in the bladder. 

Lith'o-frae'teur, n. [Fr., from Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and 
Lat. fractum, stipine of frangere, to break.] An explo- 
sive compound of nitro-glycerine. See Xitro-glycerine. 

Lith'o-graph'ic, a. [Add.] Lithographic limestone 
(Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained 
largely from the Lias and Oolite, and extensively em- 
ployed_in lithography. 

Lith'u-a'ni-an , n. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Lithu- 
ania, a part of the Russian and Prussian territory bor- 
dering on the Baltic Sea ; —applied especially to the 
language spoken in Lithuania, one of a group of dia- 
lects related to the Slavonic languages. 

Lla'no, re. [Sp., plain, even, level.] A prairie. 

Lob'by-ist, re. A member of the lobby ; a person who 
frequents the lobby of a legislature for the purpose of 
influencing legislation. 

Lob'u-lar, a. [Fr. lobulaire.] Having the character or 
nature of a lobule. 

Lo'eal, re. [See Local, a.] 1. An accommodation rail- 
way train, which receives and deposits passengers and 
freight along the line of the road. 2. An item of local 
news for a newspaper. 

Lo'eate, v. i. To take up one's residence in a place ; to 
settle. 

LSck'out, n. A suspension of work, on the part of 
employers ; — corresponding to a strike on the part of 
the employed. 



Lo'co-mo'tor, a. [See Locomotion.] Pertaining to 
movement. 

Progressive locomotor ataxy (Pathol.), a disease char- 
acterized by incoordination of movement, and depend- 
ent on degeneration of the posterior columns of the 
spinal cord. 

Lo'eust-bean, n. A commercial name for the sweet 
pod of the carob tree. 

Lod'i-cule, re. [Fr., Lat. lodirula, dim. of lodix, lodi- 
cis, a coverlet.] (Bot.) One of the two or three del- 
icate membranous scales which forni the perianth of 
grasses. *T 

Loir (lwar), n. [Fr., Provencal glire, Sp. liron, Lat. glis, 
gliris.] (Zool.) A species of dormouse (Myoxus vul- 
garis), found in Europe ; — known also as the fat dor- 
mouse. 

Lon'don-prlde', re. (Bot.) A garden name for Saxi- 
fraga umbrosa,& hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a 
native of high lands in Great Britain. 

Long, a. [Add.] Q. (Stock Exchange.) Holding a 
quantity of stock. A man is said to be "long," when 
he has bought stock on time, that is, stock which he 
can call for at any time he chooses. 

Long price, the full retail price of any article. — 
Long purchase (Stock Exchange), stock bought to sell 
on a rise. — To go long, to buy stock in order to seh. 
on a rise. — Long of the market, or Long side, having 
bought stock to sell on a rise. 

Long'- di- vis/ion (-vlzh'un), re. (Arith.) The process 
of dividing one number by another, — the several steps 
of the process being given at length, so as to show the 
successive partial products of the divisor and dividend, 
and the remainders. 

Ldbp'Hght (-Ht), re. A small narrow opening or win- 
dow in a tower or fortified wall ; a loop-hole. 

Loph'o-braneh, re. (Gr. Ao$ia, ridge, hill, and fipdy- 
X>-ov, gill.] (Ichth.) One of an order of teleosts, whose 
gills, instead of hanging in regular fringes, are dis- 
posed in tufts arranged in pairs along the branchial 
arches. The pipe-fish (Syngnathus) and the sea-horse 
(Hippocampus) are examples. 

Lot'o, re. [A corruption of It. otto, eight ; — the orig- 
inal lotteries in which numbers were drawn giving 
eight modes of staking.] A game of chance, played 
with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and balls 
or knobs numbered to correspond : — called also keno. 
[Sometimes written lotto.] 

Love'-po'tion, re. A compounded draught, adminis- 
tered in the hope of inducing feelings of love. 

Low-mind'ed, a. Base ; groveling ; inclined in mind 
to low or unworthy things ; showing a base mind. 

Low'- necked (-nekt), a. Cut low in the neck; de- 
collete; — said of a lady's dress. 

Lox-ot'o-my, re. [Gr. Ao£os, slanting, oblique, and 
Toix-q, a cutting, from -re/uveiv, to cut.] (Sure.) An ob- 
lique section or cutting; — applied to a method of am- 
putation. 

Lu'-en-lent-ly, adv. In a luculent manner ; clearly ; 
transparently ; lucidly ; brightly. 

Lug, re. [Add.] 4. The ring-shaped piece of leather 
through which each shaft passes, in a single harness. 
It holds up the shaft, being itself fastened to the 
saddle. 

Lumbosacral, a. [Lat. lumbus, loin, and saaum, 
sacrum.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the loins and the sa- 
crum ; — said of a nerve which proceeds from the an- 
terior branch of the fifth lumbar nerve, descends into 
the pelvis in front of the sacrum, and unites with the 
sciatic plexus. 

Lu'ny, a. [Shortened from lunatic] Crazy ; mentally 
unsound ; — also written loony. 

L5 r -eh'nis, n. [Gr. X.v\vo<;, a light or lamp.] (Bot.) A 
genus of old-world plants belonging to the pink family 
( Caryophyllacese), and so called either on account of the 
brilliant color of the flowers of most of the species, or 
because the cottony leaves anciently answered as wicks 
for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for 
the garden species. 

Ly'dine, re. (Chem.) A violet dye derived from aniline. 

Ly-go'di-um, n . [From Gr Av-yciSTjs, flexible, from 
Av-yos, a willow twig, and e'Sos, form.] (Bot.) A ge- 
nus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing 
stalked and variously lobed divisions in pairs, wirh free 
veins. L. palmatum, much prized for indoors orna- 
ment, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from 
Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly 
southwards. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



MACLED 



1036 



MAYONNAISE 



M. 



MACIjJBD, a. [Lat. macula, a spot.] (Ik) Char- 
acterized by having the surface covered with spots 
of a hue deeper than, or different from, the ground 
color. 

Mae'ren-ceph/^jlous, a. [Gr. fm/cp6s, long, great, 
and eyieecfrakov, tfife brain.] Having a large brain. 

Mae'ro-glos'si-a, n. [Gr. /u.a«-pos, long, great, and 
yAwcro-a, tongue.] (Med.) Enlargement or hypertrophy 
of the tongue. 

Ma-eropli'yl-line, or Ma-e'ro-phyl'line, a. [See 
Macrophyllous.] (Bot.) Consisting of elongated ex- 
tended leaflets. 

Mae'ro-pm'a-eoid, n. [Gr. /aa/cpos, long, nival;, a 
board, and eifios, form.] ( Crysta/log.) The name given 
to the two planes in the orthorhombic system which 
are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macro- 
diagonal) axes. 

Ma-erop'ter-oiis, a. [Gr. fAaxpos, long, and nrepov, a 
wing.] Having long wings. 

Mae'ro-seop'i-e, ) a. [Gr. /uafepos, long, large, and 

Mae'ro-seop'ie-al, ) o-Konelv, to view.] Visible to 
the unassisted eye ; — as opposed to microscopic, visible 
only by the aid of the microscope. 

Mae'tra, n. [Gr. /u-d/crpa, kneading-trough, from p.6.o-<rei.v , 
to knead.] (Zool.) A well-known lamellibranch, in- 
habiting sandy and muddy shores ; — so called fanci- 
fully from its shape. The ben-clam, or mongrel-clam 
(M. solidissim,a), is found from the Gulf of Mexico to 
Labrador. 

Mad'der-ing, n. The art or process of dyeing with 
madder, or of subjecting to the action of madder. 

Mad're-po'ri-form, a. [Eng. madrepore, and Lat. 
forma, form.] Formed like a madrepore ; perforated 
with small holes like a coral. 

Ma-dro'na, n. [Sp., from madre, Lat. mater, mother.] 
An evergreen shrub ( Arbutus Menziesii), of California. 

Ma-gen'ta, n. A red or crimson dye or color derived 
from aniline ; — so called from Magenta, in Italy, where 
a battle was fought, not far from the time when the 
color was first brought into use. 

Mag'is-tral, a. (Pharmacy.) Prescribed for the occa- 
sion : — said of medicines, in distinction from such as 
are officinal, or kept prepared in the shops. 

Mag-ne'§ie, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from, magnesium. 

Mag-ne'si-iim (-zhi-um), n. [Add.] Magnesium light, 
a brilliant light, produced by burning metallic magne- 
sium. 

Mag-net'ie, «• [Add.] Magnetic field , or, Field of mag- 
netic force, any space through which a magnet exerts 
its influence. — Magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid 
whose existence was formerly assumed in the explana- 
tions of the phenomena of magnetism. — Magnetic iron 
(Min.), a compound of iron and oxygen which is at- 
tracted by the magnet ; magnetite : loadstone. 

Ma-ha'rti'jah, n. [Skr., from maha, great, and raja, 
king.] A sovereign prince of India. 

Ma-hog'a-ny, n. [Add.] A table made of the mahogany 
wood. 

Maid, n. [Add.] Maid of honor, a female attendant or 
companion of a queen or royal princess : — usually of 
noble family, and having only honorary duties. 

Mai-ze'na, n. [From Maize.] A trade name for fine 
meal or fanna, prepared from Indian corn, for pud- 
dings and the like. 

Make'-up, n. The whole, as distinguished from the 
several parts composing it : general composition or 
structure ; get-up. An actor's make-up means the arti- 
ficial manner in which he is appareled, painted, and the 
like, for the stage. 

Mal'a-gas'y, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Mada- 
gascar or its inhabitants ; Madecassee. 

Md'lalse', n. [Fr., from mal, Lat. ma?us, evil, ill, and 
aise, ease, q. v.] (Pathol.) An indefinite feeling of un- 
easiness, or of being ill at ease. 

Mal'as-sim/i-la'tion, n. (Pathol.) (a.) Imperfect di- 
gestion of the several leading constituents of the food. 
(b.) An imperfect use by the capillaries of the blood 
conveyed to them. 

Mal-thii'sian ism(-zhan-),n. [See Malthusian.] The 
system of Malthusian doctrines, which advocate the 
restriction of the natural increase of population. 



Mam'e-lu'eo, n. [Pg.] A child born of a white father 
and negro mother. 

Mam'zer, n. [Heb. mamzer.] One born of parents be- 
tween whom marriage was forbidden by the Mosaic law. 

Man-a'da, n. [Sp.] A herd of brood-mares, under the 
lead of a stallion. 

Manchette (mong'shef), n. [Fr., a cuff, ruffle, dim. of 
manche, sleeve. See Manche.] An ornamental ruffle or 
cuff. 

Man'-eat'er, n. One who, or that which, has an appe- 
tite for human flesh ; specifically applied to a large shark, 
and also to a species of tiger. 

Man'-en'gine (-en'jin), n. A mechanical lift for raising 
and lowering workmen, as in mines ; an elevator. 

Man'gan-if'er-ons, a. [manganese and Lat. ferre, to 
bear.] Containing manganese. 

Man'za-ni'ta, n. [Sp., dim. of manzana, an apple.] 
(Bot.) A dense mahogany-colored shrub (Arctostaphy- 
los pungens), growing to the height of ten feet, and 
spreading to an equal breadth. It is found in the West- 
ern United States, from Oregon and Utah to New Mexico, 
and in Mexico. The name is also applied to other Cali- 
fornian species of Arctostaphylos. 

Ma-o'ri, n. (Geog.) 1. One of the primitive inhabit- 
ants of New Zealand. 2. The original language of New 
Zealand. 

Ma-o'ri, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, New Zealand. 

Mar'a-bou', n. The offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. 

Mar'gin, n. [Add.] 5. (Stock Exchange.) A sum of 
money deposited with a broker, by a person speculating 
in stocks, to secure the former against loss on funds ad- 
vanced by him. 

Mar'i-nade'. n. [Fr., from mariner, to prepare food for 
preservation at sea, from marin, Lat. marinus, sailor, 
from mare, sea.] (Cookery.) A brine or pickle for use 
in preparing food for being cooked, and for enriching 
the flavor of meat and fish. 

Mar'i-nate, v. t. (Cookery.) To lay in vinegar; to 
prepare by the use of marinade. 

Mar'i-o-nette', n. [Fr.] One of the figures in a puppet- 
show. 

Mark, n . [ Ger.~] A German silver coin, of the value of 
one English shilling, or about 24 cents in American cur- 
rency. It is the equivalent of 100 pfennig. 

Mar-seilles/ (mar-salz'), n. A general term for certain 
kinds - of fabrics, which are formed of two series of 
threads interlacing each other, thus forming double 
cloth, quilted in the loom ; — used for vestings ; so 
named because first made in Marseilles, France. 

Marsh'-hawk, n. The American harrier or mouse- 
hawk (Circus cyaneus), one of the Falconidx, or falcon 
family. It breeds from Hudson's Bay to Texas, and 
from Nova Scotia to Oregon and California, and is 
abundant everywhere in the United States, except in 
the southeastern portion. 

Mar 'tin-gale, n. [Add.] 3. (Gambling.) The act of 
doubling at each stake that which has been lost on the 
preceding stake ; — metaphorically derived from the bi- 
furcation of the martingale of a harness. 

Mass'age, n. [Fr.] The act of pressing the muscular 
parts of the body with the hands, in order to give sup- 
pleness or to excite vitality ; shampooing. 

Mas'ter, n. A vessel having masts. 

Mas-tod'y-ny, n. [Gr. iaolo-tos, the female breast, and 
bSvvri, pain.] (Pathol.) Pain occurring in the mamma, 
or female breast, — a form of neuralgia. 

Ma-tan'za, n. [Sp., slaughter, from matar, to kill.] A 
place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and 
tallow. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. [Add.] 2. Specifically, one who 
holds to the existence of matter, as distinguished from 
the idealist who denies it. 

Ma-te'ri-al-i-za'tion, n. 1. The act or pretense of 
clothing a spirit in a material form. 2. That which is 
materialized ; the supposed appearance of a spirit in 
material form. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ize, v. t. [Add.] 4. (Spiritualism.) To 
present or to pretend to present a spirit or departed soul 
under a material form or body. 

Ma / y6n / nai§e', n. [Fr., perhaps from Provencal ma- 
ho'nner, to mix a salad.] ( Cookery.) A sauce or salad, 
compounded of oil, vinegar, pepper, and salt, with the 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



MAYORAL 



1037 



MIDDLE 



addition of raw yolks of eggs ; also, any dish of meat 
furnished with this sauce. 

May'or-al, n. [Sp., from mayor, Lat. major, greater.] 
The conductor of a mule team ; a head shepherd. 

Mead'ow-hay, n. A coarse grass, or true sedge, grow- 
ing on uncultivated swamp or river meadow ; — used as 
fodder for cattle, packing for ice, etc. 

Meat, n. [Add.] Dark meat ( Cookery), all the meat of 
chickens and turkeys, except the hreast and wings, 
these heing called light meat. 

Me-ea'te, n. (Me?.) A rope of hair or of the fiber of 
the maguey, used for tying horses, etc. 

Me-gac'e-ros, n. [Gr. /u.eyas, great, and nepa<;, horn.] 
(Paleon.) The fossil or sub-fossil gigantic deer of the 
Pleistocene marls and peat-bogs ; often, but erroneously 
termed the Irish elk. 

Meg'a-f ar'ad, n. [Gr. /ueyas, great, and Eng. farad.] 
(Elec.) One of the larger measures of capacity, amount- 
ing to one million farads ; — rarely called macrofarad. 

Meg'a-leth'o-seope, n. [Gr. /ueyas, great, and Eng. 
alethoscope.~\ An instrument for viewing pictures by 
means of a lens in which the pictures are magnified. 

Meg'ohm (-om), n. [Gr. jue'yas, great, and Eng. ohm.] 
(Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical re- 
sistance, amounting to one million ohms. 

Mei'o-stem'o-noiis, a. [Gr. p.eiW, smaller, and croj- 
fj-mv, the warp, from ioraVai, to stand.] (Bat.) Having 
stamens less in number than the parts of the corolla. 

Me-lae'o-nlte, n. [Gr. |ue'Aas, black, and /covis, dust.] 
(Min ) An ear thy-b lack oxide of copper, occurring in 
veins in powdery masses, arising from the decomposi- 
tion of other ores. 

Me-lse'na, n. [Gr. ju.eA.as, ju.eA.aiva, black.] (Pathol.) A 
discharge of black blood. 

MeFan-eho'li-a, n. [Lat., Gr. /ueAas, /ue'Aaiva, black, 
and x°Atj, bile.] (Pathol.) A kind of mental unsound- 
ness which often attends disorders of the liver and of 
the organs of digestion. It is characterized by extreme 
depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, and brooding 
over one particular subject or train of ideas. 

Mel-o-plas'ti-e, a. Pertaining to meloplasty, or the 
artificial formation of a new cheek. 

Mel'o-plas'ty, n. [Fr. meloplastie, from Gr. p-yKov, an 
apple, a cheek, and irKao-creiv, to mold, form.] (Surg.) 
The process of restoring a cheek which has been de- 
stroyed wholly or in part ; the artificial formation of a 
new cheek. 

Mel'ton--eloth, n. A fine woolen cloth with unfin- 
ished face and without raised nap ; also a commoner 
article, with cotton warp and similar finish. 

Men'ta-gra, n. [Fr. mentagre, from Lat. mentum, 
chin, and Gr. aypa, a catching, a seizure.] (Pathol.) 
A herpetic eruption about the chin and upper lip, 
forming a tenacious crust ; sycosis. 

JMe'nu',n. [Fr., slender, thin, minute. See Minute.] 
The details of a_banquet ; a bill of fare. 

Meph/is-to-phe'li-an, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, the devil Mephistopheles ; fiendish ; crafty. 

Mer-eu'ric, a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, 
the metal mercury. 

Me-ren'-ehy-ma, n. [Gr. /ue'pos, a part, and eyxviua, an 
infusion, from ev, in, and xetv, to pour.] (Bot.) Tissue 
composed of spheroidal cells. 

Mdrinfftie (ma/rang'), n. [Fr.] (Cookery.) A kind 
of soft frosting composed of the whites of eggs and 
sugar, and used to garnish some pastry or confection. 

Mes'd, n. [Sp.] An elevated table-land, especially one 
lying against the side of a mountain. 

Mes'o-ce-phaL'i-e, a. [Gr. jueVos, middle, and Eng. 
cephalic] Having the ratio of the breadth to the length 
of the skull a medium one. 

MeVo-pi-tlie'-eus, n. [Gr. (ue'cros. middle, and ttCOvkos, 
ape.] (Paleon.) A fossil catarrhine ape found in Greece, 
bearing resemblance to the existing genus Macacus, 
and also to the gibbons. 

Mes'o-ster'num, n. [Gr. /ueVos, middle, and aripvov, 
breast.] [Entorn.) The ventral piece of the exoskele- 
ton of the middle segment of the thorax in insects. 

Met'al, n. [Add.] 3. A metallic alloy or compound, 
such as brass, steel, bronze, bell-metal, etc. 4. pi. The 
rails of a railway. [Eng.] 

Muntz^s metal, an alloy consisting usually of 60 parts 
of copper and 40 parts of zinc, used in the form of thin 
plates for sheathing ships ; — named after the inventor. 

Me-tal'li-e, a. [Add.] Metallic tinkling (Pathol.), a 
sound heard in the chest, in cases in which a caviry 
communicating with the air passages contains both air 
and fluid. 



Met'a-mere, n. [Gr. p.erd, with, or among, and /ue'pos, 
part.] (Zool.) Any one of the similar parts that fol- 
low one another in an animal formed by segmentation ; 
a segment, as of an articulate or a vertebrate. 

Me-tath'e-s.is, n. [Add.] 2. (Chem.) The interchange 
of two elements in a reaction. 

Met'a-thet'i-eal, a. Taking place by metathesis or 
mutual exchange. 

Met'a-zo'an, n. ; pi. met'a-zo'ans ; Lat. pi. MET'A- 
ZO'A. [Gr. juera, after, and £o>ov, animal.] (Zool.) An 
animal in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting 
the primitive body, is converted into a multitude of 
cells, which become metamorphosed into the tissues of 
the body ; a stomach cavity is normally developed, and 
the cells around it arranged in two sets, the ectoderm 
and the entoderm. The term comprises all animals, 
except the protozoans. 

Me'te-or-oid, n. [Eng. meteor, and Gr. elSos, form.] 
(Astron.) A small body revolving in an orbit about 
the sun. Luminous meteors are produced by the en- 
trance of meteoroids into the earth's atmosphere. 

Meth'y, n. (lchth.) A fish (Lota vulgaris) of the cod 
family, common in fresh waters of temperate regions 
of the northern hemisphere ; — called also the burbot. 

Meth'yl-am'ine, n. [Methyl and amine.] (Chem.) 
A colorless gas, having a strong ammoniacal odor, and 
absorbed by water with great rapidity. In its composi- 
tion it may be regarded as ammonia in which one atom 
of hydrogen has been replaced by the radical methyl. 

Meth/yl-ate, v. t. To impregnate or mix with methyl 
or methylic alcohol. 

Methylated spirit, alcohol mixed with one tenth of 
its volume of impure methyl alcohol or wood-spirit, to 
prevent its consumption as a beverage. 

Met'ro-log'i-eal, a. [Fr. me.tr ologique.] Pertaining to 
the science of metrology or of mensuration. 

Met'ro-seope, n. [Gr. p-^rpa, womb, from ^-rvp, 
mother and o-Koneiv, to view.] A modification of the 
stethoscope, devised with the view of directly auscul- 
tating the uterus from the vagina. 

Me-trot'o-my, n. [Fr. metrotomie, from Gr. fx-nrpa, 
womb, from p-rfrnp, mother, and tojutj, a cutting, from 
Te'/ui/eiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting 
into rhe uterus ; hysterotomy ; the cesarean section. 

Mi-eras'ter, n. [Gr. /ui/cpds, small, and aorrjp, star.] 
(Paleon.) A genus of sea-urchins, similar to the spa- 
tangus, abounding in the chalk formation ; — so termed 
from the star-like arrangement of the small ambulacral 
furrows. 

Mi'eren-^eph'a-lous, a. [Gr. /uucpo's, small, and 
eyfcecfraAov, the brain.] Having a small brain. 

Mi'-ero-eo-e'-eus, n. [Gr. /ui/cpos, small, and kokkos, 
kernel.] A round or spherical bacterium. 

Mi'-ero-far'ad, n. [Gr. p.L<pos, small, and Eng. farad.] 
(Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electrical ca- 
pacity, amounting to the millionth part of a farad. 

Mie'rohm, n. [From Gr. jut/epos, small, and Eng. 
ohm.] (Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electri- 
cal resistance, amounting to the millionth part of an ohm. 

Ml'-ero-plione, n. [Gr. juucpos, small, and $wfi, 
sound.] (Physics.) An instrument for intensifying 
and making audible very feeble sounds. It is essen- 
tially a very sensitive telephone, producing its effects 
by the changes of intensity in an electric current, oc- 
casioned by the changes of resistance of imperfect con- 
ductors under the action of acoustic vibrations. 

Mi'ero-pho'to-graph, n. [Gr. /ut/cpos, small, <J>ais, 
$cotos, light, and ypafyeiv, to write.] An enlarged rep- 
resentation of a microscopic object, produced by throw- 
ing upon a sensitive plate the magnified image of an 
object formed by a microscope or other suitable com- 
bination of lenses. 

Ml-eroph'y-tal or Mi'ero-phy'tal, a. Of or per- 
taining to microphytes. 

Mi'-ero-phyte, n. [Fr., from Gr. fti/cpos, small, and 
<J)vt6v, a plant, from 4>vei.v, to produce, grow.] (Paleon.) 
A deposit consisting of minute forms of vegetable life. 

MF-ero-spe-e'tro-s-eope, n. [Gr. p-i/cpos, small, and 
Eng. spectroscope.] (Physics.) A spectroscope arranged 
for attachment to a microscope, for the observation of 
minute portions of any substance. 

MI'-ero-zyme, n. [Gr. /ui/cpds, small, and <Jvp--»), fer- 
ment.] A minute living organism which is supposed to 
act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain in- 
fectious or contagious diseases. 

Mld'dle, a. [Add.] Middle States, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware ; which, at the 
time of the formation of the Union, occupied a middle 



food, fo^t; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; this. 



MIDDLINGS 



1038 



MULTIDIGITATE 



position between the Eastern States (or New England) 
and the Southern States. 

Mid'dling;§, n. pi. In the southern and western parts 
of the United States, the portion of the hog between 
the ham and the shoulder. Thus, prices are quoted 
for hams, shoulders, and middlings. 

Mid'dy, n. A colloquial abbreviation of midshipman. 

Mid'f eatii-er, n. (Mining.) That which supports the 
center of a tunnel. 

Mign'oii-ette' (mm'yon-Bt'), n. [Add.] Mignonette 
pepper (Cookery), pepper unground, or ground very 
coarse. 

Mi-ka/do, n. The title of the Emperor of Japan. 

Milk, v. t. [Add.] 4. To obtain anything of value 
from by unfair means ; as, to milk a telegram, to make 
a surreptitious use of the contents of a telegram sent 
to other parties. 

Milk, n. [Add.] Milk leg (Pathol.), a swollen condition 
of the leg, usually in puerperal women, caused by an 
inflammation of veins, and characterized by a white 
appearance occasioned by an accumulation of serum 
and sometimes of pus in the cellular tissue. 

Mil'ler-ite, n. [From the name of Professor W. H. 
Miller, of Cambridge, Eng.] (Min.) A sulphide of 
nickel, occurring in delicate capillary crystals, of a 
bronze yellow ; hence sometimes called hair pyrites. 

Millier (mil-lya'), n. [Fr., from mille, thousand.] A 
French measure of weight, being one million grams. 
It is the weight of one cubic meter of pure water at 
4° centigrade, and is equal to 22U4.62 pounds avoirdu- 
pois weight. 

Mill'ing, n. High milling, milling in which the grain 
is reduced to flour by a succession of crackings, or of 
slight and partial crushings, alternately with sifting and 
sorting the product. — Low milling, milling in which 
the reduction is effected in a single crushing. 

Min'er-al, a. [Add.] Mineral blue, the name usually 
given to azurite, when reduced to an impalpable pow- 
der for coloring purposes. — Mineral caoutchouc, an 
elastic mineral pitch, a variety of bitumen, resembling 
caoutchouc in elasticity and softness. — Mineral char- 
coal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, 
interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; — 
known to miners as mother-of-coal. — Mineral green, a 
green carbonate of copper. — Mineral tallow, a familiar 
name for hatchetttne, from its fatty or spermaceti-like 
appearance. 

Min/i-fy, v. t. [Lat. minimus, least, smallest, and 
facere. to make.] 1. To make small, or smaller ; to 
diminish the apparent dimensions of ; to lessen. 2. 
To degrade ; to treat with contempt ; to speak slight- 
ingly of. 

Min'i-mi-za/tion, n. The act or process of minimiz- 
ing, or of reducing to the smallest part or proportion 
possible. 

Mir'a-ele-play', n. An old dramatic entertainment, 
the subject of which was taken from, the histories in 
the Bible, or from legends of saints and martyrs. 

Mls'e-re're, n. [Add.] 4. (Pathol.) The group of 
sj'mptoms, marked by stercoraceous vomiting, abdom- 
inal pain, and collapse, which depend upon obstruction 
in the intestines ; ileac passion. 

Mis'sion-selidbl (mish'un-), n. A school for children, 
who do not regularly attend a church, or who are poor 
and neglected. 

MI>-'sy, a. Like a miss, or young girl. 

Mitrailleuse (me'tra/yuhz'), n. [Fr., from mitrniller, 
to fire grape-shot, from mitraille, old iron, grape-shot, 
dim. of 0. Fr. mite, a mite.] A machine-gun, which 
has thirty-seven barrels fitted and soldered into a 
wrought-iron tube, with a movable breech-piece 
worked by a lever, and so arranged that the barrels 
can be fired simultaneously, or at any interval, re- 
loading taking five seconds, and ten discharges per 
minute being maintained if necessary. 

Mo-di'o-la, n. [Lat. modiolus, dim. of modius, the Ro- 
man corn-measure.] (Zool.) A genus of marine lamel- 
libranchs, living and fossil ; a kind of mussel. 

Mo-diste' (mo-deesf), n. [Fr.] A female dealer in 
articles of ladies' dress ; a dressmaker. 

Mo'lar, a. [Lat. moles, mass.] (Mech.) Of, or pertain- 
ing to, a mass of matter ; — said of the properties or 
motions of masses, as distinguished from those of mole- 
cules or atoms. 

Mol-liis'-eoid, ) a. [Lat. molluscus, soft, and Gr. elSos, 

MoPlus-coi'dal, ) form.] Similar to the true mol- 
lusks ; belonging to the molluscoids. 

Mol-liis'-eoid, n. ( Zool. ) A name formerly given to a 



heterogeneous group comprising the brachiopods, poly- 
zoans, and tunicates. 

Mon'ad, n. [Add.] 3. (Chem.) An atom the equiva- 
lence of which is, or which can combine with, be ex- 
changed for, or replaced by, one atom of hydrogen. 

Mo-nan'dry, n. [Gr. p-wos, one, and avrjp, dvSpos, man] 
The possession by a woman of only one husband ; — con- 
trasted with polyandry. 

Mon'a-tom'ie, a. [Gr. p-ovos, alone, one, and aromas, 
atom, q. v.] (Chem.) Consisting of one atom ; having 
one atom in the molecule. 

Mo'ner, n. ; Lat.pl. MO-NE'RA. [Gr. p.oi>rypr7?, single.] 
(Zool.) One of that group of protozoans in which the 
individuals have been supposed to consist of a simple 
mass of protoplasm without a nucleus. 

Mon'e-tize, v. t. To convert into money ; to adopt as 
current money ; — as, to monetize silver. 

Mon'grel (mung'grel), n. [Add.] 2. An animal of no 
definite breed and without pedigree. 

Mo'nigm, n. [Gr. /now?, single.] (Metaph.) That doc- 
trine which refers all phenomena to a single ultimate 
constituent or agent ; — the opposite of dualism. 

Mo'nist, n. One who adopts or supports the doctrines of 
monism. 

Mo-nist'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or involving, monism. 

Mon'i-tor, n. [Add] 3. IFrom the name given by 
Captain Ericsson to the first ship of the kind.] An iron- 
clad war vessel, having a revolving turret. 

M6nk'ey-pot, n. (Bot.) The Sapuraya (Lecythis 
ollaria), a South American tree, the capsule of which is 
woody, very large and thick, and opens circularly by 
the raising of its epigynous cap-shaped disk. Vases and 
pots are made of this capsule. 

Mon'o-eli'nal, a. [See Monocxinic.] (Geol.) Having 
one oblique inclination ; — applied to strata that dip in 
only one directiou from the axis of elevation. 

Mo-nog'e nist, n. (Anthropology.) One who maintains 
that the human races are all of one species ; — opposed 
to polygenist. 

Mon'o-rnor'phie, a. Monomorphous ; occurring under 
only one form ; of the same or of an essentially similar 
type of structure ; — opposed to dimorphic, trimorphic, 
and polymorphic. 

Mon'or-gan'ic, a. [Gr. p-ovo?, single, and Eng. organic] 
(Med.) Belonging to, or affecting, a single organ, or set 
of organs. 

Mon'o-tlial'mie, a. [Gr. p.6vos, only, and 0aAap.o?, 
chamber.] (Bot.) Formed from one pistil; — said of 
fruits. 

Mon'o-the'-eal, a. [Gr. povos, single, and Oyikt), box, 
chest, from nOivai, to place.] (Bot.) Having a single 
locu lament. 

Mo-nox'ide, n. [Gr. p.6i>os, single, and Eng. oxide.] 
(Chem.) An oxide containing one atom of oxygen in 
each molecule. 

Mon'ti-form, a. [Lat. mons, mountain, and forma, 
form.] Resembling a mountain in form. 

Mo'quette' (ino'kef), n. [Fr.] A velvet stuff, used es- 
pecially for carpets. Same as Wilton Carpet. 

Mo'ri-o plas'ty, n. [Gr. p.6piof, dim. of /u.6pos, a part, 
and nKdo-aeiv, to mold, form.] ( Surg.) The restoration 
of lost parts of the body. 

Mort'u-a-ry, n. [Add.] 3. A morgue. 

Mo'geg, n. A large flat-boat, used in the West Indies 
for taking freight from shore to ship. 

Mos-qui'to % (mos-ke'to), n. [Add.] Mosquito bar, and 
mosquito net, a net or curtain set up, as over a bed, or 
before a window, to keep out mosquitoes. 

Mound'-build'er (-bild'er), n. One of an aboriginal 
race in North America, which erected mounds and other 
earthworks, especially in the valleys of the Mississippi 
and Ohio rivers and their tributaries. 

Mouth'-dr'gan, n. A small, flat, wind instrument, in 
which, when placed between the lips, the breath pro- 
duces musical notes by causing the vibration of metallic 
reeds ; — called also a harmonica. 

Mu-^ed'i-nous, a. [Lat. mucedo, mucedinis, from 
mucus, mucus.] Pertaining to, or resembling, mold ; 
having the character of mold. 

Mule'-twist, n. Cotton yarn in cops, as spun on the ma- 
chine called a mule ; — in distinction from water-twist. 

Milll, n. [Add.] 2. An inferior kind of madder con- 
sisting of pieces separated by fanning or sifting and pul- 
verizing the smaller roots of the other kinds. 

MuPti-eos'tate, a. [Multi and costate.] (Bot.) Having 
many ribs. 

MiiPti-dig'i-tate, a. [Multi and digit we.] Having 
many fingers, or finger-like processes. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e\ &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



MULTIVALENT 



1039 



NITRIDE 



IHul-tiv'a-lent, a. [Lat. multus, many, and valens, p. 
pr. of vatere, to be strong, to be worth.] ( Chern.) Hav- 
ing many units or degrees of equivalence. 

Mus'-ear-din', n. [Fr., from musca-iin, a musk-scented 
lozenge, from muscade, nutmeg, from Lat. muscus, 
musk.] (Zool.) The European dormouse ( Muscac/inus 
avellanarius) ; so named from its odor. 

Mus'cite, n. [Lat. muscus, moss.] (Paleon.) A fossil 
plant of the moss family. 

Mu/gi-e, n. [Add.] To face the music, to meet, with- 
out flinching, any disagreeable necessity. 

Mu/gi-e-al, n. A social entertainment, the leading fea- 
ture of which is music ; a musical party. 

Mu'§ic-box, ) n. A case inclosing mechanism so 

Mu'gic-al-hox, j constructed as to play tunes auto- 
matically. 

Mu/gie-liair', n. 1. A hall constructed or used for 



musical entertainments. 2. A drinking saloon where 
vocal and instrumental music is a special attraction. 

Mu/ta-cigm, n. [Lat. minus, dumb.] Inability to 
enunciate properly the labial consonants, as b, p, and 
m, leading to their frequent repetition or the substitu- 
tion of other letters for ttiem. 

Mut'ihira, n. The condition of being mute, or dumb. 

My'e-loid., a. [Gr. juveAos, marrow, and elSos, form.] 
Resembling marrow, or medulla, either of the bones or 
the spinal cord ; marrow-like ; as 1 , a myeloid tumor. 

My-o'pi-a, n. The same as Myopy. 

My'o-si'tis, n. [From Gr. y.vs, ju.v6s, muscle.] {Pathol.) 
Inflammation of the muscles. 

My-thol'o-gize, v. i. [Add.] 2. To construct and 
propagate myths. 

Myt'i-loid, a. [Lat. mytilus, sea-mussel, and Gr. elSos, 
form.] (Paleon.) Resembling the mussel. 



N. 



"VrAG, v. t. [imp. § p. p. nagged ; p. pr. § vb. n. naG- 

•TN ging.] To tease in a petty and pertinacious fashion ; 
to annoy. 

Name'-day, n. ( Stock Exchange.) The day before sell- 
ing day in stock transactions. 

Na/tive, n. [Add.] 2. ( Stock-breeding. ) Any of the 
live stock found in a region, excluding such as belong 
to pure and distinct breeds ; an aaimal of common or 
mongrel blood. 

Nat'u-ral, a. [Add.] Natural selection, a supposed op- 
eration of natural laws analogous in its method and 
results to the operation of designed selection in breeding j 
plants and animals, resulting in the survival of the fittest, j 

Nau'man-nlte (now'-), n. [From the name of K. F. ; 
Naumann, of Saxony.] (Min.) A selenide of silver, 
found in cubical crystals, in thin plates, and granular. 

Nau'ti-liis, n. [Add.] 2. A variety of diving bell, the 
lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled 
by the occupants . 

Na'val, a. [Add.] Naval Stores, turpentine, pitch, tar, 
and rosin. [ U. S.] 

Na/vy-yard, n. A ship-yard used for the construction, 
repair, and care of the vessels of war belonging to a 
national navy. 

Na-wab', n. [Ar. See Nabob.] A deputy ruler or vice- 
roy in India; a title given by courtesy to other persons 
of high rank in the East. 

Ne-are'tic, a. [Gr. ve'os, new, and Eng. arctic] Be- 
longing to a region of the earth's surface including all 
of temperate North America and Greenland. In the 
geographical distribution of animals, this region is 
marked off as the habitat of certain species. 

Neb'u-lize, v. t. [See Nebula.] To reduce, as a liquid, 
to a fine spray ; to atomize. 

Ke-e'ro-foi-o'sis, n. [From Gr. vexpos, dead, and /3iw- 
<ris, /3t'os, life.] (Med.) Degeneration resulting in com- 
plete or partial death of the part affected. 

Ne-e'ro-hi-ot'i-e, a. Pertaining to destructive degenera- 
tion. 

Nec'rop-sy, n. [Gr. vexpo's, dead, and oi/as, sight, from 
6i//ecr0ai, to see.] (Med.) Autopsy. • 

Nee (na), p.p. [Fr.] Born, — used to denote a woman's 
family name before marriage. 

Ne-grl'to, n. ; pi. NE-GRi'TOg. [Fr. negrito] One of 
a very low type of negroes, found in the Philippine 
Islands and vicinity. 

Ne'groid, a. [Negro and Gr. elSos, form.] Character- 
istic of the negro. 

Ne'ogene, n. [Gr. ve'os, new, and ye'vos, yeVeos, birth.] 
(G<-ol.) A term used to designate the miocene and 
pliocene tertiary formations. 

Ne'o-lith'i-c, a. [Gr. ve'os, new, and At'flos, stone.] 
( Geol. ) Of, or belonging to, an era characterized by 
late remains in stone. 

Ne'o-plas'ty, n. [Gr. ve'os, new, and 7rAacro-eiv,to form.] 
(Physiol.) Restoration of a part by granulation, ad- 
hesive inflammation, or autoplasty. 

Ne'o-trop'i-e-al, a. [Gr. ve'os, new, and Eng. tropical.] 
Belonging to a region of the earth's surface which 
comprehends all of South America, the Antilles, and 
tropical North America. In the geographical classifica- 
tion of zoological species, the fauna of this region form 
6 distinct class. 



Neph/al-i§m, n. [Fr. nephalisme, Gr. v^tfiaAio-fAo's, so- 
berness, from vrjcfxxAios, sober, from vi^eiv, to drink no 
wine.] Total abstinence from spirituous liquor. 

Neph'al-Ist, n. [Fr. nephaliste.] One who advocates 
or practices nephalism. 

Neph/e-lo-dSrn/e-ter, n. [Gr. vecfce'Arj, cloud, oSos, 
way, and ixerpov, measure.] An instrument for reckon- 
ing the distances or velocities of clouds. 

Neph/rel-mrn/thi-e, a. [Gr. veto's, pi. ve^pot, kidneys, 
and eA/uivs, eA/xivtfos, worm.] (Paihol.) Pertaining to 
the presence of worms in the kidneys. 

Ne-rl'ne, n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, 
of the amaryllis family. 

Nerv'ine, n. [Add.] 2. Nerve substance. 

Neii'rl-leni'md, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and Ae'/u^ua, 
peel, skin.] (Anat.) The delicate sheath of connect- 
ive tissue, surrounding the nerve fibers. 

Neu-roy'li-d, n. [Gr. vevpov, ligament, and yAta, glue.] 
(Anat.) The finely granular connective tissue of the 
brainand spinal cord ; bindweb. 

Neu-rd'md, n. [From Gr. vevpov, nerve.] (Pathol.) A 
tumor developed on a nerve, especially one consisting 
of new-formed nerve fibers. 

Neu-r6p'a-th.y, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and 7ra0os, suf- 
fering, from Trao-xeiv, na9elv, to suffer.] (Pathol.) An 
affectioii of the nervous system. 

Neu-ro'sis, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve.] ( Pathol.) A func- 
tional nervous affection, that is, a disease not accom- 
panied by appreciable change of structure. 

Neu'tral-i-za'tion, n. [Add.] 3. (Chem.) The pro- 
cess by which an acid and a base are combined in such 
proportions as to counteract the properties of both. 

New (nu), a. [Add.] New Church, or New Jerusalem 
Church, the church holding the doctrines taught by 
Emanuel Swedenborg. 

Nick, v. i. To fit precisely ; to combine successfully ; — 
thus, in stock-breeding, animals are said to nick, which 
pair so that their offspring inherit the good qualities of 
both parents. 

Nick'el, n. [Add.] 2. A small coin, of the value of 
1, 2, or 5 cents, — made in part from the mineral nickel. 

Ni-e'ol, n. [From Wm. Nicol, of Edinburgh, who first 
proposed it.] A prism prepared from the variety of cal- 
cite called Iceland spar, and used for producing polar- 
ized light; — called also Nicol' s prism. 

Nig'ger, v. t. To burn in two, as logs, by laying 
them across one another, and kindling a fire between 
them. 

To nigger off, to finish burning the remains of a for- 
est, already blackened by previous fires. 

Ni'hil-igm, n. [Add.] 3. (Russian Politics.) The so- 
cially destructive principles maintained by nihilists. 

Ni'hil-ist, n. 1. One who advocates the doctrine of 
Nihilism ; one who believes or teaches that nothing can 
be known, or asserted to exist. 2. (Russian Politics.) 
One who disbelieves in any permanent improvement in 
the social condition or progress of man ; a member of 
a secret association devoted to the destruction of the 
present form of government without any definite theory 
of a better. 

Ni'tride, n. [From nitrogen.] (Chem.) A compound of 
nitrogen with a more positive element or radical, as 
with phosphorus, silicon, or one of the metals. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull; cell, <phaise, •eall, e«ho; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link; this. 



NITRIFEROUS 



1040 



OLEOMARGARINE 



Nl-trif'er-otls, a. [Lat. nitrum, niter, and ferre, to 
produce.] Producing niter. 

Ni'tro-^al'plte, n. [Lat. nitrum, niter, and calx, col- 
ds, lime.] (Chem.) Nitrate of calcium, a substance 
having a grayish white color, occurring in efflorescences 
on old walls, and in limestone caves, especially where 
there exists decaying animal matter. 

Ni'tro-glyc'er-ine, n. (Ckem.) A compound pro- 
duced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and 
sulphuric acids on glycerine at low temperatures. It 
is a bright, yellowish, oily liquid, inodorous, but hav- 
ing a sweet, pungent, aromatic taste. It detonates 
when struck, and explodes with great violence. 

©3= A great number of explosive compounds have been pro- 
duced by mixing nitro-glycerine with different substances : 
as, dynamite, or giant-powder, nitro-glycerine mixed with sili- 
ceous earth ; lithofracteur, nitro-glycerine with gun powder, 
or with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium; Colonia pow- 
der, gun powder with nitro-glycerine; dualin, nitro-glycerine 
v. ith sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potassium and . 
some other substances ; lignose, wood-fiber and nitro-glycer- I 
ine. 

Ni-tro'le-iim, n. [Lat. nitrum, niter, and oleum, oil.] ! 
( Chem. ) The same as Nitro-glycerine. 

Nl'tro-mag/ne-site.ra. (Chem.) Nitrate of magnesia, 
a saline efflorescence resembling nitrate of lime. 

Nix, n.;fem. n'ix'e. [Ger., compare Nick.] (Myth.) 
One of a mythological race of little creatures, not un- 
like the Scottish brownie, and German kobold. They 
are believed to inhabit lakes and rivers. 

Nob'foy, a. [From nob, for noble.} Stylish; modish- 
fashionable ; in vogue. 

No^ti-m'slne, n. [Lat. nox , noctis, night, and lux, 
lucis light.] A peculiar organic substance causing the 
production of light in the glow-worm and the like It 
is a semi-fluid substance containing nitrogen 

Nocturne', n [Fr.] A piece of music designed to be 
played at night ; a serenade. 

Non'age, n. [L. Lat. nonagium, from nonus, ninth 
from novem nine.] (Ecrt.) A payment, — the ninth 
part of movable goods, — formerly made to the clergy, on 
the death of persons in their parishes 

Aon-e'yo, n. [Lat., not-L] (Metaph.) Any object 



which is distinguished from, or contrasted with, the 
observing or thinking agent ; the entire universe, as 
distinguished from any thinking subject. 

Non-en'ti-ty, n. [Add.] 3. A person of little or no 
account ; a nobody. 

No'ni-fis, n. [The Latinized form of Nunez, the name 
of a Portuguese mathematician.] (Math.) A device for 
subdividing the units of a graduated circle, so as to 
make it possible to read the fractions thereof ; a ver- 
nier. 

Non-un'ion-ist (-yun'yun-), n. One who does not be- 
long, or refuses to belong, to a trades-union. 

Noo'dle, n. [Ger. nudel, vermicelli ; Fr. nouiltes.] A 
thin strip of dough, made with eggs, rolled up, and 
then cut into small pieces, and used in soup. 

Noge'bit, n. ( Carp.) A bit used in block-making, sim- 
ilar to a gouge-bit, having a cutting edge on one side of 
its end. 

Note'-pa/per, n. Fine, fancy, or plain paper, not ex- 
ceeding in size, when folded as in the quire, five by 
eight inches. 

No'to-eliord, n. [Gr. vutov, the back, and x°P&Vi a 
chord.] (Anat.) A somewhat gelatinous cylindrical 
column, forming the primary condition of the spine in 
vertebrates. 

No'to-eliord'al, a. Having a notochord ; pertaining 
to the notochord. 

No-vi'ti ate (-vish'i-, 95), n. [Add.] 3. The place 
where novices live or are trained. 

Nii'-ea-ment, n. [Lat. nucamenta, fir cones, from nux, 
nut.] (Bot.) A catkin or cafs-tail, — the blossom of 
the hazel-pine, willow, and the like. 

Num'mular, a. (Pathol.) Having the appearance or 
form of a coin ; —applied to thick roundish sputa. 

Niit'let, n. A small nut ; also, the stone of a drupe. 

Nym'phse, n. pi. [Gr. vv^-q, nymph, bride, marriage- 
able maiden ; vv^ai, the labia minora.] (Anat.) Two 
folds of the mucous membrane of the vulva. ' 

Nym-phot'o-my, n. [Gr. vvp.$n, bride, marriageable 
maiden, vv^aL, the labia minora, and -roix-q, a cutting, 
from re'/aveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) Excision of the nym- 
phx, when they are either too long or too large. 



0. 



AAK'-LEATMEE (-leth'er), n. A kind of fungus, 

v_^ found in old oaks, having, when removed, some- 

_ what the appearance of white kid leather. 

Ob'ject-les'son, n. A lesson in which object-teaching 
is made use of. 

Ob'je«t- teaching, n. A method of instruction, in 
which illustrative objects are employed, each new word 
or idea being accompanied by a representation of that 
which it signifies ; — used especially in the kindergarten, 
for small children. 

Ob-s-eur'ant-ism, n. The S3 7 stem of those who repress 
reason and inquiry among the people, and who oppose 
the progress of knowledge. 

Olb-s-eiir'ant-ist, a. Opposed to the progress of knowl- 
edge. 

0«-«vilt', v. t. To eclipse. 

O-e'tave, n. [Add.] 3. A small cask of wine, being the 
eighth part of a pipe. 

Oc'to-pus, n. [See Octopod.] (Zool.) The eight-armed 
cuttle-fish. 

(E-de'ma, n. [Gr. otfiijjua, a swelling, tumor, from 
olSelv, to swell.] (Pathol.) Dropsy or accumulation 
of serum in the areolar tissue, as oedema of the feet or 
larynx ; — when it becomes general, it is called anasarca. 

CEn/o-ma'iii-a (en'o-), n. [Gr. olVos, wine, and fxavCa, 
mania ; from fj-aivea-Oai, to rage.] An inordinate craving 
for alcoholic stimulant ; dipsomania. 

CEs'tru-al (eV-), a. (Physiol.) Belonging to the oes- 
trum ; — applied to the period during which animals 
manifest the sexual desire. 

GSs'tru-a'tion, n. (Physiol.) The state of being un- 
der oestrual influence. 

Of-fi'cial-I§m (-fish'al-), n. The characteristic of 
being official ; a system of official government. 

Off 'set, n. [Add.] 6. (Printing.) A transfer of a 
printed page or picture to the opposite page, when the 
pages are pressed together before the ink is dry, or 
when there is an excess of ink. 



Ohm (om), n. [From the name of the German electri- 
cian, G. S. Ohm.] (Elec.) The standard measure of 
electrical resistance. It is very nearly equal to the re- 
sistance of a cylindrical wire of pure copper 250 feet in 
length, having a diameter of l-20th of an inch. 

Oil'--eoal, n. A coal or shale which yields a large quan- 
tity of oil on distillation. 

Oil'- mill, n. A mill for crushing seeds, in order to ob- 
tain their oil. 

Oil'- spring, n. A spring in which oil rises out of the 
earth as a natural production. 

Oil'- well, n. An artesian well which yields petroleum 

_oil. 

Old., a. [Add.] Old Catholics, the name assumed in 
1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who 
denied the oecumenical character of the Vatican Coun- 
cil, and rejected its decrees, especially that concerning 
the infallibility of the Pope, as contrary to the ancient 
Catholic faith. 

Old world (a), the world in its past ages ; (b), the 

_ known world preceding the discovery of America. 
j O'le-an'drme, n. (Chem.) A yellow, amorphous al- 
| kaloid, obtained from oleander leaves. It is sparingly 
| _ soluble in water, but readily in alcohol and ether. 

O'le-fine, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and facere, to make.] 
(Chem.) One of a series of hydrocarbons in which 
there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as there are 
atoms of carbon ; — so called from their property of 

_ forming oily compounds with bromine and chlorine. 

O'le-o-graph, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and Gr. ypa^eiv, to 
write, to describe, to paint.] 1. (Chem.) The form or 
figure assumed by a drop of oil when placed upon some 
liquid with which it does not mix. 2. (Painting.) A 
picture produced in oils by a process analogous to that 

_ of lithographic printing. 

O'le-o-mar'ga-rlne, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and Eng. 
margarine.] Artificial butter made from animal fat, 
with the addition of milk and other substances. 4 



OLIGOCENE 



1041 



OVENBIRD 



O-lTg'o-^ene, n. [Gr. oAiyos, few, and kcuvos, new, re- 
cent.] ( Geol.) A term employed to designate certain 
strata, which occupy an intermediate position between 
the eocene age and the miocene age. 

Ol'i-va-ry, a. [Fr. olivaire, Lat. olivarius, belonging 
to olives, from oliva, an olive.] (Anat.) Olive-shaped. 
The olivary bodies are two oval bodies on either side 
of the medulla oblongata. 

Ol'i-ver, n. A small tilt-hammer, worked by the foot. 

O-men'tal, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the omentum; 
as, omental hernia. 

Om'ni-bus-lbill, n. A legislative bill which provides 
for a number of miscellaneous enactments or appropria- 
tions. _ 

O'mo-hy'oid, a. [Gr. <Vos, shoulder, and Eng. hyoid, 
q. v.] (Anat.). Attached to the hyoid bone and the 

w shoulder ; — said of a certain muscle. 

Om/plia-lo-mes'en-ter'ie, a. [Gr. 6/x^aAo?, navel, 
and Eng. mesenteric,- q. v.] (Anat.) Relating both to 
the navel and the mesentery. 

One-self (wun-self), pron. A reflexive form of the in- 

w definite pronoun one ; — properly, one's self. . 

On' to-gen'e-sis, ) n [Gr. bvra, things which exist, pi. 

On-tog'e-ny, J neut. of u>v, ovtos, being, p. pr. of 
elvai, to be, and yeVo-is, origin, source, from yevos, 
birth.] The doctrine of the embryological history of 

_ plants or animals. 

O/o-logjfe-al, a. Pertaining to oology. 

O'pen (o'pn), n. Open country or space. 

Op'er-a-bouffe' (-booF), n. [Fr. opera, opera, and 

_bouffe, It.'buffa, joke, jest.] A grotesque comic opera. 

O'phi-u/ran, n. [Gr. 6<£u?, serpent, and ovpd, tail.] 

_(Zool.) One of the ophiuroida. 

O'phi-u-roid'd, n. pi. [Gr. o<pcs, serpent, ovpd, a tail, 
and elSo?, form.] (ZooL) A group of star-shaped 
echinoderms, called also serpent-stars, brittle-stars. The 
arms, long, slender, and sometimes very fragile, are dis- 
tinct from the disk, and do not contain prolongations of 
the stomach cavities. 

Oph-thaFmo-dyn'i-a, n. [Gr. 6<£0aA.p.6?, eye, and b8v- 
vt], pain.] (Pathol.) Pain, especially rheumatic pain, 
in the eye ; also, sometimes used of frontal neuralgia. 

Op'ti-mist'ie, a. Pertaining to optimism ; of, or re- 
lating to, the opinion that all events are ordered for the 

w best. 

Op'to-gram, n. [Fr. optos.ram.me, from Gr. o^eo-Oai, to 
see, and ypdfx(j.a, that which is written, from ypdfatv, to 
write.] The image in the retina, after death, of the ob- 
ject last viewed during life. 

Or-ehid'e-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, the orchis ; 
orchideous. 

Or-ehot'o-my, n. [Gr. op^is, a testicle, and rofxri, a 
cutting, from re^veiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The operation 

A of removing a testicle by the knife ; castration. 

Or'der-bdbk, n. A book in which the orders from 
buyers of merchandise are entered, or one which con- 

A tains copies of orders sent out. 

Or'di-na-ry, n. [Add.] Ordinary of the mass (Eccl.), 
all the service of the mass which is not the canon, that 
is, all before it, and the prayers of the communion of 
the priest after it. 

O-ree'tie, a. [Gr. bpeicTiKos, from opefi?, a longing or 
yearning after, from bpeyeiv, to reach after.] Pertaining 

_to the desires ; impelling to gratification ; appetitive. 

O're-o-don, n. [Gr. opo?, mountain, and 68ov<>, oSovtos, 
tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct mammal, intermediate 
between the deer, camel, and hog ; its remains are found 
in the miocene tertiary formations of the Western United 
States. 

Orf, n. (Ichth.) A European semi-domesticated fish 
(Leuciscus idus), of the carp family. 

Or-gan'ie, a. [Add.] Organic law or laws, a law or 
system of laws, or declaration of principles fundamental 
to the existence and organization of any association, 
political or otherwise ; a constitution. 

Or'gan-o-^en'e-sis, I n. The production or develop 



Or'gan-og'e-ny, 

animals 



ment of organs in plants anc 



Or'gan-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. opyavov, organ, and roiirj, a 
cutting, from Te^vetv, to cut.] (Surg/) The dissection 
of organs. 

O-rlg'i-nal, a. [Add.] 5 . Before unused or unknown ; 
new ; as, a book full of original matter. 

Or'le-an§, n. sing. [From the name of the French city 
Orleans.] 1. A trade name for a kind of cloth made of 
worsted and cotton, used for dresses. 2. A common 

_ variety of the plum. [Eng.] 

O'roide, n. [Fr. or, Lat. aurum, gold, and Gr. eTSos, 



form.] An alloy, bearing a special resemblance to gold 

^ from its brilliancy. [Also written oreide.] 

Or'phan-age, «. [Add.] 2. An institution or asylum 
for the care of orphans. 

Or-thog'a-my, n. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, and ya/uo?, mar- 
riage.] (Bot.) That process of fertilization in which 
the pollen falls directly on the stigma, without inter- 

A vention of any mediate agency. 

Or'tho-pin'a-eoid, n. [Gr. 6p0ds, straight, nCvag, a 
board, and etfios, form.] (Crystallog.) A name given 
to the two planes in the monoclinic system which are 

^ parallel to the vertical and orthodiagonal axes. 

Or'tho-sperrn'oiis, a. [Gr. opflds, straight, and o-irep- 
fia, seed.] (Bot.) Having the seeds straight, as the 
fruits of some umbelliferous plants, — opposed to coz- 

A lospermous. 

Or'ye-tere, n. [Gr. bpvKT-qp, digger.] (Zo'ol.) The 
aard-vark ( Orycteropus capensis), an edentate mammal 
of South Africa. 

O-rye'te-rope, n. [Gr. opvurfip, bpvKTrjpos, digger, and 

_ttovs, 7ro86s, foot.] The same as Oryctere. 

O'sage-or'ange (-or'enj), n. (Bot.) The name for an 
ornamental tree of the genus Madura ( M. aurantiaca), 
allied to the mulberry (Moms). The tree having been 
first found in the country of the Osage Indians, this 
fact, and the orange-like appearance of the fruit, are 

^recognized in the name. 

ds r §l-nes, n. pi. [Lat.] ( Ornith.) Singing-birds ; a 
group of the Passeres, having a complex vocal organ of 

_ numerous syringeal muscles conferring musical ability. 

Os'se-ter, n. [From Lat. osseus, bony, from 05, ossis, 

^ bone.] (Ichth.) A species of sturgeon. 

Os'te-al, a. [Gr. bo-riov, a bone.] Pertaining to bone. 

Os-ten'sion, n. [See Ostend.] (Eccl.) The showing of 
the sacrament to communicants in order that it may re- 

w ceive their adoration. 

Os'te-o-folast, n. [Gr. bo-reov, bone, and /3A.acn-6s, germ.] 
(Physiol.) In the development of bone, a cell which 

w produces the osseous tissue. 

Os'te-o-gen'e-sls, n. [See Osteogeny.] The formation 

w or growth of bone ; osteogeny. 

Os'te-o-tome, n. [Gr. bo-Teov, bone, and to/xtj, a cut- 
ting, from reixveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) Strong nippers 
used for dividing bone. 

O-tlie'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. u*6elv, to thrust, to repel, and 
0-K.oirelv, to view.] (Physics.) An instrument for ex- 
hibiting the peculiar repulsive action produced by light 

. or heat ; a radiometer. 

Otli'er (iith'er), a. [Add.] 3. Alternate ; — used only 
in connection with every, as every other day, each alter- 

_ nate day. 

O'tie, a. [Gr. wtikos, from ovs, wto?, the ear ; Fr. otique.] 
Pertaining to the ear ; of or for the ear ; auricular ; as, 

_an otic remedy. 

O'to-erane, n. [Gr. ou?, ojtos, ear, and icpavlov, skull.] 
(Anat.) A cavity in the skull for the reception of the 
osseous or cartilaginous capsule of the labyrinth of the 

_ ear. 

O'to-era'ni-al, a. (Anat.) Belonging to the otocrane. 

(Vtor-rlioe'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. ovs, toros, the ear, and pelv, 

_ to flow.] ( Pathol.) A flow from the ear. 

O'to-seope, or Ot'o-seope, n [Gr. oS?, utSs, the 
ear, and aKonelv, to view.] An instrument constructed 
on the principle of the ophthalmoscope or the stethoscope, 

_ and employed for examining the condition of the ear. 

O'to-seop'ie, or Ot/o-seop'ie, a. Of, or pertaining 

_ to, the otoscope. 

O'to-zo'um, a. [Gr. *fixo?, a fabled giant, and £wov, an 
animal.] ( Paleon.) One of a genus of huge labyriuth- 
odonts found in the triassic formation. 

Out, adv. [Add.] (n.) At the end of a game or of some- 
definite part of it. 

To be out of one's head, to be delirious. 

Out'-eross, n. The process or result of breeding between 
animals, or of cross-fertilization between plants which 
are not of near kin. 

Out/put, n. In the iron or coal trade, the quantity of 
metal'yearly produced by the furnaces, or the quantity 
of coal annually produced from one or more pits. 

Out'rig-ger, n. [Add.] 2. A projection at the side of 
a boat, to sustain a row-lock. 

Out'side, a. [Add.] 2. Pertaining to, or denoting, the 
extreme or furthest limit, as to extent, quantity, and 1 
the like ; as, the outside price. 

Out-spok'en (-spok'n, 20), a. Speaking freely or openly ; 

, free-spoken ; candid ; fx-ank. 

6v'en-bird(uVn-),«. (Ornith.) (a.) The popular name 
of a tenuirostral bird of the sub-family Furnarins}, 



food, foot: urn, ryide, pull; cell, chaise, €all, e-eho; gem, get; ag; e^cist; linger, link; this« 

66 



OVERBUILD 



1042 



PARTIAL 



and the family of creepers, inhabiting the warm parts 
of S. America and the W. Indies ; — so called from the 
shape of its nest. (b.) The golden-crowned thrush 

_(Seiurus aurocapillus) of N. America. 

O'ver-build' (-bild'), v. t. To build beyond the demand. 

O'ver-erowd' (-kroud), v. t. To fill to excess, especially 

_ with living beings. 

O'ver-erowd'ing, n. The act of filling to excess ; the 
erection of too many buildings upon a given area ; the 

_ location of too many individuals in one habitation. 

O'ver-ground, a. Situated abtive or along the ground ; 

_ as, the overground portion of a plant. 

O'ver-lap, n. (Geol.) An extension of geological beds 
above and beyond others ; this occurs in a conformable 
series of beds, when the upper beds extend over a wider 
space than the lower, either in one or all directions. It 
is the result of a gradual sinking of the land, and con- 
sequent extension of the sea, while the deposition of 
sediments is going on. 



O'ver-sell', v. t. (Stock Exchange.) To sell beyond 
one's means of delivery. 

Oversold market, a market in which stocks have been 
sold " short " to such an extent that there is great diffi- 

_ culty in borrowing them for delivery. 

O'ver-tone, n. [Ger. oberton.] (Mus.) In a body or 
instrument employed for producing musical sounds, 
one of the tones emitted by it (due to higher orders of 
vibration) over and above its fundamental tone. Such 

w tones are also called harmonics. 

Ox'-f obt, n. ; pi. ox'-feet. A term applied to the feet 
of a horse when the horn of the hind foot cleaves, just 
in the middle of the fore part of the hoof, from the 

_ coronet to the shoe. 

Ox'heart, n. A large, heart-shaped variety of cherry. 

Ox'y-gen'ie, a. Pertaining to oxygen. 

Oys'ter-bed, n. A breeding place for oysters ; an arti- 
ficial bed or park in a tidal river, or other water on or 
near the sea, where oysters are fattened for sale. 



P. 



PA-CHI'§I, n. [Hind., from pachis, 25, the highest 
throw in the game.] A game, resembling backgam- 
mon, originating in India. [Also written parchesi.] 

Pa-eliom'e-ter, n. [Gr. jraxos, thickness, and txerpov, 
measure.] (Physics.) An instrument for measuring 
thickness. 

Paeh'y-ear'pous, a. [Gr. naxvs, thick, and napnos, 
fruit.] (Bot.) Having the pericarp very thick. 

Paeh'y-men'in-gi'tis, n. [Gr. -n-axv?, thick, and Eng. 
meningitis.] (Pathol.) Inflammation of the dura- 
mater or outer membrane of the brain. 

Pa-cin'i-an, a. [From Pacini, an Italian anatomist.] 
(Anat.) Noting numerous small pedunculated whitish 
bodies or corpuscles, in union with the filaments of the 
cutaneous nerves of the hand, and attached to the 
cerebral and spinal systems, and to the great sympa- 
thetic or internal ganglionic nerve. 

Pack'- sheet, n. A strong, coarse material, in which 
to pack goods ; a cover for goods in a wagon. 

Pad'ding, n. [Add.] 4. In a book or periodical, ma- 
terial of inferior value, inserted to fill up the space. 

Paint'-box, n. A box containing cakes of colors. 

Pal'ace-ear', n. A luxurious car, for passage in which 
an extra fee is charged ; — also called drawing-room. car. 

Pa'le-are'tie, a. [Gr. iraka.i6<;, ancient, and Eng. arc- 
tic, q. v.] Belonging to a region of the earth's surface 
which includes all Europe to the Azores, and Iceland, 
and all temperate Asia. In the geographical distribu- 
tion of animal life, the fauna of this region form a 
distinct class. 

Pa'le-o-erys'tie, a. [Gr. 7raAai6s, ancient, and tcpvcr- 
toAAos, ice.] Pertaining to, or derived from, a former 
glacial formation. 

Pa'le-o-lith, n. [Gr. va\aiog, ancient, and Ai'0o?, stone.] 
A relic of the paleolithic era. 

Pa/le-o-lith'ie, a. [See supra.] (Geol.) Of , or belong- 
ing to, an era containing early stone implements. The 
Paleolithic era (as proposed by Lubbock) includes the 
earlier half of the " stone age"; the remains belong- 
ing to it are for the most part of extinct animals, with 
relics of human beings. 

Pa-le'ti-o-log'i-eal (-le'shl-o-), a. Connected with or 
relating to paletiology. 

Pa-le'ti-ol'o-glst, n. One versed in paletiology. 

Pa-le'ti-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 7raAai6s, ancient, ainov, a 
cause, and Aoyos, discourse.] The science which ex- 
plains, by the law of causation, the past condition and 
changes of the earth. 

PaL'grave, n. The same as Palsgrave. 

Pa'H, n. The sacred language of the Buddhist religion 
in the countries lying eastward and south-eastward 
from India. It is properly a dialect of Sanskrit. 

Pallet, n. [Add.] 4. (Mus.) In the organ, a valve 
between the wind-chest and the mouth of a pipe or row 
of pipes. 

Pal-lo'ne, n. [It., a large ball, from palla, ball.] An 
Italian game played with a large leather ball, which is 
thrown from the wrist. 

Pal'ma-cite, n. [See Palm.] (Paleon.) Any fossil 
stem, leaf, or fruit, which appears to have affinity with 
the existing palms. 



Palm'-erist (pam-), n. The castor-oil plant, or palma 

Christi. 

Pa-lus'tral, a. [Lat. paluster, palustris.] Pertaining 
to a bog or marsh ; paludine. 

Pam 'pa-no, n. [Sp.] (Ichth.) A food fish ( Trachynotus 
Carolinus) of the genus Caranx. It is found on the 
coast of America from Brazil to New York, and is very 
highly esteemed. 

Pam'pag, n. pi. [Add.] Pampas grass. A tall, hand- 
some grass which covers the South American pampas. 

Pan, v. t. To make visible, as gold in a miner's pan ; — 
with out. 

Pan, v. i. To exhibit itself as gold when made visible 
in a miner's pan ; to appear as a result ; to develop ; — 
usually with out; — used literally in mining opera- 
tions, and applied to any development of character or 
consequences. 

Pan-An'gli-ean, a. [Gr. irav, all, and Eng. Anglican.] 
Belonging to, or representing, the entire English 
church. 

Pan'-ere-a-tine, n. ( Chem.) A substance, or mixture 
of substances, obtained from the pancreatic juice, and 
containing its peculiar principle ; — applied also to 
various preparations intended to represent the activity 
of the pancreatic fluid. 

Pan-da'nus, n. [From Malay pandang, conspicuous.] 
(Bot.) The screw-pine. 

Pan-sperni'a-tlst, n. [Gr. irav, all, and o-iripfxa, 
o-jrep/ixaTos, seed.] One who rejects the theory of spon- 
taneous generation. 

JPa'o-lo, n. [It.] An Italian silver coin, of about ten 
cents in value. 

Pa-pav'er-ine, n. [From Lat. papaver, poppy.] (Chem.) 
An alkaloid which forms one of the constituents of 
opium. 

Pa-pyr'o-graph, n. A machine for printing fae-simile 
impressions from manuscript. 

Pap'y-ro-graph'ie, a. Pertaining to, or involved in, 
the process of printing by the use of the papyrograph. 

Par'a-gen'e-SiS, n. [Gr. irapa, beside, and yeVecri?, 
genesis, from yeVo?, birth.] (Min.) The science of 
the association of minerals with special reference to 
their origin. 

Par'a-sit'i-clde, n. [Lat. parasitus, Gr. irapao-nos, a 
parasite, and ciedere, to kill.] (Med ) Any substance 
used to destroy parasites. 

Par-che'§I, n, See Pachisi. 

Par'e-SiS, n. [Gr. 7rapeors, from irapievai, to let go, 
from irapa, from, and te'vai, to send.] (Pathol.) In- 
complete paralysis. 

Pa-ret'ie, a. In the condition of paresis. 

Parkes'me, n. [From the name of the inventor, Mr. 
Parkes.] A compound, originally made from gun- 
cotton and castor-oil, but later from different mate- 
rials, and used as a substitute for vulcanized India 
rubber and for ivory ; — called also xylotile. 

Par'ky, n. [Russ.] A hooded upper garment, made of 
skin or fur, and worn by Esquimaux. 

Par'tial (-shal), a. [Add.] Partial tones (Music), the 
simple sounds which in combination form an ordinary 
sound, and cause its special quality of tone. 



PARTICULATE 



1043 



PHENYLENE 



Par-tle'u-late, a. Referring to, or produced by, par- 
ticles, such as dust, minute germs, and the like. 

Pas'sion-Siin'day (pash/un-stin'dy), n. (Eccl.) The 
fifth Sunday in Lent, or the second before Easter. 

P&s'sion-tide, n. {Rom. Cath. Church.) The last fort- 
night of Lent. 

Pas'sion-week, n. [Add.] 2. {Rom. Cath. Church.) 
The last week but one in Lent, or the second week 
preceding the festival of Easter. 

Pas'tor-al, a. [Add.] Pastoral staff (Eccl.), a staff 
ending in an ornamented curve or crook ; — carried by 
bishops and archbishops as an emblem of episcopal au- 
thority and of pastoral care. 

Pa-trol'man, n. One who patrols ; a watchman ; es- 
pecially a policeman who patrols a particular precinct 
of a town or city. 

Pea'-foer'ry, n. A highly prized variety of the coffee 
berry. The two grains in the berry coalesce, producing 
the appearance of a single elliptical seed, usually of 
small size, whence the name. 

Pea'-grit, n. (Min.) A coarse pisolitic limestone, 
composed of concretionary bodies which are round, 

8 oval, or flattened like crushed peas. 

l?6brin.e (pa/breen'), n. [Fr.] An epidemic disease of 
the silk-worm, due to the presence of minute organ- 
isms as parasites. 

Pe-eop'ter-is, n. [Gr. triKeiv, to comb, and 7n-epis, a 
fern.] (Paleon.) An extensive genus of fossil ferns 
found in the coal-measures ; — so named from the reg- 
ular comb-like arrangement of the leaflets. 

Ped'i-f orm, a. [Lat. pes, pedis, foot, and. forma, form.] 
Resembling the foot or feet. 

Ped'i-gree, n. [Add.] 2. (Stock-breeding.) A record 
of the lineage of an animal, containing some animals 
of pure or improved breed. 

Ped'o-mo'tive, a. [Lat. pes, pedis, foot, and movere, 
motum, to move.] Movable by means of the foot. 

Pe-dre-gal', n. [Sp., a stony place, from piedra, Lat. 
petra, Gr. irerpa, stone.] A lava field. [Mexico and 
Western U. S.] 

Peh-le/v'i, n. An ancient dialect of the Persian lan- 
guage. It is supposed to have been the literary lan- 
guage of the westernmost provinces of Persia, early 
in the Christian era. 

Pe-las ; gi-an, ) a. [Gr. IleAacryo?, a Pelasgian.] Per- 

Pe-las'gie, } taining to the Pelasgians, an ancient 
people of Greece. 

Pe-lo'ri-a, n. [From Gr. 7reAo>p, a monster.] (Bot.) 
A form assumed by certain flowers, which, being un- 
symmetrical in their usual state, become symmetrical in 
what may be considered as a return to their normal type. 

Pe-lor'ie, a. (Bot.) Abnormally regular or symmet- 
rical. 

Pelt,n. [Add.] 2. A metal toe-piece for a boot or shoe. 

Pend'u-loiis, a. [Add.] 2. (Bot.) Inclined so that 
the apex is pointed downwards ; — applied to ovules 
that hang from the upper part of the ovary. 

Pen'ny, a, [Perhaps a corruption of pun, for pound.] 
Denoting pound weight for one thousand; — used in 
composition, and with respect to nails ; as, thvee-penny 
nails, nails of which one thousand weigh three pounds. 

Pen'tad, n. [Gr. nevTds, TrevrdSos, from nevre, five.] 
(Chem.) An atom, the equivalence of which is, or 
which can be combined with, or exchanged for, five 
hydrogen atoms. 

Pen'ta-del'phous, a. [Gr. trevre, five, and dfieA^o?, 
brother.] {Bot.) Having the stamens arranged in bun- 
dles or divisions of five. 

Pen'-wip'er, n. A cloth for cleaning pens. 

Pep'per-diilse, n. (Bot.) A variety of edible sea- 
weed ( Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pun- 
gency. 

Pep'ione, n. [From Gr. 7re7TTo's, cooked, from TreWeiv, 
to cook.] ( Physiol.) The substance into which the al- 
buminous elements of the food are transformed by the 
action of the gastric juice ; albuminose. 

Ter'^dle', n. [Fr.] A fine cotton fabric, closely woven, 
used for ladies' summer dresses. 

Per'che-ron, n. [Fr.] One of a breed of horses origi- 
nating in Perche, an old district of France ; — called also 
Percheron-Norman. 

Per-eur'rent, a. [Per and current.] Running through 
the entire length. 

Per'i-derm.n. [Gr. n-epi, about, and Se'p/aa, skin.] (Bot.) 
The outer layer of bark. 

Per'i-en-ceph/a-lPtis, n. [Gr. wept, about, and <=yKe'<£- 
akov, the brain.] (Pathol.) Inflammation of the cor- 
tical substance of the brain. 



Per'i-o-dSn'tal, a. [Gr. irepi, around, and oSotis, bSov- 

tos, tooth.] Surrounding the teeth. 
Per'i-os'te-al, a. (Anat.) Relating to, or connected 

with, the periosteum ■. 

P6r'i-spore, n. [Gr. nepC, around, and <nropo§, seed.] 
(Bot.) The outer covering of a spore. 

Per'is-sad, a. [Gr. Trepio-o-ds, odd, from irepi, over.] 
(Chem.) Odd; not even; — said of elementary sub- 
stances and of radicals whose equivalence is not divis- , 
ible by two without a remainder. 

Per'is-so-dac'tyl,^. ; Lat.pl. P&R'IS-SO-Dle'TYL-A. 
[Gr. 7repicro-os, odd, from irepi, over, and Scuctuaos, fin- 
ger.] (Zo'ol.) A member of one of the divisions of the 
ungulates, in which the third digit of each foot is sym- 
metrical in itself, and the toes of the hind foot are odd 
in number, — as in the horse, the rhinoceros, and the 
tapir. 

Per'i-to-ni'tis, n. [See Peritoneum.] (Pathol.) In- 
flammation of the peritoneum, or lining membrane of 
the abdomen. 

PeVi-typh-li'tis, n. [Prefix peri and typhlitis.] (Pa- 
thol.) Inflammation of the connective tissue behind 
the caecum and ascending colon. 

Per-pet'u-ance, n. The state of being made perpetual 
or everlasting ; the result of the act of perpetuating, or 
of preserving from extinction. 

Per'sian, a. [Add.] Persian powder, a substance con- 
sisting wholly or in part of the dried and pulverized 
flowers of the Pyrethrum carneuon and P. roseum, and 
efficacious in destroying insects ; — largely used in Per- 
sia, whence the name. 

Per'sul-phate, n. [Per and sulphate.] (Chem.) A 
sulphate of the peroxide of any base. 

Per-sul'phu-ret, n. [Per and sulphuret.] (Chem.) 
That one of the compounds of sulphur with another 
substance which has the largest proportion of sulphur. 

Pes'si-mlgm, n. [From Lat. pessimus, worst.] The 
opinion that everything in nature is ordered for the 
worst, or that the world is the worst possible. 

Pes'si-mist'le, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, 
pessimism ; gloomy ; croaking. 

Pe-tite', a. [Fr., fern, of petit.] Small in size ; little. 

Pet'ro-log'ie, a. Pertaining to petrology, or the science 
or investigation of rocks. 

Pet'ro-log'ie-al-ly, adv. In a petrologic manner ; in 
a manner involving the science or study of rocks. 

Pet'ro-ste'a-rine, n. [Gr. ireVpa, rock, and crreap, tal- 
low.] A solid unctuous material of which certain kinds 
of candles are made. 

Pe-tu'ni-a, n. (Bot.) A garden plant bearing beautiful 
flowers. It is a native of South America, and is nearly 
allied to the tobacco plant. 

Plia'-eo-eliere, a. [Gr. <£a/cds, the lentil, a wart re- 
sembling the lentil, and x°ip°s? a young swine.] (Zo'ol.) 
The wart-hog, a pachydermatous animal, of tropical 
Africa, akin to the hog. 

Pha'eoid, a. [Gr. fyanos, the lentil, and elSos, form.] 
Resembling a lentil. 

Phan'e-rlte, a. [Gr. <f>avep6?, open to sight, visible, 
from ^taiveiv, to bring to light.] Evident; visible. 

Phanerite series ( GeoL), the uppermost stage of the 
earth's crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes 
in obvious operation. 

Phan/e-ro-erj's'tal-llne, a. [Gr. <pavepos, evident, 
and Eng. crystalline.] ( Geol.) Distinctly crystalline ; 
— used of rocks, and oppo-ed to crypto-crystalline. 

PJian'e-ro-ga'mi-d, n. pi. [See Phanerogamian.] 
(Bot.) One of the two primary divisions of the vege- 
table kingdom, that is, the division which contains the 
phanerogamic or flowering plants. 

Pha-rol'o-gy, «• [Gr. </>dpos, a lighthouse, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] The science of lighthouses. 

Phe-nom'e-nal, a. [Add.] 2. Very extraordinary; 
so extraordinary as to attract attention ; especially, of 
extraordinary and rare excellence. 

Phe-nom'e-:nal-i§m,rc. (Metaph.) That theory which 
limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena 
only, whether material or spiritual. 

Phe'nyl, n. [Gr. <paiVeiv, to bring to light, and wXij, 
wood; T?r. phrnyle.] (Chem.) A radical containing six 
carbon atoms and five atoms of hydrogen. Phenol is a 
hydrate of it. 

Phe'nyl-am'ine, n. [phenyl and amine.] (Chem.) 
One of a series of organic bases, as aniline, derived from 
ammonia by the substitution of the radical phenyl for 
one or more hydrogen atoms. 

Phe'nyl-ene, n. (Chem.) A liquid, the composition of 
which is represented by six carbon and four hydrogen 



food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 



PHENYLIC 



1044 



PLAQUE 



atoms, found among the distillation products of phe- 
nylic chloride with sodium amalgam. 

Plie-nyl/i-e, a. Pertaining to, derived from, or combined 
with, phenyl. 

Phi-lat'e-list, n. [See infra.] One who makes a col- 
lection of postage stamps. 

Phl-lat'e-ly, n. [Gr. $iAo's, dear, and dreAeia, exemp- 
tion from tax.] A collection of postage stamps of vari- 
ous issues. 

Phi-lis'tme, n. [Add.] 2. One who cannot appreciate, 
and therefore despises, culture, art, refinement, or re- 
ligion ; a supercilious and contented antagonist of the 
learned or cultured classes. 

Phleg-ma'si-d (-zhl-a), n. [See Phlegm.) {Pathol.) 
Inflammation, accompanied by fever and the formation 
of pus jn the areolar tissue ; phlegmon. 

Phlo-go'sis, n. [Gd. <J>A6ywo-(.s, burning heat, from 
<^A.e-yetv, to burn.] {Pathol.) Inflammation of external 
parts of the body ; erysipelatous inflammation. 

Phlo-got'ie, a. Pertaining to phlogosis ; inflammatory. 

Phon-au'to-grapli, n. [Gr. fywrj, sound, avroq, self, 
and ypd<petv, to write.] (Physics.) An instrument by 
means of which a sound can be made to produce a visi- 
ble trace or record of itself. 

Pho-nei'do-seope, n. [Gr. §u>vri, sound, etSos, form, 
and <7K07reii>, to look at] {Physics.) An instrument 
for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical 
means. 

Phon'i-e, a. [Gr. (£101/77, sound.] Pertaining to sound ; 
of the nature of sound ; acoustic. 

Pho'no-gTaph, n. [Add.] 2. (Physics.) An instru- 
ment for the mechanical registration and reproduction 
of audible sounds. 

Pho-n6"'ra-pher, n. [Add] 2. One who uses, oris 
skilled in the use of, the phonograph. 

Pho'no-graph'ie, ) a. [Add.] 2. Involving the 

Pho'no-graph'ie-al, ) use of the phonograph ; per- 
taining to the phonograph. 

Pho-nog'ra-phy, n. [Add.] 3. The art of construct- 
ing, or of using, the phonograph. 

Phos'phide, ». ( Cnem.) A compound of phosphorus 
with a more positive element or radical ; — formerly 
called phosphuret. 

Plios-phor'o-seope, n. [Eng. phosphorus, and Gr. 
aieonelv, to behold.] An apparatus for observing the 
phosphoresence produced in different bodies by the ac- 
tion of light, and for measuring its duration. 

Pho-to-eh/ro-my, n. [Gr. (j>co?, $o>to's, light, and xpk>M a > 
color.] The process of reproducing colors by photog- 
raphy, or of producing photographic pictures in which 
objects are represented in their natural colors. 

Plio'to-e-lee'trie, a. [Gr. <£a>?, <£o>to's, light, and Eng. 
electric] Acting by the operation of both light and 
electricity ; — said of apparatus for taking photographs 
by electric light. 

Pho'to-gen, n. [Gr. <pios, <£>coto's, light, and yevos, birth.] 
(Chem.) Alight hydrocarbon oil obtained by distilla- 
tion of coal, shale, peat, etc. : used for burning in lamps. 

Pho'to-gram, n. A picture produced by photography. 

Plio'to-he'li-o-graph, n. [Gr. <£wg, <J>wto?, light, rjAtos, 
sun, and ypd<f>eiv, to write.] An apparatus employed for 
taking photographic pictures of the sun. 

Pho'to-lith'o-grapn, n. [Gr. <£ws, <£wtos, light, and 
Eng. lithograph.] A picture printed from a lithographic 
stone which has been prepared by photographic pro- 
cesses. 

Pho'to-litli'o-graph, v. t. To produce, as a picture, 
by the process of photolithography. 

Pho-tol'o-gist, n. [See Photologt.] One who studies 
orexpounds the laws of light. 

Pho'to-mi'ero-grapli, n. [Gr. $5?, <J>wto's, light, 
jatKpo's, small, and ypdfyeiv, to write.] An enlarged rep- 
resentation of a microscopic object. 

Pho'to-phone, n. [Gr. <}>£><;, iJjuto';, light, and fytavri, 
speech.] An apparatus which produces articulate speech 
by_flashing benms of light upon a sensitive diaphragm. 

Pho'to-s-eulpt/ure, n. [Gr. 4>o><;, </>o>to's, light, and 
Eng. sculpture, q. v.] A process in which, by means of 
a number of photographs simultaneously taken from 
different points of view on the same level, rough models 
of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made 
with great expedition. 

Phy-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 4>vkos, sea-weed, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The study of algae or sea-weeds. 

PJiyFloid, a. [Gr. <j)v'AAov, leaf, and elfios, form.] Re- 
sembling a leaf. 

Phyl-loph'a-goiis, a. [See Phyllophagan.] Subsist- 
ing on leaves ; leaf-eating. 



PhyVlox-e'ra, n. [Gr. <j>v\\ov, leaf, and £rjpds, dry."] 
1 (Entom.) A hemipterous insect {Phylloxera vasta- 
trix), allied to the aphis, or plant-louse. It attacks the 
roots and leaves of the grape vine, doing great damage. 
2. The diseased condition of a vine, caused by the insect 
just described. 

Pliy'lo-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. <pv\ov, race, tribe, from 
(}>veiv, to produce, and yevea-is, yevos, birth.] The his- 
tory of genealogical development, or of the lines of de- 
scent of organic beings. 

Phy'lo-ge-net'ie, a. Pertaining to phylogenesis ; in- 
volving genealogical development. 

Phy-16g'e-ny, n. The same as Phylogenesis. 

Phy'ma, n. [Gr. <j>v/j.a, from <j>veiv, to produce.] {Pathol.) 
A tubercle on any external part of the body. 

Pliy§'i--eo— eliem'i-e-al, a. Involving the principles 
of both physics and chemistry ; dependent on, or pro- 
duced by, the joint action of physical and chemical 
agencies. 

Phyg'i-og'no-my, n. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) The general 
appearance of a plant, without reference to its botanical 
characters. 

Phy'toid, a. [Gr. <£>vtoi>, a plant, and etfios, form.] Re- 
sembling a plant ; plant-like. 

Phy'to-phag'ie, a. [See Phytophagous.] Eating or 
feeding on plants ; phytophagous. 

Pi-an-ette', n. A small piano-forte. 

F'i'^a'resque', a. [Fr., from Sp. picaro.] Denoting 
that class of literature in which the principal personage 
is the picaro, meaning a rascal, knave, rogue. 

Pick, v. i. [Add.] To pick up, to improve slowly in 
health. 

Pick'er, n. [Add.] 3. The piece attached to each end 
of the hand rope, by which the shuttle of a loom is 
driven back and forth in weaving : usually made of 
cow's horn. 

Pig'eon-En'glish ) (pTj'un-ing'glish), n. The bar- 

Pidg'eon-En/glish. [ barous and childlike dialect 

Pidj'in-En/glish ) used between English or Amer- 
icans and Chinamen, — consisting of English words as 
pronounced by the Chinese, with an infusion of 
Chinese, Portuguese, and other words. 

Pig'eon-her'ry (pij'un-), n. A North American plant, 
called also poke, q. v. 

Pi'ka, n. (Zo'dl.) A small, tailless animal of the genus 
Lagomys, resembling the hare. It is found in North- 
ern Asia and America. 

Pil'low-eliam, n. A covering, usually of linen, laid 
over the pillow of a bed not in use. 

Fi'lo-ear'p'ine, n. [Fr., from Lat. pilocarpus, from pi- 
lus, hair, and Gr. Kapiros, fruit.] ( Chun.) An alkaloid, 
the active principle of jaborandi {Pilocarpus pinnatus). 

Pi'lot-lboat, n. A small, strongly built, fast-sailing 
vessel, employed in coasting, to carry and receive pilots 
as they board and leave vessels. 

Pi'lot-jack, n. A flag hoisted by a vessel when in 
need of a pilot. 

Pil'u-loiis, a. [From Lat. pilula, a pill, dim. of pila, 
ball.] Of the size of a pill ; small ; insignificant. 

Pin'a-eoid, n. [Gr. nCvatj, a board, and eTSos, form.] 
( Crystallog.) A plane parallel to two of the crystalline 
axes. 

Ping, n. The sound made by a bullet in striking a solid 
object or in passing through the air. 

Ping, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pinged : p. pr. & vb. n. ping- 
ing.] To make the sound of a bullet in hitting a solid 
object or in passing through the air. 

Pi'nite, n. [Lat. pinus, the pine tree.] (Paleon.) Any 
fossil wood which exhibits traces of having belonged 
to the pine family. 

Pink'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being pink ; 
pink color. 

Pipe'-stone, n. A dark kind of clay slate, found in 
Oregon, and carved by the Indians into bowls and to- 
bacco-pipes. 

PiqvS (pe'ka'), n. [Fr., p. p. of pi quer, to prick.] A 
figured cotton fabric, used as a dress-goods for women 
and children, also for vestings. 

Plane-par'al-lel, a. (Optics.) Having both surfaces 
exactly parallel ; as, a piece of glass. 

Plank, n. [Add.] 3. One of the principles included 
in a declaration of the principles of a convention 
called in the interest of a party or cause ; — spoken of 
as a plank in the platform. 

Pla-nom'e-try, n. (Mech.) The art or process of pro- 
ducing, measuring, or testing a plane surface. 

Plaque (plak), n. [Fr.] A decorated plate or saucer, 
to be hung upon a wall, to ornament a room. 



a, e, &c.,long ; a,,e,&c.,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; &re, veil, term ; p'ique,flrm; son v 6r, dc>, wolf, 



PLAQUE 



104^ 



POTTER 



Plaque (plak), v. t. To hang, as a plate or saucer, upon 

a wall, for the purpose of decoration. 
Plas'tie, a. [Add.] Plastic operation (Surg.), an opera- 
tion for the relief of def ormioy , especially for the resto- 
ration of lost parts of the body, as of the nose or lips. 
Plat'p-e-ne'mi-d, n. [Fr. platycncmie, from Gr. rrAaTvs, 
flat, and kvyipv, leg.] (Anat.) A lateral flattening of 
the tibia ; platycnemism. 
Plat'ye-ne'mle, a. [Fr. platycnemiyue .] Having the 
tibia flattened from side to side ; of , or relating to, 
platycnemia. 

Pla-tps'md, n. [Gr. nkarva-fia, a flat piece, from 
TrAaTvs, wide, broad.] (Anat.) The broad, thin, sub- 
cutaneous muscle on the side of the neck. 

Play, v. t. [Add.] To be played out, to become ex- 
hausted; to come to an end of strength or of re- 
sources. 

Plat/a (pla/ja), n. [Sp.] A beach ; a strand ; a shore ; 
in 'the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and 
Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which water accumu- 
lates after rains, and which subsequently becomes dry 
by evaporation. 

Pla'za, n. [Sp.] A public square in a town or city. 

Plebiscite (pla'bls'seet'), n. [Fr.] A vote by universal 
male suffrage ; especially, in France, a popular vote. 

Pleu-ren'e hy-ma, n. [Gr. irAeupa, a rib, or side, and 
eyxufios, moist, juicy, from eyxelv, to pour in, from ei>, 
and ^etv, to pour.] (Bot.) Woody tissue, consisting of 
tough slender tubes, out of which the woody parts are 
mainly formed. 

Pleu'ro-earp, n. [Gr. 7rAevp<£, a rib, or side, and 
tcapiros, fruit.] (Bot.) A moss, with the fructification 
proceeding laterally from the axils of the leaves. 

Pleu'ro-dont, a. [Gr. n\evpd, a rib, side, and bSovs, 
oScvtos, a tooth.] (Zool.) Having the teeth fastened by 
the side to the ridge of the jaw, as in some lizards. 

Pleu-rog'y-noiis, a. [Gr. nKevpd, a rib, side, and yvvr), 
woman ] (Bot.) Having a glandular or tubercular 
elevation rising close to and parallel with the ovary. 

Pll'o-phyl'lous, a. [Gr. TrAetos, rrAe'os, full, and (pv\- 
\ov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having no buds on the stems, and 
consequently no branches developed in the axils of 
the leaves. 

Plu'ri-par'tite, a. [Lat. plus, pluris, more, and par- 
titus, divided, p. p. of partire, to divide, from pars, par- 
tis, apart.] (Bot.) Deeply divided into several nearly 
distinct portions. 

Plus, a. [Lat., more.] Full; ample; positive. 

Plu-toe'ra-cy, n. [Gr. 7rA.0vT0Kpa.Tia, from ttAouto?, 
wealth, and Kparetv, to be strong, to rule, from KpdVos, 
strength ; Fr. plutocratic] A form of government, in 
which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the 
wealthy classes alone ; government by the rich ; also, a 
controlling or influential class of rich men. 

Plu'to erat'ie, a. Pertaining to plutocracy, or gov- 
ernment by the rich ; consisting in, or partaking of, 
plutocracy. 

Plu-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ttAovtos, wealth, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] (Polit. Econ.) The science which treats of 
wealth. 

Plym/oiith Breth'ren. The members of a religious 
sect, which appeared at Plymouth, England, about 
1830. They protest against sectarianism, and advocate 
unity of all Christians, rejection of organization and 
officers in the church, and of all formal creeds. 

Pneu-mat'ie (nu-), a. [Add.] Pneumatic trough, a 
trough, generally made of wood, copper, or japanned 
tin, having a perforated shelf, and used, when filled 
with water or mercury, for collecting gases made by 
chemical operations. 

Pneu'ma-to-tho'rax, n. [Gr. nvevpia, mvev/xaTos, air, 
and 0a>pa£, chest.] ( Pathol.) Air in the chest. 

Pock'et-bdbk, n. [Add.] 2. A purse ; aportmonnaie. 

Pod'o-€arp, n. [Gr. Trows, ttoSos, foot, and Kapnos, 
fruit.] (Bot.) The stem supporting the fruit. 

Pod'o-ceph'a-loiis, a. [Gr. ttovs, ttoSo?, foot, and *€<]>- 
aArJ, head.] (Bot.) Having a head of flowers elevated 
on a long peduncle. 

PSd'o-phyl'line, n. [Gr. 7rov?, iroSos, foot, and <£v'A- 
\ov, leaf.] (Med.) A cathartic principle obtained from 
the root of the may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum). 

Pod'o-phyl'lous, a. (Entom.) Having the feet or 
locomotive organs compressed into the form of leaves. 

Poind'ing, n. [A.-S. pyndan, to shut up. See Pound.] 
( S' otch law. ) The legal process by which the property 
of the debtor is transferred to the creditor. 

Po-lar'i-seop'ie, a. Of, or pertaining to, the polari- 
scope ; obtained by the use of a polariscope. 



Po^ar-is'eo-py, n. (Opt.) The art or process of mak- 
ing observations with the polariscope. 
Po-lice' (-les'), v. t. 1. To apply police regulations to; 
to keep in order. 2. To make clean; as, to police a 
camp. 
P61'i-cy-shop, n. An office opened for gambling in con- 
nection with lotteries. 
P&l-lin'i-wm, n.; pi. pol-lin'1-a. [From pollen, 
q. v.] (Bot.) A cellular mass of pollen-grains, affixed 
to an elastic foot-stalk or caudicle, in the flowers of 
orchids. 
Po'lo, n. A game of ball, resembling hockey : originally 

the players were mounted on ponies. 
PoFy-a-tom'i-e, a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and aTop-os, 
atom, q. v.] (Chem.) Consisting of more than one 
atom ; having more than one atom, or many atoms, in 
the molecule. 
Pol'y-ehrome, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and xpw/ixa, 
color.] (Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from 
the bark of the horse-chestnut, which gives to water 
the quality of exhibiting a blue fluorescence when ex- 
posed to light ; esculine. 
PoPy-dae'tyl-Igm, n. [Fr. polydactylisme, from Gr. 
7roAvs, many, and SaicrvAos, finger.] (Anat.) The con- 
dition of having supernumerary fingers. 
PoFy-ge-net'ie , a. [Add.] A polygenetic mountain 
range, one which is composite, or consists of two or 
more monogenetic ranges, of which each has had its 
own history of development. 
Po-lyg'e-nist, n. One who maintains, in anthropology, 
that the human race sprung from more than one orig- 
inal pair ; — opposed to monogenist. 
PoFy-stig'mous, a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and a-riyp-a, a 
mark.] (Bot.) Applied to plants, where a flower has 
many carpels, each originating a stigma. 
Pooh-pooh', v. t. To make light of ; to reject with 

derision, as if by saying pooh, pooh. 
Pool, n. [Add.] 2- (Stock Exchange.) A combination 
of persons contributing money to be used for the pur- 
pose of increasing or depressing the market price of 
stocks, with a view to the settlement of differences. 
3. A gambling or commercial venture in which several 
persons unite. 
Pool, v. t. To put together, on the basis of a mutual 

division of profits or losses. 
Pool, v. i. To contribute with several others for a com- 
mercial or a gambling transaction. 
P6r'c,e-lain-Ized, a. (Geol.) Baked like potter's clay ; 
— applied to those clay-shales and stratified rocks, that 
have been converted by subterranean heat into a sub- 
stance resembling iu texture porcelain or kiln-baked 
clay. 
Portiere (por't'i'/er'), n. [Fr., from porte, gate, door, 
from Lat. porta, gate.] A curtain, hanging across an 
opening for a door, or used as a screen. 
Port'land £e-ment'. A kind of cement, having the 
color of Portland stone. It is used in facing up brick 
and rough stone buildings to imitate hewn stone ; — 
made from common limestone mixed with the muddy 
deposits of rivers which run over clay and chalk, which 
mixture is afterwards dried and calcined. 
Por'tu-a-ry, n. [L. Lat. portiforium, from portare, to 
carry, and foras, out of doors.] (Eccl.) A breviary, — 
so named from its portability. 
Poge, v. t. [Add.] 3. To place in an attitude or fixed 

position, for the sake of effect. 
Poge, v. i. To assume a pose ; to strike an attitude ; to 

carry one's self affectedly. 
Post/al-eard, I n. A card sold by the government for 
Post'-eard, ) transmission through the mails, at a 

lower rate of postage than a sealed letter. 
PostZ-eoixi-mun'ion (-mfin'yun), n. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) The concluding portion of the communion 
service. 
Post-lim'i-na-ry, a. [Lat. postliminium, a return to 
former privileges, from post, after, and limen, thresh- 
old.] Involving a return to former privileges, as in a 
country after temporary occupation by an invader. 
Po-tas'si-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, potassium; con- 
taining potassium. 
Po-ta'to, n. [Add.] Potato-bug. See Colorado-beetle. 
Po'ti-cho-ma'ni-a, n. [Fr. potichomanie, from potiche, 
a porcelain vase, and manie, mania.] Art of decorating 
the inside of transparent vessels with colored designs, 
to imitate painted earthenware. 
Pot'ter, n. [Add.] Potters field, a public burial-place, 
especially in a city and for the poor ; — so named from 
the field south of Jerusalem, mentioned in Matt, xxvii. 7. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, fhaise, eall, echo ; gem, get; ag ; e$ist; linger, link; this. 



POTTO 



1046 



PSYCHO-PHYSICS 



Pot'to, n. 1. {Zo'dl.) A nocturnal mammal {Perodicti- 
cus potto), of the lemur family, found in TV. Africa. 

Pott'g Dig-eage'. {Pathol.) Caries of the vertebrae, 
frequently resulting in curvature of the spine and pa- 
ralysis of the lower extremities ; — so named from 
Percival Pott, an English surgeon, who was the first to 
describe it well. 

Pow'der-puff, n. A pad of swan's skin and down, 
used in powdering the skin. 

Prai'rie-clilck'eii, n. ( Ornith.) A species of grouse 
( Tetrao cufjido), called also prairie-hen. 

Prai'rie- squir'rel (-skwir'rel or -skwur'rel), n. ( Zo'dl.) 
A kind of squirrel found on the western prairies of the 
United States, which prefers to remain on the ground 
rather than to climb trees. 

Pra'krit, n. [Skr. prakriti, original ] One of the an- 
cient dialects of the Sanskrit language. 

Pre-ax'i-al, a. [Prefix pre and axial.] {Zo'dl.) Situate 
on the internal or anterior (radial or tibial) side of a 
limb. 

Pre-eon'scioiis (-shus), a. [Prefix pre and conscious.] 
Involving, or pertaining to, experiences or activities of 
the soul that precede consciousness. 

Preface, n. [Add.] 2- {Rom. Caih. Church.) A portion 
of the form for celebrating the communion, preceding 
the prayer of consecration. 

Pre-xia'tal, a. [Prefix pre and natal.] Before or an- 
terior to birth. 

Press'-mark, n. A mark placed upon or in a volume, 
to indicate the press or shelf in a library, where it reg- 
ularly belongs. 

Press'-yeast, n. The yeasty froth from the surface of 
a fermenting fluid, washed and pressed into cakes for 
bakers' use. 

Pret'zel, n. (Ger. prezel.) A kind of brittle biscuit or 
cake, salted on the outside ; a cracknel. 

Pri'an, n. [Cornish, clayey ground, from pri, clay.] 
(Mining.) A fine, white, somewhat friable, clay : also 
the ore contained in a mixture of clay and pebbles. 
Also written pryan. 

Prick'- eared, a. With ears standing out from the head 
in consequence of the hair being cropped. 

Pri'ma-ry, a. [Add.] Primary ?nteting, a preliminary- 
meeting of the voters belonging to a political party, for 
nominating candidates to be voted for at an election, or 
of choosing delegates to a convention ; a caucus. 

Pri-mip'a-rd, n. [Lat., from primus, first, and parere, 
to bring forth.] {Obstetrics.) A female who bears a 
child for the first time. 

Pri-mip'a-roiis, «• Belonging to a first birth. 

Prin'ce'g-piiie', n. (Bot.) The pipsissewa or false 
winter-green ( Chimaphila umbellata), a shrub, common 
in dry woods, with a fragrant, pinkish flower. 

Princesse', a. [Ft., a princess.] A term applied to a 
ladies* costume, with a train flowing from the shoulders. 

Prize'-rmg, n. Tbe ring or inclosure for a prize-fight ; 
the system and practice of prize-fighting. 

Pro-ceVsal, n. The expenses in a process at law. 

Prof'es-so'ri-at, n. The body of professors in a college 
or university. 

Pro-glot/tis, n. [Gr. 7rpoyA.wn-i?, 7rpoyAa>ero-is, the tip of 
tbe tongue, from npo, forward, and yAwr-ris, yAcoo-cris, 
y\uiTTa, y\u)o-cra, the tongue.] {Entom.) One of the 
free joints or divisions of a tape-worm. 

Pro'leg-ate (45), n. [Lat. prolegalus, from pro, for, and 
legatus, legate, q. v.] {Rom. Hist.) The deputy or 
substitute for a legate. 

Pro'ped, n. [Lat. pro, for, and pes, pedis, foot.] 
{Entom.) One of the soft, foot-like appendages of cer- 
tain hexapod larvae, placed behind the true feet, and 
disappearing in the mature insect. 

Prop'er-tied, a. Possessing property ; holding real es- 
tate, or other investments of money. 

Proplx 1 y-Tuxfis , n. [Gr. irpo^vKa^'s , f rom irpo^vXaao-eLv, 
to guard against, from -rrpo. before, and <£i>Aacr<xeiv, to 
guard.] (Med.) The art of preserving from, or of pre- 
venting, disease ; the observance of the rules necessary 
for the preservation of health ; preservative or prevent- 
ive treatment. 

Prop'o-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. [Add.] Loaves of propo- 
sition (Jewish Antiq.), twelve loaves placed before the 
Lord every Sabbath, on the golden table in the sanctu- 
ary at Jerusalem ; the show-bread. 

Pro'pyl-ene, n. (Chem.) A colorless gas, having a 
phosphoric odor and sweetish taste, obtained when fusel 
oil or valerianic acid is passed through a red-hot tube, 
as also by the destructive distillation of oleic acid or 
sugar with soda-lime ; — called also tritylene. 



Pro'rate, n. [Lat. pro rata, according to the rate.] 
( Com.) A division of rate proportionably. 

Pros'en-ceph'a-lon, n. [Gr. 7rpo's, toward, near to, and 
eyKe'^aAov, the brain.] {Anat.) The second division of 
the brain, behind the rhinencephalon, constituted 
mainly by the cerebral hemispheres. 

Pros-en'chy-ma, n. [Gr. -n-pos, near, and ey^vp-a, an 
infusion, from ky\elv, to pour in, from ev, in, and x e ' v i 
to pour.] {Bot.) A general term applied to the tissues 
formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed 
or oblique extremities. 

Pros'o-pal'gi-a, n. [Gr. Trpocramov, face, and aAyos, 
pain ; Fr. prosopalgie.] {Pathol.) Facial neuralgia. 

Pros-peet'or, n. One who explores or prospects for 
minerals, especially for precious metals. 

Prot'a-gon, n. [Gr. 7rpioTos, first, and dywv, a contest, 
from ayeiv, to act.] {Chem.) A colorless, inodorous, 
albuminous substance, of complex structure, which 
with water swells up to a gelatinous mass, forming (on 
further dilution) an opalescent fluid; — so named by 
Liebreich, who believed it to be the chief constituent of 
nervous tissue. 

Pro'te-a'ceoiLs (-shus), a. [From Proteus, q. v.] {Bot.) 
Of or pertaining to the Proteacese, a family of apeta- 
lous evergreen shrubs, mostly natives of the Cape of 
Good Hope. 

Pro'te-id, n. [Gr. 7rp£>Tos, first, and elSos, form.] 
{Chem.) One of certain nitrogenous, amorphous prin- 
ciples, forming the chief solid constituents of the blood, 
muscles, and other organs of animals, and occurring in 
small quantities in almost every part of vegetables ; an 
albuminoid. 

Pro'te-id, a. Of, or pertaining to, proteids. 

Pro'ter-an'drcms, a. [Gr. 7rpo'repos, earlier, from npo, 
before, and avrip. di/fipos, man, male.] {Bot.) Having 
the stamens come to maturity before the pistil ; — op- 
posed to proterogynous. 

Pro'ter-og'y-noils, a. [Gr. Trporepos. earlier, from irp6, 
before, and yvvrj, woman, female.] {Bot.) Having the 
pistil come to maturity before the stamens ; opposed to 
proterandrous. 

Pro-tis r ton,n. ; pi. PRO- TIS'TA. [Gr. npuTio-rov, first.] 
(Zo'dl.) One of those living things which appear to stand 
between animals and plants, and to belong strictly to 
neither ; as, a rhizopod. 

Pro'to-path'le, a. [Gr. Trpunoq. first, and -n-aOos, suffer- 
ing, f rom ira&eiv, ira.crx£i.v, to suffer ; Fr. protopathique.] 
{Pathol.) Primary ; original ; appearing first ; as, pro- 
t'pathic symptoms. 

Pro'to-plagrn, n. [Add.] This term is now chiefly 
applied to designate the supposed original proteid sub- 
stance (called also cytoplasm, sarcode, and germinal 
matter), present in all living things. 

Pro'to-siil'phvi-ret, n. [Gr. Trpdrog, first, and Eng. 
sulphuret.] (Chem.) A sulphuret having the lowest 
proportion of sulphur. 

Pro-traet'ile, a. [See Protract.] Susceptible of being 
thrust forward or out ; protrusile. 

Prov'ince, n. [Add.] The Provinces, the Dominion of 
Canada ; the states under the government of Great Brik 
ain, north of the United States. 

Psar'o-lite (s&r'-), n. [From Gr. i^apo's, speckled, from 
\pdp, starling, and Ai0o?, stone.] (Paleon.) A silicified 
stem of tree-fern, found in the new red sandstone. 

Psel'ligm (seP-), n. [Gr. tyek\(£eiv, to stammer.] Hesi- 
tation of speech ; stammering. _ 

Psefi/daes-the'gi-a (su'des-the'zhi-a), n. [Gr. xpevS^, 
false, and aio-Orjcnq, sensation, from alo-06.vea9ai, to per- 
ceive.] ( Physiol.) False or imaginary feeling or sense- 
perception : as, in hypochondriasis, or in an organ that 
has been removed, as an amputated foot. 

Pseu'do-po'di-d (su'do-), n. pi. [Gr. i|/evS>?s, false, and 
7toC?, 7roSo?, foot.] (Zo'dl.) The filaments or blunter 
pediform processes of protoplasm, thrown out from the 
surface of rhizopods. 

PsI-los'o-pher (si-), n. [Gr. i|uX6?, bare, mere, and 
cnx£os, wise.] A narrow pretender to philosophy. 

Pso'ro-sperm (so'ro-), n. [Gr. \J«opds, itching, and 
0-wepp.a, seed.] A microscopic parasitic body, immobile, 
provided with a more or less resisting envelope, fre- 
quently oval in shape, and without any organs, except 
sometimes cilia. 

Psy'eho-phyg'ie-al (sPko-fiz'ik-al), a. Pertaining to 
psycho-physics ; involving the action or mutual rela- 
tions of the psychical and physical in man. 

Psy'-eho-pliyg'ies (sl'ko-fiz'iks), n. sing. The science 
of the connection between nerve action and conscious- 
ness ; phenomena of consciousness, and its physical con- 



a, e, &c, long ; a, S, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



PTEROSAUR 



1047 



RADIOMETER 



ditions ; science which treats of the relations of the soul 
and body, or the nervous system. 

Pter'o-saur (ter'-) , n. [Gr. inepov, wing, and aavpa, 
lizard ] " {Paleon.) One of a group of fossil flying rep- 
tiles, including the pterodactyls. 

Pter'y-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. irrepov, wing, and ypd<f>ei.v, 
to describe.] (Omilh.) A description of the feathered 
parts of the bodies of birds. 

Pu-eb'lo, n. [Sp., a village.] A village or town, in the 
parts of America settled by the Spaniards. 

Pu-gree', n. A white cloth or veil worn on men : s hats 
in India, during hot weather. 

Ful'mo-na'ta, n. pi. [N. Lat., from pulmo, pulmonis, 
lung] (Zo'dl.) A group of gasteropods, in which the 
mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, 
— as in Helix, or in the garden slug (Limax). 

Pul'sa-til'la, n. (Bot.) The pasque-flower (Anemone 
pulsatil/a), a European variety of the anemone. 

Pu-mic'i-form, a. [Lat. pumez, jmmicis, pumice, and 
forma', shape.] Resembling or having the form of pum- 
ice ; — applied to light porous rock-products, seemingly 
the results of igneous action. 

Pu'pate,_u. i. To become a pupa. 

Pii'pil-teach'er, n. A pupil who assists in teaching. 

Pus'sy- willow, n. (Bot.) A variety of willow (Sal.ix 
discolor), from 8 to 15 feet in height, bearing large cylin- 
drical catkins clothed with long glossy hairs ; — called 
also swamp willow and glaucous willow. 

Pust'ule (-yul), n. [Add.] Malignant pustule, a pus- 



tule, sometimes resulting in gangrenous inflammation, 
which is the local product of inlection with the poison 
of splenic fever, a disease attacking animals, especially 
the cattle of certain regions. The disease is usually fatal. 

Put, n. (Stock Exchange.) The privilege to deliver 
shares of stock, at a certain price within a certain time 
agreed upon. 

Put-and-call, authority to buy and sell stocks at a 
certain price. 

Pu/trid, a. [Add.] Putrid fever (Pathol.), typhus fever ; 
— so called from the decomposing and offensive state of 
the discharges and diseased textures of the body. — Pu- 
trid sore throat, a gangrenous inflammation of the fauces 
and pharynx. 

Pyr'et brine, n. [Gr. irvpeBpov, feverfew.] (Chem.) 
A soft resinous substance, extracted by alcohol and 
ether from the root of a species of feverfew. 

Pyr'og-nos'tie, n. [Gr. irvp, irvpos, fire, and yiyvto- 
aiceiv, to know.] (Min.) The character of a mineral, 
observed by the use of the blow-pipe ; e. g., the degree 
of fusibility. 

Pyr'o-ph.one, n. [Gr. irvp, 7rvp6s, fire, and §<Dvr), sound] 
A musical instrument in which the tones are produced 
by flames of hydrogen or illuminating gas, burning in 
tubes of different sizes and lengths, sometimes arranged 
similarly to those in the common pneumatic organ. 

Pyth'o-gen'ie, a. [Gr. irvdeiv, to rot, and -yeVos, ori- 
gin.] Producing decomposition, as diseases supposed 
to be accompanied or caused by decomposition. 



Q. 



fYUA, conj. [Lat.] In so far as; in the capacity, 

NS character, or condition of. 

Quad, n. 1. A quadrat. See Quadrat. 2. (Arch.) A 
quadrangle. 

Quad'ra-ble, a. [See Quadrate.] That may be squared, 
or reduced to an equivalent square; — said of a sur- 
face when the area limited by a curve can be exactly 
found and expressed in a finite number of algebraic 
terms. 

Quad-ren'ni-um, n. [Lat., from quatuor, four, and 
annus, year.] A space or period of four years. 

Quad'ri-eos'tate, a. [Lat. quatuor, four, and costa, 
rib.] Having four ribs. 

Quad'ri-gem'i-nous, a. [Lat. quatuor, 4, and gemini, 
twins.] (Bot.) Fourfold; haviDg 4 similar parts. 

Quad-riv'a-lent, a. [Lat. quatuor, four, and valens, 
vdlentis, p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] ( Chem.) Hav- 
ing an equivalence of four ; capable of being combined 
with, or exchanged for, four hydrogen atoms. 

Quad'ru-plex, a. [Lat., from quatuor, four, and pli- 
cate, to fold.] Fourfold. 

Quan'net, n. A flat file, having the handle at one side, 
so* as to be used like a plane. 

Quan-tiv'a-len^e, n. [Lat. quantus, how much, and 
valens, p. pr. oi* valere, to be strong, to be worth, or of 
value.] (Chem.) The atom-fixing or saturating power 
of the elementary bodies and of radicals ; the number 
of hydrogen atoms which an atom or radical can be 
combined with or exchanged for ; atomicity. 

Quartz, n. [Add.] Quartz rock, a stratified rock of the 
metamorphic series, consisting almost entirely of silica. 



Qua-ter'ni-ty, n. [Lat. quaterni, four together, from 
quatuor, four.] The union of four in one ; an assumed 
blending of four persons into one ; — analogous to the 
theological term trinity. 

Queer, n. A cant name given to counterfeit money. 

To shove the queer, to put counterfeit money in cir- 
culation. 

Qum'ie, a. Having quinine or quinia for the base, as 
certain salts ; pertaining to, or derived from, quinine. 

Qum'i-cine, n. (Chem.) An organic base isomeric 
with quinine. 

Quin'i-dine, n. (Chem.) A substance isomeric with 
quinine, obtained from a resinous product contaiued 
in the mother-liquors of the quinine preparation, and 
crystallizing in large prisms. 

Quin'o-gen, n. [Eng. quinia, and Gr. ye'vo?, birth.] 
(Chem.) A hypothetical radical of the alkaloids of 
cinchona. 

Qui-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in quinology. 

Qui-nol'o-gy, n. [N. Lat. quinquina, and Gr. A.6yos, 
discourse.] The science which treats of febrifuge al- 
kaloids. 

Quin-quiv'a-lent, a. [Lat. quinque, five, and valens, 
valenlis, p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] (Chem.) Hav- 
ing an equivalence of five ; capable of being combined 
with, or exchanged for, five hydrogen atoms. 

Quint'al, n. [Add.] 2. A French measure of weight, 
being 100,000 grams, equal to 220.46 pounds avoirdupois 
weight. 

Quod, n. [For quad, abbreviation of quadrangle.] A 
prison. 



R. 



RAB'BLE, v. t. [See Rabble, n.] To stir, as molten 
iron, so as to render uniform. 
R&b-Id'i-ty, n. Rabidness ; furiousness ; madness. 
Ka'bi-e§, n. [L.] Hydrophobia ; madness. 
Race'-track, n. The track over which a race is run ; 

a race-course. 
Race'-way, n. A canal that conveys the water by 

which a mill-wheel is driven ; a mill-race. 
Ra-ehid'i-an, a. [From Gr. pax's, the backbone.] 

Pertaining to the backbone ; as, the rachidian nerves, 

those which come from the spinal cord. 



Ra/cial (-shal), a. Pertaining to a race or family of men. 

Rae'quet (-ket), n. [See Racket.] A game played 
with small balls and a kind of bat ending in network. 
It is akin to tennis. 

Ra/di-o-eiir'pal, a. [Lat. radius, staff, rod, exterior 
bone of the fore-arm, and N. Lat. carpus, Gr. Kapnos, 
wrist.] (Anat.) Relating both to the radius and the 
carpus ; as, the radio-carpal articulation. 

Ra'di-Sm'e-ter, w. [Add.] 2. (Physics.) An instru- 
ment designed for measuring the mechanical effect of 
radiant energy. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, eelio; gem, get; a§; exist ; linger, link; tiiis. 



RAIN-PRINTS 



1048 



RHEOCHORD 



Ram'-prints, n. pi. ( Geol.) Markings on the surfaces 
of stratified rocks, presenting an appearance similar to 
the effect of rain on mud and sand. 

Raig, n. See Reis. 

Ral'line, a {Ornith.) Of , or pertaining to, the rails. 

Ram-fou/tan, n. [From Malay rambut, hair of the 
head, in allusion to its villose covering.] (Bot.) A 
delicious Asiatic tropical fruit from a tree (Nephelium 
lappaceum) of the sapindaceous order. 

Ram'ee, n. [Malay.] (But.) A plant (Bahmeria ten- 
acissima and B. nivea) belonging to the hemp and net- 
tle family, a native of tropical and eastern Asia ; China 
grass. The tough fiber of the inner bark is used for 
making a kind of grass-cloth (for wearing apparel), 
which is a cheaper substitute for cotton. 

Raph'a-ny, n. {Pathol.) A convulsive disease, not un- 
common in Sweden and Germany ; — so called because 
supposed to be caused by eating corn with which seeds 
of the Raphanus raphanistrum, bastard radish or jointed 
charlock, have been mixed. 

Rag, n. See Reis. 

Rat'tle-wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) An annual, hairy 
herb ( Crotalaria sagittalis), with racemes of yellow 
flowers, growing in sandy soil from Massachusetts to 
Virginia, Illinois, and southward ; — so named because 
the seeds are in inflated pods, and rattle when shaken ; 
— called also rattle-box. 

Re-ac'tion-a-ry, 1 n. One anxious to undo reform, or 

Re-ac'tion-ist, J to return to an outgrown condition 
of things. 

Re'al-Igm, n. [Add.] 2. Fidelity to nature or to real 
life, in matters of art or literature, — as, in the dra- 
matic art, or in painting. 

Re'al-Ist, n. [Add.] 2. An artist or writer who aims 
to keep close to nature or real life in his delineations. 

Re'al-ist'i-e, a. [Add.] 2. Faithful to nature or to 
actual life in artistic or literary productions. 

Rear'most^a. Farthest in the rear; last of all. 

Re'-ar-range', v. t. [Prefix re and arrange.] To ar- 
range a second time, or again ; to put in proper order 
again. 

Re-a/ta, n. [Sp.] A rawhide rope used for lassoing 
horses or mules. [Mexico and California.] 

Re-fout'tal, n. [See Rebutter.] (Law.) The giving 
of evidence on the part of a plaintiff, to destroy the 
effect of evidence introduced by the defendant in the 
same suit. 

Rec'ord, n. [Add.] 2. The list of known facts in a 
person's life, especially in that of a public man ; per- 
sonal history ; as, a good, or a bad record. 3. ( Horse- 
racing.) The time made by a winning horse in a race 
or heat. [ U. S.] 

Re-e'ti-ros'tral, a. [Lat. rectus, right, and rostralis, 
rostral, q. ■».] ( Ornith.) Having a straight beak. 

Re~eu.r / vi-r6s'tral, a. [Ornith.) Having the beak 
recurved or bending upwards. 

Red, n. [Add.] 2. (European Politics.) A red repub- 
lican ; a republican of the most violent type. 

Red'-flsh, n. (Ichth.) 1. A migratory fish of the 
Salmonidx (Oncorhynchus lycaodon), which ascends 
the American and Asiatic rivers flowing into the Pacific 
Ocean. 2. A fish (Sebastes viviparus), found from the 
polar regions to Cape Cod on the Atlantic coast ; it is 
also called red perch, red sea-perch, rose-fish, and bream. 

Red'in-gote, n. [Fr., corruption of Eng. riding-coat.] 
A long, plain, double-breasted, outside cloak for ladies' 
wear. 

Re-din'te-gra'tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Psychology.) The 
law that objects which have been previously combined 
as parts of a single mental state, tend to recall or sug- 
gest one another; — adopted by many philosophers to 
explain the phenomena of the association of ideas. 

Red'-lead Spar. Chromate of lead ; crocoisite. 

Red'- oil, n. (Soap manufacture.) An impure mixture 
of different oils and fats. 

Red'short-ness, n. The state of being redshort, or 
brittle when red hot, as steel. 

Reed, n. [Add.] 6- (Anat.) The fourth or true digest- 
ing stomach of a ruminant. 

Reel, n. [Add.] 3. A yarn measure, which for cot- 
ton or linen is fifty-four inches in circuit, for worsted 
thirty inches. 

Re'flex, a. [Add.] Reflex action (Physiol.), any ac- 
tion of the body performed involuntarily, in conse- 
quence of an influence transmitted by sensory nerves 
to the spinal cord or the parts at the base of the brain 
with which it is connected, and thence reflected $o the 
muscles, — as in sneezing or coughing. 



Re-f6rm', n. [Add.] Reform school, a school estab- 
lished by a government for the confinement, instruc- 
tion, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of 
young persons of idle and vagrant habits. 

Reg'u-lar, a. [Add.] Regular sales (Stock Exchange), 
sales of stock deliverable on the day after the transac- 
tion^ 

Re'hy-poth'e-eate, or Re'ny-poth'e-eate, v. t. 
To hypothecate again ; as, to lend as security bonds 
already hypothecated as security by the person with 
whom they are deposited. 

Re hy-poth'e-ea'tion, or Re hy-poth'e-ea'tion, 
n. The act, process, or result of rehypothecating. 

Reig, "I n. [Ax., head, chief.] A common title in the 

Raig, > East for a person in authority, especially the 

Rag , ) captain of a ship. 

Re-laps'ing:, p. a. Marked by a relapse or return to a 
former worse state. 

Relapsing fever (Pathol.), an acute, epidemic, conta- 
gious fever, which prevails also endemically in Ireland, 
Russia, and some other regions. 

Rem/e-dy, n. [Add.] Remedy of the mint (Coinage), 
a small allowed deviation from the legal standard of 
weight and fineness ; — called also tolerance. 

Re-mon'e-ti-za'tion, n. The act of again makiDg a 
legal tender of any description of money which has at 
a previous time been legal tender. 

Re-mon'e-tize, v. t. [Prefix re and monetize.] To re- 
store to use as money. 

Re-peat'er, n. [Add.] (d.) A person who votes more 
than once at an election. 

Re-pel'lent, n. [See Repel.] A kind of water-proof 
cloth. 

Re'per-cep'tion, n. [Prefix re and perception.] The 
act of perceiving again ; a second perception of the 
same object. 

Itepouss& (rQh'poos'sa'), n. [Fr., p. p. of repousser, to 
thrust back, from prefix re and pousser, to push, Lat. 
pulsare, intensive form oipellere, to beat, knock, push.] 
Ornamented metal-work formed in relief by hammer- 
ing up the metal from the back, until the required 
forms are roughly produced in relief upon the surface, 
which is afterwards finished by the process of chasing. 

Rep'tant, a. [Lat. reptans, reptantis, p. pr. of reptare, 
an intensive form of repere, to creep.] (Bot.) Creeping 
and rooting. 

Jte-se'dd, n. [Lat , from resedare, to heal, from prefix 
re and sedare, to calm, it being thought useful for 
healing bruise?.] (Bot.) A genus of European plants, 
comprising the mignonette (R. odorata), and dyer's 
weed (R. luteola). 

Reg'er-va'tion, n. [Add.] 5. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
The portion of the sacramental elements reserved for 
purposes of devotion, and for the communion of the 
absent and sick. 

Reg'o-na/tor, n. Anything which resounds ; specifi- 
cally (Music), a hollow ball of brass, with two aper- 
tures, so contrived as to intensify greatly, by its reso- 
nance, a musical tone. 

Re-spon'si-lble, a. [Add.] 3. Involving responsibility ; 
involving a degree of accountability on the part of the 
person concerned ; as, a responsible office. 

Reg'ur-re-et', v. t. [See Resurrection.] 1. To take 
from the grave, as a dead body. 2. To reanimate; to 
restore to life ; to bring to public view that which had 
been forgotten or lost. 

JZe-tl^'u-lum, n. [Lat., dim. of rete, a net.] (Comp. 
Anat.) The second stomach of a ruminant, in which 
the mucous membrane forms hexagonal cells ; — also 
called the honey-comb stomach. 

Re'tro-ehoir (-kwlr), or Ret'ro-ehoir, n. [Retro 
and choir.] (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension of a church 
behind the altar, as a chapel. 

Re-turn', n. [Add.] Return-ball, a ball, used as a 
plaything, which is held by an elastic string so that it 
returns to the hand from which it is thrown. 

Re-vamp', v. t. [Prefix re and vamp.] To rehabilitate ; 
to reconstruct ; to patch up again. 

Re-ver'sion, n. [Add.] 4. A return toward some an- 
cestral type or character ; atavism. 

Rhab'do-lith (r&b'-), n. [Gr. p<£/3Sos, rod, and A.i'0os, 
stone.] A minute, calcareous, short, rod-shaped body, 
found in the globigerina ooze. 

Rhab'do-sphere, n. [Gr p<£/3So?, rod, and <r<J>dipa, 
sphere.] A minute spheroidal body, bristling with 
rods, found in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Rhe'o-ehord, n. [Gr. pelu, to flow, and x°P?V, chord.] 
(Physics.) A metallic wire used in measuring the re- 



a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



RHEOMOTOR 



1049 



RYSIMETER 



sistance, or varying the strength, of an electric current, 
according as a greater or less length of it is inserted in 
the circuit. 

Rhe'o-mo'tor, n. [Gr. peiv, to flow, and Eng. motor.] 
Any apparatus by which an electrical current is origi- 
nated. 

Rhe'o-phore, n. [Gr. pelv, to flow, and (fropa, a car- 
rying.] (Physics.) A connecting wire of an electric 
or voltaic apparatus, traversed by a current. 

Rhig'o-lene (rig'-), n. [From Gr. piyos, cold.] Alight 
coal-oil, of low boiling point ; — used in surgical opera- 
tions to render the skin insensible to pain. 

Rhl'nen-ce-phal'ie, a. [Gr. pi's, piz/6s, the nose, and 
kyttifyakov, the brain, from ev, in, and nefyakq, the head.] 
(Anat.) Belonging to the rhinencepbalon. 

Rhi'nen-ceph'a-lon, n. [See supra] (Anat.) The 
anterior division of the brain in front of the prosen- 
cephalon, or cerebral hemispheres ; from this nerves 
are given off to the olfactory organs. 

Rhi'no-seope, n. [Gr. pis, pivos, nose, and o-icoireZv, 
to view.] A mirror of small size, used for inspecting 
the nasal passages. 

Rhi-nos-'«o-py, a. Inspection of the nasal passages 
by means of a rhinoscope. 

Rhi'zo-ear'poiis, a. [Gr. pi£a, root, and <apno<;, fruit.] 
(Bot.) Applied to plants whose roots last for many 
years, but whose stems perish annually. 

Rhiz'o-gen, a. [Gr. pi£a, root, and yeVos, birth ; Fr. 
rhizogene.] Producing roots. 

Rhiz'o-gen, n. [Bee supra.] (Bot.) One of a class of 
flowering plants, with scales for leaves, growing on the 
roots of other plants. 

Rhiz'oid n. [Gr. pi'cja, root, and elSos, form.] (Bot.) 
A root-like appendage. 

Rhi-zome', n. ( Bot.) A root-stock ; a rhizoma. 

Rhi-zoph'o-roiis, a. [Gr. pi'^a, a root, and tpipeiv, to 
bear.] (Bot.) Bearing roots. 

Rhi'zo-tax'is, n. [Gr. pi'^a, a root, and t<££is, arrange- 
ment, from TOLO-aeiv, to arrange.] (Bot.) The arrange-, 
ment of the roots of plants. 

Rho-dan'the, n. [Gr. poSov, a rose, and avOos, flower, 
in allusion to the color of the flower heads] (Bot.) 
A beautiful Australian annual plant, of the aster fam- 
ily. Its bright-colored flowers are classed with the 
" everlastings." 

Jtho-do'rd, n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs of 
the heath family. R. Canadensis, bearing clusters of 
purple flowers, is found in damp woods and swamps in 
the northern and eastern United States. 

Rhy'pa-rog'ra-phy (rl'-), n. [Gr. puTrapoypa^ia, for 
pa>7roypa<pi'a, a painting of petty objects, from pUno*;, 
any small wares, and ypafciv, to write, paint.] (Art.) 
The painting of genre or still-life pictures. 

Rib'bon-fish, n. (Ichth.) An elongated, compressed, 
ribbon-shaped British fish (Regalecus Banksii), also 
called oar-fish, which reaches a length of 12 feet or 
more. The name is applied to others of the same fam- 
ily ( Trachypteridx), and to the scabbard -fish. t 

Ric/i-nme, n. [Lat. ricinus, castor-oil plant] ( Chem.) 
An alkaloid contained in the seeds of the castor-oil 
plant. 

Riffle, n. [Ger. riffeln, to groove.] (Minins.) ( a .) 
A trough or sluice, fitted with depressions in the bot- 
tom, or some other contrivance to facilitate the settling 
of particles of gold, when auriferous dirt is washed in 
it. (b.) (Mining.) The process of washing out gold 
from auriferous dirt in a sluice. 

Rif 'fler, n. A kind of file with a bent or curved ex- 
tremity, so as to be used in operating in shallow de- 
pressions. 

Rig, n. [Add.] 4. The act of adapting the market to 
the sale of a certain stock. 

Ri-ges'cent, a. [Lat. rigescens, p. pr. from rigesc.ere, 
to grow stiff, from rigere, to be stiff.] Growing stiff or 
numb. 

RIn'der-pest, n. [Ger. rind, rinder, cattle, and pest, 
pest, plague.] A highly contagious distemper or mur- 
rain, affecting neat cattle and sheep ; — called also 
cattle-plague, Russian cattle-plague, and steppe-murrain. 

Ring, n. [Add.] 2. A clique; a combination of per- 
sons for a selfish end, as for controlling the market in 
stocks, or for effecting some political purpose. 3. A 
number of bells hung together so as to be rung in 
changes. 



Ring'-mas'ter, n. One who has charge of the per- 
formances (as of horses), within the ring in a circus ; 
and in general, colloquially, any .manager. 

Rink, n. [Scot, renlc, rink, rynk, a course, a race; per- 
haps from A.-S. hring, a ring.] 1. An artificial body 
of water, under cover, prepared for skating when 
frozen. 2. A smooth flooring on which one can skate 
with roller-skates. 

Rip, n. [Add.] 2. A rough body of water, affected by 
the meeting of opposing tides or currents. 

Rise (rls), n. [Add.] Q. The spring of a fish after an 
artificial fly. 

Rock'-ean'dy, n. A form of candy, consisting of 
crystals of pure sugar, which are very hard, whence 
the name. 

Rock'er, n. [Add.] 4. A skate with a curved edge, 
resembling, in shape, the rocker of a cradle. 

Ro-eo'eo, n. A florid style of ornamentation in archi- 
tecture, landscape gardening, furniture, etc., in imita- 
tion of French art under Louis XIV. and XV. 

Ro-de'o, n. [Sp., a going round.] A collection of all 
the cattle belonging to a rancho or stock farm, in order 
to separate, count, or brand them. 

R6g'a-to-ry, a. [See Rogation.] Seeking informaf ion ; 
authorized to examine witnesses, or otherwise ascertain 
facts ; as, a rogatory commission. 

Rogue (rog), n. [Add.] 4. A vagrant; especially, 
an elephant which has separated from a herd and 
roams about alone, in which state it is usually very 
ferocious. 

Roll'er- skate', n. A skate which has small wheels in 
the place of the metallic runner ; — designed for use in 
skating upon asphalt, or smooth flooring. 

Rom, n. [A gypsy word.] The name of the gypsies for 
one of themselves. 

Ro'rie, a. [Lat. ros, roris, dew.] Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, dew ; dewy. 

Ro-§ac'ie, a. [See Rosaceous.] (Ch shriek- 

like, rose, or red color ; — said of an '• led by 

the urine in cases of gout and inflammatory ft „-rs. 

Ro§-an'i-line, \n. (Chem.) A dye-stuff obtained 

Ro§e-an'i-line, j from aniline, having a very bril- 
liant red color ; — called also aniline red. 

Rog'in-weed, n. (Bot.) The compass-plant ( Silphium 
laciniatum), a perennial herb with a resinous juice, 
found on the prairies of Michigan and Wisconsin, and 
thence South and West. Its lower leaves are vertical, 
and disposed to present their edges north and south. 

Hqu-lette',n. [Add.] 3. ( Geom.) The curve traced 
by any point in the plane of a given curve, when the 
latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. 
See Cycloid and Epicycloid. 

Round'house, n. [Add.] 3. A building in connec- 
tion with a railway station, in which locomotive en- 
gines are housed. ■ 

Rounds/man, n. A policeman whose duties do not con- 
fine him to a particular precinct, but who acts as an in- 
spector over the rounds of the patrolmen. 

Roust'a-bout, n. A laborer on a river steamboat, who 
moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, etc. ; — in 
general, a shiftless vagrant. 

Row (rou), v. i. [See Row, n.] To be riotous or noisy. 

Ru'bi-a-<Jine, n. [From Lat. rubia, madder, from rubere, 
to be red.] (Chem.) A yellow crystallizable coloring 
matter obtained from madder. 

Rii'toi-an'ie, a. Of, or pertaining to, an acid obtained 
from madder, and crystallizing in lemon-yellow, silky 
needles. 

Ruff, n. [Add.] 4. ( Omith.) A set of lengthened or 
otherwise modified or peculiarly colored feathers round 
the throat or neck. 

Rule, n. [Add.] Rule of thumb, any rude process or 
operation, like that of using the thumb (the longer 
joint of which is nearly equal to two inches) as a 
standard of measurement. 

Run'- round, n. (Med.) A felon or whitlow. 

Riin'way, n. 1 The channel of a stream. 2. The 
beaten path made by deer or other animals in passing to 
and from their feeding-grounds. 

Rii'tie, a. [Gr. pu-nj, Lat. ruta, rue.] Of, or pertaining 
to, an acid, also called capric acid, found in butter, etc. 

Ry-sim'e-ter, n. [Gr. pvo-is, a streaming or flowing, 
from pelv, to flow, and ixerpov, measure.] (Naut.) An 
instrument for determining the speed of ships. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get; ag; e^cist; linger, link; this. 



SACCHARIMETER 



1050 



SCRIPTORIUM 



s. 



SACCHA-RIM'E-TER, n. The same as Saccha- 
ROMETER, q. V. 

Sae-cif'er-ous, a. [Lat. saccus, a sac, and ferre, to 

bear.] (Bot.) Bearing a sac. 
Sad'dle (-dl), n. {Add.} 3. {Harness.) A padded piece 
of leather, placed on the back of a horse ; — the check- 
rein is usually fastened to it, the reins pass through 
rings placed upon it, and the lugs, supporting the 
shafts, are attached to it. 
SS-f 'ra-nine, n. 1. (Chem.) A yellow coloring matter 
obtained from saffron. 2. {Chem.) A red dye prepared 
from aniline by treating it successively with nitrous 
acid and arsenic acid. 

Sage'-brush, n. (Bot.) A low, irregular shrub (Ar- 
temisia Ludoviciana), of the order Compositx, growing 
in dry, alkaline soils of the American plains. 

Sage'-eock, n. (Omith.) One of the tetraonids ( Cen- 
trocerr.us urophasianus), resembling the prairie-fowl, but 
much larger. It is found in the Rocky Mountain region, 
and feeds on the leaves of the sage-brush. 

Sail'-boat, n. A boat propelled by or fitted for sails. 

Sal-im'e-ter, n. [Lat. sal, salis, salt, q. v., and Gr. 
fierpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
amount of salt present in any given solution. 

Sal-mon'i-das, n. pi. [Lat.] (Ichth.) The salmon 
mcluding the salmon, trout, smelt, etc. 

S&Vpinx n. [Gr. o-dA.7r<.y£, a trumpet.] (Anal.) The 
Eustac Irian iabe, or channel of communication between 
the mouth and the tympanum. 

Sam'o-var, n. [Jluss.] A copper urn, used in Russia 
fo. is filled with water, which is heated 

by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, 
which i trough the urn. 

San-a-to'i\ Min, n. [See Sanatory and Sanity.] A 
place of resiu-.ce for invalids, for the improvement of 
their health; a sanitarium. 

Sand'-grass, n. (Bot.) Any species of grass which 
grows in sand ; especially, on the Atlantic coast from 
Massachusetts southwards, the Tricuspis purpurea. 

Sand'-hil'ler, n. One of a class of miserable people liv- 
ing in the pine woods that cover the sandy hills in 
Georgia and South Carolina. 

Sand'-neck'er, n. (Ichth.) A fish (Hippoglossoides 
limandoides) found in the British Channel and along 
the shores of Northern Europe; — called also, rough 
dab, long fluke, sand-fluke, and sand-sucker. 

Sand'-pil'lar, n. A sand-storm in desert tracts, like 
those of the Sahara and Mongolia ; — in allusion to its 
pillar- like form in its whirling march. 

Sand'-pipe, n. ( Geol.) A cylindrical or pipe-like hol- 
low, often of considerable depth, occurring in chalk- 
rocks, and usually filled up with sand, gravel, and clay, 
from above : — called also sand-gall. 

Sand'stone, n. [Add.] Flexible sandstone (Min.), the 
finer-grained variety of the rock named itacolumite, 
which on account of the scales of mica in the lamina- 
tion is_quite flexible. 

San'i-ta'tion, n. [See Sanitary.] The preservation of 
health ; hygiene. 

Sap'o-nite, n. [Lat. sapo, saponis, soap.] {Min.) A 
hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina. It occurs 
in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in ser- 
pentine and cavities in trap-rock. 

Sar'-eoid, n. [Gr. crdp£, flesh, and elSo?, form.] One of 
the amoebiform particles which make up the flesh of a 
sponge. 

Sash, n. [Add.] 2. ( Carp.) The frame in which a saw 
is put to prevent its bending or buckling when crowded 
into the cut. 

Sa-teen', n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of glossy dress-goods 
resembling satin, but having a worsted instead of a 
silken face. 

Sax-I-e'o-loiis, a. [Lat. saxum, rock, and colere, to cul- 
tivate, till.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks. 

Seab'bard-fisli, n. (Ichth.) A ribbon-shaped, scale- 
less fish (Lepidopus caudatus), found in the Mediterra- 
nean and in the Eastern Atlantic. 

Scale, v. t. [Add.] 2. To scale or scale down a debt, to 
reduce a debt according to a fixed scale. 

Sealp'-lock, n. A long tuft of hair left on the crown 
of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American 
Indians. 



S-eamp, v. t. [See Scamp, n] To perform dishonestly 

or in an unworkmanlike manner. 
S-ea-plian'der, n. [Gr. <rica<£os, anything hollowed, 
from <xKo.me.iv, to dig, and avrjp, arSpos, a man.] The 
case in which a diver is inclosed in descending into 
water. 

Scare, v. t. [Add.] To scare up, to discover; to find by 
diligent search. 

S-ear'y, a 1. Subject to sudden alarm ; somewhat scared. 
2. Provoking or suggesting a scare ; alarming. 

Seav'en-ger, n. [Add.] 2. Hence, one engaged in any 
mean or dirty occupation. 

Sca'zon, n. [Lat., Gr. <7/cd£W, from aKci^eiv, to limp.] 
{Lat. Prosody.) An iambic trimeter, with a spondee or 
trochee in the last foot. 

S<;hloss, n._ [Ger.] A castle. 

Seliool'-board, n. A corporation established by law 
in every borough or parish in England, and elected by 
the burgesses or rate-payers, with the duty of providing 
public school accommodation for all children in their 
district. 

School'- ship, n. A ship on board of which a nautical 
reform-school or training-school is kept, in which boys 
receive their education, at the expense of the state, and 
are trained for service as sailors. 

S-ehoon'er, n. [D.] A tall glass, used for lager-beer 
or ale, and containing about double the quantity of an 
ordinary tumbler. 

Sgil'ld,~n. [See Squill.] (Bot.) A genus of the lily 
family ; the squill. The eastern quamash or wild hya- 
cinth (S. Fraseri), is found from Ohio to Wisconsin, and 
southwestwards ; it bears blue flowers in a simple ra- 
ceme. The onion-like bulb is eaten by the Indians. 

Sci-6p'ti-«on, n. [See Scioptic.] A kind of magic 
lantern. 

Sci-op'ti«§, n. sing. [See Scioptic] The art or process 
of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of ex- 
ternal objects, in a darkened room, by certain arrange- 
ments of lenses or mirrors. 

S^t-u'fi-die, n. pi. [N. Lat., from sciurus, Gr. <r/ciovpos, 
squirrel.] (Zool.) A family of sciuromorpha, contain- 
ing the squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, and wood- 
chuck or marmot. 

Sqx'H-ro-mor'plid, n. pi. [N. Lat., from sciurus, squir- 
rel, and Gr. p.op$r), form.] (Zool.) A group of glires, 
containing the squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, wood- 
chuck, beaver, and others. 

Selave, n. 1. One belonging to the Sclavonic race ; a 
slave. 2. The Sclavonic language. 

S-ela-von'i-e, a. Pertaining to Sclavonia, its people, or 
its language ; Sclav onian. 

Seler'o-der'mie, ) a. Having a hard skin ; pertain- 

Seler'o-derm'ous, ) ing to the scleroderms. 

S-ele-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. o-KArjpo'?, hard, and fierpov, 
measure.] An instrument for determining with accu- 
racy the degree of hardness of a mineral. 

S-ele-ro'sis, n. [From Gr. aric\r)p6s, hard.] (Med.) In- 
duration ; hardening. 

S-eler'o-tl'tis, n. {Pathol.) Inflammation of the scle- 
rotic coat. 

S«6n, n. [Scotch, skon, scone.~\ A kind of common 
bread ; a thin cake, made of wheat or barley -meal. 

S-edbp, n. [Add.'] 5. (Stock Exchange.) A sudden 
breaking down of prices for the purpose of buying 
stocks at cheaper rates, followed by a rise. 

S-eobp'er, n. A tool used by engravers. 

S-eor'i-fl-er, n. (Metal.) A vessel, shaped much like a 
cupel, but made of crucible earth, used for the process 
of scorification in assays of silver. 

S-eotch, n. [See Scotch, v. t.~) A brake applied to the 
wheel of a carriage in descending a declivity. 

S-eour, n. A kind of diarrhoea in cattle. 

S-erag'ly, a. The same as S> raggy. 

S-eratch, n. lAdd.] 5. (Billiards.) An accidental 
carom. 

S-eream'ing, a. Causing a scream, as of delight ; as, a 
screaming farce, one which makes an audience scream 
with amusement. 

S-erip-to'ri-iim, n. [Lat., from scriptor, a writer, from 
scribere, scriptum, to write.] (Eccl. Hist.) In an abbey 
or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copy- 
ing manuscripts. 



a.,e,&c.,long, a, e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wolf, 



SCRIVENER 



1051 



SHOTGUN 



S-crive'ner (skriv'ner), n. [Add.] Scrivener's palsy, a 
spasmodic affection of the muscles employed in writing, 
sometimes observed in those who write much ; called 
also writer's cramp, writer's palsy, or writer's spasm. 

Serub, n. [Add.'] 5. (Stock-breeding.) One of the 
common live-stock of a region, of no particular breed ; 
a native. 

Seull'ion (skill'yun), n. [Add.] 2. A kind of imper- 
fect onion. 

Sea'-a/eorn, n. A balanoid. 

Sea'-bass, n. (Ichth.) A fish of a blue-black color 
(Centropristis atrar ius) which abounds on the Atlantic 
coasts of the United States ; also called, in various 
localities, blue bass, black bass, black-Jish, blue-Jish, and 
black perch. 

Sea'-eat, n. (Ichth.) The salt-water cat-fish (Anarrhi- 
chas lupus), also called sea-wolf and wolf-fish ; it is 
found off the temperate coasts of the northern parts of 
Europe and North America. 

Sea'-f an, n. (Zo'ol) One of the genus Gorgonia. 

Sea'-giid'geon (-giid'jun), n. (Ichth.) The black 
goby or rock-fish ( Gobius niger), found in the German 
Ocean and on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of 
Europe. 

Sea'-jel'ly, n. (Zo'ol.) One of the jelly-like animals, 
belonging to the hydrozoa, and of the medusa form. . 

Seal, v. t. [Add.] 5. (Mormon.) To take to one's 
self, or to assign to another, as a second or additional 
_wife. [Utah, U. S.] 

Sea'-lav'en-der, n. ( Bot. ) A plant of the genus 
Statiie ; — called also marsh-rosemary. 

Sea'-lev'el, n. The level of the surface of the sea ; 
any surface of land on the same level with the sea. 

Seal'-loek, n. A lock, in which the key-hole is cov- 
ered by a seal, which can be so arranged that the lock 
cannot be opened without rupturing the seal. 

Stance (sa'ons'), n. [Add.] 2. More particularly, a 
meeting in which the so-called spiritualistic manifesta- 
tions or communications are made. 

Sea'-ra'ven, n. (Ichth.) An acanthopterous fish of 
the bullhead or sculpin family and genus Hemitripte- 
rus. The common species (H. Acadianus), also called 
yellow sculpin and Acadian bullhead, is found on the 
Atlantic shores of North America. 

See'ond, a. [Add.] Second distance (Art), that part 
of a picture between the foreground and the back- 
ground ; — called also middle ground or middle distance. 

Se-e'ond-a-ry, a. [Add.] Secondary color, the color 
formed by mixing the pigments of any two primary 
colors of equal proportions. — Secondary tint, any sub- 
dued tint, as gray. 

Se-«ret'ive-ness, n. [Add.] 2. (Phren.) The sup- 
posed organ in the brain, which is held to impel the in- 
dividual towards concealment. 

S6c'u-lar-ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every 
form of religious faith, and every kind of religious 
worship, and accepts only the facts and influences 
which are derived from the present life ; also, one who 
believes that education and other matters of civil policy 
should be managed without the introduction of a re- 
ligious element. 

Se--eun / do-gen'i-ture, n. [Lat. secundus, second, 
and genitura, a begetting, birth, generation.] A right 
of inheritance belonging to a second son ; the posses- 
sions so inherited. 

Seed'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being seedy, 
shabbily clothed, or miserable looking ; a state of 
wretchedness or exhaustion. 

Seek'-no-fur'ther, n. An early red-streaked apple, 
with a subacid flavor. 

Se-le-e'tion, n. [Add.] Natural selection, the survival 
of the fittest ; the supposed law by which the progeny 
which is best fitted to survive is conceived to be selected 
by nature. 

Self'-f er'ti-li-za'tion, n. (Bot.) The fertilization of 
a flower by pollen from the same flower and without 
outer aid. 

Sell, v. i. [Add.] To sell out, to dispose of one's stock 
of goods, or other property, for a pecuniary equivalent. 

Sgml-ac'id, a. Half-acid ; subacid. 

Sem'i-an'gle (-ang'gl), n. The half of a given, or 
measuring, angle. 

Sem'i-cir'ele (-sTr'kl), n. [Add.] 3. An instrument 
for measuring angles ; a graphometer. 

Sem'o-l'i'na, n. That portion of the central part of 
the grain of wheat, which is produced from the grains 
of very sunny climates, where the grain becomes very 
dry and hard, and is not reduced to powder in the pro- 



cess of grinding by stones. It is used for bread and 
puddings. 

Sen-sa'tion-al, a. [Add.] 3. Melodramatic ; done for 
effect; trashy ; — applied to that kind of literature or 
oratory, whose object is to interest by furnishing tem- 
porary excitement to the feelings. 

Sep'a-ra'trix, n. [Lat. See Separate.] (Arith.) The 
decimal point ; the dot placed at the left of a decimal 
fraction, to separate it from the whole number which 
it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other 
marks of separation. 

Se'pi-e, n. Pertaining to sepia ; done in sepia, as a draw- 
ing. 

Se-quoi'a, n. (Bot.) A Californian species of conifer, 
which produces some of the largest trees now known. 

Serein (suh'rang'), n. [Fr.] (Meteorol.) A mist or ex- 
cessively fine rain which sometimes falls, in a clear sky, 
a few moments after sunset. 

Set'-llne, n. (Fishing.) A line to which baited hooks 
are attached, and which supported by buoys is ex- 
tended on the surface of the water and may be left 
during the absence of the fisherman. 

Sev'en-thir'ty, n. A United States Government bond, 
bearing seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per 
cent, interest annually. 

Sev'en-ty-four' (-for'), n. (Naut.) A naval vessel, 
carrying seventy-four guns. 

Sev'en-up', n. A game of cards, also called All fours. 

Se-wel'lel, n. (Zo'ol.) An Indian name for a small 
rodent (Haplodon leporinus), one of the Sciuromorpha. 
It is rat-like, resembling the beaver and prairie-dog, 
and is found on the northwest coast of America. 

Sex-Iv'a-lent, a. [Lat. sex, six, and valens, valentis, 
p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] (Chem.) Having an 
equivalence of six ; capable of combining with, or be- 
ing exchanged for, six hydrogen atoms. 

Sext, n. [Lat. sextus, sixth, from sex, six.] (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) One of the canonical hours of prayer, 
usually recited at noon (the sixth hour of the day. ) 

Sham-pdb', n. The act of shampooing ; the washing, 
rubbing, and cleansing the head by the use of soap or 
a soapy preparation. 

Shark '-ray, n. (Ichth.) A species of shark (Squatina 
Dumerili), having broad lateral fins like a ray, found 
in temperate and tropical seas all over the world ; — 
also called angel-fish and kingston. 

Sheep'- dog, n. A dog for tending sheep ; — in Amer- 
ica, a common name for the colly. 

Shell'road (-rod), n. A road, the upper stratum of 
which is a layer of broken shells. 

Shep'herd (shep'erd), n. [Add.] Shepherd kings, a 
race of rulers who invaded Egypt from the East in the 
traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. 
They were expelled after about five hundred years, and 
attempts have been made to connect their expulsion 
with the narrative in the book of Exodus. 

Sher'bet, n. [Add.] 2. Water-ice. 

Shield, n. [Add.] 7- An irregularly curved surface- 
layer of bran , covering the embryo in the grain of wheat. 

Shin'gling-ham'mer, n. A ponderous hammer, 
moved by machinery, used in a shingling-mill. 

Shin'gling-mill, n. A rolling mill or forge, where 
cast iron or pig iron is converted into malleable iron. 

Shin'to, ) n. [Chin, shin, god, and tao, way, doc- 

Shin'to-i§m, ) trine.] One of the two great religions 
of Japan. Its essence is ancestral worship, and sacri- 
fice to departed heroes. 

Sho'gun, n. [From '"'hin. tsiang kiiln, commander-in- 
chief."] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on 
the military governor of the Eastern provinces of Japan. 
By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to 
foreigners, by a corruption of the name, as Tycoons) 
became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title 
was abolished in 1867. 

Sho-gun'ate, n. The office of a Shogun. [Written 
also Siogoonate.] 

ShSp'-worn, a. Somewhat worn or damaged, by hav- 
ing been kept for a time in a shop. 

Shdrt'-hand'ed, a. Short of, or in want of, servants 
or helpers. 

Short'-- clothe § (-klothz), n. Coverings for the legs of 
men or boys, consisting of long stockings and short 
trowsers, the trowsers coming to the knees. 

Short'hdm, n. [Prom short and horn.] One of a 
particular breed of cattle originating in northeastern 
England. 

Shot'giin, n. A light, smooth-bored gun, especially de- 
signed for firing shot at short range. 



food, foot; ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; exjst ; linger, link ; this. 



SHRINKAGE 



1052 



SPERMATORRHEA 



Shrink'age, n. [Add.] 3. Diminution in value ; — as, 

shrinkage of real estate. 

Shuck, v. t. [See Shuck, n.] To shell, as walnuts. 

Shunt, v. t. [Add.] 4. {Elec.) To shift to another 
circuit ; to switch ; — said of an electric current. 

Shunt, n. [Add.] %. A contrivance for shifting an 
electric current to another circuit; a switch. 

Shyster, n. [From Ger. scheiss, excrement,] A trick- 
ish knave ; one who carries on any business, especially 
legal business, in a dishonest way. 

Slb'i-lan-cy, n. [See Sibilant.] The characteristic of 
being uttered with a hissing sound, as that of s. 

Sid'e-ro-stat, n. [Lat. sidus, sideris, a constellation, 
a star, and Gr. q-to.t6%, standing, fixed, from la-ravai, 
to place.] (Astron.) An apparatus consisting essen- 
tially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw 
the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction ; — a 
more general term for heliostat. 

Sid'ing, n. [Add.] 3. {Carp.) A board used to cover 
the side of a house. 

Siege'-giiii, n. A heavy gun for siege operations. 

Sight'-draft (sit-), n. An order or bill of exchange, 
directing the payment of money at sight. 

Sil'ver, a. [Add.] Silver age {Roman Lit.), the latter 
part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, 
the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as 
compared with those of the golden age. — Silver paper , 
a very delicate paper, washed on one side with a metal- 
lic solution resembling silver. 

!m£oSs,} a - Pertaining to apes. 

Sim-u-la'-erum, n. [Lat.] A semblance ; an image, as 
distinguished from the reality. 

Siii'gle-ton, n. A single card, being the only card of 
a suit originally held in a hand at whist. 

Sin'o-log'ie-al, a. [From Sinologue, q. v.] Relating 
to the Chinese language or literature. 

Sio-goon' (sho-goon'), n. See Shogun. 

Sio-gobn'ate, n. See Shogunate. 

Si'phon-age, n. The operation of a siphon. 

Si-re'don, n. [Gr. o-etp-qBuv, o-eipTjv, a siren.] (Zo'dl.) 
The axolotl, the larval form of Amblystoma Mtxicana, 
which normally reproduces and dies in the larval state, 
but in exceptional circumstances may undergo meta- 
morphosis. See also Axolotl. 

Si'ren, n. [Add.] 4. A fog-horn. 

Sitz'-bath, n. [Ger. sitzbad.] A tub in which one 
may bathe in a sitting position ; a bath so taken. 

Six-teen'mo, n. ; pi. six-teen'mos. The same as 
Sextodecimo. Usually written 16mo. """ 

Skel'e-ton-probf , n. {Engraving.) A proof of a print 
or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair 
strokes only. 

Skid, v. t. To place on skids, or pieces of timber, as logs. 

Skimp, v. t. 1. To slight; to do carelessly. 2. To 
make insufficient provision for. 

Skimp, v. i. To save ; to be niggardly. 

Skinch, v . t. [Cf. Scant, a.] To give a scant measure 
or allowance to, in order to effect a saving. 

Skip'-jack, n. [Add.] 3. {Ichth.) A name given to 
several kinds of fish, especially to the common blue- 
fish. [Local. U. S.] 

Skirt, n. [Add.] 5. The grinding surface on a mill- 
stone, bounded by the circumference and by a smaller 
concentric circle. 

Slate, n. [Add.] 4. {Politics.) A list of candidates, 
prepared for nomination or for election ; a preliminary 
list of candidates, liable to revision. 

Sleep'ing-ear / , n. A railway car or carriage, arranged 
with apartments and berths for sleeping. 

Sleeve'-links, n. pi. Buttons Connected by means of 
links, and used to fasten a sleeve or wristband. 

Slicle'-rail, n. A contrivance for connecting a siding 
with the main line of a railway. 

Slime, n. [Add.] 2. Any mucilaginous or ropy sub- 
stance : any substance of a dirty nature, that is moist, 
soft, and lubricous. 3. (Script.) Bitumen. 

SKp'per-wort (-wurt), n. [In allusion to the form of 
the corolla.] (Bot.) The vulgar name of plants of the 
genus Calceolaria. 

Sluice'- way, n. An artificial channel into which water 
is let by a sluice ; a trough constructed over the bed of 
a stream, so that logs, lumber, or rubbish can be floated 
down to some place of delivery. 

Small, a. [Add.] Small hours, the time from midnight 
till three or four o'clock in the morning. 

Small fruits, fruits raised in market-gardens, — such 
as raspberries, strawberries, and the like. 



Smal'to, n. [It. See Smalt.] A minute regular square 
of"enameled glass, of all colors, used in modern Roman 
mosaic work ; — called also a tessera. 

Smok'ing-ear', n. A railway car or carriage, reserved 
for passengers who smoke tobacco. 

Snap, n. [Add.] 7- Briskness; vigor; energy. 

Top-snap action, in breech-loading shot-guns, a term 
applied when the lever which disengages the breech-end 
of the barrels is on the top of the barrels. The term 
side-snap action is applied when the lever is on the side. 

Snip'pet-y, a. Ridiculously small ; insignificant. 

So, adv. [Add.] So far forth, as far ; to such a degree. 
So-and-so, a certain person, not mentioned by name ; 
an indefinite person. 

Soap'-fat, n. The refuse of kitchens, used in making 
soap ; — called also kitchen stuff. 

So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), n. A gathering of people, for 
social purposes ; an informal party. 

So'cial (so'shal), a. [Add.] Social science, the science 
of all that relates to the social condition, the relations 
and institutions involved in man's existence and his 
well-being as a member of an organized community ; 
sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the pub- 
lic health, education, labor, punishment of crime, ref- 
ormation of criminals, and the like. 

So'cial-ist, a. Pertaining to, or involving, socialism ; 
socialistic. 

So-ci'e-ty, n. [Add.] Society verses (Fr. vers de socicte), 
the lightest kind of lyrical poetry ; verses for the amuse- 
ment of polite society. 

So'ci-ol'o-glst (so'shi-), n. One who treats of, or de- 
votes himself to, the study of sociology. 

So'di-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, sodium ; containing, or 
derived from, sodium. 

Sof 'ta, n. [Corruption of Per. sokhtah, one who burns, 
is ardent or zealous.] A Turkish student who has taken 
a degree in a medrissa or public college. 

Soil'-pipe, n. A pipe or drain for carrying off night- 
soil. 

So-la'tirum (-la'shi-Qm), n. [Lat. from solar i, to com- 
fort.] Anything which alleviates or compensates in 
suffering or loss ; a compensation ; a bribe. 

Sol'dier (sol'jer, vulg. so'jer), v. i. To make a pretense, 
only, of performing any task. 

Sol'do, n. [It.] A small Italian coin ; the twentieth 
part of a lira. 

So'lo-ist, n. (Mus.) One who sings a solo, or plays 
alone upon a musical instrument. 

So'mite, n. [Gr. o-Jj/ua, body.] One of the individual 
segments of an articulate animal. 

Sor'bite, n. [Lat. sorbus, service-tree, the generic name 
of the mountain-ash.] ( Chem ) An unfermentable 
sugar, existing in the ripe juice of the mountain-ash 
berries. 

Sou-brette', n. [Fr.] On the stage a servant girl, in 
comedies, who acts the part of an intrigante ; a med- 
dlesome female servant. 

Soup-con (soo-son), n. [Fr.] A very little ; a taste. 

Souffle (soo'fl), n. [Fr., from soaffter, to breathe, Lat. 
"sufflare, to blow forth, from sub, under, and flare, to 
blow.] {Med.) A murmuring ; as, the uterine souffle, 
a sound heard over the pregnant uterus. 

Sound'er, n. An instrument used in telegraphy in 
place of a register, the communications being read by 
sound alone. 

Spadassin (spa'daVsang'), n. [Fr., It. spadaccino, a 
swordsman, from spada, a sword.] A bravo ; a bully ; 
a duelist. 

Span'ish, a. [Add.] Spanish grass {Bot.), the esparto 
or Stipa tenacissima, a plant found in Spain and North 
Africa, largely used for paper making. 

Spe-clf'i-e, a. [Add.] 4. {Med.) Dependent on con- 
tagion ; — said of a disease, as syphilis. 

Spe-e-trom'e-ter, n. [Eng. spectrum, and Gr. fiirpov, 
measure.] {Physics.) A spectroscope fitted for meas- 
urements of the luminous spectra observed with it. 

Spee'tro-seop'ie, a. Pertaining to, or produced by, 
a spectroscope. 

Spee-tros'eo-pist, or Spee'tro-seo'pist, n. One 
skilled in the use of the spectroscope. 

Spee-tros'-eo-py, n. The use of the spectroscope ; in- 
vestigations made with the spectroscope. 

Spell'ing-matcb, n. A contest of skill in spelling 
words, between two persons or groups of persons. 

Spend 'ing-mon'ey (-mun / y), n. A sum of money al- 
lowed for extra personal expenses, and of which no ac- 
count is requiredj pocket-money. 

Sperm'a-tor-rlie'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. crn-ep^a, airepfxaros, 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf 3 



SPIRANTHY 



1053 



SULCUS 



seed, and peiv, to flow.] (Pathol.) Involuatary emission 
of the semen without copulation. 

Spi-ran'thy, n. [Gr. crnelpa, a spire, and avOoq, flower.] 
(Bot.) The occasional twisted growth of the parts of a 
flower. 

Spitz Dog. A small variety of the Pomeranian dog, 
with silky hair and erect ears. 

Split, v. t. [Add.] To split hairs, to make minute and 
unnecessary or frivolous discriminations. 

Spon'ta-ne'i-ty, n. [Add.] 2. (Biology.) The ten- 
dency to change, in animals and plants, which is not 
repressed by environment. 

Spread, n. [Add.] 4. (Stock Exchange.) The priv- 
ilege of demanding shares of stock at a certain price, 
or of delivering shares of stock at another price, within 
a_certain time agreed upon. 

Spy / -Wediies'day(-wenz'dy),n- (Eccl.) The Wednes- 
day preceding Easter ; — so called in allusion to the be- 
trayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot. 

Squalls (skwalz), n. sing. A parlor game, played with 
small Bisks of wood, upon the surface oi a table. 

Squawk (skw.awk), v. i. [imp. § p. p. squawked ; p. pr. 
4* vh. n. squawking.] To utter a shrill, abrupt scream 
or noise ; to speak harshly. 

Squeeze (skweez), n. [Add.] 2. A fac-simile impres- 
sion, taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an in- 
scription on stone. 

Squrnch(skwmch), n. [Corrupted from sconce.] (Arch.) 
A small arch thrown across the corner of a square room, 
as a tower, to support a superimposed mass ; — also called 
sconce and sconcheon. 

Sta'di-um, n. [Add.] 2. A race-course. 

Stage'-struck, a. Fascinated by the stage ; seized by 
a_passionate desire to become an actor. 

Stage- whis'per, n. A loud whisper, as by an actor in 
a theater, supposed, for dramatic effect, to be unheard 
by one or more of his fellow actors, yet perfectly audible 
to the audience ; an aside. 

Stall, n. [Add.] 5. A reserved seat in a theater. 

Sta'tist, n._ [Add.] 2. A statistician. 

Stau'ro-seope, n. [Gr. a-ravpo<;, a cross, and gkott(uv, 
to view.] (Crystallog.) An optical instrument used in 
determining the position of the planes of vibration in 
sections of crystals. 

Stem, n. [Add.] 8. (Gram.) That part of an inflected 
word which remains unchanged (except by euphonic 
variations) throughout a given inflection. 

Steni'-wind'er, n. A watch which is wound up or 
regulated by means of mechanism connected with the 
stem or handle, and not by a key. 

Sten'o-graph, n. A production of stenography ; any- 
thing written in short-hand. 

Ste-noph'yl-loiis, or Sten'o-phyllous, a. [Gr. 
orei/ds, narrow, and <f>v\\ov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having nar- 
row leaves. 

Ste're-o-gram, n. [Gr. orepeos, firm, and ypdcfreiv, to 
write.] A diagram or picture which represents objects 
in such a waj' as to give the impression of relief or 
solidity ; a stereograph. 

Still' ga-ree', n. (Ichth.) The stiDg-ray (Trygon cen- 
trum), found on the United States coast from Cape Cod 
to Florida. 

Sting'-ray, n. See Stingaree. 

Stir'pi-euHVure (-kult'yjjr, 53), n. [Lat. stirps, stirpis, 
stem, stock, race, and cultura, culture, q. v.] The breed- 
ing of special stocks or races. 

Stock, n. [Add.] 15. (Cookery.) The essence extracted 
from meat ; broth. 

flgp^ Soup stock is the broth in which beef, veal, 
chicken, or other meat, has been simmered. After the 
strong extract is cooled, the fat is skimmed off, and the 
residue forms the foundation for soups and sauces. 

To take stock in, to accept as a fact or truth ; to feel 
confidence in. [Slang. U.S.] 

Stock'-ae-count, n. An account on a merchant's 
ledger, one side of which shows the original capital or 
stock, and the additions thereto by accumulation or 
contribution, the other side showing the amounts with- 
drawn. 

St5ck'ing-er, n. A manufacturer of stockings. 

Stock'-tiain, n. A train of railroad cars loaded with 
cattle ; a cattle-train. 

Stone, n. [Add.] Stone age, a supposed prehistoric age 
of the world when stone and bone were used as the ma- 
terials for weapons and tools ; — called also the flint age ; 
the bronze age succeeded to this. 

Storm'- door, n. An outer or extra door, for protec- 
tion against storms and cold. 



St6rm'-s«ud, n. A shapeless mass of cloud, lying 
quite low L and driven rapidly with the wind. 

Stow'a-way, n. [From stoiv and away.] A person 
who conceals himself on board of a vessel, when leav- 
ing port, so as to avoid discovery before the vessel de- 
parts, and thus obtain a free passage. 

Strad'dle (strad'dl), n. [Add.] 3. (Stock Exchange.) 
A contract which gives the holder the privilege of call- 
ing for stock at a fixed price, or of delivering it at the 
same price to the party who signs the contract. 

Straight (strat), a. [Add.] 4. Even or uniform in 
quality; as, "a thousand barrels of flour, straight." 
5. (Politics.) Without exception; unmixed; without 
reservation; as, to be a straight Republican or Demo- 
crat, to advocate the whole platform and policy of the 
Republican or Democratic party ; to vote the straight 
ticket, to vote for all the candidates nominated by one's 
party, without "scratching." 

Strain, n. [Add.] 7. Family ; family blood. 

Straw, n. [Add.] Straiu bid, a bid for a contract, 
which the bidder is unable to fulfill. 

Strep'to-ba-e-te'ri-iim, n. [Gr. o-TpewTos, twisted, from 
0-Tpzfyei.v, to twist, and bacterium.] A variety of bacte- 
rium, consisting of several bacteria, linked together in 
the form of a chain. 

Stretch'er, n. [Add.] 6. An instrument for stretch- 
ing boots_or gloves, to make them easier- 

Strid'u late, v. i. [Lat. stridulus, stridulous.] To 
make a shrill, creaking noise, as some insects do. 

String, n. [Add.] 8. The number of points made, in 
a game of billiards. 

Stroke, n. [Add.] 12. (Rowing.) The strokesman ; 
one who rows the aftermost oar, and whose motion is 
followed by the rest. 

Stro'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. arpiofxa, a couch, bed, and 
Aoyo?, discourse.] (Geol.) The history of the forma- 
tion of stratified rocks. 

Strong, a. [Add.] 21. (Stock Exchange.) Tending to 
higher prices ; as, a strong market. 

Strong verbs (Gram.), verbs which form their past 
tenses and passive participles, not by addiug ~ed and -t, 
but by vowel changes ; as, break, imperfect broke, pas- 
sive participle broken. 

Stru-mat'i-e, a. Scrofulous ; strumous. 

Stryeh'ni-e, a. Of, pertaining to, or including, strych- 
nine. » 

Stub, n. [Add.] 3. The part of a leaf left in a check- 
book, after a check is torn out ; the number and desti- 
nation of the check are usually recorded on it. 

Stiid'-bdok, n. (Stock breeding.) A published register 
of pure-bred horses of any one breed. 

Stuff'y, a. [From stuff, n.] Ill- ventilated ; close. 

Sty'lo-max'il-la-ry, a. [From styloid and maxillary.] 
(Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the styloid process and 
the maxilla; as, the stijlomaxillary ligament. 

Sub, n. [Lat. sub, under.] A subordinate ; one lower 
in rank. 

Suh-are'ti-e, a. [Prefix sub and arctic] Nearly arctic. 

Siib'breed, n. A distinctly marked subdivision of a 
breed. 

Sub'elass, n. A subdivision of a class, consisting of 
orders allied to a certain extent. 

Sub-eon'eave, a. [Prefix sub and concave.] Slightly 
concave. 

Sub-eoii'scioiis (-kon'shus, 63), a. [sub and conscious.] 

1. Occurring without the possibility or the fact of an 
attendant consciousness ; — said of states of the soul. 

2. Partially conscious ; feebly conscious. 
Sub-dued', p. p. [See Subdue.] 1. Conquered ; over- 
powered ; crushed. 2. Not glaring in color or tone. 

Sub'group (-groop), n. [Prefix sub and group.] A sub- 
division of a group, — as of animals. 

Sub'pe-diin/eu-late, a. [Prefix sub and pedunculate.] 
( Bot. ) Supported upon a very short stem. 

Siib-typ'ie-al, a. [Prefix sub and typical.] Not quite 
true to the type ; slightly aberrant ; — expressing a con- 
dition behveen typical and aberrant. 

Sue-ces'sion (-sfsh'un), n. [Add.] Succession duty, a 
tax imposed on every succession to property, according 
to its value, and the relation of the person who suc- 
ceeds to the previous owner. [Great Brit.] 

Sue-clge', a. (Bot.) Appearing as if a part were cut off 
at the extremity. 

Sug'ar (shdog'ar), v. i. In making maple sugar, to boil 
"down the sap till it is thick enough to crystallize ; — 
with the preposition off. 

Siil'-eus,n.; pi. suL'pi. [Lat., furrow.] (Anat.) A fis- 
sure of the brain, separating two convolutions or gyri. 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, oall, echo ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



SULPFIATO-CARBONATE 1054 



TELESCOPIST 



Siil'plia-to-ear'bon-ate, n. (Chem.) A compound 

of a sulphate and a car Donate ; — applied to some com- 
plex salts. 
Sul'phu-ra-tor, n. An apparatus for impregnating 

with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur ; especially, 

an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching by means of 

the fumes of burning sulphur. 
Sul'tan-red/, a. Of a deep red color. 
Siim'biil, n. [Pers.] The root of an umbelliferous 

plant {Euryangium sumbul) from Persia and Central 

Asia, used in medicine as a stimulant. 
Siim'mer, n. [Add ] Saint Martin's summer, a period 

of warm weather, near the time of St. Martin's Day, 

November 11. 
Sun'biirii, n. [From sun and burn.'] The discoloration 

produced by the heat of the sun. 
Siiii'glass, n. ; pi. sOn'GLASS-ES. A convex lens of 

glass, for producing- heat by converging the sun's rays 

into a focus. 
Sun'shade, n. A small umbrella used by ladies to 

protect their faces from the sun's rays ; a parasol. 
Su'per-eo-liim'iiar, a. [Prefix super and columnar.] 

{Arch.) Put one above another ; as, an order. 
Sii / per--co-lu.m / ni-a'tion, n. [Arch.) The putting of 

one order above another 
Su'per-front'al, n. [Prefix super and frontal.] (Eccl.) 

A fringed cloth which is placed over the top of an altar 

and hangs down in front. 
SCi'per-tu/ber-a'tioii, n. [Prefix super and tuber.] 

(Bot.) The production of young tubers, as potatoes, 

from the old ones, while still growing. 
Su / pra-o-e-c i ip'i-tal, a. [Prefix supra and occipital.] 

Above the occiput. 
Su'rd, n. [Ar., a step, a degree.] One of the chapters 

of the Koran, which are 114 in number. 
Surf '-bird, n. (Ornith.) A migratory bird (Aphriza 

virgaa), of the plover family, found on the western 

coast of America. 
Sur-vlv'al, n. [Add.] 2- (Archaeology.) Any habit 

or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of 

which is unknown, or imperfectly known. 



Survival of the fittest. See Natural Selection and 
Darwinian. 

Sus-pense', n. [Add.] Suspense account (Book-keep- 
ing), an account iu which receipts or disbursements are 
temporarily entered, until their proper position on the 
books is determined. 

Sweep, «. [Add.] Q. (Card-playing.) In the game 
of cassino, a pairing or combining all the cards on the 
board, and so removing them all ; in whist, the win- 
ning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand. 

Swim'mer-et, n. [Dim. from sivim.] In a crusta- 
cean, a limb which is adapted for swimming. 

Swin'ney, n. A disease in the shoulder of a horse. 

Switch, n. [Add.] 3. A cue of false hair, or of some 
substance (as jute) made to resemble hair. 4. (Elec.) 
A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to 
another circuit ; a shunt. 

Switch, v. t. [Add.] 3. (Elec.) To shift to another 
circuit ; to shunt. 

Syle, n. [Sw. sill, Dan. and Icel. sild.] A young her- 
ring ( Clupea harengus) ; — also written Sile. 

Si/l'vi-eol'i-dae, n. pi. [Lat., from sylva, silva, a wood, 
and colere, to cultivate.] (Ornith.) The warblers, a 
family of Oscines. 

Sym-po'si-fim, n. [Add.] 2. A collection of short 
essays by different authors on a common topic ; — from 
the philosophical dialogues of the Greeks. 

Sj'ii-eh'ro-ny, n. The concurrence of two or more 
events in time ; synchronism. 

Syii'cli-no'ri-um, n. ; pi. syn'€LT-no'rt-a. [Gr. 
o-vyKkiveiv, to lay together, and opos, mountain.] 
(Geol.) A mountain range owing its origin to the 
progress of a geosynclinal, and ending in a catastrophe 
of displacement and upturning. 

Syn'dic-ate, n. An association of persons officially au- 
thorized to undertake some duty or to negotiate some 
business. 

Sypb/i-lide, n. [Fr.] (Med.) Any one of the various 
forms of the cutaneous eruptions of syphilis. 

Sj'S'tfm-a-ti-za'tion, n. The act or operation of sys- 
tematizing. 



T. 



T'-CIiOTH", n. A cotton fabric, manufactured in 
England for the China and India market ; — named 
from the letter T being stamped on each piece. 

Tal'i-pat, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree ( Corypha umbra- 
culifera) belonging to the order of palms. It has a tall, 
straight trunk, crowned with a bunch of enormous, 
fan-like leaves. Called also, fan-palm. 

Tam'a-ric, n. [Lat. tamance, tamaricum. See Tam- 
arise.] 1. The tamarisk. 2. A shrub or tree, sup- I 
posed to be the savin, or some other species of juniper. 

Ta'mi-as, n. [Or. ra/xta?, a distributer, allied to re'/n- 
veiv, to cut.] (Zool.) A genus of squirrel-like animals 
(Scitmna?), a common example, of which is the chip- 
munk ( T. striatus). 

Ta'mil, n. The language of the Carnatic and of most 
of Ceylon ; it belongs to the Dravidian family. 

Tar'an-ta^s', n. [Russ.] A low, four-wheeled car- 
riage used in Russia. It is without springs, the car- 
riage box resting on two long, springy poles which run 
from the fore to the hind axle-tree. When snow falls, 
the wheels are taken off, and the equipage is mounted 
on a sledge. 

Tar-bog'in, n. & v. See Toboggan. 

Tai'-boosh.', n. [Corrupted from Pers. sar-posh, head- 
dress.] A red cap worn by Turks and other Eastern 
nations ; a fez. 

Ta-roc'-eo, n. A game played with six packs of mixed 
cards. 

Ta-sim'e-ter, n. [Gr. rao-i?, stretching, extension, 
from reCveiv, to stretch, and ixirpov, measure.] (Phys- 
ics.) An instrument for detecting or measuring minute 
extensions or movements of solid bodies ; also em- 
ployed for measuring minute changes of temperature. 

Tat'tler, n. [Add.] 2. (Ornith.) A bird of the genus 
Totanus, belonging to the snipe family. 

Tax'ine, n. A resinous substance obtained from the 
leaves of the yew-tree ( Taxus baccata). 

Tax'o-nSm'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or involving, taxon- 
omy, or the laws and principles of classification ; clas- 
sificatory. 



Tax'-pay'er, n. One who is assessed and pays a tax. 

Team, n. [Add.] 3. A number of persons who are 
associated, as in the performance of a definite piece of 
work or a contest for some prize. 

Tea'-ro§e, n. (Bot.) A delicate and graceful variety 
of the rose (R. odorata), introduced from China, and 
so called from the scent. 

Teag'er, n. [Add.] 2. An inferior kind of stallion 
led up to a mare, in order to ascertain whether she is 
in heat. 

Teat'ed, a. (Bot.) Having protuberances resembling 
the teats of animals. 

Tecb'ni-e, n. [See Technic, a.] The method of per- 
formance in any art ; execution. 

Te-eh'iiiqtie' (tgk'nGk')) «• [Fr.] Same as Technic. 

Ted'der, n. [See ted.] A machine for stirring and 
spreading hay, to expedite its being dried. 

Tel-an / gi-ec'ta-sy, n. [Gr. tc'Ack, end, dyyeiov, vessel, 
and e/cTao-is, extension, q. v.] (Med.) Dilatation of the 
capillary vessels. 

Te-leg'ra-pher, n. One who sends telegraphic mes- 
sages ; a telegraphic operator ; a telegraphist. 

Te-lem'e-ter, n. [Gr. rrjAe, far, and /xdrpov, measure.] 
An instrument used for measuring distances. 

Tel'e-pbone, n. [Gr. rq\e, far, and (fxuprj, sound.] 
(Physics.) An instrument for reproducing sounds, es- 
pecially articulate speech, at a distance, by the aid of 
electricity or electro-magnetism. 

Te-leph'o-ny, n. The art or process of reproducing 
sounds at a distance by the aid of electricity, as with 
the telephone. 

TeFe-po-lar'i-scope, n. [Gr. rrjAe, far, and Eng. po- 
lariscope.] (Opt.) A polariscope arranged to be at- 
tached to a telescope for observation of distant objects. 

Tel'e-s-eope, v. i. To come into collision, as railway 
cars, in such a manner that one runs into another, like 
slides of a pocket telescope, as the result of the arrest 
of a train in a rapid motion. 

Te-les'-eo-pist, or TeTes-eo'pist, n. One who uses 
a telescope. 



TELESCOPY 



1055 



TRAGOPAN 



Te-les'«o-py, n. The art or practice of using or of 

making telescopes. 

Tel'e-spee'tro-seope, n. [Gr. TrjA.e, far, and Eng. 
spectroscope, q. v.] (Astron.) A spectroscope arranged 
to be attached to a telescope for observation of distant 
objects, as the sun and stars. 

Tel-lin'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, bile or bilin 

Tellinic acid [Chem.),& distinct substance obtained 
by digesting bilin with dilute hydrochloric acid. 

Tel'son, n. [Gr. rikaop, poet, form of reAo?, end.] 
The last joint in the abdomen of crustacea ; the tail- 
piece. 

Ten'e-hrze, n. [Lat., darkness.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
An office for the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of 
Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death 
of Christ. 

Ten'sioned (-shSnd), a. Extended or drawn out ; sub- 
ject co tension. 

Ten'sion-rod, n. An iron rod used to strengthen tim- 
ber or metal frame-work, roofs, and the like. 

Ten'-strike, n. 1. (Tenpins.) A knocking down of 
all ten pins, at one throw of the ball. 2. Any quick 
and decisive work. 

Ter'bi-um, n. (Chem.) Avery rare metal, found as- 
sociated with yttrium and erbium. 

Ter'cet, n. 2. [Fr., It. terzetto, dim. of terzo, Lat. 
tertius, third, from tres, three.] (Poet.) A triplet ; a 
group of three lines. 

Ter'ry, n. 1. A kind of heavy silk and worsted mate- 
rial used in upholstery. 2. Heavy red poplin for ladies' 
dresses. 

Ter-san^'tus, n. [Lat. ter, thrice, from tres, three, 
and sanctus, holy.] (Eccl.) An ancient ascription of 
praise (containing the word "Holy" — in its Latin 
form " sanctus ' : — thrice repeated), used in the com- 
munion-service of the Roman Catholic and English 
churches before the prayer of consecration. 

Tet'rad, n. [Add.] 2. (Ciem.) An atom, the equiv- 
alence of which is four ; or which can combine with 
or be exchanged for four hydrogen atoms. 

Tet'ra-he'drlte, n. [From tetrahedron, the common 
form of the crystals of the species.] (Min.) A sulph- 
antimonite of copper, with small quantities of other 
metals. It is a common ore of copper, and some varie- 
ties yield a considerable percentage of silver. 

Tet'ra-the'eal, a. [Gr. reVpa, four, and foj/oj, a box, 
from riOivai, to put, set.] (Bot.) Having four locula- 
ments or thecse. 

Tet'ra-tom'ie, a. [Gr. rirpa, four, and arojao?, atom, 
g. v.] ( Chem.) Consisting of four atoms ; having four 
atoms in the molecule. 

Tet'ter-oiis, a. Having the character of, or pertaining 
to, tetter. 

The'ba-ine, n. [From Gr. ©rj/3a<., Thebes, one variety 
of opium being named from Thebes in Egypt.] ( Chem.) 
One of the constituents of opium. 

The-eas'po-rous, a [Gr. 0t7ktj, a case, a box, from 
TifleVai, to put, set, and o-rropos, seed.] (Bot.) Having 
the spores in thecse or cases, as fungi. 

The-mat'ie, a. [Fr. thematique.] 1. ( Gram.) Per- 
taining to the theme of a word. 2. (Mits. ) Pertaining 
to_a theme^or subject in musical composition. 

The'o-ri-za'tion, n. The act or the product of theo- 
rizing ; formation of a theory or theories ; speculation. 

Ther'mal, a. [Add.] Thermal unit (Physics), a, unit 
chosen for the comparison or calculation of the quan- 
tity of heat. That most commonly employed is the 
amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 
one pound of water one degree Centigrade. In France 
the thermal unit is the calorie. 

Ther'mo-eheiri'is-try, n. [Gr. flepjuo's, warm, and 
Eng. chemistry, q. v.] That branch of chemical sci- 
ence which includes the various relations existing be- 
tween chemical action and the manifestation of the 
force termed heat. 

Thej-'mo-e lee trom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 0epp:6?, warm, 
and Eng. electrometer, q. v.] An instrument for meas- 
uring the strength of an electric current by the heat 
which it produces, or for determining the heat devel- 
oped by a current. 

Ther-mog'e-noiis, a. [Gr. 0ep/u.6?, warm, and yevo?, 
birth.] Producing heat. 

Ther'ruo-pile, n. [Gr. flepiud?, warm, and 7rtAos, ball, 
globe.] (Pnysics.) An instrument for measuring mi- 
nute differences or degrees of heat. 

Thin'- se-e'tion, n. (Min.) A section of a mineral or 
rock, so thin as to be transparent, and used for study 
under the microscope. 



Throw, n. {Add.) 4. (Geol. and Mining.) The 
amount of dislocation in a vertical direction produced 
in rock strata by a fault. It may be an upthrow or 
down throw, according as the strata have been elevated 
or depressed, this being dependent on the side from 
which the fault is viewed. 

Thumfo'-mark, n. 1. The mark left by the impres- 
sion of a thumb, as on the leaves of a book. 2. The 
dark spot over each foot in finely bred black and tan 
temers. 

Thym'ol (tim'ol), n. ( Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon in 
volatile oil of thyme. It has a mild odor and peppery 
taste, and possesses antiseptic properties. 

Tick'et, n. [Add.] (d.) (Politics.) A list of candidates 
used at an election ; the names on a list of candidates ; 
a set of nominations for election. 

Straight ticket, a ticket containing the regular nom- 
inations of a party, without change. — Scratched ticket, 
a ticket from which the names of one or more of the 
candidates are scratched out. — Split ticket, a ticket 
representing different divisions of a party, or contain- 
ing candidates selected from two or more parties. 

Tierce-robn', n. The offspring of a mulatto and a 
white. 

Tiff, v. t. To lunch j to take tiffin. 

Ti'ger-lbee'tle (-be'tl), n. (Entom.) A variety of 
beetle, of the family Cicindelidx, with large head, 
long curved jaws, long slender legs, and antennas with 
eleven joints. 

Time'-lock, n. A lock having clock-work attached, 
which, when wound up, prevents the bolt, once locked, 
from being withdrawn, until a certain interval of time 
has elapsed. 

Tln'e-d,n. [Lat., a moth.] (Entom.) A genus of lep- 
idoptera, to which the common clothes' moth belongs. 

Tip'-eart, n. A two-wheeled cart, so constructed that 
the body can be easily tipped backward, in order to 
dump the load. 

Ti-sane', n. [Fr., from Gr. irrLo-avq, barley-water.] A 
decoction of medicinal substances, to be used as a drink. 

To-bog'gan, n. [Corruption of Amer. Indian odabagan, 
a sled.] A kind of sled made of a pliable board, turned 
up at both ends, used for coasting down hills ; also a 
sleigh, to be drawn by dogs over deep snow ; — written 
also tarbogin. 

To-bog'gan, v. i. To slide down hill over the snow, on 
a toboggan. 

Tom'-aPley, n. The liver of the lobster ; when boiled 
it is of a green color. 

To-men'tum, n. ; pi. TO-men'ta. [Lat., a stuffing of 
wool, hair, or feathers.] 1. (Bot.) The closely matted 
hair or downy nap covering the leaves or stems of some 
plants. 2. (Anat.) The minutely-divided vessels on 
the surface of the brain, projecting into the cortex from 
the pia mater, and presenting a wooll} r appearance. 

Ton'ite, n. An explosive compound. 

Tonneau (ton-n5'), n. [Fr., dim. of tonne, ton.] Same 
as MlLLIER. 

Top'-saw'yer, n. 1. The man at the upper end of a 
whip-saw. 2. A man of great consequence. 

Tor, n. [A.-S. torr. Cf. Tower.] A tower ; a high-point 
hill ; a rock pinnacle. 

Tdr'toise-plant (tor'tis-), n. (Bot.) A plant (2 
tudinaria elephantipes) of the yam family, from f 
Cape of Good Hope ; — called also elephant's foot. 
names are owing to shape of the roots above ground. 

Tour'na-ment, n. [Add.] 2. Any contest of skill, as, 
a chess tournament. 

Tout'er, n. [Add.] 2. One who watches race-horses 
in course of training, to secure information about their 
capabilities, available in betting. 

Tow'-head, n. 1. A white-headed urchin. 2. A 
white ripple or foam in a rive"r, produced by snags, or 
other obstructions. 

Tra-ehen'^hy-md, n. [Eng. trachea, and Gr. e-yx^a, 
an infusion, 'from eyxe'iv, to pour in, from ev, in, and 
Xeiv, to pour.] (Bot.) The vascular tissue of plants, 
consisting of spiral vessels. 

Track'er, n. (Mus.) In the organ, a light strip of 
wood, connecting (in part) a key and a pallet, to com- 
municate motion by pulling. 

Trade'-doPlar, n. A silver dollar coined by act of 
Congress, in 1873, containing 420 grains Troy, and made, 
until 1878, a legal tender at its nominal value for any 
amount not exceeding five dollars ; — so called because 
coined for use in trade with Asia. 

Trag'o-pan, n. [Gr. rpa.yowav, a fabulous Ethiopian 
bird.] {Ornith.) A genus of birds of the pheasant 



food, fdbt; firn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all, e-eho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 



TRANSATLANTIC 



1056 



UNATTACHED 



family inhabiting the pine forests of high mountains 
in Central Asia. They are distinguished by their shrill 
whistle and brilliant plumage. 

Trans'at-lan'tie, a. [Add.] 2. Crossing the Atlantic 
Ocean ; as, the transatlantic cable. 

Trans'lit-er-a'tion, n. The act or product of trans- 
literating, or of expressing by means of different and 
usually i-impler alphabetic characters. 

Trans'pi-ra/tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Phys.) The passage 
of gases or vapors through long, fine tubes. 

Trans-port'al, n. Transportation ; the act of removal 
from one locality to another. 

Tra-peze', n. [Add.] 2. A single rod, or a frame of 
rods, suspended by cords, for use in performing gym- 
nastic exercises. 

Tread, n. [Add.] 7. (Physiol.) The cicatricle or ger- 
minative layer on the yelk of an egg. 

Treas/ur-yltrezh'ijr-y), n. [Add.] Treasury note (U. 
S. Finance), a circulating note or bill issued by govern- 
ment authority from the Treasury Department, and re- 
ceivable in payment of dues to the government. 

Tree'- wool, n. A fiber obtained from the leaves of the 
Pinus sylvestris, and spun into yarn, or woven or knit- 
ted into textile or hosiery goods. 

Trench'er-eap, n. A square cap worn by students at 
Oxford and Cambridge Universities. 

Trl'a-tom'i-e, a. [Or. rpeis, rpCa, three, and a-ro/aos, 
atom, q. v.] ( Chem.) Consisting of three atoms ; hav- 
ing three atoms in the molecule. 

Tri'ad, n. [Add.] 3. (Chem.) An atom, the equiva- 
lence of which is three, or which can combine with or 
be exchanged for three hydrogen atoms. 

Tribe, n. [Add.] 5. (Stock-breeding.) A family of ani- 
mals, descended from some particular female progenitor 
through the female line ; — as, the Duchess Iribe of 
shorthorns. 

Tri'ceps, n. [Lat., having three heads, from tres, tria, 
three, and caput, head.] (Anat.) The great extensor 
muscle of the forearm, arising by three heads, two 
from the humerus and one from the scapula, and in- 
serted into the olecranon process. 

Tvteh'i-nVa-sis, n. (Pathol.) The disease produced by 
the presence of trichina in the muscles. It is marked 
by fever, muscular pains, and typhoid symptoms. 

Trieh'i-nous, a. Relating to trichiniasis or to trichina. 

Tri-eos'tate, a. [Prefix tri and costate.] (Bot.) Three- 
ribbed ; having ribs from the base. 

Tricot (tre'ko'), n. [Fr.] A fabric of cloth, silk, or 
cotton, so woven as to present an appearance somewhat 
like knit-work. 

Tri'cy-ele, n. [Lat. tres, tria, three, and L. Lat. cyclus, 
Gr. KVKkos, ring, or circle.] A three-wheeled veloci- 
pede. 

Tri-eth'yl-am'rne, n. [Prefix tri and ethylamine.] 
( Chem.) A colorless, powerfully alkaline liquid, form- 
ing salts remarkable for the beauty of their crystalliza- 
tion. It may be regarded as ammonia in which each 
of the three hydrogen atoms has been replaced by the 
radical ethyl. 

Tri'lith, n. An obelisk or monument of any kind, con- 
sisting of three stones. 

Tri i >5rph'ie, a. (Biology.) Having individuals of 
"orms in a single compound organism or stock ; 
jiphous. 

Tri-'ndrph'ism, n. (Biology.) The existence of indi- 
viduals of three forms in a single compound organism 
or stock. 

Trip'li-eos'tate, a. [Lat. triplex, three-fold, from tres, 
tria, three, and plicate, to fold, and costa, rib.] (Bot.) 
Having three ribs proceeding from above the base of 
the leaf. 



Triv'a-lent, a. [Lat. tres, tria, three, and valens, va- 
lentis, p. pr. of valere, to be strong, to be worth.] 
( Chem.) Having an equivalence of 3 ; capable of being 
combined with, or exchanged for, 3 hydrogen atoms. 

Troop'i-al, n. [Fr. troupiale.] ( Ornitli.) A bird (Icterus 
vulgaris) of the oriole family, found in northern South 
America and the West Indies. 

Troop'- ship, n. A vessel for the conveyance of troops ; 
a transport. 

Tro'phic, a. [See Trophi.] Pertaining to nutrition ; 
as, trophic nerves, the nerves concerned in nutrition. 

Trot'toir (-twor), n. [Fr., from trotter, to trot. See 
Trot.] Footpath ; pavement ; sidewalk. 

Trout'let, n. A little trout ; a troutling. 

Trou-veur' (troo-ver'), n. [Fr. trouveur, trouvere. See 
Troubadour.] One of a school of poets who flourished 
in France from the 11th to the 14th century. 

Trust-ee', v. t. 1. To commit property to the care of a 
trustee. 2. (Law.) To attach a debtor's wages, credits, 
or property in the hands of a third party, in the interest 
of the creditor. 

Tsjet'ge (zet'ze), n. See Tzetze. 

Tule, n. [Mex.] (Bot.) A variety of bulrush ( Scirpus 
lacustris), found in the western part of the United 
States. 

Tun'drd, n. [Russian, from the Turkish of Siberia.] 
A rolling, marshy, mossy plain ; —applied to the steppes 
of Northern Siberia. 

Tu'ni-^a'td, n. pi. [Lat., p. p. of tunicare, to clothe 
with a tunic, from tunica, tunic] (Zo'dl.) A group of 
metazoa, formerly classed with the mollusks ; tunicates ; 
ascidians. 

Tu'ni-eate, n. (Zo'dl.) One of the tunicata. 

Tu-ra'ni-an, a. [From Tur, the name, in Persian legen- 
dary history, of one of the three brothers from whom 
sprang the races of mankind.] Used by some writers to 
describe a family (also called Altaic and Scythian) of 
languages spoken in the northern parts of Europe and 
Asia and Central Asia. 

Turfman, n. A turfite ; a votary of the turf or racer 
course. 

Tiir'ret-sliip, n. An iron-clad war-vessel, with low 
sides, on which heavy guns are mounted within one or 
more iron turrets, which may be rotated, so that the 
guns may be made to bear in any required direction. 

Twin'ning-ax'is, n. (Crystallog.) The line about 
which one of the halves of a twin crystal must be re- 
volved in order to bring it into a position parallel to 
the other half. 

TwTn'ning-- plane, n. (Crystallog.) The plane to 
which the twinniug-axis is normal. 

Type'-writ/er (-rhV-), n. An instrument for writing 
by means of type, in which the operator makes use of 
asort of key-board, in order to obtain the impressions 
of the type upon paper. 

Ty'plid, n. [Lat., Gr. ti^tj.] (Bot.) A genus of the 
cat-tail family (Typhace'se); T. latifolia is the common 
cat-tail or mace-reed ; T. Angustifolia is the small cat- 
tail. 

Typh-K'tis,n. [Gr. tv^Aos, blind, the caecum.] (Pa- 
thol.) Inflammation of the csecum. 

Typh-lol'o-gy, n. [Gr. tv$A6s, blind, and Aoyo?, dis- 
course.] Discourse about blindness ; the scientific 
knowledge or treatment of blindness. 

Ty'pho-ma-la/ri-al, a. Pertaining to typhus and 
malaria ; as, typho-malarial fever, a form of fever hav- 
ing symptoms both of malarial and of typhoid fever. 

Tzet'ze (zet'ze), n. (Entom.) An African fly ( Glossina 
morsitans), which kills animals by its painful bite ; — 
also written tsetse. 



u. 



UGH (56), interj. [GeT.hu.] A word representing a 
sound uttered as an expression of horror or recoil, 
w — usually accompanied by a shudder. 
tJl'ster, n. A long loose overcoat, originally made of 

frieze from Ulster, Ireland. 
Um-bil'ie-ate, a. (Bot.) Fixed to a stalk by a point 

in the center. 
UntUaut (oom'lowt), n. [Ger., from urn, about, and 
laut, sound.] (Gram.) The modification of a vowel 



sound, peculiar to the Germanic languages ; — as in 
w German, Mann, man, Manner or Maenner, men. 
Uiv'a-e-eu.s'tomtfd (-kiis'tumd), a. 1. Not used; not 

habituated ; — with to. 2- New ; strange : not usual. 
Un-arm«d' (-armd'), a. 1. Not armed ; having no arms. 

2. (Bot.) Not furnished with scales or prickles, 
tha'at-tached't-tacht'), a. 1. Not attached ; not closely 

adhering ; having no ties of affection, duty, or interest. 

2. (Mil.) Not assigned to any organization or domicil. 



a, e, &c, long ; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 



UNCOVENANTED 



1057 



VENOUS 



Un-eov'e-nant-ed, a. 1. Not having joined in a 
league, or assented to a covenant or agreement, as the 
Solemn League and Covenant of the Scottish people in 
the times of the Stuarts. 2. (Theol.) Not having en- 
tered into relationship with God, through the appointed 
means of grace ; not promised or assured by the divine 
promises or conditions. 

tJn'der- ground, a. [Add.] Under-ground railroad , a 
name applied in the United States before the late civil 
war to the organized arrangements for aiding negro 
slaves escaping from their masters in their passage 
through the free States. 

tin' tier-play', v. t. (Whist.) To play a low card in 
place of a high one, thereby losing a trick which 
might have been won, in the hope of subsequent ad- 
vantage. 

Un'der-shlrt, n. A shirt worn next the skin, under 
another shirt ; — also called undervest and wrapper. 

Un-en'glish- (-mg'glish), a. Not according to English 
manners in speech or action ; different from, or con- 
trary to, English characteristics. 

Un-nedg^d' (-flejd'), a. Not fledged; not furnished 
with feathers necessary for flight ; hence, not fully de- 
veloped; immature. 

Un'gu-lous, a. [See Ungulate.] Pertaining to, or re- 
_sembling, a hoof. 

Xf'nt, prefix. [Lat. unus, one.] Used in composition, to 

_ signify only one, or producing one. 

U'ni-ate, n. A member of the Greek Church in Bulga- 
ria, who nevertheless acknowledges the supremacy of 
the Pope of Rome. 

tjn'i-de'aed, a. Without ideas ; frivolous. 

U'ni-form'igm, n. [From uniform.] (Geol.) The 
doctrine that the changes on the face of the earth are 
due, not to sudden catastrophes, but, with the excep- 
tion of the variations in intensity, to forces still active 

_ in our day. 

U'ni-f 6rm/i-ta'ri-an-i§m, n. ( Geol.) The uniformi- 

_ tarian doctrine ; uniformism. 

XJn'ion-igni, n. The system of combination among 

_ workmen engaged in the same occupation or trade. 

Un'ion-Ist, n. [Add.] 2. A member of a trades- 

_ union. 

Un'ion-jaclc, n. {Add.} 2. The national flag of 
Great Britain and Ireland. 

U-niv'a-lent, a. [Lat. unus, one, and valens, valentis, 
p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] (Chem.) Having an 
equivalence of one ; capable of being combined with, 

_ or exchanged for, one hydrogen atom. 

U'ni-ver-sol'o-gy, n. [From Lat. universum, the uni- 



verse, and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] The science of the 
universe, or the whole system of created things. 

Un-know'able (-no'-), a. Not to be known ; beyond 
the reach of the human mind ; unintelligible from the 
nature of things. 

Unload', v. t. [Add.] 2. (Stock Exchange.) To sell 
out ± as stock. [Cant.] 

Un-load', v. i. 1. To take off the load. 2. (Stock Ex- 
change.) To sell out stock. [Cant.] 

Un-mer'chant-a-ble, a. Not fit for market ; that can- 
not be sold ; — said of goods, wares, or merchandise, 
which are damaged, or imperfect, or offered in too large 
a bulk, or in too small a quantity, or unfinished, or 

w superseded by some other article. 

Unso-phist'i-ea'ted, a. 1. Not adulterated ; genu- 
ine ; pure ; simple. 2. Guileless ; uncontaminated : 
ignorant of the ways of the world. 

Un-sort'ed, a. 1. Not distributed by proper separa- 
tion; not sorted. 2. Not suitable; poorly adapted; 
ill-chosen. 

Un-sta'ble, a. Easily moved ; not firmly established ; 
wavering ; fickle ; changeable. 

Un-strat'i-fied (-fid), a. (Geol.) Not stratified; — 
applied to rocks, and also to deposits of loose material, 
which do not occur in layers or strata. 

Up-hol'ster, v. t. [See Upholsterer.] To furnish 
houses with furniture, beds, curtains, and the like ; 
to fit with hangings and coverings of cloth. 

U-rse'mie, a. Pertaining to uraemia ; as, urxmic con- 

_ vulsions. 

U'ra-nis'eo-plas'ty, n. [Gr. ovpavurieos, the top of a 
tent, the palate, from ovpavos, sky, and irAacro-eii', to 
mold, form.] (Surg.) The process of forming an arti- 

_ficial palate. 

U'ra-nis-eor'a-pny, n. [Gr. ovpavio-icos, the top of a 
tent, the palate, from ovpavos, sky, and pa<j>rj, a seam.] 

_ ( Surg. ) Suture of the palate. 

U'ra-no-plas'ty, n. [See Uraniscoplastt.] (Surg.) 
The plastic operation for closing the fissure in a cleft 

_ palate ; staphyloraphy. 

U're-throt'o-my, n. [Gr. ovprjOpa, urethra, and to^ai?, 
a cutting, from Te/xveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The division, 

_ by a cutting instrument, of urethral stricture. 

TJ'rox, n. (Zo'dl.) The aurochs or bison (Bos urus). 

Ur'tie-al, a. [Lat. urtica, a nettle.] Pertaining to, or 
allied to, the nettles. 

ffr'ti-ecL'ri-a, n. [See supra."] (Pathol.) The nettle- 
rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of 
red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burn- 
ing sensation and with itching. 



V. 



VAC'U-UM, n. [Add.] Vacuum-pump, a pump con- 
nected with the boiler of a marine engine for charg- 
ing the boiler with water from the sea, by discharging 
the air. 

Val'en-cy, n. [From Lat. valens, p. pr. of valere, to be 
worth.] ( Chem.) The degree of combining power of 
an atom or radical as expressed in units of hydrogen 
atoms ; equivalence ; atomicity ; — sometimes written 
valence. 

Valv'ate, a. [Add.] Valvate estivation (Bot.), develop- 
ment in which the leaves in the flower-bud and leaf- 
bud are applied to each other by their margins only ; — 
called also vernation. 

Va-por'i-form, a. [Lat. vapor, vaporis, vapor, and 
forma, form.] Existing in the state of vapor. 

Va-que'ro (va-ka'ro), n. [Sp., cowherd, from vaca, Lat. 
vacca, a cow.] A man who has charge of cattle, horses, 
or mules ; a herdsman. 

Va-ri'e-tal, a. Pertaining to, characterizing, or con- 
stituting, a variety. 

Va/ri-o-Kt'ie, a. Thickly marked with small round 
specks ; spotted. 

Vas'o-den'tme, n. [Lat. vas, vasis, vessel, and dens, 
dentis, tooth.] (Anat.) That modification of dentine 
in which capillary tubes of the primitive vascular pulp 
remain uncalcified and carry red blood into the sub- 
stance of the tissue. 

Vas'o-mo'tor, a. [Lat. vas, vasis, a vessel, and motor. 
that which moves, from movere, to move.] Able to 
cause a movement in the walls of vessels. 



Vaso-motor nerves, the system of nerves distributed 
over the muscular coats of the blood-vessels. 

Vat'i-ean-I§m, n. [See Vatican.] The doctrine s| 
papal supremacy ; adhesion or devotion to the authority 
of the pope. 

Veal, n. [Add.] Veal skin (Pathol.), a cutaneous disease 
characterized by white, smooth, glistening tubercles 
about the ears, neck, face, and sometimes the whole' 
body, and usually mingled with shining papulx. 

Ve'ber, n. See Weber. 

VeVtor, n. [Add.] 2. (Quaternions.) A directive 
quantity ; as, a straight line, a force, or a velocity. 
Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are 
the same and their magnitudes are equal. 

Veer'y, n. ( Ornith.) A species of thrush ( Turdus fus- 
cescens), called also Wilson's thrush , found in the eastern 
part of North America. 

Veg'e-ta-ble, a. (Add.) Vegetable flannel, a textile 
material, manufactured in Germany from a down or. 
fiber obtained from the leaves of the Pinus sylvestris. — 
Vegetable sulphur, the fine and highly inflammable pow- 
der from the thecae of the club-moss (Lycopodium cla- 
vatum) ; witch-meal. 

Vel'lum-eloth, n. A fine kind of cotton fabric, used 
as a tracing cloth. 

Vel'vet, n. [Add.] 2. The soft and highly vascular 
deciduous skin which envelops and nourishes the ant- 
lers of deer during the rapid growth of those append- 
ages. 

Ve'nous, a. [Add.] Venous hum (Med ), a humming 



food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, cnaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tnis. 

67 



VENTURE 



1058 



WATER-SOUCHY 



sound, or bruit, heard during auscultation of the veins 

of the neck in anaemia. 
Vent'iire (vent'yur), n. [Add.'] flgg^ The phrase at a 

venture was originally at aventure, that is, at adventure. 
Ven'ule (-yul), n. [Lat. venula, dim. from vena, vein.] 

A small vein. 
Ver-ba/ri-u.m, n. [Lat. verbum, word.] A game in 

which the detached letters which spell some word are 

mixed together, and from them the attempt is made to 

discover the word. 
Verge, n. [Add.] 2. {Arch.) The edge of the tiling 

projecting over the gable of a roof. 
Ver'sa-tlle, a. [Add.] 4. {Bot.) Attached by one 

point to the filament, and hence very easily turned 

around ; as, an anther. 
Ver'so, n. [Lat. versus, p. p. of vertere, to turn.] {Print.) 

The reverse or left-hand page of a book or folded sheet 

of paper. 
Vers'ii-al, a. Pertaining to a verse. 
Yer'te-bra'ta,n.pl. (Zo'dl.) Vertebrates. 
Verve (ve"rv or verv), n. [Fr.] Heat of imagination, as 

in a poet, artist, musician, etc. ; fervor ; spirit. 
Vice / --eon'snl, n. A subordinate officer, authorized to 

exercise consular functions in some particular part of a 

district, controlled by a consul. 
Vich'y-wa/ter, n. Mineral water from Vichy, Trance. 
Vig'or-ite," n. [Lat. vigor, strength.] A preparation of 

nitro-glycerine used in blasting. 
Vim, n. [Lat., accusative of vis, strength.] Spirit ; ac- 
tivity ; energy. 
Vingt-et-un (vangt'a'ung'), n. [Fr., 21.] A game at 

cards, played by any number of persons. The object of 

each player is to obtain cards that make up, when added 

together, 21, or a number near to it. 
Vin-om'e-ter, n. [Lat. vinum, wine, and Gr. juerpov, 

measure.] An instrument for determining the purity 

of wine by measuring its density. 
Tin- ordinaire (vSng'or-de-n&r'), n. [Fr.] A kind of 

claret, commonly used in France ; a cheap claret. 
Vir'e-o, n. [Lat., a species of bird.] ( Ornith.) A genus 

of singing birds, of the family Vireonidse, containing 

nearly thirty species, mostly confined to North America, 

though a few occur in Central America and the West 

Indies. 
Vir-gin'i-a, Creep'er. {Bot.) A common ornamental 

woody vine {Ampclopsis quinquefolia), climbing exten- 
sively by means of tendrils; — also called woodbine, 

and American ivy. 
Vir-gin'i-a Fence. A rail fence laid in a zigzag 

manner. 
Vis/it-ing-foobk, n. A book in which the names of 

persons to be visited are recorded. 



Vis/it-ing-card, n. A card containing the name of one 
who makes a short visit, or calls on another. 

Vi'tal, a. [Add.] Vital principle, an immaterial force 
to which the functions peculiar to living beings are 
ascribed. 

Vl'tal-Ist'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or involving, the theory 
of vitalism, or of a special vital principle. 

Vod'ka, n. A Russian drink, distilled from rye. 

Vol-au-vent (vol'o'vong'), n. [Fr.] {Cookery.) Alight 
puff paste, filled after baking with a ragout of minced 
sweet-breads, chicken, game, or fish. 

Vol-ean'ie, a. [Add.] Volcanic cone, a volcanic hill 
of active or recent eruption. — Volcanic mud, fetid, sul- 
phureous mud discharged by a volcano. 

Volt, n. [From the name of Volt a, a celebrated Italian 
electrician.] {Elec.) The standard unit of electrical 
tension, or electro-motive force. It is very nearly equal 
to the electro-motive force of a Daniell's sulphate of 
copper cell. 

Vol'u-me-nom'e-ter, n. [Lat. volumen, volume, and 
Gr. fj.erpov, measure.] {Physics.) An instrument for 
measuring the volume of a body, especially a solid, by 
means of the difference in tension of a confined portion 
of air caused by its presence and absence. 

Vo-lu/me-seope, n. [Eng. volume and Gr. o-nonelv, to 
view.] {Physics.) An instrument consisting essentially 
of a glass tube provided with a graduated scale, for ex- 
hibiting to the eye the changes of volume of a gas or 
gaseous mixture resulting from chemical action, and 
the like. 

Vo-lii'me-ter, n. [Fr. volumetre. See Volumetric] 
{Physics.) An instrument for measuring the volumes 
of gases or liquids by introducing them into a vessel of 
known capacity. 
Vol'vu-lus, n. [From Lat. volvere, to turn about, to 
roll.] {Pathol.) A disease produced by the passing of 
one portion of an intestine into another, commonly the 
upper into the lower part ; invagination of the intes- 
tines. 

Vou'dob (voo'doo), n. The object worshiped by the 
devotees of Voudooism ; a votary of Voudooism. 

Vou'ddb-ism, n. An African superstition involving 
witchcraft, prevailing among negroes of the West Indies 
and some of the Southern United States. 
Vraisemblance (vra-song-blongss'), n. [Fr.] The ap- 
pearance of truth. 
VuVva, n. [Lat., for rolva, from volvere, to roll.] 
{Anat.) The fissure in the external parts of generation 
in the female ; sometimes, all the external parts of the 
genital organs of the female. 
Vul'vo-ii'ter-ine, a. Pertaining both to the vulva and 
the uterus. 



w. 



XTTAG'ON-^EIX'ING (-seel'-), n. {Arch.) A semi- 
V V circular or wagon-headed arch or ceiling ; some- 
times used also of a ceiling whose section is polygonal 
instead of semicircular. 

Walk'in'r-gen'tle-man, n. {Theater.) in actor who 
usually fills subordinate parts which require a gentle- 
manly appearance but few words. 

Walk'in^-la'dy, n. ( Theater. ) An actress who usually 
fills such parts as require only a ladylike appearance on 
the stage. 

Wall'-flow'er, n. [Add.] 2. A lady who, at a ball, 
for lack of invitations to dance, remains unoccupied at 
the side of the room. 

Wall'-tent, n. A tent with upright cloth sides, corre- 
sponding to the walls of a house. 

Ware'rborn, n. A room in which goods are stored or 
exhibited for sale. 

Wash'-house, n. An outbuilding for washing clothes ; 
a'laundry. 

Wash/out, n. The washing out or away of a portion of 
the bed of a road or of a railway by a fall of rain or a 
freshet ; also, the part of the road or railway where a 
fall of rain has produced such an effect. 

Waste'-pa/per, n. Spoiled paper, or paper of no fur- 
ther use for the purpose for which it was designed. 

Waste'-steam/pipe, n. {Steam-engine.) i he pipe 
leading from the safety valve to the atmosphere. 



Watch'-fire, n. A fire lighted at night, as a signal, or 
for the use of a watch or guard. 

Watch.'- night (-nit), n. The last night of the year ; — 
so called by the Wesleyans and Moravians, who observe 
it by holding religious meetings to watch till the end of 
the old year. 

Wa'ter, v. t. [Add.] 4. To increase in apparent bulk, 
without adding to the real value ; as, to water stock, to 
increase the capital stock of a company, by issuing new 
stock, on the pretense that accumulated or anticipated 
profits warrant such increase. 

Wa'ter-foack, n. An iron chamber at the back of a 
cocking range, in which water is heated, for use in the 
house. 

Wa/ter-foatli, n. A device for regulating the tempera- 
ture of anything subjected to heat, by placing it upon 
or inclosing it in a vessel filled with water. 

Wa'ter-Ice, n. A preparation of water and sugar, fla- 
vored and frozen ; the same as ice-cream, with the omis- 
sion of milk, cream, or eggs ; a sherbet ; —often written 
simply ice. 

Wa'ter-o-pos'sum, n. See Yapock. 

Wa'ter-shed, n. [Add.] 2. The country or basin 
drained by any stream of water and its tributaries. 

Wa'ter- sou/chy, n. [D. waterzoot.je.] {Cookery.) A 
di'sh consisting of any kind of fish of delicate flavor, 
boiled and eaten in its own liquor. See also Zoutch. 



5, e, &c, long; a,, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 



WAX 



1059 



XYLOPYROGRAPHY 



W5x, n. \_Add.~] 2. (/.) An extemporized confection, 
prepared by suddenly cooling thick, hot, maple syrup in 
a dish of snow. 

Wax'-plant, n. (Bot.) A white, fleshy plant (Mono- 
tropa umflora), growing parasitically on the roots of 
beech and pine trees, in shady moist places, and look- 
ing as if made of wax ; — called also Indian-pipe. 

Weak, a. \_Add.~] 2. (<".) (Stock Exchange.) Tend- 
ing towards lower prices ; as, a weak market. 

Weak verbs (Gram.), verbs which form their past 
tenses and patssive participles by adding ed or t, and not 
by a change of vowel in the stem. Cf. Strong verbs. 

Wea,'ry, v.i. To grow tired ; to become exhausted or 
impatient. 

We'her (va'ber), n. [From the name of Professor 
Weber, a German electrician.] (Elec.) The standard 
unit of electrical current ; the same as a farad charged 
to a volt, but applied to the current rather than to the 
electro-static charge. It is the quantity of electricity 
which flows through one ohm under the electro-motive 
force of one volt during one second; — sometimes, but 
incorrectly, written veber. 

Wed'ding, n. [Add.] Wooden wedding, the fifth an- 
niversary of a marriage, on which occasion presents of 
wooden ware are, in some places, made to the husband 
and wife. — Tin wedding, the tenth anniversary, when 
gifts of tin are made. — Crystal wedding, the fifteenth 
anniversai-y, when the gifts are of glass. — China wed- 
ding, the twentieth anniversary, when the gifts are of 
china ware. — Silver wedding, the twenty-fifth anni- 
versary, when the gifts are of silver. — Golden wed- 
ding, the fiftieth anniversary, when the gifts are of 
gold. — Diamond ivedding, the sixtieth anniversary. 

Weed, c «. [Add.] 4. (Stock-breeding.) To pass over 
as unfit for breeding from. 

Weed'y, a. [Add.] 3. Scraggy ; ill-shaped ; ungainly ; 
— said of colts or horses, and also of persons. 

Wel'gel-a, ) n. [From the name of C. E. Weigel, a 

Wei-ge'li-a. J German naturalist.] (Bot.) A hardy 
garden shrub, belonging to the honeysuckle family, 
with white or red flowers ; — introduced from China. 

Welsh'er, n. One who cheats at a horse-race ; one 
who bets, without the remotest chance of being able to 
pay ; — written also ivelcher. 

Wheel'- plow ) (-plou), n. A plow having one or 

Wlteel'-plougfi j two wheels attached, to render it 
more steady, and to regulate the depth of the furrow. 

Wlieel-win'dow, n. (Arch.) A circular window, 
with mullions radiating like the spokes of a wheel. 

Whip (hwip), n. [Add.] 5. (English politics.) A 
member of Parliament who acts for a political party as 



its executive secretary in looking after the attendance 
of its members, especially on occasions when their 
votes are needed ; a whipper-in. 

Wig'an, n. A kind of stiff cotton goods, used to give 
stiffening to the skirts of ladies' dresses, and the like ; 
— from Wigan, the name of a town in Lancashire, 
England. 

Wild'- fire, n. [Add.] 2- A sort of lightning un- 
accompanied by thunder. 

Wil'low-tea, n. The prepared leaves of a species of 
willow, grown in the neighborhood of Shanghai, and 
used by the poorer classes of Chinese as a substitute 
for tea. 

Will'- wor' ship (-wur'-), n. Self-chosen, unauthorized 
worship. 

Wliie'-biblbing, n. The practice of drinking much 
wine ; tippling. 

WIre,_u. t. [Add.] 4. To send by telegraph. 

Wis-ta'ri-a, n. [From the name of the American anat- 
omist, Caspar Wistar.] (Bot.) A hardy climbing vine, 
bearing long, pendulous clusters of pale blue flowers. 

Witch'-meal, n. An almost impalpable powder from 
the thecae of the club-moss ; — called also vegetable 
sulphur. 

Wolf 's'-f dot (wulfs'-), n. (Bot.) Club-moss ; lyco- 
podium. 

Wdod'bur-y-type' (-ber-ry-), n. [From the name of 
the inventor, W. Woodbury.] 1. A process in photo- 
graphic printing, in which a gelatine film on which a 
picture has been taken, and which has been hardened 
after certain operations, is pressed upon a plate of lead 
or other soft metal. An intaglio impression is thus 
produced, from which pictures may be directly printed 
by a peculiar process. 2. A picture produced by the 
process invented by Mr. Woodbury. 

Wdbd'-cut'ting, n. [Add.] 2. Wood-engraving. 

Wobd'en (wood'n), a. [Add.] Wooden ware, a gen- 
eral name for buckets, bowls, and other articles of do- 
mestic use made of wood. — Wooden wedding. See 
Wedding. 

Wobd'tick, n. (Entom.) A kind of mite of the genus 
Ixodes. 11 E A 11 T 

Word'-square (wurd'-), n. A series of EMBER 
words so arranged that they can be read ABUSE 
vertically and horizontally with the like RESIN 
results. As T R E N T 

Work'ing-man (wurk'-), n. A laboring man ; a man 
who earns his daily support by manual labor. 

Wove'-pa'per, n. A writing-paper with a uniform 
surface, not ribbed like laid-pap^r. 

Wrist'er (rlst'er), n. A covering for the wrist. 



X. 



XAFTHATE (zari'-),n. [See Xanthic] (Chem.) 
A combination of xanthic acid with a base. 

Xan'tho-car'ppiis (zSn'-), a. [Gr. £avQ6<;, yellow, 
and KapTros, fruit.] (Bot.) Having yellow fruit. 

Xan'tho-don'tous (zan'-), a. [Gr. £av66<;, yellow, and 
bSovs, oSorros, tooth.] Having yellow teeth. 

Xaii'tho-poiis (zau / -), a. [Gr. £<xv06s, yellow, and 
jroi/'s, 7ro66s, foot.] (Bot.) Having a yellow stipe or 
stern. 

Xan'tho-rham'nlne (zun'tho-rSm'nin), n. [Gr. £av96s, 
yellow, and pd/wos, a pricky shrub.] (Chem.) A yel- 
low coloring matter obtained from Persian or Turkish 
berries, the seeds of Rhamnus amygdalinus. 

Xan-tho'sis (zan-), n. [Gr. £av06?, yellow.] (Pathol.) 
The yellow discoloration often observed in cancerous 
tumors. 

Xan'tho sperm'oils (zan'-). o. [Gr. gavOos, yellow, 
and a-Jpy.a., sperm.] (Bot.) Having yellow seeds. 

Xen'c-gen'e-sis (zen'-), n. [Gr. £e'vos, guest, stranger, 
and yeVeo-i?, yeVos, birth.] (BioL) The genesis of an 
organism of one kind by an organism of another, as of 
parasitic worms by their hosts, as was once mistakenly 
believed. 

Xen'o-ge-net'ic (zen'-), a. Pertaining to xenogenesis. 

Xc' ' ro-devm'd (ze'-), n. [Gr. frpos, dry, and Sepixa, 



skin.] (Pathol.) An unnatural dryness and har: ] 

of the skin, the consequence of a diminution ir 

secretion of the sebaceous glands. 
Xiph-oid'i-an (zif-), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to 

xiphoid cartilage. 
Xiph/o-phvl'lous (zif-), a. [Gr. £i<£os, sword, and 

<pv\\ov, leaf.] ( Bot.) Having sword-shaped leaves. 
Xy'lene I (zl'-), n. [Gr. gvAov, wood.] (Chem.) _ A 
Xylole 1 hydrocarbon, homologous with benzine, 

prepared from coal naphtha. 
Xy'lo-ear'pous (zi'-), a. [Gr. £v'Aov, wood, and Kap-rros, 

fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit which becomes hard or 

woody. 
Xy'loid (zi'-), a. [Gr. $v\ov, wood, and eTSos, form.] 

Resembling wood. 
Xy-lopli'i-loiis (zi-lof-), a. [Gr. gvkov, wood, and 

<f>i\e2v, to love.] Growing upon, or living in, decayed 

wood. 
Xy'lo-phone (zl'lo-fon), n. [Gr. tjvkov, wood, and 

cpov-q, tone.] A musical instrument consisting of pieces 

of wood, placed in the order of their notes, and made 

to vibrate by blows fromwooden mallets. 
Xy'lo-pv-rog'ra-pliy (zi'-), n. [Gr. £v\ov, wood, ndp, 

irvpo<;, fire, and ypd^etv, to write.] The art or practice 

of engraving on charred wood. 



food, foot; firn, rude, pull; cell, fhaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 



YACHT 



1060 

Y. 



ZYMIC 






YACHT (yot), v. i. To sail in a yacht ; to navigate 
* a yacht. 

Yacht'-elub (yot'-), n. An association of owners of 
yachts, formed for the purpose of encouraging yacht- 
ing and regattas. 

Yang, n. The cry of the wild-goose. 

Yang, v. i. To make the cry of the wild-goose. 

Yap, n. [See Yap, v. i.] The cry of a dog. 

Ta'pock, n. (Zo'dl.) A rare marsupial animal ( Chiro- 
nectes vulgaris), found in Guiana and Brazil, and re- 
sembling the otter in its habits ; — called also water- 
opossum. 

Yaup, or Yawp, n. [See Yaup, v. i.] A cry of dis- 
tress, rage, or the like ; as, the cry of a sickly bird, or 
of a child in pain. 

Y T east'-plant, n. (Bot.) The vegetable organism or 
fungus of which beer-yeast consists ; it is composed of 
simple cells, often united into filaments which repro- 
duce by budding, and under certain circumstances by 
the formation of spores. The name is extended to other 
ferments of the same genus. 

Yeast'-pow'der, n. A preparation of soda, phosphates, 



and other substances, in the form of a powder ; — used 
as a substitute for yeast in leavening bread. 

Yel'low, a. [Add.] Yellow bark, the calisaya bark 
(q. v.), one of the most valuable kinds of cinchona. — 
Yellow jacket (Entom.), a small wasp, well known for 
its terrible sting. — Yellow ocher (Min.), an impure, 
earthy variety of brown iron ore, which, being pre- 
pared by grinding and washing, is used as a yellow pig- 
ment. — Patent yellow, a pigment, composed of oxide 
and chloride of lead. 

Yel'low-eov'ered. (-kuv'erd), a. Covered or bound in 
yellow paper. 

Yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational novels 

_ and trashy magazines. 

Y'-leVel, n. {Surveying.) An instrument for measur- 
ing altitude and distance. 

Yo'del, I v. t. or i. To sing in the manner of the Swiss 

Yo'dle, i mountaineers by sudden changes between 

^ the head voice and the chest voice. 

Yt/tri-e, a. (Chem.) Of , or pertaining to, yttrium. 

Yt-trlf'er-ous, a. [Eng. yttria, and Lat. ferre, to bear.] 
Containing or producing yttrium. 



ZII/IiA, n. (Bot.) A small thorny shrub, of the 
mustard family, common in the Egyptian deserts. 

Zin-e, v. t. [imp. and p. p. ZINCK.ED (zinkt), p. pr. and 
vb. n. ZINCK'ING.] To cover or coat with zinc. 

Zln'cie, a. Of, or pertaining to, zinc. 

Zin'gar-i, n. pi. [A Gipsy word.] The Gipsies. 

Zin'ni-a, n. [From the name of Professor Zinn, of Got- 
tingen.] (Bot.) A hardy annual plant, bearing a pro- 
fusion of showy flowers. The species are mainly from 
Mexico. 

Zir-con'ie,a. (Chem.) Of , pertaining to, or contain- 
ing, zirconium. 

§X e rn>- &» Cm™. 

Zo'e-trope, n. [Gr. £«ij, life, and rponos, a turning, 
from TpeVeiv, to turn.] An optical toy, in which strips 



of figured paper within a revolving cylinder appear as 
animals, etc., in natural action. 

Zo'o-pa-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. £wov, an animal, ir<£0os, 
suffering, and A0709, discourse.] Animal pathology. 

Zo'o-psy-ehol'o-gy (-sT-kol'-), n. [Gr. £a>ov, an ani- 
mal, ^ivxq, soul, and Aoyos, discourse.] Animal psy- 
chology. 

Zo-ot'i-e, a. [Gr. £o>ov, an animal.] Containing the 
remains of organized bodies ; — used of rock or soil. 

Zo'ro-as'tri-an, a. Involving Zoroastrianism ; per- 
taining to Zoroaster, or his religious system. 

Zo'ro-as'tri-an-igm, n. The system of Zoroaster, the 
legislator and prophet of the ancient Bactrians, whose 
system of religion was the national faith of Persia. 

Zy'nai-e, a. [Gr. £i>fxr), ferment.] (Chem.) Procured 
from a fermented substance ; — said of an acid. 



a,_e,&c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , 
food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, 'echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link'; this. 



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